» C .. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, ' (^ I CENSUS OFFICE. 1 FR.A.N'CIS A.. "WALKER, Superintendent, Appointed April 1, 1879 ; resigned November 3, 1881. CHAS. "W. SEATON, Superintendeixt. Appointed November 4, 1881. KEPORT ON THE FORESTS OF NORTH AMERICA (EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO), IT' BY LIBRARY FACULTY OF FORESTRY tJNlVERSITY Of TORONTO CHARLES S. SARGENT, ^£5 ARNOLD PROFESSOR Or ARBORICULTURE IN HARVARD COLLEGE,, SPECIAL AGENT TEISTXH CENSUS. 1959 :i tk. vv. X \jol. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1884. .s LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. Departsient of the Interioe, Census Office, Washington, D. C, September 1, 1884. Hon. H. M. Teller, Secretary of tlie Interior. Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith the Report on the Forests of North America (exclusive of Mexico), by Charles S. Sargent, Arnold Professor of Arboriculture in Harvard College. This report constitutes the ninth volume of the series forming the final report on the Tenth Census. _ I have the honor tolbe, most respectfully, your obedient servant, CHAS. W. SEATON, Superintendent of Census. TABLE OF CONTENTS. V* • Faee. Letter of Transmittal - ix PART I. THE FOEEST TREES OF NOETH AMEEICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO, . The Forests op North America — General remarks 3-16 The Atlantic region 3-6 The Pacific region...^. 6-10 Distribution of genera 10-12 Distribution of species 12-16 A Catalogue of the Forest Trees of North America, exclusive of Mexico, with remarks upon their Synonomy, Bibliographical History, Distribution, Economic Values, and Uses 17-219 Index to Catalogue 220-243 PART II. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. Preliminary rkmarks 247 Specific gravity and ash 248-251 Fuel value 251,252 The strength of wood 252 Comparative values 252 Table of relative values 253-255 Table of averages 256-259 Table illustrating the relation between transverse strength and specific gravity in the wood of certain SPECIES 259-264 General remarks 264,265 Tannin values 265 Table 1.— Specific gravity, ash, and weight per cubic foot of dry specimens of the woods of the United States. 266-349 Table II. — Actual fuel value of some of the more lmportant woods of the United States 350-353 Table III. — Behavior of the principal woods of the United States under transverse strain 354-115 Table IV. — Behavior of some of the woods of the United States under transverse strain: specimens eight centimeters square 414-417 Table V.— Behavior of the principal woods of the United States under compression 418-481 Paet III. THE FOEESTS OF THE UNITED STATES IN THEIE ECONOMIC ASPECTS. General re.marks ^ 485 i'he lumber industry 485-489 Fuel 489 Wood used as fuel for various purposes ' 489 Estimated consumption of wood for domestic purposes 489 Consumption of charcoal 469 Forest fires 491-493 Table of forest fires occurring during the census year 491,492 North Atlantic division .' 494-510 Maine 494-496 New Hampshire 496-498 VER.M0NT '. 498-500 Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut 500,.501 New York 501-506 New Jersey 506 Pennsylvania 506-510 v vi TABLE OF CONTENTS. South Atlantic division 511- THE FORESTS OF NORTH AMERICA. GENERAL EBMARKS. The Iforth American continent, or that part of it sitnated north of Mexico, which will alone be considered here, may be conveniently divided, with reference to its forest geography, into the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, by a line following the eastern base of the Rocky mountains and its outlying eastern ranges from the Arctic circle to the Rio Grande. The forests which cover these two divisions of the continent differ as widely, in natural features, composition, and distribution, as the climate and topography of eastern America differ from the climate and topography of the Pacific slope. The causes which have produced the dissimilar composition of these two forests must be sought in the climatic conditions of a geological era earlier than our own and in the actual topographical formation of the continent; they need not be discussed here. The forests of the Atlantic and the Pacific regions, dissimilar in composition in the central i)art of the continent, are united at the north by a broad belt of subarctic forests extending across the continent north of the fiftieth degree of latitude. One-half of the species of which this northern forest is composed extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific ; and its general features, although differing east and west of the continental divide, in conformity with the climatic conditions peculiar to the Atlantic and the Pacific sides of the continent, still possess considerable uniformity. The forests of the Atlantic and the Pacific regions arc also united at the south by a narrow strip of the flora peculiar to the plateau of northern Mexico, here extending northward into the United States. Certain characteristic species of this flora extend from the gulf of Mexico to the shores of the Pacific, and while the peculiar features of the eastern and the western slopes of the interior mountain system of the continent are still maintained here, the Atlantic and the Pacific regions of the Mexican forest belt possess many general features in common. Ty))ical North American species, moreover, peculiar to the forests of the Atlantic or of the Pacific, mingle upon the Black hills of Dakota, and upon the Guadalupe and other mountains of western Texas, the extreme eastern ridges of the Rocky Mountain range, and the outposts between the Atlantic and the Pacific regions. THE ATLANTIC REGION. _The forests of the Atlantic region may be considered under six natural divisions: the Northern Forest, the Northern Pine Belt, the Southern Maritime Pine Belt, the Deciduous Forest of the Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain, the Semi-tropical Forest of Florida, and the Mexican Forest of Southern Texas (Map No. 2, I)ortfolio). These natural divisions, although composed in part of species found in other divisions and possessing many general features in common, are still for the most part well characterized by predominant species or groups of species, making such a separation natural and convenient. The Xorthern Forest stretches along the northern shores of Labrador nearly to the sixtieth degree of north latitude, sweeps to the south of Hudson bay, and then northwestward to within the Arctic circle. This Northern Forest extends southward to the filtieth degree of north latitude on the Atlantic coast, and nearly to the fifty-fourth degree at the 100th meridian. It occupies 10 degrees of latitude upon the Atlantic sea- board and nearly 20 degrees in its greatest extension north and south along the eastern base of the Rocky mountains. The region occupied by this Northern Forest, except toward its southwestern limits, enjoys a copious rainfall; it is divided by innumerable streams and lakes, and abounds in swampy areas often of great extent. The nature of the surface and the low annual mean temperature check the spread of forest growth and reduce the number of arborescent species, of which this forest is composed, to eight ; of these, four cross to tlie Pacific coast, while the remainder, with a single ex(x;ption, are replaced west of the continental divide by closely allied forms of the Pacific forest. The white and the black spruces are characteristic trees of this region ; they form an oj)en, stunted forest upon the low divides of the 3 4 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. •water sheds, and reach a higlier latitude than any other arborescent species of the continent ; the valleys and •wide bottoms are clothed with broad sheets of poplars, dwarf birches, and willows. The forest of this entire region is scattered, open, stunted, and of no great economic value. It embraces, south of the sixtieth degree of north latitude, the northern extension of the great midcontinental plateau, which will be considered hereafter. South of the Northern Forest the Kortliern Pine Belt extends from the Atlantic coast to the ninety-sixth meridian of longitude ; east of the Apalachian Mountain system it extends south over nearly C degrees of latitude, with a long, narrow spur following the higher Alleghany ridges for nearly 3 degrees farther south ; west of the Alleghany mountains, in the region of the great lakes, the pine forest is replaced south of the forty-third degree of latitude by the deciduous growth of the Mississippi basin. This second division of the Atlantic forest may be characterized l)y the white pine {Pinus Strobua), its most important, if not its most generally-distributed, species. East of the Apalachian system this tree often forms extensive forests upon the gravelly drift plain of the Saint Lawrence tasin, or farther south and west appears in isolated groves, often ef considerable extent, scattered through the deciduous forest. Forests of black spruce are still an important feature of this region, especially at the north, and within it« boundaries the hemlock, the yellow cedar, the basswood, the black and the white ash, the sugar maple, and several species of birch and elm find their northern limits and the center of their most important distribution. The hickories and the oaks, characteristic features of the deciduous forests of all the central portion of the Atlantic region, reach here the northern limits of their distribution, as do the chestnut, the sassafras, the tulip tree, the magnolia, here represented by a single species, the red cedar, the tupelo, the sycamore, the beech, and other important genera. The Southern Maritime Pine Belt extends from the thirty-sixth degree of north latitude along the coast m a Barrow belt, varying from one hundred to two hundred miles in width, as far south as cape Malabar and Tampa ba,y ; it stretches across the Florida peninsula and along the coast of the gulf of Mexico until the alluvial deposits of the -Mississippi are encountered ; it reappears west of that river in Louisiana, north and south of the Bed river, and here gradually mingles with the deciduous forests of the Mississippi basin in Arkansas and eastern Texas. This belt is well characterized by the almost continuous growth, outside of the broad river bottoms and the immediate neighborhood of the coast, by the open forest of the long-leaved pine (P. palufitris). The live oak, the palmetto, and various species of pine characterize the coast forest of this region; through the river bottoms and along the borders of the shallow ponds, scattered through the pine forest, different gums, water oaks, hickories, and ashes attain noble dimensions. The southern cypress (Taxodium), although extending far beyond the limits of this natural division, here attains its greatest development and value, and, next to the long-leaved pine, may be considered the characteristic species of the maritime pine belt. The Deciduous Forest of the Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Plain occupies, with two unimportant exceptions to be considered hereafter, the remainder of the Atlantic region. Through this deciduous forest, where peculiar geological features have favored the growth of Goni/erce, belts of pine, growing gregariously or mixed with oaks and other broad-leaved trees, occur, especially upon some portions of the Atlantic plain and toward the limits of the Southern Maritime Pine Belt, west of the Mississippi river. The characteristic features of the forest of this whole region are found, however, in the broad-leaved species of which it is largely composed.XOaks, hickories, walnuts, magnolias, and ashes give variety and value to this forest, and here, with the exception of a few species peculiar to a more northern latitude, the deciduous trees of the Atlantic region attain their greatest development and value. Upon the slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains and in the valley of the lower Red river, regions of copious rainfall and rich soil, the deciduous forest of the continent attains unsurpassed variety and richness. Upon the Alleghany mountains northern and southern species are mingled, or are only separated by the altitude of these mountains ; rhododendrons, laurels, and magnolias, here attaining their maximum development, enliven the forests of northern pines and hemlocks which clothe the flanks of these mountains or are scattered through forests of other broad-leaved species. The cherry, the tulip tree, and the chestnut here reach a size unknown in other parts of the country. The forest of the Red River valley is hardly less varied. The northern species which the elevation of the Alleghany mountains has carried south are wanting, but other species peculiar to the southern Atlantic and Gulf coasts are here mingled with i)lants of the southern deciduous forest. The seven species of Carya (the hickories) are nowhere else closely associated. A great variety of the most important oaks grow here Bide by side ; here is the center of distribution of the North American hawthorns, which do not elsewhere attain such size and beauty. Tbe osage orange is peculiar to this region; the red cedar, the most widely distributed of American Coniferw, the southern and the yellow pine (Pinus palustris and mitis) here reach their best development. Just outside of this region, upon the " bluff" formation of the lower Mississippi valley and of western Louisiana, the stately southern magnolia, perhaps the most beautiful of the North American trees, and the beech assume their greatest beauty, and give a peculiar charm to this southern forest?^ The western third of the Atlantic region is subjected to veryTlTfferent climatic conditions from those prevailing ID the eastern portion of the continent ; it consists of an elevated plateau which falls away from the eastern bnse of the Rocky mountains, forming what is known as the Great Plains. This great interior region, on account of its remoteness from natural reservoirs of moisture, receives a meager and uncertain rainfall, sufficient to insure a growth of herbage, but not sufficient to support, outside the narrow bottoms of the infrequent streams, the scantiest ^ genj:ral remarks. 5 forests. This treeless plateau extends north to the fifty-second degree of north latitude ; it follows southward the trend of the Eocky mountains far into Mexico, extending eastward at the point of its greatest width, in about latitude 48° X., nearly to the ninety-seventh meridian. This whole region is generally destitute of forest. The narrow bottoms of the large streams are lined, however, with willow.s, poplars, elms, and hackberries, trees adapted to flourish under such unfavorable conditious. These diminish in size and number with the rainfall, and often disappear entu'ely from the banks of even the largest streams toward the western limits of the plateau, south of the forty- fifth degree of latitude. jSTorth and east of these central treeless plains a belt of prairie extends from the sixtieth degree of north latitude to southern Texas. The average width east and west of this prairie region, through much of its extent, is not far from 150 miles. Its eastern extension, between the fortieth and forty-fifth degrees of latitude, is much greater, howWer, here reaching the western shores of lake Michigan, and forming a great recess in the western line of the heavy forest of the Atlantic region with a depth of nearly GOO miles. The transition from the heavy forest of the eastern and central portions of the Atlantic region to the treeless plateau is gradual. The change occurs within the prairie region. Here is the strip of debatable ground where a continuous struggle between the forest and the plain takes place. There is here sufficient precipitation of moisture to cause, under normal conditions, a growth of open forest, but so nicely balanced is the struggle that any interference quickly turns the scale. Trees planted within this prairie belt thrive if protected from fire and the encroachment of the tough prairie sod, and so extend the forest line westward ; if the forest which fringes the eastern edge of the prairie is destroyed it does not soon regain possession of the soil, and the prairie is gradually pushed eastward. The eastern line of the plain where arborescent vegetation is confined to the river bottoms, and which divides it from the prairie where trees grow naturally, to some extent, outside of the bottoms, and where they may be made to grow under favorable conditions everywhere, is determined by the rainfall enjoyed by this part of the continent. The extreme eastern point reached by this line is found, uijon the fortieth degree of north latitude, near the northern boundary of the state of Kansas. North of the fortieth degree it gradually trends to the west, reaching the easterij base of the Rocky mountains in about latitude 52°. This northwestern trend of the eastern plain line may be ascribed to the comparativelj' small evaporation which takes place during the shorter summer of the north and to a slight local increase of spring and summer rainfall. South of the fortieth degree the plain line gradually trends to the southwest under the influence of the gulf of Mexico, reaching its extreme western point in Texas upon the one hundredth meridian. Other causes, however, than insufQcient rainfall and a nicely balanced struggle between the forest and the plain have prevented the general growth of trees in the prairie region east of the ninety-fifth meridian. The rainfall of this region is sufiBcient to insure the growth of a heavy forest. The rain falling upon the prairies of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri equals in amount that enjoyed by the Michigan peninsula and the whole region south of lakes Ontario and Erie, while prairies exist within the region of the heaviest forest growth. It ia not want of sufQcient heat, or of sufficient or equally distributed moisture, which has checked the general spread of forest over these prairies. The soil of which the prairies are composed, as is shown by the fact that trees planted upon them grow with vigor and rapidity, is not unsuited to tree growth. It is not perhaps improbable that the forests of the Atlantic region once extended coutinuously as far west at least as the ninety-fifth meridian, although circumstantial evidence of such a theory does not exist; and the causes which first led to the destruction of the forests in this region, supposing that they ever existed, cannot witli the present knowledge of the subject be eveu guessed at. It is, however, fair to assume that forests once existed in a region adapted, by climate, rainfall, and soil, to produce forests, and that their absence under such conditions must be traced to accidental causes. It is not diflicult to understand that the forest once destroyed over such a vast area could not easily regain possession of the soil protected bj' an impenetrable covering of sod and subjected to the annual burnings which have occurred down to the present time; while the force of the wind, unchecked by any forest barrier, over such an area would, even without the aid of fires, have made the spread of forest growth slow and dilficult. The assumption that these eastern prairies may have once been covered with forests is strengthened by the fact that since they have been devoted to agriculture, and the annual burning has been stopped, trees which were formerly confined to the river bottoms have gradually spread to the uplands. Small prairies situated just within the western edge of the forest have entirely disappeared within the memory of i>ersons still living ; the oak openings — open forests of large oaks through which the annual fires played without greatly injuring the full-grown trees — once the characteristic feature of these prairies, have disappeared. They are replaced by dense forests of oak, which only require protection from fire to spring into existence. In western Texas, the mesquit, forced by annual burning to grow almost entirely below the surface of the ground, is, now that prairie fires are less common and destructive, spreading over what a few years ago was treeless prairie. The prairies, then, or the eastern portions of them situated in the region of abundant rainfall, are fast losing their treeless character, and the forest protected from fire is gradually gaining in every direction ; regions which fifty years ago were treeless outside the river bottoms now contain forests covering 10 or even 20 per cent, of their area. These eastern, well-watered prairies must not, however, be confounded with their dry western rim adjoining the plains — the debatable ground between forest and plain — or with the plains themselves. There is now no gradual, constant spread of forest growth upon the plains. Theyare treeless, on account of insufficient moisture to develop forest growth; and while trees may, perhaps, if planted, surAive during a few years MB 6 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. beyond the western limits of tlie prairie as here laid down, tbe permanent establishment of forests there does not seem practicable, and, sooner or later, a period of unusual drought must put an end to all attempts at forest cultivation in a region of such insufficient and uncertain rainfall (Maj) No. 1, portfolio). It remains to consider the Semi-tropical Forest of Florida and the Mexican Forest of Southern Texan. A group of arborescent species of West Indian origin occupies the nan'ow strip of coast and islands of southern Florida. This belt of semi-tropical vegetation is confined to the immediate neighborhood of the coast and to occasional hummocks or i.slands of high ground situated in the savannas which cover a great i)ortiou of southern Florida, checking, by the nature of the soil and want of drainage, the spread of forest growth across the peninsula. This semi-tropical forest belt reaches cape Malabar on the east and the shores of Tampa bay on the west coast, while some of its representatives extend fully 2 degrees farther noith. It is rich in coiiiijosition ; nearly a quarter of all the arborescent species of the Atlantic forest are found within this insignificant region. The semi-tropical forest, in spite of its variety, is of little economic importance. The species of which it is composed here reach the extreme northern limit of their distribution; they are generally small, stunted, and of comparatively little value. Certain species, however, attain respectable ])roportions ; the mahogany, the mastic, the royal i)alm, the mangrove, the sea-grape, the Jamaica dogwood, the nianchineel, and other species here become considerable and important trees. In western and southern Texas the trees of the Mississippi basin, checked by insufficient moisture from farther extension southward outside the river bottoms, are replaced by species of the plateau of northern Mexico. The streams flowing into the gulf of Mexico are still lined, however, east of the one-hundredth meridian, with the species of the Atlantic basin, which thus reach southward to beyond the Eio Grande. The Mexican forest belt of Tt-xas extends from the valley of the Colorado river, near the ninety-eighth meridian, to the Eio Grande. It touches the coast not far from the Nueces river and extends to the eastern base of the mountain ranges west of the Pecos; here the species of which it is composed mingle with those peculiar to the Pacific-Mexican forest. The forest of this region, like that of all countries of insufficient moistui-e, is open, stunted, and comparatively of little value. It is characterized by enormous areas covered with chai)arral (dense and often impenetrable thickets of thorny shrubs and small trees), by a stunted and occasional arborescent growth upon the hills and plains, and by fringes of heavier timber iilong the river bottoms. The most valuable and perhaps the most characteristic species of this whole region, the mesquit, extends to the Pacific coast. With this exception, none of the arborescent species peculiar to this region attain any considerable size or importance, although the forest of small junipers which covers the low limestone hills of the Colorado valley are locally valuable in a country so generally destitute of trees. The region immediately adjoining tlie liio Grande abounds in different speciesof Acacia, Leucwna, and other Mexican Leguminona; and farther west, upon the dry plains of the Presidio, the Spanish bayonet {Tueca baccata) covers wide areas with a low, open, and characteristic forest growth. I /rh THE PACIFIC REGION, 'The Pacific forest region is coextensive with the great Cordilleran Mountain system of tlie continent. The causes whicti have influenced the present position and density of these forests must be sought in the peculiar 9.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 13.— Aiton, Hort. Kewl ii, 251 ; 2 ed. iii, 331. — Lamarck, Diet, iii, 674. — Wilklenow, Spec, ii, 1257; Eiium. i, 579. — Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 329. — Nouveau Duhamcl, ii, 222. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii,5. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 82, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 15, t. 53. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 381.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 4.53 ; Prodr. i, 80.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 418.— Nuttall, Geuera, ii, 18.— Bot. Mag. t. 2427.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 117.— EUiott, Sk. ii, 37.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 32.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 18, t. 17.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 642.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 221 ; Fl. N. York, i, 28.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 34.— Beck, Bot. 15.-^ Sertum Botanicum, v. & t. — Don, Miller's Diet, i, &3. — Reichenbach, Fl. Exot. t. 251. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 218. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 273 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 312.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 43.— Dietrich, Syn. iu, 308.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 98. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3. ed. 9.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 211. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 14. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 67. — Wood, CI. Book, 214 ; Bot. & Fl. 24. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 38.— Baillon, Hist. PI. i, 140.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5. ed. 49.- Koch, Dendrologie, i, 371.— Young, Bot. Texas, 149.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 6.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 891.— Ridgway in Proo. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 58. M. Virginiana, var. e. Linnajus, Spec. 1 ed. 536. M. DeCandollii, Savi, Bibl. Ital. i, 224 & t. » Ttdipastrum Americanum, Spaoh, Hist. Veg. vii, 483. CUCUMBER TREE. MOUNTAIN MAGNOLIA. Western y^ew York to southern Illinois, southward along the Alleghany mountains, and scattered through eastern and middle Kentucky and Tennessee, usually on Carboniferous deposits, to southern Alabama (Stockton, Mohr) and northeastern Mississippi; Arkansas, Crowley's ridge, and in the southern and southwestern part of the state (Texarkana, Harvey, and in Polk, Howard, Cross, and Pike counties). A large tree, 20 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich woods, reaching its greatest development on the slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains. Wood durable, light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, yellow-brown, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4690; ash, 0.29; used for pump-logs, water- troughs, flooring, cabinet-making, etc. 4. — Magnolia cordata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 328. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 331. — Poiret, Suppl. iii, 547. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 87, t. 4; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 18, t. 54.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 382.— Liudley, Bot. Reg. iv, t. 325.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 18.— De Candolle, Syst. i, 455; Pro91. — Lemaire, 111. Hort. xiii, t. 496.— Beige Hort. xvii, 236, t. 13.— Camfere in Rev. Hort. 1867, 91 & t.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 483.— Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1869, 610. — Seemann, Jour. Bot. vii, 297. — London Garden, 1873, 54 & t. — Planchon in Fl. des Scrres, xxii, 175. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 88 ; ii, 437. — Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 41, 3.57. Gheiranthodendron Cali/ornicum, Baillon, Hist. Ph iv, 70. SLIPPERY ELM. California, valley of Pitt river, southward along the western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, and in the Santa Lucia mountains southward through the Coast ranges to the San Jacinto mountains ; rare at the north, most common and reaching its greatest development on the southern sierras and the San Gabriel and San Bernardino ranges. A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, the short trunk often 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a tall, much branched shrub ; dry, gravelly soil. M'^ood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many groups of small ducts parallel to the thin, conspicuous medullary rays, layers of annual growth obscure; color, dark brown tinged with red, the thick sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7142 ; ash, 1.69. The mucilaginous inner bark used locally in poultices.. TILIAOEJE. 4 17.— Tilia Americana, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 514.— Marshall, Arbustnm, 153.— Wangenheim, Amer. 55.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 229; 2 ed. iii, 299.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1162; Ennm. i, 565. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 37. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 66. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 311, t. 1; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 81, t. 131.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. .58; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 6.— Eaton, Manual, 59.— James in Long's Exped. i, 09.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 134, t. 134.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 214; Fl. N.York, i, 116.— Loudon, Arboretum i, 373 & t.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 239.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 227.— Emerson, Trees Massachnsettn, 511 ; 2 ed. ii, 584 & t.— Browne, Trees of America, 47.— Gray, Genera, ii, 96, t. 136 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 103 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 5.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 38.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 262.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1^8, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 59.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, I860, iii, 79.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 352.— Wood, CI. Book, 272; Bot. & Fl. 64. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 103. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 186. — Walpers, Ann. vii, 449.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 480.— Young, Bot. Texas, 188.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 191.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 174.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 51<=.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 61. ' T. nigra, Borkhansen, Handb. d. Forstbot. ii, 1219. T. glabra, Ventenat in Mem. Acad. Sci. iv, 9, t. 2.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 228.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 681.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 362.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 3.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 513.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 112.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 2.— Gnimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 55, t. 45.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 108.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 553.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 365.— Beck, Bot. 59.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 312.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 452.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 2.37. — Richiirdson, Arctic Exped. 422. T. latifolia, Salisbury, Prodr. 367. T. Canadensis, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. 306.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 66.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 683. T. negkcta, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nnt. 2 ser. ii, 340, ». 15 ; Hist. Veg. iv, 27, 29.— Walpers, Rep. i, 359. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 37 LIME TREE. BASS WOOD. AMERICAN LINDEN. LIN. BEE TREE. Northern New Brunswick, westward in British America to about the one hundred and second meridian, southward to Virginia and along the Alleghany mountains to Georgia and southern Alabama; extending west" in the United States to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and southwest to the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas. A large tree, 20 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or, exceptionally, 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 0.92 to 1.84 meter in diameter (valley of the lower Wabash river, Ridgway); common in all northern forests, and always an indication of rich soil; toward its western and southwestern limits only along river bottoms. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, rather obscure ; color, light brown, or often slightly tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4525 ; ash, 0.55 ; largely used in the manufacture of woodenware and cheap furniture, for the panels and bodies of carriages, the inner soles of shoes, in turnery, and the manufacture of paper -pulp (the quickly-discolored sap renders it unfit for making white paper). The inner bark, macerated, is sometimes manufactured into coarse cordage and matting ; the flowers, rich iu honey, highly prized by apiarists. Aqua tiliw, an infusion of the flowers, buds, and leaves of the difierent species of Tilia, is used in Europe as a domestic remedy in cases of indigestion, nervousness, etc. {Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1429). Var. pubescens, London, Arboretum, i, 374 & t. — Browne, Trees of America, 48. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 103 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 5. T. Garoliniana, Miller, Diet. No. 4.— Wangenheim, Amer. 56.— Marshall, Arbustura, 154. T. Americana, Walter, Fl. Carollniana, 153 [not Linnreus]. * T. pubescens, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 229; 2 ed. iii, 299.— Willdenow, Spec, il, 1162; Ennm. i, 566.— Ventenat in Mem. Acad. Sci. iv, 10, t. 3. — Nouveau Duhamel, i, 228, t. 51.— Persoou, Syn. ii, 66. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 37. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 317, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 85, t. 133.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 363.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 513.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 112.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 3.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 135.— Torrey, Comp. Fl. N. States, 215.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 553.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 365.— Beck, Bot. 59.— Eaton &, Wright, Bot. 452.— Penn. Cycl. xxiv, 447.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 237.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 262.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 59.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 79.— Walpers, Ann. vii, 449.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 479.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7. r. laxiflora, Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 306.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 683.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 66.— Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 38.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 513.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 113.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 215.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, .553.- Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 365.— Beck, Bot. 59.— Spaoh, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 343, 1. 15; Hist. Veg. iv, 32.— Browne, Trees of America, 48. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 237. T. grata, Salisbury, Prodr. 367. T. pubescens, var. leptophylla, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 63. t T. Stenopetala, Rafinesqne, Fl. Lndoviciana, 92.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 484. T. truncata, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, .342; Hist. Veg. iv, 30.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 237. T. Americana, var. Walteri, Wood, CI. Book, 272: Bot. & Fl. 64. North Carolina to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, usually near the coast ; Houston, Texas (B. Ball). A small tree, rarely exceeding 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 meter in diameter; swamps or low ground ; rare, or often confounded with the typical T. Americana. Wood lighter, but not otherwise distinguishable from that of T. Americana; specific gravity 0.4074; ash, 0.66. 18. — Tilia heterophylla, Ventenat, Mem. Acad. Sci. iv, 16, t. 5.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 229.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 683.- Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 363.- Nuttall, Genera, ii, 3; Sylva, i, 90, t. 23 ; 2 ed. i, 107, t. 23.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 513.— Dou,Millei-'s Diet, i, 553.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 365.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 345; Hist. Veg. iv, 34.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 239.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 452.— Penn. Cycl. xxiv, 447.— Walpers, Rep. i, 359.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 237.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 250.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 60.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 79.— Wood, CI. Book, 272 ; Bot. & Fl. 64.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 103.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7.— Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1429.— Ridgway iu Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 61. T, alba, Michanx f. Hist. Arlj. Am. iii, 315, t. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 84, 1. 132 [not Waldstein & Kitaibel].— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 452.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 262. T. laxiflora, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, :563 [not Michaux].— Elliott, Sk. ii, 2. T.Americana, var. heterophylla, Loudon, Arboretum, i, 375 & t. T. heterophylla, var. alha, Wood, Cl. Book, 272 ; Bot. & Fl. 64. 28 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. WHITE BASS WOOD. WAHOO. MonntaJDH of Pennsylvania, southward along the Alleghany monntains to northern Alabama and Florida (valley of the Apalachicola river, opposite Chattahoochee, Mohr), west to middle Tennessee and Kentucky, southern Indiana, and southern and central Illinois (valley of the Illinois river). A tree 15 to 20 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich woods and river bottoms, often on limestone; most common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains and in middle Tennessee. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, comt>act, easily worked; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4253 ; ash, 0.62 ; generally confounded with that of Tilia Americana, and used for similar purposes. MALPIGHIACEJ]. 10. — Byrsonima lucida, HBK. Kov. Gen. & Spec, v, 147.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 580.— Jnssieu, Mod. Malpig. ii, 40.— Walpers, Eep. t, 168.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 115, t. 28«.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 115.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 82. Malpighia lucida, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, 852. TALLOWBEREY. GLAMBERRY. Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys (Boca Chica, No-Name Key, etc.) ; through the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes tJ to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter, or often branching from the ground, and frutescent in habit. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light red, the sap-wood a little lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5888 ; ash, 2.46. Fruit edible. ZYGOPHYLLAOEiS. i 20. — Guaiacum sanctum, Linnajua, Spec. 1 ed. 382.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 707.— Nuttall, Sylva, ui, 16, t. 86 ; 2 ed. ii, 86, t. 86.— Gray, Genera, ii, 123, t. 148.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 253, f. 21.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 134.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 64.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 67.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 7. O.verticale, Richard, Fl. Cuba, 321. LIGNUM-VIT.S;. Semi-tropical Florida, Upper Metacombe and Lignum- Vitse Keys, common; Lower M©ta. ii, 362.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 65.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 117.— Ecemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 490.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 10.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 14.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 495.— Don, MUler's Diet, ii, 17.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 428.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 544— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 517, f. 184.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282. — Gceppert in Del. Sem. Vratisl. 1885 {Linncea, xxvi, 746). I. Cassine, var. latifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 278. I. cassinoides. Link, Enum. i, 148.— Ruemer & Schultes, Syst. iii ; Mant. 332. I. lauri/olia, Nuttall in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. v, 289.— Eatou, Manual, 6 ed. 186.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282. Ageria palustris, Eafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 47. Ageria obovata, Eafinesque, Sylva TeUuriana, 47. Ageria heterophylla, Eafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 48. DAHOON. DAHOON HOLLY. Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to Mosquito inlet and Tampa bay, Florida, west along the Gulf coast to the prairie region of western Louisiana. A small tree, sometimes 8 meters in height, with a trunk from 0.20 to 0.30 meter in diameter ; low, wet soil ; not common, and running into numerous forms, of which the best marked are — var. angustifolia, Torrcy & Gray, Fl. N. America, ined. I. Cassine, var. angustifolia, WUldenow, Spec, i, 709.— Alton, Hort. Kew, 2 ed. i, 278.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 9, t. 3. I. angustifolia, Willdenow, Enum. i, 172.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 118.— NuttaU, Genera, i. 109.— Ecemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 489.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 14.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 4.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 495.— Don, MUler's Diet, ii, 17.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 201.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 428.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 554.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 517, f. 185. 36 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. I. Ugvatrina, Elliott, Sk. ii, 708 [not Jacquin].— Spach, Hist. Veg. U, 429.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 187.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 123. 9 I. Watsoniana, Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 429. var. myrtifolia (only in low cypress swamps and ponds). Chapman, Fl. S. States, 269. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 755. I. myrtifolia, Walter, Fl. CaroUniana, 214.— Nonveau Duhamel, i, 10, t. 4. — Michauz, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 229.— Polret, Snppl. ili, 65.— Willdenow, Ennm. Suppl. 8.— Ecemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 489. — Link, Ennm. 148. — Spach, Hist. Veg. il, 429.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 187.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 426.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 306.— Maximowicz in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxix. No. 3, 26. I. rosmarifolia, Lamarck, lU.i, 356.— Persoon, Syn. i, 151.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 65. I. ligustrifolia, Don, Miner's Diet, ii, 19.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 187.— Wood, CI. Book, 497 ; Bot. & Fl. 207. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4806; asb, 0.91; that of var. myrtifolia heavier, nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5873; ash, 0.90. 35. — Ilex Cassine, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 241. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 170, in part. — James, Cat. 176; Long's Exped. ii, 294.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 202.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 186. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 269. — Curtis in Eep. Geologisal Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 59. — Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 373.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 208.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 306.— Young, Bot. Texas, 373.— Maximowicz in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxix, No. 3, 22. I. Cassine, /3. Linnsus, Spec. 1 ed. 125. Ga^sine Peragtia, Linnsens, Mant. ii, 220. — Marshall, Arbustum, 26. — Plenck, loon. t. 239. Cassine CaroUniana, Lamarck, Diet, i, 652 I, vomitoria, Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 170 ; 2 ed. i, 278. — Salisbury, Prodr. 70.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 709.— Ennm. Suppl. 8.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 36, 56. — Nouveau Duhamel, i, 10. — Persoon, Syn. i, 151. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 362. — Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 41.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 118.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 109.— Eoemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 491; Mant. 333. — De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 14. — Sprengel, Syst. i, 495. — Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 173. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 17.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 202.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 430.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 393.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 555.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 518, f. 186.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 187.— Eaton «fe Wright, Bot'. 282.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 433.— Browne, Trees of America, 169. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 544. I. ligustrina, Jacquin, Coll. iv, 105 ; Icon. Ear. ii, 9, t. 310 [not EUiott].— Lamarck, 111. i, 356. /. Floridana, Lamarck, 111. i, 356. I. Cassena, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 229.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 65.— Eiaemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 490.— ElUott, Sk. ii, 681.— Darby, Bot. S. States 426.— Wood, CI. Book, 497. ' I. religiosa, Barton, Fl. Vlrginica, 66. Cassine ramulosa, Eafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 363. Hierophyllvs Cassine, Eafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 8. Emetila ramulosa, Eafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 45. Ageria, Cassena, Eafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 47. Ageria geminata, Eafinesque, Sylva TeUuriana, 48. CASSENA. YAUPON. YOPON. Southern Virginia, southward, near the coast, to the Saint John's river and Cedar Keys, Florida, west along the Gulf coast to southern Arkansas, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas. A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a shrub, sending up many slender stems and forming dense thickets ; sandy, moist soil, along ponds and streams, reaching its greatest development in the river bottoms of eastern Texas. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, liable to check in drying ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, nearly white, becoming yellow with exposure, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7270; ash, 0.87. The leaves possess powerful emetic properties, and were employed by the southern Indians, together perhaps with those of J. Dahoon, in the preparation of their "black drink" [Am. Joujt. Pharm. xliv, 217. — U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1670. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 754). , CATALOGUE OF FOREST TRI:ES. 37 36. — Ilex decidua, Walter, Fl. CaroliDiana, 241. — Poiret, Suppl. iii, 65. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 269. — Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 59". — Lesquereux in Owen'sSd Eep. Arkansas, 373. — Wood, CI. Book, 497; Bet. & F1.208. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 306. — Young, Bot. Texas, 373. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 8. — Maximowicz iu Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, xxix, No. 3, 30. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 33.5. I. prinoides, Aiton, Hert. Kew.i, 169; 2 cd. i, 278.— Lamarck, 111. i, 355.— Willdenow, Spec.i, 709.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 11. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am., ii, 229. — Persoon, Syn. i, 151. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 362. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, •J18.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 109.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 488; Mant. 332.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, 1. 15. - Sprengel, Syst. i, 495.— Audubon, Birds, t. 89.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 187.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 282.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 426. I. cestivalis, Lamarck, Diet, iii, 147 ; 111. i, 356. Prinos deciduus, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 16.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 20.— Hooker, Jonr. Bot. i, 202.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 520. I. amhiguus, Elliott, Sk. ii, 705. Southern Virginia, southward, through the middle districts, to western Florida, valley of the Mississippi river, southern Illinois southward to the Gulf of Mexico, and through southeastern Missouri, Arkansas, and eastern Texas to the valley of the Colorado river. A small tree, 8 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or in the Atlantic states a tall, straggling shrub; low, wet woods along streams, reaching its greatest development in the Iron Mountain region of Missouri and in southern Arkansas. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, creamy-white, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7420; ash, 0.70. OYRILLACE^. 37. — Cyrilla racemiflora, Liunrons, Mant. i, 50; Syst. 14 ed. 241. — Jacquin, Icon. Ear. t. 47; Coll. i, 162. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 103.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 245; HI. ii, 144, t. 147, f. 2.— Nouveau Duhamel, i, 215, t. 46.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 255.— Elliott, Sk. i, 294.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 119.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 218.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 256.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 96, t.74; 2 ed. ii, 43, t. 74.— Planchon in Hooker's Jour. Bot. v, 2.54.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 240, f. 1-4, 6, 17, 19, 21.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 417.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 272.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 105.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 130.— Maout & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 540 & f.— Baillon, Adan8onia,i,203, t.4.— Wood, CI. Book,493; Bot. & Fl. 205.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18. Andromeda plumata, Bartram, Cat.— Marshall, Arbustnm, 9. C. Caroliniana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 158. —Gajrtncr, f. Fruct. Suppl. 147, t. 209, f. 8.— Persoon, Syn. i, 175.— Pursh, FL Am. Sept. i, 170.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 145.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 4:;0.— Ra;mer & Schultes, Syst. v, 408.— Bot. Mag. t. 2456.— Walpers, Rep. vi, 421.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 805. Itea Cyrilla, UHeiitieT, Stirp. i,137,t.66.— Swartz, Prodr. 50; Fl. Ind. Dec. i, 506 ; Obs. 94, t. 4.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1146.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 37. V. racemosa, London, Arboretum, iv, 2577, f. 2503. C. polystachia, C. parvifolia, C.fuscata, Eatinesque, Aulikon Botanikon, 8. IRON WOOD. North Carolina southward, near the coast, to middle Florida (latitude 30°), -westward, along the Gulf coast, to the valley of the Pearl river, Mississippi. A small tree, sometimes 8 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a taU shrub, sending uj) many stems from the root; open swamps and low thickets; a variety {Chapman, Curtiss) with narrower, persistent leaves, and thicker spongy bark, in pond holes and wet depressions of the pine barrens of the Apalachicola region of western Florida, forms dense, impenetrable thickets. Wood heavy, weak, hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin, not conspicuous; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter ; specific gravity, 0.0784 ; asb, 0.42, 38 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 38. — Cliftonia ligustrina, Banks, Ex. Gaertner f. Fruot. Snppl. 246, t. 225.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 31.— ToiTcy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 256.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 92, t.73; 2 ed. ii, 39, t. 73.— Planchon in Hooker's Jour. Bot.v, 255.— Walpers, Rep. vi, 422.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1412.— Scbnizlein. Icon. t. 240", f. 5, 7-10, 20.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, FI. S. States, 273.— Porcher, Resources 8. Forests, 130.— Baillon in Adansonia, i, 202, t. 4, f. 3-6.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 18. Mylocaryum UgnMrinum, Willdenow, Enum. i, 454.— Bot. Mag. t. 1625.— Lamarck, HI. iii, 616, t. 952, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 302, t. 14.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 41.— Elliott, Sk. i, 508.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 231.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 323.— Darby, Fl. 8. States, 417.— Wood, CI. Book, 493; Bot. & Fl. 205. TITI. mON W(;OD. BUCKWHEAT TREE. Valley of the Savannah river, Georgia, southward to the Chattahoochee region of west Florida, westward along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Pearl river, Louisiana. A small tree, sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40 meter in diameter, or toward its southern limits in Florida reduced to a shrub; margins of pine-barreu ponds and streams. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6249; ash, 0.42; largely used as fuel, burning with a clear flame. CELASTRACE^. 39. — Eucnymus atropurpureus, Jacquin, Hort. Vind. ii, 155, t. 120.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 573; HI. ii, 98.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 274; 2ed. ii, 29. — Willdenew, Spec, i, 1132; Enum. i, 256. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 155. — Persoon, Syn. i,243. — Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 26. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 3.56. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 168. — Turpin, Diet. Soi. Nat. xvii, 532, t. 272.— Eaton, Manual, 28 ; 6 ed. 140.— Nuttall, Genera, 155.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. V, 466.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 24.— ElUott, Sk. i, 293.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 4.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 173 ; Fl. U. S. 261 ; Compeqd. Fl. N. States, 120 ; Fl. N. York, i, 141 ; Nicollet's Rep. 147.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 788.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 5 — Beck, Bot. 72. — Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 201.— Spaeh, Hist. Veg. ii, 405. — Rafinesque, New Fl. 60.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 499, f. 167.— ■: Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 257.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 819.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 240.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 219, f. 112.— Gray, Genera, ii, 188; Manual N. States, 5 ed. IIG. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 423. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 610. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 268.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 48.— Baillon in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, v, 314.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 76.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 102.— Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood, CI. Book, 289 ; Bot. & Fl. 76.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 129. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 629. — Young, Bot. Texas, 205.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. U. Garolinensis, Marshall, Arbnstum, 43. E. latifolius, Marshall, Arbnstum, 44 [not Alton].— Agardh,Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 22, f. 4. BURNING BUSH. WAHOO. SPINDLE TREE. ARROW WOOD. Western New York, west to the valley of the upper Missouri river {Fort Union), Montana, southward to northern Florida, southern Arkansas, and eastern Kansas. A small tree, rarely 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a shiub 2 to 3 meters in height ; low, rich woods, reaching its greatest development west of the Mississippi river. Wood heavy, very close-grained, liable to check badly in seasoning ; medullary rays hardly discernible ; color, white tinged with orange ; specific gravity, 0.6592 ; ash, 0.58. Wahoo bark, a mild but rather uncertain purgative, is used bj- herbalists in the form of decoctions, tinctures, fluid extracts, etc. {Am. Jour. Pharmacyj xx, 80.— U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 402. — Ifat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 559). 40. — Myginda pallens, Smith, Bees' Cycl. xxv. No. 4.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 13.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 554.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 146.— Chapman iu Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 3 ; Fl. S. States, Suppl. 612. Semi-tropical Florida, Upper Metacombe Key; in the West Indies. A small tree, rarely exceeding 4 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 meter iu diameter. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny ; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays hardly distinguishable; color, dark brown or nearly black, the thick sap-wood lighter brown tinged with red; specific gravity, 0.9048 ; ash, 3.42. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 39 41. — Schaefferia frutescens, Jacqnin, Stirp. Am. 259.— Gsertner f. Fruct. Suppl. 249, t. 225, f. 7.— Lamarck, 111. lii, 402, t. 809.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet.' vi, 727.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 41.— Karsten, Fl. Columbise, i, t. 91.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 76.— Grisebaoh, Fl. British West Indies, 146.— Walpers, Ann. vii, 581. ^ 8. COmpleta, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 327, t. 7, f. A.— Willdenow, Spec, iy, 741.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 371.— Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 207. S.bux^olia, Nnttall, Sylva, ii, 42, t. 56; 2 ed. i, 190, t. 56.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 264. YELLOW WOOD. BOX WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, southern keys from Metacombe Key eastward, Caloosa river and sparingly ou the Reef Keys; in the West Indies. A small tree, occasionally 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, generally hollow and defective. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light bright yellow, the sap-wood a little lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7745 ; ash, 2.54. RHAMNACE^. 42. — Reynosia latifolia, Grisebach, €at. PI. Cuba, 34.— Eggers, Videnskab, Medd. fra. Nat. For. 173 & t. ; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. xiii, 40.— Gray in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iv, 208.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 612. fBhamnus IwbigatUS, Vahl, Symbelse, iii, 41. Ceanothus IcevigatUSj De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 30. Scutia ferrea. Chapman, Fl. S. States, 72 [not Brongniart]. fBhamindium revolutum, Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 612. BED* lEON WOOD. DARLING PLUM. Semi-tropical Florida, *Miami {Garber), bay Biscayue, and on the southern keys (Curtiss); in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact; meduUarj'rays numerous, thin ; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood light brown; specific gravity, 1.0715; ash, 3.20. The edible frnit, ripening in April and May, of agreeable flavor. 43. — Condalia ferrea, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 100.— Walpers, Ann. vii, 588.— Gray in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iv, 208.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 612. Bhamnug ferrea, Vahl, Symbol*, iii, 41, t.58. Zizyphus emarginatus, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. iii, 19.54. Ceanothus ferreus, De Candelle, Prodr. ii, 30. Scutia ferrea, Brongniart in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. x, 363 [not Chapman, Fl. S. States, 72].— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. * BLACK IRON WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to bay Biscayne, ou the southern keys ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 11 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.38 meter in diameter, generally hollow and defective; common. Wood exceedingly heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, difficult to work; remarkable for the large percentage of ash; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color, rich orange-brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 1..3020; ash, 8.31. 40 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 44. — Condalia obovata, Hooker, loon. t. 2fl7.— Torrey &. Gray, Fl. i, 685. — Gray in Jonr. Boston 8oo. Nat. Hist, vi, 169 ; Genera, ii, 172, 1. 164 ; Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 32 ; V, 27 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 5.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bonndary Survey, 47.— Watson in Proo. Am. Aoad. xyii, 336. BLUE WOOD. LOGWOOD. PURPLE HAW. Eastern and southwestern Texas, westward through southern New Mexico to southern Arizona; probably extending into nerthern Mexico. A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a shrub ; reaching its greatest development along the streams of eastern Texas; one of the common "chaparral" plants of western Texas, here forming dense, impenetrable thickets. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, liable to check in seasoning, containing many groups of large irregularly-arranged open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light red, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 1.1999; ash, 7.03. 45. — Rhamnus Caroliniana, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 101. — Lamarck, 111. ii, 88; Diet, iv, 476. — Michaox, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 153. — Nouveau Duliamel, iii, 47. — Persoon. Syn. i, 239.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 166.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 153.— Ecemer «fe Schultes, Syst. v, 285.— EUiott, Sk. i, 289.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 26. — Sprengel, Syst. i, 768. — Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 174. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 32. — Hooker, Jour. Bot. i, 202. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Ameriea, i, 262. — Dietrich, Syn. i, 807. — London, Arboretum, ii, 537. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 300. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 390.— Seheele in Roemer, Texas, 432.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 50, t. 59 ; 2 ed. i, 198, t. 59.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 269.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354. — Wood, CI. Book, 219 ; Bot. & Fl. 77. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 610. — Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 5. t Frangula fragillis, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludovioiana, 320; Sylva Telluriana, 27. Sarcomphalus CaroUnianus, Rafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 29. Frangula Caroliniana, Gray, Genera, ii, 178, t. 167 ; Manual N. states, 5 ed. 115.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary S irvoy, 46. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251..— Curtis in Eep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 92. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 73.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. INDIAN CHEERY. , Long Island, New York, west along the valley of the Ohio river to southern Illinois, Missouri south of the Meramec river, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory, south to northern Florida (latitude 30°), and through the Gulf states to western Texas. A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in heiglit, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 meter in diameter, or in the Atlantic states generally a tall shrub; rich woods along streams and river bottoms, reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas. Wood light, hard, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; siieciflc gravity, 0.5462; ash, 0.64. The edible fruit sweet and agreeable. 46. — Rhamnus Californica, Eschscholiz, Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, x, 281 (Linnaa hitt.-BeT. 1828, 149.— Presi, Rep. Bot. i, 197).— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 32.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 263.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 806.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 390.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 101.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 197. B. Oleifolius, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 123, t. 44.— Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechey, 136, 328.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 260.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 390.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 10 ; PI. Hartweg. 302.— Durand in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. 1855, gS.- Carrifere in Rev. Hort. xlvi, 354, f. 47-49. Endotropis oleifolia, Rafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 31. R, laurifolius, Nuttall in Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 260.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 390. * Frangula Californica, Gray, Genera, ii, 178 ; Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 146.— Torrey iu Sitgreaves' Rep. 1,">/ Pacific E. E, Eep. iv, 74; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 46; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 261. — Newberry in Pacific E. E. Eep. vi, 69. — Bolandor in Proo. California Acad, iii, 78. California, west of the Sierra Nevadas, from the valley of the upper Sacramento river southward to Santa Barbara and fort Tejon. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 41 A small tree, rarely 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.37 meter in diameter {Pringle), or commonly a shrub, along the sea-coast and at high elevations often prostrate; common and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Santa Cruz mountains. A low shrubby form, densely white- tomentose, especially on the under side of the leaves, of southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico, is — var. tomentella, Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 101. B. tomentellus, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 303.— Seemaun, Bot. Herald, 275.— Walpers, Ann. ii, 267. Frangula Californica, var. tomentella. Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. vi, 28. -Torrey in Pacific E. R. Eep. iv, 74; vii, 9. Wood lightv soft, rather coarse-grained, checking in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of open ducts ; medullary rays narrow, obscure ; color, brown or light yellow, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity,. O.GOOO; ash, 0.58. 47. — Rhamnus Purshiana, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 25.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 538, f. 211.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 123, t. 43; London Jour. Bot. vi, 78. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 32.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 262.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 807.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 52; 2 ed. i, 200.— Kichardson, Arctic Exped. 423. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 69. — Koch, Dendrologio, i, 610. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 379. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 101.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 86. Ii. alnifolius, Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 166 [not L'Heritier]. Cardiolepis obtusa, Rafinesque, Sylva Telluriana, 28. Frangula Purshiana, Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii», 29, 57.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,. 9.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 262. BEAEBEBEY. BEAE WOOD. SHITTIM WOOD. Puget sound, east along the mountain ranges of northern Washington territory to the Bitter Eoot mountain,. Idaho (Mullan pass, Watson), and the shores of Flathead lake, Montana {Canby & Sargent), southward through, western Washington territory, Oregon, and California, west of the Sierra Nevada, to about latitude 40°. A small tree, often 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter ; depressions and along the sides and bottoms of caiions in the coniferous forests, reaching its greatest development along the western slope of the Coast Range of southern Oregon. W^ood light, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood somewhat lighter; specific gravity^ 0.5672 ; ash, 0.G7. The bark, like that of other species of the genus, possesses powerful cathartic properties, and, under the name of Cascara sagrada, has recently been introduced by herbalists in the form of fluid extracts, tinctures, etc., immense quantities being gathered for this purpose in the Oregon forests [Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. G59). 48. — Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, Eschscholtz, Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, x, 285.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 125.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 37.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 136,. 328.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 266.— Dietrich, Syu. i, 81:!.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, .540.— Eaton &, Wright, Bot. 185.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxx, t. 38.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 44, t. 57 ; 2 ed. i, 193, t. ."j7.— Beutbaiu, Bot. Sulphur, 10; PI. Hartweg. 302.— Auu. Gand. 1847, 1. 107.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 14; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 45; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 2C3.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 69.— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii'^, 57.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 78.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 621.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, x, 334.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 102.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. BLUE MYRTLE. California Coast ranges, from Mendicino county south to the valley of the San Louis Eey river (Pala, Parish Brothers). A small tree, 8 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or toward the southern limits reduced to a low shrub ; common and reaching its greatest development in the Sequoia forests near Santa Cruz. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary ;;ays very obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood darker; specific gravity, 0.5750; ash, 0.G9. The bark of the root may be expected to ijossess similar astringent properties to that of the shrubby G. Americana, used with advantage in cases of diarrhea and dysentery, and as a domestic remedy in throat troubles ( U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1609. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 373). 49. — Colubrina reclinata, Brongniart, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. x, 369.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 359.— Grisebach, Yl. British West Indies, 101.— Eggers in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 13, 40. Rhamnus ellipticus, Alton, Hort. Kew. i, 265 ; 2 ed. ii, 17.— Willdeuow, Spec, i, 1098.— Swartz, Prodr. 50 ; Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 497. Zizyphus Dominigensis, Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 56. Ceanothus rcclinatus, L'Heritier, Scrt. 6.— Ktcmer & Schnltes, Syst. v, 288.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 31.— Macfadycn, Fl.. Jamaica, 211. 42 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. » NAKED WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, Umbrella Key, on the north end of Key Largo, and sparingly on the small islands south of Elliott's Key ; through the West Indies. ■ One of the laigest trees of the region, deciduous, 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 1.25 meter in diameter; reaching its greatest development within the United States on Umbrella Key, here forming a dense forest. Wood heavy, hanl, very strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish, containing many small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, dark brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood light yellow ; specific gravity, 0.8208 ; ash, 1.75. "The trunk attains a size of over 1 meter and is most extraordinary. When 0.152 meter thick it becomes furrowed, and the furrows and ridges multiplj- and extend in all directions; trunks 0.75 to 1 meter in diameter appear like a mass of braided serpents. On small trunks the bark breaks up into flakes which curl up and drop ■off. Between the ridges where the bark persists the edges of dozens of papery layers may be seen" {Curtiss in let). sapindacej: 50. — ^sculus glabra, Willdenow, Ennm. 405.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 255.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 241.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 597.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 384 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 164.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 28, t. 24.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 44.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 166.— Don, Miller's Diet. i,652.— Beek, Bot. 65.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 467, f. 133.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 251.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1225.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 115.— Walpers, Rep. i, 424.— Gray, Genera, ii, 207, 1. 176, 177; Manuel N. States, 5 ed. 118.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 79.- Wood, CI. Book, 288; Bot. & Fl. 85.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187.— Koch, Dcndrologie, i, 508.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 61. JE. pallida, Wllldenow, Enum. 406.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 242.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 597.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 29, t. 25.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 166.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650. —Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 6.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxiv, t. 51. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 463, f. 134. ^. echinata, Muhlenberg, Cat. 38. ^. Ohioensis, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 242 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 156, t. 92.— Poiret, Suppl. iii, 593.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 597.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 652.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 6.— Eiddell, Syn. Fl. W. States, 34.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxiv, 51, t. 51.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 71 ; 2 ed. ii, 17. f^. carnea, Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 25, t. 22.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 43.— Lindley, Bot. Reg. xiii,t. 1056.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 121.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 652.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 253.— Walpers, Rep. i,425. Pavia glabra, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 23. Pavia pallida, Spach In Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 23. t Pavia carnea, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 23.— Don in Sweet's Brit. Fl. Gard. 2 ser. U 301. t Pavia WatS07liana, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 54 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 23.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 253. f-^. Watsoniana, Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1225.— Walpers, Rep. i, 425. ^. Hipjwcastanum, var. OhioensiS, Loudon, Arboretum, i, 467.— Browne, Trees of America, 110. JB. Hippocastanum, var. glabra, London, Arboretum, i, 467.— Browne, Trees of America, 111. ^. Hippocastanum, var. pallida, Loudon, Arboretum, i, 468.— Browne, Trees of America, 111. OHIO BUCKEYE. FETID BUCKEYE. Western slopes of the Alleghany mountains, Pennsylvania to northern Alabama, westward through southern Michigan (rare) to southern Iowa, eastern Kansas to about longitude 97° west, and the Indian territory. A small tree, 8 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter; rich soil along streams and river bottoms, reaching its greatest development in the high valleys of the southern Alleghany niountaiiiK. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, difficult to split, often blemished by dark lines of dfcay; medullary rays obscure; color, white, the sap wood darker; specific gravity, 0.4542; ash, 0.86; largely used in CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 43 cominou with that of the other species of the genus in the manufacture of woodenware, artificial limbs (for which the wood of ^sculus is preferred to that of all other American trees), paper-pulp, wooden hats, less commonly for the bearings of shafting and machinery, and occasionally manufactured into lumber. The bark of the allied old world species ^. Hippocastanum occasionally has been found eflScacious as a substitute for cinchona bark in the treatment of intermittent fevers ( JJ. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1565. — Wat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 712), and similar properties may be looked for in the bark of jE. glabra. 51. — .ffisculus flava, Aitou, Hort.Kew. i,494^ 2 ed. ii,335.— B.S.Barton, Coll. i, 13; Bot. Appx. 26, t. 15, f.2.— Willdenow, Spec. ii,286; Enum. i,40.5; Berl. Baumz. 13.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 385.— Pursh, FI. Am. Sept. i, 255.— Nuttall, Genera, 1, 242.— James in Long's Exped. i, 22.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 27, t. 23.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 44.— Elliott, Sk. i, 436.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 1. 163.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 1280.— Torrey &. Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 202.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1225.— Eaton, S^anual, 6 ed. 7.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 116.- Walpers, Eep. i, 424.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 266.— Torrey in Pacific E. R. Rep. iv, 74.— Browne, Trees of America, 118.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 230='»,/. 3. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 80.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 48.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood, CI. Book, 288 ; Bot. & Fl. 75.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. US.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. ^. octandra, Marshall, Arbustum, 4.— Miller's Diet. No. 1. Pavia flava, Moench, Meth. 66.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 598.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 653.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser.ii, 55; Hist. Veg. iii, 25. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 471 & t. ^. lutea, Wangenheim in Schrift. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, viii, 133, t. 6. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 219. — Persoon, Syn. i, 403.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 509. Pavia lutea, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 94. — Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 155, t. 38. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 237, 1. 11 ; N. Amsrican Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 153, t. 91. ' ^. neglecta, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xii, t. 1009. Pavia neglecta, Don, Miller's Diet, i, 653. — Spach In Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 55 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 24. — Loudon, Arboretum, i. 472. SWEET BUCKEYE. Allegheny county, Pennsylvania (T. C. Porter), southward along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia (Augusta) and Alabama, west along the valley of the Ohio river to southern Iowa, the Indian territory, and the valley of the Brazos river, eastern Texas. A tree 18 to 28 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its southwestern limits reduced to a shrub ; rich woods and along streams, reaching its greatest development on the slojies of the Alleghany moantains of North Oarolina and Tennessee. A variety with purple or flesh-colored flowers, the leaflets pubescent beneath, is — var. purpurascens, Gray, Manual N. states, 5 ed. 118. ^. hybrida, De Candolle, Hort. Monsp. 1813, 75.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 3.34. ^. discolor, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 255.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 242.— Bot. Reg. iv, t. 310.— Elliott, Sk. i, 436.— Sprengel, Syst. 11, 167.— Sertum Botanicum, iv & t. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 116.— Walpers, Ann. iv, 381. Pavia discolor, Poiret, Suppl. V, 769.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 653.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 7.— Spach iu Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 57 ; Hist. Veg. iii, 28. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 472. Pavia hybrida, De Candolle, Prodr. i, 598.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 653.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. G.-Spach in Anu. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 56; Hist. Veg. iii, 27.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 472.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 116.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 512. JE. Pavia, var. discolor, Torrey &, Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 252.— Walpers, Rep. i, 424.— Gray in Jour. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist, vi, 167. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, difiScult to split; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, creamy- white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4274 ; ash, 1.00. 52. — .ffisculus Californica, Nuttall; Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 251 ; Sylva, ii, 69, t. 64 ; 2 ed. ii, 16, t. 64.— Hooker &. Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 327.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1225.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 116.— Walpers, Rep. i, 424.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 9; PI. Hartweg. 301.— Durand in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. iaT5, 85.— Rev. Hort. iv, 150, f. 10, 11.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 74; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 48; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 260.— Newberry iu Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 20, 69, f. 1.— Bot. Mag. t. 5077.— Fl. dcs Serres, xiii, 39, t. 1312.— London Gard. Chronicle, 18.58, 844.— Beige, Hort. ix, 121 & t.— Gray in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vii, 146.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 78.— Walpers, Ann. 624.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 513.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. Calil'omia, i, 106.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. Calothyrsus Californica, Spach in Ann.Sei. Nat.2«er.ii,62; Hist. Veg. iii, 35. Pavia Californica, Hartweg in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, ii, 123.— Carrifere in Rev. Hort. 1862, 369 & f. 44 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. OALIPOBNIA BUCKEYE. * California, valley of the upper Sacramento river and Mendocino county, southward along the Coast ranges to San Luis Obispo, and along the western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains. A low, widely-branching tree, 8 to 12 meters in height, with a short trunk 0.00 to 0.90 meter in diameter, often greatly expanded at the base, or more often a much-branched shrub 3 to 5 meters in height ; borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in the canons of the Coast Kange, north of San Francisco bay. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, white slightly tinged with yellow, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4980 ; ash, 0.70. 53. — Ungnadia speciosa, Endlicher, Atacta Bot. t. 36 ; Nov. Stirp. Desc. ix, 75.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 684 ; Pacific E. E. Eep. ii, 168.— Walpers, Eep. i, 423-; v, 371 ; Ann. vii, 625. — Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 167 ; Genera, ii, 211, t. 178, 179 ; Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 38 ; v, 30 ; Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. v, 299 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 5. — Fl. des Serres, x, 217, t. 1059. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 48. — Schnizlcin, Icon. t. 230, f. 2, 8.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 265.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 515.— Baillon, Hist. PI.v, 423.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 337. V. heterophylla, Scheele in Linnsea, xxi, .')89 ; Koemer, Texas, 589. U. heptaphylla, Scheele in Linnsea, xxii, 352 ; Eoemer, Texas, 432. SPANISH BUCKEYE. Valley of tke Trinity river (Dallas, Beverchon) through western Texas to the canons of the Organ mountains. New Mexico (Bigelow) ; southward into Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.16 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or toward its eastern and western limits reduced to a law shrub ; common west of the Colorado river ; bottoms and rich hillsides, reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Guadalupe river, between New Brannfels and the coast. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing numerous evenly-distributed open ducts; medullary rays numerous, inconspicuous; color, red tinged with brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6332; ash, 1.17. Fruit reputed poisonous. 54. — Sapindus marginatus, Willdcnow, Ennm. i, 432.— Muhlenberg, Cat. 41.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 607.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 250.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 665.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 54. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 255, 685 ; Pacific R. E. Eep. ii, 162. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 323. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 411.— Nuttall, Sylvaf ii, 72, t. 65; 2 ed. ii, 19, t. 65.— Leavenworth in Am. Jour. Sci. i, 49, 130.— Engelmann & Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 241. — Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 169; Genera, ii, 214, t. 180; Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 38; Hall's PI. Texas, 5. — Engelmann in Wislizenus' Eep. 12. — Torrey in Emory's Eep. l.'JS; Marcy's Eep. 282; Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 2, 74 ; Bot. Mex. Bmindary Survey, 47. — Scheele in Ecemer, Texas, 433. — Schnizlein, Icon. t. 230, f. 22.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 79. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 354. — Wood, CI. Book, 288; Bot. & Fl. 75. — Porcher.^ EesourcesS. Forests, 85. — ^Young, Bot. Texas, 208.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 9. — Hemsloy, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 214. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 337. S. saponaria, Lamarck, III. ii, 441, t. 307 [not Linna!us]. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 242. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 663, in part.— Persoon, Syn. i, 444.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 274.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 257.— Elliott, Sk. i, 460.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 172.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 267. t S. inwqualis, De Candolle, Prodr. i, 608. S. falcaim, Eafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 261. 8. acuminata, Eafinesque, New Fl. 22. 8. Drummondi, Hooker & Amom Bot. Beeohey, 281 (excl. var. ).— Walpers, Eep. i, 417. WILD CHINA. SOAPBEBEY. , Atlantic coast. Savannah river to the Saint John's river, Florida, and on Cedar Keys ; southern Arkansas, valley of the Washita river (Prescott, Letterman) through western Louisiana and Texas to the mountain valleys of aontbem New Mexico and Arizona; southward into Mexico, and in the West Indies (? 8. incequalis). A tree, sometimes 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter; west of the Colorado river much smaller, rarely 9 meters in height; along streams or toward the western limits of its distribution only in mountain valleys, reaching its greuti'st ir. 26; Arctic Exped. 422.— De CandoUe, Prodr. i, 595.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 396; Compend. Fl. N. States, 170; Fl. N. York, i, 135.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Pcnu. Cycl. i, 79.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.Am. i, 113.— Don, Miller's Diet. 1, 650.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 406.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 170 ; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 99.— Loudon, Arboretum, i, 411, t. 31, f. 122.- Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 248.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282. —Walpers, Rep. i, 410.— Nees, PI. Med. 5. — Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 88; 2ed. ii,35. — Browne, Trees of America, 83. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 480 ; 2 ed. ii, 258 & t.— Gray, Genera, ii, 200, 1. 174 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 45.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 265.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 610.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 80.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood, CI. Book, 286 ; Bot. & Fl. 74.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 80.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 187.— Young, Bot. Texas, 206.— Vaaey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Gnibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 606.— Ward in Ball. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 73.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 175.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 51^.- Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 62. A. saccharum, Marshall, Arbustum, 4. A. barhatum, Michaux, Fl.Bor.-Am.ii,253.— Willdenow, Spec iv,989.—Poiret, Suppl.ii, 575.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.i, 266.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 255.— Elliott, Sk.i, 451.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 505.— Torrey, Fl. U.S. 396; Compend. Fl. N. States, 169.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 224.— Don, Miller's Diet! i, 649.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 178; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 118.— Torrey & Gray, Fl.N. America, i, 249, 684.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii. 51. SUGAR MAPLE. Sl'GAK TREE. HARD MAPLE. BOOK MAPLE. Southern Newfoundland, valleys of the Saint Lawrence and Saguenay rivers, shores of lake. Saint John, •west along the northern shores of the great lakes to Lake of the WoofJs ; south through the northern states and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Alabama and the Chattahoochee region of west Florida (var. Floridanum, Chapman, I. c.) ; west to Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas (rare), and eastern Texas. A tree of great economic value, 24 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or toward its southwestern limits greatly reduced in size; rich woods, often forming extensive forests, and reaching its greatest develoi)ment in region of the great lakes. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 49 Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a good polish; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6912; ash, 0.54; largely used in tlie manufacture of furniture, shoe lasts and pegs, saddle-trees, in turnery, for interior finish, and flooring; in ship-building for keels, keelsons, shoes, etc., and furnishing valuable fuel; "curled" maple and "bird's-eye" maple, accidental forms in which the grain is beautifully curled and contorted, are common and highly prized in cabinet-making. Maple sugar is principally made from this species ; the ashes of the wood, rich in alkali, yield large quantities of potash. Var. nigrum, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 248. — Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 136. — Loudon, Arboretum, i, 411. — Browne, Trees of America, 84.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54=. A. saccharinum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 252 [not Wangenheim]. A. nigrum, Mlchanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 238, t. 16; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 163, t. 43.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,266.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 669.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 253.— Elliott, Sk. i, 450.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 595.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 397 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 170.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Don, Miller's Dirt, i, 650.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 104; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 170.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 532.— Gray in Am. Nat. vi, 767; vii, 422.— Wood, 01. Book, 286; Bot. & Fl. 74. BLACK SUGAR MAPLE. Western Vermont, shores of lake Cham])lain, westward to southern Missouri, south through Tennessee to northern Alabama, the valley of the Chickasaw river, Mississippi (Mohr), and southwestern Arkansas (Fulton, Letterinan). A large tree along streams and river bottoms, in lower ground than the species with which it is connected by numerous intermediate forms. Wood heavier than that of the species ; specific gravity, 0.6915 ; ash, 0.71. 65. — Acer dasycarpum, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv, 24.— Mcench, Meth. 56.— Persoon, Syn. i, 417.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 985; Enum. ii, 1044.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. t, 446.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 266.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 252; Sylva, ii, 87; 2 ed. ii, 35.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 213.— Elliott, Sk. i, 449.-- Torrey, Fl. U. S. 396; Compend. Fl. N. States, 109; Fl. H, York, i, 136, t. 18; Nicollet's Eep: 147.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 225.— Tausch, Regensb. Fl. xii', 553.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 2.— London, Arboretum, i, 423, fig. 129 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 113; Jonr. Bot. i, 200.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 407.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 248.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 112.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 487; 2 ed. ii, 556 & t.— Parry in Owen's Eep. 610.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 46.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 423.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 265.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 81.— Curtis in Sep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 51.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 354.— Wood, CI. Book, 286; Bot. & Fl. 74.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. See. new ser. xii, 187.— Buchenau in Bot. Zeit. xix, 285, t. 11.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 119.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 10.— Coulter's Bot. Gazette, v, 88.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 541.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. xiii,3.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80,53<:.— Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 136, f. 24.— Ridgway in Proc. U.S.Nat. Mns. 1882,62. A. saccharinum, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 1055. A. rubrum, var. pallidum, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 434. A. eriocarpum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,2o3.— Desfontaines in Ann. Mus. vii, 412, t. 25, f. 1 ; Hist. Arb. i, 392.— Poiret, SuppL ii, 57.'5.— Trattinick, Archiv. i, t. 8.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 205, t. 13 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 146, t. 40.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 30.— De Candolle, Prodr. i, 595.— Don, Miller's Diet, i, 650.— Penn. Cycl. i, 79.— Beck, Bot. 63.— Spach, Hist. Veg. iii, 116; Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. ii, 177. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 245. — Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1282. — Browne, Trees of America, 95. — Meehan in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1868, 140. y^ SOFT MAPLE. WHITE MAPLE. SILVER MAPLE. Valley of the Saint John's river, New Brunswick, to Ontario, south of latitude 45°, south to western Florida; west to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, the valley of the Blue river, Kansas, and the Indian territory. A large tree, 18 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter; along ■treams and intervales, in rich soil ; most common west of the Alleghany mountains, and reaching its greatest development in the basin of the lower Ohio river. Wood light, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; specific gravity, 0.5269; ash, 0,33; somewhat used iu the manufacture of cheap furniture, for flooring, etc.; maple sugar i.s occasionally made from this species. 1 l'f)l! y 60 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 66. — Acer rubrum, Linnaeus, 8peo.l ed.1055.— Du Eoi, Diss. 59.— Marshall, Arbnstuin, 3.— Lamarck, Diet. )i,300; ll!.iii,438, t. e44, f. 3.— Klirliart, Beitr. iv.iSJ.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 93. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 434 (excl. var.) ; 'J ed. v, 44G. — Ma-ucli, Moth. 56. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,2.58. — Pereoon, Syn. i, 417. — Robin, Voy.iges, iii, 471. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv,31. — Willdenow, .Spec. iv,984; Enuui. ii, 1044. — Desfontainos in Ann. Mtis.vii,413, t. 25, f. 2; Hint. Arb. i, 391. — Poiret, Suppl. ii, 574. — Trattinick, Archiv. i, t. 9. — Michaux t HiBt.Arb.Aui.ii,210,t. 14; N. American Sylva, 3 cispensatory, 14 ed. 908. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1464); the white milky sap turning black in drying and yielding a valuable lacquer {Bigelow, Med. Bot. I. c.) 73. — Rhus Metopium, LinnsBus, AmoBU. V, 395. — Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 51. — Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, ii, 49, t. 79. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 67. — Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 225.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 121, t.80; 2 ed. ii, 68, t. 80.— Richard, Fl.Cuba, 381.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1859, 264.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 175.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 69.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 73.— Vasey, Gat. Forest Trees, 11. Metopium Linncei, Engler in De Candolle, Suites, iv, 367. POISON WOOD. CORAL SUMACH. MOUNTAIN MANCHINEEL. BUM WOOD. HOG PLUM. DOCTOR GUM. Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne to the southern keys; in the West Indies. A tree 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter, reaching in the United States its greatest development on the shores of bay Biscayne, near Miami; one of the most common trees of the region, the large specimens generally decayed. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many evenly-distributed open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow; specific gravity, 0.7917; ash, 2.39; little esteemed. A resinous gum, emetic, purgative, and ditu-etic, is obtained from incisions made in the bark of this species (Pharm. Jour, vii, 270. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 489). * 74. — Pistacia Mexicana, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec, vii, 22, t. 608. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 64. — Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. v, 27. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 44. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 109. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 221. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 338. Texas, valley of the Rio Grande (near the mouth of the Pecos river, Bigelow); southward into Mexico (Saltillo, Palmer, etc.). Wood not collected. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 55 LEGUMINOSiB 75. — Eysenhardtia orthocarpa, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad, jvii, 339. ■r E. amorphoides, var. orthocarpa, Gray in Smithsonian Contrib.iii,46; v,237. E. amorphoides, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 51, in part. Western Texas, valleys of the upper Guadalupe and Eio Grande, west to the Santa Eita and Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona {Pringle); southward into northern Mexico. A small tree, 5 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.09 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a low shrub; dry, gravelly soil, reaching its greatest development near the summit of the Santa Catalina mountains, at 3,000 feet altitude. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, very compact ; layers of annual growth clearly dehued by numerous rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light reddish-brown, sap-wood clear yellow; specific gravity, 0.8740; ash, 1.28. 76. — Dalea spinosa. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. v, 315; Ives' Rep. 10. — Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 78; vii, 9, t. 3. — Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 53.— Walpers, Ann. iv, 485. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 266. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 132. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 143.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent. 249. Asagrcea spinosa, Baillon in Adansonia, ix, 2.32 ; Hist. PI. ii, 288. Colorado desert, southern California (Agna Caliente, Toras, etc.), and eastward to the valley of the lower Gila river, Arizona. A small tree, sometimes G meters in height, with a short, stout trunk 0.45 to 0.50 meter in diameter [Parry^ Parish Brotliers), or often a low shrub; dry, gravelly, rocky soil. Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, containing many evenly-distributed open ducts; medullary rays nnmerouH, thin; color, walnut-brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5536; ash, 4.04. 77. — Robinia Pseudacacia, Linnaus, Spec. 1 ed. 722. — Marshall, Arbustum, 133. — Wangenheim, Amer. IG, t. 7. — L'Heritier, Stirp. Nov. 158. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniaua, 18C. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 53 ; 2 ed. iv, 323.— Gcertner, Fruct. ii, :107, t. 14.').— Willdenow, Spec, iii, 1131 ; Enum. i, 769. — Michanx, FI. Bor.- Am. ii, 65. — Nonveau Duhamel, ii, 60, t. 16. — Poiret in Lamarck Diet, vi, 222; 111. iii, 163, t. 606. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 311. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 302. — Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 245, t. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 92, t. 76.— I'ursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 487. — Eaton, Manual, 82; 6 ed.306. — Thomas in Am. Month. Mag. & Crit. Rev. ii, 90. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 118. — Haync, Dend. Fl. 140.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 242.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 261.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 247.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 178; Conipend. FI. N. States, 271; Fl. N. York, i, KiO; Emory's Rep. 408.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 140.— Audubon, Birds, t. 104.— Dou, Miller's Diet, ii, 237.— Beck, Bot. fe2.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 2ri8.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 294.— London, Arboretum, ii, 609, f. 305 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 397.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 290.— Browne, Trees of America, 197.— Emerson, Trees, Massachusetts, 460; 2 ed. ii,,322 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 2:;8, f. 123.— Dietrich, Syn. iv, 1053.— Darlington, Fl, Cestrica, 3 ed. 65.— D.arby Bot. S. States, 280.— Cooper in Smithsonian Pop. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 94.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 48. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 356. — Wood, CI. Book, 319; Bot. & Fl. 95. — Lcmaire, 111. Hort. xii, t. 427. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 188. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 131. — Koch, Deudrologie, i, 55.— Verlot in Rev. Hort. 1873, 152 & f.— Young, Bot. Texas, 228.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 65. Pseudacacia odorata, Mcench, Meth. 145. B. fragilis, Salisbury, Prodr. 336. LOCDST. BLACK LOCUST. YELLOW LOCUST. Alleghany mountains, Pennsylvania (Locust ridge, Monroe county. Porter) to northern Georgia; widely and generally naturalized throughout the United States east of the Eocky mountains, and possibly indigenous in northeastern (Crowley's ridge) and western Arkansas and the prairies of eastern Indian territory. A tree 22 to 25 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; west of the Mississippi river much smaller or often a low shrub 1.80 to 3 meters in height, reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the mountains of West Virginia. 66 FOREST TREES OF KORTH AMERICA. Wood heavy, exceediugly hard and strong, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the ground; loyers of annual growth clearly marked by two or three rows of large open ducts; color, brown or, more rarely, light green, the sap-wood yellow ; specific giavity, 0.733.'i; ash, 0.51 (Trccvi in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xix, 182, t. 2, f. 1; t. 6, 7, f. 10.); largely used in shipbuilding, tor posts of all sorts, constructiou, and in turnery; preferred to other American woods for treenails, and in this form largely exported. The bark of the root tonic, or in large doses purgative and emetic ( U. S. Dixperimtory, 14 ed. 1746.— JTat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1233); formerly widely planted as a timber tree (Cohbett, Woodlands, par. 323); its cultivation in the United States now generally abandoned on account of the destructive attacks of the locust borer {CyUene picta, Packard in Bull. U. S. Entomolofiical Com. No. 7, 9.'")). 78. — Robinia viscosa, Voutenat, Hort. Cels. 4, t. 4.— Bot. Mag. t. 5t)U.— Willdenow, Spec, iii, 1131 ; Euum. ii, 769.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 65.— -Nouvean Dubamel, ii, 64, 1. 17.— Poirot ill Lamarck, Diet, vi, '.'22.— B. S. Barton, Bot. Appx. 29, t. 21.— Pcxsoon, Syn. ii, 311.— Desfont.aincs, Hist. Arb. ii, 302.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2e(I. iv, 323.— Jliohaiix f. Hist. Arb. Aiu. iii, 262, t. 2; N. American Sylva, ii, 104, t 77.— Pursh, Fl, Am. Sept. ii, 488.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 118.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 140.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 242.— DoCamloUo, Prodr. ii, 262.— Guimpel,Otto& Hayne, Abb. Holz. 81, t. (io.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 247.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 236.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 306.— Spach, Hist. Veg. 1, 260.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 295.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 626, t. 87, f. 306.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 397.— Browne, Trees of America, 209.— Dietrich, Syu. iv, 1053.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 280.— Cooper in Smithsonian liep. 1858, 251.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 94.— Curtis in Eep. Geological Snrv. N. CaroUna, I860, iii, 49. —Wood. CI. Book, 319; Bot. & Fl. 95.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 193.— Gray, Kannal N. States, 5 ed. 131. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11. R. gluiinosa, Curtis, Bot. Mag. t. 560.— Koch, Deudrologie, i, 59. CLAMMY LOCUST. " High Alleghany mountains south of latitude 35° " (Michaux). " Open woods, slopes of Buzzard ridge, altitude 4,500 feet, near Highland, Macon county. North Caroliua" (J. Donnell Smith). A small tree, J> to 12 meters iu height, with a trunk not exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; vei-y rare, and not rediscovered until 1882 by the numerous botanists who have visited, during the last thirty years, the localities where the Michauxs, father and sou, discovered this species ; widely cultivated and now occasionally naturalized in tho Atlantic states. Wood (of a cultivated specimen) heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth clearly marked by many rows of open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, brown, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.8094; ash, 0.20. 79. — Robinia Neo-Mexicana, Gray, Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. v, 314.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 79; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 53.— Walpers, Ann. iv, 491.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 419.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pnb. No. 4, 23.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11. LOCUST. Colorado, valley of the Purgatory river (near Trinidad), headwaters of the Canadian river, through western and Southwestern New Mexico to the Santa Catalina and Santa, liita mountains {Lemmon, Pringle), Arizona (4,500 to 7,000 feet altitude), southern Utah, Mount Zion caQon, west fork of the Eio Virgin, and near Kanah. A small tree, sometimes (5 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter, or toward its upper limits of growth reduced to a low shrub; reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Purgatory river, Colorado. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many evenly-distributed open ducts; medullary rays, thin, conspicuous; color, yellow streaked with brown, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.8034 ; ash, 0.60. 80. — Olneya Tesota, Gray, Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. v, 328; Ives' Rep. 11.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 11, 82; vii, 10, t. 5; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 58.— Walpers, Ann. iv, 479, 587.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 865.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 157.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent. i,260. IRON WOOD. ARBOL DE HIEBRO. California, valley of the Colorado river south of the Mohave mountains, valley of the lower Gila river, southwestern Arizona ; southward in Sonora. A small tree in the United States, rarely 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.45 meter in diameter; dry arrotjOH and canons ; in Sonora more common and of larger size. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 57 Wood very heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, the grain generally contorted, difficult to cut and work, susceptible of a high polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood clear bright j'ellow; specific gravity, 1.0602; ash, 2.29 (the heart-wood, 1.1486; ash, 2.59; sap- wood, 0.8958 ; ash, 1.85) ; occasionally manufactured into canes. 81. — Piscidia Erythrina, Linnaeus, Spec. 2 ed. 993.— Jacquin, Anier. 206.— Swartz, Obs. 277.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 443j 111. iii, 163, t. 605.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 84.— Lunan, Hort, Jam. i, 269. — Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. & Spec, vi, 382. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 267. — Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, iii, 203, t. 196.— Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, i, 258.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 31, t. 52; 2 ed. i, 180.— Bentham in Jour. Llnnsean Soc. iv, Sappl. 116 ; Bot. Sulphur, 81. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 264. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 110. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 200. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 175. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 319. Erythrina piscipula, LiunsBus, Spec, i ed. 107. p. Garthagenensis, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 267. JAMAICA DOGWOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne, west coast. Pease creek to cape Sable, and on the southern keys ; in the West Indies and southern Mexico. A tree 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.75 meter in diameter. Wood heavy, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish, containing few large scattered open ducts; medullary rays thin, not conspicuous ; color, yellowish-brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.8734; ash, 3.38 ; one of the favorite woods of the region for boat-building, fire-wood, and charcoal. The bark, especiallj' of the root, narcotic, occasionally administered in the form of tinctures, or used, as well as the young branches and leaves, to poison or stupefy fish. 82. — Cladrastis tinctoria, Rafiuesque, Fl. Kent. 1824; Neog. 1825; Med. Bot. ii, 210; New Sylva, iii, 83.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 390.— Walpers, Rep. i, 807.— Browne, Trees of America, 192. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 294. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251. — Chapman, Ft. S. States, 113.— Porcher Resources S. Forests, 175.— Wood, CI. Book, 301 ; Bot. & Fl. 84.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 143.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 11. Virgilia Itltea, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 266, t. 3 ; Travels, 289 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 106, t. 78.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 309.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 284.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 53.— Loiseleiir, Herb. Amat. t. 297.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 93.- Sprengel, Syst. iv', 1, 171.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 112.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 397.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 163.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 480.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1501.— London, Arboretum, ii, 565, t..78. G. lutea, Koch, Dendrologie, i,6. YELLOW WOOD. YELLOW ASH. GOPHER WOOD. Central Kentucky, cliffs of the Kentucky and Dick's rivers; middle Tennessee, mountains of east Tennessee to Cherokee county, ^Jforth Carolina. A tree 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 or, exceptionally, 1.20 meter in diameter ; rich hillsides; in Kentucky on the Trenton limestones, and reaching its best development in middle Tennessee ; rare and very local, the large trees generally hollow or defective. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of open ducts, and containing many evenly distributed similar ducts; color, bright, clear yellow, changing with exposure to light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6278; ash, 0.28; used for fuel, occasionally for gunstocks, and yielding a clear yellow dye. 83. — Sophora secundiflora, Lagasca; De Candolle, Cat. Hort. Monsp. 148; Prodr. ii, 96. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 110. — Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 54. — Rev. Hort. 4 ger. iii, 201, t. 11. — Bentham & Hooker, Genera, i, 555. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 321.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 347. Brousnonetia secundiflora, Ortega, Dec. v, 61, t. 7. Virgilia necundiflora, Cavanilles, Icon. t. 401. AgOHtianis secundiflora, Rafinesque, New Sylva, iii, 86. Dermatophyllum speciosum, Scheele in Linnaa, xxi, 458. 8. speciosa, Bentham in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 178. — Gray in Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. iv", 38; Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 54; Hall's PI. Texas, 7.— Walpers, Ann. ii, 439.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, .58.— Young, Bot. Texas, 242.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trei^s, 12. 58 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. PBIGOLITO. Matagorda bay, Texas, west to the jiiountaiua of New Mexico (Havard). A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a truuk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often, especially west of the San Antonio riter, a tall shrub, rarely exceeding 2 meters in height, forming dense thickets ; borders of streams, generally in a low, rather moist soil. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, orange streaked with red, the heiavier sap-wood brown or yellow; specific gravity, 0.9842; ash, 1.69; furnishing valuable fuel. The seeds contain an exceedingly poisonous alkaloid, Sophoria (if. C. Wood in Philadelphia Med. Times, August 4, 1877. — Rothrock in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 133. — JVa*. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1333). 84. — Sophora affinis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 390.— Leavenworth in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. ix, 130. — Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. y\, 178; Hall's PI. Texas, 7. — Soheele in Eosmer, Texas, 428. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12. Styphnolohium affine, Walpers, Rep. i, 807. Arkansas, valley of the Arkansas river {Letterman) to the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas. A small tree, 6 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter; borders of streams and prairies. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, coarse-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays thin, conspicuous; color, light red, the sap-wood bright, clear yellow; gpecific gravity, 0.8509 ; ash, 0.73. Ink is occasionally made domestically from the resinous exudations of the pod. 85. — Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lamarck, Diet, i, 733; 111. iii, 412, t. 823.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 241, t. 51.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 460; Ennm. ii, 1019; Berl.Baumz. 169.— Persoou,Syn.ii,626.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 250. —Alton, Hort. Kew. 2ed.v, 400.— Miclianx f. Hist. Arb. Am.ii,272, t.23; N. American Sylva,3 ed. i, 182, t. 50.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 304.— Nuttall, Geuera,ii, 243.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 203.— James in Long's Exped. i, 138.— Reichenbach, Mag. Bot. t. 40.— De Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 480.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 327.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N.York, ii, 19.J; Compeud. Fl. N. States, 376 ; Fl. N. York, i, 196; Emory's Rep. 407.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 166.— Don, Miller's Dict.429.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 162.— Beck, Bot. 93.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, H9.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 256 & t.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 398. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 258. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 424. — Walpera, Rep. i, 809.— Browne, Trees of America, 218. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 358. — Wood, CI. Book, 300 ; Bot. & Fl. 83. — Engelmaun in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. sii, 190. — Gray, Manual N. Stat«8, 5 ed. 145. — Briot in Rev. Hort. 1870,436. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, l&79-'80, 54<:.—Ridgway in Proc.U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 63.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 618. Ouilandina dioica, Liun»ua, Spec, l ed. 381. — Marshall, Arbostnm, 56. — ^Aiton, Hort. Eew. ii, 56. — James in Long's Exx>ed. i,138. Hyperanthera dioica, Vahl, Symbolse, i, 31. G. dioica, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 5.— Baillon, Hist. PL ii, 87, f. 52, 53. KENTtrOKY COFFEE TREE. COFFEE NtTT. Conococheagne creek, Franklin county, Pennsylvania {Porter) ; western New York, shores of Cayuga and Seneca lakes, west through southern Ontario and southern Michigan to the valley of the Minnesota river, Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, southwestern Arkansas, and the Indian territory, to about longitude 90° west, south to middle Tennessee. A tree 25 to 33 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; rich woods and bottoms; not common. Wood heavy, not hard, strong, coarse-grained, durable in contact with the ground, liable to check in drying, easily worked, susceptible of a high polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one or two rows of open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich light brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6934; ash, 0.67; occasionally used in cabinet-making, for posts, rails, &c. The fresh leaves, macerated and sweetened, are used in Tennessee as a poison for house-flies; the seeds formerly as a domestic substitute for coftee. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 69 86. — Gleditschia triacanthos, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 1056 (excl. var.).— Medicus, Bot. Beobaclit. 1782, 230.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 465 ; 111. iii, 446, t. 857, f. 1.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 444 (excl. vara.); 2 ed. v, 474.— Moench, Meth. 69.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 285.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 257.— Schknhr, Handb. iii, 554, t. 356.— Robin, Voyages, iii, 497.— Persoon, Syu. ii, 123.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 246.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1097 ; Enum. 1058 ; Berl. Baumz. 163.— Nouveau Duliamel, iv, 100, t. 25.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 164, 1. 10 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. 108, t. 79.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 221.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239.— .1 ames in Long's Exped. i, 138.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 218.— Elliott, 8k. ii, 709. — Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 157, t. 132.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 479.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 918. - Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 375; Fl.N. York, i, 192.— Audubon, Birds, t. 42, 146, 150.— Ecemer «& Schnltes, Syst. vii, 78.— Don, Millei-'s Diet, ii, 428.— Beck, Bot. 9!V— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 158.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 92.— Torrey & 6ray,'Fl. N. America, i, 398.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 650, t. 90, 91.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 254.— Browne, Trees of America, 212.— Dietrich, Syn. iv, 539.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 295.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251.— Gray in Pacific R. R. Eep. xii«, 42 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 145.— Chai>man, Fl. S. States, 115.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1680, iii, 49.— Lesquereux in Oweu's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 358.— Wood, CI. Book, 300 ; Bot. & Fi. 83.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 190.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 195.- Koch, Dendrologie, i, 8.— Hunt in Am. Nat. i, 433.— Young, Bot. Texas, 246.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12.— Eidgway in Proc. XJ. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 64.— Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95. 0. spinoga, Marshall, Arbustum, 54. O. Meliloba, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 254. 0^. IHacran^Aff, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 164. 6. elegans, Salisbury, Prodr. 32,3. Melilobus heterophylla, Eafinesqne, Sylva Tellnriana, 121. HONEY LOCUST. BLACK LOCUST. THREE-THORNED ACACIA. SWEET LOCUST. HONEY SHUCKS. Pennsylvania, western slopes of the Alleghany mountains, west through southern Michigan to eastern Nebraska, ©astern Kansas, and the Indian territory to about longitude 96° west; south to Tampa bay, Florida (not detected iu eastern Florida), northern Alabama, northern Mississippi, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas. A tree, 25 or 30 meters, or exceptionally 40 meters, in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; low, rich bottom lands, or more rarely on dry, sterile hills; the characteristic tree of the " barrens" of middle Kentucky and Tennessee, reaching its greatest development iu the bottoms of the lower Ohio River basin; widely cultivated for shade and as a hedge plant, and now somewhat naturalized in the Atlantic states east of the Alleghany Mountains. A not uncommon form, nearly destitute of thorns, is — var. inermis, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 221.— Do Candolle, Mem. Leg. t. 22, f. 109; Prodr. ii, 479.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 158.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 398. — Loudon Arboretum, ii, 650, t. 92, 93. — Browne, Trees of America, 213. O. inermis, Linnaeus, Spec. 1509, in part.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 100. — Bentham in Trans. Linn^an Soc. xxx', 557. A form with spines and fruit shorter than those of the type is — var. brachycarpos, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 257.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 398.— Browne, Trees of America, 213. G. hrachycarpa, PursU, Fl. Am. Sept. 221.— De Candolle, Prodr, ii, 479.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 919.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 428. - Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 158.^Eaton & Wright, Bot. 254. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 653. — Dietrich, Syn. iv, 539. Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, moderately compact, very durable in contact with the soil, ■usceptible of a high polish; layers of annual growth strongly marked by many rows of open ducts; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, bright brown or red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6740; ash, 0.80; nsed lor fence posts and rails, wagon hubs, construction, etc.; its value hardly appreciated. Beer is sometimes made domestically by fermenting the sweet, unripe fruit {Porcher I. c). 87. — Gleditschia monosperma, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 254. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 257. —Schknhr, Handb. iii, 555. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 623. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 24.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1097 ; Enum. 1058; Berl. Baumz. 165.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 101.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 474.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 169, t. 11; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii. 111, t. 80.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 221.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 641.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 218.— Elliott, Sk. ii,709.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 479.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 919.— Don, Miller's Diet. 428.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 1.58.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 98.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 398.— Eaton &, Wright, Bot.254.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 653, f. :564.— Browne, Trees of America, 215.— Dietrich, Syn. iv, 539.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 295.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 11.5.— Wood, CI. Book, 300; Bot. & Fl. 83.— Gray. Manual N. States, 5 ed. 145.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12— Kidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 64. O. triacanthos, var. monosperma, Linnasus, Spec, l ed. 1057.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 444. Q. aquatica, Marshall, Arbustum, 54. G. Carolinensis, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 465 ; 111. iii, 447, t. 857, f. 2.— Ecemer & Schultes, Syst. vii, 74. G. triacantha, Gsertner, Fruct. ii,311,t. 146, f. 3 [not Linnieus]. G. inermis, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 9 [not Linnseus]. / J 60 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. WATER LOCUST. South Carolina to Matanzas iulet and Tampa bay, Florida, through tbeGnlf states to the valley of the Brazoa river, Texas, and through Arkansas to middle Kentucky and Tennessee, southern Indiana and Illinois. A tree 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 or, exceptionally, 0.90 meter in diameter; deep swamps; rare in the south Atlantic and Gulf states ; common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of southern Arkansas, Louisiana, and eastern Texas, here often covering extensive areas. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays thin, conspicuous ; color, rich bright brown tinged with red, the thick heavier sap-wood clear light yellow ; specific gravity, 0.7342; ash, 0.73. 88. — Parkinsonia Torreyana, Wateon, Preo. Am. Acad, xi, 135. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 162. Cerddium floridum, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 11, 82; v, 380, t. 3; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 59.— Gray in Ivet^ Rep. 11. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12. — James in Am. Nat. xv, 982. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 327. GEEEN-BAEK ACACIA. PALO VEEDB. Colorado desert, southern California (Inio, Toras, etc., Parish Brothers), east to the valley of the lower Gil» river, Arizona. A low, much-branched tree, 8 to 10 meters in height, the short trunk sometimes 0.45 to 0.50 meter in diameter; low caQons and depressions in the sandhills of the desert ; common and reaching its greatest development in th« valleys of the lower Colorado and GUa rivers. Wood heavy, not strong, soft, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many small evenly-distributed open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood clear light yellow ; specific gravity, 0.6531 ; ash, 1.12. 89. — Parkinsonia microphylla, Torrey, Pacific E. R. Rep.iv, 82; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 59.— Walpers, Ann. vii, 812. — Gray in Ives' Rep. 11.— Bentham in Martins, Fl. Brasil. xv°, 78. — Watson, PI. Wheeler, 8; Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 136. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 162. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.- Cent. i, 327. Valley of the lower Colorado and Bill Williams rivers, eastward through southern Arizona. A small, much-branched tree, 6 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 meter in diameter ( Wickenburg, Pringle), or often a low shrub 1 to 3 meters in height. Wood heavy, hard, coarse-gi-aiued, compact, containing numerous large, scattered, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous; color, rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow; specific gravity, 0.7449; ash, 3.64. 90. — Parkinsonia aculeata, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 375. — Jacquin, Stirp. Am. 121, t. 80. — Lamarck, 111. ii, 475, t. 336. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 513. — ^Aiton, Hoit. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 24. — De Candollo, Mem. Leg. ii, t. 21; Prodr. ii, 486. — Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, i, 54, t- 12. — Macfadyen, Fl. Jamaica, 3.34— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 87; Martius, Fl. Brasil. xv^ 78, t. 26. —Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. lKi8, 265.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. » Boundary Survey, 59.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 204; PI. Loreutz. 81. — Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 8. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 162. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 12. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 327. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 348. Corpus Christi, Texas, west along the Mexican boundary to the valley of the Colorado river, Arizona (Yuma); and southward into Mexico; probably of American origin, but now widely naturalized throughout the tropical and warmer regions of the globe {A. De GandoUe, Geog. Bot. ii, 719, 770, 793). A small tree, 6 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, inclined to check in drying, containing many evenly-distributed small open ducts; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous; color, light brown, the very thick sap-wood lighter, often tinged with yellow; specific gravity. 0.6116; ash, 2.32. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 61 91. — Cercis Canadensis, Linnspus, Spec. 1 ed. 374. — Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 10. — Marshall, Arbustum, 32. — Lamarck, Diet, ii, 586. — Wangenheim, Amer. 84.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 135. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 47; 2 ed. iii, 22. — WilMenow, Spec, ii, 508; Enum. 439; Berl. Baumz. 84.— Nonveau Duhamel, i, 19. — Michanx, Fl. Bor.Am. i, 265.— Schkuhr, Haiidb. 354. — Persoon, Syn. 1, 454. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 254.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 308.— Eatou, Manual, 46; 6 ed. 89.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 283.— Hayue, Dcnd. Fl. 53.— Elliott, Sk. i, 470.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 194; Fl.U. S.441; Compend. Fl. N. States, 188; Fl. N. York, i, 188; Nicollet's Rep. 149; Emory's Eep. 408.— De CandoUo, Prodr. ii, 518.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 346.— Guimpe!, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 116, t. 92.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.Aui.i, 167; Companion ^ot. Mag. i, 24. — Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 468. — Beck, Bot. 94. — Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 129.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 392. — London,' Arboretum, ii, 659 & t. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 190.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 155. — Browne, Trees of America, 221. — Gray in Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. iv', 38; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 144. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 424. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 611. — Darlini»ton, Fl. Cestrica, 3 e'i71. Acacia esculenta, Martens & Galeotti in Bull. Acad. Brax. x', 312. Southern Texas, valley of the lower Eio Grande ; southwaid into Mexico. A small tree, G to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, often forming dense thickets; rich, sandy loam. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, containing many small, regularly- distributed open ducts; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood clear yellow; specific gravity, 0.6732 ; ash, 1.01. 97. — Acacia Wrightii, Bentham, Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 64 ; Eev. Mini, in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxx, ."521. — Gray, Smithsonian Contrib. v, 53. — Walpers, Ann. iv, 626. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 161. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 61. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 351. oat's claw. Western Texas, valley of the Guadalupe river (New Braunfels), westward and southward to the valley of the Eio Grande; in northern Mexico. A small tree, rarely 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter, or often a low, much-branched shrub. Wood very heavj^, hard, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of Bmall open ducts, and containing many scattered smaller ducts; medullary rays hardly distinguishable; color, bright, clear brown streaked with red and yellow, the sap-wood clear yellow; specific gravity, 0.9392; ash, 0.63. 98. — Acacia Greggii, Gray, Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 65; v, 53; Ives'Eep. 11. — Torrey in Sitgreaves' Eep. 158; Pacific E. E. Eep. vii, 10; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 61. — Walpers, Ann. iv, 625. — Bentham, Eev. Mim. in Trans. Liiinsean Soc. xxx, 521. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1860, 442. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i. 164. — Eothrock in Wheeler's Eep. vi, 108. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cont. i, 353.— James in Am. Nat. XV, 981. cat's claw. Western Texas, valley of the Eio Grande, westward through southern New Mexico and Arizona to San Diego, California; southward into northern Mexico. A low, much-branched tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 meter in diameter, or often a shrub ; dry mesas and in low caiions ; common ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by numerous rows of rather large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich brown or red, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.8550; ash, 0.91 ; used for fuel. A resinous gum resembling gum arable is produced by this species {Am. Jour. Pharm. Iii, 4:19). 99. — Acacia Berlandieri, Bentham, honAoD Jonr. Bot. i, 522 ; Eev. Mim. in Trans. Linnieau Soc. xxx, 529. — Walpers, Eep. i, 919. — Dietrich, Syn. iv, 500. A. tephroloba, Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 65; v,54. — Walpers, Ann. iv,625. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 61. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i,352. — Watson in Pioc. Am. Acad, xvii, 351. Southern Texas, valley of the Nueces (La Salle county) to Devil's river ; southward into Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 meters in height, with a truuk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or more often a tall shrub, sending up many .stems from the ground; the large specimens usually hollow and defective. Wood not examined. 64 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 100. — Lysiloma latisiliqua, Benflmm, Kev. Mim. in Trans. Linnieau Soc. xxx, 534.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. C19. Mimosa latisiliqua, LinnsBus, Spec. 2ed. l.'>04. Acacia latisiliqua, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1067.— Persoon, 8yn. ii, 255.— De Camlolle, Prodr. ii, 467.— Macfadyen, FL Jamaica, 318.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 34, t. 53 ; 2 ed. i, 183, t. 53.— Cooper in Smitiisouian Rep. 1858, 264. L, Bahamensis, Bentham in Hooker's London Jour. Bot. iii, 82. Acacia Bahamensis, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 221. WILD TAMAKIND. Semi-tropical Florida, southern kejs (Key Largo, Elliott's, Plantation, and Boca Chica Keys) ; through the West Indies. A tree sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; bark of the young, vigorous trees smooth ; the older trees generally decayed and defective, with rough, dark bark ( Curtim). Wood heavy, hard, not strong, tongh, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a fine polish, containing many scattered, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous; color, rich dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood white; specific gravity, 0.6418; ash, 2.12; somewhat used locally in boat- and ship- building, and considered equ^l to mahogany for this purpose. 101. — Pithecplobium Unguis-cati, Benfham, Hooker'H Loudon Jonr. Bot. Iii, 200 ; Rev. Mim. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxx, 572, 648. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 276. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 116.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13. Mimosa Unguis-cati, Linnteus, Spec. 2 ed. 1497.— Jacqnin.Hort. Schoenb. iii, 74, t. 392.— Descourtilz, Fl. Med. Antilles, i,t. 11. Iliga JJnguiscati, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1006.— De Candolle, Prodr. u, 436.— Nuttall, Sylva, 11, 37, t. 54 ; 2 ed. i, 86, t. 54. Mimosa rosea, Vahl, Eologie, iii, 33, t. 25. Iliga rosea, Stendel in De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 437. Inga forfex, Kunth, Mim. 12, 1. 16. p. forfex, Beutham iu Hooker's London Jour. Bot. iii, 199. Inga Chmdalupensis,De6\a,nx,3om.i,io. Mimosa Gtiadahipensis, Persoon, Syn. ii,262. Inga microphylla, Humboldt & Bonpland in Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1004. P. microphyllum, Bentham in Hooker's London Jour. Bot. iii, 200. P. Ouadalupensis, Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 116. cat's claw. Semi-tropical Florida, Caximbas bay, and on the southern keys ; through the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 6 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter, or often throwing out many spreading, vine-like stems from the ground. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, inconspicuous; color, rich red varying to purple, sap-wood clear yellow; specific gravity, 0.9049; ash, 2.46. ROSACEA. 102. — Chrysobalanus Icaco, Linnieus, Spec. 1 ed. 513.— .Jacquiu.Stirp. Am. 154, t. 94.— Lamarck, Diet, iii, 2^4; 111. ii,542, t. 428. — Poiret, Suppl. iii, 135. — Alton, Hort. Kew 2 ed. iii, 200. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 525.— Lindley iu Trans. Hort. Soc. Loudon, v, 98.— Turpin, Diet. Sci. Nat. 236.— Tuasac, Fl. Antilles, iv, 91, t. 31. — Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 369, t. 5, f. 4. — Torrey »!fc Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 406. — Walpers, Rep. ii, 1 ; Aun. iv, 642. — Beuthum, Bot. Sulphur, 01 ; Fl. Nigritianu, 336.— Sprengel, Icou. t. 274, f. 1-13.— Cooper in Smilhsoniau Rep. 18(i0, 439. — Chapman, i 1. 8. Stites, 119.— Gri.scb.-voh, Fl. British West Imlias, 229.— Bailkm iu Adausouia, vii, 221 ; Ili.st. PI. i, 427, f. 486, 487.— Hooker f. In Martius, Fl. Brasil. ii,7. — Oiiibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 287. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent. 1,365. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 65 COCOA PLtTM. Semi-tropical Florida, cape Canaveral to bay Biscayne, west coast Caximbas bay, and on the southern kej[s ; through the West Indies and tropical America to Brazil. A small tree, 7 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 meter in diameter, or along sandy beaehes a low, prostrate shrub 1.08 to 2.16 meters in height ; reaching its greatest development within the United States on the borders and islands of the Everglades, near bay Biscayne. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact, containing few irregularly-distributed, not large, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown often tinged with red, the sap wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7709 ; ash, 0.87. Varieties are distinguished by A. M. Curtiss with the skin of the edible fruit white or black, the latter more ovate with narrower, softer stones (? var. pellocarpa, Hooker f. I. c. — G. pellocarpa, Miguel, Prim,. Usseq. 193. — Chrisebach, I. c). 103. — Prunus Americana, Marshall, Arbnstum.iii. — Darlington in Ann. Lye. N. York, iii, 87, 1. 1 ; Fl. Cestrica, 3 od. 72. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 285. — Beck, Bot. 95. — Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 407 ; Pacific E. R. Eep. ii, 164.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 377.— Nuttall, Sylva, li, 19, t. 48 ; 2 ed. i, 169, t. 48.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 194; Emory's Rep. 408 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 82.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 449; 2ed. ii, 511. — Hooker in London Jour. Bot. vi, 217. — Roenier, Syn. Mon. iii, 59. — Gray in Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. iv', 40 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 148. — Scheele in Rcemer, Texas, 430.— Richardson, Arctic Expcd. 424. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 611. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 119. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Sarv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 50. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 358. — Wood, CI. Book, 327 ; Bot. & Fl. 102. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. now ser. xiii, 190.— Koch, Drendrologie, i, 101. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Snrv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 33. — ^Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76,194. — Broadhead in Coulter'a Bot. Gazette, iii, 52.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54':.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 65. P. Mississippi, Marshall, Arbu8tum,H 2. P. Spinosa, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 146 [not Linnieus]. P. nigra, Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 165 ; 2 ed. iii, 198.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 993 ; Berl. Baumz, 311.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 674.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 35.— .Bot. Mag. 1. 1117.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 331.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 469; Compend. Fl. N. States, 190. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 477. — Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 59. Gerasus nigra, Loiseleur in Nouvean Duhamel, v, 32. — Seringa in De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 538. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. 1, 167; Companion Bot. Mag. i, 24.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 513.— Beck, Bot. 96.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 399.— Loudon, Arboretnm, ii,704,f.411, 412. P. hiemalis, Elliott, Sk. i, 542 [not Michaux]. P. eoccinea, Rafinesque, Fl. Lndoviciana, 135. WILD PLUM. CANADA PLUM. HORSE PLUM. Valley of the Saint Lawrence (Quebec) to the valley of Rainy and Assinaboine rivers and southern shores of lake Manitoba; northern Vermont, western New England, and southward through the Atlantic states to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, west to the valley of the upper Missouri river, Dakota, and Cheyenne canon, Pike's Peak region, Colorado, southwest through Arkansas, the Indian territory, to about longitude 102°, and the valley of the lower Concho river, Texas. A small tree, 6 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter ; rich woods, or along streams and borders of ponds and swamps, reaching its greatest development on the bottom land.s of eastern Texas. A form with the young leaves and pedicles pubescent is — var. mollis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 407. P. hiemalis, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 284.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 679.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 35.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 206.— Nouvean Duhamel, v, 184.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 73.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 477.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 398.— Rosmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 59. P. mollis, Torrey, Fl. U. S. 470 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 199.— Beck, Bot. 95. Cerasus hiemalis, Seringe in De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 538.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 168.— Beck, Bot. 96.— Loudon, Arboretnm, ii,704.— Don, Miller's Diet. ii,504. Cerasus Americana, Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. i, 24. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich bright brown or often red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7215; ash, 0.18; used for the handles of tools, etc. Often cultivated for theyellow, red, or rarely nearly black, acid or rarely sweet fruit, and furnishing an excellent stock on winch to graft the varieties of the domestic plum. 5 FOR (5 '66 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 104. — Prunus angustifolia, Marshall, ArbaBtum, iii. — Kocb, Dendrologie, i, 103. P. Chicasa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Aiii. i, 284.— Poirot in Lamarck, Diet, v, C80.— Pereoon, Syn. ii, 35.— Nnttall, Genera, i, 302. — Nonveaii Duhamel, v, 183.— Elliott, Sk. i,r>4'2.— Torrcy in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 194; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 82.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 47(5.— Aiulubon, Birds, t. 53.— Eaton, M.anual, 6 ed. 285.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 397.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 407 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 164. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 377. — Roeiner, Syn. Men. iii, 58. — Darlington, Fl. Ostrica, 3 ed. 73. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 299. — Browne, Trees of America, 250. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 119. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Siirv. N. Carolina 1860, iH, 56. — Le.squereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 858.— Wood, CI. Book, 328 ; Bot. & Fl. 102.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 148 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 9. — Young, Bot. Texas, 1251. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 33. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 65. , P. insititiaj Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 146. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 60. Cerasus Chicasa, Seringe in De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 538.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-A0i.i,168; Companion Bot. Mag. i, 24.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 514. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 705. CHICKASAW PLUM. HOG PLUM. Probably native of the eastern slopes of the southern Rocky mountains, where it is found at an altitude of 7,000 feet, and of the high plateau east and southeast of them ; now widely naturalized by early cultivation throughout the Atlantic forests south of Pennsylvania, and west of the Alleghany mountains extending as far north as southern Michigan. A small tree, G to 8 meters in height, with a trunk, 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a low shrub; generally along streams or borders of prairies, in rich soil. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6884; ash, 0.28; often cultivated for its globose red or yellow fruit. 105. — Prunus Pennsylvanica, LinnsBus f. Sappl. 252. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 992 ; Euum. 518 ; Berl. Baumz. 310. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, t. 45. — Poiret iu Lamarck, Diet, v, 673. — Persoon,Syn.ii,35.— Nonveau Duhamel, v, 9. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 198. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 331. — Nuttall, Genera, i, 302.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 468 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 198.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 477.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 73.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed., 235.— Beck iu Am. Journal Sci. 1 ser. xiv, 112. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 42.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 130. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 57.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 102.— Gray in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1863, 61 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 148.— Koch, Dendrologie, i,117. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 33. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 2 ed. ii, 513.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 194. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 64"=. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 176. tP. lanceolata, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 240, t. 3,f. 3. Cerasits horealis, Michaux. Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 286.— Nouveau Duhamel, v, 32.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 159, t. 8 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 152. t. 90. — Seringe in De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 558.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 513.— Beck, Bot. 97. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 703, f. 410. — Roomer, Syn. Mon. iii, 78. P. borealis, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 674.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 538.— Eaton, Manual, 54.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. i, 223.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 302.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1598.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 205. f P. peraieifolia, Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 205. f Cerasus persici/oUa, Loisoleur iu Nouveau Duhamel, v, 9.— Seringe in De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 537. —Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 512. — Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 411. — RoBmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 81. Cerasus Pennsylvanica, Seringe in De Candolle, Prodr. ii,5:?8.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 168.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 514.— Beck, Bot. 97.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 409.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 705.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 189.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 196.- Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 15; 2 ed. i, 165.- Browne, Trees of America, 265.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 1 ed. 451. — Eoemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 57. — Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 115. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 611. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 425. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 251 . — Wood, CI. Book, 327. WILD RED CHEEKY. PIN CHERRY. PIGEON CHERRY. Labrador, shores of Hudson's bay, and west through the Saskatchewan region to the valley of the upper Fraser river (Soda creek, Macoun); south through the northern states to Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northern Illinois, central Iowa, and along the high Alleghany mountains of Nortli Carolina and Tennessee, and the Rocky mountains of Colorado. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 67 A small tree, rarely exceeding 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter, or in the Eocky Mountain region reduced to a low shrub ; commou in all the northern forests, in northern New England taking possession of ground cleared by fire of the coniferous forests. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, sap-wood clear yellow; specific gravity, 0.5023; ash, 0.40. The small acid fruit used domestically and by herbalists in the preparation of cough mixtures, etc. 106. — Prunus umbellata, Elliott, 8k.i,541.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 286.— Dietrich, Syn. ill, 44.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 119.— Wood, CI. Boot, 328; Bot. & Fl. 102.— Young, Bot. Texas, '251.- Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13. P.pumila, Walter, Fl. Carollniana, 146 [not Linnajus]. Cerasus umbellata, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 409.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 190.— Ecemer, Syn. Men. iii, 78. SLOE. BLACK SLOE. South Carolina, south near the coast to Mosquito inlet and Tampa bay, Florida, and through central Alabama to eastern Mississippi (Holly Springs and Enterprise, Mohr). A small tree, 5 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.38 meter in diameter ; dry, sandy soil. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, dark reddish-byown, the sap-wood much lighter ; specific gravity, 0.8202 ; ash, 0.12. The black or red pleasantly acid fruit used as a preserve. 107. — Prunus emarginata, Walpers, Bep. ii, 9. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 42. — London, Arhoretnm, ii, 714. — Watson in King's Eep. v, 79. — ^Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 284. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 167. Cerasus emarginata, Douglas in Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 169.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 515.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 410.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 189.— EoBmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 79.— Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 83.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 79. Cerasus erecta, Presl, Epimel. Bot. 194.— Walpers, Ann, iii, 854. Cerasus glanduUsa, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, i, 59. Vancouver's island and the valley of the lower Eraser river, south through western Washington territory and Oregon, east to the western slopes of the Bitter Eoot mountain, Idaho (Lolo trail, Watson), and the valley of tho Jocko river, Montana [Ganby & Sargent). California along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas and on the Coast ranges, from San Francisco bay to the Santa Lncia mountains {O. B, Vasey), reaching an elevation of /rom 3,000 to 4,000 feet. A tree often 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter ; at high elevations and throughout central California reduced to a shrub 2 to 3 meters in height, or in the Santa Lucia mountains 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ( Vasey) ; generally along streams or in low, rich woods. The wood of the type not collected. Var. mollis, Brewer, Bot. California, i, 167.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 86. Cerasus mollis, Douglas in Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 169.— Hooker, London Jour. Bot. vi, 217.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 515.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 410.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 417.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 189.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 14, t. 46; 2 ed. i, 164, t. 46.— Eoemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 79.— Eichardson, Arctic Exped, 425.— Newberry in Pacific E. E. Eep. vi, 73.— Cooper in Pacific E. E. Eep. xii, 29, 59; Am. Nat. iii, 406.— Lyall in Jour. Linnseau Soc. vii, 131. —Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. Tiii, 381. P. mollis, Walpers, Eep. ii, 9.- Dietrich, Syn. iii, 42.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 284.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Macouu in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-'76, 194. » The common northern and Idaho form, more or less wooly pubescent, especially on the under side of the leaves. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brown 8trea.ked with green; specific gravity, 0.4502; ash, 0.21. 68 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 108. — Prunus serotina, Ehrhart, Beitr. iii,20. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 986 ; Ennm. 517; Berl. Baumz. 301. — Persoon, Syn. U, 34. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. il, 204. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 196.— Eaton, Mannal, 54 ; 6 ed. 284.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 302.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. 54. — Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 45, t. 37.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 70.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 478.— Nees, PI. Neuwied, 9.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linnsan Soc. xxii', 327. — Curtis in Eep. Grcological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 56. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 358.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 102.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. PhU. Soc. new ser. xii, 190. — Cliapman,Fl. S. States, 120.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 cd. 149 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 9.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 122.— Torrey , Bot. Wilkes Expod. 284.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 2 ed. ii, 515 & t. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 167. — ^Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. ii, 97, t. 97.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 176.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54<=.—Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,66. P. Virginiana. Miller, Diet. No. 3 [not Linnieus].- Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 12; Harbk. ii, 191.— Wangenheim, Amer.34, t. 14.— Medicus, Bot. Beobacht. 1782, 345. — Marshall, Arbustum, 112. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 146. — Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 163.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 664.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 329.— Elliott, Sk. i, 540.— Torrey, Fl. U. 8. 467; Compend. Fl. N. States, 189.— Bigelow, FL Boston. 3 ed. 204. Cerasus Virginiana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 285.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 151, t. 6; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 147, t. 88.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 169 (excl. syn. ).— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 515.— Beck, Bot. 97.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 289. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 710, f. 418. — Browne, Trees of America, 268. Cerasus serotina, Loiseleur in Nonveau Duhamel, v, 3.— Seringe in De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 540.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i,416.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America,i,410.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 712, f. 419 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 189.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 196; Pacific R.E. Eep. vii, 11.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 432.— Carson, Med. Bot. i, 41, t. 35.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 288. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 1 ed. 453. — Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 115; Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, vi, 186.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 75.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 299.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.— Porcher, Resources 8. Forests, 169. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 425. — Wood, CI. Book, 326. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 79. P. cartilaginea, Lehmann, Ind. Sem. Hamburg, 1833. Padus serotina, Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 14, f. 8. Padus Virginiana, Rcemer, Syn. Men. iii, 86. Padus cartilaginea, Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 86. WILD BLACK OHEEEY. BUM CHEEBT. Southern Ontario, southward through the Atlantic forests to Matanzas inlet and Tampa bay, Florida, west to the valley of the Missouri river, Dakota, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and the valley of the upper San Antonio River, Texas. A tree 18 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 or, exceptionally, 1.50 meter in diameter; rich, generally elevated woodlands; common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the Alleghany mountains from West Virginia southward ; not common and of small size in the Gulf region and Texas Wood light, hard, strong, close, straight-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown or red, growing darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood yellow; specific gravity, 0.5822; ash, 0.15 ; largely used and esteemed in cabinet work, interior finish, etc., and now becoming scarce. The bark contains a bitter tonic principle, and infused with cold water generates a small percentage of hydrocyanic acid ; employed as a tonic and sedative in cases of pulmonary consumption in the form of cold infusions, sirups, and fluid extracts (Proc. Am. Phxr. Assoc, xxiii, 209. — Glohley in Jour. Pharm. et Chimie, xv, 40. — Quibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. iii, 317. — Pharm. Jour. 3 ser. iv, 44. — Fliickiger & Ranhury, Pharmocographia, 224. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 749. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2ed. 1177) ; the bitter fruit used domestically in the preparation of cherry brandy. Note. — The closely-allied P. Virginiana of the north Atlantic region, a tall shrub, sometimes 6 to 8 meters in height, does not assume arborescent habit. 109. — Prunus Capuli, Cavanilles, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 477. — Schlechtendal in Linnsea, xiii, 89, 404. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 123. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 367. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, zrli, 352. Cerasus CapolUn, De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, .539.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 515.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 713, f. 420.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 10.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 232.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 432.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.America, i, 412.— Gray in Smithsonian Contrib. v, ."i4. Cerasus Capuli, Seringe in De Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 541.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 516.— Spach, Hist. Veg. i, 422. P. CapolUn, Z-nccarini in Abhandl. Acad. Munich, ii, 345, t. 8. — Eoemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 87. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, C2.— Busby in Hull. Toiroy Bot. Club, ix, 53. P. Canadensis, Mocifio & Sess^, PI. Mex. Icuu. inetl. CATALOGUE OF. FOREST TREES. 69 WILD CHEKRY. Apache and Gnadalupe mountains, Texas, west through southern New Mexico and Arizona to the sontheSm elopes of the San Francisco mountains ; southward through northern New Mexico, and in Peru. A small tree, in the United States, rarely 12 meters in height, with a trunk often 0.30 meter in diameter j bottoms of cartons and mountain valleys, generally between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation. Wood heavy, moderately hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color, brown, or often bright, clear red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.7879 ; ash, 0.20. 110. — Prunus deraissa, Walpera, Rep. ii, 10. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 43. — Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 307. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 63. — Watson in King's Eep. v, 80; PI. Wheeler, 8.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1871, 481.— Coulter in Haydeu's Eep. 1872, 764.— Rothrock, PI. Wheeler, 37.— Brandegeein Hayden's Rep. 187,7, 236.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 167. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 86. — Maconn in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 194. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 368. Cerasus serotina, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 169, in part. Gerasus demissa, Nuttall in Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 411.— Gray in Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. iv', 40.— Durand in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. 1855,87.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 83. — ^Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 73. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii^, 59. Padus demissa, Roemer, Syn. Men. iii, 87. P. Virginiana, var. demissa, Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 284. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 381. WILD CHEERY. Vancouver's island east to the western slopes of the Rocky mountains of Montana, south through the Pacific region; in Sonora. A small tree, sometimes 7 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; reaching its greatest development in the rich valleys of southern Oregon and northern California, near the coast; in southern California, and east of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges, a low shrub confined to high, mountain valleys. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6951 ; ash, 0.50. HI. — Prunus Caroliniana, Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 163 ; 2 ed. iii, 196. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 987. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 667. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 34. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii,203.— Nnttall, Genera, i, 302.— Sprengel, Neue Entdeck. i, 304; Syst. ii, 478.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 71.— Elliott, Sk. i, 540.— Audubon, Birds, t. 159, 190. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 286. — Schlechtendal in Linnsea, xiii, 89. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 43. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 120.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 57.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 103.— Kooh, Dendrologie, i, 124.— Young, Bot. Texas, 252.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 9.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13. P. Carolina, Miller, Diet.— Du Roi, Harbk. ii, 198. P. serrati/olia, Marshall, Arbustum, 114. P. Lxisitantca, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 146. Gerasus GaroUmana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 285. — Nonveau Duhamel, v, 5. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 156, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 150, t. 89.— Seringe in De CandoUe, Prodr. u, 540.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 516.— Spaoh, Hist. Veg. i, 420.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 432.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 720, f. 423.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 411.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 190.— Browne, Trees of America, 272.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 299.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 291.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.— Poroher, Resources S. Forests, 171.— Wood, CI. Book, 326. P. sempervirens, Willdenow, Ennm. Snppl. 33. fBumelia serrata, Porsh, Fl. Am. Sept. 155.— Reamer & Sohultes, Syst. iv, 498. fAchras serrate, Poiret, Snppl. v, 36. Leptocarpa Garoliniana, Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 18; 2 ed. i, 167. Ghimanthus amygdalinus, Rafinesqno, Fl. Ludoviciana, 159. Laurocerasus Garoliniana, Roemer, Syn. Men. iii, 90. 70 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. WILD OEANGE. MOCK OSANGE. WrLD PEACH. North Carolina, sonth, near the coast, to bay Biscayne, Florida, and southern Alabama, west, along the Gulf coast, to the valley of the Guadalupe river, Texas. A small tree, evergreen, 10 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; common and reaching its greatest development in the rich, light, deep soil of the bottoms of eastern Texas, here often covering extensive tracts known as "i)each brakes"; not common in the eastern Gulf states. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking badly in seasoning, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light reddish-brown, or, more rarely, rich dark brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.8G88; ash, 0.41. Generally planted in the southern states as an ornamental and hedge plant; foliage, bark, and fruit contain prussic acid, the leaves, especially when partly withered, oft«n proving fatal to animals browsing upon them. 112. — Prunus sphaerocarpa, Swartz, Prodr. 81; FLInd. Oco. li, 927 [not Michaux]. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 987. — Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 666. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 34.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 516. — Sehlechtendal in Linnsea, xiii, 87. — Walpers, Rep. ii, 10. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 2;U. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 620. Cerasus splucrocarpa, Loiseleor in NouveauDnhamel.v, 4. — Seringein De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 540. — London, Arboretam ii, 721.— Bot. Mag. t. 3141.— Spach, Hist. Veg. 1,421. . Semi-tropical Florida, western shores of bay Biscayne (Gurtiss); in the West Indies.. A small tree, in Florida not exceeding 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter; high rocky woods or, more rarely, along the borders of streams and ponds; rare. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many very small open ducts; layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure; color, light, clear red, the sap-wood pale yellow; specific gravity, 0.8998; ash, 0.87. 113. — Prunus ilicifolia, Walpers, Eep. ii, 10. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 43. — ^Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 63; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 285. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 168; ii, 443.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13. Gerastis ilicifolia, Nuttall in Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechey, 340, t. 83.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 411.— Nnttall, Sylva, ii, 16, t. 47 ; 2 ed. i, 165, t. 47.— Torrey in Emory's Eep. 139; Pacific E. E. Rep. iv, 83.— Paxton, Brit Fl. Garden, iii, 44, f. 254. — Walpers, Ann. iv, 654. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 18.58, 259. — Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, ii, 22. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 79; iv, 22. — London Garden, 1873, 131 & fig. Laurocerasus ilicifolia, Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 92. isLAY. California, (Joast ranges from San Francisco bay south to the southern boundary of the state, extending to the western slopes of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains. A small tree, evergreen, often 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter, or when distant from the coast often reduced to a low shrub. Wood very heavj'^, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in seasoning, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many regularly-distributed rather small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, bright reddish brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.9803; ash, 0.78; furnishing valuable fuel. 114. — Vauquelinia Torreyi, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 147. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 169. — Maximowicz in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, V, 237. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. i, 370. Spircea Galifornica, Torrey in Emory's Eep. 140. V. corymbosa, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 64 [not Correa]. Arizona, high mountains near the Gila {Emory), summits of the Santa Catalina mountains {Pringle, Lemmon); in Sonora. A small tree in the Santa Catalina mountains, 4 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.20 meter in diameter; dry slopes and rocky bluffs at 2,700 to 4,000 feet elevation, granitic soil; generally hollow and decayed. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood yellow; specific gravity, 1.1374; ash, 1.45. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 71 115. — Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nuttall; Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 427.— Hooker, Icon. t. 324.— Nuttall, Sylva, li, 28,t.51; 2 ed. i, 178, t. 51.— Walpers, Eep. ii,46.-— Dietrich, Syu. iii, 119.— "Watson in King's Eejj. v, 83, 420; PI. "Wheeler, 8. —Porter in Hayden's Eep. 1871, 481.- Coulter in Hayden's Eep. 1872,765.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 201, 270; Proc. Davenport Acad, i, 146. — Engelmann in Simpson's Eep. 43.5. — Brewer & "Watson, Bot. California, i, 174. — "Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13. — Sargent in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 scr. xvii, 421. — Eothrock in Wheeler's Eep. vi, 43, 111, 360. MOUNTAIN ITAHOGANT. Coeur d'Alene mountains, Idaho, southward along the western slopes of the Eocky mountains of Montana and "Wyoming ; eastern extremities of the Blue mountains of Washington territory and Oregon, Wahsatch mountains, Utah, and west along the mountain ranges of the Great Basin to the western slope of the Sierra Nevada of California, extending southward into Arizona and New Mexico. A small, low tree, rarely 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or north of Utah and Nevada reduced to a low shrub ; dry, rocky mountain slopes, between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, reaching its greatest development on th6 high ranges of central Nevada. A shrubby variety of the Wah§atch mountain and other ranges of Utah, characterized by its rigid, intricately branched growth, short, revolute leaves and smaller flowers and fruit, is — var. intricatUS, M. E. .Jones in herb. ' 9 C. intricatUS, "Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, x, 346. — Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 270; Proc. Davenport Acad, i, 147. G. brevifoKus, Watson in King's Eep. v, 83 [not Gray]. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, brittle, difiicult to work, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color, bright, clear red, or often rich dark brown, the sap-wood clear yellow; specific gravity, 1.0731 ; ash, 1.04 ; furnishing the most valuable fuel of the region, and largely manufactured into charcoal. 116. — Cercocarpus parvifolius, Nuttall; Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 337. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 427; Pacific E. E. Eep. ii, 164. — Hooker, Icon. t. 323. — Walpers, Eep. ii, 45. — Torrey in Fremont's Eep. 89 ; Emory's Rep. 139; Sitgreaves' Rep. 158 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv,83; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 63; Bot. Wilkes Exped.287. — Dietrich, Syn.iii,119. — Gray in Mem. Am. Acad, new ser. iv\ 41; Smithsonian Contrib. iii, 68; v, 54; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vii,146; Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiii, 411; Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1863, 61. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 190. — Bolauder in Proc. California Acail. iii, 79. — Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1870, 475; 1871, 481.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 82.— Porter & Conltcr, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Siirv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 34.— Eothrock, PI. Wheeler, 37 ; "Wheeler's Eep. vi, 111, 359. — Brewer «Sc Watson, Bot. California, i, 174 ; ii, 444. — "Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13. — M. E. Jones, Excnr. Bot. 12, 15, 20. 21. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, i, 374. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 353. MOUNTAIN MAHOGANY. California, valley of the Klamath river, southward through the Coast ranges to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains, and in Lower California ; Rocky mountains of Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico, mountains of southern Arizona, and southward into Sonora. A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often a shiaib ; dry, gravelly soil, reaching its greatest development on the mountains of southern New Mexico and Arizona, at an elevation of 6,000 to 8,000 feet. A glabrous variety of southern California, with dark green leaves, is — var. glaber, Watson, Bot. California, i,175. C. betulw/olius, Nuttall in Hooker, Icon. t. 322.— Walpers, Rep. ii,46. G. betuloides, Nuttall in Torrey & Gray, Fl.N. America, i, 427.— Hooker in London Jour. Bot. vi,218. A form with small entire or sparingly toothed leaves, of northern Mexico, is — var. paucidentatUS, Watson iu Proc. Am. Acad, xvii, 353. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, difficult to work, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, bright reddish-brown, the sap-wood light brown; specific gravitj', 0.9365; ash, 0.46; famishing valuable fuel. 72 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 117. — Pyrus coronaria, Linnions, Spec. 1 ed. 480.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. ii, 166.— Du Roi, Harbk. i, 229.— Marshall, Arbustum, 118.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 11, 176; 2 ed. ill, 209.— WlUdenow, Spec. 11, 1019; Euum. M7; Berl. Bauinz. 3:(0.— Pereoon, Syn. 11, 40.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1, 340.— Eaton, Manual, 56; 6 eU. 291.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 307.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. i, 228.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 86.— Torrey, Fl. U. 8. i, 180; Compend. Fl. N. States, 203; Fl. N. York, i, 223.— Bot. Mag. t. 2009.— Elliott, Sk. 1, 559.— Bot Eeg. viii, 651.— Sprengel, Syst. li, 510. — De Caudolle, Prodr. ii, 635. — Don, Millei-'.s Diet, ii, 6^17. — Beck, Bot. 113. — Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. i, 25. — Reichcnbach, Fl. Exot. t. 240. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, 1, 223. — Dietrich, Syu. iii, 154. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 908 &t. — Browne, Trees of America, 297. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 428. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 612. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 307. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 128. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Snr%'. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 69. — Lesquei-eux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 359. — Wood, CI. Book, b32; Bot. & Fl. 112. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 149. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. liJl. — Koch, Deudrologie, i, 214. — Weuzig in Liumea, xxxviii, 40 (excl. var. ). — Macouu & Gibson iu Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, xii, 325.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 13.— Loudon Garden, xix, 400, t.280.— Ward In Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22.78.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 66. Maluft coronaria. Miller, Diet. No. 2.— Mcunch, Meth. (182.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 292.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 562.— Desfoutainos, Hist. Arb. ii, 140. — Nouveau Duhamel, vi, 139, t. 44, f. 1. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, ('&, t. 10; N, American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 58, t. 65. — Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 55. — Spach, Hist. Veg. 11, 136, t. 8. — Roemer, Syn. Mon. ill, 191. — Decaisue iu Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 154. — Carrifere in Rev. Hort. 1877, 410 &. t. Crataegus coronaria, Salisbury, Prodr. 357. Mains microcarpa coronaria, Carrlfere in Rev. Hort. 1884, 104, f. 24. AMERICAN CRAB. SWEET-SCENTED CRAB. Ontario, valley of the Humber river, .shores of lake Erie, southward through western New York and Pennsylvania to the District of Columbia, and along the Alleghany mountains to central Alabama and northern Mississippi ; west to southern Minnesota, Iowa, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and northern Louisiana. A small tree, rarely G to 9 meters in height, with a trunk often 0.30 meter in diameter; rich, rather low woods, reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the lower Ohio region. Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, very close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown varying to light red, the sap-wood yellow; specific gravity, 0.7048; ash, 0.52; used for levers, handles of tools, and in turnery. Often planted for ornament on account of its fragrant blossoms ; the small, yellow-green austere fruit used for preserves, and occasionally made into cider. 118. — Pyrus angustifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 176 ; 2 ed. iii, 209. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1020.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 455. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 40. — Pursh, Fl, Am. Sept. i,341.—Elliott,Sk.i,559.— Torrey, Fl. U.S. 480; Compend. Fl.N. States, 203.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 509.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 635.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 132. — Bot. Reg. xiv, 1207. — Don, Miller's Diet. 647. — Beck, Bot. 113.— Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. i, 25. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 471.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 90!) & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 382.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 1.54.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 24; 2 ed. i, 174.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 307.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 128.— Curtis iu Rep. Geolog'oal Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 69. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 359. — Wood, CI. Book, 333; Bot. & Fl. 112.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 161.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 213.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.— Ridgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 66. P. coronaria, Waugenheim, Amer. 61, t. 21, f. 47 [not LinnseosJ.- Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 148. Malus angustifolia, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 292.— Decalsne in Nouv. Arch. Mns. x, 155. Mains semper virens, Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 141.— Nouveau Duhamel, vl, 638, t. 43, f. 1.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 524.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 135, t. 8, figs. — Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 191. P. coronaria, var. angustifolia, Wenzig in Linnsea, xxxviii, 41. Chloromeles sempervirens, Decalsne in Fl. des Serres, xxiii, 126. AMERICAN CEAB APPLE. SOUTHERN CRAB APPLE. Pennsylvania f , southern Delaware, and the valley of the lower Wabash river, Illinois, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida. A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter ; low, rich woods; most common and reaching its greatest development along the river bottoms of the south Atlantic states; less common west of the Alleghany mountains. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly iu drying; medullary rays numerous, obscure: color, light brown tinged with red, the sap wood yellow ; .specific gravity, 0.G895 ; ash, 0.33; used for levers, handles of tools, etc. The austere fruit used for preserves and made into cider. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 73 119. — Pyrus rivularis, Douglas; Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 203, t. 68.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 647.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N.America, i, 471. —Eaton & Wright, Bot. .383.'— Walpers, Rep. ii, 53.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 154.— Ledebour, Fl. Eossica, ii, 99.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 22, t.49 ; 2 ed. i, 172, t. 49.— Eichardson, Arctic Exped. 428.— Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 85 ; Hot. Wilkes Exped. 292.— Newberry in Pacific R. E. Eep. vi, 73.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 259 ; Pacific E. E. Eep. xii, 29, 60.— Eothrock in Smithsonian Eep. 1867, 435, 446.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 212.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 382.— Wenzig in Linntea, xxxviii, 38.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California,!, 188.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 87. — Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-'76, 185. — Dawson in Canadian N^t. new ser. ix, 330. P. diversifoKa, Bongard in Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 133. P. fusca, Eafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 254. P. subcordata, Ledebour, Fl. Eossica.-ii, 95. ^ Malus rivularis, Ecemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 215. — Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 155. Mains diversifolia, Ecemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 215. — Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 155. ' Malus subcordata, Roemer, Syn. Men. iii, 192. OREGON CRAB APPLE. Coast of Alaska, southward along the coast and islands of British Columbia, through Washington territory and Oregon, west of the Cascade mountaias, to Sonoma county, California. A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; rich, low woods, generally along streams, often forming dense thickets. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, liable to check badly in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.8316 ; ash, 0.41 ; used for mallets, mauls, bearings of machinery, etc. The small, black, pleasantly acid fruit occasionally used as a preserve, and prized by the Indians as food. 120. — Pyrus Americana, De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 637.— Watson, Dend. Brit. i. t. 54.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 511.— Hookir, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 204.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 648.— Beck, Bot. 113. — Audubon, Birds, t. 363. — Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 472.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 920 & t. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 383.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 224.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 155.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 25, t. 50; 2 ed. i, 175, t. 50.— Browne, Trees of America, 326. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 439 ; 2 ed. ii, 499. — Parry in Owen's Eep. 612. — Eichardson, Arctic Exped. 428. — Lange, PI. Groenl. 134. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 129. — Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 70.— Wood, CI. Book, 333; Bot. & Fl. 112.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 168.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 161. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 190. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 189. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-'76, 195. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 176. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54"=. Sorbus Americana, Marshall, Arbustum, 145.— Willdenow, Enum. 520.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 341.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 164.— Eaton, Manual, 55; 6 ed. 351.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 75.— Torrey, Fl .U. S. 477 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 202. — Spach, Hist. Veg. ii,95. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3ed. 207. — Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 138. — Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. St. Petersburg, xix, 174. — Wenzig in Linnaea, xxxviii, 71. — Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 158. Sorbus aueuparia, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 234, in part.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 1. ed. 119.— Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mus. X, 15(5, in part. Sorbus aueuparia, var. Americana, Persoon, Syn. ii, 38 & addend. P. aueuparia, Meyer, PI. Labrador, 81, in part. — Schleohtendal in Linnaea, x, 99. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linnsean Soo. xiii', 290, 327, in part. Sorbus humifusa, Raflnesque, Med. Bot. ii, 265. MOUNTAIN ASH. Greenland !, Labrador, Newfoundland, Anticosti island, and westward along the southern shore of James' bay to the valley of the Nelson river (White Mud falls), southward through all mountainous regions of the northeastern states, and along the high mountains of Virginia and North Carolina; in northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. A small tree, 0 to 9 meters iu heii^lit, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; borders of swamps and in moist, rocky woods, reaching its greatest develoi^ment on the northern shores of lakes llurou and Superior. ^ 74 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. A form with smaller fruit, peculiar to the high southern Alleghany mountains, is — var. microcarpa, Torrey & Gray, FI. N. America, i, 472. Sorbtis aucuparia, var. a. Miohanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 200. Sorbus microcarpa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 341.— Poiret, Sappl. v, 164.— Elliott, 8k. i, 555.— Torrey, FL U. 8. 477.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 351.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 95. — Roemer, 8yn. Mon. iii, 138. P. microcarpa, Sprengel, 8yst. ii, 511.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 636.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 648.— Beck, Bot. 113. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 383. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 921. Sorbus Americana, var. microcarpa, Wenzig in Linneea, xxxviii, 71.' Sorbus riparia, Rafine8que,NewSylva,15. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.5451 ; ash, 0.83. Often planted for ornament. 121. — Pyrus sambucifolia, Chamisso & Scblecliteadalin Linnisa, ii, 36. — Bongard in Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 133. — Don, Miller'sDict. ii, 648. — Toney & Gray, FI. N. America, i, 472. — Walpers, Rep. ii, 53. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 155. — Ledebour, Fl. Rossica, ii, 99. — Trautvetter & Meyer, Fl. Ochot. 37.— Maximo wicz, Prim. Fl. Amurensis, 103.— Eothrock in Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 446.— Gray, Manual K. States, 5 ed. 161 ; Proe. Am. Acad, viii, 3d2. — Porter in Hiiydon's Rep. 1870, 475. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 92. — Porter & Coulter, FI. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 38. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 189. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1876-'76, 195. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 87. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 10.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 176. Sorbus aucuparia, var. ;9. Miohanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 290. Sorbus aucuparia, Schrank, Pi. Labrador, 25, In part [not Linnseus]. P. Americana, Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 73 [not De CandoUe].— Cooper in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii^, 60.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 292. JP. aucuparia, Meyer, PI. Labrador, 81, in part. — Schlechtendal in Linnaea, x, 99, in part. — Hooker in Trans. Linnaean Soo. xxii', 290, 327. in part. Sorbus sambucifolia, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 139.— Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Soi. St. Petersburg, xix, 174.— Wenzig in Linnsea, xxxviii, 73. — Decaisue in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 159. Sorbus Sitchensis, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 139. MOXTNTAIN ASH. Labrador to northern New England and the shores of lake Superior ; high mountain ranges of the Pacific region from Alaska to southern New Mexico ; in Kamtchatka. A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or in the Pacific forests generally reduced to a low shrub; cold, wet swamps or borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in northern New England and Minnesota. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5928; ash, 0.35. The bark and unripe fruit of the American mountain ashes, like those of the nearly-allied P. auouparia of Europe, are extremely astringent, and occasionally used, domestically, in infusions, decoctions, etc., in the treatment of diarrhea {Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1333). 122.— Crataegus rivularis, Nuttall; • Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 464.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 161.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 58.— Nuttall, Sylva,ii,9; 2 ed. i, 160.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 258; Am. Nat. iii, 407.— Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 107.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 92. —Porter in Haydeu's Rep. 1871, 482.— Coulter in Hayden's Rep. 1872, 765.— Brandegee in Hayden's Rep. 1875, 236.— Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 195.— Engelmann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 128. G. sanguinea, var. Douglasii, Coulter in Hayden's Rep. 1872, 765 [not Torrey & Gray]. British Columbia, south through eastern Oregon and Washington territory, east and southeast along the mountain ranges of Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Colorado, to the Pinos Altos mountains, New Mexico (Greene). A small tree, C to 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter, or often a tall, much-branched shrub, forming dense, impenetrable thickets along borders of streams and swamps. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, bright reddish-brown, the Bap- wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.7703 ; ash, 0.35. CATALOGUE OF FOllEST TREES. 75 » 123- — Crataegus Douglasii, Lindley, Bot. Eeg. xxi, 1. 1810. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 823, f. 584 & t. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 147. — Kaleniczenko in Bull. See. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 26. — Brewer &. Watson, Bot. California, i, 189. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 195. — Engelmann in Coultert Bot. Gazette, vii, 128. f C. glandulosa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, :i37, in part. ' G. punctata, var. brevispina, Douglas in Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am, i, 201. G. sang^inea, var. Douglasii, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 464. — Walpers, Kep. ii, 58.— Dietrich, Syn.iii, 160. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 292. — Eegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 116. G. sanguinea, NuttaU, Syl va, ii, 6, t. 44 ; 2 ed. i, 157, t. 44 [not Pallas]. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 259 ; Am. Nat, iii, 407.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. Anthomeles Douglasii, Boemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 140. G, rivularis. Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 189 [not Nnttall]. British Columbia, valley of the Parsnip river, in about latitude 55° K, south through Washington territory and Oregon to the valley of the Pitt river, California, extending east through Idaho and Montana to the western base of the Eocky mountains (valley of the Flathead river, Canby & Sargent). A small tree, sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or often a tall shrub throwing up many stems from the ground and forming impenetrable thickets ; rather wet, sandy soil along streams, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys west of the Cascade mountains; toward its eastern limits a low shrub. Wood heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; mieduUary rays numerous, thin ; color, nearly white tinged with rose, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6950 ; ash, 0.33; used for wedges, mauls, etc. The small, sweet, black fruit, ripening in August, is largely collected by the Indians. 124. — Cratcegus brachyacantha, Sargent & Englemann; Engelmann in Conlter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 128. HOGS' HAW. New Orleans!, {Drummond in herb. Gray); Minden, Louisiana (Mohr); Concord, Texas (Sargent); Longview, Texas (in fruit, Letterman). A tree 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter ; borders of streams in low, very rich soil ; the largest North American representative of the genus. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, light brown tinged with rose, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6793 ; ash, 0.42. The large blue-black fruit greedily eaten by hogs and other animals. 125. — Crataegus arborescens, Elliott, 8k. i, 550.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i , 406.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 160.— Walpers, Rep. ii, r)8.— NuttaU, Sylva, ii^lO, t.45; 2 ed. i, 160,t.45.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 306.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 127.— Wood, CI. Book, 331 ; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Young, Fl. Texas, 259.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.— Engelmann in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 4. Phcenopyrum arborescens, Rcemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 153. G. Grus-galli, var. pyracanthifolia, Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 109, in part. Valley of the Savannah river, South Carolina (Aiken, Ravenel), south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida ; valley of the Mississippi river, near Saint Louis {Engelmann), south and southwest to western Louisiana, »nd the valley of the lower Colorado river, Texas. A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter ; borders of streams and in rather low, wet swamjjs. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, clo.ie-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6491; ash, 0.57. The small globular fruit bright red or, more rarely, orange. 76 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. « 126. — Crataegus Crus-galli, Linnisns, Spec. 1 ed. 476.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. i, 11.5.— Medicus, Bot. Beobacht. ii, 344.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 147.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii,170; 2 ed. iii, 202.— Wilhienow, Spec, ii, 1004,— Micaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,288.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 37.— Pursh, n.Am. Sept. i, 338.— Eaton, Manual, 55 ; 6 ed. 111.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— Barton, Compeud. Fl. Pl.iladelph. i, 225 ; Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 54.— Elliott, 8k. i, 548.— Toirey, Fl. U. S. 476 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 202 ; Fl. N. York, i, 221.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 56.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 626.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 2C0 ; Companion Bot. Mag. i, 25.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 598.— Beck, Bot. 111.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 46.x— Loudon, Arboretnm,ii, 820, f. 574, 575 & t.— Eaton «& Wright, Bot. 212.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 206.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 15«j. — Browne, Trees of America, 278. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 433 ; 2 ed. ii, 492 & t. — Rocmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 117. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 012.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 83.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 305.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. StatCN, 127. — Cnrtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 83. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 369._Wood, CI. Book, 331 ; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Porcher, Resources 8. Forests, 148.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 160; Hall's PI. Texas, 9. — Yonng, Bot. Texas, 258. — Regel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 108. — Kaleniczenko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 19.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 54'=.- Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66. C. lucida, Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 13.— Wangenheim, Amer. 53,t. 17,f. 42.— Sprengel, Syst. ii,506.— De Candolle, Pro-, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color, light Wrowii or red. the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7159; ash, 0.66. i\ pot; 82 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 133. — Crataegus berberifolia, Torrey &, Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 409. — Dietrich, Syn. iii, 159. — Walpers, Rei). ii, 59.— Bonmer, Syu. Mon. iii, 115. — Wood, CI. Book, 332. — Eegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 123. — Engcltuann in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 128. Mespilns berbet-ifolia, Wenzig in Llnnsea, xxxvlii, 125. Phccnopyrttm elUptieum,licBmeT,Syn.Mon.iii,155. Phwnopyrum Virginicum, Rocmer, Syn. Mon. iii, 155. New Orleans? (Drummond, No. 105'); Opeloiisas, Louisiana {Carpenter, Sargent). A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter ; borders of prairies, in low groand ; the fruit and wood not yet collected. 134.— Crataegus aestivalis, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 468.— Walpers, E«p. ii, 58.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 162.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 12 ; 2 ed. i, 162.— Darby, Bot. S. Stat«8, 306.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 187.— Lesquoreux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 359.— Wood, CI. Book, 331 ; Bot. & Fl. 111.— Eegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, 1, 124.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. Mespilus WStivalis, Walter, Fl. CaroUniana, 148.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 447. G. elliptica, Elliott, Sk. i, 548 [not Alton]. C. lucida, Elliott, Sk.i, 549 [not Ehrhart]. C. opaca. Hooker & Amott in Companion Bot. Mag. i, 25. — Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2563. Anthomeles CBStivalis, Ecemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 141. MAY HAW. APPLE HAW. South Carolina, south to northern Florida, west through the Gulf states to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Sabine river, Texas. A small tree, C to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter ; generally in sandy soil along the margins of streams and ponds ; common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of western Louisiana and eastern Texas. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6564; ash, 0.57. The large, globular, fragrant, red fruit, of agreeable subacid flavor, used as a preserve, in jellies, etc. ; ripening in May. 135. — Crataegus flava, Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 169 ; 2ed. iii, 201.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1002.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 37.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 338.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 305.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 628.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. 59.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 600.— Lindley, Bot. Eeg. xxiii, t. 1939.— Torroy & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 468.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 823, f.585 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.- Dietrich, Syn. iii, 160.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 306.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 28.— Curtis in Rep. (Jeological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 83.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 359.— Wood, CI. Book, 3;P2 ; Bot. 07. G. CaroUniana, Persoon, Syn. ii, 36.— Elliott, Sk. i, 554.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 112.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212. Mespilus flava, Willdenow,~Enam. 523.— Poiret, Snppl. iv, 70.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, t. .59.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, .59. C. turUnata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. Addend. 735.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 543.— Elliott, Sk. i, 549.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 627.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 599.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 212. Mespilus turbinata, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 506.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 66. G. flava, var. loiata, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxiii, t. 1932. G. lobata, Bosc in De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 628.— Don, Miller's Diet, it, 599.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 824, f. 554, 586. Phcenopyrum CaroUnianum, Eoemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 152. Anthomeks flava, glandulosa, and turbinata, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 141. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 83 SUMMEE HAW. YELLOW HAW. , Virginia, southward, generally near the coast, to Tampa bay, Florida, west through the Gulf states to eastern Texas and southern Arkansas. A small tree, rarely 7 meters iu height, with a trunk 0.30 meter in diameter, or reduced to a much-branched shrub 2 to 3 meters in height ; borders of streams, in low, sandy soil subject to overflow. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays very r.umerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with red or rose, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7809 ; ash, 0.79. Fruit small, red or yellow, acid. Var. pubescens, Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. ItiO. Mespilus hiemalis, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 148. — Lamarck, Diet, iv, 447. C. viridis, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 147 [not Linnsens]. — Elliott, Sk. i, 551. G. elliptica, Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, 168 ; 2 ed. iii, 201. — Wdlldenow, Spec, ii, 1002. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 37. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 337.— Nnttall, Genera, i, 305.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 475; Compend. Fl. N. States, 201.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 627.- Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i,201.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 598.— Beck, Bot. 33.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 111.— Torrey &, Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 469.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 211.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 109.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 306.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 84. — Kegel in Act. Hort. St. Petersburg, i, 132. Mespilus elliptica, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 447. — Wenzig in Linnsea, xxxviii, 125. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 140. C. glandttlosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 288 [not Alton]. — Nnttall, Genera, i, 305. — Chapman, Fl. S. State.*!, 128. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. C. Michauxii,T?eTeoou,&yn.ii,38. G, spathulata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 336 [not Michaux]. — De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 627. — Lindley, Bot. Reg. xxii, t. 1890; xxiii, under 1. 1957. Mespilus Michaiixii, Homemann, Hort. Ha&. 455. — Poiret, Suppl. iv, 69. G.flava, Elliott, Sk. i, 551 [not Alton J. C. Virginica, Loddiges in Loudon,Arboretnm,ii, 842,f. 560, 615. — Kaleniczenko in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, xlviii, 58. 8TJMMEE-HAW. BED HAW. Virginia, southward to Tampa bay, Florida, and sparingly through the Gulf states to western Louisiana. A low tree growing with the species, from which it is distinguished by the pubescence of the calyx and young branches, the smaller flowers, and larger, bright red or yellow, globular or pear-shaped fruit. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, bright red or rose, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7683; ash, 0.91. The large, edible fruit used in the south Atlantic states in preserves, jellies, etc. Note. — Cratoegus panifolia, Aitou, of the south Atlantic region, a low shrub, is not included in this catalogue. 136. — Heteromeles arbutifolia, Roemer, 8yD. Mon. iii, 105. — Decaisne in Nonv. Arch. Mus. x, 144, t. 9. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 188; ii, 444. GrattBgus arbuti/olia, Voiretm Nonvean Dnhamel.iv, 131; Diet. Snppl. 1,292.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 202. —Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 201. Aronia arbutifolia, Nuttall, Genera, i, 306. Photinia arbutifolia, Lindley in Traus. Liunsean Soc.xiii, 103; Bot. Reg. v i , 491 & under 1. 1956.— Sprongel, Syst. ii, 508.— De Candolle, Prodr. ii, 631. — Chamisso & Schlechteudal in Linna;a, ii, 542. — Don, Miller's Diet. ii. 602. — Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 80.— Hooker & Aniott, Bot. Bcechey, 139, 340.— Torrey &, Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 473.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 162.— London, Arboretum, ii, 868, f. 619. — Benthani, Bot. Sulphur, 14; PI. Hartweg. 307. — Torrey in Emory's Rep. 140; Sitgreaves' Rep. 119 ; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 85 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 64 ; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 291.— Wood, CI. Book, 329. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 80. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 599. — Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. Sei. St. Petersburg, xix, 180. — Wenzig in Linnaia, xxxviii, 96. Menpilus arbutifolia, Link, Enum. Hort. Berol.ii, 36. PAotinta «aHc(/bfe, PreBl,Epimel. Bot. 204.— Walpers,Anu. iii, 858. H. Fremontiana, Decaisne in Nouv. Arch. Mus. x, 144. 84 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TOYON. TOLLON. CALIFORNIA HOLLY. California Coast ranges, Mendocino to San Diego county, extending east to the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino mountains. A small, low-branched evergreen tree, rarely exceeding 9 meters in height, the short trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a low, much-branched shrub. Wood very heavy, hard, close grained, inclined to check in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, dark reddish-brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.9326; ash, 0.54. 137. — Amelanchier Canadensis, Torroy & Gray, Fl. N.America, i, 473.— Walpera, Eep. ii, 55.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 158.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, i, 225.— Browne, Trees of America, 282. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, i, 443; 2 ed. ii, 503 «& t. — Parry iu Owen's Eep. 612. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 86. — Richardson, Arctic Expod. 428. — Seemann, Bot. Herald, 52. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linnjean Soc. xxii-, 290, 327. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 129. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 68. — Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, :$59. — Wood, CI. Book, 329; Bot. & Fl. 110. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser.xii, 191. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 168. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 162. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 180.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 14. — Maximowicz in Bull. Acad. St. Petersburg, xix, 175. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 66. Mespilus Canadermig, Linmens, Spec, l ed. 478 (excl. syn. Gronovius).- Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 148.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii, 173. Crataegus tomentosa,, Linnteus, Spec. 1 ed. 476 (excl. syn. Gronovius). PyrVH Botryapium, Linnajus f. Suppl. 255.— Wangenheim, Amer. 90, t. 28, f. 65.— Ehrhart, Beitr. i, 183 1; ii, 68.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 1013; Enum. 525; Berl. Baumz. 322.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 207.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,:J39.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 83.— Gnimpel, Otto & Hayne, 100, t. 79.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 509.— Andnbon, Birds, t. 60.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3ed.30a, Gratcpgus racevwsa, Lamarck, Diet, i, 84.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 148.— Nouvean Dnhamel, iv, 133.— Poiret, Suppl. i, 292. Mespilvs nivea, Marshall, Arbnstum, 90. Mespilus Canadensis^ var. cordaia, Michaux.Fl. Bor.-Am. i,29l. Aronia Botryapium, Persoon, Syn. ii, 39.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 557.— Elliott, Sk. i, 557.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. 479; Compend. Fl. N. States, 203.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 29.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 135. Mespilus arborea, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 68, t. 11 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 60, t. 66.— Barton, Prodr. I'l. Philadelph. .55. A. Botryapium, Lindley in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xiii, 100.— De CandoUe, Prodr. ii, 632.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 202.— Don, Miller's Diet, ii, 604.— Beck, Bot. 112.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 84.— Loudon, Arbori-tnm. ii, 874, f. 627-629 & t.- Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 145. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 307. — Wenzig in Linnaea, xxiriil, 110. — Decaisne in Nout. Arch. Mas. X. 135. Aroma arborea, Barton, Compend. Philadelph. 1,228. Aronia COrduta, Rafinesque, Med. Bot. ii, 196. A. OVnlis, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 202, iu part. PyruH Barlramiana, Tausch.Fi. xxi,7l5. Pyrus Wangenheimiana, Tausch,Fl. xxi,7i5. A. Bartramiana, Roemer, Syn. Mon. iii, 145. A. Wangenheimiana, Rcemer, Syn. Mon. 146. JUNE BEEBY. SHAD BUSH. SEEVIOE TREE. MAY CHERRY. Newfoundland and Labrador, west along the southern shores of Hudson bay to the Saskatchewan region, south through the Atlantic forests to northern Florida, southwestern Arkansas, and the Indian territory. A small tree, 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or in some forms reduced to a low shrub (var. rotundifolia, Torroy «fe Gray; var. oligocarpa, Torrey & Gray); common at the north, rare at the south, and reaching its greatest development on the high slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains ; varying greatly in the shape of the leaves, size of the flowers, amount of pubescence on the leave.s and young shoots, etc. The best marked arborescent variety is — var. oblongifolia, Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 473.— Walpers, Rep. ii, 55.— Dietrich, Syn. iii, 158.— Torrey, Fl. N. York,], 2-25; NiroUet's Rep. 149.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, i, 444; 2 ed. ii, 504 & t.— Wood, CI. Book, 330; Bot. . DOGWOOD. New Brunswick, west along the valley of the Saint Lawrence river to the northern shores of lake Superior, south through the northern states and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama. A small tree, 4 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; low, rich woods and borders of streams and swamps. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.6696; ash, 0.41. 151. — Cornus Horida, Linnsens, Spec. 1 ed. 117.— Marshall, Arbustnm, 35.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 114; HI. i, 302.— Wangenheim, Amer. 51, t. 17, f. 41.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 88. — L'Heritier, Cornus, 4. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. i, 157; 2 ed. i, 261.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 661; Enum. 164; Berl. Baumz. 100.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 73.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 12, 45; ii, 17, 19.— Bot. Mag. t. 526.- Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 91.— Persoon, Syn. i, 143.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 350.— Schkuhr, Handb. 82.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 41, 1. 16, f. 7.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 153.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 138, t. 3; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 176, t. -fS.- Pursh, FI. Am. Sept. i, 108.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii, 69, t.73; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 59.- Eaton, Manual, 19; 6 ed. 108.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 98.— Barton, Med. Bot. i, 43, t. 3.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 319.— Hayne, Dend. FI. 6.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 21, t. 19.— Elliott, Sk. i, 207.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 208; Fl. U. 8. 178; Compend. FI. N. States, 82; FI. N. York, i, 290; Nicollet's Rep. 151; Emory's Rep. 408.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 451.— Beck in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. x, 264; Bot. 153. — Audubon, Birds, t. 8, 73, 122.— Rafinesque, Med. Bot. i, 131, f. 28 -De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 273.— Hooker, FI. Bor.-Am. i, 277, in part ; Companion Bot. Mag. i, 48.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 400.— Lindley, Fl.Med. 81. — Dietrich, Syn. i, 504.— Torrey & Gray, FI. N. America, i, 652.— Loudon, Arboretnm, ii, 1017, f. 769.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 209.— Reid in London Gard. Chronicle, 1844, 276.— Browne, Trees of America, 350.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 413; 2 ed. ii, 467 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 347^ f. 164.— Carson, Med. Bot. i, 50, t. 42.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 429.— Darlington, FI. Cestrica, 3 ed. 111.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 339.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 252.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 168. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 60.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 364. — Wood, CI. Book, 391; Bot. & FI. 143. — Blakio in Canadian Nat. vi, 1. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. now ser. xii, 194. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 59. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 200; Hall's PI. Texas, 11.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 094.— Young, Bot. Texas, 303.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.— Baillou, Hist. PI. vii, 68, f. 46.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 53.— Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. ii, 136, t. 136.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55<:.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 67. Benthamidia Jlorida, 8pach,lliat.Yeg.yiii,l07. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 91 FLOWERING DOGWOOD. BOXWOOD. / Southeni New England, southern Ontario, southern Minnesota, and through the Atlantic forests to latitude 28* ^O* in Florida, and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas. A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub; rich woods ; very common, especially a,t the south. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough, checking badly in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, brown, changing in different specimens to shades of greeu and red, the sap'wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.8153; ash, 0.67; used in turnery, for wood engravings and the bearings of machinery, hubs of wheels, barrel hoops, etc. The bark, especially of the root, iu common with that of the other species of the genus, possesses bitter tonic properties, and is used in decoctions, etc., in the treatment of intermittent and malarial fevers {Am. Jour. Pharm. vii, 109. — Maisch in Proc. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 315. — U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 352. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 467). 152. — Cornus Nuttallii, Audubou, Birds, t. 467.— Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, i, 652.— Walpers, Bep. ii, 435.— Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 312.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 51, t. 97 ; 2 ed. ii, 117, t. 97. — Darand in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. 1855, 89. — Torrey in Pacific R. E. Rep. iv, 94 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 71; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 326. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 24, 75. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 259; Pacific E. R. Rep. xii', 29, 63. — Lyall in Jour. Linnsean Soc. vii, 134. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, viii, 387. — Brewer &. Watson, Bot. California, i, 274; ii, 452. — Vasey.Cat. Forest Trees, 16. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 88. — Macounin Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 198. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 331. G. florida, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 277, in part. FLOWERING DOGWOOD. Vancouver's island and along the coast of southern British Columbia, through western Washington territory and Oregon, and southward through the Coast ranges of California and along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains. A small, slender tree, sometimes 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 meter in diameter ; ascending the Cascade mountains to 3,000 feet, and the San Bernardino mountains to Irom 4,000 to 5,000 feet elevation; common ; rich, rather damp soil, generally in the dense shade of coniferous forests. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7481; ash, 0.50 ; somewhat used in cabinet-making, for mauls, handles, etc. 153. — Nyssa capitata, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 508.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 257, t. 20; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 37, t. 113.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 480. — Poiret, Suppl. v, 740. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 68.5.— Hooker, Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 62.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 236.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 464.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 493.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 168.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 364.— Wood, CI. Book, 392; Bot. & Fl. 143.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 456. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16. JV^. Ogeche, Miirahall, Arbustnm, 97. N. coccinea, Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 17. N. tomentosa, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 508. N. candicans, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 259.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 614.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 37.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1113.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.i, 117.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 116.— Nnf tall. Genera, ii, 236; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v, 167.— Eoemcr & Scbultes, Syst. v, 557.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 832.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 879.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1318, f. 1199.— Browne, Trees of America, 426. 3r. montana, Gartner, Fmct. iii, 201, t. 216. OGEECHKE LIME. SOUR TUPELO. GOPHER PLUM. Georgia, from the valley of the Ogeechee to the Saint Mary's river, west Florida (near Vernon, Mohr), and in southern Arkansas. A tree 9 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk O.SO to 0.90 meter in diameter; deep swamps and river bottoms ; rare and local. Wood light, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, unwedgeable, containing many regularly- distributed opeu ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.4613 ; ash, 0.34. A conserve, uruler the name of " Ogeechee limes", is made from the large, acid fruit. >/ J 92 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 154. — Nyssa sylvatica, Marshall, Arbustnin, 97.— Mlchaux f. Hist. Arb. Ani. ii, 260, t. 21 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 29, 1. 110.— Poiret, Soppl. iv, 116 - BartoB, Prodr. Fl_ PhUadelph. 97; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 193. N. aquatica, Linniens, Spec, l ed. 1058, in part. — St. Hilaire, Fani.Nat. ii, 152. — Persoon, Syn. ii,6l4. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 165, t. 22; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 31, t. 111.— RoBmer it Schultes, Syst. v, 576.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 97; Compend. Fi. Philadelph. ii, 192.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 832.— Audubon*, Birds, 1. 133.— Elliott, Sk.ii, 684.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 878.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 236.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 464.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 492. — Chapman.Fl.S. States, 168. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. K. Carolina, 1860, iii. 168. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests. ;547. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 455. — Young, Bot. Texas, 304. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16. JT. multiflora, Wangenheim, Amer. 46, 1. 16, f. 39.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 684.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Beck, Bot. 307.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 236.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 463.— Torrey,Fl.N. York, ii, 161, t. 95.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 312, t. 17; 2 ed. ii, 353 & t. — Schnizlein, Icon. 1. 108, f. 1,2. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 254. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 492.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 2.52.- Chapman, Fl. S. States, 168.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 18()0, iii, 62. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 364. — Wood, CI. Book, 392; Bot. & Fl. 143.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 201.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 554.— Young, Bot. Texas, 304.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16. — Broadhcad in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 53.— Bessey in Am. Nat. xv, 134. — Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55^— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 68.— Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95. N. Caroliniana, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 507 ; Lamarck, 111. iii, 442, t. 851, f. 1. N. biflora, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 508.— Michaux,Fl. Bor.-Am.ii, 259.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1113; Enum. 1061; Berl. Baumz. 256.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 37.— Gairtner f. Fruct. Suppl. 203, t. 210.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v,479.— Pur8h,Fl. Am. Sept. i, 177.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v, 167.— Poiret, Snppl. iv, 115.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 200 ; Compend. Bot. N. States, 372.— Hayne, Deiid. Fl. 229.— Eaton, Manual, 116.— Beck, Bot. 307.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1317, f. 1195, 1196.— Browne, Trees of America, 423.— Baillon, Hist. PU V, 266, f. 241-244. JT. integrifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 446.— Persoon, Sy n. ii, 614. If. Canadensis, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 507. JV. villosa, Michaux,Fl.Bor.-Am. ii,258.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1112.— Desfontaines Hist. Arb. i, 37.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed- V, 479.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston 3 ed. 380.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 117.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,276.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. v, 575.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 832.— Torrey, Compend. Bot. N. States, 372.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 878.— Loudon, Arboretum, iiip 1317, f. 1197, 1198. If. multiflora, var. sylvatica, Watson, Index, 442. ' TUPELO. SOTJE GUM. PEPPERIDGE. BLACK GUM. Valley of the Kennebec river, Maine (Kent's Hill, Prof. Stone), West Milton, Vermont, west to central Micbigau,- eonth to Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of the Brazos rirer, Texas. A tree 15 to 36 meters in height, with a trunk O.CO to 1.50 meter in diameter, or at the north much smaller j^ borders of swamps, or on rather high, rich hillsides and pine uplands ; at the south often in pine-barren ponds and deep swamps, the base of the trunk then greatly enlarged and swollen {N. aquatica). Wood heavy, rather soft, strong, very tough, unwedgeable, diiiicult to work, inclined to check unless carefully seasoned, not durable in contact with the soil, containing numerous regularly-distributed small open ducts;, medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light yellow or often nearly white, the sap wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.6353; ash, 0.52; now largely used for the hubs of wheels, rollers in glass factories, ox yokes, and on the gulf coast for wharf piles. Note. — Various forms of Ts'yssa, which at different times have been considered by botanists as entitled to specific rank, are connected by so many intermediate forms, and offer so few distinctive characters, that they are here united into one polymorphous species, which thus enlarged may properly bear Marshall's earlier name of Nysm sylvatica, rather than the more familiar Nyssa multiflora of Wangenheim. 155. — Nyssa uniflora, Wangenheim, Amer. 83, t. 27, f. 57.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 686.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 329.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 493.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 168.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 02.— Wood, CI. Book, 392; Bot. & Fl. 143.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 201.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 455.— Young, Bot. Texas, 304.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees. 16. N. aquatica, Linnseus, Spec. 1058, in part.— Marshall, Arbnstnm, 96 —Lamarck, Diet, iv, 507. —Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 36. N. denticulata, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 446; 2 ed. v, 480.— Persoon, S^u. ii, 615.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1 U4.— Gasrtuer f. Fruct. Snppl. 203, t. 216.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 178.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 115.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236.— Hayne, Dend, Fl. 229.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. t, 577.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 832.— Dietricli, Syn. i, 879. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 93 * N. angulosa, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, iv, 507; 111. iii, 442, t. a'Sl, f. 2.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. v, 578. N. palustris, Salisbury, Prodr. 175- N. tomentosa, Michaux, Pi. Bor.-Am. ii, 259.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 015.— Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 1113.- Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept.i, 177. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 236.— Ecemer & Schultes, Syst. v, 577. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 685. — Sprengel, Syst. i, 832. — Audubon, Birds, t. 13.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 879.— Eaton & Wright, Hot. 329.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 493. If. angulisans, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 259.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 879.— Spach, Hist. Veg. x, 465. N. grar^identata, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 252, t. 19 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 34, t. 112.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1319, f. 1200, 1201.— Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 364. If. capitafa var. grandidentata, Browne, Trees of America, 426. LARGE TUPELO. COTTON GUM. TUPELO GUM. Southern Virginia, south uear the coast to the valley of the Saint Mary's river, Georgia, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Neches river, Texas, and through Arkansas and southern and southeastern Missouri to the valley of the lower Wabash river, Illinois. A large tree, 21 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; deep swamps and river bottoms subject to frequent overflow ; one of the largest and most common trees of the bottom lands of the lower Mississippi river basin, and reaching its greatest development in the cypress swamps of western Louisiana and eastern Texas, near the coast. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, unwedgeable; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, or often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5194; ash, 0.70; used in turnery, largely for woodenware, broom handles, and wooden shoes ; that of the root for the floats of nets, etc., as a substitute for cork. CAPJIIFOLIAOE^. 156. — Sambucus glauca, Nnttali; Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. America, ii, 13. — Walpers, Rep. ii, 453. — Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 12; Ives' Rep. 15; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 71. — Gray in Smithsonian Contrib.v,66; Proc. Am. Acad. vii,387; Syn. Fl. N.America, i^, 9. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 134.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 16.— Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 278.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, 88.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 135, 363. S. Californica, Hort.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 72. 1 8. Mexicana, Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 75 [not Presl], ELDER. Valley of the Fraser river and "Vancouver's island, British Columbia, southward through California to the Mexican boundary, extending west to the Blue mountains of Oregon and the Wahsatch range, Utah. A .small tree, sometimes 8 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a large shrub ; confined to valleys, in dry, gravelly soil. Wood lightj soft, weak, coarse-grained, checking in drying ; medullary rays numerous, rather conspicuous ; color, yellow tiuged with browu, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, O..j037; ash, 1.57. The large blue-black fruit edible and sometimes cooked. 157. — Sambucus Mexicana, Presl, J loir. Hu;uk. — De Candollo, Prodr. iv, 322.— Don, Miller's Diet, iii, 437. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1030. — Gray in Smithsouiau Contrib. v, 66; Syn. Fl. N. America, i'^, 9. — Torrey in Pucilic E. E. Rep. iv, 95; Bot. Me?. Boundary Survey, 71. — Brewer & Watson, Bot. California, i, 278. — Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 135. — Hemsley, Bot. Ani.-Cent. ii, 1. 8. glauca, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 313 [uot Nuttall]. 8. Vtllt^tina, Durand & Hilgard in Jotir. Philadelphia Acad, new ser. iii, 39. 94 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. ELDER. Valley of the Nueces river (Sau Patricio), south anearance; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown streaked with white, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7293; ash, 0.78. 179. — Bumelia lanuginosa, Pereoon, Syn. i, 237.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 155.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 135.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 497.— Elliott, Sk. 1, 288.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 60.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1194.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 162.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 190.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 428. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,253. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 275. — Lesqaereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374.— Wood, CI. Book, 501 ; Bot. & Fl. 210.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 308; Hall's PI. Texas, 15; Syn. Fl. N. America, . u», 68.— Young, Bot. Texas, 377.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19. tSideroxylon tenaic, Walter, Fl. Carollniana, 100. Sideroxylon lanuginosum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 122. tB. oblongi/olia, Nuttall, Genera, i, 135 ; Sylva,iii,33; 2 ed.u,102.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 664.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 60. —Eaton & Wright.Bot. 162.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1194.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 621.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 190. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374. B. ferruginea, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 34 ; 2 ed. ii, 103. B. tomentosa, A. De Candolle, Prodr. vui, 190. B: arborea, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1861, 461. GUM ELASTIC. SHITTIM WOOD. Georgia and northern Florida to Mobile bay, Alabama ; southern Illinois and southern Missouri, through Arkansas to the valley of the Eio Grande, Texas (Eagle pass, Havard) [B. oblongifolia). An evergreen tree, sometimes 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 meter in diameter, or in the Atlantic states much smaller, rarely exceeding 6 meters in height; common and reaching its greatest development in the rich bottom lands of eastern Texas. A low, depressed form of the sand-hills of the Altamaha river, Georgia, still to be rediscovered, with small leaves and "edible fruit as large as a small date", is var. macrocarpa, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 68 {B. macrocarpa, Nnttall, Sylva, iii, 37 ; 2 ed. ii, 106). Wood heavy, soft, weak, close-grained, very compact, the open ducts conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6544; ash, 1.23; somewhat used in cabinet-making, for which it is well suited. A clear, very viscid gum exuded from the freshly-cut wood is sometimes used domestically. 180. — Bumelia spinosa, A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 191 (Delessert, Icon. Mex. ined. t. 75). — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 299. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 112. Santa Catalina mountains, Arizona, at an elevation of 2,700 feet (Pringle) ; Parras and Saltillo, Mexico (Palmer, No. 787). A small tree, 6 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter ; dry, gravelly soil, near water-courses. Wood heavj', hard, very close-grained, compact, the open ducts conspicuous ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color, light rich brown or yellow, the aap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6603 ; ash, 1.24. 181. — Bumelia lycioides, Gtertner f. Fmct. Snppl. 127, 1. 120.— Persoon, Syn. i, 237.— Willdonow, Enum. 249 ; Berl. Baumz. 68.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 237.— Nuttall, Genera. . i, 135 ; Sylva, iii, 31, t. 91 ; 2 ed. ii, 101, t. 91.— Rojmer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 495.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 19.— Elliott, Sk. i, 287.— Sprengel, Syst. i,C64.— Eaton, Manual, 6 od. 00.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1193, f. 1016.- Dietrich, Syn. i, G21.— Spach, Hist. Veg.ix, 388. —Eaton & Wright, Bot. 162.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 189.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 441.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 427.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapm.an, Fl. S. States, 275.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374.— Wood, CI. Book, 501 ; Bot.& Fl. 210.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 308; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 68.— Young, Bot. Texas, 376.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 298. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 103 Sidtroxylon lycioides, LinnoMis, Ilort. Cliff. 488 (excl. hab.).— Lamarck, Diet, i, 246; 111. ii,42.— Aiton.Hort. Kew. i,262; 3 ed. ii, 13.— WlUdeuow, Spec, i, 1090.— Michaiix, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 122.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 1, 155.— Jaume St. Hilaire, Fl. & Pom. Am. Franc, t. 81. Sideroxylon decandrum, Liumens, Mant. 48.— VVilldeno-w, Spec, i, 1091. JSyderoxylon Iceve, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 100. IRON WOOD. SOUTHERN BUCKTHORN. Coast of Vitginia and southern Illinois, south to Mosquito inlet and Caloosa river, Florida, and through southern Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas to the valley of the Eio Concho, Texas. A small tree, sometimes 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 meter in diameter; low, rich soil, or often, in the Atlantic and Gulf states, a low, semi-prostrate shrub, described as — Var. reclinatum, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 68. Sideroxylon reclinatum, Michaux,Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 122. B. reclinata, Ventenat, Cholx, t. 22.— Persoon, Syn.i,237.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 155.— Eoemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 496.— Elliott, Sk. i, 287. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 60. — Dietrich, Syn. i, 621. — Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 30. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1193.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 190.— Darby, Hot. S. States, 428.— Wood, CI. Book, 501 ; Bot. & Fl. 210. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7467 ; ash, 0.81. 182. — Bumelia cuneata, Swartz, FL Ind. Occ. i, 496.— Persoon, Syn. i, 237.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 498.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 665.— Don, Miller'sDiot. iv, 30.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 621.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 401.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 68.— Hemaley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 297. Achras cuneifolia, Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vi, 534. B. angustifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 38, t. 93 ; 2 ed. ii, 106, t. 93.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265. Sideroxylon cuneatum, A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 181. B. parvifoUa, A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 190.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 275.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 19. B. myrsinifolia, A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 192. B. reclinata, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 109 [not Ventenat]. ants' wood. DOWNWARD PLUM. SAFFRON PLUTVt. A small tree, rarely exceeding 4 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter. Semi-tropical Florida, Merritt's island, Indian river, and southward to the southern keys, not rare; west coast. Cedar Keys to cape Eomano, rare; rocky shores and in the interior of low, barren keys; Texas, valley of the lower Eio Grande, Eoss to Laredo, and southward into northern Mexico ; in the West Indies. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown or orange, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7959; ash, 1.90. 183. — Mimusops Sieberi, A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 204.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 275.— Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 69. Achras Zapotilla, var. parvijiora, Nuttall, Syha, iii, 28, t. 90 ; 2 ed. ii, 97, t. 90. M. dissecta, Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 400, in part. Achras mammosa, Siober, Pi. Trin. No. 33 [not Linnfflus nor Bonpland]. WILD DILLY. Semi-tropical Florida, on the southern keys, common ; in the West Indies. A small, low, gnarled tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40 meter in diameter; generally hollow and defective. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, inclined to check in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, rich, very dark brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 1.0838 ; aah, 2.61. 104 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. EBENACEiE. / 184. — Diospyros Virginiana, Linnseus, Bpecl ed. 1057.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. i, 127, 345.— Marshall, Arbnstnm, 40.— Wangenheim, Amer. 84, t.28, f. 58.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 253.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 44C; 2 ed. v, 478. — Abhot, lasects Georgia, ii, t. 61, 74. — B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 11,45; ii, 62.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am.ii, 258.— Gaertner f. Fruct. Suppl. 138, t. 207.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1107; Enum. 1061; Berl. Banmz.. 127.— Poiret in Lamarck, Dict.v, 528.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 1806.— Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. i, 208.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 106.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 195, t. 12 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 157, t. 93.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 265.— Nouvean Duhamel, vi, 84.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 97 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 198.— Eaton, Mannal, 117; 6 ed. 126.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 240.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 228.— Elliott, Sk.ii, 712.— Collin, Forslag af nSgra Nord-Americas Trad. 23.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 375.— Audubon, Birds, t. 87.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 202.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 146.— Rafinesqne, Med. Bot. i, 153, t. 32.— Beck, Bot. 229.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 39.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1195, t. 200, 201.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 225.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. iv, 228.— Browne, Trees of America, 368.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 435, f. 196.— Dietrich, Syn. v,437.— Belg. Hort. iv, 118 & t.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 425.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 176.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 273. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 70. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374. — " Ettingsh. Blatt- Skel. Dikot. 89, t. 38, f. 12."— Wood, CI. Book, 500 ; Bot. & Fl. 209.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 385.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 200.— Gray, Mannal N. States, 5 ed. 308; Hall's PI. Texas, 15; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 69.— Koch, Dendrologie, il, 204. — Hiem in Trans. Cambridge Phil. Soc. xii', 224.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 69.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 68. D. eoneolor, Moench, Meth.471. D, Gtiaiacana, Robin, Voyages, iii, 417. D. ptlbescens, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 265 [not Persoon].— Rafinesqne, Fl. Lndoviciana, 139.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv; 38.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1196. B. Virginiana, X&V. pubescens, Nnttall, Genera, ii, 240.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 713. D. Virginiana, var. microcarpa, Ratinesque, Med. Bot. i, 115. D. Virginiana, var. eoneolor, Rafinesqne, Med. Bot. i, 155. D. Virginiana, var. macrocarpa, Rafinesqne, Med. Bot. i, 155. D. Persimon, WikstrOm, Jahr. Schwed. 1830, 92. D. ciliata, Rafiuesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 25 [not A. De Candolle]. D. calycina, Audibert, Cat. Hort. Tonn. (ex. Spaoh).— Loudon, Gard. Mag. 1841, 394. B. angustifolia, Audibert, Cat. Hort. Tonn. (ex. Spaoh).— Loudon, Gard. Mag. 1841, 394. D. lucida, Hort.— London, Gard. Mag. 1841, 394. D. intermedia, Hort.— Loudon, Gard. Mag. 1841, 394. PERSIMMON. Lighthouse point, New Haven, Connecticut, Long Island, New York, and southward to bay Biscayne and the Caloosa river, Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi ; southern Ohio to southeastern Iowa, southern Missouri, Arkansas, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas. A tree 10 to 20 or, exceptionally, 30 to 35 meters in height (Ridgway), with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter ; very common and often entirely occupying abandoned fields throughout the middle and lower regions of the southern Atlantic and Gulf states, reaching its greatest development in the rich bottom lands of the lower Ohio basin. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish, containing few scattered, open ducts, the rings of annual growth marked by one or more rows of similar ducts; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color, dark brown, or often nearly black, the thick sap-wood light brown, often containing numerous darker spots; specific gravity of tlie 8ai)-\vood, 0.7908; ash, 0.96; used in turnery for shoe-lasts, plane-stocks, etc., and preferred for shuttles; the dark heart- wood only developed in very old specimens and rarely seen. The yellow edible frait exceedingly austere until after frost, then becoming sweet and luscious, or in the Gulf states ripening in August without austerity ; sometimes used domestically, fermented with hops, corn-meal, or wheat bran, as a beverage under the name of " simmon beer ". A decoction of the bitter and astringent unripe fruit and inner bark occasionally used in the treatment of diarrhoea, sore throat, hemorrhage, etc. (B. B. Smith in Am, Jour. Pharm. October, 1846, 215. — J. E. Bryan in same, May, I860, 215.— C. S. Bkpensatory, 14 ed. 380.— .^at. Bispcnsatory, 2 ed. 514). CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 105 185. — Diospyros Texana, Scheele, Linnaea, xxii, 145; Roomer, Texas, 441; Appx. 763. — Walpers, Ann. iii, 14. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 109. — Cooper la Smithsouian Rep. 1858, 2G6.— Young, Bot. Texas, 376.— Hiern in Trans. Cambridge Phil. Soc. xii', 238.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 15; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 70. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 300. BLACK PERSIMMON. MEXICAN PERSIMMON. CHAPOTB. Western Texas, Matagorda bay to the valley of the Concho river ; southward into northern Mexico. A small tree, 4 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; not rare, and reaching its greatest development in Texas along the rich bottoms of the Guadalupe river ; borders of prairies, in rich soil ; in Mexico more common and of larger size. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, taking a beautiful polish, containing few minute, scattered, open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, nearly black, often streaked with yellow, the thick sap-wood clear bright yellow; specific gravity, 0.8460; ash, 3.33; used in turnery for the handles of tools, etc., suitable for wood-engraving, and probably the best substitute among American woods for box-wood. The small black fruit sweet and insipid. STYRACACE^. 186. — Symplocos tinctoria, L'Heritier, Trans. Linnnan Soc. i, 176. — Willdenow, Spec, iii, 1436. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iv, 419. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 339. — Don, Miller's Diet, ir, 2. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 254. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 272. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 65.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 374.— Wood, CI. Book, 499; Bot. & Fl. 209.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 310; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 71. — Young, Bot. Texas, 374. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18. Hopea tinctoria, Llnnasns, Mant. 105.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 189.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 42.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 72.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 217. — Gajrtner f. Fmct. Snppl. 146, t. 209, f. 2. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 419. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am.iii,61,t. 9; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 45, 1. 117. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 451. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 83. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 173.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 176.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 420.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 272.— Darby, Bot. 8. States, 425. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 388. HORSE SUGAR. SWEET LEAF. Southern Delaware, south to about latitude 30*^ in Florida, and west through the Gulf states to western Louisiana and southern Arkansas (Malvern, Texarkana, Letterman). A small tree, 6 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter, or often a low shrub; borders of cypress swamps or in deep, damp, shaded woods. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light red, or often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5325; ash, 0.68. Leaves sweet, greedily eaten by cattle and horses, and yielding, as does also the bark, a yellow dye. 187. — Halesia diptera, Linnseus, Spec. 2 ed. 636. — Marshall, Arbnstnm, 57.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 66. — Willdenow, Spec, ii, 849; Enum. 496; Berl. Baumz. 171. — Cavanilles, Diss, vi, 338, t. 187. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 40. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 4. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. iii, 143. — Nouveau Duhamel, v, 144.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 450.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 83.— Elliott, Sk. i, 508.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 66.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. t. 1172.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 84.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 164.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 7.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1191, f. 1014.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 426.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 260.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 270.— Miers, Contrib. i, 193.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 425.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.-^Chapman, Fl. S. States, 271.— Wood, CI. Book, 499; Bot. & Fl. 209.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 201. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 71. H. reticulata, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1860, 444. * SNOW-DROP TREE, SILVER-BELL TREE. South Carolina to northern Florida, near the coast, and west through the lower region of the Gulf states to eastern Texas and Garland county, Arkansas {Harvey). A small tree, sometimes 6 to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or often a shrub sending up many clustered stems from the root; borders of swamps, in low, wet woods. Wood light, soft, strong, very close-graiued, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5705; ash, 0.42. 106 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 188. — Halesia tetraptera, Linnaeus, Spec. 2 ed. 636.— Marshall, Arbustum, 57.— Giertiier, Fruct. i, 160, t. 32, f. 2.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 66 ; 111. ii, 521, t. 404, f. 1.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ii, Vio; 2 ed. iii, 143. — Mcench, Meth. 507. — Abbot, Insects Georgia i, t. 46. — Willdeuow, Spec, ii, 849; Enum. 496; Berl. Baiimz. 170. — Cavanilles, Diss, vi, 3;J8, 1. 186. — Micbaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 40. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 4. — Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. i, 216. — Nouveau Dnhamel, v, 143, t. 45.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 449.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 82.— Hot. Mag. t. 910.— Elliott, Sk. i, 507.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 66.— Loddiges, Hot. Cab. 1. 1173.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 84.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz.43, t. 35.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 164.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 6.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1190, f. 1012, t. 196, 197.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ix, 42G.— Eaton & Wright, Hot. 260.— A. De Candollo, Prodr. viii, 270.— Browne, Trees of America, 366.— Miers, Contrib. i, 191, t. 93.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 425.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 253.— Agardh, Theor. & Syst. PI. t. 22, f. 16, 17.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 271.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 80.— Wood, CI. Book, 499; Bot. &F1. 209.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af Nat. For. Viden. Meddclt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 89, f. 2.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 310; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 71.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 199. — Young, Bot. Texas, 374. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 18. EATTLEBOX. SNOWDROP TREE. SILVER-BELL TREE. CALICO WOOD; Moantains of West Virginia to southern Illinois, south to middle Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and through Arkansas to western Louisiana and eastern Texas. A tree 10 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter, or often a tall shrub; generally along streams, in rich soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany mountains; common in cultivation. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5628; ash, 0.40. Note. — Halesia parviHora, Michaux, of southern Georgia, and Florida, does not attain the size or habit of a tree. OLEAOEJB. 189. — Fraxinus Greggii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 64 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 74. — Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, ii, 305. F. Schiedeana, var. parvifolia, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 166. Western Texas, valley of the Eio Grande, from the San Pedro to the Pecos river ; southward into Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.16 meter in diameter (Lampasaa raonntains, Mexico, Buckley), or often a graceful shrub; limestone soil. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7904; ash, 0.93. 190. — Fraxinus anomala, Torrey; Watson in King's Rep. v, 283. — Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 203. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 74. Southwestern Colorado, McElmo river (Brandegee), southern Utah, Kanawa, Leeds, Silver Leaf, Labyrinth caSon of the Colorado river, valley of the Eio Virgen, near Saint George. A small tree, sometimes 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, with the habit of a dwarf pear tree; common on elevated sandstone mesas and plateaus. Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, containing many large, open, scattered ducts, the layers of annual growth marked by several rows of similar ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6597 ; ash, 0.85. 191. — Fraxinus pistaciaefolia, Torrey, Pacific E. R. Rep. iv, 128; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 166.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 260.— Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 19; Syn. Fl. N.America, ii', 74.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 54.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.Cent. ii, 305. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 113. F. velutina, Torrey in Emory's Eep. 149. F. coriacea, Watson in Am. Nat. vii, 302, in part.- Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 186, t. 22.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. F. piataoiw/olia, var. coriacea, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, iiS 74. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 107 ASH. Mountaius of western Texas, through southern New Mexico, southern and eastern Arizona, to southern Nevada (Ash Meadows, Rotliroclc) ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, 10 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 meter in diameter; generally along borders of streams, in elevated caSons, less commonly in dry soil, the foliage then thick and coriaceous or, more rarely, velvety tomentose (var. coriaeea, Gray, I. c.) ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6810; ash, 0.62; occasionally used in wagon-building, for ax handles, etc. 192. — Fraxinus Americana, Linnteus, Spec. 2 ed. 1510.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 254.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 445; 2 ed. v, 476.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1102; Enum. 1060; Berl. Baamz. 145. — Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 393. — Vahl Enua. i, 49. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 604.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i,102. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 63. — Michaux f. Hi»t. Arb. Am. iii, 106, t. 8; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 49, t. 118 (excl. fruit).— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 97; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 192.— Eaton, Manual, 114.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 221.— Cobbett, Woodlands, 131.— Sprengel, Syat. i, 95.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1232, f. 1055 & t.— Penn. Cyel. X, 455.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 408.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 51.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 125, t. 89.— A.De CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 177. — Browne, Trees of America, 394. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 238. — Cooper in Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 369.— Curtis in Geological Rep. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 54.— Wood, CI. Book, 597 ; Bot. & Fl. 277. — Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 382. — Engehnann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soo. new ser. xii, 206. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 494. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 401 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 19 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 74. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 252.— Young, Bot. Texas, 452.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-'76, 207.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 177.— Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52<:.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 68. F. CaroUniensia, Wangenheim, Amer. 81. F. alba, Marshall, Arbustum, 51.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 223. F. acuminata, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 542.— Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 205.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 9.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,231; Sylva, iii, 64 ; 2 ed. ii, 129.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 220.— EUiott, Sk. ii, 672.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 95.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 371 ; Nicollet's Eep. 154. — Ecemer & Schultes, Syst. iii, 277. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 8. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 56.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 247.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 333; 2 ed. ii, 376 & t.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.— Porcher, Eesources S. Forests, 494. t F. juglandifolia, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 542.— Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 208.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 103.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 221.— Beck, Bot. 232. -Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55. F. Canadensis, Gartner, Fract.i, 222, t. 49. F. epiptera, Michaux, Fl.Bor.-Am.ii,256.— Vahl, Enum. i, 50.— Willdenow, Spec. iv,1102; Berl. Baumz. 147.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 603 —Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 103.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 671.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 8.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 672.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 96.— Ecemer & Schultes, Syst. 278.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55. — London, Arboretum, ii, 1237. — Penn. Cycl. x, 455.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 247. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 50. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 277.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 399. F. lancea, Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 209 (Jide Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1237). F. discolor, Muhlenberg, Cat. 111.— Rafinosque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 37.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 297. F. Americana, var. latifolia, Loudon,Arboretum,ii, 1232.— Browne. Trees of America, 396. fF. juglandifolia, var. serrata, Hayne, Dend. Fl. 221. tF. juglandi/oUa,\aT. svbserrata, Hayne, Dend. F1.221. WHITE ASH. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern Ontario to northern Minnesota, south to northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and west to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas. A large tree of the first economic value, 15 to 30 or, exceptionally, 42 meters (Ridgway) in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter ; low, rich, rather moist soil, reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of the lower Ohio Eiver basin; toward its western and southwestern limits smaller, of less economic value, and generally replaced by the green ash {Fraxinus viridis). A form of the southern states with remarkably small fruit has been described as — / 108 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. var. microcarpa, Gray, 8yn. Fl. N. America, ii', 75. F. albicailS, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 4, in part. F. Cwrtisaii, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. Wood heavj', bard, strong, ultimately brittle, coarsegrained, compact; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts, occupying in slowly-grown specimens nearly the entire width of the annual rings; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood much lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.G543; ash, 0.42; specific gravity of the heavier sap-wood, 0.7180; largely used in the manufacture of agricultural implements, carriages, handles, oars, and for interior and cabinet work. Var. Texensis, Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 75. F. albicans, Buckley in Proo. •Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 4, in part. F. coriacea, Wat^on in Am. Nat. Yii,302, in part. F. pistacice/olia, Gray, HaU's PI. Texas, 19 [not Torrey]. Western Texas, Dallas (Beverchon), to the valley of the Devil's river. A small tree, 10 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 meter in diameter ; dry, rocky hills and ridges. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by one or more rows of open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity^ 0.7636 ; ash, 0.70 ; used for the same purposes as that of the species. 193. — Fraxinus pubescens, Lamarck, Diet, ii, 548.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 254.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1103; Enum. 1060; Berl. Baumz. 148.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in. Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 393. — Vahl, Enum. i, 51. — Persoou, Syn. ii, 604. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 102. — Nouveau Dnhamel, iv, 62. — Aitou, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 476. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i,9. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. 279. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 223.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 673.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 95.- Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 371 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 126.— Beck, Hot. 232.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1233, f. 1056.— Penn. Cycl. x, 455.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 247. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 51. — A. De CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 278. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 337 ; 2 ed. ii, 380.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 239.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429. —Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. 8. States, 370.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, .54.— Wood, CI. Book, 597 ; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 402; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 75. — Young, Bot. Texas, 452. — Vaeey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii,^ 177.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882,69. F. Fennsylvanica, Marshall, Aibustum, 51.— Koch, Dendrologie,ii, 253. F. nigra, Du Roi, Harbk. 2 ed. i, 398 [not Marshall]. F. pubescens, var. longifolia, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1104.— Vahl, Enum. i, 52.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 9.— Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836. — Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1233. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278. F, pubescens, var. laii/olia, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1104.— Vahl, Enum. i, 52.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 223.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1233.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278. F. pubescens, var. subpubescens, Persoon, Syn. ii, 605.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1234. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 278. — Browne, Trees of America, 395. F. longifolia, Bosc in Mem. Ingt. 1808, 209. F. subvillosa, Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 209. F. tomentosa, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 112, t. 9 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 53, t. 119.— Barton, Compend. Ft Philadelph. ii, 192. F. Americana, \ax. pubescens, Browne, Trees of America, 395. jP. Oblongocarpa, Buckley in Proo. Philadelphia Acad. 1864, 4. CATALOG.UE OF FOREST TREES. 109 KED ASH. New Brunswick to southern Ontario and northern Minnesota, south to northern Florida and central Alabama. A tree 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter; borders of streams and swamps, in low ground; common and reaching its greatest development in the north Atlantic states; rare west of the Alleghany mountains, probably not extending west of the Mississippi river. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich brown, the sap-wood light brown streaked with yellow ; specific gravity, 0.6251 ; ash, 0.26 ; specific gravity of the lighter sap-wood, 0.5609; somewhat used as a substitute for the more valuable white ash, with which it is often confounded. 194. — Fraxinus viridis, Miohaux f. JEUst. Arb. Am. iii, 115, t. 10; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 54, t. 120 (excl. fruit). — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 222. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 370.— Gray in Pacific R. E. Rep. xii^ 46; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 402; Hall's PI. Texas, 19; Syn.Fl. N. America, ii', 75. — Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 54.— LesquereuxinOwen's2dEop. Arkansas, 382.— Wood, CI. Book, 598; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Watson iu King's Eep. v, 284.— Young, Bot. Texas, 453.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-76, 207.— Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 49.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 305. — Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95. F. juglandifolia, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1104; Enum. 1060; Berl. Baumz. 140 [not Lamarck].— Vahl, Enum. i, 50.— Pcrsoon, Syn. ii, 604. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 63, 1. 16. — Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 476. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9. — Eoemer & Schultes, Syst. i, 278 ; iii, Suppl. 255. — Eaton, Manual, 114. — Sprengel, Syst. i, 95. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 371.— Beck, Bot. 233.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1236, f. 1061, 1062 & t.— Eatou & Wright, - Bot. 247.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 373. tF. Caroliniana, WUldenow, Spec, iv, 1103 ; Enum. 1060 ; Berl. Baumz. 148.— Vahl, Enum. i, 51.— Du Roi, Harbk. 2 ed. i, 400. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 605. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 103. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 62. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 9. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 673.— H.ayne, Dend. Fl. 223.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 95.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 147.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429. F. juglandifolia, var. subintegerrima, Vahl, Enum. i, 50. F. expansa, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 150.— Bremer & Schultes, Syst. i, 279.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 55.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1238. — A. De CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 278. — Browne, Trees of America, 399. F.Americana, var. juglandifolia, Browne, Trees of America, 398. F. Novce-Anglice, Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 251 [not MUler nor Wangenheim] GREEN ASH. Shores of lake Champlain, Tiverton, Ehode Island, and southward to northern Florida, west to the valley of the Saskatchewan, the eastern ranges of the Kocky mountains of Montana, the Wahsatch mountains of Utah, and the ranges of eastern and northern Arizona. A tree 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter ; borders of streams or in low, rather moist soil ; at the west confined to the bottom lands of the large streams and to high mountain canons. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, satiny, containing numerous scattered, small, open ducts, the layers of annual growth marked by several rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7117 ; ash, 0.65; inferior in quality, although often used as a substitute for white ash. Var. Berlandieriana, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 166.— Gray, Syn. yi. N. America, ii>, 75.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. ii, 305.— Watson in Proo. Am. Aoad. xviii, 113. F. Berlandieriana, De CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 278. F. trialata, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 5. Texas, west of the Colorado river; southward into northern Mexico. A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; borders of streams, in low, rich soil. Wood light, soft, rather close-grained, compact, containing few small, scattered, open ducts, the layers of ■annual growth clearly marked by one or two rows of larger ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5780; ash, 0.54. V^ 110 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 195. — Fraxinus platycarpa, Michanx, FL Bor.-Am. ii, 256.— Vahl, Enum. i, 49. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 605.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 103. — Nouveau Dahamel, iv, 64. — Micbaux f. Hist.Arb.Am. iii,128, 1. 13; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 63, t. 124.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 671.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. i,9.— Eoemer eBot America, 397. F, Americana, var. quadrangulata nervosa, Browne, Trees of America, 397. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. Ill BLUE ASH. Southern Michigan to central Minnesota, south to northern Alabama, and through Iowa and Missouri to northeastern Arkansas (Duvall's bluff, Letterman). A tree 18 to 25 or, exceptionally, 37 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter; generally on limestone hills, rarely extending into the bottom lands, and reaching its greatest development in the basin of the lower Wabash river. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, satiny; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light yellow streaked with brown, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7184 ; ash, 0.78 ; largely used for flooring, in carriage-building, etc. The inner bark, macerated, dyes blue. 197. — Fraxinus Oregana, Nuttall, y^ Sylva, iil, 59, t. 99 ; 2 ed. il, 124, t. 99.— Torrey in Pacific E. K. Rep. iv, 128.— Newberry in Pacific B. E. Eep. vi, 25, 87.— Cooper ia Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 260; Pacific E. E. Eep. xii^, 28, 68; Am. Nat. iii, 407. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 260.— Gray in Bot. California, i, 472 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 76.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. F. pubescens, var. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 51. F. grandi/olia, Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 33. OREGON ASH. Shores of Puget sound, south through Washington territory and Oregon west of the eastern valleys of the Cascade mountains, along the California Coast ranges to San Francisco bay and the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino and Hot Spring mountains, California. A tree sometimes 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter ; moist soil, generally along streams, and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of southwestern Oregon. Wood light, hard, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact, containing many large, open, scattered ducts, the layers of annual growth strongly marked with several rows of similar ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5731; ash, 0.34; specific gravity of the lighter sap-wood, 0.5630 ; used in the manufacture of furniture, for the frames of carriages and wagons, in cooperage, for fuel, etc. 198. — Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lamarck, Diet. ii,549.—Muhlenberg&WilldenowinNeueScliriftenGe8ell.Nat.Fr. Berlin, iii, 393.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 1099; Enum. 1059; Berl. Baumz. 150. — Vahl, Enum. i, 51. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 605. — Desfontaincs, Hist. Arb. i, 103. — Bosc in Mem. Inst. 1808, 211. — Nouveau Dahamel, iv, 60.— Alton, Hort. Kew. v, 475.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 122, t. 12; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 159, t. 122.— Pnrsh,Fl. Am. Sept. i,8.— Roemer& Schultes, Syst. i, 279.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.- Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 192.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 224.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, .S"! ; Fl. N. York, ii, 126.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 148.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 54.— London, Arboretum, ii, 1234, f. 1057, 1058.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 299.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 50.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 147.— A. De Candollo, Prodr. viii, 278.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 338; 2 ed. ii,381 & t.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica,3 ed. 239.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 253. — Lesqueretix in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 382. — Wood, CI. Book, 598; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 402; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii',7G.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 69.— Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 48"!. F. nigra, Marshall, Arbustum, 51. F. Nova-Anglice, Wangenheim, Amer. 51. F. crispa, Hort. F. sambucifolia, var. crispa, Loddiges, Cat. 1836.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1234. F. Americana, var. sambucifolia, Browne, Trees of America, 393- BLACK ASH. HOOP ASH. GROUND ASH. I Southern Newfoundland, along the northern shores of the gulf of Saint Lawrence, southwesterly to the eastern shores of lake Winnipeg, south through the northern states to New Castle county, Delaware, the mountains of Virginia, southern Illinois, and northwestern Arkansas. A tree 25 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter; swamps and low river banks; the most northern representative of the genus in America. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, durable, separating easily into thin layers; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, 112 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. thin; color, dark brown, the sap-wood light brown, or often nearly white; specific gravity, 0,6318; ash, 0,72; specific gravity of the heavier sap-wood, 0.74G5; largely used for interior finish, fencing, barrel hoops, in cabinet- making, and the manufacture of baskets. Note. — Fraxinua dipetala, Hooker & Aruott, of the California Coast ranges and the western Blopea of the sontbern Sierra Nevadas, and F. cuspidata, Torrey, of the valley of the Rio Grande, do not attain arborescent habit or dimensions. The following, characterized by Boso in Mem. Inst. 1808, mainly from the foliage of garden specimens of supposed North American origin, cannot be safely referred to our species : F. alba, vinerea, elliptiea, fusca, mixta, nigra, ovata, pannosa, pulverulenta, Richardi, rubicunda, and ru/a. 199. — Forestiera acuminata, Poiret, Snppl. ii, 664. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 194. — Nuttall in Trans. Am. Phil. Soo. new ser. v, 176. — Torrey in Nicollet's Eep. 154. — Engelmann & Gray in Jonr. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 262. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 370. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382. — Wood, CI. Book, 600; Bot. & Fl. 277.— Gray, Manual N. States, .5 ed. 402; Proo. Am. Acad, iv, 363 (excl. var.); Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 76. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 224. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. Adelia acuminata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 225, t. 48. Borya acuminata, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 711.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. 366.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 675.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 57.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 159. Borya ligustrina, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 711, in part.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. 366, in part.— Gray, Manual N. States, 2 ed, 358, in part. Borya nitida, Willdenow, Enum. Suppl. 66. Bigelovia acuminata, Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxxis, No. 4. PBIVET, Western Georgia, western Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, and northward through Arkansas to southern Missouri and Cahokia creek, Illinois (opposite Saint Louis), A small tree, 6 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.20 meter in diameter; borders of swamps and streams, in low, wet soil; common in the Gulf region, near the coast, and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin, rather conspicuous; color, light yellow streaked with brown; the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.6345; ash, 0,72, 200- — Chionanthus Virginica, Linnsens, Spec. 1 ed. 8. — Marshall, Arbustum, 33. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 60. — Wangenheim, Amer. 92. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 14 ; 2 ed. i, 23. — Lamarck, IlL i, 30, t. 9, f. 1. — Willdenow, Spec, i, 46; Enum. 14; Berl. Baumz. 87. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii,t. 98. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i, 3. — Vahl, Enum. i, 44. — Persoon, Syn. i, 9. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i, 111. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 7. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. i, 72.— Nuttall, Genera, i, 5; Sylva, iii, 56, t. 88; 2ed. ii, 122, t. 88.— Elliott, Sk.i, 6.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 2.— Torrey, Fl. U. 8. i, 7 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 17.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 34.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1264.— Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, Abb. Holz. 93, t. 73.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 92. —Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 50.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1206, f. 1029, 1030.— Spaoh, Hist. Veg. viii, 259.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 37. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 193. — A. De CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 295. — Browne, Trees of America, 371.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 238.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 429.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858,253.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 3t9. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 95.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 382. — Wood, CI. Book, 599 ; Bot. & Fl. 276.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 494.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 401 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 19 ; Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 77. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 262. — Young, Bot. Texas, 452. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. G. trifida, Moench, Meth, 437. 0. Virginica, var. latifolia, Vahl, Enum. i, 44.— Alton, Hort, Kew. 2 ed.i, 23.— Pursh, FL Am. Sept. i, 8.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 2.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, .50. 0. Virginica, var. angustifolia, Vahl, Enum. i, 44.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. i, 23.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 2.— Watson, Dend. Brit, i, 1. 1.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 50. C. Virginica, var, montana, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i, 8.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 7 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 17.— Beck, Bot. 232.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 92.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 194.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. viii, 295. G. Virginica, var. maritima, Pursh.Fl. Am. Sept. i, 8.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. i, 7; Compend. Fl. N. States, 17.— Beck, Bot. 232.— EatoD, Manual, 6 ed. 92.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 50.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 194.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. viu, 295.— Eegel, Gartenflora, xvi, t. 564. G. maritima, Loddiges, Cat. 1836. G. heterophylla, Eafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 86. G. longifolia, Eafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 87. C. montana, Eafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 88. 0. 0,ngU8ti/olia, Eafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 88. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 113 FRINGE TREE. OLD MAN'S BEARD. Lancaster county and the banks of the Brandy wine, Chester county, Pennsylvania, south to Tampa bay, Florida, and through the Gulf states to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Brazos river, Texas. A small tree, C to 10 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; generally along streams in low, rich soU ; very common in cultivation. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of largo open ducts, connected as in that of Bumelia by branching groups of similar ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6372; ash, 0.51. A decoction of the tonic and anti-periodic bark of the root sometimes employed in the treatment of intermittent fevers (Am. Jour. Pharm. xliv, 398. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1612). 201. — Osmanthus Americanus, Bentham & Hooker, Genera, ii, 667.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', i, 78. Olea Americana, Linn^enB, Mant. 24. — Marshall, Arbustum, 98.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 543 ; 111. i, 28.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. I, 14; 2ed. i,22. — Willdenow, Spec, i, 45 ; Enum. 13. — Mlchaux.Fl. Bor.-Am. ii,222. — Valil, Eniim.i,41. — Persooii, Syn. i, 9. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 112. — Nouveau Dnbamel, -v, 67. — Miehaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 50, t. 6; N. AmPi-ican Sylva, ii, 3 ed. 128, t. 86. — Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. i, 7. — Roemer & Scbultes, Syst. i, 70. — Rafincaquo, Fl. Ludoviciana, 38. — Nuttall, Genera, i, 5. — Elliott, Sk. i, \ — Sprengel, Syst. i, 34. — Groom in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xivi, 315. — Dietrich, Syn. i, 37.— Don, Miller's Diet. iv,48.— Spach, Hist. Veg. viii, 267.— Eaton, Manual, G ed. 239.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 37.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 333. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. viii, 28(). — Browne, Trees of America, 381. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 429. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 253. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 369. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 57. — Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 382. — Wood, CI. Book, .599; Bot. & Fl. 276. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 493. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 401. — Young, Bot. Texas, 451. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 20. DEVIL WOOD. Southern Virginia, south to cape Canaveral and Tampa bay, Florida, and through the Gulf states to eastern Louisiana, near the coast. A small tree, 10 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter; borders of streams and pine-barren swamps, in moist, rich soil. Wood heavy, very hard and strong, close-grained, unwedgeable, difficult to work, containing many radiating groups of open cells parallel to the thin, obscure, medullary rays ; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow ; specific gravity, 0.8111 ; ash, 0.46. BORRAGINAOE.^. 202. — Cordia Sebestena, Linnrous, Spec. led. 190.— Jacquln,Amer.t. 42. —Lamarck, 111.1,421, t.96, f. 1.— Willdenow, Spec, i, 1073; Enum. 248.— Andrews, Bot. Kep. iii, 157, 1. 157.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 45. — Persoon, Syn. i, 166. — Trattinick, Archiv. t. 354.— Rcemer & Schultes, Syst. iv, 452. — Sprengel, Syst. i, 649. — Bot. Mag. t. 794.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. ii, 8.— Descourtilz, Fl. Antilles, iv, 205, t. 277. — Chaoiisso in Linnsea, vi, 755.— Audubon, Birds, 1. 177.— Don, Miller's Diet, iv, 375.— Dietrich, Syn. i, 611.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 81, 1. 106; 2 ed. ii, 145, 1. 106.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 478.— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. America, ii', 180. f G.juglandi/olia, Ja,cqmn,Am9, t. 8.-Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 66, t.&3; 2 ed.ii,12, t. C3.-Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265.-Chapman, FL S. States, 410.-Grieeboch, Fl. British West Indies, 32; Cat. PI. Cuba, 15.-MUller in De CandoUe, Prodr. xv«, 45o. Schcefferia lateriflora, Swartz, Fl.Ind.Occ.i,329. D. nessiliflora, Baillou, Etml.Gcn. Euphorbiacca), Atlas, 45, t. 24, f. 34-40. D. glauca, Giiscbiicli iu Mom. Am. Acad, new sor. viii, 157 [uot Vahl]. D. crocea, var. longipes, MUller in De Candolle, Prodr. xv», 456. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 121 GUIANA PLUM. -WHITE WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne to the soutliern keys ; iu the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 9 meters iu height, with a truuk 0.12 to 0.17 meter in diameter. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, checking in drying ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood yellow; specific gravity, 0.9209; ash, 0.14, *!• Var. latifolia, MUUer, De Candolle, Prodr. xv', 456. D. glauea, Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 66 ; 2 ed. ii, 14.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 410. D. alba, var. latifolia, Grisebach in Nachrich. d. Konigl. Gesell. Wiss. Univ. Getting. 1865, 165, in part. Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne to the southern keys; in the West Indies. A tree sometimes 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.35 meter in diameter. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, checking in drying; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown streaked with bright yellow, the sap-wood dull brown; specific gravity, 0.9346; ash, 8.29. Perhaps a distinct species, the fruit and flowers not recently collected. 220. — Sebastiania lucida, MUiler; De CanJIolle, Prodr. xv^, 1181. Oymnanthes lucida, Swartz, Prodr. 96. Exccecaria lucida, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. ii, 1122.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 865.— Poiret, Snppl. i, 155.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 634.— Nnttall, Sylva, ii, 60, t. 61 ; 2 cd. ii, 6, t. 61.— A. de Jiissieu, Tent. Euphorl-. 1. 16, f. 55.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 199.— Dietrich, Syn. v, 256. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. Ib58, 265. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 405. — Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 50. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21. CBAB WOOD. POISON WOOD. Semi-tropical Florida, bay Biscayne to the southern keys; common ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter; the large specimens generally hollow and decayed. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, rich dark brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood bright yellow; specific gravity, 1.0905 ; ash, 2.78; now largely manufactured into canes, and furnishing valuable fuel. 221. — Hippomane Mancinella, Linnsens, Spec. 1 cd. 1191.— Jacquin, Amer. 250, t. 159.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 094.- Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 378; 2 ed. v, 333.— Swartz, Obs. 369.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 571.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 589.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. Snppl. 9, t. 12, f. 5.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 374, t. 793, f. 1.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 805.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 524.— Nuttall, Sylva, ii, 54, t. 60; 2 ed. i, 202, t. 60.— Bentham, Bot. Sulphur, 163.— Richard, Fl. Cuba, 200. — Dietrich, Syn. v, 224. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 265. — Baillon, Etud. Gen. Euphorbiaceae, t. 6, f. 12-20.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 404.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 120.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 50.— Kegel, Gartenflora, xv, 1G3, t. 510.— Miiller in De Candolle, Prodr. xv^ 1201.— Schnizlein, Icon. t. 243, f. 3.— Maont & Decaisne, Bot. English ed. 693 & f.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 21. Mancinella venenata, Tussac, Fl. Antilles, ill, 21, t. 5. MANCniNEEL. Semi-tropical Florida, ou the southern keys ; common ; through the West Indies and Central America to tho Pacific. A .imall tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 4 meters in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.17 meter in diameter; abounding in white, milky, exceedingly caustic poisonous sap. " Rain washing the leaves becomes poisonous, and the smoke of the burning wood injures or destroys tlie eyes." — {A. H. Curtisn). Wood light, .soft, close grained, compact, containing numerous evenly-distributed, small, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow; specific gravity (sap-wood), 0.5W2; a.'/ y 130 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 237.— Platanus Wrightii, Watson, Proo. Am. Aoad. x, 349.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Ensby iu Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 54. P. Mexieana, Torrey in Emory's Kep. 151 [not Moricand]. P. racemosa, Watson, Pi. Wheeler, 16 [not Nnttall].— Eothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 239. SYCAMORE. Valleys of southwestern New Mexico to the valley of the San Pedro river, Arizona; southward into Mexico. A tree sometimes 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to O.GO meter in diameter; banks of streams and high mountain canons. Wood light, soft, weak, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, very conspicuous ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4736; ash, 1.35. JUGLANDACE.^:. 238.— Juglans cinerea, Liunjeus, Spec. 2 ed. 1415. — Jacquin, Icon. Ear. i, t. 193.— Wangenheim, Amer. 21, t. 9, f. 21. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 235. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 361 ; 2 ed. v, 296.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 503 ; 111. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 7.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 22, 31 ; ii, 43.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 388.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 191.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 456; Enum. 978; Berl.Banmz. 193.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 556.— Desfontaines, Hist.Arb. ii, 347.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 636.— Barton, Prodr.Fl. PhUadelph. 92.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii, 115, t. 32 ; Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 378.— Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 192.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 220^ Sylva, i, 41 ; 2 ed. i, 37.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 163.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 622.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 865.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 180.— Raflnesqno, Med. Bot. ii, 234.— Audubon, Birds, 1. 142.— Beck, Bot. 335.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 170.— Lindley, Fl. Med. 307.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1439, f. 1262.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 143.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 287.— Emerson, Trees. Massachusetts, 182 ; 2 ed. i, 207 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 589.— Carson, Med. Bot. ii, 42, t. 86.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Darlington, F). Cestrica, 3 ed. 262.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 513. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 254. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 45. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387. — Wood, CI. Book, 640 ; Bot. & Fl. 304. — C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 16, t. 4, f. 45; Prodr. xvi", 137. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 317. — Eugelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 447. — Koch, Dendrologie, i, 589. — Hayden in Warren's Eep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. — Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. iv, 247, t. 247. — Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 36, f. 6. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 178. — Bell in Geological Eep. Canada,. 18r8-'80, 53<=.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 76. J. oblonga, Miller, Diet. No. 3.— Du Eoi, Harbk. i, 332— Moench, Meth. 696.— Eetzius, Obs. i, 10. J. oblonga alba, Marshall, Arbustum, 67. J. cathartica, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 165, t. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 109, t. 31. Carya cathartica, Barton, Compend. n. Philadelph. ii, 178. Wallia cinerea, Alefeld in Bonplandia, 1861, 334. BUTTERNUT. WHITE WALNUT. Southern New Brunswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence river, Ontario and southern Michigan to northern Minnesota (lake Pokegoma, Garrison) and central Iowa, south to Delaware and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia, central Alabama and Mississippi, northern Arkansas, and southeastern Kansas. A tree 18 to 24 or, exceptionally, 30 to 35 meters {Ridgway) in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; rich woodlands; rare at the south; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Ohio River basin. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous regularly-distributed, large, open ducts; medullary rays distant, thin, obscure; color, bright light brown, turning dark with exposure, the sap-wood lighter ; .specific gravity, 0.4086 ; asli, 0.51; largely used for interior finish, cabinet work, etc. The inner bark, especially that of the root, is employed medicinally as a mild cathartic [Am. Jour. Pharm. 1874, 109. — JJ. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 526. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 794), and furnishes a yellow dye. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 131 239. — ^Juglans nigra, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 997.— Jacquiu, Icon. Ear. i, 1. 191.— Wangenheim, Amer. 20, t. 8, f. 20.— Walter, FI. Caroliniana, 235.— Alton, Hort. Kew, ill, 360; 2 ed. v, 296.— Moencb, Meth. 696.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 502; 111. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 6.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, t. 88.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 388. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 191. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 456; Enum. 978; Berl. Baumz. 193.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xx, No. 3.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 566.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 347. — Neuveau Duhamel, iv, 179, t. 48. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 158, t. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 140, t. 30. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 636.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 92; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 177.— Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 192.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 220 ; Sylva, i, 41 ; 2 ed. i, 57.— Hayno, Dend. Fl. 163.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 622.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 865.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357 ; Fl. N. Yol?i, ii, 179.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 1. 158.— Audubon, Birds, t. 84, 156.— Rafinesque, Med. Hot. ii, 233.— Beck, Bot. 335.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 168. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1435, f. 1260 & t. — Eaton &, Wright, Bot. 287. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 185; 2 ed. i, 211 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 589.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 262.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 513. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 254. — Chapmai>, Fl. S. States, 419. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 45. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 387. — Wood, CI. Book, 640 ; Bot. & Fl. 304. — C. De CandoUe in Ann. Set. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 34, t. 1, f. 1, 8-10 ; Prodr. xvi^, 137. — Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209. — Poroher, Resources S. Forests, 318.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 447.— Koch, Dendrologie, i, 587.— Schnizlein/ Icon. t. 244, f. 1, 8, 12, 13.— Young, Bot. Texas, 500. — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 302.— Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 36, f. 5.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 178.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 53^— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. 1882, 76. — Nicholson in London Gard. Chronicle, 1882, 780. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 155. J. nigra oiblonga, Marshall, Arbustum, 67. ' • Wallia nigra, Alefeld in Bonplandia, 1861, 334. BLACK WALNUT. Western Massachusetts, west along the southern shores of lake Erie through southern Michigan to southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas, south to the Chattahoochee region of northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio river, Texas. A large tree, often 30 to 45 meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 3 meters in diameter ; rich bottom lands and hillsides ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains and in the rich bottoms of southwestern Arkansas and the Indian territory; less common east of the Alleghany mountains, and now everywhere scarce. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, liable to check if not carefully seasoned, easUy worked, susceptible of a beautiful polish, durable in contact with the soil, containing numerous large, regularly-distributed, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin, not conspicuous; color, rich dark brown, the thin sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, O.Gllo ; ash, 0.79; more generally used in cabinet-making, interior finish, and for gun stocks than that' of any other North American tree. 240. — ^Juglans rupestris, Engelmann; Sitgreaves' Eep. 171, t. 15.— Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 205 ; Ives' Eep.27.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1658, 260.- C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 28,*t. 2, f. 11 ; Prodr. xvi=, 138. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 93 ; Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 155. — Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 54. J. rupestris, var. major, Torrey in Sitgreaves' Rep. 171, t. 16; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 205; Pacific R. R. Rep. vii, 20.— C. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 138.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 164. J. Californica, Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, x, 349 ; Bot. California, ii, 93.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Eothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 249. WALNUT, Valley of the Colorado river (near Austin), west through western Texas, southern New Mexico, and Arizona from 5,000 to 7,000 feet elevation, and in the California Coast ranges from the San Bernardino mountains to the neighborhood of San Francisco bay and the valley of the Sacramento river. A tree rarely 15 to 22 meters' in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, reaching its greatest development in the neighborhood of San Francisco bay ; in Texas generally reduced to a low, much-branched shrub : borders of streams and mountain caiions, in rich soil. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, coarse-grained, checking in drying, susceptible of a good poli.sh, containing numerous regularly-distributed, large, open ducts ; medullary rays distant, thin, obscure ; color, rich dark brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.0554 ; ash, 1.01. The small nuts sweet and edible. ^ i 4 132 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 241. — Carya olivseformis, NuttaU, Genora, ii, 221. — Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849. — Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83. — Spach. Hist. Veg. ii, 173. — Penn. Cjcl. vi, 331. — Loudon, Arborotnm, iii, 1441, f. 1263.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183.— Scheelo in RcBmcr, Texas, 447.— Belg. Hort. vi, 223, t. 45, f. 2.— Tiirrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey 205. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 418. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, CI. Book, 641 ; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. Do Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, t. 1, f. 3, t. 5, f. 59 ; Prodr. xvi^, 144. — Porchor, Resources S. Forests, 333. — Gray, Manujil N. States, 5 ed. 448.— Young, Bot. Texas, 499.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 77.— Honisley, Bot. Am. -Cent, iii, 163.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 155. Ju(7Zan« Pecan, Marshall, Arbnstum, 69.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 236.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Ncue Si hriftcn Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 392. Jltglans lllinoinensis, Wangenheim, Amer. 54, t. 18, f. 43. Juglans angustifolia, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 361 ; 2 ed. v, 296. Juglans rubra, Gsertner, Frnct. ii, 51, t. 89, f. 1.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 4. Juglans cylindrica, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 505 ; ni. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 5.— Nouveau Duhamel, iv, 179. Juglans olivaformis, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 192.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 457 ; Enum. 979 ; Berl. Baumz. 194.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 566. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 348. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 175, t. 3 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 114, t. 32.— Muhlenberg, Cat. 88.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 296.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 636.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 163.- Regel, Gartenflora, xviii, 89. C. angustifolia, NuttaU, Sylva, i, 41 ; 2 ed. i, 57. tC. teiraptera, Liebmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhand. 1850, 80. Hickorea .species, LeConte in Proc. Philadelphia Acad, vi, 402. C. Tllinoensis, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 593. PECAN. ILLINOIS NUT. Near Davenport, Iowa (C. C. Parry), southern Illinois, and Indiana, northwestern Kentucky, south and southwest through Missouri and Arkansas to eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and through western Louisiana and Texas to the valley of the Concho river. A tree 30 to 52 meters ia height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 meter in diameter ; borders of streams in low, r'ch soil ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the bottom lands of Arkansas and the Indian territory; the largest species of the genus and the largest and most important tree of western Texas. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown tinged with red ; the. sap-wood lighter brown ; specific gravity, 0.7180 ; ash, 1.13 ; less valuable than the wood of the other species and hardly used except for fuel. The sweet, edible nuts are collected in great quantities, affording an important article of commerce. 242. — Carya alba, NuttaU, Genera,ii,221.— Elliott, Sk.ii, 624.— Watson, Dend. Brit. ii,t. 148.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357 ; Fl.N. York, 181.— Beck, Bot. 336.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 174.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 332.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1446, f. 1269 &t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 143.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 191; 2 ed. i, 217 .& t.— Darlington, Fl. Costrica, 3ed. 263.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 513.— Belg. Hort. vi, 223, t. 48, f. fi.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Chapman, FI. S. States, 418. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 43.— Lesquereux in Owpn's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 387.Lwood, CI. Book, 641 ; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, t. 2, f. 13, 14, 18, t. 3, f. 24, t. 4, f. 44, 46 ; Prodr. xvi^, 142.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 448.— Young, Bot. Texas, 499.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Aldrich in Am. Nat. XV, 227.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 179.— Ridgway in Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 72.— Bell in Geological Rop.Cauada, 1879-'80, 55<:. Juglans ovata. Miller, Diet. Juglans alba ovata, Marshall, Arbustnm, 69. Juglans oualis, Wangenheim, Amer. 24, t. 10, f. 23. Juglans compressa, Giertner, Fmct. ii, 50, t. 89, f. 1. — Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 300. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 458; Enum. 979; Berl. Baumz. 195.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 566. — Desfont.iiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 347.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 297.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 164.— Lamarck,. 111. iii, 365, t. 781, f. 3. t Juglans exaltata, Bartram, Travels, 2 od. 38. Juglans squamosa, Lamarck, Diet, iv, 504.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 348.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 190, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 123, t. 36.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 92 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 179.— Bigelow, FL Boston. 3 ed. 380. i CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 133 Juglans alba, Michanx, Fl. Bor. Am. ii 193 [not Linna)u8].—Pur8h, FL Am. Sept. ii, 637.— Eaton, Manual, 108. C. microcarpa, Nattall, Genera, ii, 221; Sylva,i, 38,t. 13; 2 ed. i,55, t. 13.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Penu. Cycl.vi, 332.— - Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1451. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 264. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 44.— Wood, CI. Book, 642; Bot. & F1.304.— C. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi2, 143. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 448. — Kocb, Dendrologie, i, 596.— Young, Bot. Texas, 499.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 77. SHELL-BAEK HICKORY. SHAG-BARK HICKORY. Valley of the Saint Lawrence river, along the northern shores of lakes Ontario and Erie to southern Michigan and sontheastern Minnesota, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and west to eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and eastern Texas. A large tree of the first economic value, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 39 to 45 meters in height {Ridgicay), with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich hillsides and sandy ridges; common and reaching its greatest development west of the Alleghany mountains; varying greatly in the size and shape of the fruit. A form with small, thin-shelled nuts {C. microcarpa, Nuttall I. c.) is not rare from Delaware southward, and in Michigan. Wood heavy, very hard and strong, tough, close-grained, compact, flexible; layers of annual growth clearly marked with one to three rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, brown, the thin and more valuable sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.8372; ash, 0.73; largely used in the manufacture of agricultural implements, carriages, ax handles, baskets, etc. The sweet and edible nuts afford an important article of commerce. 243. — Gary a sulcata, NuttaU, Genera, ii, 221.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 624.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357.— Beck, Bot. 336.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii, 174.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 332.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1448, f. 1271.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 513. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 418. — Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolin.a, 1860, iii, 43.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 387.— Wood, 01. Book, 641 ; Bot. & Fl. .304.-0. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36, t. 5, f. 51, 52 ; Prodr. xvi-, 143. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 449. — Young, Bot. Texas, 499. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 78. Juglans sulcata, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 1 ed. 154, t. 7 ; Spec, iv, 457.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Nene Schriften GeseU. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 391. — Porsoon, Syn. ii, 566.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 346.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 637. Juglans mucronata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 192. Juglans laciniosa, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 199, t. 8 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 128, t. 37.— Barton, Prodr. FL Philadelph. 92.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 112.— Audubon, Birds, t. 101. C. COrdiformis, Koch, Dendrologie, i, 597. BIG SHELL-BARK. BOTTOM SHELL-BARK. Cheater connty, Pennsylvania, west to southern Indiana and Illinois, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory. A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 37 {Bidgway) meters in height, wi th a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; bottom lands, in low, rich soil; rare and local; most common and reaching its greatest development along the streams of southern Arkansas and the Indian territory. Wood heavy, very hard, strong and tough, very close-grained, compact, flexible; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, dark brown, the sap- wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.8108 ; ash, 0.90 ; used for the same purposes as that of the shell-bark hickory. The large nuts sweet and edible. 244. — Carya tomentosa, NuttaU, Genera, ii,221.— Barton, Oompend.Fl. Philadelph. ii, 179.— Elliott, Sk.ii, 625.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 849.— Torrey, Compend. Fl.N.State8, 357; Fl. N. York, ii, 182.— Beck, Bot. 336.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 83.— Spach, Hist. Veg. ii,' 176.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 332.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1444, f. 1267.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 183.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 194, 1. 13; 2 ed. 1,222 & t.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 263.— Darb.\ , Bot. S. States, 513.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 419.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Snrv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 43. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 387. — Wood, 01. Book, 641; Bot. & Fl. 304.— C. De Candolle in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4 ser. xviii, 36 ; Prodr. xvi^, 143.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 449.— Young, Bot. Texas, 499.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 24.— Eidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 78. Juglans alba, Linnseus, Spec. 1 ed.997.— Dn Eoi, Harbk. i,333.— Kalm in Act. Holm. 1769, 117.— Wangenheim, Amer. 23, t. 10, f. 2.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 235.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii,360; 2 ed.v, 296.— Goertner, Fruct. ii,50, t. 89, f. 1.— Moonch, Meth. 696.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i,t. 29.— Lamarck, Diet. iv,503; 111. iii, 364, t. 781, f. 2.— Muhlenberg ;!. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 37. — Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 69. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Liebmann, Chfines Am. Trop. t. 33, f. 50-,57.— Young, Bot. Texas, 503.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 383 ; iv, 191. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 178. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 155. Q. Virginiana, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 17.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii», 57. Q. Phellos, var. sempervirens, Marshall, Arbustum, 124. Q. sempervirens, Walter, Fl. Carollniana, 234. Q. oleoides, Chamisso & Schlechtendal in Linntea, v, 79. — Martens & Galeotti in Bull. Bmx. x. No. 3. — Orsted In SaersKitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69. Q. retusa, Liebmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1&54, 187.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-0, 1866, 69. LIVE OAK. Mob Jack hay, Virginia, south along the coast to bay Biscayne and cape Eomano, Florida, along the Gulf coast to Mexico, extending through western Texas to the valley of the Ked river, the Apache and Gaudalupe mountains and the mountains of northern Mexico south of the Rio Grande at G,000 to 8,000 feet elevation {Havard); in Costa Kica {Q. retusa). An evergreen tree of great economic value, 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 1.50 to 2.10 meters in diameter, or in the interior of Texas much smaller, often shrubby ; on the coast, rich hummocks and ridges, a few feet above water-level; common and reaching its greatest development iu the south Atlantic states. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, compact, dilficult to work, susceptible of a beautiful polish; layers of annual growth obscure, often hardly distinguishable, containing many small open ducts arranged in short broken rows parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light brown or yellow, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.9501; ash, 1.14; formerly very largely and now occasionally used in ship-building. 10 FOB y 146 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA 268. — Quercus chrysolepis, Liebmann, Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 173 ; Cbfincs Am. Trop. 23, t. 47.— Torrey, Bot. Mei. Boundary Survey, 206; Bot. Wilkes Eiped. 4o8. — Cooper in Smitbsoninu Rej). 1858, 260. — Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, ii, 45. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 37. — Bolander In Proc. California Acad, iii, 231.— Orsled in Sacrskitt. Aftryk.af. Nat. For.Videu. Meddolt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, C9.—Va8ey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Engelinann in 'lYans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 383, 393; Wheelort Eep. yi,374; Bot. California, ii, 97. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 119. — Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 596. Q./ulvescens, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, i, (>7, 71.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Eep. vi,27, 89. Q. crassipocula, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 137; v, 365, t. 9. f Q. ohlongifolia, R. Bronn Campst. in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. April, 1871, 4 [not Torrey]. LIYJB OAK. MAUL OAK. VALPAEAISO OAK. Cow Creek valley, Oregon, south through the California Coast ranges and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino mountains between 3,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, and south into Lower California; southeastern Arizona, San Francisco (Greene) and Santa Catalina mountains {Pringle). An evergreen tree of great economic value, 18 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.50 meter in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a low, narrow-leaved shrub (var. vacctMifolia, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 393 ; Bot. California, ii, 97. — Q. vaecinifolia, Kellogg in Trans. California Acad, ii, 96). Wood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, close grained, compact, difficult to work, containing many rather small open ducts arranged in wide bands parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light brown, the sap-wood darker; specific gravity, 0.8493; ash, O.CO; somewhat used in the manufacture of agricultural implements, wagons, etc. ; the most valuable oak of the Pacific forests. 269. — Quercus Emoryi, Torrey, Emory's Eep. 151, t. 9; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 206; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138; Ives' Rep. 28.— Watson in PL Wbeeler, 17.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 382, 387, 394 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 250. — Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 59G. — Henisley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 170. Q. hastata, Liebmann in Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 13; Chfines Am. Trop. '22.— k. De Candolle, Prodr. ivi«, 36.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 69. BLACK OAK. Bexar and Comal counties, Texas, through the mountain ranges of western Texas, of southern New Mexico, and of eastern and southern Arizona. A tree 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its eastern limits in Texas reduced to a low shrub ; common and reaching its greatest development in southwestern New Mexico and southern Arizona between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation near streams in open canons; dry, gravelly soil, the large specimens hollow and defective. Wood very heavy, not hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts, these connected by narrow groups of similar ducts parallel to the broad, couspicuoui medullary rays; color, dark brown or almost black, the thick sap-wood bright bi"Own tinged with red; specific gravity, 0.9263; ash, 2.36. 270. — Quercus agrifolia, N6e, Ann. Cionc. Nat. iii, 271. — Fischer, Misc. Hiep. i, 108. — WilWenow, Spcc.iv, 431. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 568. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx, No. 29.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. iJ, 627.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214; Sylva, i, 5, t. 2; 2 ed. i, 16, t. 2.— Nouvean Dnhamel, vii, 156.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 859. — Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. 292. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1894. — Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337; Bot. Sulphur, 56.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. :i84. — Hooker, Icon, iv, t. 377.— Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechey, 391.— Jour. Hort. Soo. London, vi, 157 & t.— Caniere iu Fl. des Serros, vii, 137 & f.— Torrey in Sitgrcaves' Rep. 173; Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 138; v, 305; vii, 20; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 200; Ives' Eep. 28; Bot. Wilkes ExpeU. 460. — Paxton's Brit. Flower Gard. ii, 44. — Newberry in Pacific E. E. Rep. vi, 32, f. 9. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 2'29. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 37. — Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 18GG, 09. — Liebmann, Cbfines Am. Trop. t. 44. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 25. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 383; Wheeler's Eep. vi, 374; Bot. California, ii, 98. — Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 167. Q. oxyadenia, Torrey in Sitgreavos' Eep. 172, 1 17.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 261. Q. acutiglandis, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad. i,25. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 147 ENCENO. COAST LIVE OAK. California, Mendocino county, south through the Coast Eange valleys to Lower California. A large evergreen tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter, or, rarely, reduced to a low shrub (var. frutescens, JEngelmann in Bot. California, ii, 98); rare at the north; common south of San Francisco bay, and the largest and most generally distributed oak in the extreme southwestern jjart of the state; dry slopes and ridges. Wood heavy, i'.ard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth hardly distinguishable, containing many large open ducts arranged in several rows parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays ; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood darker brown; specific gravity, 0.8253; ash, 1.28; of little value except as fuel. 271. — Quercus Wislizeni, A.DeCandolle, Prodr. xvi2, 67.— Orsted iu Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 73.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 385, 396; Bot. California, ii, 98. Q. Morehus, Kellogg in Proo. California Acad, ii, 36. LIVE OAK. California, mount Shasta region, south along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas to Tulare county, and in the Coast ranges south to the Santa Lucia mountains. An evergreen tree, 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 meter in diameter, or toward its northeastern limits reduced to a shrub 0.90 to 3 meters in height (var. frutescens, Engelmann in Bot. California, ii, 99); not common. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, compact, containing numerous large open ducts arranged in irregular bauds parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap- wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7855; ash, 1.02. 272.— Quercus rubra, Linnaens, ^y Spec. 1 ed. 996.— Dn Eoi, Harbk. ii, 265.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 720.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 234.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 357; 2 ed. T, 292.— Moench, Meth. 348.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 103.— Michaux, Hist. Chfines No. 2, t. 35, 36 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 200.— Willdenow, Spec, iy, 445; Enum. 976; Berl. Banmz. 342.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxi, No. 60.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 569.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 511.— Miobaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. il, 126, t. 26; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 84, t. 28.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 6.30.— Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 293.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 169.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 170.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 157.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 602.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 863.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 358; Nicollet's Rep. 160; Fl. N. York, 189, t. 106.— Bock, Bot. .329.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1877, f. 1740-1744 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 158.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 376.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 165.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 48, t. 10; 2 ed. i, 163 .— Young, Bot. Texas, 507. RED OAK. Western Texas, valley of the Colorado river with the species and replacing it south and west, extending to the valley of the Nueces river and the Limpia mountains (Eavard). A tree 21 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter. Wood heavier, harder, much closer-grained than the species, not checking in drying; layers of annual growth marked with fewer and smaller open ducts ; specific gravity, 0.9080; ash, 0.85. 273. — Quercus coccinea, Wangenheim, Amer. 44, t. 4. f, 9. — Muhlenberg &Willdenow in NeueSchriften Gesell. Nat. l''r. Berliu, iii, 398. — Michaux, Hist. ChfinesAm. No. 18, t.31, 32; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 199. — Willdenow, Spec. iv,445; Enum. 976; Berl. Baumz. 343. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx,61. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 569. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 511. — Poiret, Suppl. ii, 221. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 116, t. 23 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 79, t. 25.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2ed.v, 292.— Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 630. —Eaton, Manual, 108; 6ed.292.—Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 169.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 171.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 157.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 602.— Spreugel, Syst. iii, 863.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 358 ; Fl.N. York, ii, 189.— Beck, Bot. 329.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1879, f. 1746-1748 & t.— Eaton &. Wright, Bot. 384.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 376.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 165.— Emerson, Trees Slassachusetts, 144, t. 9 ; 2 ed. i, 163 & t.— Scheele in Roemer, Texas, 446.— Penn. Cycl. six, 216. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 268. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 510. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 422. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 40. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, 645 ; Bot. & Fl. 306.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 61.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 72. — Gray, "Manual N. States, 5 ed. 453. — Liebmanu, Chines Am. Trop. t. B. — Koch, Dendrologic, ii'^, 69. — Young, Bot. Texas, .504. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 385, 394.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 80.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 156. Q. rubra, /3. Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 996.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 357. SCARLET OAK. Southern Maine to northern New York, Ontario, northern Michigan and Minnesota, eastern Iowa and northeastern Missouri, south to Delaware and southern Tennessee, and through the Alleghany region to northern Florida. A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 54 meters {Ridgway) in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; at the east in dry, sandy soil or, less commonly, in rich, deep soil; in the northwestern prairie region with ^. macrocarpa forming the oak-opening growth; not common and reaching its greatest development in the basin of the lower Ohio river. Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarsegrained ; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin, conspicuous ; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood rather darker ; specific gravity, 0.7405 ; ash, 0.19 ; if used at all, confounded with that of Q. rubra. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 149 274. — Quercus tinctoria, Bartram, Travels, 2 ed. 37. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 5C. — Micbaiix, Hist. Cbcnes Am. No. 13, t. 24,25; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 198. — Willdenow, Spec iv, 444; Euiim.976; Berl. Baumz. 344. — Deafontaines, Hist. Aib. ii, 509. — Poiret, Suppl. ii,221. — Micbaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 110, t.22; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 76, t.24.— Aiton.Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 291.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 629.— Smith in Roes' Cycl. XXX, No. 58.— Bartoa, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 168.— Eaton, Manual, 108 ; 6 ed. 292.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214 ; Sylva, i, 21 ; 2 ed. i, 32.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 169.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 156.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 601.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 862.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357; Fl. N. Yorlj,ii, 188.— Audubon, Birds, t. 82. — Beck, Bot. 328. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1884, f. 17.53, 1754.-k-Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 158.— Bigelow.Fl. Bcston. 3 ed. 376.— Eaton &, Wright, Bot. 384.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 164.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 141, t. 7; 2 ed. i, 160 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 586.- Gray, Manual N. Stales, 1 ed. 416.— Darlington. Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed.268. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 510. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,255. — Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 627, t. 8. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 422. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 39. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Kep. Arkansas, 388. — Wood, CI. Book, 645. — Engelmann in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 395.— Porcber, Eesources S. Forests, 238.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Altryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 45, 72, f. 18.— Liebmann, Chcnes Am. Trop. 9, f. 6.— Young, Bot. Texas, 504. — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii, 288.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27. — Beutley & Trimen, Med.Fl. iv, 251, t.2ul.— Ridgway in Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus. 1882, 84. f Q. velulina, Lamarck, Diet, i, 172.— Koch, Dendrologie, iii", 68. Q. nigra, Marshall, Arbustum, 120 [not LinniBus].— Wangenheim, Amer. 79, t. 6, f. 16. Q. rubra, Wangenheim, Amer. 14, t. 3, f. 7 [not LinnsBus]. — Muhlenberg & Willdenow in Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii, 399. Q. discolor, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 358. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii. 111. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 444; Berl. Baumz. 345. — Poiret, Suppl. ii, 221.— Smith in Eees' Cycl. xxx. No. 59.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 601.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 863.— Beck, Bot. 329.-Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 292.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384. Q. tinctoria, var. angulosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 198.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1858. Q. tinctoria, var. simiosa, Michanx, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 198. — London, Arboretum, iii, 1885, f. 1755-1757.— Liebmann, Chdne* Am. Trop. t. C. t Q. Shumardii, Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1860, 445. Q. coccinea, var. tinctoria. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 454.— Wood, 01. Book, 306.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 61. BLACK OAK. YELLOW-BAEK OAK. QUERCITRON OAK. YELLOW OAK. Southern Maine to northern Vermont, Ontario, southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian territory, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and eastern Texas. A large tree, 24 to 36 or, exceptionally, 48 meters (Ridgway) in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 meter in diameter; generally on dry or gravelly uplands; very common. Wood heavy, hard, strong, not tough, coarsegrained, liable to check in drying; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of very large open ducts; color, bright brown tinged with red, the sap-wood much lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7045 ; ash, 0.28 ; somewhat used for cooperage, construction, etc. The bark largely used in tanning; the intensely bitter inner bark yields a valuable yellow dye, and is occasionally used medicinally in tlie form of decoctions, etc., in the treatment of hemorrhage {U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 756. — N^at. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1196). 275. — Quercus Kelloggii, Newberry, Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 89, 286, f. 6.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. -lee.— R. Brown Campst. Horse Sylvanse, 58, f. 4-6.— Engelmann in Bot. California, ii, 99. Q. rubra, Bentham,Pl. Hartweg. 337 [not Linnseus]. Q. tinctoria, var. Californica, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 205 ; Ives' Rep. 28. Q. Californica, Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261. Q. 8om>mensis, Bentham in De Candolle Prodr. xvi^, 62.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 230.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 72.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Engelmann in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 374. — Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 596. BLACK OAK. Valley of the Mackenzie river, Oregon, south through the Coast ranges and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino mouutains to the southern borders of California. ^Qj y ^ 150 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. A large tree, 18 to 24 meters in heigbt, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a shrub ; the most common and important oak of the valleys of southwestern Oregon and the California Sierras. Wood heavy, bard, strong, very brittle, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays few, broad, conspicuous; color, light red, the thin sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.G4.35 ; ash, 0.26 ; of little value, except as fuel ; the bark somewhat used in tanning. 276. — Quercus nigra, Linnffins, Spec. 1 ed. 995. — Lamarck, Dict,i, 721. — Wangenhoim, Amer. 77,t. 5, f. 13. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana,234. — Aiton, Hort. Kew.iii,:{57; 2 ed.v,291.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, i, 50; ii,58.— Mlchaux, Hist. CbSnes Am. No. 17, t. 22,23; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 198.— Muhlenberg 10.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 422. — Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 41. — Wood, CI. Book, 644 ; Bot. & Fl. 306.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 59.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 72.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii», 67.— Young, Bot. Texaa, 503.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. ? Q. te»i«, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 234. TURKEY OAK. SORITB OAK. FORKED-LEAF BLACK JACK. BLACK JACK. North Carolina, south near the coast to cape Malabar and Pease creek, Florida, and along the coast of Alabama and Mississippi. A small tree, 7 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter; very common in the south Atlantic and east Gulf states upon barren sandy hills and ridges of the maritime pine belt; rare in Mississippi. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large •pen ducts and containing many much smaller ducts arranged in short lines parallel to the broad, conspicuous medullary rays; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat lighter; specific gravity, 0.7294; ash, 0.87 ; largely used for fuel. 279. — Quercus palustris, Du Eoi, Harbk. ii, 268, t. 5, f. 4.— Wangenheim, Amer. 76, t. 5, f. 10.— Michaux, Hist. Chfines Am. No. 19, t. 33, 34 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 200.^- [ ^ , Willdenow, Spec, iv, 446; Enum.970; Berl. Baumz. 343. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 569. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 511. — Poiret, Suppl. ii, \^ J> 222.- Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 123, t. 25 ; N. American Sylva, i, 83, t. 27.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 cd. v, 292.— Smith in Eees' Cycl. ^— ^ XXX, No. 6.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 631.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91 ; Compeud. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 170.— Eaton, Manual, 108; 6ed. 293. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 172.— Hayne, Deud. Fl. 158. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 863. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 358; Fl. N. York, ii, 190, t. 107.— Beck, Bot, 329.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1887, f. 1758-1761 & t.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 384. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 166.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 269. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Brendel in Trans. Hlinois Ag. Soc. iii, 631.- Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Eep. Arkansas, 388. — Wood, CI. Book, 644 ; Bot. & Fl. 306. — A. Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 00.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. al. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 23, 72, f. 4.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 454. — Liebniann, Chines Am. Trop. t. A. — Koch, Dcndmlogie, ii^, 71. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 2 cd. i, 167 & t. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— W. E. Stone in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix,57.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 83.- Burgess in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 95.- Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 649. Q. rubra, var. dinsecta, Lamarck, Diet, i, 120. Q. rubra ramosisaima, Marshall, Arbustum, 122.— Muhlenberg & Willdenow in NeueSchriftenGesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, 398. 152 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. PIN OAK. SWAMP SPANISH OAK. WATEE OAK. Valley of the Connecticut river, Massachusetts (Amherst, Stone), to central Few York, south to Delaware and the District of Columbia; southern Wisconsin to eastern Kansas, soutlicru Arkansas, and southeastern Tennessee. A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 meters [Eidtjway) in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; low, rich soil, generally along the borders of streams and swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest development west of the Alleghany mountains. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, coarsc-gruiued, inclined to check badly in drying; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays broad, numerous, conspicuous ; color, light brown, thesap-wood rather darker; specific gravity, 0.6938; asli, 0.81; somewhat used for shingles, clajiboards, construction, and in cooperage. 280. — Quercus aquatica, Walter, Fl. Carolinian.-!, 234. — Alton, Ilort. Kcw. iii, 357 ; . — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 37. — Lesqnereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388. — Wood, CI. Book, 643; Bot. & Fl. 305. — A. De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi*, 67.- Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nog. 1-6, 1866, 72.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. — Liebmann, Chenes Am. Trop. t. D. — Young, Bot. Texas, 503. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. Q. nigra aquatica, Lamarck, Diet, i, 721. Q. nigra trifida, Marshall, Arbustum, 121. f Q. Uliginosa, Wangenheim, Amer. 80, t. 6, f. 18. Q. hemisphcerica, willdenow, Spec.iv, 443.— Poiret, Suppl. ii, 628.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 628.— Smith in Kees' CycL xxx. No. 56, 628.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 295.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385.— Mlohanx L N. American Sylva, 3 ed. 187. Q. nana, Willdenow, Spec. 448.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 599. Q. aquatica, vara, cuneata, elongata, indivisa, attenuata, Aiton.Hort. Kew.2ed.v,290. Q, hemisphcerica, var. nana, Nuttall, Genera, ii,214. Q. aquatica, var. hybrida, Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421. Q. nigra, Koch, Dendrologie, ii», 61, in part. WATEE OAK. DUCK OAK. POSSUM OAK. PUNK OAK. Sussex county, Delaware, south through the coast and middle districts to cape Malabar and Tampa bay, Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, and through Arkansas to the valley of the Black river, southeastern Missouri (Poplar Bluffs, Letterman), middle Kentucky and Tennessee. A tree 15 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; generally along streams and bottoms in heavy, undrained soil, or, more rarely, upon uplands ; very common and reaching its greatest development along the large streams in the maritime pine belt of the cistern Gulf states. Wood heavy, liard, strong, coarse-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays thin, conspicuous: color, rather light brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.7244 ; ash, 0.51 ; probably not used except as fuel. 281. — Quercus laurifolia, Michanx, Hist. Chenes Am. No. 10, 1. 17 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 197.— Willdenow, Spec, i v, 4:i7. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 567.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx. No. 14.— Aiton, Hort. Kow. 2 ed. v, 288.— Pur.sh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 627.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 153.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 597.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 857.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 294.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1897, f. 1775, 1776.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 385.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Caroliua, 1860, iii, 36. — Liebmann, Chdues Am. Trop. t. D. — Wood, CL Book, 643. — Vasey, Cat. Forest 'I'rees, 26. — Engeliuaun in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 385, 395. Q. laurifolia hybrida, Michanx, Hist. Ch6ncs Am. No. 10, 1. 18. Q. laurifolia, var. ohtma, WilIdenow,Spec.iv,428.— Alton, TIort..Kew. 2 ed.v, 288. —Wood, CI. Book, 343. Q. laurifolia, var. OCWto, Willdenow.Spec. iv, 428.— Aiton.Hort. Kew. 2 ed.v, 288. Q. ohttisa, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 627. Q. Phellos, var. laurifolia, Cbapman.Fl.S. States, 420.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 305.— Young, Bot. Texas, 502. Q. aquatica, var. laurifolia, A. De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^ 68. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 153 LATJEEL OAK. North Caroliua, soutli near the coast to Mosquito inlet and cape Eomano, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the shores of Mobile bay. A large tree, 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the rich hummocks of the Florida coast. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, coarse- grained, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of rather small open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color, dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood ligli-ter; specific gravity, 0.7673 ; ash 0.82. 282. — Quercus heterophylla, Michauxf. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 87, t. 16; N. American Sylva, 3 ed.i,64, t. 18.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 627.— Barton, Compend.Fl. Philadelph. ii, 167. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214; Sylva, i,15; 2ed. i,24. — Green in Universal Herbal, ii,442.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357.— Sweety Cat. 2 ed. 466.— Beck, Bot. 328.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 292.— Loudon , Arboretum, iii, 1894.— Eaton & Wriglit, Bot. 383.— Gale in Proc. Nat. lust. 1855, 70, f. 1.— Wood, CI. Book, 645.— Buckley in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1862, 361 ; 1862, 100.— Gray, HaU'« PI. Texas, 21. — Liebinann, Chenes Am. Trop. t. B. — Meehan in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1875, 437, 465; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vll, 10. — Leidy in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1875, 415. — Eugelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 385, 391. — Martindale, Notes on the Bartram Oak, 3; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 303.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 114. Q. aquatica, var. heterophylla, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 290.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi«, 68. Q. nigra, var. Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 255. Q. Phellos X tinctoria. Gray, Manual N. States, 4 ed. 406. Q. Phellos, var. Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 453. Q. Phellos Xcoccinea, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 541. BABTEAM'S OAK. New Jersey, Salem and Cumberland counties, "restricted to a line or belt bordering extreme tidal points of streams entering the Delaware river where the alluvial terminates and the upland commences," {Commons)-, Delaware, near Townsend station and Wilmington ; North Carolina {M. A. Curtis in herb. Canby) ; eastern Texas {E. Hall) ; this perhaps Q. JDurandii. A small tree, 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 meter in diameter; rare and very local. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat darker ; specific gravity, 0.6834 ; ash, 0.17. 283. — Quercus cinerea, Michaux, Hist. Chfines Am.No. 8,t.l4; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 197.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 425.— Persoon, Syn. ii,567.— Poiret, Snppl. ii, 212.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 82, 1. 14; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i,61,t. 16.— Aitou, Hort. Kew, 2 ed. v, 288.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,626.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xsx. No. 6. — Nuttall. Genera, ii, 214. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 151. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 594. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 857.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 294.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 6 ed. 294.— Eugelmann & Gray in Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 262.— Scheele in Eoemcr, Texas, 446. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 255. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 421. — Curtis in Eep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 37.— Wood, CI. Book, 643 ; Bot. & Fl. 305.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 73.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1866, 73.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Young, Bot. Texas, 502.— Koch, Dendrologio, iii", 58. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. — Eugelmann iu Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 385, 395. Q. Prinus, p. LinncBus, Spec. 1 ed. 995. Q. humilis, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana,234. Q. Phellos, var. cinerea, Aiton,Hort.Kew.iii,J54.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1895, f. 1773.— Spaoh, Hist. Veg. xl, 161. UPLAND WILLOW OAK. BLUE JACK. SAND JACK. North Carolina, south near the coast to cape Malabar and Pease creek, Florida, west along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Brazos river, Texas, extending north tlirough eastern Texas to about latitude 33°. A tree 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.20 meter in diameter; sandy barrens and dry upland ridges. Wood lieavy, hard, strong, close grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of not large open ducts; medullary rays distant, thin, conspicuous; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood darker ; specific gravity, 0.6420 ; ash, 1.21. 164 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 284. — Quercus hypoleuca, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louie Acad, iii, 384 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 251 .— Vasey, Cat. Forest Ttfees, 20.— Eusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 78. Q. eon/ertifoHa, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 207 [not HBK.].— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,201. Limpia mouutains, Texas {Havard), valleys of the high mountain ranges of southwestern New Mexico, Santa Eita mountains, Arizona, above C,000 feet elevation ; southward into Soiiora. A small evergreen tree of great beauty, 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.75 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly slopes and summits, the large specimens hollow and defective. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by few small open ducts; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color, dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.8009; ash, 1.34. 285. — Quercus imbricaria, Michaux, Hist. Chfines Am. No. 9, t. 15, 16 ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 197. — Willdonow, Spec, iv, 428 ; Ennm. Suppl. 64 ; Bcrl. Banmz. 338. — Persoonr Syn. ii, 567. — Poiret, Snppl. ii, 214.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 78, 1. 13 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 60, t. 15.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. V, 288.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx. No. 15. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 627.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 214.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 167. — Nonveau Dubaoiel, vii, 153. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 155.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 598. — Sprongel, Syst. iii, 857. — Torrey, Couipend. Fl. N. States, 357.— Beck, Bot. 328.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 292.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1898, f. 1777.— Eaton A Wright, Bot. 383.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 510.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. ii, 130.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 255. — Brendel in Trans. Illinois Ag. Soc. iii, 623, t. 6. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 4'.i0. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 36.— Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, 643; Bot. & Fl. 305.— A. De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi", 6:5.— Orsted in Saerskitt. Aftryk. af. Nat. For. Viden. Meddelt. Nos. 1-6, 1860, 73.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 452— Young, Bot. Texas, 502. — Liebniann, Chfiues Am. Trop. t. D, t. xxii, f. 5. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii*, 60. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Ridgway in Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus. 1882, 80. Q. Phellos, var. imbricaria, Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 160. SHINGLE OAK. LAUREL OAK. Allentowu, Lehigh county, Pennsylvania (Porter), west through southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, and •outheastern Iowa to southeastern Nebraska and northeastern Kansas, south to northern Georgia and Alabama, middle Tennessee, and northern Arkansas. A tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; rich woodlands. Wood heavy, hard, rather coarse grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood much lighter ; specific gravity, 0.7529 ; ash, 0.43 ; occasionally used for clapboards, shingles, etc. / 286. — Quercus Phellos, Linntens, Spec. 1 ed. 994. — Lamarck, Diet, i, 722. — Wangenheim, Amer. 76, t. 5,f. 11. — Walter, Fl. CaroUniana, 234. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii,:l54; 2 ed. V, 287. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 52, 91. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 197. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 423 ; Enum. 974 ; Berl. Baumz. 337. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxx. No. 7. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 567. — Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 507. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii,75, t. 12; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. i, 58, t. 14.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 625.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 91 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 167. — Nnttall, Genera, ii, 214 ; Sylva, i, 15 ; 2 ed. i, 17. — Nouveau Duhamel, vii, 150. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 155. — Elliott, Sk. ii, 593.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 857.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 357 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 187.— Beck, Bot. 328.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 383.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1894, f. 1774 & t.— Eaton Valley of the Pmpqua river, Oregon, south through the Coast ranges to the Santa Lucia mountains, California. A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; rich valleys and banks of streams; most common and reaching its greatest development in the redwood forests of the California coast. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, containing broad bands of small open ducts parallel to the thin, dark, conspicuous medullary rays ; color, bright reddish-brown, the thick sap-wood darker brown ; specific gravity, 0.C827; ash, 1.49; largely used as fuel. The bark, rich in tannin, very largely used and preferred to that of any other tree of the Pacific forests for tanning. Note. — Tlie following shrubby species of Quercus do not properly find a place in this catalogue : Quercus undulata, Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 248, t. 4. Interior Pacific region from Colorado southward. Quercus Breweri, Engelmimn in Bot. California, ii, 96. Q. Ijhata, var. Ji-utico^a, Engelmann in Trans. St. Lonls Acad. Ill, 388. Western slopes of the high Sierra Novadas, California. Quercus Oeorgiana, M. A. Curtis in Chapman's Fl. S. States. Stone Mountain, Georgia. Quercus myrtifolia, Willdcnow, Sp. iv, 424. Q. Fhtllos, var. armaria, Chapman, m. S. States, 420. Q. aquatka, var. myrtifolia, A. De Canrnia. Kumerons hybrid or supposed hybrid oaks, variously described by American botanists, are not properly considered here. 166 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 288. — Castanopsis chrysophylla, A. De Candolle; SeemanD's Jour. Bot. i, 182 ; Prodr. xvl», 109. — Watson in King's Kcp. v, 322 ; Bot. California, ii, 100. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 401. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 463. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. Castanea chrytophylla, Douglas in Hooker's London Jour. Bot. ii, 496, t. 16.— Benthara, PI. Hartweg. 337.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 159.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 21; 2 ed. i, 37.— Bot. M»g. t. 4953.— Torrey in Pacific K. R. Rep. iv, 137; Bot. Hex. Boundary Survey, 205.— Morren in Belg. Hort. vii, 248, t. 240.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 26, 89, f. 4. — Fl.des Serres, xii, 3, 1. 1184. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,261. — Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, ii, 280. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 231. — Engelmann in Wheeler'sRep. vi, 375. — Shingles in London Gard. Chronicle, 1882, 716. Castanea chrysophylla, var. minor, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337- Castanea sempervirens, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, i, 71. C. chrysophylla, var. minor, a. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 110. C. chrysophylla, var. pumila, Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27. CHINQUAPIN. Cascade mountains, Oregon, below 4,000 feet elevation, south along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas, and through the California Coast ranges to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains. A tree 15 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or at high elevations and toward its southern limits reduced to a low shrub ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Coast Eange valleys of northern California ; at its southern limits rarely below 10,000 feet elevation. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by a single row of rather large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5574 ; ash, 0.35 ; in southern Oregon occasionally used in the manufacture of plows and other agricultural implements. 289. — Castanea pumila, Miller, Diet. No. 2.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 708.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 193.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 461; Enum. 980; Berl. Baumz. 78.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xiv, No. 2. — Nouveau Dnhamel, iii, 79. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 572. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 500. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 166, t. 7; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 16, t. 105.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 298.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,624.— Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 159; New Fl. & Bot. i,83. — Nuttall, Genera, ii,217 ; Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 168. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 165.— James in Long's Exped. ii, 287.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 615.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 355 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 196.— Audubon, Birds, t. 85.— Beck, Bot. 332.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 84.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 350.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 2002, f. 11^27, 1928.- Eaton & Wright, Bot. 184.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 192.— Darlington, PI. Cestrica, 3 ed. 270.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 512.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1658, 256. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424. — Curtis in Rep.- Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 47. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388.— Wood, CI. Book, 646 ; Bot. & Fl. 307.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 237.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 115. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 455. — Young, Bot. Texas, 508. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii-, 24. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27. — Butler in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 17. FagUS pumila, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 998.— Da Roi, Harbk. i, 175.— Wangenheim, Amer. 57. t. 19, f. 44.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 233. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 361. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 57. Fagus Castanea pumila, Marshall, Arbnstum, 47. Fagus pumila, var. prwcox, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 233. G. nana, Muhlenberg, Cat. 86.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 615.— Rafinesque, New Fl. & Bot. i, 83.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 512.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 47. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388. 0. alnifolia, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 217 ; Sylva, i, 19, t. 6 ; 2 ed. i, 36, t. 6. C. vesca, Lesquerenx in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388 [not Gsertner]. CHINQUAPIN. Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, and the valley of the lower Wabash river, Indiana, south and southwest to northern Florida and the valley of the Neches river, Texas. A tree sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 1.05 meter in diameter, or often, especially in the Atlantic states, reduced to a low shrub; rich hillsides and borders of swamps; most common and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas. Wood light, hard, strong, coarse-grained, durable in contact with the ground, liable to check in drying; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, dark brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.5887 ; ash, 0.12 ; used for posts, rails, railway ties, etc. The small nuts sweet and edible. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 157 290. — Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana, A. De Candolle, Prodr.xvi^, 114.— Schneck in Coulter's Bot. Gnzottc, vi, 159.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 53<:.— Eidgway in Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 84. Fagus Castanea dentata, Marshall, Arbnstum, 46. FagilS Castanea, Wangcnbeim, Amer. 47 [not Linntens]. — Walter, FI. Caroliniana, 233. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 361, in part. — Lamarck, 111. iii, :t6(;, t. 782, in part. C. vescd, var. Americana, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-An . ii, 193.— Persoou, Syn. ii, .572.— Barton, Prodr. FI. Philadelph. 90. — Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 024.- Eaton, Manual, 109; 6 ed. 84.— Niittall, Genera, ii, 217.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 614.— Torrey, Compend. FI. N. States, 35.'j ; Fl. N. York, ii, ig.'i, t. 111.— London, Arboretum, iii, 1984.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 184. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 164, 2 ed. i, 187 »fc t. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 238. Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Rndkin in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club,vii,81. G. Americana, Kaiinesque, New 1^1. & Bot. i,82.— Willdenow,Enura. Suppl. 64.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 24; 2 ed. i, 38.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 191. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii'', 23. — Martindale in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1880, 2. G. vesca, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 460, in part. — Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, !J00, in part. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 151, t. 6; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 11, I. 104 [not Goertner]. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. 165, in part. — Sprengel, Syst. iii, 856, in part.— Beck, Bot. 332.— Penn. Cycl. vi, 350.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 224.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 270.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 511.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 424.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 46.— Wood, CL Book, 646; Bot. & Fl. 306.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 455. CHESTNUT. Southern Maine to the valley of the Winooski river, Vermont, southern Ontario and southern Michigan, south through the northern states to Delaware and southern Indiana, and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Alabama, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee. A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 meters in diameter; rich woods and hillsides; very common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, liable to check and warp in drying, easily split, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4504; ash, 0.18; largely used in cabinet-making, for railway ties, posts, fencing, etc. The fruit, although smaller, superior in sweetness and flavor to that of the European chestnut. An infusion or fluid extract of the dried leaves is successfully employed in the treatment of whooping-cough and other pectoral aflections ( U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 245. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 364). y 291. — Fagus ferruginea, Alton, ^ Hort. Kew. iii, 362 ; 2ed. v, 298.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 75. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 460; Enum. 980; Berl. Baumz. 140. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 571.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 496.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 174, t. 9 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 21, 1. 106.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xiv. No. 4.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 624.- Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 90 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 174.— Eaton, Manual, 108; 6 ed. 145.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 856.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 354; Fl. N. York, ii, 194, t. 110.— Beck. Bot. 33:j.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 145.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1980, f. 1917.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 1.59.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 244.— Bigelow, FI. Boston. 3 ed. 374.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 271.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 425.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 47.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 307.— A. Dt Candolle, Prodr. xvi=, 118.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 455. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 19. — V asey , Cat. Forest Trees, 27. — Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 179.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52'=.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 85. F. sylvatica atropunicea, Marshall, Arbustum, 46. F. Americana lati/olia, Wangenheim,Amer.80,t.29, f. 55.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1980, f. 1916. F. sylvatica, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 233 [not Linnfeus].— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 624.— Beck, Bot. 333.— Darlington, FI. Cestrica, 2 ed. 5:38.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 512. F. Sfllvestris, Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. ii, 194.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 170, t. 8; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. iii,18,t. 107.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 159. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388. F. alba, Rarnies(nu', VLLndoviciana, 131. F. sylvatica, var. Americana, NuttalI,Genera, ii,216.— Barton,Conipend. Fl.Philadelpb.ii,174.—Eniott,Sk.ii, 613.— Eaton, Manual, 0 ed. 145.— Loudim, Arboretum, iii, 1953.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 244. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 153 ; 2 ed. i, Inii &. t.— Wood, CI. Book, 647. —Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 2;i5. F. Americana, Sweet.Hort. Brit.- 8pach,Hi8t. Veg. xi,201. F. ferrvginea, var. Caroliniana, Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1980, f. 1915. 158 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. BEECH. ' , 2vova Scotia and the valley of the Eestegouche river to the northern shores of lake Huron and northern Wisconsin, south to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, west to eastern Illinois, southeastern IMissouri, and Madison county, Arkansas {Letterman). A large tree, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 34 meters {Ridgway) in height, with a tmnk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; rich woods, or at the south sometimes in bottom lands or the dryer portions of swamps, reaching its greatest development upon the "bluff" formations of the lower Mississippi basin; very common. Wood very hard, strong, tough, very close grained, not durable in contact with the soil, inclined to check in drying, diflBcult to season, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays broad, very conspicuous ; color, varying greatly with soil and situation, dark red, or often lighter, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.6883 ; ash, 0.51 ; largely used in the manufacture of chairs, shoe-lasts, plane-stocks, handles, etc., and for fuel. V 292. — Ostrya Virginica, Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 469; Enum. 982 ; Berl. Baumz. 260.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 573.— Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 302.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 623.— Eaton, Manual, 109; 6 ed. 244.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 219.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 169.— Elliott, Sk.ii, 618.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 856.— Toirey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 356; Nicollet's Rep. 160; Fl. N. York, ii, 185,t. 102.— Audubon, Birds, t. 40.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 2015, f. 1940.— Hooker, Fl.Bor.-Am.ii, 160.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 336.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 383.— Spach in Anu. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi,246; Hist. Veg.xi, 218.— Emerson, Trees Mass-achusetts, 177 ; 2 ed. i, 201 & t.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 274.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 509.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 256. —Chapman, Fl. S. States, 426. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 75. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 388. — Wood, CI. Book, 647; Bot. &FL 307. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 233. — A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 125. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 456. — Young, Bot. Texas, 510. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27. — Sargent in Am. Nat. xi, 683. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 179. — Kidgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. MI18.85. Carpinus Ostrya, Linnajus, Spec. 1 ed. 998, in part.— Du Roi, Harbk. i, 130.— Wangenheim, Amer. 48.— Marshall, Arbustum, 25.— Moench, Meth. 694. — Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, t. 76. — Nonvean Duhamel,ii,200. — Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 53, t. 7 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 27, 1. 109. Carpinvs Virginiana, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 4.— Lamarck, Diet, i, 708 ; Wangenheim, Amer. 49.— Nonvean Dnhamel, ii, 201.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 493.— Smith in Roes' Cycl. vii, No. 5. Carpinus triflora, Moench, Meth. 394. Carpinus Ostrya, var. Americana, Michaux, Fl.Bor.-Am.ii, 202. 0. Virginica, var. glandulosa, Spach in Ann, Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 246 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 218. 0. Virginica, var. eglandulosa, Spach. in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi, 246 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 218. 0. Virginiana, Koch, Dendrologie, ii«, 6. HOP HORNBEAM. IRON WOOD. LEVER WOOD. Bay of Chaleur, through the valleys of the Saint Lawrence and the lower Ottawa rivers, along the northern shore of lake Huron to northern Minnesota, south through the northern states and along the Alleghany mountains to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, and through eastern Iowa, southeastern Missouri, and Arkansas to eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and eastern Texas. A small tree, 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter ; generally on dry, gravelly hillsides and knolls, reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas; common. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil ; medullarj' rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown tinged with red, or, like the sap-wood, often nea,rly white ; specific gravity, 0.8284 ; ash, 0.50 ; used for posts, levers, handles of tools, etc. 293. — Carpinus Caroliniana, Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 238.— A. De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 126.— Koch, Dondrologie, ii', 4.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst. XTiii, 180.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 85. 0. Americana, Lamarck, Diet. iv,708; Snppl. ii, 202.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 201.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 468; Enum. Suppl. 64; Berl. Baumz. 75. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 573. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 57, t. 8; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. iii,26,t. 108.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii,623.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 301.— Eaton, Manual, 109; 6 ed. 8'.'.— Barton. Pro7; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Youug, Bot. Texas, 509.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 27.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, CO.— Bell iu Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52<=. 0. .BetwJtts Firpiniana, Marshall, Arbustum, 25. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 159 HOENBEAM. BLUE BEECH. WATER BEECH. lEON WOOD. Nova Scotia, soutbern New Brunswick, northern shores of Georgian bay, southern peninsala of Michigan to northern Minnesota (lake Pokegania, Garrison), south to cape Malabar and Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas, west to central Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the valley of the Poteau river, Indian territory. A small tree, 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or at the north much smaller and often reduced to a low shrub ; borders of streams and swamps, in moist soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains and in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, inclined to check in drying; medullary rays numerous, broad; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.7286 ; ash, O.'-'S; sometimes used for levers, handles of tools, etc. BETULACE^. 294. — Betula alba, var. populifolia, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 187 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 233. — Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv», 19.— Kegel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, sir, 76, t. 4, f. l^ 19-28; Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 459.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Maconn iu Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 55«. B. lenta, Du Roi, Harbk. i, 92 [not LinnseusJ.— Wangenheim, Amer. 45, t. 29, f. 38. B. populifolia, Marshall, Aibustuni, 19.— Alton, Hort. Kew. ill, 336; 2 ed. v, 299.— Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 1 ed. 37, t. 2, f. 5 ; Spec, iv, 463. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 572. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 476.— Nouveaii Duhamel, iii, 204. — Poiret, Suppl. 1, 687.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 139, t. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 78, t. 71.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. 11,620.- Smith in Rees' Cycl. iv. No. 8. — Barton, Prodr. FI. Philadelph. 92 ; Compend. Fl. Philadelph. 11, 175. — Eaton, Manual, 109; 6 ed.53.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218; Sylva, 1,25; 2 ed. i, 42.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 166.— Sprengel, Syst. ill, 854.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, 151. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 355; Fl. N. York, ii, 199, 1. 112. — Loudon, Arboretum, Hi, 1707, f. 1560.— Hooker, FI. Bor.-Am. 11, 155.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 156.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 381.— Emerson, Tree* Massachusetts, 213; 2 ed.l, 243 & t. — Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 421. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256. — Wood, CI. Book, 649; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Kooh, Dendrologie, ii, 646. B. acuminata, Ehrhart, Beltr. vi, 98.— McBUch, Meth. 693. B. alba, suhspeciea populifolia, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 399 ; De CandoUe, Prodr. ivi», 164. WHITE BIRCH. OLD-FIELD BIRCH. GRAY BIRCH. New Brunswick and the valley of the lower Saint Lawrence river to the southern shores of lake Ontario, south, generally near the coast, to New Castle county, Delaware. A small, short-lived tree of rapid growth, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly, barren soil or borders of swamps, now generally springing up upon abandoned or burned land in eastern New England. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, liable to check in drying, not durable ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5760 ; ash, 0.29; largely used in th« manufacture of spools, shoe pegs, wood pulp, etc., for hoop-poles and fuel. The bark and leaves, as well as those of B. pupyrifera and B. lenta, are popularly esteemed as a remedy for various chronic diseases of the skin, bladder, etc., and for rheumatic and gouty complaints; the empyreumatic oil of birch obtained from the inner bark by distillation is used externally and internally for the same purposes (U. 8. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 1592. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 287) ; the bark occasionally used domestically in the manufactnra of ink. 295. — Betula papyrifera, Marshall, ^/ Arbustum, 19. — Mlchanx,Fl. Bor.-Am. 11, 180. B. papyracea, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 337; 2 ed. v, 300.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 464; Enum. 981; Berl. Baumz. 58,t.2,f.l.— Nouveau Dnhamel,iii,205. — Persoon, Syn. 11, 572. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. 11, 477. — Poiret, Suppl. 1, 688. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. 11, 133, 1. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. 11, 70, t. 69.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. 1 v. No. 9.— Puish, Fl. Am. Sept. 11,621.- B. S. Barton, Bot. Appx. 34,t.27,f. I.— Eaton, Manual, 109; (i ed. 53.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Phil.adelph.ii, 175.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218 ; Sylva, 1, 25 ; 2 ed. 1, 42.— Hayne, Dend. FI. 167.— Watson, Dend. Brit.^ii, 1. 152.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 854.— Torrey, Compend. Vl. N. States. 355; Fl.N. York, ii, 199.- Audubon, Birds, t. 88.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1708, f. 1561 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 155.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. l.-)C.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 381.— Pcnn. Cycl. 11, 349.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 210; 2 cd. i,239 & t.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 437.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256.— Hooker f. in Trans. Liunaian Soc. xxiii^ 300, 339.— Wood, CI. Book, 649; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 459.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 645.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trces,28.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 180.— Bell in Geological Eep. Canada, 1879-'80, 45'=. 160 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. B. nigra, LoiBelour in Nouvcou Duliamcl, ii, t. 51 [not Linnroas]. B. granclis, Schrader in Ind. Hort. Goett. 1833, 8. B. rubra, LoddigeP, Cat. ed. 1836. B. Canadensis, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836. B. alba, var. papyrifera, Spacli. in Ann. Sci. Nat. 28er. xv, 188 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 234.— Endlioher, Genera, Snppl. iv«, 19. —Kegel in Mem. Soc. Not. Moscow, xix, 81, t. 5, f. .VIC. B. CorHifolia, Rpjjcl in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 80, 1. 12, f. 29-36. B. alba, anhsitecics papyrifera, Ergcl in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviu*, 401; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi»,166. B. alba, subspecies papyrifera, var. cordifolia, Rcgol in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxTiii*, 401; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi«, 166. B. alba, subspecies papyrifera, var. commvnis, Kegel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii<, 401; Do CandoUe, Prodr. XV i-, 160. B. alba, subspecies commuiata, Kegel in Bnll. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 401 ; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi«, 166. B. occidentalis, Lyall in Jour. Linnaean Soc. vii, 134 [not Hooker]. B. alba, var. populifoUa, Winchell in Ludlow's Kep. Black Hills, 07 [not Spacli]. CANOE BIECH. WHITE BIECH. PAPER BIRCH. Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson bay and northwest to the Great Bear lake and the valley of the Yukon river, Alaska, south, in the Atlantic region to Wading river, Long island, the mountains of northern Pennsylvania, Clear lake, Montcalm county, Michigan, northeastern Illinois and Saint Cloud, Minnesota ; in the Pacific region south to the Black hills of Dakota (JS. Douglas), the Mullen trail of the Bitter Boot mountains and Flathead lake, Montana, the neighborhood of Fort Colville, Washington territory [Watson), and the valley of the lower Fraser river, British Columbia {Engelmann <£* Sargent). A tree IS to 24 meters iu height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter; rich woodlands and banks of streams ; very common in the northern Atlantic region and reaching a higher latitude than any deciduous tree of the American forest. Wood light, strong, hard, tough, very close-grained," compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specitic gravity, 0.5955; ash, 0.25; largely used in the manufacture of spools, shoe-lasts and pegs, in turnery, for fuel, wood-pulp, etc. The very tough, durable bark easily separated into thin layers, impervious to water, is largely used in the manufacture of canoes, tents, etc. 296. — Betula occidentalis. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 155.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 197.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 22, t. 7 ; 2 ed. i, 40, t. 7.— Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. if'-, 20.— Torrey in Fremont's Rep. 97; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 466. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 89.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858.261; Am. Nat. iii, 408.— Kegel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 131, t. 15, f. 35.— Porter in Hay den's Rep. 1871, 49:!.— Watson iu King's Rep. V, 323, t. 35 ; PI. Wheeler, 17; Bot. Californi!i, ii, 79.— Porter & Haydon, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 127.— Rothrock in PI. Wheeler. 50; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 239.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Macoun iu Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 331. B, alba, subspecies occidentalis typica, Kegel in BuH. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii<, 400; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi«, 165. BLACK BIRCH. British Columbia, south to the Mount Shasta region (Strawberry vale) and the eastern caBous of the Sierra Nevadas above Owen's valley (Lemmon), California, and through the interior ranges and the Rocky mountains to Utah and northern New Mexico. A small tree, 8 to 12 meters iu height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; mountain caiions and along streams, in moist .soil, often throwing up several stems from the ground and forming dense thickets. Wood soft, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary lays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the Bap- wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6030; iish, 0.30; somewhat used for fencing, fuel, etc. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 161 297. — Betula lutea, Micbmix f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii,152,t.f>; N. Ainericau Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 82, t. 73.— Spacli in Anii. Sci. Nat.2 ser. xv, 191; Hist. Veg.xi, 243.— Endlicher," Genera, Snppl. iv-, 20.— Wood, Bot. «t Fl. 308.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 459. —Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 640 —Vascy, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, ISO. B. excelsa, Pur8b,Fl.Ani. Sept. ii,G21 [not AitouJ. — Nuttall, Geuftra, ii, 218. — Sprengel, Syst. iii,854. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 355 ; FI.N. York, ii, 200.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 53.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1711, f. 15G4, 15G5 & t.— Hooker, Fl. Bor,-Am. ii, 156.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 15G.-Blgclow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 382.— Lindley in Penu. Cycl. ii, 349.— Gray, M«|iual N. States, 1 ed. 422. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 206; 2 ed.i,235&t. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 438. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 428. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1830, iii, 74.— Wood, CI. Book, 048.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 50=. jB. lenta, Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 125, in part; Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 417, in part; Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 179, in part. YELLOW BIKCH. GRAY BIRCH. Newfoundland, northern .s-.hores of tlie gulf of Saint Lawrence to Abittibi lake and the western shores of lake Superior and Kaiuy lake, south through the northern states to Delaware and southern Minnesota, and along the Alleghany mountains to the high peaks of oS'orth Carolina and Tennessee. One of the largest and most valuable deciduous trees of the northern New England and Canadian forests, often 21 to 29 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 1.20 meter in diameter; rich woodlands; common. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the heavier sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.0553; ash, 0.31; largely used for fuel, in the manufacture of furniture, button and tassel molds, pill and match boxes, and for the hubs of wheels. 298. — Betula nigra, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 982. — Marshall, Arbustum, 18. — ^Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 231. — Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 336 ; 2 ed. v, 299. — Gsertner, Fruct. ii, 54, t. 90, f. 1. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 464; Enum.931; Berl. Banmz. 56. — Nonveau Dnhamel, iii, 203, t. 51. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 572. — Dest'ontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477. — Smithin Rees' Cycl. iv. No. 2.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 621. — Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218. — Hayne, Deud. Fl. 166.— Lamarck, 111. iii, 350, t. 760, f. 2.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 616.— Watson, Dend. Brit, ii, t. 153.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 854.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 355; Fl. N.York, ii, 201.— Beck, Bot. 325.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii^ 1710, f. 1!')C2, 1563 & t.— Penn. Cycl. 11, 149. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts 208; 2 ed. i, 237. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed.275. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 508. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 256. — Chapman, Fl. S. States, 428. — Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 73. — Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 118, 1. 12, f. 1-12 ; Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 412; DeCandolle, Prodr. xvi^, 175. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, CI. Book, 649 ; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 266.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 459; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 644. — Young, Bot. Texas, 512. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. — Burbank in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, xviii, 214.— Broadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, GO. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 85. B. lanulosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 181.— Nouveau Dnhamel, iii, 206. B. rubra, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 142, t. 3 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 80, t. 72.— Loddiges, Bot. Cab. 1. 1248.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 53.— Eatou & Wright , Bot. 156.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 185; Hist. Veg. xi, 230.— Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv-, 19. B. angulata, Loddiges, Cat. ed. 1836. RED BIRCH. RIVER BIRCH. Banks of the Merrimac and Spicket rivers, Middlesex and Essex counties, Massachusetts, Wading river. Long island, south through the coast and middle districts to the Chattahoochee region of western Florida, west to western Iowa, northwestern ^Missouri, eastern Kansas, the Indian territory, and the valley of the Trinity river, Texas. A tree 18 to 2J: meters in height, with atrunk rarely exceeding 0.75 meter in diameter; banks of streams and ponds ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the south Atlantic states and in the basin of the lower Mis.sissippi river. Wood light, rather hard, strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.5762 ; ash, 0.35; used in the manufacture of furniture, woodenware, wooden shoes, ox-yokes, etc. 11 FOR / 162 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. < 299. — Betula lenta, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 983.— Lamarck, Diet. i,453.— Marshall, Arbustum, 19.— Aiton.Hort. Kew. iii,337; 2 ed. v, 300.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 464; Ennm. 981 ; Berl. Banmz. 59. — Persoon, Syu. ii, 572. — Desfotitaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477. — Nouveau Duhamel, iii, 205. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii, 147, t. 4 ; N. American Sylva, 3cd. ii, 85, t. 74. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. iv. No. 3.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 621.— Eaton, Manual, 109; 6 ed. 53.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 175.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 218.— Hayne, Dend. FI. 167.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 617.- Wateon, Dend. Brit, ii, 144.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 854.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 356; Fl. N. York.ii, 200.— Guimpol, Otto & Hayue.Abb. Holz. 105,t. 83.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1713, f. 1566.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 156.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 156.— Bigelow, FI. Boston. 3 ed. 381. — Lindleyin Penn. Cycl. ii, 349. — Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 8er. xv, 190; Hist. Veg. xi,241. — Emerson, Trees Miissachusetts, 203; 2 ed. i, 232 & t. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 438. — Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. ivi^, 20. — Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 275.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 508.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,256.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 428.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 74. — Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviiiS 125, in part; Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii, 417, in part; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 179, in part.— Wood, CI. Book, 648; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 265. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 458. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 639. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 180.— BeU in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, SS'.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 85. B. nigra, Du Roi, Harbk. i, 93.— Wangenheim, Amer. 35, t. 15, f. 34, B. excelsa, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 337 ; 2 ed. v, 299 [not Pursh].— WiUdenow, Spec, iv, 464.— Berl. Baumz. 41, t. 2, f. 2.— Nonveau Duhamel, iii, 203, t. 52. — Persoon, Syn. ii,572. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 477. — Poiret, Snppl. i,687. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. iv. No. 10. — Hayne, Dend. Fl. i, 7. — Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 28er. xv, 188; Hist. Veg. xi,243. — Endlicher, Genera, iv«, 20. B. carpinifolia, Ehrhart, Beitr. vi,99.— Willdenow.Enum. 981; Berl. Baumz. 49. CHEKRY BIRCH. BLACK BIRCH. SWEET BIRCH. MAHOGANY BIRCH. Newfoundland and the valley of the Saguenay river, west through Ontario to the Mauitou islands of lake Huron, south to northern Delaware and southern Indiana, and along the Alleghany mountains to the Chattahoochee region of northern Florida, extending west to middle Kentncky and Tennessee. A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1,50 meter in diameter; rich woodlands; very common in all northern forests. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow; specific gravity, 0.7617; ash, 0.26; now largely used in the manufacture of furniture and for fuel; in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick largely in ship-building. " Birch beer" is obtained by fermenting the saccharine sap of this and perhaps some other species of the genus 300. — Alnus maritima, Muhlenberg, Mss.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 34, t. 10^; 2 ed. i, 50, t. 10^.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 461 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Canby in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 1881. j- t Betula-Alnus maritima,, Marshall, Arbustum, 20. f A. oblongata, Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 172, t, vi, f. 3-9 [not Willdenow]. A. maritima typica, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii\ 427 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 186. ^ SEASIDE ALDER. Southern Delaware and eastern Maryland, near the coast; valley of the Eed river, Indian territory, in about: ' longitude 96° 30' W, (E. Hall); Manchuria and Japan {A. maritima, Japonica and arguta, Regel in De Candolle, I Prodr. xvi^ 186). . A small tree, 6 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter; borders of streams and . swamps. : Wood light, soft, close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color, light ; bright brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable, somewhat lighter; specific gravity, 0.4996; ash, 0.39. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 163 301. — Alnus rubra, Bongard, Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 102. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 158. — Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 205. — Endllcher, Genera, Suppl. iv', 21. — Lyall in Jour. Linuiean Soc. vii,134. — Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii'', 429; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 186. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 467. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 80. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix,331. ?A. glutinosa, Pursh.Fl. Am. Sex)t. ii,622 [not Willdenow]. A. Oregana, Nnttall, Sylva, i,28, t. 9; 2 ed. i, 44, t. 9.— Newberry in Pacliio E. R. Rep. vi, 25, 89.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,261; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii»,28, 68.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. A. incana, var. rubra, Regel iu Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 157, t. 17, f. 3-4. ALDER. Sitka, south through the islands and Coast ranges of British Columbia, Washington territory, Oregon, and California to Santa Barbara, extending east through the Blue mountains to northern Montana. A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter, or in British Columbia and the Blue mountains often reduced to a low shrub; river bottom lauds and borders of streams; most common and reaching its greatest development along the large streams of western Washington territory and Oregon. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays distant, broad; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4813; ash, 0.42; largely used in Oregon in the manufacture of furniture. 302. — Alnus rhombifolia, Nnttall, Sylva, i, 33; 2 ed. i, 49.— Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 467.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 26. —Watson, Bot. California, ii, 80. A. glutinosa, var. serrulata, Regel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 164, in part. A. serrulata, var. rugosa, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii<, 432, in part; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 188, in part. ALDER. Valley of the lower Fraser river, British Columbia, south through the Coast ranges to southern California, extending east along the ranges of Washington territory to Clear creek, Idaho ( Watson), and the valley of the Flathead river, Montana (Canby & Sargent). A small tree, 9 to 15 meters iu height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its northeru and eastern limits reduced to a shrub ; borders of streams ; the common alder of the California valleys. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4127; ash, 0.31. 303. — Alnus oblongifolia, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 266.— Watson in PI. Wheeler, 17; Bot. California, ii, 80.— Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi,239.— Kusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix,79. A. serrulata, var. oblongifolia, Regel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii^, 443; De Candolle, Prodr. xvp, 188. ALDER. San Bernardmo and Cayumaca mountains, California, through the ranges of southern Arizona and southern New Mexico to the valley of the Eio Grande; southward into Mexico. A tree 15 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 meter in diameter; borders of streams in deep mountain canons. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3981; ash, 0.42. i 164 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 304. — Alnus serrulata, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 336; Euiiiii. 965 ; Berl. Baumz. 2 e.—Emt'r.son, Trees Massacbu.setts, 220 ; 2 ed. i, 251 & t.— Endlicher, Genera, Suppl. iv^ 21.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Kep. 1858, 2.56.— Hooker f. in Trau.s. Linnieau Soj. xxiii-, 301.— Wood, CI. Book. 049; Bot. & Fl. 308.— Kegel iu Bull. Soc. Nat. Mgscow, xxxviiiS433; De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi-, 188.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 461.— Koch, Dendvologie, ii, 636.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Macoun in Geological Kep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'r^0, 5.5^ Betvla- Alnus, var. fi. incana, Limiieus, Sjiec. l cd.yS!.- Du Koi, Harlik.i,109. Betula incana, Linnasus, Sniipl. 417.— Aitou, Hort. Kew. iii, 339.— Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 1 ed. 45.— Smith in Kees' Cycl. iv. No. 7. f Betula-Alnus rubra, Marshall. Arbustum, 20. A. glattca, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 322, t. 4, f. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. 89, t. 75, f. 2.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 cd. 307. A. incana, var. glauca, Gray, Mauual N. states, 1 ed. 423 ; 3 ed. 461. A. incana, Americana, and genuina, Kegel in Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xix, 155. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 165 SPECKLED ALDER. HOAEY ALDEE. BLACK ALDBE. Newfoundland to the eastern base of the Rocky mountains, south to northern Kew England, Wisconsin, " Minnesota, and eastern J^ebraska ; in Europe. A small tree, 6 to 7 meters in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 meter in diameter, or more often a tall, branching shrub ; bordei s of streams and swamps. A form with leaves green and glabrous on both sides or slightly pubescent, extending through the mountain ranges of the Pacific region from the Saskatchewan and British Columbia to Few Mexico and the southern Sierra Nevadas of California, is — var. virescens, Watson, Bot. California, ii, 81. • A. ineana, var. glauca, Kegel in Mem. See. Nat. Moscow, xix, 154, in part ; Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii^ 433, in part; . De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^ 189, in part.— Watsou in King's Rep. v, 32(5 [not Alton] ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Eothroek, PI. Wheeler, 50 ; Wlieelor's Rep. vi, 239.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210. A. serrulata, var. rugosa, Kegel in Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscow, xxxviii*, 432, in part ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 188, in part. Wood light, soft, close-grained, checking in drying ; medullary rays numerous, broad ; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4607 ; ash, 0.42 ; preferred and largely used in northern IS^ew England in the final baking of bricks, and occasionally, as well as that of A. serrulata, in the manufacture of gunpowder. SALIC ACEiE 306. — Salix nigra, Marshall, Aibustum, 139.— Muhlenberg in Nene Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iv, 237, t. 4, f. 5 (Ann. Bot. ii, 65, t. 5, f. 5).— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 657; Enum. 1003; Berl. Baumz. 2 ed. 426. — Persoon, Syn. ii,599.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 324, t. 5, f. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 64, 1. 125, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 614.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 61.— Eaton, Manual, 118; 6 ed. 320.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231; Sylva, i, 79 ; 2 ed. i, 94.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 180.— EUiott, Sk, ii, 670. — Sprengel, Syst. i, 100.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 370 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 209.— Forbes, Sal.Woburn. 280.— W. Koch, Comment. 17.— Beck, Bot. 320.— Trautvetter in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, iii, 614.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1529, 1604, f. 8.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 148.— Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 19.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 408.— Dietrich, Syn. v, 419.— Seringe, Fl. Jard. ii, 35.— Emensou Trees Massachusetts, 271 ; 2 ed. i, 307 & t.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 279.— Andersson in Ofr. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 114 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 53) ; Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 19, f. 15; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi=, 200.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 506.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 266.— Walpers, Ann. v, 744.— Chapm.an, Fl. S. States, 430.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 186(4 iii, 75.— Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas 389.— Wood, CI. Book, 6.54 ; Bot.& Fl. 310.— Porcher, Resources S.Forests, 334.— Eugelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. uewser. xii, 209.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 460 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 513.— Young, Bot. Texas, 514.— Macoun in Geological Eep. Canada, 1875-76, 210.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 28.— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 83.— Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 181.— Rldgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mns. 1882, 86.— Hemsley, Bot. Am. -Cent, iii, 180 S. pentandra, Walter, Fl. Carolinlaua, 243. 8. GaroUniana, Michaux, F!. Bor.-Am. ii, 226.— Lamarck, Diet, vi, 662.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 62. S'. Eoustoniana, Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 614.— Poiret, Suppl. v, G8.—Sprengel, Syst. i, 107.— Elliott, Sk. ii,670.— Trantvett«t in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, -iii, 615.— Forbes, Sal. Woburn. 21, t. 21.— Eaton & Wright, Bet. 409. S.falcata, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 614 [not HBK.].— Poiret, Snppl. v, 70.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 107.— Forbes, Sal.Woburn. 279.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 320.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 149.— Barratt, Sal. Am. IJo. 21.— Dietrich, Syn. v, 420. f S. ambigua, Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii , 617.— Forbes, Sal. Woburu. 282.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 321.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 409. S. ligustrina, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 326, t. 5, f. 2 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 65, t. 125, f. 2.— Poiret, Suppl. v, 61. 8. Purshiana, Sprengel, Syst. iii, 608.— Beck, Bot. 320.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2 ed. 560. 8. flavovirens, Homemann in Cat. Hort. Hafn. Suppl. ii, 11. ? S. cordata, var. falcata, Torrey; Compend. Fl. N. States, 370. 8. nigra, var. falcata, Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 209.— Carey in Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 429.— Darlington, Fl. Costrioa, 3 eU.280. 166 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. BLACK WILLOW. Southern ]Sew Brunswick and tbe northern shores of lakes Huron and Superior southward through the Atlantic region to bay Biscayne and the Caloosa river, Florida, and the valley of the Guadalupe river, Texas; Pacific region, valleys of the Sacramento river, California, and the Colorado river, Arizona. A small tree, sometimes 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter, or in southern Florida reduced to a low shrub; usually along the banks of streams; most common in the basin of the Mississippi river and reaching its greatest development in the rich bottom lands of the Colorado and other rivers of eastern Texas; varying greatly in the size and shape of the leaves (vars. angustifoUa, longifoHa, latifolia, etc., Anderssonin Kongl. Svcn. Akad. Handl. vi, 20), length and habit of the aments, etc. The best marked forms are — , var. marginata, Anderssou in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 22 ; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi«, 201. S. marginata, Wimmor in Schedul. Herb. Vindab. var. longipes, Andorsson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi,22; De Candolle, Prodr. ivi»,201. S. longipes, Shuttleworth in herb. Hooker.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Fork. 185S, 114 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 53).— Walpers, Ann. v, 744. * Forms of var. longipes more or less pubescent have been characterized by Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 22; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 201, as subvars. vemilosa and gongylocarpa [Shuttleworth], {S. longipes, var. pnbeseens, Andersson in Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 53; S. subvillosa, Ulliott in herb. Schweinitz ex. Kuttall, Sylva, i, 79; 2 ed. i, 94, vide Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 53, note). var. Wrightii,Anders8on in Kongl. Svon. Akad. Handl. vi, 22 ; Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 201.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 180. S. Wrightii, Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1808, 115 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 55 —Walpers, Ann. v, 745.— Torrey in Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204. var. Wardii, Bebb in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 114. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.445(i; ash, 0.70. The tonic and astringent bark used domestically as a popular febrifuge, and containing, in common with that of all the species of the genus, salicylic acid, a powerful anti-pyritic now successfully used in the treatment of acute cases of gout, rheumatism, typhoid fever, etc. (Am. Jour. Pharm. 1875,303.-17. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 796, 1748. — Nat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 1248). Note. — The closely allied Salix oecidentalu, Bosc, of the West Indies is not perhaps specifically distinct from S. tngra, with which some of the forms of var. longipes from southern Florida seem to connect it. 307.— Salix amygdaloides, Andersson, Ofv. af Vet. Akad. Forh. 185fi, 114 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 53).— Walpers, Ann. v, 744.— Bebb in Wheeler's Eep. vi, 240. 98. melanopsis, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 78, t. 21; 2 ed. 1, 93, t. 21. S. nigra, var. amygdaloides, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 21 ; De C.nudoUe, Prodr. xvi=, 201.— Rothrock, PI. Wheeler, 50.— Porter &. Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pnb. No. 4, 128. WILLOW. Shores of the great lakes (Wayne county, New York, Hankenson ; Painesville, Ohio, Beardslee), westward to the valley of the Saskatchewan, and southward through the Eocky Mountain region to southern New Mexico; banks of the lower Columbia river, Oregon (Howells). A small tree, rarely 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 meter in diameter; along streams. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying ; the heart-wood light brown, sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4509 ; ash, 0.92. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 167 308.— Salix laevigata, Bebb, Am. Nat. viii, 202; Bot. CaliforDia, ii, 83. "WILLOW. Califoruia, Sierra county (Lemmon) and the vallej' of the Sacramento river to the southern boundary of the st.^te. A tree sometimes 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter in diameter; borders of streams and bottom lands. A form with narrower falcate leaves (Yreka, U, L. Greene) is — var. angUStifolia, Bcbb in Bot. California, ii, 84. — Eothrock in Wheeler's Eep. vi, 374. A form with short, densely-flowered aments is — var. congesta, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 84. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very thin ; color, light brown tinged with red ; specific gravity, 0.4872 ; ash, 0.58. 309. — Salix lasiandra, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 336. — Torrey in Pacific R. E. Eep. iv, 138. — Newberry in Pacific E. E. Eep. vi, 89. — Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 84. S. Hoffmanniana, Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 159. S. Speciosa, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 58, t. 17; 2 ed. i, 74, 1. 17 [not Hooker & Arnott].— Newberry in Pacific E. E. Eep. vi, 89.— Cooper in Pacific R. E. Eep. •xii'', 29. S. Incida, var. angUStifoUa, forma lasiandra, Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 115 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv,54). S. arguta, var. lasiandra, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 33; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 20C. WILLOW. British Columbia, shores of lake Kamloop {Macoun), southward to the valley of the Sacramento river, California; Eocky mountains, Utah, and through Colorado to New Mexico (var. Fendleriana). A tree 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes O.GO meter in diameter; banks of streams; ve^ common ; varying in the shape of the leaves and character of the aments. The best marked forms are — var. lancifolia, Bebb iu Bot. California, ii, 84. S. lancifolia, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 34, f. 23.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. S. lucida, vav. macropliylla, Andersson in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 205. Tfce common form of British Columbia ^nd western Washington territory and Oregon. var. Fendleriana, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 84. S. pentandra, var. caudata, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 61, t. 18; 2 ed. i, 77, t. 18. S. Fendleriana, Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 115 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 54).— Walpers, Ann. v, 745. 8. arguta, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 32; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 205, in part. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood lighter or often nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4766; ash, 0.60. Var. lancifolia, specific gravity, 0.4547 ; ash, 0.79. Var. Fendleriana, the heart-wood brown, sap-wood light brown ; specific gravity, 0,4598; ash, 0.56. 168 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 310. — Salix longifolia, Mulilenberg, Neue Schriften Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iv,238,t. 6, f. 6 (Ann. Bot. ii, 66, t. 5, f. 6).— Willdcnow, Spec, iv, 670.— Pereoou, Syu.ii, COO.— Pureh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 613.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 248; Fl. N. York, ii, 209; Nicollet's Rep. 160; Fremont's Rep. 97; Emory's Rep. 412; Sitgreaves' Rep. 172; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 204. — Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 33.— Beck, Bot. 320.— Eaton, Manual, G ed. 319.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 408.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 149.— Dietricb, Syn. v, 420. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.-=-Ricliard8on, Arctic Exped. 439,440. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261. — Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad.Forh. 1858, 116 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 56); Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 54, f. 35; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi«, 214.— Walpers, Ann. v, 745. — Lesqncreux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389. — Wood, CI. Book, 65;(; Bot. & Fl. 310. — Engelmuun in Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii, 209.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 465.— Watson in King's Rep. v, ,'524 ; Wlieelor's Rep. 1872, 493.— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 210. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.— Bebb in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 240 ; Bot. California, ii, 84.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 116. S. fluviatalis, Nnttall, Sylva, i, 73; 2 ed. i,89. f 8. rubra, Richardson, Arctic Exped. Appx. 37! S. longifolia, var. pedicellata, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 55, f. 35 ; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^ 214.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 210. SAND-BAB WILLOW. Valley of the Connecticut river (Sunderland, Massachusetts, N. G. Jesup) and of the Potomac river at Washington {Ward); west and northwest through the region of the great lakes to the valley of the Mackenzie river, in latitude 6C° N. {Richardson), through the Mississippi basin, Texas, the Rocky Mountain region, and the Pacific Coast states. A small tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 meter in diameter; borders of streams and river sand-bars, in low, wet sandy soil, often forming low, dense clumps ; rare east of the Alleghany mountains; very common throughout the Mississippi River basin, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of Oregon and northern California. Well-marked forms, varying from the type in the form of the leaves, aments, and nature of pubescens, etc., are — var. exigua, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 85. , /8. ftrtgiMa, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 75; 2 ed. i, 90. 8. longifolia, var. angustissima, Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 116 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 5G). Western Texas to California and Oregon. var. argyrophylla, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 55; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi=, 214. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 324.— Porter in Hayden's Rep. 1872, 493.— Rothrock, PI. Wheeler, 50.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden'a Surv. Misc.Pnb.No. 4, 128.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 210. — Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 85. 8. argophylla, Nnttall, Sylva, i, 71, t. 20 ; 2 ed. i, 87, t. 20. t 8. brachyearpa, Nnttall, Sylva, i, 69 ; 2 ed. i, 85. 8. longifolia, var. opaca, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi,E5. 8. longifolia, yar. argyropliylla angvstissima, AudeiBBOTi in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 55; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 214. 8. longifolia, var. argyrophylla opaca, Anderssoo in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi2, 214. Western Texas to Oregon. Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood brown ; specific gravity, 0.4930 ; ash, 0.48. Var. exigua, heavier, the heart- and sap-wood darker colored ; specific gravity, 0.5342 ; ash, 1.06. 311. — Salix sessilifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 68; 2 ed. i, 84.— Andersson in Ofv. af . Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 116 (Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 06) ; Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi,. :,:^, f. 36; De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 214. — Walpers, Ann. v,746. — Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 85. 8. sessilifolia, var. Villosa, Andersson in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 215. Paget sound southward to northern California, near the coast. A small tree, 9 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 to 0.46 meter in diameter ; borders of streams, in low, wet ground. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 1(59 A form with narrower entire leaves, of the Sacramento valley and the California Coast ranges, Js — var. Hindsiana, Anderssou in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Foih. 1858, 117 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 56).— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, So. S. Hindsiana, Beutham, Pi. Hartweg. 335.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 89.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 138.— Anderssou in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, .50, f. 37 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 215. — Walpers, Ann. v, 746. S. Hindsiana, var. tenuifoKa, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 56; Do Candolle, Piodr. xvi^, 215. Wood lightj'fsoft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin ; color, light red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4397 ; ash, 0.50. 312. — Salix discolor, Muhlenberg, Neue Scbiifteu Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iv, 2.34, t. 5, f. 1 (Ann. Bot. ii, 62, t. 5, f. 1).— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 665.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 599.— Pursh.Fl. Am. Sept. ii,613.— Poiret, Suppl. v, ;>6.— Nuttall, Genera, il, 231.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 669.— ToiTey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 369; Fl. N. York, ii, 206.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 104.— Forbes, Sal. Woburn. 279.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 319.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. No. 25.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 257.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 408.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1530, f. 1317, 1630, f. 147.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 392. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 147. — Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 3. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 258 ; 2 ed. i, 296 ■»& t. — Dietrich, Syn. v, 419. — Richardson, Arctic Exped. 312. — Darby, Bot. S. States, 506. — Anderssou in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 114 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 63); Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 83, f. 49 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 225.— Walpers, Ann. v, 750.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 430. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 462. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 570. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1874-'75, 210.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 86. S. sensitiva, Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 8. GLAUCOUS WILLOW. Labrador, west to the valleys of the Peace and Athabasca rivers, southward through the Atlantic region to Delaware and southern Missouri. A small tree, rarely exceeding 6 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often a tall, straggling sbrub 3 to 6 meters in height; along streams and borders of swamps in low, wet soil; varying greatly in the form of leaves, aments, and nature of pubescence. The best marked forms are — var. eriocephala, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 85 ; De Candolle, Prodr, xvi=, 225.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 463. 8. eriocephala, Mich.aux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 225.— Lamarck, Diet, vi, 661.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 391.— Eaton, Manual, 6ed. 321. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 409. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 1 ed. 259; 2 ed. i, 196 & t. — Carey in Gray's Manual N. States, 1 ed. 426.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 117 (Proc. Am. Acad. Iv, 57).— Walpers, Ann. V, 746. S. crassa, Barratt, Sal. Am. No. 7. var. prinoides, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 86 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 225.— Emerson,Trees Massachu- setts, 2ed. i,297. S. prinoides, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 613.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 231.— Sprengel, Syst. i, 102.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 67.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 366.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. No. 26.— Forbes, Sal.Woburn. 79, t. 40.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 319.— Beck, Bot. 319.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 407.— W. Koch, Comment. 46.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1530, f. 1317, 1612, f. 40. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 150. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts,!, ed. 259. — Dietrich, Syn. v, 419. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing many evenly-distributed, small, open ducts ; medullary rays and layers of annual growth not obscure ; color, brown streaked with orange, the sap-wood light brown ; specific gravity, 0.4261 ; ash, 0.43. ^ 313. — Salix flavescens, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 65; 2 ed. i, 81. — Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 86, in part. Rocky mountains of Idaho and Montana southward to the Mogollon range, New Mexico {U. L. Greene) ; on the Cascade mountains, Oregon, and the Sierra Nevada, California. A small tree, sometimes G to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter; borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in the southern liocky Mountain region. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, eo mpact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4969; ash, 0.61. 170 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Var. Scouleriana, Bebb ; -Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 129. S. brachystachys, Bentham, Pi. Hartweg. 3.36.— Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 121 (Proo. Am. Acad, iv, 61) ; Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 82, f. 48 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 224. S. Scouleriana, Barratt in Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 145, in part.— Cooper in Paeific R. R. Rep. xii«, 29. S. brachystMchys, var. Scouleriana, Andersson in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 224. S. flavescens, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 86, in part. BLACK WILLOW. Eadiak island, Alaska {Kellogg), southward through British Columbia, western Washiugton territory, and •Oregon to Santa Barbara, California. A small tree, 8 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter in diameter ; uplands, near springs or streams, or often in quite dry soil; common and reaching its greatest development near the shores of Puget sound. Wood light, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, compact ; meduUarj- rays numerous, very obscure ; color, light red, the sap-wood brown ; specific gravity, 0.5412 ; ash, 0.39. 314. — Salix Hookeriana, Barratt; Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 145, t. 180.— Nuttall, Sylva, i, 64; 2 ed. i, 80.— Anderason in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 119 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 59); De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 274. — Walpers, Ann. v, 747. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210. Grand rapids of the Saskatchewan {Douglas) ; coast of Washington territory and Oregon. A small tree, 8 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 meter in diameter, or more often a low, straggling shrub with many prostrate stems ; on the coast generally along the edge of sea-beaches, or in low, rather moist, sandy soil. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing many minute open ducts ; medullary rays thin, very • obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5350 ; ash, 0.32. 315. — Salix cordata, var. vestita, Andersson, Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 159 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi«, 252. DIAMOND WILLOW. Valley of the Missouri river and its tributaries, Fort Osage, Missouri {Prince Neincied), Iowa, Nebraska, and ■^vestward to about the one hundred and tenth degree of longitude. A small tree, rarely 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter, or more often a straggling -shrub not exceeding 1.80 to 3 meters in height; low bottom lands, in wet, sandy soil. Wood light, soft, close grained, compact, the annual layers of growth clearly defined ; medullary rays very obscure; color, brown or often tinged red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6069; ash, 0.59; heavier than that of other species examined, and largely used for fence posts, being said to equal, when thoroughly seasoned, red cedar in durability in contact with the soil. NOTK. — The typical x cordata, Muhlenberg, of wide distribution through the Atlantic region, rarely, if ever, attains arborescent I'size or habit. 316. — Salix lasiolepis, Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 335.— Cooper in Sniithsonian Rep. 1858, 261.— Andersson iu Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 118 (Pi«c. Am. Acad, iv, 58) ; D« Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 264.— Walpers, Ann. v, 747.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29.— Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 86. S. lasiolepis, var. Bigelovii, Bebb in Bot. California, ii,86 (a vernal state, teste Bebb in lit.). S. Bigelovii, Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 139.— Andersson iu Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forh. 1858, 118 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 58) ; Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 163, f. 94; De Candolle, Prodr. xviS 255.— Walpers, Ann. v, 747. & Bigelorii, VSkT. fuseior, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 163; De Candolle, Prolr.xvi«, 255. 8. , ? Watson in King's Rep. v, 325. S. lasiolepis, var. fallax, Bebb in Bot. California, ii. 86. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 171 WILLOW. California, valley of the Klamath river, southward through the western portions of the state, reaching in the. Sierra Xevada.s an elevation of 3,500 to 4,000 feet above the sea. A small tree, sometimes 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.50 meter in diameter, or northward and at high elevations reduced to a low shrub ; leaves varying greatly in shape and breadth (vars. angustifolia and latifoUa, Andersson in Be Candolle Prodr. xvi^, 255), or toward its southern limit often persistent until spring {S. Hartwegi, Bentham in PI. Harticeg, 52; S. Immilis, var. Hartwegi, Andersson, I. c. 236). Wood light, so% not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5587 ; ash, 0.98 ; somewhat used as fuel, especially in the southern part of the state. 317. — Salix Sitchensis, Sanson; Bongard in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 162. — Ledeboiir, Fl. Rossicu, iii, 609.— Richardson, Arctic Exped. 439. — Andersson in Ofv. af. Vet. Akad. Forli. 1858, 126 (Proc. Am. Acad, iv, 66) ; Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. vi, 106, f. 59 ; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 233.— Walpers, Ann. V, 752. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 93. — Bebb in Bot. California, ji, 87 ; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 25. S. cuneata, Nuttall, Sylva, i, 66 ; 2 ed. i, 82. SILKY WILLOW. Alaska, southward near the coast to Santa Barbara, California. A low, much-branched tree, rarely exceeding 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a straggling shrub ; low, wet soil, borders of streams and ponds. A form with narrow oblanceolate leaves is — var. angustifolia, Bebb in Bot. California, ii, 87. S. clllorophtjlla, var. pellita, Andersson in Kongl. Sven. Akad. Handl. 139, f. 72; De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 244. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5072 ; ash, 0.59. 318. — Populus tremuloides, Micbanx, F). Bor.-Am. ii, 243. — Nouveau Dnhamcl, ii, 184, t. 53. — Persoon, Syu. ii, 623.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 465. — Micbaux f. Hist. Arb.-Am. iii, 285, t. 8, f. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 175, t. 99, f. 1.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 377.— Willdeuow, Euum. Suppl. 67.— Torrey,ATin. Lye. N. York, ii, 249; Compend. Fl. N. Slates, 375; Fremont's Kep.97; Fl. N.York, ii, 214; Sitgreaves' Rep. 172; Ives' Rep. 27; Bot. Wilkes Exped, 468.— Beck, Bot. 323.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 281.— Eaton, Manual, 117; 6 ed. 277.— Lindlcy, Fl. Med. 320.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 154.— Eaton & Wrigbt, Bot. 370.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 397.— Spacb in Ann. Set Nat. 2 ser. xv, 30 ; Hist. Veg. x, 384. — Nuttall, Sylva, i, 55 ; 2 ed. i, 70. — Seriuge, Fl. des Jard. ii, 56. — Parry in Owen's Rep. 618. — Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi,25, 89. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii-, 29, 68; Am. Nat. iii, 409.— Hooker f. in Trans. Linna;an Soc. xxiii^ 301.— Wood, CI. Book, G.55 ; Bot. & Fl. 311.— Engelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Sac. new ser. xii, 209. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 466. — Wesmicl in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 325. — London Gard. Chronicle, 1871, €83. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 327; PI. Wheeler, 17: Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 135; Bot. California, ii,91. — Porter in Hayden'a Rep. 1871,494.— Porter & Conlter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 128. — Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 210.- Rothrock in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 51.— Beal in Am. Nat. xv,32, f. 1.— Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 284, f. 6. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 183. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 231. — Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1883, 87. P. trepida, Willdenow, Spec, iv, 803.— Alton, Hort. Kew.2ed. 395.^Pnr8k. Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 618.— Eaton, Manual, 117.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,239. — Sprengel, Syst. ii,244. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1649, f. 1510. P. tremuliformis, Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 243 ; 2 ed. i,279 & t. P. A?/tenten«t«, Hort.— Koch,Dendrologie,ii,486(excl. syn.). ASPEN. QUAKING ASP. Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson bay, northwest to the Great Bear lake, the mouth of the Mackenzie river, and the valley of the Yukon river, Alaska; south in the Atlantic region to the mountains of Pennsylvania, the valley of the lower Wabash river, and northern Kentucky ; in the Pacific resion south to the valley of the Sacramento river, California, and along the Kocky mountains and interior ranges to southern New Mexico, Arizona, and central Nevada. .\ .■^niiill tree, 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.00 meter in diameter; very common tliroiigii liritish America and spreading over enormous areas bared by fire ^t the coniferous forest; in the Pacific region very common upon inoist mountain slopes and, bottoms at an elevation of 0,000 to 10,000 feet ; the most widely-distributed North American tree. / 172 FOREST TKEES OF NORTH AMERICA. Wood liglit, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, not durable, containing, as does that of the wliole genus, numerous minute, scattered, open dncts ; medullary rays very thin, hardly distinguishable; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specitic gravity, 0.4032 ; ash, 0.55 ; largely manufactured Into wood-pulp, a substitute for rags in the manufacture of paper; in the Pacific region sometimes used for fuel, flooring, in turnery, etc. A bitter principle iu the bark causes its occasional use as a tonic in the treatment of intermittent fevers and cases of debility ( U. S. JDi^penmtory, 14 ed. 1763). 319. — Populus grandidentata, Micliaux, Fl. Bor.-Ani. ii, 243. — Persoon, Syii. ii, 624. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 466. — Micbanx f. Hist.Arb. Am. iii, 287,t. 8,f.2; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 176, t. 99, f. 2.— Pursb, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 619.— Poiret, Siil)l)l. iv, 377.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 197.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 200.— Willdcnow, Euuni. Suppl. 67.- Elliott, Sk. ii, 710.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 375; Fl.N. York, ii, 214.— Beck, Bot. 323.— Eaton, Manual, 6 cd. 277.— Hooker.Tl. Bor.-Am.ii, 154.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 370.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1650, f. 1511.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 397.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. xv, 2 ser. 33; Hist. Veg. x, 384. — Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 242; 2ed.i,278& t.— SeringeinFl. des Jard.ii,56.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3ed. 281.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 507.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 431.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 73.— Wood, CI. Book, 65C; Bot. & Fl. 311.— Gray, Manual N. Stales, 5 ed. 466. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 487. — Wesmajl in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 327.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 135. — Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 34, f. 2. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 182. — Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 265.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80,56^ P. grandidentata, var. pendula, Torrey,Compend.Fl.N. States, 375. —Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239. POPLAR. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and west through Ontario to northern Minnesota, south through the northern states and along the Alleghany mountains to North Carolina, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee. A tree 21 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.75 meter in diameter; rich woods and borders of streams and swamps. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4632; ash, 0.45; largely manufactured into wood-pulp and occasionally used in turnerj', for woodenware, etc. 320. — Populus heterophylla, Linnaeus, Spec. 1 ed. 1034. — Marshall, Arbnstum, 107. — Wangenheim, Amer. 85. — Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 248. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 407 ; 2 ed. v, 397.— Nouveau Dnhamel, ii, 181, t. 51.— Michaux,Fl. Bor.-Am.ii,244.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 806; Enum.1017; Berl. Baumz. 293.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 466— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 619.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239. —Hayne, Dend. Fl. 203.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 712.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 375; Fl. N. York, ii, 215.— Beck, Bot. 323.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 278.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 281. — Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1672, f. 1534. — Eaton & Wright,Bot. 371. — Spach iu Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser, XV, 30; Hist. Veg. x, 386.— Seringe in Fl. des J.ard. ii, 61.— Darby, Bot. S. States, .507.- Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 431.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 73.— Wood, CI. Book, 656 ; Bot. & Fl. 311.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 467. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 488. — Wesmsel in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 326. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 135. — Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285. -Ridgway iu Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 86. P. COrdifolia, Burgsdorf, Anleit. Erz. Holzart. 3 ed. 152. P. argentea, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 390, t. 9 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 170, t. 97. P. heterophylla, var. argentea, WcsmiBl in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 376. RIVER COXTONWOOD. SWAMP COTTONWOOD. " Guilford, Connecticut ( W. B. Dudley), Northport, Long island, south, generally near the coast, to southern Georgia, through the Gulf states to western Louisiana, and through Arkansas to central Tennessee and Kentucky, southern Illinois and Indiana. A tree 24 to 27 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75 meter in diameter; borders of river swamps; most common and reaching its greatest development in the basin of the lower Ohio river ; rare and local. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays thin, very obscure; color, dull brown, the thick sap-wood lighter brown; .specific gravity, 0.4089; ash, 0.81. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 173 321. — Populus balsamifera, Linuieus, Spec. 1 ed. 1034.— Du Eoi, Harbk. 82 — Marsliall, Arbustum, 107.— WangeuUt-im, Amer. 65, t. 26, f. 59.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 406 ; 2 ed. V, 397.— Mcench, Meth. 338.— B. S. Barton, Coll. i, 16.— Nouvoau Duhamel, ii, 179, t. 50.— Micliaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 244.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 805 ; Euum. 1017 ; Berl. Baumz. 290. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 624. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 466.^Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 306, t. 13, f. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 172, t. 98, f. 1.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 618.— Eaton, Manual, 117 ; 6ed. 278.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239; Sylva, i, 55; 2 ed. i,70.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 202.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 244.— Beck, Bot. 322.— Lindley, Fl. Mod. 320.— Loudon, Aiboretum, iii, 1637, f. 1535, 1536 & t. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.Aui. ii, 133. — Eaton & Wright, Bot. 370. — Hooker «fe Aruott, Bot. Beechey, 15Vw — Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 33 ; Hist. Veg. x, 393. — Lindley, Bot. Eeg. xxix. Misc. 20. — Seringe in Fl. des Jard. ii, 65.— Torrey, Fl. N. York, ii, 216; Bot. Wilkes Exped. 469.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257; Am. Nat. iii, 408.— Hooker f. in Trans. Liunsean Soc. xxiii=, 301. — Wood, CI. Book, 656; Bot. & Fl. 311. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 467. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii, 495. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. — Macouu in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211. — Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. XV, 135. — Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 34, f. 4. — Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 181.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 45<^. P. Tacamahaca, Miller, Diet. p. vimiliea, Bon Jard. 1845, 565. P. Ixthamifera, var. genuina, Wesmtel in De Candolle, Prorlr. xvi-, 329. BALSAM. TAOAMAHAC. BALM OF GILEAD. Straits of Belle Isle to Eiclimoud gulf and cape Chnreliill, Hudson bay, northwest to the shores of the Great Bear lake and the valley of the Yukon river, Alaska, south to northern Xew England, .central Michigan and Minnesota, the Eocky mountains and interior ranges of Montana and Idaho, Washington territory, and British Columbia. A large tree,18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 1.50 to 2.10 meters in diameter; very common on all islands and shores of the northern rivers ; iu British Columbia generally confounded with the allied P. trichocarpa, the range ■of the two species here still uncertain. Wood very light, soft, not strong, close-grained, comijact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.3635 ; ash^ 0.66. The buds, as well as those of several other species, covered with a resinous exudation,^ and occasionally used jnedicinally as a substitute for turpentine and other balms. Var. candicans, Gray, Manual N. States, 2 ed. 419 ; 5 ed. 467.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 129.— Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 135.— Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vii, 57.— Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285. P. balsamifera lanceolata^ Mavslmii, Arbustum, 108. p. candicans, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 406: 2 ed. v. 397.— Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 179.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 806; Enuni. 1017; Berl. Baumz. 291.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 624.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 308, t. 13, f. 2; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 173, t. 98, f. 2.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 616.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 96.— Poiret, Suppl. iv, 378.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 239.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 202.— Spreugel, Syst. ii, 244.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 375 ; Fl. N. York, ii,217.— Audubon, Birds, t. 59.- Beck, Bot, 332.— Eaton, M.anual, 6 ed. 278.— Loudon, Arboretum, ii, 1676, f. 1537.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 154.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 370.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 398.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 33; Hist. Veg. X, 392.— Lindley,- Bot. Reg. xxix. Misc. 22.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 245; 2 ed. i, 281.— Seringe in Fl. des Jard. ii, 63.— Gray, Manual N. States, 1 ed. 431.— Wood, CI. Book, 656 ; Bot. & Fl. 311.— Wesma;! iu De Candolle, Prodr. xvi-, 330, P. Canadensis, Mfcnch, W'eins. 81 [not Michaux f.]. • P. Itttifolia, Moiich, Meth. 33«. P. Onturiensis, Hort.— Loddiges, Cat. 1836. P. macrophylla, Lindley in Loudon, Eneyc. PI. 840. P. acladesca and P. heterophylla, iiort. (ex. Koch, Wachen. 1865, 238). A large tree, rare or unknown in a wild state ; very common iu cultivation. The wood heavier than that of the species; si)eciftc gravity, 0.4161 ; ash, 0.46. V 174 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 322. — Populus angustifolia, James, LoDg'8 Exped. i, 497.— Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. York, ii, 249; Fremont's Rep. 1/7; Sitgreaves' Bep. 172; Ives' Eep.i"?; Bot. nrilke» Exped. 469. — Niittall, Sylva, i, 52, t. 16 ; 2 ed. i, 68, 1. 16.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rop. 1858, 261 ; Am. Nat. iii, 408. — Hajden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29.— Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136 ; Bot. California, ii, 91. P. Canadensis, var. angustifolia, Wtsmtel in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi^, 329. P. bahami/era, var. angustifolia, Watson in King's Rep. v, 327 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— I'orter in Hayden's Rop. 1871, 494. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 128.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Clnb, ix, 106. BLACK COTTONWOOD. Black hills of Dakota (B. Douglas), Swimming Horse creek, and the Snowy Mountain region, Montana, Red Rock creek, southwestern Montana (Watson), east Humboldt and Shoshone mountains, Nevada, Rocky mountaiufi of Colorado, and the ranges of southwestern New Mexico and eastern Arizona. A small tree, 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter; borders of streams, between G,000 and 10,000 feet elevation. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.3912 ; ash, 0.79. 323. — Populus trichocarpa, Torrey & Gray; Hooker, Icon.v, 878. — Walpers, Ann. v, 767. — Cooper in Smithsouiau Rep. 1858, 266. — Wesmael in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 330. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 328; Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136; Bot. California, ii, 91. — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 469. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285, f. 5. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 331. P. halsamifera, var. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 154. P. angustifolia, Newberry in Pacific B. B. Rep. vi, 89 [not James].— Cooper in Pacific E. R. Rep. xii', 29, 68. P. halsamiferq:, Lyall in Jour. Linuiean Soc. vii, 134 [not Linnseus]. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. P. trichocarpa, var. CUpulata, Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136 ; Bot. California, ii, 91. P. halsamifera, var. ? Californica, Watson in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. XV, 136. BLACK COTTONWOOD. BALSAM COTTONWOOD. Valley of the Fraser river, British' Columbia, and probably much farther north, east to the eastern base of the- Bitter Root mountains, Montana ( Watson), south through Washington territory, western Oregon and California to- the southern borders of the state. A large tree, 24 to 60 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter ; banks of streams and bottom lands below 6,000 feet elevation ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of th» lower Columbia river and the streams flowing into Puget sound, here the largest deciduous tree of the forest. Wood very light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable;. color, light dull brown, the sap-wood lighter, nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.3814 ; ash, 1.27 ; in Oregon and Washington territory largely manufactured into staves of sugar barrels, woodenware, etc. 324. — Populus monilifera, Alton, Hort.Kew.iil, 406; 2 ed. v, 396.— Abbot, Insects Georgia, ii, 71.-Nouveau Dnhamel, ii, 186.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 805^ Euum. 1017-, Berl. Baumz.292.— PersooD, SJ-n. ii,623.— Desfontaines, Hist.Arb.il, 46.5.— Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii,2y5, t. 10,f.2; N.American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 168, t. 96, f. 2.— Pursli, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 618.— Nuttall, Genera, ii , -239 ; Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 2 ser. v, 167.— Hayiie, Dend. F1.202.— .Spreugel, Syst. ii, 244.— Watson, Dend. Brit. ii,t. 10-.i.— Bock, Bot. 323.— Eaton, Manual, G od. 278.— Loudon, Arboretum, iii, 1657, f. 1517 & t.— Eaton &, Wright, Bot. 371.— Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xv, 32 ; Hist. Veg. x, 389.— Torrey in Fromout's Rep. 97; Fl.N. York, ii, 215; Pacific R. R. Rep. v, 365.— Emerson, Trees Mas.sachusott8,249; 2 ed. i,287.— Seringo in F). dos Jard. ii,63.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Gr.ay in Pacific K. R. Rop. xii-!, 47 ; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 467.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 72. — Lesqneronx in Owen's 2d Rop. Arkansas, 389.— Wood, CI. Book, 655. — Engelmauu in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. xii, 2C9.— Watson in King's Rep. v, 327 ; Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xv, 136.— Hayden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakota, 2 ed. 121.— Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211.— Trelease in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 285, f. 3, 4.— Ward in Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 22, 116.— Beal in Am. Nat. xv, 34, f. 3.— Bell in Geological Kep. Canada, 1879-'80, 56'".— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 1882, 87.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 649. f P. deltoide, Marshall, Arbnstum, 106. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 175 ^. angulata, Alton, Hort. Kew. iU, 406; 2 ed. v, 396. - -Nouveau Duhamel, ii, 186.— Desfontaiues, Hist. Arb. ii, 466. — Willdenow, Spec, iv, 805; Enum. 1017 ; Berl. Baiimz. 294. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Ain.iii,302, 1. 12; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. ii, 161, t. 94.— Pnrsh, Fl. Ann.Sept. ii, 619.— Eaton, Manual, 117; 6 ed. 277.— Nuttall, Genera, ii,239.— Jam.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 155. — Sargent in London Gard. Chronicle, 1881, 8. Cupressus Lawsoniana, Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 292, t. 9.— Bot. Mag. t. 5581.— Nelson, I'iuacea;, 7-^.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 203.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit, ii, 191, t. 31, f. 1-13.— Hoopes, Evergreens :J42, f. 53.— Ileukel & Hochstetter, Nadclhiilz. 240.- Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 285.— London Garden, vii ."iOS & t.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 231.— Eichlcr in Mouatsb. Acad. Berl. 1881, f. 29,30. Cupressus fragrans, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, i, 103. t Cupressus atfenuata, Gordon, Pinetum, 1 cd. 57; 2 cd. *9. C. Boursierii, Carrifero, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 125 [not Decaisne]. C. Nutkanus, Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Exped. 1. 10. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 179 POET OKPOED CEDAK. OREGON OEDAB. AVHITE CEDAR. LAWSON'S OYPBESS. GINGER PINE. Oregon, Coos bay, south to the valley of the Eogue river, uot extending more than thirty miles from the coast ; California, valley of the upper Sacramento river (shores of Castle and Soda lakes, Shasta county). A large tree of the first economic value, 45 to 61 meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 meters iu diameter; rich woods, iu low, moist soil, interspersed with the yellow fir and hemlock; most common and reaching its greatest developmeut along the Oregon coast; local; in California very rare and local. Wood light, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the ground, abounding in oiforiferous resin, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; layers of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, light yellow or almost white, the thin sap-wood liardly distinguishable ; specific gravity, 0.4621 ; ash, 0.10 ; largely manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish, flooring, railway ties, fence posts, matches, and in ship- and boatbuilding; the resin strongly diuretic and a powerful insecticide. 332. — Cupressus macrocarpa, Hartweg, Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, ii, 187. — Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337. — Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 296 & t. ; Pinetum, 65 ; 2 cd. 91. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 206. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 20. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 211. — Cooper in Smitlisoniau Eep. 1858, 2C3 ; Proc. California Acad, iii, 290. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 124, in part. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 228. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 239. — Nelson, Pinacea), 73. — Hoopes, Evrt^greens, 353. — Parlatoro in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 473. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 285. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 148. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 113. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 234. — Lawson Pinetum Brit, ii, 195, t. 32. C. Lamhertiana, Carrifere in Eev. Hort. 1855, 232; Trait. Conif. 124 ; 2 ed. 166. C. Harhcegii, Carrifere in Rot. Hort. 1855, 232 ; Trait. Couif. 2 ed. 168. tC. macrocarpa, var. fasiigiata, Knight, Conif. 20.— Parlatore in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi', 473.— Veitcb, Manual Conif. 234. fC. Hartuegii, var. /««%iate, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 169. MONTEREY CYPRESS. California, Monterey (Cypress pointy Pescadero ranch, and Carmelo point). A tree 15 to 21 meters in height,, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 meter in diameter ; on granite rocks immediately upon the sea-coast ; very local. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather brittle, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable iu contact with the soil, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, odorous; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, hardly distiuguishable; color, clear bright brown streaked with red and yellow, the thin sap-wood light yellow; specific gravity, 0.6261 ; ash, 0.57 ; very beautiful and of undoubted value as a cabinet wood. 333. — Cupressus Goveniana, Gordon, Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, iv, 296 & f. ; Pinetum, 60; 2 ed. 83. — Bentham, PI. Hartweg. 337. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 206. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 125; 2 ed. 170. — Torrey, Mex. Boundary Survey, 211. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 266.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 240.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 2.52. — Parlatore in De Caudolle, Prodr, xvi^, 472. — Fowler iu London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 285.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 114.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 230. f C. Cali/ornica, Carrifere, Trait. Couif. 127; 2 ed. 164. « C. Calif ornica gracilis, Nelson, Pinacea;, 70, iupprt / C. COrnuta, Carrifere iu Rev. Hort. 1866, 251 & f. t Juniperus aromatica, Hort. Humboldt county, California, south along the coast and through the Coast ranges into Lower California. A small tree, sometimes 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter; borders of streams and mountain slopes, in rather rich soil, or often a low shrub, fruiting when 0.30 to 1 meter in height, and occupying extensive tracts of sandy barrens 1 to 5 miles inland from the coast, or thin, rocky soil (Pringle) ; widely but not generally distributed. Wood li;cht, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays thin, obscure; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood neaily white; specific gravity, 0.4689; a.sh, 0.45. 180 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 334. — Cupressus Macnabiana, Murray, Edinburgh, Now Phil. Jour, new ser. i, 293, 1. 10.— Gordon, Pinotum, 64 ; 2 ed. 90.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 od. 1C5.— Hoopcs, Evergreens, 353. — Parlatore in Do Caudollo, Prodr. xvi=, 473.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 150.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 114.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 23.3. G. glandulosa, Hooker, (ex. Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelhohs. 241). C. Galifornici gracilis, Nelson, Pinacese, 70, in part. Ciilifornia, mountains south of Clear lake, Lake county [Torrey, Bolandcr, Pringle, Miller). A small tree, sometimes 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 meter in diameter, or more often a tall shrub branching from the ground; very rare and local; not rediscovered in the original station reijorted by Jeffrey, the Mount Shasta region. Wood not collected. 335. — Cupressus Guadalupensis, w.atson, Proc. Am. Acad, xiv, :j<)0 ; Bot. California, ii, 114. G. macrocarpa, f Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 119 [not Hartweg]. G. Arizonica, E. L. Greene in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 64.— Ensby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 79.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 157. San Francisco mountains of New Mexico and eastern Arizona {Oreene, Busby), Santa Catalina and Santa Rita mountains, Arizona (Pringle, Lemmon) ; on the Sierra Madre, near Saltillo, and Gaudalupe island, Mexico (Palmer). A tree 18 to 21 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter ; rocky canons and ridges ; on the New Mexico and Arizona mountains, forming extensive forests between 5,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, generally on northern slopes; local. Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a good jjolish ; bands of small summer cells, broad, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, gray, often faintly streaked with yellow, the thick sap-wood light yellow ; specific gravity, 0.4843 ; ash, 0.44. 336. — Juniperus Californica, Carrifere, Eev. Hort, iii, 353 & f. ; Trait. Conif. 58 ; 2 ed. 41. — Gordon, Pinotum, 121. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 37. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. Iii, 588 ; Wheeler's Kep. vi, 375. — Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 593. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 113. J. tetragona, var. osteospervia, Torrey in Pacific E. E. Eep. iv, 141; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210; Ives' Eep. 28. J. tetragona, Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 263 [not Schlechtendal]. J. Gerrosianus, Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, u, 37. J. OCCidentalis, Gordon, Pinetum.Suppl. 38; Pinetum, 2 cd. 16-2, in part.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 245, in part.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 299, iu part. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prcdr. xvi", 489, in part. J. Galifomica, var. osteosperma, Engelmann ; Watson iu Proc. Am. Acad, xi, 119 . JXTNIPEB. California, San Francisco bay, south through the Coast ranges to Lower California. A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 meter In diameter, or more often a tall shrub, sending up many stems from the ground ; sandy barrens and dry, rocky soil. Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, light brown slightly tinged with red, the s.ap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.0282 ; ash, 0.75; in southern California largely used for fencing and fuel. Var. Utahensis, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 588 ; Wheelcr'.s Eop. vi, 2C4. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 37. — Sargeut in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 scr. xvii, 418. — Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594. —Watson, Bot. California, ii, 113. J. OCCidentalis, W.itson in King's Bep. v, 330, in part; PI. Wheeler, 18 [not Hooker]. J. occidental^, var. Utahensis, Veitch, Manual Conif. 289. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 181 JUNIPER. Western base of the Walisatch mountains, Utah, to eastern California, south through the Great Basin to southeastern Califoruia {Pringle) and the San Francisco mountains, eastern Arizona [Greene). A small, contorted tree, C to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or more often a tall, much-branched shrub; very common through the elevated valleys and along the lower slopes of all the ranges of central and southern Utah and Nevada, and the most generally-distributed arborescent species of the region. Wood light soft, close-graiued, compact, very durable in contact with the soil; color, light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5522 ; ash, 0.49; the common fuel and fencing material of the region, 337. — ^Juniperus pachyphloea, Torrey, Pacific E. R. Rep. iv, 142; Bot. Mex. Bouiidary Survey, 210 ; Ives' Rep. 28.— Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1858, 263.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelhcilz. 247.— Cirriere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 56.— Parlatore in De Candolle.Prodr. xvi^490.— Gordon,Pinetun),2 ed. 164.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 589; Wheeler's Eep. vi, 264.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 593.- Veitch, Manual Conif. 289.— Rusby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 79.— Hemsley, Bot. Am.-Cent. iii, 184. J. plochyderma, Torrey in Sitgreaves' Eep. 173, t. 16. J. Sabina pachyphloea, Antoine, Kupress. 39. JUNIPEE. Eagle and Limpia mountains {Havard), west along the ranges of western Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona south of latitude 34° ; southward into Mexico. A tree 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter; dry, stony slopes and ridges, generally between 2,000 and 3,000 feet elevation ; the prevailing and largest juniper of the mountains of western Texas. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a fine polish ; bands of small summer cells very thin, dark colored, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, clear light red, often streaked with yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5829; ash, 0.11. 338. — ^Juniperus occidentalis, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am.ii,166.— Endlicher, Syn. Couif. 26.— Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 202.— Carrifero, Conif. 42, in part; 2 ed. 40, in part.- Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 142.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 263.— Gordon, Pinetum, 117 (excl. syn.); Suppl. 38 (excl. syn. ) ; 2 ed. 162 (excl. syn.). — Henkel & Hochstctter, Nadelholz. 345, in part. — Nelson, Pinaceoe, 142. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 299 (excl. syn. Californica). — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 489, in part.- Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 37. — Macoun in Geological Hep. Canada, 187&-'76, 211.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 113.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 289. J. exceha, Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 647.— Nnttall, Genera, ii, 245. J. Andina, Nnttall, Sylva, ui, 95. 1. 110 ; 2 ed. ii, 157, 1. 110.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 55. Chamcecijparis Boursierii, Decaisne in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, i, 70. J. Hermanni, Koch, Dendrologie, ii», 141 [not Sprengel]. J. occidentalis, var. pleiosperma, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 590. J. pyriformis, Hort. JUNIPER. Blue mountains and high prairies of eastern Washington territory and Oregon, Cascade mountains of Oregon, valley of the Klamath river, California, and south along the high ridges of the Sierra Nevada, between 7,000 and 10,000 feet elevation, to the San Bernardino mountains {Parish Bros.). A tree 9 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 meters in diameter, or often a low, much-branched shrub; dry, rocky ridges and prairies, reaching its greatest development in the California sierras. Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, light red or brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5765; ash, 0.12; largely used for fencing and fuel. Var. monosperma, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, .590 ; Wlieclcr's Rep. vi, 2G3.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 289.— Rnsby in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 79. 182 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. JUNIPER. Ea.stci'u base of Pike's peak, Colorado, to the mountains of western Texas, and through New Mexico and southern Arizona to southern California. A small, stunted tree, G to 9 meters in height, with a tnink sometimes O.CO meter in diameter, or often branching from the ground with many stout, contorted stems; dry, gravellj' slopes between 3,500 and 7,000 feet elevation. Wootl heavier than that of the type, the layers of annual growth often eccentric; specific gravity, 0.7119; ash, 0.78; largely used for fuel and fencing. Var. COnjugens, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 590. — Vcitch, Maunal Couif. 289. — Watsou in Proc. Am. Acac].xviii,158. JUNIPER. Western Texas, valley of the Colorado river (Austin), west and north. A tree 11 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 meter in diameter, covering with extensive forests the limestone hills of western Texas; its range not yet satisfactorily determined. Wood light, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, brown, often streaked with red, the thin sap- wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.6907; ash, 0.4G; largely used for fencing, fuel, telegraph poles, railway ties, etc. 339. — ^Juniperus Virginiana, Linuffius, Spec. 1 od. 1039.— Kalm, Travels, English ed. il, 180.— Mar.shall, Arbustnm, 70.— Wangenheim, Amer. 9, t. 2, f. 5.— Walter, ¥\. Carolinian,'v,24rf.— Aiton,Hort. Kew. iii, 414; 2 cd. v, 414.— Lamarck, Diet, iv, 627.— Willdonow, Spec. iv,853; Enum. 1025; Berl. Baumz. 193.— Porsoou, Syn. ii,f>32. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 539. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 42, t. 5; N. American Sylva, 3ed. 173, t. 155.— Pnrsh, Fl. Am. Sept. 647.— Nonveau Duliamel, vi, 49, t. 16.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelpli. 96; Compend. Fl. Pliiladclph, ii, 200.— Eaton, Manual, 118; 2ed. 194.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 245; Sylva, iii, 97; 2 ed. ii, 159.— Bigelow, Med. Bot. iii, 49, t. 45 ; Fl. Boston. 3 od. 398.— Hayue, Dend. Fl. 205.— Elliott, Sk. ii,J17.— Torrey in Nicollet's Rep. 167 ; Compend. Fl. N. States, 377 ; Fl. N. York, ii, 235 ; Maroy's Rop. 284 ; PaciBc R. R. Rep. i v, 142 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 211 ; Ives' Rep. 28.— Sprengel, Syst. iii, 908.— Richard, Conif, 37, t. 6, f. 2.— Audubon, Birds, t. 43.— Rafinesqne, Med. Bot. ii, 13. —Beck, Bot. 337.— Lindlcy, Fl. Med. 55G.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 249."), f. 2357.— Forbes, Piuetura Woburn. 199.— Ponn. Cycl. xiii, 147.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 288.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 102; 2 ed. i, 118. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 27, iu part. — Schcele in Rcenier, Tex.as, Appx. 447. — Liudloy & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 202.— Parry in Owen's Rep. GIB.- Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. -295.- Knight, Syn. Conif. 12.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Durand in Jour. Philadelphia Acad. 1355, 101.— Torrey & Gray in Pacific R R. Rep. ii, 130, 175.— Carrifcre, Trait. Conif. 43 ; 2 ed. 44.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. 20.— Gordon, Pinetum, 112 ; 2 ed. 154.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257 ; Am. Nat. iii, 413.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 435.— Gray in Pacific R. R. Rep. xii', 48; Manual N. States, 5 ed. 474 ; Hall's PI. Texas, 21. — Hooker f. in Trans. Linnsean Soc. xxiii-, 302. —Curtis iu Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 71 .— Lesqucreux iu Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389.- Wood, CI. Book, 663 ; Bot. & Fl. 314.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 510.— Eugelmann in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. new ser. xii,209; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 591; Wheeler's Rep. vi,263.— Lyall iu Jour. Llnua^an Soc. vii, 144. — Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 335. — Nelson, Pinacea;, 153.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 291.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 488.— Young, Bot. Texas, 517.— Koch, Dendrologio, ii^, 1.38.— Watsou iu King's Rep. v, 335.— Rothrock in PI. Wheeler, 28, 50; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 10.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 132.— H.iyden in Warren's Rep. Nebraska & Dakot.-i, 2 ed. 122.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 37.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, 7 ed. ii,242.— Broadhesd iu Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ill, 60.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 329. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 183. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 282.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 52''.- Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 67.— Hemslcy, Bot. Am.- Cent. iii, 184. J. Caroliniana, Marshall, Arbustnm, 71.— Dn Roi,Harbk. 2 ed. 497. J. arborescens, Mrouch, Moth. 699. J. Barbadensis, Michaux, Fl'.Bor.-Am. ii,246 [not LinnKus].- Pursh, Fl.Am. Sept. ii, 647.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 245; Sylva, iii, 96; 2cd.ii,1.58. J, Virginiana, var. Caroliniana, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 198.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 205. —Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2495. J. Virgi7iiana, vai". Hermanni, Persoou, Syn. ii,632. J. Hermanni, Spreugel, Syst. iii, 908. J. fmtida, var. Virginiana, Spach in Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. xvi , 298 ; Hist. Veg. xi, 3lb. J. Virginiana vulgaris, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 28. J. Sabina, vjir. Virginiana, Antome, Kupress. t. 63, 64. I CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 183 RED CEDAR. SAVIN. Southern New Bruuswick to the northeru shores of Georgian bay, uortbern Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, south to cape Malabar and Tampa bay, Florida, and the valley of the Colorado river, Texas, west to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian territory to about the one hundi'edth parallel of west longitude; in the Pacific region. Rocky mountains of Colorado to Vancouver's island, British Columbia; not extending to western Texas, California, or. Oregon; in Utah, Nevada, and Arizona rare and local. The most widely distributed of North American Coniferae, a tree 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.35 meter in diameter, or toward its northeru and western limits much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub; dry, gravelly ridges, and limestone hills, or in the Gulf states, especially near the coast, in deep swamps; in northeru Montana, borders of streams and lakes; common; andreaching its greatest development in the valley of the Ecd river, Texas. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close- and straight-grained, compact, easily worked, very durable iu contact with the soil ; odorous; bands of small summer cells rather broad, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color, dull red, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4926 ; ash, 0.13 ; largely used for posts, sills, railway ties, interior finish, cabinet-making, and almost exclusively for lead-pencils. A decoction of the leaves is occasionally used as a substitute for savine cerete, and an infusion of the berries as a diuretic ( U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 529. — Xat. Dispensatory, 2 ed. 795). 340. — Taxodium distichum, Richard, Ann. Mus. xvi, 298; Conif. 52, t. 10. — Nouveau DuLamel, iii, 8. — Robin, Voyages, iii, 525. — Lambert, Piuus, 2 ed. 25 & t. — Torrey, Compend. FI. N. States, 361 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210. — Brongniart in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. xxx, 182. — Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2481, f. 2335-2339. — Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 177, t. 60.-— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 68, iu part. — Engelmaun & Gray in ,Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, v, 234.— Scheelo in Eoeiuer, Texas, Appx. 447. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209.— Knigbt, Syn. Conif. 20.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 ed. 295.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 143; 2ed. 180 ; Rev. Hort. viii, 62& f.— Morreu in Bolg. Hort. vi, 74 & t.— Gordon, Pinetum, 305 ; 2 ed. 382.— London Gard. Chronicle, 1857, 549. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 435.^Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, I860, iii, 29. — Lesquereux in Owen's 2d Rep. Arkansas, 389. — Wood, CI. Book, 603; Bot. & Fl. 315.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 258.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 cd. 473,— Hoopes, Evergreens, 364, f. 58. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 440. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, ii, 305, f. 1-9.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1526. — Young, Bot. Texas, 518. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii=,195. — Bertrand in Bull. Soo. Bot. France, xviii, 127.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— Bruadhead in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 60.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 214.— Ridgway in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 87.— Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 158. Cvpressus disticha, Linna:us, Spec. 1 ed. 1003.— Dn Roi, Harbk.i, 201. —Marshall, Arbustnm, 39.— Lamarck, Diet, ii, 244.— Wangenbeim, Amer. 43.— Walter, Fl. Caroliniana, 238.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 372; 2 ed. v, 323.— Bartram, Travels, 2 ed.88.— Michanx,FI. Bor.-Am. ii,208.— Desfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 567.— Willdenow, Spec. iv,512; Eunm. 991; Berl. Baumz. 111. — Schkuhr, Handb. iii, 288.— Micbanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii, 4, t. 1; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 154, t. 151.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 645.— Barton, Prodr. Fl. Philadelph. 93.— Rafinesque, Fl. Ludoviciana, 151.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 224.— Hayne,Dend. FI. 178.— James in Long's Exped. ii, 317, 318.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 642.— Beck, Bot. 238.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 116.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 215.— De Cbambray, Trait. Arb. Res. Conif. 349.— Dickson & Brown in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 scr. v, 15. — Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 508. Cttpressus disticha, var. patens and var. nutans, Alton, Hort. Kew. 2 ed. v, 323. CupreSSUS disticha, var. imbricaria, Nuttall, Genera, ii, 224; Traus.Am.Phil.Soc.2 ser.v, 163.— Croom in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xxviii, 166. Schuhertia disticha, Mirbel in Mem. Mus. xiii, 75.— Sprengcl, Syst. iii, 890.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 349. T. microphyllum, Brongniart iu Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. xxx, 182.— Endlicher, Syn. Couif. 68.— Lindley it Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, V, 207.— Carrifere, Trait. Couif. 148. T. adscendens, Brongniart in Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 ser. xxx, 182.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 69.— Lindley & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, V, 207. — Garriere, Trait. Conif. 148. T. distichum, var. patens and var. nutans, Eudlicher,Syn. Conif. 68.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2481. T. distichum fustigiatum. Knight, Syn. Conif. 21.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 145; 2 ed. 181.— Gordon, Pinetum, 307; 2 ed. 383. — Honkel & Hochstetter, Nadelbiilz. 260. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 367. r. distichum, var. microphyllum, Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 261.— Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 441 (T. Sinenae pendulum, Forlies, Pinetum Woburu. 180.— Glyptoslrobus jycndulun, Endlicher, Conif. 71.— Bot. Mag. t. 6603.— Carrifrre, trait. Couif. l.'JS. — T. Sinense, Gordon, Piuetum, 309. — Ctqireseus Sinenee, Hort.). Cupresptnnata disticna, kelson, ymaeesa.ai. 184 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. BALD CYPEESS. BLACK OYPEESS. BED OYPKESS. "WHITE CYPRESS. DEOrDUOTJS CYPEESS. Sussex connty, Delaware, south near the coast to Mosquito inlet and cape Romano, Florida, west through the Gulf states near the coast to the valley of the Nueces river, Texas, and through Arkansas to western Tennessee, western and northern Kentucky, southeastern Missouri, and southern Illinois and Indiana. A large tree of great economic value, 24 to 4G meters in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 meters in diameter; deep, submerged swamps, river- bottom lands, and pine-barren ponds; common and forming extensive forests in the south Atlantic and Gulf states. Wood light, soft, close, straight-grained, not strong, compact, easily worked, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous; medullai-y rays numerous, very obscure; color, light or dark brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4543; ash, 0.42; largely manufactured into lumber and used for construction, cooperage, railway ties, posts, fencing, etc., often injured, especially west of the Mississippi river, by a species of Dwdalia, not yet determined, rendering it unfit for lumber. Two varieties of cypress, black and white, are recognized by lumbermen, the wood of the former heavier than water when,green, rather harder and considered more durable than the other; the unseasoned wood of the latter lighter than water and rather lighter colored than black cypress. 341. — Sequoia gigantea, Dccaisne, Bull. Bot.Soc. France,!, 70; Kev. Hort. 1855, 9, 1. 10, f. L— Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, iii, 94; Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xvii. 440; xviii, 150, 286.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 140.— Kellogg in Proc. California Acad, i, 42.— Blake in Pacific R. R. Rep. v, 257, t. 13.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 166.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 90.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 263.— Wood, Bot. & FI. 315.— Bloomer in Proc. California Acad, iii, 397. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 239, f. 29. — Parlatore in De CandoUe Prodr. xvi', 437. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 194. — Bertrand in Ann. Sci. Nat. 5 ser. xx, 114.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36. — Mnir in Proc. Am. Assoc, xxv, 242.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 117. Wellingtonia gigantea, Lindley in London Gard. Chronicle, 1853, 819, 823 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4777, 4778.— C. Lemaire in lU. Hort. 1854, 14 & t.— Nandin in Rev; Hort. 1854, 116.— Fl. des Serres, ix, 93 & t. 903 & t.— Flor. Cabinet, 1854, 121 & t.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 22. — Gordon, Pinetum, 330 ; Suppl. 106 ; 2 ed. 415. — Murray in Ediuhnrgb New Phil. Jonr. new ser, xi, 205, t. 3-9 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 330, t. 6, f. 8, 9).— Henkel & Hochstetter, NadelhiJlz. 222.— Carrifero, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 217.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 4 15. Wellingtonia Californica, Winslow in California Farmer, September, 1854.— Hooker, Jour. Bot. & Kew Misc. vii, 26. Taxodium Washingtonianum, Winslow in California Farmer, September, 1854. Taxodium giganteum, Kellogg & Behr in Proc. California Acad. i. 51. S. Wellingtonia, Seemann in Bonplandia, ii,238; iii, 27; vi,343; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3 ser. March, 1859, 161.— Lawson, Pinetum Brit, iii, 299, t. 37, 51, 53, f. 1-37. Gigantahies WdJlW^/OWia, Nelson, Pinacese, 79. BIG TREE. California, western slopes^ of the Sierra Nevadas from Placer county (Calaveras Grove) south to Deer creek on the southern borders of Tulare county. Tlie largest tree of the American forest, 76 to 119 meters in height, with a trunk 6 to 11 meters iu diameter; valleys and moist swales or hollows between 4,000 and 0,000 feet elevation, growing in small, isolated groves, exceiJt toward its southern limits, here mixed with the sugar pine and red and white firs, covering large tKactS, often several hundred acres in extent. Wood very light, soft, weak, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, remarkably durable in contact with tbo soil; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, con.spicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, bright clear red, turning much darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood white; specific gravity, 0.2882; ash, 0.50; in Fresno county formerly somewhat manufactured into lumber and locally used for fencing, shingles, construction, etc. 342. — Sequoia sempervirens, Endlicber, Syn. Conif. 198.— Decaisne in Rev. Hort. 185.5, 9, tt 11, f. 2.— Carrifero, Trait. Conif. 164 ; 2 ed. 210.— Bigelow in Pacific R. K. Rep. iv, 23.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 57, 90, f. 23.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 140 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210 ; Ives' Rep. 28. — Gordon, Pinetum, 303; Suppl. 97; 2 ed. 379.— Cooper in Smithsouian Rep. 1858,263. — Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. xi, 221 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 346).— Seemann in Ann. & M.ag. Nat. Hist. 3 ser. March, 1S'>9, 165.— Wood, Bot. &F1.315. — Bolandcr in Proc. California Acad, iii, 231. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 244. — Parlatore iu De Caudolle Prodr. xvl', 436.- Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 193.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 36.— Stearns in Am. Nat. x, 110.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 116.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 212.— liawson, Pinetum Brit, iii, t. 52 & figs. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 185- Taxodium sempervirens, Lambert, Pinus, 114;-2 cd. ii, 107, t. 52.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2487, f. 2340, 2341.— Hooker, p'l. Bor.-Am. ii, 164; Icon, iv, t. 379. — Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beecliey, 1841. — Fremont, Geographical Mem. California, :56,. 37.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 262. Taxodii species, Douglas in Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 150. Sequoia gigantea, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 190, in part.— Beutbam, PI. Hartweg. 33a Abies religiosa, Hooker & Amott, Bot. Boechey, 160. Sehubeftia sempervirens, 8pach,H'mt.\og.x^i, 353. 8. religiosa, Pr^l,Epimel.Bot.357.— Walpers, Ann. iU, 448. Oigantabies taxifoUa, Nelson, PinaceB, 78. EEDWOOD. California, from the northern boundary of the state, south through the Coast ranges to "Veers creek" near the- southern border of Monterey county. A large tree of great economic value, 61 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 7 meters in diameter, sending up from the stump when cut many vigorous shoots ; sides of canons and gulches in low, wet situations, borders of streams, etc., not appearing on dry hillsides; generally confined to the western slopes of the Coast ranges, and nowhere extending far from the coast; most generally multiplied and reaching its greatest average density north of cape Mendocino. Wood light, soft, not strong, very brittle, rather coarsegrained, compact, susceptible of a good polish, easily split and worked, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored,^ conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color, clear light red, the thiu sap-wood nearly white ;^ specific gravity, 0.4208; ash, 0.14; largely sawed into lumber; the prevailing and most valuable building material of the Pacific coast, and in California almost exclusively used for shingles, fence posts, telegraph poles, railway ties, wine-butts, tanning- and water-tanks, coflQns, etc. ; forms with curled or contorted grain are highly ornamental. 343.— Taxus brevifolia, Nuttall, Sylva, iii,86, 1. 108; 2ed. ii, 149, 1. 108 (T. occidentalis on plate).— Torrey in Pacific R. K.Eep. iv, 140.— NewbeiTy in Pacific E. R. Rep, vi, 60, 90, f. 26.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 203; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii'', 26, 69; Am. Nat. iii, 414.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. . 316. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 229. — Carrifcro, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 742.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 383. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 501. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 40'i. — Koch, Deudrologie, ii^, 95.— Gordon, Pinetnm, 2 ed. 392. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, .35. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-76, 211.— Hall in Coulter's I3ot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Watson. Bot. California, ii, 110. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 329. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 305. T. baccata, var. CanadewstS, Bentham, Pi. Hartweg. 338. T. baccata, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 167, in part. T. Boursierii, CarriJire in Rev. Hort. 1854,228 & t. ; Trait. Conif. 523 ; 2 ed. 739. T. Lindleyana, Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, now ser. i, 294 ; Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, I860.— Lawson, Cat, 1855, 15.— Gordon, Pinetum, 316 ; Suppl. 99.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 360.— Nelson, Pinacete, 174. T. Canadensis, Bigelowin Pacific R. R.Rcp. iv,25[notWilIdenow]. YEW Queen Charlotte islands and the valley of the Skeena river, south through the Coast ranges of British Columbia, through western and the mountain ranges of eastern Washington territory and Oregon to the western slopes of the Rocky mountains of northern Montana (Ganby <& Sargent), through the California Coast ranges to the bay of Monterey and along the western slopea'of the Sierra Nevadas to about latitude 37° IT. A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 0.90 meter in diameter, or toward its eastern limits in Idaho and Montana much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub; rai'e; low, rich woods and borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in western Oregon, Washington territory, and British Columbia. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil; bauds of small summer cells thin, dark colored, conspicuous; medullary rays thin, numerous, very obscure ; color, light bright red, the thin sap'wood light yellow ; specific gravity, 0.6391 ; ash, 0.22 ; used for fence posts and by the Indians of the northwest coast for paddles, spear handles, bows, fish-hooks, etc. 186 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 344. — Taxus Ploridana, Nuttall, Sylvo, iii,92; 2 ed. ii, 155.— Groom in Am. Jour. Sci. 1 ser. xivi, 334. — Chapman, FI. S. States, 436.— C8^T^^^o, Trait. Coiiif. 2 ed. 741. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 3tj4.— Vasey. Cat. Forest Trees, 36. T. montana, Nuttall, Sylva,iii, 92; 2 ed.il, 155. YEW. Western Florida, banks of the Apalachicola river from Bristol to Aspalaga, Gadsdeu couuty, aud Watson's Landing? (Curtm). A small tree, 3 to 6 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 meter in diameter ; rare and very local. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact; bauds of small summer cells very thin, dark colored, not conspicuous ; medullary rays iiumerous, obscure ; color, dark brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.C340 ; ash, 0.21. 345. — Torreya taxifolia, Arnott, Ann. Nat. Hist, i, 134; Hooker, Icon, iii, t. 232, 233.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 454.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 91, t. 109; 2 ed. ii, 153, t. 109.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 298.— Eudlicher, Syn. Conif. 241.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 226.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 516.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 514 ; 2 ed. 726.— Gordon, Pinetum, 329; 2 ed. 412.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 259.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 436.— Wood, CI. Book, 664; Bot. & Fl. 316.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 387, f. 62.— Parlatore in De Candolla, Prodr. xvi', 505. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii'^, 100. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 311. Caryotaxus taxifolia, Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 367. Fcetataxus montana, Nelson, PinaceiB, 167. STINKING CEDAR. SAA^N. Western Florida, eastern bank of the Apalachicola river from Chattahoochee to the neighborhood of Bristol, Oadsden county; doubtfully reported from the shores of a small lake west of Ocheesee and at Wakulla Springs, Wakulla county {Curliss). A tree 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 meter in diameter, sending up when cut many vigorous shoots from the stem aud roots; borders of swamps on calcareous soil; very rare and local. Wood light, rather hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells very thin, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, clear bright yellow, the thin saj)- wood much lighter; specific gravity, 0.5145; ash, 0.73; largely used locally for fence posts, etc. 346. — Torreya Californica, Toney, N. York Jour. Pharm. iii, 49; Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 140. — Bigelowin Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 24. — Kellogg iu Proc. California Acad. 1, 35. — Newberry iu Pacific R. R. Rej). vi, 61, 90, f. 27. — Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 185S, 263. — Bolauder in Proc. California Acad, iii, 229. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 335. — Parlatore in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi'^, £06. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii'', 101. — Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 410. — "Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 35. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 110. T. Myristica, Hooker f. iu Bot. Mag. t. 4780.— Van Hontto iu Fl. des Serres, ix, 175 & t.— Carritre, Conif. 315; 2 ed. 727.— Gordon, Pinetum, 1 ed. 327. — Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. x, 7, t. 3. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 311. Caryotaxus Myristica, Heukel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 368. Fcetataxits Myristica, Nelson, Pinacese, 168. CALIFORNIA NUTMEG. STINKING CEDAR. California, Mendocino county, and along the western slope of the Sierra Nevadas to Tulare county, between 3,000 and 5,000 feet elevation. A tree 15 to 22 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter, sending up from the stump when cut many vigorous shoots; borders of streams, in moist soil; rare. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a flue polish, very durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells broad, uot conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, ol>>cnrc; color, clear light yellow, the thin sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.47C0; ash, 1.34. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TRfeES. 187 347. — Pinus Strobus, Linuteus, Spec.led. 1001; Du Koi. Ilarbk. ii,57.— Waagenhoiin, Amor, i, 1. 1, f. 1.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 309; 2 ed. v, 318.— Swartz, Gbs. 363.— Mcench, Meth. 384.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. il, 205.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, v, 341 ; 111. iii, 369, t. 780, f. 2.— Lambert, Piuus, 1 cd. t. 22; 2ed. i, 27, t. 35; 3ed. i, 51, t. 32.— Willileuow, Spec, iv, 501; Kuum. 93'J; BerlBamnz. 213.— Persoon, Syn. ii, 579.— Dcsfoutaines, Hist. Arb. ii, 612.— Micliaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 104, 1. 10 ; N. Americau Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 120, 1. 145.— Non veau Duharael, v, 249, t. 70.- Smith in Kees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 17.— Pursh,Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 644.— Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 cd.265.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223; Sylva, iii, 118; 2 ed. ii, 176 (excl. syn. var. monticola). — Hayne, Deud. H. 175. — Elliott. Sk. ii,638. — Spnngel, Syst. ii, 887. — Tnrrey, Conipend. Fl. N. States, 360 |VF1. N. York, ii,229.— Richard, Conif. 60, 1. 12, f. 2.— Audubon, Birds, t. 39.— Beck, Bot. 339.— Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2280, f. 2193-2106.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburu. 83.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161.— Eaton & Wriglit. Bot. 359.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 385. — Antoine, Conif. 43, t. 20, f. 3. — Lindley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 173. — Link in Linuaja, xv, 514. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 394. — De Charabray, Trait. Arb. Res. Couif. 262. t. 4, 5, f. 8.— Emer.sou, Trees Massachusetts, 60; 2 ed. i, 73 & t.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 147. — Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 35, t. 5. — Knight, Syn. Conif. 34. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 915. — Carrifere, Trait. Couif. 302 ; 2 ed. 398.— Buckley in Am. Jotir. Sci.2 ser. xiii, 398.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 cd. 290.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Gordon, Pinetum, 239; 2 ed. 322.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1853,257.— Fescali,For8t.Pfi. 56, 1. 11, f. 7-13. —Chapman, Fl. S. States, 434.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 25.— Wood, CI. Book, 660 ; Bot. & Fl. 312.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 505. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 92. — Nelson, Pinacea;, 130. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 136, f. 19. — Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 470. — Parlatoro in De CandoUe, Prodr. xvi-, 405. — Schuizlein, Icon. t. 77, f. 10. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 319.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — Sears in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 187. — Voitch, Manual Conif. 183.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80. 49'^. P. Strobus, var. alba, var. hrevifolia, var. compressa, Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2280.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 215. P. Strobus, var. nivea, Hort. WHITE PINE. WEYMOUTH PINE. Newfoundland, northern shores of the gulf of Saint Lawrence to lake Nipigon and the valley of the Winnipeg river, south through the northern states to Pennsylvania, the southern shores of lake Michigan, " Starving rock," near La Salle, Illinois, near Davenport, Iowa (Parry), and along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia. A large tree of the first economic value, 24 to 52 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3.50 meters in diameter; sandy loam upon drift formations, forming extensive forests, or in the region of the great lakes often in small bodies scattered through the hard-wood forests, here reaching its greatest development ; north of latitude 47° N. and south of Pennsylvania, central Michigan, and Minnesota much smaller, less common and valuable. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close, straight-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a beautiful polish; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages small, not numerous nor conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown, often slightly tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.3854; ash, 0.19; more largely manufactured into lumber, shingles, laths, etc., than that of any other North American tree ; the common and most valuable building material of the northern states ; largely used in cabinet-making, for interior finish, and in the manufacture of matches, woodenware, and for many domestic purposes. Conifcrin, a glucoside principle, has been discovered in the cambium layer of this and several other species of Goniferce [Jour, fur Prakt. Cliem. xcvii, 243. — Am. Jour. Pharm. 1867, 261. — U. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 901). 348. — Pinus monticola, Douglas; Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 27, t. 35.— Loudou, Arboretum, i v, 2291, f. 2208, 2209.- Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 81, t. 31.— Antoine, Conif. 40, t. 18, f. 3.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 148. — Lindley & Gordou in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 215. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif 305; 2 ed. 401.— Gordou, Pinetum, 233; 2 ed. 314.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,262; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii',27; Am. Nat. iii, 410. — Lyall in Jour. Linnroan Soc. vii, 141.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 94. — Nelson, PinaceiB, 120. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 135.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 318. — Parlatore in De Candollc, Prodr. xvi=, 405. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402. — Fowler in Loudon Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1071. — Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 322. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76, 211. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91.- Engelraann in Bot. California, ii, 123.— G. M.Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 328. — Veitch, Manaal Conif. 181, f. 41.- Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 69, f. 1-6. P. Strobus, var. monticola, Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 118; 2cd.ii,170. P. Orozelieri, Carriere in Rev. Hort. 1869, 126. P. porphyrocarpa, Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 83, f. 1-8. AVHITE PINE. Vancuovc'r's island. Coast and Gold ranges of southern British Columbia, through the Coeur d'Alene and Bitter Boot mountains of Idaho to the valley of the Flathead river, northern Montana [Canhy <& Sargent), south along the Cascade mountains of Washington territory and Oregon and the California sierrsis t<> Calaveras county. A large tree, 30 to 46 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 meter in diameter; r.i.ist common and reaching its greatest development in the Pend d'Orcille and Clark's Fork regions of Idaho, lierc a valuable and important timber tree; in British Columbia generally below 3,000 feet, and in California between 7,000 and 10,000 feet elevation; not common. 188 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Wood very light, soft, not strong, close, straiglitgrained, compact; bauds of small summer cells thin, resinous, not conspicuous, resin passages numerous, not large, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown or red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3908; ash, 0.23; inferior in quality, althougI» resembling that of the eastern white pine (P. Strobtm) ; in Idaho and Montana somewhat manufactured into lumber. 349. — Pinus Lambertiana, Dougins, Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 92, 106, 107, 130, 152 ; Trans. Liunican See. xv, 500. — Liinibert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 157, t. 6S, 69. — Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2288, f. 2i03.— Forbes, Pinetum Wobnrn. 77, t. 30.— Hooker, FI. Bor.-Ain. ii, 161.— Antoinc, Conif. 41, 1. 19.— Liudley in Penn. Cycl. xvii, 173.— Hooker & Amott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— Spach, Hist. Veg. .\i, 397.— Nutt.ill, Sylva, iii, 122, 1. 114; 2 ed. ii, 180, t. 114.— De Chanibray, Trait. Arb. Ees. Conif. 346. — Endliclier, Syu. Conif. 150. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 215. — Carritsro, Trait. Couif. 307 ; 2 ed. 403.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 21.— Torrey in Pacific R.R. Rep. iv, 141; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210; Ives' Rep. 28.— Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 42, 90, f. 14.— Gordon, Pinetum, 228; 2 ed. 307.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 185^,262. — Murray in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 369. — Law8on,PinetUBi Brit, i, 47, t.7, f. 1-7. — Bolandcr in Proc. California Aond. iii, 226, 317. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 95. — Nelson, Piuacese, 115.— Hoopes, Evergrjeens, 134. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 402. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1071. — Koch, Dendrolrfgie, iP, 323. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32.— A'^oitch, Manual Conif. 179. SUGAR PINE. Oregon, Cascade and Coast ranges, from the head of the Mackenzie river and the valley of the Eogue river south along the western flank of the California sierras, through the Coast ranges to the Santa Lucia mountains, and in the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca mountains. A large tree, 46 to 92 meters in height, with a trunk 3 to 7 meters in diameter; most common and reaching its greatest development upon the sierras of central and northern California between 4,000 and 8,000 feet elevation; in the Oregon Coast ranges descending to 1,000 feet above the sea-level. Wood very light, soft, coarse, straight-grained, compact, satiny, easily worked; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous, conspicuous, resin passages numerous, very large and conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color,light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.3684; ash, 0.22; now laigely manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish, door-blinds, sashes, etc., and for cooperage and woodenware; less valuable and less easily worked than that of the eastern white i)ine {Pinus Strobus); its quality injured by the larger and more numerous resin passages. A saccharine exudation from the stumps of cut or partially-burned trees sometimes used as a substitute for sugar. 350. — Pinus flexilis, James, Long's Exped. ii, 27, 34.— Torrey in Ann. Lyc.N. York, ii, 249; PaciUc R. R. Rep. iv, 141.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 265.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 359.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 107, t. 112; 2 ed. ii, 167, 1. 107.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 220.— Carrifere in Fl. des Serres, ix, 200; Rev. Hort. 1854, 228; Trait. Conif 310; 2 ed. 392.— Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 0, 20.— Gordon, Pinetum, 224; 2 ed. 302. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262. — Parry in Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 121. — Engelmanu iu Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser, xxxiv, 331 ; Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 208; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 257 ; Bot. California, ii, 124.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 126. — Nelson, Pinacese, 112. — Bolandcr iu Proc. California Acad, iii, 318. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 131, t. 18. — Parlatore in De Candoile, Prodr. xvi=, 403.— Porter in Haydeu's Rep. 1871, 494.— Watson in King's Rep. v, xxviii, 332 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Eothrock, PI. Wheeler, 27, 50; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 9.— Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado; Hayden, Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 130. — Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 106. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32. — Sargent in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xvii, 420 — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 35, f. 1. P. Lambertiana, var. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161. p. Lambertiana, var. brevi/olia, Endlicher, Syu. Conif. 150.— Lindley &, Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 215.— Carrifero, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 404. P. flexilis, var. serrulata, Engelmann in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 258. P. flexilis, var. macrocarpa, Engelmann in Wheeler's Rep. vi, 258. WHITE PINE. Eastern slopes of the Eocky mountains, Montana, and probably much farther north, south to New Mexico, on the Guadalupe and Limpia mountains, western Texas {Havard), on the high mountain ranges of Utah, Nevada, and nortlicrn Arizona, Inyo mountains and mount Silliman, California. A tree 15 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter iu diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes and ridges between 4,000 and 10,000 feet elevation ; common along the eastern slopes of the Kocky mountains of northern Montana, forming open, scattered forests, here low, round-topped, and the prevailing forest tree; in central Nevada the most valuable lumber tree of the region. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells narrow, not cousincuous, resin passages nnmerous, large; medullary rays numerous, conspicuou.s ; color, light clear yellow, turning red witli exposure, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0,4358; ash, 0.28; in northern Montana, Nevada, and Utah aometimes sawed into inferior lumber and used in construction and for various domestic purposes. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 189 351. — Pinus albicaulis, Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 209; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4. — Gray iu Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32. — Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Lawson, Piuetum Brit, i, 1, f. 1-4. P. flexilis, Murray, Rep. Oregon Exped. i, t. 2, f. 1 [not James]. — Lyall in Jour. Linnseau Soc. vii, 142. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 403, in part. P. ceynbxoides, Newberry in Pacific E. R. Rep. vi, 44, 90, f. 15 [not Zuccarini]. P. Shasta, Carrifere, Trait. Couif. 2 ed. 390. P. flexilis, var. albicaulis, Engelmann in Bot. California, ii, 124.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new. ser. ix, 328. Coast ranges of British Columbia, from the valley of the Lltasyonco river (O. M. Dawson) south along the Cascade and Blue mountains of Washington territory and Oregon, extending east along the high ranges of northern Washington territory to the eastern slope of the Eocky mountains of northern Montana (Old Marias pass, Canby & Sargent) ; California, Scott's mountains, mount Shasta, and on the high peaks of the Sierra Nevadas to mount San Bernardino. A small alpine tree, 6 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 meter iu diameter, or at its highest elevation reduced to a low, prostrate shrub ; dry, gravelly ridges at the extreme limit of tree growth, reaching in the San Bernardino mountains an elevation of 10,500 feet. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages numerous, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; .specific gravity, 0.4165; ash, 0.27. 352. — Pinus reflexa, Engelmann, Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4.— Rusljy in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, ix, 80. P. flexilis, var. reflexa, Engelmann in Wheeler's Kep. vi, 258. WHITE PINE. High mountains of southwestern New Mexico {Greene, Bvsby) to the Santa Rita mountains {Rothrock, Engelmann <& Sargent) and Santa Catalina mountains (Lemmon, Pringle), Arizona. A tree 2i to 30 meters in height, with a trunk sometimes exceeding 0.60 meter in diameter ; rocky ridges and .slopes of almost inaccessible canons between 6,000 to 8,000 feet elevation. Wood 'light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, resinous, not XM)n8picuous, resin passages large, not numerous; medullary rays numerons, obscure ; color, light red, the sap- wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4877; ash, 0.26. 353. — Pinus Parryana, Engelmann, Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxiv, 332, note ; Bot. California, ii, 124.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi*, 402. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. P. Haveana, Torroy, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 208. t. 55 [not Scliiede & Deppe].— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 262. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 318. PiSON. NUT PINE. California, Larkin's station, 20 miles southeast of Campo, San Diego county ( Vasey), and southward into Lower California. A small tree, 6 to 9 meters iu height, with a trunk 0..30 to 0.45 meter in diameter; very rare within the limits of the United States; south of the boundary forming extensive open forests upon the high mesas and slopes of Lower California (Pringle). Wood light, soft, close grained, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages very numerous, large, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown or yellow, the sap-wood much lighter, nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5075; ash, 0.54. The large seeds edible. 190 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 354. — Pinus cembroides, Zuccanni, Flora, ii, 93.— Enrtliclicr, Syn. Conif. 18-2.— Fl. des Series, iv, 344C, t. S>7.— Nelson, Pinacese, 107.— Parlatore in Do Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 337.— Eugi-Imaim iu Truns. St. Louis Acad, iv, 176. — Watson in Proc. Am. Acad, xviii, 158. P. Llaveana, Scbiedo & Dcppo in Linniea, xii, 488.— Forbes, Pinetum Wobnrn. 49, t. 17.— Antoine, Conif. 36, t. 16, f. 1. — Spacb, Hist. Vcg. xi, 401. — Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, ai6. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 405; 2 ed. 461. — Gordon, Pinetum, 199 ; 2 ed. 274 (excl. syn. edulw). — Hcukel & Hochstetter, Nadclbolz. 64 (excl. syn. e, t. 331, f. 97.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 216.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 404 ; 2 ed. 460. P. futilia, Roezl in herb, fide Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 76; 2 ed. 265. PINON. NUT PINE. Eastern base of Pike's peak, Colorado, south through New Mexico to the mountains of western Texas. j^ small tree, 6 to. 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 meter in diameter; dry mesas and slopes, generally on lime or sandstone, reaching in Colorado an elevation of 9,000 feet. * Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, durable in contact with the soil; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages few, small ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.6388 ; ash, 0.62 ; largely used for fuel, charcoal, fencing, etc.,, and in western Texas occasionally manufactured into inferior lumber. The large edible nuts supply the Indians with a valuable article of food. 356. — Pinus monophylla, Torrey & Fremont, Fremont's Rep. 319, t. 4.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 318.— Hoopes, Evergreens^ 142. — Parlatore in 0e Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 378. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 65, t. 9, f. 1-12 (P. TVemoHtiana on plate). — Watson in King's Rep. v, 330 ; PI. Wheeler, 17.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii=, 271.— Bertraud in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xviii, 81, t. 5, f. 81.— Rothrock iu PI. Wheeler, 28, 50. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594. — Engelmann iu Wheeler's Rep, \'i, 259,374; Trans. St. Louis Aoad. iv, 178; Bot.-Califomia, ii, 124. — Sargeut in Am. Jour. SCi. 3 sor. xvii, 419. — Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1883, p. 48, f. 8. P. Fremontiana, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 1831, in part.— Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. Loudon, iv, 293 & f. ; Pinetum, 194 ; 2 ed. 235.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 28.— Liudley & Gordon iu Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 216.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif 194 ; 2- ed. 462.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 62. PINON. NUT PINE. Near Utah lake, Utah, to the eastern foot-hills of the California sierras, south along the mountain ranges of the Great Basin to the San Francisco mountains of eastern Arizona. A small, bushy tree, 4 to 6 meters iu height, with a trunk sometimes 1 meter in diamet«r; dry, gravelly slopes aud mesas between 3,000 and 6,000 feet elevation. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 191 "Wood light, soft, weak, brittle, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells thin, not conspicuous, resin passages few, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, yellow or light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5658; ash, 0.68; largely used for fuel and charcoal. The large edible seeds furnish the principal food of the Indians of the Great Basin. 357. — Pinus Balfouriana, Mmray, Rep. Oregon Expe?V. i, t. 3, f. 1. — Gordon, Pinetiim, 217 ; 2 ed. 293. — Henkel & Hoohstetter, Nadelholz. 109. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 318. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 425. — Nelson, Pinaccte, 104. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 149. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 973. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 33. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 179; Bot. California, ii, 125. — Veitch, Mamial Conif. 175. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 11, f. 1-5. California, Scott's mountain, Siskiyou county {Jeffrey, Lemvion), mount Whitney, and about the headwaters of King and Kern rivers. A small tree, 15 to 19 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes and ridges, forming upon Scott's mountain a broad belt of open forest growth between 5,000 and 8,000 feet elevation. Wood light, soft, weak, brittle, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; bands of small summer cells very narrow, dark colored, resin passages few, not conspicuous; medullary rays uumerons obscure; specific gravity, 0.5434 ; ash, 0.41, - Var. aristata, Engelmann, Wheeler's Rep. vi, 375. — Bot. California, ii, 125. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 175. P. aristatcij Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. 2 ser. xxxiv, 331'; Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 205, t. 5, 6; iv, 179; Bot. California, ii, 125.— Parry in Trans. St. Louis Acad, ii, 123.— Wood, Bot. & Fl. 313.— Regel, Gartenflora, 1863, iii, 91.— Henkel & Hochatetter, Nadelholz. 417. — Nelson, Pinacete, 103. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 424.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi'', 400. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Surv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 130. — Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 106.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 291.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32.— Brandegce in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, 32.— La-wson, Pinetum Brit, i, 5, f. 1. P. Balfouriana, Watson in King's Rep. v, 331 ; PI. Wheeler, 17 [not Murray].— Rothrock in PI. Wheeler, 28, 50.— Sargent- in Am. Jour. Sci. 3 ser. xvii, 419. FOXTAIL PINE. HICKORY PINE. Mountains of southeastern California, Nevada, northern Arizona, and southern Utah to Colorado, above 7,500 feet, or in Colorado reaching 12,000 fe€t elevation. A tree 15 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 2.40 meters in diameter ; dry, gravelly ridges ; not common. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-giained, compact ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark colored, not conspicuous, resin passages few, not prominent ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, red, the thin sap-wootl nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.5572 ; ash, 0.30 ; in central Nevada largely used for the timbering of mines, and now nearly exterminated. 358. — Pinus resinosa, Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 357; 2 ed. v, 316.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. t. 14; 2 ed. i, 20, t. 14 ; 3 ed. i, 17, t. 13.— Willdeuow, Spec, iv, 490; Euum. 98S; Berl. Bauraz. 267. — Poirot in Lamarck, Diet, v, 339. — Persoon, Syn. ii, 578. — Desfoutaiues, Hist. Arb.ii, 612. — Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii, No. 3.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 642.— Eaton, Manual, 110; 6 ed. 264.- Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 173.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 883.- Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 360; Fl. N.York, ii, 227.— Beck, Bot. 339.— Loudon, ArborQtum, iv, 2210, f.2094-2097.— Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 19, t. 6.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 161, in part.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 384. — Liadley in Ponn. Cycl. xvii, 170. — Autoine, Conif. 7, t. 4, f. 1. — Link in Linnfea, xv, 501. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 178.— Knight, Syn. Conif, 27.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 219.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Carriferc, Trait. Conif. 401.— Gordon, Pinetum, 183(excl.9yn. LoiseZeuriana) ; 2ed.256. — Richardson Arctic Exped. 441. — Cooperin Smithsonian Rep. 18.58, 2.'>7.— Wood, CI. Book, 661 ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 45 (excl. syn. ioiscJeitriana).- Hoopee, Evergreens, 102.— Gray, Manual N. States, 5 ed. 470.— Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^, 388.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii'^, 286.^ Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 30. — M.acoun in Geological Rep. Can.ada, 1875-'76, 211.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 179. — Soars in Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 18.').— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, 1879-'80, 50".— A^eitch, Manual Conif. 159. P. rubra, Michanx f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 46, t. 1 ; N. American Sylva, 3 cd. iii, 91, t. 134 [not Lambert].— De Chambravr Trait. Arb. Res. 344.— Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 27.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 cd. 496. \ i' P. Laricio, var. resinosa, Spach, Hist. Veg. 385. ./ 192 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. BED PINE. NOEWAY PINE. Newfouiiclland, northern shores of the gulf of Saint Lawrence and lake Nipigon to the valley of the Winnipeg river, south through the northern states to Chestnut Hill, Middlesex county, Massachusetts, the mountains of northern Pennsylvania, Isabella county, Michigan, and central Minnesota. A large tree, 24 to 46 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.37 meter in diameter ; light sandy loam or dry, rocky ridges, forming scattered groves rarely exceeding a few hundred acres iu extent; common and reaching its greatest development through northern Wisconsin and Minnesota ; rare in the eastern States, except iu the extreme northern portions of New England. Wood light, not strong, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, dark colored, very resinous, resin passages few, small, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, light red, the sap-wood yellow or often almost white; specific gravity, 0.4854; ash, 0.27; largely manufactured into -lumber and used for all purposes of construction, flooring, piles, etc. 359. — Pinus Torreyana, Pany, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210, t. 58, 59 ; Proc. San Diego Nat. Hist. Soc. Nov. 1883.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 326 ; 2 ed. 423.— CJordon, Pinetum, 241.— Cooper iu Smithsonian Rep. 1860, 442.— Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 117.— Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 318. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 150. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31.— Palmer in Am. Nat. xii, 594. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 181 ; Bot. California, ii, 125.— Veitch, Manual Conif. 173. P. lophoaperma, UqAUj in London Gard. Chronicle, 1860, 40.— Gordon, Pinetnni, Suppl. 69; 2 ed. 310.— Henkel nkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz, 416. — Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 455. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 318. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi*,431. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1070. — Murray in London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 106.— Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 289. P.ponderosa, var. Jeffreyi, Vasey, Cat. Forest Tree8,31.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iv,181 ; Bot. California, ii, 126. BULL PINE. BLACK PINE. California, Scott's mountain, Siskiyou county, south along the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains. A large tree, 30 to 31 meters in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 4 meters in diameter; dry, gravelly slopes between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevadas, here generally replacing the allied P. ponderosa, from which it may be distinguished by its more deeply- cleft bark, glaucous branchleta and leaves, much Jarger cones, and by the strong, pungent odor of oil of orange of the freshl.ycut branchlets. 13 FOE 194 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Wood Ufiht, stroiij?, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ; bauds of small summer cells not broad, very resiuous, conspicuous, resin psussages few, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light red, the sap-wood pale yellow or nearly white; specific gravity, 0.520G; ash, O.L'f>; largely manufactured into coarse lumber. Abietinc, a volatile carbo-hydrogen possessing powerful anaesthetic properties, is probably obtained by distilling the resinous exudation of this species, and not of P. SaMniana ( WatVs Diet, Chemistry, 2d Suppl. 1. — Am. Jour. Pharm. 1872, 97.— IT. S. Dispensatory, 14 ed. 900). 363. — Pinus Chihuahuana, Eugelmano, Wislizciiiis' Rep. No. 26; Wheeler's Bep. vi, 262; Trans. St. Loais Acad, iv, 181; Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 4.— Liudlej' & GordoD in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 2-20.— Carrifere in Fl. des Serres, ix, 200 ; Rev. Hort. 1854, 227 ; Trait. Conif. 357 ; 2 ed. 455.— Gordon, Piuctuiu, 193; 2 ed. 266. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 209. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep.1860, 442. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelliolz. 86.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 143. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi', 397. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 32. Santa Rita mountains, Arizona {Rothrocic, Engelmann & Sargent), San Francisco mountains of southwestern New Mexico and Arizona [Greene); in Chihuahua. A small tree, 18 to 24 meters in height, Wth a tfunk 0.45 to O.CO meter in diameter; dry, rocky ridges ajid slopes between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation; not common. Wood light, soft, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells not broad, resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, rather large, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin; color, clear light orange, the thick sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.5457; ash, 0.39. 364. — Pinus COntorta, Douglas ; Loudon, ArboretniD, iv, 2292, f. 2210, 2211.— Nnttall, Sylva, lii, 117 ; 2 ed. ii, 176.— Endllcher, Syn. Conif. 168.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 164 ; 2 ed. 474.— Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141.— Gordon, Pinetnra, 165 ; 2 ed. 232.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261.— Lyall in Jonr. Linncean Soc. vii, 133, 141, in iiart. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 24. — Rothrock in Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 433. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 81, in part. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr, xvi'', 381, in part. — Watson in King's Rep. v, 330.— Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1372, 1070.— Gray lu Proc. Ara. Acad, vii, 402.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 301.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 29.— Hall in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, ii, 91. — Macoun in Geological Rep. Canada, 1875-'76,211. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 182; Bot. California, ii, 126; London Gard. Chronicle, 1883, 351. — G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. 2 ser. ix, 327, in part. — Veitch, Manual Conif. 145. — Masters in London Gard. Chronicle, 1883, 45, f. 5. P. inops, Bongard in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. ii, 163 [not Aiton]. — Hooker, Fl. Bor. -Am. ii, 161, in part. — Ledebonr,, Fl. Rossica, iii, 676 [not Alton]. P. Boursieri, Carrifere in Rev. Hort. 1854, 233 & f. ; Fl. des Serres, ix, 200 & f. ; Trait. Conif. 398; 2 ed. 475. P. Banlcsiana, Lindley &. Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 218, in part. ^ P. muricata, Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 227, 317 [not Don]. P. Bolanderi, Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi», 379. SCRtTB PINE. Alaska, south along the coast to Mendocino county, California, extending inland to the western slopes of th© Coast ranges. A small, stunted tree, 6 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0 60 meter in diameter; sandy dunes and exposed rocky points. Wood light, hard, strong, brittle, coarse-grained ; bands of small summer cells very broad, resinous, conspicuous, resin passages numerous, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light brown tinged with red, th& thick sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.5815; ash, 0.19. 365. — Pinus Murrayana, Balfour, Rep. Oregon Exped. 2, t. 3, f. 2. — Murray in Edinburgh New Phil. Jour, new ser. xi, 226 (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vi, 351). P. inops, Bentham, PI. Hartwog. 337 [not Alton]. P. COntorta, Newberry in Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 34, 90, t. 5, f 11 [not Douglas].— Engelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. 2. ser. xxiv, 'Xii. — Lyall in Jour. LiuDieau Soc. vii, 141, in part. — Cooper in Am. Nat. iii, 409. — P.arlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi^ 381 , in part.— Porter in Haydea's Bep. 1871, 494. — Gray in Proc. Am. Acad, vii, 402.— Rothrock in PI. Wheeler, 27, 50. — Parry iu Am. Nat. vii, 179. P. COntorta, var. lati/olia, Engelmann in King's Rep. v, 331 ; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado ; Hayden's Snrv. Misc. Pub. No. 4, 129 ; Wheeler's Rep. vi, 262. — Brandogee in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 32.— G. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new aer. ix,3i8. P. Contorta, var. Bolanderi, Vaaoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 29. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 19.5 TAMARACK. BLACK PINE. LODGE-POLE PINE. SPRUCE PINE. Valle.y of the Yukon river, Alaska (Fort Selkirk, Ball), south througli the interior of British Columbia, along- the inouutaiu ranges of Washington territory and Oregon and the Sierra Nevadas of California to mount San Jacinto; on the high plateau east of the Rocky mountains in about latitude 56°, and south through the mountains of Idaho, Montana, Wjoming, Colorado, and Utah to New Mexico and northern Arizona. A tree 18 to 24 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; reaching its greatest development in thfe California Sierras; in the interior regions in dry, gravelly soil, here the prevailing tree, covering immense areas, and generally replawng other species destroyed by fire; western Washington territory and southward only along the borders of moist alpine meadows between 0,000 and 9,000 feet elevation ; generally confounded with the closely- allied P. contorta of the coast, from which it may be distinguished by its longer, broader leaves, very thin, scaly bark, thin sap-wood, and less resinous and finer-grained wood, resembling that of the Tvhite jnnes ; the distribution of the two species in northern British Columbia and Alaska still undetermined. Wootl light, soft, not strong, close, straight- grained, easily worked, compact, not durable; bands of small summer eel 5 narrow, not conspicuous, resin passages few, not large; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color, light yellow or aearlv white, the thin sap wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.4096; ash, 0.32; occasionally manufactured into lo vber, and used for fuel, railway ties, etc. 366. — Pinus Sabiniana, Douglas, Companion Bot. Mag. ii, 150. — Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 137, t. .58. — Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2246, f. 2138-2143. — Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 63, t. 23,24.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 162.— Liudley in Pcnn. Cycl. xvii, 172.— Antoiue, Conif. 30, t. 11.— Hooker & Aruott, Bot. Beechey, 393.— Liuk in Linnaea, xv, 509.- Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 110, t. 113; 2 ed. ii, 169, t. 113.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 390.— De Chambray, Trait. Arb. Res. 347.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 159.— Kniglit, Syn. Conif. 30.— Lindley & Gordon in Jonr. Hort. Soc. London, v,216.— Fl. des Serres, ix,275,t. 964.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif 334; 2 ed. 435.— ToiTey & Gray in Pacific R. E. Eep. ii, 130. — Bigelow in Pacific R. R. Rep, iv, 25. — Torrey in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 141 ; Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 210 ; t. 57 ; Ives' Rep. 28. — Newberry in Pacific R. K. Rep. vi, 39, 90, f. 13. — Gordon, Pinetum, 208; 2 ed. 284. — Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261. — Walpers, Ann. v, 799. — Bolandor in Proc. California Acad, iii, 226, 318. — Henkel & Hochstettcr, Nadelholz. 75. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit, i, 85, t. 11, t. 1-3. — Nelson, Pinacese, 129.— Hoopes, Evergreens, 121. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi", 391. — Fowler in London Gard. Chronicle, 1872, 1323. — Koch, Dendrologie, ip, 312. — Vasoy, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. — Engelmann in Wheeler's Rep. vi,:J75; Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 182; Bot. California, ii, 127. — Veitch, Manaal Conif. 169. DIGGER PINE. BULL PINE. California, Portuguese Flat, Shasta county, south along the foot-hills of the Coast ranges and the western slope of the Sierra Nevadas below 4,000 feet elevation. A large tree, 24 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 1.20 meter in diameter ; very common through all the foot-hills region. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very coarse-grained, compact, not durable; bands of small summerMells broad, very resinous, conspicuous, resin passages few, large, prominent ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color, light brown or red, the thick sap-wood yellow or nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4840 ; ash, 0.40 ; largely used for fuel. The large edible nuts furnish the Indians an important article of food. 367.— Pinus Coulteri, D. Don, Trans. Linuiean Soc. xvii, 440. — Loudon, Arboretum, iv, 2250, f. 2144-2146. — Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 67, t. 25, 26. — Antoine, Conif. 31, t. 12, 13. — Penn. Cycl. xvii, 172.^Link in Linniea, xv, 510.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 393. — Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 112; 2ed. ii, 171.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif 160.— Carri&re in Fl. des Serres, ix, 275 & t. ; Trait. Conif 334; 2 ed. 435.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261. — Torrey in Ives' Rep. 23. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 76. — Bolander in Proc. California Acad, iii, 318. — Parlatore in De Candolle, Prodr. xvi, 392. — Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 31. — Gordon, Pinetum, 2 ed. 266. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iv, 182 ; Bot. California, ii, 127. — Lawson, Pinetum Brit. i,23, f. 1-5. P. niacrocarpa, Lindley in Bot. Reg. xxvi. Misc. 61.- Knight, Syn. Conif. 30.— Lindley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 216. — Gordon, Pinetum, 201. — ^Nelson, Pinacese, 117. — Hoopes, Evergreens, 115. — Veitch, Manual Conif 166. P. Sabiniana Coulteri, London, Eucycl. Pi. 985, f. 1839-1841. p. Sabiniana macrocarpa, Hort. California, Monte Diablo, south through the Coast ranges to the Cuyamaca mountains, and jnobably in Lowet California. A tree 24 to 40 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 meter in diameter ; dry ridges and slopes between 3,0(10 and 6,000 feet elevation ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the San Jacinto mountains. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarsegrained; bauds of small summer cells broad, very resinous, conspicnouH, resin passages few, large; medullary rays numerous, prominent ; color, light red, the thick sap woo' «ap-wood hardly distinguishable; specific gravity, 0.3740; ash, 0.38. 206 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 386. — Picea Sitchensis, Cuniire, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 360; Eogelmanu in London Gard. Chronicle, 1879, 344; Bot. California, ii, 122. Pinua Sitchensis, Bongard in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser.il, 104.— Hooker, V]. Bor.-Ain. ii, 164.— Endlioher, Syn. Couif. 123. Abies Menziesii, Liudley in Penu. Cycl. 1, 32.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2321, f. 2232.— Forbes, Piuetum Wobum. 93, t.32.— Nattall, Sylva, iii, 131, t. 116; 2 ed. ii,189, t. IIG.— Kniglit, Syn. Conif. 37.— Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Ilort. Soc. London, v, 211.— Newberry iu Pacific R. E. Rep. vi, f>6, 90, t. 9, f. 21.— Gordon, Pinetum, 6; 2 cd. 12.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858,262; Pacific R. R. Rep. xii'', 25, 69, in part. — Wood, Bot. &FI.314. — Lyall in Jour. LinnteanSoc. vii, 131, 133, 144.— Henkcl & Ilochstettor, Nadelholz. 187. — Nelson, Pinaccic, 148. — Rothrock in Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 433. — Hoopcs, Evergreens, 166, in part.— Watson iu King's Rep. v, 333, in part. — Vcitch, Manual Conif. 73. Pinus Menziesii, Douglas in Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. iii, 161, t. 71.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 162.— Antoine, Couif. 85, t. 33, f. 1, 2.— Hooker & Arnott, Bot. Beechey, 394.— Endlioher, Syn. Couif. 112.— Parlatore iu Do Caudolle, Prodr. xvi», 418. f Abies trigona, Ratjnesque, Atlajit. Jour. 119.— EndUchor, Sjyi. Conif. 124.— Carrifere, Trait. Couif. 1 cd. 264. t Abies falcata, Raflnesque, Atlant. Jour. 119.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 124.— Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soo. London, V, 213.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 268 ; 2 ed. 314. Pinus Menziesii, var. cri^a, Antoine, Conif. 85, t. 35, f. 2. Abies Sitchensis, Liudley & Gordon in Jour. Hort. Soc. London, v, 212.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii^, 247. P. Menziesii, Carrifere, Man. lies PI. iv, 339 ; Trait. Conif. 237 ; 2 ed. 318. ? Sequoia Rafinesqiiei, Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 213. TIDE-LAND SPRUCE. Alaska, south to Mendocino county, California, not extending more than 50 miles inland from the coast. A large tree of great economic value, 46 to 61 meters in height, with a trunli 2.40 to 5.19 meters in diameter; gravelly ridges and swamps, reaching its greatest development in Washington territory and Oregon near the mouth of the Columbia river, here forming a belt of nearly continuous forest growth 50 or, farther north and south, rarely more than 10 or 15 miles in width. Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, compact, satiny ; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous, resin passages few, obscure; medullary rays numerous, rather prominent; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; specific gravity, 0.4287 ; ash, 0.17; largely manufactured into lumber and used for construction, interior finish, fencing, boat-building, the dunnage of vessels, cooperage, woodenware, etc. 387. — Tsuga Canadensis, Carrifere, Trait. Couif. 189; 2 ed. 248.— Sears iu Bull. Essex Inst, xiii, 184. — Eugelmanu in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 224. Pinus Canadensis, LinnsBUS, Spec. 2 ed. 1421.— Wangenheim, Amer. 39, t. 15, f. 36.— Ehrhart, Beitr. iii, 23.— Alton, Hort. Kew. iii, 370; 2 ed. v, 320.— Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 206.— Lambert, Pinus, 1 ed. 50, t. 32; 2 ed. i, 56, t. 35; 3 ed. ii, 79, t. 45.— Willdenow, Spec, iv, 505; Enura. 989; Berl. Baumz. 277.— Poiret iu Lamarck, Dict.vi, .521.— Persoon, Syn. ii, !i79.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 640.— Smith in Rees' Cycl. xxviii. No. 29.— Barton, Compend. Fl. Philadelph. ii, 182.— Nuttall, Genera, ii, 223.— Hayne, Dend. Fl. 176.— Elliott, Sk. ii, 639.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 885.— Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. States, 359; Fl. Now York, ii, 230.— Beck, Bot. 340.— Eaton, Manual, 6 ed. 264.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 2ed. 548.— Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii, 164, in part.— Eaton & Wright, Bot. 358.— Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 3 ed. 386.— Antoine, Conif. 80, t. 32, f. 3.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 86.— Gihoul, Arb. Resin. 46.— Darby, Bot. S. States, 515.— Parlatore in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi", 428.— McNab in Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 2 ser. ii, 211, 212, t. 23, f. 3.— Bentley & Trimen, Med. PI. iv, 264, t. 264. Pinus Americana, Miller, Diet. 7 ed. No. 6.— Du Roi, Obs. Bot. 41 ; Harbk. 2 ed. ii, 151. Pinus Abies Americana, Marshall, Arbustnm, 103. Abies Canadensis, Desfontaincs, Hist. Arb. ii, 5S0.— Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i, 138, t. 13; N. American Sylva, 3 ed. iii, 146, t. 140.— Nonveau Dubamol, v, 293, t. 83, f. 1.— Eaton, Manual, 111.— Richard, Conif. 77, t. 17, f. 2.— Audubon, Birds, t. 197.— London, Arboretum, iv, 2322 & t.— Forbes, Piuetum Wobum. 129.— Nuttall, Sylva, iii, 133; 2 ed. ii, 190.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xi, 424.— Emerson, Trees Massachusetts, 77 ; 2 ed. i, 92 & t.— Griffith, Med. Bot. 606.— Knight, Syn. Conif. 37.— Liudley & Gordon iu Jmir. Hort. Soc. London, v, 209.— Parry in Owen's Rep. 618.— Darlington, Fl. Cestrica, 3 cd. 291.— Gonlon, Pi;-.eluui, 14 ; 2 ed. 22.— Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 257.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, 434.— Curtis in Rep. Geological Surv. N. Carolina, 1860, iii, 27.— Wood, CI. Book, 601 ; Bot. & Fl. 313.— Porcher, Resources S. Forests, 50(5. — Henkel & Hochstetter, Nadelholz. 153 (excl. syn. ncoma/ica).— Nelson, Pinacese, 30.— Gray, Manu.al N. States, 5 ed. 471.— Hoopes, Evergreen-^, 184, f. 23.— Koch, Dendrologie, ii', 249.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 23.— Fl. desSerres, xxii, 203.— Guibourt, Hist. Drogues, ii, 247.— Bell in Geological Rep. Canada, ]879-'80, 51^— Veitch, Manual Conif. 114, f. 29. Picea Canadensis, Link in Liumea, XV, 524. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 207 HEMLOCK. Nova Scotia, southern New Bruuswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence river to the shores of lake Temiscamiug, and southwest to the western borders of northern Wisconsin ; south through the northern states to New Castle county, Delaware, southeastern Michigan, central Wisconsin, and along the Alleghany mountains to Clear Creek falls, Winston county, Alabama (Mohr). A tree 21 to 33 meters in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.15 meter in diameter; dry, rocky ridges, generally facing the north aird often forming extensive forests almost to the exclusion of other species, or, less commonly, borders of swamps in deep, rich soil; most common at the north, although reaching its greatest individual development in the high mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse, crooked-grained, difficult to work, liable to wind-shake and splinter, not durable; bands of small summer cells rather broad, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown tinged with red or often nearly white, the sap wood somewhat darker; specific gravity, 0.4239; ash, 0.40; largely manufactured into coarse lumber and used in construction for outside finish, railway ties, etc.; two vai'ieties, red and white, produced apparently under precisely similar conditions of growth, are recognized by lumbermen. The bark, rich in tannin, is the principal material used in the northern states in tanning leather, and yields a fluid extract sometimes used medicinally as a powerful astringent. Canada or hemlock pitch, prepared from the resinous secretion of this species, is used in the preparation of stimulating plasters, etc. {U. 8. Dispensatory, li ed. 709, 903. — Nat. .''ispensatory, 2 ed. 1109. — FUickiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 552). 388. — Tsuga Caroliniana, Ei . inann, Conlter's Bot. Gazette, vi, 223. Abies species, Gibbs in Proc. Elliott Soc. i, 286. Abies Caroliniana, Chapman, Fl. 8. States, Snppl. fwO. nEMLOCK. Southern Alleghany region, Bluff mountain, North Carolina {A. Gray), "Saluda mountain," South Carolina {L. 8. Oibbs), Pinnacle mountain, North Carolina {Curtiss), New river. North Carolina, and CfBsar's head. South Carolina (Canby), Whitesidcs mountain and Devil's Cour^House peak, Jackson county, North Carolina [J. Donnell 8mith). A small tree, 12 to 15 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75 meter in diameter; dry, rocky ridges between 4,000 and 5,000 feet elevation; rare and local; long confounded with the closely allied T. Canadensis, from which it may be distinguished by its larger, glossier, blunter leaves, and larger cones with wide-spreading scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained; bands of small summer cells narrow, not conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color, light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.4275 ; ash, 0.40. 389. — Tsuga Mertensiana, Caniferp, Trait. Conif. 2 ed. 250.— Engelmann in Bot. California, ii, 121 ; Conltei-'s Bot. Gazette, vi, 224.-6. M. Dawson in Canadian Nat. new ser. ix, 324. t Abies heterophylla, Rafinesquc, Atlant. Jour. 119.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 124.— Carrifere, Trait. Conif. 1 ed. 265. Pinus Mertensiana, Bongard in Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 6 ser. iii, 163.— Hooker, El. Bor.-Am. ii, 164.— Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 111.— Ledebour, Fl. Rossica, iii, 668.— Parl.atore in De Caudolle, Prodr. xvi-, 428.— McNab in Proc. Boyallrish Aca'>^iosa^ Wendlai .. ' -xxiv, 807.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— Fenzi in Bull Soo. Toso. Ort. j, 116 4. f .~Palmer i., .* t. Brahea Jilaflimiom, Hort.— William!-, ic j.on . iroiiiele, 1876, *'. i^AM-LV\Jf VAZ.TS.. San Bernardino county, California, from the eastern base of the Sau B^raardino ml>anta'n8 to the valley ot the Colorado river. ^~~— -^._^ A tree 12 to 18 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.05 meter in diameter, forming grovteo . 2.">0 to 5^"" plants in the depressions of the desert, in moist alkaline soil, or solitary and scattered near the heads of suiiii ■ ravines formed by water-courses ; often stunted and greatly injured by fire. Wood light, soft ; flbro-vascular bundles hard, difficult to cut, dark colored, conspicuous ; specific gravity 0.5173; ash, 1.89. 406. — Thrinax parviflora, Swartz, Prodr. 57; Fl. Ind. Ooo. i, 614.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii, 614; 2 ed. ii, 307.— Willdenow, Spec, ii, 202.— Persoon, Syn. i, 383.— Poiret in Lamarck, Diet, vii, 633.— Titford, Hort. Bot. Am. 112.— Sprengel, Syst. ii, 20.— Eoemer & Schultes, Syst. vii, 1300.— Martins, Hist. Palm, iii, 255, t. 103.— Kunth, Enum. iii, 253.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1091.— Walpers, Ann. v, 818.— Grisebach, Fl. British West Indies, 515.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— Chapman in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 12 ; Fl. S. States, Suppl. 651. T. Oarberi, Chapman in Coulter's Bot. Gazette, iii, 12 ; Fl. S. States, Suppl. 651. SILK-TOP PALMETTO. Semi-tropical Florida, southern keys from Bahia Honda to Long's Key ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 9 meters in height with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.10 meter in diameter, or in pine-barren soil often low and stemless {T, Garberi). Wood light, soft ; flbro-va.scular bundles small, hard, not conspicuous; color, light brown; specific gravity, 0.5991; ash, .'3.99; the trunk used in making sponge- and turtle-crawls. 218 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 407. — Thrinax argentea, Lojldiges; Desfontaines, Cat. 3 ed. 31.— Roemer & Schnltes, Syst. vii, 1300.— Martius, Hist. Palm, iii, 256, 1. 103, f. 3, 1. 163.— Kunth, Ennm. iii, 253.— Dietrich, Syn. ii, 1091.— Walpere, Ann. v,818.— Grisobacb, Fl. Britisli West Indies, 515.— Cliapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 651. Palma argentea, Jaoqnin, IVagm. 38, No. 125,t.43,f.l.— MSrterin Bom. Physik. Arbeiten. ii, 76. SELVBB-TOP PALMETTO. BBIOEXEY THATCH. BRITTLE THATOH. Semi-tropical Florida, on a nameless key 10 miles west of Key West, Elliott's Key, Key Largo, Piuey Key, Boca Cbica Key, Key West, Gordon Key, and on the small keys south and west of Bahia Honda Key {Gurtisa); in the West Indies. A small tree, 7 to 9 meters in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 meter in diameter. Wood light, soft ; flbro-vascular bundles small, very numerous ; interior of the trunk spongy, much lighter than the exterior ; specific gravity, 0.7172 ; ash, 3.01 ; used for piles, the foliage in the manufacture of ropes, for thatch, etc. 408. — Oreodoxa regia, HBK. Nov. Genera & Spec, i, 305.— Martins, Hist. Palm, iii, 166, t. 156, f. 3-5.— Eichard, Fl. Cuba, 348.— Kunth, Enum. iii, 182.— Spach, Hist. Veg. xii, 68.— 111. Hort. ii, 28 & t.— Walpcrs, Aun. v, 807.— Grisebacb, Fl. British West Indies, 327.— London Gard. Chronicle, 1875, 302, f. 66.— Chapman, Fl. S. States, Suppl. 651. (EnotMrpus regia, Sprengel, Syst. ii, 140. 0. oleracea, t Cooper in Smithsonian Rep. 1860, 440. BOYAL PALM. Semi-tropical Florida, " Little and Big Palm hummocks," 15 and 25 miles east of cape Bomano {Ourtiss), near the mouth of Little river, and on Elliott's Key; in the West Indies. A tree 18 to 30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 meter in diameter ; rich hummocks, often forming extensive groves ; in Florida rare and local. Wood heavy, hard ; fibro-vascular bundles large, very dark, conspicuous ; interior of the trunk spongy, much lighter than the exterior ; color, brown j specific gravity, exterior of the trunk, 0.7032, iiiterior. 0.2128 ; ash, 2.54. LILIAOE^ 409. — Yucca canaliculata, Hooker, Hot. Mag. t. 5201.— Baker in London Gard. Chronicle, 1870, 1217.— Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 43. r. TreculiOMa, Carrifere in Rev. Hort. vii, 280.— Baker in London Gard. Chronicle, 1870, 828.— Engelmann in Trans. 8t. Louis Acad, iii, 41.— Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— London Garden, xii, 328, t. 94. SPANISH BAYONET. Southern Texas, Matagorda bay, and from the Brazos and Guadalupe rivers south into Mexico. A small tree, 5 to 8 meters in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.75 meter in diameter ; dry, gravelly, arid soil. Wood, like that of the whole genus, showing distinct marks of concentric arrangement, fibrous, spongy, heavy, diflBcult to cut and work ; color, light brown ; specific gravity, 0.6677 ; ash, 6.27. The bitter, sweetish fruit cooked and eaten by the Mexicans; the root stock, as in the whole genus, saponaceous and largely used by the Mexicans as a substitute for soap. 410. — Yucca brevifolia, Engelmann, , 47.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 141, 351.— Va T. Draconia, f var. arborescens, Torrey iu Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 147. King's Rep.v, 496; Tran8.8t. Lonis Acad, iii, 47.— Parry in Am. Nat. ix, 141, 351.-Va8ey, Cat. Forest Trees, 38.— Watson, Bot. California, ii, 164. CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 219 THE JOSHUA. JOSHUA TKEE. Southwestern Utah, northwestern Arizona to southern Nevada, and the valley of the Mohave river, California. A tree 6 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly soil, forming upon the Mobave desert at 2,500 feet elevation an open, straggling forest. Wood light, soft, spongy, difficult to work ; color, very light brown or nearly white ; specific gravity, 0.3737 ; ash, 4.00; occasionally manufactured into paper -pulp. 411. — Yucca data, Engelmann, Coulter's Bot. Gazette, vii, 17. Y. angustifolia, var. radiosa, Engelmaun in King's Rep. V, 496. T. angustifolia, var. elata, Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 50 ; Wheeler's Eep. vi, 270. SPANISH BAYONET. Western Texas to southern Arizona and Utah; southward into Mexico. A small tree, 3 to 5 meters in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 meter in diameter; dry, gravelly mesas. Wood light, soft, spongy; color, light brown or yellow ; specific gravity, 0.4470; ash, 9.28. 412. — Yucca baccata, Torrey, Bot. Mex. Boundary Survey, 221 ; Ives' Kep. 29. — Cooper in Smithsonian Eep. 1838, 2G6. — Baker in London Gard. Chronicle, 1870, 923. — Andr6 in 111. Hort. 3 ser. xx, 23, 1. 115. — Gray, Hall's PI. Texas, 23. — Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii, 44 ; King's Eep. v, 49G ; Wheeler's Eep. vi,270. — Loew in Wheeler's Eep. iii, 609. — Eothrock in Wheeler's Eep. vi,52. — Watson, Bot. California, ii, 164. Y, filamentosa, ? Wood in Proc. Philadelphia Acad. 1H68, 167 [not Torrey]. SPANISH BAYONET. MEXICAN BANANA. Western Texas, south of latitude 32° N., west through New Mexico to southern Colorado and Ssm Diego county, California; southward into northern Mexico. A tree 7 to 12 meters in height, with a trunk O.C^ meter in diameter, or often much smaller, and toward the northern limits of its range stemless ; forming upon the plams of Presidio county, Texas, extensive open forests (Eavard). Wood light, soft, spongy, diflBcult to work ; color, light brown : specific gravity, 0.4470 ; ash, 9.28. The large juicy fruit edible and an important article of food to Alexicant Mans; a strong coarse fiber, prepared by macerating the leaves in water, is manufactured ■'^' > '-'!>e by ilit INDEX TO CATALOGUE. [KOTB.— In thia index the names of families are indicated by *' Small cats", of Bpeciesby "Soman" type, and of synonyms by "ItaUe$*\] Page, AhUsalba (Picea alba) 1 204 Abies aWaf (Picea Engelmanni) 205 Abies alba (Picea nigra) - — 203 Abies alba, var. arctiea 204 Abies aWa, var. coerulea .■--. 204 Abies Albertiana 208 Abies amabilis 213 Abies amabills (Abies concolor) 212 Abies amabilis (Abies grandis) 212 Abies amabilis (Abies magnlfica) 214 Abies Americana 203 Abies arcd'^a (Picea alba) 204 Abies arctiea (Picea nigra) 203 / Abies aromatica 212 AMea balsamea 210 - ?Afrt«« 6aZ«am«a (Abies concolor) 212 Abxes balsamea^ var. Fraseri 210 Abies balsami/era , 211 Abies bifolia 211 Abies bracteata 213 Abies Bridgesii 207 Abies campylocarpa 214 Abies Cana '-■■ncolor 212 Abies denticulata 203 Abies DoufflasU 209 Abies Douglasii, var. macroearpa 210 Abies Douglasii, var. taxifolia 209 Abies EngeUnanni 205 Abies Engebnanni glauea 205 t Abies faleata 206 Abies Fraseri 210 Abies Qordoniana 212 A bies grHndis 212 Abies grandis (Abies amabilis) 213 Abies grandis (Abies concolor) 212 Abies grandis (Abies subalplna) 211 Abies grandis, var, dentifiora 213 Abies grandis, var. Loioiana 212 Abies f heterophyUa 207 Abies Uookeriana 208 Abies Uudsoniea 211 Abies lasioearpa (Abies concolor) 212 Abies? lasioearpa (Abies subalplna) 211 Abies laxa 204 Abies Lovdana 212 Abies macroearpa 210 Abies magniflca 214 Abies ma^ ' ■ .r--- Amelanc^ '.M^, var. o1klon«tlfo?iA) ... A melan chier spicaiu ... Amelanchier Wangenheimiana American Crab American Crab Apple A mericau Elm American Holly American Linden Amyris cymosa Amyris dyatripa Amyris cUmifera Amyris Floridana Amyris maritima Amyris Plumieri Amyris aylvatica ANACAI! DI ACK^ *- Ano/inomis punctata Anaquii Andromeda arborea Andromeda arborct-ccns Andromeda ferniginea A ndrom cda fcrruginea, var. arborescens . Andromeda ferruginea, Yar./ruticosa . . . Andromeda pluwata Andromeda rhomboklalis Andromeda rigida Anona glabra Auoua laurifolia Anona pendula Page. 164- 163 164 163 164 1C4 164 164 164 165 163 165 162 162 162 162 164 163 164 163 163 163 164 164 164 J64 164 164 164 164 163 165 163 164 164 164 85 84 84 84 84 84 84 85 95 M 86 123 35 27 33 33 31 33 33 33 33 52-54 88 114 98 08 96 96 06 87 96 96 23 23 23 222 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Awmaspeoln (AnonalaoTifoU*) AmmatrOoba AXOXACB^E AnonymM oftioliea AnthomeUi atUvalit Anthomtltt DouglatU Attthomdf flava AnthomeUt glandulota AnUiomelet rohindyfoUa Anthomelag turbiiiata Aute' "Wood Apple, American Crab Applu, Castard Apple Haw Apple, Oregon Crab Apple, Pond Apple, Seven-year > Apple, Sonthem Crab Arbol de Hierro Arbor- vita) Arbutus lauri/olia f Arbutus viaerophylla Arbutus Mcnziesii Arbiilu3 Menzicsii (Arbutns Tez&na) Arbuhu Ifaaieni (Arbutns Xalapensis). Arbutttt proeera Arbutus Texana ... .. rArbutu* variem Arbutus Xalapensis tArbutua Xalapensis (Arbntns Tezana). . Ardisia Pidseringia Aronia arborea A ronia arbutifolia Aronia Botryapium Aronia cordata Aronia ovalis ... A rrowwootl Atagroea tpinosa Ash Asb, Black Ash, Blue Ash, Green Asb, Cronnd Ash, Hoop , Ash, Mountain (Pyrtis Americana) , Ash, Mountain (Pyms sambnoifoUa) - Ash, Oregon Ash, Prichly (Xjinthoxylom Americannm) ' Ash, Prickly (Xanthoxylnm ClaTa-Hercnlia) . Ash, Bed Ash, Sea Asb, Wafer Asb, Water Asb, White Ash, Yellow Aftb-lcaved Maple Asi^jiina campanijlora.. Asimina triloba Aspen Asp, Quaking A viccnuia nitida Avicennia oblonff\folia . Avicennia tomentosa... Bald Cypress Bnlm of Gilead Balm of Gilead Fir Balsam (Abies Fraseri) Balsam (Abies snbalpina) B.tlsam (Popnins balsamifera) . Balsam Cottonwood Balsam B^ir (Abies balsamea) . . . Balsam Fir (Abies concolor)... Balsam, She Banana, Mexican IB. Page. 23 23 23 124 82 75 82 82 77 82 103 72 23 82 73 23 96 72 56 176 97 9? 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 97 100 84 83 84 84 85 38 65 107 111 111 109 111 111 73 74 ni 29 30 109 30 31 110 107 57 61 23 23 171 171 117 117 117 184 173 211 210 211 173 174 211 213 210 219 Pace. Bartram'sOak 163 Basket Oak 141 Basswood 27 Basswood, White 28 Bastard Cedar 176 Bastard Pine 202 Batodendron arboreum 96 Bayonet, Spanish (Yucca ba«cata) 219 Bayonet, Spanish (Yacca canaliculata) 218 Bayonet, Spanish (Yncoaelata) 219 Bay, Bull 19 Bay, LobloUy 25 Bay, Red 118 Bay, Rose 99 Bay, Sweet 20 Baj-, Tan 26 Bay, White f. 20 Bay berry 136 Bay Tree, California 120 Bean Tree 116 Bearberry 41 Bearwood 41 Beaver Tree 20 Beech 158 Beech, Blue 159 Beech, Water (Carpinns Caroliniana) 159 Beech, Water (Platanns oocidentalis) 129 Beefwood ;. 117 Bee Tree 27 Benthamidia fioridn 90 BetxUa acuminata 159 Betnla alba, subspecies commutata 160 Betula alba, subspecies occidentalis typica 160 Betula alba, sa\)speciea papyri/era 160 Betula alba, subspecies papyr\fera, var. communu 160 BetulaaWa, subspecies papyr(/ero, var. eordifolia 160 Betula alba, subspecies popul^olia 159 Betula alba, var. papyri/era IGO Betula alba, var. populifolia 159 BetulaaWa, -var. populi/olia (Betula papyrifera) 160 Betula angvlata 161 Betula Canadensis 160 Betula carpinifblia 162 Betula eordi/olia *. 160 Betula exeelsa (Betula lenta) 162 Betula exeelsa (Betula Intea) 161 Betula grandis 160 Betula ineana 164 Betula lanulota 161 Betula lenta 162 Betulalenta (Betula alba, var. popnlifolia) 159 Betula lenta (Betula lutea) 161 Betula Intea 161 Betula nigra 161 Betula nigra (Bctnla lenta) 162 Betiilanigra (Betula papyrifera) 160 Betula occidentalis 160 Betula occidentalis (Betula papyrifera) 160 Betula papyracea - 159 Betula papyrifera 159 Betula populi/olia 159 Betula rubra (Bctnla nigra) 161 Betula rubra (Betula papyrifera) 160 Betula rugoaa 164 Betula serrulata 164 f Betula- Alnus glauca 164 Betula-Alnue marilima — .- 162 ? Betula- Alnus rubra % 164 Betula- Alnus, var. ^ ineana 164 BETtILACE.E 160-165 Big-bud Hickory 134 Big Cottonwood 175 Big Laurel 19 Big Shell-bark 133 Big Tree - 184 INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 223 Page. Bigtlovia aeuminata 112 Bignonia Catalpa 115 Bignonia linearig 116 BiGXOXIACE* 115,116 BUsted 86 Birch, Black (Bctula lenta) 162 Biich, Black (Betula occldentidis) 160 Birch, Canoe 160 Birch, Cherry- _ 162 Birch, Gray (Betnla alba, vctr. popnlifolia) 159 Birch, Gray (Betnla Intea) 161 Birch, Mahogany 162 Birch, Old-field 159 Birch, Paper 160 Birch, Eed 161 Birch, River 161 Birch, Sweet ^. 162 Birch, Westlndlan 33 Birch, White (Betnla alba, rar. popnlifoUa) 159 Birch, White (Betnla papyrifera) 160 Birch, Yellow 161 Bishop's Pine 200 Bitter Nut 135 Bitter Pecan 136 Black Alder (Alnns incana) 165 Black Alder (Alnns sermlata) 164 Black Ash Ill Black Birch (Betnla lenta) 162 Black Birch (Betnla occidentalis) 160 Black Calabash Tree 116 Black Cherry, Wild 68 Black Cottonwood (Popnlns angnstifolla) 174 Black Cottonwood (Popnlus trichocarpa) 174 Black Cj-preas 184 Black Guni 92 Black Haw 94 Black Hickory (Carya porcina) 134 Black Hickory (Carya tomentosa) 134 Black Ironwood 39 Black Jack (Qaercus Catesbaei) 15] Black Jack (Quercns nigra) 150 Blackjack, Forked-leaf 151 Black Larch 215 Black Locnst (Gleditschia triacanthos) 59 Black Locust (Robinia Pseodacacia) 55 Black Mangrove 117 Black Oak (Quercna Emoryi) 146 BhickOak (Quercns Kelloggii) 149 BUkHc Oak (Qnercus rubra) 148 Black Oak (Quercos tinctoria) 149 Black Persimmon 105 Black Pine (Pinna Jeffreyi) 193 Black Pine (Pinns Hurraysna) 195 Clack Sloe 67 Black Spruce 203 Black Sugar Maple 49 Black Thorn 79 Black Tree 117 Black Walnnt 131 Black Willow (Salix flavescens, var. Sconleriana) 170 Black Willow (Salix nigra) 166 Blackwood .:.,,,-..,..........., ,.,. ll» Bine Ash HI Bine Beech 159 Blue Jack 153 Blue Myrtle 41 Blue Oak 143 Bine Spruce 205 Blue wood 40 Boiad'Arc 128 BOBUAOINACtt* 113,114 Borya acuminata 112 Borya liijuttrina 112 Bftrj/a nitida 112 Bottom Shell-bark 133 Page. Bourreria Havanensis ..,, 114 Bourreria Havanensis, var. radnla lli Bourreria ovata „ 114 Buitrreria radula ., 114 Bourreria recurva 114 Bourreria tomentosa 114 Bourreria tomentosa, var. Mavanejisig 114 Box Elder (Xegundo accroides) 51 Box Elder (Ncgundo Callfomicnm) 51 Boxwood (CornuB florlda) 91 Boxwood (ScliielTeria frutescens) 39 Braheaduldg? 217 Brahea filamenlosa 217 Brickley Thatch 218 Brittle Thatch 218 Broad-leaved Maple , 47 Brouseonetia secundiflora 57 Broussonetia tinctoria 128 Brown Hickory 134 Bucida Buceras 87 Buckeye, California 44 Buckeye, Fetid 42 Buckeye, Ohio 42 Buckeye, Spanish 44 Buckeye, Sweet 43 Buckthorn, Southern 103 Buckwheat Tree 3g Bull Bay ]9 Bull Nut 134 Bull Pine (Pinns Jeffrey!) 193 Bull Pine (Pinns mitis) 200 Bull Pine (Pinus ponderosa) 193 .Bull Pine (Pinus Sabiniana) 195 Bumelia angugtifolia 103 BuTnelia arborea 102 Bumelia chrygophylloides 101 Bumelia cnneata '. 103 Bumelia ferruginea 102 Bumelia foetidissima 101 Bumelia lanuginosa 102 BuTnelia lanuginosa, var. macrocarpa 102 Bumelia lycioides 102 Bumelia lycioides, var. reclinatam 103 Bumelia macrocarpa 102 Bumelia Mastichodendron 101 Bumelia niiyrsinifolia — 103 1 Bumelia oblongifolia 102 Bumelia pallida 101 Bumelia parvifolia 103 Bumelia reclinata (Btimelia cnneata) 103 Bumelia reclinata (Bumelia lycioides) 103 ! Bumelia reclinata (Bumelia tenax) 101 Bumelia salicifolia 101 f Bumelia serrata 69 Bumelia spinosa 102 Bumelia tenax 101 BuTnelia tomentosa - 102 Bumwood -• ^ Burning Bush ^8 Burr Oak W Bursera acuminata 32 Bursera gnmmifera ^2 BURSERACE.E 32,33 Bnstic _ l"! Butternut '^0 Button-ljall Tree ^^fl Buttonwood (Conocarpus erecta) ^'^ Buttonwood (Platanus occidentalis) 1-' Buttonwood (Platanus racemosa) ^^ Buttonwood, White ^ Byrsonima lucida ^ C. CabaUeria coriaeea ™ Cabbage Palmetto ^1^ Cabbage Tree ^'^ 224 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Page. Cactackm 89,90 Cmcta^GUot 00 Cagipnt 120 Calabaah Tree, Black 116 Calico Bush 98 Calioowood 104 CaUromia Bay Tree 120 Calirumia Buckeye 44 California Holly 84 California Laurel 120 California Nntmeg 186 California Olive 120 CMothyrnu Califomica 43 Calyptranthca Chytrsculla 88 Canada Plum 05 Cauellaalba 24 CaiieUa lauryfolia 24 Canella Winterana 24 Caxkllack^ 24 Canoe Birch 160 Canoe Cedar 177 Canotia holocantba 32 Cappauidack* 24 Oapparis Dreynia 24 Capparis cj/nophyllopkora 24 Capparig emarginata .- -.■ 24 Cappuiis •Fainaicensls 24 Capparis siliquoga 24 Cnpparig torulom 24 Capparig uncinata 24 Capui1'0LIacf.jj 93,94 Cardiolcpig oh'uga .- 41 Carolina Poplar 175 Carpinug Americana 158 Carpinug Beiulus Virginiana 158 CiirpiiiuR Candiuiaua 158 Carpima Ohirya 158 CnrpinuH Osirya^ \:\t. Americana 158 Carpinug trijtora 158 Carpinug Virginiana 158 Caryaidba 332 Caryaalba (Carya tomentosa) 134 Carya amara 135 Carya amara, var. myrigticctformit 135 Carya amara, var. poreina 134 Carya angustifolia 132 Carya aqnatica 135 Carya tathartiea 130 Carya eordHformig 133 Carya glabra 134 Carya lUinoengig - 132 Carya integrifolia 135 Carya microearpa 133 Carya myristicseformis 135 Car3*a oiivieformis - 132 Carya porclna 134 Carya sulcata 133 I Carya telrapUra 132 Carya tomentosa 133 Carya tomentoga, var. maxima 134 Caryotaxug Myrigtica 186 Caryntaxug taxifolia 186 Caiisada 101 C.-.Mcna 30 Castine Caroliniana 36 Caggine Peragtia 86 Caggine ramuloga 36 Cagtanea alni/olia '. 156 Cagtanea Americana 157 Cagtanea chrygophylla 156 Cagtanea ehrygophyVa, var. minor I.'i6 Cagtanea nana 156 C«Btane.i pninila 156 Cagtanea tempervireng 156 Cagtanea tegca (CaRlanea.pnmlIa) 156 Page. Cattanea vetea (Castanea vnlgaris, var. Americana) 157 Cagtanea vegea, var. Americana 157 Caatanea vulgaris, var. Americana 157 Ca8tani>p»la cUrysuphylla 156 Cagtanopsig chrygophyUa, var. minor 156 Cattanepgig chrygophylla, vnr. pumito 156 Catalpa 116 Catalpa bignonioidOR 115 Catalpa bignonioidei (Catalpa speolosa) _ 115 Catalpa communis 115 Catalpa eordi/olia (Catalpa bignonioidea) _ 116 Catalpa eordi/olia (Catalpa speciosa) 115 Catalpa speciosa 115 Catalpa gyringeefolia 115 Catalpa, Western IIB Catawba 116 Cat's Claw (Acacia Greggii) 63 Cat's Claw (Acacia Wrightii) 03 Cat's Claw (Pithecolobium Unguis-«ati) 6( Ceanoth t« ferreug 3!> Ceanothug tarvigatug 3i» Ceanothug reclinatug 41 Ceanotlms thyrsiflorus 4! Ccdiir, Bastard 170 Cedar. Canoo 177 Cedar Elm 122 Cedar, Incense 170 Cedar, Oregon 179 Cedar Pino 201 Cedar, Port Orford 179 Cedar, Post 176 Cedar, Bed (Janipems Virginiana) 182 Cedar, Bed (Thuya gigantca) 177 Cedar, Stinking (Torrcya Califomica) 180 Cedar. Stinking (Torreya taxifolia) ISO Cedar, White (Chamsecyparis Lawsoniana) 17!) Ccdsr, White (Charatecyparis sphasroidea) 178 Cedar, "White (Libocedms decurrcns) 170 Cedar, White (Thnya occidentalis) 170 Cedrug Makogoni 33 CE1.ABTHACE.E 38, 39 CeltigaWa 125 Cdtig Audibertiana 120 Celtig A udibertiana, var. oblongata 126 Celtig Audibertiana, TtkT. ovata 126 Celtis lierlandieri 126 Celtig brempeg 120 Cellig canina 125 Celtig cordata 125 Oeitig cra'^gifolia 125 Celtig craegifolia, var. eucalypti/olia 125 Celt i« cragsifoKa, var. morifolia 125 Celtig craggj/olif, var. tilicefolia 125 Celtig Douglagii 126 Cellig Floridiana 125 Celtig fugeata 125 Celtig heUrophylla 125 Celtig integri/olia 125 Celtig Iff vigata 125 Celtig Lindheimeri 126 Celtis longi folia 125 Celtig maritima (in Am. Monthly Mag. and Crlt Rev.) 125 Celtig maritiina (in Xew Fl. andBot.) 125 Celtig Mieeiggippiengig 125 Celtig morifolia 125 Celtig obliqua 125 Celtis occidtntalis 125 Celtig oecidentalig, var. cordata 125 Celtig occidevtalig,\sir.eraggifolia 126 Celtig occidcntalig, var. grandidentata 125 Celtig occidcntalig, var. integrifolia 125 Celtig occideutalig, vnr. pttmila (Celtis occident-ilis) 126 ? Celtig occidmtalig, var. pumila (Celtis occidentalis var. reticulata) 126 Celtis occidentalis. rar. reticulata 126 Cdtig occidcntalig, var. gcabriugcula 125 INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 225 CelHs occidentalis, var. 8«rrulata OeUU occidentalU, var. tenuifoUa Celiis patula Celtispumila Celtie reticulata Celtic salicifolia Celtii tenui/olia Celtis Texann Cerasus Americana Ceraatts borealis Ceratiis Capollin Ceraeus CapuU Ceraaus Caroliniana Cerasus Ckicasa Cerasus d^mUsa , Cerasus emarginata Cerasus erecta Cerasus glanduloaa Cerasus hiem alis Cerasus Uici/olia Cerasus mollis Cerasus nigra Cerasus Pennsylvanica f Cerasus persidfoUa , Ceramis serotina { Pmnns demissa) Cerasus serotina (Prunas serotina) Cerasus ipkceroearpa Cerasus umbeUata Cerasus Virjiniana Cercidium Jtoridum Cercis CanadeDsia Cereis Canadensis, var. pubeseeTis Cercis occidentalis Cercis occidentalis, xar , Cereis occidentalis, t&t. Teocentt^ Cercis reniformia * Cercocarpus betulcF/oUus Oercocarpus hetuloides Cercocarpus brevi/olius Cercocarpus intricatus Cvrcocarpas ledifoliua Cercocarpus ledifuliua, var. intricatuB Cercocarpna parvifclias Cercocarpus parvifoUaa, var. glaber Cercocarpna parvifolius, var. paucidentataa. Cercoa gifi;anteus , Chapote Ckamcecyparis Boursierii (Chamsecyparia Lawsoniana) . Chamcecyparis Boursierii (Janiperus occidentalis) Ohanuecyparis ezcelsa Chamffcy paris Lawaoniaoa Cbamaecyparis Natkaensia Chamcecyparis Kutkaensis,Y2.T. glauea Chamcecyparis Nutkanus ChamjEcyparis sphferoidea Chamferops Palmetto Cheiranthodendron CaXifomicwm Cherry Cherry Birch Cherry, Indian Cherrj', May , Cherry, Pigeon Cherry, Pin Cherry, Ram , Cherry, "Wild (Pmnua Capnli) Cherry. "Wild (Prunna demisea) Cherry, Wild Black , Cherrj-, Wild Red Cbestunt , Cheatnnt Oak (Qnercns denaiflora) . Chestnut Oak (Qaercus pHnoidea).. Cheatout Oak (Qaercoa Prinas) Chestnut Oak. Rock , Chickasaw Plum Ch'dopsis glutinosa 15 FOB Page. 125 125 125 125 126 125 125 120 65 66 68 70 67 68 60 61 61 61 CI 61 61 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 71 89 105 178 181 178 178 178 178 178 177 217 26 100 162 40 84 157 153 143 142 142 Pag*. Chilopsis linearis 116 Cbilopsis saligna 116 Chimanthus amygdalinus 69 Chiua, Wild 44 Chinqu^ipin (Castanea pumila) 156 Chinquapin (Uastanopsis cbryaopbylla) 156 Chinquapin Oak 143 Chionnnthus angustifolia 112 Chionanthus heterophylla 112 C!'ionanthii8 longifolia 112 Chionanthus maritima 112 Chionanthus m ontana 112 Chionanthus trifida 112 Cbionautbua Virginioa 112 Chionanthus Virginica, var. angustifolia 112 Chionanthus Virginica, var. lati/olia 112 Chionanthus Virginica, var. maritima 112 Chionanthus Virginica, var. montana 112 Cbittamwood 52 Chloromeles sewpervirens - 72 Cbry sobalanns Icaco 64 Chrysobalanus Icaco, var. pelloearpa 05 Chnjscbalanus pelloearpa 65 Ch rysophyllum, Barbasco 100 Chrysophyllumr Caneto, j3 100 Chrysophylluin ferrugineum 100 Chnjsnphyllum microphyllum 100 Chryst-phyllum monopyrenum 100 C hry sopbyllum oliviforme 100 Cigar Tree 115 Cinchona Caribcea 95 Cinchona Caroliniana 95 Cinchona Ja maicensis 95 Cinnamon Bark 24 Cinnamon, "Wild 24 Citharexylum villosum IIC Cladrastis lutea 57 Cladrastis tinctoria 57 Clammy Locust 56 CliffElm 123 Cliftonia lignstrina 38 Clusia flava 25 Clusia rosea 25 Coast Live Oak J» 147 Coccoloba Floridana 117 Coccoloba Lceganensis 118 Coccoloba parvifolia 117 Coccoloba uvifera 118 Coccoloba uvifera, var. Loeganenais 118 Coccoloba uvifera, var, ovallfoUa 118 Cockspur Thorn 76 Cocoa PI um 65 Coffee Nut 58 Coffee Tree, Kentucky 58 Colubrina rcclinata 41 COMnUETACEwE 87 Condalia ferrea 39 Condalia obovata 46 Conifers 176-216 Conocarpus acut{folia 87 Conocarpus erecta 87 Conocarpus erecta, var. proeumbens 87 Conocarpus proeumbens 87 Conocarpus racemosa 87 Coral Sumach 54 Cordia Boia-sieri 114 Cordia Floridana 114 9 Cordia juglandi/olia 113 Cordia Sebeat«na 113 Cordia speciosa 113 Cork Elm 123 Corkwood 117 CORNACE^ 90-93 jComus altema 90 Comus altemifolia 00 226 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Conms florida • 00 Copnu* /on'da (CorauB Nuttallil) 01 Conius NutlaUil 01 Corypha PalTMtto 217 OotinuM Amerieanu9 62 OoHnua eoggjfgria 62 Cotton Gutn 08 Cottonwood (Popalua FremontUj 175 Cottonwood (Popalua Freraontii,v 7i) £4 78 80 80 70 82 83 78 83 76 1I» 116 116 116 116 118 20 21 21 22 183 178 176 180 178 17» no- 180 179- 183 183 183 183 178 ir^ 170- IS.*- INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 221 Page. Cupressus Hartwegii 179 f Cvpresg^is Barttcegiij vox* /oftigiata 179 Oupressus Lambertiana 179 Oupreesua Lawsoniana 178 Cupressns MacnabiaDa 180 CnpresBua m.icrocarpa 179 Cttprexstts macrocarpa f (Cupreaaus Cruadalupensis) 180 t ChtpresstiB macrocarpa, var. fastigiata 179 Cupres»\ta Nootkatensia -^ 178 Cupresfius Xutkaensis .*- 178 Cupressxcs thy aides 177 CUPUUFEB.E 137-159 Custan) Apple 23 C.vpreas, Bald - 184 Cypress, Black 184 Cypress, Deciduous -■ 184 Cypress, Lawson's 179 Cj-press, Monterey 179 Cypress, Ked 184 Cypress, Sitka 178 Cypress, White 184 Cypress, Yellow 178 CVRILLACE^ 37,38 CyriUa CaroUniana 37 Cyrilla fuscata 37 Cyrilla panxcxdata ,100 CyriUa parvi folia 37 Cyrilla poly»tachia 37 Cyrilla racemiflora 37 Cyrilla racemosa 37 1». Dahoon 35 Bahoon Holly 35 Dalea splnosa 55 Darling Plnm 39 Datisca hirta 52 Deciduous Cypress 184 Vervuitophyllum 9peeio9um 57 Desert Willow 11« Devilwood .'.... 113 Diamend Willow 170 Dipger Pine 195 Dilly, wad 103 Diogpyroa anguiti/olia -. 104 JXogpyroa ealycina. .9 104 JHogpyros cUiata 104 ZHokpyroa concolor 104 IHospyrog Guaiacana 104 IHoapyros intermedia 104 Diospyrog ludda 104 Diogpyrog Pergimon 104 Diospyrog pubegcena 104 Diospyros Texana, 195 Diospyros Virginiana 104 Diogpyrog Virginiana, var, concolor ". 104 Dioapyroa Virginiana, var. macrocarpa 104 Diogpyrog Virginiana, var. microcarpa 104 Diosrpyroa Virginiana, var. pvh^aeena ■ 104 Diphulis salicifolia 101 Doctor Gum 54 Dogwowl 90 Doywooil, Floweiing (Comns florida) 91 Dogwood, Flowering (Comus Nnttallii) 91 Doi:wood, Jamaica 57 Dogwowl, Striped 46 Douglas Fir 209 Downwaid Plum 103 Drimophyllum paucijlorum 120 Drypeteg alba, var. lati/olia 121 Dry petes crocoa 120 Dr,v petes crocea, var. latifolia 121 Drypetea crocea, var. longipea 120 Drypctea glaufa (Drypctes crocea) 120 Drifpetea glauca { Drypetcs crocea, var. latifolia) 121 Page, Drypetea seggilijlora , , j20 Duck Oak 153' Dwarf Maple 49 Dwarf Sumach 53 B. HBKNACEiB 104,105 Ehretia Bourreria , 114 Ehretia elliptica \\^ Ehretia Havanenaia 1x4, Ehretia radula 114 Ehretia tomentoaa J14 Elaphrium integerrim.um, 32 Elder (Sambucus glauca) 93 Elder (Sambncus Mexicana) 94 Elder, Box (Negundo aceroides) 51 Elder, Box (Negundo CaUfomicum) 51 Elder, Poison 54 Elemi, Gum 33 Elkwood f 21 Elm, American i23 Elm, Cedar ., j22 Elm, Cliff 123 Elm, Cork 123 Elm, Hickory 123 Elm, Moose 122 Elm, Red 122 Elm, Bock 123 Elm, Slippery {Fremontia Califomlca) 20 Elm, Slippery (Ulmus fulva) 122 Elm, Water 123 Elm, White {Ulmua Americana) 123 Elm, White (TTlmus racemosa) 123 Elm, Winged .-. 124 Emetila ramuloaa 36 Enceno 147 Endotropia ole\folia 40 Ekicack^ 96-99 Erythrina piaeipvla 57 Eugenia axillaria 89 Etigenia Baruenaia 89 Eugenia buxifolia 88 Eugenia dichotoma 88 Eugenia dichotoma, var. /ragrana 88- Eugenia divaricaia 88 Eugenia longipea 89 Eugenia montana ^^ Eugenia monticola 89 Eugenia myrtoidea 88 Eugenia paUena 88 Eugenia procera ^ 89 Eugenia pungena 88 Eugenia triplinervia (Eugenia buxifolia) 88 Eugenia triplinervia (EugAiia monticola) 89 Euonymua atropurpureus 38 Euonymua Carolinenais 38 Euonym.ua la tifoliua 38 EUPHORBIACE^ 120,121 Exccecaria ludda 12 1 Exostemraa Caribseum 95 Exothea oblongifolia 45 Eyaenhardtia amorphoidea 55 Eyaenhardtia amorphoidea, var. orthoearpa 55 Eyaenhardtia orthoearpa 55 F. Fagara fraxinifolia 30 Fagara lentiaci/olia 31 Fagara Pterota 31 Faffua alba 157 Fagua Americana 157 Fagua Americana lati/olia 157 Fagua Castanea , 157 FagvK Cagtanea dentata 157 Fagua Castanea pumila 156 Fagua fcrruginea 157 228 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Pajce. t^tffw/frruffin^vhr, CJaroliniana 1*^ Foffuspumiia ^^ Fagas pumila, ruT. prceeox ^^ FaguM tylvatica ^^^ Fagua tylvatica atropunicea '57 Fagiu iylvatica, VAT. Amerieana -■ ^^"^ Fagut tyUeatrit 1^7 Fan-leaf PaJm 217 Farkloberry ^^ Fetid Buckeye *2 Ficns nurea -- ^26 Ficut aureOj yar. l^ifolia ^26 FioHsbrevlfoUa 127 Ficu* eompUeaia 127 FiciiH pedoncnlata 127 FiddUwood H* Fig. Wild 127 Fir. Balm of GUead 211 Fir, Bidsam (Abies balsamea) 3« 211 Fir, B:dsain (Abiea concolor) 213 Fir.Doaglaa 209 Fir, Ked (Abies magnifloa) 214 Fir.Red (Abiea nobilis) 214 Fir, Red (PeeudotsugaDonglasii) 209 Fir, White (Abiea coDcolor) 213 Fir, White (Abiea grandia) 212 Fir.YeUow 209 Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida) 91 Flowering Dogwood (Comus Nuttallii) W FoBtafaxue montana ^ 180 Fcetataxus MyrisHca 186 Foreatiera acuminata 112 Forked-le^f Black Jack 151 Foxtail Pine 191 Frangula CaH/omica ^0 Frangula CcUifomica, y&t. tomenteUa 41 FrangiUa Caroliniana 40 f Frangula fragUis 40 Frangxda Purshiana 41 Franklinia r 26 Franklinia Alatamaka 25 Fraxinus acuminata 107 Fnixinua alba 112 Fraxinus alba (Fraxiuua Americana) 107 Fraxinus albicans (Fraxinus Americana, par. microcarpa) 108 Fraxinus albicans (Fraxinus Americana, «ar. Tuxensia) 108 Fr;ixinus Americana 107 Fraxinus Americana (Fraxiuua platycarpa) 110 JVoxiau* Americana, var. Caroliniana 110 Fraxinus Americana, v&r. juglandi/olia 109 F^rax^nus Americana, var. latifolia 107 Finxtnus American,'*, ran microcarpa. 108 Fraxinus Americana^ var. iruhescens * 108 Fraxinus -Americana, var. guadrangulata 110 Fraxinus Americana, \&T. quad rangulata nervosa 110 Fraxinus Americana, var. sambuei/olia Ill Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensia 108 Fraxinus Amcrica7ia, v&r. triptera 110 Fraxinus anomnla 106 Fraxinus Berlandieriana 109 Fraxinus Canadensis ..- 107 t Fraxinus Caroliniana (Fraxinus platycarpa) 110 t Fraxinus CaroWntaTia (Fraxinus viridis) 109 Fraxinus Carolinensis 107 Frixiuus cinerea 112 Fraxinus coriaeea (Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensls) 108 >Va3:inu«cortacea I Fraxinus pistacls folia) 106 Fraxinus erispa Ill Fraxinus Ourtissii 108 Fraxinus curvtdcns 110 Fraxinus cuspidata 112 Fiuxinus dipetala 112 Fraxinus discolor 107 Fraxinus elliptica 112 Fraxinus epipUra 107 Page. Fraxinus excelsior 110 Fraxi nvs expansa 109 Fraxinus fusca 112 Fraxinw* grandifolia Ill Fraxinus Groggii 106 f Fraxinus juglandifoha (Fraxinus American*) 107 Fraxinuf juglandifolia (Fraxinus viridis) 109 t Fraxinus juglandifolia, var. serrata 107 Fraainux juglandifolia^ var. suhintegtrrima 109 f Fraxinus juglandifolia, Y&T. subserrata 107 lyaxinits lancea 107 Fra.^'iiiUh loiujifolia 108 Fraxinus mixta 112 Fraxinus nervosa 110 Fi'axinus nigra 112 Fraxinus nigra (Fraxinus pubcscens) 108 Fraxinus nigra (Fraxinus sambucifolia) Ill Fraxinus nigreseens 110 Fraxinus Novce-Angliof (Fraxinus sambncifolla) Ill Fraxinus Novce-Angliat (Fi-axinus viridis) 109 Fraxinus KuUallii 110 Fraxinus oblongocarpa 108 Fraxinus Orcgaua HI Fraxinus ovata H- Fraxi7ivs pallida HO Bi-axiuua ]>nnnosa H- Fraximis paucijlora HO Fraxinus Penngylvanica 108 Fraxinus pi.staciie folia , 106 Fraxinus pisiadafolia (Fraxinus Americana, var. Texenaia) 108 Fraxinus pistacictfolia, var. coriaeea 106 Fraxinus platycarpa 110 Fraxinus pubescena 108 Fraxinus pubesccns 110 Fraxinus 2)ube^cens, var Ill Fraxinus puhcsccns, var. latifolia 108 Fraxinutt puhescens. Tar. longifolia 108 Fraxinus puhescens, var. suhpubescer^ 108 Fraxinus pul vcrulcnta 112 Fraxinus quadrangularis 110 Fraxinus quadrnngulatu 110 Fraxinus guadrangulata, var. nervosa 110 Fraxiuua KicbarJi 112 Fraxinus rubicunda 112 Fraxiuus rufa 112 Fraxinus sambucifolia Ill Fraxinus samhucifolia, var. crxspa Ill Fraxinus Schiedeana, var. parvifolia 1 CO Fraxinus suhmUosa 108 Fraxinus tetragona 110 Fraxinus tomentosa 108 Fraxinus triaXata - 109 Fraxinus triptera Hi.' Fraxinus velutina U l> Fi-axinus viiidis 109 Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlandieriana 109 Frt'mout ia Californica 2(3 Frigolito ^8 Fringe Tree IK* O. Gardenia clusiwfolia 95 GcigerTree 113 Geuipa dusiffifolia 9 J Georgia Bark 95 Georgia Pine 202 Giant Cactus 90 Gigantalnes taxifolia 185 (jigantahies Wellingtonia 184 G inger IMne 179 Gla mbc rry 28 Gbiucous Willow „ 169 GUditschia aquatica ^9 Oleditschia brachycarpa - 59 Glediischia Carolinensis .«- 59 Gleditschia elegans 59 INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 229 Page. eUdiUehia inermU (Gleditschia monosperma) 59 Gleditschia inermU (Gleditschia triacanthos, var. ioermis) 59 Gleditschia m-acrantha 59 Gleditschia MelHoba 59 G!editscbia monosperma 59 Gleditschia gpinosa 59 Gleditschia triacantha 59 Gleditschia triacanthos 59 Gleditschia triacanthos, var. brachycarpos 59 Gleditschia triacanthos, var. inerTus 59 Gleditschia triacanthoSt "var. monosperma 59 Goose-foot Maple 46 Gopher Plum 91 G opherwood 57 Gordonia Franidini 25 Gordonia Lasianthns 25 Gordonia pubescena 25 Gordonia pyramidalig 25 Grape, Sea 118 Gray Birch (Betnlaalba, var. popnlifoUa) 159 Gray Birch (Betula lutea) Itil Gray Pine 201 Great Laurel 99 Green Ash 109 Green-bark Acacia 60 Ground Ash Ul Gxtaiaeum anguttifoliwn 29 Guaiacnm sanctam 28 Guaiacum verticaU 28 Gaettarda elliptica 96 Guettarda BlodgetHi 96 Gniana Plum 121 G^iilandina diotea 58 Gum, Black 92 Gum, Cotton 93 Gum, Doctor 54 Gum Elastic 102 Gum Elemi 33 Gum, Red 86 Gum, Sour 92 Gam, Star -leaved 86 Gum, Sweet 86 Gum, Tupelo , .• 93 Gumbo Limbo - 33 Gnrgeon Stopper 88 Gl'Ttifer^ 25 Gymnanthee lucida 121 Oym nobalanus Cateshyana 119 Gy mnocladus Canadensis 58 Gymnocladus dioica 58 Hackberry (Celtis occidentaUs) 126 Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata) 126 Backmatack 215 Halesia diptera 105 Haleata parviflora 106 Halesia reticulata 105 Halesia tetraptera 106 Hahnia comi/olia 80 Ealmia JlabeUata 77 Hahnia lobata * 79 Halmia punctata 80 Halmia tomentota 79 H.VMAMHLACE^ 85,86 Hajn amelis androgyna - 85 Hamamelis corylifolia 85 Samamelis dioica 85 Hfiinaifi elis rnacrophylla 85 Hamamelis parvi/olia -- 85 Hamamelis Virginiana, var. paroifolia 85 Hamamelis Virginica 85 Hard Maple 43 Hard Pine 202 Haw, Apple 82 Page. Haw, Black 94 Haw, Hogs* 76 Haw, May 82 Haw. Parsley 81 Haw, Pear 79 Ilaw, Purple 40 Haw, Red {Crat^gus coccinea) 78 Haw, Rod (Crataegus flava, var. pubescens) 83 Haw, Scarlet (Crataegus coccinea) 78 Haw, Scarlet (Crataegus subvillosa) 78 Haw, Small-fruited 81 Haw, Summer (Cratasgus flava) 83 Haw, Summer (Crataegus flava, var. pubescena) 86 Haw, Yellow 13 Hazel, Witch 85 Hemlock (Pseudotauga Douglasii, var. macrocarpa) 210 Heralock (Tsuga Canadensis) 207 Hemlock (TaugaCaroliniana) 207 Hemlock (Tsuga Mertensiana) 208 Heteromclea arbutifolia 83 Heterom eles Frenwntiana 83 Heyderia decurrens 176 Heym assoli spinoaa 34 Hickorea, species 132 Hickorius amara 135 Hickory, Big-bud 134 Hickory, Black (Caryaporcina) 134 Hickory, Black (Carya tomentosa) 134 Hickory, Brown 134 Hickory Elm 123 Hickory, Nutmeg 135 Hickory Pine (Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata) 191 Hickory Pino (Pinus pnngeus) - 199 Hickory, Shag-bark 133 Hickory, Shell-bark 133 Hickory, Swamp (Carya amara) 135 Hickory, Swamp (Carya aquatica) 136 Hickory, Switch-bud 134 Hickory, Water 136 Hickory, White-heaiii 134 Hicorius integrifolia 135 Hierophyllus Casstne 36 Hippomanc Maucinella 121 Hoary Alder 165 Hog Plum (Prunua angustifolia) 66 Hog Plum (Rhus Metopium) 54 Hog Plum (Ximenia Americana) 34 Hogs' Haw '^ Holly, American - 35 Holly, California ^ 84 Holly, Dahoon 35 Honey Locust (Gleditschia triacanthos) 59 Honey Locust (Prosopis juliflora) 62 Honey Pod 62 Honey Shucks . ^^ Hoop Ash Ill Hopea tinctoria 1**^ Hop Hornbeam • 1^ Hop Tree ^1 Hornbeam ^^ Hornbeam, Hop -, ^^ Horse Plum ^ Horse Sugar ^^^ Hypelate ohlongifoUa '^ Hypelate paniculata ^^ Hypelate trifoliata ^^ Hyperanthera dioica Hypericum, Lasianthtts I. 37 Ilex cestivalis 37 Ilex ambiguus - 35 Ilex angustifolia Ilex aqui/olium Ilex Canadensis 230 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Page. lUxOtUaena 86 HexCaeslne 86 JUx CkUfitM (X1«x Dahooni 85 Il«xCa*Hne,fi. (t) 86 Hex Castitu^ var. anguttifoUa 85 Hex Cattine, var. lat\foUa 85 JUx cas9inaboon 35 Ilex Duhoon, var. aognstifolU 85 Iltx Dahoon, var. myrtlfoUa 86 Ilex dccidna 37 Ttex Floritfcna 36 Hex lauri/olia 85 Ilex taxijlcra 35 Ilex liguetri folia 36 Hex Ugustrina (Bex Cassiiie) 86 HexliguMrina (Ilex Baboon, var. angnatifoUa) 36 Hcxmprtyolia 36 Ilexopaca 34 Hex prinoides 37 Hfx querc 'foUa 35 1 lex religiosa 36 Hex tosnuirifolia 36 Hex vomitoria - 36 f Hex Wattimxana 36 lUCINBiS 34 Illinois Nut 132 Incense Cedar 176 Ifid ian Bean 115 Ind ian Cherry 40 India rubber Treo 127 Inga for/ex 64 Inga GitadalupenHi 64 Inga microphyUa 64 Inga rosea 64 Inga JJnguis-cati 64 Inkwood 45 loxylon pomiferum 128 Iron oak 139 Iron wodd (Bnmelia lycioides) 109 Iron wood (Carpinns Caroliniana) 159 Irouwood (C)iftonia ligustrina) 38 Iron wood (Cyrilla raceniifloTa) 37 Ironwood (Hypelate panicnlata) 45 Iron wood (Olneya Tesota) , 56 Ironwood (Oatrya Virginica) 158 Iron wood, Black 39 Ironwood, Red. 39 Ironwood, "White 45 Islay 70 Ilea CyriUa 37 Ivy 98 Jack, Black (Qaercus Catesbfei) 151 Jack, Black (Quercas nigra) 150 Jack, Blue 153 Jack, Forked-leaved Black 151 Jncrk Oak 150 Jack, Sand 153 Jacquinia armillarU 100 Jamaica Dogwood 67 Jeraey Pine ]90 Joe wood 100 Joflhna, The 219 Joshua Tree 219 Judas Tree 01 JUGLAXDACE^ 180-136 JuglantaXba (Caryaalba) 133 Juglatis alba (Carya tomentosa) 133 Juglana alba acuminata 134 Juglant alba minima 135 Juglane alba ovata 132 Juglana amara 135 Juglane angueti/olia (Caryaamara) 136 Page. Juglam angusHfolia (Carya oUTSformis) 182 Juglana aquaiica 185 Juglana Califomica 131 Juglana caihartiea 130 Juglana cinerea 130 Juglana eompreaaa J32 Juglana cordiformia 135 Juglana eylindriea 132 f Juglana exaltata 132 Juglana glabra 134 Juglana IlUnoinenaia 132 Juglana laeinioaa 133 Juglana mttcronaia 133 Juglana myriatieceformia 135 Juglana nigra 131 Juglana nigra oblonga 131 Juglana obeordata 134 Juglana oblonga 130 Juglana oblonga alba 130 Juglana olirc^ormia 132 Juglana oualia 132 Juglana ovata 132 Juglana Pecan 182 Juglana pordna 134 Juglana porcina, var. obeordata 134 Juglana porcina, var. piai/ormia 134 Juglana pyriformia 134 Juglana rubra 132 Jnglana rupcstria 131 Juglana rupeatria, var. major 131 Juglana aqttamoaa 132 Juglana sulcata 133 Juglana tomentosa 134 Juneberry 84 Juniper ( Junipeius Califomica) 180 Juniper (I uniperns Califomica, var. Utahenaia) 181 Juniper ( Juniperua occidentalis) 182 Juniper ( Juniperua occidentalis, var. conjugena) 182 Juniper (Juniperus occidentalia, rar. monosperma) 182 Juniper (Juniperus pachj'phlcea) 181 Juniperua Andina 181 Juniperua arboreseena 182 f Juniperua aromatica 179 Juniperua liarbadenaia 182 Juniperus Califomica 180 Juniperua Califomica, var. oateoaperma 180 Juniperua Califomica, var. Utahenais 180 Juniperua Caroliniana 182 Juniperua Cerrosianua 180 Juniperua excclaa 181 Juniperua foetida, var. Yirginiana 182 Juniperus Hermanni (Juniperus occidentalia) 181 Juniperus Hermanni (Jnnipenia Yirginiana) 182 Juniperua occidentalia 181 Juniperua occidentalia (Juniperus Califomica) _. 180 Juniperus occidejitalia (Juniporas Califomica, var. Utahenais) 180 Juniperus occidentalis, var. conjugena - 182 Juniperua occidentalis, var. monosperma 181 Juniperua occidentalis, \a.r.plciospervia 181 Juniperus occidentalia, var. JJtahenaia 180 Juniperus pachyphlcea 181 Juniperua plochyderma 181 Juniperua pyriformia 181 Juniperus Sabiria pachyphlcea 181 Juniperua iSabina, var. Yirginiana 182 Juv iperua letragona (Juniperua Califomica) 180 Junipertta tetragona, tot. osteoaperma 180 Junij>eriis Yirginiana 182 Juniperua Yirginiana, var. Caroliniana 182 Juniperua Yirginiana, v&r. Hermanni 182 Junipertta Yirginiana vulgaria 182 Kalmia latifolia 98 Kampmaniafraxin\folia 80 Kentucky Coflfeo Tree '. 68 INDEX TO CATALOGUK OF FOREST TREES. 231 King Nut Ivnackaway Kuob-cone Pine. I.. Lacathea Jlorida Lagiincularia glabrifolia. Laguncularia racemosa . . Lanccwood Larch Page. 134 114 196 25 87 87 119 215 Black leaved Cucumber Tree Tupelo Americana Americana rubra Americana, var. brev\folia . A mericana, var. pcTidula . . . Americana, var. prolifera .. dccidua, var. Americana.. . intermedia Lyallii mieroearpa occidentalia pendxila tenuifolia 215 21 93 215 215 216 215 215 215 215 216 215 216 215 215 Larch, Lai-ge- Large Larix Lari.c Larix Larix Larix Larix Larix l4arix Larix Larix Larix Larix Laukace* 118-120 Laurel ®8 Laurel, Big Laurel, California Laurel, Great Laurel, Mountain Laurel Oak (Qnercus imbricaria) . . . Laurel Oak (Quercus laorifolia) Laurel, Swamp Laurel, White Laurocera»u» Caroliniana Lanrocerant* Uieifolia Jjaurut Borbonia Laurua Caroliniana Laurut Carolinentig Lauru* Carolinenns, var. glabra Laurus Carolittengis, var. obiuta Laurus Carolinenna, var. pubescent . Launu Catetbcei lAiurus CaUtbyana Laurusregia Lauru* $anguxnta Laurua Saaaafraa La wgon's Cypress Leaf, Sweet. LKGLMn«08.« Lejjtocarpa Caroliniana.. Leucxna glanca ... Leucnna pnlvemlenta Leverwood Libocedms dccnrreni Lignum-vite , 19 120 99 120 154 153 20 20 69 70 118 118 118 118 , 118 , 119 119 119 120 119 119 179 105 65-64 69 62 63 158 176 28 L1UACE.B 218,219 Lime, Ogcechee Lime Tre« Lime, Wild (Xanthoxylum Pterota) . Lime, Wild (Ximenia Americana) ... Lin Linden, American Liquidatnbar macrophylla Liqiiiilnnibar Styraciflua Liquidambar Styraei/lua, var. Mtccieana. Liquidaniber , Liriodendron procera Liriodendron Tnlipifera Live Oak (Quercna chrysolepla) Live Oak (Quercna virena) Live Oak (Quercna Wializeni) Live Oak, Coaat Loblolly Bay 91 27 31 34 27 27 86 86 86 86 22 22 146 145 147 147 25 Loblolly Pine Locust (Robinia Neo-Mexicana) Locust (Kobinia Pseudacacia) Locust, Black (Gleditschia triaoanthos) . Locust, Black (Kobinia Pseudacacia) Locust, Clammy Locust, Honey (Gleditschia triacanthos) . Locust, Honey (Prosopia jnliflora) Locust, Sweet Locnst, Water Locust, Yellow Lodge-pole Pine Logwood Long-leaved Cucumber Tree. Long-leaved Pine Lyonia arborea Lyonia ferruginea Lyonia rigida Ly&iloma Bakamensis Lysiloma latisiliqna Maclura anrantiaca. . Madeira Madrofia Magnolia acnminata Magnolia auricularia Mag-nolia auriettlata Magnolia cordata Magnolia De CandoUii Magnolia fragrans Magnolia Fraseri Magnolia glauca Magnolia glauea, var. latifolia Magnolia glauca, var. longifolia Magnolia graudiflora Magnolia grandijlora, var. eliiptiea and obovata,. Magnolia grandijlora, var. lancsolata Magnolia longifolia Magnolia macrophylla Magnolia, Mountain Magnolia pyramidata Magnolia tripetala Magnolia Umbrella Magnolia Yirginiana, var. a. glauca Magnolia Tirginiana, var. p./oetida Magnolia Yirginiana, var. e Magnolia Yirginiana, var. tripetala . Page. 197 • 56 65 59 55 56 59 62 59 60 55 185 40 22 202 64 64 128 84 97 20 22 22 20 ■ 20 20 22 19 20 20 19 19 19 20 21 20 22 21 21 , 20 19 20 21 Magkoliacb-S 19-22 34 162 71 71 28 28 72 72 73 72 73 72 78 121 64 121 87 117 87 61 49 47 48 r. 4» 48 4» Mahogany Mahogany Birch Mahogany, Mountain (Cercocarpua ledifoUna) . . . Mahogany, Mountain (Cercocarpua parvifolina) . Malpiohiace^ Malpighia lueida Maliia angustifolia Malua coronaria Mains diversi/olia Malue mieroearpa coronaria Malu^ rimtlaris Malug aampervirena Malus subeordata Manchineel-. Manchiucel, Mountain Mancinella venenata Mauyrovo — . Mangrove, Black Mangrove, White Maple, Ash-leaved Maple, Black Sugar Maple, Broad-leaved Maple, Dwarf Maple, Goose-foot Maple, Hai-d 4 Maple, Mountain 232 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. p«g<>. lUpIe, Red SO Maple, Rock v « Maple, Silver « Maple, Soft (Acer dwyoarpmn) 49 Maple, Soft (Acer rnbnuD) 80 Maple, Striped 40 Maple, Sagar 48 Maple, Swamp SO Maple, Vine 47 Maple, Water 50 Maple, VThlte 40 Marlberry 100 MasUc 101 MattlOak 146 May Cherry 84 May Haw 82 Meadow Pine 202 Mkuace* 33,34 Meiicoeea panicuiata 45 MeKtobta heterophyUa 59 MapUui actri/olia 80 MetpUuB cettivalis 82 Metpilta apii/olia 81 Metpilut arborea 84 MespUua arbuti/olia 83 Itetpilut AzarolfU 81 MetpUtts berber\folia 82 Metpilut Botciana 77 Metpilut Calpcdendron 79 Metpilut Canadentit 84 Metpilut Caruidentit, var. eordaUl 84 Metpilut Canadentit, var. obovalit 85 Metpilut CaroUniana.., 82 Metpilut coceinea 77 Metpihu eordata 80 Metpilut comifolia 80 Metpilut Orut-galli 76 Metpilut Cruigalli, var. pyraeanthifolia 76 Metpiltit Orutgatti, var. talieifolia 76 Metpilut cunei/olia (Crattegns CmsgalU) 76 Metpilut cund folia (Cratsegns tomentoss, var, panctata) 80 f Metpilut euneiformit 76 Metpilut eUiptiea (Cratffigas Cms galli) 76 Metpilut eUipHca (Crat^gas llava, var. pubeecens) 83 Metpilut flabellata 77 Metpilut flava 82 Metpilut Jlexitpina 82 Metpilut glandulota 77 Metpilut hiemalit 83 Metpilut lalifolia 79 Metpilut Unearit 77 Metpilut lobata 79 Metpilut Iticida 76 MetpUiit lucida, var. angutt^oUa 77 MetpUut Michauxii 83 Metpilut monogyna, var. apiifolia 81 Metpiliu nivea 84 Metpilut odorata 79 Metpilut ovali/olia 76 Metpilut Phtenopyrum 80 Metpilut populi/olia 78 Metpilut pruinota 79 Metpilut pruneUi/olia 76 Metpilut pruni/olia t 77 Metpilut pubetcent 77 Metpiliu punctata " 80 Metpilut pyri/olia (Cratrogua tomentosa) 79 Metpilut pyrifolia (Cratsegns tomentosa, var. punctata) 80 Jfupiita (Crata!gU8 coceinea) 77 Metpilut rotundifolia (Cratsegns Cms-galli, var. pmnifolia) 77 Metpilut taliei/oUa 76 Metpilut tpathulata 81 Metpilut tilia/olia^ 78 Metpilut turbinata .' 82 Metpilut viridit —..-...........„...,,..... 78 Page. Metpilut Wattaniana 76 t Metpilut WendlandU ; 77 Mesqait ,. , 62 Mesqnit, Screw-pod 62 Mctopium Linncei .- 64 Mexicnn Banana • 21& Mexicnn Mnlberry 128 Mexican Persimmon 105 Michauxia tettilit 2{V Mimota bicept GZ Mimota/rondota 62 Mimota glauca 62 Mimota Guadalupentit 64 Mimota latitiliqua 64 Mimota Uueocephala 62 Mimota rotea 64 Mimota Unguit-eaH 64 Mimutoi^s dittecta 103 Mimnsops Sieberi 103 Mocker Nut 134 Mock Orange 70 Monterey Cypress 179 Monterey Pine 196 Moose Elm 122 Moosewood - 46 Morut Canadentit (Lamarck and Bafinesqne) 127 Moras microphylla 128 Morut Mitiouritmit : 127 Jf ortM parri/olia (Moms micropbylls) 128 Morut pani/olia (Momsrabra) 127 Morut reticulata 127 Morut riparia 127 Moms mbra 127 Morutrubra, var. Canadentit 127 Morut rubra, var. incita .- 127 Morutrubra, var. tomentota 127 Morvs scabra 127 Morvt tomentosa 127 Mossy-cnp Oak 146 Monntain Ash (PyruB Americana) 78 Moantain Ash (Pyms sambncifolla) 79 Motmtain Laurel 120 Moantain Magnolia ^ 20 Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpns ledifolins) 71 Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpns parvifolins) 71 Mountain Manchineel 64 Mountain Maple -- 46 Mountain Plum 34 Mountaiu White Oak 143 Mulberry, Mexican 128 Mulberry, Eed 128 Myginda pallens 38 Myloearyum liguttrinum 38 Myrica Califomica 137 Myrica Carolinentit 136 Myrica cerifera 186 Myrica cerifera humilit - 136 Myrica cerifera seinpervircnt 136 Myrica cerifera, var. angutt^olia 136 Myrica cerifera, v&t. arboretcent - 136 Myrica cerifera, xar. latifolia 136 Myrica cerifera, y»T. media 136 Myrica cerifera, var. pumila 136 Myrica Pennsylvanica ^36 f Myrica Xalapentit 13T Myricackj; 136,137 Mtesisacelb 99,100 Myrsinefloribunda ^ Myrgine Floridarm ^ Myrsine Rapanea ^ Myutackjb 88,89 Myrtle, Blue *1 Myrtle, Wax 136 Ifyrtut axillarit *° Myrtut buxifolia •• ^ INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 233: Page. Myrtug Chytraculia 88 ?Myrtui dichotortux — ... . — 88 Myrtui monticola - 89 3Iyrtus Poireti 88 Myrtus procera . ■- — 89 W. Naked Wood (Colnbrina recllnata) 42 Xnked Wood (Eugenia diohotoma) 88 Nanny berry -.' 94 Necklace Poplar 175 Kectandra Bredemeieriana 119 Nectandra Willdenoviana 119 Xcffundium fraxinifolium 51 Negundo aceroides 50 Negundo aceroidet (Negtindo Califomicum) 61 Negundo Califomicnm 51 yegundo Califomicum (Negundo aceroides) '. 51 Xegundo fraxinifolium 51 yegundo lobatum 51 1 Negundo Mexieanum - 51 yegundo trifoliatum - 51 Newcastle Thorn 76 Norway Pine - 192 Nut, Bitter 135 Nnt.BuU 134 Nut, Coffee 58 Nut. Illinois 132 Nut, King 134 Nut, Mocker 134 Nut, Pig .. 134 Nut Pine (Finns cembroidee) 190 Nut Pine (Pinus cdulls) 190 Nut Pine (Pinna monophylla) 190 Nut Pine (Pinus Parryana) 189 Nut, Tallow 34 Nutmeg, California 186 Nutmeg, Hickory 135 Ntctagcace^ 117 yy$ta aquatica (Nyssa sylvatica) 92 yytsa agiiatica (Nyssa nniflora) 92 Nynsa angulisans 93 Xyssa angulota 93 yyssabijlora 92 Nytsa CanadenrU - 92 Xyua candicans 91 Nyssa capitata 91 Xyua eapUata,vtLT.grandidentata 93 yytea Caroliniana 92 yy9*a coceinea 91 Nyua dentieulata 92 yysta grandidentata 93 yyina inttgrijolitl 92 yygga montana 91 Xygsa multijlora 92 Xyssa miUtiJlora, var. gyhatiea .' 95^ yyasa Ogeehe 91 yytsa paXuttrU 93 Nyssa sslvatica , 9? Xynta tomentota (Nyssa capitata) 91 yy»»a tomentota (Nyssa oniflora) 93 Nys«a nniflora - 92 yyuavtUota 92 O. Oak, Bartram's 153 Oak, Basket 141 Oak, Black (Qaercus Emoryi) 146 Oak, Black (Qucrcus Kelloggli) 149 Oak, Black (Quercns rubra) 148 Oak, Black (Qnercns tinctoria) 149 Oak, Bine 143 Oak, Burr 140 Oak, Chestnut (Qnercns densiflora) 155 Oak, Chestnut (Qnercus prinoidcs) 143 Page. Oak, Chestnut (Qnercns Prinus) - 142' Oak, Chinquapin ' 143 Oak, Coast Live 147 Oak, Cow 141 Oak, Dnck ". 152 Oak, Iron 139- Oak, Jack 150 Oak, Laurel (Quercus imbricaria) 15t Oak, Laurel (Qnercns lanrifolia) 153 Oak, Live (Quercus chrysolepis) 146 Oak, Live (Quercus virens) 145 Oak, Live (Quercus Wislizeni) '. 147 Oak, Maul 146 Oak, Mossy-cup 140' Oak, Mountain White 143 Oak, Overcup (Qnercns lyrata) 140^ Oak, Over-cnp (Qnercns macrocarpa) 140 Oak, Peach (Quercus densiflora) 155 Oak, Peach (Quercns Phellos) 154 Oak, Pin 132 Oak, Possum 152 Oak, Post 139 Oak, Punk 15 > Oak, Quercitron 149 Oak, Red (Quercus falcata) .• 151 Oak, Red (Quercus mbra) 148 Oak, Red (Quercus rubra, ror. Texana) 148 Oak, Rock Chestnut 142 Oak, Scarlet 148 Oak, Scrub (Quercus Catesbiei) 151 Oak, Scrub (Qnercns undnlata, var. Gambelii) 139' Oak, Shingle 154 Oak, Spanish 151 Oak, Swamp Post HO' Oiik, Swamp Spanish 153 Oak, Swamp White 141 Oak, Tanbark 155 Oak, Turkey 151 Oak, Upland Willow _ 15S Oak, Valparaiso 146 Oak, Water (Quercus aquatica) 152 Oak, Water (Quercus palnstris) 152 Oak, Water White 140 Oak, Weeping 138 Oak, White (Quercns alba) 137 Oak, White (Quercus Garryana) 138 Oak, White (Quercus grisea) 144 Oak, White (Quercus lobata) 138 Oak, White (Quercus oblongifolia) 144 Oak, Willow 154 Oak, Yellow (Quercus prlnoides) - 143 Oak, Yellow (Qucrcus tinctoria) 149 Oak, Yellow-bark 149' Obispo Pine 200 (Enoearpus rerjia 218 Ogeechee Lime ....... 91 Ohio Buckeye 42' Olacii(E.« 34 Old-fleld Birch 159 Old-field Pine 197 Old Man's Beard 113 Olea Americana 1^^ OLEACK.E 106-lia Olive, California '20 OIneya Tcsota 56 Orange, Mock 70 Orange, Osage 128 Orange, Wild (Prunus Caroliniana) 70 Orange, Wild (Xanthoxylum Clava-Hercnlis) 30 Orchidocarpum arietinum 23 Oregon Ash m Oregon Cedar 179- Oregon Crab Apple 73 Oregon Pine 209 Oreodaphne Oalifomiea 120' 234 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Page. OnoduMoteraetal ,.. 218 Oreodoxa rrgla 218 OMiee Orange ,. 128 Osmanthuii Aroericanoa 113 0$tTya Virginiana 158 Osttya Vir)^ica 158 ■Ottrya Virffinica, vat. egianduloia 158 Ottrya Yirginiea, var. glanduloaa 158 ■Over-Clip Oak aw 23 Taper Birch 100 Paradise Troo 32 Parkinnonia acnleata .' 60 Parkiusonia micropbylla 60 "ParkinHouia Torreyana 00 Parsley Haw 81 Pasania dentijlora 155 Pavia Cali/vmica 43 f Pavia carnea 42 Pavia discolor 43 Pavia fiava 43 Pavia glabra 42 Pavin hybrida 43 Pavia lutea 43 Patna ntglecta 43 Pavia pallida 42 ■fPavia WaUoniana 42 Peach Oak (Qaercus denslflora) 155 Peach Oak (Qaercus Phcllos) 154 Peach, Wild 70 Pear Haw 79 Pecan 132 Pecan. Bitter 136 Pepperidge 92 Peppcrwood 30 Per»ea Borhonia 118 Persea Ciirolinensis 118 Peraea Oirolinentit, var. glabriuteula 118 Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris 119 Persea CaroliruTieis, var. pvbeseeru 119 Pertea CaUibyana 119 Pertea Satta/rat 119 Persimmon 104 Persimmon, Black 105 Persimmon. Mexican 105 PluBnopynim acerifoliwn 80 Phtenopyrum arborescent 75 Phaenitpyrum Carolinianum 82 Phtmopyrvm eoecineum 77 Phanopyrum cordatum 80 JPfuenopyrvm ellipticum 82 Phtenopyrum populi/olium 78 Phcmopyru-m pruinosum 79 Phcenopyrtim spathulatum 81 Phamopitrum subviUosum 78 Phcenopyrvm Virginicum 82 JPhcenopyrum rdride 78 flumopyrum Wendlandii 77 Page. Photinia arbutifelUa 83 Photinia salici/olia 83 Piceaalba 204 Pieeaamabilis (Abies amabilis) 213 Pieea amabilis (.Iblcs snbalpins) 211 Pieea balsamea 2ii Picca balsamea, var. long\folia 211 Picea bi/olia 211 Pieea braeteaUt 213 t Pieea Cali/omica 208 Ptceo Canadensis 206 Pieea eoemlea 204 Pieea coneolor 212 Picea concolor, vnT.violaeea 212 Picea Douglasii 209 Picea Engeluianni 205 Pieea Fraseri (Abies balsamea) 211 Pieea Fraseri (Abies Fraseri) 210 Pieea glauea 204 Picea grandis (Abies concolor) 212 Piceagrandis (Abies grandis) 212 Picea laxa 204 Piceo Lowiana 212 Picea magnijlca 214 Picea Menziesii (Picea pangens) 205 Picea Menziesii (Picea Sitchensis) 206 Picea nigra 202 Pieea nigra, xa,t. glauea 204 Picea nigra, var. rtiira 203 Pieea nobilis 214 Picea pnngens 205 Pieea rubra 203 Picea Sitchensis 206 Piekeringia panieulata 100 Pigeon Cherry 66 Pigeon Plnm 117 Pigeonwood 117 Pig Nut 134 Filocereus Erigelmanni 69 Pin Cherry 66 Pin Oak 152 Pinckneya pnbens 95 PiTictneya pubescent 95 Pine, Bastard 202 Piue, Bishop's 200 Pine, Black (Pious Jeffrey!) 193 Pine, Black (Pinns Murrayana) 195 Pine, Bull (Finns JefiBreyl) 193 Pine, Bull (Pinns mitis) 200 Pine, Bull (Pinus ponderosa) 193 Pino, Bull (Pinns Sabiniana) 195 Pine, Cedar 201 Pine, Digger 195 Pine, Foxtail 191 Pine, Georgia 202 Pine, Ginger 179 Pine, Gray 201 Pine, Hard 202 Pine, Hickory (Pinna Balfonrtana, var. aristattt) 191 Pine, Hickory (Pinus pnngens) 199 Pine, Jersey 199 Pine, Knob-cone 196 Pine, Loblolly 197 Pine, Lodge-pole 195 Pine, Long-leaved 202 Pine, Meadow '. 202 Pine, Monterey 198 Pine, Norway 192 Pino, Nut (Pinus cembroides) 190 Pine, Nut (Pinna edulis) 190 Pine, Nut (Pinus monophylla) 190 Pine, Nut (Pinos Parryana) 169 Pine, Obispo 200 Pino, Old-field 197 Pine, Oregon 200 INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 235 Page. Tine, Pitch 198 Pme, Pond 198 Pine. Prince's 201 Piae, Red 192 Pine. Rosemary 1 97 Pine, Sand 199 Pine, Scrub (Pinna Banfeeiana) 201 Pine, Scrub (Pinna clausa) 199 Pine. Scmb (Pinna c^ntorta) 194 Pine, Scrub (Pinus inops) 199 Pine, Short-leaved 200 Pine, Slash 202 Pme, Southern 202 Pine, Spruce (Pinus clansa) 190 Pine, Spmco (Pinus glabra) 201 Pine, Spruce (Pinus mitia) 200 Pine, Spruce (Pinus Morrayana) 195 Pine, Sugar 188 Pine, Swamp 202 Pine, Table-mountain 199 Pine, Weymouth 187 Pine, White ( Pinus fiexilis) 188 Pine, White (Pinue glabra) 201 Pine, White (Pinus monticola) 187 Pine, Wbito (Pinus reflexa) 189 Pine, White (Pinna Strohus) 187 Pine, Yellow (Pinna Arizonica) 192 Pine, Yellow (Pinna mitia) 200 Pine, Yellow (Pinna palustris) 202 Pine, Yellow (Pinna ponderosa) 193 Pifion (Piuns edulia) 190 Pifion (Pinna monophylla) 190 PiDun (Pinus Parryana) 189 JHnus Abiea Americana .-. 206 Pinu^ AbifS Balsamea 211 J'iniis Alieu Canadensis.. \ 202 Pinua adunca 196 JHnus alba 204 Pinus nlbicatiUa 189 JHnus amabUis (Abies amabilis) 213 Pinus amabilis (Abies magnifies) 214 Tlnus amabilis (Abies anbalpina) •. 21 1 Pinus Aviericana (Picea nigra) 203 Pint« Americana (Tsnga Canadensis) 206 Piniis Americana rubra ^ 202 Pinus aristata 191 Pinna Arizonica 192 Pinus australis 201 Pinns Ualfi»ariana 191 Pinus Bal/ouriana (Pinns Balfonriana, var. aristata) 191 Pinna Balfonriana, var. aristata 191 Pinus balsamea 210 Pinus balsamea, Tar. Frateri 210 Pinus Bankniana 201 Pinus liankidana (Pinna contorta) 194 JHnus Beardsleyi 193 JHnus Benthamiana 193 Pinus Bolanderi 194 Pinus BouTsieri 194 Pintis braehyptera 193 Pinus bractcata 213 f Pinus Cali/omica (Pinns insignia) 196 Pinus Cali/ornica (Pinus tuberculata) 196 Pinus Canadensis {Vicea alba) 204 Pmus Canadensis (Tanga Canadensis) 206 Pinus CanctdCTim (Tauga Mertensiana) 207 Pinus cf'mbroides 190 JPin-us cembroides (Pinns alblcanlis) 189 Pinus cembroides (Pinna edulia) f 190 Pinna Cbibuahnana 194 Pinna clauaa 199 PinuM com muiata 205 Pinus concotor 212 Pinna cfmtorta 194 Pinus eontorta (Pinus maricata) 199 Page. Pinus contorta (Pinus Mnrrayana) 194 Pinus contorta, var. Bolanderi ' 194 Pinus contorta, var. latiffoha 194 Pinua Coultcri 195 JHnus Craigana 193 Pinua Cnbenaia 202 Pinus Cicbenais, var. terthroearpa 202 Pinus dejtexa 193 Pinus Douglasii 209 Pinus Douglasii, var. brevibracteata 209 Pinus echinata 200 Pinus Edgariana 199 Pinus edulia 190 Pinus Elliottii 202 Pinus Engelmanni (Pioea Engelmanni) 205 JHnus Engelmanni (Pinus ponderoaa) 193 Pinna flesilia 1&8 Pinus Jlezilis (Pinns albicanlis) 189 Pinus fiexilis, var. albicaulis 189 Pinus Jiexilis, var. macrocarpa 188 Pinus fiexUis, var. refiexa 189 P%nus fiexilis, var. serrulata 188 Pinus Fraseri (Abies Fraseri) 210 Pinus Fraseri (Pinua rigida) 197 Pinu^ Fremontiana 190 Pinus futilis 190 Pinua glabra 200 JHnus grandis (Abies amabilis) 213 Pinus grandis (Abies concolor) 212 JHnus grandis (Abiea grandia) 212 Pinus Grozelieri 187 JHnus Sudsonica 201 Pinns inopa 198 JHnus inops (Pinns contorta) : 194 JHnusinops (Pinna Murrayana) 194 Pinus inops, var. (Pinus muricata) 199 Pinus inops, var. clausa 199 Pinus inaignis 196 JHnus insignis macrocarpa 196 JHnus insignis, var. binata 196 Pinus intermedia 215 Pinua Jeffreyi 193 Pinus Lanibortiana 188 Pinus Lambertiana, var. (Finns fiexilis) 188 JHnus J.ambertiana, var. brevifolia 188 Pinus laricina 215 Pinus Laricio, var. resinosa 191 Pinus Larix 216 JHnus Jjarix aJha 215 JHnus Jjarix nigra 215 Pinus Larix rubra 215 JHnus lasiocarpa (Abies concolor) 212 / Pinus lasiocarpa (Abies subalpina) 21 1 JHnus Llaveana (Pinus cembroides) ...^. 190 Pinus Llaveana (Pinus Parryana) 189 JHnus Loddigesii 197 JHnus lophosperma 3 92 Pinus Jjowiana 212 Pinus Lyalli 216 Pinus Mariana 202 Pinu^ macrocarpa 195 Pinus macrophyUaf 193 Pintts Menziesii 206 Pinus Menziesii, var. crispa. 206 Pinus Mertensi'ana 207 Pinus microcarpa 215 Pinns mitis 200 Pinus mitis, xtkr. paupera 200 Pinua monophylla 190 Pinua monticola 187 Pinua muricata l®^ Pinus muricata (Pinua contorta) 194 Pinua Murrayana 194 Pinus nigra 202 JHnus nobUis. .- 214 136 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Page. Pinut A'uMoOtt 216 Pi'niu o*(«da 197 Pinus Ttrda, var. o 197 Pimis Taida, var. aUrpeeuroidca 198 Pinui Tada, var. htterophyUa 202 Pinus Treda, var. rigida 197 Pinus Trcda, var. Unui/olia 197 Ptnus Tceda, var. variabilis 200 Pinus Tceda, var. Virginiima 198 Pinus taxtfolia 219 Pinus tetragona 204 Pinna Torreyana 192 Pinus tnbercnlata 190 PintM (ulwrcuIaCa (Finns insignia) 196 Pinus variaMlis 200 Pinus vcnusla 213 Pinus Virginiana 198 Pintu Yirginiana, var. echinata 200 Piseidia Carlhagentnsis 57 PlHcidia Erytbrina 57 Piaonia acnleata II7 Piaonia obtnaata 117 Piatacia Mexicana 54 Pitch Pino 198 Pithecolobium forftx 64 Pithecolobium Guadalupentit 64 Pithecolobium mierophyUum 64 Pitbecolobinm Unguia-cati 64 Plancra aquatica 124 Planera Omelini 124 Planera Kichardi 124 Ptanera uimi/olia 124 Plataxace^ 129,130 Piatanus Oali/omiea 129 Platanus hybridas 129 Page. PlaUmus lobata up Platanus Uexieana (Platouna racemosa) ia>- Plotantu JfRrieatMi (Platanua WrightU) 180 Platanns occidentalis 12» Platanus occidentalis (PXatstsmanoemon) 12& Platanus racemoea 12ft Platanus racemosa (Platanna WrightU) 130 Platanus vulgaris, var. angulosa 129 Platanus Wrightii 130 Plum, Canapieata 144 Quereus stellata 139 Quereus stellata, var. depressa 14<> QuercuH sfellata, var. Plorldana 131* Quereus stellata, var. Vtahensis '''9 INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 23^ Pago. Quercus Texana 148 Quercua tinctoria 149 Quercus tinctoria, var. anguloaa 149 Quercus tinctoria, var. Cali/omica 149 Quercus tinctoria, var. sinuosa ■ 149 Quercus triloba 150 / Quercus uliginosa 152 Quercas undulata 155 Quercits undulata (QuercnB Dnrandii) 145 Quercus uudulata, tfy. Gambelii 139 Quercus undulata, var. grxsca 144 Quercxis undulata, var. oblongata 143 Quercus undulata, vav. pungena y. 144 Quercus undulata, var. Wrightii 144 Quercus vaecinifoUa 146 / Quercus velutina 149 / Quercus viUosa 139 Qaercns virena 145 Quercus Virginiana 145 Quercus W isUzeni 147 B. Jiandia clusiee/olia 95 l^apanea Ouyariensis 99 Rattle-box 106 Ked Asb 109 Red Bay 118 Red Birch 161 Red Cedar (Juniperua Virginiana) 183 Red Cedar (Thuya gigantea) 177 Red Cherry, Wild . .'. 66 Red Cypress ! 184 Red Elm 122 Red Fir (Abies magnifica) 214 Red Fir (Abies nobilis) 214 Red Fir ( Psendutsoga Donglasii) 209 Red Gum.|| 86 Red Haw ( Cratsgns coccinea) 78 Red Haw (Crataegus flava, car. pnbescens) 83 Red IroD wood 39 Red Maple 50 Red Mulberry 128 Red Oak (Quercus falcata) 151 Rod Oak (Quercus rubra) 148 Red Oak (Quercus rubra, var. Texana) 148 Red Pine 192 Red Stopper 89 Redbud (Cercis Canadensis) 61 Rcdbnd (Cercis renifonnis) 61 Redwood .... 185 Re.Yuosia latifolia 39 t Rhamindium revolutum 39 RhamnacB£ 39-42 Bhamnus alni/oHu* 41 Bbamnua Califomica 40 Rhaninn? Californica, var. tomentella 41 Rhamuua Caroliniana 40 Ilhamnus eUiptxeus 41 likamnus ferrea 39 / Jihamnus Uetigatus 39 Hham nus lau ri/olius 40 Jihamnus olei/olius 40 RhaniDus Pursbiana 41 Ehamnus tomentellus 41 Rhizopkora Americana 86 Rhizopbora Mangle 88 Rkizophora racemosa 86 Rbizophobace£ 86,87 Rhododi^ndron maximum 09 Rhododendron maximum, var. album 99 Rhododendron maximum, var. purpureum ■ 99 Rhododendron maximum, var. roseum 99 Rhododendron procerum 99 Rhododendron purpureum ,90 Rhododendron Purshii , 99 Rhus arborescens 33 Page. Rhus Canadense 52 Rhus copiillina • 53; RhusjU'pallina, var. angustialata 53 ? Rhus copallina, var. angustifolia 53 Rhus copallina , var. int^gri/olia 53 Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata 53- ? Rhus copallina, var. latialata 53 ? Rhus copallina, var. lati/olia 53 Rhus copallina, var. lencantha 53 ? Rhus copallina, Tar. serrata 53 Rhus cotinoides 52 Rhus cotinus ? 52 Rhus glabra 53 Rhus kypselodendron 52" Rhus leucantha 53 Rhus Metopium 54- Rhus Toxicodendron 54 Rhus typhina 52 Rhus typhina, var. laciniata 52' Rhus typhina, TUT. viridijlora 9t 52 Rhus venenata 54 Rhus vernix 54 Rhus viridijlora 52 River Birch ici River Cottonwood 172- Robinia fragilis 55 Robinia glutinosa 56^ Robinia Nco-Mcxicana 56 Robinia Pseudacacia 55 Robinia viscoaa 56- Rock Chestnut Oak 142 Rock Elm 123 Rock Maple ^ 48 Rosacea 64-85 Rose Bay 99' Rosemary Pino 197 Royal Palm 21& RUBI ACE^ 95, 96 Rum Cherry 68 RUTACE^ .•. 2D-3? Sabal Palmetto 217 Saffron Plum 103 Saguaro 90 Salicace^ 1C5-175< Salix ; 170^ fSalix ambigua 1G5 Salix amygdaloides 166- Salix argophylla 168- Salix arguta .^. 16T Salix arguta, var. lasiandi a 167 Salix Bigelovii 170- Salix Bigelovii, yav.fuecior _-..- 170 ? Salix brachycarpa 168^ Salix brachystachys 170 Salix brachystachys, var. Scouleriana 170 Salix Caroliniana 1C5- Saiix chlorojihylla, Tav. pellita 171 i5alix cordata 170 Salix cordata, vaT./alcata 165- Salix cordata, rar. vestita 170 Salix crassa 169' Salix cuneata 171 Salix discolor 109^ S.ilix discolor, rar. criocephala IGD- Salix discolor, car. prinoidcs 169 Salix criocephala 169- Salix exigua 168 Salix falcata 165- Salix Fendleriana 167 Salix flavesceus 169 Salix Jlavescens (Salix Havescens, var. Scouleriana) 170 Salix flavoacens, var. Scouleriana 170* Salix Jlavo-vir ens 165 Salix Jluviatalis 168- 240 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Page. Salix Hartwegi 171 Balix mniUiatta 169 Salix Hindnana,T»t.UnuifoUa 160 Salix Jlofmanniana 1*^ £.Mx Hookerian* 170 JSalix Uututoniaiia 1*5 Salix hui»Uit, vnT. Hartiotgi 171 Salix iKvijpita 167 Skill Iwvigato, tiar. angnstlfollft 167 Salix terijpita, t>ar. congesta 1*7 ■Salix laneifolia ^^ Salix Lisiaudra 167 Salix Ia8iniiar. FencUerUns 167 Salix ladiautltn, rar. lancifulia 167 Salix liiaiulepin - -..-- 170 -Salix UuioUpig, v&T. angtutifolia 171 JSalix Ufiolepis, v&r. BigeloHi 170 Salix larioUpit.viT./allax 170 Salix latiolepie, rar. lat^foKa 171 Salix liffuttrina 165 Salix longifolia 168 Salix tongi/olia, voT. anguttittima 168 Salix longifolia, tTar.argyrophvlla 168 Salix longi/iilia,T&r. arffyrophyHa a7ig\t$ti$9ima 168 Salix lungifolia, \«t. argyrophylla opaca 168 SiUix loui^ifolia. far. cxigoa 168 Salix longifolia, var. opaca 168 .Salix longifolia, Tar. pedicellata 168 Salix longipes 166 Salix longipeii, var. pubacent 166 Salix liicida, var. angustifolia, forma lasiandra 167 Salix lucida, var. macrophylla 167 Salix margiiiata 166 t Salix melanopgis 166 Salix uigra 165 Salix nigra, \&t. amygdaloiiet 166 Salix nigya,\&T. anjti8tifolia 166 Salix nigra, var. falcata 165 Salix nigra, var. latif alia 166 Salix nigra, var. longifolia •»*••• 166 Salix nigra, rar. longipes rT. 166 Salix nigra, var. longipes. snhvar. gongylocarpa 166 Salix nigra, var. longipes, suhvar. ventUota 166 Salix nigra, van marginata 166 "Salix nigra, ror. Wardii 166 Salix nigra, Dor. Wrightii 166 Salix ocridon talis 166 Salix pentandra 165 Salix pentandra, var. eaudata 167 Salix prinoides , 169 Salix Purshiana ^ 165 JSalix rubra 168 SaUx SeouUriana 170 SaUx sensitiva 169 Salix sessilifulia 168 Salix scgsilifolia, var. Hindaiana 169 Salix setsilifolia, var. villota 168 Salix Sitcbensis 171 Salix Sttclieusis, car. angustifolia 171 Sa'ix speciosa 167 Salix siibcillota 166 SaUx Wrightii 166 Samara Jloribunda 99 Samara pentandra 99 Sambucus Califomiea 93 SambucuH glauoa 93 Sambueus glauea (Sambncns Uoxicana) 03 Saroburus Mexicana 93 t Sambucus Mexicana (Sambacus glaaca) 93 Sambucus vclutina 93 Sand Jack 153 Sand Pine 199 Sandbar Willow 168 Sapindace* 42-51 Sapindvs acuminata ., 44 Page. Sapindus Drwnmandi 44 Sapindut falcatiu 44 tSapindxuinaqutUit .-. 44 Sapindas marginatos 44 Sapindus Saponaria 45 Sapindus Saponaria (Sapindus marginatas) 44 Sapotack^ 100-103 Sarcomphalus Carolinianus 40 Sassafras 120 Sassafras officinale 119 Satin wood 31 Savin (Junipems Virglniana) 188 Savin (Torreya taiifolia) 188 Scarlet Haw (Crattegus coccinea) 78 Scarlet Haw (Crstffigns sabvilloea) 78 Scarlet Oak 148 Schceferia Inucifolia 39 Sekcefferia completa 89 Scbfiefferia frntescens - 30 Schafferia lateriflora 120 Schousbcea eommu^tata 87 Schubertia disticha 183 Schubertia sempervirens - 185 Screw Bean 62 Screwpod Hcsquit 62 Scrub Oak (Quercns Catesb»i) 151 Scrub Oak (Qnercus undulata, var. GambeUi) 139 Scrub Pine (Pinns Banksiana) .«... 201 Scrub Pine (Pinns claosa) 199 Scrub Pine (Pinns contorta) 194 Scrub Pine (Pinus iuops) t 109 Seutiaferrea (Condalia ferrea) 89 Seutiaferrea (Beynosia latifolia) 39 Sea Ash 80 Sea Grape 118 Seaside Alder .» 162 Sebastiania lucida ■ 121 Sebestena scabra 113 Seqnoia gigantea 184 Sequoia gigantea (Sequoia sempervir^ns) 185 f Sequoia Bafinesquei 206 Sequoia religiosa 185 Sequoia sempervirens - - 184 Seqiwia WeUingtonia 184 Service Tree 84 Seven-year Apple 95 ShadBu3li 84 Shag-bark Hickory 133 She Balsam 210 Sheepberry 94 SheUbark, Big 133 Shell-bark, Bottom 133 SheU-bark Hickory 133 Shingle Oak 154 Shittimwood (Bamelia lanuginosa) 102 Sbittimwood (Kliamnns Furshiaoa) 41 Short-leaved Pine 200 Shrubby Trefoil 81 Sideroxylon Oarolirtense 101 Sideroxylon chrysophyUtndet 101 Sideroxylon cuneatutn 103 Sideroxylon decandrum 103 Sideroxylon lanuginosum 102 Sideroxylon lave 103 Sideroxylon lycioides 103 Sideroxylon Masticbodendron 101 Sideroxylon pallidum 101 Sideroxylon rcclinalum — 103 Sideroxylon salicjfolium 101 Sideroxyloji sericeuvi -• 101 Sideroxylon tenax (Bumelia lanuginosa) 102 Sideroxylon tenax (Bumelia tenax) 101 SUiquastrum eordatum 61 Silk-top Palmetto 217 Silky Willow 171 INDEX TO CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. 241 Page. *;lver-beU Tree (Halesia diptera) 105 Silver-bell Tree (Halesia totrapt«ra) 106 rilver Maple 49 Silver-top Palmetto 218 Simaruba amara ■ 32 Siinaruba glaaca 32 Siw^ruba med icinalia 32 SlMAKUBK^ 32 Wtka Cypress , 178 Slash Pine /. 202 81ippeiy Elm (Fremontia Califonuca) 26 Slippery Elm (Ulmus folva) 122 Sloe C7 Sloe, Bla«k 67 Smail-frnited Haw 81 Smooth Alder 164 Snowdrop Tree (Halesia diptera) 105 Snowdrop Tree (Halesia tetraptera) 106 Soapberry (Sapindup "larginatua) 44 Soapberry (Sapindut Saponaria) 45 Soft Maple (Acer das^'carpam) 49 Soft Maple (Acerrabrum) 50 Sophora alfiDis - 58 Sophora secundiflora 57 Sophora speciosa 57 Sorbus Americana - '. 73 Sorbus A mericana, var. ntieroearpa 74 Sorbus avcuparia (l*ym8 Americana) 73 Sorbus aueuparia (Pynis s.tmbucifolia) 74 Sorbus aueuparia, var. a. (Pyrns Americana, var. microcarpa) 74 Sorbtis aueuparia, var. p. (Pyrus sambncifoUa) 74 Sorbus aueuparia, yslt. Ameneana 73 Sorbus humifusa 73 Sorbus microcarpa 74 Sorbus riparia 74 Sorbus sambtiei/olia 74 Sorbus Sitckensit - 74 Sorrel Tree 98 Soar Gnm 92 Sour Tupelo 91 Sonrwood 98 Sonthem Buckthorn 103 Southern Crab Apple 72 Sonthf-m Pine '>02 Spanish Bayonet (Yncca baccata) 219 Spanish Bayonci (Yucca caDallcalata) 218 Spanish Bayonet (Tuccaelata) 219 Spanish Buckeye , 44 Spanish Oak 151 Spanish Oak, Swamp 152 Span ish Stopi»er 88 Speckled Alder 165 Spiff Tree 120 Spindle Tree 38 Spirtxa Calif omica 70 Spoonwooil 98 Spmce, Black ! 203 Spruce, Bine 205 Spmce Pine (Pinna clansa) 199 Spruce Tine (Pinus plabra) 201 Spruce Pine (Pinus mitis) 200 Spmce Pine (Pinus Murrayana) 195 Spruce, Tide-land 206 Spmce, White (Picea alba) 204 Spruce, Whitw (Picea Engelmanni) 205 Spruce, White (Picea pungens) 205 Stag Bush 94 Staf:horn Sumach... 63 Star-leav(;d Gum 86 Stekcumacb* 26 Stinking Cfdar (Torreya Califomlca) 186 Stinking Cedar (Torreyataxifolla) 186 Stoppf^r (E u ^enia Ion gi pes) 89 Stopper (Eugenia monticola) 89 Stopper, Guryeon 88 10 FOR Stopper, Eed 89 Stopper, Spanish 88 Stopper, AVhite 89 Striped Dogwood 46 Striped Maple 46 Stromboearpa odorata 62 Stro mbocarpa pubescena 62 Strong Bark 1I4 Stypknolobium ajjlne 68 Styracace^ 105,106 Sugarberry 126 Sugar Maple 43 Sugar Maple, Black 49 Sugar Pino 188 Sugar Tree 48 Sumach, Coral 54 Sumach, Dwarf 63 Sumach, Poison 54 Sumach, Staghom 53 Summer Haw (Crattegns flava) 83 Summer Haw (Cratiegus flava, var. pnbeecens) 83 Suwarrow qq Swamp Cot ton wood 172 Swamp Hickory (Carya amara) 135 Swamp Hickory (Carya aqnatica) 136 Swamp Laurel 20 Swamp Maple 50 Swamp Pine 202 Swamp Post Oak 140 Swam p Spanish Oak 152 Swamp White Oak m Sweet Bay, 20 Sweet Birch 162 Sweet Buckeye 43 Sweet Gum 86 Sweet Leaf 105 Sweet Locust 69 Sweet-scented Crab 72 Swietenia Mahogoni 33 Sufif tenia Senepalensis 33 Switch-bud Hickory 134 Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) 129 Sycamore (Platanus racemosa) 129 Sycamore (Platanus Wrightii) 130 Symplocos ti nc toria 105 T. Table-mountain Pine 199 Tacamah ac 173 Tallowberry 28 Tallow Nut 34 Tamarack ( Larix Americana) 215 Tamarack ( Larix occidentalis) 216 Tamarack {Pinus Murrayana) 195 Tamarind, Wild 64 TanbarkOak 155 Tan Bay 25 Taxodii species (Sequoia Bemperrirena) - 185 Taxodium adifcendens 183 Taxodium distich um 183 Taxodium diHtichum fastigiatum 183 Taxodium distichum, var. mierophyllum 183 Taj^dium c/t«(ic/mm, var. nutans 183 Taxodium distichum, var. patens 183 Taxodium fiijanteum 184 Taxodium. mierophyllum, 183 Taxodium, sempervirens 185 Taxodium Waehingtonianum, 184 Taxus baccata (Taxus bre vifolia) 185 Taxusbaccata, \a.r. Caneidensis 185 Taxus lio ursierii 185 Taxus brevifulia 185 Taxus Canadensis 185 Taxus Floridana 186 Taxus Lindleyana 185 Taxus montaTM 186 242 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Pago. TRKXHTRtEMIACKAt 25,28 TetrantAfra Cal{fomiea 120 Thatch, Briokley 218 Thatch. Brittle 218 Thp Joshua 219 Thorn. Black 79 Thorn, CockapoT 76 Thorn, }(ewcastle 76 Thorn. Washington 81 Thorn, White 78 Threvthometl Acaota 59 Tbriuax ar];ontoa 218 Thrinax Garbtri 217 Thrinnx parviflora 217 Thuya Craigana 176 Thuya txetUa 178 Thuja Ri^antea 177 TAuya i;ii7clate paaicnlata QacTCcs BaraDdii Qut-rcus virens Qucrcas reticulata EugcDia procera Qucrcus obloDgifolia Acacia Wrigbtii Cercocarpns parvifolius Eugeuia buxifulia Chry aoph,> Hum olivif orme Drypetea crocea. ror. latifolia Heteromelea arbiitifolia Dipbolia aalicifolia Exostenima Caribxum Quercus Emoryi Lcucx*na glauca Drypetea crocea Ximcnia Americana Eugenia mnnticola ATiccnnianitlda Hypclutetrifoliata Quercua rubra, car. Tcxana Pilbccolobium nnguis-cati Myginda pallcna Xantboxylam Caribseiuii ri-uuus spbsrocarpn Calyplranlhca Cltytraculia Eugrnia dichotoma Quercus Douglasii EyacDbardtla orlbocarpa Pi8c;di:i try tiiiiua , Citharci^lum vllloanm I*rnnns Caroliniana Crataegus coccinea Quercus prinoides Ardisia Vickeringia Acacia Greggli Rophora sflinia Quercus chrysolepis , Dioapyms Tcxana Qmicus uodulata, tar. Gambelii. Carya alba Sapitidua Saponarla Quercus obtuailoba Myrsiue llapanea — 1.3020 1. 1999 1. 1617 1. 1432 1. 1374 1. 1235 1. 1101 1.0905 1. 0838 1. 0731 1.0715 1.0602 1.0459 1. 0316 1. 0109 1. 0092 0.9900 0. 9893 0.9842 0. 9835 0.^803 0.9635 0.9533 0.9597 0.9501 0. 9479 0.9453 0.9441 0.9392 0.93W 0.9360 0.9360 0.9346 0. 9326 0. 9316 0. 9310 0.9263 0. 9235 0. 9209 0.9196 0.9156 0. 9138 0. 9102 0.9080 0.9049 0.9048 0.9002 0. 8998 0. 8992 0. 8983 0. 8928 0. 8740 0. 8734 0. 8710 0.8688 0. 8618 0.8605 0. 8602 0. 8550 0. 8309 0.8493 0.8460 0.8407 0. C372 0. 8367 0. 8367 0.8341 Species. Gnettarda elliptlca Viburnum pninifulium Ptelia trifoliata. Pyrus rivularis Quercus lyrjita Ostrya Virginica Quercus agi-ifolia Carya tomentoaa Carya porcina Colubrina reclinata Prunus umbellata Cornna florida Sapindua marginatus Oamanthua Americanos Carya sulcata Kobinia yiscoaa Bourreria Havanenaia Quercua Michauxii Robinia Keo-Mexicana Carya myriaticasformis Quercua bypoleuca Bumelia cuneata Cratjegua aubvillosa Finns serotina Hhns Metopium Diospyros Virginiana Frsxinus Greggii Prunus Capnli Quercua Wislizeni Amelancbier Canadensis Cratcegna dava ScbjeflFeria frutescens Madura anrantiaca Morua raicrophylla Cbryaobalanua loaco Crataegus rivularis Nectandra WilldonoTiana Cratiegua flava, var. pubeacens Quercus laurifolia Quercus bicolor Prosopis juliflora Fiaxinua Americana, var. Texenaia Cratspgua tomentoaa Bctula lenta Vaccininm arboreom Proaopia pubescens Carya amara Quercus imbricaria Cercia reniformia Pinna Cubensis Arbntua Texana Andromeda ferruginea Quercua Prinus Ulmua alata Coraus Nuttallii Quercus Phellos Quercua alba Bumelia lycioides Oxydendrura arboreum Crataigus npiifolia Quercua Garryana Quercus macrocarpa Parkinaonia micropbylla Xautboxylum Ptorota Ilex decidua Quercus lobata Carya aquaiica 8337 8332 8319 8316 6313 8284 8253 8218 8217 8208 8202 8153 6126 8111 8108 8094 6073 8039 8034 8016 8009 7959 7953 7942 7917 7908 7904 7879 7855 7838 7809 7745 7736 7715 7709 7703 7693 7683 7673 7C02 7652 7630 7633 7017 7010 7609 7552 7529 7513 7504 7600 7500 7499 7491 74S1 7472 7470 7467 7438 7453 7449 7453 7433 7444 7420 7409 7407 402 273 87 77 276 158 278 178 130 228 293 31 228 35 225 222 280 103 126 196 241 407 170 132 16 142 338 194 202 167 166 117 274 380 11 223 110 123 174 279 85 277 64 64 338 63 118 27 104 291 138 282 287 191 124 203 37 397 86 90 250 150 409 61 180 100 39 Larix occidentalis Quercua coccinea Gleditscbia monoaperma Kobinia Paendacacia Quercus nigi-a Vibnmuni Lcntago Quercua Cateabei Bumelia tenax Cratajgua cordata Celtia occidentalis Carpiuus Caroliniana Swietenla Mabogoni Celtia occidentalia, var. reticulata.. - Ilex Casaine nimus raoemosa Ulmus crasaifolia Quercua aquatica Prunus Americana Crat«gu8 Cnia-galli I'raxinua quadraugulata Carya olivlfcformia Tbrinax argentea Kalmia latifolia Crataegus spatbulata Fremontia Californica Laguncularia racemoaa Juniperua occidentalia, t'ar.monosperma Fraxinus viridia Cordia Sebestena Arbntua Xalapenais .1 Arbutus Monzicsii Pyrus coronaria Quercus tinctoria Pinua palnstris Capparia Jamaicensis Ulmua f ulva Prunus demisaa Crat£egua Douglasil •Jacquinia armillaiia Quercua paluatria Gy mnocladna Canadensis Quercus falcata Acer saccbarinum, var. nigrum Acer saccbarinum Juniperna occidentalis, tJar. coiyugens Acer graBdidentatum Py rua anguatifolia Canotia bolocantha Prunus anguatifolia Fagus ferruginea Hamamelis Virginica Quercua heterophylla Quercns densillora Fniximia piala* iaifolia Crataagns bracbyacautha Cordia Boisaieri Cyrilla racemiflura Ablea bracteata Gleditscbia triacantbos Leucaeua pulverulenta Myrica Californica Cornua altemifolia Yucca canaliculata Acer circinatum Bumelia apinoaa Fraxinus anoniala Euonymus atropurpureua .a 0.7407 0. 7405 0.7342 0. 7333 0. 7324 0. 7303 0.7294 0. 7293 0 7293 0. 7287 0. 7286 0.7282 0. 7275 0. 7270 0. 7263 0. 7245 0.7244 0. 7215 0. 7194 0.7184 0.7180 0. 7172 0. 7160 0. 7159 0. 7142 0. 7137 0. 7118 0. 7117 0. 7108 0.7099 0. 7052 0. 7048 0.7045 0. 6999 0. 6971 0.6056 0. 6951 0. 6950 0.6948 0. 0038 0. 6934 0. 6928 0. G915 0. 6912 0. 6907 0. 6902 0.6895 0. 6885 0.6884. 0.6883 0.6856 0.6834 0.0827 0. 6610 0. 0793 0. 6790 0.6784 0.0783 0. 6740 0. 6732 0. 6703 0. 6096 0. 6077 0. 6060 0. 01)03 0. 6597 0. 6592 250 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Specie!. 184 240 2t7 179 192 273 88 812 218 854 224 125 205 275 215 69 283 lOO 230 215 343 355 200 91 1 154 199 344 53 209 198 171 336 82 332 193 90 239 377 315 408 296 62 46 406 23 295 121 139 208 23.' 19 289 34 837 108 33 864 IM 221 294 48 197 CnUegus Kstlvali* Jaglaos mpeetria Brtola lutea Bumclia lanngiDoaa Fraxinaa Americana Qncrcaa rubra ParkiDSonia TotTcyana Pigoola oblusata Umbellnlaria Califomica Pinus cembroides Ulraus Americana CmtiBgua arboreacena Ebretia elliptica Qnerios Kelloggii Persca Carolinensis Rhus cot ilioides Quf reus cincrea LvBiloma latisiliqna Ficu8 brevifoUa Peraea CaroltiieuaiR, var. palaaizia Tamils brevifolia Pinus ednlia Cbionantbns Virginica Cercis Cauadeuaia Magnolia grandiflora Nyssa sylvatica Forest iera acuminata Taxus I'loridana Ungnadia apocioaa Cresceutia cncurbitina Fraxinus aambucifolia Khodmlendron maximum Juuiperus Californica Cladrastis tinctoria Cupn-8su8 niacrocarpa Fraxinus pubeacona Clil'tonia ligustrina Larix Americana Acer rni)rum Partciiisonia acnleata Juglans nigra. Pinus mitis Salix coidata, var. vestita Oreodoxa regia Botula occidentiiiis Acer glabrum Kbamuus Californica Tlirinai parviflora Xanthoxylum Clava-Heroulia, var. fru- tiCOSUDl. Betnia papyrifera Pyriis samlmcifolia Liquidnmimr Styraciflua Cbilopsis maligna Moras rubra Byrsouima lucida Caatanca puniila Ilex Dahoon , var. myrtifolia JunipeniH pacbyphlcea Pruuua surotina Ilex opaca Pinna contorta Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlandleriana . . Hippomanc Maucin**lla Junipcrus occidcntalis Betula niirra lift ula alba, var. populifolia Ceauothus th} rsidorus Fraxinus Orcgana |! 1 « 1 187 0.6564 0.6554 235 0.6353 353 0.6544 1 47 0.6543 356 0.6540 22 0.6531 249 0.6529 188 0.6517 316 0.6512 374 0.6506 288 0.6491 357 0.6440 78 0.6435 336 0.6429 45 0.6425 66 0.6420 363 0.6418 120 0.6398 370 0. 6380 357 0.6.391 313 0.6388 161 0.6372 314 0.6363 310 0. 63C0 69 0.6336 186 0.6345 5 0.6340 373 0.6332 58 0.6319 227 0.6318 71 0.0303 65 0.0282 362 0.6278 155 0.6261 71 1 0.6231 389 0. 6249 405 0.6236 391 0. 6178 371 0. 6116 345 0. 6115 156 0.6104 317 0. 6009 23 0.6034 10 0.6030 217 0.6028 360 0.6000 2 0.5991 105 0.5967 7 300 0.5955 52 0.5928 313 0.5909 376 0.5902 375 0. 5898 310 0.5888 339 0.5887 325 0.5873 60 0.6829 230 0.5822 S30 0. 5818 352 0.5815 308 0. 5780 , 368 0.5772 333 0.5765 360 0. 5762 C8 0. 5760 301 0.5750 34 0. 5731 330 Species. Halesia dlptera Platflniin oocUlentalifl PiniiB Parryana. Khanmnn Pursbiana Piuu8 rooDophylla Xanthoxylum Americanam Myrica cerifera Halesia tetraptera Salix lasiolcpU Finns clansa Caatinopsis chrysophylla PinuB Balfouriana, car. anstata Daloa npinosa Juuiperus Californica, var. TTtahensis Ehiunnus Caroliniana Acer lubruin, rar. Brnmniondii Piuus Chibnahuaua Pyrus Americana Piuus Tteda Piuna lialfouriana Salix flavescens, r>ar. Scouleriana Pinekney a pnbons Salix Hookeriana Salix longifolia, var. exigna Acer spicatum , Symplocoa tinctoria Hagnolia macrophylla Pious inops Acer Pcnnsylvanicnm Flanera aqnatica Khna copallina Acer dartycarpnm Piuua Jeffrpyi , Nyaaa uniflora Kbus copalliua, t^ar. lanceolata Tsupa Mertensiana Wasbingtonia filifera Paeudoteuga Doaglaaii Pinus n;:ida Ton eya taxifolia Sambacns glanea Salix Sitcbeuais Xanthoxylum ClaTa-HercuUs Anoua laurifolia Sassafras officinale . . Pinus Arizonica Magnolia glauca , Prunus Pcnnaylvanica ^Magnolia Fraseri Alnns niaritima JEscnIus Califomica , Salix flavesccns , Pinus muricata Pinus pungena , Salix lon;:ifolia , Juuiperus Virginiana Populua Freninntii , Acer macrophylhini Plat^nus raccmosa Piuus Torreyana Pinna rcflcxa Salix laevigata Pinus resinosa Cupressus G uadalnpcnais Piuus Sabiuian:i Ne^uiirln Catifomicnm , Alnim rubra Jlex l)ahoressure was perpendicular to the grain of the wood it was applied on the side of the specimen nearest to the henrt of the tree. A factor in the general value of wood as fuel is the ease with which it can be seasoned ; beech, for example, a very dense wood of high fuel value when dried, is generally considered of little value as fuel, on account of the rapidity with which it decays when cut and the consequent loss of carbon by decomposition. THE STRENGTH OF WOOD. The specimens tested for the purpose of determining the strength of the wood produced by the different trees of the United States were cut, with few exceptions, before Msych, 1881, and were slowly and carefully seasoned. Those used in determining the resistance to transverse strain were made 4 centimeters square and long enough to give the necessary bearing upon the supports. These were shod with flat iron plates, slightly rounded on the edges and were set exactly 1 meter apart; they remained perfectly rigid under the pressure applied. Each specimen was weighed, measured, and its specific gravity calculated before it was tested. The result thus obtained represents the specific gravity of the air-dried wood. To eliminate the action of their weight the specimens were placed upright, and hydraulic pressure was applied by means of an iron rod 12 millimeters in radius, acting midway between the supports, the deflections being read at this point. The direction of the grain of the wood is shown by diagrams in the table (Table III), the pressure acting upon it horizontally from the left. The pressure was applied slowly and uniformly, a reading of tbe deflections being taken for every 50 kilograms. When a load of 200 kilograms had been applied it was removed and the set read. Pressure was again applied in the same way, and the readings of deflections were resumed when 200 kilograms was again reached. P P The formula used in calculating the coefficient of elasticity was E = . . ,3 ; I, b, d, being taken in millimeters; 3 P J that of the modulus of rupture, ^=~2~h~^) h ^j '^ being in centimeters, P, in both formulas, in kilograms. A few experiments were also made in the same manner, for purposes of comparison, to determine the transverse strength of specimens 1 meter long between the bearings and 8 centimeters square (Table IV). The specimens tested by longitudinal compression were 4 centimeters square and 32 centimeters (8 diameters) long. They were jjlaced between the platforms of the machine, and pressure was gradually applied until they foiled. The figures given represent the number of kilograms required to cause failure. The specimens tested under pressure applied perpendicularly to the fibers were 4 centimeters square and 16 centimeters long. They were placed upon the platform of the machine and indented with an iron punch 4 centimeters square on its face, covering the entire width of the specimen and one-quarter of its length at the " center. In this series of experiments the direction of the annual rings was noted, horizontal pressure being also ai)plied from the left. Readings were taken of the pressure necessary to produce each successive indentation of 0.254 up to 2.54 millimeters, and in the case of specimens which did not fail with this pressure a further test was made of the weight required to produce indentations of 3.81 and 5.08. The remarks (Table V) upon the behavior of the wood of the different species under compression were furnished by Mr. James E. Howard, in charge of the testing machine. COMPARATIVE VALUES. In tbe following table the number standing opposite each species represents its relative value in the column in which it appears. This table is purely an arbitrary one, since the introduction of one or more species would of course change the value of all species standing lower in value, or results based on an examination of a larger number of specimens of any species may change the relative numbers in regard to it very considerably. In other words, any twenty or thirty si)ecies bearing consecutive numbers may change places with each other. This arises partly from the want S of uniformity of the wood of any species, and partly from the fact that where so many determinations fall between f comparatively narrow limits the mere order of sequence must be largely accidental. f THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 253 TABLE OF RELATIVE VALUES. 20 80 33 34 38 42 43 45 47 50 62 54 CO CI M 04 65 M 67 Species. ^ MAGNOLIACE^. Magnolia grandifiora Magnolia |!laiica Magnolia acnminata Magnolia cordata Magnolia macrophylla Magnolia Umbrella Magnolia Fraseii Liriodendrou Tulipifera AKOXACEa:. Asiinina triloba Anona laorifolia CANELLACE^:. Canellaalba TEENSTECEMIACKS!. Gordonia Laaiantbus TII,IACE.E. Tilia Americana Tllia Americana, tar. pnbescens .. Tilia heteropb^lia MALPIGHIACE.S:. Byraonima lucida ZTGOPHTLLACE.«. Guaiacom i1 3,368 4,207 3,844 3.484 3,68.T 5,103 4,483 278 7, 462 I 2. 122 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 257 TABLE OF AVERAGES— Continued. lU 142 Sp«eje8. BEIZOPHOKA.CKS. Rhizopbora Mangle COUBBETACBiE. Conooarpoa electa LagnnonlAria lacemoea MTETACBiB. 144 Eugenia boxUblia.. 146 i Eugenia monticoU.. 145 ' Engenla prooera ... 151 1S3 1S3 154 1S5 IM ISS IM 1«1 1S5 16« 167 169 170 171 17J 176 177 178 17» 181 182 183 184 186 187 <«1 192 192 193 1»4 I 195 ie« 187 198 , 199 I 201 COKNACE.B. Comiuflorida CornttsNnttallii Kyaeacapitota Nysaa sylvatica Nysaanniflora CAPEIFOLIACE.E. Sambaooa glaaoa Yibommn pmaifoliam . KUBIACE.fi. Exofltemma Cahbamn . . Pinokneya pnbena EBICACEfi. Andromeda fermginea . . . . Arbutus Menzieail Arbatos Xalapensis Oxydendnun arborenm ... KjJmla latitoUa Rhododendron mazimom . 8APOTACB.S. Cbrysophyllnm oIlTifonQ* Siderozylon Maatiohodendron Dipholia saliafolia Bnmelia tenaz Bomelia lanuginooa. Bomelia lycioides Bomelia onneata.... Mimoaops Sleberi EBSKACE.fi. Dioepyroe Virgiuiaua STTRACE.fi. Symploooa tinctorla Halaoia dlptera OLEACBf. Fraxinaa pistaciffi folia Fraxinua Americana Fraxinoa Americana, car.Texensia Fraxinua pnbeecena Fraxinua viridia Fraxinna platycarpa Fraxinaa qua a-Ai m lit Inde mil ograi 1 5^3 SR-9 a 1 |ii pi o 13,767 7,394 206 207 208 9,693 5,926 7,190 2,886 210 14,198 5,851 8,846 6,532 212 10,760 7.089 213 8,653 4,875 10,603 3,883 215 6,895 2,484 216 7,497 8,131 217 5,848 2,575 218 4,400 2,218 219 9,474 5,009 219 12,020 7,707 222 4,856 1,678 r28 224 225 7,802 8,611 226 8,084 8,822 227 6,419 8,947 228 8,026 3,560 228 6,8M 4,196 229 7,020 8,066 231 232 234 9,571 6,108 10,410 6,682 11,680 4,480 235 7,235 2,894 236 5,790 2,664 237 7,826 3,529 7,648 4,581 288 7,360 6,001 239 240 8,045 6,192 241 242 243 6,146 2,967 244 6.940 3,153 245 246 247 6,158 3,368 248 7,535 2,745 8,664 3,177 6,960 8,272 249 7,711 3,521 250 4,014 2,209 7,980 3,322 8,320 2,653 251 6,766 3,106 252 6,418 2,717 253 8,966 4,206 254 256 266 9,197 4,702 257 6,192 3,063 268 Spsole*. BIGNONIACE.fi. Catalpa bignonioides Catalpa speoioaa Chilopais saligna VERBENACEiE. Citharexylom Tillosmn NTCTAGINACE.fi. Pisonia obtuaata POLTGONACE.fi. Coccoloba Floridana LAURACE.fi. Persea Carolinensis Pereea Carollnenais, var. palastria Saaaafras officinale Umbellularia Califomica EUPHORBLA.CE.fi. Drypetee crocea I>i7petea crocea, var. latifolia . . . . URTICACE^l. Ulmna craaaifoUa. ..« Ulmuafulva Ulmna Americana Ulmus racemoaa Ulmuaalata Planera aquatdoa Celtia occidentoUs Celtis occidentalis, var. retioolata Fioosanrea Fiona pednnculata.^ Moroa rubra Madura auraatiaoa PLATANACRfi. Platanns occidentalia Platan na racemoaa Platanoa Wrightii JUGLANDACEiE. Juglaaa cinwea Jnglana nigra Joglaua mpaetria Carya oUveformia Carya alba Caryaanloata Caiya tomentoaa Carya porcina Carya amara Caiya myriatioffiformia .... Carya aquatica MTRICACE.fi. Myrica oerifera Myrica Califomica. CUPUXIFER.fi. 17 FOB Qnerona alba Qnercns lobata Quercna Garryana Quercua obtnailoba Qnercua oudnlata, var. Gam belli. Qnercua macrocarpa Qnercua lyrata Qnercua bicolor I 11 Pi 44.67 41.48 58.79 86.75 60.31 93.40 63.81 63.73 60.38 64.92 86.44 88.65 71.59 69.77 64.54 72.20 74.17 62.71 72.08 71.86 24.84 45.07 58.56 76.01 56.52 48.26 46.72 40.66 60.91 64.89 70.99 83.11 80.36 8L29 81.36 74.74 79.31 73.13 56.08 66.81 74.39 73.87 74.24 83.01 85.38 74.06 82.59 76.18 Si |.g 682 822 544 1,257 465 1,136 849 519 704 963 747 1,096 523 552 685 868 257 407 824 844 864 624 457 812 1,092 727 666 1,390 1,039 1,150 1,014 1,030 1,465 1,013 688 992 971 717 811 833 671 929 1,334 906 262 270 247 400 127 392 385 850 257 844 340 330 371 364 455 309 265 337 344 102 98 331 483 271 240 183 255 365 256 247 512 464 482 466 470 596 376 348 442 386 369 375 372 200 419 438 388 5,821 6,521 4,753 11,034 4,962 12,337 9,173 5,874 6,110 9,095 10, 410 8,324 7,248 8,628 7,191 9,474 7,001 6,306 6,739 6,985 2,597 4,491 6,721 12,939 7,207 6,190 6,228 6,270 9,178 6,997 6,951 10,007 8,939 9,485 9,232 8,357 10,206 7,776 7,122 8,616 8,183 6,793 7,957 7,790 6,668 7,843 7,864 7,850 Js i a Ha Salf 1,230 1,377 2,304 4,927 1,737 6,316 3,128 3,073 2,144 3,196 6,797 6,510 4,080 2,399 2,970 3,281 4,095 2,334 3,472 4,373 989 1,905 2,805 5,£0« 2,645 1,486 1,887 1,488 3,146 2,909 3,714 4,344 4,609 4,420 4,822 3,878 5,042 4,397 2,804 8,017 3,388 3,014 3,846 4,415 4,072 3,730 4,033 3,534 258 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE OF AVERAGES— Continued. Speeies. 2W 260 281 a<2 2<3 2M 266 2«7 270 271 272 273 273 27< 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 2% 294 295 296 297 298 299 301 "302 308 307 308 309 309 813 313 316 318 319 320 321 321 322 Spaoiee. Qaeioiu Mlcbaoxii QncrcDS Prinaa Quercns priDoidea Qnercna Douglaaii Qnerciis oblongifolia Qaerciia griaea Querciia DorandU Quercus virena Qaercna chrysolopia Qnercos Emoryl Quercua agrifolia QuercuA Wislizeni Quercna rubra Qnercna rubra, for. Texana Qnercaa coccinea Quorcaa tinctoria Quercas Kelloggli Qnercaa nigra Qaercna falcata Qnercna Cateabeci Qaercna palostria Qnercna aqnatica Qaercna lanrifoUa Quercna hetcrophylla Qnercna cinerea Qnercna bypoleuca Quercua imbricaria Qnercna Pbelloa Qnercna densifiiora Castauopaia cbryaopbylla Caatanea pnmila Castaneavnlgaria, var. Americana Fagua ferruginea Oetrya Virginica, Carpinna Carolinana BETULACE.a!. Betola alba, var. popnlifolla Betula papyrifera Betnla occldentalia Betnla Intea Betnla nigra Betnla lenta Alnua rubra Alone rhombifoUa Alnns oblonglfolia SALICACE^:. Sallx amygdaloides Sallx laiTigata Salix laaiandra, rar. lancifolia . . . Salix laaiandra, var. Fendleriana. Salix flaTeacena...; Salix flaveacena, var. Scouleriana Salix laaiolepia Popnlna treranloidea Popnlua grandidentata Popnlna hetcrophylla Popnlna balaamlfera Popnlna balaamlfera, var. oandi cana. Popnlna anguatifolia Popnlna trichocarpa Popnlna monilifera Popnlua FremontU Popnlna Frcmontii, nor. Wializenl CONlFEKa:. Libocedrua decurrena Thnya occidentalia ■ Tbnya gigantea Chaujcecyparia spbseioidea CbamEBcyparia Kntkaenaia Cbamrecyparia Lawaoniana Cupreesua Goveniana Juniperua occidentalia, tiar. coi\]n- gena. Juniperua Virglniana . Taxodinm diatichum Sequoia gigantea Sequoia aemperrirens Xaxua brovifolia Torroya taxifolia Torreya Californica Pinua Strobus Pinna monticola Pinua Lambertiana Pinus flexilia Pinna albicanlia Pinua reflexa Pinna Parryana Pinna edulia Pinua monophylla Pinna Balfouriana Pinua Balfonriana, tor. aristata.. Pinua reaiuoaa Pinna Torreyana Pinua Arixonica Pinna ponderoaa Pinua Jeffteyi ■ Pinna Chibuahuana Pinna contorta Pinna Murrayana ■ Pinna Sabiniana ■ Pinua Coulteri Pinua inaignia Pinna tubercnlata Pinna Tseda , Pinus rigida Pinua aerotina Pinna inopa Pinna claaaa Pinua pungena Pinna muricata Pinna mitia Pinna glabra Pinua Banhaiana Pinna paluatria Pinna Cubeuaia Picea nigra Picea alba Picea Engelmanni Picea pungena Picea Sitchenais Tsuga Canadenaia Tanga Carolintana Tanga Merteoaiana 49.11 45.24 28.67 42.02 63.78 61.08 46.06 38.47 38.99 36.76 43.42 41.54 48.65 66.44 63.49 66.20 54.17 55.66 48.41 60.62 50.28 46.99 50.63 64.37 58.04 40.83 4&18 41.18 45.60 84.88 64.27 61.39 79.29 52.93 55.09 49.22 49.29 60.86 39.13 47.60 69.82 74.83 45.71 40.38 33.38 37.26 42.80 42.20 42.58 51.61 670 1,032 451 676 761 821 401 851 950 794 676 512 913 378 421 435 594 715 1,132 542 824 887 925 726 1,585 771 585 1,141 979 429 1,128 581 1,170 543 643 803 1,194 1,375 448 942 1,488 1,577 1,100 1,023 808 553 990 900 713 1,375 316 291 196 255 460 378 249 267 260 255 266 249 329 182 191 123 181 279 341 323 279 807 318 355 423 241 333 326 316 175 377 316 497 281 214 810 441 443 212 278 490 500 318 319 245 194 277 307 197 888 6,750 2,376 6,771 1,166 6,210 1,091 6,650 1,242 7,734 4,223 7,364 2,523 6,625 1,962 6,219 1,194 5,349 1,071 5,382 1,244 5,691 1,727 5,296 1,716 7,825 2,002 5,420 3,126 5,679 3,388 4,389 2,713 5,398 2,350 5,209 2,140 7,274 1,353 4,548 2,309 6,292 1,740 6,037 1,719 6,679 1,850 5,398 2,470 8,868 2,382 5,328 1,379 5,387 2,202 5,874 1,475 6,680 1,687 4,207 1,372 ^834 1,719 5,687 2,123 8,079 4,740 6,765 2,496 6,028 2,100 5,670 1,842 8,142 1,950 7,628 2,064 4,604 1,694 8,329 1,609 10,074 2,508 10,626 2,985 6,520 1,240 5.489 1,117 4,271 1,217 4,128 1,267 5,653 1,160 6,142 1,314 6,450 1,998 8,747 1,622 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. TABLE OF AVERAGES— Continued. 25& 391 391 392 393 394 395 396 Specie TBuga FattoniaDft Feeadot snga Douglasii Pseudotsnga Donglasii, var. ma- crocarpa. Abiea FraBeri , AbicB balsamea Abies subalpina Abiea grandis Abies concolor 42 ■3 MS 44.35 51.63 45.59 35.46 3&02 34.61 35.08 36.07 "3 S "Sfeg 775 1283 1050 972 819 762 958 909 m 307 376 361 273 220 202 211 300 2J> B o □ = &:§ ill 6,074 1,664 1,608 7,405 6,557 5,851 4,829 6,255 6,237 1,642 1,048 1,202 1,015 810 1,248 405 Species. Abies amabilis Abies nobilis Abies magsiiica Larix Americana Larix occidentalis PALMACE.a!, WasbingtODia fllifeia... c 11 42.18 45.46 46.87 62.16 74.00 60.75 •i§ I .2-^ S g.-aa 1260 1277 1261 1658 663 g_4 ?3 «a a I* 338 384 524 183 II 7,480 7,256 6,963 8,763 11,023 3,633 §2-9 lag g5S 1,02» 1,917 1,545 1,075 2,395 2,550 The following table illustrates the relation between the specific gravity and the transverse strength of the wood of species upon which a suflBcient number of tests has been made to render such a comparison valuable. The determinations of the specific gravity and transverse strength were, in every case, made upon the same specimen, at the same time. The table is arranged according to the specific gravity of the specimens. It will be noticed that the strength of the different specimens closely but not invariably follows their specific gravity. An examination of Table III will show, however, that in nearlj' every case where any wide difference occurs it is due to imperfections in the stick disproportionately affecting its strength. Moreover, in the case ol species where the specific gravity and strength of different specimens are nearly identical, their order of arrangement becomes largely accidental. A slight difference in the time occupied in the strength tests, or slight variations in the direction of the grain of the wood, may considerably affect the sequence in such a table : TABLE ILLUSTRATING THE RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY IN THE WOOD OF CERTAIN SPECIES. 1 a o SpeciM. % a % § a li I- 1 1 c 1 1 Species. 1. R a 8 1 1 It 3 If agnolift n^MiminfttA 534 1 1 66 20 1 8 534 2 2 878 2 3 246 8 3 - 878 3 1 261 4 5 1048 4 2 248 5 1048 5 4 261 8 630 6 5 8 Liriodendron Xnlinfera 818 1 530 y 6 818 2 743 8 9 i 1231 3 A 743 » 7 1236 1236 4 5 77 Bobioia Psendaoaoia 1248 406 1 2 1 2 1232 8 1248 3 5 1232 7 1247 4 3 395 8 1247 5 4 M 982 1 815 6 6 982 2 815 7 7 1023 1023 3 4 108 15 15 2 1 2 M 299 1233 1 2 127 1053 8 4 4 S 1236 3 1053 5 6 1234 4 127 6 3 1235 5 763 7 8 1234 6 763 8 7 1233 7 388 0 S 378 8 817 10 10 409 9 817 11 11 « Acer ■accharininii, Mr. aigram 274 1 115' 12 13 213 2 2 408 13 12 767 3 3 117 1088 1 1 757 4 4 7108 2 3 260 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVrTY, ETC.— Continued. 1 Speoiea. 1 1 t > 1 i 1 Species. s a s « 1 i SB ■§ 117 Pmu oofODAriA^^sontlniied .......................... 1088 3 2 194 Fraxintu Tiridis— coQtiiiii6d ....... ............ 948 2 4 ^ J • MP 4^r* VB'«BAA#V^^^kf'\f*A%.&AJIIA\'^A *■•••■•••••••• ••»«««•*■«*■ 1087 t 4 ^ * <■ * aaj %M^ T »ai*%4'0 \^^#tA v4A4fc4i^/^4 ....■ ........... •........• 957 3 1 US Llonidambor StTraclfloA ............................ 1173 1 2 438 4 3 ^^M^^%m*^mVf^tm*^&9m ^JVJ * 9^%d^aA ^.g. ■■ .. *...*. ■......■....■■ ...... 1182 2 9 57 5 7 1182 3 5 957 6 6 1183 4 8 308 7 6 1173 6 1 308 8 8 1095 1181 6 7 3 11 196 Fraxinos ooadraDinilata.. ....•......•••. >.•.......... 66 66 1 2 8 2 ^ mmw^mmm^^mf ^ ■■■■ fc." «'• "Q ■■ JM few ...... .*.■..«.........■....... 1181 8 10 2S6> 3 1 546 9 6 518 « 5 1095 Id 4 286» 6 6 546 11 12 • 291 6 4 1188 12 7 125 7 8 151 Corntu floridft . .......■•■•.....■■••■•......••••....... 1077 1077 1092 3 4 6 1 3 8 217 Sassafras o£Qoinale 125 814 814 8 1 2 7 e 4 812 6 4 71 3 1 812 7 5 854 4 7 761 8 7 854 5 8 B7 9 6 446 6 5 ff7 10 4 387 7 3 154 NyBsa BylTftticA ..■.?•■•••••.■■■.......■•••.•••.■*••.. 750 1 2 71 8 2 835 2 9 387 9 9 760 8SS 3 4 1 6 223 TTlmTM fulTft. •••••••■••......... ..•.••••••». .......... 134 134 1 2 1 2 833 834 5 0 4 7 2e4 TTlmuB Americana. >••.......■.......••■••. 533 633 1 2 6 4 834 T 3 1049 3 2 813 8 5 10 4 1 813 9 8 19 5 3 US KyBsa nniflora..... ••.••.•...•......•.••..••.. 128 1 2 1036 6 11 128 2 1 1036 7 10 604 3 6 958 8 7 604 4 4 281 9 8 sse 5 5 281 ^ 10 9 550 6 3 968 ' U 5 164 DiOftDTTOft Virgintfttift . . 426 1 1 225 nimas racemosa...... •« , 116 314 1 2 1 ^".^'^^J ^^**f r ** jB^ ■ JJ H1H*B ....... ...... •««••.■•*«.....■.... 1084 2 6 1162 3 4 314 3 5 811 4 8 116« 4 3 1084 5 2 - 428 5 7 811 6 5 116» 6 4 61 7 8 116 7 6 61 1045 1045 8 1 2 7 1 4 228 Celtis ocoidentfdis 873 873 1111 1 2 3 5 4 192 Fraiiniu Americana 1 114" 3 3 306 4 6 937 4 19 306 6 7 227» 5 2 1111 6 2 130 6 7 76 7 3 431 7 6 75 8 8 114« 227' 8 9 5 10 232 l£oniB mbra..... ..................... .......... ...... 132 1255 1 2 1 4 391 10 8 132 3 2 212 11 11 1256 4 6 212 12 9 1244 6 3 747 13 21 1246 6 5 551 14 14 1246 7 7 227 267 15 16 13 12 238 .Joglans cinerea ,. 1057 7«« 1 2 1 2 747 17 17 16 3 7 561 18 15 16 4 4 114» 19 16 76 6 5 114 20 18 76 6 3 114 21 20 123 7 6 IM Fraxlmns viridia.. 949 1 2 893 8 8 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 261 RELATION B:j:TWEEN TKANBVEESE strength and specific gravity, etc.— Continued. 1 § b£ 1 Species. 1 a g s 1 1 > li 1 1 o Specie*. 1 a 1 1 239 Jnglans nigra - »51 951 1 2 4 3 261 Quercus alba— continued 491 259» 19 20 15 21 766 3 1 49" 21 17 766 4 6 49' 22 24 318 6 9 8 23 25 325 0 8 403 24 28 407 7 5 895 26 29 117 8 2 261 26 4 242 (jATVft fcl nA ..— _^_ BAB^mB ^^^*^ A A ^^^M ABBABAAA ______ _ __ 117 29> 539 531 531 10S6 1056 3 1097 249 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7 4 7 2 3 12 13 6 1 11 253 0 113» 403 251 32> 113» 49 443 82« 118 986 1027 27 26 29 30 31 32 33 34 36 1 2 31 83 ^J— J «■ ■■^■^■■B W ■•■ ••VffV# ^WW V WW *«•*•■•#>■■■■• •*•««** ■ 28 20 34 22 35 22 31 1 6 118 10 14 985 3 8 249 11 10 988 4 2 118 12 16 1027 5 7 3 13 5 1029 6 4 816 14 9 988 7 5 539 IS 8 1029 8 8 C&rya nilcfttft. >.-.■••■•■•«»»•••■••■••••.■• ••.*........ 816 383 1082 16 1 2 15 3 5 254 Quercus obtnsiloba 771 771 256 1 2 3 5 243 7 3 391 3 1 151 4 1 1166 4 6 151 6 2 391 5 4 fl 351 6 4 1082 6 7 351 7 4 1164 1170 7 8 2 8 256 Otuerous maorooarDft. ....•■•>>■•...>............. 137 310 1 2 1 ^5*.^** ^t^m*j ■■■■•*'• f^^^MA^r^' ..•**ww«**SWa*'. ■■•■•■«..*.•. • 8 2>5 llflrVft DOTCillA .-___•_•_•>• ••••> ABaaa ••_•_•______ . 1165 88 9 1 9 1 1071 310 143 3 4 5 10 ^^•»» j7 ■• ^F^*» ^^*a*^ •«■■■« ■•■■■■■VB*WV>B* »^P»»»»»«»»« *v*« ■• 88 2 2 6 13 1168 3 7 933 6 12 U68 4 4 1073 7 6 442 5 9 1072 8 7 538 6 3 933 9 11 6 7 5 79 10 8 6 8 6 432 11 9 248 Carya aqaatica .....••.•»•■■•••»•■•••■•■..•.... 121 740 9' 1 8 1 831 79 646 762 12 13 1 2 4 3 740 362 2 3 5 3 257 Qaercos lyrata.... 1 2 362 4 4 762 3 3 129 5 2 645 4 4 Quercus albft •■■•■■.•«««■>•••■•■>«•■■■>»•>■■•••...... 917 1257 6, 1 6 18 258 Quercus bicolor. ..........•••■..••••••.■■...•>•... -..• 54 846 846 1 2 I 2SI 5 749 2 27 3 4 547 3 1 64» 4 2 547 4 11 54 6 3 1257 8 6 14 19 259 Quercus Micfaaiudi ......•.••■..■...•■•••.•........... 755 755 1 2 3 1 1060 7 10 240 3 5 749 8 8 240 4 6 259 9 9 524 5 4 238 10 6 524 6 2 748 32 11 12 3 12 260 Quercus Priuus .......■....••.>.■...■.■....>..■*...... 35 925 1 2 1 ^^giAVAi'wv *fc **.**i^ .................a.. .................. • 3 1050 13 2 81 3 5 49 14 13 825 4 4 250 15 7 31 6 2 895 16 29 434 6 6 238 260 17 18 6 16 261 OndTcna Drinoides .■-•..■....■..■■•■•...•■••..■>>..■•• 273 287 1 2 2 «|^141./A ^lAD f* A»»*/*V»*A» ...■•■.*.*...........■..•..»■»•.■■»■ 4 262 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. EELATION BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Contmned. 1 Specie*. 1 a 1 1 1 m Specie*. 1 1 1 sn Qaeroas piinoldM— oontinned - 6U 8 3 291 765 7 84> 4 1 765 8 6U 5 6 443 9 10 84 6 6 44' 10 M7 Oofirciu vlreiii ...............■•••••..*.*••••........• 404 1 8 296 Betala pftpyrifet* , 836 1 ^^...i.. **.... . .* ...•■ ...............■.".■.".....■■■".......• 954 2 7 1066 2 9S4 8 6 1065 3 79J 4 2 1067 4 Sit 5 4 722 5 70B 6 1 990 6 gis 7 6 1066 7 m QaercQS mbift .••»••■>•■>■■■•■••■•••••»•............ 1043 i4e 1 2 1 10 1066 990 8 9 ^^^■*^" *^%>ig » 1AW4^ *VVW«*VHVVVHB«H« ■■VB>***W*a#*« • •••• •• 11 1043 8 4 1067 10 10 217 4 6 722 11 8 215 218 6 6 7 8 297 BetolAlate* 843 843 1 2 2 8 7 7 2 1068 4 7 7 8 5 1069 6 6 140 9 8 1070 3 4 215 10 U 1068 6 5 92 11 13 1060 7 1 45> 12 9 1070 8 3 141 920 13 14 15 6 296 Betalaniffia 842 841 1 2 5 4 920 16 7 841 3 2 451 16 12 842 4 6 45« 17 14 136 6 1 374 Qaeroiu tinotoilA •••••••.... 74 1 4 136 8 3 3e» 2 8 • 9 2 801 AlnniT rubra 991 901 1 2 4 3 86 4 6 1025 3 1 36 6 8 967 4 5 247 6 1 967 6 6 17 7 6 1025 6 2 247 8 3 324 Popnloe monilifera .....••■•... 309 1 3 437 9 10 754 2 2 ^ 17 10 7 754 3 1 244 11 11 309 1 3 444 12 12 304 5 6 377 Qaercoa &lo«tA » 648 1 3 804 6 6 265 2 1 326 Popnlns Fremontii, vor. WiaUzeni 912 1 6 648 3 2 646 2 2 131 4 5 646 8 4 181 6 7 909 4 1 * 265 6 4 912 5 6 245 7 6 900 6 3 245 8 8 327 Thuya occidon tell*.. ...•■-. •.-...••••-••••. ....... 1099 1 2 380 Qaercns aqnatioft 742 1 1 874 2 1 Sll 2 8 874 3 S 742 3 9 782 4 7 611 4 2 1099 S 3 849 5 4 783 6 8 , 349 6 3 783 7 10 264> 7 6 790 8 4 264« 8 6 790 9 6 264« 0 7 379 10 9 ^Q CMtoneft Tol|^arl9, ww. AnmrioftHft . . i ■ ■ , 18 268 1 2 2 1 379 792 11 12 11 12 516 3 8 793 13 13 18 4 4 829 Cbamffioyparis ephieroideft 350 1 7 Ml Vftgoa form^OM .............•■•••■.•........... 119 1 2 850 2 3 9 2 1 860 8 1 863 8 4 851 4 4 X 9 4 8 851 6 2 863 5 6 862 6 5 119 6 5 360 7 6 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 263 RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVEESE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continued. 1 a < s ! Species. S, : li 1 C o .1 "S 1 k o Species. 1 B g S 1 1 330 ■ Chamaecyparis KtttAaenais 969 1 5 378 Pinns glatra— contiiiued .............................. 764 2 2 1 983 2 1 142 3 4 1000 3 8 142 4 3 983 4 3 544 5 6 1000 5 6 644 6 6 994 994 6 7 4 2 379 Pinus Banksiaiia 780 879 1 2 1 2 969 8 394 3 8 338 Jnniperaa Virginiana 1249 1 394 4 4 1250 2 879 6 6 734 3 780 6 6 800 4 380 Pinns palostris 81 1 2 1 800 5 358 7 827 6 559 3 2 327 7 858 4 8 M3 Seqaoia sexnpenrirena --...... 711 1 357 5 1 710 2 81 6 10 711 8 859 7 11 713 4 _ 360 8 4 713 S 361 9 8 712 6 . 861 10 ( 712 7 800 11 13 347 Piniu StTobua . 222 1044 1 2 243 243 12 13 9 6 797 3 385 14 18 1 4 390 16 IS 788 5 3 * 357 16 13 788 6 5 85 17 19 797 7 6 384 18 16 1044 8 11 390 19 17 789 9 8 86 20 ao 789 10 9 384 21 21 PimurednoM.... •« 777 315 11 1 10 1 381 Pinus Cnbeiuda 483 493 1 2 6 3S« 4 31S 2 2 356 8 2 1076 8 8 356 4 1 1076 4 5 84 6 3 785 6 4 84 6 5 1074 6 6 382 Fioea nigra 231 I 1 1075 ■' 7 231 2 2 785 8 8 776 3 3 Ml 632 910 1 2 3 10 880 776 4 5 4 9 907 8 11 373 6 7 689 4 1 880 7 8 619 S 4 794 8 5 - (30 6 9 794 9 6 731 626 8 6 2 883 Piceaalba • 513 773 1 2 6 3 718 9 5 773 3 1 630 10 12 784 4 6 • 718 11 8 613 5 4 636 12 7 784 6 8 370 Fixttu Tmdm - 82 365 1 2 1 4 386 Picea Sitoheo^ 791 970 7 1 2 3 355 3 6 970 2 2 388 4 2 1015 3 1 389 5 3 977 4 4 388 6 7 1026 6 8 389 7 5 977 6 5 an PlnuB inopt 1172 1172 2 4 2 1026 1019 7 8 9 6 1169 3 6 10)0 9 7 1169 4 1 387 Tmtfa Canadensis 790 1 6 622 5 6 jb v^^^sb \y n jn t^* vajq no .................................... 793 2 2 021 0 3 772 3 1 378 Pino* glabra 76* 1 1 772 4 3 264 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. RELATION BETWEEN TRANSVEESE STRENGTH AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ETC.— Continued. i 1 1 SpeelM. " 1 s § !t i i a 1 Spedea. 1 1 1 lt7 Tftn^A fT&nkjlAnklB^B^vinf InnMi ._._. 1040 s 4 301 PMadotfiQira Donslasii — contiaaed 1022 36 26 XBIIKB \/»mW10Halg^"*>*»*Hk> 1008 96 28 775 7 18 271« 27 24 787 8 9 1020 28 ■;l 787 9 8 1022 20 6 9 10 10 986 80 !8 219 11 7 1020 31 4 77S 12 15 702 32 34 1042 13 11 709 sa 22 1042 14 12 709 84 27 5 15 17 394 Abi66 anbftlDlna ..................................... 449 1 2 817 16 14 A^«rmv/lf tj t^ *fl»B ^w ■ ■■« ■■*»«» *■■«««»««•*■«•** »««• Ba*** as* * • •• 449> 2 6 219 17 16 449> 8 5 817 18 18 449> 4 778 19 20 820 5 * 778 20 19 830 6 m PMndotnun DoiUElMii ■•.••*.■■■■•■•>••■•••>>•-••>••• 708 1 1 396 Abiea oonoolor.*................................ ...... 788 1 ^ ^p^riBVAV^ B^«A^^ ^■'^^VA^a^^w •••■•» **■■■*■ •»••■■ »»■»»■ ■»»»-- 708 « 2 d^K m^^^j^ «^^^A'4^\^««#A .■■•.#*•*.*«•* .*•... m 9 m m ..a. »■■»««. ...... 689 2 704 3 3 « 788 3 1018 4 8 688 4 1018 5 10 529 5 1018 6 38 628 6 969 1016 7 8 7 18 401 Larix AmerioajOA , — 226> 226 1 2 3 705 9 14 774 3 10 827 10 5 84« 4 8 881 11 9 786 5 2 881 12 13 795 6 4 1008 13 19 774 7 5 70« 14 11 795 8 7 720 16 15 840 8 0 1011 16 17 781 10 12 627 17 12 786 11 6 720 18 30 781 12 11 1011 974 19 20 32 16 402 Lftrix oooiddD talis 1006 1006 1 2 3 4 732 21 21 084 3 1 732 22 29 984 4 2 973 23 26 719 5 5 973 24 20 719 6 6 GENERAL EEMAEKS. An examination of the results obtained from the various tests made upon the woods of North America indicate at least the important fact that within the limits of anj- species the weight and strength of any specimen of wood depends upon the actual proportion of the space occupied in the layers of annual growth with open ducts to the space occupied with compact, woody tissue, and to the size of these ducts; or in the case of the wood of Coniferae, the proportion of space occupied with cells formed early in the season to that occupied with the smaller cells of the summer growth. The proportion between these two kinds of growth varies not only in every individual tree, but in different parts of the same tree. The causes which thus affect the growth of wood are not very apparent. It is not soil, nor age, nor general climatic conditions, it appears, which produce the different proportion between the solid and the light portions of the annual growth in any species, because in the same individual this proportion is found to vary from year to year. It varies very irregularly ; nor does the rapidity of growth, as has been supposed, greatly affect the strength of wood, because the proportion of open to compact growth is little affected by rapid or slow increase of the tree's diameter. How far annual climatic variations affect the nature of the annual layers of growth has not been demonstrated, although it is not impossible that in years in which conditions favorable to rapid growth are extended late into the season, the proportion of the annual layer occupied by open, weak growth to the growth of the whole year would be greater than that formed in a year during which the season favorable for rapid growth was less extended. It follows that while such experiments as those conducted by Mr. Sharpies are necessary to establish maximum and relative values for any species, these being established, actual values of any given specimen of THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 265 wood may be determined by microscopic examination of its structure ; that is, two specimens of the wood of any species to which the census tests have been applied being given, their relative values can be determined by an examination of their structure as well as or better than by any elaborate experiments. / n ' TAKNDT VALUES. The amount of tannin contained in the bark of various trees of the United States has been determined. These determinations give the proportion of tannin. They do not indicate the real value of the bark of the species for tanning, which can only be obtained by actual experiments made on a large scale, other properties in the bark, beside the percentage of tannin, affecting the value of the leather prepared with it. These determinations must therefore be regarded as approximations, which will serve, in some cases, to indicate species not now in general use for th^s purpose, which may be looked to as possible sources of tannin supply. The methods adopted by Mr. Sharpies in making these determinations are described by him as follows : The tannin in each case was determined in the rossed bark ; that is, bark deprived of the main part of the outside coating. The method employed was that devised by Lowenthal, which may be thus briefly described: A standard decoction of the bark is titrated with permanganate of potash, a quantity of indigo being first added to it. In a second portion the tannin is precipitated by means of gelatine, and the gallic acid in the liquid again determined by permanganate and indigo. The difference between these two readings gives the amount of tannin in the bark, the value of the permanganate having previously been determined by pure tannic acid, or by oxalic acid and calculation. The bark of the following species has been examined : 140 160 251 2se 280 261 281 2«7 289 272 274 Botanical name. Gordonia Laaianthna . Proeopis Jnliflora Bhizophora Mangle Exoatemma Caribtenm . QaeTcosalba Qnerona maorooarpa... Qnercna Prhras Qaercna prinoidea (old tree). . . Qaercaa prinoidea (yoong tree) Quercna vlrena Qnercna Emoryl Qnercna mbra Qnercna tinotoria Common name. Loblolly Bay. Tan Bay , Ueaqnit. Algaroba. Honey Locnat Honey Pod. Mangrove WUteOak Bnrr Oak. Mo8syK>np Oak. Over-cnp Oak. Clieetnnt Oak. Book Cheet- nat Oak. Yellow Oak. Cbestnat Oak. Chinquapin Oak. do Live Oak Black Oak Bed Oak. Black Oak Black Oak. Yellow-bark Oak. QnercitronOak. Yellow Oak. 13.14 4.04 31.04 S.81 B.99 4.50 6.25 4.33 10.33 10. 4» 0.76 4.56 S.90 2.3S 8.71 6.70 7.16 6.11 &05 3.83 6.23 8.69 16.09 4.43 5.73 275 276 277 287 290 Botanical name. Qnercna Kelloggii . Qnercna nigra Qnercna falcata Qnercna densiflora. Caataneavnlgaria, var. Ameri- cana. Ficea nigra Picea Engelmanni Pioea Engelmanni Plcea Engelmanni Tanga Canadenaia Tsnga Mertensiana Tanga Mertensiana Tanga Pattoniana Paendotenga Donglasii Common name. Black Oak Block Jack. Jack Oak Spaniab Oak. Bed Oak TanbarkOak. CheetnntOak. Peach Oak. Cheetnnt Black Spruce.. White Spmce. ...do , ...do Hemlock ...do ...do Bed Fir. YeUow Fir. Ore- gon Pine. Douglas Mr. 6.76 4.36 8.59 16.46 6.25 7.20 20.56 17.01 izeo 13.11 14.42 15.87 15.72 13.79 8.64 6.28 4.32 8.84 2.00 2.84 2.75 2.32 0.75 1.31 1.44 1.49 2.48 1.56 ^tU ]' 266 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Specie*. 1 p 8 SUte. Locality. Collector. Son. Diameter of tree, In metera. LATBR80F OBOWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. MAONOLIACEA. 1. IilB|mo1i» fn^ndiflora Big Laurel. IluU Bay. 3. Magnolia glanra Svfel Bay. WhiU Bay. Beaver Tree. WhiU LavreL Swamp LaureL 8. Haffnolia acnminata (hmimbtr IVm. Movniain MofnoUa. 1. MaenoUa cordata OueunU>er Trtt. 6. Magnolia macrophylla Irorgw-laaved Ownimbtr Trt*. 6. Magnolia Umbrella X^nlirMa Tre». Elk Woad, 7. Magnolia Fraaerl &ng-leaved Oucum&M* Tree. A. Liriodendron Tollpifera TuiipTret. Teltow Poplar. White Wood. ANONACB*. S. Asimlna triloba Papain. Ou4tard Apple. 10. Annna lanrifolla. Porid Apple. S4e SM 248 261< 211' 2«1» 634 1178 632 266> 2683 260> 2M> 260» 138 165 174 177 178 187 188 895 818 1231 1232 211 47« Alabama . ..-.do Virginia ...do ...do ....do Missiaeippi . Cottage Hill . ...do C.Mohr. ...do .... Wytheville . . Fancy Gap . . ...do ...do Selvera' mill. H. Sliriver ...do .-.do ...do C.Mohr.... Alabama I Winston coanty C.Mohr. Korth Carolina . Miaaisatppi Virginia . ...do.... ....do.... ...do. ...do. ...do. Michigan Ohio Tenneesee Ohio — do ...do ...do Michigan "Weet Virginia . Pennsylvania . - ...do Miasonrl... Tennessee . Ilorida. StatesTille . Qaitman . . . M. E. Hyams. CMohr Wytheville . ...do ...do H. ShriTer . ...do ...do Fancy Gi^ . ...do ...do .do. .do. .do. DansTille W. J.Beal ... D. E. McSherry & Co. E. E. Barney . ..do 'Woodenm Machine Company. Barney & Smith . Afanufactaring Co. D.E.McSherry &Co. J. W. Stoddard *Co. Barney & Smith Manufacturing Co. Lansing Grafton Chester county . ...do ....do ....do ...do ....do W.J.Beal C.G.Prlngle.. F. P. Sharpie*. ....do Ivich loom 0.872 Swampy 1 0. 91 20 Clay limestone. Eich, light --.do ...do ...do , Bich Bioh, low. Damp . .-..do. ...do. Sandy . Mf^ramec river, Jef- ferson county. Cumberland river . . Bay Blscayne . G. W. Lettennan . A. Gattinger A. H. Cnrtiss. Alluvial . ...do .... Swampy. a 198 2t 14 0.060 18 0.072 15 0.085 20 0.169 0.086 0.240 47 \ THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE TOflTED STATES. 267 BPKCipic GEAvrrr detebmikatioks. ASH DETBBIUIIATIOKB. Weight, per cnbiG foot, in ponnds (average). Bemarkfl. i Kr»t. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. I 9.6040 0.5034 0.5012 0.4399 0.4562 0.421S 0.5065 0.4095 0.5375 0.6468 0.8787 0.5067 0.4(06 0.6430 a 4976 0.4602 0.3843 0.3831 a37B8 a 4475 0.4512 0.4362 0.44S6 0.8774 0.4763 0.4444 0.4199 0.3649 0.42S9 0.4913 0.66a». 0.5037 0.5413 0.6360 0.40 0.42 0.29 0.25 0.30 0.30 0.34 0.25 0.32 0.45 0.19 0.18 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.33 0.25 0.27 0.20 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.25 0.33 0.26 0.20 0.19 0.16 0.24 4.94 0.66 0.53 0.26 0.53 39.63 846 0.5035 0.47 31.38 854 0.5213 0.4399 0.4562 0.4215 0.5061 0.27 0.25 0.30 0.30 0.34 246 261' 261» 261* 0.5058 0.4184 0.4859 0.5534 0.33 0.39 (34 0.4101 Third sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood ; fonrth sp. gr. determination, 0.4175. 0.4690 0.29 29.23 0.4139 0.32 25.79 1178 0.5117 0.5601 0.32 0.39 22 0.34 532 0.5309 0.35 33.00 0.8787 0.5067 0.4606 0.19 0.18 0.24 266< Growth rapid- 0.5 sap-wood 266' 2661 All sap-wood . 0.448T 0.20 27.96 0.5480 0.4976 0.4602 0.25 0.27 0.33 260* 260' 260' 0.6003 0.28 81.18 0.3843 0.3807 0.3792 0.4418 0.4477 0.4266 0.4193 0.3774 0.4793 0.4427 0.4456 0.25 0.27 0.21 0.16 0.19 0.19 0.27 0.32 0.28 0.21 0.18 138 0.3783 0.3787 0.4361 0.4442 0.4150 0.4551 0.27 0.22 0.15 0.19 0.21 0.30 0.31 0.29 0.22 0.16 0.14 0.30 4.79 165 174 177 178 187 188 395 0.4822 0.4409 0.4712 0.3810 818 1231 1232 0.4230 0.23 26.36 0.3679 0.4259 0.15 0.27 211 332 0.5199 0.5048 • 0.3969 0.21 24.74 0.5063 4.86 31.49 479 i 268 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEB CUBIC FOOT Speoiea. CAPPABTDACKS. II. Ckpparis JanukioeoBia CAirELLACK.£. «. CvuiOaalba ...^^.. WhiU Wood. Cinnamon Bark. Wild OHHMmxm. TBKNSTECEMIACE^. 11. Gordonla iJuUnthns XoUolZy Bay. Tan Bay. 8TBECTTUACEJB. IC. Fmnontia Callfornioa Slippery Elm. TILIACE.X. 17. Tllia AmerioanA LimeTrtt. BattWood. American Un- dtn. Lin. Bee Tree. 17. TUia Americana, mr. pubeaoens U. TUla heterophyUa WhiU Bale Wood. Wahoo. MAlPIGHIACEa:. IS. Bynonlma Incids TaUowberry. Olamberry. ZYOOPHTLLACKS. W. Onaiamim sanctmn Lignum-viUB. U. Forllera asgtutifolia EUTACE.ffi!. S. Xanthoxylmn Americanmn PrieUy Aih. Toothache Tree. i 477 1186 499 llSl 2S8 414 1230 2 124 262 816 1089 745 iss' 285> 320 610 1113 1117 1190 476 1133 947 80 392 State. Florida. ...do... do. .do. South Carolina ...do California . Massaehnsette . . . Michigan Miesonri Mioliigan Masaaohnsetta Georgia. Kentnoky . ...do ..do Tenneaaee. Florida. ..do... ...do... ...do ... .do. .do. .do. Tezaa . Hiaaonri.. Michigan. Locality. Collector. Upper Metaoombe Key. ...do A. H. Cnrtiaa . ...do UmbrenaKey . SUiott'aKey... .do. do. Bonnean'a Depot . Aiken H. W. Bavenel . ...do San Bernardino monntaina. Arnold Arboretnm . BigSapida AUenton Heraey DanTera C. 6. Pringle . 0. S. Sargent W. J.Beal G. W. Letterman. W. J.Beal J. Bobineon Bainbridge . A. H. Cnrtiaa. CUSa Kentncky river Mercer coonty . . . ....do Cnmberland river . . Boca Chioa Key . No-Name Key ... Boca Chica Key . No-Name Key ... W. M. Linney . ...do ...do A. Gattinger .. A. H. Cnrtiaa. ...do ...do ...do TTpper Metaoombe Key. Elliott's Key. ...do Department of Ag- riooltnre. A.H.Cartiii8 San Antonio . C. Mohr AUenten. Lanaing . G. W. Letterman . . . W.J.Beal Boa Diameter of tree, in metera. Coral . ...do . .do. .do. Wet pine-barren. Swampy Drift Gravelly AUnvial , Rich loam ... Moiat gravel. Low . Limeatone . ...do ...do Alluvial ... Coral. ...do. ...do . ...do . .do. Coral. Limeatone. AUavial. ...do.... ao9e 0.620 0.120 0.380 0.470 0.270 0.800 0.060 0.074 0.178 0.066 0.087 0.066 I OP osowm. Sap- wood. 84 17 5 22 28 21 19 18 81 Heart- wood. 14 26 86 12 56 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DBY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 269 SFEcmc QBAvmr DBTEBMIHATIOHS. ASH DETSBMHtATIONS. Weight, per cubic foot, iu pounds (average). Bemarks. 1 First. Second. Third. Average. First Second. Average. 0.6690 0.7272 0.9570 1.0390 0.3852 0. 5146 0.6995 0.4626 0.3815 0.5035 0.5166 0.4272 < 0. 4103 \ 0. 4087 0.4027 0.3791 0.3074 0.4696 0.5257 0.5909 0.5681 0.6009 1.1845 1.2736 L0097 1.1230 0.6122 0.5235 0.6609 0. 7315 0.9593 1.0017 0.4659 0.5255 0.7288 0.4722 0.6649 0.7293 5.60 3.82 0.75 2.66 9.49 1.02 1.51 0.30 0.32 0.97 0.55 0.42 ( 0.68 I 0.62 0.45 0.67 0.86 0.48 2.84 2.40 2.75 1.94 0.87 0.51 0.86 0.53 0.60 0.54 5.77 3.88 0.95 2.65 0.44 1.08 1.86 0.33 0.38 1.08 0.64 0.48 0.67 J 0.64) 5.68 3.85 477 1186 All sap-wood ...................... .. ... . . ... 0.6971 4.76 43.44 0.9582 1.0203 0.85 2.66 499 0.5 sap-wood ... ..... 1131 0.9893 1.75 61.65 0.4255 0. 5201 0.47 1.05 236 414 • 0.4728 0.76 29.47 0.7142 1.69 44.51 1280 0.4074 0.3815 0.4706 0.5166 0.4266 0.4525 0.31 0.35 1.02 0.60 0.45 2 124 0.4378 262 316 0.4163 0.38851 0.4220) 0.4362 1039 0.55 28.20 0.4074 0.65 23.39 745 0.4927 0.3791 0. 3874 0.4620 0.45 0.67 0.86 0.60 285< 28S> 286" 0.4545 0.5360 0.6783 0. 5791 0.5964 1. 2180 L1700 1.0998 1.0843 0.5069 0.5290 0.53 2.85 1.94 2.56 2.40 0.92 0.81 0.94 0.40 0.58 0.55 320 0.4253 0.62 26.51 0.5308 0.6478 0.5782 0.5987 2.85 2.17 2.65 2.17 510 0.6743 0.5875 1113 1119 iiao 0.9563 0.5888 2.46 36.69 1.1196 1.2218 ' 1.0882 0.90 0.66 0.90 476 898 L0652 1.1230 1138 1.1432 0.82 71.24 1. 1101 0.51 .69. 18 947 0.6045 0.5262 0.59 0.54 80 392 0.6654 0.67 35.23 270 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT 1 Diameter LATXBB OF GEOWTH. 8 § State. Looalitj. Collector. SoiL of tree, in peters. SpMlM. Sap. TOOd. Hearts wood. 735 807 Florida Cliattahoochee A.H.Cur«8« ....do Dry, sandy XooOaike Tree. Pricay Aih. Sea Ath. Pepper Wood. Wild Orange. 1086 Xexas Paleetine C.Mohr Damp, sandy Dry, calcareous . . . Coral 0.852 20 10 28. Xanthoxylum Clava-Hercnlis, var. fru- 938 ....do ...do 0.098 33 1109 1140 Florida Bahia Honda Key... ...do A.H.CartiM ...do Batin iVood. ....do ....do 0.136 4 64 25 Xanthosvlum Pteiota 481 950 do Bay Biscayne Matagorda bay Bay Biscayne A.H.Curti8s C.Molir Coral WUdLime. Texaa ............ Calcareous ... 1128 A. H. Cortiss Coral 0.84 13 31 M I*teliatrifoliatft 768 ...do . . . do . . Calcareous 0.94 23 Hop Tree. Shrubby Tr^tnl. Wafer Ash. 1228 Wickenborg SLUJ^'RVTBEX. 487 Florida Bay Biscayne A.H.CurtiBB Coral Paradite Tree. BXJESEEACEiE. 462 903 ....do Tipper Metacombe Key. ....do do Oufn Elemi. Gumbo Limbo. West In- ...do Department of Ag- riculture. , 476 ....do Upper Metacombe Key. A.H.Curti88 Coral 0.128 61 Torch l^ood. ilELIACBJE. 81. Swietenia Mahn^oni 452 do ....do ....do ...do 0.228 16 81 Mahogany. Madeira. OLACINE^ 472 1184 ....do ...do ....do ....do 0.112 3 43 Wild Lime. Tallow Nut. Hog Plum. ....do ....do ....do ILICINEiB. 280 902 South Carolina — ....do Waverly Mills W.St. J.Mazyck... Department of Ag- noulture. Sand^loam 0.144 35 American HoUy. 84. BexJDAhoon 484 Florida Bay Biscayne A. H. Curtise Low, damp 0.128 29 DoAoon. Dahoon HolXy. 84. Ilex Dahoon, var. myrtifolla 802 . do JaoksocTille ....... do do 0.148 28 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMEJSrS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Ooutinued. 271 BPECIFIC GKAVITT DBTEBmHATIOKB. .^SH DETKEMIi-ATIOSS. "Weiglit, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Remarks. 1 i First. Second. Third. Average. First Second. Average. 1 0.5139 0.4880 0.5392 0. 6139 0.8598 0.9090 0.7480 0.58»7 0.9C00 0.8238 0.6464 0.4100 0.2«VV 0.2823 1.0469 0.7336 0.8799 9.9838 0.C0M 0.6624 0.4791 0.5886 0.5003 0.4772 0.5153 0.5733 0.8965 0.9275 0.7666 0. 5775 0.8949 0.8400 0.7305 0.4172 0.2488 0.4022 1.0450 0.7464 0.8925 0.0506 0.6624 0.5078 0.4820 0.6860 0.5070 0.4826 0.92 0.68 0.90 0.76 L69 2.34 0.90 0.63 0.69 0.31 6.13 0.93 2.05 2.10 0.«6 1.06 0.55 0.84 0.71 1.04 0.94 0.96 0.91 0.65 0.84 0.78 2.01 . 2.15 1.00 0.59 0.89 0.27 4.54 0.92 1.91 2.07 0.51 1.U 0.69 0.82 0.66 0.71 0.88 0.84 0.91 0.67 0.87 736 0. 5272 . 0.6030 0.6056 0.82 31.51 0.5967 0.76 37.19 988 0.8782 0.9222 1.80 2.25 0.9302 0.9002 2.02 56.10 0.7573 0. 6791 0.8968 0.96 0.61 0.79 950 0.8955 1128 0.7444 0.78 46.39 0.8319 0.30 51.84 768 0.6885 5.33 42.91 1228 0.4136 0.2684 0.3423 0.8003 0.93 25.78 487 0.2687 1.98 2.09 462 903 2.04 ia71 1.0459 0.59 66.18 476 0.7047 0.7282 1.09 46.88 462 ■ 0.8862 0.9531 0.62 0.83 473 0.9249 1184 0.9196 0.73 57.81 0.6335 0.6301 ■ 0.63 0.88 180 902 0.6818 0.78 36.26 0.4806 0.91 29.96 484 0.68178 0.90 36.60 toi 272 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. tablb I.— specific gravity, ash, and weight per cubic foot Speoiee. \ State. Locality. Collector. — = = ';-^;!i. Sou. Diameter of tree, in meters. LATBB8 OF OHOWTll. 8.P- weod. Heart- TOOd. 34e 804 962 M 885 758 BiS 341 616 338 63 1078 1188 478 1201 4S4 460 041 43 521 803 1004 12S6 993 1101 Alabama Cottage Hill Saint John's river .. Matagorda bay Allen ton. ........... C.Mohr a07< 17 Oattma. Tautxm. Topon. Florida A.H.CnrtiM C.Moht Rirh, flftndy Tezta Lteht M Ilaxde(ddo> Klsaoori G.W.Letterman.... J.Severohon A-H-Cortiss C.Mohr Dallas Chattahoochee rirer KewBrannfela Chonchula 0.08t 33 Tftxafl Alluvial CYEIIJ.AOBA Alabama ......... ....do Damp, sandy Low 0.195 'iron Wood. Georgia. Ogeechee river Cottage Hill A,H.Cnrtls8 C.Mohr 88. Cliltonla Ugnstrina Wet 0.194 47 Titi. Iron Wood. Suekivheat Tree. CSLASXBACEiB. G.W. Letterman... ....do Alluvial Burning Butk. Wahoo. ^ndle Tree. Arrow Wood. Uo ....do ....d© 0.002 22 40. Mygln^A FAllfnit Florida UmbreUaKey Tipper Metacombe Key. A.H. Curtles ....do do 0.U0 71 YeUam Wood. Box Wood. ....do ....do ....do EHAMNACE^. 42. Beynosia latifolla ....do ....do ....do ....do 0.112 0.166 0.100 7 22 5 SI X 38 JM Iron Wood. DarHng Plum. 4.3. Condalia ferrea do do do ...do Black Iron Wood. New Braunfels C. Mohr Dry, calcareous... BUte Wood. Loffvoed. Purple Haw. 4(, Khainnnfl CarollaUoA Missouri . . G.W. Letterman... Indian Ohtrry Tennessee Florida Naeliville ....do 8a1nt John's rivor .. A.H. Curtiss T. B. Kitchens Kicb hammock . . . 0.108 0.050 19 14 10 4fl RhfUDnnn CftlifornlcA California Santa Craz moont- ftinn. C G Prinffle G-. Bngelmann and G. aBargent. Kich, allnvial Bearberry. Bear Wood. ShiMm Wood. 48. C€a3othafitbyTBiflonu California Santa Craz 0.090 11 1 Blue MyrtU. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OP DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 273 SPECIFIC OEAVITY DETEfiMINATIOSS. ASH DXTEE3fI>TATION8. iWeight, pe cnbic Iwit, 1 inpiinnds (average). r Bemarks. 1 s First. Second. Third. A verage. First. Second. Average. g 1 o J. 7257 0.6890 0.7475 0.7976 0.7888 0. 5010 0.7060 0.n47 0.6818 0.6350 0.6240 0.6668 0.90J7 0.7487 0.7912 LOWS 1.3020 1.2049 0.5954 0.5040 0.4971 0.4894 0.4789 O.COOO 0.5C65 j 0.5805 0.5965 0. 7185 • 0. 7191 0.7619 » 0.7221 0.7041 0.7547 0.74 1.04 0.89 0.44 0.83 0.87 0.67 0.41 0.12 0.35 . 0.70 0.51 3.88 2.79 2.15 3.24 8.00 7.03 0.19 0.70 0.47 1.15 0.63 0.74 0.70 0.70 1.11 0.72 0.50 0.84 0.79 0.67 0.43 0.40 0^48 0.58 0.53 2.95 2.91 2.28 3.15 8.61 7.02 0.18 0.98 0.52 0.81 0.63 0.59 0.68 0.72 1.08 0.81 345 804 952 0.7270 0.87 45.31 0.7976 0.78S8 0.5885 0.7931 0.47 0.84 0.83 0.67 66 335 753 945 0.5861 0.7894 0.e563 0.6608 0. 6147 0. 7039 0.7420 0.70 46.25 0.6855 0.6713 0.42 0.41 0.42 341 615 0.G784 42.28 0.624S 0.42 38.95 338 0.6240 0.6943 0.64 0.52 63 1078 0.7018 0. 9039 0.7728 0. 7850 1.0825 1. 3020 1.1949 0.6592 0.58 41.08 0.9048 3.42 56.39 1188 0.7608 0.7881 Z8S 2.22 478 1201 « 0.7745 2.64 48.27 1.0715 3.20 66.78 454 1. 3020 8.31 81.14 460 • 0. 125 Ban- wood 1.1990 7.03 74.78 941 0.5954 0. 69.51 0. 5136 0.4807 0.10 0.87 0.50 0.98 0.5962 0.5301 0. 4720 1 0. 4825 5 1094 0.5462 0.64 34.04 0.6000 0.58 37.39 1256 0.5C78 0. 5604 1 0. 5625 5 0 25 sap-TTOod .' 0.5672 0.67 35.35 993 0.5760 0.69 35.83 1101 1 18 FOB 274 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table L— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Specie*. 49. Colnbrinn rccUnata . ^'akfd Wood. i a i SAPlUDACEa;. 60. £0rew Brannfels . Dallas ..". ...do Kio Gilacalion. Florida. ...do... do . .do. Vermont. ..do.... ....do. ...do. Cape Sable.. Key Largo. Upper Metacombe Key. do. Huntingdon . ...do .do. do. Oregon \ Portland do i Portland Furniture j Companj'. 962 ...do. 1013 ....do. 1014 Washington ter- ritory. Colorado. Portland.. ....do Wilkeson. £nglemann'B ca&on Collector. A. H. Cutis*., ...do G. W. Letterman. ...do Rich, moist . Alluvial .... A. Oattinger Eioh, moist . do. G. RVasey. C.Mohr .... J, Reverchon . . ....do B. L. Greene . . C.Mohr A. n. Curtis*. ...do ...do. ...do. C. G. Pringle . ...do .do. .do. Soil. Coral. ...do. G. Englemann and C. S. Sargcnt- do .do. .do. .do . Rich upland . ...do Limestone. Kich,damp . ...do ...do Limestone . . Eich,sandy,damp Coral do. ..do. Gravelly. ...do.... do . do. Rich, alluvial . Hoist, alluvial . ...do ...do R. Dougla* ! Dry, gravelly . LATEB8 OF Dlameterl obowth. of tree, in meter*. Sap- Heart- wood, wood 0.128 0.100 0.250 0.124 0.134 0.262 0.224 6 U 26 24 41 0.229 0.048 28 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 275 SrECIFIC GBAVnj DETKBMINATIONS. 1 ASII DETEBMINATIOKS. Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Bemarks. 1 First. Secontl. Third. Average. ' First. SeconJ. Average. 1 1 0.8100 o.sAi 0.8046 ' 0.81C6 0.4270 ' 0.4358 0. 4787 0. 4625 0.8308 0. 8108 1.29 2.91 1.01 0.83 0.77 0.99 0.06 1.15 1.42 1.86 1.44 1.64 3.82 5.00 1.23 1.35 0.32 0.44 0..42 0.48 0.59 0.49 0.39 0.35 0.41 0.31 l.U 2.26 l.CO 0.85 0.68 1.00 0.73 1.19 1.27 1.52 1.21 2.29 502 0. 8112 0.8208 1.75 61.15 0.4314 0. 4706 0.4606 1.01 0.84 0.73 0.4606 427 0.4542 0.86 28.31 1 0.4241 1 0.4307 0.^921 0. 5038 0.0392 0.6272 0. 7520 0. 7930 0. 8324 0. 8616 0.7978 0.8345 0.7550 0.8522 1 0.6595 1 0.8763 0. 7940 0. R0!!4 0.4274 1.00 27.24 0.49S9 0.70 31.04 0.6332 1.17 39.46 0.7750 0.8470 1.35 1.69 1.44 1.53 307 589 0.8162 0. 8123 1 0.8296 1.52 3. .10 5.25 1.27 1.41 • 0.35 0.30 0.37 0.41 0.57 0.49 0.39 0.37 0.44 0.29 9'*8 0.8126 1.50 50.64 0.8679 0.8056 3.66 5.13 568 0.8204 0.9600 0.9656 0 5111 0.9465 0.8548 0.8367 4.34 62.14 0.9533 1.25 69.41 463 0.9102 1.38 66.72 464 0. 5115 0.5484 0.34 0.37 99 0.5554 ' 0.5iro 0.5780 372 0.5299 0.36 33.02 0. 5198 0. 5205 0. 5490 0. 5528 0. 5057 0. 5029 0.4323 : 0..5087 i 0. 6*24 : 0, 6720 0. 6587 1 0. 6060 0.0370 0.0800 ( 1 P. 6032 0. 6023 0.6202 0.54OT 0.40 0.45 98 0.5353 0.5254 371 0.5330 0.42 33.22 0.5113 0.4705 0.4909 0.58 0.49 982 1022 0.64 30.59 0.6772 0.6624 0.0585 0.39 0.36 n.43 962 1018 lOU 0.66C0 0.30 41.51 0.6028 37.57 529 276 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. tablk I.— specific geavity, ash, and weight per cubic foot BpcoiM. Acer grandidrotiitiun Acer saccharinam Sugar Maph. Sugar Tru. HardMapU. BeckUapU. M. Acer ftaccbarinniu, var, nl^ram. Bla»k Sugar Mapl 66. Acer dasycarpnm SqflUapU. WhiU Maple. SUvtr Maple. M. Acer rubrmn Bed Maple. Haamp Maple. Sqft Maple. Wattr Maple. n. Aeer mbriun, «ar. DnunmondU. •f. Heenndo acoroides B9X Elder. Aeh-leaved Maple. AS. KefoindoCalifomlcain. Box Elder. ANACARDIACEiB. RhtiB cotinolde« . OhMam Wood. i 106 203 2»8 299 376 409 1233 1234 1235 213 274' 274' 399 440 757 1167 103 307 448 1032 20 630 743 878 1048 1239 1240 290 811 645 U76 SUte. Utah . Voimoiit Ohio Missomi ...do Yermoiit Now England. Vermont ...do ...do .uo . MiBsoari... ...do ...do Tennoasee . Florida IlisBonri... Vermont ....do , Missouri M.issacbasetta. . ...do Mississippi Georgia Massaohoaetts. ..do Missouri. ...do Missouri. Texas ... CaJifomla. Locality. City Creek raQon . Woodsnm Machine Company. AUenton ...do Charlotte . Cbarlestown Navy. yard. Ctaarlolte do . .do. ...do AUenton ...do ...do Nashville Chattahoochee. AUenton Charlotte . ..do AUenton.. Topsfleld . Arnold Arboretum. Kemper's mill Baiobridge Danvers North Beading . . . . Poplar Blnff. ...do AUenton. Dallas.... Contra Costa county Alabama HtmtaviUe. CoUector. M. £. Jones . C.G. Pringle B.E. Barney G. W. Letterraan. ..do C.G. Pringle 8.n.Pook F.II. HorsforJ..., ..do ..do C. G. Pringle , G. W. Letterman. .. do ...do A. Gattinger A.H.CnrtiS8 G. W. Letterman. C.G. Pringle ...do G-W. Letterman. J.Kobinson C.S. Sargent.. C.Mohr A. H. Curtiss . J. Bobinson... .. do G. W. Letterman . ...do SoO. Uoist, graveUy . Gravelly. Bich aplanda . .. do Gravelly CUy Low, alluvial . Bich, alluvial . Low, alluvial . Rich Clay Rich, aUuvial . Swampy . ...do.... Low mtadow . Drift Rich, swampy. Low .. do .. do G. W. Letterman. . . J. Beverchon G. R Vasey. C. Mohr . Bich bottom . ...do Rich, muist . Bich learn . Diameter of tree, in meters. 0.268 0.285 0.222 0.252 0.168 0.204 uLTaBB or QBOWTB. Sap- wood. 13 51 Heart- wood. 54 3 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OP DEy SPEGIiMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Contiuued. 277 1 SPECIFIC CnAVlTT DKTKBMIKATIOXB. ASH DETBEMINATIOSS. Weight, pe cubic foot, in pounds (average). r Bemarks. 1 First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. a 0. 7012 0. 6139 0.6363 t 0. 7697 j 0.7828 j 0.0538 0.6242 I 0. 7105 0.6993 0.7239 0. 7319 0. 7249 0. 7214 0. 7117 0.6410 0.6868 0.6814 0.4889 0.4860 0.4760 0.6247 0.6761 «. 5770 i 0.S288 { 0.6307 ; 0.0374 1 ! 0.5563 0.5355 0.4332 0. 4217 0.4786 1 0.G196 0. 6791 0.6003 0.6300 0.8098 0.7689 0.0783 4 0.6902 0.6G 0.44 0.51 0.54 0.60 0.93 0.36 0.91 0.33 0.48 1.48 0.56 0.52 0.70 1.81 0.S5 0.42 • 0.31 0.30 0.40 0.29 0.24 0.43 0.49 0.32 0.38 0.31 0.36 0.76 1.01 0.61 0.48 0.81 0.40 0.45 0.59 0.67 1.10 0.44 0.33 0.29 0.35 1.01 0.64 43.01 88« 0.6071 0.6332 0. 7898 0.7759 0.6661 0. 6242 0.7106 0.6896 0.7239 0.42 0.48 0.57 0.59 1.02 0.40 0.62 0.31 0.42 105 203 298 299 376 409 1233 1234 1235 0.6899 0.6935 0.6980 0.7002 0.6799 0.6429 0.7008 0.6840 0.6254 0.4828 0.5062 0.0163 0.0845 0.6064 0.5510 0.6496 0.6185 0.6639 0.6912 0.64 43.08 0.6964 0. 7115 0. 7108 0.6958 0.6419 0.7014 0.6827 1.25 0.66 0.52 0.63 1.17 0.44 0.39 213 274» 274« 399 440 757 1167 0.56 1.02 0.33 0.36 0.32 0.31 0.42 0.27 If. 25 0.42 0.49 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.36 1.22 1.30 0.57 0.61 0.7105 -. ................ — ............... ...^... . .. — .... — . 0.6915 0.71 43.09 0.6072 0.4844 0.4911 0. 6251 0.32 0.31 0.41 0.28 103 367 448 1052 0.6344 0.3269 0.33 0.25 0.43 0.49 0.33 0.35 32.84 0.6803 0.6917 0.5466 0.6433 0.6273 20 630 7-43 0.6601 0.6406 0.6260 Second and third sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood 878 1048 0. 6178 0.37 38.60 0.6563 0.6365 0.31 0.36 1239 1240 0.4288 0.4474 0.4866 0.0393 0.5459 0.4310 0.4^46 0.34 84.02 0.99 1.10 290 811 0.4328 0.4821 1.07 26.97 0.54 30.04 . 646 0.e68« 0.6425 0.50 40.04 . 1 278 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. tablk I.— specific gravity, ash, and weight per cubic foot Spedca. 70. Rhna typltina SUtgiiom Sumach. 71. Rhns copallina Dtoarf Sutnaeh. 71. Bboa oopallma, var. laDceolntA 72. Rhus venenata Poiton Stmach. Poiton Elder. 78. Hhns Metopium Poiaon Wood. Coral Sumach. Mount- ain Manchini^l. Bum Wood. Hog Plum. Doctor Gum. LEGTJMINOSJS. 76. Bjsenhardtia ortbociirpa 76. Dalea spiuosa 77. Bobinia Pseudacacia Loaut. Black LoeuH. Teiiou Lomtt 78. Robinia vlnoosa Olammif Locu*t. n. Bobinia Neo-Mexicana Locutt. 80. OlneyaTesota Iron Wood. Arbol dt Hierro. 81. Piscidia Brytbrina Jamaica Dogwood. 82. CUilraiitis tinctoria TcUovWood. TeUowAth. QopJierWood. n. Sopbora socandiflora rrigolilo. I ISS loeo 70 610 736 878 1037 1041 467 1147 1070 405 441 815 845 1061 1031 650 664 33 439 Rtote. Vermont Massacliiuetta Mis.soaii. Georgia. . Locality. Hinesbnrgb. Sanvers Alienton . Lower Altamafaa river. Floiida Cbattahoocheeriver. Texas . Maasachasetts. . . .do . .do. Florida . Arizona . Califoraia. Tennessee West Virginia... Uassacbnsetts do. Colorado. Califomia. Dallas . Danvers . .do . .do. Upper Mctacombe Te ey. Santa Rita monnt* ains. Agna Caliente. Collector. C.G.Pringle., J. Bobinson... G. W. Lettcrman . A. H. Curtis* ...do J. Beverchon . J. Robinson. .do. .do. A. H. Cortias . O.G. Pringle. Cbarlestown Navy- yard. Nashville Grafton.. Danvere . .do . Trinidad. Florida . Eentncky . Tennessee . 040 Texas . Lower Colorado valley. Upper Metacombe 'W; Mercer county. Nosbviile .do . W. B. Strong . SoiL Gravelly. ...do.... Moist limestone. Dry, day ...do Dry, gravelly . Wet, swampy. .do. do. Coral . Dry, rookyj. Parish Brotlicrs Dry. n.)ndy S. 11. Pock . . . A. Gattin^er C. G. Pringle . J. Robinson . . G. Bngelmaun and C. S. Sargent. A. n. Cm1is.s. Limi'btone . Gravelly . Loam . Low, muist . Dry, jn'.Tvelly W. M. Linney . A. Gattingor . New Brauntcls I C. Mohr . Coral . Limestone . Alluvial .. Limestone . Diameter of tree. 0.120 0.176 0.070 0.085 0.067 0.222 0.184 LAYEBB OF OBOWXU. Sap- wood. 39 He•r^ wood. 84 19 20 16 27 35 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OP THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 279 SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMINATIONS. ABH DETEEMISATI0K8. Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Bemarks. i First. Second. Third. Average. Fiist. Second. Average. 0.4476 t 0. 4079 \ 0. 3912 0.4907 0.5478 0.5472 0. 5131 ( 0.4383 ( 0.4192 C 0.436S \ 0.4535 0.4259 0.8106 0.8691 ( 0.5714 I 0. 5285 0.7550 0.7908 0.6490 0. 7410 < 0. 8130 ( 0. 7942 0.7988 ( 0. 8953 ( 1. 1542 0.8779 0.0072 0.C277 1.0310 0.4593 0.48551 0.3869> 0.5080 0.5579 0. 4910 0.5236 0.43621 0.4368 5 0.43221 0.4449) 0.4511 0.VV28 * 0.8884 0.59041 0. 5241 ) 0.7904 ♦* 0. 4535 0.4179 0.43 0.52 0.62 0. C3 0.55 0.89 0.90 0.49 0.50 2.31 1 29 3.41 0.22 1.26 0.35 0.22 0.22 0.62 ( 1.85 \ 2.75 3.42 0.21 0.39 1.44 0.54 0.52 0.62 0.56 0.60 0.80 0.88 0.49 0.00 2.47 1.28 4.68 0.20 1.12 0.49 0.52 158 1060 0.4357 0.50 27.15 0.5039 0. 5529 0. 5250 0.62 0.60 0.57 IV 010 0.5367 736 0.5273 0.60 32.86 0. 5184 a85 i 32.31 330 0.4326 0.4418 0. 4403 0.89 0.49 0.55 876 i 1037 0.4440 1041 0.4382 0.S4 27.31 0.7917 2.39 49.34 467 0.8646 0.8740 1.28 54.47 1147 First, second, and third sp. gr. determinations made on sap- wood i fourth sp. gr. determination made on 0.1 sap-wood. 0. 6536 4.04 34.50 1079 0.7727 0.7908 0.6430 0.7259 0.24 1.19 0.35 0.24 405 441 0.6387 0.7279 0.8017 J 0.8287$ 0.7865 0.96001 1.1542) 0.E689 0. 0485 815 0.7087 0.25 0.19 0.58 2.151 2.43) 3.34 0.17 t 36 1.74 Third sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood. Cultivated 845 0.7333 0.51 45.70 0.8094 0.20 50.44 1061 0.82S8 1. 1374 0.8034 0.60 60.07 1031 1. 0602 2.29 1 1 06.07 650 0.8734 3.38 54.43 564 . 0. 6278 0. 6277 0.19 0.38 33 439 0.9890 0.9325 First and second sp. gr. determination-s made on sap-wood ... . 0.6278 0.28 .•)9. 12 0.9M2 1.89 01.34 940 280 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT SpeciM. i State. Locality. Collector. SoO. Dluaetor of tree, Id meters. LAnBB or OKOwni. 8»^ wood. Heart- wood. 329 932 296 402 519 53' 63' 444 760 678 1258 829 1208 59 436 1089 1090 1091 1142 561 590 680 927 600 658 998 1224 1222 Texas ...do Missouri ...do Tennessee Missoud ...do Dallas J.Beverchon C. Mohr Austin ....do 0.084 10 16 ! G. W. Lettcrman . . . ...do Kentueley Cofee Tres. OofM Au«. ....do Alluvial Nashville A. Gattinger G.W. Letterman ... 8*1 Gleditscbia triacanthoa ..-.-.. Allenton Eoney Tfocust Black Loctut Thres- ... do ....do Honey Shucks. Tennessee Florida Arizona do Kashrille A. Gattingei A.H.CurUss G. EnfTclmann and C. S. Sargent. C. G. Pringle Dry, sandy barren Alluvial Chattahoochee river. Lower Colorado river. Valley of the Gila river. 0.294 21 26 Water Locu4t Green-bark Acacia. Palo Verde. 1 i Department of Ag- riculture. S. B. Buckley . ... Texas G. W. Letterman A. Gattinger G. W. Letterman ....do 0.260 • 5 35 Jx'edbud. Judas Tree. Tenoeaaee Nashville Rich ' ....do do do ....do do .. do . do 92. Cercift reiiiforiii!^ t Texas Aaatin . - - S.B.Buckley B.L.Baldridgo C. S Sarcent • Redktid. 93. ProBopU juliflora —..do Arizona ..do Texas California Fort Stockton Mesqvit. Algaroba. Boney Locust. Honey Pod. do do C.Mohr 94. I'r»80pia i)aI>C6Cena Screw liean. Screwpod Mesquit. Tor- nilla. G. Engelmann and C. S. Siirgent. do ....do do . ... ....do ...do do 0.064 8 93. Leiirtrna glauca Lam paftasmouu tains <5 B Bucklev 96. X(Onc;pna i>ulrcnilenta Texas do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 281 6PECIFIC ci:av:tt DETSBMIK.i.TIOKS. ABB DETEBMINATIOKB. Weipht.per cubic foot, in ponuds (average). Eemarks. i First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. A. verago. 1 0.8019 0.85J0 0. 6700 0.6063 0. 7395 0.7330 • 0.8161 ' 0.9316 0.6786 1* 0.8090 0.8928 0.42 1.04 a 70 a45 0.98 0.55 0.69 1.29 0.66 1.23 4.20 2.32 2.17 0.59 0.67 0.80 0.82 0.67 0.70 3.35 1.67 1.45 2.09 1.02 0.91 0.95 3.27 0.90 0.34 1.13 0.57 O.SO 0.82 0.61 0.38 1.09 329 032 0.8509 0.73 63.03 0.6743 0.6663 0.7395 0.64 0.48 0.90 296 402 519 0.7359 0.6275 0.6934 0.67 43.21 0.7345 0.6346 0. 0528 0.58 0.69 1.14 1 0.6418 53« 0. 6328 0.98 0.79 l.CO 3.08 2.26 2.51 0.66 0.C7 0.77 0.74 0.84 • 0.77 2.69 1.71 2.49 2.00 0.98 0.90 0.7245 0.6732 0. 7722 0.7272 0.6740 0.80 42.00 0. 7509 0. 7342 0.73 43.76 766 Second up. gr. determiDation made on sap wood ' 0.6330 0.6531 1.12 40.70 678 0 7176 0.7449 3.64 49.75 1258 0 6325 0.6325 0.5908 2.29 2.34 829 0. .>848 0.5968 0.6070 1208 0.6157 9. 6116 2.32 38.11 0 6104 0.6110 0.7098 0. 6107 0.6289 0.G213 0.58 0.67 0.79 0.78 0.76 59 I 7098 436 ').e254 ■1 6493 ■) 6000 0.7392 6.8322 0.7137 •). 7247 0. 7478 0.!>9.=I9 0.6084 0.6417 0.7045 0.8664 0.6997 1 0. 7726 0.7620 0. 7910 0.7930 0.7278 0.9205 0.G80I 1089 * 109O 1091 0.7502 First and second sp.gr.deteiminations made on half sap wood.. 0.6363 0.72 89.63 0. 7.513 0.77 46.82 1142 0.8493 0.7067 0. 7487 0.7562 3.02 1.69 1.97 2.05 561 500 C80 0.7587 0. Oj sap-wood 927 0.7052 2.18 47.13 0. 777:.' 0.7841 0.7729 0.7258 0.7609 0.9235 0.6732 1.00 0.91 0.95 600 0. 7527 ec8 0 7':37 998 8.31 1.13 47. 43 57. D5 1 9-J0-, ■J. Cli", 0.96 3.29 1.01 1224 41.95 1222 282 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT •;. Acacia WrightU. Oat'i CUne. «e. Acacia Greggii . Cat't Ola». 100. Lysiloma latlsiliqna . wad Tamarind. 101. Pithecolobiam Unguis^»ti . Cafi Claw. KOSACEiE. 102. Chrysobalanos loaco . Cocoa Plum. 108. Pninus Americana WUd Plum. Canada Plum. Borse Plum. 8 s 1200 see CS7 State. Texas . Arizona . .. do.... ...do.... 104. Pmnns angustifolia Ohickataw Plum. Hog Plum. 105. PniDus Pennsylvanica Wild Red Cherry. Pin Cherry. Pigeon Cherry. 509 1112 465 1108 480 220 334 106. Pmnna nmbcllata Sloe. Maek Sloe. 107. Pinnns emarginata, car. mollis . 108. Pranus aerotina wad Black Cherry. Sum Cherry. 109. FmnoaCapuli. Wild Cherry. 233 COO 9G8 15 106 116 127 148 198 317 BUS 400 725 763 1053 291 418 Florida . ....do... ...do. do. Locality. Austin Santa Kita monnt- ains. ...do Clifton. Boca Cbica Key . Key Largo Uppe Kei ler Metacomlie Ley. Babiii Honda Key . Collector. Soil. S. B. Buckley . G. Engeimann and C. S. Sargent. ...do E.L. Greene A. H. Cortiss . ...do .do. .do. .do. Missouri. Vermont. Texas .... Tennessee . Vermont. . . Georgia Bay Biscayne A. H. Cnrtiss . AUenton G. W. Letterman. Charlotte CO. Pringie . . . Dallas J. Revercbon . . . . Dry, gravelly. ...do Coral. ...do. do. do. Swampy . Nashville A. Gattinger Charlotte . Altamaba river "Washington ter- ritory. Massachusetts Vermont Michigan Missouri Illinois Ol.io Michigan Vermont "Wilkeaon. Roxbury Charlotte Dansvillc Allenton "Waukegan Barney & Smith Manufacturing Co. Hersey C.G. Pringie. Virginia or Mid- dle states. Pennsylvania Chailolte Cbarlestown Navy- yard. WilUamsport Florida Massachusetts Chattahoochee river. TopsBekl A. n. Curtiss G. Engnlmann and C. S. Sargent. C. S. Sargent C.G. Pringie W.J.Beal G. W. Letterman . . II. Douglas E. E. Bamoy W.J.Beal C.G. Pringie S.H.Pook C.G.Pringle A. H. Curtiss J.Bobinson lUcb uplands . Gravelly Rich laverblnff ... Cold, gravelly. Clay Low, rich . Gravelly... ...do , ..do Rich loam . Gravelly. . . Rich Gravelly. Clay Gravelly New Mexico Pinos Altos mount- I ains. do do E. L. Greene Alluvial . do do . Diameter of tree, in meters. LATKBS OF GEOWTH. Sap- Tood. 0.202 0.100 0.216 ».205 0.218 0.320 Heart, wood. 14 47 29 24 31 15 11 48 33 12 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Contiuued. 283 SFKCIFIC GEAVITT DBTEBMDCATIONS. A6H DETEUM1NATI0X8. Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). BemarkB. 1 First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 1 0.9380 0. 8703 0.8162 0.8558 0. C033 D.C901 0.8829 ' 0.8885 0.7290 0.0750 0. 7035 0.7876 O.Cfl75 0.5014 0.8162 0. 4310 0.7047 0.5525 0.5809 0.6730 0.0473 0.5675 0,5373 0. 5131 0.4C80 0. 5734 0. !)753 0,0833 0.7282 0 8459 0.9404 *> 0.9392 0.68 0.68 0.95 1.00 2.00 1.98 2.48 3.00 0.87 0.11 0.17 0.33 0.28 0.36 0.14 0.18 0.13 0.13 0.57 0.89 0.63 58.53 • 1209- 0.8703 0.8389 0.8558 0.79 0.95 1.00 598 0.8616 697 893. 0.5663 0.7159 ■^ 2.44 2.07 2.25 2.09 0.87 0.09 0.21 0.21 0.28 0.43 0.10 0.23 0.14 0.11 % 0.8550 0.91 53.28 0.5848 0.6987 2.22 2.03 509 0.6001 1112 0.8349 1. 0135 0.8129 0.6745 0.6800 0.8079 0.6418 2.12 40.00 0.8589 0.9510 2.87 2 55 465- 1108- 0.9049 2.46 56.39 0.7709 0.87 48.04 480- 0.6748 0.6918 0.7978 0.10 0.19 0.27 68 220 334, 0.7215 0.18 44.96 0.7092 0.5031 0.8242 0.4004 0.6884 0.28 42.90 435 0.5023 0.10 31.30 233 0.8202 0.12 51.11 C06 0.4S02 0.21 28.06 068 0 7079 0.7063 0.5532 0.5321 0.6486 0.S491 0.9667 0.5280 0, 5'4l 0.14 0.12 0.14 0.18 0.12 0.12 0.18 0.16 0.08 0.10 0.25 0.16 15 0.5539 106 0.4832 0.0235 0.6508 0. .IBSS 0.518C 0. 5351 0. 12 0- 1."; 115 0.19 0.11 0.13 0.17 0.13 0 11 127 148 198 317 308. 406. 726. 703 0. 19 n 17 0.14 0.06 0.C9 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.28, 0.17 0.09 0.10 0.34 0.17 0.12 0.2G 0. 4C80 0. 5777 0.5221 0. 0857 0.6940 0.8837 0.5756 0.5488 1053 0.8822 0.15 36.28 0.7111 0.8648 0.14 0.27 294. 418. a 7879 0.20 49.10 284 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, AS^, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. 110. Pmnns demlam ■ Wild Cherry. 111. Pmnns Caroliniana Wxld Orange. Moek Orange. Wild Peaeh. 112. Frnnns spluerooaipa . 113. Prunna illclfolia . Jslay. tl4. YaaqmeliniaToTTeyi. 115. Coroocarpns Icdifolins. . ilountain Mahogany. 116. Cei'oocar]>u8 parrifolma . Mountain Mahogany. U7. Pyma eoranaria American Orab. Sweet-scented Orab. 118. PjTUB angastifoUa American Crab Apple. Southern Orab Apple. lis. PymsrivuUiriB Oregon Orab Apple. I 120. Pyms Americaua. Mountain Ath. 121. Pyma aambucifolia . . Mountain Ash. 122. CroUegns Tivolaria .. 123. Crategua Doaglaaii . 124. CratiBfnia bracbyacantba . Hogs' Haw. 128. CraUrgaa arboreaf ess . 637 (49 800 916 1032 1062 1217 1168 1152 883 904 State. California. Alabama . Florida ... ...do ...do.... Texas Florida . California . Arizona . Utah. 808 1087 313 214 410 999 926 303> 863» 607 Califoraia. DeLlwaro Pennsilvania. .. do SonthCaroliDa. Oregon . Vermont. .. do..'.. .. do. Utah. Oregon — Louiaians.. South Carolina ...do ... Georgia. Locality. Strawbeixy valley . Mobile Jacksonville Chattahoochee. JackaonviUo. . . Victoria Edgo of Everglades. Santa Cmz . Santa Eita moont- ^ins. City Creek caDon. Siskiyou connty Kiaraonsi . Nazareth . ...do Aiken . Portland . Charlotte Hontlngdon . Mount Mansfield . City Creek caBon . Cascades of the Co. lumbia river. Webster parish Aiken n. W. Ravcucl Collector. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. C. Mohr A.H.Cartis8 .. C.Mohr A. H. Cnrtiss. C.Mohr A. H. Cnrtiss C. L. Anderson. C.G.Pringle. M. E. Jones Dcparfraent of Ag. riciUture. G. Engclmann and C. S. Sargent W. M. Canby . J.Henry ...do Sou. Low, rich . Sandy ...do Alluvial... . Sandy Rich, moist . Kocky . H.AV. Kavencl. G. Engclmann and C. S. Sargent C.G. Pringle. ...do ..do M.E. Jonea. G. Eu;:elmaun and C. S. Sargent. C. Mohr ...do Ogeechee . ...do A. H. Cnrtiss . Eocky . Clay .. Moist. ...do . Eicb, damp . EichhUls... Gravelly . ...do.... ...do . ...do. Itich.. Clay. Uich . ...do . IX)W .. I LATEItS 0# Diameter growth. of tree. in meters. 0.171 0.302 0.180 0.206 Sap. wood. 0.062 0.130 0.1S6 0. IOC 0.200 a 168 Heart' wood. 8 61 12 SO 26 25 4« 34 27 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 285 SPECIFIC OBAVTTT DETKBiflKATIOKB. ABH DETEBHIKi.TIONS. Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Bemarks. • 1 S 3 First. Second. Thira. Average. First Second. Average. m o 0. 7025 0. 9515 0 8874 0.7766 0.8670 0.0030 0.9OC2 0.9885 1.1340 1.0608 1.0950 0.9365 0.6973 O6640 0.7402 0.6945 0.8266 0.53iS 0. 5512 0.5893 0. 7672 O7025 0.6750 ( 0. 6306 ( 0.6093 0.6263 0.6934 0 0937 0 9855 0.8227 0.7797 0. 8721 0. 8610 0.8934 0. 9720 1. 1408 1.0332 1.1080 0.6890 0.0951 0.51 0.32 0.39 o.a 0.46 0.43 0.97 0.80 1.44 1.27 1.09 0.45 0.52 0.60 0.49 0.33 0.41 0.98 0.56 0.39 0.33 0.29 0.37 O03 0.38 0.62 0.48 0.33 0.37 0.44 0.49 0.43 0.76 0.76 1.46 1.12 0.69 0.50 43.32 0.9685 0.8472 0.7782 0.8691 0.8810 0.33 0.38 0.44 0.43 0.43 0.8314 91& 1032 0.8790 1062 0.8688 0.41 54.14 0.8998 0.87 56.07 0.9803 0.78 61.09 1158- 1.1374 1.45 70.88 • 1152 1.0400 1.M47 1. 1015 1.19 0.89 004 ' 1.0731 1.04 66.87 0.9365 0.45 0.50 0.44 0.62 5a3« 825 0.7228 0. 6762 0.7260 0.6845 0.8360 0. 5»29 0.5410 0.5963 0.7734 0.6928 0.6K15 0.62301 0.0225 5 0.6590 0.6699 0.7320 0.6788 0. 7057 0.48 0.38 0.75 0.33 0.41 1.23 0.56 0.31 0.37 0.36 0.46 O70 0. 7174 0.6730 0.7240 808- 1087 108» 0.7048 0.62 43.92 0.6895 0.33 42.97 313 0.8316 0.41 61.82 1002 0.5539 0.5438 0.5464 0.56 214 0.25 Bap- wood 365- 0.5451 0.83 33.97 0.5028 0.35 36.94 410 0.7703 0.35 48.00 SR,"). 0.6898 0.6950 0.33 43.31 999 0.6793 0.42 42.33 026 • 0.6228 0. 6»27 0.6817 0.67 0.38 0.65 303' 363» 0.68 607 40.45 0.6491 0.57 286 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. J State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Ditmeter of tree. in meters. LATEBS or OUOWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 126. Cratiegas Crus-galli CoeUpur Thorn. NevocattU Thorn. "127. Cratffigns cocciuea ■ Scarlet Haw. Bed Bav>. White Thoni. 128. CraltBgus BubTilloea . Scarlet Bate, 129. Crataegus tomentosa Black Thorn. Pear Saw. 130. Crataegus cordata. wm'n Wathingtori Thorn. 131. Crataegus apiifulia Farsley Hav>. 132. Crataegus spathnlata . Smatt-/ntited Haw. 134. CraUegns aestivalis May Haw, Apple Haw, 135. Crataegns flara Summer Haw. Tettow Haw. 135. Cratregns flava, t>ar. pabescens. Summer Haw. Hed Haw. 136. Heteromeles arbutifolia Tof/on. ToUon. Cali/omia HoUy. 137. Aiuelanchier CanadenRis Juneberiy. Shad Biuh. Service Tree. May Ohtrry. HAMAMELACE.S. 188. Haroatnolis Virginica . TFtteA HazA. 328 1093 ICO 949 1081 154 426 447 759 300 614 239 301 569 Massachusetts. Missouri Verniout. Texas ... Missouri Vermont. . . Tennessee . ..do... Florida . South Carolina. (Jeorgi* South Carolina. ....do... Florida . 787 ....do 1160 Califomiii. 156 241 849 867 87S 1269 139. Liqnidambar Stj raciflua 546 Alabama ' Kemper's mill , Swett Oum. Star-leaved Oum. Liaos o.erik 0.7667 0.8582 0.7144 0.8382 0. 7712 0. 7110 0.7481 0.7400 0.7698 0.6700 0.650,1 0.7620 0.7718 0.7396 0.9042 0.7642 0.T944 0.9028 0.73931 0.7826 0.78281 0.0985) 0.6632 0.7791 0.6642 0.7746 0:57 0.49 0.36 0.77 0.54 0.50 0.53 0.48 0.72 0.71 0.60 0.57 0.82 0.65 0.91 0.62 0.61 0.42 o!65 0.43 0.27 0.32 0.47 0.48 0.29 0.07 0.55 0.60 0.40 0.78 0.68 0.44 0.51 0.44 1.22 0.67 0.63 0.56 0.94 0.73 0.01 0.46 • 0.64 0.53 0.45 0.44 0.33 0.39 0.49 0.73 0.34 0.60 0.56 0.55 328 1093 0.7194 0.56 44.83 0. 8618 0.38 53.71 100 0.7527 0.8379 0.78 0.61 949 1081 0.7953 0.69 49.56 0.7681 0.7585 0.47 0.52 154 426 0.7033 0.50 47.67 0.7293 0.46 45.45 447 • 0.7453 0.97 46.45 739 0.7611 0.6708 0.69 0.62 300 614 0.7159 0.66 44.61 0.6564 1 0.57 40.91 239 0.7672 0.7945 0.88 0.69 301 569 0.7809 0.79 48.67 0.7683 0.91 47.88 767 0.9326 0.54 58.18 1164 First 8p. gr. determi nation made on 0.75 sap-wood; second ep. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood. 0.6858 0.7924 0.8733 0.63 0.48 0.55 156 241 0.8570 First and third ap. gr. determinations made on 0.9 sap-wood; second sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood. 849 0.7838 0.55 48.85 0. 7342 0. 7126 0.0099 0.44 0.30 0.36 807 875 1?5» M78 :.l 0. 5549 0.6836 0.37 42.72 0.6i95 0. 57J9 0.5916 0.5615 0.48 0.61 0.32 0.67 54A 1095 All sap-wood 1173 0.5692 1181 283 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. ' Table I.— SPECIFIC GKAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. 1 a a 1 sut«. Localiiy. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LATRBS or oRowrn. Rap- wood. Hfart- WOtHl. U8l Uqnidmmbar Styraciflna— oontinaed . . . 1182 1183 485 489 507 1265 456 1118 1120 1198 566 1200 1115 1135 1189 1197 1127 603 860 861 67 761 812 1077 1092 DOO do Taioo River liottom do R. Abbey AUoTbd ....do . ..do KHIZOPHORACBa. Florida Bay Bisoayne ....do A.H.Ciirtla8 ....do Salt-marsh ....do 0.250 0.164 31 15 50 3-1 ilangrove, COM BRET ACE.K. ....do do Button Wood. 142. La^uDeuIaria mcemosa White Button Wood. WhiU Mangrove. MYRTACEiE. Sngar-loaf Sonnd . . . Kev Lareo ....do do do ...,do Coral ....do TTpper Mctaconil)e Key. Lost Man's river. . . . ...do do 0.084 43 Qurgeon Stopper. Spanish Stopper. . do ...do Hnmns and coral . . ...do ....do Elliott's K«y ...do Coral Upper Metacombe Key. ....do ... do 1 ■ • do ...do 0.084 5 S3 NcUcedWood. do Palm Hammock . . . . ....do Coral do TJiubrcUa Key do ....do 0.150 15 ^ mopper. WhiU Stopper. do ...do ....do .; ....do do ....do . do ...do No.Kame Key ....do ...do Mopper. ....do Miami ....do ... do 0.141 87 Med Stopper. CACTACE^. 6. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. J. Robinson ....do Suwarrow. Saguaro. OxarU Oactui. CORNACE^. MassacbBsettB ....do Dogwood. ...do ....do IM. Comus florlda Missonri Allen ton G. W. Lelteiinan... A. H. Curtiss C. G. Pringle G. 'W. Letterman . . . ....do ., 0.143 0.128 47 72 Flowering Dogwood. Box Wood. Chattahoochee Grafton Calcareous Dry WertVlrgiiila.... 0.122 44 7 ...do ....do Flinty 1*2. Conmn TS"nttallii OreffOD Portland G. Engelmann and C. S.Sargent. Flowering Dogwood. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 289 SPECIFIC GBAVITT DKTERMINATIOSe. AgH DETSBUmATIOICB. Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). BemarkB. 1 First. Second. Third. Average. First Second. Average. 1 0. 6125 0.5825 1.1391 0.0939 0.7100 0.8930 0.8753 1.0625 0.8645 0.8857 0.8526 0.9542 0. 8910 0.9180 0. 9140 1.1450 0.9425 0.3259 0.6572 0.6987 0.8264 0.7599 0.7892 0.8690 0.8114 0.7487 0. 5891 0. 5765 1.1842 0.9860 0 7174 0.9282 '' 0.6256 0. 5878 0.6091 0.5823 0.72 0.85 1.80 0.32 1.69 3.04 LU 1.19 2.23 1.66 0.85 0.58 2.05 1.60 1.83 3.36 2.44 8.89 0.43 0.39 0.51 0.75 0.73 0.66 0.62 0.48 0.77 0.77 1.83 0.32 1.54 3.59 1.26 1.05 2.15 1.38 0.91 0.60 1.95 1.95 1.99 3.60 2.79 8.01 0.41 0.43 0.60 0.84 0.83 0.58 0.60 0.52 0.75 0.81 . 1182 1183 0.5910 0.61 36.83 1/1617 1.82 72.40 485 0.9900 0.32 61.70 489 0. 7137 1.62 44.48 507 0.8765 0.8992 3.32 56.04 1205 0.8753 1.0513 0.9128 0.9045 L19 1.12 2.19 1.52 456 1.0400 0.8540 0.9232 0.8392 0.9472 0. 9U0 0.9340 0.9295 1.1020 0.9482 0.3116 0. 6748 0. 6932 0.8264 0. 7710 0.7663 0. 8916 0.8215 0. 7474 1.0200 1198 0.9360 1.50 58.83 0.8459 0.9507 0.88 0.69 566 1200 0.8983 0.74 55.98 0.9010 0.9241 0.9217 2.00 1.77 1.91 1115 0.9202 1135 1189 0.9156 1.89 57.06 1.1235 8.48 70.02 1197 0.9453 2.62 58.91 1127 • 0.3188 3.45 19.87 693 0.6048 0.6893 0.6456 0. 6937 0.42 0.41 860 861 0.6696 0.41 41.73 0.8264 0. 7655 0. 7878 0.8803 0.8165 0.56 0.80 0.78 0.62 0.61 67 761 812 1077 1092 0.8153 0.67 50.81 0.7481 0.50 46.62 M* 19 FOB 290 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Speoiei. S Stat*. Locality. Collector. Sou. Diameter of tree, LATISS OF GUOWTU. WOud. Heart- wood. 153. Nysna capitata OiteehK lAmt. Sour Tupelo. Oopher Plum. 1C4. Nyssa sylvatica Tupelo. Sour Oum. Pepperidg: Black Ifift. Nyeaa nniflora Large Tupelo. Cotton Qum. Tupelo Qum. CAPEIFOLIACEiB. 150. Sambncaa glanca JiUier. 157. SambacQs Moxicana £Uer. 168. Vibnrnum Lenta^fo Bheepberry. Xanrtyberry. 100, Vibnranm pruuifulium Black Haw. Stag Bueh. BUBTACBaS. IM. Kxoetemma Caribeam lU. Pinckneyapabens Otorgia Bark. US. Qenipa olnaiaefolia Seven-year Apple. IM. Onettarda elliptioa .* 605 235 517 608 750 813 833 834 835 128 235 550 604 Georgia. Ogeechee river . A. H. Cnrtiss. Swampy . 0.220 South Carolina. TeDncssee Georgia Florida , West Virginia . Massachusetts. ... do , do ., South Carolina . ...do Alabama Georgia 1220 108 370 42 110« 739 466 257 381 457 1132 1105 471 112S 1194 California . Arizona ... Vermont. ...do Kentucky . ....do Georgia ... Florida . South Carolina. ...do Florida. ...do ... ...do... do. .do. .do. Bonneau^s Depot . Cumberland river. Ogeechee river Chattahoochee Grafton West Newbury . . . ...do Chobacco pond . . . H. W. Kavenel . A. Gattinger ... A. H. Cnrtisa... ...do C. G. Pringle... J. Hobinson — ...do ...do Muck. Muck. Clay.. 0.220 0.214 Kich ...do Low, rich . 0.256 Bonnean*8 Depot . ...do Stockton Ogeechee river H. W.Ravenel. ...do C. Mohr A. H. Cnrtiss.. Swampy . Alluvial. Swampy . 0.188 0.320 ContraCosta county. Santa Catalina mountains. G. E. Vasey . . C. G. Pringle . Gravelly. 0.320 Charlotte . . Hinesburg. do. .do. Huck.... Swampy . Mercer county. ...do liainbridge W. M. Linney . ...do A. E. Cnrtiss. . Shale Trenton limestone. Clay Upper Metacombe Key. ...do. Coral . BlnfftoB . ...do.... J. H. Mellichamp.. ...do Sandy, swamp . . . ...do 0.108 Upper Metacombe Key. Elliott's Key UM)er Metacombe A. H. Cnrtiss. ...do ..do Sandy Coral .. .i.do. tcy. .. do Umbrella Key . ...do .do. .do. .do. do. do. .do. 27 49 49 67 28 34 32 28 25 34 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continned. 291 SPECIFIC GEAVITY DETEBMINATIOKB. ASH DETEBMISATIOKB. Weight, per cubic foot, rn pounds (average). Eemarks. 1 B a '■' Fiist. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. s 0.4680 0.5636 0. 5650 0.6079 0.6436 0. 0198 0.6849 0. 7467 0.7429 0.5589 0.6656 0.6002 0.4424 0.5076 0.4588 0.7285 e. 7519 0.8108 0.9140 0.7749 0.9200 0.5528 0.6126 1.0219 1.0425 1.0705 0.9375 0.8409 0.7490 0.4546 0.5649 •■ 0.4613 0.35 0.66 0.89 0.49 0.49 0.52 0.41 0.38 0.32 0.72 0.66 0.68 0.76 1.60 1.83 0.27 0.29 0.46 0.47 0.60 0.24 0.28 0.49 0.71 1.00 1.48 0.88 0.94» 1.33 0.33 0.61 0.79 0.43 0.49 0.53 0.40 0.39 0.34 0.76 0.81 0.59 0.66 1.55 2.17 0.28 0.30 0.49 0.34 28.75 605 0.6652 0.6650 0.6092 0.6559 0.6031 0. 6M9 0.6974 0. 7026 0.74 0.84 0.46 0.49 0.53 0.41 0.38 0.33 235 517 0.6104 0.6682 0.5865 0.6787 0. 6748 0.6626 0.5700 0.5(U9 0.-5525 0.4002 0.6098 0.4668 0.7075 0.7332 603 750 813 0.6881 0. 6708 0.7022 833 834 835 / 0.6353 0.52 39. 59 0.6645 0. .W.S3 0.6264 0.4213 0.74 0.74 0.69 0.71 128 236 650 604 0.5194 0.70 32.37 0.5087 1.57 31.70 681 0.4586 0. 4614 2.00 0.28 0.30 28.75 0. 7180 0. 7426 108 \ 0. 7303 0.29 45.51 0. 8106 0.9140 0.7749 0.48 0.47 0.60 4** 739 0.9419 0.5613 0. 5131 0.22 0.27 0.58 0.60 1.02 1.55 0.79 1.03 L32 0.8332 0.52 61.92 0. 9310 0.23 58.02 466 0.6571 0.6129 0.28 0.54 257 381 0.6360 0.41 33.41 1.0219 0.9957 1. 0772 0.66 1.01 1.52 457 1.0270 1.0840 0.8933 0.8598 0. 7217 0.9175 Second and third sp. gr. determinations made on 0.2 sap-wood.. 1132 1195 1.0316 1.06 64.29 0.9154 0.8504 0.7353 0.84 0.99 1.32 471 1129 1194 0.8337 1.05 51.96 292 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Speolea. Stote. Locality. Collector. SoiL Diameteri of tree, in metm. LAnuOF GBOWTB. wood. Heart- wood. EBICACSA. IM. Taccioinm arborenm Farbieberry, Mi. Andromeda fermginea IM. Arbntaa Menziesil MadTofitt. 197. Arbutus Xalapenala US. Arbntai Tezana leo. Oxydendmm arboreum Sorra Trtt. Sour Wood. ITO. Kalmla latifolia Laurel. Ottlico JBtuA. Spoon Wood. Ivy. 171. Bhododendron maximam Great Laurel. Rose Bay. MYRSDrACZ.S. 1T2. HfTslne Bapanea 173. Ardisia Pickcringia Uarlberry. Cherry. ITi. Jaoqninla armOlaris Joe Wood. SAPOTACEiE. 175. Chrysopbyllum oliTiforme 1T(. SideroxyloQ MaaticbodeDdron U—Ue. 343 812 103S 1034 643 67* 696 1085 Oeorgla.. Florida. ...do... California . ...do Arizona . Texas . Alabama .. Tennessee . 262» Virginia. ....do.... ....do.... 2631 2«3> 1123 404 1136 1192 498 1130 1199 ..do. Florida . ...do. ...do. .. do. Citronelle Altamaha rirer . C. Mohr A.H. Cnrtiss . Sandy ... Swampy . JaoksonTlIle. ...do .do. .do. Hammock . Contra Costa coonty Marin coanty G.E.Vasey. ...do Gravelly. ...do..... Santa Bita monnt- ains. Hays county. Cottage Hill . Kashville G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. a B. Buckley . Booky . Limestone . C. Mohr A. Gattinger. . Light, rich . . . Sandy, rocky . Fancy Gap . ...do .do. H. Shriver . ...do ...do Moist. ...do. ...do. .do. .do. do. do. do. .do. Bay Biscayne. A.H.Cartlss Coral ...do ...do Palm c»ek . do. .do. do. .do Key Largo. do Elliott's Key.. do ; Umbrella Key . do. .do. do. 461 .do. do Bay Biscayne. do. Upper Metacombe Jpper Key. do. do. .do. do. do. do. do. .do. .do. 0.127 0.216 0.086 0.130 0.082 0.078 0.080 65 22 28 74 52 15 0.105 18 0.266 29 26 49 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 293 BFXCIFIC GRATITT DETBS1IIH.1TI0KB. ASH DETSSHINATIOKB. Weight, per cable foot, in pounds (average). Remarks. — i ■■ First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. R 8 1 &78U 0.7740 0.7766 0.7037 0.6452 0.7482 ( 0.7202 ( 0.6842 0.7535 0.7920 0.7114 0.7536 0L7Z14 0.6730 0.6266 0.6841 0.8491 0.8154 0.8800 0.8770 0.5693 0.6437 0.8300 0.8986 1 KM 0.7479, 0.7405 0.8021 0.7174 0.6939 0.7332 0.6955 0.7397 0.7674 0. 7574 0.7647 0. 7573 0.42 0.35 0.45 0.56 0.42 0.42 < 6.21 0.54 0.42 0.27 0.61 0.31 0.32 0.43 0.29 0.74 1.81 1.74 1.75 4.09 3.47 2.85 1.36 4.90 0.45 0.32 0.37 0.46 0.38 0.39 0.241 0.30) 0.48 0.49 0.31 044 0.34 843 612 0. 7610 0.39 47.42 0.7894 0.7106 0.41 0.51 0.7500 0.46 0.38 0.41 46.74 0.6696 0.7407 « 0.7052 0.40 43.95 0.7099 0.25 596 0.7292 0.7916 0.7500 0.61 46.74 1085 0.7803 0.7114 0.46 0.29 353 Ut 0.7458 0.37 46.48 0.7536 0. 7214 0.6730 0.61 0.31 0.82 262< 262' 262» 0.7160 0.41 44.62 0.6266 0.6341 0.43 0.29 263> 263« 0.8541 0.8412 0.8532 0.8942 0.7990 0.88 1.84 1.95 1.95 8.82 3.74 2.73 1.11 S.VI 0.6303 0.36 39.28 0.8341 0.81 51.98 1123 0.8283 0.8666 0.8856 1.83 1.85 1.85 494 1136 1192 0.8602 L85 53.61 0 6500 <^ AU» 0.6258 0.6456 0.8132 8.96 3.61 2.79 496 0.6475 0.7966 0.9431 l.«149 1136 1189 0.9660 1.0052 a6948 3.45 43.30 0.9360 1.24 58.33 402 1.0109 5.14 63.00 4« 294 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table L— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. 177. Dipholis salicifoUa Suatie. Oatfada. 178. Bnmelia tenaz 179. Bumelia lannf;inoaa Gum Elattie. Shittim Wood. ISO. Bnmelia gpinosa.. «... 181. Bamelia lycloides Iron Wood. Southern Buckthorn. 182. Bnmelia caneata Jinit' Wood. J>o%mward Plum. 8<^f■ fron Plum. 188. Himasopa Sieberi WUd DiUy. EBENACE.ffi. 184. Diospyros Yirginiana Persimmon. 185. Diospyros Texana Black Pereimmon. Mexican Pereim- tnon. Ohapote. STYRACACE^. ISO. Symplocos tinctoria Borte Sugar. Sweet htnf. 187. Halesia diptera Snov.4rop Tree. S%lter.beU Tree. 488 SOO llSl 746 1083 1146 llSl 333 S03 1124 458 61 425 811 1084 1162 936 347 560 788 822 State. Florida. ..do... ...do... Georgia. Missoori.. Texas ... Missouri. Arizona . .do. Tennessee . Florida. ...do... ...do. Missonri Tennessee West Virginia . Missonri ....do Texas . Alabama . Arkansas. Oeargia. Florida . Locality. Bay Bisoayne.. Umbrella Key . Ho-Kame Key . Bainbridge . AUenton . Austin... Allenton. Santa Catalina mountains. do. Kaabville. Long Key Boca Chica Key . Upper Metacombe Key. Allenton.. Nasbville . Grafton... Allenton.. ...do..^. Austin . Cottage Hill . Texarkana... Bainbridge . . . Apalachicola . Collector. A.E.Cnrti8s . ..do ...do .do. Q. W. Letterman . C.Mobr G. W. Letterman. C.G.Pringle. do. A. Gattinger.. A. H. Cnrtiss . ...do ...do. G. W. Letterman . . . A. Gattinger C.G.Pringle G. W. Letterman . . . ...do C.Mobr. ...do a. W. Letterman. A. H. Cnrtiss . C.Mohr Soil. Coral. ...do. ...do. Low . Limestone . ...do ...do Rocky. do. AUnvial. Coral . ...do. .do. Rich npland . Rich loam . . . Rich npland . ,...do Calcareons. Sandy . ...do.. LOTT AllaTial . Diameter of tree, is meters. 0.170 O.ISO 0.128 0.286 0.237 0.170 0.158 0.134 ai23 LATSBSOr OBOWTH. Sap- wootl. 3« 7 29 12 66 87 26 47 Heart- wood. 40 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OP DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 295 6PECIFIC OIIAVITT DETBEMINATIONS. ABH DETKBMINATIOKB. Weight, per cnbic foot, in pounds (average). ■ .lie i First Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 1 0.9813 0.9737 0.9312 0. 7106 0.7541 0.5947 0.6221 0.6580 I 0. 6392 ( 0.6,T«5 0.7467 0.7567 0.8420 1.0525 0.7639 0.8352 0.7962 0.7790 0.7710 0.8325 0.6265 0.5079 0.5481 0.5999 0.8887' 0.9233 0.8912 0. 7479 0.7299 0.5997 0.6386 0.6991 0.60631 0.6658) 0.9350 0.9485 0.9112 0.34 0.26 0.37 0.71 1.10 1.44 1.27 1.19 1.32 0.81 2.29 1.60 2.89 1.03 0.95 0.83 0.86 0.97 3.34 0.72 0.62 0.67 0.35 0.32 0.31 0.33 0.84 1.02 1.28 L27 1.04 L43 0.81 2.31 1.43 2.32 1.03 1.12 0.70 1.02 1.05 3.32 0.81 0.57 0.42 0.35 0.33 0.29 0.35 481 600 U91 0. 9316 0.32 58.06. 0.7293 0.78 45.45 746 0. 7420 0.5907 0.6304 1.06 1.36 1.27 60 930 1083 0. 5777 0.6544 1.23 40.78 0.0786 0.6419 1.11 1.37 1151 0.6603 1.24 41.16 0.7467 0.81 46.53 33t 0.748S 0.8384 1.0989 0.7465 0.7516 0.8402 2.30 1.51 508 LIOOO 0.7959 Lgo 49.60 1.0838 2.61 67.54 468 0.7552 0.8552 a 7913 0.7855 0.7667 1.03 1.04 ^ 0.77 0.94 1.01 61 • 425 0.7864 0.7920 0.7722 0.8391 0.5593 0.5360 0.5381 0.5957 811 0.7570 0.8664 Wood with black streaka ..... 1162 0.7908 0.9« 49.28 0.8460 3.33 62.72 936 0.5429 0.5220 0.77 0.60 84T SCO 0.5325 0.68 33.18 0.6431 0.5978 0.50 0.35 738 923 0. 6705 0.42 36.66 • 296 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Speda*. MS. Halesik tetraptera -■•• BatlUbox. Snow-drojp Tree. SUv$r- Mi Tret. Oalieo iTood. OLBACEiE. 189. FnxlnnB OreggU IM. Fnsinaa »nomaU . in. Fraxinns pistaobefoU* . Ath. 193. FnxinDS AmeiiOMik . WkUtAth. 192. FnudnoB Americuia, var. Texenaia . 193. Fraiinns pabescens . Xed Ath. I 275 618 1221 State. Virglnta. Georgia.. 882 25 391 39" 39' 114' 114" li4« 114» 130 144 170 173 175 190 191 212 227' 227« 297' 267' 267« 431 551 728 747 1045 364 937 139 220> Mexico . TTtah ... Locality. 691 I Arizona . Eastern Arizona.. Masaachnsetts. . Uissonri ...do ...do Michigan ...do ...do ...do Sontb Carolina . . iQinoia Ohio ...do ...do ...do ...do Virgin!* Vermont ...do Virginia ...do ...do Tennessee Alabama Pennaylvania Georgia Masaachnaettc. . Texas . ...do. Michigan . Vermont . .. do Carter's feny... Altamaha river . Lampasas monnt- ains. S. B. BncUey . Kane county A. L. Siler . . . . Collector. H.ShriTer A. H. CuTtiu . SoiL Diameter of tree, in meters. Bocky . CUy... Santa Rita monnt- ains. San Francisco monnt- E. L. Greene . ains. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. Acashnet. . Allenton ...do ...do BansTille Hudson Lansing Dansville Bonneau's Depot . Waulcegan Pineo, Daniels Sc Co. Fanners' Friend Manufacturing Co. J.W. Stoddard & Co. Woodsnm Machine Co. B. E, McSherry & Co. Wytheville Charlotte ...do Wytheville ...do ...do Nashville Kemper's mill Williamsport Bainbridge Beading E. A. Dana . Dallas.. Austin . Lanaing .. Charlotte . ... do G. W. Letterman ...do ...do W.J.Beal ...do ...do ...do H."W.Bavenel... Eobert Douglas.. E. B. Barney ...do ...do ....do ...do H-Shriver C.G.Pringle ...do H.Shriver ...do ...do A. Gattinger C.Mohr C.G.Pringle A.H.Cnrtiss — jr.Bobinson J. Bevercbon . CMohr W.J.Beal.. C. G. Pringle ...do Sandy . Low . 0.088 LJITEB8 or OBOWTH. Sap- wood. Siliceona hilla . AUuvial ...do Clay Clay. Wet. Clay. Heart, wood. Gravelly. Swampy. Limestone . AUuvial... Biver-bottom . Dry, calcaieoas . . Rich, calcareous . 0.260 0.215 0.S84 Poor.. Clay.. ...do. 79 95 64 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UIHTED STATES— Continued. 297 SPKCinC QHAVITY DETUBMIItATIONS. ABH DETXBiaHATIOIIS. |Weight,per 1 cubic foot, in pounds (average). Bemarka. 1 Krst. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 1 0.5617 0.5569 0.7778 0.6708 ( 0.6336 I 0.7267 0.6868 0.5911 0.6253 0.6223 0.6771 0.5265 0.7225 0.6606 0.6086 0.6744 0.7631 0.7449 0.7179 0.6470 0.6383 0.6116 0.6157 0.6253 0.6489 0.6097 0.6329 0.6763 0.6449 0.6176 0.6423 0.5599 0. 9131 0.8252 0.7095 0.5066 0.6619 1 9.6455 0.5460 0.6864 0.8030 0.6485 0.62431 0.6656) 0. 7120 0.6682 0.6481 0.5539 0.5717 0.38 0.48 0.97 0.81 ( 0.84 ( 0.44 0.51 0.29 0.33 0.61 0.36 0.38 0.89 0.88 0.88) 0.69) 0.54 0.32 0.34 0.37 0.43 276 0.5628 0.40 85.07 ' 0.7904 0.93 49.26 1221 0.6597 0.85 41.11 0.6626 0.6994 0.71 0.53 591 892 0.6810 0.62 42.43 0.8297 0.6367 0.6223 0.6771 0.4988 0.7225 0.6506 0.6086 0.6875 0.7616 0.7449 0.7148 0.6472 0.8385 0. 6116 0.8185 0.6290 0.8738 0.6097 0.6329 0.6763 0.8449 0.6329 0.6184 0.5786 0.8429 0.31 0.34 0.51 25 "Wnnd from hil]i| not o^nsider^Mt valnaWe 891 All sap-wood . . ............ . 89* 39> 0.4711 0.53 0.60 0.38 0.32 0.36 0.45 0.35 0.39 0 81 0.53 0.60 0.38 0.32 0.38 0.45 0.36 0.39 0.30 114" 114« 114* 114* 0.7005 0.7600 0.89 0.45 0.37 0.39 0.29 130 144 170 0. 7116 0.6473 0.8387 178 175 190 0.24 0.45 0.30 0.26 0.43 0.35 0.44 0.74 0.55 0.37 0.68 0.47 0.56 0.86 0.26 0.21 0.22 0.24 0.42 0.24 0.44 0.30 0.26 0.43 0.85 0.44 0.72 0.52 0.33 0.70 0.43 191 0.8213 0.6326 0.6987 212 227' 227" 267' 287' 267* 0.69 0.48 0.28 0.71 0.39 0.49 0.87 431 0.6481 0.5944 0.5972 0.8141 0.8530 0.6667 I 0.6529 551 728 747 0.8016 1045 • 0.6543 0.42 40.77 0.8391 0.6881 0.53 0.87 864 987 0.6779 0.7636 0.70 47.59 0. 6125 0.6619 0.6455 0.26 0.21 0.22 189 229> 229* 298 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Specie*. a SUte. LocaUty. Collector. SoU. Diameter of tree, in meter*. LATVRs or OBOWTH. Sap- ' wood. Heart- wood. 193. FrsxionB palwsceDS— continaed . IM. Fraiinua rlrldia. OrunAth. IM. Fraxinns Tiridis, var. Berlandieriana. Aah. 105. Fraxinnsplatyrarpa. Water A.th. 106. Fraxinns nuadrangnlata. Bliu Aih. 1ST. Fraxinns Oregana . Ongon Ath. US. Fraxinns ■ambaclfoUa Black A$h, Hoop Ath. Orownd A$li. IW. Foreatlera aenmlnata.. Privtt. 200. Chionanthns Yirginica Fring* Trt. Old Jlan'i Stard. 10S9 67 308 438 M8 S57 1211 G36 66 125 286' 286' 2863 291 423 S18 964 1001 1024 1030 102 122 147 376 616 737 955 276 761 Vermont Uaaaachnsetta . . Uissonri . . . Texaa Tennesaee . Texas ...do do. Alabama. Missonii... Michigan . . Kentucky . ...do ...do Missoari . - . .- do Tennessee . Oregon . ...do ... ..do.. ...do.. Vermont Michigan Illinois Vermont Massachosetts Georgia. ..do... Texas .. Virginia. Florida.. Charlotte . Topsfleld . Allenton Dallas NashTille Victoria Matagorda bay . Austin Stockton. Allenton Lansing Mercer county., ...do ...do Allenton ...do Nashville Portland We idler's saw-mill Portland Furniture Company. do Charlotte . DansTille . . Waukegan Charlotte . . Danrers — Ogeechee river . Bainhridge Matagorda bay - Carter's ferry.. Chattahoochee . . C.G.Pringle. •T-Kobinson.. Clay Biver-bottom . G-W. Letterman. J. Eeverchon A. Gattinger C-Mohr ...do Bich, wet ...do Bich upland . Rich, wet ...do S.B. Buckley C. Mohr . do. Rich, allnvial . G. W. Letterman .. W.J.Beal W. M. Linney .. do ...do G- "W. Letterman . . . ...do A.Gattinger Dry upland — Rich loam Limestone ...do ..do Sandy loam — Bich upland ... Bich limestone - G- Engelmann and C. S- Sargent. ...do Low, wet . do. .do . C.G.Pringle.. W. J. Beal.... Bobert Dongla C- G. Pringle. . J.Bobinson... ■VTet, peaty . ...do Low, wet . . . Wet, peaty . Bich, loamy. A. H. Curtiss . ...do C.Mohr Bich, moist . AUnvial . H. Shriver.... A. H. Cnrtiss . Bich, moist . Clay upland . 0.612 45 0-144 0.184 31 34 0.090 0.138 35 0.355 46 0.236 0.075 0.150 55 0.141 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 299 SPECIFIC GKAvrrr deteemisatioxs. ABH DETKRMIKATIONB. Weight, per cable foot, Kemarks. 1 First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. in ponnds (average). S 0.6459 1 0. 5957 i 0.5685 0.6640 6.5947 0.7350 0.7728 0.7198 0.5774 0.3567 0.8246 0.4929 0.7789 0.8131 0.7489 0.5967 a6897 0.7960 0.6432 a 5314 a4S53 0.6317 0.8209 0.5034 0.6859 0.6485 0.7020 a 7067 0.5629 0.5988 0.6476 a 7160 1 0.52601 0.5489) 0.6701 0.6277 f 0. 64j<» 0.5598 0.20 0.42 0.47 0.54 0.82 0.63 0.82 0.51 0.69 0.63 0.96 0.74 0.81 0.82 0.88 0.78 0.60 0.11 0.73 0.12 0.21 0.62 0.89 0.84 0.77 0.46 0.75 0.65 0.88 0.63 0.39 0.20 0.42 229* 0.41 0.62 0.57 0.80 0.56 0.76 0.56 0.76 0.67 All sap-wood 1059 0. 6251 0.26 38.96 0.6671 0.6112 0. 7350 0.7949 0.7503 0.65 0.58 0.81 0.00 0.79 57 308 All sap-wood 438 0.8217 0.7807 0.5786 0. 3515 0.8440 0.7902 Second and third sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood 948 957 0.7117 0.65 44.35 0.6780 0.64 30.02 1211 0.3541 0.73 22.07 636 0.8343 0.4929 0.7789 0.8131 0.74C9 0.6027 0.6822 0.7960 0.65 0.96 0.74 0.81 0.82 O.M 0.76 0.61 66 125 286^ 286> 286< 0.6086 0.6746 0.90 0.74 0.61 0.43 291 423 518 0.5947 0.6123 0.4736 0.6425 0.6338 0.7184 0.78 46.78 0.6189 0.5719 0.4645 0.6371 0.27 0.73 0.14 0.23 964 1001 0.16 0.24 0.57 Brash 1024 • 1030 0.5731 0.34 35.72 0.6274 0.5034 0.6836 0.6207 0.7243 0.60 0.89 0.86 0.80 0.47 102 122 0.6812 0.5928 0.7465 0.7500 0.5681 0.6002 0.4628 0.7165 0.88 0.83 0.48 0.72 0.72 0.60 147 378 839 0.6318 0.72 39.87 0.7284 0.5756 0.5995 0.74 0.69 0.74 616 737 955 0.6345 0.72 89.54 0. 5552 0. 7191 0.53 0.48 278 0.7259 0.56 751 0.6372 0.51 39.71 300 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Speoles. I s I SUte. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meteia. LATKB8 OF OBOWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 201. Oanumthos Amerioanns . Devil Wood. BOKRA GINAC££. 202. Cordla Sebestena Geigtr Trtt. 203. Cordia BoiBsieri 2M. Boarreria HaTanenaia Strong Bark. 205. Ehretia elliptica Ktittekavray. Anofua. BIGUOXIACEiB. 200. Catalpa bignonioidea Oatalpa. Catawba. Bean Trtt. Cigar Tree. Indian Bean. 207. Catalpa speciosa Weetem Catalpa, 208. ChilopsU saligna . Detert Witlow. 209. Creaoentia oncarbitiiia . Blaek CalalMth n'et. Y£RBBNACEJC. 210. Citbarexvlam TillosiuD Fiddle Weod. 288 844 684 1202 1218 1223 455 1137 827 »42 167 540 744 160 166 171 180 181 182 188 184 210 556 595 1216 488 Loniaiana. Alabama.. Florida ... ...do. ...do. Texas. Florida . ....do... Texaa. ...do.. Ohio Alabama. Georgia. . Miasoori... Ohio nUnois .... Indiana — Tennessee . Missoari... niinoU.... Miasonri. .. ...do Indiana New Mexico. Arizona ...do riorlda. ....do. Amite Cottage Hill Saint John's river . Key West . ...do Brownsville . Upper Hetacombe Key. Key Largo NewBrannfels . Alexandersville . Stockton Bainbridge Charleston Dayton Cairo Wabash river . Obion river New Madrid... UUin New Madrid . . . ...do Vincennea Valley of the TJppor Gila river. Tacson .do. Bay Biscayne do. C.Mohr ...do A. H. Cnrtias . Sich, allnvial. Low, rich Sandy loam . . 0.190 45 19 .do. .do. Coral . ...do. S. B. BacUey . A. B. Cnrtias. ...do Limestone . Coral . ...do . 0.092 45 Department of Ag- ncultnre. C.Mohr Blob, allavial. 0.170 25 & H. Binkley and £. £. Barney. C.Mohr A. H. Cnrtias . Clayey loam . Low, wet Clay G. S. Sargent . E. E. Barney . D.Axtell .... £. E. Barney . Wet clay. CUy — do ..,- 0.238 0.288 17 51 E. P. Hynds and E. E Barney. E.E. Barney Low, alluvial bot- tom, ...do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. ..do. .do . E. L. Greene G. Engelmann and C. S.lSargent. ...do...... Allnvial Moist, gravelly . ...do A. H. Curtiss . Coral . ..do. .do. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 301 ■FBCmC ORAVITI DETKBMIHATIOIIS. ASH DETEBMI1IATI0N8. "Weight, per cnbic foot, in pounds (average). Bemarka. First Second. Third. Average. Piret. Second. Average. 9 U § 0.8156 0.8606 0.7100 0.7740 0.6008 0.6710 0.8280 0.7708 0.6636 0.6274 0.4293 0.4694 0.4426 0.4601 0.4586 0.3897 0.3850 0.4156 0.3900 0.3968 0.4493 0.4535 0. 39U 0.6059 0.5631 0.6003 0.6270 «.877i 0.8652 0.8404 0.8606 0.7322 0.68 0.26 0.43 0.65 0.29 0.43 4.09 4.28 • 3.39 3.20 2.27 1.27 1.41 0.41 0.34 0.37 0.41 0.39 0.34 0.30 0.50 0.42 0.43 0.37 0.34 0.39 0.37 0.41 0.32 1.23 0.64 0.67 0.28 0.43 344 0.7544 First sp. gr. detertnination made on sap-wood ; second Bp. gr. de- termination made on 0.75 sap-wood. 584 0.8111 0.46 50.55 0. 7740 0.6475 4.09 4.36 1202 1218 0.6942 0.6870 0.8248 0.7960 0.6548 0.6302 0.4270 0.4979 0. 4177 0.4446 0.4467 0.3829 0.3878 0.3783 4.43 3.67 3.38 2.28 1.23 1.33 0.40 0.26 0.47 0.30 0.34 0.36 0.32 0.45 0.38 0.47 0.48 0.40 0.38 0.37 0.43 0.32 1.47 0.49 0.7108 4.22 44.30 0.6790 3.53 42.31 1223 0.8264 0.7883 3.29 !!.28 0.7980 2.79 60.31 0.6593 0.6288 1.25 1.37 942 40.13 0.6440 1.31 0.4282 0.4837 0.4302 0.4474 0.41 0.30 0.42 0.38 540 744 27.88 0. 4524 0.4527 0.3863 0.3864 0.4066 0.3900 0.3068 0.4493 0.4635 0.3909 0.36 0.37 0.35 0.31 0.48 0.40 0.45 0.43 0.37 0.39 88 Gnltivated ICO 166 171 0.4260 180 181 From a post 47 years in the ground 182 From a standing tree killed by earthquake in 1812 183 184 0.3907 210 0.4165 0.39 25.96 0.6059 0.6631 0.6015 0.37 0.42 0.32 556 595 0.6026 0.6368 0.864i 682 ■ 0.5902 0.37 36.78 0.6319 1.35 39.38 1216 0.8710 0.52 54.28 483 302 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT ■ Diameter LATEES OF OUOWTR. Specie*. State. I«caUty. Collector. Sou. of treo, in o meters. wood. Heart- wood. 490 82S 828 Florida ....do Bay Biscayne A. H. Cartiss Department of Ag- rlcnltare. ...do Coral 0.158 39 18 Statk Mangrove. Black Tree. Sltuk Wood ....do NTCTAGINACEiE. 1 474 do Upper MetacoDibe Key. A. H. Curtis* • Pigeon Wood. Beef Wood. Cork Wood. Fork Wood. POLTGONACE^. « 473 ....do ... do ....do ... do 0. 150 48 27 Pigeon Plum. 214. Coccoloba uvifera 453 ....do do do 0.214 17 29 Sea drape. LAUKACE.E. 685 do Sflrint John's river .. do Sandy loam 0.188 12 45 Bed Bay. 215. Tcrsea Carolinensis, var. palostris 216. Neclandra Willdenoviana 340 Alabama Mobile county Upper Metaoombe C. Mohr Damp, sandy Coral ...... 0.372 119 47» Florida A. H. Curtiss Lance Wood. 1138 ....do ...do ....do 0.086 27 118< ....do Upper Mctacombe Key. ....do ....do 217. Sassafras officinale 71 387 446 G. W. Lettermnn... do Katea/rat. ....do ....do Alluvial Nashville A. Gattinger C G Prinffle Bich 814 West "Virginia. . . . Massachusetts Missouri ' 854 1163 Danvers Alienton Kichloam .' Low alluvial 0.232 11 68 G. W. Letterman 218. TTmbellnlaria Caliromica 703 887 G. Engelmann and C. S. Sarpent. Department of Ag. ncoltare. Mountain Laurel. Oat\fomia Zaurel. Spice Tree. Cagiput. Oalyfomia Olire. California Bay Tree. California EUPHORBIACE.E. / 210. Drypetes crocea 468 1185 1103 Florida Upper Metaoombe Key. No-Name Key A. H. Curtiss do Guiana Plum. WhiU Wood. ....do do do Upper Metaoombe Key. do do ' 210. Drypetet erooea, var. ]*tifolia 450 1187' ... do do do 0.292 112 52 do . ..do do do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 303 BPKCIFIC GBAVITT DETKBMISATIONB. Afill DETBRMINATIONg. "Weifiht, per cubic foot, in pounds (aveiage). Remarks. 1 Finit. Second. Third. ATcrage. First. Second. Average. 1 1. 0919 0.9066 0. 7074 0.6475 0.9629 0. 9149 0. 6373 0.5977 0.8206 I 0.7980 \ 0.8148 0.7222 0.5030 0.4900 0.4542 0.5266 0.5765 0.4558 0.6326 0.6697 0.9195 0.8918 0.9690 1.0069 0.9048 1.0485 1.8522 0.6762 0.6582 1.0040 0.9998 0.6485 0. 6815 0.7650 0.84821 0.7980$ 0.6787 0. 5210 0.4828 ^ I. 0702 0.9794 0. 6918 1.99 1.71 4.54 7.44 5.25 LU 0.66 0,46 0.82 0.52 0.48 • 0.11 0.08 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.12 0.36 0.55 8.68 3.19 7.07 8.69 7.70 1.12 1.72 4.01 7.79 4.81 1.63 0.85 0.27 0.68 0.59 0.47 9.09 0.09 0^05 0.07 0.23 0.16 • 0.27 0.36 8.16 3.26 6.58 9.09 7.70 1.56 1.71 4.27 First sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood; second sp.gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood. All sap-wood 82S 0.9138 2.51 56.95 0. 6529 7.62 40.69 474 0.9835 5.03 SI. 29 0.9759 First sp. ffr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood ; third sp. gr. determination made on 0.25 sap-wood. 0.9035 1.37 60.04 453 0.6429 0.76 40.07 0.6396 0.37 39.86 0.7928 0. 8147 0.7005 0.75 0.66 0.48 470 1138 1196 0.7693 0.60 47.94 0.5120 0.4864 0.4542 0. 6315 0.6769 0.4644 O.iO 0.09 0.05 0.07 0.15 0.13 71 387 446 0.5363 814 0. 5773 • 0.50S5 854 0.4319 0.6202 0.6840 0.8448 0. 9119 0.9882 0.9390 0.8878 1161 0.9042 0.10 SI. 42 0.6264 0.6769 0.32 0.46 70t 897 0.6517 0.39 40.61 0.8821 0.9019 0.9786 8.37 3.23 6.83 4«8 1185 119* 0.9209 6.14 S7.39 0.9730 0.8903 8.89 7.70 458 nsr 0.9340 8.29 58.24 304 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Speoi««. 1 a sut«. T.oftaUty. Collector. Son. Diameter of tree. iB meten. UlTBBS OF OHOWTH. wood. Heart- wood. 469 1126 1206 lUO 324 929 80> S0> 30« 101 120 134 366 369 429 869 19 202 281> 281' 958 1036 1049 116' ]16« 116» lie* 314 428 183 380 S33 Florida Upper Metacombe Key. A.H.Curti8s ....do Coral 0.U6 30 40 Crab Wood. Poison Wood, ....do ....do ...do ....do ...do ....do Key West ...■do» - ....do 0.129 0.484 36 52 76 Manehinetl. UKTICACE>a:. Texas ....do Dallas J. Severchon C. Mohr Ctdar Elm. ....do Kentucky Mercer county do W.M.Linney . do Limestone BedElm. Slippery Elm. Moote Elm. do do ....do ....do ...do ....do CG.Pringle W.J.Beal.-! G.W.Lettennan.... CG.Pringle ..do Michigan ... . Dansville Missouri Kich, alluTlal .... Vermont Charlotte Gravelly ..... do do . do Tennessee Massachnaetts . . ... do Nashville A.Gattinger J. Kotiinson • C.S. Sargent E. E. Barney G.W.Letterman.... ... do Clay 224. TTlmnff Amf^ri^^ftTiH .. . Amold Arimretnm . S. M. Brown & Co .. Drift 0.561 19 38 WMUElm. AmerieanElm. WaUrElm. Oliio Missouri Alluvial .. do ...do Texas Colorado river DanTers C.Mohr do 0.230 0.160 0.216 17 7 21 5 17 10 ■ Massachusetts ...do Gravelly North Reading Danavillle ...do ...do W. J.Beal do Bock Elm. Cork Elm. Biekory Elm. WMUElm. OlifElm. ....do ...do ...do do do do ... do Hudson .. . - do Alluvial ...do ...do Tennessee South Carolina ... Tennessee Mississippi Kashville A. Gattin&rer do 226. Ulmns alata Bonnean's Depot . . . Davidson county . . . Kemper's mill H. W. Ravenel A. Gattinger C. Mohr do Wahoc. WiJiged Elm. Alluvial 0.244 82 38 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UI^ITED STATES— Continued. 305 SPECIFIC OUJlVITZ dktebhimations. ASH DRTKKMUIA : First. Second. 1 TI0K8. Average. "Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Bemarks. i First. Second. Third. Average. 1 1. 1195 1. 0855 1.0765 1. 1010 0.5600 0.7185 0.7640 0.8358 1.0640 1. 1025 1.0708 1.0921 4.96 1. 82 1.65 5.20 1.05 1.41 1.30 0.79 0.60 0.86 0.82 0.68 1.24 0.12 1.22 1.07 • 0.86 0.40 0.93 0.86 1.04 0.75 0.75 0.42 4.48 1.06 1.82 5.11 I. 03 1.30 1.00 4.72 1.89 1.74 469 1.0900 1126 1.0832 0.5945 0.6286 0.7867 0.8363 0.7062 0.6499 0.5699 0.6769 0.C841 0.6540 0.7330 0.6706 t 0. 7613 I 0. 7978 0.5462 0. 7459 0.6221 0.6299 0.6495 0. 6382 0. 7173 0.8144 0.6846 0.6803 0. 7345 0.7290 0. 7414 0. 8710 0.5979 0.7632 1206 L0906 2.78 67.98 0.5772 5.16 35.97 1110 Aah of a knot, 1.85 0.6736 0.7754 1.04 1.36 324 929 0.7245 L20 45.15 0.8361 0.7062 0.6499 0.5619 0.6769 0.6841 0.7065 0.6817 0.6706 0.7823 1.15 0.79 0.60 0.84 0.82 0.74 1.04 0.12 1.27 0.88 30> 30" 30< 0.5538 0.81 101 120 0.6841 0.7589 0.6303 0.79 0.84 0.11 1.31 0.70 0.82 0.56 ' 134 366 369 420 0.75221 0.8180) 0.5309 0.7287 0.6054 809 0.6966 ■ 0.83 43.35 0.5386 0.7373 0.6207 0.6299 0.6413 0. 6742 0. 7124 0.84 0.48 0.93 0.86 1.02 0.88 0.60 19 202 0.6346 281' 281' 0.6480 0. 7102 0.7085 0.6265 0. 6742 0. 7116 0.09 1.01 0.45 First sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood ; second sp. gr. determination made on 0.75 sap-wood ; tliird ap. gr. determina- tion made on sap-wood. 958 1036 First sp. gr. determination made on 0.25 sap-wood j second and third sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood. 1049 0.6506 0.80 40.54 0.8144 0.6846 0.6400 0. 7345 0. 7430 0. 7414 0.42 116' 116> 0.5996 0.34 0.79 0.59 0.90 1.02 1.14 0.76 0.34 0.79 0.64 0.81 116' 116' 0.7570 0.69 0.72 1.12 1.17 0.72 3H 428 0.8t44 0.0220 0.7860 0.7263 0.60 45.26 0.8627 0. 6100 0. 7746 1.07 1.16 0.74 133 380 533 0.7491 0.99 46.69 20 FOB 306 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT I'ER CUBIC FOOT 1 Diameter LATGIS OF onowTii. SpeoiM. s a SUte. LooaUt;. Collector. Sou. of tree, in S S meters. Sap. wood. Heart- wood. 758 Florida Chattahoochee A. H. Curtiss Rich, alluvial 0.246 38 918 ....do ....do C.Mohr ...do 328. CeltlB occidentalis 69 75' • Missooil ....do CW.Lettennan.... ....do Limestone 0.108 50 Sugarttny. HoMmry. do 75» 306 375 ....do ....do ....do Alluvial Texas Dallas .. do Davidson county . . . Plnm Island A. Gattinger J.Robinson 864 Massacbasetts — Sandy 4 30 873 1111 ....do Salem ,. ...do Uissonri Saint Lonis . . . Henry Eggert O. Enpelmann and C. S. Sargent. 0 132 23 228. Celtia occidentAlis, var. reticxUata....... 652 Arizona Santa Rita mount- ains. Drv Saakberry. Palo Blanco. 229. TicnH anrwi 486 Florida Bay Biscayne A H Cnrtiss Coral 230. Fleas brevifolia 1204 308 ...do ... do ....do ....do ...do ....do Wild Fig. Jndia-Tubber fru. 132 433 G. TV. Letterman... Rti Mulberry. Nashville ....do 450 1106 New Mexico Silver City E. L. Greene S.B.Buckley J. Reverchon S. P.Sharples MoUtclay 0.078 0.008 7 4 25 25 Mexican MUberry. 231. Maclantanrantiaca.-.. 253 421 ... do Dallas Otage Orange. Boil i'Are. Pennsylvania Westchester Clay loam 0.710 3 44 PLATANACE.a;. 235. Platanns occidentalis 21 126 Massachusetts Missouri Arnold A 'boretum. . C. S. Sargent G "W Letterman Dilft 0.680 35 S3 Sycamore. Button Wood. Button-ball Tree. Water Beech. Rich alluvial 195 Ohio Miami valley Carmel river ...do 686 California Clay 0.280 20 Sycamore. Button Wood. 237. Plauniu 'WrlghtU 648 Santa Kita mount- ains. G. Encclmann and C. S. SarRcut. Sycamore. JUGLANDACE.E. rf 16 76' 76« Massachusetts — Missouri Anioid Arboi-c'tum . . C. S. Sargent G. W.Lctttrman... do Drift 0.560 5 50 Butltmut. WhiU Walnut. do .. do Alluvial 123 MicbiKan Dansville AV.J. real Gravelly clay THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITlfco STATES— Continued. 307 BPECinC GEATITY DBTBBMIKATIOXS. ASH DBTEBMINATIOKB. ■Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Kemarks. 1 Firat. Second. Third. Average. Krat. Second. Average. a s i 0. 5735 0.4674 0.7802 0.68.18 0.6592 0. 6910 0.8384 0.7784 0. 7999 0. 6070 0.7400 0.2537 0. C321 0.4680 0.6242 0.5679 0.7169 0.8270 0.7841 0.8551 0.6000 0.C073 0 4986 0.5631 0.5137 0.7419 - 0.5683 0.4906 0.48 0.42 1.89 0.74 0.68 1.70 0.97 1.05 0.89 0.89 1.32 5.17 4.55 4.83 0.77 0.69 0.57 0.79 0.87 0.38 0.35 0.47 0.40 1.17 1.34 0.35 0.49 0.69 0.79 0.48 0.42 1.89 0.48 0.42 All sap. wood 768 US C. pnmila...... 0.5294 0.45 32.99 0.7611 0.6858 0.6592 0. 7274 0. 8170 0.7452 0.7837 0.6504 1.89 0.74 0.68 1.65 0.94 0.90 0.«8 0.92 69 76« 76» 306 875 86* 873 1111 0.7637 0.7956 0.7186 e.7908 0. 6.147 0.7150 0.2605 0.6475 0.4798 0.5993 1.60 0.90 0.75 1.07 0.94 L12 4.88 4.18 5.00 0.60 0,78 0.54 0.82 0.88 0.59 0.32 0.67 0.57 1.05 1.36 O.SO 0.43 0.7385 0.7604 0.6396 0.7287 1.09 45.41 0.7275 L22 45.34 652 0.2616 5.03 16.30 488 0.6388 4.36 39.87 1204 0.4739 4.92 29.53 608 0.6118 0.5679 0.68 0.74 133 433 0. 7157 0.8262 0. 7495 0.7054 0.6111 0. 5748 0.5091 0.4609 0.468S 0.4343 0.4005 0.4355 0.5898 ■ 0.71 36.76 0.7163 0.8260 : 0.7715 0.56 0.81 460 1106 • 0.68 4a 08 ' 0.7668 0.7803 i 0.88 0.43 47.78 48.63 253 Cultivated. First sp. gr. determination made on limb-wood; second sp. gr. determination made on root-wood. 421 0.7736 0.68 48.21 0. C086 0.5911 0.5038 0.33 0.57 0.48 21 126 195 t 0.6678 0.46 35.38 1 0.4880 1.11 30.41 686 Grown at 4 000 feet altitude 0 4783 0.4730 1.35 29.51 648 0.4183 II. 4014 0 4t;;3 0. 4':t3 0. 4o;o 0 .jj$4 0.33 0.46 0.C9 0.70 16 781 76* 1 II ,,',:;■: 0. so.og 12.3 508 Specie J3S. Jnglaas oinore*— contlnned . Joelans nigra ... Black Walnut MO. JuelnnsmpestrU.' Walnut Ml. Carya olivg-formis Pecan. Iltinoi* Kut. FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.-SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT i M2. Carya alba ShcWbarkllickoTy. Shag hark Hickory State. 14S 176 383 1057 112 117 140 209 318 325 407 430 766 034 951 415 872 1227 32i' 322» 328 3 29' 29» 29> 48 118> US' lis* 162 240 422 531 539 816 1058 1097 nUnois Ohio Michigan Mass^ichusetts Hiasonri.. Michigan . Illinois ... Ohio Michigan . Texas Tennessee . Florida . Texas . ...do. Kew Mexico . California Arizona Mississippi . ...do Texas Locality. Waulcegan Barney & Smith Manufactaring Co. Lansing Topsdeld , Massacbusetta .. KentHcliy ...do ...do Missouri Michigan ...do ...do Missonri Virginia Missouri Mississippi ...do "West Virginia . . Massachnsetts. . Missouri Collector. Robert Douglas. E.E. Barney — W.J.Beat J. Uobinson Allenton — Dansville . . Wanliegan. Barney & Smith Manufacturing Co. Lansing Dallas Charlestown Navy- yard. Nashville Aspalaga . Austin New Braunfels . G. W. Letterman Alluvial Soil Alluvial . Grr.velly loam , Drift ■W.J.Bonl Robert Douglas E.E. Barney W.J.Beal J. Keverchon ... S.H.Pook A. Gattinger A. H. Curtisa C.Mohr. ...do... Finos Altos mount- ains. ContraCosta county. Santa Catalina mountains. Greenville . ...do Dallas E.L. Greene .. G.R.Va»ey... C. G. Pringle.. Arnold Arboretum Danville ...do ..do Allenton Hudson ...do Lansing Allenton Wytheville Allenton Kemper's mill ...do Grafton TopsBeld Allenton C.Mohr ...do J. Beverchon . Gravelly. Loam LAYKRS OF Diameter! UROWTII. of tree, in meters. 0.152 Sap- wood. Loam Alluvial . Limestone . Clay Moist, calcareous . ...do C. S. Sargent W. M. Linney ...do ...do G. W. Letterman . . . ■W.J. Beal .. do ....do G. W. Letterman . . H. Rhriver G. W. Letterman . . C.Mohr ...do C.G. Pringle J. Robinson G. W. Letterman . . lloort. wood. 29 87 0.272 0.266 AUavial ...do Allirvial . ...do.... ...do .... Drift Shale ..do ..do Upland Clay ...do ....do Rich upland . Cbiy Alluvial ...do ..do ...do Rich loam . . . Alluvial 0.207 0.313 24 84 23 15 11 25 32 18 37 0.288 0.360 0.250 81 102 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES-Oontinued. 309 SPECIFIC GEAVm DKTEBMniATIOMB. ABB DBTEKlinjAnOSS. Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds Eemaika. (average). 1 i First. Second. Third. Average. First Second Average 0.4394 0.3941 0. 3379 0. 4538 0. 5778 0.5807 0. 5579 0.5025 0.6313 0.5608 0.S75O 0.0376 e 0. 6415 ( 0.6435 0.7830 0.6609 0. 6789 0.6260 0.7258 0.7390 0. 7020 0. 7314 0. 7618 0.9680 0.43S8 0.4023 --, 0. 4391 0. 3982 0.3379 0.4530 0.51 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.63 0.48 0.12 0.63 0.62 1.92 0.60 0.93 ( 0. 78 ( 0.51 1.22 0.71 0.57 0.86 1.15 0.96 0.93 1.33 0.61 0.73 0.86 0.65 0.37 0.28 0.86 1.14 0.87 0.83 0.92 0.79 0.78 0.76 0.54 0.90 0.51 0.44 0.44 0.43 145 178 0.4355 0.5881 0.4698 0.53 0.47 393 . 1057 0.4086 0.51 25.46 0.5830 0. 5807 0.6669 0. 6145 0.0262 0. 5721 0. 5750 0.6376 0.0403 0. 7916 e.6499 0.63 0.48 0.12 0.56 0.62 1 1.96 0.66 0.99 0.68 1.43 0.64 113 0.5559 0.5265 0. 6191 0.5S33 0.12 0.49 1.99 0.69 1.05 0.85^ 0.77) 1.64 0.57 1.09 0.97 1.42 1.18 117 149 208 313 325 407 0.6363^ 0.8400) 0.8002 0.6388 0.6460 0.5611 0.6848 0.6925 0. 6982 0. 7445 0. 7814 First sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood 430 76« 934 0.6753 951 0. 6116 0.79 38.11 0.6670 0.5939 0.7063 0.83 0.91 1.28 67J 1227 Second sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood 0. 6.5,54 1.01 40.85 0.7158 0.7001 0.7380 1.07 0.93 1.40 3231 1.46 0.68 32J» '828 44. 7S All sap- wood #.7180 1.13 0. 7716 0.9680 0.9205 0.9970 0.8255 0.8028 0.7974 0. 8019 0.7871 0.7974 0.7523 0.9033 0. 8711 0.7523 0.0O27 0. 7443 0.60 0.73 0.88 0.65 0.40 0.28 0.66 LU 0.77 0.78 0.91 0.79 . 0.83 0.71 . 0.62 0.90 8 0.9203 29> 0.0859 1.0080 0.8260 29» 48 US' 0.8249 0.43 0.8028 0. 7974 0.8019 0.66 0.93 0.90 0.78 0.88 0.66 0.69 0.00 118> 152 249 42a 531 53» 816 1056 1097 0.80&t 0.7677 0. 7477 . 0. 7756 . 0. 9370 . 0.8692 . 0. 7505 . 0.9035 0. 8051 . 0.8470 0.7289 0.8696 0.8729 0. 7470 0. 8800 0.9245 0.6835 0.8372 0.73 62.17 810 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT BpeolM. Stt. CaryaaolcaU Big ShtU-bark. Bottom SheU-bart. M4. Carya tomcntosa IfoekerXut. Black Hickory. BuUKut. Biff^bvd Hickory. White-heart Hick- ory. King Nut. MS. Carya poToina Pig Nut. Sreum Hickory. Black Hick- ory. Switch-bud Hickory. MS. Caryaaman Bitter Nut Swamp Hickory. MT. Carya myriaticsfonnla. Nutmej/ Hickory. MS. CarvB aqnatica Water Hickory. Svimp Hickory. Bit- ter Pecan. I i a s s o state. 27 91« 91» 336 383 391 I I 10S2 I 1161 1165 1166 1170 52 72 254 289 348 6 SI 88 121 288 442 538 1051 1098 1168 153 401 871 237 129 362 740 917 Kentnoky . ...do ...do Tennessoc . Missouri... ..do ..do . do ..do ..do ..do Loeality. Mercer cooDty. ...do .. do Nashvlllo AlleiitoD ...do .. do ...do ...do ...do .. do..... Collector. do do Kentucky j PeiTy villo . Missouri [ Allonton... do do Alabama ; Citrocelle . . Has»acbu5tetts. . . Missouri ...do Michigan Missouri Teunessee Alabama | Kemper's mill . Massacbuactts .-. ' North Reading Missouri \ Alleuton i do I do ...do .. do MassflcbnsetTS. . ...do South Carolina . ...do Mississippi . GeorKia Florida ...do.... ...do.... Danvers . ...do .... Bouneau's Depot . . ...do VickHburg Bainpridge Chattahoochee. \V. M. Ltnuey .... ...do ...do A. Gatfinger G. W. Lettenuan .. do ...do ... do ...do .. do ... do SoU. Diameter of tree, in meters. Limestone . Alluvial... ...do ...do do .do do do do do do Arnold Atborrtoni . Allcnton .. do Dansvillo Alleuton NasUvillc do Bich nplaod . "W. M. Linney i Utica shale . . G. "W. Lettennan ' Bicb upland . ...do... C.Mobr. ...do.. Sandy . 0. S. Sargent Drift G.W. Lettenuan.... Flinty . . .do ! Bicb loam W.J.Beal I Gravelly clay. G. W. Lettfrman. A.Gattiuger. C.Mobr..... J. Bobiuson G. VT. Lettennan ... ...do I Bich loam . Upland ALuvial . . . Drift Flinty ...do ....do ...do J. Bobiuson. ...do Bicb upland . ...do Bicb loam . . . ...do H. W. Eavenel . ...do C.Mobr A. H. Curtis* , C.Mobr Bich, swampy . Swampy . Alluvial . ...do .... LATEBa or OKOWTII. Sap. Heart- wood, wood. 0.200 0.317 0.364 0.228 0.402 0.277 0.262 47 83 31 18 28 31 55 19 107 18 28 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 311 1 ( SrECinC GIL,\TITT 1 DETEBMntATIOKB. j 1 A8II DETKKMIKATIOXS. WoiRht.per cubic foot, in poiiud» (average). Bemarlu. 1 First. Second. Tliinl. Average. First. Second. Average. s 0. 8791 0.7527 0.7345 0.7654 0.9020 c. aii2 6.8911 0.8827 0.7054 0.8508 0.8024 0.8524 0.8610 0.8334 0.8707 0.68,59 0. 8779 0.7193 0. 7345 0.7654 0. 8815 0.84GS 0. f 934 0. 8840 0. 7122 0. 8470 0.7503 0.72 1.C9 1.04 0.70 0.71 1.09 1.04 27 91» 91* 836 0.8010 0.8424 0.9061 0.8854 0. 6898 0.8432 0.7275 0.8168 0.8709 0.8500 0.7279 0.8462 0.8139 0.89 0.91 0.83 0.81 0.73 0.90 0.84 0.97 1.02 0.72 1.29 0.99 0.60 1.25 0.85 1.68 0.83 0.68 0.82 0.74 1.27 1.15 1.00 0.97 0.94 1.42 1.07 1.31 1.05 L32 0.91 0.92 1.24 0.90 0.84 0.72 0.95 0.71 0.84 1.06 1.05 1.65 1.03 0.60 1.40 0.85 0.96 1.07 0.87 0.83 0.73 0.93 0.78 383 391 0.8831 All sap-wood ^ 1082 0. 7414 1165 1166 0. 7389 1170 0.8108 0.90 50.53 0.8346 0.8660 0.8417 0.7279 0.8389 0.91 1.04 0.89 1.47 1.01 62 72 Second sp. gr. determination made on sap- wood ; second growth 289 0.8316 0.8157 0.8827 0. 9189 0 6803 U.8554 0.7926 0.8530 0.8842 0.8990 0.7470 0. 7814 0.5927 0.7530 0.9208 0.7919 0. 7039 0.7719 0.8248 0.6422 First sp. gr. determination made on 0.6 sap-wood ; second sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood. 348 0.8218 1.06 51.21 0.8148 0.8827 0. 9?40 0.6803 0.8542 0.7926 0.7841 0. 8620 0.8315 0. 7913 0.60 1.33 0.85 1.58 0.77 0.69 0.84 0.75 1.28 1.17 0 61 0.9290 Second sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood j second growth 68 121 0.8530 0.71 0.70 0.86 0.75 1.29 1.19 0.97 0.93 1.03 0.92 1.05 2.03 1.32 1.05 1*17 First ap. gr. determination made on sap-wood ; second sp. gr. determination made on 0.9 sap-wood. 288 442 0.7IS2 0.8481 0.7640 O.'SSS 0.7830 0.5754 0.7142 First 8p. gr. determination made on 0.8 sap-wood ; second sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood. 688 0.8537 1051 1098 0.8913 1168 0.8217 0.99 61.21 0.7822 0.5841 0.7336 0.9208 0.99 0.95 0.99 1.17 153 401 838 871 0.8112 0.7332 0.7700 0.8244 0.6313 0.7552 L03 47.06 0.8016 1.00 49. 90 237 0. 7486 0.7710 0.8246 0.6185 1.67 1.19 1.19 1.04 129 1 1 362 740 0. 5821 917 [ 0.7407 1.27 i 46.16 i 312 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Specie*. 1 State. Locality. CoUector. SoiL Diameter of tree, in meters. LATKBS OF GBOWTH. wood. Heart- wood. HYRICACEiS. M>. Mjrica oorifera S8< 66S 8 20 32' 32» 32» 49' 4»» 49» 113' 113» U3« ISO 160 loe 228' 228» 228» 238 2S0 251 259' 2593 269> 403 443 547 748 749 895 1050 12S7 tno 985 988 1027 1029 87« 37» Florida Saint John'a river . . Santa Cms A.H.Cnrtisa Or. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent C.aSargent V A Dana Sandy loam 0.198 18 22 iai/berry. Wax liyrtt*. no. Uvrica Californica ColifoTBia CDPULIFERB. m. OnfMTTia alba Hassachnsette ... do Arnold Arboretom . Acnshnet Mercer county Boylo county Drift 0.660 12 88 WhiU^Oak. Kentacky .... ....do ■W.M.Linney do Limestone Shite . . do .. do do Shale Missoari do Rich upland ....do ...do ...do .. do . do * do ...do Big Rapids "W J Beal Gravelly 0.374 34 16 ... do do ..do ... do Tllinnia Robert Douglas E.B.Barney do Gravelly clay . • Ohio Pineo, Daniels & Co. Barney St. Smith Manufacturing Ca Champlain valley... Charlotte ... do C.G.Pringle do Clay ... do Gravelly loam . do . . do do . do South Carolina — Virginia Bonnean's Depot . . . Wytheville H.'W.Ravenel H.Shrivor do Clay do do 0.225 • 56 ....do ... do do Gravelly ....do ....do do .. do ....do . do do do Maryland Tennesaee Alab.ima Charlestown ITaTy- yard. Nashville S. H. I'ook - A. Gattinger Kemper's mill Chattahoochee ....do Alluvial A.n. Curties d.0 Clay 0.236 0.248 8 13 48 74 ....do ..do M f! Beedio ....do North Beading Charlestown Navy, yard. Redding \reWler's saw.mill. . 0.203 7 U S n Pook California Gravelly loam — 0.356 15 17 WhiU Oak. Wteping Oat. S6S. Qaercus Garryana......... G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. WiiUOak. ...do Rich loam 0.393 30 82 . do Portland Furniture Company, do do ...do Kentucky ...do do IA4. QaeroQS obtimiloba- BatTOdabi^g ...do * W.M.Linney ...do Shale PoMl Oat. Iron Oak. ... do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 313 BPECmC GHAVITT DKTEEMIHATIOKS. ABH DKTEBMIKATIONS. Woight.per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Bemarks. i First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. i I 0.5639 ( 0. 5723 0.6793 0.7165 0.7970 0.8480 0.6328 OiCSOS 0.««S 0.7826 0.6829 0.6006 0.6852 0. 7017 0.7892 0.7672 a«203 0.8304 0.8670 0.8091 0.7830 0.7874 0.6848 0.7556 0.7069 0.8056 0.7390 •.6549 0.8566 0.7V32 0.8066 0.7672 0.8065 0.55921 0. 5519 ) 0.6613 0.7093 0.8012 0.8451 0.57U 0.5637 0.33 0.37 0.30 0.45 0.51 35.13 588 0.33 0.31 0.25 0.47 0.6703 0.33 41.77 665 ' 0.7129 0.7991 0.8299 0. 6328 0.6305 0.6746 0.7826 0.7107 0.6006 0.6932 0. 7017 0.8314 0.7672 0.6234 0.8304 0.8670 0.8091 0. 7611 0.7647 0.6916 0. 7556 0.7069 0.8056 0. 7414 1.6549 0.8180 0.7647 0.8147 0.7703 0.7669 0.8439 0.34 0.28 0.46 Q 26 a 7965 321 32» 8e> 0.6528 0.37 0.45 0.30 0.37 0.41 0.24 0.47 0.21 0.57 0.39 0.33 0.37 0.43 0.35 0.21 0.43 0.40 0.45 0.30 0.37 0.41 0.21 0.45 0.22 0.01 0.39 0.33 0.37 0.43 0.34 0.23 49i 49^ 0.7385 49* 113' 0. 7012 113* 113* 0.S735 0.42 0.23 0.65 150 169 0.6305 198 228" 228* 228* 0.7391 0.7419 0.6984 0.42 0.33 0.25 238 250 251 2591 0.30 0.37 0.49 1.37 0.45 0.47 0.34 0.33 0.26 0.30 0.37 0.47 1.51 0.37 0.49 0.33 0.35 0.24 259* 259> 0.7437 0.44 1.64 0.29 0.50 0.31 0.37 0.22 \ 403 44S 0.7794 0.7562 0.8228 0.7734 0.7584 547 748 749 Taken from beam in old coort-house at Cambridge, built in 1757. S95 0.7358 1050 1257 0.7849 0.7814 0.6549 0.7478 0.6698 0.8200 0.8768 0.7672 0.8425 0.7600 0.7574 0.7369 0.8008 0.6706 0.25 0.33 0.33 0.37 0.62 0.83 0.74 0.34 0.25 0.33 0.41 0.49 0.7470 0.41 46.35 0.7409 0.30 46.17 670 0.8120 0.7075 0.7585 0.70M 0.29 0.33 0.39 0.56 08& 988 0.7704 1027 102» 0.7458 0.39 46.45 0.8104 0.8765 0.62 0.74 37' 0.5 sap-wood 37» su FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I,— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. 1 e State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LATsns OP OHOWTH. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 2S4. Quercu obtoailoba— continued 37> 151 250 351 771 293 417 525 ii:o 791 79« 79» 7»« 137 143 168 204 310 400 412 432 683 831 832 933 1071 1072 1073 424 545 762 953 12 S4> 64« 64« 840 Kentncky Suutli Carolina . . . HJHSonri Alabama Floiida Xew ^loxico ilo Harroilsburg Bonnean's Depot — W.M.Linuey H. W. Ravenel G. W. Letlerman C.Mobr A.H.Curtiss Shale Clay Citronolle Aspalaga I'indS Alios mount- ains. do do 0.244 0.:64 0.100 38 32 18 88 115 87 365. QniTcna nndnlata, ror. Gambelii Senib Oak. Gravelly barrens . do Engelraaiin's cation . Santa Eita mount- ains. Mercer county do Eobert Douglas Rocky Kentucky do W. M. Linney do Alluvial . --. Burr Oak. Mofayeup Oak, Over-cup Oak do ... do ... do do .. do ..do do do ... do Missouri Illinois G. AT. Letterman... Uobert Douglas — E E. Baniev "Waukegan WoodsiiTu Machino CompaDy. Barney & Smith Manufacturing Co. Dallas Rich Ohio ...do... m .. do J. Eeverchon G. W. Letterman C.G. Pringlo A. Gattinger Rich, moist Alluvial 0.528 13 120 Charlotte Clay Tennessee Alluvial do Winnebago county . do M S Bebb ....do .. do ... do Texas C. Mohr Alluvial C G Prinffle .. do . do . do .. do do- do tSl. Qaercus lyrata Tennessee Mississippi Florida Xasbville A. Gattinger C.Mobr Overcup Oak. Swamp Post Oak. Water WhiU Oak, Kenipoi's mill CIiattabo(tcliec Matagorda bay Arnold Arboretum.. feUuvial 0.339 0.2BC 19 20 73 70 . do C.Mobr .... 268. Quercns blcolor Massachusetts C.S.Sargent G.W. Letterman.... do Drift a 305 ' 8 60 Swamp ^\'hiU Oak. Alluvial .. .. ....do ....do do ....do ..do .. do do Massachusetts West Xewbury Low, swampy 0.206 6 80 ♦ THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 315 BPKCIFIC GRAVITY DETKUUUrATIOSS. ASH DKTERMINATIOXS. Weight, per cubic foot, iu pounds (average). Bemaiks. 2 a g Firet, Secoud. Thinl. Average. First. Second. Average. o 0. 8439 0.8920 0. 8522 0.7888 0.8543 0.8382 0.8080 0.7684 0.9487 0. 7070 0.7205 0.7275 0.6426 0.8469 0.8280 0.C440 0.0458 0.7722 0.6183 C.8630 0.7271 0.9229 0.6842 0.6107 0.7605 0.7740 0.7845 0.7598 0.8060 0.7802 0.8050 0.0790 0. 7552 0. 8616 0.6833 0. 7114 0.8404 1 fc^ 0.8459 0. 8991 0. 8359 0. 7702 0. 8187 0. 8367 1.56 0.79 0.46 0.52 0.63 1.50 0.79 0.49 0.53 0.76 37' 0.8882 0.8190 0.7516 0.7942 0.8362 0.7748 0.7894 0.9052 0. 9170 0.79 0.52 0.53 0.88 151 256 351 0.8072 771 62.14 0.79 0.8472 0.8097 0. 7789 0.9270 295 0.7862 0.78 1.08 1.10 0.96 0.66 0.70 1.18 0.41 0.60 0.31 0.37 1.08 0.60 0.26 0.74 1.18 0.78 0.98 Lll 0.45 0.32 0.44 0.59 0.22 0.23 1.72 0.20 0.39 0.98 0.98 0.27 0.79 1.37 0.80 0.79 1.23 0.95 417 525 1130 0.8407 0.99 52.39 0.7070 0.7205 0.7275 0.6363 0.8469 0.8278 0.6416 0.6318 0.7944 0. 6297 . 0. 8363 0.7271 0.9387 0.6977 0.6591 0.8018 0.7729 0.7929 0. 7515 0.96 0.66 0.70 1.18 0.39 0.70 0.32 0.40 1.00 O.CO 0.27 0.75 1.32 0.74 0.96 1.15 0.46 0.39 0.40 79' 79» 0. 7275 0.6300 79» 79* 0.37 0.9i 0.32 0.43 1.03 0.60 0.27 0.75 1.46 0.70 0.93 1.18 0.46 0.45 0.35 0.50 0.23 0.18 1.44 0.28 137 0.8276 0.6383 0. 6177 0.8106 0.6411 0.8496 143 168 204 810 400 412 432 C.9S43 0.7112 0.7075 0. 8402 0.8087 0.7924 0.7630 0.7863 0.7502 0.7649 0.9390 583 From fence-post 6 years in the ground 831 Old fence-post ■. 832 0.8047 0.7360 0.8018 0.7317 933 1071 1073 1073 0.7453 0.71 46.45 0.7962 0.7652 0.7850 0.9790 0.58 0.23 0.21 1.58 424 643 702 953 0.7315 0.8628 0.8313 0.65 51.81 0.7434 0.8622 ., 0. 6833 0.7114 0.8307 0.27 0.39 0.98 0.98 0.29 12 64< 54> S4« 0.8186 0.8330 0.31 846 0.7662 0.58 47.75 316 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPEOIFIC GEAVITT, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. I SUte. Locality. Collector. Soil. I LATXBS OF Diuneter, ohowtb. of tree, In meter*. | Sap I wood. Heart- wood. 259. Qncrcns Michanxii Batbrt Oak. C 34' 58 '273 287 323 514 588 850 088 (01 700 Sonth Carolina . Alabama Florida Eentncky . ...do ...do ...do Tennessee . Alabama . . Kentacky ...do ....do ...do Missouri ...do ... do Texas Tennessee Texas , Hasiachusetts. California . .. dc. ....do. 419 Ifew Mexico. I 098 I Arizona 1146 ....do 1148 935 1103 404 79B ....do. Texas . ...do. Florida . ...do... Bonnean's Depot Kemper's mill ... H. W. RaTcnel . C.Mohr Chattahoochee A-H.Cnrtias Boyle county . .. do ...do ...do Nashville Cullman W. M. Linney. ..do .. do ...do A.6attinger.. C.Mohr Harrodsbnrg . . . Mercer county. Boyle county . . Mercer county.. Allcnton ...do ...do Dallas Nashville Dallas ' J. Eeverchon Boxford ' J. Kobinson. . W. M. Linney ...do ...do ...do G. W. Letterman . .. do ...do J. Beverchon A. Gattinger Contra Costa county, G. E. Vasey Ban Disf o ooumty. San Gabriel ...do G. Engelmann . SilverCity E.L.Greene. Santa Bita mount- ains. ...do do. Austin. ...do.. Charlestown Navy- yard. Saint John's river. . G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent C. G. Pringle .de. C.Mohr S. B. Bucldey. Alluvial. ...do... ...do.... 0.322 0.200 Shale ...do...". ...do Limestone Bocky upland.. Dry.rooky 0.430 Limestone "Waverly shale. trtica shale Poor, hilly Limestone Flinty Calcareous Alluvial ...do Damp Clay. Dry, gravelly . ...do Dry, rocky. ...do...... ...do .do. Damp, calcareous. ..do 8. H. Pock.... A. H. Curtiss. 0.220 0.304 0.212 a 101 Sandy I 0.238 22 12 32 34 84 10 s» 10 38 40 39 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. Ot? DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 317 enSCIFIC OBA VIT7 DETKBMIMATION8. ASH DETBBMINATI0N8. Weight, per cubic foot, in pnnnds (avemge). Kemarks. a a First Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. -J 0 7674 0.8312 0.7704 0. 8090 0.7102 0.6C59 -. 0.7993 0.7979 0. 8145 0.33 0.67 0.38 0.36 0.33 0.48 0.57 0.35 0.40 0.57 0.37 240 0 S'^SS 524 755 0.8039 0.45 50.10 0.7126 0.7114 0.6604 0.7726 0.8308 0.6870 0.8368 0.36 0.33 31' 0.6549 . 31' 0 7726 31« 0.70 1.94 0.40 1.60 1.49 0.39 1.62 1.39 1.16 0.64 1.25 1.43 1.38 0.43 0.80 C 4.62 ( 2.28 0.99 1.22 2.57 1.32 0.51 \ 1.80S 1.82- 1 0.87 1.93 0.49 1.40 0.79 1.94 0.45 0 687U 434 0 8550 0.8185 0.8419 926 0.7499 0.77 46.73 0 8401 0.8410 0. 7951 0.8712 0.9643 0.6546 0. 8893 0.8446 1.0484 0.8671 0.9294 0.7605 1.45 1.49 0.44 1.62 1.32 1.24 0.61 1.17 1.46 1.30 0.43 28 0. 7951 34< 0.8712 0.49 • 34' 0 9643 34' 0 6366 0.6525 0.8548 0.8644 1.0728 0.8760 0.9405 0.7458 0.7898 ■ 1.0790 1.1660 0.8374 0. 9S)5 * 1.25 1.31 0.57 1.09 1.49 1.22 0.43 0.88 4.68) 1.31 1.26 3.33 1.19 0.53 58 0 9237 273 0 8*^48 287 1.0210 823 0.8392 614 0 9163 588 0. 7652 0.7706 868 0.8805 1.14 63.03 0 9958 0.8928 0.84 55.64 688 1.01691 1.0882) First and second sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood C 1.0078 1.0486 0.8397 4.07 1.15 601 ( 0. 9493 700 0. 9171 0.9807 1.1340 0.9430 0. 9762 0.8648 0.8703 58.84 0. 5 sap-wood 0. 9441 2.61 0.9236 0.9897 1.1143 1.24 2.93 L26 419 698 1.0945 0. 9538 0.80001 0.869o5 1.0835 1143 1.0092 1.82 62.89 0. 9479 0.53 59.07 1148 0. 5 sap-wood 0. 8775 1.0238 0.9607 1.75 1.82 935 ' 1103 59.25 X.035C 0. 9005 1.78 1.033C 0. 8977 404 0.8949 . 1 1.23 1.21 1.22 7U'J 318 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Species. 287. Querciu Tinns— continued 2«8. Qiiercus cbryaolepis Lice Oak. Maul Oat. Valparaito Oak. 269. Qnercas Emoryi Slack Oak. 270. QnercUB aprifolia £»«a>o Coait Live Oak. 271. Qncrcns WlBlizenl Live Oak. 272. Qnercns rubra Std Oak. BUuk Oak. 272. Quercos rubra, ror. Tezuia lied Oak. 278. Qnercns cocciuea SearUt Oak. 274. QunrcuK tinctoria Black Oak. Tettow-lark Oak. Qutr. dtron Oak. TeUovi Oak. i 019 tit 574 649 653 5S4 663 677 7 45' 45' 89 92' 92* 149 141 146 197 215 216 217 218 653 866 920 1043 931 23 752 17 36' ."itP SUte. Alabama. Texas.... Oregon California . ....do Arizona . California. ..do. Massacbusetts. Eentnoky ...do Locality. Mobile county .. Matagorda bay . Collector. Soil. C. Mohr . ...do.... Saw-mill, Asbland . San Bernardino Marin connty Santa Kita mount- ains. Marin county . Auburn. Arnold Arboretum Mercer county ...do Missouri Allenton Kentucky Mercer county . . . do do Michigan Dansville . .. do Illinois Ohio Vermont .. do .. do ...do Alabama Massachusetts. . Mississippi Massachusetts . Texas . Massachusetts. Florida Massachusetts. Kt-ntucky .. do ...do Waukegan. Barney & Smith Manufacturing Co Charlotte ...do ...do ...do Kemper's mill .. Dan%'ers Entorprise Murth Reading . G. Engclroann and C. S. Sargent. W. G. Wright G. R. Vnsey G. Engolmann and C. S. Sargent. G. R. Vasey . G. Engelmann . Aostin. Hingliam . Aspalaga . Arnold Arboretum Danville Jtmctiou . ...do C. S. Sargent ■W. M. Linney .... ...do G. W. Letterman , W. M. Lhiney .... .. do W. J. Beal ...do Robert Douglas. . . E. E. Barney C. G. Pringle ...do ..do ...do C. Mohr J. Kobinson C.Mohr J. Robinson , C. Mohr . T. T. BouTd.. A. H. Curtias. C. S. Sargent .. W. M. Liuncy . ...do Rich, sandy. Sandy loam Gravelly. Dry, rooky. Loam. Drift Shale ...do Rich loam . Alluvial ... Limestone . Sandy ...do Gravelly... Gravelly. ...do .. do .. do AUuvlal., Drift .... Alluvial. Drift Calcareous. Light, sandy . Clay Drift . Shale . .. do Diameter of tree, in meters. 0.247 0.534 0.149 0.368 0.230 0.118 0.230 0.630 LATiBs or GBOWTU. Sap. wood. Heart- wood. 73 40 38 13 IS 97 27 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES-Coutinued. 319 BFECIFIC GBAVrrr DBTBRMISATIOSS. 1 Aeii 1 DETEEMlSATIOiS. Weight, per riihic foot, _ in pounds Remarks, (aveiajje). ■ 1 rirst. Second. ! Thirf. j Average. First. Second. Average s 0.8225 1.0090 0.7888 0.8830 1 0. 8787 C 0.9975 \ 0.9201 0.8290 ( 0.7936 \ 0.8018 0.S381 0 5186 0.5169 0.7480 0.5809 0.7516 0.6410 0.59J2 0.7481 0.6316 0.6423 0.6807 0.6669 0.C7C5 0.6:i89 0.6636 1 0.5244 U.7130 ! 0.9142 1 0.7111 i a7C67 0. 73tM 0.G863 1 0.9330 0.9709 0.7592 0.8827 0.9033 0.90191 0.8855) 0.8216 0.77881 0.7657) 0.6440 0.5910 0.6251 0. 8778 0.9900 i 1.25 1.09 i 0.80 0.33 0.73 ( 1.86 } Z61 1.21 ( 0.94 ( 0.96 0.14 0.46 0.43 ^ 0.27 0.47 0.15 0.20 0.23 0.22 0.16 0.27 0.20 0.20 0.33 0.37 0.07 0.25 0.14 0.93 0.11 0.22 0.13 0.21 0.31 1 1.30 0.76 0.62 0.34 0.79 2119 2.78 1.34 0.981 1.18) 0.10 1.27 0.93 919 954 ' 0.9501 1.14 59.21 0.7740 O.R«l>9 0. 8910 0.71 0.34 0.76 1 574 1 649 653 Second sp. gr. determiiULtiou made on sap-wood 0.8493 0.60 52.93 0.9263 2.36 57.73 594 0.8253 1.28 51.43 0.7855 1.02 48.95 0.6411 0.5548 0.5710 0.7480 0.5899 0. 7515 0.6410 0.5952 0.7498 0.6366 0.6710 0.6994 0.6768 0.6807 0.6489 0.6487 0. 5424 0.6952 0.12 0.46 0.43 0.27 0.47 0.15 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.17 0.25 0.22 0.23 0.33 0.36 0.11 0.23 0.17 451 453 89' 0.47 02' 0. 7512 0. 7510 92< 0.21 0.24 0.31 0.17 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.32 0.34 0.14 0.21 0.19 0.78 0.16 0.28 0.08 140 141 0.7514 0.6615 0.6997 0.7090 0.6867 0.7029 0.6589 0.6252 0.5604 0.6806 0.9018 0. 7079 0. 7762 0.730S 146 197 215 216 217 218 653 0.6573 866 920 0.6920 10431 0.6 sap-wood 0.6546 0.28 40.75 0.9080 0.85 56.59 931 0.7095 0. 7715 0.14 0.25 23 75» 0.7405 U. 19 46.15 • 0. 7335 0. 0863 0. 7205 0.11 0.21 0.31 17 3C1 II.-205 ! ' 3«» 820 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Specie*. State. Locality. Collector. Soa Diameter of tree, in meters. LATKM OF OBOWTH. Sap- Heart- wood, wood. S74. Qnerciu tinctoria— oontinued- 376. Qnercns KelloggU Slack Oak. 276. Qnercns nigra Black Jack. Jack Oak. 277. Qnercua falcata Spanith Oak. Red Oak. "378. QoprcxiB Catesbgei Turkey Oak Scrub Oak. Forked-leaf Black Jack. Black Jack. 279. QiiercuH paluatris t'in Oak. Swamp Spanith Oak. Water Oak. 280. Qnercus aqnatica Water Oak. Duck Oak. Pottum Oak. I'unk Oak. 281. Quercua laarlfulia . Laurel Oak. 282. QnercaB heterophylla- BartratrCt Oak. 283- Quercus clnorea Upland Willow Oak. BlutJaek. Sand Jack a** 41 74 86 244 247 437 921 628 963 268 339 131 245 265' 265' 265» 548 342 Kintacky . Miasoari. . . ...do ..do Virginia... ...do Tennessee . Alabama . . Danville Junction . Allenton. ...do ..do WythevlUe ...do Nashville Cullman Oregon . ...do... Missonri.. Alabama . Allenton . . Citronelle . South Carolina - Virginia ....do ....do ...do Mississippi Bonneau's Depot. . ■Wytheville Carroll county ..do ..do Kemper's mill 47 282 349 511 742 756 801 1171 Alabama . Florida . . . Missonri . ..do.... Alabama . . Tennessee . Georgia Florida . .. do... New Jersey . Alabama Cottage Hill . Aspalaga Allenton. ...do.... Cottage Hill . TuUahoma... Bainbridge . . Saint John's river . .. do Mount Holly . Citronelle "W. M. Linncy.. .. G. W. Letterman. .. do ..do aShriver .. do A. Gattinger C.Mohr Slate HUly Bich upland . ...do Clay ... do ...do Sandy Saw-mill, Ashland . . Engene City G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. G.H.Collier G. W. Letterman. C.Mohr H.'W.Eavenol H. Shriver ...do ...do ...do .#. C.Mohr ...do A. H. Curtiss . G.W. Letterman. ...do C.Mohr A. Gattinger.. A. H. Curtiss . do. do. S. P. Sharpies . C.Mohr CUy... Sandy . Bich loam Clay ...do Bich loam . Barren, sandy . ...do Rich, allnvial ...do Sandy loam. ...do Alluvial Sandy loam . ..do CUy Pine.barren. 0.165 0.224 0.301 0.350 0.310 0.240 0.329 17 62 18 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 321 SPKCIFIC GEAVITI DBTKHMDCATIOSS. ABH DETEEMINATI0N8. ■Weight.per cubic foot, in ponnds (average). Bemarks. re First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. a 0.7749 0.7596 0.8014 0.7192 0.5070 0.7164 0.6765 0.6622 0.6565 iV 0.7749 0. 7474 0.8014 0.7192 0.5123 0.6875 0.6765 0.6898 0.18 0.17 0.22 0.28 0.44 0.14 0.35 0.59 0.18 0.33 0.96 1.41 0.27 0.27 0.15 0.22 0.25 0.29 0.85 0.90 0.65 0.92 0.45 0.82 0.35 0.48 0.93 0.19 1.27 0.18 0.16 0.21 0.23 0.54 0.15 0.36 0.65 36> 0.7352 0.14 0.19 0.18 0.63 0.15 0.37 0.70 0.21 0.30 0.92 1.32 0.27 0.33 41 86 0.5175 0.6586 244 247 437 0.6972 0.6582 0.6322 0.7492 0.7192 0.7003 0.6780 0.7100 921 ( 0.7045 0.28 43.90 0.6573 0.6297 0.20 0.32 628 0.6273 963 0.7304 0.7309 0.6892 0.5701 0.6613 0.7334 0.6556 0.8052 0.6679 0.7906 0. 6917 0.7480 0. 7167 0.7084 0.7237 0.7474 0.8146 ( 0. 6818 \ 0.6882 0 6502 0.6435 0.26 40.10 0. 7398 0.7261 0.94 1.37 268 All sap-wood .. .- 339 0.7324 1.1. 45.64 0.6948 0.6241 0.6613 0.7334 0.6556 0. 7874 0.27 0.30 0.15 0.22 0.25 0.29 131 245 265' 265' 265' 0.7696 0.6736 0.7854 0.6465 0.6890 0. 7149 0.7202 0.7624 0.7076 0.7995 0.68341 0.6802) 0.6337 0.28 0.80 0.90 0.57 1.07 0.39 0.84 0.19 0.46 1.41 0.14 1.15 548 0.6928 0.25 43.17 1 0.6708 0.7880 0.83 0.90 342 770 0.7294 0.87 45.45 0.6691 0.7185 0.61 1.00 47 Second growth • 282 0.6938 0.81 43.24 0.7158 0.7143 0. 7431 0.42 0.83 0.27 349 511 742 0.7244 0.61 45.14 0. 7275 0.47 1.17 756 0.8071 0.7673 801 0.82 47.82 0.6834 0.17 42.59 1171 0.6420 1.21 40.00 S62 1 21 FOR S22 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT BptdM. i a g 8 I Stftte. Locality. Collector. Boa Diameter of tree, in meters. LATKB8 or OBOWTH. wood. Heart- wood. at 40> 40« 40» SO 135 S12 687 T2» 678 18 258' 258» 258» 616 727 868 « 44* ts> 5S« 119 765 853 U 87 870 877 1047 46 78' 78« New Mexico Finos Altos mount- Santa Blta mount. Earrodsbnrg ....do E.L. Greene G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent W. M. Linney ....do DTy,Tooky ....do 0.203 49 20 Eentaoky ....do ntica shale ShingUOak, Lawrtl Oui, do ...do ....do ....do do UiBsouri Allen ton ......... G.W.Letterman.... ....do Rich, moist ....do ....do Tennessee California ...do Tullfthoma A. Gattinger G. R.yasey Moist, siUceooa... GnTelly 0.184 0.400 15 25 85 WiOovi Oak. Peach Oak. 287. Qnercns densiflora Marin county Mendocino county . . Hot Springs Arnold Arboretum . Tanbark Oak. ChatmU Oak. Peach Oak. A. KelloesF Chinquapin. 289. Castanea pamila «..,.. ...... Arkflnnas G.W.Letterman.... C.S.Sargent H.ShriTer Sandy loam Drift 0.615 0.666 Chinquapin. 200. Castanea vnlgarU, rar. Americana Che$tnuL Massachusetts Virginia 34 42 Moist ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do .. do Tennessee Pennsylvania Masaachnsetts ... do KaahTille A. Gattinger C. G. Pringle ■WUliamsport O.UO 0.1tO 4 9 21 26 281. Fainu fetmcdnea Arnold Arboretum . Mercer county ....do C.S. Sargent 'W.M.T.inney do Drift . '^_^«""K"" Kentucky ...do Hudson Kiver shale, do ...do ....do do do ...do ....do ....do ... do Michigan DansTille W.J.Beal Florida Chattahoochee Hamilton A.H.Curti8S do 0.272 82 Massachusetts do do 202. Ostrya VirfonicA Arnold Arboretum. . C.S. Sargent G.W.Letterman.... Drift 0.285 0.085 26 35 M Hop Hornbeam, Iron WootL Lever Wood, Massachusetts — ....do Eich loam Eocky Danvers ...do do Riohloam ...do North Heading ....do 0.190 62 14 Missouri G.W.Letterman.... W.MLinney ....do Hornbeam. Blue Beech, Water Beeeh, Iron irood. Kentucky ....do Mercer county ...do Trenton limestone. ...do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DKT SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 323 BPECmC GBATITT DKTBBIUKATIONB. ABU DETSBHIIIATIONS. "Weigat,per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Bemaiks. 1 First. Second. Third. Average. JFiret. Second. Average. O 0.7826 C 0. 7774 ( 0. 8208 0. 7402 0.7234 0.8332 0.7517 0.7200 0.7532 0.6650 0.5520 0.5698 0.3829 0.4720 0.4718 0.4494 0.4693 0.4663 0.4613 0.6663 0.6200 0.C343 0.799S 0.7150 0.7619 0.6897 0.7017 0.7608 0.8919 0.8512 0.8491 0. 7818 0.7657 0.7264 0.7526 0.8304 • 0.8065 0.7952 1.27 C L21 \ 1.64 0.23 0.85 0.79 0.22 0.23 0.51 1.55 0.35 0.12 0.10 0.26 0.21 1.27 1.35 J 1.42^ 1.27 1.41 416 » 0.5 sap-wood 0. 7735 0.7394 0.8089 5 599 0.8009 1.34 49.91 0.7398 0.7234 0.8332 0.7439 0.7243 0.23 0.65 0.79 0.28 0.21 40* 40* 0.7360 0.7285 a 7412 0.7004 0.5627 0.6078 0.3827 0.34 0.18 0.48 1.41 50 135 0.7529 0.43 4&92 0.7472 0.50 46.56 612 0.6827 1.49 42.55 687 0.6574 0.35 34.74 729 0.11 0.12 0.5887 0.12 36.69 578 0.8828 0.4720 0.4716 0.4494 0.4693 0.4455 0.4621 0.11 0.26 0.21 18 258' 258* 258' 0.18 0.18 0.14 0.34 0.75 0.70 0.57 0.54 0.31 0.47 0.29 0.34 0.49 0.63 0.65 O.Sl 0.78 0.80 1.34 0.21 0.17 0.12 0.33 0.20 0.17 0.13 618 0.4247 0.4594 0.6556 727 0.4656 888 0.4504 0.18 28.07 0.6610 0.6200 0.6343 0.7992 0.7175 0.7112 0.8729 0.6904 0.34 0.75 0.70 0.57 0.54 0.35 0.47 0.34 9 Bed beech 44> Bed beech 44' ■White beech 55* 0.7200 0.6605 0.6560 0.6825 0.7638 White beech 65< 0.38 119 765 0.6870 0.38 0.37 0.67 0.86 0.51 0.39 0.80 0.79 First and second sp. ^. determinations made on 0.5 sap-wood ; third sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood. 853 0.6883 0.51 42.80 0.7622 0.8919 0.8690 0.8440 0.7842 0.36 0.58 0.60 0.63 0.46 11 87 0.8402 0.8296 0.7940 0.7711 0.8870 0.8534 0.7768 870 877 1047 0.8284 0.60 51.62 0.7684 0.7264 0.7516 0.78 0.80 1.34 40 73' 0.7604 78' 324 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT SpMle*. i 1 State. LooaUty. Collector. Soa Diameter of tree, in meters. LATSRS OF OROWTH. wood. Heart- wood. VS. CaipiuQB Cmolintaoa— continaed 77 872 1038 10 848 223 224 226 722 836 990 1065 1066 1067 528 629 155 230' 230' 843 1068 1069 1070 18« 398 841 842 1184 4 221 844 Miaaonri G.W.Lcttennan.... Eioh, alluvial Xkjw, ricli 0.052 22 Maaaaehosetta — ...do T*RnT4*rs ....do ....do BETULACEiE. ....do Arnold Aiboretam . . Danvers - C.S. Sargent J. Aobinson ....... Drift 0.170 0.196 10 16 28 33 White Sireh. Old-field Birch. Gray Birch. ....do Gravelly vriforA Vermont ... Charlotte C.G.Pringle do Canoe Bireh. White Sireh. Paper Bireh. ...do ....do do do ...do ... do ....do Montana.. Sereno Wataon 'W'et Maaaachnaetta Alaska 0.234 0.188 20 67 Chilcoot inlet Charlotte ... Vermont C. G. Pringle ... do do . . . . .do ...do ....do ....do -' 306. Bi^tnlft oocidpntallfl Colorado Engelmann's canon. Strawberry valley . . Charlotte Bobert Douglas G. Eogelmonn and C. S.Sargent, C.G.Pringle ....do Wet, sandy Black BircK California Wet. neatv ^ Sn. Betalalntea TeWna Bireh. Gray Birch. ... do do Clav ..do ... do do Gravelly Maasnchaaetta ....do 0.160 34 C.G.Pringle ....do do do do do ....do ....do ...do ....do Miaaoori ...do G. W. Lettetman ... do ... Red Bireh. River Bireh. . do Alluvial MassacliuBetta ....do North Andover ....do 0.192 0.214 30 32 8 ....do ....do G. W. Letteiman ... C.S.Sargent C.G.Pringle J.Bobinson TM. Betolalenta Maaaachnaetta — Arnold Arboretam . . Charlotte Drift 0.362 12 61 Cherry Bireh. Block Bireh. Sweet Bireh. llahogany Birch. Maaaaehosetta — ...do 0.118 41 22 I / THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 325 SPECIFIC GKATITT DETEBMIXATIOKS. ABH DETBBMIHATIOXB. Weight, per cubic foot, in poonds (average). Bemorks. 1 First. Second. Third. Average. First Second. Average 1 0. 7691 0.7014 0.7080 0.5361 0.6330 3.4594 0.6021 0.6G86 0.6240 0.6290 0.6081 0.6801 0.0002 0.6894 0.5880 0.6543 0.5759 0.7647 0.6416 0.7032 0.6468 0.6380 0.6697 0.5608 0.3654 0. 5910 0.6049 0. 65.56 0.7656 0.7344 0. 8115 0.6907 0.7085 0.6804 0.7137 0.6896 0.7249 0. 7079 0.6927 0.60 0.88 0.65 0.32 0.28 0.24 0.30 0.25 0.25 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.26 0.26 0.18 0.44 0.29 0.33 0.60 0.16 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.30 0.27 0.38 0.38 0.44 0.16 0.25 0.26 0.62 0.93 0.65 0.27 0.28 0.24 0.31 0.22 0.22 0.19 0.25 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.18 0.37 0.20 0.56 0.91 0.60 77 872 loss 0.7286 0.83 45.41 0.5361 0.6160 0.30 0.28 10 0.6088 0.4757 0.5979 0.6207 0.6096 0.6260 0.6060 0.6227 0.5665 0.5908 0.6183 0.5777 0.6237 0.S061 First and third sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood All sap-wood . 8W 0.5760 0.29 35.00 0.4676 0.6000 0.6297 0.6168 0.6316 0.6070 0.6380 0.5837 0.5849 0.24 0.31 0.24 0.24 0.20 0.25 0.27 0.25 0.24 2» 224 225 722 83« sm 10«» 1068 lOCT First sp. ffr. detei-mination made on 0.5 sap- wood; second sp. OT. determination made on 0.75 sap-wood. 0.6395 All sap-wood 0. 6112 0.5843 0.5745 All flftp-wood 0.6955 0.26 37.11 0.6032 0. 6028 0.18 0.41 528 0.67W 0.5 sap-wood - 0.6030 0.30 37.68 0.5998 0.7047 0.6416 0.7101 0.6445 0.6369 0.6494 0.26 0.33 0.60 0.20 0.27 0.25 0.27 161^ 230* 230> 0.7200 0.6283 0.6472 0.6543 0. 5721 0.5508 0.5759 0.6976 0.5836 0.7604 0.6945 0.8160 0.7080 0.6573 0.6256 0.6382 0.25 0.25 0.22 0.27 0.31 0.31 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.20 0.32 0.33 8a 1068 106^ ma a6S53 0.31 40.84 0.6665 0.6531 0. 5827 0.5996 0.5793 0.31 0.29 0.38 0.38 0.42 188 All sap-wood From butt : Sap-wood S98 0. 5811 0.5965 0.6988 811 From top of trunk: Sap-wood 842 1184 0.6762 0.35 35.91 0.7979 0.7145 0. 8128 0.18 0.29 0.30 4 221 0. 8109 BM 0.7617 0.26 47.47 326 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AWD WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT I St«ts. Loaality. Collector. Son. iDirmeter oftne, iB I meten. LATKU OF OBOWTB. wood. Heart- wood. SOO. Alnna maritiisa BtuideAUir. Ml. AIniurabra Alder. 302. AIniu rbombifoUk Aldtr. 303. Abas oblongifolia Alder. tM. Alnas semlsta Black Aider. Smooth Alder. 106. Alniu incana SpetOed Alder. Hoaru Alder. Black Alder. SAIIOACKJt. too. Salixnien Black waUm. 307. Salix amygdaloide* WiUev. 308. Salix Isvigata WUltnc. 3001 Salix lasiaodis waiou. 309. Salix lauaodrs, nir. lanclfoUa too. Seliz iMiaadra, var, Fendleriuia ao. Salix longifoUa .Sand.lMr WaUnc. 310. Selix loDgifoUa, vor. exiffoa . 800 810 on lags m vn fill oil 374 233 8S6 toe ni \P» tm U74 Delaware . ... do Adger'smin.. Pepper'* mill . W.lLCaobT . ...do Uoiat. sandy loam. ..do 0.106 a Wasbiiigtan ter- ritory. Oregon Sitka..; Pnyallnp Portland Fnmitare Company. PaolSchnltM .. O. Enpelmann i C. S. Sargent do Uontana. Miaaoola. Drain Sereno Wataon . C. 8. Sargent... Califotn^. SanBemardino W.G. Wright Alabama.. Georgia.. Stockton Altamaha river. Vermont Maaaaebnaett*. Hineabnigb. Danrera — C.Uohr A.H.CDrtiaa . Vet Moist loam . Wet.. Damp. CO.Prbigle : Wet J. Bobinaon do Vermont Sbelbome | C.G.Pringle. Maaaacbnaetts I Topsficid I J. Bobinson I Wet, sandy . AlhiTial .... Utah Colorado. ...do.... Salt Lake City. Ca&onCtty.... ...do California | Santa Cnu. do do M- E. Jones ; Clay . S. Weston — ...... O. Engelmann and ' Moist, sandy. C. a Sargent. C.L Anderson. ...do... Oragon . UWi. Texaa . Strawberry valley . Portland G. Engelmann and Moist, rich. C. S. Sargent F.Skinner Alia vial ... City Creek cafion . Bockford M.KJonea Gravelly. M.&Bebb Matagorda bay ' C. Mobr . Moist, saline . oiioe 0.202 0.130 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STAlTES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OP THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 327 trmcTWJC OBAvm DETEBJasATioiig. Ata I>CTBBiaiIATI0X8. Weight, pel cabio foot, in pounds (average). Bemarlu. i i a FbnU Second. TUrd. Arerage. Fll»t Second. ATCTSge. a 4988 0.4923 0.4922 0.4855 0.4829 ( 0.4560^ 0. M27 5 0.4172 0.4138 0.4714 0.4573 a4029 a4860 0.4327 0.4790 a4aM 0.4689 0.4612 o.4 272 « 272' 4U 1035 157 847 622 554 159 981 State. Oregon . Maasachnsetts. New York yew Mexico . Montana XTtah Waslungton terri- tory. Oregon . Nebraska . Iowa California . Oregon . Colorado. ...do.... ...do.... Vermont. Maasachaftetts . Teimont Massachnsetts. Tennessee . Alabama. . . Vermont., Alaska . . Locality. Month of Willam- ette river. Topsfleld.. Ellenburg . Finos Altos moant- nins. Fattee's ca&on, Mis- soula. City Creek oa&on . . Seattle. ■Winchester bay . Brownsville . Sioux City... Santa Cmz. Sanvie's Island . Alpine ...do ...do Charlotte . Danvers . Charlotte . Danvers . . Nashville. Stockton.. Shelbnme Chilcoot inlet. ' Collector. Joa. Howella. J.Bobinson.. J. H. Sears... E. L. Greene . S. Watson . . . M. E. Jones . . 6. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. .do. E. W. Pumas . W.G.Wright.. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. Jos. HowoUs . T. S. Brandegee. ....do ...do C. G. Pringle... Sou. Diameter of tree, in meters. Alluvial. Loam — ... do.... Bich, moist Moist, gravelly . Moist, sandy. Sandy saline. AUuvial. ...do.... Sandy loam . Alluvial. J. Bobinson ■ C. G. Fringle . J. Bobinson . . A. Gattinger . C. Mohr C. G. Fringle . FauiSchultze. Damp . ...do. ...do . Moist. . Gravelly. Sandy loam . Gravelly Alluvial. ...do.... Sandy loam . Alluvial a 091 0.080 0.160 0.148 0.117 0.128 0.187 0.220 LATBB80F OBOWTU. Sap- wood. 22 18 17 41 Heart- wood. 10 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 329 SPECIFIC GEAVITT EETEEMIHATI0N8. ASH DETKRMIKATIONS. Weight, per cubic foot, in poands (average). / Bemarks. 1 Fiist. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. s 0.4326 ( 0.4930 \ 0.4434 0.3974 0.4912 0.5234 0.4923 0.5320 0.5471 0.5750 0.6393 0.5704 0.5011 0.3785 0.S579 0.3569 0.4880 C 0.4184 \ 0.4227 0. 5119 0. 4205 0.4023 0.4115 0.3524 0.3843 0.4545 0.41841 0.4643) 0.4319 0.4397 0.49 0.48 0.36 0.79 0.36 0.67 0.43 0.33 0.49 0.72 LOl 0.67 0.76 0.72 0.50 0.49 0.37 0.68 0.42 0.72 \ 0.34 0.32 0.44 0.71 0.95 0.52 0.50 27.40 1148 0.4548 0.3974 0.49 0.37 859 1225 0.5081 0.4953 0.4707 0.5.504 0.5229 0.5683 0.6450 a5323 0. 5133 0.4261 0.43 26.55 0.4997 0.6094 0.4815 0.74 0.39 0.70 641 721 888 0.4969 0.61 30.97 0.5412 0.39 33.73 972 0.5350 0.32 33.34 966 0.5716 0.6422 0.47 0.72 1175 1180 0.5734 016069 0.59 37.82 0.5587 0.98 34.82 669 0.5072 0.59 31.61 1161 0. 3785 0. 3579 0.3569 0.4951 0.4278 0.76 0.72 272' 272' 272 » 0.5021 0.42551 0.4446) 0.4872 0.4416 0.4113 0.4106 0.3404 0,3768 0.31 0.43 0.31 0.39 0.43 0.47 0.70 0.00 0.72 0.40 0.31 0.41 411 1035 • ' 0.4032 0.55 25.13 0. 4996 0.4268 0.43 0.46 157 0.4182 0.45 0.74 0.90 1.12 0.39 847 0.4632 0.45 2&87 0.4068 0.4110 0.72 0.90 522 554 All sap-wood 0.4089 0.81 25.48 0.3464 1 0.3806 0.92 0.40 159 061 0.3635 i 1 0.66 22.65 330 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Specifts. state. Locality. CoUeetor. Soil. LATKBS OF Diameter] obowtu. of tree, in meter*. Sap wood. Heart- wood. (21. Popnlns balsamifera, var. oandioaos . . 822. Fopnlna aninistifoltB. Jttaek Cottonwood. 823. Popnlns tricbocarpa 1012 [Oregon. Black Cottonwood. Baltam Cottonwood. 1 1028 ....do... 1054 &62 Massacbnsettfl . Colorado 824. Popnlns monilifera Cottonvmod. Necklace Poplar. Caro- lina Poplar. Big Cottonwood. 325. Papains Fremontii . Cottonwood. 825. Popnlns Fremontii, var. Wlslizeni . Cottonwood. White Cottonwood. CONIFEE.a;. 326. Libocedms decurrens White Cedar. Baetard Cedar. Cedar. Incente Cedar. Pott 827. Thaya ocoidentalis WTUte Cedar. Arbor-vita. 328. Thnya eigantea Bed Cedar. Canoe Cedar. 829. Cliamiecyparls sphfflroldea . WhiU Cedar. 1S9 234 255 304 309 764 646 579 634 662 104 379 782 783 790 792 796 874 1099 Ohio Vermont. Missouri.. ...do... Texas .... Florida . . Topsfleld Maniton Springs — Saint John's Barrel Factory, Portland. Portland Fnmitnre Company. Barney and Smith Manufacturing Co. Chorlotte J. BobinFon BobertBoaglas. Giavelly . _ . Sandy loam . 0.208 0.098 F.Skinner f... G. FnKelmann and C. S. Sargent Allen ton ...do Dallas Chattahoochee . E. E. Barney C. G. Piingle G. W. Letterman. ...do J. Eeverohon — A.H.Curtiss ... Altavial . ...do .... ...do .... ...do.... ...do ... California.. do. Sacramento valley . . San Bernardino . . G. E, Vasey . . . W.G.Wright. .do do. 0.806 0.250 0.444 do. do. .do. Saw-mill, Straw- berry valley. do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do Saw-mill, San Ber. nardino monntaine. W. G. Wright. Vermont ....do ITew Bmnswiok ...do Province of Quebec ...do ....do Maine Wisconsin Monkton . ...do C.G.Pringle. ...do Cold, peaty. ...do 1017 Oregon . 102r ....do... 350 850 851 Alabama Massachusetts . ...do ...do Bridgeton . Amqui Intercolonial rail- way. Ed. Sinclair A. Grant Grand Tmnk rail- way. do Mattawamkeag . Ean Claire J. Bobinson... H. C. Putnam Weidler's saw.mill, Portland. Portland Fomitore Company. Cottage Hill . Beverly ...do ...do G. Engelmann and C. S.Bargent. ...do Drift CMohr J. Robinson. ...do ...do Sandy, wet . Swampy ...do ...do 0.172 0.298 11 10 5 20 16 19 11 19 71 20 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPEGIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 331 BPBCnnO OBAVITT DBTBSUIHATIOKS. ABH DBTIBJnXATIOMB. Weight, per cubic foot, ^ . . . in ponnds Eemarks. (average). 1 Krat. Second. Third. Average . First Second. Average. 1 0.3859 0.3942 0.3511 0.4163 0.3817 0.3939 0.3315 0.3201 0.4706 0.4355 0.6490 a48Sj7 0.3891 0.3428 0l4S8« 013048 0.2847 0L3284 0.3163 0.3016 0.3452 0.3108 0.3584 a 3121 0.3090 0.3460 0.3337 0.3105 0.3038 0.2990 0.4221 0.3881 0.3656 0.3937 0.3946 0.3302 0.3444 0.3231 0.4778 0.4632 0.4655 0.4176 0.3830 0.3769 0.4596 0.3021 0.2870 0.3275 0.3275 0.3007 0.2880 0.3104 0.3529 0.3232 0.4178 0. 3.M1 0.3447 0.3644 0.3036 0.3091 0.4301 0. 4161 j 0. 48 0.82 1.47 1.66 1.34 0.68 1.18 0.83 1.09 0.69 0.77 L17 0.03 0.13 0.08 0.29 0.29 0.49 0.39 0.29 0.36 0.43 0.39 0.37 0.12 0.24 0.94 0.17 0.13 0.11 0.43 0.75 0.87 LIS 1.43 a94 0.92 0.79 0.96 0.60 6.46 25.93 Cnltivated. First and second sp. gr. determinations made on sap-wood. 1054 0.3912 0.79 24.38 0.3567 0.3578 0.4050 1.17 1.37 1012 1028 0.3814 1.27 23.77 0.3882 0.3621 0.3.180 0.3216 0.4742 0.4494 1.39 0.81 1.05 0.81 1.03 0.65 199 234 256 304 309 754 0.4597 0.4860 All sap-wood 0.3889 0.9« 24 24 0.4914 0.77 30.62 659 L09 0.04 0.17 0.05 0.25 0.29 0.51 0.44 0.31 0.44 0.37 0.34 0.38 0.14 0.19 0.90 0.16 0.11 0.13 0.4621 1.13 2^80 044 0.3861 0.3599 0.4591 0.04 0.15 0.06 679 634 662 0.4017 0.08 25.03 ! 0. 3035 0.2859 0.3280 0. 32:17 0.3012 0.3166 0.3106 0. 3603 ' 0.3177 0.27 0.29 0.50 0.42 0.80 0.40 0.40 0.37 0.88 0.3272 783 790 79'> 796 0.3697 874 1099 0.3164 0.87 19.72 1 0.4087 0.3506 0.13 0.22 1017 1021 0.3796 0.17 23.66 0.3892 0. 32';7 0.3085 0. 3536 0.92 0.16 0.12 0.12 350 0.3081 0.3182 0.4527 850 851 852 0.3322 1 0.33 20.70 332 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPEOITIO GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Species. Chamieojnparis Nutknensis Tettow Cypren. Sitka Cypreu. 831. Gbamfficy paris Lawsoniana •... Port Or/ord Cedar. Oregon Cedar. White Cedar. Lawton't Cypreu. Ginger Pine. 332. Copressna macrocarpa. , Monterey Cypren, 333. Cnpressua Goveniaiia . 335. Cnpressas Gnadalnpensla . I 836. Jnniperus Callfomioa Juniper. 338. Juniperns Callfomlca, var. TJtahensis . Juniper. 337. Jnniperus pachyphlcea . Juniper. 338. Jnnipems oooidentalis Juniper. 338. Jnniperus occidentalis, var. monospenna Juniper. 338. Juniperns occidentalis, tar. conjagens. Juniper. 339. JuniperusYirginiana. lied Cedar. Savin. Mi 1000 701 707 675 691 1100 798 1149 1220 887 655 592 624 420 527 U02 14 327 734 800 837 024 loss State. Alaslsa BriUsli Columbia Alaska ...do Oregon . ...do... California . Locality. ...do. ...do. Eastern Arizona. Arizona California . Utah . Kew Mexico.. Arizona ...do California . New Mexico. Colorado Texas . ...do.. Sitka Saw-mill, Victoria . Peril strait Woidler's saw-mill, Portland, Oregon. Bean & Co.'s saw- mill, Marshtleld. ....do Monterey . Marin comity. Calistoga Massachusetts. Texas Florida ...do Massachusetts. Florida Massachusetts San Francisco mount- ains. Santa CatiUina mountains. San Bernardino county. Lewiston . SilverCity Santa Bita mount- ains. ...do Treka plains . Collector. Paul Schultze G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent Paul SchuTtzo G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. .do. do. .do. G.ILVasey.. W.F. Fisher. E. L. Greene . . C.Q.Pringle. ...do M. E. Jones . E. L. Greene G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do soa -do. SilverCity Manitou Springs. ■ . Austin . ...do... Arnold Arboretum . Dallas Chattahoochee — Saint John's river Danvers Chattahoochee Topsfield E. L. Greene Bobert Douglas. C. Mohr S. B. Buckley . C. S. Sargent . J. ReTerchon . A. H. Curtiss. ...do J. Robinson .. C. Mohr J. Bohinson . . Gravelly loam . Dry ridges. ...do Bocky . ...do.. Gravelly. ...do.... Stony Gravelly. ...do.... .do. Stony Gravelly. Limestone . ...do Drift Calcareons . ...do Sandy loam . Drift Alluvial .... Drift Diameter of tree, in meters. 0.283 0.234 LATSRB OF aBOWTH. Sap- wood. 95 36 0.072 0.175 0.134 0.230 0.484 0.203 Heart- wood. 55 22 19 16 12 64 28 49 37 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 333 BPKCIFIC GRAVITY DETEKMINATIONS. ASH DETEEMIHATI0N8. Weight, per cubic foot, in ponnds (average). Bemarks. i First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. 0. 4011 0. 4987 0.5356 0.4555 0.43S6 0.4380 0.«2fl0 0.4492 0.4620 0.4648 0.4826 0.O09 0.5504 0.5744 0.5085 0.5185 0.9724 0.7329 0.6768 0.448« ' 0. 5010 0.5166 0.4686 0.4487 0.5259 0.6263 0. 4733 0.4910 0.4643 0.5272 0.6255 0.5539 0.6965 0.5619^ 0.5321 J 0.5807 0.7440 0. 6935 0.6967 0.6840 0.6046 0.4493 0.5310 0.4727 0.4693 0.4705 0.4937 0.4248 0.4999 0. 5261 0.4621 0.30 0.29 0.29 a 39 0.07 0.08 0.55 0.41 0.54 0.43 0.41 0.77 0.47 O.U ( 0.07 \ 0.08 0.12 0.68 0.89 0.45 0.39 0.15 0.12 0.16 0.13 0.16 0.16 0.09 0.37 0.34 0.34 0.36 0.12 0.09 0.59 0.34 0.32 0.32 0.38 969 983 994 1000 0.4782 0.34 29.80 0.4422 0.4819 0.10 0.09 701 707 0.4621 0.10 28.80 0.6261 0.67 39.02 976 0.4613 0.4765 0.35 0.38 691 0. 47 i 0. 51 1100 0.4617 0.4689 0.38 0.61 0.73 0.51 0.16 0.071 0.09$ 0.12 0.68 0.86 0.47 0.63 0.14 0.14 0.17 0.08 0.14 0.12 0.09 0.45 29.22 0.4636 0.5049 0.41 0.46 798 1149 0.4843 0.44 30.18 0.6282 0.75 39.15 1229 0.5522 0.49 34.41 887 0.6355 0.5302 O.U 0.08 555 692 692 0.5829 O.U 36.32 0.5765 0.12 33.93 624 0.7385 0.6852 0.68 0.88 420 627 0.7U9 0.78 44.36 0.6967 0.6846 0.46 0.46 939 0.6750 0. 5112 0.4585 0.5455 0.4901 0.4804 0.4838 0.5290 0.6948 1102 0.6907 0.46 43.04 0.5079 0.4539 0.5433 0. 4814 0.4743 0. 4761 0. 5111 0.14 0.13 0.16 O.U 0.15 0.14 0.09 11 327 0.5533 734 800 0.4733 0.4740 0. 5107 837 924 1065 0.4926 0.13 30.70 334 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT 8p«cle 8S4> S23 1212 1218 1214 «57 066 878 710 711' 711« 712 713 714 715 878 805 «2 277 661 1 164 208 222 723 777 C.Mohr Alluvial £ald Cypru: Black Cyprtu. Bed Oypra: WhiU Cyprtu. Oteida- eiu Cypru: ....do Otia&Co.,Baw-mill. ....do .. do ....do ....do ... do .. do Little Bock O. W. Letterman ... ....do ...do ....do ....do ....do Florida Chattahoochee A.H. Curtiss ... 0.514 55 230 Department of Ag- ricnltore. do 1 Alahama Stockton C.Mohr AlIuTial do ....do BayoQ La Battery . . Tulare county do ...do AJlnvlal 341. Seqnoja gigantoft CaUfomla ....do G. Eugolmann and C. S. Sargent. do Granite BigTru. ...do U2. Sequoia Bemperrixeiia do Santa Cmz ....do C. S. Sareent Bedwood. do . .do Turner, Kennedy iShaw. do do do do do Mendocino county. . . do ...do do do do do .... do ....do do 343. Tazos brerifoUs G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. A.H.Curtiss C.S.Sargent A. H. Curtiss G R "Vasey Moist, rich 0.279 8 45 844. Taxua Floridana Florida ........... Slat Creek Yew. US. Torreya taxifolla do Chattahoochee do AUnvial ' Stinking Cedar. Savin. do Calcareous Stony 0.284 0.361 0.516- 12 20 19 78 1 73 51 341. Torreja Californica Califorziia Maaaacliasetts — Marin county Arnold Arboretum . "Woodsum Machine Company. Bamoy &. Smith Manu facturing Co. Charlotte Oalsfomia Nutmeg. Stinting Cedar. 847. Piniu Strobns C.S. Sargent Drift White Pine. Weymouth IHne. do do ... C.G.Pringle do "Wet BwamnT Pennsylvania WiUiamenort Intercolonial rail- way. t THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DRY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 335 8FBCIFIC QaiVlTT DETEBMIKATIOKB. ASa DETEEMIMATIOHS. Weight, pei cnbio foot, in poands (average). Bemarks. [ First. Second. Third. Average. First Second. 1 Average. 0.4559 0.5114 0.6017 0.4682 0.4683 0.4159 0.2444 0.2362 r 0.3442 0.4282 0. 4599 ( 0.4112 0.3860 0.4123 0.4878 ( 0.3234 \ 0.3236 0 W24 0.3788 0.4242 0.3063 0. 4912 0.3015 0.3610 0.5226 0.4827 0.6390 0.6340 0.6034 0.4728 0.4823 0.3946 0.3481 0.3400 0.4880 0.3690 0.3600 1 0.4442 0.4896 0.5224 0.4545 0.5031 0.4094 0. 2013 0.2394 0.3656 0.3705 0.5022 0.4336 0.3750 0.4957 0.4904 0.32021 0.3289$ 0.2523 0.3965 0.4281 0.4444 0.4562 0.2982 0.3612 0.4714 0.5181 0.65S3 0.4501 0.5005 0. 5121 0.4614 0.4857 0.4020 0.44 0.35 0.66 0.38 0.34 0.27 0.56 0.55 f 0.39 I a48 0.50 0.51 0.36 ( 0.64 ( 0.41 0.50 0.12 0.16 O.U 0.14 0.06 0.18 0.17 0.10 0.22 0.20 1.08 0.25 1.27 O.U 0.13 0.22 0.23 0.18 0.23 0.40 0.31 0.52 0.45 0.29 0.36 0.42 0.33 0.69 0.42 0.32 0.32 635 542 643 681 682 741 894> 8S4> '' 0.3808 Tod of knpA 0.4072 0.3805 0.4540 0.4801 0.44 0.50 0.52 0.37 l^ext ontside of precedini; ■ One tree. • do 0.50 0.53 0.37 0.501 0.33) 0.64 0.23 0.19 0.3492 Outside of tree SOnetroe: White cyprese < Heart-wood ) ( Black cypress . . . 1213 1213 1214 0.4543 0.42 27.65 0.3240 0.2524 0.44 0.67 657 666 All aap-irood 0.2882 0.60 ia20 0.3877 0.4262 0.4204 0. 4737 0.2099 0.3611 0.4970 0.6004 0.17 0.18 0.U 0.14 0.09 0.17 0.17 0.12 073 710 711' 711" 712 713 714 71S. Wood from tou of tree O.U 0.15 0.16 a 13 0.22 0.22 1.38 0.21 1.40 0.10 0.17 0.20 0.21 0.12 0.30 0.6230 0.4208 0.14 26.22 0.6391 0.22 39.83 978> 0.6340 0.21 39.51 305 0.536* 0.4447 0.4690 0.4106 0.3459 0.3418 0.6461 0.3850 0. 3140 0. 6702 0.4588 1.23 0.23 62 27T 0.5145 0.73 32.06 0.4760 1.34 29.66 651 0.4026 0.3470 0. 3409 0.5670 0.3770 0.3373 0.16 0.16 0.21 0.23 0.15 0.26 J 164 208 222 723. 777 1 336 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I,— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Specie*. 1 State. LooaUty. Collector. Sou. Diameter of tree, in LATERS OF OBOWTH. 1 metem. Sap- wood. Heart wood. 788 Bridgeton Ed. Sinclair. 789 FroTince of Que- bec. do A. Grant 797 lOM Orank Trunk rail- wa.v. Drift 0.215 15 16 975 987 British Colnmbia . Hasting's saw-miU, Bnrrard inlet. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent C.S.Sargent Q. Engelmann and C.S. Sargent. White Pint. 638 668 Saw-mill, Straw- berry valley. Sugar Pine. ....do 780 .. do Lassen's peak Sierra Lumber Com- panj', San Fran- cisco. 819 913 Forest City T. S. Brandegee A. Triple 0.S02 38 120 WhiUPine. Monitor range Silver Mountain val- ley, Fraser river. . do 351 Piniifl ftlbioanlis » 992 British Colnmbia . G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. 0.484 60 160 352 Pinns reflexa ... ... 697 602 661 Santa Bita mount- ains. Pinos Altos mount- ains. Santa Eita mount- ains. ...do Rockv WhUe Pine. New Hexlco ArizoDa G. Engelmann and C.S. Sargent 65G San Diego county. . . Pinm. ifutPine. 1226 Santa Catalina mountains. C. G. Pringle Nut Pine. 365. Pinna edulis 397 Cafion City Gravelly 0.284 30 79 Fifum. Nut Pine. 823 882 Eastern Arizona. . Utah San Francisco mount- ains. Lewiston ....do Pifum. Nut Pine. H.E. Jones Bockv 0.104 19 66 881 900 91S Eastern Arizona.. California San Francisco mountr ains. Department of Ag- nctilture. Danville 677 631 California Scott mountains G. S. Sarf^nt. 0.368 76 309 821 914 Forest Citv T S Brandecee 0.460 44 136 FoxtaUPine. Hiekory Pine. Nevada Prospect mountain . . Barney &■ Smith ManufacturingCo. A, Triple Rooky SSS. Finoa reainosa 194 Michigan E.£.Bamey ...... . lUd Pine. Norway Pine. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OP DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 837 8PKCIFIC GKAVITI DETBEMINATIOSS. ASH DETERMINAIIONS. Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Eemarkfl. 1 First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. a 0.3991 0. 3624 0.3903 0.3503 0.4291 0.3684 0.4066 0.3782 0.3153 0.4965 0.4209 0. 4233 0. 4729 0.4986 0.4869 0.5628 0.6695 0.5813 0.6000 0.4499 0. 6140 0.5715 0.5585 9.M34 0.5580 0.4997 0.6149 0.4872 22 0. 3970 0.3463 0.3725 0. 3513 0.4102 0.3554 0. 4014 0.3889 0.3201 0.4031 . 0.3980 0.3543 0.3815 0. 3485 0.20 0.19 0.21 0.10 0.26 0.15 0.17 0.29 0.22 0.20 0.35 0.30 ( 0.24 (0.27 0.30 0.54 0.88 0.57 0.78 0.67 0.72 ■ 0.89 0.41 ( 0.41 ( 0.38 0.18 0.42 0.33 0.20 0.19 0.21 0.12 788 0.19 0.22 0.13 0.28 0.21 0.16 0.25 0.24 0.20 789 797 0. 3438 1044 0.3854 0.19 24.02 0.4197 0.3619 0.27 0.18 975 Cut at 3,800 feet elevatiom 987 0.3908 0.23 24.35 0.4040 0.3835 0.3177 0.17 0.27 0.23 638 668 730 0.4526 Second sp. gr. determination made on sap. wood. Cot at elevation of 10,000 feet. All sap-wood 0.3684 0.22 22. 9« 0.4507 0.4209 0.20 0.35 819 913 0.4097 0.5253 0.4961 0.4696 0.5721 0.6330 0.8963 0.3563 0.4644 0. 7617 0.5230 0.23 0.241 0.20 5 0.27 0.4358 0.28 27.16 0.4165 0.27 25.96 992 0.50521 0.4847 5 First sp. gr. determination made on aap-wood < 0.4971 0.4783 0.24 0.28 697 «02 661 0.4877 0.26. 30. 39 0.6675 0.64 35.37 656 0.92 0.68 U.65 .■ 0.77 0.72 0.76 0. (.512 0.90 40.58 1226 0.6388 0.62 39.81 397 0. 5781 0.4572 0.6878 0.5473 0. 5585 0.5658 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.83 0.41 823 882 891 900 915 0.5409 0.5476 0. 3319 0.52731 0.411 0.42) 0.18 0.68 35.26 0.5434 0.40 33.86 677 Third sp. gr. determination miide on wkp-wood 6.U 0. 4671 0.4996 0.6149 0.18 0.42 821 914 0.4838 FOB 0.18 0.5572 0.30 34 72 0.4855 O.20 194 r 333 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table L— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT ^Mles. i B 0 a State. Locality. CoUector. SoiL Diameter of tree, in meters. LAYKBB OF OBOWTB. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 315 413 779 785 1074 1075 1076 996 1144 1154 1155 1156 619 026 630 632 636 689 718 731 907 910 1007 578 633 867 / 693 664 097 293 563 625 571 644 Michigan Hersey W. J. Beal Charlotte C. G. Pringle Intercolonial rail- wa.v. Clay ....do Vermont Charlotte ....do C G. Prinele ....do ... do ....do ...do do CaUfomia San Diego connty. . . Santa Kita mount- ains. ....do G. Engelmann C.G. Pringle ....do 0.234 82 8 360. Pinas Arizonloa ........................ Rooky XeliowlHne. ....do ... do ....do ....do ....do do do ...do do do Eobert Donglns G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. Yellow fine. Bull Fine. Oregon Saw-miU, Ashland.. Str-awberry valley . . ....do California ....do Low, wet, swampy ...do Oregon Saw-miU, Ashland . . ....do California Saw-mill, San Ber- nardino. Saw-mill, Missoula.. Lassen's peak Cafion City "W. G. Wright California Sierra Lumber Com- pany. E. Weston Colorado ....do ....do • ....do California ....do Saw-mill, San Ber- nardino. Scott monntains do W. G. Wright G. Engelmann and C. S. S-.irgent. BuU Pine. Black Pint. ....do ....do California S.'vw-mill, San Ber- nardino. Santa Kita monnt- aina do W. G. Wright 1M3i Pinntt OhihnftYiTimift Arizona G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. Dry, gravelly ...do 0.610 102 53 do 864. PiBos contorta ., BritishColumbia.. VancouTcr's island G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. T. S. Brandegee ....do Scrub Pine, Moist, sandy loam. ....do 0.269 43 23 Tamaraek. Blaek Pine. Lodge-pole Pine, iSprueePine. ....do ....do California Scott monntains — G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. G. E. "Vaaov . ..do tM. Plnns Sabiniana do l>iggtr Pine. BtM Pine. do Contra Costa county Gravelly 0.312 43 I \ THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMEJfS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 339 SPECIFIC GEAVITr DETEBMINATIONS. A8H DETEBMINATIONS. Weight.per cubic foot, iu pouuds (averaRO). Bemarkii. 1 g First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. i 0.5450 0. 5121 0.4555 0.4250 0. 4627 0. 4931 0.4892 0.4650 0.5360 0.5066 0.4567 0.4168 '0.4877 0. 4552 0. 4571 0.5264 0.4184 0.5144 0.3972 0.4284 0.4676 0.4376 0.5521 0.4561 0.4985 0.5982 e.U84 0.5226 0. 5709 0.3550 0.4291 0.4204 0.4528 0.4988 0.5416 0.4537 0. 4911 0.4631 0. 4752 0.4922 0.4582 0. 5119 0.5079 0.7844 0.4204 0.3864 0. 4813 0.4419 0.4152 0.5350 0.4240 0. 5265 0.4479 0.4437 0. 5305 0.4459 0. 5412 0. 4520 0.5075 0.5274 U. 5780 1 0.5239$ 0.5985 0.3551 0.4267 0. 4711 0. 4531 0. 5312 ♦ 0.5433 0. 4829 0. 4733 0.4441 0.4869 0.4899 0.4777 0.4854 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.39 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.38 0.14 0.21 0.19 0.25 0.27 0.38 0.38 0.31 0.34 0.23 0.40 0.28 0.58 0.45 0.30 0.22 0.23 0.29 C 0.37 ( 0.41 0.21 0.36 0.26 0.37 0.43 0.40 0.24 0.24 0.29 0.34 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.15 0.20 0.26 0.24 0.26 0.41 0.36 0.30 0.43 0.23 0.36 0.25 0.40 0.45 0.33 0.20 0.36 0.24 0.37^ 0.40$ 0.16 0.29 0.25 0.37 0.41 0.35 0.22 0.24 0.29 0.37 0.27 0.28 0.28 815 413 779 785 0. 5227 0.4845 0.4858 0.4860 1074 First and third sp. gr. determinations made on 0.5 sap-wood; second sp. gr. determin:ition made on sap-wood. Second sp. gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood; third sp. gr. determination made on sap-wood. First and second sp. gr, determinations made on sap-wood 1075 1076 0.27 30.25 a 4879 0.35 30.40 996 0.5220 0.6455 0.4461 0.4016 0.14 0.20 0.23 0.24 1144 1154 0.4611 1155 1166 0.5038 0.20 31.40 0.4845 0.4485 0. 4362 0.6307 0. 4212 0. 5204 0.4225 0.4360 0.4990 0.4417 0.5466 0.27 0.40 0.37 0.30 0.39 0.23 0.38 0.27 0.49 0.45 0.32 619 626 630 632 636 " 689 718 731 i 907 910 lOOT >Ono tree. Fonrthsp.gr. determination made on 0.5 sap-wood. < 0.4715 0.35 29.45 578 0.4785 0.5628 0.25 0.27 633 667 0.6206 0.26 32.44 0.6467 0.39 34.01 593 0.5760 664 0.5815 0.19 36.24 997 0. 3551 0. 4279 0.4457 0.33 0.26 0.37 293 563 025 ■ 0.4006 0.32 25.63 0.4530 a 5150 0.42 0.37 571 644 0.4840 0.40 30.16 340 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table L— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PEE CUBIC FOOT Speoies. 1 State. Locality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LATCB8 OF . oKovrra. Sap- wood. Heart- wood. 387. Finns Conlteri 1157 878 896 676 82 355 888 389 13 1046 83 621 622 U68 U72 279 321 396 671 278 319 B57 558 559 142 544 764 Colifomla ....do San Bernardino W. G. Wright Q. E. Vasey Department of Ag- riculture. Or. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. A. H. Curtiss C. Mohr Gravelly loam — 0.644 85 ItonUrey Pin». do do Honnt Shasta Dnval county Cottage Hill WUmington ...do Gravelly Moist, sandy 0.418 0.034 35 27 18 6 Knobcont Pint. 870. Finns Tieda Florida LobloUy Pin*. Old-flOd FiM. Bote- maryPine. North Carolina... . do Edward Kidder ....do ....do 871. Finns rigida Massachnsetts — . . do . Arnold Arboretom. . North Reading Duval county Aiken C. S.Sargent J. Hobinson ... . Drift 9.267 0.230 0.312 0.206 0.164 21 26 33 8 28 15 8 19 42 34 Pitch Pint. ....do 372. Finns serotina... - .. Florida A. H. Curtiss H. W. Eavenel ....do Moist, sandy loam. Dry, sandy ....do Pond Pine. Sonth Carolina.... . do Jartey Pine. Scrub Pine. ....do New Albany Hoont Holly Wytheville M. J. Kobinson . Ifew Jersey Florida 874. Finns clansa A. H. Curtiss H. Shriver Dry, sandy barrens Clav 0.238 0.264 0.010 0.243 0.015 • 20 14 29 33 86 35 Sand Pine. SenbPine. Sprue* Pine. Virginia Tabls-mountain Pine. Hickory Pine. Pennsylvania California Florida Colerain Forge Matin county Chattahoochee J. B. Lowrie G.B. Vasey A. H. Curtiss C. Mohr Slate Obispo Pine. Biihop't Pine. Clay Yellow Pine. Short-lemei Pine. Sprue* Pin*. BuUPine. Texarkana . . . F. li. Harvey . do do .. do do do ....do ... do ...do ....do Sonth Carolina ... Mississippi Bonnean's Depot ... Gaineavillo Chattahoochee H. W. Kavencl C Mohr OedarPim. Sprue* Pine. WhiUPin*. A. H. Curtiss THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OP DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 341 BPSCIFIC GBATITT DETEBHINATIOKS. ASH DETERMINATIONS. 1 i "Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Bemarka. 1 a First. Second. Third. Average. First. Second. Average. a 0.4272 0. 4952 0. 4082 0.3469 0.5010 0.5788 0.5458 0.5045 0.5597 C 0. 4065 t 0. 4131 0.7904 0.4905 0.5571 0. 5149 0.5778 0.4606 0.5235 0 4851 0.3994 0.5244 0.4018 O.S.'iM 0.S609 0.5466 0.5654 0.4898 0.5669 0. 4154 ■> 0.6323$ 0.7J31 0.4830 0.5680 0.4603 0.5841 0.6456 0.5050 0.4602 0.4831 0.4550 0.7669 0.6129 0.7232 0.4689 0. 4235 0. 8741 0.4002 ^ 0.4133 0.34 0.25 0.34 0.36 0.26 0.25 0.28 0.27 0.19 C 0.32 t 0.19$ 0.15 0.24 0.32 0.32 0.29 0.30 0.30 6.24 0.26 0.35 0.22 0.23 0.33 0.32 0.40 0.53 0.35 0.40 0.20 0.37 0.30 0.29 0.26 0.2« 0.23 0.21 0.37 25.76 1157 0.5098 0.4050 0.23 0.36 676 896 0.4574 0.30 28.50 0.3499 0.33 21.81 578 0.5609 0.5627 0.5556 0.4971 0.27 0.26 0.27 0.25 82 355 388 389 0.5441 0.28 33.91 0.5633 0.4668 0.20 0.26 1 13 4 First ap. gr. determination made on sap-wood ; second and ^ third sp. gr. determinations made on 0.5 sap-wood. Fourth ( sp. gr. specimen very resinous. 1046 0.7990 0.18 0.27 0.31 0.23 0.34 0.31 0.30 0.22 0.25 0.35 0.22 0.17 0.31 0.41 0.61 O.ii 0.36 0. 6151 0.23 32.10 0.7942 0.17 49.49 83 0.4867 0. 5628 0.4876 0.5870 0.26 0.32 0.28 0.32 621 1 622 1169 0.5991 1172 0.6309 0.80 33.09 • 0.5576 0.81 84.75 279 0.5143 0.4727 0.30 0.23 1 321 396 0.5054 0.4935 0.27 30.75 0.4942 0.26 30.80 671 1 0. 5739 0.5144 0. 7333 0.6107 0.7247 0.4689 0.35 0.22 0.20 0.32 0.37 278 0. 7098 319 0 6086 0.7262 0.4689 0.4358 0.3232 0.401« 557 1 558 659 0.6104 0.29 38.04 0.4297 0.3487 0.4010 0.50 0.49 0.35 142 644 764 0.3931 e.45 24.50 ■ J 342 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Speoiea. 379. PinuB Banksiana 0rayPine. SerubPine. Frinec't Pint. Pinus paluf tris Long-leaved Pine. Southern IHne. Georgia Pine. TeUoto Pine. Hard Pine. SSL Pinna Cnbensis Siath Pine. Swamp Pine. Bastard Pine. Meadow Pine. Piceaniptra , Blbck Spruce. 883. Plceaalba White Spruce. 384. Picca Knselmaiml . White Spruce. 894 780 879 81 85 172 243 302 357 358 859 360 361 384 385 390 562 1096 84 356 493 109 231 373 776 794 880 513 620 773 784 791 292 676 905 State. Michigan New Brunswick . ...do Florida ,. ....do Mississippi Florida Sontli Carolina . . . Alabama ... do ...do ...do ...do Florida ...do Uortli Carolina Texas Alabama Locality. Collector. Baldwin. Florida... Alabama. Florida ... Province of Qae- beo. Colorado. ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... trtah.... Duval connty. ...do Barney &. Smith Manufacturing Co Sawmill, Saint John's river. Aikon Cottage Hill . Citronelle ... Chnnchula. . . ...do ...do Saw -mill. Keys. do Cedar Vermont ...do .. do New Bnmswiok Province Quebec . New Brunswick . New Hampshire . Dakota New Brunswick . ..do "Wilmington . . . Sabine county . Mobile Duval county. Cottage Hill . . Bay Biscayne. Charlotte ...do Huntingdon ... Bay of Fnndy . Danville Bridgeton Stratford TeiTy's peak . . Bay of Fundy . Bridgeton Amqni Forest City . ...do ...do W.J. Beal Intercolonial rail, way. ...do soa { LAT»Rg OT I Diameter! OBOWTH. of ti-ee, { Low, sandy. A. H. Cnrtiss ...do E. E. Barney A. H. Curtiss H-W-Kavcnel.... C. Mohr ...do ...do ...do ...do A. H. Cnrtiss ...do E. Kidder G. W. Letterman. C.Mohr Sandy loam . . Moist, sandy. A. H. Curtiss . C.Mohr A. H. Curtiss . Sandy loam. ...do ...do.. ...do ..do ...do Moist, sandy . ....do Coral C.G.Pringle. ...do ...do Intercolonial rail. way. Gnirid Trunk rail. wav. Ed. Sinclair C. G. Pringle... Robert Douglas. Intercolonial way. Ed. Sinclair. . rail. A. Grant . T. S. Brandegee . . . C. S. Sargent T. S. Brandegee . . . Depart ni on t of Agri. culture. ...do Gravelly Cold, peaty. Gravelly ... Gravelly. Damp . Peaty. ...do. meters. Sap. wood. 0.353 0.356 25 46 Heart, wood. 119 51 0.186 0.320 0.318 68 22 76 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DET SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 343 SPECIFIC GRATITY DBTKEMDtATIOSS. i ASH DETERMINATIONS. "Weight, per cubic foot, in pounds (average). Kemarks. 1 a a First Second. Third. Average. Plret. Second. Average. 8 0.4622 0.4965 0.4588 0.5065 0.7284 -* 0.4794 0. 4588 0.490O 0.28 0.20 0.19 0.26 0.16 0.26 0.28 0.39 0.27 0.28 0.15 0.21 0.23 0.32 0.28 0.29 0.17 0.19 0.31 0.16 0.30 0.23 0.25 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.38 0.26 0.42 0.34 0.32 0.24 0.36 0.35 0.29 0.32 0.43 0.33 0.19 0.18 0.26 0.17 0.26 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.20 0.16 0.30 0.20 0.19 394 780 0.4778 0.7551 0. 7117 0. 6927 0. 7569 0.6139 0.6602 0.8652 0.8509 0.6673 0.7590 0.6163 0.6349 0.4602 0.7744 0.6415 0.6533 0.7881 0.8529 0.4576 0. 5289 0. 4:85 0.4730 0.4065 0.4830 0.4074 0.3848 1 0. 4231 0.3809 0.3737 0. SO-W 0. 3:!C5 0.3r,«7 0. 3717 0. 3195 0.4857 879 ■ 0. 4761 0.2? 29.67 0.7418 0. 7117 0.6950 0. 7199 0.5665 0.6609 0.8989 0.8479 0.7294 0.7663 0.5938 0.6236 0. 5734 0.7245 0.6453 0.26 a 17 0.26 0.25 0.31 0.27 0.24 0.16 0.21 0.23 0.32 0.28 0.32 0.18 0.22 81 85 0.6974 0.6829 0. 5191 0.6616 0.9325 0.8450 0. 7914 0.7736 0. 5714 0.5924 0.6186 0.6745 0.6490 0.6506 0.7340 0.8389 0.4715 0.5256 0.4486 0.4593 0.4290 0.4098 0.4194 0.4034 0.4375 0.4188 0.4020 0.3561 0. 3217 0. 3.528 0.3725 0.3137 172 243 302 357 Boxed for turpentine, 1852 ; chipped 10 years ; abandoned, 1861. Boxed for turpentine, 1876 ; chipped 4 years ; specimen taken along chip. Boxed for turpentine, 1876 j chipped 4 years ; specimen taken above chip. 358 359 360 0.23 0.32 0.28 0.34 0.18 0.26 0.31 0.15 0.31 0.17 0.27 0.29 0.27 0.25 0.28 0.21 0.38 0.38 0.31 0.29 0.29 0.35 0.24 0.33 0.26 361 384 385 0.6413 390 562 Tree boxed for tameutinelS or 20 vearaaeo 1096 ■■•■; 0.6999 0.25 43.62 0.6520 0.7611 0.8379 0.31 0.16 0.31 84 356 0.8220 493 [P. mhra] 0.7504 0.26 46.76 0.4648 0.5272 0.4386 0.4662 0.4087 0.4431 0.20 0.26 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.33 109 231 (P. mhra] 373 776 0.3907 0.4425 794 • 880 0.4684 0.27 28.57 0.4134 0.3941 0. 4303 0.3999 0.3879 0.24 0.40 0.36 0.32 0.27 513 620 773 784 791 0.4051 0.32 25.25 0.3551 0.3291 0.3518 0.3721 0. 3166 0.33 0.35 0.27 0.33 0.34 292 575 Tree with gray bark 822 899 905 . 0.3449 0.32 21.49 J4-i FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table L— SPECIFIO GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Speda 386. Flcca pnngeiM WhvU Spruce. Blue Spntee. . Pice* SltchensU Kde^und Bpnue. tt7. Ttagtt Canadenils . Hemloek. (88. Tsnga CaroUniaoB.. Hetnlock. tS9. Xsn|;!>Mert< Hemlock, MO. TsagaPattonlaiuk. m. Pgendotong* DonglMii , Bed Fir. TeUoto Fir. Oregon rint. Dougtete Fir. B I s 269 270 SOI too 070 977 1015 1019 1026 5 219 726 772 775 778 787 793 817 1040 1042 971 995 980 271 627 702 704 TO* 706 T08 709 720 732 881 973 974 986 State. Colorado. ...do.... ...do.... Utah Alaslca British Colombia . Oregon ....do ....do Locality. Alpine. ...do.. UiueachuMtti. . . Vermont PemuylTania — New Bronswiob . ....do ...do ...do ,. Province Qnebeo West Virginia... IlaRsachusetts — ...do North Carolina . ■Washington terri. t»ry. Alaska British Colnmhia Colorado California Oregon ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Kentana California Utah British Colnmbia ...do ...do Oregon Sitka Saw.mill, Bnrrard inlet. ■Weidlcr'smill, Port- land. Saw.mill, Astoria... Portland Famitnre Company. Arnold Arboretnm. Charlotte Williamsport Collector. Bay of Fondy . Bridgeton Danville Grafton Danvers North Reading.. HendersonTille . Wilkeson . Sitka Silver peak, near Fraser river. T. S. Brandegee . ...do Departmentof Agrl. culture. ... do Paul Schultze O. Xngelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do ....do. ....do. Alpine Saw.raill, Strawberry valley. Saw-mill, Uarshfleld do. K B. Dean's saw. mill, Marsbfleld. ...do ..do ...do Saw-mill, Uissonla. Lassen's peak Salt Lake Saw-mill, Bnrrard inlet. ...do Saw.mill, Victoria . Saw-mill, Portland . C. S. Sargent . C. G. Pringle . --.do Intercolonial rail. way. . . .do 8oU. Damp . ...do. Diameter of tree, In metera. Drift Gravelly. Damp.... ...do Ed. Sinclair. . Grand Trunk rail. way. C. Q. Pringle J. RobinsoH . ...do A. H. Cnrtiss. G. En^zelmsnn and C. S. SarKent. Paul Schoitze G. Engolmann and C. S. Sargent. T. S. Brandegee .... G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do ...do ....do ...do ...do ....do S. Watson . Sierra Lamber Com. pany. M. £. Jones C. S. Sargent. ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do Moist, loam. Dry, rocky. Rich loam . Gravelly loam . Moist Rocky. U^TKBBOV OBOWTH. Sap- wood. 0.382 0.230 0.260 0.228 0.276 37 Heart, wood. 67 16 61 40 92 14 155 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OP DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES— Coutinued. 345 gPECmC GKAMTJ DETEEKINJ nOKS. ASH UETEBMIMATIOKS. Weij'ht.per cubic foot, Tj - in pounds Bemarlra. (average). 1 i n u S Mrat. Second. Third. Average. rii»t. Second. Average 0.3480 0.3540 0.4309 0.3764 0.6029 0.3658 0.4280 a 3520 0.3661 0.3880 0.4633 0,3817 0.3963 0.4839 0.3418 0.4538 0.«)33 0. 3719 0 4213 0 4112 ••_ 0. 3480 0.3549 0.4292 0.3641 0.22 0.32 0.49 0.69 0.23 0.16 0.16 0.22 0.13 0.24 0.73 0.43 0.45 0.34 0.54 0.44 0.46 0.45 0.51 0.62 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.34 0.16 0.10 0.08 0.02 0.03 0.10 0.02 0.04 0.09 0.12 0.18 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.29 0.51 0.28 0.24 0.17 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.25 0.67 0.86 0.46 0.42 0.56 0.48 0.46 0.51 0.60 0.31 0.41 0.45 0.39 . 0.63 0.22 0.31 0.50 0.48 269 270 901 906 0.3558 0.4274 0.3517 0.6485 0. 3974 0.3740 0.38 23.31 0.6257 0. 3816 0.4280 0.3463 0. 3619 0.24 0.17 0.16 0.18 0.13 970 977 1015 1019 1026 , 0. 3423 0.3576 0.3896 0.4624 0.3823 0.4704 0.4707 0.3343 0.4538 0.5191 0.3500 0.4554 0.4080 0.4260 0.4833 0.4975 0.4396 0.4«74 O.SfWS 0.4364 0. 6769 0.525C 0.5937 0. 5785 0.3859 0. 5215 0.4941 0.5855 0.4679 a 4648 0.4504 0.6922 0.3446 0.4287 0.17 26.72 0.3888 0.4629 0.3820 0.4333 0.4773 0. 3381 0.4538 0. 5112 0.3610 0.4443 0. 4097 0.26 0.70 0.40 0.46 0.38 0.65 0.48 0.46 0.48 0.56 0.42 5 219 726 772 775 778 787 793 • 1 White hemlock 817 1040 0.4561 0.4098 0.4239 0.46 26.42 ».42«» 0.4275 0.40 26.64 623 0.6671 0.6252 0.6122 0.43 0.41 0 4981 0.5411 0.4503 971 995 0.5182 0.42 32.29 04462 0.4454 0.44 27.76 98C 0.4461 0.4568 0.5612 0.4214 0. 6551 0. 5233 0. 5715 0.6987 0.4067 0.6242 0.4918 0. 5553 0.4744 0.4968 0. 4508 j 0.16 0.08 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.08 0.03 0.04 0.11 0.13 0.18 0.06 0.05 0.09 0.11 . a. 6570 0.06 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.12 0.13 0.18 0.06 0.04 0.08 0.11 0.4063 702 704 705 706 708 709 720 782 881 973 974 986 989 0.6332 0. 6215 0.S493 0.6189 0.4254 0.5269 0.48M 0 5251 0.4800 Red fir 0. .W28 Tellow fir 0. 4511 0.5990 0.6956 346 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GRAVITY, ASH, AND WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Bpetif. State. Looality. Collector. Soil. Diameter of tree, in meters. LATER8 OF OBOWTH. Sap- Heart- wood, wood. Wl. Paendotsnga DooslasU— eontiimed . 891. PscndotsDgaDoDglasiifVar.maorocarpa Semloek. 892. Abies Fraseri Saltam. Sh* Balaam. 393. Abies balgamea Sattam Fir. Balm of Qilead Fir. 894. Abies Bnbalpina . BaUam. 1008 1011 1016 1018 1020 1022 642 523 107 377 449' 449* British Colombia Oregon ...do ...do .do. .do . California North Carolina . Vermont.. ...do.... Colorado. ...do.... ...do .... 39B. Abies grandis . WhiU Fir. 896. Abies concolor WhiU Fir. BaUwmFiT. Oregon . Colorado. . . Califumia . ...do ...do 397. Abiea bracteata . 898. Abies amabilis . 399. Abies nobilia . SedFir. 400. Abies magnifloa . Sed Fir. 401. Larix Americana Larch. Black Larch. Tamarack. Hackmatack, 672 1004 965 647 226> 226> 226< 774 781 786 79S 840 ...do British Colombia Oregon California . Vermont ...do ..do If ew Brunswick . .. do ...do ...do Massachosetts . . . Saw-mill, Bonard inlet. Oio;;on Rnilway and Navigation Co. Wt'idler's saw-mill, Poitland. Saw-mill, Astoria . . Portland Furniture Company. Portland Fumitore Company. Saw-mill, San Ber- nardino. Boan mountain . Q. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do , ..do . ..do. ...do. ...do. Green moontains . . Monkton ■W. G. Wright., WalcottGibbs.. C. G. Pringle.. ...do Peaty loam . 0.180 Cold,gt«Tellyloi Peaty Forest City. ...do ...do T. S. Brandegee . ...do ...do Hoist, sandy loam ...do ....do Portland. Engelmann's cafion Strawben-y valley . ..do Lassen's peak G. Bngelmsnn and C. S. Sargent. Bobert Douglas. Bich, alloTlal. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. . . do Eooky... AlluTlal. ...do.... 0.344 0.735 0.106 Sierra Lumber Com- pany. Santa Lncia moont. ains. Silver peak, near Fraser river. Cascade mountains G. E. Vasey . G. Bngebnann and C. S. Sargent. ..do Bioh, sandy loam Elch 0.584 Soda Springs . .do . Gravelly loam . . Charlotte ... do .. do Bay of Fnndy . C. G. Pringle. ...do .. do Cold, swampy. ..do ...do Intercolonial rail- way. ...do Bridgeton . Danville... TVenham .. Ed. Sinclair Grand Trunk rail- way. J.Bobinson Swampy. 46 17 29 50 71 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DET SPECIMEIfS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES-Continued. 347 ^ — -^ ■ ' BFECmC GEAVrrr DBTEEMIKATI0K8. ASH DETEEMINATIONB. Weight, per , cubic foot, „ in pounds Remarks, (average). 1 First. Second. Third. Average. FirslL Second. Average a 0. 5266 0.4902 9.5831 0.5660 0.4331 0.4362 0.4CM 0.3699 0.3388 0. 4248 0.3446 0.3442 0.3475 f 0.3416 0.3643 0.3390 0.3613 0.3059 0.3286 0.4242 0 /082 0.4297 0.4625 0.4752 fc 0. 5266 0. 4885 0.5715 0.5692 0. 4377 0. 4575 0.03 0.03 0.11 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.47 0.63 0.33 0.66 0.33 0.34 r 0.38 ■ 0.63 0.56 0.87 1.12 0.56 0.70 2.09 0.25 0.27 0.30 0.26 0.27 0.32 0.30 0.47 0.35 0.36 0.27 0.04 0.03 0.07 0.04 0.11 0.07 0.08 0.60 0.49 0.35 0.04 0.03 0.09 0.05 0.09 0.07 0.4867 0.5599 0. 5725 0.4422 0.4588 0.4463 0.3431 0.3342 J. 4299 ! 0 3515 0 8641 0 3397 0.3371 0.3842 0.3625 0.3717 0.2910 0.3780 0.4500 0.6483 0.4159 0.4497 0. 4614 0. 7075 0.7779 0.6069 0. 6765 0. 5740 . 0. 5570 0.5864 . - Eailroadtie 1008 1011 1016 ,. ... . « 1018 . 1022 0. 5157 0.08 33.14 0.4563 0.08 28.44 642 0.3565 0.54 22.22 523 0.3364 0.4273 0.56 0.34 107 377 0. 3819 0.45 23.88 0.3481 0.3541 0. 3405 0.66 0.33 0.34 449> 0.3342 0.33 0.321 0.57 • 0.47 J 0.89 1.12 0.48 1.04 1.99 449* 820 Onetree I 0.3476 0.44 21.66 0.3545 0.49 21.97 0.3531 959 1009 I 1010 0.3665 0. 2985 0.3533 0.4371 0.88 1.12 0.52 0.87 . 733 0.3638 0.85 22.67 0.6783 2.04 42.27 0.4228 . 0.21 0.23 26.35 0.4561 0.41 0.34 28.42 0.4738 * 0.4701 0.30 0.30 . 29.30 647 0.6973 0.7024 0.7362 0.6452 0.5870 0.5833 0.5479 0.5873 0. 6000 0.26 v«.27 0.32 0.28 0.48 0.33 0.34 . 0.38 . 0.6M5 2261 0.6835 226" 0.5975 0.27 0.49 0.30 0.32 0.48 226> 0.5925 774 0.5389 781 0.5882 786 0.6000 795 840 0.6236 0.33 38.86 ' 348 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table I.— SPECIFIC GEAVITY, ASH, AIJID WEIGHT PER CUBIC FOOT Specta*. 1 1 State. T^Kiallty. Collector. SoiL Diameter of tree, in meters. UlTRRSOF OBOWTH. wood. Heart- irood. 402. Larlz occidenUUs 719 984 1006 242 1169 604 1107 506 1116 565 1U9 1063 695 696 699 1003 Montana Miswmla S. Watson Tamarwi. Wasbinston ter- ritory. do Fnlda ...do •WiiliamN.Slksdorf. ....do Moist PALMACE^ 404. Sabal I'almftto Florida... California Florida ... ....do Sister island AgnaCaliente A.H.Ciirti8S W.G.Wright A.H Cartiss do Shell Cabbage Tru. Cabbage Palm*Uo. 408. Washingtonia filifen ,.. Fan-leaf Palm. 406. Thrinax parriflora Coral Silktop Palmetto. Bahia Honda Key . . Sngar-loaf Sound . . . ....do 407. Thrinai arpentea ... do do .. ....do Sih'er-tr^ Palmetto. Sriekley Thatch. BrittU Thatch. ....do do do 408. Oreodoxa regia ....do Biff CvDress ....do Richhiuuiu ...... Royal PaXm. do do ....do I/IILIACEM. 409. Yucca canaliculata C. Mohr Spanith Bayonet. 410. Yucca trevilblia California do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargeut. The Jothua. Jothua Tree. ....do do 411. Yucca elata Tnuon...^ SsnDl*f» .do ....do UpanUh BayontL 412. Yucca baccata CalifomlB do Spanish Bayonet. Mexican Bium*. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. OF DEY SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Continued. 349 BPECIPIC GBAVITT DKTEEMINATIONS. ASH DETEEMISATI0N8. ■\VeiKht,per ' cubic foot, .„ in pounds Eem»rkB. (average). ■ 1 i First. Second. Third. Average. ! First. 1 Second. Average. 0.6663 0. 7717 0.8340 0.5002 0.5897 0.7839 0.7984 i ; 0. 4020 .% 0.6280 0. 7778 0. 8162 1 j ' 0.08 0.09 0.07 7.51 1.80 2.65 5.73 1.71 3.90 2.96 1.31 2.79 7.03 5.53 2.M 8.50 a»4 0.09 0.09 0.12 7.80 1.98 2.79 4.81 2.19 4.25 2.52 L14 2.53 5.52 4.75 3.08 10. 0« 0.09 0.09 0.09 719 984 1006 ! 0.4191 0.7407 0.09 46.16 0.4404 7.66 27.44 242 (0.5597 \ 0. 4700 0. 7014 0.4539 0.7357 0. 6775 0.2370 0.8178 0. 7451 0.7162 0.3473 0.4002 0.2327 0.1990 0.4942 0.5453 0.7258 0.4957 0.7468 0.6907 0.1887 0.8807 0.7513 0.5875 0.3472 0.4002 0.6511 0.3458 a 5173 1.89 32.24 U59 0.7136 0.4845 2.72 5.27 604 1107 0.5039 0.5991 3.99 37.34 0.7412 0.6933 1.95 4.07 606 1116 0.7118 Pith.. J >0n« tre« 0.7172 a 01 44.70 0. 2128 0.8492 0.7482 2.74 1.23 2.6« 565 ' Bind..) Bind 1119 0.6994 0.6034 2.21 37.60 0.6677 6.27 5.14 2.87 41.61 1063 0. 3472 0. 4002 695 696 0.8737 4.00 23.29 0.4572 0.4470 9.28 27.86 «09 0.2724 a«4 ia97 1003 i 350 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table II.— ACTUAL FCEL VALUE OP SOME OP THE •a S S o 452 2T« 84S 927 883 1182 128 1084 227 180 533 126 209 322 291 539 5 72 1051 838 237 362 1050 988 424 31 92 247 548 511 868 55 848 225 272 754 874 701 627 711 1044 638 900 194 632 671 389 1046 83 621 821 657 Botanical name. 8 29 31 S4 77 93 115 139 155 184 192 207 224 235 241 242 244 245 •246 247 248 251 253 257 260 272 274 276 277 280 290 291 294 295 318 324 827 331 840 342 347 340 356 358 361 365 366 370 371 372 373 375 377 Uriodendron Tnlipifera Bnroera gammifera Swieteoia Mahogoni Acer saccharinnm, uor. nlgnim . Robinia Psendacacia Prosopis juliflora • Ccrcocarpus ledifolios liquidanibar Styiaciflna Nysaaaniflora Diospyroa Virginiana. Fraxinas Americana . Catalpa apecioaa tJlmus Americana Platanus occidentalls . Juglans nigra Carya olivaeformis . Caryaalba Carya tomentosa . Carya porcina . Carya amara Carya myriaticfiefonnis . Carya aquatica Quercixa allia Quercns Garryana Qaercaa lyrata Qnercns Prinns . . . Qaercns rubra Quercoa tinctoria . Qaercns nigra Quercns falcata Quercus aquatica '. Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana. . Fagua ferruginea Betula alba, var. popuUfoUa Betula papyrifera Populus tremuloides Populus monilifera Thuya occident^is Cbamsecyparia Lawsonlana . Junipema occidentaUa, var, sperma. Taxodium distichum Seqnoia aempervirena . Finns Strobua Pinns Lambertiana — Pinua monophylla .... Pinua reainoaa Pinua ponderoaa Finns Murrayana Pinna Sablniana . Pinus Tojda Pinua rigida Pinua aerotina . . . Pinua inopa Fin"5 pungens... Pinns mltls Common name. Tulip Tree. Yellow Poplar. THiite Wood.. GumElemi. Gumbo Limbo. West Indian Birch Mahogany. Madeira Black Sugar Maple Locust. Black Locust. Yellow Locust Mcsquit. Algaroba. Honey Locust. Honey Pod Mountain Mahogany Sweet Gum. Star-leaved Gum. Liquidamber. Bed Gum. Bilsted. Large Tupelo. Cotton Gnm. Tupelo Gum Persimmon White Ash Western Catalpa White Elm. American Elm. Water Elm Sycamore. Button Wood. Button-ball Tree. Water Beech. Black Walnut Pecan. HlinoisNut Kegion. Atlantic Semi-tropical Florida . ...do Atlantic ...do Mexican boundary . . . Interior Pacific AUantio Southern Atlantic . Atlantic ....do ....do ...do ....do .do . .do. SheUbark Hickory. Shag-bark Hickory Mocker Nut. Black Hickory. Bull Nut. Big- bud Hickory. White-heart Hickory. KingNnt Pig Nut. Brown Hickory. Black Hickory. Switch-bud Hickory. Bitter Nut. Swamp Hickory Nutmeg Hickory Water Hickory. Swamp Hickory. Bitter Pecan White Oak....- ....do Over-cup Oak. Swamp Post Oak. Water White Oak. Chestnut Oak. Bock Chestnut Oak Bed Oak. BlackOak Black Oak. Yellow-bark Oak. Quercitron Oak. Yellow Oak. Blackjack. Jack Oak Spanish Oak. Bed Oak WaterOak. DuckOak. PossumOak. PnnkOak Chestnut Beech White Birch. Old-fleld Birch. Gray Birch Canoe Birch. White Birch. Paper Birch Aspen. Quaking Asp Cottonwood. Necklace Poplar. Carolina Pop- lar. Big Cottonwood. WhiteCedar. Arbor-vitffi Port Orford Cedar. Oregon Cedar. White Ce- dar. Lawaon's Cypress. Ginger Pine. Juniper ■ ....do . ....do- -do . ...do Southern Atlantic . ..-do Atlantic Northern Pacific... Southern Atlantio . ...do .... Atlantio . ...do.... ...do Southern Atlantic . . . ..do Atlantic ...do Northern Atlantio . . . ...do Atlantic and Pacific . Atlantic Northern Atlantic . Northern Pacific . . . Pacific. Bald Cypress. Black Cypress. Red Cypress. White Cypress. Deciduous Cypress. Redwood White Pine. Weymouth Pine Sugar Pine PiOon. NutPine Red Pine. Norway Pine Yellow I'ino. Bull Pino Tamarack. Black Pine. Lodge-pole Pine. Spruce Pine. Digger Pine. Bull pine Loblolly Piue. Old.field Pino. Rosemary Pine . Pitch Pine Pond Pine Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine Table-mountain Pine. Hickory Pine Yellow Pine. Short-leaved Pine. Spruce Pine. Bull Fine. Southern Atlantic . California coast Northern Atlantic . Pacific Interior Pacific Northern Atlantio . Pacific ....do California Soutbom Atlantio . Atlantic coast Southern Atlantio . Atlantic Alleghany Atlantio fihl VAum. Per cubic decimeter. 1425. 67 997.32 2769. 31 3091. 37 2822.99 3291. 21 4234. 06 2255.24 2332. 41 2970. 45 2652. 34 1582.42 3247. 02 2406.89 1984.56 2768. 72 3851.17 3319. 79 3380.57 3392. 12 2863.42 3108. 27 3140. '33 3197.41 2594. 31 3268.92 2843. G9 3062. 08 2595.04 2692. 51 3193. 28 2655. 82 1868. 25 2795. 34 2509. 00 2582. 06 1624 04 1906. 42 1411. 57 2327. 52 3143. 57 1935 71 1985. 50 1489. 03 1785. 40 224a 13 2051. 75 2141. 24 1791. 32 1804. 29 2031. 75 3472. 26 3980. 96 2008. 20 2054. 78 3091. S2 Per kilogram. 3744.61 2913.se 3802.95 4345.48 3890.02 4352. 30 4052. 90 4016.46 4131. 83 3781. 61 4217. 42 3936. 38 4191.87 4071.83 3857. 26 3954. 75 4078. 76 3811. 48 3904.11 3922. 89 3903. 25 3877. 58 4073. 59 4187. 83 3667. 39 4105. 65 3997. 32 4075. 16 3774. 60 3713. 81 4055.48 3718. 07 4042. 96 3895. 04 4073. 05 4101.41 4292. 31 4242.15 3917. 77 5263. 50 4739. 73 4191.47 4272. 69 4419. 31 4107. 68 4226. 05 4000. 04 4019. 12 3982. 97 4087. 20 5491.47 5012.54 4126. 15 3995.30 5062.75 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. MOEE IMPORTANT WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 351 RELATIVE FUEL ViLUE. I By volnme. 32 23 29 14 3 45 43 25 36 65 16 42 53 33 7 13 11 10 27 21 20 17 3» 15 28 24 37 34 18 35 S« 31 40 39 63 65 44 54 52 66 50 46 40 41 58 57 SO 0 8 51 48 22 By weight. 70 62 19 58 18 42 46 30 63 24 52 26 40 60 50 36 61 55 53 56 S9 38 28 69 33 47 37 64 41 67 43 57 39 34 20 22 54 3 11 8 27 21 13 32 23 9 45 40 35 1 6 31 48 6 FEBCEKTAOE IK DBY WOOD. Ash. 0.27 2.09 1.09 0.66 0.23 2.05 1.20 0.48 0.74 0.77 0.30 0.47 0.74 0.57 0.66 0.93 0.73 0.83 1.04 0.74 1.03 1.06 1.19 0.24 0.33 0.58 0.34 0.15 0.15 1.37 0.29 0.83 0.13 0.54 0.29 0.23 0.74 0.65 0.37 0.10 0.88 0.13 0.12 0.19 0.83 0.20 0.31 0.37 0.42 0.25 1.12 0.17 0.26 0.30 0.20 Hydrogen. 6.43 6.02 6.69 6.61 6.17 6.61 6.45 6.86 6.97 6.44 6.93 6.92 6.57 5.83 6.00 6.15 6.49 6.13 6.03 6.28 5.91 6.37 6.60 6.59 5.73 6.75 6.33 6.62 6.09 5.73 6.14 6.75 5.70 6.11 6.49 7.12 6.58 6.26 6.37 6.28 6.64 6.01 6.08 6.40 6.39 6.07 7.02 6.22 6.04 6.23 7.10 6.80 6.30 6.78 6.91 Carbon. 47.29 40.80 46.76 51.55 49.19 61.08 52.14 50.99 49.28 49.51 49.67 48.45 49.69 49.71 48.26 49.16 50.44 48.56 49.22 49.59 49.49 48.78 48.58 50.58 48.73 61.74 49.27 49.77 48.28 51.13 61.64 48.80 60.07 64.97 52.10 52.55 52.83 50.48 52.18 52.60 60.05 50.22 50.60 59.00 56.53 50 74 51.07 56.64 Oxygen. 46.01 51.09 45.46 41.28 44 41 40.26 41.21 42.68 48.78 43.61 47.37 46.42 49.73 43.04 47.44 45.17 50.35 42.34 5L45 42.15 44.16 43.39 43.12 44.59 43.34 43.29 44.31 43.05 42.73 45.38 43.46 43.74 43.74 44.98 44.32 42.99 44.69 42.43 44.08 43.46 44.37 41.65 41.45 44.46 33.65 38.12 38.08 41.70 41.25 40.56 43.30 41.55 40.07 43.30 43. 32 42.92 32.08 36.48 42.70 42.83 36.25 Hydrogen combined -with oxygen. 5.75 6.39 5.68 6.16 6.55 5.03 5.16 5.33 5.44 5.67 5.38 5.65 5.29 5.27 5.52 5.42 6.39 5.57 6.42 5.50 5.41 6.54 5.38 6.34 5.67 5.43 5.47 6.47 6.62 5.54 5.37 5.58 5.30 5.51 5.43 6.54 5.19 6.18 5.56 4.21 4.76 5.22 5.15 5.07 5.41 5.19 6.01 5.42 5.41 5.36 4.08 4.50 6..i!4 5.33 4.53 Excess of hydrogen. 0.68 0.36 1.01 1.45 0.62 1.58 0.30 0.62 1.53 0.77 1.55 1.27 1.28 0.56 0.48 0.73 1.10 0.56 0.51 0.78 0.50 0.83 1.22 1.25 0.06 1.32 0.86 1.15 0.37 0.19 0.77 0.17 0.40 0.00 1.06 1.58 1.39 1.08 0.81 2.07 1.27 1.78 0.79 0.93 1.33 0.98 0.88 2.01 0.80 0.63 0.87 3.11 2.24 0.90 0.43 2.38 Specific gravity. 0. 3807 0. 3423 0. 7282 0. 7114 0. 7257 0. 7562 1.0447 0. 5615 0.5645 0. 7856 0. 6289 0. 4020 0. 7746 0. 5911 0. 6145 0. 7001 0. 9442 0. 8710 0. 8659 0.8647 0. 7336 0.8016 0. 7709 0.7635 0. 7074 0. 7962 0. 7114 0. 7514 0. 6875 0. 7250 0. 7874 0. 7143 0. 4621 0.7175 0. 6160 0. 6297 0. 3785 0. 4494 0. 3603 0.4422 0. 6852 0. 4084 0. 4737 0. 3485 0. 4040 0. 6473 0.4855 0. 6307 0.4457 0. 4530 0.4971 0.6323 0. 7942 0.4867 0.5143 0. 6107 Weight of cable foot, in pounds. 23.72 21.33 45.38 44.32 46.22 47.12 65.10 34.99 53.88 45.71 49.95 48.04 46.58 44.08 49.61 44.32 46.72 43.84 45.18 40.07 44.61 28.80 44.71 38.05 39.24 23.69 28.00 22.46 27.56 42.70 29.52 21.72 25.18 34.11 30.26 33.07 27.78 28 28 30.98 39.40 49.49 30.33 32.05 38.06 35.17 128 48.95 1084 39.19 227 25.05 180 48.27 533 36.83 126 32.06 209 43.63 322 68.84 29 54.28 539 63.96 72 165 903 452 274 845 927 237 362 1050 988 424 31 92 247 338 548 611 868 55 848 225 272 754 874 701 527 923 711 10*4 638 900 194 632 625 571 389 1046 83 12! 321 557 352 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table n.— ACTUAL FUEL VALUE OF SOME OF THE § Botanical name. Common nama. Begion. FDIL ▼iXDS. Per cubic decimeter. Perldlognun. 879 a 359 81 38S »358 358 356 794 1042 ro9 228 242 .665 <(H9 879 881 382 387 391 401 404 ^408 PInns Bankslana Pinna palnstiia Pinns Cabensts r PIcea nigra Tsaga Canadensis Pseudotsnga Doaglasii Larix Americana Sabal Palmetto Oreodoxa regia OiayPine. ScrabPine. Prince's Pine . Ifortbem AUantio . ! Long-leaved Pine. Sonthem Pine. Georgia ; ! Pine. XellowPine. BardPijie. ; Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Bastard Pine. Meadow Pin*. Black Spruce Hemlock Red Fir. Yellow Fir. Oregon Pine. DonglasFir. Larch. Black Larch. Tamamck. Hackmatack. Cabbage Tree. Cabbage Palmetto Sonth Atlantic coast. ....do. Koyal Palm . Northern Atlantlo ...do Pacific Northern Atlantic — Sonth Atl.intic coast. . Semi-tropical Florida . 2152.66 4346.88 4064.77 2810. 20 4129. 95 4319. 67 3363.40 1614. 11 1724.25 1766. 32 2937. 46 1053. 35 859. 07 370a 48 4^18 5126.61 5480.35 4506.42 4594.97 4806.05 4418.55 3949. 37 420a58 4354 84 4182. 04 S7J4. 21 4037. 01 4367. 03 • Boxed for turpentine 1876 ; chipped 4 years ; specimen taken along chip. b Boxed for turpentine 1852; chipped 10 years; abandoned 1861. «Pith. d Biod. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. MOKE IMPORTA:^fT WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES -Continued. 353 BILATTVK FUBL TALUB. PEBCENTAOB IK DRT WOOD. Specific gravity. Weight of onbic foot, in pounds. By Tolnme. 1 By weight. Ash. Hydrogen. Carbon. Oxygen. Hydrogen combined with Excess of 1 ! oxygen. hydrogen. 1 47 15 0.19 &29 62.93 40.59 5.67 1.22 0.49*0 30.64 879 1 4 0.15 7.26 56.19 36.30 4.64 2.72 0.8479 52.84 369 i 2 0.26 7.41 58.61 33.72 4.21 3.20 0. 7417 46.22 81 3» 12 0.28 6.70 62.70 40.32 6.04 L66 0.6^6 38.86 385 4 10 •.28 6.85 52.99 39.88 4.89 1.86 0.8988 65.96 358 2 7 0.24 6.83 54.78 38.15 4.77 2.06 0.8988 55.98 358 12 14 0.16 6.22 53.33 40.29 5.03 1.19 0. 7612 47.44 356 (4 51 0.30 6.58 48.45 44.67 5.68 1.00 0.4087 25.47 794 «l 25 0.48 6.91 52.38 41.23 5.15 0.76 0.4097 25.63 1042 M 17 0.03 a 42 62.32 41.23 6.16 1.27 0.4056 25.28 709 2< 29 0.27 6.03 51.91 41.79 5.22 0.81 0.7024 43.77 226 «3 65 7.«« 7.06 43.35 41.93 6.24 1.82 0.4404 27.45 242 70 44 2.74 6.82 47.73 42.71 6.34 1.48 0.2128 ia26 605 1 16 L24 <.9g 50.46 4L32 6.16 1.82 0.8492 62.92 S<5 23 FOB r 354 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table m.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Speetes. MAGNOLIACE^. 1. Ifa^olia grandiflora Big Laurel. IluU Bay. 2. Magnolia gUncft Stcect Bay. While Bay. Beaver Tree. White Laurel. Swamp Laurel. 3. Magnolia acnminata , Cucumber Tree. Mountain Mag- nolia. 4. Magnolia coidata (Mcumber Tree. 5. Magnolia macropbylla Large-leaved Cucumber Tree. 6. Magnolia Umbrella Umbrella Tree. Elk Wood. T. Magnolia Fraaeri Limg-Uaved Cucumber Tree. 8. Liriodendron Tulipifera... TiMpTree. TeUow Poplar. White Wood. AlfONACBa:. 9. Asiniina triloba Papaw. Outtard Apple. 10. Anona lanrifolia Pond Apple. CANELLACEiE. 12. Canellaolba White Wood. Cinnamon Bark, Wild Cinnamon. TEENSTRCEMIACB^. 14. Gordonia Lasiantbns LoMotty Bay. Tan Bay. 348 346 3M 354 we 246 261I 2611 534 534 1178 1178 532 532 2661 266« 260 2601 395 818 818 1231 1231 1231 1232 1232 1232 1236 1236 1236 1287 1238 211 211 332 479 479 1131 1131 236 236 414 414 Stote. Alabama . ...do ....do. ...do. Virginia ....do ....do ....do Mississippi . ....do Alabama. ....do Mississippi . ...do Virginia . ...do.... ..do . ..do. Michigan West Virginia . . ...do Pennsylvania . . . ....do ....do ...do ...do ...do Tennessee ....do ...do ....do ...do Missonti... ...do Tennessee . Florida . ...do ... -do . .do. South Carolina ...do ...do ...do Locality. Cottage Hill . ...do .do. .do. Wytheville . . ...do Fancy Gap . . ...do Selvers' mill. ...do Winston county . ...do Quitman . ...do.... Wytheville . ...do Fancy Gap . ...do Lansing Grafton ...do Chester county . ...do ...do ...do ..do ...do Saw.mill at Nash. ville. ...do .do. .do. .do. Meramec river, Jef- ferson county. ...do ....!.. Cumberland river . . Bay Biscayne. ...do Elliott's Key. ...do Bonnean's Depot . ...do Aiken ...do Collector. CMohT. ...do.... .do. .do. H. Shriver. ...do ...do ...do C.Mohr.... ...do .do. .do. .do . .do. H. Shriver . ...do .do. .do . W.J.Beal.... C.G.Pringle.., ...do P. P. Sharpies. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do A.E.Baird .... ...do ...do ...do ...do G. W. Letterman ...do A. Gattinger A. H. Curtiss . ...do .do. .do. H. W. Bavenel . ...do ...do ...do Soa Bich loam . ...do Swampy . ...do.... Clay limestone. . ...do Rich, light ...do ...do ...do Bich, low. ...do Damp . ....do. Alluvial . ...do.... ...do.... Swampy . ...do.... Coral . ...do. Wet pincbarren. ...do Swampy ...do 3 a „ s 11 0. 7051 0.7006 0.5222 0.5028 0.5000 0.4755 0.4862 0.4564 0.5682 0.5852 0.4318 0.4625 0.6807 0.5580 0. 4170 O.SOSl 0.5688 0. 5103 4174 4930 4809 4704 4911 4019 4381 4511 4550 4614 4697 4501 4386 4463 3634 I 3575 4323 0. 5705 ! i 0.5794 ■ ! 1. 1286 ' 1.0857 0.4844 0.4729 0.5470 0.5605 COETFICIBNT OF ELABTICITT. ~ o 1- 1061 887 976 976 904 939 788 729 1061 1109 888 976 1191 1252 800 6G9 939 887 610 1085 1085 976 921 976 970 976 904 888 872 888 857 976 444 542 530 1085 1085 718 787 888 751 9 4> 957 849 930 8M 1061 S21 734 723 1050 1085 864 1017 1085 1252 814 673 976 012 610 1176 1050 976 1007 957 848 1028 921 834 888 849 849 976 407 315 723 514 488 1085 1148 723 I 1 763 j 921 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. CTNITED STATES UNDEE TRANS VEESE STEADY, 355 DEFLECTION, IN MILLIMETERS, UNDER A FRE6SUHB, IN KILOGRAMB, OF — SO 4.6 5.5 5.0 5.0 5.4 5.2 &2 0.7 lOO '■ ISO 300 10.2 11.5 10.5 10. B 9.2 10. C i 13.3 13.5 I I 4. 6 9. 3 4. 4 9. 0 S.5 5.0 4.1 3.9 6.1 7.3 5.2 5.5* 11.3 9.6 16.0 16.7 14.5 17.0 21.0 21.0 14.5 13.7 17.3 IS. 2 9. 0 13. 8 7.8 I 11.6 12.0 19.4 14. 5 23. 0 10.0 10.7 &0 16.0 I 4.5 4.5 5.0 5.3 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.4 ao 5.6 5.5 5.7 5.0 11.0 13.5 7.0 9.0 9.2 4.S I 4.5 as 9.3 10.0 9.7 10.2 11.5 9.5 10.6 11.7. 11.0 11.5 11.5 10.0 24.0 31.0 13.6 19.0 20.0 9.0 8.5 14.4 16.4 26.0 12.0 14.3 15.0 14.4 15.2 lao 14.0 13.7 l&O 16.0 17.5 17.2 15.2 22.8 23.4 21.7 24.0 20.0 24.0 34.3 3L8 20.0 19.2 26.1 22.0 10.2 15.8 30.8 34.8 19.6 ?4.7 las 20.0 20.6 20.0 20.6 19.2 2L5 22.0 23.0 26.6 27.0 22.2 O |300 (Bet.) I 1.6 2.0 1.0 2.3 1.0 1.9 4.8 3.4 1.0 0.7 2.0 1.4 1.0 0.3 4.5 4.0 1.0 2.0 a4 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 22.6 23.6 22.0 24.0 20.0 25.0 35.0 33.0 20.0 19.2 27.0 23.0 19.5 15.8 32.4 36.2 20.0 25.5 16.9 20.2 20.7 20.5 20.6 0.5 19.4 0.6 22.0 1. 0 I 22. 4 1. 4 23. S 2.0! 27.0 2.5 1 28.0 I 1. 5 22. 4 31.0 32.5 13.7 12.5 6. 8 13. 5 ; 21. 5 6. 2 12. 8 ! 20. 0 5.5 I 10.6 I 6.5 ; li7 16.8 19.5 S0.S 61.5 18.5 ' 17.6 32.0 29.2 23.5 27.0 I 10.0 10.0 1.0 0.8 3.0 2.5 1.2 2.0 55.4 64.3 19.5 17.8 32.5 30.0 23.7 28.2 330 300 3SO 30.5 3L2 30.0 3L5 28.8 33.7 27.0 26.0 32.4 20.8 66.0 2a 3 36.8 39.5 40.5 44.5 50.8 4ao 35.0 37.2 24.5 28.8 28.0 25.8 27.0 25.4 30.0 31.6 33.0 31.6 94.0 83.0 25.0 22.0 40.0 31.0 37.0 34.0 37.7 34.2 37.7 3ao 31.0 28.0 44.0 58.0 54.0 60.0 38.0 34.0 400 4SO 300 550 II S 9 350 325 321 306 300 284 245 224 306 358 240 272 220 374 236 261 346 257 202 322 288 317 350 322 195 308 282 296 275 249 249 271 133 123 245 268 250 386 490 213 290 330 311 Semarka. Broke saddenly with long splinters . do Crushed at center bearing ; broke saddenly and sqnarely, splitting to the end. do Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters. do do do do do Crushed at center bearing ; square break Crushed at center bearing ; splintered break . Specimen cross-grained ; started at knot . Broke with fine splinters Splinters started at small knots . do Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters . Specimen cross-grained ; broke with long splinters . .. Square break Broke with long splinters Crushed at center bearing ; broke with long splinters Crushed at center bearing ; broke with large splinters do Crushed at center bearing; square break Crushed at center bearing ; square break at large knot Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters Crushed at center bearing-; broke with long splinters at knot . Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Specimen cross-grained ; broke with the grain Specimen cross-graiued ; started at the angle of two faces Square break do Broke with large splinters do Broke with splinters at knot. Crushed at center bearing ; broke with splinters. Square break Specimen defective, 0.75 sap-wood ; square break . 0.75 sap-wood; broke with long, coarse splinters . Sap-wood ; broke at knot with large splinters Crushed at center bearing ; broke with long, fine splinters . do Broke with long, coarse splinters 346 846 364 364 248 246 261> 261> 534 534 1178 1178 532 532 266" 260> 260 260' 395 818 818 1231 1231 1231 1232 1232 1232 1236 1236 1236 1237 1238 211 211 332 479 479 1131 1131 236 236 414 414 856 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE BpMi6S- •nUACEA IT. TlUk Americana I/MM Trte. Bau F«od. Ameri- etm Linden. Lin. Be* Tree. 11. Tllla Americanik, var. pubeseens . U. Tai»heterophvIla WhiUBati Wood. Walie*. ILA^LPIOHIACEA. U. Bmonima Incida iMUncbeTTy. Qlamberry. ZTGOPHYLLACE^. M. Goaiacnm sanctum Liffnum-vitcB. RXJTACSM. 28. Xanthorvlnm ClaTa-Hercnlia Toothache Tree. Prickly Ath. SeaAeh. Pepper Wood. Wild Orange. 34. Xanthoxvlmn CaribiDum Satin tfood. SlMARUBEiE. 96. Siniamba ;rlauca Paradite Tree. BUESERACEiB. St. liarsera pimniifera Bum £lemi. Oumbo Limbo. We$t Indian Bireh. 80. Am^ris sylvatica Torch Wood. MELIACE.X. n. Swietenia Mahogoni Mahogany. Madeira. 1LICINE.B. SI. Hex apnea American HoUy. M. nezDalioon Dahoon. Dahoon HoUy. CYElLLACEiE. Wt. Cyrilla racciniflora Iron Wood. t& CU/tonia lignfttrina XM. Inn Wood. Buchcheat Tree. 2 2S2 252 316 1039 1089 Stet& Kaaaaebnsstts. Hiiwmri ...do Hicbigan Maasacbosetts ...do 745 I Georgia. 745 ....do... 285> 285« 820 1113 476 1138 735 735 1086 1086 1140 1140 4S7 487 462 462 475 475 452 452 280 280 484 484 341 338 Kentucky . ...do ...do Tennessee . ...do Florida. ....do.. ....do.. ...do.. ...do.. Texas . ...do.. Florida . ...do... ....do. ....do. ...do. ....do. ....do . ....do. ...do. ....do. Sontb Carolina . ...do Florida . ...do... Alabama . ...do. ....do. Locality. Arnold Arboretum. All en ton ...do Hersey Danrers ...do Bainbridgo . ...do Cliffs Kentncky river Mercer connty . . . ...do Cumberland river. . . ....do Ko-^ame Key . Upper Metacombe Elliott's Key Cbattaboochee . ...do Palestine ...do Babia Honda Key. ...do Bay Biscayne . ...do Upper Metacombe Key. ..do do. .do. do. do. Waverly Mills. ...do Bay Biscayne . ...do Cfanncbnla. Cottage HiU . ...do Collector. C. S. Sargent — 6. W. Letterman ...do W. J. Boal J. Bobinson ...do A. H. CuTtias. ...do W. M. Linney . ...do ..do A. Gattinger .. ..do A. E. Cnrtiss. ...do. ...do. ...do ... ...do... C.Mohr . ....do... A. H. Curtiss . ...do .do. do. .do. do. ..do. .do. .do. do. ■W. St. J. Mazyck .. do A, H. Curtiss . ...do C.Mohr., .do. .do. Soa Drift Alluvial ...do Ricb loam . . . Moist gravel. .. do I, ^ i! 2 0.4601 0.4668 0.5496 0.4517 0.4492 0.4237 Low : 0.4702 ...do ! 0.4555 Limestone . ...do ...do Alluvial ... ...do Coral . do. .do. 0.4017 0.3944 0.3920 0.4750 0.4924 1.1430 1.1582 Dry.sandy 0.6240 .. do 0.5353 Damp, sandy 0. 5898 ...do 0.5545 Coral . ...do. .do. do. .do. .do. do. do. do . do. 0.9833 llljilj 0 0545 ,^ j 0.4.')00 ^ 0.4104 'Wi 0.3060 0.3096 1. 1140 1. 1273 0.8364 0. 82'Jl Sandy loara ...do I 0.7018 '^ Lovr, damp . ...do Damp, s.iudy. Wet.. ...do. 0.5307^ 0.5333 ;^ 0.0916 IfM 0. 0002 0. 0762 coKrnciEXTop RLASTicrry. i 3 fit 3 c, 0 « 1 i 814 781 i SCO 976 970 C16 U38 1027 804 888 888 525 098 720 553 608 638 469 842 831 569 814 788 548 697 634 403 751 723 5f5 827 814 541 1085 1085 703 976 976 712 542 525 424 800 814 628 856 912 947 651 698 628 C69 688 708 857 888 7.W 659 630 469 814 814 820 814 021 687 688 888 586 1061 976 544 417 183 112 1038 1085 1244 970 1085 1366 !>-6 976 895 1109 1148 1111 051 622 703 707 664 670 610 610 5S6 097 678 658 465 488 314 608 751 t>7+ 814 814 478 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE TEANS VERSE STEAIN— Coutiuued. 857 DEFLECTION, « MllLUJETEKS, USDEB A PRK8BUKE, IK KILOOEAMS, OF- 50 I lOO 150 5.0 ■4.7 .'i.g (J.O 12.5 10.0 9.5 11.0 13.4 11.7 12.4 7.0 I 15.4 I a. 5 13. 5 5.9 : 12.0 i 4.5 9.0 5.0 i 10.0 j 9.0 < 18.S G.l : 12.0 i 5.7 . 10.7 7.5 ! 14.0 7.3 14.2 5. 7 IL 0 7.4 8.0 0.0 IS. 5 12.0 10.6 5w5 11.0 4. 6 i 10. 0 11.7 I 4.7 , 9.0 5. 0 9. 0 5.0 4.4 ' C. 9 20.3 16.5 14.0 17.3 22.3 2&4 las 18.8 24.6 20.3 ia4 13.7 15.3 31.0 18.0 15.9 2L6 22.5 17.5 23.8 18.0 15.5 lao 15.5 300 32.0 24.2 19.4 27.6 31.3 50.5 28. G 28.5 O (set.) 3L0 29.6 19.0 21.2 4.0 2. 2 LO 3.5 4.0 1&0 3.5 3.0 3.5 3.5 0.7 1.5 i I i 300 I 330 .-too 350 34.0 25.5 19.8 29.5 36.0 30.6 30.1 33.6 3L3 19.6 22.0 37.0 25.9 26.0 29.0 400 33.5 10.0 8L5 15.7 14.7 13.3 13.6 14.6 13.2 35.0 24.0 -.0 i 16.0 26.0 ". i> I 14. 5 I 23. 5 25.0 21.2 31.0 SL5 2S.3 35.5 24.0 21.2 26.5 21.7 1.2 I.O 3.0 2.5 2.3 23.7 ,33.0 22.0 27.6 1.3 1.0 4.0 2.0 l&O 18.0 20.4 I 18.4 I 40.0 37.7 39.2 I 34.3 I 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.9 5.0 5.3 5.5 j 5.0 ! 32.3 33.0 2?.0 24.5 21.7 28.0 23.5 18.2 18.2 22.0 18.6 43.0 43.5 36.0 31.0 2ao 39. S 41.0 450 ; soo 34.0 41.2 70.5 58.0 19.0 22.7 23.0 27.0 24.1 42.0 1 38.0 39.0 ; .17.1 41.0 ; 36.3 ' lit. J uu. 'J t ^ I 7. 0 , 13. 0 I 0.0 12.0 ai.o 19.8 2«.8 27.9 2.3 2.5 30.0 : 2a 8 28.0 27.7 32.0 30.0 84.5 33.2 32.0 49.0 S30 38.8 sao 35.5 41.4 50.5 4a 3 44.0 53.0 51.0 61.0 9 « Xamark*. 243 263 343 224 236 200 243 234 172 224 231 300 304 181 268 404 268 302 323 200 350 203 250 232 78 48 531 583 382 474 300 28C 250 238 CmBhed at center beaiing; broke with fine splinters. do do Crashed at center bearing ; broke suddenly Broke suddenly with large splinters Broke, on reloading, with large splinters Crushed at center bearing; square break. do .do . .do. .do. do. .do. Specimen cross-grained ; split with the grain. .do. .do. Long fraotnr* with one large splinter . . Long fiactore with two large spUaters . do Specimen cross-grained ; square break. t 252 25S 3ie 1»3» 1039 745 745 28&> 320 329 1U3 478 U33 735 735 10S« 108< Broke in three pieces I 1140 1140 Square break on tension side with large flake on compression side; broke at knot. Square break with large splinters . Sqnare break, the ends splitting. . . Square break . do Broke with long splinters Broke with long splinters on compression side . Broke suddenly ; stick shattered 452 do 452 487 487 462 482 476 47S Specimen cross.^rained ; broke with long split . Square break 240 204 Specimen cross-grained ; broke with long split Squnre break on tension side with large flake on compression side Sperimcn cross-graiucd ; broke through small knots I5ro\e at knot Specimen cross-grained ; oblique fracture. 280 280 484 484 341 338 358 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Speoio KHAMNACEa;. 42. Beynoda latlfoUa Rtd Iron VTood. Darling Plum, 43. Condalia ferrea Blaek Iron Wood. 4S. Bhamnas CaroUniana. Indian Cherry. 47. Rbamnns Pnrshiana Bearberry. Bear Wood. ShitUm Wood. 49. Colabrina reclinata Naked Wood. SAPINDACE.S;. 50. Aftculns glabra Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buckeye. ^scolag (iaiifomica . . California Buckeye. 54. Sapiodus margiDatus Wiid China. Soapberry. Se. Hrpelate paniculata Ink Wood. Iron Wood. 00. Acer macrophyllam . . Broad-leaved ilaple. 01. Acer circinatnin . Tine Maple. 04. Acer gaccharinum Sugar Maple. Sugar Tree. Hard Maple. Bock Maple. 04. Acer aaecharinam, var. nigmm. Black Sugar Maple. 454 400 400 803 1094 1139 297 297 427 684 084 307 307 928 928 403 463 982 982 1023 1023 1013 1014 299 376 409 1233 1233 1234 1234 1235 1235 State. riorida . ...do. ...do. ...do Arkansas. Oregon . Florida . Hissonri ...do Tennessee . . California , ...do Texas . ...do.. ...do .. ...do.. Locality. TJppeT Hetacombe Key. .do. .do. Saint John's river . Jonesboro* Forttand Umbrella Key . Allenton.. ...do Nashville. Harm coanty. ...do Dallas . ....do-.. Austin. ....do.. Florida Upper Metacombe Key. ...do ...do Oregon . ...do.., ...do.. ...do.. ..do. Washington ter- ritorv. Missouri , Vermont Kew England. Vermont ....do ...do ...do ...do ...do 213 ...do 2741 1 Missouri... 440 Tennessee . 757 Florida.... 767 1... do 05. Acer dosvcarpum 1052 Sqft Maple. White Maple. SUvcr Maple. 06. Acerrubmra 20 Bed Maple. Swamp Maple. S^ I Maple. WaUr Maple. 530 Mississippi. Hnssachusetts do . Portland. ...do... Portland Furniture Company. ...do Portland.. Wilkeson. Allenton.. Charlotte . Charlestown Navy. yard. Charlotte do. .do. .do. do. do. ...do Allentoni NashTillo . . Chattfliioochee. ...do Topsfiold . Arnold Arboretum. Kemper's mill Colleotor. .H.Cnrtlaa. .do. .do. ...do T.B. Kitchens. G. Engelmannand C. S. Sargent. A. H. Curtiss G. W. Letterman ...do A. Gattinger G. E. Vasey. ...do J. Eeverchon . ...do C. Mohr ...do A. H. Curtiss. ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. — do...... ...do. ...do. do. .do. G. W. Letterman . C.G.Pringle S.H. Pook F.H.Horsford... ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Sou. Coral. .do. .do. Bich hummock . Bioh, alluvial. Coraf , Bich, moist . . ...do Bioh, moist .. Bich upland . ...do Kich, damp . ...do Limestone . . ...do Coral . ...do. Blob, alluvial. ...do Hoist, alluvial . ...do Bich upland . Gravelly C.G.Pringle Clay G. W. Lettermay. . Low, alluvial A. Gattinger , Bich A. H. Curtiss ! Clay .. do '... do J.Bobinson ' Low meadow... C.S. Sargent i Drift C.Mohr : Bich,8wam]iy. a*. pi L2012 L8540 1.3430 0.5309 0.5066 0.5943 0.8721 0.4053 0.4602 0.4970 0.5034 0.5228 0.7681 0.7784 0.5243 0.5310 1.0405 1.0123 0.5445 0.5341 0.4907 0.5053 0.6928 0.7001 0.8381 0.0852 0.6775 0.7447 0.6986 0.706R 0. 7108 0. 7137 0. 7188 0.7241 0. 7355 0.0973 j 0. 0979 0.0824 i i 0.6G41 ; 0.7148 I 0.01.16 ' ■a I ELA8TICITT. 976 U91 1191 814 718 776 921 751 687 610 697 678 888 857 842 688 1135 939 697 751 697 729 626 634 1526 888 783 1683 1878 1220 1305 1028 1436 1039 1085 888 857 010 970 I 827 671 1050 1109 1176 794 687 912 976 707 651 574 948 814 697 1206 1017 734 751 842 704 718 723 1457 976 930 1953 1149 1221 1149 930 688 820 1127 680 618 616 750 1210 466 468 649 548 649 663 949 820 703 1261 1118 696 696 691 656 712 818 1219 816 675 1404 1808 1289 1395 1235 1480 I 1284 1575 I 1242 1575 1104 1056 1055 1024 933 743 1109 1019 864 I 7; I 1039 Mi) I THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. TINITED STATES UNDER TRAlfSVEESE STRAIN— Continued. 359 DEFLECTION. IM MILLIMETEES, UNDE« A PBEBBUBE, IN KILOGBAMB, OF— SO lOO 4.1 4.1 6.0 6.8 &3 6.3 6.5 7.1 &0 7.0 7.2 5.5 5.7 5.8 7.1 4.3 5.2 7.0 «w5 7.0 6.7 7.8 7.7 3.2 5.5 6.4 2.9 2.6 4.0 3.S 3.0 3.4 4.7 4.5 5.5 5.7 8.0 5.0 5.9 8.8 8.3 12.3 14.2 10.7 10. 0 13.8 15.0 17.0 14.6 14.0 11.0 10.3 12.0 14.0 8.1 9.6 13.3 13.0 11.6 12.3 13.7 13.5 6.7 10.0 10.5 5.0 5.4 7.0 6.6 6.2 6.2 8.5 8.0 as 10.5 14.2 8.8 11.3 S.6 I 9.4 ISO 11.5 12.1 18.0 22.1 16.5 15.0 22.4 24.0 27.6 23.0 21.7 16.6 15.5 19.0 22.0 12.0 14.5 21.0 19.8 17.8 19.4 21.5 21.0 10.2 15.0 15.5 7.7 a4 10.3 10.0 9.6 9.1 13.5 12.0 13.0 16.5 21.0 14.0 17.2 300 15.5 16.0 26.5 33.0 22.0 19.6 30.5 29.5 25.0 29.0 30.5 29.5 13.5 20.0 20.5 10i2 11.2 13.6 13.0 13.0 12.2 18.2 15.5 17.6 23.0 30.0 19.0 24.5 O (set.) 0.6 0.6 2.4 2.5 1.0 0.5 14.2 19.5 7.5 1.8 2.3 1.5 1.5 3.0 4.2 0.7 1.0 3.4 3.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.5 2.0 1.3 {.e 1.2 300 16.0 17.0 27.5 34.0 23.0 19.5 4a 6 32.0 31.8 24.5 23.4 29.7 34.2 17.0 19.0 32.0 31.0 26.0 30.0 31.4 30.0 13.8 20.3 21.3 10.2 11.2 13.6 13.0 13.0 12.5 lao 16.3 18.0 24.0 30.7 10.2 26.0 20.0 9SO 20.0 21.2 2ao 24.5 44.0 44.2 32.0 30.7 37.0 45.0 21.5 24.0 43.0 42.0 35.0 41.0 40.3 39.0 17.0 2a 0 27.0 12.6 14.0 lae lao 15.8 15.4 23.5 20.0 22.5 30.7 40.4 300 30.0 24.5 3a6 29.0 42.0 42.0 53.0 27.0 30.5 50.5 21.5 35.0 15.2 17.0 20.2 19.5 19.7 19.0 30.6 2a 0 29.5 41.5 54.0 25. 0 32. 0 39. 0 4a 5 2a 0 , 39.5 350 30.0 34.5 59.0 58.0 33.2 3a5 25.8 ia2 20.2 24.6 23.4 24.7 22.6 38.0 32.0 37.0 63.0 400 33.7 4a 0 90.0 39.5 44.5 32.0 21.7 25.3 30.0 27.7 30.0 27.6 4S.5 43.5 52.0 41.0 58.0 4SO 40.0 67.0 48.5 5ao 39.0 25.4 30.0 3a 0 33.0 36.8 34.5 65.0 soo 31. 4 39.0 47.0 42.0 50.0 sso 3a 3 50.0 P IS 350 481 290 221 263 320 519 199 200 234 265 277 383 405 350 300 538 477 297 297 295 280 304 349 551 348 288 599 550 527 548 I 530 i 471 450 450 437 398 317 435 315 350 Bemocks. Specimen cross-grained . Long, shattered break . . Specimen cross-grained. Long break, starting at small knot.. Shattered Long, shattered break with large splinters. Specimen cross-grained ; shattered Crashed at center bearing ., do Crushed at center bearing; broke at knot on tension side . Long fracture ; large splinters. Longfractnre Long, splintered fracture . Splintered fracture do Long, splintered fracture . Shattered . do... Short break, splitting in axis of stick Slightly crushed at center bearing Slightly crushed at center bearing; splintered. Short break with long. Urge splinter Long, shattered break. do Long splinter on angle of two faces Splintered Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain. Broke with fine splinters on back do Square break on tension side, splitting in axis do do Specimen cross-grained ; shattered on angle of two faces . Broke with long splinters Crushed slightly at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters Broke with flue splinters Splintered on angle, starting at small knot Broke with long, flno splinters Broke with lon,^. ihil^pliuters Specimen sap-wood, cross-grained; broke at knot Crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters- 454 460 460 803 1094 993 1139 297 297 427 684 684 807 807 928 928 463 463 1023 1023 1013 1014 299 376 400 > 1233 1233 1234 1234 1235 1236 213 274' 440 767 757 1052 20 530 360 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE H, Ami mbmm— oontinaed . (7. Kegando aceroldea Soz Elder. Aih4eaved MapU. 9f, Negucdo Calif oiTdcum. BoxEUer. ANACAEDIACE^. State. 'tl* Bhus copalUna ... Duar/ Sumach. Ti Bhus Metopiiun Poison Wood. Coral Sumach. Mountain Manchineel. Jium Wood. Hog Plum. Doctor Gum. LEGUMINOS.S:. 77. Bobinia Pseudacacia Locutt. Blact Locutt. Locust, Yellow 70. Bobinia Keo-Mexicaoa Locust, 80. Olncya Tesota Iron Wood. Arbol de Bierro. • 81. Piscidiii Eiythrina Jamaica Dorjwood. 92. CladrastiH tinctoria TetiotcWood Yellow Ash. Gopher Wood. M. Sophora afUnia 6b. GymDocladiift Canadensis Kenluel-i/ Coffee Tree. Coffee Nut. I*. GleditscMa tilacantlios Honey Locust. Black Loevst. Thrutliomed Acacia. Sweet Locust, Honey Shticks. 743 743 878 878 1048 1048 200 2!)0 811 311 645 645 736 786 467 I 467 I 405 406 I 405 I 815 815 1247 i 1247 1248 1248 Miasisslppi Georgia ...do MassBchnsetta. ...do ...do .. do MisDOori. ...do.... Texas ... ...do.... California. ...do Florida . ...do ... Florida . ...do ... West VirgiBia . . . ...do New York ...do ...do ...do 1031 Colorado. 650 j 650 I. I \ 604 I 564 i California. ...do Florida . ..do ... 33 j Kentucky 33 ! . . . do 320 032 510 1241 1242 1243 53' 53» 444 Texas . ...do.. Tennessee . Missouri... ...do ...do ..do Tennessee . Locality. Kemper's mill . . Bainbridge .. do Danvers ...do Korth Beading . ...do AUenton. ...do.... Dallas . . . ...do.... Collector. CHohr AE.Carti88 . ...do J. Bobinson . . . ... do :... ... do ...do G. W. Lettennan. ...do J. Bererchon ...do Contra Costa county, G. B. Vasey . .. do '....do Cbatta):oocbee ; A. H. Curtiss . — do do Upper MotAcombe Key. ...do Cbarlestown Navy. yard. do A. H. Curtlaa. ...do ...do... Grafton. ...do... S. H. Pook ... ...do ...do C. G. Pringle . ...do Long Island { M. C. Beedle . — do do ...do I do ...do do ! Trinidad ; W. B. Strong j Lower Colorado i G. Engclmaiin and valley. C. S. Sargent. do do TTm)er Metacombe A. H. Curtiss.. Jvey. .do do . Mei'cer county W. M. Linney . , . . do do . Dallas J. Beverchon . Austin C. Mobr Nashville. A lien ton.. ..do .. do ...do ..do NashTiUe. A. Gattinger Limetttone G. AV. Lettennan . Alluvial . . . Soil Bich, swaaipy. Low .. do ...do .. do ..do ..do Bich bottom . ..do ..do ...do Bicb, moist . ...do Dry clay . ...do... Coral . ...do. Low, moist . Dry, gravelly . ..do Coral . ..do. Limestone . ..do Dry, calcareous. ...do .do. do . ...do ...do A Gattinger. do. do. III ID Low, ricb ...do Dry, sandy barrens 0.5000 0.5524 0.5500 0.6818 0.7102 0.6699 0.6710 0.4750 0.4585 0.4773 0. 4614 0.5227 0. 5227 0.4888 0.5054 0.7967 0. 8105 I 0.8205 0.8148 0.6433 0.6433 0.7956 0.7769 0.8069 0.8456 0.8019 0.0841 1.1066 1.0308 0.0466 0.7852 a6444 a 8697 0.0591 0.7143 0.6066 0.6875 0.66T0 0.6250 I 0.6381 0.6969 cOErFicniiT or ELASTicmr. 076 688 976 888 775 888 842 610 626 452 514 030 021 634 763 021 021 1305 857 1221 1030 814 1526 1627 976 1320 1061 076 659 740 812 842 1150 872 1061 1221 076 976 1164 £' 1028 030 1085 888 835 904 013 618 607 478 536 086 904 638 835 1050 1050 1302 1302 1268 1050 076 1627 1627 1123 1436 1140 1030 697 814 sss 976 1028 857 1007 840 1110 1149 1085 i 600 707 037 880 820 087 4tt S72 500 501 785 800 633 616 604 1481 1362 1514 1041 861 1387 1355 10U9 1307 942 558 §20 675 820 790 703 813 7l» 8U2 1149 968 1221 907 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. mflTED STATES UNDEE TRANSVERSE STEAItr_Continued. 361 DEFLECTION, IN MILLIMKTKES, UNDEB A I-EESBUKE, IN KIL0GBAM8, OF- 30 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 6.3 5.5 5.8 ao 7.8 lOO 9.5 10.5 9.0 11.0 1L7 10.8 1C.7 15l8 14.0 ISO' 10. 8 ] 20. 6 9. 5 i 18. 2 14.5 16.5 14.5 17.0 las 16.0 30O O j300 (set.) I !3.5 20.0 24.0 28.0 22.0 15. 5 I 21. 5 0.5 2.0 0.7 1.2 3.0 1.1 1.0 3SO 300 5.2 5.3 { 7.7 6.4 5.3 5.3 3.5 5.7 4.0 4.7 6.0 3.2 3.D| 5.oi 3.7 I 9.9 10.8 15.3 11.7 9.3 9.3 28.3 22.0 31.0 30.0 14.2 16.8 23.2 lao 14.5 14.5 a 0 11. 0 7.5 7.7 9.3 10.0 6.0 ao a 7 as 4.6 as ao 7.4 a6 5.8 as ai as 4.4 a 6 4.6 4.0 ao 5.0 4.2 as 9.4 14.0 IZO 11.0 10.0 as 11.4 a9 11. s as as 9.0 as 12.0 11.5 1X8 14.5 9.0 ao 12.5 lao 12.4 14.2 2L0 las 17.3 las 14.5 17.0 lao las 13.0 14.0 13.7 12.6 ao 12. 9 11.0 ! 10.4 33.5 41.5 42.0 21.2 21.0 32.3 27.0 21.3 21.3 14.5 las las lai 19.0 12.0 11.6 lae ia2 ia2 las 29.9 2ao 24.0 21.6 20.2 23.0 ia2 29.0 i ia4 19.2 I 20.0 las 17.0 22.5 as ao as LO as 2.6 ai 1.6 i.s as as a 2 ia2 24.5 20.5 2a 0 2a 4 2a 0 21.8 35.0 47.0 44.0 21.2 22.0 sas 2ao 23.0 2ao 14.7 las las 2ao 32.0 27.0 3a 0 37.5 31.5 2a 0 350 4O0 sas a 3 la 0 as ao a 2 a 4 as a 4 as 1.4 1.8 1.4 1.1 LO 1.6 1.2 ao ao i.s 1.4 a 6 1.0 I.O i las 12.0 ILS ia£ las ia7 2a 0 31.0 27.1 24.5 2a 0 sao 4a 5 37.3 30.6 30. S lao lao lao 23.7 24.0 lao 14.5 20.8 ia4 20.6 2as 3a 0 42.0 62.5 42.0 37.0 6L0 90.0 450 50.0 37.5 3a S 300 SSO fg P ee S 0 Bemarks. SS = 9 3a 5 3a 5 22.0 2X5 23.9 30.0 3a 0 lao 17.8 2a 5 20.1 2a 0 33.7 43.0 22. S I 29. 0 20. 6 I 2a 0 2a 0 3a 0 la 7 24. 0 2a 0 i 37.3 la 8 2a 0 2a 0 I 2a 7 20.6 lao ia7 23.5 2«.3 24.0 2a 0 31.7 37.0 42.0 31.0 62.0 37.5 4a 5 44.0 81.0 3X0 2a 8 2a 7 28.0 38.0 4a 0 21.0 21.2 31.0 24.3 31.0 42.0 345 256 340 400 Broke with long splinters Specimen 0. 76 sap-wood; cross-grained Sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing j broke with fine splinters. . do. 358 j Sap-wood; broke with long, large splinters. 3a 2 3a 0 32.0 47.7 61.0 24.9 25.4 3a 5 2ao 35.6 40.0 37.0 41.6 47.0 44.6 54.8 2a3 31.2 4a 6 33.5 34 7 3ao 47.8 sao 61. S 42.5 46.5 350 400 189 244 217 252 335 345 296 270 263 296 632 -do. do . Broke at knot near center bearing Crashed at center bearing; square break Square break at knot Flaked on tension side ; broke at small knot . Crushed at center bearing ; broke into long splinters Crushed at center bearing; broke into long, fine splinters. Shattered, splitting to the end. do Square break . do 60.2 milliaieters deflection with 600 kilograms; specimen cross- 681 I Broke with fine splinters 646 4a4 47.0 41.0 47.0 6a 5 57. 0 444 363 592 578 456 696 402 238 354 288 422 347 350 341 300 347 328 842 64.3 millimeters deflection with 600 kilograms: broke with fine spuuters. Broke with coarse splinters .do. Splintered on comers Broke with fine splinters Broke with large splinters on comers. do Broke with long splinters . Cross-grained ; spUt with grain . Square break Broke with long, large splinters . do Long, large splinters on angle of two faces . . . Started at 8m.ill knot ; Ion;?, oblique fracture . Broke at large knot with Ions splinters. Long, oblique break 743 74^ 878 878 1046 1048 290 290 3U 3U 645 645 738 738 467 467 40S 405 405 815 ' 815 1247 1247 1248 1248 1031 650 650 664 664 Squaie break on tension side, splitting in axis of the stick . Splintered on angle of two faces Broke with fine splinter do 413 j Ciusbed nt ccuter beiuiug; broke with fine splinter . 387 I Broke with flueai>llnttr 381 Broke with loug splinter 619 1241 1242 1248 53> 53 « 362 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE IT. Oleditoobia monospermit WaUrLocurt. 88. Purkiosonia TorreTana Oree7i-bark Acana. Palo Terd^. 91. CcrciB Cauadensis Sedbud. Judo* Tree. 93. Progopis juliflora Mesquit. Algaroba. Boney Lccutt Money Pod. 94. Proeopispabescens Screw Sean. Screw-pod Mesquit TomilXa. , 98. Acacia Greggii CaVe Claw. 100. Lyailoma latiailiqaa Wild Tamarind. KOSACE^. 102. ChrysobDlaDQB Icaco Cocoa Plum. 103. Prunua Americana Wild Plum. Canada Plum. Horee Pluvu 104. PruDus aDgustifoIia Chickasaw Plum. Hog Plum. 107. Pionua emarginata, var. mollis 108. Pmnns aerotina VUd Black Cherry. Rum Cherry. 110. Pmnua demiaaa . Wild Cherry. 111. Pmnua Caroliniana Wikt Orange. Mock Orange. Wild Peach. 7<0 760 878 678 436 1089 1090 1011 680 680 927 658 658 697 509 480 68 State. Ploilda. ...do ... Arizona. ...do.... Xenneaaee . Miaaoari... ...do ...do Arizona . ...do... Texas ... California. ...do Locality. Collector. Chattahoochee. ...do Lower river. ...do... Colorado KaahvUle. Allenton.. ...do ... do Tncaon . ...do... Auatin . Fort Ynma . ...do Arizona . Florida . do. Miaaouri. .. do .... Toxaa .... Santa Kita moont- aina. Boca Chica Key Bay Biacayne . Allenton. ....do.... Dallaa ... 435 Tenneaaee i Naahville. 968 "Washington ter- ritory, -do 15 15 115> I US' 127 127 148 317 317 868 406 763 763 1053 1068 637 1032 1062 1062 Wilkeson. ....do Maaaachoaetta Koxbary . . ...do • — do Michigan ! Lansing.. do Danaville. Miaaouri Allenton.. ...do Illinois . . . Michigan . ...do Vermont. . Virginia or Mid* die Statea. Florida ...do Maaaachaaetta . . . ...do California. Florida . Texaa . . ....do... ...do ■Waukegan Heraey ...do Charlotte... Charlestown Navy- yard. Chattahoochee ...do Xopafield . ...do Strawberry valley . . JaokBonville. Victoria ...do A. E. Curtiaa . ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do A.Gattinger G. W. Letterman . .. do ...do C. S. Sargent. ...do C. Mohr G. Engelmaun and C. S. Sargent. ...do ...do A. H. Cortiaa . .do. G.W. Letterman. ...do J. Keverchon A. Gattinger. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do 0. S. Sargent .. do W.J.Beal ...do G. W. Letterman ...do 11. Douglfta W.J.Beal ...do C.G. Pringle S.H.Pook A. H. Cnrtiaa .... ...do J. Robinaon ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. A. H. Cnrtiaa . C.Mohr ...do Sou. Alluvial. ...do.... Sandy . ...do.. Limeatone . Rich ...do ...do Rich, calcareoua . Sandy . Dry, gravelly. Coral Swampy . Rich upland . ...do Rich River blnff . Low, rich . - . ...do Gravelly.- ...do ...do ..do Rich loam ...do Gravelly.. Rich ...do Gravelly.. " " ® Is- on CUy...,., ...do.... Gravelly. ...do.... 0.7028 0.7748 0.6705 0.6727 0.7323 0.6341 0.6534 0.6250 0.7818 0. 7614 0.7750 0.8068 0.8568 0.8714 0.5670 0.7763 0.6003 0.5916 0.8045 0.6538 0.4699 0. 4750 0.7438 0.7386 0. 5315 0.5048 0.6790 0.6670 0.6471 0.5315 0.5493 0.5648 0.5028 0.6105 0.6244 0.6751 0.6716 COIFnciEKTOV ILA8TICITT. Low, rich | 0.7636 Sandy 0.8785 Rich,moi8t I 0.8698 ...do I 0.8481 1061 1221 514 568 814 588 452 651 542 596 509 814 787 488 814 651 921 634 751 751 775 1017 651 814 976 1221 976 775 842 764 651 976 888 740 688 814 697 1191 976 1149 1191 614 602 904 610 514 723 618 630 501 835 814 1085 461 1110 769 734 976 849 872 849 888 673 849 976 1028 930 800 828 857 718 958 976 760 775 718 1097 1073 982 511 579 1003 734 649 516 469 574 412 902 886 792 553 961 640 703 1240 603 , 469 687 670 1171 1084 579 724 905 996 937 689 691 769 042 797 792 820 820 691 586 1266 930 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. CWITED STATES UNDER TRANSVEESE STRAIN"— Con tiuued. 363 DEFLECTION, IN MILLIUETEBS, USDEIl A PRESSURE, IN KIL0GBAM8, OF— SO lOOllSO 300; O 300 (set.) 350 300 3S0 400 450 SOO SSO tig n a to •^ 0) « ? ii Semaxks. 4.6 4.0 9.5 8.9 6.0 8.3 10.8 7.5 0.0 9.6 &0 6.2 4.7 10.0 5.1 8.5 8.2 19.0 16.2 10.8 16.0 19.0 13.5 15.8 15.5 19.5 11.7 12.0 9.0 21.2 8.8 6.0 12.7 7.5 6w3 7.7 0.5 6.5 6.3 4.8 13.3 10.0 16.2 13.3 12.8 28.4 25.4 15.8 24.5 29.7 20.0 23.0 22.5 31.5 17.7 17.3 14.0 32.7 43.-%. 0.6 18. 5 1. 0 43.2 35.2 22.9 35.0 43.0 2a4 30.7 6.4 3.0 1.6 2.5 6.0 1.5 24.3 24.5 18.1 5L3 13.0 17.8 21.0 '14 9 26.0 11.5 I 17.7 11.2 I 17.0 11.5 11.0 7.5 , 14.5 6.0 U.S 17. S 16.9 21.7 17.6 5.0 10.0 15.2 4.0 I 9.6 : 15.0 i 1 5.0 10.5 16.0 6.3 5.8 6.4 7.5 5.0 5.5 6.6 7.0 6.0 7.0 4.1 G.0 12.2 11.8 1L4 13.6 10.2 10.0 16.7 16.7 21.5 15.2 10.0 15.5 12.7 19.5 12.6 19.5 12.7 19.5 13.6 22.0 8.9 13.5 9.8 14.0 28.9 20.7 38.5 25.2 24.7 23.6 22.0 32.0 24.6 21.5 21.0 21.3 28.8 23.0 22.6 30.7 2L0 20.8 27.0 26.5 28.4 32.3 18.4 las 18.0 19.5 46.0 37.7 22.7 37.0 45.5 30.0 23.5 25.5 29.0 33.0 42.0 52.5 29.7 48.0 61.0 38.0 74.5 50.0 68.0 L3 2.2 0.6 ao 0.9 19.3 27.4 1.7 1.6 0r5 l.S 1.7 1.0 0.6 1.6 1.0 1.3 25.0 25.6 lae 55.3 lao 2a 0 29.0 20.6 32.0 3a5 24.0 41.0 42.0 29.0 53.0 23.0 37.0 36.5 27.0 31.6 34.0 41.0 50.0 61.5 84.0 26.0 26.0 24.2 22.0 32.5 25.0 22.0 36.0 36.5 30.0 2a 0 3a 5 3&7 4a 5 44.0 57.5 55.0 78.0 1.2 I 22.0 1. 0 22. 5 1.1 0.6 1.0 1.7 0.6 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.6 4.0 0.2 0.6 27.5 24.0 23.0 31.6 21.8 21.5 28.0 27.0 2a3 84.0 19.0 10.0 32.5 2a5 2a 0 2ao 36.0 30.0 30.0 43.5 2a 5 27.0 36.0 3t.0 36.S 78.0 23.5 j 24.5 45.0 3a 5 36.0 3a 5 47.0 45.0 45.5. 40.5 34.0 35.0 46.0 46. 0 I 59. 5 29. 2 35. 7 32. 0 ! 37. 5 53.0 74.0 458 419 218 247 428 313 277 220 200 245 176 385 378 338 410 277 300 529 200 293 286 500 467 247 800 386 425 400 294 295 328 274 340 338 350 350 ^5 260 540 397 0.66 sap-wood ; broke with long, fine splinters . Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain Specimen cioss-grained ; broke at knot . Long, obliqne fracture Broke with long, large splinters . do do Broke at knot near support Specimen cross-grained I short, oblique fracture. do Specimen cross-grained ; shattered Specimen cross-grained; short, oblique fracture - do Broke at knot near the end . Specimen (Toss-grained Broke with long splinters, starting at knot. Broke with long splinters Broke with long, large splinters . Broke with fine splinters Specimen cross-grained, defective ; square break on tension side . Broke with long, coarse splinters - Shattered -do. Broke with fine splintf^rs . Long, oblique fracture do Broke with long splinters Shattered ; long splinters Broke with fine epUnterg Shattered; long splinters on comer Broke with long splinters on comer Broke with coarse splinters Specimen cross-grained ; single &acture - Broke with fine splinters Broke with long, large splinters Specimen cross-grained ; long ftacture - . do 760 760 678 678 436 1089 lOOO 1091 680 680 927 6SS 658 697 S0» 480 68 68 334 435 068 968 15 15 115 115 127 127 148 317 317 368 406 763 763 1053 1053 Specimen gross-grained ; split with the grain 637 Specimen cross-grained do Specimen cross-grained ; shattered. 1032 1062 1062 .3G4 FOREST TRI<:ES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table lU.— BEHAVIOR OF TBE PRINCIPAIi WOODS 01< THE BpaeiM. 4U. Praana lUrifolia 117. Pyrus corunaria American Crab. Svectscented Crab. 431. Pyrus sambucifoUa Mountain Ath. 128. Crataegus arborescens IM. Cntegus Cnis-galli C»ektpurThom. NewcatlUTham. -Its. CraUBicas subTilloaa ScarUt Haw. 130. Cratjpgu8 tomentosii Black Thorn. Pear Baw. 152 Cratjegus spathulala Smali/ruited Uaw. 134. Cratsgns aiativalw May Haw. Apple Haw. 135. Crataegus flava, var. pabeaceus — Summer Haw. jUd Haw. ,Jd7. Amelancbicr Canadensis Juneberry, Sliad Bush. Service Tree. May Cherry. HAMAMELACE.S:. . .M. Liguiilambar Styrociflua Sweet Own. Star-leaved Oum. Liquidamter. Red Oum. Bated. RH IZOPHOEACEA. 140. Rbizopbnra Mangle Mangrove. ^ COMBEETACE.S. 141. ConocarpiiR crecta Buttm Wood. 442. Laguncnlaria raccmosa WhiU Button Woo 441 422 452 623 445 799 443 619 58S 703 708 860 610 506 712 72S 1256 1085 1064 776 703 750 738 553 641 070 814 601 970 ' 610 1627 1684 1308 U0« 913 K30 use i 1055 698 I 634 27; 775 ! 814 I 7B4 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. trsriTED STATES UNDER TEANSVEESB STEAIN— Continued. 365' DITLECTIOK, IS MlLLniKl-Bng. UKDEE A PBKB»UEB, IK KILOGRAMS, OF— it II li Remarks. SO lOO 150 300 O («et.) 300 iiSO 300 330 400 4SO 500 sao 1 s 1 4.5 7.0 &5 8.7 9.0 7.5 as 6.0 6.2 9.0 9.0 6.5 6.5 &3 5.8 6.6 7.5 C8 &2 6.6 4.1 4.5 4.2 8.1 7.1 5.6 5.0 6i6 7.0 6.5 6.2 5.0 4.2 6.0 4.8 13.0 13.7 13.0 13.5 21.0 15.5 15.6 12.0 12.8 17.0 10.0 20.0 22.3 21.5 21.3 33.5 24.6 2.5.5 las 20.5 28.0 28.5 2D.», 32. »' 3.0 . 4.5 30.0 35.0 3a 0 4a 0 5a 0 67.0 gao 350 318 188 180 193 266 190 341 189 264 250 300 302 367 263 298 307 216 304 309 536 463 450 222 283 331 300 320 315 236 232 286 262 282 263 658 472 354 450 116 326 list lis* 108T 1087 1083 3&5 2a 5 4.8 37.0 51.5 108» 41* 1.5 27.1 3a 0 47.0 607 607 39.0 42.3 29.0 26.0 22.0 25.5 29.0 30.3 33.0 39.0 34.0 14.6 17.0 17.0 3a 2 34.5 22.5 20.6 31.0 29.0 32.2 28.7 20.4 22.0 25.0 23.7 U.O 11.5 21.6 17.5 4.9 5.0 2.1 2.0 1.0 2.1 2.2 3.0 2.5 5.0 4.3 0.0 0.8 0.7 3.4 4.5 1.0 0.9 a 5 2.7 a 6 4.0 1.0 1.2 1.4 2.4 a 2 0.2 0.9 0.0 41.0 44.0 29.0 2a 5 23.0 2a 0 3a 5 32.0 34.0 41.7 35.0 14.0 17.4 17.7 37.0 3a 2 2a 2 21.0 32.0 30.4 35.0 31.0 21.2 2ao 25.6 2a 0 11.0 11.6 22.5 17.5 58.0 328 328 li 6 ' 20. 0 38.0 34.2 29.0 34.0 39.2 41.0 1098 12.3 10.7 11.0 13.2 13.5 14.5 16.5 13.8 8.0 as ao 16.0 14.5 10.5 9.8 12.7 12.0 12.5 11.5 9.6 9.2 U.O in. n lai lao ia6 20.2 21.0 22.5 2a 0 23.5 1L5 12.6 IZ* 24.5 2a 5 18.0 14.5 20.5 19 7 19.0 17.6 14.6 14.7 17.6 \^ r. 4a 6 37.0 1096 4a 5 • 949 1081 436 5a 0 426 do . . 921 57.0 44.6 ia5 22.0 2ao 83.0 7a 0 22.3 29.0 3a 0 ... . do 767 2ao sao 87.0 32.5 47.6 57.0 40.5 5L6 Broke with fine splinters . . . do 241 84» .. . do 849 / Sap-wood ■ split lengthwise without breaking 546 52.5 3a 2 28.5 45.0 42.0 546 45.0 lOOi do 1095 7a 0 67.0 1173 do 1173 Broke with long splinters.-- •- 1181 do 1181 29.2 3a 0 35.0 4a 0 13.6 14.5 2a 3 22.0 Crushed at center bearing • broke with one long splinter 1182 1182 1183 do 1183 1 17.0 lao 35.6 2a 5 2a 0 21.6 47.5 35.0 24.0 2a 7 2a 0 2a 6 32.2 3a 3 48» 3.0 J 6.0 4.6 V 7.0 6.3 5.8 ! as 10,7 i ic n do 486 48» a 6 W.4 IZO 12.7 4a 0 t 480 607 19.5 25.7 1.2 2at 3a 0 61.0 507 1 3GG forp:st trees of north America. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE SpeolM. MTKTACKJ5. 144. Eneenia buTifotU Gurgeon Stopper. Spanith Stop- per. 146. Knennia innnticoU Biopper. White Stopper. 148. Biiccnia procen Xei Stopper. CORNACEM. 151. Cornns floriila Flowering Dogwood. Box Wood. 152. Cornns KuttallU Flowering Dogwood. 153. NyRsa cnpitata Ogeechee Lime. Gopher Plum. Sour Tupelo. IM. Nyflsa aylvatica Tupelo. Sour Oum. Pepperidge. Black Oum. 155. Kysan nnifloni Large Tupelo. Tupelo Oum. Cotton Oum. CAPRTFOLIACBffl. 1D6. Sanit>iiciia glaaca . aider. 159. Vibiirinim prunifolium Black Haw. Stag Bulk. KDBIACEa;. ICO. ExomeiiimaCaribaouin. SUte. 161. Pinckneyaptibons. Georgia Bark. U18 1185 1127 1127 67 67 761 812 812 1077 1077 1092 960 960 605 605 235 235 617 750 760 813 813 834 834 836 128 128 650 560 604 604 681 110» 110* 739 466 466 381 Floridjt. ...do... ....do. ....do. Hissonri .. do Florida West Vlrninia . . ..do Kisaouri ...do ...do Oregon . ...do... Georgia. ...do... South Carolina. ...do Alabama ...do Georgia ...do California.. Eentncky . ...do...... Georgia Florida . ...do... I^ocallty. lAXt Man's river Umbrella Key ... Miami. ...do.. Sonth Carolina. . . ...do Tennessee Florida ...do West Virginia .. ..do Massactinsetts. . . ...do ...do ...do ...do AUenton ...do Chattahoochee. Grafton ...do Allenton ...do ...do Portland. ....do.... Ogeechee river. ...do Bonnean's Depot . . ...do Cumberland river. . Chattahoochee ...do Grafton ...do West Newbury ...do ...do ...do Chebacco pond Sonth Carolina — Bonnean's Depot . ...do Stockton ...do Ogeechee river ..do Collector. A. H. Cnrtlsa . ...do Soil. .do . .do. G.W.Letterman.. ...do A.H.CnrtiB8 ... C.G.Pringle ...do G. W. Lettennan ...do Homns and coral Coral .do. do. Upland ..do Calcareons. Dry ...do Gravelly... ... do It 1.0635 0.9405 0.9966 1.0023 .do Flinty . G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do A. E. Curtiss . ...do H. W. Eavenel.... ...do A. Gattinger A. H. Curtiss ...do C.G.Pringle ..do J.Kobinson ...do ..:.do ...do ...do Contra Costa county . Mercer county. ...do Bainbridge .... er Metacombe Jiey. do . Bloffton . H.W.Eavenel... ...do C.Mohr ...do A. H. Curtiss .... ...do Swampy . ...do .... Mnck ...do 0.5966 0. 5735 0.5979 0.7885 0.7936 0.6222 0.6447 Kich I 0.7364 Clay. ...do 8937 8904 7795 7980 7947 8647 8490 8387 7763 7807 0. 5739 0. 6170 do . do . do. G-E-Vasey. W.M.Linney. ...do A. H. Curtiss . A.E.Curtias Coral. do do . Swampy . ...do .... Alluvial . ...do .... Swampy . ...do... Gravelly. Hudson Biver shale. Treuton limestone Clay J. H. Melliohamp .' Sandy swamp. 0.7634 0.7233 0.6800 0. 7914 0.6648 0. 6135 0.5455 0.5228 0.5739 0.6841 0. 5216 0.8352 0.9034 0.8270 0.9554 0.9524 0.6425 COIFFICIKIITOr ELABTICITT. ■=3 s| 1627 1576 1017 1191 1163 787 787 787 787 763 827 888 610 814 976 610 697 687 888 814 800 763 740 1085 1206 1177 814 849 794 849 814 849 957 647 976 1085 638 723 781 849 814 849 781 888 1039 651 1 814 660 713 814 872 642 651 542 682 661 664 444 471 595 665 456 444 488 444 348 305 976 967 904 1028 708 734 1136 1085 1221 1302 660 683 1055 1172 1179 1172 872 1012 820 051 886 1016 966 710 930 1052 694 668 783 745 689 996 952 783 899 912 736 827 924 717 701 724 628 687 635 370 729 1228 956 1055 406 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEESE STRAIN— Continued. 367 DEFLBCnOlC, ra MILIJMKTEEB, UMDEB A PRESSUEK, IN KIL0GEAM8, OF— if el BemarkB. SO lOO 150 ilOO o (set.) 300 330 300 330 40O ! i 450 soo S50 1 3.0 4.8 4.1 4.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.4 5.9 5.5 8.0 6.0 5.0 ao 7.0 7.1 S.S 6.0 6.» &4 5.2 6.5 6.6 7.5 7.4 6.0 7.6 9.0 8.7 11.0 &2 10.7 10.0 14.0 5l0 5.4 S.9 4.3 4.0 7.4 6.2 9.0 8.1 as 12.0 11.5 12.3 11.5 12.0 11.5 10.2 15.2 10.0 9.0 15i3 1X5 12.5 11.5 12.0 1L5 12.5 11.0 9.4 12.7 12.0 13.7 11.2 15.0 las 17.3 20.7 ia7 22.0 22.0 32.0 10.2 9.5 13.3 9.0 7.5 14.3 9.5 13.5 12.5 12.5 ia2 12.5 ia5 17.0 16.8 26.9 0.3 0.7 0.9 0.8 lao las 17.9 17.5 16.5 2a 5 23.0 22.4 36.0 32.7 40.5 3a 5 39.0 21.0 30.3 2a 5 29.0 50.0 43.1 56.0 sao 55. 0 4a 0 4a 5 7ft 0 32.0 29.0 2ft 0 37.0 3ft 0 35.0 70.0 5a2 sao 4ft 5 4ft 5 46.0 4a s 61.5 62.0 61.5 450 500 503 ' 500 372 432 350 406 378 433 412 303 397 449 296 28S 334 318 294 425 408 334 388 389 377 353 394 306 299 309 288 293 271 236 158 311 524 383 408 450 173 Shattered 1113 Splintered 1135 Specimen cross-grained ; splintered 1127 Broke with coarse splinters 1127 2.2 27.6 67 87 781 17.0 ! 24.5 2.0 as 2.2 2.5 1.5 1.6 a 6 0.9 0.4 as a2 1.6 1.5 ao 2.0 0.4 • a 4 2.S ao as 2.2 5.5 7.2 7.5 as 5.0 11.5 ia2 25.5 31.2 2a S 2a6 84.5 Maximum deflection, 120 millimeters ; broke with large splinters. . . Broke with larf'e splinters 20.0 ia2 ia7 16 7 ia3 24.5 14.5 13.2 25.0 20.3 19.6 lao 19.5 17.7 19.0 ia2 13.5 19.7 19.0 21.6 17.0 26.0 29.0 2a7 33.0 26.7 36.5 36.5 55.0 14.7 14.6 20.7 11.5 11.4 22.2 29.0 2a 7 27.0 2a 6 24.0 35.3 20.3 17.5 87.3 29.5 27.5 25.5 28.7 26.7 26.5 22.5 lao 28.7 29.0 32.0 25.0 38.5 44.5 4a 0 4a 5 39.0 67.5 5ao 68.0 87.0 60.5 57.0 iiao Square break on tension side with long splinters 812 24. S 1 32. 0 81.5 Broke with long, coarae splinters 1077 1077 1092 960 960 24.6 37.0 20.3 lao sao 30.5 2a2 24 3 29.5 26.0 27.5 23 0 laz 29.7 30.0 3a 5 25.2 40. C 46.0 45.5 53.0 40.8 62.5 60.5 32.0 4a 5 25.5 2a 0 sao 41.0 37.5 34.7 sao 34.0 37.0 29.0 22.0 sao 4a 0 45.0 3a 5 sao 60.0 66.2 8a 0 SO. 5 loao Shattered one end . - 4a 5 34.0 " Broke with long splinters 4a 0 do Sroke short and split in axis 605 605 235 235 517 Shattered 51.0 54.5 do do 4a 0 4a 5 38.0 27.5 53.0 57.5 66.0 44.0 100.0 63.0 74.0 9a 0 12a 0 Deflected 150 millimeters and slipped from the bearing Shattered 750 813 813 833 35.0 84.0 95.0 iiao 64.0 do do . . do 834 834 835 128 128 550 Crumpled on compreBsion side at knot; square break with fine splintorfl. loao do 550 604 do 604 881 110» 110* 20.6 ia7 29.0 15.5 15.2 as 0.9 ao 0.4 as 21.0 21.0 31.0 15.7 15.4 27.0 2ft 0 40.0 2a 0 lao 34.0 3a 5 53.0 23.7 2a 0 do 41.0 71.0 28.0 2a 5 51.0 68.5 9a 0 Broke at knot with ono large splinter 739 466 466 381 sas sao Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain 3a 0 ! i 3G8 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THIE Special. State. Looalitj. Collector. 8oU. 111 OOBPVICIK.fT OF ■LABTICITT. a I §1 ERICACEa. 1A&. Andromeda ferrugioeft 16(. Arbatns MeDiieail MadTona. 107. Arbntas XolapensU 199. OivdendraBi arboreinn iSorrfJ Tree. Sour Wood. ITO. Kalmia latifolia Laurel. Calico Bush. Spoon Wood. Ivy. 171. KbododendrOD maximiini QrtaX Laurel. Sote Bay. SAPOTACEa;. 178. Cbrynopbyllnm oliTiforme 176. Sideroxy Ion Uaatichodendron Mattie. 177. Dipholis snliclfolia hustic. Oatftada. 178. Bnmelia tcnaz 179. Bnmelia l.innginosa Qum Elaetie. Shittim Wood. 181. Bnmelia lycioides , IronWood. Southern Buckthorn. 182. Bnmelia onneata , Anl^' Wood. Downward Plum. Saffron Plum. 183. Miranaops Sioberi Wild DUly. EBENACE.«. 184. Diospjrros Virglniana , Persimmtm. 8TTKACACK.B. 18(. Synploeoa tinctoria Borte Sugar. Sweet Leaf. IW Halesia diptpra Snowdrop Tree. SUver-bell Tree. Florida . 643 643 679 679 683 683 3S3 353 262' 262> 263' 263> 492 492 461 461 488 488 500 746 930 930 1083 California . ....do ... do ...do Arizona . ...do.... Alabama . ...do Virginia. ...do .... ...do. ...do . Florida. ..do... ...do. ...do. ..do ..do. ..do. Creorgia.. Texas ... ...do.... Uiaaonri. Tennessee . Florida .... 458 468 61 61 425 8U 811 1084 1084 1162 347 738 738 ...do. ...do. Missoari ...do Tennessee West VJrglnia. ...do.... Uissoori ...do ...do Alabama. Georgia... ...do Jacksonville . A. H. Cortiss . Hummock . Contra Costa oonnty ...do Marin county ...do Santa Rita mount- ains. ..do Cottage HiU . ...do Fancy Gap ...do do. .do. Bay Biscajne. ...do Upper Metacombe Key. iey. .do .. Bay Biscayne.. ...do XTmbrella Key . Bainbridge . Austin... ..do.... Allonton . XashTille Boca Chica Key. TTpper Metacombe ley. do . Allenton . . ...do Kasbville . Grafton... ...do Allenton . . ...do ...do Cottage HUl . Bainbridge . . ...do G. R Vasey . .. do ...do ..do .' G. Encelmann and C. & Sargent. ...do C. Mobr. ...do.... H. Shriver . ...do .do. .do . A. H. Curtiss . ...do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. CMohr ...do G. W. Letterman. A.Gattlnger.. A. H. Cortiss . ...do ...do G.W. Letterman.. ...do A. Gattinger..^. .. C.O.Pringle ...do G. W. Letterman . . ...do ...do C. Mohr . A. H. Curtiss. ...do Gravelly. ...do ...do.... ...do... Ligbt, rich ...do Moist . .. do. do. .do. Coral . ...do. do. .do. do. .do. .do. Low . Limestone . ...do ...do Alluvial . Coral .... .do. do. Eich npland . ...do Bioh loam . . . Bich npland . ...do Eiob Sandy . Low .. ...do. 0. 7273 I 7200 7000 74M j 7546 7670 7501 7386 7501 7642 6901 I 621G j 6403 ! 96C3 9583 I 9872 9827 I 9602 9173 8823 0.7914 6847 5903 7148 8061 8630 0786 0191 0.7633 0.7362 0.8716 0. 8176 0. 8119 0. 8125 0.8410 0.8240 0.5580 0.6704 0. 6577 740 610 970 842 651 531 787 939 651 465 651 610 1136 921 976 976 1356 1395 1191 751 488 478 488 697 660 814 751 1395 610 610 751 574 610 642 600 814 791 626 1062 872 683 549 800 970 670 500 673 618 1252 996 1149 1060 1436 1395 1177 761 496 432 522 781 1028 976 794 751 1337 622 603 814 603 734 622 673 607 680 827 1015 546 4«9 979 584 691 633 947 1237 919 1022 1263 1171 1008 673 5«7 265 330 E62 516 952 874 483 818 1289 932 846 888 619 881 832 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 369 DEFIECTION, IN M1LLIMETKE6, UNDER A PRESSURE, IN KILOGRAMS OF— 5 is U P 51 Bemarks. SO lOO ISO 300 O (set.) SOO 3SO 30O 3S0 400 430 soo S50 1 a 6.0 6.6 8.0 5.0 5.8 7.5 9.1 6.2 5.2 7.5 10.5 7.r ao 4.3 5.3 5.0 5.0 3.6 3.5 4.1 «.S 10. 0 10.2 10.0 7.0 7.4 4.S 5.2 8.0 •.S 3.5 8.0 8.0 6.5 8.5 7.0 8.0 7.6 7.4 12.0 12.3 15.6 9.2 11.2 14.3 17.8 12.2 10.0 14.6 19.5 14.5 15.8 7.8 9.8 8.5 9.3 6.8 7.0 8 3 13.0 19.7 22.6 18.7 12.5 1«.2 9.5 10.0 12.3 13.0 7.3 15.7 16.2 12.0 16.2 13.3 18.7 14.5 14.0 24 las 19.5 24.0 14.0 16.3 22.0 29.0 19.0 15.0 22.4 31.0 22.8 25^0 12.0 15.5 12.8 13.6 10.0 10.6 12.3 20.0 31.5 26.0 27.0 33.2 19.0 22.5 31.5 43.5 31.5 21.0 31.2 44.0 32.5 34.2 16.4 21.0 17.6 ia3 13.0 14.0 16.6 29.5 46.0 2.0 1.8 2.8 0.6 1.0 2.5 5.5 27.5 28.0 35.0 20.0 23.5 32.8 46.0 35.0 35.0 44.5 25.5 30.0 43.0 290 381 353 433 383 294 233 200 422 297 249 205 270 404 328 392 436 539 600 430 287 242 113 141 240 220 406 373 206 349 550 382 377 398 361 377 264 376 366 1033 47.5 59.0 32.5 3a 2 62.5 643 .do 643 41.5 51.0 53.0 679 679 683 683 353 1.2 2.6 4.8 2.3 2.8 0.0 1.6 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.4 2.8 7.0 21.5 33.6 47.0 33.5 35.6 17.4 22.0 l&O 19.0 13.7 14.5 17.0 31.5 49.2 2ao 44.5 3a 0 47.0 65.0 353 262' 262' 44.0 46.0 21.8 3&6 24.0 23.6 17.0 18.0 21.6 41.6 263' 263' 28.2 37.2 30.0 30.0 20.0 22.0 27.0 35.0 46.0 492 do 492 41.0 38.0 25.0 27.0 3a 5 461 49.0 30.0 31.6 40.0 461 37.0 37.5 45.0 49.0 488 do 488 500 746 930 930 . 1083 19.6 26.7 14.7 15.0 18.0 19.4 11.0 24.3 25.7 19.3 26.0 21.0 25.6 23.0 22.5 28.5 40.6 19.7 20.2 26.2 29.0 15.0 35.3 38.0 23.5 38.0 30.4 40.0 32.0 2.4 7.6 1.0 0.8 2.0 3.2 0.2 4.0 4.5 2.5 5.3 3.0 6.5 2.5 2.6 29.7 43.6 20.0 21.0 28.0 29.7 15.0 37.9 30.0 30.0 40.2 31.8 42.0 33.0 33.0 333 1124 25.2 26.5 36.0 39.0 19.0 50.0 52.5 38.0 55.0 40.6 63 0 32.0 33.2 51.0 55.0 24.2 70.6 39.7 42.5 48.7 458 458 Specimen cross-prained; short break on tension side, flak« from compiL'Saion side. 01 61 30.0 lll..ii 36.2 43.0 56.0 75.0 425 do 811 i 79.0 11. 'i. 5 Deflected 170 millimeters before breaking ; broke TVith fine splinters Sqnaie break on tension side, large flake on compression side do 811 52.0 78.0 58.0 73.0 135.0 78.0 1084 1084 do 1162 347 44.0 KO n 82.0 96.5 738 43. 0 60. 0 733 1 FOB 372 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III— BEHAVIOR OP THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF TUB Spade*. US. Frazlnna qoAdnuignlata— cont'd . IV7. Frszlnns Oregana . 198. FrsTinns sambncifolia Black Ash. Hoop Ash. Ground Ath. 109. Forefitiera acnmlData FnveL 201. Osmanthtis A mericanas Devil Wood. BOREAGIKACBiE. 204. Bonrreria IlavuiensiB Strong Bark. 205. Ehretla cUiptica Knackaieay. Anaqua, BIGNONIACEiE. 206. Catnlpa bigDonioides Calatpa. Catawba. Bean Tree. Cigar Tree. Jiidian Bean. 207. Catalpa Bpeciosa Wentem Catalpa. 208. Cliilopsis fia11<]^a Deeert WiUnw. VEKBENACE.«!. 210. Citharpxvliiiii villosam Fiddle Wood. NYCTAGINACE^. 212. Pisouia olitiiRata Pigeon Wood. Ite*} Wood. Cork Wood. J'ork Wood. 1'OLTGON'ACE.a;. 213. Coccololm Tloridana IHgeon Plum: LAURACE.E. 215. Pereea Carolinensis Ued Bay. 215. PerHpa Cai-olinonsis, var. polua- tri*. 2(!6' 28(S» 291 518 964 964 1001 1001 1024 1024 1030 1030 122 147 839 839 737 737 283 283 584 1137 942 540 744 744 744 38 38 682 682 490 490 474 473 473 685 585 340 SUte. Kontuoky . ...do Missonri . . . Xeimcssee . OrcRon . ...do... ...do... .. do ... ..do... ...do... ...do... ...do... Michigan , Illinois MansachuBetts . .. do Georgia. ...do..., Louifiiana. ...do Elorida do. Texas . Alabama . Georgia. . . .. do .. do Hissonti. ...do.... Arizona . .. do ... Florida . .. do... ...do . ...do. .. do . .. do .. do. Alabama . Locality. Mercer county. ...do Alleuton Nashville , Portland ..do Weidler's saw-mill. ...do Portland Furniture Company. . . do .do. do. Dansville.- Waukegan. Danvers .. .. do Bainbridge ...do Amite ...do Saint Jolm's river . Key Largo KeTT Brannfels . Stockton — Bainbridge . ...do ...do , Charleston. ..do Toscon . ...do... Bay Blscayne . ...do Upper Metacombe jpper Key. do. do . Saint John's river . ...do Mobile county. Collector. W.M.Linney.. ...do G. W. Letterman . . A. GatUnger... G. Enselmann and 0. S. Sargent. ...do .do. .do. do. do. do . do . W.J.Beal Robert Douglas. J.Robinson ...do A. H. Curtiss. ...do C.Mohr ...do A. H. Curtiss. .do. C. Mohr. ...do A. H. Curtiss ...do ...do C. S. Sargent . ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do Soil. Limestone ...do Sandy loam Rich limestone . Low, wet ..do ■Wot, peaty.. Low, wet — Rich, loamy. ...do Rich, alluvial . ...do Sandy loam . . , Coral . Rich, allavial . Low, wet. Clay ...do ...do Wet clay . ...do Moist, gravelly . ...do A. H. Curtiss . ...do ...do . do . .do. .do. do. C. Mohr . Coral . ...do. .do. do. do . Sandy loara . ...do Damp, sandy. u o.!3 1.5 i 0.7980 0. 7914 0.608O 0.7923 0. 6182 0. 6057 0.6285 0.6001 0.4894 0.4832 0.6430 0.6419 0. 5215 0. 7371 0.7365 0. 7575 0.5875 0. 5814 0. 8762 0.8455 0. 7330 0.6649 0.4816 0.4U3 0. 4352 0.4583 0. 4915 0.4915 0. 6193 0. 6716 1. 0323 1.0360 0.6884 0.9718 ! 0.9752 i 0.6427 0.6489 0.6216 cOEmcifXT op KLASTICITT. i. 5 e e o a 1 1.- 976 1028 1104 697 697 715 651 697 734 610 051 731 939 948 820 842 939 757 888 913 803 740 781 729 478 474 349 425 425 351 1062 1085 738 1220 1220 766 814 814 612 076 1062 977 888 849 820 814 763 811 610 592 698 872 814 734 1221 1328 1202 1062 1221 1015 1085 1136 937 888 996 945 425 397 722 669 697 682 674 610 523 567 .■JSl 469 814 888 691 787 849 673 763 794 595 514 514 469 555 574 689 1163 1177 703 1320 1338 1170 465 465 298 1163 1221 937 1017 1050 898 814 864 921 814 814 883 814 839 820 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 373 UNITED STATES UNDEE TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Continued. DHFLECTIOX, IX HILLIMETEKB, UNDEH A PliEgSUBE, IS KILOGRAMS, OF — SO lOO 5.0 7.0 7.5 8.0 ISO 9.5 14.0 14.0 15 0 5. 2 10. 3 5.8 5.5 6.C 10.2 11.5 4.6 4.0 6.0 5.0 5.5 6.0 8.0 5.6 4.0 4.6 4.5 5.5 1L5 7.3 &5 8.6 6.0 6.2 6.4 9.5 8.8 4.2 3.7 10.5 4.2 4.8 8.0 I 10.4 10.7 12.5 20.6 23.0 9.0 8.0 14.3 21.0 21.4 23.4 15.0 16.0 16.2 18.7 13.0 12.5 12.0 19.0 9. 2 14. 0 11.5 12.8 16.5 12.0 7.3 8.0 &e 9.8 24.6 14.0 16.0 18.4 11.0 11.5 12.3 19.0 17.0 8.3 7.3 21.0 lao 22.0 26.5 lao 11.2 12.7 lao 14. C 36.0 21.5 26.0 3L0 18.0 17.0 20.4 3L6 26.0 12.5 11.4 300 O ,300 3SO 300 > 350 I 400 ! 450 (set) ll» 29.6 30.6 33.0 20 8 22.0 21.6 25.7 8.0 , 12.4 I 9.3 13.5 11. a 6. 0 12. 0 6.0 18.0 17.6 II.S 16.6 lac 17.0 20.5 20.6 26.0 31.2 38.7 27.0 15.3 17.8 18.0 19.8 53.0 31.0 37.6 63.0 25.2 23.5 30.0 SO. 5 37.0 17.5 15.0 0.6 2.7 2.3 3.5 20.0 32.0 32.0 35.0 0. 7 2L 5 0.9 0.5 1.0 0.6 0.4 1.6 1.7 2.5 3.9 4.5 2.0 0.4 1.0 1.0 0.5 6.9 2.4 4.5 17.5 1.4 1.2 2.6 6.0 3.0 0.7 0.4 22.5 22.5 26.0 18.5 17.3 28.7 21.0 27.5 34.0 42.0 28.2 17.7 lao 1&2 20.0 56.0 32.5 41.0 26.0 24.3 30.7 38.0 18.0 15.7 16.8 19.0 24.3 24.3 23.6 0.4 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.3 17.5 18.7 25.0 24.2 24.0 25.0 44.2 41.0 46.5 28.0 30.0 2a 0 34.0 23.5 21.8 31.2 66.0 59.0 6a5 39.0 41.0 36.0 45.5 30.2 39.0 2a 0 36.0 35. 7 . 53. 0 48.0 71.0 61.0 3a 0 2«.0 2a s 23.5 25.0 77.5 44.0 64.5 24.5 30.0 30.0 32.0 131.0 35.0 33.2 53.0 54.0 2a 0 20.0 25.0 21. 5 I 26. 5 24.0 31.0 31.0 30.2 32.0 40.0 40.0 42.0 49.0 81.5 31.0 87.0 39.6 40.0 74.0 37.0 46.0 65.0 30.0 i 37.0 32.0 39.0 50.0 51.0 61.0 500 350 46.0 60.5 471 305 313 312 350 323 343 311 149 150 315 327 261 417 350 346 298 313 613 433 400 403 308 291 223 200 296 2S7 254 200 294 Semarks. Specimen cross-grained i split Failed at knot Broke witli coarse splinters ; shattered . Shattered Square break on tcusiuu side with split in axis. Shattered noo 499 Specimen cross-grained; square break on tension side, flake on compression side. Specimen cross-grained .do Specimen cross-grained ^ flake on tension side .. Specimen cross-grained ; break started at knot . do Square break on tension side with coarse splinters. Square break with two largo splinters Square break on tension side with co.arse splinters . . do .... Square break on tension side ; shattered. do Square break on tension side, splitting in the axis with flne splinters. Sap-wood ; specimen cross-grained ,- broke with long splinters do Specimen cross-grained ; splintered .^.. Specimen cross-grained ; square break on tension side ; split in axis Broke with coarse splinters Crushed at center bearing i broke with coarse splinters . do do Crushed at center bearing; splintered. .do . Splintered on comer .... Specimen cross-grained Specimen oross-graint^d; broke at knots . Broke with fine splinters Specimen cross-grained; failed from large splinters on comer . 400 383 377 350 Shattered ; large flakes on tension side . Broke wiih coarse splinters Shattered . do... Broke with coarse splinters . 286 > 286" 291 518 964 964 1001 1001 1024 1024 1030 1030 122 147 737 737 283 283 584 1137 942 540 744 744 744 38 38 682 682 400 490 473 473 585 583 340 37-1 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCEPAL WOODS OF THE Specie*. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. t COEjnCTKKT OF ELASTicirr. o s 1 «« s 4, 5 9 t 587 561 886 674 626 708 443 465 861 eio 651 703 651 673 658 567 542 800 488 501 673 348 337 368 325 315 464 1085 1149 937 888 086 675 976 1039 797 842 872 591 751 800 825 751 781 809 814 888 733 C26 610 787 519 531 762 970 976 783 888 930 937 1017 1062 937 814 939 973 814 857 712 976 976 989 921 939 1050 718 718 794 751 800 813 729 835 895 400 391 574 542 514 649 828 849 1010 814 857 023 1136 1190 1361 8U 921 888 1136 1221 1055 996 1073 1094 1220 1302 1165 1163 1268 1036 651 697 869 452 479 745 574 568 703 610 651 820 697 687 900 217. SaaM&as officinale . 218. TrmbellnL-vria Californioa Mountain Laurel, Cali/omiaLau- rel. Spice Tree. Cagiput. Califor- nia Olive. California Bay Tree. EUPHORBIACEA. 219. Drypetea croooa ihiiana Plum. White Wood. 219. Drypetos orooea, var. latifolia TTKTICACEa;. 222. Ulmos cnissifolia Cedar Elm. 223. TJImus fnlva Red Elm. Slippery Elm. Moote Elm. 224. Xnmiis Americana White Elm. American Elm. Water Elm. . XJlmaB racomoBa Bock Elm. Cork Elm. Hickory Elm. White Elm. Cliff Elm. 220. Ulmnfialata TToAoo. Winged Elm. 71 71 887 887 446 814 814 854 854 703 703 468 459 459 324 324 929 929 UlBsouri ..do ...Go ...do Tennessee West Tirginla. . ...do Mkssacbnsetta. . ...do Oregon . .. do ... Florida . .. do... .. do... Texas . ...do. ...do. .. do. 30> Kentucky. 134 I Missoorl... 134 369 429 19 10 281 958 958 1036 1036 1049 1049 116' 116» 116» .. do Vermont... Tennessee . Hassachnsetts . .. do Mlst^ouri Texas ...do Massachusetts . ..do ...do ...do Michigan . ...do ...do 116»i....do 314 ... do 314 |....do 428 Tennessee . 133 380 533 S33 South Carolina . Tennessee Mississippi ....do AUenton.. ..do ...do ...do Na8h\-ffle. Grafton... ...do Danvers . . ..do G. TV. Lettennan ..do ..do ...do A. Gattinger C.G.Pringle.... ...do J. Bobinson Bich loam do do Low.iich 0.6288 ...do I 0.4509 Allu-rial j 0.4546 ...do i 0.4818 Kicb ! 0.4824 0. 5849 Coosbny. ... do.... G. Engelmann and ; . C. .S. Sargent. | do Upper Metacombe A. H. Curtiss ; Coral . Key. ...do do ' — do . ...do do do . Dallas J. Bevercbon . , .. do do Austin. ...do.. Mercer county AUenton ...do Charlotte Nashville C.Mohr. ...do... "W. M. Linney G. W. Letterman. ...do C.G.Pringle , A. Gattinger Arnold Arboretum - 1 C. S. Sargent — do do AUenton. I G.W. Letterman.. Colorado river . . ...do Danvers ...do North Reading . ...do Dansville . . . Big Rapids . ...do Hudson Horsey ...do KashviUe . . . Bonneau'a Depot . . . Davidson county . .. Kemper's MiU ...do. C. Mohr.... ...do J. Robinson. ...do ...do ...do V.J.Beal... .. do ...do ...do ...do ...do A. Gattinger.. H. W. Bavenel . A. Gattinger. . . C. Mohr ...do Rich loam . ...do ...do ..do Limestone Rich, alluvial . . ...do Gravelly Chiy Drift ...do .... Alluvial . Alluvial . ...do Gravelly. ...do.... ...do... ...do .. do ...do Low, gravelly . . . AUuvial Bich loam ...do ...do ...do.... Loam AUuvial . ...do.... 0.5828 0.4829 0.5034 i 0.6813 0.6755 0.9304 i 0.9391 I 0.9218 ! 0.6708 i 0.7348 j^ , 0.8375 0.8682 ! I 0.5875 0.7200 ; i 0.6933 0. 0767 0.6821 0.6920 0. 7080 0.6477 0.6596 0. 6168 0. 7370 0. 7359 0. 7660 0. 7159 0.8662 0. 6245 0.6839 0. 7461 0.7677 0.7466 0.7442 0.8768 0.6615 0. 8243 0.7883 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Continued. 375 DKFLBCnON, IN MILUMETKB8, UKDBE A PKBSeUEE, Di K1L0GBAM6, OF— SO 8.6 8.5 11.0 8.0 7.5 8.6 10.0 14.0 15.0 4.5 5.5 .'i.O 6.5 6.0 lOO 17.4 15.6 21.0 15.0 14.5 18.0 19.5 29.0 31.0 8.5 9.9 11.2 12.2 12.5 11.0 16.0 ia2 ISO 28.0 23.4 35.5 23.2 22.0 29.6 30.0 47.0 52,0 12.5 15.7 17.3 19.6 20.0 16.8 27.5 31.0 5.0 10.0 15.2 23.3 5. 6 10. 5 I 16. 0 22. 8 300 4orj 33.8 34.0 32.5 43.0 42.0 17.0 21.0 24.5 27.2 29.0 23.5 40.5 44.0 4.8 6.0 &0 5,0 5.3 6.8 6.8 6.S 6.7 12.2 9.0 5.9 6.0 4.3 e.0 4.3 4.9 4.0 4.2 7.6 10.8 8.5 8.0 9.2 10.4 11.4 10.0 10.4 13.6 13.0 12.2 11.7 25.0 19.0 It 5 11.4 8.2 10.6 8.0 9.1 7.6 7.7 14.0 14.0 15.5 17.0 15.0 14.7 21.2 21.0 19.5 17.0 41.5 31.0 17.6 17.6 12.0 I 16.1 12.2 ! I 13.7 ILO 1L7 22.4 20.4 ^32.0 17.2 I 28.8 15.6 23.7 7.0 ! 14.2 23.0 20.0 20.3 24.2 20.8 20.4 31.0 3o!o 28.0 29.0 69.2 46.2 26.6 24.0 16.7 22.0. 1A.5 18.2 14.9 15.8 33.2 45.6 43.6 34.0 32.3 O (set.) 4.5 2.7 3.1 2.0 6.2 4.9 0.6 1.1 1.6 2.0 2.2 1.3 6.0 6.6 200 44.0 35.5 36.0 34.0 46.0 45.7 18.0 21.5 20.6 25.0 27.5 30.0 24.5 42.0 47.0 1.7 23.6 L 6 23. 5 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.0 0.5 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.2 14.4 6.2 2.0 1.9 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.6 3.5 5.6 7.2 3.3 2.4 20.8 20.3 25.2 31.3 21.0 31.0 31.0 29.0 2&6 73.0 49.2 26.2 24.0 17.0 23.0 lOiT 18.4 15.0 16.0 35.0 47.0 45.5 35.3 3SO 66.0 47.5 47.0 74.0 63.0 22.5 27.5 26.0 32.5 36.5 42.0 31.0 57.0 65.0 30.5 31.5 27.0 26.9 32.6 2a 5 27.0 41.0 41.8 40.0 84.6 71.3 33.2 31.5 22.0 29.0 21.0 23.0 19.0 20.3 45.0 64.5 59.3 48.0 33. 5 44. 5 300 80.0 33.6 46.5 56.0 39.2 84.0 97.0 47.0 43.0 36.0 36.0 50.0 35.0 34.7 60.0 61.5 56.6 47.7 45.6 44.0 26.5 38.5 26.5 30.0 24.0 26.0 64.0 94.0 85.5 6t.0 330 61.0 59.2 51.2 47.6 45.8 45.7 9.5 63.0 60.0 34.0 53.3 340 38.0 29.4 32.0 91.6 96.0 40O 112.0 86.0 60.0 64.0 60.0 9a2 40.8 46.0 48.5 38.7 44.0 4SO 49.0 (5.0 67.0 62.0 500 SSO 85.0 ss IS 378 302 154 300 281 256 287 157 108 400 288 340 252 352 343 313 336 325 334 400 400 415 304 422 448 339 344 847 382 245 277 431 394' 681 378 450 467 497 442 371 318 300 360 Bemarkg. Broke short and split Broke with fine splinters . Shattered .do. Coarse splinters Shattered ,. do Square break on tension side with large flake on compresdion side. do Specimen cross-grained j split . do Shattered . Sap-wood; shattered Specimen cross-grained ; sap. wood ; shattered . Broke with coarse splinters . Short break on t«nsion side.. Sap-wood; shattered do Cmshed at center bearing ; bent and splintered without breaking. do -do . Thin scale on tension side Broke with coarse splinters ; started at knot. 0 . 5 sap-wood ; splintered on comers - do Broke with coarse splinters do , Broke with fine splinters Sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis.. Specimen cross-grained Broke with fine splinters do Buckled on compression side ; fine splinters — Broke with fine splinters Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters . Broke with fine splinters do do do do Sap-wood; failed at knot 0.75 heart wood ; splintered at comers . Broke with coarse splinters a 384 i Slipped from bearings; buckled large splinter on comer.. 7] 71 387 387 446 814 814 854 854 703 703 468 459 459 324 324 929 929 30» 134 134 369 429 19 19 281 281 ' 958 958 1036 1036 1049 1049 1161 116' 1163 116» 314 314 428 133 380 533 533 ;7G FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table HI.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE 3X7. PUoen aqoctioa . 128. Celtia occidentalla Sugarberry. EacVmry. 128. Celtisoccidentalia, nor. reticulata.. Hackberry. Palo Blanco. 229. Fioiuaarea 231. FicuB pednncnlata Wild Fig. India-nMer Tree. 232. Moras rubra Rtd MuUterry. 234. Maclnra anrantlaca Otage Orange. Boit SArt. PLATANACK^. 235. Platanns occidentalls Sycamore. Button Wood. But. ton-ball Tree. Water Beech. 230. Platanas raceniosa Sycamore. Button Wood. 287. Platanns Wrightil Sycamore. JUGLAia>ACS.S. 238. Juclans cinerea Butternut. WhiU Walnut 239. JuKlana otfrra . . Blaek WMnut. 758 758 918 75 75 306 306 306 873 873 1111 1111 652 652 486 486 508 132 132 1244 1245 1246 1255 1255 253 253 21 126 126 16 16 76 76 76» 123 893 1057 112 117 149 State. Locality. Florida. .. do... ...do... Missonri ....do Texas ...do ...do Hassachusetts. ...do Missonri ...do Arizona . ...do.... Florida . ..do... do. Missonri. . ...do ...do ...do.... ...do ....do ...do Texas . ...do. Massacliasetts. Missouri ...do 686 California.. 686 i....do , 648 Arizona . 648 ...do.... Massachusetts. ...do Mi8so«ri ...do , ...do Michigan Michigan Massachusetts. Mittsoiiri Michigan Illinois Chattahoochee.. ...do ...do Allenlon ...do Dallas ...do ...do Salem ...do Saint Lonis. ...do Santa Bita monnt- ains. ...do Bay Biscayne. ...do Boca Chica Key . Allenton. ...do.... .. do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... Dallas. ...do.. Arnold Arboretnm Allenton ...do Carmel river. ...do Santa Rita monnt- aius. ...do Arnold Arboretum . . ..do Allenton ..do ...do DansTille Lansing Topstteld Allenton Dansville... Waukegan . Collector. Son. A. H. Curtiss . ...do C.Mohr G. W. Lettennan ...do J. Beverohon ..do ...do J.Bobinson ...do Henry Eggert — ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do A. ILCnrtiss . ...do do. G. W. Letterman ...do ...do ...do.. ...do ...do ...do J. Eeyerchon . ... do C.S. Sargent G. W. Lettennan. ...do G.E.Vasey. ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent , . . do C. S.Sargent ...do G. W. Lettennan. ...do ....do W. J.Beal ...do J. Bobinson G. W. Letterman . W.J. Beal Bobert Douglas. . Bich, allavial . ...do ...do Low, rich ... Alluvial ...do ...do ...do Loam ...do Moist loam . ...do Dry .. ...do. Coral. ....do. .do. Bich loam . ...do Upland ...do ...do Bich ...do Bottom . ...do... Drift Bich, allnvial . ...do Clay.. ...do. Bich, gravelly . . ...do Drift ....» ...do Moist, alluvial ...do Bich, moist up. land. Gravelly clay Gravelly loam . . . Drift Allnvial . Gravelly. Loam.... 1-8 p.- s CO I 0. 5761 0.5926 0. 5113 0.5887 0.6023 0.7239 0.7568 0.7706 0.7727 0.7920 0.7613 0.7154 0.7920 0.7882 0.3215 0.3061 0.6085 0.6876 0.6784 0. 6516 0.6506 0.6312 0.6875 j 0.6646 I 0.8011 0.7027 0.5724 0. 6125 0.6295 0. 5170 0. 4812 0. 6170 0.5369 0. 4829 0. 4570 0.4318 0.4375 0.4943 0.3864 0. 3205 0. 5284 0. 5852 0.5f52 0.6031 COBFFIC'UIIT OF EUAHTICITT. •OS 609 697 407 610 787 555 478 761 542 626 787 976 669 976 317 222 407 1039 814 939 718 697 761 634 •03 488 751 416 665 849 552 528 697 564 610 763 939 651 1085 257 1062 904 814 723 857 930 1111 939 957 1150 407 454 468 888 976 792 1136 1190 642 626 622 586 595 626 537 407 425 468 531 488 887 634 651 368 763 787 668 814 888 687 976 1017 649 1136 1221 696 697 697 560 488 424 328 814 - 814 818 904 1039 1029 904 970 766 872 976 728 674 820 489 712 808 738 755 846 771 762 891 820 686 1024 278 199 230 937 848 766 738 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE TEANSVEKSE STEAIN— Contiuued. 377 DKFLICTiex, IN MILI.UlKTKnS, L'NDEE X ri!K6KUKE, IX KILOfiRAMS, OF— 11 -II £S is Kemarlu. ■ so io< i 1 > 13« >|S04 }| O (set 30< ) > »sc > 30O j 354 i 1 > 400 450 SOO SS< 1 .a a 9 a o o 9.6 7.0 12.0 ao 6.2 a8 10.2 6.5 9.0 7.8 6.2 5.0 7.3 5.0 15.4 22.0 12.0 4.7 6.0 5.2 6.8 7.0 6.5 7.7 5.7 5.2 12.0 5.5 4.3 7.8 8.2 12.0 j 9.1 i 7.7 , ..4| 6.0 5.0 4.3 7.0 10.0 6.0 5.4 5.4 5.6 20. C 13.0 23.5 14.7 11.5 33.6 mg 39.0 23.0 17.5 27.2 1.7 49.6 29.6 . 245 . 350 200 3U4 345 315 322 361 329 32S 380 3.'50 250 437 119 86 98 400 362 327 315 297 318 298 474 491 200 338 274 i 250 j 229 200 : 165 157 285 293 277 297 239 140 . 349 439 327 . 37.2 51.0 80.0 Specimen cross-graiijed 33.0 25.3 40.5 1 1 42.7 i 30.0 I 42.0 1 37.6 2ao 2L7 37.0 20.0 ao 1.9 4.5 5.5 2.5 5.7 4.8 2.3 1.1 5.3 1.5 34.4 25.0 41.5 44.5 32.0 44.0 39.0 29.0 22.3 38.0 20.2 45.5 33.5 sao 6a 0 42.0 sas 53.0 37.3 30.0 7a 0 4a 0 82.0 87.0 57.5 91.6 82.5 51.0 3a2 918 17.7 27.5 las 29.5 14.0 21.5 - 1 Specimen cross-grained; splinters on comers at knots Broke witb large splinters 306 306 87.0 Bioke with large scale 17.3 16.0 12.8 10.4 15.0 9.0 3ao 29.0 25.2 20.0 1 16.0 25.0 14.3 Square break on tension side with coarse splinters Broke with coarse splinters 873 1111 nil 74.0 ' Broke at knot ■ coarse splinters 26.5 35.4 60.0 7a 5 Specimen cross-grained ; broke with large splinters. . . 652 Square break do 1 9.2 10.8 11.0 12.0 13.5 14.0 14.4 10.5 10.2 23.0 10.0 a 2 15.7 15.6 23.0 20.0 15.0 12.4 11.0 9.0 ao 14.0 23.0 12.0 9.4 10.0 10.0 14.0 16.4 15.8 las 20.0 2L4 22.2 15.2 15.2 38.0 14.5 12.3 24.4 24.6 3a7 34.2 23.0 ' 19. 0 16. 8 ' 14.5! 12.4 las 20.5 23.0 22.6 2a 6 29.0 32.4 32.5 20.2 20.4 55.7 19.6 17.0 3a 8 39.0 1.3 20.7 2a 0 31.0 32.3 3a 2 42.0 43.2 44.3 27.0 2a 4 4a 0 4a 0 4a 0 57.0 55.0 61.0 Broke witb coarse splinters 508 132 132 1244 1245 1246 1255 1255 253 1.0 2.0 2.3 2a 5 2a 5 27.0 do Broke with thin flakes 2. 6 30. 3 2.6 ao 0.7 0.4 9.2 1.0 a 6 as 4.9 82.2 33.5 20.6 21.0 7a 0 do 31.5 32.0 3a 5 3a 5 47.0 47.8 56.4 5a 0 Broke with fine splinters do 253 2a 8 17.5 38.3 41.0 25.0 22.6 63.0 sao 126 126 686 686 .-- do 648 27.5 22.8 20.3 17.0 27.0 2.0 0.9 ' 0.6! 0.9 2.0 28.0 24.0 21.0 lao 2a 0 38.2 31.7 . 28.4 24.3 . Square break on tension side; split in axis .... do 76 76 76« 123 393 1057 112 do 17.7 14.0 14.8 15.4 24.0 19.0 20.4 21.6 1.0 a 3 a 6 1.3 24.0 ia2 2a s 21.8 31.0 24.0 25.5 29.7 4a 0 . 2a 5 32.3 . 42.0 . 35.6 44.0 . Specimen cross-grained; shattered do ... 117 149 310 1 :73 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table HI.— BEHAVIOR OF TDE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE BpeolM. SS7. PUoen aqostlos . S28. Celtis occidcDtalls SugartieTr]/. Baelcberry. 228. Celtia occidentalU, var. reticulata. . Badberry. Palo Blanco. 228. Ficusaarea 231. Ficna pednncnlata Wild Fig. Ituiia-rubber Tree. 232. Moras rubra Red Muiberry. 234. Maclnra snrantisca Otage Oraitge. Boit XArt. PLATANACKJ5. 235. Platanns occidentalia Sycamore. £uUon Wood. Bttt- ton-ball Tree. Water Beech. 230. Platanas raoeinoBa Sycamore. Button Wood. 287. Platanns Wrlghtii Sycamore. JUGLAUDACia. 238. Juclans cinerea Butternut. WKiU Walnut 239. JuelaDB Dlffra . . Black TToinuC. 768 758 918 75 75 80« 306 306 873 873 1111 Ull 652 652 486 486 508 132 132 1244 1245 1246 1255 1255 253 253 21 126 126 086 086 648 648 16 16 78 76 76» 123 393 1057 112 117 1411 State. Florida . .. do... ...do... Misaonri ...do Texas ...do ..do Hassacliaeetts. . . ...do Misaonri ...do Arizona . ...do.... riorida . ..do... .do. Missouri. . ...do ...do ...do ..do ...do ..do Texas ...do. Massacliasetts. Miaaouri ...do California. ...do Arizona . ..do.... Massacbusetts. ...do Missoari ...do ...do Micliigan Michi};an Massachusetts Minsouri.. Michigan . Illinois ... Locality. Chattahoochee.. ...do ...do Allenton ...do Dallas ...do ...do Salem ...do Saint Lonis. ...do Santa Kita mount- ains. ...do Bay Biscayne ...do Boca Cliica Key . Allenton. ...do.... .. do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do... ...do.... Dallas. ....do.. Arnold Arboretum Allenton ...do Carmel river. ...do Santa Kita monnt- ains. ...do Arnold Arboretnm. ...do Allenton ...do ...do DansTillo Lansing Topsfleld Allenton Danaville.. Wanlcegan . Colleotor. A. H. Cnrtiss . ...do C.Mohr 6. W. Letterman ...do J. Beverohon .... ...do ...do J. Bobinson ...do Henry Eggert ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do A.H.Cartiaa . ...do .do. Q. W. Letterman. ...do ...do ...do ...do , ...do ...do J. Keverchon . ... do C.S. Sargent Cr. W. Letterman. ...do G.E."Va8ey. ...do Q. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. , . . do C. S. Sargent .... ...do G. W. I/etterman. ...do ...do W. J.Beal ...do J. Bobinson G. W. Letterman . ■W.J. Beal Bobert Dooglas. . Boa Bioh, allavial . ...do ...do Low, rich . . . Alluvial ...do ...do ...do Loam ...do Moist loam . ...do Dry .. ...do. Coral. ....do. .do. Bich loam . ...do Upland ...do ...do Bich ...do Bottom . ...do... Drift Bicli, allnvial . ...do Clay.. ...do. Bich, gravelly ...do Drift...., ...do Moist, alluvial . ...do Bich, moiat np- land. Gravelly clay Gravelly loam . . . Drift Alluvial . Gravelly. Loam.... t- 1^ k S » 1.5 s (0 0.6761 0.5926 0. 5113 0.6887 0.6023 0.7239 0.7558 0.7706 0.7727 0.7920 0. 7613 0.7154 0.7920 0.7882 0.3215 0.3061 0.6086 0.6876 0.6784 0. 6516 0.6506 0.6312 I 0.0875 I 0.6646 i 0. 8011 0.7927 0.6724 0. 6125 0.6295 0.5170 0.4812 0. 5170 0.5369 0.4829 0.4579 0.4318 0.4375 0.4943 0.3864 0. 3205 0. 5284 0.5862 0. 5852 0. G031 COBFPIC'IKIIT OP EijurriciTT. 609 687 407 610 787 656 478 761 642 628 787 976 669 976 817 222 407 1039 8U 939 718 887 761 634 857 407 888 U36 626 695 407 631 634 763 814 976 1136 697 488 814 904 904 872 gs 488 761 416 665 849 652 528 697 604 610 763 939 651 1086 267 1062 904 888 814 723 697 678 930 957 454 976 1190 622 626 425 488 661 787 888 1017 1221 697 424 814 1039 970 976 674 820 488 712 808 788 756 846 771 762 891 820 588 1024 278 198 280 837 848 706 738 096 745 698 1111 1160 468 792 642 586 637 468 887 087 049 696 660 328 818 1029 766 726 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. Oi imiTED STATES UIsDEE TEANSYEKSE STEAIN— Continued. DKFLICTieN, IN MIU.IMETKCB, UNDEE A PUE6SUKE, IN KILOfiRAMB, OF— SO 9.6 7.0 12.0 &0 fi.2 as 10.2 6.5 ».0 7.8 6.2 5.0 7.3 5.0 15.4 22.0 lOO 130 300j O |300 1 |(set.)i 20.0 13.0 23.5 14.7 11.5 17.7 las 14.0 ! ! 17.3 ' 16.0 12.8 10.4 I 15.0 ' 0.0 ! 3&0 I 33. S i 48. »i 6. 0 ' 49. 6 ! M I 19.9 27.2 i 1.7 I 29.5 39.0 23.0 17.5 27.5 29.5 21.5 i 29.0 , 2S.2 I 20 0 16.0 25.0 14.3 9.2 & 0 10. 8 5.2 6.8 7.0 6.5 7.7 5.7 5.2 12.0 5.5 4.3 7.8 8.2 II. 0 12.0 13.5 14.0 14.4 10.5 10.2 23.0 10.0 a2 15.7 15.6 12.0 23.0 1 9. 1 I 20. 0 7.7 I 15.0 I a4 ! 12.4 * I 6.0 I 11.0 5.0 4.3 7.0 10.0 6.0 5.4 5.4 5.6 14.0 ia4 15.8 ia5 20.0 21.4 22.2 15.2 15.2 3ao I 14.5 I 12.3 33.0 25.3 40.5 42.7 30.0 42.0 37.6 28.0 21.7 37.0 20.0 3.0 1.9 4.5 5.5 2.5 5.7 4.8 34.4 25.0 41.5 44.5 3a 0 44.0 39.0 2. 3 29. 0 1. 1 i 22. 3 5.3 1.5 I 20.5 23.0 22.6 26.6 29.0 32.4 32.5 20.2 20.4 55.7 19.6 17.0 24.4 3a 8 24. 6 I 39. 0 38.7 I. 34.2 . 3a 0 20.2 »30 37.2 45.5 33.5 5ao 60.0 42.0 sas 53.0 37.3 30.0 26.5 1.3 1.0 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.6 3.0 0.7 0.4! ! 9.2 ; 1.0 0.0 20.7 I 2a 0 23. 5 ! 31. 0 23.6 27.0 30.3 32.2 33.5 32.3 3a 2 42.0 4a 2 44.3 20. 6 27. 0 21.0 2a 4 20.8 17.5 3.5 -38.3 4. 9 41. 0 9.0 ao 14.0 23.0 1210 I 9.4 10.0 10.0 23.0 19.0] 27.5 2.0 28.0 10. 8 ' 22. 8 0. 9 i 24. 0 14. 5 I 20. 3 0. 6 I 21. 0 12.4 17.0 0.9 laO ia5 27.0 2.0 29.0 17.7 14.0 14.8 15.4 24.0 10.0 20.4 21.6 25.0 22.6 1.0 0.3 0.6 1.3 24.0 10.2 20.5 21.8 31.7 28.4 24.3 I 300 { 330 7a 0 4a 0 82.0 87.0 57.5 91.6 82.5 51.0 3a2 35.4 40.0 43.0 4a 0 57.0 70.0 31.5 32.0 sao 31.0 24.0 25.5 29.7 40.0 29.6 32.3 42.0 87.0 74.0 50.0 55.0 61.0 400 1 4SO I SOO 70.5 3a 6 ! 47. 0 3a 5 47. 8 5&4 58.0 S50 Is 245 350 200 304 343 315 322 361 329 325 380 3.'>0 250 437 119 85 Kemarks. Sap-wood ; broke through knot Specimen cross-pra iued Broke -with large spUuters ; shattered . 327 315 297 318 298 474 491 200 338 274 Broke "with coarse splinters Failed by bending ; fine splinters Specimen cross-grained ; splinters on comers at knots . Broke with large splinters Broke with large scale Square break on tension aide with coarse splinters Broke with coarse splinters Shattered ; large, coarse splinters Broke at knot; coarse splinters Square break . do Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain . Broke with coarse splinters do Broke with thin flakes Failed from splinters on the comer Failed from thin scales on tension side . Broke with large splinters do Broke with fine splinters . do Specimen cross-grained; split with grata . Square break with coarse splinters do 250 j Broke with fine splinters 229 ' Broke with thin Hakes from tension side . 200 165 157 285 293 277 297 239 140 349 439 327 310 Specimen cross-grained; split with grain. Specimen cross.gruined Specimen cross-drained; broke at small knots Square break on tension side ; split in axis do Crushed at center bearing; broke with long splinters Crashed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters Square break do Square break on tension side, splitting in axis; shattered . Specimen cross-grained; shattered do Specimen crosS'grained; long break started at small knot. 758 758 918 75 75 306 306 306 873 873 1111 1111 Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain 652 Specimen cross-grained ; broke with large splinters 652 486 486 608 132 132 1244 1245 1246 1255 1256 253 253 21 126 126 648 648 16 16 76 76 7«« 123 393 1057 112 117 149 G78 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF TDE PRmCIPAL WQODS OF THE BpcoiM. 239. JagUms nigra— oontinned. , 240. JusIansTupeetris. Walnut 241. Carya olivsefonnls Pecan. lUinois Nut. 242. Carya alba Shell-bark Hickory. ShagAmrk Sickory. MS, Carya sulcata Sig SheO-bark. bark. Bottom Stiett- 318 325 407 430 766 766 951 931 415 415 672 State. Miohigan . Texas .... Tennessee . Florida ...do Texas ...do Locality. Now Mexico . ...do Califomia ... 672 ...do. 322 322 326 326 8 3 29» 118> 1183 152 248 249 249 E31 631 531 539 539 816 816 1056 1056 1097 1097 91 91» 383 383 383 391 391 1082 1082 1164 1154 1164 Uississippi . ...do Texas ...do Massachasetts — ..do Kentnoky MicUgan .. do MisBonri Virginia ..do ...do Mississippi ...do ...do ...do ...do , "West Virginia — ...do Massachnsetts — ...do Missonri ...do Kentucky . ... do Missouri .. ...do ...do ....do .. do ... do ... do ....do ....do ....do Lansing . Ballas... CliarleBtown ITavy- yard. Nashville Aspalaga ...do New Btaonfels. ...do Finos Altos monnt- ains. ...do Contra Costa county ...do GieenviKe . ...do Dallas ...do Arnold Arboretum ...do Danville Hudson Lansing Allenton Wythevllle ...do ...do Kemper's mill ..do ...do ...do ,.;.do Grafton ...do Topsfleld ...do Allenton ...do Mercer county . ...do Allenton .. do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Collector. W. J. Beal.... J. Reverchon . S.H. Pook A. Gattinger . A. H. Curtiss. ...do C. Mohr ...do 5. L. Greene . ..do 6. E. Vasey . ...do C.Mohr ...do J. Keverchon . ....do , C.S.Sargent ...do W. M. Linney W.J.Beal ...do G. Vf. Lctterman H.Shriv6r ...do ...do C.Mohr ...do ...do ...do ....do C. G.Pringle ...do J. Bobinson ...do G.W. Letterman. ...do W.M. Linney.... ...do..: ,. G. W. Letterman . ...do ...do ...do ..do ...do .. do .. do ...do ...do .'.. SolL Loam Alluvial . Limestone Clay ...do Moist, calcareotu ...do AUuvlal. ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... .do. .do. .do. -do. Drift ...do Shale Clay ...do Kieb upland . Clay ...do ...do Alluvial ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ..do Rich loam . . . ...do Alluvia ...do : 2 i ?> .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. do. .do. .do. .do. do . .do. .do. 0.6619 ; 0.6455 0.5981 0. 5724 j 0.6933 0.6949 0.7483 0.7386 j 0.6125 0.7297 0.5977 0.6063 0.7444 0.7489 0.7181 0. 6250 0.8295 0.7955 0.9716 0.8085 0.8036 0.8217 0. 8108 0.8041 0.8163 0.8835 0.8829 0. 8746 0.9148 0. 7698 0.7669 0.7947 a 8614 0.8439 0.8261 0. 7522 0.7130 0.6603 0.9376 0.9333 0.9421 0.8886 0.8648 0.9000 0.8834 0. 7927 0.8481 0.7762 COETFICIEXT OF BLAanciTT. 878 ST6 976 857 1221 1627 1221 939 697 660 775 ' 626 642 904 470 542 1395 1320 1163 1356 1576 1627 1221 1085 1221 1320 1356 1526 1285 1479 1526 1628 800 888 1395 1221 976 729 761 872 ! 939 740 660 1221 1356 1221 1136 921 1221 1627 1191 1017 688 679 842 097 651 076 496 542 1356 1356 1220 1395 1550 1627 1191 1163 1320 1479 1395 1601 1526 1575 1627 1628 976 921 1502 1356 1062 781 842 729 1085 957 1007 849 835 1191 1526 1395 586 668 923 898 820 1137 923 937 462 949 468 520 467 675 581 600 1245 1249 1266 1057 1036 1132 1144 1160 1242 1289 1289 1444 1242 1237 1041 1216 1137 1073 1331 1172 1022 755 1223 1055 1160 1172 1116 1087 1083 1144 1352 1287 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UN^ITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 379 DBFLECTIOH, JS MILLIMETEBB, UKDEB X FBEeSCBE, IK KILOORAUB, OF — SO lOO ISO 200 O (set.) 300 3S0 300 3SO 400 4SO 500 550 ti go S n Bemarks. 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.7 4.0 3.0 4.0 5.2 7.0 7.4 6.3 7.8 7.6 5.4 10.4 9 0 3.5 3.7 4.2 3.6 3.1 3.0 4.0 4.5 4.0 3.7 3.6 3.2 3.8 3.3 3.2 3.0 6.1 5.5 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.7 &5 7.4 5.2 5.6 5.2 6.6 7.4 4.0 3.6 4.0 10.0 10.5 8.6 10.6 8.0 6.0 8.2 9.6 14.2 14.4 11.8 14.0 IS.O 10.0 19.7 18.0 7.2 7.2 8.0 7.0 6.3 &0 8.2 &4 7.4 6.6 7.0 6.1 6.4 e.2 6.0 6.0 10.0 10.6 6.5 7.2 9.2 12.5 11.6 13.4 9 0 10.2 9.7 11.5 11.7 &2 6.4 7.0 15.0 16.0 13.0 16.0 12.6 9.8 12.7 15.0 23.0 21.5 17.2 21.5 23.0 15.7 32.0 29.3 11.4 10.8 12.2 10.6 9.0 9.2 13.0 1Z7 11.2 10.0 10.2 9.0 9.6 9.2 9.0 a6 14.6 16.0 9.6 10.5 14.0 18.5 17.6 21.5 13.2 15.0 14.7 16.1 16.0 12.0 9.5 10.2 21.9 17.5 22.0 18.0 13.2 17.5 21.0 29.0 24.0 30.0 I 21.4 51.5 43.0 16.0 14.4 17.0 14.0 12.1 12.5 18.2 16.8 15.3 13.0 13.2 12.0 12.5 12.6 12.0 11.5 20.0 22.6 12.5 14.2 18.5 26.2 25.0 30.5 18.3 20.5 20.0 22.2 21.3 16.5 12.8 13.6 0.6 1.0 0.2 0.7 1.2 0.2 1.0 1.5 21.7 21.7 17.7 23.0 18.7 13.5 18.0 21.2 2a 0 22.7 28.2 24.0 17.0 23.0 28.0 28.5 37.0 32.0 21.0 29.5 36.0 38.0 49.5 41.6 26.0 39.2 49.5 32.0 40 0 I 2.0 1.0 1.6 29.4 68.5 112.0 31.2 0.9 8.8 5.3 0.4 0.4 0.9, 0.6 0.2 0.2 1.0 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.9 1.9 0.3 0.5 0.4 1.4 2.0 3.2 1.0 21.6 54.4 44.0 16.2 14.5 17.6 14.2 12.4 12.8 19.0 17.3 15.4 13.2 13.5 12.2 13.0 13.0 12.5 11.5 20.4 23.0 13.0 14.4 10.0 27.0 26.1 31.0 19.1 28.0 1.1 21.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.6 0.4 0 4 20.6 22.6 22.0 16.6 12.7 14.0 61.0 20.8 ia2 23.0 17.6 15.5 16.0 25.0 2L5 19.2 16.6 17.0 15.3 15.8 16.2 16.0 14.2 26.2 30.3 16.0 18.0 24.2 36.0 33.6 40.0 25.0 28.0 26.5 30.0 27.5 21.0 16.0 17.4 27.3 23.5 29.5 21.7 19.0 19.5 33.' 0 28.5 25.7 21.0 21.0 19.0 20.2 20.0 19.7 18.2 35.0 40.2 20.2 22.5 30.8 50.0 45.2 53.0 31.4 36.0 34.0 40.0 36.0 27.6 20.0 22.0 34.5 30.0 36.0 26.5 23.0 24.0 43.0 36.6 33.5 25.6 26.0 23.5 24.0 25.0 24.5 22.5 43.0 54.0 25.0 2a 9 41.0 43.0 37.0 44.0 32.0 29.5 29.0 66.0 46.0 45.0 33.0 33.0 2a 4 29.5 31.5 30.5 2a 5 58.0 74.6 30.7 37.0 55.6 58.0 50.7 60.4 46. 0 87.0 76.0 82.0 37.0 7a 0 64.0 57.0 41.0 40.6 35.0 39.0 40.0 84.0 56.0 55.0 44.5 54.0 59.5 100.0 59.0 36.0 81.0 105.0 3a 0 4a 0 49.5 49.5 70.0 71.2 60.0 7a 5 41.4 46.0 43.0 54.0 47.0 35.0 24.6 27.4 85.0 102.5 54.5 50.0 61.5 77.0 63.0 45.0 30.8 33.2 132.0 194.0 75.0 91.0 84.0 130.0 03.0 66.5 37.0 42.6 186.0 Specimen cross-grained ; shattered Specimen croBS-grained ; split at comer . 250 285 394 Crushed at center bearing ; broke in long splinters- 46.0 66.0 65.0 383 350 485 394 400 197 405 200 222 195 288 248 266 531 633 540 461 442 483 488 495 530 550 550 616 530 528 444 519 485 458 508 500 436 322 470 430 495 500 476 464 462 488 677 649 Sqnr.re break ; split from end to end , Square break on tension side; split in axis - do Specimen cross-grained Shattered Specimen cross-grained ; broke at knot Failed fiom splinters on corners Specimen crose-grained ; broke at knot Cross-grained ; broke with large splinters . Defective specimen ; square break on tension side Split; did not break Specimen cross-grained; square break on tension side; split in axis. Square break on tension side; long splinters Sap-wood ; broke with fine splinters. do Broke with fine splinters Broke with long fiakes frcm tension side.. Broke with long, fine splinters Broke with large, coarse splinters Sap-wood ; broke with fine splinters do do. Crushed at center bearing ; fine splinters. do Defli'ction of 88 millimeters under pressure of 600 kilograms ; some crushing at center bearing. Crushed at center bearing ; fine splinters 0. 6 sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing ; fine splinters . Broke with long splinters do ; Broke with fine splinters Sap-wood ; broke with fine splinters do 0.5 sap-wood ; broke with fine splinters. Broke with two large splinters on tension side Failed from thin flakes ou back Slipped from beai-ings ; splintered Sap-wood ; slipped from bearings ; did not break. Failed from thin flakes on back Broke with fine splinters 0.5 sap-wood; broke with fine splinters Bid not break ; pushed through the bearings Broke with fine splinters do .do . .do. 318 326 407 430 766 766 951 951 415 415 672 672 322 322 326 328 3 3 29» 118« 118» 152 249 249 249 631 531 631 539 539 816 816 1056 1056 1097 1097 91 91" 383 891 391 1082 1082 1164 1164 1164 380 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE state. Locality. Collector. SoU. JS COBmCIKKT OF g 1 RLABTICITr. to 2iS. Carya anloata— oontlnoed . 244. Caira tomentosa iloeker A'ut JSlack Biekory. Bull Xut. Big-lmd Biekory. While-htart llickory. King SuU 245. CaryapoTcina Pig Nut. Brawn Hickory. Black Hickory. SwitcKbud Hickory. 246. Caryaamara Bitter Nut. Stoamp Biekory. 247. Carya myriirticieformia Sutmeg Hickory. 248. Carya aqnatica "Water Hickory . Swamp Biekory. Bitter Pecan. MTEICACEiE. 249. Mvrica ccrifera , itayberry. Wcue MyrOe, 250. My rica Californica CUPULIFBRE. 251. Qaercus alba WhiU Oak. 1165 1166 1170 72 72 254 348 Massacbnsetta . . . ..do ...do Korth Beading . ..do ...do Kentucky Perryville . do '....do Missouri ; Allonton... Alabama I Citronelle . 121" 288 442 538 638 538 1051 1051 1098 1098 1168 1168 153 838 838 838 237 287 129 362 362 362 740 740 740 917 S86 Massachusetts ...do Missouri ...do Michigan Missouri Tennessee .... Alabama .. do ...do Massachusetts. ...do Missouri ..do ...do ...do ...do Massachusetts.. ...do .- do South Carolina ...do ...do Mississippi . ...do ...do Georgia ilo ....do Florida .do ! California , 865 I.... do . 8 i Uassachosetta 8 I do. 32 Kentucky . 32* do 82» ....do Arnold Arboretum ...do All? nton ...do Cansville Allenton S^ashville Kemper's mill ..do ..do North Keading ...do Allenton . . ., ...do ...do ...do .., do.... Danvers . .. do.... ...do.... Bonneau'B Depot .. ...do ...do Vicksbnrg ...do ...do Bainbridge ...do ...do Chattahoochee.. Saint John's river . Santa Cruz ...do ... Arnold Arboretum . ..do M<'rcor county Boyle county ...do J. Bobinson . ..do ...do Drift. ...do. ...do. ■W.M.Llnney.... ...do O. TV. Letterman C. Mohr Utica shale .. ...do Kich upland . Sandy C. S. Sargent . . ...do G. W. Letterman . ...do W.J. Beal G. "W. Letterman . A. Gattinger . . . C. Mohr ...do ...do J.Robinson ...do G. W. Letterman ...do ...do ...do Drift ...do Bich loam ...do Gravelly clay . Bich loam Upland AUuviiil ...do ...do Drift Flinty. ...do.. ...do.. .. do.. ...do J. Bobinson . ...do .. do Bich upland . Bich loam . . . ...do ...do H. W. Baronel . ...do Bich, swampy . ...do ...do C. Mohr ...do ..do A. H. Curtiss. ..do ...do C. Mohr Swampy . Alluvial . ...do.... ...da.... ...do... A. H. Curtiss . G. Entielmann and C. S. Sarjreut. ...do Sandy loam . Bich loam . . ...do C.S. Sargent .. ...do W. M. Linney. .. do ...do Drift .. do Limestone . Shale Slate 0.7181 I 0.8881 I 0.7636 I 0.7587 (] 0.P058 I 0.8693 0.8658 0. 8161 0.7818 0.9668 0.9369 0.6659 0.8473 0.8452 0.8183 0.6932 0.7463 0.8636 0.8750 0.8614 0.8113 0.8580 0.8500 0.8153 j 0.7864 0.8040 0.8080 0.8636 0.8336 0.7386 0.7546 0. 7727 0. 7813 0.8198 0. 8470 0. 8199 0. 6415 0.6227 0. 6511 0.6623 0. 7432 0.8358 0.8006 0.7068 0.6534 1221 939 1221 604 976 1476 814 888 976 1252 1030 1085 976 751 1062 1062 1085 525 718 703 957 1085 1221 1479 1062 651 976 976 976 1221 1085 729 814 904 976 1136 814 904 I 1221 1007 1395 948 1085 1628 980 976 1002 1395 1149 1221 1085 814 1221 1097 1221 734 1097 814 751 713 880 1085 814 1085 1136 1302 1628 1163 697 948 976 1085 1375 1028 848 976 1607 723 888 1136 930 948 780 1085 1020 919 1041 1411 1146 1054 1054 1354 1171 876 1146 806 1092 928 1110 1164 1108 963 935 911 1054 1132 935 1122 1214 1296 1492 1064 921 937 1099 787 1235 468 562 955 1055 1017 782 918 1028 911 818 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Continued. 381 UEFLECTIOX, IX MILLIMETEES, IKDER A rilESBUBE, IX KlI-OCRAMS, OF— ii ' Eemarks. SO lOO ISO 300 O 300 3SO 30O 330 400 4S0 30O S50 1 (set.) i ei 4.0 6 2 ao 9 7 11.5 15.0 90.8 ( 0.5 1 3 16.0 21.0 20.0 : 2S-0 1 333 463 1105 2a 0 37.2 50.0 I 69.5 137.0 1166 4 0 7 0 10 5 13 5 0 5 14 0 18.0 24.0 34.0 ' 50.0 435 1170 5.4 10 3 15.3 22.0 1.4 23.0 29.6 41.5 sao 1 392 Sap-wood; foiled with two thin flakes on back 72 5.0 9.0 13.8 19.6 1.1 20.0 26.0 33.0 44.0 ! 62.0 444 72 3.3 C 0 6.0 10.4 9.0 15.6 12.2 21.4 0.3 1.1 12.2 22.0 15. 0 19. 1 2aO ' 37.1 22.7 47.0 27.4 61. 0 33.0 89.0 40.0 50.0 602 489 254 348 5.5 10.0 14.5 20.4 1.0 20.5 i 27. 0 • 34. 0 44.0 57.5 73.7 450 ' 6 5.0 3.9 9.3 7.0 14 2 10.9 20.0 14.2 t.l 0.5 20.7 15.0 2a 2 las 35.0 23.6 44.2 31.0 60.0 sao 450 578 do 6 4a 0 60.2 7a 0 Broke with fino aplintors 88 4.7 4.5 5.0 8.5 ao ' 9.0 12.5 12.0 13.7 17.5 16.2 lao 1.1 0.6 0.9 lao 16.6 19.0 22.5 21.3 23.6 30.3 2a 0 30. G 37.5 3a 2 40.0 49.0 66.0 600 374 489 do 88 .. do , 121' 62.0 65.0 Broke with fine splinters 288 fi.5 12.0 19.0 2a 7 2.0 28.0 36.0 47.0 344 442 4.6 ao 11.9 16 0 0.6 21.0 27 n 35.0 44.0 60.0 466 638 4.6 4 5 a 9 8 0 12.7 11 6 17.1 15.7 0.0 0 9 17.0 16 4 "3.0 ! ann 39.5 36.4 396 474 ....do 638 21.2 28 6 49 0 6ao 638 9.3 13.3 18.0 22.6 6.0 23.3 2a 4 3fl.O 4a 5 CI. 0 84.0 497 1051 4.9 6.5 ao I'.O 13.4 18.8 las 27.5 1.3 3.0 19.0 28.5 24.5 ' 31.0 37.6 1 52.5 42.5 70.0 sao 110.0 75.6 473 411 do 1061 1008 6.8 1.1.0 10.2 2a 0 2.6 2a 8 37.5 51.6 73.0 399 1098 7.4 13 7 21 0 31 5 6 0 32 5 41.4 R7. 0 85.0 389 1168 C 1 11,1 lai 23.0 2.2 24 2 3L6 41.0 55 0 73.0 105 0 450 do 1168 4.7 9.0 1X3 19.0 1.0 ia4 24.0 21.3 41.6 56.4 84.0 483 153 6.4 S.1 12.0 9.0 ia6 14.0 28.3 19.0 2.2 1.1 27.6 19.0 87.0 24.7 50.5 32.5 70.6 42.5 899 479 838 50.7 74.6 do 838 4.5 ao 13.7 ia4 0.0 ia7 24.0 30.8 39.0 51.0 6a 5 loao 518 R3« 4.0 7.5 11.2 14.6 0.3 15.0 19.0 23.7 30.0 3ao 4a 0 68.5 77.0 553 Broke with fine splinters 237 3.3 6.0 9.0 11.6 0.1 12.0 14.7 lai 22.0 2a 0 31.2 38.6 4a 0 637 DeflectioD 63 millimeters with a pressure of COO kilograms; broke with line splinters. 237 4.6 7.S a4 14.0 12.0 16-6 1.0 ao las 31.2 22.0 41.2 29.0 57.2 37.6 sao 52.5 72.0 454 393 129 21.0 30.5 0.5 sap-wood; failed frora flakes on back 362 5.0 10.3 15.2 2L6 1.2 22.0 30.0 42.0 56.5 82.0 400 862 S.0 10.0 14.7 20.2 1.1 21.0 27.6 3a 6 49.0 6ao 109.0 469 862 5.0 9.0 las lao 0.7 ia2 23.5 30.2 336 740 4.0 7.1 10.8 14.4 0.4 15.0 lao 22.2 27.0 33.0 40.0 47.2 627 740 4.S 9.5 1&6 26.5 4.0 200 740 0.7 11.8 17.0 17.4 14.4 23.0 0.9 23.6 917 6.0 &4 11.0 10.0 24.0 19.0 1.3 LO 24.0 20.0 31.6 25.2 42.0 32.0 348 450 586 40.0 50.0 662 5.0 7.2 9.7 13.6 14.7 21.2 20.0 30.7 1.0 3.1 20.4 32.0 2a 0 42.0 33.0 69.0 42.4 60.0 434 334 do 666 8 6.4 11.0 16.7 23.5 1.5 24.0 31.0 40.0 52.0 70.0 392 Broke with hirge splinters 8 4.3 6.0 ao 10 6 13.0 15 0 17.6 20 7 0.4 1 0 lao 21 5 23.0 2a 2 30.5 37 0 38.6 47 5 4a 6 439 389 .. do 32 32« 5.4 10.3 15.6 21.5 0.7 ;i.« 28. C 37-0 849 82« 382 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA, Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. 2S1. Qoercus alba— oontinned . 252. Qnercua lobata lF/i«(e Oak. Weeping Oak. 253. Qaorons GarryaBa. ^ ir/uVe Oak. 254. Qaercas obtn ailoba Poet Oak. Iron Oak. State. I 4» 49> 4S> Miafionri. ...do*.... ...do.... ..do... 4»»;... do 113 113» US' 113' 238 238 250 250 251 251 259' 259S 403 403 443 547 647 748 748 749 749 895 I 895 I lOSO 1050 1 1257 I 1257 j 670 670 , Hicbigan ..do ..do .. do Sontb Carolina. ..do Virginia ...do .. do ...do .. do ...do Maryland ...do J Tenneanoe | Uashvillo Aliibama ! Keniper'a mill ... do ... do Locality. Allen ton ...do ...do ..do .. do BiglUpids Dansville .. do Hudson Bonnean'a Depot . . . ..do Wythevillo .. do .. do . ...do .. do ...do Chailcstown NaTy. yard. .. do Collector. Soil. G.W. Lettermao . ...do ...do ...do ...do ■W.J.Beal ..do ..do ...do n. W. Bavenel j Kicb, damp loam . Eich upland . ...do ...do ..do ...do Gravelly Sandy ...do CO 0.7927 0.7060 0.7784 0.7501 0.7614 O.GOOl 0. 7149 0.7060 0.7480 0.8085 do . .do 0.7797 H.Shriver CUy . ...do ' do ...do ...do .. do ...do S. H. Pook . . . ... do A. Uattiuger. C.Mohr ... do Gravelly. ...do.... Florida Chattahoochee I A.H.Cnrti8S. do I do 1 do I" ...do ..do Massachusetts .. do ...do .. do California . ....do 985 Oregon 985 '....do ... 988 l....do ... I 988 j....do ... 1027 I... do... 1027 ....do ... 1029 '... do ... 1029 ...do ... 37« 151 151 256 351 351 do . do. North Keading ..do Charleatown Navy. yard. ..do .. do .'..do M. C. Bcedle . ...do J. Kobiuson.. ...do S. H. Pook . . . ...do Reddins G. K. Vasoy . . . do do WeidliT's saw.mill . .. do Portland ...do Portland Furniture Company. ...do . do . .do. G. En^clmann and C. S. Sargent. do .do. .do., .do., .do.. do.. do . . Kentucky Harrodsburg South Carolina . . . ! Bonneau's Depot'. . . — do do ..-•. Missonti I AUenton. Alabama | Citronello ... do do W. M. Linney H. W. Eavenel... ...do G.W. Letterman. C.Mohr ...do Bioh bottom . Alluvial ...do Clay ...do ...do ...do Gravelly loam. ...do Kicb loam . ...do , Shalo Kicb upland . ...do 49 113 1132 1132 113' 238 238 250 250 251 251 259' 259' 403 403 443 547 547 748 748 749 749 895 895 1050 1050 1257 1257 670 670 985 985 1027 1027 1029 1029 37' 151 151 256 351 351 384 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table in,— BEnAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE SM. Qaereosobtasilobft— oontiimed... 265. QiierciiB nndnUta, var. GambelU .. Scrub Oat. 2S6. Qaercns macrocarpa Butt Oak. Mouy^etip Oak, Over- cup Oak. 267. Qnercns lyrata Over^cup Oak. Swamp Po$t Oak. Water WhiU Oak. 258. Qnercns bicolor Swamp WhiU Oak. 250. QuercQR MIcbaaxU Satket Oak. Cow Oak. 960. Qaercns Priniis.. OhfHmU Oak. Oak. Eoek Ohettnut 261. Quercns prinoidea TellowOak. 0?ieilnutOttk. Ohin- qitapin Oak. 771 771 417 417 625 625 79 79» 137 143 310 310 432 831 033 033 1071 1072 1073 545 545 545 762 762 54 54 64' 54> 846 846 240 240 624 524 766 766 31 31' 85 434 925 926 34 34« 273 287 State. Florid*. ... do... New Mexico . ...do Colorado ...do Kentacky . ...do Hissonri... □linois Texas ...do Tennessee . nilnois .... Texas ...do Vermont... ...do ...do Mississippi . ...do ...do Florida Missouri ....do ...do ...do Massaclinsetts . .. do Sonth Carolina . ...do Alabama ...do Florida ...do Kentucky . ...do ...do Tennessee . Alabama .. ...do Kentucky . .. do Missouri... ...do Locality. Collector. Aspalaga . ...do Pioos Altos monnt- ains. ..do Engelmann's cation ...do Mercer connty ...do Allen ton Wankegan Dallas ...do Nashville Winnebago county Austin ...do Charlotte ...do ...do Kemper's mill . ...do ...do Chattahoochee. ...do AUenton ...do ...do ..do West Newbury A mold Arboretum . Bonnean's Depot . . ...do Kemper's mill ...do Chattahoochee ...do Boyle county . .. do ...do Kasbville Cnllraan ..do Mercer county. Boyle eountj' . . AUcDton ...do . H. Cnrtiw . ..do .^.. K.L. Greene ...do Bobert Douglas. ..do W. M. Linney ...do G. W. Letterraan. Robert Douglas.. J. Revercbon ...do A. Gattinger M.S.Bebb C.Mohr ...do C.G. Pringle ...do ...do C.Mohr , ...do ...do A. n. Curtiss . ...do G. W. Letterman. ...do ...do ...do J.Eobinson C.S.Sargent H. W. Kavenel . . ...do C.Mohr ...do A. H. Curtiss ... ...do W. M. Linney . .. do ...do A. Gattinger . . C. Mohr ... do "W. M. Liuney . . . ... do G. W. Letterman ...do Sou. Gravelly barrens ...do Eocky . ...do.. AUuvial ...do Moist npland . Rich Bich, moist . . . ...do Alluvial Loam Alluvial ...do Alluvial. ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... AUuvial ...do ..do ..do Low, swampy. Drift Alluvial . ...do .... ...do .... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... Shale ...do Limestone Rocky npland . Dry, rocky . ... .. do Limestone Waverly Hbale. Limestone Flinty Si I ,£a 0. 9172 0.8958 0.8489 0.8092 0.7996 0.8073 0.7636 0.7358 0.9418 0.8368 0.8580 0.8466 0.7507 0. 7456 0.7864 0.8313 0.8523 0.8153 0.8163 0.7784 0.7972 0.7898 0. 7955 0.7955 0. 9102 0. 7182 0. 7443 0.7580 0. 8752 0. 8689 0.8432 0.8687 0.7898 0. 7710 0.9199 0.9289 0. 7313 0. 7528 0.83D2 0. 6552 0.8267 0. 7523 0.7983 0. 8949 0. 9»Ct 0. 9125 i I cOErFicmrr or BLAjmcmr. 1^ 814 610 751 443 614 1221 1085 872 678 1017 939 976 1039 697 729 814 904 783 1039 1221 1285 1627 1744 763 976 976 1062 543 651 1085 957 976 1110 828 12'a 1039 1628 681 1628 1221 970 1479 976 1221 -sa 930 814 610 718 430 628 1221 1163 ^8 079 1028 967 930 1149 723 712 835 913 814 1073 1221 1302 1550 1526 835 1085 1085 1149 592 693 1085 939 930 1112 849 857 12.12 1149 1684 695 1628 1221 976 1526 1030 1221 581 820 998 323 679 1065 1092 1226 696 068 919 926 1055 914 803 1052 1029 1034 865 1146 1041 1020 1055 1106 998 937 1036 581 792 1064 1099 1116 1144 1153 1127 1219 930 1305 546 1130 1050 1146 1455 1201 1277 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE TEA^sSVEESE STEAIN— Continued. 385 IIEFLKCTIOX, IN UILLIHETEBS, USDEK A rilESSLBE, IN KILOGRAMS, OF— SO 5lS 6.0 8.0 6.5 11.0 9.5 4.0 4.5 5.6 7.2 4.8 5.2 5.0 4.7 7.0 6.7 6.0 5.4 6.4 4.7 4.0 3.8 3.0 2.8 6.4 6.0 5.0 4.6 9.0 7.5 4.5 S. 1 6.0 4.4 5.S 5.5 4.0 4.7 3.0 a4 1.0 4.0 5.0 3.3 5.0 4.0 lOO 10.5 12.0 16.0 13.6 22.7 ia5 8.0 8.4 10"3 14.4 9.5 10.1 10.5 H.5 13.5 13.7 11.7 10.7 12.0 9.1 8.0 7.5 6.3 6.4 1L7 9.0 9.0 8.5 1&5 14.1 9.0 10.4 10.5 8.7 11.5 U.4 7.8 8.5 5.8 1G.4 «.0 8.0 10.0 6.4 9.3 8.0 130 15.7 18.7 25.3 21.7 30.3 13.0 12.6 15.4 22.4 14.0 15.3 15.5 13.4 20.6 21.3 18.6 17.0 18.2 U4 12.0 1L7 9.5 9.4 18.2 14.0 13.7 12.7 24. S 22.0 13.5 15.4 15.6 14.0 17.5 n.i 11.4 13.0 8.5 26.2 9.0 12.0 14. S 10.0 14.0 12.0 300 2l4^ 2^.4 30.0 31.0 43.5 17.0 17.2 21.5 32.0 19.0 21.6 21.4 17.6 29.0 31.4 25.6 23.4 2al 18.0 16.0 16.0 12.5 12.5 25.7 19.0 10.2 17.0 35.0 3L6 1&5 21.0 21.5 18.7 24. S 24.0 14.7 17.3 11.0 37.5 12.6 1«.0 20.4 13.0 19.0 It. 3 O (set.) 1.5 2.5 4.0 2.7 25 FOR t 3.2 9.3 0.5 1.5 3.4 1.0 1.5 1.4 0.6 3.3 3.3 2.5 2.^) 2.5 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.4 O.S 1.4 1.0 1.0 0.t 3.7 as 0.9 LO 1.1 1.0 1.8 2.0 0.3 0.5 0.3 4.0 0.6 0.6 1.4 0.3 1.0 0.6 300 21.7 27.0 37.0 31.9 45.0 17.0 17.5 22.0 33.0 20.0 21.6 21.2 17.9 29.7 S3.0 2a 8 23.6 26.3 19.2 lai 16.0 12.9 12.5 2ao 19.5 19.0 17.2 3a 0 32.1 19.1 21.6 22.3 19.0 25.5 24.5 15.0 17.7 11.6 39.0 12.7 16.6 20.8 13.3 19.3 ia4 350 2a 0 4a 0 41.5 22.0 22.5 2a 0 44.0 25.7 2a 2 29.0 23.0 40.2 45.0 34.0 30.8 34.4 24.0 20.4 20.5 16.0 l&O 33.5 26.0 25.3 22.5 41.5 24.2 27.6 28.0 24.0 32.3 32.0 10.0 21.5 14.0 lao 20.7 26.8 10.5 25.0 21.5 36.0 66.0 5a 0 29.0 2a 7 36.5 33 5 38.0 39.5 30.5 56.0 61.0 4a 0 40.5 47.0 31.0 27.0 26.0 21.0 20.0 45.0 34.5 33.0 29.5 59.0 3L6 37.0 37.0 3L5 43.7 42.5 24.4 30.0 17.6 22.0 26.0 85.0 20.6 32.5 27.6 300 350 400 84.0 37.0 sao 4a 0 41.5 49.6 54.3 40.0 73.2 62.0 54.6 62.5 41.0 3a 0 34.0 2a 2 25.0 58.0 45.0 42.6 35.5 40.0 49.5 4a 5 42.5 64.0 68.0 30.0 3a 7 2L5 27.6 33.3 4a3 25.0 42.0 35.0 145.0 47 0 4a 5 60.0 4r>0 300 64.0 64.0 79.0 54.5 79.0 73.5 8a5 43.0 44.6 32.7 31.4 7a 0 62.0 57.5 47.5 62.2 64.5 65.0 66.0 7a 0 7a 0 37.6 2&2 34.6 4L0 58.0 30.0 51.5 43.0 7a 0 66.0 39.0 109.5 73.0 90.0 87.0 75.5 99.0 135.0 47.5 31.6 7a 5 3a 2 60.6 65.6 sso 110.0 61.5 43.0 92.5 79.0 55.5 54.0 135.0 5S O CO a " 345 248 350 426 138 247 450 466 523 297 413 392 395 450 390 343 449 439 441 369 489 444 435 460 472 426 400 442 248 338 454 469 476 488 492 481 620 397 567 233 482 448 489 621 S.'jl 645 Bemarks. Splintered on comer . Square break Broke with coarse splinters Sap'Wood; drew off bearings ; fine splinters... Specimen rotten ; squ-are break '. Split at one end ; square break on tension side. Broke with long splinter on comer Broke with fine splinters Bn»ke with large splinter on comer Specimen cross.grained ; started at knot. Specimen cross-grained ; split Splintered at comers Typical Broke with fine splinters do Squai e break on tension side Failed from small splinters on comer . Failed from tliin fiakes on back Failed from fine splinters on comer. . . Square break; crushed Broke with fine splinters Failed from long splinters on tension side . Broke at knot in center of stick Square break on tension aide Broke with small splinters ; drew off bearing. . Broke with long splinters Square break on tension side, splitting in axis . Broke with fine splinters Broke at knot near the end Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain Broke with fine splinters . do .do do. Failed from large splinter, starting at knot . Did not break ; drew from bearing Broke with fine splinters Square break on tension side, splitting in axis. Crnshed at bearing; broke with fine splinters. . Square break on tension side, splitting in axis . Square break with largo splinters Failed from large splinter on comer Broke with fine splinters Dtflection with a pressure of 600 kilograms, 68 millimeters; broke with fin« splinters. Broke with largo splinters Broke with fine splinters 771 771 417 417 525 625 79 79" 137 143 310 310 432 831 933 933 1071 1073 1073 546 545 545 762 762 54 54 64> 54« 846 848 240 240 624 524 765 765 31 31' 35 434 925 926 34 34» 273 287 386 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TABLE IIL— BEHAVIOR OF THE PlllNCIPAL WOODS OF IHE BpedM. S6I. Qaerens prinoidoD— continued. 262. Qnorcns Doiiplasii i;.----^--.- ilountain White Oak. Blue Oak. 263. Qoercoa oblongifoUa. WUte Oak. 264. QiiercQB jn'iaea White Oak. 260. Qnercns Oarondil . 267. Qaerens virens . Lice Oak. UK. QaeroUB ohrysolepis Live Oak. Maul Oak. Talpa- rai40 Oak. Stt. Qnercns Emory! . JSlaek Oak. 270. Qnercns agrifoUa Eneeno. Ooatt Lice Oak. 2/1. Qaerens Wisllzenl. Lice Oak. tni, Quercas rubra JUdOak. Slack Oak. State. Lbcality. 323 514 614 688 668 6S6 655 1103 1103 404 799 799 910 919 954 954 649 649 653 653 Texas Dallas .do do Tennessee j Kashville. ...do 1 do Collector. SoU. California . ...do ...do . ...do. Arizona . Texas . ...do. Florida . . . ...do ...do Alabama . ....do Texas ...do California. ...do ...do ...do Arizona. . California. ...do 685 685 7 7 7 7 45> 45« 45« 93 140 141 146 215 216 217 218 218 920 920 ...do. do. Hassachusetts . ...do ...do ..do Kentucky ...do ...do Kentucky Ulobiigan ...do Illinois Vermont ....do ...do ...do ...do MifisiBSippi — ...do J. Berercbon . ...do A. Gattinger. . ....do ContraCostaconnty ...do San Diego county. ...do Santa Bita mount- ains. Austin . ...do.. Charlestown Navy. yaiil. Saint John's river . ..do Mobile county . . ...do Matagorda bay . ...do San Bernardino . .. do Uarin county.. - ...do Santa Rita mount- ains. Marin connty. ...do Auburn. ...do ... Arnold Arboretum. ...do ...do ...do Mercer county ...do ....do Murcer county Dansville ...do Waukegan , Charlotte ..do ...do ....do ...do Enterprise ....do I Calcareous. ...do Alluvial... do 1| U3 G. R. Vascy . ...do .do. .do. G. Eucclmann and C. b. Sargent. S. B. Buckley. ...do S. H. Pook .... A. H. Curtiss. ..do C.Mohr ..do C.Mohr ...do Clay.. ...do. Dry, gravelly. ...do Dry, rocky . Damp, calcareous ...do W. G. 'Wright. ...do G.E.Va8ey... ...do 6. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. G. E. Vasey. ..do G. Engelmann . ...do Sandy ...do Rich, sandy. ...do Sandy loam. ...do Gravelly. ...do.... Dry, rocky. Loam. ...do. C.S. Sargent ...do ...do ...do ■W. M. Linney ,. .do ...do 'W.M. Linney — 'W. J. Beal ...do Robert Douglas.. C.G. Pringle ...do ....do ....do ...do C.Mohr ..do Drift ...do ...do ...do Shale ....do ...do... Alluvial . Sandy — ...do .... Gravelly. ...do .... ...do .... ...do.... ...do... ...do .... Alluvial . ...U.... coKPnciKfTorl I ELASTtCITT. I 0.9206 0.0966 0.9069 0.8756 1.0023 1.0284 1.1408 1.0474 0.9821 1.0023 1.0420 1.0469 0.9127 I 0. 9307 0. 9114 0.8972 I.OIU 1. 0193 0.8835 0.8989 0.9386 0.9204 1.0264 0.8602 0.8508 0.8676 0.8653 0. 7011 0.6872 0.C364 0.6500 0. 5528 0.6159 0.5432 0. 6'JOl 0. 6787 0.6987 0.7164 0.7293 0.6763 0. 7310 0.7254 0.6955 0.5841 0.5852 2 1>76 976 1085 076 888 610 697 1017 718 888 800 1436 1285 1221 1221 1163 697 751 976 1039 1221 1285 612 1061 976 901 857 1953 1285 1136 1356 076 976 857 814 1221 763 1221 1356 976 888 1221 1221 857 976 1007 I 1230 1007 j 1090 1149 ! 1280 1062 I 1120 921 622 607 1017 740 888 7R7 1502 1395 1252 1191 1122 740 751 1085 1140 1221 1338 638 957 948 849 872 1627 1366 1149 1320 096 1007 1302 814 1252 769 1221 1356 1028 888 1302 1268 814 921 1048 '■ 9S7 t68 469 937 987 1055 1322 1212 1010 1054 816 649 1308 1268 1284 1212 703 937 I 930 769 877 1282 1171 1048 1057 ' i 855 : 902 I 787 ' 787 919 780 896 1057 877 1071 1242 1172 680 762 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVERSE STRAIN-CoutiDued. 387 DEFLKCTIOX, LN MILL1METKH8. LSUEK A PKE66LKE, IN KILOGKAMB, OF— - §£ •II Remarks. =■■ ■= SO IOC > 15C > 30« > 0 [ (set, i i20« ) > 25« I 1 • 300 350 400 430 SCO 55( 1 a 0 0 5.0 5.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 8.0 7.0 48 t.8 5.5 e.1 3.* 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.2 7.0 6.5 5.0 4.7 4.0 3.8 7.6 4.6 5.0 5.4 8.7 2.5 3 8 4.3 3.6 5.0 6.0 6.7 9.7 9.7 &5 9.2 10.6 15.7 14.0 9.6 13.2 11. 0 12.4 6.5 7.0 7.8 8.2 8.7 13.2 13.0 ».o as 8.0 7.3 15.3 10.2 10.3 11.6 U.2 6.0 7.2 8.5 7.4 9.8 9.7 11.5 12.0 7.8 12.7 8.0 7.2 9.6 11.0 7.5 7.7 12.0 15.4 15.3 12.7 14.0 16.0 23.2 21.0 14.5 20.7 16.5 19.3 10.0 10.7 1L6 12.3 12.5 20.6 20.0 13.5 12.2 12.0 11.2 23.7 15.6 15.0 17.5 16.8 9.0 10.7 12.3 11.3 14.7 15.3 17.0 18.0 U.5 19.2 12.5 11.0 14.5 17.0 11.0 11.2 18.0 16.0 20. « 21.0 17.3 19.0 22.0 32.3 30.0 20.5 29.0 23.0 27.0 14.0 14.0 15.6 16.3 17.1 29.6 29.2 18.2 16.6 16.4 14.7 33.2 21.8 21.3 25.4 23.3 12.0 14.4 16.6 15.2 20.5' 21.7 23.7 24.5 15.4 2614 16.8 14.5 20.0 24.0 14.6 16.4 27.0 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.0 2.3 2.5 1.2 2.5 1.5 2.0 0.2 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.2 3.0 3.1 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 3.5 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.5 1.2 1.3 0.3 1.3 0.8 0.3 0.6 2.0 0.2 0.3 2.3 20.5 21.5 17.5 19.2 22.0 33.0 31.0 21.6 29.8 23.4 27.3 14.0 14.5 15.7 16.2 17.0 30.0 30.0 18.2 16.6 16.5 15.0 34.7 22.7 21.9 25.8 24.0 12.2 14.7 16.8 15.3 20.7 20.7 24 7 24 6 15.7 20.7 17.0 14 6 20.0 24 5 14 7 15.5 27.7 24.5 26.5 28.0 22.3 25.0 28.0 42.5 40.0 33.5 36.0 29.0 32.0 36.0 55.3 52.5 43.0 45.5 36.0 41.0 46.0 72.0 70.0 64. 0 1 68. 0 91.0 . 525 465 550 478 447 400 413 200 400 426 421 430 664 517 431 450 348 277 558 541 548 617 300 400 397 324 374 547 500 447 451 365 385 336 336 392 333 382 4,51 . 874 457 630 500 290 325 Broke with long splinters 323 59.5 45.0 61.5 56.0 93.0 56.0 64.0 do Broke with fine splinters 71. C 93.0 323 Shattered ; cross-grained . . 514 688 Specimen cross-grained ; sjilit with grain 688 655 90.5 39.0 29.5 35.0 17.0 18.0 20.0 20.6 22.0 39.0 40.7 23.0 20.0 21.0 19.0 45.5 29.8 29.0 35.0 33.0 15.3 18.0 21.5 19.5 27.6 27.0 32.5 32.0 20.0 35.0 22.1 ia7 26.2 31.0 18.5 19.7 30.5 . 33.0 ; 51.0 3a3 46.0 21.4 22.7 25.7 26.6 28.4 61.7 65.5 48.5 61.5 26.5 28.0 32.0 33.0 35.0 69.2 63.0 80.0 38.0 34.0 40.5 55.0 43.0 0.75 sap-wooil ; heart defective ; typical break 608 Specimen cross-grained- split with grain 1103 . do 48.0 43.5 50.2 1103 404 799 799 919 55.5 66.7 73.5 Broke with fine splinters do do .* do . 28.0 25.5 27.0 245 62.4 39.2 38.0 47.0 39.5 19.0 22.5 27.5 25.3 37.6 31). 0 47.5 42.6 26.0 47.0 28.3 23.5 34.5 41.0 23.0 25.0 35.5 32.0 33.0 30.6 43.0 38.0 40.0 36.5 54.2 46.5 49.0 45.0 73.0 59.0 66.0 59.0 120.0 Broke with fine splinters 954 649 649 Failed from large splinter on corner Specimen cross-grained ; largo splinter on comer Broke with coarsn aplintera 653 52.0 51.0 75.0 Broke with fine splinters; hackled on compression side... Broke with long scale 66S 51.5 23.2 28.0 35.0 32.0 63.5 46.0 Specimen cross-grained ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. * Broke with fine splinters 2a2 35.0 46.0 43.0 34.2 45.2 59.0 45.2 67.0 685 7 7 7 .... do , Broke with thin scale and fine splinters do 7 6.0 0. 5 sap-wood ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis 4.0 33.0 92 6l4 4.0 85.5 29.0 46.0 . 62.5 28.5 30.7 3.6 5.0 36.0 48.6 . do Specimen cross-grained ; broke with large splinters I 215 68.0 34.8 88.0 92.0 . 43.0 46.0 54.0 . 60.0 . 5.5 Broke with coarse splinters '' 217 218 218 4.0 Broke with thin scale and fine splinters 4.0 Broke with fine splinters ! 5i7 5.0 1 10.6 24.0 2.0 49.0 . Broke with loniT coarse RnlinfAm 920 ' 1 388 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Tablk III— behavior of THE PKINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. . 5 173. Qnercna Tnbr»— contliiaed 872. Qucrcns rubra, var. Texana Bed Oak. 173. Quercna coccinea Scarlet Oak. 274. QuemiR tinctoria Jilack Onk. TelUm.bark Oat. Quercitron Oak. Yellow Oak. 276. Qnercns KoUoggil Slack Oak. 270. QnercnB nipra Slack Jack. Jack Oak. 277. Qiiercns falcata , SpanUh Oak. Bed Oak. 278. Qncrcns Catesbsei Turkey Oak. Scrub Oak. Forked- lea/ Slack Jack. Slack Jack. 279. Qncrcns paliistris Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak. Water Oak. 280. Qacrcns aqnatica Water Oak. puck Oak. Pouvm Oak. funk Oak. 1043 1043 931 931 752 17 17 36' 74 74 86 244 244 247 247 437 628 628 963 963 268 131 131 24S 245 265» 265< 648 548 342 342 770 770 282 264> 264' 264> 849 349 611 611 Sute. Massachaeetts. ..do Texas. ...do Florida . Massachosetts. ...do Kentucky ...do ...do Missoori ...do ...do Virginia ...do do ...do Tennessee Oregon . ...do... ...do... ..do .. Missouri. Soatli Carolina. ...do Virginia .. do ...do .. do Missssippi .. do Alabama . ...do Florida . ..do ... Missouri . ...do.... ...do... Virginia ... ...do ..; do Alabama... ...do Tennessee . ....do Locality. North Beading . ...do Austin. ..do.. Aspalaga . Arnold Arboretum ...do Danville Jonction . . ...do ...do Allen ton ...do ...do Wytheville ...do ...do ...do Nashville Saw.mill, Ashland . ..do Fngene City ...do Allenton. Bonneaa's Depot. .. do Wytheville .. do Carroll county ..do.... Kemper's mill ...do Cottage Hill . ..do Aspalaga ...do Allenton . ...do . .. ...do.... Carroll county . ...do ...do Cottage BUI... ..do Tnllahoma ...do Collector. J. Bobinson. ..do C.Mohr. ...do... A. H. Cartiss . C.& Sargent .. do W. M. Linney ...do ..do G. W. Lettennan . ...do .. do H. Shriver ...do ..do ...do A. Gattinger G. Engolmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do G. H. Collier . ...do Or. W. Letterman. H. W. Bavenel . . . ...do H. Shriver ...do ...do ...do C.Mohr ...do ...do ...do , A. E. Curtiss ...do G.W. Letterman. ...do ...do H. Shriver ... ...do ...do C.Mohr ...do A. Gattinger ...do SoU. Drift.. ..do. Calcareous. ...do Clay. Drift ...do Shale ...do Slate Bich upland . ...do ...do Clay ...do ...do ..do ...do Clay. Bich loam.. ...do Clay ...do ...do ...do Bich loam . ...do Barren, sandy. ...do .. do ...do Bich, alluvial . ...do .. do Sandy loam . ...do ...do ...do ^1 11 I- a 0.7580 0.7426 0.8580 0.8926 0.7654 0. 7102 0.6847 0.7284 0.7619 0. 7932 0.8405 0.8408 0. 7519 0.5432 0.5026 0.7102 0.7046 0.6949 0.0CJ2 0.6841 O.C960 0. 6875 0.7688 0. 7521 0. 7421 0. 6307 0.6767 0.7837 0.6933 0.7875 0. 7614 0.6875 0. 7193 0.8395 0.8442 0.7148 0.7671 0.7534 0.6523 0. 6170 0. 61.58 0. 7142 0.7313 0.7660 0.7411 COEFFICIENT OF KLASTicmr. 1221 1221 076 1017 976 1221 1085 976 1221 697 921 814 888 842 561 1479 1395 1136 814 872 660 525 976 1393 1320 1221 1320 1520 1221 1526 1628 888 1017 976 1163 1526 957 904 1085 1136 11C3 1163 1221 976 1221 1320 1302 1039 1028 1085 1221 1149 1028 1221 723 030 814 930 820 558 1479 1436 1136 849 921 ' 651 558 976 1302 1394 1221 1894 1502 1221 1601 1576 948 1062 1007 1122 1479 976 913 1122 1191 1149 1285 1285 1028 1338 1282 1172 1252 794 1055 1151 1054 1043 1270 954 1181 930 1120 794 551 1284 1261 937 869 844 1043 1172 1071 1041 1172 1334 1172 1266 1317 990 1027 1113 1055 1233 1055 1052 932 1155 1120 919 1170 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UKDEE TEANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 889 DEFLECTION, IN UILLIMETEKS, L'NDEB A PBESSUBE, IN KILOGEAIIB, OF— t| II i| Eemarks. SO lOO ISO 300 O (set.) 30O 350 300 3SO 400 430 soo 330 s a i 4.0 4.0 5.0 4.8 5.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 4.0 7.0 5.3 6.0 5.6 5.8 8.7 3.3 3.5 4.3 6.0 5.6 7.4 9.3 5.0 3.5 3.7 4.0 3.7 3.2 4.0 3.2 3.0 5.5 4.8 5.0 4.2 .1.2 5.1 S.4 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.0 6.0 4.0 7.4 7.5 9.4 9.5 9.0 8.0 8.5 9.5 ao 13.5 10.5 12.0 10.5 11.9 17.5 6.6 6.8 8.6 n.s 10.6 15.0 17.5 10.0 7.6 7.0 8.0 7.0 6.5 8.0 6.1 6.2 10.3 9.2 9.7 8.7 6. C 10.0 10.7 8.7 a2 8.6 7.i 7.6 9.5 7.3 11.0 11.4 14.0 14.7 14.0 12.0 12.2 14.5 12.0 21.4 15.8 18.5 15.7 18.0 28.5 10.0 10.0 12.8 17.3 16.0 26.0 27.5 15.0 10.5 10.2 12.0 10.0 9.5 12.0 9.0 9.3 15.4 14.0 M.6 13.0 10.2 15.0 17.0 13.0 11.8 13.0 11.6 11.5 14.6 10.9 14.6' 15.4 19.0 20.4 20.1 16.1 16.5 20.2 16.5 81.0 22.6 25.8 21.7 26.0 43.4 14.0 13.4 18.0 23.6 22.0 54.3 41.5 21.0 14.0 13.7 16.0 13.7 12.7 16.0 12.1 12.0 20.6 19.0 20.2 18.5 13.7 21.0 24.0 17.7 16.0 18.0 16.6 15.8 20.4 14.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 1.2 1.4 0.3 0.4 1.0 0.6 3.5 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.5 5.0 0.6 0.4 1.0 0.9 0.8 10.5 4.8 1.2 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.3 1.8 2.1 0.7 0.2 0.9 0.6 0.6 1.2 0.5 15.0 15.6 19.2 21.0 20.5 16.4 16.5 20.4 16.4 31.5 23.6 26.3 22.1 26.5 44.0 14.0 13.4 18.2 23.9 22.1 57.0 43.5 21.4 14.0 14.0 16.0 13.7 13.0 16.0 12.4 12.0 21.1 19.0 20.0 18.9 14.2 22.0 24.4 lao 16.5 18.3 15.6 16.0 20.7 15.0 19.0 20.0 25.0 27.2 27.0 21.0 21.1 27.2 20.7 42.0 30.6 34.0 28.2 37.0 24.0 26.0 32.0 38.0 36.0 27.0 27.0 35.0 27.0 5ao 40.0 46.2 36.7 55.0 30.3 31.7 40.0 37.0 40.0 50.7 46.0 51.5 63.0 63.5 547 500 534 339 450 491 450 445 542 407 604 397 478 339 235 548 538 400 371 360 283 298 445 500 457 444 500 569 500 540 502 423 438 475 450 026 450 419 422 449 398 493 478 392 409 1043 Failed from splinter on each corner 1043 86.5 Specimen cross-grained; broke witli large splinters 931 Specimen affected with dry rot ; broke at knot near the end Broke with fine splinters 47.0 34.0 34.5 45.5 32.5 80.0 51.6 60.5 47.0 62.5 42.0 44.0 58.2 41.5 135.0 64.0 90.0 56.5 55.0 752 Broke with scales and fine splinters 17 361 51.7 6ao 36> 36* 8a5 140.0 Broke with fine splinters 74 74 67.7 75.0 86 244 do 244 17.7 16.7 24.5 31.0 28.5 88.0 61.5 2a 0 17.5 17.4 20.2 17.0 16.2 20.0 15.4 16.0 27.0 25.0 26.0 24.2 17.5 29.0 32.5 24.0 21.0 24.2 20.0 20.4 26.6 10.0 22.1 20.5 33.0 40.3 36.0 27.0 25.6 44.0 61.6 46.7 33.0 31.7 65.0 4a 5 40.5 60.6 61.6 247 do 247 437 « 628 . ... do 628 963 Shaky 963 36.0 22.0 2L6 25.7 21.2 20.7 25.2 19.0 las 34.5 31.3 33.0 31.2 22.5 3a 5 44.0 32.0 26.7 32.5 24.7 26.6 34.3 24.0 45.0 27.6 26.6 33.0 26.3 25.5 31.5 23.0 23.0 44.0 39.0 41.6 39.0 2a 0 49.5 60.0 44.0 34.0 44.2 31.0 34.0 44.0 30.0 6ao 83.0 32.6 42.0 33.0 30.5 40.0 2a 0 2a2 55.5 50.2 61.6 50.0 35.5 66.0 01.0 5a 6 44.6 268 40.6 41.0 540 65.0 do 131 131 245 43.6 88.5 48.3 34.2 35.5 60.0 4a 0 65.5 245 do 26.5» ■ 265« 40.0 46.0 63.2 548 648 342 342 66.2 770 770 44.0 105.0 63.0 47 282 282 264' 264' 264' 37.0 44.5 47.0 6a 5 349 do 349 511 3a 5 47.0 Broke with coarse splinters _, Ml 300 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. ta^le in.— behavioe op the principal woods of the Spedas. 280. QncTons nqnatics— oontlnned 281. Qtifrcns lanrifoUk Laurel Oak. 282. Quercns hetorophylla Bartram'$ Oak. * 283. QiieiTU3 cinciva Upland Willow Oak. Blue Jack. Sand Jack. 284. Qncrcns hypolenea 285. QuorcoB imbrioaria Shingle Oak. Laurel Oak. 288. Qnercns Phellos WiUow Oak. Peach Oak. 287. Qurrous deaaiflora Tanbark Oak. Chettnut Oak. Peach Oak. 288. Ciiatanopnia chryaophylla Chinquapin. 189. Gastanea pumila Chinquapin. 290. Caataneavnlgaris, vor. Americana Cheitnut 291. Fai agus foiraginei 282. Ostrya Virsinica Hop Ilombeam. Iron Wood. Lever Wood. State. 742 742 756 750 801 801 1171 1171 1171 674 674 40' 60 512 512 687 687 720 729 573 573 18 18 18 2r)8» 2583 516 9 9 44» 44> 119 119 765 765 853 853 853 11 11 877 877 1047 1047 OeoTgia.'. ...do... Florida . .. do... ...do... ...do... Alabama. Arizona . . ..do.... Kentucky . Missouri... Tennessee . ... do CaUfomia. ...do California. ...do , Arlcausas . ...do Maesachnsetts . ...do ...do , Virginia ...do.' , Tennessee Massachusetts - ...^o Kentnclcy ...do , Hichigan ....do FlorWa ....do Massachusetts . ...do ....do ...do. .. do. ...do. ...do. ...do . ...do . Locality. Bainbridge . ...do Saint John's river . ...do ,..do ...do New Jersey Mount Holly. ...do '....do . . . do ' do Citronelle. Santa Bita moont- ains. ...do HarrodsVmrg . Allenton Tnllahoma .. do Mai iit county . .. ilo Mendocino county . . ...do Hot Springs ...do Arnold Arboretum . ...do .. do Fancy Gap ..do Nashville Arnold Arboretum. ...do Mercer county ...do DansTiUe ...do Chattahoochee ... do Hamilton ...do ...do Arnold Arboretum. ...do Sanvets ...do North Beading ...do Collector. A.H.Cnrtla8 . ...do.. .do. .do . ..do. do. S. P. Sharpies. .. do ...do C.Mohr. G. Engelmann and 0. S. Sargent. do Soil. AlluTlal. ...do.... Sandy loam . ...do Clay.. ...do. ...do. Pine- barren. Dry, rocky. .. do W. M. Linney j Utica shale . 6. W. Letterman . . Rich, moist . A. Gattinger . . ...do Moist, siliceous . ....do G. R.Vasey. ..do A. Kellogg .. do G. W. Letterman . ...do C.S.Sargent. .. do ...do H. Shriver . . ...do A. Oattinser. C.S.Sargent.. ...do W.M. Linney. ...do ■W.J.Beal.... ...do A. H. Curtiss . ...do J.Robinson — ...do ...do C. S. Sargent . ...do J.Robinson. . ...do ...do ...do Gravelly . ...do... Sandy loam . ...do Drift.. ...do.. ...do . Moist . . ...do.. Sandy . Drift ...do Hudson River shale ...do Grav^y ...do ...do ..do ...do ...do ....do COEFFICIENT OF m..tKTICITY. 2*a go ! P i .£ 0. 7415 \ 0.8006 \ 0.8034 ' 0.7980 ' t 0.8105 0.8204 0.7023 0.6818 0.6898 0.7159 0. 8710 0.8325 0.7440 0.7477 0. 7693 0.7557 !g r 0.6910 I 0. 7205 l| p 0. 5739 I 0. 6909 : 1 0.6017 :| 0.5960 ll 0.4123 Id 0.5330 I 0.4568 "" 0.5050 0.5053 0.4939 0.7333 0. 7148 0.6352 0.6416 0.7671 0.6945 0.6892 0.6770 0.7000 0.7324 0.7260 Drift 0.7784 ...do ! 0.7614 Rich loam I 0.8460 ...do i 0.8691 0.8068 0.8182 1221 1350 1221 1320 1356 1221 ]! 1395 l\ 1110 ^i 1221 I ^j 904 939 1136 1252 751 ; 703 I I 872. 976 1285 1062 498 3 679 ^^ 1085 Wi 872 1| 1221 g[ 1221 1039 1221 1221 976 1163 1221 1285 1395 1628 1305 1395 1320 1110 1136 1285 1366 1177 1221 13D0 1820 1338 lob 1252 751 967 921 1085 1302 781 787 842 1085 1007 j 1017 j 625 872 651 1163 1039 888 1302 1221 1050 1122 1302 1302 1007 1136 1221 1252 1395 806 1334 1055 1111 12S9 1266 1166 947 nil 994 1120 1106 1153 1284 923 1056 846 1048 846 635 1221 1031 1062 ' 949 416 703 619 898 867 675 1312 1236 1026 937 1284 1180 1024 1048 1106 1221 1256 1628 1446 1479 1289 1395 820 1396 984 1163 1209 1177 1057 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UjSTDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 391 DEFLECTION, IN MILLIMETERS. UNDEK A PRESBL'BE, IN KILOGRAMS, OF- 30 4.0 3.6 4.0 3.7 3.6 4.0 3.5 4.4 4.0 7.0 5.4 5.2 4.3 3.9 6.5 6.4 5.6 5.0 4.9 4.8 3.8 4.6 9.8 5.5 7.2 4.0 4.S 5.6 4.0 4.0 4.6 4.7 4.0 4.0 &0 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.0 3.6 3.5 3.7 4.4 4.3 lOO ISO 7.6 7.2 12.0 10.3 8. 3 12. 2 ao 11.6 7.4 ! 11.0 7.4 I 11.0 7.3 9.0 7.8 13.0 10.1 10.6 9.0 7.5 12.6 12.4 11.6 9.0 9.7 9.6 8.0 9.2 18.6 11.2 15.0 8.4 9.4 ILO 7.5 8.0 9.3 8.7 7.6 7.6 a.7 &< 8.0 7.8 7.0 7.0 7.0 8.4 8.3 11.0 12.0 11.0 19.5 15.0 16.0 13.5 11.2 19.4 19:2 17.5 13.6 14.8 14.6 12.0 14.0 30.4 17.0 23.5 13.0 14.4 17.0 11.6 12.2 14.0 13.6 11.0 11.2 14.2 13.2 11.6 11.6 10.0 6.0 8.6 6.6 10.0 10.4 II. 0 13.0 12.6 200 13.7 17.0 16.0 14.5 15.0 14.7 16.5 14.7 28.6 20.8 22.7 18.5 15.3 28.0 27.0 24.5 1&2 20.0 20.2 16.2 19.0 23.6 33.0 17.6 19.6 23.2 16.7 16.2 19.0 18.0 14.7 14.7 19.4 lao 16.0 15.4 13.8 11.6 13.5 14.0 14.6 17.5 17.5 o jiioo aso .100 3SO (set.) I 1.0 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 1.0 1.2 0.5 0.5 2.1 1.9 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 L2 0.7 1.7 ai 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.5 a4 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.5 1.0 1.0 17.0 14.0 17.0 16.0 15.0 15.5 15lO 17.0 15.3 27.0 21.0 22.7 lae 16.0 29.0 27.6 24.4 1&4 20.2 20.3 16.2 19:2 24.0 33.2 17.6 19.6 24.0 15.8 18.3 19.0 18.2 15.0 15.0 19.5 lae 16.5 15.5 14.0 12.0 13.7 14.0 14.5 18.0 18.0 21.8 V.5 22.5 20.6 ia7 19.0 29.0 21.3 2a 7 27.0 23.5 24.5 19. 2 23. 7 20.9 26.0 19.0 24.0 35.0 27.0 30.0 24.4 19.8 39.0 38.0 31.0 23.5 25.6 2a 0 20.6 24.6 30.7 45.0 22.0 25.0 31.5 20.0 21.0 25.0 23.7 19.0 '19.0 25.0 23.6 19.7 20.0 17.5 15.0 17.0 lao las 23.7 23.5 4&0 35.5 37.0 2a 0 sao 33.2 29.5 400 ; 4SO 3L0 46.3 42.5 36.5 30.5 : 37.5 i 29.5 33.0 30.6 59.0 44.3 47.0 31.5 40.0 25.0 31.5 52.6 47.0 40.5 29.5 32.0 26^7 31.6 4a6 29.0 33.0 2ao 2a 7 31.6 30.5 24.0 24.5 32.0 30.0 25.0 25.5 21.7 ia5 22.0 22.3 23.4 30.5 31.0 37.0 42.0 3a7 7a 0 55.7 5ao 49.6 40.0 69.0 83.0 55.0 37.0 40.5 32.2 41.0 3ao 4L0 30.7 32.6 41.0 81.5 4&0 4a7 82.0 3&6 42.0 52.5 SaS 52.0 30.6 30.0 40.0 89.0 31.0 31.0 27.0 22.0 28.0 28.0 30.0 40.0 40.0 37.0 37.6 53.0 51.5 40.0 40.0 32.5 27.0 34.0 37.5 51.5 52.0 37.0 60.0 58.5 4a 0 46.7 4&0 49:0 72.5 73.0 60.7 sao uao 46:0 54.0 47.0 4&7 49.5 50.0 42.0 33.6 43.0 07.5 73.5 500 SSO 4a 5 58.0 Sa 5 80. 0 58.5 62.0 65.5 76.0 65.5 7a 0 7a 5 56.5 40.0 60.0 102.0 52.0 76:0 .S8 PS 450 474 560 540 497 404 474 424 478 472 492 548 394 450 361 447 361 271 441 405 Bemarks. 560 527 438 400 548 504 437 447 472 521 536 Specimen cross-grained Broke with coarse splinters Broke ^ith large splinters Broke with large splinters and scale on tension side. . 0.5 sap-wood ; broke with fine splinters do Crashed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters. Specimen cross-grained ; broke with large splinters . . Broke with fine splinters Cross-grained ; broke with coarse splinters. Broke with coarse splinters . do 0.5 sap-wood i broke with large splinters . Broke with fine splinters Broke with large splinters, starting at knot. Broke with coarse splinters Broke with scale; started at Icnot ■ Broke with coarse splinters Specimen cross-grained; shattered Specimen cross-grained; splinter on oomer. Scale on tension side; broke with ooarss splinters Crashed at center bearing; broke with scales on tendon side. 177 Shattered 300 ' do 264 Square break; split at end 383 Crashed; sqnarebreak 370 Specimen cross-grained; shattered. Broke with coarse splinters -do. Crashed ; coarse splinters Square break on tension side, splitting in axis... Scale on tension side Broke with coarse splinters Broke with fino splinters ; scale on tension side . Broke with coarse splinters Specimen cross-grained ; broke at knot Failed from long splinter on comer Crushed with fine splinters Crashed with long splinters 617 Sap-wood; broke with fine splinters; deflection with 600 kilograms jtresHure, t»4 millimeters. 550 Sap-wood; broke with fine splinters 350 Broke nt knot. 420 Square l)rcak on tension side, splitting in axis . 616 Specimen cross-grained ; splintered on comer- . 451 Failed from scale on back 742 742 756 756 801 801 1171 1171 1171 352 674 674 40> 60 512 512 687 687 729 729 5T.I 678 18 18 18 258» 258» 518 44' 44« 119 119 765 765 853 853 853 11 11 877 ■ 877 1047 1047 392 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Speola CwiiiiiQS Carol'niana Bombtam. Bhu Buck. WaUr B—eh. Iron Wood. BETTTLACEA. 2M. Betiila alba. car. popnlifolia White Birch. OUt-fiOd Birch. Oran Birch, MS. B«ta1a papTTifen Canoe Birch. White Birch. Pa- per Birch. 296. Betnla occldentalls . Black Birch. 297. Betnla Intea TeUow Birch, dray Birdu Me. Setnia nlfrn Bed Birch. Biver Birch. 299. Betnlnlenta Cherry Birch. Black Birch. Sweet Birch. Mahogany Birch. •01. Afamambnk. AUer. 46 73 731 73» 73' 1038 10 10 848 722 722 836 900 990 1065 1065 1065 1066 1060 1067 1067 528 629 843 843 1068 1068 1069 1069 1070 1070 136 136 841 841 842 842 4 4 221 844 844 967 967 991 991 SUte. Locality. Missouri Kentacky ..do ...do ...do Massacliaaetts. AUenton Mercer conn ty. ..do ...do ...do Banvers ...do. ...do. ...do . Arnold ArlKnretDm ...do Danvera Montana ...do Massachusetts. Alaska ....do Vermont ....do.. ...do ...do ... do ....do ....do Uisaoola ..do Townsend Cbilcoot inlet . ...do Charlotte ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Colorado... California . Massachusetts. ...do Engelmnnn's caSon. Strawberry valley . . DanTere ...do Vermont ■ Charlotte . ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do . Missonri ...do Massachusetts ...do ...do .. do ...do ...do Vermont Masaaclinsetta. .. do Alaska . ...do ... Washington terri- tory. ...do .do. .do. .do. .do. -do . AUenton ...do...v North AndoTer . .. do ...do ...do Arnold Arboretnm . ...do Charlotte Danvers ...do Sitka ...do Payallap . ...do Collector. Soil. ^■5 CO O. TV. Lctterman. W. M. Linney ...do .. do ...do J.Bobinson Damp, alluvial Trenton limestone ...do ...do ...do Gravelly C.S.Swrgent. ...do J. Kobinson.. Drift .... ...do.... Gravelly. Sereno Watson . ...do J. Bobinson Faul Scholtze. . ■ ...do C.G.Pringle.... ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Wet.. ...do. Eobert Douglas. . . G. EDgf Imann and C. S. Sargent. J.Kobinson ...do C.G.Pringle..... ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Wet, sandy. Wet, peaty . Gravelly ...do ..do ...do ...do ...do. ...do ...do G. W. Letterraan. ...do J. Bobin^n ...do ...do :.... ...do Moist loam . ...do Alluvial ...do ...do ...do C.S. Sargent. ...do C.G.Pringle. J. Kobinson . . ...do Drift .... ...do.... Gravelly. ...do.... ...do.... Paul Schultze ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do 0.7798 0.770? 0.7862 0.7641 0.7983 0.7307 0. 6121 0.0168 0.5949 0.6244 0.5948 0.7034 0. 6136 0.6239 0. 6921 0.6653 0.6614 0. 6136 0. 6136 0.6409 0.6028 0.5998 0.5905 0. 7147 0. 7215 0.6579 0.6647 0. 6573 0.6647 0.6710 0.605C 0.5835 0.5815 0.6335 0. 6273 0.6346 0. 6149 0.7393 0.7454 0. 7002 0.8579 0.8215 0.5000 0. 5017 0.5199 0. 5244 COKFnCIFHT OF | KLABTICITT. i 921 1221 1395 888 1285 857 814 465 872 1110 1221 1221 1039 1221 1526 1628 1395 1085 1320 1356 1285 888 976 1628 1575 1575 1628 1479 1628 1479 1953 1039 1221 1030- 1221 921 1039 1395 1479 1356 1395 1575 976 1017 842 842 ■0-3 B O O O 937 1285 1395 939 1395 921 814 503 872 1149 1149 1320 1085 1191 1502 1575 1526 1191 1338 1356 1285 872 976 1550 1526 1601 1628 1628 1084 1550 1775 1085 1221 1085 13olS 904 1028 1436 1289 1502 1282 1134 1355 U72 1055 1436 773 909 586 837 1088 1008 1181 816 994 1165 1099 1228 10«9 1017 1134 982 738 874 1202 1289 1216 1219 1320 1212 1245 1282 1041 975 954 1005 937 1302 1294 1415 1052 1502 1165 1028 701 1017 703 888 830 807 820 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. DNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 393 DEFLECT10> , IX MILUMETERB, USUEK A rBESBUBE, IX KILOGRAMS, OF— ! i i O 00 Kemarka. s so lOO ISO •iOO\ o soo itSO »oo 3SO 400 4SO : soo sso a (set.) P2 o S 3 10.2 15.2 2L^ 1.2 21.5 28.0 36.4 48.0 60.5 80.0 484 46 4.0 3.5 7.6 7 0 11.0 10 5 15.0 14 0 0.4 0 6 15.0 14 4 19.0 18 6 24.0 23.5 29.7 29.0 35.6 34.3 45.0 41.5 66.0 68.0 578 500 73 Specimen cross-grained ; failed from large splinter on comer 73' 6.5 10.4 ir> 7 21.7 1.5 .22.4 29.0 37.0 50.5 64.0 93.5 450 73* 3.8 6 7 7.0 j 10.0 13.7 24.0 0.4 2.2 14.0 24.8 17.7 33.0 21.7 45.0 27.2 33.0 38.6 4a 0 59.0 600 330 Deflection with 600 kilograms pressure, 82 millimeters ; broke witli lino splinters. 73> 6.0 12. 0 18 0 25 4 0 4 26.0 34 2 48.6 67.0 388 10 10.5 19.4 30.6 46.0 6.5 47.8 250 10 25 5 2.5 26.8 36.2 50.0 82.0 357 4.4 13.0 17.2 0.5 17.5 22.6 28.4 35.7 46.0 65.0 462 726 1.4 19.0 1.0 19.2 25.0 19.0 33.0 44.0 68.5 430 4.0 7.4 11.0 15.0 0.5 15.0 24.0 30.0 37.5 49.0 6a7 504 836 4 7 9 0 14 0 19 5 1 0 20 0 26 3 35.0 348 990 4 0 8.2 12 4 17 0 0 5 17 0 22.0 28.0 36.0 50.0 424 Broke with coarse splinters 990 3.2 6.5 10.0 13.0 0.5 13.4 17.0 21.0 26.6 33.0 43.0 497 3.0 6.2 9.5 13.3 0.7 13.3 17.0 21.5 26.5 33.0 43.0 460 Crushed at center bearing ; b:ol:e with large splinter on comer 1065 3.5 a4 10.0 13.4 0.6 13.7 17.0 22.0 27.0 33.0 39.0 51.5 524 Square break on tt-nsion aide ; broke with splinters 1065 4 5 8.2 12.6 17 0 0 4 17.3 21 7 27.6 35.0 44.0 436 ^1066 3 7 7 3 11 2 15 0 0 4 15 5 19 7 25.0 32 0 41.6 434 Crashed at center bearing ; liruko with fine Bcales Failed from scales and coarse splinters 1066 3.6 7 2 10 7 14.3 0 3 14 3 18.0 23.0 28 0 35 5 43 0 484 1067 3.8 7 6 12.0 16.5 0.5 16.5 21.5 28.0 36.0 52.0 419 1067 5.5 11.2 18.0 27.0 2.9 27.4 37.5 54.0 315 628 5.0 10.0 15.5 21.4 0.9 21.6 29.2 40.5 60.0 373 Crushed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. 629 3.0 6.3 9.3 12.7 0.5 12.7 16.2 20.0 24.5 30.5 36.5 50.0 513 843 3.1 3.1 6.4 6.1 9.2 9.4 12.6 12.4 0.4 0.3 12.6 12.2 15.7 15.4 19.6 19.2 24.5 23.2 30.0 2».0 36.0 37.5 47.5 57.0 60.0 550 619 Sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing ; broke with coarse splinter on comer. Sap- wood ; cmshed at center bearing ; broke with coarse scales — 843 1068 3.0 6 0 9.0 11.5 0.3 11 5 14.5 IRO 21.7 27.0 34.5 49.5 520 1068 3.3 6.0 8.7 11.6 0.2 11.6 14.0 17.0 20.7 25.0 31.0 40.0 65.0 563 0.5 sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters. . 1069 3.0 5.8 8.8 11.6 0.3 1L7 14.6 17.7 21.7 26.5 i 33.0 45.6 517 0.7r> sap-wood ; crashed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters. 1069 3 3 2.S 6.3 5.5 9.4 8.3 12.4 11.3 0.3 0.1 12.4 11.4 15.6 14.5 19.5 18.0 24.0 22.0 30.5 ' 38.0 1 27.0 33.7 45.5 531 547 Sap-wood; crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splintcrson ciniier. Hean-wood; crushed at center hearing; broke with fine splinters .. 1070 1070 4.7 9 0 13 3 18.2 0.5 18.6 23.5 30.0 39.0 64.6 444 136 4.0 4 7 8.0 9 0 12.0 14.0 15.9 19 0 0.7 0 9 16.3 19 4 21.0 25.0 27.0 32.5 35.5 45.0 ■61.0 66.0 416 407 Sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing; broke with coarse splinters at corners. Sap wood; crushed at center bearing i splintered at comers Sap-wood ; crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters on tension «ide. 136 841 4.0 6.3 7.2 10 8 11.0 17 0 14.7 23 6 0.0 1 5 14.7 24 0 19.0 82 0 24.0 45.0 31.0 61.5 41.0 100.0 1 429 400 841 842 4 7 9 5 14.0 19 2 0 5 19 4 25.0 33.0 46.0 395 842 3.5 8 3 6.8 6.5 10.0 10 0 13.5 13.0 0.4 OH ' 13.5 13 6 17.5 16.7 21.6 20.8 27.0 20.0 34.0 32.0 40.7 40.0 61.5 51.0 72.0 550 547 Sap-wood; cruHhed at center bearing; square break on tension bule, splitting in axis. 4 4 3.6 7 5 10 4 13 3 v.o ^ 0 2 13 6 16.5 19.7 24.0 28.5 34 6 43.7 60.0 552 221 3 6 6.9 10 0 13 6 01 ' 13 5 17 2 22.0 27.0 34.0 448 844 18.0 1 22.6 28.0 35.5 844 9.5 19.5 26.6 299 967 4.8 9.6 14.6 1 19.8 0.5 20.0 26.0 300 do 967 5.8 1 5.8 11. 0 12.1 16. r 19.0 j 2-J.5 27.0 0.7 ; 1 1.9 22.7 27.5 30.0 37.0 37.5 50.0 50.0 72.0 334 350 do do 091 991 n B J 394 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE 801. Alnus rubra— continned. 802. Alniis rhombifoUa . AUtr. 303. 305. 306. 307. Aliins oWongifolla. Alder. Aluim iucana -. Speckled Alder. Hoary Aider. Black Alder. • SALlCACEiE. Salix nipra Black WiUau). Sallx nmygdaloide Willoui. 102S 1025 635 717 717 979 979 Sftlix la3vigata . Willow. 809. Sallx lasiandra, var. landfolia . 309. Sallx Usiandra, var. Fendleriana . 313. Salix iluTeecens 313. Salix flavescens, var. Sconleiiana . Black Wiilou). 855 908 908 911 640 981 981 721 972 072 818. 318. Salix laaiolepls . Wiltow. Popnlus treranloides Avpert. (faking Atp. I 319. 820. 821. Populns grandldentata . I'oplar. 272« 272* 1035 1035 847 847 PopiiloH Lcroroi)bylla 522 J{Uer CoUonwuod. Swamp Cot- tonwood. PopuluH InilsMiiifera 961 Balsam. Tacamahac. Balm of GUead. State. Oregon . ...do... ...do.... Hontena. .. do.... Oregon .. ...do.... California. ..do Masaachnsetts do. Colorado . ...do.... ..do.... California ...do ...do... Oregon . ...do... Locality. Utah Montana. Wafihington ter- ritory. ...do California. Colorado ...do Maasachusetts.. ...do ...do. .. do. Tenneaaee . Portland Famltore, Company. ...do Agliland . . Miaaouia . ..do Drain ...do San Bernardino . ...do DanTera . Topafleld . Ca&on City . ...do .. do Sant.'v Cruz . ...do Strawlierry valley . Portland ...do City Creek cafion . Patteo'soafion, Mia- souia. Seattle. .- do. Santa Cmz . Alpine... ...do... DanTera .. do ... .do. .do. NaahTllle. 821. PupuluBl>aleaiuifcra,t;ar. candlcana 322. 323. Poptilus angnstifolia . Black Cottonwood. Pppuliia tricbocarpa Black Cotfonivood. Balaam Cot. tontoood. 961 1054 1054 552 1012 1012 1028 1028 Alaaka ' Chllcoot inlet . . . do ' do Maasacbasetts. .. do Topafleld . ...do Colorado ManitoaSpringa.. Oregon Saint Jobn'R Barrel Fnctory, Portland. — do I do ...'. do. do. Piirtliind Fnmiture Company. ...do Collector. Soil. Q. Sogefanann and C. S. Sargent. do ...do Sereno Wataon . . . ...do C. 8. Sargent ...do Wet ...do Moist loam . ...do TV. G. Wright. ...do J. Bobinson . .do. E. Weston . ...do .. do G-. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do ....do F. Skinner . ...do Wet loam. AUnvial . Moist, sandy. ...do Moist, rich. AlluTial ...do M. E. Jones Sereno Wataon . G. Engelmann and 0. S. Sargent. do do. T. S. Brandegee . ...do J. Bobinson ...do .do. .do. A. Gattinger. Panl Scbultze . ...do J. Robinson . ...do Bobort Donglas . F. Skinner ...do G. Engelmann and C. aSi .do. . Sargent. QraTelly Bicb, moist . Moist, sandy. ...do CO e COEFPICIEXT OF I KLAsTicrrr. 0.4739 0.5084 0.4857 0;4545 0.4S86 0.4465 0.4375 0.4170 0.4049 0.6005 0. 6330 0. 4675 0.4676 0.4670 0.5341 0. 5284 0.4705 0.4375 0.4614 0.4198 0.5057 0. 5719 0.6278 Sandy loam i 0.6760 Damp ...do... GraTelly. ...do.... .do. .do. AUuTiol. do. .do. Gravelly. ...do .... Sandy loam . 0.3935 0.3885 ' 0.4580 0.4828 0.4443 0. 4386 0.4080 0.4034 0.4085 0.4506 0.4488 0.3750 0. 3898 0.4108 O 4108 1320 1221 904 679 729 904 888 7S7 787 1163 407 610 488 554 479 609 642 1163 976 1221 128S 1221 921 740 651 976 888 976 904 740 857 888 740 751 488 1062 I i §i 048 669 751 948 913 751 787 1085 •3 900 905 738 667 701 698 703 696 977 820 424 514 511 476 514 ! 609 488 488 525 1085 1028 305 1085 1375 1140 842 872 7S4 553 584 701 743 928 813 781 662 651 541 913 720 913 881 996 696 930 748 W3 642 574 527 626 763 { 693 1050 ! 882 1085 1062 637 1221 1221 694 '163 ■ 136 145 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES U^STDEE TEAXSVEESE STEAUST— Continued; 395 DETLBCTION, IN MILLIMETEES,' UKDBR A PBEB8UBK, IK KILOGEAMB, OF— ti ** Bemarks. ti ] % 50 JOO ISO 30O O ftOO 350 300 330 400 450 ' SOO SSO (set.) 14 7 0. 1 20.0 25.2 33.0 384 386 1026 4 0 7 3 11 0 0 0 14.8 18.5 23.5 30.0 1025 5.4 0.5 21.2 27.0 35.7 635 7.2 11 « 23;.0 34 0 3.5 35.6 24'> 717 S.7 13.0 6. 4 10. 3 20.4 in 1 30.0 21.8 3.0 0.9 31.0 22.0 44.0 30.2 299 717 979 1 5 5 10 7 T* -"^ 22.2 1.0 23.0 sae 50.0 300 Specimen cpoBB-grftined ; square break on tension side, splitting in axi.s. 979 t 0.2 la n 19.6 19 0 28.3 27 3 1.3 1 5 29.0 28.0 39.0 38.7 297 289 Cruslicd at center bearing; square breali on tension side, splitting in axis. 694 e.2 12.4 694 4.2 9.0 14.0 19.6 0.8 19.8 2&0 35.0 350 Broke with coarse apliuters 862 12.0 25.0 an 181 855 8.0 1 1Q n 1 9A n 64' 5 18.2 73 0 218 228 260 908 10.0 '20.5 36.0 .•Ra 11.0 11.5 63.0 57 0 do 908 a 8 1 19. 0 39 R 1 .IS n Crushed at center bearing ; splintered on tension side 911 10.2 20.0 31.2 46.0 6.0 47.5 64.0 110.0 313 236 690 9.6 ' 20.0 32.0 46.0 4.8 48.5 690 j 9.0 1& 6 31.0 46.0 6.0 4ao 249 640 1 4.2 i 9.0 14.2 210 1.2 21 6 29.5 45.0 209 981 5.0 9 6 1 14 3 i 19.5 0.5 20 0 :i6.0 38.0 317 200 981 14. 8 ' 32. 0 57.0 125.0 32.6 889 i - 4.0 9.0 i 1 14. 0 IB- 0 1.1 20.0 26l5 38.5 345 Cmshed at center bearing; splintered; square break on tension side, splitting Jn axis. 721 « a. 8 ' 7. 1 10.5 14.2 0.6 14.7 18.3 24.0 31.6 972 4.0 j 8.5 12.6 16.8 0.3 17.2 22.0 28.0 35.0 379 972 I 5.3 1 11.0 18.6 24.5 1.6 25.0 33.0 48.0 347 669 6.6 12.5 19.3 27.7 2.4 28.7 240 272' 7.5 15.0 23.2 33.0 3.8 ' 37.2 231 272» 5.0 1 10.7 17.0 1 24.0 1.5 i 24.5 32.0 50.0 309 1036 5.5 10.7 ' 17.0 ! 26.0 29 26.0 86.0 48.0 71.6- 376 1085 5.0 1 9. 8 15. 0 21.4 1.6 22.0 30.0 297 847 5.4 10.6 I 16.6 21.7 1.0 22.0 28.7 41.0 319 847 6.6 5.7 13.5 J 21.4 11. 6 17. 4 30.7 25.0 3.3 1.3 32.0 26.2 47.0 274 622 961 5.5 11.2 ! 17.6 25.6 34.2 1.7 4.1 26.2 36.8 226 267 do 961 1 1 6. 6 ' 14. 0 22. 4 62 0 1054 6. 5 12. 8 1 21. 0 34.8 5.9 36.0 82.0 253 do °° 1054 10.0 21.8 35.2 552 4. C 9.3 : 14.0 20.8 1.0 20.8 911 1 291 Sonare break with small snlintera 1012 4.5 9.'Z 14.0 4.0 8.0 1 12.0 4.2 1 8.6 12.6 19.6 i 18.0 0.9 1. r 20. 0 1 27. 6 17. 6 i 24. 0 17.8 26.0 272 296 275 1012 do , 1028 17.6 0.6 .do 1028 396 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOE OP THE PEINCIPAL "WOODS OF THE Speoiea. KM. Fopniua monlUfera Cottonwood. NeekUut Poplar. Carolina Poplar. Big Cotton- voad. 325. Popnlns Fremontii ■ Cottonwood. 825. Fopulne Fremontii, var. 'Wielizeni Cottonwood, White Cottonwood. CONIFER^:. 326. Libocpdnis decurreos White Cedar. Baetard Cedar. Pott Cedar. Incense Cedar. 327. Thnya occidentalia WhiU Cedar. Arbor-vita. 8. Tbnyacieantea lied Cedar. Canoe Cedar. 820. CbamsDcvparis 8ph»roidea . WhiU Cedar. 255 804 304 809 309 754 754 754 659 659 646 646 909 909 634 634 662 662 662 379 379 782 783 783 790 790 792 792 792 874 874 1099 1009 1017 1017 1021 1021 350 330 850 850 851 851 862 State. Misgoarl. ....do.... ....do ...., Texas ... ....do Florida... ....do .do Califoioia. ...do ...do.... ...do.... Colorado. ...do .... ...do .... .. do... Californlft . ...do ....do ...... ..do ..do Vermont ...do New Bmnswick ...do ...do Province of Quebec ....do ...do ...do ..do Maine ...do Wisconsin ...do Oregon . ...do... ...do... ...do... Alabama ...do Massacbasetts. ....do ..do ..do ..do Locality. AUenton ...do ...do ,. Dallas ...do Cbattaboocboe. ...do ...do Sacramento valley . ...do San Bernardino. ...do Gallon City ...do ..do ...do Saw.mill, Straw- berry valley. .. do Saw.iulll, San Ber. nardino niouniaina. ...do do. Monlcton . ...do Bridge ton. ...do Amqui ...do Mattawaralceag. .. do £au Claire ...do "Weidler's saw-mill, I'oi-tland. ...do Portland Famlture Company. ...do Cottage Bill . .. do Beverly ...do ...do .-do ...do Collector. O. W. Lettcrmsn . . ....do ...do J. Roverchon . . ...do A. H. Cnrtiss . . ...do ...do G. R. Vaaey. ...do W. G. Wrigbt. ...do , E.TVeston ...do ...do ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do ■W. G. Wrigbt. ...do ...do C.G. Pringle. ...do Intercolonial rail. way. Ed. Sinclair .. do A. Grant. ...do.... Grand Trank rail- way. do ...do J.Robinson... ...do H. C. Putnam . ...do G. Enpelmann and C. S. Sargent. . . .do ..do. ..do. C.Mobr ...do J. Robinson. ...do ...do ...do ...do Sou. Alluvial. ...do.... .. do.... ...do.... . .do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do... do. .do. do. do. Cold, peaty . ..do Drift. ...do. Sandy, wet. ...do Swampy — ...do ...do ...do ...do fl u £ < ft- 1 0.3552 0.3824 0.3477 0. 5136 0.4858 0.6001 0.4909 0.4925 0. 4977 0.5000 0.5079 0.5023 0.4867 0.4451 0.4499 0.6107 0. 3748 0.3979 0. 4818 0.4989 0.4869 0. 3025 0.2902 0.3580 0.3439 0.3413 0. 3216 0.3336 0.2714 0.2612 0.2805 0.3835 0.3902 0.3560 0. 4121 0. 4312 0.4256 0.3623 0.3783 0.3628 0. 3153 0.3625 0. 3602 0. 3523 0. 3407 0. 3324 COKPFlCIEHTOr ELASTICITY. m 751 1136 842 1221 1221 1221 1017 1085 904 872 703 814 872 872 828 488 444 519 •651 626 588 610 331 279 2C9 763 609 542 514 1221 976 872 1017 271 841 498 425 444 519 857 723 1140 842 1302 1221 1191 1017 1085 665 679 1149 939 835 794 751 814 896 888 888 514 452 542 610 651 610 581 337 204 26« 781 729 558 542 1149 1028 930 1028 257 334 488 415 444 514 376 548 661 COS 803 7a» 002 037 851 584 813 743 687 795 703 579 642 619 70? 781 t54 654 455 441 544 627 448 584 586 394 352 354 586 666 586 654 818 820 635 722 328 380 483 551 469 509 460 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Coutinued. 397 UEFLECnOK, IN MILLIMETKR6, UNDBK A PEE88UBE, IN KIL0OEAM8, OF— fi -4 •Is Bemarka. '1 SO lOO ISO 300 O (set.) SOO 350 300 3SO 400 430 SOO 550 7.3 5.5 6.5 4.3 5.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.8 4.5 7.5 7.3 5.4 5.0 5.6 6.4 7.0 6.0 5.6 5.6 5.9 10.0 11.0 9.4 7.5 7.8 8.3 8.0 14.7 17.5 1&2 e.* 7.3 9.0 9.5 4.0 5.0 5.6 4.8 18.0 14.3 9.8 11. S 11.0 9.4 12.6 14.6 11.4 13.5 8.5 11.6 7.5 8.0 8.2 " 9.0 14.7 14.4 8.5 10.4 11.7 12.3 13.0 12.0 10.9 11.0 11.0 19.0 21.6 18.0 16.9 15.0 16.0 16.8 29.0 33.2 37.5 12.5 13.4 17.5 18.0 8.5 9.5 10.5 9.5 sao 29.2 20.0 23.5 22.0 19.0 !!6. 0 23.0 17.2 21.0 13.3 18.0 12.0 12.5 12.8 14.8 14.0 22.0 23.0 13.4 16.4 18.4 20.0 20.7 18.0 16.5 16.5 16.6 30.0 34.6 28.0 24.0 23.2 24.5 26.0 50.5 33.5 ^2 30.0 18.8 25.6 16.0 16.8 17.2 21.4 19.4 32.4 32.6 19.0 23.0 26.7 31.0 28.0 25.0 23.5 22.0 22.0 234 282 258 381 324 385 400 363 249 347 317 293 339 300 247 274 264 300 334 279 279 194 188 232 225 191 249 250 168 150 151 250 284 250 279 849 350 271 308 140 162 206 235 200 217 200 Crushed at center hearing; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. 255 1.4 2.0 1.1 3.0 0.4 0.3 0.6 1.7 0.9 2.4 2.5 1.3 1.5 2.1 6.5 L2 0.6 0.5 0.7 25.3 30.7 19.1 26uS 16.0 17.0 17.5 21.8 19.4 33.0 34.0 19.5 23.2 27.2 30.4 29. U 25.5 23.0 92 n 33.2 41.5 26.0 36.0 20.7 21.5 22.4 304 do 304 35.2 48.5 25.8 27.5 29.0 51.5 309 Crushed at center bearing ; shattered 309 33.0 35.5 39.0 754 Shattered ... 754 do 754 659 25.3 43.0 47.0 25.5 31.0 33.3 62.5 659 Specimen cross-gained - split 646 Crnahed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. do 646 34.6 42.5 909 909 • Shattered 909 4a5 41. S 32.5 29.0 29.0 28.5 Broke with fin© splinters 909 634 45.0 35.5 do 634 662 do 662 0.4 22.5 do Square break; splintered do 662 379 _ 379 3a7 33.5 2.0 1.2 40.7 34.6 782 do 783 783 35.5 36.2 2.0 1.6 37.0 37 9. Square break; splintered 790 790 • 792 792 63.0 19.5 20.5 27.0 78.5 13.0 14.0 15.6 14.5 792 27.5 28.5 38.0 39.0 17.8 19.0 21.7 20.0 1.6 1.4 2.4 2.1 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.8 28.7 29.0 40.5 40.8 18.0 19.0 22.2 20.0 do 874 39.0 . do 874 do 1099 55.0 23.0 24.0 81.0 26.7 1099 30.0 31.0 1017 1017 1021 37.0 1021 do -. 350 50.5 32.5 36.0 33.2 29.6 35C> 47.5 54.0 5.2 60.2 5.6 ' 55.0 850 Square break 8S0 851 4B.0 S. 2 40. s 851 3K.0 (EI 0 a2 do 852 I 1 i 398 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA- Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Chnmsecypaiia Kutkaensis TMow Vnpreu. Sitka Oyprea. 331. Cbftmrecvparis LawBoniana , Port Or^ord Cedar. Oregon Ot- dar. White Cedar. Lawon't Cypreet. Ginger Pine. 332. Cnprossaa macrocarpa Monterey Cyprett. 333. Cupreasns GoTeniana 337. Junipoi U3 pacbyphlosa Juniper. 338. Juuiperas 4iccidentalis, var. cod- jucens. Juniper. 830. JuuiperiiB Virginiaoa •Red Cedar. Savin. 340. Taxodiam dialichum Bald Cyprett. Slack Oypreit. Red Cyprett. Whitt Oypreti, Deeidumu Oyprett. 341. Seqaoia pgantea .i Big Tree. 342. Segnoia aemperrirens Redvood. State. 960 983 983 994 994 994 1000 1000 701 707 707 675 «75 1100 1100 692 692 1102 14 14 327 327 734 734 800 800 924 1249 1290 1251 1252 1253 1254 535 535 741 741 657 657 666 873 678 Alaska ....do British Columbia ....do Alaska ....do ....do ... do ..do Oregon . ...do-.. ....do ... CaUfomiA . ...do , ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. Arizona . ...do.... Texas . Hiusachasetts. .. do Texas .. do Floiida ...do ...do ...do ...do Tennessee ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Alabanut . ...do Florida . . . ...do California. ...do ...do .do. .do. Locality. Sitka ...do Saw.miU, Yiotoiia . ...do Peril strait ...do ...do Weidler's saw.miU, Portland. ...do Dean &. Co.'s saw. mUl, Marsliiield. ...do do. Uonterey . ...do llarin county. ....do Calistoga ...do Santa Bita monnt- ains. ..do Collector. SoiL Panl Sobultze . ...do Q. Engelmann and 0. S. Sargent. ....do Paul Scboltze . ...do ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do ....do. ...do. ....do. .do. .do. Gravelly loam . ...do G. E.Va«ey.. ...do W. F. Fisher . ...do Dry ridges. ...do ...do ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do Grarelly. ...do.... Austin ! S. B. Buckley Arnold Arboretam ...do Dallas ...do Chattahoochee ...do Saint John's river . ..do Chattahoochee "Wilson county ...do ...do ...do .. do ..do Stockton ...do Chattahoochee. ...do Tulare county . ...do ...do Bossian river. ...do C. S. Sargent . ...do J. Keverchon . ...do A. H. CurtisS. ...do ...do ...do C. Mohr A.£.Baird... ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do C. Mohr ...do A. E. Curtiss. ...do Limestone . Drift ....do Calcareous. • ...do ...do ...do Sandy loam . ...do Alluvial .... Alluvial. ....do.... G. Engelmnnn and Granite . C. S. Sargent. .do. C. S. Sargent . ...do .do. .do. J?. M l"a u s &^ OQ O.Se97 0.4229 0.6267 0. 6114 0.6074 0.4913 0.6267 0.6078 0.B159 0.5239 0.4682 0.6335 0.6307 0.6512 0.5580 0.5563 0.4834 0.6078 0.5630 0.5419 5316 6302 5357 5239 5723 5354 5558 6385 4997 7373 6029 5671 6398 6670 5307 0.4907 0.4923 0.4167 0.4334 0. 3426 0.3606 0.2687 0.4103 0.4211 COIFFICIKNT OF BLABTICITT. i 814 888 1221 lUO 1163 1085 1320 814 763 904 1221 1628 976 1085 452 514 610 457 610 595 751 609 614 595 610 787 814 787 904 488 718 581 661 1103 1110 904 939 5*5 426 359 674 814 976 1221 1191 1149 1122 1221 842 723 930 1221 1502 1062 1086 456 542 592 407 861 696 1020 930 872 937 930 698 281 820 818 1029 1041 1062 620 659 636 342 630 783 695 ; 738 734 469 601 614 610 701 743 851 662 787 i 1052 849 1031 781 1 766 806 888 750 474 394 542 595 603 1122 1163 904 939 695 444 315 558 751 520 703 675 666 687 698 611 637 703 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Continued. 399 DKFLECTIOK, IN MILLIMETEKB, UHDElt A FBEBSURE, CI KILOGRAHB, OF- so lOO 130 jsooj o (set.) 300 330 300 350 400 4SO SOO 3S0 a cc Bemarks. 6.0 5.5 4.0 4.i 4.2 4.5 3.7 6.0 6.4 5.4 4.0 3.0 5.0 4.5 10.8 8.5 8.0 10.7 ao a2 6.5 9.6 9.5 &2 8.0 &2 6.0 6.2 5.4 5.5 8.3 11.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 8.2 &5 &7 ao 11.6 13.5 10.5 ao a5 9.2 9.0 21.4 lao 16.5 24.0 15.5 16.4 13.3 lao 15.0 12.0 12.5 12.5 13.5 U.5 17.5 zf 0 16.0 17.0 17.2 1J.6 15.4 24.2 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.2 ao 1.0 24.6 21.2 16.0 17.5 17.0 lao 15.0 24.4 31.5 29.5 20.0 21.5 22.0 22.5 19.0 31.5 41.0 25.5 2a 0 28.5 29.0 24.0 31.7 36.0 39.5 37.0 3L5 42.0 33.0 15.6 lao 9.6 13.6 13.5 35.0 27.8 25.5 24.0 25.0 20.5 19.5 I 29.0 19. 0 I 29. 0 16.0 25.0 15.5 12.4 11.5 12.5 ILO 11.0 14.2 20.6 10. 0 .. la 0 14.0 16.4 16.2 a 7 a4 10.8 10.4 16.4 22.0 31.0 17.6 lao 6.8 a4 a7 4.2 4.4 5.4 5.2 9.2 11.5 18.6 a5 6.3 24.0 ia2 17.0 19.2 16.5 16.1 2ir4 31.0 2a 0 21.5 25.6 26.0 12.9 13.0 ia7 lao 21.6 ia4 12.7 lao 17.6 49.0 40.0 35.0 0.6 0 4 0.2 1.0 0.3 5.0 3.4 1.5 22.4 ia5 13.0 lao lao 49.0 41.7 35.7 29.0 21.0 lao 22.5 22.5 37.0 2ao 20.0 2a 0 27.6 25.4 sao 34.0 32.0 40.0 42.0 5ao 4&4 32.5 34.0 28.0 40 6 40.0 3a2 31.0 24.5 23.0 26.5 2L7 21.5 28.0 1.0 1.1 1.9 2.0 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.4 1.1 0.3 0.-2 0.8 32.4 34.0 42.5 44.0 55.0 6a5 40.0 40.5 33.6 32.0 24.5 23.0 2a 7 22.0 21.8 29.0 52.0 53.0 43.0 70.0 S6.0 3L7 29:0 35.0 2a 2 27.7 34.7 3a 5 85.7 43.5 35.0 34.S 4a 5 34.0 28.7 37.0 36.0 17.5 17.9 23.3 22.8 25.0 34.0 34. 0 49. 0 54.0 27.0 19.0 1.5 1.3 4.1 2.4 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.1 L2 a 6 30.0 39.0 37.0 ia2 ia2 24.5 23.0 35.6 45.2 48.0 24.5 24.0 33.0 30.8 eao 38.0 26.2 2.0 0.5 38.6 2a5 52.5 84.5 73.5 47.2 45.5 59.5 54.5 sao 363 297 435 397 372 400 397 298 120 350 349 439 444 449 222 281 271 146 334 315 200 299 317 363 240 449 440 322 344 379 320 168 200 381 222 300 288 284 293 298 218 20* 171 272 300 Square break; splintered Crushed at center bearing; square break Crashed at center bearing; square break, splitting in axis. do do Shattered do do Specimen cross-grained ; started at knot . Square break; shattered Crushed at center bearing ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. do Square break on tension side, splitting in axis ; sbatt«red from end to end. do Shattered do Specimen cross-grained ; sbattered Specimen cross-grained ; splinter on comer . Shattered. . do.... Specimen cross-grained; sbattered. Shattered . -do . .do. .do . 0.25 sap-wood ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. 0.5 sap-wood; square break; split end to end Square break at knot; split t^ end ■ Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Square break; split parallel to pressure - — Specimen not seasoned; sbattered Specimen not seasoned ; cross-grained Specimen not seasoned ; cross-grained ; split to end Specimen not seasoned ; sbattered Specimen not seasoned ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. Specimen not seasoned; shattered Square break Crushed at center bearing with flakes on tension side . Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Broke with coarse splinters Square break on tension side, splitting in axis. Square break Sap-wood ; shattered Square break ; split to end. do 983 994 994 994 1000 1000 701 707 707 675 675 691 691 UOO 1100 1102 14 14 327 327 734 734 800 800 924 1249 1250 1251 1232 1253 1254 535 535 741 741 657 657 666 673 673 400 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF TUB Species. M2. Sequoia semperrlxeiia— oontinaed M3. Tbxhs breTifolia Tea. M5. Torreyatnxi folia Stiriking Cedar. Savin. tie. ToiTPya Californica Cal\fomia Nvtmeg. Stinking Cedar. U7. PlnnB Strobns White Pine. Weymouth Pine. S4S. Finns monticola. White Pine. U9. Finns Lambertlaiia. , Sugar Pine. UO. Plnns flexilis . WhiUPiTte. <5L PlDos albicaolls . 710 711 711 712 712 713 713 714 714 715 978 878 62 277 277 651 651 1 1 222 777 777 788 788 789 789 797 797 1044 1044 975 987 987 668 730 730 819 819 819 913 State. California. ...do ....do ....do ...do ...do ....do.... ...do ...do ...do Oregon . ...do.. Florida . ....do... ...do... California ...do Maseachnsetts.. ....do Vermont New Brunswick ....do ...do ....do Province of Quebec ....do ....do ....do Mossachnsetts . ....do Brittsh Columbia . Oregon .. do Locality. Santa Cnu ...do ...do Mendocino county . . ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Portland. ...do.... Chattahoochee. . ...do ...do Marin county. ...do Arnold Arboretum ...do Charlotte ■. Bridgeton . ...do Amqni ...do Reading . ...do.... Hastings' saw.mill, BuiTard inlet. Cascade mountains California. .. do --do ...do .. do..... Colorado. ...do.... ...do... Nevada -- British Colombia -do do. Saw.mill, Straw, berry valley. Lassen's peak . ...do Forest City . .. do ...do Danville Silver Mountain val. ley, Fraser river. Collector. Turner, Kennedy & Shaw. .. do ..do J. Kentfleld St, Co ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do O. Engelmann and C. ST Sargent. ...do r. C. S- Sargent . A. H. Curtiss. ...do G. B. Vasey . ...do C. S. Sargent ...do C. G. Pringle Intercolonial rail- way. do Ed. Sinclair . ...do A. Grant ...do Grand Trunk rail- way. ..do J. Bobinson. ...do G. Bngelmann and C. S. Sargent. C. S. Sargent -do. G. Engelmann and C. S- Sitrgent. G.E. Vasey do. Sierra Lumber Company. do T. S. Brandegee. ..do .. do A. Triple G. Engelnlann and C. S. Sargent ...do............. Soil Moist, rich , ...do Alluvial... Calcareotu. ...do Stony. ...do. Drift ...do Wet, swampy . Drift . ...do. Moist loam . ..do Gravelly . ...do .... ...do... ...do.... ■p O.- B 0.4443 0.4525 0.4410 C.3239 0. 3239 0.3841 0.3648 0. 5289 0. 5243 0.5533 0.6743 0. 7110 0.5993 0.4693 0.4639 0.5003 0.6135 0.4301 0.4090 0.6204 0. 3671 0.3932 0.4022 0.4088 0. 3698 0.3671 0. 4092 0.3938 0. 3710 0.4549 0.4323 0. 3682 0.3699 0.4301 0.3027 0.3971 0.3363 0.3307 0.4602 0.4642 0.4733 0.4664 0.6066 0.4687 COBPFICIEST OF ELASTIRITY. 13 697 751 542 512 651 814 751 751 651 651 814 697 651 872 939 407 444 751 921 574 651 1085 1085 1039 763 775 976 842 688 872 1163 751 957 888 740 814 763 740 751 651 787 381 370 679 f = 697 751 5S8 568 651 849 708 751 849 673 651 921 913 4:^0 4U 849 930 592 638 1039 1062 1039 751 751 970 849 697 888 1191 740 921 888 740 814 787 740 835 381 348 073 i 654 581 591 394 580 558 633 734 804 295 1148 1010 945 844 873 623 682 804 424 635 654 687 !70 J27 «30 621 390 684 684 627 616 687 577 656 541 530 687 635 770 306 464 I 701 I THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. XnJTITED STATES TJNdEE TEANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 401 DEFLECTION, IN HILLIUETEEB, UNDEB A PBESSUBE, IK KIL0GBAU8, OF- 50 7.0 6.5 ao 9.0 7.5 6.0 6.5 &5 7.5 7.5 6.0 7.0 7.6 5.6 5.2 12.0 U.0 6.5 5.3 8.5 7.5 4.5 4.5 4.7 6.4 6.3 5.0 S.8 7.1 5.6 4.2 6.5 5.1 5.5 6.6 6.0 6.4 6.6 lOO ISO 14.0 13.0 17.5 17.2 15.0 11.5 13.8 13.0 14.7 16.0 11.5 14.5 15.0 10.6 10.7 22.7 22.0 11.5 10.5 16.6 15.3 9.4 9.2 9.4 13.0 13.0 10.0 11.5 14.0 U.0 8.2 13.2 10.6 11.0 13.2 12.0 12.4 13.2 6.5 : 12.4 I 7. 5 j 14. 0 6.2 U.7 12.8 25.6 18.2 7.2 28.0 14.5 26 21.2 19.4 26.6 26.6 22.4 17.2 20.0 20.0 22.0 17.8 21.6 22.5 16.5 16.0 34.5 33.0 17.2 16.4 25.0 22.6 14.0 14.2 14.8 20.7 20.0 15.4 17.8 22.4 17.0 12.5 20.2 16.2 17.0 20.3 18.2 ia7 20.6 18.9 21.6 17.6 24. 41.5 S)00 29^« 26.0 36.3 32.0 23.5 27.7 « 26.6 29.5 24.0 29.7 3L0 22.3 22.6 50.5 46.5 23.8 22.8 34.3 20.0 19.8 20.5 30.0 32.3 21.6 25.2 24.0 17.1 32.1 23.6 46.0 22.6 FOR 31.0 O (set.) 2.4 0.4 0.5 1.2 0.5 2.3 1.0 0.6 0.3 2.0 3.6 1.0 1.3 1.3 0.7 3.8 1.3 0.6 1.2 1.0 2.4 8.0 1.0 2.0 0.8 t2 300 30.0 26.4 37.0 33.5 24.0 2&4 27.0 30.0 24.0 30.0 31.0 22.6 22.2 49.5 24.2 23.2 35.0 20.4 2t0 21.0 31.0 33.5 21.8 25.2 24.6 17.5 34.2 24.0 23.0 29.0 26.0 29.5 32.8 27.0 31.4 24.2 330 39.0 33.5 38.0 340 38.0 3L5 39.0 4L0 28.7 28.6 32.0 31.0 46.5 29.0 20.0 28.0 30.0 36.0 24.0 35.0 30.1 35.0 35.0 46.2 32.0 300 350 50.0 4a 0 38.0 49.0 52.0 35.5 35.5 62.0 43.0 42.0 47.0 6L6 66.5 47.0 46.2 400 4SO 84.0 92.5 75.0 SCO sso 8 00 If el 279 248 252 168 250 238 270 313 343 126 490 431 403 360 372 200 298 266 291 343 181 271 279 293 243 226 397 265 167 249 292 225 263 293 246 280 231 226 293 271 331 169 198 299 Semarkg. Square break Square break; shattered Square break Shattered with flakes on tension side Square break Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Square break Shattered from end to end Square break Specimen with curly grain ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. Square break on tension side, splitting in axis; shattered do Shattered Square break on tension side, splitting in axis ; shattered do Broke at small knot at point of compression Square break on tension side, splitting in axis; also broke at knot near the end. Square break with scale on tension side Square break on tension side, splitting in axis ; shattered Square break; shattered Cross-grained Started at knot Crushed at center bearing ; square break do Square break do Square break; split to one end Square break Specimen cross-grained; broke at large knot Cmshedat center bearing; splinter on comer Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters Square break do Square break on tension side, splitting In axis Shattered Square break Cmshedat center bearing; sqnare break Square break Square break; shattered do Specimen cross-grained ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. Square break at knot Square break; shattered do 710 711 711 712 712 713 713 714 714 715 978 978 62 277 277 651 651 1 1 222 777 777 788 788 789 789 797 797 1044 1044 975 987 987 638 730 730 819 819 819 913 9!)2 402 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE SpeoiM. Stote. Locality. Collector. Sou. 0-3 o « S COKFPICntXT OF KLASTICITT. i I t S52. Pinna reflexa WhiU Pine. 853. Finns Farryona Pinon. Xut Pine. 355. Finns eduUs Pinon. ti'ut Pine. 356. Finns monophylla . . Pinon. IiutPine. 357. Finns Balfomiana .. 357. Finns Baironmua, var. aristata. Foxtail Pine. Bickory Pine. 358. Finns resinosa Bed Pine. Norway Pine. 359. Finns lorteyana . 300. Finns Arizonica . Yelloa Pine. 361. Finns ponderosa ... Tellow Pine. Bull Pine. 862. FlnnsJeCfreyi Bull Pine. Black Pine. 661 661 656 658 397 882 915 631 631 821 821 821 9U 815 315 785 785 1074 1075 1076 1070 1154 1154 1155 1155 1166 619 626 630 630 632 636 689 718 718 731 731 907 910 667 667 Arizona . ...do.... California . ...do Colorado. Utah ... Nevada. California . ...do Colorado. .-do... ...do Xerada . . Micliigon ...do New Brunswicl^ . ...do Vermont ...do ...do ...do California ...do Arizona . ...do.... ...do.... ...do-... ...do.... Dakota Oregon California . ...do ...do ...do ...do Montana... ...do California.. ...do Colorado... ...do , California . ...do ..do ...do Santa Rita mount- ains. ...do Q, Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do San Diego comity. ...do CaBon City . Leviaton . Danville.. Scott raonntains . ...do Forest City ...do ...do Frospect mountain. Heraey ...do Bridgeton ...do Cliarlotto . ...do ...do ..do San Diego county. ...do Santa Kita mount* ains. ...do .do. .do. .do. Deadwood Saw.miil, Asliland. Strawberry valley . ...do Saw-mill, Straw- Lerry valley. ...do Sawmill, San Ber- nardino. Saw.mili, Missoula. ...do Lassen*8 peak. ...do CaSonCity ... ...do Scott mountains . ...do Saw.miil, San Ber- nardino. ...do G. E. Vasey. ...do £. Weston . Gravelly . U. £. Jones. A. Triple .... G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do Bocky . . . Gravelly. Bocky ... ...do.... T. S. Brandegee. ...do ...do A. Triple Kocky . W.J.Beal.... ...do Ed. Sinclair.. --.do C. G. Fringlo. ...do ...do : ...do G. Engelmann . ...do Sandy . ...do.. C. G. Fringle. ...do ...do ...do ...do Kooky. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. Robert Douglas . . . G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. — do Gravelly. .do ....do ...do W.G.Wright. S. Watson ...do Low, wet, swampy ...do SierraLnmberCom. pany. do B. Weston . ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Snrgent ...do....:. W.G.Wright. ...do Dry, gravelly . ....do 0.6261 0.5392 0.6862 0.6342 0.6894 0.6579 0.5623 0. 5714 0. 5113 0.4987 0.4811 0.6240 0.5482 0. 5511 0.4951 0. 4191 0.4886 0.4789 0.5221 0.5164 0.5471 0.5800 0.6570 0.7913 0. 4749 0.4696 0.4260 0.5034 0.4788 0.4814 0. 4748 0.5502 0.4429 0.5079 0.4502 0.4750 I 0.4795 j 0.4863 i 0.6206 0.6277 0.5678 0. 5758 0. 6948 0.6329 814 939 390 444 429 421 619 642 651 668 888 842 651 1356 1320 1039 888 1221 976 1039 1163 634 542 763 814 814 872 729 1221 1356 191 266 1221 814 1285 1085 1163 1221 1163 813 271 498 417 1221 1627 849 I 689 976 j 851 849 347 407 I 604 421 448 4lS 454 528 574 281 295 291 558 469 771 763 680 1395 1376 1039 849 1110 1007 1062 1221 630 454 746 835 857 888 794 1285 1262 190 264 1221 814 1302 1110 1163 1221 895 736 806 070 773 708 813 799 809 703 703 553 593 769 647 881 930 443 382 905 780 1041 766 818 783 1163 t 795 306 247 506 394 1320 391 438 585 310 902 1479 1171 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 403 DEFLKCTION, IS HILUHETSBS, UNDER A FRESSUKE, IN KILOGRAMS, OF— SO 6.0 5.2 12.5 ILO 11. C a.i 9.0 7.5 8.6 5.5 S.8 7.5 3.6 3.7 4.7 S.S 4.0 5.0 4.7 4.2 7.7 9.0 6.4 6.0. 6.0 5.6 6.7 4.0 3.6 25.6 18.4 4.0 6.0 3.8 4.S 4.2 4.0 4.2 15.6 18.0 •.8 11.7 4.0 3.0 lOO 11.5 10.0 28.0 24.0 23.2 23.5 21.5 18.6 14.8 17.0 ILO 12.8 15.4 7.0 7.1 9.4 11.5 8.8 9.7 9.2 &0 16.5 21.5 13.1 11.7 11.4 11.0 12.3 7.6 7.8 51.5 37.0 ao 12.0 7.5 8.8 8.4 8.0 &4 32.0 39.5 19.3 24.8 7.4 6.6 ISO 17.5 15.0 37.2 39.2 23.2 25.7 17.3 19.0 24.0 10.7 10.6 14.0 16.8 13.0 15.0 14.0 12.8 22.4 34.6 20.0 17.9 16.6 16.6 19.0 11.5 11.6 80.0 57.0 12.0 18.0 11.2 13.3 12.7 12.5 12.4 54.0 71.0 300 24.^ 20.0 32.5 36.0 23.5 26.3 34.2 14.5 14.0 19.2 23.5 17.6 20.0 19.5 16.6 30.8 50.2 27.5 25.0 23.2 22.1 26.5 15.6 15.5 16.0 24.8 14.7 18.0 17.0 16.8 17.0 30. 0 40. 0 11.0 15.0 9. 6 13. 0 O (set.) ,1.0 0.8 7.0 3.2 2.5 0.9 1.1 3.0 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.5 1.9 7.6 1.0 1.5 1.1 0.8 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 300 25.0 20.2 34.5 23.5 27.0 35.7 14.6 14.0 ia5 24.0 17.6 20.3 19 5 17.0 31.6 51.7 28.2 25.3 21.0 22.1 27.0 15.3 15.5 16.2 25.3 15.0 18.0 17.0 18.7 17.5 41.8 15.0 )3.2 'iSO 32.0 25.6 3L0 36.0 46.2 las 17.8 25.7 32.0 23.0 28.0 25.0 21.5 41.5 78.0 36.0 31.0 29.0 35.0 19.5 20.0 20.0 33.5 18.5 23.0. 22.4 21.5 21.5 55.5 19.0 16.0 30O 33.0 24.0 22.5 36.0 30.0 40.2 33.0 28.4 55.5 39.0 25.0 24.2 26.0 44.0 23.0 30.7 2a 0 28.5 27.5 24.0 20.0 350 43.0 3L0 28.5 31.5 30.5 31.6 28.0 32.5 24.6 400 4SO SOO S50 bcog q * 294 363 148 215 191 120 126 124 238 200 329 290 296 882 399 344 286 330 300 347 341 345 300 300 236 263 328 276 376 397 180 163 386 333 444 327 340 334 339 167 187 260 136 385 500 Remarks. Specimen crosB-grained; failed with long split.. do Broke at knot near end . do Broke at knot. Specimen cross-grained; broke at knot . do do Squai'e break . .do. 0.25 sap-wood ; specimen cross-grained. Square break with split at end Shattered Crushed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. Crushed at center bearing; square break Specimen cross-grained; shattered Square break Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Square break on tension side, splitting in axis ; crushed at center Dciring. Square break ; crushed at center bearing Broke with long scale ^ Shattered . do... Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Specimen cross.grained; broke at knot Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Square break on tension side, splitting in ails; shattered . Square break; split to one end 0.75 s.ip-wood ; crushed at center bearing ; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. Square break; shattered Broken at end ; shattered Short break; shattered Square break on tension side, splitting in axis . Square break Square break on tension side, splitting in axis. do Square break ; split to one end Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Specimen cross-grained Sap-wood; specimen cross-grained ; broke at knot. Cross-grained Square break on tensiou side, splitting in axis ; shattered . Square break at knot Crushed at center bearing ; broke with iinc splinters Square break on tension side, splitting in axis 661 661 882 915 631 631 821 821 821 914 315 316 785 785 1074 1075 1076 1076 1154 1154 1155 1165 1156 619 026 630 630 632 636 689 718 718 731 731 907 910 638 633 667 667 404 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF TUE Species. SUte. Locality. Collector. Soil. If III COEFFICIKST or ELASTICITY. SO. Pinna Cbihaaliaana 'M. Pinns contorta SeruhPint. 865. Plnas Mnrmy.ina Tamarack. Slack Pin*. Lodgt- pole Piit*. Spruct Pine. 368. PinoB Sabiniana Digger Pine. BuU Pine. 867. Pinos Conlteri 368. Finns insignia Monterey Pine. 3C9. Pinna tnbercnlata Knob-cone Pine. 378. Pinns TiBda Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine. Soaemary Pine. 871. Pinns rigida PiUhPine. 872. Pinns serotina Pond Pine. 373. Pinns inops Jeriey Pine. Scrub Pine. 874. Pinns clansa Sand Pine. Scrub Pine. Spruce Pine. 375. Pinna pnngons ToMe-mounlain Pine. Biekory Pine. 876. Pinns mnricata Obiepo Pine. Biihop't Pine. 664 664 997 997 293 293 663 625 625 644 644 1167 1157 676 676 576 676 355 365 388 389 13 13 1046 1046 83 88 621 622 1169 U0B 1172 1172 279 279 321 821 671 671 Arieona . ...do.... Britisli Colnmbia ....do Colorado. . ....do ...do California. ...do ...do. .. do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ....do. ..do. Florida ...do Alabama ...do Korth Carolina . ...do ...do ...do Uoesaohnsette. ...do ....do ....do Florida . ....do... Sooth Carolina . ....do Indiana ....do THevJeney ....do Florida . .. do... Virginia . ....do... California . ....do Santa Bita mount. ains. ...do VanooaTer's island ...do Forest City ...do ...do Soott monntains . ...do Contra Costa connty ...do San Bernardino. ...do , Monterey. .. do Honnt Shasta . ..do Dnval connty. ...do Cottage Hill . . ...do 'Wilmington .. ...do ...do ...do Arnold Arboretnm . ...do Korth Beading ...do Dnval connty. ...do Aiken ...do New Albany. ...do Mount HoUy. ..do Apalaohicoln . ...do ■Wjrtheville . ...do Marin connty . ...do G. Sngehnann and C. S. Sargent. do .do. do. T. S.Srandegee.. ...do C.S.Sargent G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent ...do...... G.R.VB«ey. ...do W.G.Wright. ...do G. E.Vaaey. ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent do A. H. Cnrtias . ...do C.Mohr ...do E. Kidder .... ...do ...do ...do C. S. Sargent . ....do J. Kobinson . . ...do A. H. Cnrtiss . ...do H.W.EaTenel. ...do M. J. Robinson . ...do S. P. Sharpies.. ...do Dry, gravelly . ..do .do. .do. Moist, sandy loam. ...do ...do ...do ...do Gravelly. ...do.... Dry, gravelly. ...do Gravelly ...do... Gravelly. ...do.... Moist, sandy. ...do Low, rich ...do Loam ...do ...do ...do Drift. ...do. ...do. ...do. Moist, sandy loam ...do Dry, sandy . ...do Clay.. ...do. A. H. Cnrtiss . ...do Dry, sandy barren . ...do aShriver . ...do Clay.. ...do. G. K. Vasey . ...do Gravelly. ...do.... 0.5801 0.5983 0.6456 0.0198 0.4561 0.4265 0.4546 0.4600 a 4618 0.5460 0.5426 0.4443 0.4322 0.4835 0.5095 0.4071 0.3901 0.6068 0. 0147 0. 5914 0.5840 0.5600 0.4306 0.4675 0. 4937 0.5670 0.5943 0. 4371 0. 6140 0.7592 0. 7518 0.5403 0.6537 0.5610 0.6703 0. 5920 0.7088 0.6341 0.5218 0.6160 0.5300 0.5678 0.5883 626 872 1808 1395 542 625 976 887 976 514 651 1221 1062 354 519 1627 1744 1395 888 921 1136 697 775 542 376 1136 1221 405 697 751 542 452 373 542 596 670 976 1039 1221 051 800 IT75 1396 601 614 976 888 976 528 642 1221 1062 872 1085 S62 496 1627 1684 638 804 1302 1085 651 769 637 368 465 697 781 526 428 358 528 568 630 976 905 759 1048 937 286 347 743 676 709 738 820 818 703 670 809 293 525 998 1462 790 666 1012 562 773 795 797 861 647 1163 1168 1177 ; 1172 662 855 499 722 637 429 574 1006 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. • 405 DBFLECnOS, IN MILLIMETERS, CKDEK A FBESSUBB, Di KILOOBAKS, OF- 90 7.8 5.6 2.7 3.5 9.0 9.3 5.0 5.7 5.0 9.5 7.6 4.0 4.6 5.5 4.3 13.8 9.4 3.0 2.8 7.1 5.S 3.5 5.5 5.3 4.3 7.0 t.3 9.0 13.0 4.3 4.0 10.5 7.0 6.5 9.0 10.8 13.1 9.0 8.2 7.2 5.0 4.7 4.* lOO ISO 15.0 12.2 5.5 7.0 19.5 19.0 10.0 11.0 10.0 18.5 15.2 ao 9.2 U.2 9.0 27.0 19.7 6.0 5.8 15.3 It 3 7.5 ILO 10.4 9.0 15.0 12.7 18.2 26.5 23.0 1&2 &2 10.2 15.0 16.8 15.0 29.0 22.6 12.2 14.6 300 26.7 11.5 14.0 20.7 23.7 20.2 43.0 32.0 1&2 20.0 14.3 19.6 30.6 46.0 9. 0 12. 0 8.7 11.7 23.3 17.6 11.0 17.0 16.0 13.0 23.6 20.0 27.5 40.0 O (set.) 1.6 1.3 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.0 0.6 4.6 2.0 0.2 0.5 1.0 0.4 24.0 15.0 24.0 22.4 18.0 33.6 2&5 41.6 60.0 8.4 12.3 17.0 8. 3 12. 6 17. 0 49.0 31.0 27.0 43.0 60.0 60.0 21.0 32.3 14.0 22.0 12.5 19.5 18.5 29.5 22.8 36.0 27.3 4L0 18.5 32.0 17.6 28.0 15.5 24.0 10.0 16.5 9.0 13.2 7.5 11.8 86.0 23.2 18.6 15.0 0 4 0.2 2.6 1.5 0.3 1.1 1.0 0.5 3.0 2.4 4.0 8.0 0.6 0.5 6.0 0.5 1.6 5.3 6.0 6.3 3.6 1.2 0.3 0.0 itOO 32.0 26.8 11.6 14.0 21.0 23.6 aso 300 42.0 32.4 14.4 18.0 27.0 32.0 20. 6 27. 6 44.5 33.0 16.6 20.0 23.7 19.8 4&0 12.3 11.8 33.0 24.6 15.0 24.0 22.5 18.0 34.0 29.2 42.7 63.0 17.0 17.4 51.0 33.0 27.6 46 0 52.6 83.5 41.2 35.6 23.2 18.0 15.2 61.e 44.0 21.3 27.0 31.0 26.0 15.6 14.5 44.0 82.6 18.6 29.4 23.0 56.0 43.7 18.0 21.3 37.6 35.5 95.0 62.6 27.5 19.0 17.6 57.5 23.5 38.5 45.8 63.5 37.6 ' 50.0 60.0 8ao 21.5 22.2 71.0 35.8 71.0 8&0 47.0 30.8 23.2 19.0 27.0 27.5 47.6 64.0 29.0 24.0 3SO 71.0 21.6 27.0 23.0 21.3 29.2 33.0 34.5 63.6 36.0 28.5 400 29.0 25.7 39.0 42.5 47.0 36.0 4SO SOO 0.2 48.5 62.6 44.0 37.2 sso I Is 447 400 122 148 317 288 328 315 350 286 345 126 224 426 624 337 284 432 240 330 339 340 363 276 283 494 600 291 240 365 213 308 272 183 245 329 290 429 452 Bemaiks. Sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis . Failed from large splinter on tension side Cmslied at center bearing; &iled from tension side . Failed from large splinter on comer Broke at knot. Square break at knot Sqnare break; splintered. Sqnare break do .- Square break on tension side, splitting in axis; shattered . do do Broke at knot . Specimen cross-grained; shattered . do Sap-wood; sqnare break. do Cmshed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. do Long split at one end Long split 0.33 sap-wood ; sqnare break Square break on tension side, splitting in axis; shattered. do do Sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis . do Shattered Square break on tension side, splitting in axis. Broke with coarse splinters - do Square break on tension side, splitting in axis . Oblique fracture; started at knot Shattered Square break Specimen cross-grained ; shattered do Specimen cross-grained ; started at knot. Shattered .do. Specimen cross-grained ; broke near end. Square break . do 664 664 997 997 293 293 563 626 625 644 644 1157 1167 676 676 676 676 82 82 355 356 388 388 13 13 1046 1046 83 83 621 C22 1169 1169 1172 1172 279 279 321 321 671 671 406- FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. State. Locality. Collector. Soil. n H 0.5 111 I COEFFlCmNT op F.LASTICITT. 577. Finns mltlH Yellow Pine. Short-Uaved Pine. Spruce Pine. Hull Pine. 878. Pinns glabra Cedar Pine. SprueePine. White Pine. 879. Pinns Banksiana Oray Pine. Scrub Pine. Prince't Pint. 880. Pinns palnstria Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine. Georgia Pine. YeUow Pine. Hard Pine. 881. Pinns Cubensis Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Bat- tard Pine. Ueadow Pine. 278 278 319 142 142 544 544 544 764 764 394 394 780 780 879 879 81 81 81 81 85 85 86 '85 243 243 857 857 858 358 359 359 860 360 361 361 384 384 385 1096 1096 84 84 64 356 356 Florida .... ...do Lonisiana . Sonth Carolina . . . ...do HissisBippi ...do ...do Florida ..do Michigan ...do New Bmnswick . ...do ...do ...do Florida ...do ...do ...do ...do ..do ...do ..do ...do ...do Alabama ...do ...do ...do ... do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Florida ...do ....*> North Carolina . ... do Alabama ...do Florida . . ...do ... do Alabama.. ...do Chattahoochee. .. do Amite A. H. Cnrtiss. ...do C.Mobr Clay. ...do Sandy loam . Bonnean's Depot . . . ...do GaineariUe -..40 ...do H. W. Bavenel. ... do C. Mohr ...do ...do Chattahoochee ' A. H. Cnrtiss . ...do I. ...do Eioh upland . ..do Low, sandy . . ...do ...do Low, wet ...do Baldwin . ...do.... Dnval county. ...do ...do ...do ..do ..do ...do ...do Saw-mill, Saint John's river. ...do Cottage Hill . ...do Citronelle ... ...do Chnnchula .. !...do ...do ...do ....do ...do Sawmill, Keys. . . . do Cedar ...do ■Wilmington . ...do Mobile ...do Davnl county . ..do ...do Cottage HUl.. ...do W. J. Beal. ...do Low, sandy . ...do Intercolonial rail. way. do .do. .do . .1. A. H. Cnrtiss. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do C.Mobr ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do A. H. Cnrtiss . ...do ....do E.Kidder.... ...do C. Mohr ...do A. H. Cnrtiss. ...do ...do C.Mobr ...do Sandy loam.. ...do ...do ...do Moist, sandy. ...do ...do ...do Sandy loam. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Moist, sandy. ...do ...do ...do ...do 0.6524 0.6490 0.6516 0.4650 0.4035 0.3535 0.3500 0.4268 0.6089 0.4713 0.4912 I 0.4917 0.6191 0.4297 ■ 0.4839 0. 5129 j 0.9375 j 0.8125 I 0.6950 < 0.9822 0.6164 0.6632 0.7568 0.8800 0. 7087 0.7066 0.6643 0.8410 0.8906 0. 8706 0.7988 0.8728 0.7664 0.7242 0.7585 0. 7480 0.600S 0.6438 0.7038 0.6739 0.6293 0.6375 0.6862 0.6934 0.6046 0. 8314 0. 7716 0.7710 1221 1895 1479 634 642 220 \ 244 244 561 595 574 814 1320 872 976 1039 1628 1526 976 1628 814 1628 1039 642 1953 2123 1628 1628 1436 1628 1628 1628 1684 1221 2035 2035 957 1628 1221 1808 1628 1085 1479 1479 1163 1479 1878 1953 1252 1416 1458 660 660 208 542 1356 1085 1713 1395 874 1065 1188 469 570 262 840 431 766 633 574 649 947 570 448 722 1628 I 1160 1575 1266 1062 820 1628 1240 888 820 1575 1036 1085 937 630 935 1775 1266 1713 1289 1550 1172 1472 1289 1775 : 1392 1684 1233 1628 1397 1770 I 1386 1302 1170 1053 1287 2035 1322 967 642 1656 1064 1221 1045 1776 1137 1550 1062 1163 1165 1469 1095 1302 1170 1191 1048 1479 1953 1953 1181 1270 1465 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UJIITED STATES UNDEE TRANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 407 DEFLECTIOS, ]S UILLIMETEKS, UKDEE A FKES8UEE, IK KILOQBAUS, OF- 50 lOO ISO 4.0 3.5 3.3 7.7 7.6 22.2 7.8 S.9 6.7 14.8 14.8 47.0 20. 0 ; 41. 0 20.0 i 42.0 8.7 18.0 a 2 16.5 8.5 6.0 8.7 5.6 5.0 4.7 3.0 3.2 5.0 3.0 6.0 3.0 4.7 7.6 2.5 Z3 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.0 8.0 3.0 2.S 4.0 2.4 2.4 5.1 3.0 4.0 2.7 3.0 4.5 3.3 3.3 4.2 3.3 2.6 2.5 17.0 12.7 7.2 10.4 10.5 9.0 6.0 6.2 9.2 6.0 11.0 &2 9.0 15.5 5.5 5.7 6.3 5.7 7.0 S.5 5.8 6.0 5.S 7.6 6.0 4.8 10.1 6.9 8.0 5.6 6.3 &4 6.7 7.6 8.2 6.6 6.0 6.0 11.2 10.8 10.0 23.2 22.5 70.5 29.0 26.0 27.0 19.6 10.8 16.4 17.0 13.7 9.0 0.3 14.0 9.0 17.0 9.2 13.7 23.5 8.0 8.2 9.2 a5 10.0 8.6 9.0 9.5 8.4 11.0 7.2 7.3 15.2 as 11.4 as 9.2 12.6 9.6 11.2 12.4 10. U 7.8 7.3 300 15.1 14.2 13.1 32.0 32.0 42.0 37.0 39.0 27.5 14.3 20.5 (set.) 0.2 0.3 0.0 3.0 2.4 5.2 3.8 5.0 1.4 0.3 1.0 ia4 12.4 12.4 ia2 12.6 23.2 12.3 ia8 32.6 10.7 11.0 12.3 11.3 13.4 11.4 11.6 12.6 11.4 14.6 10.0 9.8 20.3 11.6 16. 6 I 0. 4 11.0 I 0.0 1 12.4 I 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 1.5 0.3 1.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.2 300 15.2 14.2 13.2 33.2 32.2 43.0 3a 0 40.2 27.6 14.3 21.0 16.8 13.0 15.3 16.6 13.0 10.3 10.0 0.6 0.3 ia4 12.5 12.7 ia2 12.3 24.0 12.3 ia8 33.0 10.9 11.0 12.5 11.4 13.7 11.6 12.0 12.6 11.4 It. 6 10.0 10.0 20.5 11.6 15.4 11.2 12.8 ia8 13.2 350 300 3SO 19.0 lao 16.5 60.0 51.0 38.0 ia2 0.2 16.5 0.4 ia4 0. 2 , 13. 2 0.2 ' 10.2 0.3 I 10.0 30.0 15.6 15.5 23.0 15.6 31. S 16.5 24.0 42.3 lao 13.6 15.6 14.0 las 14.0 14.5 15.6 14.0 ia4 12.5 12.0 26.7 14.2 19.6 14.2 15.6 21.5 16.5 19.5 20.8 16.2 13.0 12.0 24.0 22.0 20.2 89.0 23.0 37.0 19.0 19.0 2ao 19.0 41.5 19.0 31.0 55.0 lae 16.6 19.0 17.0 20.6 17.0 17.5 19.0 17.0 22.6 15.0 15.0 29.2 27.0 25.0 400 32.0 29.5 •I- 28.6 22.6 23.0 17.5 24.0 17.0 19.2 26.5 20.5 24.5 26.3 20.0 15.6 15.0 22.0 55.7 23.6 37.2 70.0 19.2 20.0 23.0 20.6 25.6 23.0 21.0 23.0 20.0 2a 0 17.8 17.0 20.8 29.2 21.0 23.7 32.6 24.6 30.0 3L0 24.0 3ao 27.0 27.2 2a 2 2a2 23.0 23.0 27.0 23.6 30.3 27.0 26.0 27.0 23.0 33.0 20.7 20.2 24.6 36.0 26.0 2a 5 39.0 29.0 35.7 36.6 28.6 450 300 S90 45.0 34.0 32.5 31.7 2a 7 27.6 31.0 2a 3 3a 0 32.0 29.0 31.5 27.0 40.0 24.0 23.6 29.0 ia2 ' 21.3 17. 5 I 21. 0 30.5 38.0 4a 0 36.4 44.0 33.0 25.0 24.0 43.6 37.5 39.0 32.3 32.5 37.6 33.0 46.0 38.0 34.0 37.0 31.5 28.0 2ao 36.5 39.0 30.0 2a 0 ■fis If 39.6 as 46.8 44.0 87.0 34.0 373 450 607 200 243 112 145 184 327 270 245 277 404 243 191 308 496 540 350 629 350 442 400 399 540 550 500 628 560 594 526 596 589 499 649 6«4 274 I 454 i 446 i ).485 I 453 ! m 467 Semarks. Specimen cross-grained ; started at ]mot Square break on tension side, splitting in axis . do Specimen cross-grained j brolie "with long split with grain. Sqaare break on tension side, splitting in axis do Shattered Square break at knot ; Shattered do Sqnare break Long, shattered break Broke with small splinters Broke at small knots Broke at knot Broke at small knots ; shattered . Sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis Crushed at center bearing ; sqnare break Square break with large splinters Sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis with large splinters . Sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis Crushed at center bearing ; sqaare break 0.6 sap-wood ; splintered break Shattered; split to one end Broke with large flakes on back do 31.5 Sqnare break with flakes on back 45 millimeters deflection with 600 kilograms; broke with flakes on bock. Sqnare break, (a) Boxed 1852 ; chipped ten years; abandoned 1861 Shattered, (o) IBoxed 1852 ; chipped ten years ; abandoned 1861 — Sqnare break with largo flakes on comers, (o) Boxed 1876 ; chipped four years ; specimen t'lken along chip. Square break on tension side, splitting in axis, (a) Boxed 1876; chipped four years: specimen taken along chip. Broke with thin tiakos on back, (o) Boxed 1876; chipped four years; specimen taken altove chip. Square break, somewhat shattered, (o) Boxed 1876; chipped four years; specimen t;ikcn above chip. Sqnare break on tension side, splitting in axis, (a) Boxed 1878; chipped two years. Broke with many splinters, (a) Boxed 1878; chipped two years — Specimen cross-grained ; split Broke with flakes on back Broke with thick flakes on back . do -do. Shattered, (a) Tree boxed eighteen or twenty years ago Broke with large flake, (o) Tree boxed eighteen or twenty years ago 499 I Specimen cross-grained ; split 447 Specimen cross-grained ; broke with large splinters. 504 Sqnare break 542 SUghtly splintered , 625 1.2 millimeters deflection with 600 kilograms; broke with large flat splinters on corners. a In the mann&ctnre of turpentine. 278 278 319 142 14» 544 544 544 764 764 394 394 780 780 879 879 81 81 81 81 85 85 85 85 243 243 357 357 358 358 359 359 360 360 361 361 384 384 386 300 390 1096 1096 84 84 84 356 356 408 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Specie*. 881. Pinna CabeoBis—ooDtinned., 882. Plcea uifct& Black Spruce. 383. Piceaalba White Spruce. 887. Tsnga Canadensis. Hemlock. 384. Picea Engelmanni White Spruce. 386. Picea pongens White Spruce. Blue Spruce. 886. Picea Sitchenels Tideland Spruce. 493 493 231 231 373 776 776 794 794 880 880 513 513 773 773 784 784 791 791 575 270' 2702 970 970 977 977 1015 1019 1019 1026 1026 5 S 219 219 772 772 775 776 778 778 787 787 Bute. Florida. ...do... Vprmont ...do ..do New Brunswick . ...do Province of Que- bec. .. do New BruDswiclc . . ...do Locality. Baj Biscayne. ...do Charlotte ...do Huntington Bay of Fundy . ..do Danville .. do Brfdgeton ...do New HampsUie . - Stratford . — do I do New Brunswick . . | Bay of Fnndy . ...do do .do. .do. Province of Que- bec. ...do Colorado. ...do ...do.... ...do.... -do. .do- .do- Aloska . ...do British Columbia ...do Oregon ...do ...do ...do ...do Massachusetts... ...do Vermont ...do New Brunswiolc . . ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Bridgeton ....do Amqni — ...do Forest City . ...do ...do ...do Alpine. ...do.. ...do .. Sitka . ...do . Sawmill, inlet. .. do .... Burrard TVeidler's saw-mill, Portland Saw-mill, Astoria... -do. Collector. Portland Famitnre Company. do Arnold Arborehim. ..do Charlotte ...do Bay of Fundy . .. do Bridgeton . ...do , A. H. Cnrtiss. ...do C. G. Pringle . ...do ...do Intercolonial rail- way. do Grand Trunk rail- way. ...do £d. Sinclair. ...do C. G. Pringle . ...do Intercolonial rail- way. do Ed. Sinchiir.. ...do A.Grant ...do T. S. Brandegee.. ...do C. S. Sargent... T. S. Brandegee .do. .do. .do. Paul Schultze- ,...do G. Engelmann and C. S: Sargent. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do C. S. Sargent . ...do C.G. Pringle.. ...do Intercolonial rail- way. ...do ...do ..do ..do ...do Ed. Sinclair. ...do Sofl. Coral . ...do. Cold, peaty . ...do Gravelly Gravelly . ... .de- Damp.. ...do. Peaty.. ...do. Damp. ...do. ...do. Drift ...do.... Gravelly. ...do 1^ u COBFFlCnilT OF BLAJiTicrn. 0.8406 1 0.8942 5604 5429 4587 4698 4919 4296 J 4153 4425 ' 4785 4455 4983 4579 4596 4411 4530 4319 4163 IE 0.4326 0.3642 0.3411 0.3805 0.3939 i 0.403G 0.3810 0.4676 0.4568 0.4038 i 0.3882 i 0.4398 0.3517 ■ 0.3888 0.3891 0.3810 0. 4210 0.8989 0.4716 0.4699 0.5124 0.5129 0.4922 0.4458 0.3496 0.3675 0.4811 0.4805 1479 1744 1526 1221 904 1062 1221 996 1221 976 939 787 679 1285 1163 939 976 1221 1136 976 654 751 888 542 444 610 921 1062 1085 1039 1221 996 1110 642 610 763 787 1086 1017 1136 1136 488 432 679 669 976 1085 i 1479 1684 1479 1221 921 1062 1221 1062 1085 888 872 769 688 1252 1136 976 976 1236 1149 1028 688 751 864 574 444 642 957 1085 1149 1062 1802 976 1085 651 S42 814 781 1062 1007 U36 1177 479 432 688 665 976 1085 1064 998 930 002 608 504 834 717 701 687 741 736 703 813 792 689 731 811 703 757 420 548 577 441 387 539 734 741 682 635 776 614 6T3 663 431 674 686 738 797 900 1031 677 635 541 630 745 790 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Continued. 409 I DEPLECnOK, IN MILLIMETERB, UNDER A PRESSURE, IN KILOGRAMS, OP— II ■■S9 Pi Remarks. u 80 lOO 130 300 O (set.) soo 3SO 30O 3SO 400 430 soo S50 s s 0 s 3.3 2.8 3.2 4.0 5.4 4.6 4.0 4.9 4.0 5.0 5.2 6.2 7.2 3.8 4.2 5.2 5.0 4.0 4.3 5.0 8.8 6.5 5.5 0.0 11.0 8.0 5.3 4.6 4.5 4.7 4.0 4.9 4.4 7.6 &0 6.4 6.2 4.5 4.8 4.3 4.3 10.0 U.3 7.2 7. 1 6 » \.i 6.6 5.8 6.6 8.0 10.6 9.2 8.0 9.2 9.0 10.0 11.2 12.7 14.2 7.8 8.6 10.0 10.0 7.9 a5 9.5 16.6 13.0 U.3 17.0 22.0 15.2 10.2 9.0 8.5 9.2 7.5 10.0 9.0 15.0 15.2 12.0 12.5 9.2 9.7 8.6 &3 20.4 22.6 14.2 14.7 10.0 0.0 10.0 8.9 10.0 12.5 ia4 14.5 12.0 13.8 13.6 15.0 17.4 19.2 22.4 12.0 13.0 15.5 15.3 12.0 13.0 14.0 26.4 19.0 17.4 28.0 35.2 24.7 15.2 13.4 13.2 14.3 11.4 14.8 13.6 24.4 24.7 17.8 19.2 14.0 14.3 12.8 12.5 34.0 36.5 2L8 22.7 15.0 13.6 U.6 «r« 13.5 16.5 22.7 21.0 16.4 19.0 19.0 21.2 23.6 27.0 32.7 16.0 17.6 21.3 21.3 17.0 17.5 19.0 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.4 1.0 1.2 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.9 1.0 1.6 4.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.6 14.1 12.6 13.8 17.0 23.0 21.5 16.5 19.1 19.5 21.5 24.4 27.4 33.5 16.2 18.0 21.8 21.5 17.0 lao 19.0 18.2 16.0 17.0 22.0 30.0 22.0 20.6 21.2 28.7 26.5 25.0 28.0 39.5 31.5 29.2 37.0 454 426 397 385 298 215 356 306 299 293 316 314 300 347 338 294 312 346 30O 323 179 234 246 188 165 230 313 316 291 271 331 262 287 236 184 245 250 315 340 384 440 289 271 231 226 318 337 493 493 231 231 373 Square break at large knot.... 776 22.0 26.0 27.0 30.0 31.5. 37.5 45.7 21.0 23.0 29.6 29.5 22.5 24.0 25.0 29.0 41.0 45.0 776 794 794 do 880 47.0 55.5 880 513 513 29.2 31.5 Crnsbed at center bearing; failed from flakes on tension side 773 773 do 784 43.2 29.5 .do 784 Crushed at center bearing ; failed from thin scale on tension side. . . 791 791 36.0 292 292 28.0 26.0 2.4 2.2 29.6 27.2 575 822 269 do 270' 30.5 22.0 18.2 19.0 2L0 15.4 22.0 19.7 36.4 5.5 1.6 0.7 1.0 1.5 0.4 1.5 1.0 4.3 41.2 22:5 18.7 19.0 21.8 15.8 22.6 20.0 38.0 270» 81.0 25.0 27.0 32.5 21.0 35.3 28.0 46.0 34.0 970 do . 970 977 977 28.5 1015 1019 1019 Rhfl.t,f,prMl - 1026 1026 25.0 27.0 19.0 19.5 17.0 17.0 49.0 53.2 32.8 34.5 20.5 ID S 1.0 2.0 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.4 7.2 7.8 4.0 3.0 0.6 0.8 25.4 27.9 19.0 19.8 17.3 17.2 51.0 54.0 33.0 30.0 21.0 18.7 Shattered .. .- -- 5 5 24.8 25.0 22.0 22.0 69.5 72.0 34.5 33.0 28.5 27.0 219 219 36.4 36.0 772 do 772 775 Shattered .- 775 778 778 27.5 24.0 35.7 82.5 787 787 1"- 410 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Bpeole*. 987. Tsnga Canadenais— continned . . . 783 793 817 817 1040 1040 1042 1042 State. Tsnga CaroUniana «23 Xorth Carolina... Bemloek. I Province of Qnebeo ....do West Virginia . . ...do Massachnsette.. ...do ....do ...do Tsnga Mertensiana.. Bemloek. 300. Tsnga Pattonlnna . 301. Fsendotsnga Doaglasii Bed Fir. Teltow Fir. Oregon Pine. Douglae Fir. 971 995 995 271« 271« ■271> 627 627 702 704 705 706 708 708 709 709 720 720 732 732 881 881 973 973 974 080 989 1008 1008 lOU 1011 1016 1016 1018 1U18 I 1020 1020 Wasliington tor. ritory. Alaslf a ..do. ^ritisli Colnmbia ...do Colorado ...do... ...do California ...do Oregon ...do ...do ...do ....do ...do ...do ...do Montana ...do California ...do Utah ....do British Colnmbia ...do ...do ..do Oregon Britinh Columbia ...do Oregon ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ..do ...do Locality. Danxille ...do Grafton ...do Danvers ...do North Reading. ...do Hendertonville . Will^eson Sitlca ...do Silver peak, near Ftsser river. ...do Alpine. ...do . ...do.. Saw-mill, Straw- berry valley. ...do Saw-mill.Marshfleld ...do E. B. Bean's saw- mill, Marshfleld. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Saw-mill, Mis.oon1a. ...do Lassen's peak ...do Salt Lake ...do Sawmill, Barrard inlet. ...do ...do Saw-mill, Victoria . , Saw-mill, Portland . Saw-mill, Burrard Inlot. ...do Oregon pegon Railway a Navigation Co. do and Weidler's saw-mill, Portland. .. do Saw-mill, Astoria . ...do Portland Fumltnre Company. ...do Collector. Grand Tmnk rail. way. ...do C.G.Pringle. ...do J. Bobinaon . - ...do ...do ...do A. H. Cortiss . G. Dngelmnnn and C- S. Sargent. Pani ScbnTtze .do. G. Engolmann and C- S. Sargent. — do T. S.Brandegee-.- .-.do — do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do ...do ...do ..do ...do ...do ...do ...do -. do S. Watson . ...do Sierra Lnmber Company. — do H. E. Jones . . ...do C. S. Sargent . ...do ..do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent- ... do ...do- ...do - ...do. o . ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do- ...do. Soil. Moist loam . ...do Dry, rocky. Rich loam . Gravelly loam . ...do Moist - — do. .. do- Rocky - ...do.- 0.5264 0.5248 0.4041 0.3748 0.5096 0. 5114 0.4248 0.4244 0.5335 0.5318 0. 5902 0.5472 0.4590 0. 4715 0.4852 0. 4786 0. 4874 0.5735 0.5382 0.4373 0.6590 0- 5795 0-5477 0.6687 0.6802 0.4375 0.4448 0.5345 0.5448 0.5227 0.6090 0. 5G01 0. 5705 0.5005 0.4909 0.5306 0.4506 0-6016 0.4879 0.5501 0-5386 0.5325 0.5960 0.6085 0. 6129 0. 6133 0. 4632 0. 4485 a— S '^ a « 2 ffl OOKmCDDtTOFI g KLA8TICITT. | S 1 E ' o S3 is IISS 1221 957 814 763 ! 751 1062 921 697 1017 1628 1526 751 775 814 857 1110 1744 1221 888 1526 1136 1395 1575 1808 1085 1163 1062 1221 1221 1163 996 1163 1221 1163 1356 1085 1221 1252 1628 1221 1191 1628 1628 1628 1808 1110 1177 1285 986 814 746 763 1028 896 713 1017 1628 1479 763 787 842 888 1149 1628 1356 930 1628 1221 1396 1628 1808 1085 1085 1062 1221 1252 1163 976 1110 1221 1149 1436 1122 1191 1838 1628 1356 1191 1713 1628 1628 1744 1085 976 1024 849 558 848 858 703 703 462 570 1104 1055 720 720 776 666 848 1050 937 572 1181 933 937 1249 1317 766 80i 703 921 820 703 933 975 771 820 902 787 1008 764 898 900 696 900 1048 1065 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. t UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVERSE STRAIN— Continued. 411 DEFLECTION, IX MILLniBTEKS, UKDKH A PEKSSUBE, IN KILOGEAMB, OF— SO 1.3 (.0 5.1 6.0 6.4 6.5 i.« S.3 7.0 4.8 ao .H.2 A.5 6.3 ao 5.7 4.4 2.8 4.0 5.5 3.2 4.3 3.5 3.1 2.7 4.5 4.2 4.S 4.0 4.0 4.2 4.9 42 4.0 4.2 3.fl 4.S 4.0 3.0 ao 4.0 4.1 ao ao ao 2.7 4.4 5.0 lOO as 7.6 9.9 12.0 13.1 12.8 9.5 10.9 ia7 9.6 6.0 e.6 ISO 200 13.0 ; ]f» i 11.5 i 15.3 i 15. 4 I 22. 0 la 2 I 27. 0 20.4 2a 0 la 7 25. 8 14.4 16.4 21.2 14.4 9.3 9.6 12.8 j 19.5 12.4 lao U.6 U.O a 5 6.0 7.2 10.5 6.0 ao 7.0 ao 5.4 9.0 9.0 9.2 ao 7.8 a4 10. 0 17.0 las 1.3.0 9.2 ILO 17.0 9.0 11.6 10.4 9.0 a 2 lao las 14.0 12.0 11.7 lao 15.6 a 8 ia4 a 0 12.2 as j 12.7 6.8 I 10.1 a7 1 ia2 a2 12.5 7.3 11.0 20.3 2a2 21.0 12.6 ia2 27.0 2a'4 23.3 24.0 17.5 12.6 14.5 22.5 13.1 iSOO (set.; j 0. 5 i la 0 0.2 ! 15.6 0.8 1.5 2.0 1.3 0.7 1.3 1.4 0.4 0.2 1.1 1.4 0.9 LO 0.6 0.0 0.2 1.5 0.3 22.2 2a 0 2a 0 26.0 20.5 2a7 3SO 23.0 19.5 30.5 36.0 3a 5 27.5 32.0 15.8 I 0.5 lao 0.3 1 6.0 7.2 9.0 U.O a2 12.3 5.7 6.0 ao 5.6 D.O 10.0 as 9.0 as ae 13.3 16.2 12.3 11.0 ia7 17.8 19.8 16.2 lao 17.8 22.0 lao 17.0 17.0 13.5 lao 17.0 14.7 13.5 14.5 las 12.0 11.6 11.8 11.6 lao 21.2 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.7 21.5 12.9 ia2 27.9 26.7 23.7 24.0 lao 12.6 14.6 23.0 12.2 lao 14.0 12.5 11.2 19.0 lao 20.4 las 16.0 lao 22.0 las 17.5 17.5 lae lao 17.2 15.0 12.2 14.8 lao 12.3 12.0 11.8 12.0 lao 21.5 l&O las 36.0 35.5 32.0 33.0 23.0 300 ! 3SO 400 4S0 SOD 29.5 24.3 47.0 4a 0 19.7 20 5 55.6 4a 2 44.0 29.5 16. 0 19. 5 ia2 2ao 15.0 20.3 17.0 15.0 14.0 24.7 23.5 2a5 21.0 20.8 2a4 29.0 24.6 22.0 22.5 17.5 24.2 2L5 19.0 15.5 ia7 22.2 15.0 14.8 14.6 14.5 24.0 2a5 ia6 25.5 22.0 lao 17.0 32.2 30.0 3S.8 27.5 2a 5 30.5 3a 0 30.6 29.2 2a7 22.2 31.0 27.6 25.5 19.5 24.0 19.0 ia4 lao las 34.0 39.0 30.0 64.0 61.0 24.5 25.0 41.2 240 29.6 23.0 3L5 27.8 22.7 20.0 34.2 3ao •45.7 3a5 2ao 35.0 26.6 31.5 42.4 30.5 340 27.0 39.0 3ao 39.6 27.6 24.5 5L6 24 0 32.0 23.4 32.5 22.0 2a 0 23.0 31.0 sas 34.0 29.0 46.6 34.5 5SO 446 MS a Eo Is Si 358 437 273 238 362 366 300 300 243 471 450 307 307 331 284 362 448 400 244 504 398 400 533 662 327 342 300 393 350 300 398 416 329 350 385 336 430 326 383 384 297 384 297 404 426 447 450 Remarks. Craslied at center bearing with thin flake on tension side . Square break ; long split in center Square break do Broke with flakes on tension side Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Crushed at center bearing ; failed with flakes on comer . . . Squ.are break; shattered Specimen cross-grained ; started at knot. . Started at knots Crushed at center bearing ; failed from flakes on back . Crushed; splintered Square break . do Square break and split at end Square break on tension side, splitting in axis . Did not break ; split through the center Square break ; slightly splintered ......do Flaked on tension side Square break; large splinters Specimen cross-grained ; split with grain Crashed at center bearing ; square break Square break on tension side, splitting in axis . do Failed from large splinter on comer Specimen cross-grained ; splintered Specimen cross-grained ; shattered do Failed from large splinters on comers Failed from large splinters on one comer Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Failed from large splinter on comer Square break do Failed from large splinter on each comer Square break on tension side, splitting in axis Crushed at center bearing; broke with fine splinters . - Crushed at center bearing ; broke with flakes on back . Crushed at center bearing ; square break; splintered.. Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters . - Started at knot; splintered on comer Crashed at center bearing; broke with flne splinters . . Cracked at knot Crushed at center bearing and scaled on tension side . . Splintered do do a 793 793 817 817 1040 1040 1042 1042 971 995 995 271» 271> 271' 627 627 702 704 705 706 708 708 709 709 720 720 732 732 881 881 973 973 974 886 989 1008 1008 1011 1011 1016 1016 1018 1018 1020 1020 412 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. « Table ni.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. Sn. PsendoteogaDonglaaU— cont'd.... 891. Psendotenga DoaglasU, var. ma- crocarpa. Hemloek. Abies Fraseri Saltam. She BaUam. 393. Abies balsamoa BaltamFir. Balm of Qilead Fir. 894. Abies subalpina. Baltam. 395. Abies grandis . IVA<(« Fir. 396. Abies concolor Tffttte Fir. Baltam Fir. 398. Abies umabilis . 399. Abies nobilis . SedFir. 400. Abies magnlflca . Bed Fir. 401. Larix Americana.... Larch. Black iMreh. Tamarack. Mackmatack. Stikte. 1022 1022 642 642 523 377 377 449' 4491 4^ 449' 820 820 820 820 1009 1010 1010 529 529 738 733 1004 1004 965 965 647 647 647 226» 226» 774 774 781 781 786 786 795 795 840 840 Oregon . do ... CalUbmla. ...do Korth Carolina . . ... do ..do Vermont . ...do Colorado.. ... do ..do... ...do.... ....do ...do... ....do..... ...do.... Oregon . ...do... ...do... Colorado... ... do Califomia . ...do ....do ... do British Colombia ... do Oregon . ...do... Califomia . ...do ....do Vermont ... do Kew Branswick . ...do ...do ...do ....do do .do ....do Massachnsetts . . . ...do Locality. Portland Fnmitare Cominny. do Saw-mill, San nardlno. ...do Ber- Koau mountain . ...do ...do Monkton . ...do Forest City . ...do ...do ...do ...do ..do ...do ...do Portland. ...do ...do .... Engelmann's caBon ..do Strawberry valley . ...do Loasen'speak ...do Silver peak, near Fraser river. ...do Cascade mountains ..do Soda Springs . ...do ...do Charlotte ... do Bay of Fundy. ...do ...do ...do Bridgeton . ...do Danville ...do Wenham ...do Collector. O. Fngelmann and C. S7 Sargent, do W.G.Wright. ...do Walcott Gibbs. ..do ...do C.G.Pringle. ...do T. S. Brandegee... ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do .. do ...do G. Fugelmannand C. S. SM-gont. ...do do. Bobert Donglas. . .do G. Engelmannand C. S. Sargent. ...do Sierra Lumber Company. ...do G. Engelmannand C. S. Sargent. ...do .do. .do. C. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do .do . C.G.Pringle. ...do Intercolonial rail- way. ...do ...do ...do Ed. Sinclair . ..do Grand Trunk rail- way. ...do J. Kobinson . ..do Soil. Peaty loam . ..do ...do Peaty. ...do. Moist, sandy loam ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Bicb, alluvial . ...do ...do Kocky ... ..do.... Alluvial . ...do.... Bioh, sandy loam . . ...do Rich.. ...do. Gravelly loam ...do ...do Cold, swampy. ...do Swampy . ...do.... 0.4899 0.4735 0.5357 0.5397 0.3602 0. 3323 0.3636 0.4455 0.4419 0.3941 0.3750 0.3682 0.3807 0. 3358 0.3350 0.3673 0. 3622 0.4002 0.3597 0.3C41 0.3GO2 0.3801 0. 4019 0.4744 0. 4989 0.4504 0.4754 0.6168 0.5074 0.4932 0.4608 0.6134 0.49C5 0. 7381 0.7295 0. 6147 0.6336 0.5973 0. 5742 0.596( 0.6204 0. 6170 0.6030 0. 5988 0.6272 COEFFICIBMT OF EUiOTIClTI. 1221 1163 1062 1085 976 976 976 740 651 775 775 872 679 688 751 787 976 763 976 976 660 775 688 651 1285 1252 1221 1221 1221 1221 542 976 542 2325 1526 1221 1395 697 688 1436 1285 1479 1526 842 814 u 1221 1136 1050 1050 1017 976 921 734 638 787 723 849 642 679 740 787 888 761 1085 1039 697 787 655 673 1320 1320 1252 1268 1286 1268 514 939 534 1953 1628 1366 1479 734 688 1396 1356 1436 1395 872 842 769 698 783 909 654 621 642 445 584 648 370 586 347 518 469 333 627 621 656 499 703 764 904 796 769 816 903 820 586 816 703 1169 1055 937 790 703 717 923 1066 937 870 820 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEESE STEAIN— Continued. 413 DEFLECTION. IN MILLIMBTKBS, UNDEB A PKES8UBE, IN KILOQKAMS, OF— it • ■go. « 00 Bemarks. ti i SO too ISO 3O0 O 300 3SO 300 3SO 400 4SO SOO sso II El a 4 0 (set.) 1 8 0 12 0 16. #« 17.0 0 4 16 5 22.0 31.0 328 1022 4.2 ao 12.5 0.4 17.1 22.0 29.0 298 Square break 1022 4.6 9 3 14 0 19 0 0 ^ 19.3 25.2 3''.0 334 612 4.5 5.0 9.3 9 6 14.3 15 0 19.4 21.0 0.4 1.0 19.7 21.5 25.7 31.0 33.0 42.8 388 279 do 642 523 S.0 10.0 15.0 22.0 1.5 22.2 33.5 265 do 523 S.0 6.6 10.6 13.3 15.5 21.0 22.6 1.1 23.7 34.0 274 190 do 523 Square break . . ^ • 377 5.8 10.8 16 8 22.6 0.5 22.5 249 377 6.3 6.3 12.4 13.5 19.5 21.5 29.0 2.5 29.3 234 158 Crashed at center bearing; square break on tension side, splitting in axis. 449> 449> 5.6 11.5 16 7 24.5 1 •> 25.6 39.2 250 449> 7.2 15.2 148 449> 7.1 14.4 22 0 32.0 2.4 35.5 221 820 6.5 6.2 13.2 12.4 21.0 20.5 197 210 do 820 32.5 4.4 35.0 820 5.0 11.0 17 0 200 820 6.4 13.0 142 1009 5.0 9.0 14.0 20.5 LO 20.7 225 1010 5.0 9.4 14.5 2L0 1.6 22.0 32.0 265 1010 7.4 6.3 14.0 12.4 21.6 20.0 32.0 29.0 2.5 2.0 345 30.0 237 213 Shattered . .... - 529 Square break ; shattered 529 7.1 1€9 23.0 32.2 L9 33.4 44.7 64.0 300 639 7.5 14.5 22.4 31.5 2 2 32.5 43.7 63.5 326 639 3.8 7.4 11 0 14.9 0 4 15.0 18.5 23 4 29.6 386 733 3.9 7.4 11.3 16.0 0.2 16.0 21.0 28.0 340 733 4.0 7.8 12.0 16.4 0.6 16.8 22.0 32.5 328 Square break 1004 4.0 7.7 11.9 16.2 0.5 16.8 22.0 30.0 348 1004 4.0 7.6 11.4 15.4 0.4 16.0 21.0 27.0 38.0 386 963 4.0 7.7 11.7 16.0 0.4 16.2 21.8 29.0 47.0 350 965 9.0 19.0 30.7 46.0 5.6 49.4 94.0 250 647 5.0 10.4 15.7 22.0 1.0 22.5 30.0 41.0 348 647 9.0 18.3 29.5 40.8 4.0 43.5 62.0 300 647 2.1 5.0 7.4 10.0 0.1 10.2 12.7 16.0 19.0 24.0 29.0 499 Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters 226> 3.2 6.0 9.2 12.0 0.2 12.0 15.0 18.5 23.0 20.0 38.0 450 226' 4.0 7.2 10.8 14.5 0.8 14.6 18.0 23.5 30.0 46.0 400 774 3.5 6.6 10.0 13.2 n.4 13.5 16.5 25.0 337 Large scale on tension side 774 7.0 7.1 13.3 14.2 21.0 22.4 29.7 32.0 2.8 2.9 30.6 32.8 40.4 44.0 65.6 63.5 300 306 781 781 3.4 7.0 11.0 14.5 0 5 14.6 18.2 23.7 30.0 394 Crushed at center bearing ; broke with fine splinters 786 3.8 7.2 10.8 14.6 0.4 14.7 18.6 23.4 29.0 36.0 46.0 455 786 3.3 6.8 10.0 13.2 0.3 13.5 17.0 21.5 28.5 40.0 400 795 3.2 7.0 10.3 14.0 0.4 14.5 18.8 24.2 32.5 371 796 5.8 11.2 18.2 2&3 8.0 27.0 35.0 49.0 350 840 6.0 11.8 17.8 25.7 2.0 26 5 35.5 47.0 76.0 351 840 414 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table III.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. State. liocality. Collector. Soil. fl lis Is a COEFFICIENT OF ELASTICITY. •2» 402. Lailx occidentalU . Tamarack. PALMACE.ai. 405. WashinKtoniafllUera.. , Fanlei/ Falm. 719 719 984 984 1000 1006 1159 1159 Montana. ...do ■Washington terri- tory. do ...do. ...do. Mlssonla. ...do Fnlda.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... S. Watson . . . ...do TV. Siksdorf . ...do ....do ...do i California . ....do Agna Caliente. ....do W.G.Wright. ...do , Moist. ...do. ...do. ...do. Dry, gravelly . ...do 0.6255 0.6966 j 0.8130 I 0.83C4 0.84lk 0.8376 0.6012 0.6807 1221 1356 1628 1628 1878 1953 460 1221 1395 1713 1713 1953 1953 403 723 914 1106 1289 1481 1287 1287 271 686 TABLE IV.— BEHAVIOE OF SOME OF THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES 1 i g State. • Locality. Collector. Soil. 1 o S 1 COEFFCIEKT OF ELABTIcmr. 2 : (0 d "a 1 Species. MAGNOLIACE.ffi;. 346 354 307 1248 646 364 38 38 19 806 961 362 8 Cottage Hill do C. Mohr Sichloam 0.7347 0.6262 0.7838 0.8476 0.6637 0. 8198 0.4783 0.4757 0.7634 0.7491 0.7108 0. 7739 0.6058 0.6820 H 11 n d d m m M 1191 1135 1109 1221 939 1221 957 939 1085 888 970 976 708 763 1097 1028 1062 1221 921 1191 840 888 1050 800 096 057 787 060 974 816 861 1169 983 1172 coe 703 1118-- 916 936 958 892 658 1 mg Laurel. Bull Bay. 2. Magnolia glanca . do do ...;.. Sweet Bay. White Bay. Beaver Tree. White Laura. Swamp Laurel. SAPINDACE.*;. Dallas J. Eererchon M. 0 Beedle Elch, damp Wild China. Soapberry. LEGUMIXOS.aE. 77. Kobinia Psendacacia New York Long Island Kemper's mill Dallas Locust. Black Locust. Yellow Locust. HAMAMELACEff; C Mohr Rich, alluTial Dry, calcareous... Sweet (him. " Star-leaved (Turn. Liquidamb&r. lied Cum. Bil- OLEACE.!;. Texas J.Eeverohon C. S. Saigent do BIGNONIACE.*;. Western Catalpa. ...do ....do ,lo tJKTICACE^ Massachusetts — Arnold Arboretum . Dallas . ..do Drift White Elin. American Elm. Water Elm. J. Keverchon C.Mohr Sugarberry. Hackberry. JTIGLANDACE^. ....do New Brannfels Moist, calcareous. Black Walnut. 248. Carya aqnatica Waterllickory. Swamp Hickory. Bitter Fecan. CTJPULIFERa:. Mississippi Massachusetts ....do ....do Arnold Arboretum . ....do C. S. Sargent ....do Drift Wtdte Oak. ... do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. 415 I.NITED STATES UNDER TEANSVEESE STEALSf— Continued. I - DKFLKCTIOS, IK JIILUMETEH8, UNDER A FBESBUBE, IN KILOGBAMB, OF— SO 4.0 3.6 3.0 3.0 2.6 2.5 10.6 7.0 lOO 8.0 7.0 5.7 5.7 5.0 5.0 24.2 13.5 ISO j 300 12.0 10.5 &4 a2 7.6 7.6 10.2 14.0 11.0 11.0 10.4 10.0 o (aet.) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 300 16.5 14.0 11.4 ILO 10.4 10.0 33.5 330 300 21.0 18.0 14.0 13.6 13.0 12.6 27.5 22.5 17.5 16.5 16.0 15.5 3SO 400 36.0 2a 0 20.6 19.6 34.0 24.7 23.0 19. 0 I 22. 7 la 5 i 22. 0 450 : 50O ■ I 28.5 I 36.7 I' 26.8 27.2 26.5 32.0 34.0 550 47.6 36.5 -I bjDoD II 390 472 550 Bemaiks. Crushed .it center bearing; broke with fine splinters . do -do. Deflection -with 000 kilograms = 45.5 millimeters; broke with fine splinters. » 549 Crashed at center bearing ; flaked 549 116 250 Failed from large splinter on comer . Twisted and split. Square break ...:. 719- 719 984 S34 1006 1006 1159 116» UNDER TRANSVERSE STRAIN: SPECIMENS EIGHT CENTIMETERS SQUARE. DEFLECTION, IN ULLIUETSBS, DNDEB A FBBSSUIU:, IN KILOOHAUg, OF- 400 I300 1600 O (set.) 1600 2000 3400 3800 3300 3000 ■§1 Bemarks. 2.0 2.2 2.0 2.9 2.2 2.5 .2.8 2.3 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.5 3.1 ' 4^1 4.3 4.4 4.0 5.2 4.0 6.1 5.2 4.6 5.5 5.0 6.0 6.9 6.4 8.9 9.6 9.2 7.7 7.8 7.9 10.6 a2 11.0 11.0 6. 8 ». 3 8.6 I 12.2 7.6 •(.4 9.8 10.0 9.8 10.2 12.4 14.8 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.2 9.0 9.6 8.1 10.7 a 2 11.0 11.0 0.2 9.4 0. 8 12. 3 10.0 10.3 1L2 12.4 i. 2 12. ! 10.2 14.2 10.2 15.6 15.7 12.0 17.0 12.5 13.6 16.6 21.0 16.1 16.2 16.0 12.6 19.8 13.0 29.6 15.2 15.6 ia2 19.2 15.2 26.0 16.5 las 33.0 19.5 24.4 26.0 19.2 20.6 25.0 36.0 25.0 2a 5 35.0 3325 2785 3184 2361 2400 3815 3125 3193 8270 3043 2245 Broke with large splinters on back Broke with large splinters Broke with large flake on back Broke with large splinters on back Bioko with many fine splinters Broke witu luige spimters Crushed and split to the end Broke with fine splinter on one comer. Broke with fine splinters ■ Broke with large splinter on one comer Broke with large splinters on corners. . . Broke with large splinters Broke with large spimters on back do 346 354 1248 364 38 38 19 306 961 362 416 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table IV.— BEHAVIOR OF SOME OP THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES UNDER SpeoiM. 259. Qaercus Michaaxii Battel Oat. Oow Oak. 2«0 Quercus Prinns OhettnutOak. JtoetOhettnutOak. 275. Qaercns Kelloggii Blact Oat. 280. Quprcus aquatica Water Oat. Dvek Oat. Pottum Oak. Punk Oak. BETULACEa;. 301. Alnus rubra Alder. CONIFEEiE. 329. ChamEecyparis sphseroidea WhiU Cedar. 370. Pinna Taeda LobloUy Pine. Old-fiOd Pine. Botemary Pine. 372. Finns seroUna Pond Pine. 380. Finns palnstris Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine. Georgia Pine. Yelloio Pine. Sara Pine. 381. Finns Cnbensis Slash Pine. Swamp Pine. Bas- tard Pine. Meadow Pine. 524 521 925 349 991 350 82 82 83 83 81 85 243 243 84 Stete. Alabama . ...do ...do... . Oregon ... Alabama . Washington ter. ritory. Alabama . Florida . ., do ... ...do . .. do . .. do . ...do. ...do ..do . ..do Locality. Kemper's mill . ...do Cullman Eugene City. Cottage Hill . Pnyallnp Cottage Hill . Duval county. ...do do. .do. do. do . Saw-mill, Saint John's river. ...do Duval county . Collector. C. Mohr . ...do.... ...do G. H. Collier . C. Mohr G. Engelmannand C. S. Sargent C. Mohr . A. H. Curtiss. ...do .do. .do. ...do. ..do. ...do. .. do. .do. Sou. Alluvial . ...do.... Dry, rocky.. Sandy loam. Sandy, wet . Moist, sandy. ...do Hoist, sandy loam. ...do I o S I Sandy loam .. Moist, sandy. Moist, sandy. 0.8107 0.8348 0.8168 0.7625 0.7253 0.5381 0. 3719 0.5802 0. 7614 0. 7614 0. 8271 0.8609 0. 7213 0.6788 0. 6193 0.7633 COEFFICIENT OF i ELASTICITT. 1 "S ao d 1 i t 775 697 884 800 745 984 1085 1028 582 026 564 736 1866 1320 1144 ^ 610 524 364 876 1061 1017 792 1285 1302 820 939 921 933 787 751 904 1436 1550 1057 1085 1007 940 1221 1252 820 1163 1221 949 1163 1221 1029 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. TRA]srsVEESE STEAIN: SPECIMENS EIGHT CENTIMETEES SQUARE— Continued. 417 DBFLBCTION, IN HILUUSTBBS, [JKDEB A FBESSUBB, IN EILOGBAMB, OF— -gjg . ■So. . 1 Bemarks. .a 400 800 1300 1600 O IttOO 2O0O 3400 3800 3300 3600 i> s (set.) ^9 3.2 3.2 6.3 tl 9.3 14.0 13.1 1.5 1.3 14.5 13.3 19.6 18.0 26.5 24.2 39.0 33.0 3016 3393 A large season crack at one comer; splintered on oppo- site comer. Splinters on comers 624 49.0 624 2.S 4.5 7.0 9.5 0.6 9.5 13.3 1987 Split lengthwise witli small spUnteis on cor- ners. 925 4.0 7.8 12.0 17.3 1.4 17.5 24.0 40.6 2513 963 2.0 3.5 5.5 7.4 0.2 7.3 9.3 11.8 14.6 19.0 25.5 3905 Crushed at center hearing ; hroke irith fine splinters . . . 349 3'2 6L7 10 7 16.0 2.0 16.7 1789 991 6.8 13.4 21.0 1284 350 2.3 2.0 2.7 4.6 3.8 5.2 7.1 5.( 8.0 9.6 7.6 10.6 0.2 0.2 0.4 9.7 7.6 11.0 12.6 10.0 13.6 17.0 12.0 17.3 2703 2800 3184 Shattered 82 21.5 22.0 do 82 0.75 sap-wood ; hroke with large splinter on corner 83 3.0 6l2 9.5 13.0 0.9 13.4 18.0 23.0 30.0 3085 83 1.9 3.4 6.1 e.3 0.0 7.0 8.7 10.5 12.5 14.6 17.5 3600 81 2.1 2.0 2.2 4.5 4.0 4.2 7.0 5.9 6.0 9.7 7.8 8.0 0.3 0.0 0.4 9.9 7.9 8.0 12.6 10.0 9.8 16.4 12.2 12.0 20.5 27.5 3207 2799 86 Broke with large splinter on corner ; somewhat shat- tered. 243 16.0 23.5 243 2.3 4.2 6.0 &0 0.4 8.0 1 10.2 1Z« 15.5 10.5 ! 3513 Split between rings at one end 84 27 FOB b 418 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS SpeoiM Stats. Loealit): Collector. Sou. Itenukrks. MAGXOLIACEiE. 1. Mamiolia {crandiflora Big Laurel. Bull Bay. 2. Magnolia glaaca HurettBay. While Bay. Bea- rer Tree. White Laurel. Swamp LaureL' 8. Mnunolia acnminata Cucumber Tree. Mountain Magnolia. 4. Maenolia cordata Cucumber Tret. 5. Uagnolia macropbylla Large-leaved Cucumber Tree. 6. Uat;Dolia iTTmbrella VmbreUa Tree. Elk Wood. 7. Mn:;iiolia Fraaeri LongJcaved Oucumitr Tree. 8. Liriodendron Tnlipifera l\ilip Tree. Teliou) Poplar. WhiU Wood. ANONACE^. 9 Aaiinina triloba Papaw. Ouelard Apple. 10. Anona lanrifolia Pond Apple. CANELLACEa;. 12. Canella alba White Tl'ood. Cinnamon Bark. Wild Cinnamon. TERNSTR(EMIACEiE. 14. Gordonia T.afliantbns Loblolly Bay. Tan Bay. TILIACE£. 17. Tilla Americana , Lime Tree. Bait Wood. American Linden. Lin. Be* Tree. 346 846 354 354 746 246 201» 261> S34 634 1178 1178 532 632 266' 266' 260 260 395 818 818 1231 1231 1232 1232 1236 1236 211 2U 479 479 1131 1131 236 236 414 414 2 2 124 Alabama . ...do do. do. Virginia ...do ..do ...do Mississippi . ...do Alabama. ...do Mississippi . ..do Virginia . ...do.... .do. .do. Michigan West Virginia . ..do Pennsylvania . . ...do ...do ...do Tennessee ...do Missouri. ...do.... Florida . ...do .. do. .do . Sontb Carolina. . ...do .do. do. Cottage Bill . ...do do. .do. ■WythevUIe . . ...do Fancy Gap . . ... do Selvers' mill. ...do Winston county . ...do Qaitman . ...do.... Wytheville . ...do Fancy Gap . ...do Lansing Grafton ...do Chester county . ...do ..do ...do Saw-mill at Nash- ville. ...do Meramec river, Jefierson county. ...do Bay isiscayne . ...do Elliott's Key. ....do Bonneaa's Depot ...do Attec . ...do.. Massachusetts ...do Michigan Arnold Arboretum ...do BigEapids C.Mohr. ...do.... .do. .do. H. Shriver. ...do ...do ...do C.Mohr ...do do. do. do . .do. H. Sbrlver . ...do .do. do. W.J.Beal.. C. G Pringle ...do P. P. Sharplei ...do ...do ...do A. E. Balrd . . ...do G. W. Letterman ...do._ do. Bich loam . ...do Swampy . ...do.... Clay limestone. ...do Eich,Ught ...do ...do ...do Eich, low. ...do Damp . ....do. 7353 8056 7212 6369 6705 6582 5126 6570 7389 8333 6577 6527 7357 8301 5647 6073 5806 7575 4663 6341 6636 6514 6169 6305 5874 5489 5606 Crushed libera at 10 millimetera knot 28 millimeters from end. Triple flexure Fibers crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at middle Fibers crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Triple flexure Crushed in vicinity of knots at middle. Crushed fibers at C3 millimeters from end. Crushed flbers at 76 millimeters from end. Crushed fibers at 302 millimeters from end and on opposite side at end. Crushed flbers at 38 millimeters from middle. CniMbed libers in vicinity of knots C3 millimeters from end. Opened longitudinal crack be* tween rings, Cruahed fibers at 63 millimeters from end. Crushed fibers at 128 millimeters from end. Triple flexure; developed inter- secting " Cooper lines ". Failed at 6 millimeters knot 51 miUimeterfl from end. Fibers crushed at 51 and at 128 millimeters from end. Failed at knot at middle Fibers cni.sbed at 51 millimeters from end : an*5lo of cruabing, 55°. Fibers crushed at 1"28 millimeters from end ; an^le of crushing, 65°. Fibers eruslied at 70 millimeters from end : ansloof einsbing, 75°. Fibers crushed at middle .do. I Fibers crushed in vicinity of knot .'>1 millimeters from end. Fibers ciaished at C3 millimetei'S from end. do Alluvial 3402 ...do I 8388 Swampy . ...do.... do. .do. Coral . ...do . H. W. Kavenel . ...cTo Wet pine-barren. ...do .do. .do. Swampy . ...do.... C. S. Sargent . ...do Drift. W.J.Beal Gravel 4967 12746 12292 5842 6752 6790 6396 4287 Fibers crushed at 114 millimeters from end. Cnished at knot 63 millimeters from end. Fillers crushed at 63 millimeters from end ; ancle of crushinix, 65o. Fri)ers ciuslieil on one side at middle. Fillers crushed at middle and split along grain. Filwrs crashed near middle; de- flected from heart. Fibers crusliod at knots near end Fibers crnslied at 63 and at 127 niilliiuetors fnui) end at knots lu niillinieters in diiimil«T. Filier.>* erushed at 03 millimeters from ener8.. Fibers sheared Indented without shearing fibers Slight shearing: short specimen, 120 millimeters long; split at Ijotb ends. Sheared fibers. Slight shearing of fibers. do Sheared fibers do do do do do .do. .do. Slight shearing of fibers. do Sheared fibers and opened gra'n Sheared fibers and opened grain at middle and at end. Sheared fibers. do -do. .do. .do. .do. .do. 260 260 396 818 818 1231 1231 1232 1232 1236 1238 211 211 478 478 U31 1131 238 238 414 414 2 a 12* 420 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PBINOIPAL WOODS OF THE Spcda SteU. Locality. CoUector. Sou. a*' ill Rtimarka. IT. Till* Americana— continued . . IT. Tilia Americana, rar. pnbes- ocna. U. Tilia heteropbylla WhiU Bom Wood. TToAoa. UALPIGHIACE^. U. Byrsonima Incida TalUmberry. Glamberry. ZYGOPHTLLACE^. ao. Gaalacnm sanctam. Liffnum-vita. KUTACE.ffl;. 23. Xanthoxylam Clava-Heronlis . Toothache Tree. PricHy A sh. Sea Aeh. Pepper Wood, wad Orange. St. Xanthoxy Inm Caribsenm Satin Wood. SIMARUBE^. St. Simaruba glanca Paradite Tree. BUESEKACE.a!. 29. Barsera fnimmifera Chtm Elemi. Gumbo Linibo. Weet Indian Bireh. 30. Amyris sTlvatica Torch Wood. UELIACEiB. 31. Swietenia Mahozoni Uahogany. Madeira. ILICIKE.E. 3S. Bex opaca American HoUy. M. nexDaboan Dahoon. Dahoon HoUy. CTKILLACE.a!. M. Cliftonia lignfltrina , Titi. Iron Wood. Buctiaheat Tree. 124 252 2S2 316 316 745 745 285' 285« 285> 320 820 1113 1113 476 1133 735 735 1086 1086 1140 1140 487 487 462 462 475 475 452 452 280 280 484 484 338 338 Hiohigan Uisaonri ...do Hicbigan ....do Maaaacbaaetts. ...do Georgia ....do.. Eentnoky . ...do ...do Tenneaaee . ...do Florida. ...do ... .do. ....do . .. do. ..do., Texas ..do.. Florida . ...do... ...do. .do. ...do. do. ...do. ... .do . .. do. ..do. Soutb Carolina . ...do Florida . ...do... Alabama . ...do Big Bapids . Allen ton ...do Heraey ...do Danvera ...do Bainbridge . ...do Cliffs Eentncky river. Mercer county... .-do Cnmberiand river. ...do No-Kame Key . ...do Upper Metacombe Elliott's Key Chattaboochee. ..do Palestine ...do Babia Honda Key. ...do Bay Biscayne . ...do Upper Metacombe Key. do .do. .do. .do. do. Waverly Mills. ...do Bay Biscayne . ...do Cottige Hill . ..do W. J. Beal G. W. Letterman . ...do ■W.J.Beal ...do J. Bobinaon ...do A. H. Cnrtiss. ..do W. M. Linney ...do ...do. A. Gottinger ..do A. H. Cnrtiss. ...do do., do.. ...do... ...do .... C.Mohr . ...do.... A. H. Curtiss . ..do .do. do . .do . do . .do . do. do. -do. W. St. J. Mazyck ...do A. H. Curtiss . ...do C.Mohr. ...do... Grivel Alluvial ...do Bieb loam . . . ..do Moist gravel. ..do Low .. ...do. Limestone . ...do ...do Alluvial ... ...do Coral . ...do. .do. .do. Dry, sandy . . . ...do Damp, sandy . ...do Coral . ...do . .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. do. .do. .do. Sandy loam . ..do Low, damp . ...do Wot.. ....do. 4044 7167 7235 6314 Fibers cmshed at 114 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 45 milUmetors from end. Fibers cinsbcd at 51 millimeters from end. 6080 4527 4917 5548 5126 7066 8278 6260 Fibers cmshed at 76 millimeters from end. Triple flexnre Fibers crushed at 38 millimeters from end. Fibeis crushed at 127 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Fibers cnisbed at 152 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at middle Fibers crushed at 114 millimotora from end. Fibers crushed near middle in vicinity uf sm.-ill knots. 11930 11648 7372 7698 7707 5978 11158 10761 7303 6328 2350 2595 11976 Lon[;itudinal split ; stick waiped i>efore lest. CruHhed libers and split aloug grain near eud. Triple flexure; developed inter- secting: " Cooper lines ". Crushed at middle; dedected fioiu heart Crushed fibers at 127 millimeters from eud. Crushed fibers at knot 6 millime- ters in diameter; angleof crusU- inp, 40°. Britilo; crushing of fibers ; spliu- It-red along jriain. Fractured suddenly; shattered along grain. Fibers crushed at middle; angle of crushing, 00<^. Split eud to end along grain , Fibers crushed in vicinity of knots. Fibers crushed at 38 millimeters from end. Split along grain 11204 10115 7339 6078 5632 5512 6169 6706 Fibers cmshed nt 89 millimeters from »ud: threw otT splinters. Failed at 13 uuliinielcrs from end; knot 76 miUimctors from end. Triple flexure ; knot near end — Failed at knot 63 millimeters fiom end. Failed in vicinity of kuota 76 mil- limeters from end. Fibers cmshed at 114 millimeters from end. Fibera crushed at end and at 64 millimeters from end. Triple flexure ; fibers crushed at 127 millimeters from end ; grain wavy. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPEESSION— Continued. 421 FBEBSUBE, IN KIL00EAM8, HEQCIBEU TO FBODUCE AN JKCENTATION, IN HILLIMETEBe, OF— ? 0.3S Pi 472 826 544 G12 G62 612 640 612 635 481 857 798 866 749 1769 1610 4854 1769 1293 1111 2041 1179 1905 2717 861 485 2767 2926 2087 2531 1179 1551 1343 885 1338 1202 O.S1 0.76 1.02 1.37 694 ,753 767 794 935 ■ 916 1098 1139 794 835 862 912 749 803 857 930 857 903 948 812 839 894 925 821 862 903 944 789 866 889 907 839 889 934 993 694 767 817 898 989 1057 1071 1125 857 898 953 989 1093 1161 1216 1261 1039 lUl 1161 1207 2926 3198 3339 3475 2404 2858 3153 3257 8663 11022 12565 13562 5421 8392 10614 11817 1996 2173 2245 2259 1819 2032 2068 2164 3016 3157 3307 3429 1882 2141 2259 2341 4128 5285 5693 5987 4513 5262 5670 5942 1134 1220 1311 1315 1184 1352 1388 1452 720 753 803 812 640 662 671 685 6851 7417 8097 8699 5829 7167 8210 8890 3897 4060 4332 4559 4309 4831 5035 5343 1792 2023 2182 2363 2518 2835 8075 3289 1806 1905 1973 2032 1343 1452 1533 1583 1987 2186 2390 2576 1678 1882 2014 2136 1.S3 1.78 817 1184 953 953 1002 948 984 948 1043 889 1175 1012 1320 1247 3529 3393 14289 12565 2304 2223 3543 2363 6396 6214 1356 1520 843 708 9117 9208 4799 5534 2490 3429 2123 1087 2720 I 2254 852 1247 980 998 1034 989 1020 980 1066 898 1202 1052 1374 1297 3620 3515 14742 13245 2318 2277 3647 2395 6423 6419 1442 1569 712 9426 9435 4899 5670 2608 3602 2840 2350 3.03 871 1302 1025 1039 1066 1021 1043 1016 1120 912 1229 1080 1420 1343 3697 3652 14946 13653 2468 2322 3742 2422 6646 1456 1579 885 721 9707 9753 5035 5851 2694 3769 2232 1805 2971 2390 3.38 918 1338 1061 1080 1107 1052 1080 1039 1166 966 1275 1139 1470 1406 3765 3710 14969 14198 2522 2368 3856 2499 6895 1488 1615 903 739 5193 5974 2790 3910 2313 1846 30(!5 2586 3.S4 1365 1095 1111 1148 1071 1107 1075 1220 990 1311 1170 1504 1438 3819 3756 15105 14560 2567 2400 3919 2563 6985 6976 1501 1647 934 749 10433 6110 2980 4073 2305 1878 3166 2717 4.81 16103 15581 2880 2790 4626 3016 7892 7802 1746 1951 nil 852 11431 2744 2200 3900 3193 5.08 16194 15740 3094 2994 4786 2257 7802 8165 1928 2078 1157 903 3878 6171 2948 2449 4287 3674 Semarkg, Sheared fibers do Slight shearing of fibers . do do do Sheared fibers .do., .do. do. .do. -do. .do. -do. .do. .do. She«ired fibers; split along grain Sheared fibers ; split along grain ; did not take even bearing. Sheared fibers. do do do Sheared fibers ; split along grain . Sheared fibers .do., -do.. Sheared fibers ; specimen worro-eaten. do Split along grain at ends Split at ends; sheared fibers. Sheared fibers. do Slight shearing of fibers . Sheared fibers .do. .do. .do. .do. 124 252 252 316 316 1039 1039 745 745 285> 285> 28S> 320 320 1U3 1113 476 1133 735 735 1086 1086 1140 1140 487 487 462 462 475 475 452 452 280 280 484 484 422 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Tabus V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Specie*. 1 State. I.o<-.aUty. Collector. * Soil. . ill ■303 1'- Remarks. EHAMNACE^. 4S. SA-mofdA latifolia 4S4 454 460 460 803 803 9»3 297 297 386 386 684 684 044 944 301 307 928 928 463 463 464 464 982 982 1023 1023 1013 1014 298 298 299 376 376 409 1233 1233 1234 1234 12S5 Florida Upper Hetacombe Yey. A. H. Cartiss ....do Coral 13426 Split along grain Std Iron Wood. Darting Plum. ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do ....do 13290 12406 7112 Fibers crushed at knots and spUt along gruiu. Fibers crushed at knoU 64 milli- meters from end. Fibers crushed at 140 millimeti ra from end. Blade Iron Wood. ... do ....do ... do do ....do Saint John's river. . do ... do Bich hummock . . . ....do Indian Cherry, ....do do G. Engelmannand C. S. Sargent G. W. Letterman. ... do Kich, alluTial Kicb, moist do 9934 4531 4985 5344 5207 6328 5044 6305 Fibers crushed near middle Fibers crushed at 76 and at 102 millimeters from end ; splitalong grain. Fibers crushed near middle ; grain wavy. Fibers crushed at 10 millimeters from end. Fibers crushed at 127 millimetora from end. Fibers crushed at 51 mitlimetera from end. Fibers crushed at middle in vicin- ity of knot. Crushed at knot 51 millimeters from end. Btarbfrry. Bear Wood. Shit- tim Wood. SAPESDACEiE. Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buckeye. .. do .. do .. .. do do .do Allnvial ....do ... do ...do ....do 52 .^!acii1u8 CalifoiTiica Califomia . . do Harin connty ...do . .. G-R-Vasey .. do Hich npland ...do Oali/omia Buckeye. Texan New Braonfels . . . .. do C. Mohr Limestone .. do Spanish Buckeye. do ... do ....do Dallas • J. Beverchon ...do Kicb, damp ...do. 7802 8641 7212 6436 10931 10387 6872 7167 6541 6418 5520 5919 Fibers crushed near middle Triple flexure: develope 33 439 329 932 296 519 1241 1242 1243 53» 53« 444 760 760 678 678 436 1089 1090 1091 658 658 697 509 1112 1112 480 68 68 334 Colorado. ....do.... California. ...do Florida . ...do ... Kentticlty . ...do Tennessee . Xexas ...do Missouri... Tennessee . If issonri . . . ...do ...do ..do ...do Tennessee . Florida .. do Arizona. ...do .... Tennessee . Hissoaii... ...do ...do Arizona . ..do... Texas ... California. ...do Arizona . Florida . . ...do.... ...do.... do. Missouri. ...do.... Tisxas . . . Looality. Trinidad. ...do.... Lower Colorado valley. , ... do Tipper Metaeombe Key. do Mercer county. * ..do Nashville Dallas . Austin . Allenton.. Nashville . Allenton.. ...do ...do ...do ...do Nashville . Chattahoochee. ...do Lower Colorado river. ...do NashviUe. Allenton.. ...do .. do Tucson . ...do... Anstln . Fort Yuma . ...do....... Santa Kita mount, ains. Boca Cbica Key . . Key Larg^ ...do Bay Biscayne . Allenton. ...do.... Dallas ... 435 I Tennessee Nashville. Collector. W. B. Strang . ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do A. H. Cnrtiss. ...do W. M. Linney . ..do A.Gatt!ngeT... J. Severchon . C. Mohr G. W. Letterman A. Gattinger G. W. Letterman . . .. do .. do ...do ...do A. Gattinger . A. H. Curtiss . ..do G. EnKolmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do A. Gattinger G. W. Letterman. .. do ...do C.S. Sargent.. ...do , — C.Mohr G. Engelmann and C. S. Snrgent. do .do. A. H. Cnrtiss . ...do ...do do. G.W. Letterman. ...do J. Severohon A. Gattinger. Soil. m ,•55 = itll -P- Low, moist 10931 ...do Dry, gravelly . ...do Coral . ..do. Limestone . ..do Alluvial ... 5851 9548 9934 Dry, calcareous.. ...do Low, lich . . Limestone . Alluvial . . . ..do Low, rich ...do Dry, sandy barren Alluvial . .. do .... Sandy . ...do.. Limestone . Eich ...do ...do Rich, calcareous . Sandy Dry, gravelly. Coral. ...do. ..do. 7167 7734 10524 9208 6169 5874 5434 5343 8119 7711 8174 8799 6078 7280 8119 8369 6704 6849 0934 10841 7462 10034 11431 11885 7053 8337 Swampy . Bich upland . ..do Rich Kiver bluff . 8663 8799 10796 6441 Remarks. Fibers omshed at 51 milUmeteni from end. Split along grain ; oblique fracture Shattered one end j oro8s.grained . . Cmshed near middle and at end .. Crushed at end and at 102 milli- meters from end. Split along grain from end to end. . Triple dcxure; took reversed bend near middle. Crashed at 13 and at 114 milli- meters from end. Crushetl and split along grain in vicinity of knots. Crushed at end and at 102 milli- meters from end. Triple flexure do. Crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Triple flexure Crushed at 89 millimeters f'^rai end at 10 tuiUinteters from knot. Crushed &t ntiiidto at knot .5milli. meters in diameter. Crushed at 6 uiillimcters knot at middle. Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. Crushed at knot near middle .... Crushed ijear middle Cmshed at knot 102 inillimetors from end. Cmshed in vicinity of knots at middle. Split along grain from eud to end; cmslieil near miilflle. Triple flexure Crashed near middle; opened cracks along grain ; split jjel'ore testing. Crushecl at 6 millimeters knot at midiUe. Cmshed near end ; crossgrained . . Split along grain from end to end. Crusbed near middle . Crushed at 10 millimeters knot 102 miilimcteis from end. Cmshed at 25 millinseters from end in vicinity of small knots. Cru8he 3828 i 1801 1682 2150 2967 3107 3162 3039 4014 2132 2241 3066 3252 3810 3257 3221 4150 2291 2331 3171 3357 3343 3356 3248 3456 4150 3484 8443 4527 2445 3339 4241 3579 3620 4662 2413 { 2540 2486 3438 3652 4355 4795 2608 2880 3937 4196 6038 4241 4219 6670 8130 3130 4241 4491 Sheared fibers. do do Sheared fibers ; split at end . 4473 4672 Sheared fibers '. . . . do Sheared fibers ; split at end . 509- ins- ula 480 6* 08 334 Sheared at coi-uer; 6 miUimetora knot. 428 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Speeles. 105. Pninua PennsylTanica Wild Ktd Cherry. Pin Cher- ry. Pigeon Cherry. 106. Prnuus iimbellata.. Sloe. Black Sloe. 107. Prunnsomarginata, car. mollis. (08. Pninua aerotina Wild Blaek Cherry. Sum Cherry. 109. Pmnus Capnll Wild Cherry. 110. Prunne demiaaa Wild Cherry. 111. Pi-nnn.s Caroliniana Wild Orange. Mock Orange. Wild Peach. 113. Pionus ilicifolia Itlay. 115. Ccrcocarpns Icdifolina Mountain Mahogany. 117. Pyrus coronaria AmerieanCrat). SioeetneenUd Oral. 120. Pyms Americana.... Mountain Ath. 121. Pyms sambnclfolia.... Mountain Ath. 125. Cnitogus arborescena 233 233 State. Vermont . ...do 666 Georgia, do... 968 968 Washington ter. litory. do 15 Maasachnaetta 15 ... do 115 Michigan 116 ...do 127 Missouri 127 ...do 148 niinoia 317 Michigan 317 i....do Vermont 406 763 763 1053 1053 418 418 637 1032 1062 1062 1158 1158 883 883 808 808 1087 1087 1088 1088 214 365 607 607 Virginia or Mid- dle States. Florida ....do Maasachnaetta ....do New Mexico. ...do Califonria. Florida.... Texoa ...do California . ...do XTUh.. ...do. Delaware ....do Pennsylvania. ...do ...do ...do... Vermont. ...do.... ...do . Soath Carolina Georgia ...do Locality. Charlotte . ...do Altamaha river. ...do ■Wilkeson. ...do Roxbary — ...do , Lansing ITansville . . Ailenton .. do ■Waukegan . Heraey ...do Charlotte . . Chariest own Navy- yard. Chattahoochee. ...do Topsficld ...do Collector. C. G. Pringle . ...do A. H. Cartiss. ...do G. I^ngplmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do C. S. Sargent .. do ■W.J.Beal ...do G. W. Letterman ...do K. Douglas W.J.Beal ...do C.G. Pringle S. H. Pook A. E. Cnrtiss ...do J. liobinson ...do PiuosAltosroount- F.L.Greene ams. ..do .. Strawberry valley Jacksonville Victoria ...do Santa Cruz . ...do City Creek cafion . ...do Eiamensi . ...do Nazareth . ...do ...do ...do Charlotte . . . Huntington . Mount Mansfield Aiken Ogeechee ...do do . G. Engelmannand C. S. Sargent. A. BLCnriiss . C.Mehr ... do C.L. Anderson. ...do M. £. Jones . ...do W. M. Canby - ...do J. Henry ...do ...do ...do C.G. Pringle. ...do .. do. H. W. Kavenel. A. H. Cnrtiss . . ...do Boa a •• •>' Cold, gravelly. ...do Clay.. ...do. Low, rich - --.do Gravelly... ..do --.do ..do , Rich loam ... do Gravelly. . . Rich ...do Gravelly... Clay ...do .... GravcUy. ...do..-. Alluvial . ...do.... Low, rich - Sandy Rich, moist . ...do Rooky . ...do.. Clay.. ...do. Moist . ...do. ...do- .. do. Gravelly. ...do do. Rich. Low . 6532 6486 7960 8051 6663 10138 10256 7235 8732 9979 8890 9199 7802 8324 9095 6564 8773 9571 8029 8609 8165 7847 9503 9617 8709 10478 7485 7756 5851 6940 5874 5851 6123 6672 8346 do. Remarks. Crushed at 3 millimeters knot 102 millimeters from end- Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Cross-grained ; split at end Crushed fibers near middle . Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 25 mlitimeters from end. Failed at knot at end and split along ;n'ain. Triple flexure Cru8he 763' 763' 1053 1053 418 '419 637- 1032' 1062- 1062- 1158 1168- 1087 1087 1088 1088 214 957 1905 1343 1406 1746 2699 1982 1678 2254 3030 2369 1701 2622 3207 2567 1715 2703 3438 2713 1805 2840 8574 2830 1941 3016 3701 2985 I 2019 3116 3901 3193 2032 8248 4024 3339 2214 3438 3729 3407 I 2608 4150 4980 4128 Sheared fibers ■ 4763 5398 .do. .do. Sheared fibers ; split at end . 410 363> 607 607 430 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Spceict. ! Stote. Locality. Collector. Soil. 41 Inf- ill III Remarks. III'.. CraUegnaCrns-itaUi Thorn. 328 328 1093 1003 948 1081 42« 426 926 239 767 241 849 849 540 Uaaaachnsetta ....do Srookline . . J.Robinson ....do 6033 5806 7349 8348 8605 8618 7434 0795 7280 7122 8437 11294 10433 10410 6795 6486 7847 7892 6337 6306 6940 7870 8573 8210 7938 8256 13517 14016 9571 9614 7212 7167 14198 Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. Shattered at end ....do ....do Uiesoari Allen ton , . do G. W. Letterman . ....do Triple flexure; small knot* Crushed at 127 millimeters from end and split along fotiin. Crushed at 19 millimeters from end and alonz one face. Crushed at middlo at knot 3 railU- metcrs in diameter. Crushed at each end and at middle. Crushed at middle at knot 3 mil- limeters in diameter. Crushed at 16 millimeters knot 102 millimeters from end. Crushed at middle on one comer. . Crushed along one comer; de. fleeted from crushed side. Crushed at 115 millimeters from end. Sap-wood ; triple flexure ....do . do TeXRH Victoria C.Mohr Alluvial • SearUtHavf. Miasouri Saint LouiB Nashville H.Eirflrort ...do A. Gattinger ....do Limestone ..do Black Thorn. Pear Hav. do . . Webster parish... Bonnean's Depot . . C.Mohr H.W.Ravenel.... A.H.Cnrtiss W.M.Lione.v J.Robinson ....do Clay Samp, rich Drv clav Small-fruited Zfaio. Sonth Carolina Florida Alay Saw. Apple Haw. 13:. CratEcgusflava, var. pnbescens Hummer Haw. Jled Haw, 13' . ATneliiiichierCanntlensis Jimebenry. ShadJSush. Serv- ice Tree. May Cherry. Eentncky HassachnsettH do BnimficldSUtion. Waverly shale Loam do ...do Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. Crushed near middle; angle of crushing, 50°. Tripleflexure Crushed at 25 and at 102 millime- ters from end. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at 64 millimeters from end and at middle on opposite face. Crushed and split at end ; cross- grained. Crashed nt 64 millimet.ira from end; 0.75 sap-wood. Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. UAMAMELACE^. 189 Liquidambar Styraciflua HweetGum. l^tar-leavedChim. Liquidamber. lied Gum, BihUd. Kemper's mill do C. Mohr Eich,aUaTial ....do . ... 546 do ....do 1095 1095 1173 1173 1181 1181 1182 1182 1183 1183 485 486 489 489 607 607 1118 1118 1135 1135 1127 1127 67 07 761 LltUeKook ....do O. W. Letterman . ....do ... do New Jersey ...do Monnt Holly ...do 8. P. Sharpies.... ....do Clav . ....do MissiBSippi ...do Yazoo River bot- tom. do E. Abbey Alluvial ... do do ...do ....do do ....do ....do ...do ...do ....do . . do ... do ....do ....do do Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. Crushed at middle . . . ....do ... do . do do RHIZOPHORACB^. Florida . . . Bay Biscayne ... do A. H. Curtiss ....do. .. Salt-marsh do Crushed at end in vicinity of knot. Crushed at middle ; cross-grained. Crushed at 38 miUimetera from enil ; worm^^aten. Triple flexure Uangrote. do COMBEETAOE^. ...do ...do ...do Button Wood. ...do ....do ....do do 14L'. I oeiinciilaria racemosa ....do Sagar-Loaf Sonnd do ...do . do Crushed near middle; cross- grained and worinenten. Crushed at 70 niiilimeters from end ; small knots. Crushed at 127 millimeters from ' end. While Button Wood. WhiU ilangrove. do ....do do MTETACE^. 14 J. £ii;Gnia busifolia ...do ...do ; Lost Man's river. . ....do do Humus and cor.il . do Gurgeon Stopper. Spanish Stopper. I'd. Eugenia monticola ...do ...do Umbrella Key ....do ....do Coral 8754 8936 10931 10567 9276 9571 7031 Split along grain, opening season eraeUs; split in seasoniji^ cracks. Split and crushed near end Triple flexure; devcloptMi inter- sectmg 'Cooper lines^'. do .^topper. WhiU Stepper. ...do .. do do 118. Engenla proeera ...do Minmi ....do .. do Aed Stopper. ....do ...do ....do . . do COENACE.«. Miasonri G.W. Letterman.. ...do Upland .do .. Triple flexure ; opened cracks at end. do J ''lowering Dogwood. Box Wood. ...do ...do Florida... Chattahoochee A. 11. Curtis* Calcareous Crushed at 102 millimeters from end; cross-grained. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE COMPEESSION— Continued. 431 FBBE8UBE, IK KlVOGBiMB, RSQUIBED TO PRODUCE AH IKDBKTATIOH, D( Mn.I.TMBTEBS, OF— 1 i 0.35 0.51 1 m m, 1315 1314 2041 1701 131S 2449 1787 1293 1315 1433 1905 2041 1860 2449 1424 1588 I I 1334 ! 771 I ! 1198 i 2078 1089 952 1384 1043 907 1157 1311 !!227 24M {903 817 1270 2338 4691 2686 0.76 t.O» 2313 2155 3153 2676 2495 3674 3257 2359 2617 2699 3720 3221 3221 3515 1914 I lf33 I 1996 I 1315 ' 1814 ' 2844 1506 1453 i [ 1792 1520 I 1452 '■ 1488 : 4173 4763 4173 I 4491 I 1315 ' i 1973 ; 2495 2490 3656 3085 3130 4119 3765 ; 2948 2676 2713 3937 3379 3484 4445 i.3r I.S3 4255 3611 3788 4626 4055 4309 3130 3379 3066': 3329 I I 3130 ! 3402 I 4445 4831 3674 3788 3946 2019 2073 2191 1474 1996 3026 1588 1574 2000 1656 1633 1678 5800 5987 4851 5216 1796 2250 3484 5103 2976 4182 3828 3983 4922 4482 3638 3674 3742 5398 3765 j 4763 i .Wel 5942 I 4527 i 5648 4110 4291 2100 2223 2250 1542 2096 3162 1633 1814 1923 1837 6940 I 6713 5398 5761 2050 I 2472 I 5398 I 6373 I 6033 4423 ! 4436 4491 I 4708 4536 4863 2254 2313 2277 1574 2186 3302 1715 1760 2227 1914 2041 1896 7576 7212 5751 6101 2132 2040 5851 6849 6532 2381 2395 2377 1674 2859 3438 1760 1851 2300 2019 2091 1941 8006 7689 6078 6432 2359 2708 7076 6795 1.78 3085 3071 4605 3992 4219 5013 4658 3742 3910 3856 5626 4877 4922 5098 2477 2518 2413 1719 2472 3561 1928 1887 2350 .2091 2168 2073 8464 8052 6396 .6759 2486 2844 6613 7303 7258 9.03 3.38 I 3207 3171 4859 4119 4391 S162 4781 3892 4055 I 4164 4028 I 4101 3307 3198 6035 4264 4581 5439 4944 4119 3.54 4.81 3397 3484 6171 4391 4763 5534 5036 4287 3983 4064 4806 6759 6861 4036 4287 6262 I 5874 1 6066 4990 : 6112 ; 5303 J 2536 2604 2486 1769 2531 3661 1941 1941 2449 2141 2273 2166 8337 7099 2531 2948 6963 7553 7475 ; 5194 5316 St84 2645 2703 2527 I 1860 i 2676 : 3801 ' i 1973 2028 I 2586 I 2291 I 2381 ; i 2223 I 9140 I 4264 5334 , 6489 I 4990 7394 6350 6646 5684 6782 2626 3036 7294 7802 7779 2717 2799 2640 1932 2708 3042 2014 2060 2649 2343 2445 2273 9463 8913 7085 7530 2790 8116 7376 8029 7983 3166 3289 2926 4445 2313 2404 3075 2708 S.08 4296 4763 6033 Bemarks. Sheared fibers do Slight shearing ; Bplit at end . Sheared flbers 6350 1 do 7212 Sheared flbers ; split at end . 6486 6625 5761 6679 7983 7349 3329 3020 3121 4881 2440 2531 3302 1 2722 : 2926 Sheared flbers . , do -do. Sheared fl1>ers ; split at end Sheared flbers ; indented on 6 millimeters knot . Sheared flbers ; split at end . Sheared fibers Sheared flbers; split at end . Sheared flbers do do Sheared flbers ; split at end . do Sheared flbers do do : do Sheared flbers ; split at end . Sheared flbers Sheared flbers ; split at end . 10637 Slight shearing ; split at end . Sheared flbers ; split at end . . 9626 9026 .do. do Sheared flbers ; split at end . Sheared fibers Opened seasoning oracles . . . 9763 Sheared fibers ; split at end . 9763 i Sheared flbers 328 328 1003 1093 949 1081 42S 426 767 241 849 849 646 546 1095 1096 1179 1171 1181 118! 118!, 1181., us; 1181 4a 481 481 481 60" 501 UK Hit 1136 3538 I 2813 2948 I860 2833 6080 4672 4581 3720 3162 I 6761 I 5942 6432 6668 I 6716 6146 4513 4953 3493 I 3766 5180 4037 7439 7689 6764 5484 7792 8119 I 7076 5761 8119 j 8419 I 7326 5965 4563 8606 S714 i I 7485 6192 I 4667 8786 8990 7729 < 8396 ! 4844 10614 10841 7802 5625 Sheared fibers j split at end . 11930 I do 9798 ' Sheared fibers; 7 millimeters Itnot in compression I surface. 8702 ' Sheared fibers; split at end 8169 I do. 1127 1127 67 67 761 432 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRES'CIPAL WOODS OF THE SpeoiM. m. Cornns florida— oonttnoad . Ua. Cornns ITutUUil Flmnring Dogwood. 153. Njseacapitata Ogetchee Lime. Sour Tu- peto. Gopher Plum. U4. NyaM sylvatica Tuptlo. Sour Oum. Ftp- ptridge. Slack Qv/m. 1A6. Nyssa nniflora Large Tupelo. Cotton Qun%. Tupelo Gum. CAPRTFOLIACE^. 186. Sanibncus glanca . Jilder. 158. Vibuniiim LcDtago Sheepberry. Nannyherry. 159. Vibnmatn pnmifohum Blael Haw. Stag BiuK. KUBIACEiE. 1(0. KxoetemmaCaribaram . 161, PinckTieyapnbens Georgia Bark. 164. Vwcininin arboroum. FarkUberry. Its. Andromeda femiKliie*. 106. Arbntnfl Menziesii. Uairona. State. 812 812 1077 1077 1092 Weet Virginia... 605 606 n7 750 760 813 81i) 834 834 835 835 128 128 550 550 604 604 681 370 110« 466 406 881 343 343 1083 643 643 679 878 ...do .... Mlssonri. ...do... ...do.... Locality. Grafton.. ...do .... Allentos. ...do.... ...do.... 960 Oregon Portland. 960 ....do ; do Georgia., ...do... Tennessee Florida ...do West Virginia — ...do Massacbusetts . . . ...do ...do ...do ..do ...do South Carolina. .. do Alabama ...do Georgia ...do CaliforDia.. Vermont Kentucky . 110»[....do 739 Georgia Florida. ...do... South Carolina. Alabama . ...do Florida. California . ...do ...do ...do Ogeecbee river. ...do Cumberland river Cliattahoocbee ....do Grafton ..do ■West Newbnry . . . ...do ...do ...do Chebaccopond ...do Bouneau's Depot ...do Stockton ..do Ogeecbee river. . . .. do Contra county. Hinesbnrg. Costa Hercer couuty ...do Bainbridge Upper Metacombe Collector. iey. .do .. C.G.Pringle. ...do G. W. Letterman. ...do ...do G. Engelmann and C. ^Sargent. do A. H. Curtiss . ...do A. Gattinger.. A. H. Curtiss . ...do C.G.Pringle.. ... do J. Robinson. . . ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do H.W.EaTenel... ...do C.Mohr ...do A. H. Curtiss ... do O.K. Vasey... C. G. Pringle . W. M. Linney . ...do A. H. Curtiss . do . .do. Blnffton I J. n. MelUchamp Citronelle. ..do Jacksonville . CMohr. ...do..., A. H. Cnrtiss . Contra county. do Marin county ...do Costa 6. K. Vasey . ..do ...do ...do Soil. Dry. .do. Gravelly. ...do.... Flinty ... Swampy . ...do ... CUy.. ..do. Bich.. ...do. ...do. ...do. Swampy . ...do.... Alluvial . ...do.... Swampy . ...do.... Gravelly. Swampy . 8732 7621 0004 8981 8210 10387 10819 7349 7892 8119 8414 8210 7689 6623 6577 7394 7022 7176 6396 6328 5035 5715 6123 5489 4400 Bemarks. Sap-woml ; triple flexure ; inter- secting "Cooper lines"; split at end. do Triple flexure Triple flexure ; split at ends ; in. tersecting "Cooper lines". Triple flexure ; split at ends Crushed at middle Crushed at 102 millimeters tnm ebd. Crushed at 114 millimeters from end ; split along grain. Hudson Eiver 10160 shale. Treutou limestone. 1U329 Clay I 7938 Coral . .. do . Sandy swamp. Sandy . ...do. Hammock . Gravelly... ...do ...do ...do 13381 10660 4355 5874 6895 7802 7303 7756 7630 9648 Crushed on one face at 25 millime* teis from middle. Triple flexure ; splitatcnds , Crushed at 3 millimeters knots at middle. Crushed near middle ; split along one corner. Croshed at 102 millimet<'rs from end. Triple flexure ; split at ends Crushed at knots 64 millimeters from end. Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 25 millimeters from middle. Triple flexure; split at ends...... Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally; split at ends. Triple flexure; split at ends; in- tersecting " Cooper lines ". Crushed at 12 and at 127 millime- ters from end on oppcsito sides. Triple flexure; split at ends Crushed near middle . Triple flexure Triple flexure 102 millimeters from end. , Triple flexure ; split at end Shattered at end ; 10 millimeters knot. Crashed near middle ; grain wavy, Crushed at ends in vicinity of ; knots; split along grain. Crushed 38 millimeters from mid- die. Crashed 26 millimeters from mid- dle; cross-grained. split Shattered from end to end - Crushed at knot at middle ; along grain. Crushed at knot 25 millimeters from middle; opened between rings. Split and crushed at end ; cross- grained. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Crushed at 76 millimeters from end; cross-grained. Triple flexure; split at ends... do Shattered and crushed at ends, Crushed fibers at middle THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITEB STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Coutinued. 433 FBESSUBE, IN KILOGKAMS, BEQUIBED TO rllODCCE AK INDESTATIOK, IK MILLIMKTKE6, OF- 0.3S 0.51 2041 3130 1951 3130 862 2291 1961 385e 2223 3833 20«8 2994 1614 3198 1406 2177 0.76 3^ 114> U4> U4> 1U« 114» 130 ISO 212 212 227' 227» 227» 267' 267» 431 551 551 747 747 937 1045 1045 364 864 229» 2295 1059 57 308 308 438 948 948 957 957 Texas . ...do. Missouri... Texas ...do Tennessee . Texas ...do ....do ....do 536 68 66 125 125 286' 291 618 Alabama . Locality. Missoori Michigan ...do ...do ...do ....do Sonth Carolina ...do Virginia ...do Vermont ...do ....do Virginia ....do Tennessee Alabama ....do Georgia ...do Texas Massachnsetts ...do Allenton SansTille ...do Hudson Lansing Dansville Bonnean's Depot . ....do WytlioTiUe ....do Charlotte ....do ...do Wytheville ...do Nashville Kemper's mill ■. ...dn Bainbridge ...do Anstin Beading .do Collector. Vermont ...do Massachusetts . . . Dallas . ...do. Charlotte . ...do Topsflold . Allenton Dallas ...do Nashville Victoria ....do Matagorda bay . ....do Stockton. Missouri Allenton. ..do Michigan . . ..do Kentucky - .do. Missouri... Tennessee . ...do Lansing ...do Mercer county. .do. G. W. Letterman . W.J.Beal ...do ...do ...do ....do H. W. Eavenel. ...do H. Shriver ....do C. G. Pringle . . ...do ...do H. Shriver ....do A. Gattinger ., C. Mohr ....do A.H.Curtiss.. ....do C.Mohr J. Bobinson... ...do Sou. el •' ■aBa Low .. CU»y.. ...do. Remark*. Clay.. Wet.. ...do. Gravelly. ...do.... ...do.... J. Beverchon ...do Limestone Alluvial ....'' ...do Elver-bottom ...do Rich, calcareous . Dry, calcareous. ...do 7530 5851 5579 9526 9934 6761 9208 8709 7983 7756 7281 7485 7349 6141 6509 8346 7439 6736 6057 5080 167 9435 7892 Triple flexure do Triple flexure ; split at end Deflected diasonally ; crushed at 25 millimetirs froin middle. Crushed at 25 millimetcra from end. Crushed at 38 millimeters from middle; "Cooper linos." Crushed at 04 millimelers from end. Crushed at 114 millimeters from end. Crashed at middle Crushed at 33 'millimeters from middle. Crushed at 51 millimeters from middle ; deflcctid diasonally. Crushed at 3 raillimefor.'i knot 12 millimeters from middle. Triple flexure Crushed at 38 millimeters from middle. Deflected diagonally; maximum bend asmillimetersfi-om middle. Triple flexure .do. C.G. Pringle. ...do J. Bobinson . G. TV. Letterman. J. Beverchon — ...do A. Gattinger C.Mohr ....do ....do ...do Clay ...do River-bottom . Deflected and fibers crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Crushed at 3 millimeters knot at middle. Triple flexure ; split at ends Crushod at end and at 70 millime- ters from end in vicinity of l:ilots. Triple flexure; middle bend 19 milliajeters from center. do .do. Allenton Nashville 6. W. Letterman. ...do W.J.Beal ...do W. M. Linney — Bich, wet — ...do ...do Bich upland . Bich, wet ....do ....do ....do Rich, alluvial . .do . G.W. Letterman. A. Gattinger Dry upland. ...do Rich loam . . ...do Limestone . ■ ..do . Sandy loam Rich limestone 8301 8065 4513 6186 7349 6829 8618 8097 9753 7892 7066 4014 8754 9299 6228 6327 9344 8428 6849 Triple flexure Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 102 milliraetera from end. Failed at knot 64 millimeters from end ; cross-grained. Triple flexure Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Deflected at middle Crushed at middle on one face . Triple flexure Crushed at S9 millimeters from cud, splitting between rings. Deflected diagonally Triple flexure; middle bend 38 millimeters eccentric. Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 51 iiiillimeters from end. Triple flexure Crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Triple flexure Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Triple flexnrc; developed inter- secting "Ciinp.T linos". Deflected at miuille and at 3 mllli- meters knot 76 millimeters from end. , , _, Crushed at 3 millimctors knot 51 millimeters from end and near middle. Crushed on one face 19 milhme- ters from middle. Crushed at knots 102 mfllimeters from end. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE COMPEESSION-Continued. 437 a o 1 £ a P1IE88UBB, IX EILOOBAMS, BEQUIBED TO PRODUCE AK IKDEKTATION, IK MILLIMETEBS, OF— Bemarks. • o.a3 0.31 0.76 1.09 i.»r 1.39 1.78 9.03 3.98 9.S4 4.81 S.08 1 i m 1 m m m m 1334 1134 749 1996 1542 1315 1529 1588 1588 1588 1882 15C0 1860 2449 1551 1179 1352 1538 143.) 1905 2023 2041 1325 1K)7 1533 1384 I8Cff 1579 1033 1588 2041 2041 1860 2109 2177 1179 2880 2359 1452 1179 1542 1225 1973 1656 2078 1338 1302 2948 1882 1842 2109 2654 1769 1741 1973 2985 1619 2481 2948 2159 1642 1579 2576 1801 2468 2622 3357 1996 2944 2518 2427 2807 2767 18C0 2245 2708 3108 3402 3026 3202 1760 3901 3626 1633 1S0« 2713 2740 3171 ,2400 1488 1334 3121 1982 2041 2395 2976 1987 2023 2218 3388 2708 2744 3221 2250 1801 1746 2970 1982 2694 2885 3878 2291 3384 2799 2753 3148 3243 1951 2409 2894 3638 3992 3293 3011 1932 4264 4191 1656 1574 3701 3334 2894 3819 2436 1597 1542 3298 2068 2164 2622 3148 2273 218G 2277 3611 2903 2890 3379 2463 1932 1887 3157 2014 2948 3198 4082 2608 3615 3021 2948 3334 3337 2109 2486 3175 3969 4281 3470 3842 2090 4418 4513 1705 1619 3974 3720 2939 4164 2527 1610 1619 3488 2205 2279 2717 3284 2400 2336 2440 3742 29S9 3103 3574 2579 2028 1991 3234 2214 3152 3470 4100 2685 3669 3162 3221 3434 3593 2223 2567 3379 4200 4454 3720 4028 2219 4500 4886 1724 1674 4150 3882 3071 4377 2744 1696 1619 3633 2304 2427 2939 3434 2486 2504 2536 3964 3162 3248 2708 2132 2123 3334 2313 3334 3751 4303 2866 4033 3343 3311 3620 3710 2155 2676 3647 4482 4717 3856 4164 2313 4722 7180 1842 1778 4332 4082 3202 4527 2930 1719 1724 3833 3368 2499 3075 3529 2390 2607 2631 4042 3307 3388 3842 2867 2193 2218 3425 2331 3620 4445 3116 4287 3484 3423 3774 3878 2064 2749 3828 4672 4808 3987 4309 2377 4849 6489 1896 1873 2980 1783 1787 3964 2468 2660 3162 3665 2762 2830 2776 4137 3425 3525 3946 2976 2241 2336 2436 3788 4196 4522 3207 4418 3597 3484 3837 3933 2563 2830 3910 4844 5035 4454 2459 5022 5706 1973 1932 3130 1810 1833 4033 2518 2063 3334 3860 2848 2804 2899 4230 35i3 3583 4092 3134 2400 2436 3529 2481 3901 4539 4190 3420 4473 3679 3529 3983 4037 2713 2890 4055 5121 5207 4196 4572 2522 5158 5965 2028 1982 3207 1883 1842 4128 2576 2090 3488 3937 2983 3057 3089 4359 3946 3706 4132 3221 2341 2522 3579 2531 3987 4604 4300 3529 4491 3751 3074 4073 3810 2880 2935 4205 5330 5289 4332 4072 2549 6316 6128 2105 2037 4967 4545 3615 6216 . Split at ends ; shortspecimen, 120 milUmeters long. 39» ll*" 114» 11«» U4« 114* 2155 2203 4944 3039 3130 4219 4491 3742 3810 3882 5171 3856 4899 3024 2926 3062 3901 2970 4990 5489 5434 4559 4763 4377 4196 4626 4717 3583 3348 5035 6237 6078 4035 5421 2912 6373 7485 2427 2381 5942 5149 4128 6123 2413 2472 5579 3130 3357 4990 4491 4296 4382 3285 6443 4300 3130 3429 3901 3089 5489 6010 5851 6333 4099 4423 5035 3035 3902 3465 5625 0940 6593 5262 6987 3157 7031 8029 2586 2367 6509 4445 6849 do Split at corner of specimen j fibers not sheared do Split at comer ; slight shearing Slight shearing; split at end 130 Sheared fibers 130 Split at end; sheared fibers 212 Sheared fibers 212 do 227» 227» 227* do Sheared fibers ; split at end SpUtatend 267* Slight shearing of fibers 267* do Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end 551 Slight shearing of fibers 551 747 747 M Slight shearing of fibers f^ Slight shearing 937 .-.._, m Indented Tvithout shearing 1045 do 364 Slight shearing ; split stick , 364 Sheared fibers 22S» 229* li ^1 do 11 m l^ndent^d w'tbont sbeftring 1059 do 57 ii^ Sheared fibers 308 1.1 Hi m Slight shearing of fibers 438 do 948 Fibers did not shear ... 943 937 do do 957 S36 6S do 66 Sheared fibers 125 do 125 i'l 286' 11 4173 3357 4744 4296 3429 4835 4427 3479 5103 Sheared fibers ; split at end ii Indented section covers nnsonnd knot 10 milli- metora in diameter. Slight shearing of fibers 291 518 438 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAyiOB OP THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Sp«oiM. IfJ. Frnxinna Orogana. Oregon Aih. 1"!8. Frnxinns gnnibncifolia R/nci A»h. Hoop Ash. Ground Ath. 10**. Foresticra acumiDRtn 201. O^inantliMs Anicricanus Dnil ^\'ood. BOKEAGINACEiE. 104. Boiirreria FlaTaDfosis Strong Bark. 205. Ehrctia cUipticn Jknackaway. Anaqua. BIGNOXIACE.a;. 208. Cat.^lpa Ingnonioides Catalpa. Catawba. Sean TrM. Cigar Tree. Indian Bean. 207. Catalpa spcciof^a JTCTt'i* Catalpfi. 208. ChUopfiia Hali^na Detert tCiUow. TERBENACE.fi. 210. CitlioroTtvInm villosam twiddle Wood. NrCTAGlNACE2E. 212. Pisnniu oht nsata I'igmu Wood. Jierf Wood. Cork Wood. Pork Wood. POLYGOXACE.a:. 213. C*>prolol>.i Floridan<^ JHgeon Plum. 2M. Cocooloba nvifera Hea Grape. lat;kace.s:. 215. Persea Carolfnciisis lied Bay. 21S. Pcniea Carolioensis, tar. pal- UBtris. 217. SamafVaa ofBclnale . Sauajrat. State. 00( WA 1001 1001 102< 1024 1030 1030 1C2 83D 830 737 737 2»3 283 584 S$4 1187 1137 042 042 540 744 744 38 38 490 490 474 474 473 473 453 453 685 585 340 340 71 71 Ort'pon . ...ansvillc . Dan vera .. do Crushed at niiddio; side of apoeu. men split oil*. do f '• 55-57 Ciu.ehed.itmiilille; an';loofcrush. I I 1 iuj;. 7oo. do 9208 I Ci'uslierlatmlddle;augloof crush ] I I in;;. KR do I 9798 Cru.slied at 51 and at 114 millime- I t* r« from cud. Baiobridge. ...do W.J.Bcal i Wct.pcaly | 0237 ; Crashed on one face 25 millimeters i I I froiM midiiie. J.Kobinson Kirh, !o:imy 7C21 Triple llcxure; niidillB bend 25 I millinietcrs eccentric. ...I'.o do ! C441 do A.U. Curtlss 8418 Split from end to end . -.do I Loiiisijna. Amito C. ilohr do i do 1 do . ., Florida Hich, alluvial . L...do Saiut John's river A. II. Curtiss I Sandy lo.-un . ...do do !... do Key Largo ...do New Braunfels . . ...do .do Coral . .. do. C.ilohr. ..do ... do . Rich, alluvial . . ...do Stockton I do Balnbridge | A. H. Curtis* . ...do I do Low, wet . I Clay ....do .... Cbadeston ' C.S. Sargent | Wet clay . ...do ' do do Tuscon . Bay Biscayne . ...do TTpper Motucombe Key. do. do do . do. .do. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. A. H. Curtiss . ..do Saidt John's river ...do do. do. do . .do. .do . .do . do. ..ds. Mobile county . ...do Allenton. ...do .... C. Mohr. ...do... Moist, gr.avelly Coral ...do . .do. .do. do. ..do . .do . .do . Sandy loam . ...do Damp, sandy. ..do Q. W. Letterman . . Low, rich . do do ...... 9058 ; Crushed al.in,'; one faco . 8003 8777 8119 10614 7779 0078 C305 0827 5625 5012 6668 6373 I Crushed at knot 01 millimeters f I om end. Crusheil at 76 millimeti'rs from end. Crushed at 102 millimetitrs from end. Crushed fibers at 38 millimeters IVonicnd. Cros8.grained ; oblique fracture along ;;rjin. Crushed at one comer near mid- dle. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Crushed at end Criished at 38 millimeters from middle on one fjKre. Crushed at oS millimeters from I end. Crushed at 19 and at 102 milli- metets iVom end. Triple flexure 4755 ! Failed in vicinity of 10 millimeters I knot. 110C7 11000 Crushed nciir middle; criii-hing, 55°. Crushed uear middle . . . angle of 6398 ; Split along grain from middle to j vw\. 4527 ' CrtiHlieil at knots 102 millimeters Ir-tm end. 12293 ' Crushed at 36 millimeters from j niiiidh- and at end. 12383 Cnishnil at middle 4355 \ Split from end tn end; badly craeUed in seasoning. 3900 do 9548 8799 6216 6532 6486 Crushed at 5 millimeters knot near middle. Crushed at end Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. do Crushed at 51 millimeters from middle and at ends. Crushed at 3 niilUluetors knot 38 millimeters from middle. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 439 rRESSUKE, IK KILOGIUUS, l;r.QUlKEI) TO TrOIirCK AN IXDENTATIOK', IK MII.LIMETEES, OF- 0.33 j 0.51 m US2 1609 1C33 \ 1814 ! 1497 1315 '. 1579 1370 ' i 1189 : 2273 ' 2132 ' 930 735 717 998 703 2676 2948 749 88U 4138 2404 0.76 2200 2359 2430 2*^23 1842 2233 2277 1674 3348 2699 1 1.03 871 1837 1397 2381 2744 43SS 2449 2640 2223 2867 2041 2486 2087 3766 2132 3334 1610 2790 1542 2608 1216 848 I 1061 ' 1234 ! I 1098 ; 1851 1302 1323 5398 3810 ^4 2576 2593 2313 1960 2064 2472 2386 1740 3801 2849! 2205 2749 4990 2903 3021 2703 4482 3837 3339 3066 1334 871 1162 1352 1170 2105 3991 4808 1515 1533 6200 i 7031 i 4499 4980 1.37 ! i.sa 2G85 2703 2620 2440 2118 2096 2CS5 2654 1819 3983 3084 j 2331 2930 i 5398 3212 3334 3062 4877 4146 3611 3293 1429 925 1207 1429 1229 2205 4264 5153 2849 2835 2803 2622 2214 2141 2880 I 2880 i I 1842 I 4119 3357 2308 3066 5648 3403 3506 3212 4967 4436 3878 3447 1488 944 1257 1488 1266 4491 5362 1746 1728 7303 6316 2971 2935 2980 2749 2313 2245 3094 3016 1887 4264 3383 2481 3184 5920 3742 3656 3425 5216 4681 4037 3651 130i 1551 1320 2468 4704 6561 1778 1765 7485 6625 1.78 3075 3089 3021 2694 2431 2345 3289 3212 a.o3 6123 I 3924 I 3788 ! I 3570 ! 5371 j 4872 I i 4155 ! 3774 1679 1025 1347 1619 1356 2658 4895 5052 1787 1851 7621 5860 3175 3180 3121 3020 2531 2381 5857 3302 1937 i 1982 4336 , 4527 3819 ■ 39U2 2576 : 2035 3243 3375 3.38 3.54 6373 4150 4014 3710 5489 4990 4336 3901 1606 1066 1393 1660 1402 2668 5080 6942 1801 1878 8074 6123 3248 3260 3221 3130 2022 2486 3488 3438 2003 4013 4153 2717 3434 6618 4287 4110 3842 5620 6171 4477 4037 1642 1080 1402 1674 1442 2731 1790 1928 8392 6532 3379 3357 3298 3243 2634 25S0 3525 3501 2082 4713 4318 2753 3484 6659 4432 4240 3909 5702 6343 4572 4150 1728 1089 1438 1719 1488 2803 6216 1806 2005 6759 4.81 3878 3878 3629 3856 3148 2903 4128 4150 2295 J370 5283 2912 4078 7756 5489 5058 4763 6577 0237 5239 4926 2028 1302 1701 1960 1724 3375 1978 2177 10115 S.08 4128 3470 3107 4335 4708 2427 6489 5625 3583 4287 5025 5262 7076 6713 5851 5443 1433 1878 1941 3593 2064 10700 Bemaika. Slight Bhearing of fibers ; split at end. do do do Sheared fillers do Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers Sheared fibers; split at end . Slight shearing of fibers do Sheared fibers . , do .do. Sheared fibers ; split at end ; short specimen, 103 millimeters long. Sheared fibers .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Sheared fibers; split at end; specimen 120 milli- meters long. Sheared fibers -do. Sheared fibers ; split at end. Sheared fibers -do. Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. do Sheared fibers ; split at end. do Sheared fibers Slight shearing; split at end; short specimen, 120 millimeters long. 064 964 1001 1001 1024 1024 103* 1030 122 SSI 83» 73T 737 28t 281 584 584 118T 113T S43 «4S 5M 744 744 38 3S 681 490 490 474 474 473 47S 2019 *1792 1951 1531 i 1810 I nil 3039 2608 2880 2295 1805 1792 3230 2762 3157 2481 2019 2014 3339 2803 3339 2558 2037 2068 3429 2926 3515 2631 2127 2118 3465 2994 2717 2155 2164 3534 3075 2794 2168 2214 3624 3123 3878 2858 2218 2322 3734 3212 3937 2980 2295 2381 3788 3252 3987 3006 2318 2400 4309 3856 4491 3538 2694 2767 4522 4196 4854 3878 2835 2808 Sheared fibers . do .do. .do. .do. .do. 58» 586 34« 34* 71 71 440 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Speclei Stats. Looality. Collector. Son. ■aB5 If Remarks. 87. Sawafruoffioliiale— contlnaed. 218. TTmbelhilaria Califomica Mountain Laurel, California Laurel. Spice Tree. Cagi put. California Olive. Cali- fornia Say Tree. EUPHOEBIACE.*;. 219. Drypetes crocca duiana Plum. White Wood. 21S. Drypetes crocea, car. latifolia. UETICACE.a!. 223. UlmuB cmssifolia Cellar Elm. 328> TTlmus fulva ., Red Elm. Slippery Elm. Moote Elm. 224- TTlmus Americana Whita Elm,. American Elm. Water Elm. 225. Ulmns mcemosa Rock Elm. Cork Elm. Hiek- try Elm. Whit«El)n. Cliff Elm. 32C. XTlmnsalata WoAoo. Winged Elm. 3K1 Kfl U6 814 814 854 854 1183 1163 703 703 468 459 459 324 324 929 929 Missouri ...do Tennessee West Virginia. . ...do Massachusetts. . ...do Uissonri ...do. Oregon . .. do... Florida . .. do. ...do. Texas . ...do. ...do. ...do . 30' Kentucky. 30*. ...do 120 134 134 19 19 281 281 958 968 1036 1036 1049 116 IW 1I6> lUf 314 814 428 133 133 380 533 Michigan . Missouri. . .. do Massachusetts . ..do Missouri ....do Texas ...do Massachusetts. ...do ....do.: Michigan . . ...do ...do ...do...... ..do ..do Tennessee . SonthCarolln*.. .. do Tennessee Mississippi ...do Allen ton.. ...do IfashTille. Grafton... ...do Danvers .. .. do Allenton.. ...do aw. tetterman. ...do A. Gattinger CO. Pringle ..do J. Kobinson i ...do G. W. Letterman. ...do Alluvial. ..do.... Eicb Bich loam . . . ...do Low, aUnvial. ..do Coos bay. ...d«.... TTpper Metacombe Key. do. do. Dallas . .. do . Austin. ..do.. Mercer county ..do Dansrllle Allenton ...do Arnold Arboretum ...do Allenton ... do Colorado river . . . ...do Danvers ....do Korth Beading . . DaBsvUle . . Big Bapids ...do Hudson Hersey .... ...do Nashville. . Bonnean's Depot ...do Davidson county Kemper's mill . . . ...do G. Engclmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do T A. H. Curtiss . ...do ...do J. Beverchon . ...do C.Mohr ...do W. M. Linney ...do W.J.Beal G. "W. Letterman. ...do C.S. Sargent ...do G. W. Letterman. ...do C.Mohr ...do J. Bobinson ...do ...do ■W.J.Beal ... ..do ...do ...do ..do........ .. do A. Gattlnger. aw. Bavenel. ...do A. Gattinger... C.Mohr ...do Coral . ...do. ...do. Bich loam . ...do ...do ...do Limestone ...do Gravelly Bich, alluvial . ...do Drift ...do.... Alluvial. ..do.... ..do.... ...do.... Gravelly. ...do.... ...do.... ...do , ..do Low, gravelly. Alluvial Bich loam ...do ...do ...do.... ...do.... Loam — Alluvial . ...do.... 5751 6328 6713 6418 6659 4559 5851 6341 6033. 9435 8754 10410 8256 8392 7847 8414 5951 6781 7847 8573 9889 8437 8392 8611 8573 7698 6895 5851 4990 7022 6579 9049 11385 9571 7847 0571 10387 10206 7349 6895 7847 6260 7008 7892 Crashed at 51 millimeters ttaai end. Crushed at middle and at 64 milli- meters from end. Crushed at 3'2 and at 89 milli- meters from end. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. do Triple flexure , do Triple flexure; developed inter- secting "Cooper lines". Triple flexure Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 38 millimeters from end. Crushed in vicinity of small kcota Split suddenly from end to end. - - Split suddenly; oblique fractuTo. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Crushed in vicinity of small knots }0i miUiraetera from end. Crushed at end ; cross-grained — Triple flexure. Deflected and crushed at end and at 102 millimeters from end. Crushed at middle Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Triple flexure Crushed near middle in vicinity of knot. Deflected; crushed at middle and end. Triple flexure Triple flexure; middle bend eo- centric. Crushed at middle; deflected di. agonally. Crnshed at knot 102 millimeters from eud. Crushed at 10 millimeters knot near middle. Triple flexure, deflected diago- i nally. do Triple flexure; developed inter- secting "Cooper lines". Triple flexure ; middle deflection 25 millimeters eccentric. do Crushed fibers at 32 millimeters frxm enman . ....do Low, rich Su^arberry. Hackhtrnj. .. io .. do AUnvial Texas do Dallas do ....do .. do .. do Tconosseo do . Daridson county . . do A.Gattinger ...do ....do Massachusetts ...do. Salem J. Hobluson .do ...do Saint Louis do do do . Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Deflected ; crushed at middle Crushed at 0 mitUn>eters knot 102 millimeters from cud. Cmshed at 12 niillimetci-s knots at end and at 102 niillimetera fiom end. Henry Eggert ....do Moist loam do do 228. Ccltisoccidentalia, »ar. reticu- l:)t:t. Uaekberry. Palo Blanco. Santa Kiia mount, ains. Bay Bisoayno do G. Engelmannand C. S. Sargent. A. H. Curtiss ...do Drv Florida Coral do do . Crushed at middle and at 38 railli- mcti-rs from end. Split obliquely ...do Boca Chica Key .. Allenton .. do ....do Wild Fig. Indla-rubher Tree. MiRSoui*! G. W. Lstterman. . ....do Rich loam ...do Cmshed at middle and at 25 milli- meters from end. Crushed at middle and at end ; de- flected diagonally. Failed at 12 millimilers knot 102 millimeters from end. Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle at 3 millimr-ters knot. Cmshed at 19 millimeters from end in vicinity of small knots. Trinle flexure Red MiMerry. ... do ... do Tennessee A.Gattinger . do G.W.Letterman.. ....do Upland ....do ....do ...do do do ....do do do do .. do Eich Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. ...do ...do ....do Texas Dallas J. Keverchon ... do Bottom Crashed at middle; angloof crash- ing. COO. Osage Orange. Boiad'Arc. do .... .. do d 235 PlatnnHB nccidrntalia MassachuBett« .. do Arnold Arhorttum ....do '. C. S. Sargent ...do G.W. Letterman.. ....do Drift Crushed at end .-'nd at 102 milli- meters from end. Crushed at end and at 127 milli- meters from end. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Crushed at 38 and at 127 milli- meters from end. Crushed at 13 and at 76 niillimetera from end and split alou;; gr:iiu. Croslie.'iS m m feiji ill;ll m 1397 ]40C 1134 MIS 14C6 2608 nil 1T24 174G 1010 1751 1606 1579 2223 0.51 0.76 1998 ! (2254 1941 I .^1 1033 j 17G9 1751 17C9 1800 2041 3493 2404 2699 3089 2703 2749 2812 2903 3493 817 907 2440 2570 ]987 2245 3819 3003 3107 3583 3010 3026 3243 33:19 3946 802 980 2699 2753 I 1.0!i 2386 2350 1790 2123 2427 4037 3210 3402 3805 3175 3320 2976 3620 4200 880 1030 2840 , 2880 1.37 2549 2481 1973 2232 2576 4327 3488 3583 4073 3393 3565 3574 3910 4373 885 1075 1905 2920 1.53 2749 2622 1.78 2858 2744 2109 a.03 2341 24D9 2672 2709 4531 4735 3683 3869 3837 3951 4332 4430 3502 3715 3742 3974 3629 3742 4069 4309 4536 4699 885 894 1116 1161 2019 20G4 3062 3162 3116 3266 2286 2409 3184 3248 3003 3252 3184 3248 3060 3252 COlO 6019 6009 6214 2703 2880 2581 2527 3134 3289 2549 2035 1740 1814 1393 1479 2191 2263 1C83 17C5 1801 ]8.'i3 1678 1719 1300 1343 1050 1710 1592 1037 1211 1243 1492 1088 607 C90 2078 2127 2994 2830 2182 2JC3 2*94 4899 4033 4105 4017 3924 4119 3837 4527 4994 894 1175 2123 3206 3334 S.38 3107 2971 2245 2640 3016 4980 4209 4264 4817 4064 4314 3887 4626 6071 898 1211 2191 3320 3479 3.54 3212 3C94 2313 2722 4080 5180 4341 4350 49)4 4110 4445 3940 4758 5262 903 1229 2313 3393 3543 4.81 3924 3810 2099 3052 6237 5421 5216 5S51 4877 5126 4649 5670 6078 993 1429 2694 3833 4037 5.08 4355 4273 2903 6D40 6033 5829 0396 5307 5625 6192 1039 1479 2840 4105 4518 Bemarlia. Sheared fibers Sliglit ebcariug of fibers- Sheared fibers Slight shearing j split at end . Sheared fibers Slight shearing c! fibers do Fibers did cot shear do do Slight shearing of fibers Slight shearing ; split at end . Sheared libers -do Sheared fibers ; specimen 120 millimetora long . Sheared fibers .do. .do .do. .3 a 758 758 918. 75 75 30G 300 375 375 873 873 nil nil 052 480 486 508 132 132 m m m >M\ 152^ I960 1905 1960 1905 2903 2586 1678 1492 1202 1565 1039 753 1134 934 908 1C89 793 1025 839 703 749 403 1021 1973 2640 2313 2640 2313 £080 4740 2105 1982 2404 2136 1365 1071 ic.:o 1338 1542 1452 1098 1257 1293 998 1179 SOS 1701 2078 2790 2531 2790 2531 5670 5421 2331 2177 2858 2277 1501 1167 1855 1433 1588 1506 1134 1301 1361 1102 1315 699 1800 2168 2926 2076 2920 2676 5720 5000 2486 2341 1579 1257 1987 1520 1669 1542 1202 1474 1433 1134 1406 617 1946 2218 3016 2875 3016 2875 5761 6861 2622 2440 3085 2440 1665 1306 2114 1019 1742 1610 1257 1015 1479 1170 1400 035 2023 2481 3379 3515 3379 3515 6192 6390 2985 2885 3348 2708 1846 1533 2359 1842 1905 1769 1368 1751 1710 1206 1628 708 2173 2008 3334 3652 3534 3652 6328 0432 3094 2985 3429 2702 1901 1578 2404 1887 1987 1810 1393 1783 1709 1297 1009 717 2223 2681 3074 3715 3674 8715 6423 0577 3166 3066 3488 2826 1978 1628 2495 1932 2037 1800 1401 1846 1833 1302 1715 739 2268 3157 4309 4445 4309 4445 7107 6985 3107 3583 3788 3289 2313 2019 2894 2313 2381 2127 1609 2087 2168 1479 1996 866 2481 3820 4786 4944 4786 4944 7608 6895 4423 4082 3946 Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers do do do .do. Sheared fibers ; split along grain from end to end . Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers Sheared fibers Sheared fibers; split at end 2486 2200 3044 2540 2590 2291 1792 Sheared fibers do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. 2381 1533 934 2626 Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers do Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers d» 1244 1245 1240 1255 1255 253 253 21 21 126 120 68« 080 648 648 16 18 76 76 76« 123 145 393 1057 444 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PBINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Specie*. 288. Jnglans Dign . . . Sluek Watnut. 240. Jnglans rapestrii Walnut 241. Carja olivsefoTmis Pecan. IlKnoit Nut 242. Caryaalba BheUAMrk Hieiory. Shag- bark Jlickory, 243. Carya Bnlcata B\a SheUbaTk. Bottom SheU- bark. 244. Carja tomentosa Mocker Nut Blaok Hickory. Bull Nut Big-bud Hick- ory. White-heart Hickory. Kvng Nut. State. 112 117 318 32S 407 766 766 051 951 415 415 672 672 322 322 326 326 3 3 292 118^ 1183 152 249 249 531 531 539 539 816 816 1056 1056 1097 91' 383 883 891 891 1082 1082 1164 1165 1166 U70 72 72 MidBOnri.. Michigan . ...do Texas Florida . ...do... Texas .. ...do... New Mexico . ...do Califomia . ...do Locality. Allenton.. DansTille . Lansing .. Dallas.... Charles town Navy- yard. Aspalaj^a ...do KewBrannfels... ...do Finos Altos moant- ains. ... do Mississippi . ...do Texas ...do Contra county. do Costa Collector. ©.W. Lettennan.. "W.J. Beal... ...do J. Beverchon S. H. Pook... A. H. Curtiss ...do SolL Hi AUnvlal 9026 Gravelly 1 9957 Loam I 9095 AUnvial 8846 I 9934 Clay I 9979 ...do 9684 Remarks. Crushed at middle . C. Mohr Moist, calcareous . do do £. L.Greene.. I ...do G. R. Vasey . do Greenville. ..do Dallas ...do C.Mohr ...do J. Reverchon . ...do Massachusetts Arnold Arboretum C.S. Sargent ... do '. I do do 1 j Kentucky ! Danville W. M. Linney Michigan Hudson "W.J.Beal do Lansing \ do Missouri Allenton G. W. Lctterman Virginia Wytheville H.Shiiver do do do Mississippi ... do ...do ...do West Virginia ...do Massachusetts ...do Missonri Kentucky . Missonri... ...do ...do ...do..;... ...do ...do ... do ... do .. do ...do Kemper's mill.. ..do ..do ...do Grafton ...do C.Mohr ...do ... do ...do C.G.Pringle.. ...do I TopsSeld J. Robinson. Kentacky . ... do Perryville . ...do do., .do. .do., do., do .. do., do., do., do.. ■W.M.Llnney. ...do Alluvial . ...do.... ..do.... ...do.... do. .do. .do. .do . do do Allenton G. W. Letterman . . i Mercer county AV. M. Linney Allenton ' G. W. Lettennan.. ...do ...do ..do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Drift ...do Shale Clay ...do Rich upland . Clay ...do Alluvial ...do .. do ...do ...do ...do Rich loam . . . ..do.... Alluvial . .do. .do . .do . do^ do. do. .do . do . do. do. do. ITtica shale . ...do 8301 9662 5942 6532 8256 7258 6940 8256 6033 6577 9095 8301 8868 11431 11567 10160 10478 0934 10342 8890 10660 10514 11204 11022 9020 8609 10015 Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Split obliquely from end to end .. . Crushed at 19 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. Crushed at small knot 32 millime. ters from middle. Crnshed at middle Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Crnshed at 32 millimeters from end. Shattered stick at end Split along grain in oblique direo- tion. Crashed at 51 millimeters from end. Crui'hed at 6 millimeters knot at middle. Split at ends Triple flexure; developed inter. sectlug "Cooper lines". Triple flexure Triple flexure, deflected diago. nally. Triple flexure ; 00 per cent, sap- woo<1 ; deflected Irom sap side. Split at end Failed at 10 niillimetera knot ucar niicidle; sap-wood. Crushed at end Crushed at 114 millimeters from end. Ciushcd at 38 millimeters from miildlo. Triple flexure do . 8301 7802 0707 9571 7983 8369 10592 8845 8981 Crnshed at 38 millimeters from miildlo. Crushed at knots ; cross.grained. . Crashed at 38 and at 70 millimeters from end. Crushed near middle. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Crashed at 25 millimeters from middle. Triple flexure, deflected diago. nally toward heart; 80 per cent. sap-wood. Triple flexure, deflected diago. nally ; 90 per cent, sap-wood Triple flexure ; spUt from end to end : 45 per cent, sap-wood. Triple diagonal flexure; 60 per cent, sap-wood on concave side. Triple flexure ; 80 per cent, sap- ■wood on convex side. Triple flexure ; 3D per cent, sap- wood on concave side. Triple d iagonal flexnre Triple flexure ; 50 per cent, sap- wood. Triple flexure; 5 per cent. sap. wood. Crnshed at 25 millimeters from end. Crushed at 25 millimeters from end ;ind split along grain. Triple flexure; 95 per cent, sap- wood. Crashed at 6 millimeters from end ; sap.wood. Triple flexure ; sap.wood . do THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE COMPEESSION— Continued. 445 & PBE6SUEE, IN KIL0GUA>)6, EKQUIKED TO PRODUCE AN INDENTATION, Dt MILLIMETERS, OF- 0.35 0.51 1452 15«0 me 1769 1338 3479 2812 190S 1769 2019 953 1043 1170 1951 1928 794 1792 2200 2948 2245 2245 2205 0.76 1.03 2268 2223 2676 2740 1851 1951 3701 2903 2667 3470 1928 1941 2155 2967 3221 1882 3039 3367 4105 4042 2713 3243 2395 2894 2921 1969 2449 3969 3212 2903 3924 2245 2214 2468 3289 3878 2404 3447 3847 I 4536 I 4581 3293 3615 2672 2481 3071 3221 2073 2713 4082 3438 3175 4196 2486 2336 2376 3456 4173 2744 3874 4060 5035 5080 3620 3837 1.37 1.S9 2767 2576 3212 3388 2195 2890 4265 3638 3338 4336 2200 2440 2658 3662 4423 2971 3810 4363 5239 6353 3819 4014 2890 2740 3302 3597 2250 3003 4377 3797 3502 4500 2830 2545 2749 3765 4753 3103 4037 4569 5534 5652 3983 4150 1.78 I 2985 2776 3497 3783 2369 3121 4668 3978 3697 4604 2953 2622 2808 3905 4944 3202 4196 4717 6851 5861 4160 4346 3.03 I 3089 2849 3679 3887 2427 3253 4649 4118 3783 4740 3039 2713 2912 4028 5080 3366 4364 4677 6078 5978 4281 4482 3.38 3184 2912 3710 3955 2604 3393 4749 4264 3969 4840 3153 2762 2976 4119 5398 3447 4436 6035 6250 6260 4427 4554 3.S4 3266 2985 3869 4042 2545 3456 4799 4432 4128 4931 3289 2894 3035 4228 6667 3538 4672 5180 6419 6373 4491 4696 4.81 3561 3447 4400 4423 2980 41C8 6489 5216 4899 6626 3882 3289 3438 4990 6192 4105 5285 6078 7303 7439 5239, 5068 S.08 3924 3615 4740 3130 4536 5738 6897 5534 6078 3742 4400 Bemarka. Sheared fibers do do Sheared fibers ; split »t end . Sheared fibers do Sheared fibers ; indented section inelndes two 2 millimeters knots. Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers . Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; split at end . do Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end ; shaky stick Indented ■withont shearing fibers 5942 I Slight shearing of fibers. 6668 Slight shearing of fibers ; 60 per cent, sap-wood . 7766 ! do 7938 Indented without shearing fibers ; sap-wood 67C6 5376 Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers 112 117 318 325 407 766 766 951 951 415 416 672 672 322 322 328 326 3 3 29 » 118 118 1406 2812 2019 1429 2404 1666 1565 1657 2703 2994 2631 1837 3062 2699 4060 3130 2006 3302 2376 2613 2590 4014 4264 3992 3311 4626 3207 4300 3783 3171 3662 2926 2939 3016 4513 4649 4626 3765 6171 3529 4669 4173 3620 3851 3103 3103 8198 4917 4985 5071 3924 5679 3797 4717 4495 3933 3978 3293 3243 3366 5149 5353 5389 4060 5965 3955 4886 4786 4164 4287 3602 3447 3611 5421 6670 5715 4206 6250 4146 5017 4944 4364 4496 3652 3629 3661 5575 5920 6851 4341 6556 4366 5189 5167 4608 4695 3756 3662 3710 5761 6214 6033 4427 6E49 4463 6294 5394 4744 4808 3978 3765 3797 6987 6477 6123 4617 7212 4608 5462 6534 4844 4940 4106 3882 3887 6114 6704 6396 4726 7439 6398 6486 6804 6715 6679 4854 4536 4527 7417 7825 7439 5489 8437 4944 4877 8142 8754 7825 9163 Slight shearing of fibers do Fibers did not shear ; split along grain Fibers did not shear ; split at end Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end Slight shearing of fibers Sheared fibers do Indented withont shearing fibers ; sap-wood . .do. Slight shearing of fibers ; 40 per cent, sap-wood. Sheared fibers ; 90 per cent, sap-wood . Sheared fibers j 85 per cent, sap-wood. 249 249 631 531 539 539 816 816 1066 1066 1097 91' 383 2132 3334 2245 1497 2200 176» 2381 2381 310', 2118 3837 4363 3697 3003 2790 2495 3810 3493 4037 3221 4346 ' 4663 4854 I 6239 4241 4569 3470 3774 4055 4382 2744 2840 4332 4626 3819 4073 4336 4527 3701 3910 4967 .';751 4817 3847 4581 3016 4831 4253 4708 4128 6243 6797 6013 4209 4872 3085 5080 4509 4976 4291 6516 6169 5162 4495 5058 3289 6271 4690 5162 4482 5670 6341 6398 4649 6203 3425 5421 4877 5294 4626 6756 6532 5525 4863 5298 3479 6579 4986 6476 4790 5987 6704 5756 3058 6280 3529 5806 5110 6652 4908 7031 7825 6895 6101 6441 4037 6940 6033 7576 8618 7530 G691 6713 4491 7570 6782 7145 6509 Slight shearing of fibers do Fibers did not shear Fibers sheared ; 80 per cent, sap-wood Slight shearing of fibers Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers : 80 per cent, sap-wood . Slight shearing of fibers ; sap-wood Sheared fibers ; sap-wood . do 391 391 1082 1082 1164 1166 1168 1170 72 72 44G FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Tablk v.— behavior OP THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE SpCCiM. St&t*. Locality. Collector. Sou. Hi 3=- Kemai'k*. M4. Corya tomr otoso— oontinned . MS. Cdrya porcina Pig Kut. Brown Hiekoru. Black mckory. Surileh- iud Hickory. MO. Caryaamara Bitter Kvit. Swamp Hickory . 247. Carya myristiceeformls Nutmeg Hickory. 24*. Carya aqoatica Water Hickory. Swamp Hickory. Bitttr Pecan. UTEICACEiB. 24ft. Myrica cerifera Bayberry. Wax Myrtle. 324. Uyrica Califomica CUPtJLIFBRB. 2fl. Quercns alba • WhiU oak. 289 S48 6 6 88 F8 121 288 442 ,638 1051 1168 1168 153 153 237 237 128 362 740 740 917 917 586 665 C65 32» 323 49 49 49> 48> 48* 113 113' US' Uiaaonrl . ....do..., Alabama Uassac?jusett3. ..do MisBoai'i .. do.. !Micbigan Mia^sonri Tennessee ... . Alabama Massachusetts . Missonri . ...do.... Soath Carolina. ..do .do. Mississippi . ...do .... Georgia.. ...do... Florida . ...do ... do . California ...do , Massachusetts . . . ..do Kentuclcy ....do ....do Missouri ....do ...do ...do ....do Michigan ...do ....do AUcntOB. O. W. Letterman . Itlch nplond . do. do. Cilronelle C. Mohr Sandy ...do ...do Massachusetts ...do A mold Arboretum ...do All( nton ...do Dansvillo AUenton Nashville Kemper's mill North Beading. . . Allenton ....do ...do.... ...do.... Danvors . ..do.... Bonneau'a Depot ...do do. Vicksburg.. ...do Bainbridge ...do Chattahoochee. ...do Saint John's river Santa Cruz ..do Arnold Arboretum ...do Mercer county. Boyle county . . .. do Allenton <. ...do ...do ...do .. do BiglUpids DansTill* .. do do. C. S. Sargent j Drift . do do . G. W. Ia. ttennan ...do W. J. Beal G. W. Letterman A. Gattinger C. Mohr J.Robinson G. W. Letterman. ...do Kich loam ...do Gravelly clay . Kich loam Upland Alluvial Drift Flinty. ...do.. .do Kich upland ...do Bich loam . . ...do ...do J. Kobinson . ...do H. W. Kavenel . ...do .do. C. Mohr . ...do A. H. Cnrtiss. ...do C. Mohr ...do A. H. Cnrtiss . G. Enpelmann and C. S. Sargent. ..do C.S.Sargent ...do W. M. Linney ... do ...do G.W. Letterman. ...do ...do ...do ...do W. J. Beal ...do ..do Rich, swampy , ...do Swampy . Alluvial . ...do... ...do.... ...do .... Sandy loam . Rich loam . . ...do Drift ....do Limestone . . . Shale Slato Rich upland . ...do ...do ..do ...do Gravelly Sandy ..do 0163 B36T 81G5 gC9S 10054 8889 B117 8754 8845 10424 9526 8392 8392 8210 8117 7983 8119 9253 11158 8437 7280 7439 9208 7892 6509 7666 7122 7983 8048 5579 5353 9163 8074 7779 9163 7702 8437 7823 8301 6781 8437 730? Triple flexure ; middle deflection '.:5 millimetei's eccentric; 0.5 KCp-WOOil. CruHhcd at 13 millimeters l^not 102 niillimcterH from end. Tiipio diagonal flesurc; sap- wood. Fiiilcd St knot at middle; 80 per cent. Hftp.wood. Cnmbed at 32 millimetors from riid. Trijilo flexure ; sap.wood Triple flexure, diagonjl direction; sap.Wdud. Triple flrxitro; middl<> deflection 25 millimeiers J'roui center. Triple floxnro . , do Triple flexure : middle deflection 25 miiliiijoters from ceuter ; 0.2 sa]>-wood. Triple flexure ; sap. wood do. Triple flexure, deflected diago* nuUy. Crusbed at 3 millimeters knot 25 millir.ieters from middle. Triple flexure. do. Crushed at knots near middle . . . Crushed at 51 millimeters from middle; cross-grained. Triple flexure, di.igonal deflec. tion: 80 per ccut. sap-wood on convex side. Triple flexure, deflected diago. naity ; middle bend 25 ntillime- ters from ceuter ; sap-wood. Triple flexure ; sap-wood Fibers crushed at 102 millimetors from end. Fibers cioishod Ht 6 millimeters knots 102 millimeters from end. Triple flexure, diagonal deflec- tion. Fibers crushed at 64 millimeters from end. Triple flexure. Crushed fibers at 51 millimeters from middle. Crashed fibers at middle Deflected and split along grain - . Triple flexure ; split along grain. Triple flexure do Crushed fibers at end Triple flexure 19 millimeters from end. Triple flexure Ti-iplo flexure, deflected diago. n.illy. Triple flexure Crushed fibers at end. Triple flexnre do Triple flexure, defleoted disgo- iially. TPIE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION-Coutinued. 447' ¥ •5 FKKEBURE, IS KILOGILAMB, BKQmUKD TO riiODUCK AN IKDKXTATION, IN IIILLIMETKRS, OF— • Direction of 9 O.S1 o.re 1.03 1.39 1.S3 i.rs 3.0a S.38 9.34 4.81 5.08 Bemarks. i a s ^ 2404 m ='50 H 2540 ^ 1905 ^ 2948 ^ 2971 ^ 1170 378S 3243 3742 4119 3198 4400 4423 1760 424( 3347 4150 4559 3611 4990 4990 1928 4491 3766 4445 4854 3810 5376 5307 2132 466: 39M 4662 6171 4073 6661 6602 2269 4831 4200 483) 6307 4300 6924 5806 2413 6013 4332 5013 5512 4627 6106 6010 2531 514S 448e 5216 6670 4672 6386 6169 2613 628C 4604 6421 5851 4854 6577 6341 2703 6412 6306 4708 5588 6509 ■ 5933 6782 4980 6759 7802 6508 7756 2849 3348 6023 7167 7167 6159 8523 8483 3583 Sheared fibers ; sap-wood Sheared fibers ; split at end; specimen 120 miUime ters lone. Sheared fibers ; aap-wood . 289 Slight shearing of fibers; 40 per cent, sap-wood. ... do 6 Fibers did not shear ; sap-wood do 88 Slight shcariag of fibers j split at end . . ^ 2041 d 3130 d 2586 ^ 2041 ^ 2449 ^ 1315 H ^"32 i 2.32 ^ nil ^ 1792 d 2812 g 1474 u; ^«»» gj 21C9 ^' '"* m '''" g 1406 11 ^=»3 ^ 1474 g 1343 11 2041 m 2404 § 1384 1 «M ^ , 3542 1 WM ^ 1442 1 23,3 ^ 997 1 1678 3583 4473 4173 3742 4173 2744 3130 2994 2789 3674 4082 2667 4459 3366 4028 4028 2903 2608 1073 2449 2232 1946 3239 33f8 2041 2563 2767 3357 2722 5221 3293 1774 2486 4191 5017 47)7 4281 4095 3379 3484 3311 3397 4486 4409 3089 4990 3633 4740 4572 3221 3026 2132 2767 2518 2059 3388 4042 2:91 3035 3130 34f4 30.-7 34r6 3SS6 1B32 S6E4 2513 4627 5294 6035 4527 4926 3697 3751 3475 3797 4899 4C67 3420 5285 3910 522S 5013 3465 3216 2223 1 2976 2713 2218 3468 4446 2440 32C6 3329 3761 3311 36^3 3f01 2T0 2(90 2681 4831 5525 5307 4649 5149 3828 4073 3620 3992 6194 4890 3338 5470 4057 6479 6316 3583 3339 2S04 3198 2835 2313 3570 4 808 2363 3379 3562 3C46 3.-06 1 3738 3969 2109 31.12 2C54 5058 5738 6557 4899 5262 4032 4350 3751 4296 5421 5198 3720 5851 4196 5698 5625 3738 3475 2486 3348 2926 2334 3633 5080 2699 3447 3774 4114 3701 38C5 4173 2168 3207 2713 5285 6969 5779 5067 5679 4146 4^27 3910 4527 5634 5389 3916 6023 4386 6946 6887 3819 3593 2545 8479 3057 2499 3742 i 5330 2867 3583 3837 4332 3937 3978 4309 2263 3293 2776 5516 6149 5933 5248 6770 4314 4672 4037 4681 5738 6525 3974 6101 4522 6214 6023 3910 3620 2649 3016 3130 2381 3842 5539 2980 3692 4119 4495 4105 4110 4493 2400 3397 1830 5702 63)4 6169 5512 5878 4445 4804 4150 4904 5996 5715 4223 6310 4C72 6292 3983 3697 2713 3710 3257 2672 3951 5711 3075 3729 4268 4072 4309 4200 4686 2368 3484 3030 5863 6382 6373 6606 6069 4545 4895 4219 5035 6164 5851 4296 6423 4877 6509 6419 4119 3738 2758 3797 3379 2722 4046 5906 3139 . 3819 4409 4872 4482 4298 4826 2427 3388 3075 6849 7621 7485 6509 703) 5376 6738 4980 7303 8047 8097 7054 7648 5851 0292 5489 Slight shearing of fibers 288 442 638 1051 1168 1168 153 153 838- 838 237 237 129' 362 362 740 740 917 917 586 665 do do dp do do do do Slight shearinir of fiberft ■ ftnlit tLf tknA 7303 6895 4S31 7190 6693 7553 7553 4672 4219 3311 4400 3847 3166 4445 6713 8006 7394 6479 7756 6169 7892 8210 5035 4513 3706 4740 4173 3529 . 4672 . 7212 . Slight shearing of fibers Sheared fibers do Sheared fibers ; sap-wood do Sheared fibers do do do do Sheared fibers; 3 millimeters knot in indented sec- tion. Sheared fibers do 8 8 32 32» 32^ ....do .... do 4219 5080 . 5851 6262 4922 6670 2740 4219 3434 4633 5987 6579 6333 6050 . 2033 . 4513 . 3310 . Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end 49 Sheared fibers 49 Fibers did not shear 491 Sheared fibers 49' ...do 49» 113 11.3' 113' --. do 1 ... do ^ 1515 2'41 ;' .. -do 448 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. TAsBLE v.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Speciea. 1 State. LocaUty. Collector. Sou. •a5a -Ceil Bemarlu. asi. Qaerooa alb*— continned Qtirrcufl lobatA 238 238 250 250 251 251 259' 259» 403 403 443 647 647 748 749 749 895 895 1050 1050 1257 1257 670 670 985 985 988 988 1027 1027 1029 1029 37' 37» 151 161 256 351 351 771 771 417 417 62S .525 79 79» Soutb Carolioa ... do Bonnean's Depot . ....do H.W.Eavenel.... ....do Rich, damp loam.. ....do 10024 9617 10026 9889 7576 6940 9730 8437 8799 9049 6632 8890 9520 8663 8119 7847 7621 6396 7485 7303 9480 8392 7053 6532 7892 8266 7847 7430 8483 8483 8754 7530 7462 6541 10002 8799 8437 6078 6305 8618 7870 7439 7961 6691 4581 8392 8119 Triple flexure -. Crushed at 89 millimeters from end. Crushed at 13 millimeters from middle. Cmsbod at middle ; split porpcu- dicular to liugs. Crushed on odo face at 25 mllli- nief^rs from middle. Crushed at 10 millimctors knot 61 luillimetors from end. Wytheville .. do H.Shriver ....do Clay do ....do do do ...do . . . -do . . ....do ....do do ...do ....do do ....do do do ChariestownNavy- yard. S.ILPook Fibers crashed in oblique lines at mid 403 403 443 647 547 748 749 749 895 895 1060 1050 1267 1267 670 670 985 986 1027 1027 1029 1029 37 87 151 161 266 351 351 771 771 417 417 523 625 79 79' 450 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. 'Table V.— BEUAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. 294. Qaeroos maencarpa— cont'd. 257. Qnercns lyrata Overcup Oak. Stvamp Pott Oak. Water White Oak. 258. Quercns bicolor Swamp White Oak. 250. QuercaB MicbsHxii Batket Oak. Cow Oak. 260. Quercns Prinns Ohettnut Oak. Sock OAett- nut Oak. '9(1. Qaerctu prinoides TeUow Oak. OheHntU Oak. Chinquapin Oak. M3. Quercna Donelasil Mountain While Oak. Oak. Blue S A. 137 143 310 310 432 831 933 933 1071 1072 1073 424 424 545 545 762 762 12 12 54 64 64» 54> 846 846 240 240 624 524 755 755 31 81> SS 434 925 925 34 34> 273 2t!7 323 614 514 488 state. Mlaaoarl Illinois Texas ...do Tennessee . . . llliDois Texas | Austin do do . Locality. Allenton Wanlcegan Dallas ...do Nashville Winnebago county Vermont. ...do .... ..do .... Tennessee . . ..do Mississippi . ...do Florida ...do Massachnsetts ...do Missouri ...do ...do ...do Maasacbnsotts . ...do South Carolina . ...do Alabama ...do Florida ...do. Kentucky . ...do. ...do Tennessee . Alabama .. ...do Eentncky . ...do Missouri... ...do Texas Tennessee . ...do California . ...do Charlotte . ...do ...do Nashville ..do Kemper's mill . ...do Chattahoochee . ...do Arnold Arboretum ...do Allenton ...do ... ...do Woht Newbury . Arnold Arboretum Bonneau's Depot ...do Kemper's mill . . . ...do Chattahoochee . . . .do. Boyle county . ...do ...do Nashville Cullman ...do Collector. G. W. Letterman. Kobert Douglas.. J. Reverchon ...do A. Gattinger M.S.Bebb C.Mohr ...do C.G. Pringlo ... do ...do A. Gattiuger. . ...do C.Mohr ...do A. H. Cnrtiss . .. do C. S. Sargent ...do G. W. Letterman. ...do ...do ...do J. Sobinson C.S. Sargent H. W. Bavenel . ...do C.Mohr ...do A, H. Cnrtiss . . .do. Mercer county. Boyle county . Allenton ...do......... Dallas Nashville ...do Contra county. Costa W. M. Linney . ....do ...do A. Gattinger . . C.Mohr ....do W. M. Linn»y . ...do 6. W. Letterman ...do J. Beverchon A. Gattinger ...do .do. G. R. Vasey . ...do SoiL Hi IP Moist upland . Rich Rich, moist . . . ...do AUavial Loam Allnvial ...do Low ...do.... Alluvial . ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... Drift ...do Alluvial ...do ...do ...do Low, swampy Drift Alluvial . ...do .... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... .do. Shale ...do Limestone Rocky upland . . . Dry, rocky ...do Limestone . Waverly shale. Limestone Flinty Calcareous AUuTial ...do Clay.. ....do. 8764 7076 8609 8709 7265 8256 7053 6613 7983 7326 7938 6511 7303 8523 8754 7756 9344 7530 7212 8596 8596 7983 8437 7022 7421 6418 7756 7847 7983 7938 8346 8777 9208 10569 6942 9299 7892 7938 11022 8663 9276 9163 9117 9253 8709 9117 Remarks. Triple flexure do Triple flexure ; split at end Crushed at middle of one face Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Crushed at 19 niillimeters from end. Cmabed in vicinity of 3 millime. ters knot. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Triple flexure Triple flexure, deflected diago. nally. Split obliquely across the grain ; cross.cr.iined. Crushed and split at ends Crashed at middle of one face . . . Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Crushed near middle : stick worm. eaten. Crushed near middle Triple flexure; split along grain.. Crushed fibers at end Triple flexure ; split along grain . Triple flexure Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally'. Fibers crushed at 64 millimeters from end. Triple flexure, deflected diago. nally. Triple flexure Triple flexure; split along grain. do Triple flexure Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Triple flexure at 8 millimeters knot 102 millimeters from end of concave side; split at end. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Crashed fibers at middle . Crushed fibers at end Crushed fibers at 32 and at 127 millimeters from end. Crubbed and split at end Cnisbcd fibers at 76 millimeters from end. Split at end; cross-graiued Triple flexure: middle bend 25 millimeters from center; de. fleeted from heart. Cruslied at 5 millimeters knot 89 millimeters from end. Crushed and split at end Triple flexure, deflected from heart. Defleeted 7ti millimeters from end and .split .along praiu. Triple flexure, deflected toward heart. do Crushed fibers at 51 millimeters from middle. Crushed flbers near middle THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 451 FKEESUBS, IS KILOGBAVS, SSQUIKBD TO PKODUCK AM IKDENTATION, HI MILLIMKTEBS, OF— 0.3S O.S1 2676 3887 749 2676 1179 2254 1G78 2790 1960, 2835 1542 2549 1769 2849 1678 2926 :078 3556 2744 3456 1996 2885 2858 4500 2481 4105 1452 1796 2078 2971 2041 2631 1461 2059 1905 2640 1343 2073 1687 2776 2921 2313 1628 2368 2091 3239 1951 3198 1946 2767 2359 3030 1896 2540 1202 2050 3057 3656 1860 2994 2155 3266 1542 2177 1860 3452 2245 3329 1452 2676 1656 2980 1688 2989 0.76 4341 3184 2654 2980 2935 2858 3148 3306 3996 3652 3280 5189 4749 2068 3320 2926 2313 2740 2322 3071 3329 3529 2586 3652 3538 3044 3402 2867 2341 4092 3434 3583 2504 3670 3397 3039 3325 3311 2613 2223 I 3166 ! 3593 3847 j 4219 3348 3697 1.09 4817 3420 2812 3134 3166 2967 3361 3574 4336 3937 3470 5606 5162 2254 3574 3180 2563 2908 2495 3311 3683 3683 2744 3919 3856 3339 3720 2948 2572 4482 3847 3674 2713 4042 3674 3270 3520 3402 3783 4495 3951 1.37 5167 3588 3080 3356 3393 3134 3484 3715 4604 4150 3701 5847 6010 2422 3833 3366 2722 3094 2676 3579 3955 3792 2935 4196 4046 3547 3978 3130 2776 4744 4173 3901 2921 4300 3842 3434 3720 3561 3992 t 4854 ! 4164 1.53 5403 3792 3230 3535 3525 3248 3665 3856 4944 4341 3882 6196 5869 2617 399R 3529 2985 3230 2844 3742 41G6 3942 3094 4445 4287 3674 4150 3280 2930 4990 4409 3992 3076 4531 3983 3574 3878 3701 4196 5103 4386 1.78 5622 3933 3434 3692 3638 3456 3779 4028 5035 4518 4114 6373 6112 2790 4114 3661 3157 3370 2976 4014 4500 3983 3248 4604 4626 3878 4486 3447 3116 5171 4672 4119 3239 4626 4037 3720 4033 3842 4382 6262 4563 3.03 5915 4042 3602 3792 3792 3624 2882 4155 5252 4613 4291 6500 6364 2935 4296 3751 3329 8534, 3126 4178 4717 4237 3388 4735 4786 4028 4658 3606 3261 5416 4908 4191 3379 4886 4146 3866 4160 3928 4559 5498 5753 3.38 6033 4178 3801 3937 3919 3756 3964 4237 5430 4799 4391 6600 6559 3062 4436 3882 3438 3615 3261 4350 4944 4332 3529 4944 4971 4146 4849 3720 3375 6615 6126 4300 3479 4967 4191 3978 4287 4024 4708 6670 4904 3.34 6260 4355 3910 4028 3983 3901 4064 4314 6579 4969 4513 6722 6695 3157 4590 3933 3593 3729 3348 4554 6149 4441 3661 5098 6158 4309 6008 3842 3461 5793 5294 4366 3638 6262 4246 4073 4436 4150 4872 5838 6107 4.81 4717 4653 4881 4690 4763 5062 6577 6078 6307 7847 7666 3720 5443 4569 4336 4346 5479 6169 5035 4355 6978 6123 6080 6033 4382 4028 6849 6260 4795 5652 4990 4626 5035 4831 5706 7031 6861 S.08 7938 6126 5163 5353 5058 5307 7145 8119 8074 5806 4990 6459 5625 6459 6759 6677 4332 7394 7756 6600 Bemorks. Slight sheariDg of &^yen Short specizneD, 120 millimeters long ; split at ends - ■ Slight gheailDg; split at ends Slight shearing Sheared fibers Slight shearing of libers ; split at end Slight shearing of fibers do , do do do do Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers j split at end . Sheared fibers do Sheared fibers ; split at end Slight Bhearing of fibers; split at end . do ribers did not shear ; split at end Slight shearing of fibers Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. Fibers did not shear do Slight shearing of fibers; split at end. Fibers did not shear Fibers did not shear; split at end Fibers did not shear Slight shearing of fibers do. Slight shearing of fibers; split at end. Split at ends Sheared fibers do Sheared fibers ; split at end do Slight shearing of fibers . Slight shearing of fibers; split at end. Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; indented section covers 3 millimeters knot 137 143 310 310 432 831 933 933 1071 1072 1073 424 424 545 546 762 762, 12 12 64 54 64» 54' 846 846 240 240 524 624 765 755 31 31> 35 434 925 926 34 34» 273 287 323 514 514 688 688 1170 2404 2767 1769 2767 3892 4808 3720 3425 4281 6942 4491 8765 4559 6373 4990 6713 5262 4164 5044 7008 5466 4436 5216 7248 6797 4527 5398 7512 4717 6579 7766 6214 4877 6747 7928 6396 6829 6986 9026 7666 6169 7439 9934 8392 Slight shearing of fibers . do do. Fibers did not shear . 452 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. State. Locality. Collector. Sofl. hi Bemarks. MS. Qoercaa oblongifoll* . White Oak. 264. Qiiercns grisea WhUt Oak. WO. Qaerons Durandii. M7. Qaercnsvireni.. lAve Oak, Qnerena chrysolepis Live Oak. Maui Oak. Tai- paraito Oak. 269 Qnerons Emoryl . Black Oak. 270. Qiieroas agrifolia Enceno. Coatl Live Oak. 271. Quercus Wislizeni . Live Oak. 272. Quercns rubra , KedOak. Slack Oak. 272. Qucrcna rnbra, var. Texana... SedOak. 273. Qaercns cocclnea . Scarlet Oak. 655 655 1103 1103 1103 404 799 799 919 019 954 954 649 649 653 653 654 663 603 685 685 7 7 45 46 45» 89 89 92 140 141 146 215 215 217 217 218 020 920 1043 1043 931 931 762 California. ...do Arizona . Texas . ....do.. ....do.. Florida. ...flo... ...do Alabama . ...do Texas .... ...do California. ...do ...do ...do Arizona. California. ...do ....do. ....do. Hassacbaaetts. ...do Kentnckj ....do ....do Missonri ...do Kentucky Michigan ...do niinoia Vermont ...do ...do ...do ...do Hisaissippi ...do Massachasetts . . ...do Texas. ...do. San Diego county ...do G. R. Vasey. ...do Dry, gravelly. ...do Santa Eita moTuit- ains. Florida. Austin. ...do.. ...do.. Cbarlestown Navy. yaril. Saint John's river. ...do Mobile county . . . ...do ... Matagorda bay . . ...do San Bernardino . ...do Marin county... ...do Santa Kitamonnt. aiua. Marin county ...do Auburn. ...do ... Arnold Arboretum ...do Mercer county. - ....do ...do Alleuton ...do Mercer county.. Dansviile ...do Waukegan Clinrlotte ...do ...do ...do ...do Enterprise ...do North Reading . ...do Austin. ...do.. Aspalaga . G. Engelinannand C. S. Sjrgcnt. S. B. Buckley. ...do ...do Dry, rocky . Damp, calcareous ...do ...do S. E.Fook A. H. Curtiss. Sandy . ...do... C. Mobr , ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do Hich, sandy. ...do Sandy loam. ...do W. G. Wright. ...do G.E. Vasey... ...do Gravelly. ...do.... G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. G. B. Vasey. ...do Dry, rocky.. Loam ...do G. Engelmann . ...do C.S. Sargent ...do ■W.M-Linney ...do ...do G. W. Letterman . ...do ■W.M.Linney.... W. J.Beal ...do Koljert Douglas.. C.G. Pringle ...do ...do ...do ...do C.Mohr ..do J. Robinson ...do Drift ...do Shale ....do ...do Rich loam.. ...do Alluvial ... Sandy ...do Gravelly... ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Alluvial ... ...do Drift ...do C.Mohr. ...do... Calcareous. ...do A. H. Curtiss . Clay. 6260 7621 7666 9140 7892 8618 10478 9707 9934 8165 8936 6577 7439 8845 9480 9072 7485 6759 6985 7847 8052 9004 9617 10093 6895 7621 6823 10705 10524 6D17 7123 7031 5625 8663 9208 9026 7802 8981 6396 5579 9957 9063 9321 9299 8074 Slick shattered at seasoning cracks. Stick shattered at knots and sea- soning cracks. Ciushed at 3 niillimetors knot 25 millimeters from end. Triple flexure; split along gr^n.. Crushed at knots 51 millimeters from end. Failed iit koots 51 and 76 millime- ters from end. Crashed at mid die and split ; cross- prainoil. Crushed flbers at 25 niillimetera fruin midiilo and at 25 millime- ters from end. Triple flexure; developed inter- secting "(jooper lines*'. Crashed fibers atend; aplitalong side. Cru.shod fibers at middle, 6 milli- meters from knot. Crushed in vicinity of knots 102 miilimcters frum'end. Triple flexure Cmshed fli>ers at 32 millimeters from middle. Crushed flbers at end Cmshed at knot 51 millimeters from middle. Crushed at knot 64 millimeters from end. Crushed at end and split Crushed at two 6 millimeters knots 19 nD<1 57 millimeters from end. Ciuslied fll)er8 at 57 raiiUmeters ixum middle. Crushed and splintered at end Crushed at end Cmshed at 25 millimeters from end; opened jn-ain. Crushed at 32 millimeters from end. Triple flexure, deflected parallel to riujxs. Triple iiexure, deflected parallel to rings. Crushed at 34 millimeters from end. Crashed at 102 millimeters from end. Crushed at 19 and at 89 millimeters from end. Triple flexure, deflected perpen- dicular to rings. Crushed at end; splittinffofwedge- siiap'd piece; cross-^raint^d. Crushed at end and at 25 milli- meters from middle. Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 51 miUiuieters from end. Triple flexure, deflected toward heart. Crushed flbers at end Triple flexure Triple flexure, deflected parallel to rings. Crushed fibers at end Crushed fibers at 25 millimeters from middle. Cruahid flbers at 51 roilliraeters from end Triple flexure ; middle bend 25 millimeters from center. Crushed at end and at 102 miili. meters fi-ora end. Crushed at knots 114 millimeters from end. Triple flexure; middle deflection 25 millimeters from center. Triple flexure, dia 264> 2e4> 349 349 611 511 742 742 766 766 ...do. ...do. ...do . Virginia ... ....do ...do Alabama... ....do Tennessee . ....do Georgia ....do Locality. Arnold Arboretam ...do Danville Junction ...do ...do Allen ton ...do ...do ■Wytheville ...do ...do ...do Nashville Saw.mlll, Asliland ...do Engene City ...do A Hen ton... Citron*^lle . Bonneaii's Depot. .. do ■Wytheville ...do Carroll coanty . . . ...do Kemper's mill . . . ....do Cottage Hill. ...do Aepalaga Allenton. ...do. .. ...do.... ...do.... Florida. ..do... Carroll connty . ...do ...do Cottage Hill... ..do Tnllahoma ...do Bainbridge — ...do Saint John's river. ...do Collector. 0. S. Sargent ..do 'W.M.Linney ...do ...do 6. W. I/etterman . ...do .. do H.Shriver ...do ...do ...do A. Gattinger G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do G. H. Collier . ...do G. W. Letterman. . C.Mohr H. W. Eavenel . ...do aShriver ...do ...do ...do C.Mohr ...do ...do ...do A. H. Cnrtiss . G. W. Letterman. ...do ...do ...do H. Shrlver . . . . ...do ...do C.Mohr ...do A. Gattinger.. ...do A. H. Cnrtiss . ...do... .do. .do. SoiL iU ■s55 ni Drift ...do Sliale ...do Slate Sich upland . ...do ...do Clay ...do ..do ... do ...do Clay... Sandy . Barren, sandy. ...do ...do Bioh, alluvial . ...do ...do ...do Sandy loam . ...do ...do ...do Alluvial.... .do . Sandy loam . ...do 9081 7630 9617 7326 8266 6634 6103 8663 9562 7689 8233 8301 6396 6806 7766 8142 Bemarks. Crushed at end, also at 102 milll. meters from end. Cmslicrt tibers near middle Ci"oshed 51 millimeters from end at 3 millimcterH knot. CniRlicd fibers on one fare at 13 millimeteis from iniiMle. Deflected and split along grain from end to middle. Triple flexure, deflected parallel to rings. Triple flexure, deflected from heart Triple flexure, deflected parallel t«i rings. Crushed and split at end ; brittle. . Crushed at 13 and at 76 millimeters from end. Crushed at end Cmshed at 19 millimeters from end. Cmshed at 51 millimeters tcoia end. Triple flexure Cmshed and splintered at end . . . Splintered at end Kichloam 9208 ...do 9163 Clay 9730 ....do 10093 ...do ' 9698 ...do Bich loam . . . ...do 9081 10006 9276 6809 7734 7212 7507 8437 8166 6896 7961 7974 Triple flexure Crushed in vicinity of small knot« Crusheil at 64 millimeters from end. Crushed at 23 and at 102 milli- meters from end. Crushed at 19 millimeters from end. Cmshed at 25 millimeters from end. Crushed on one face ut 25 milliiiie- ters from middle and at end. Cru^^hed at 102 millimeters trom end. . Crushed :it end and at 114 milli- meters from eiyl. Crushed at 89 millimeters from end. Triple flexure, deflected diago- nally. Triple flexure i split along grain. . Triple flexure; knot at middle Crushed at end and at3 millimeters Ijuot 51 millimeters from end. Cmshed at end . do Triple flexure . . . do do Crashed at 25 millimeters trom middle on one face. do 7802 7630 8709 Tiiple flexure 8799 7167 7371 8256 8596 Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. Cruslied at knots at middle and at .M millimeters from end. Crushed at 0 millimeters knot T6 millimeters from end. Crushed tibers at middle Crushed at 89 millimeters from end in vicinitj' of small knots. 8596 1 Triple flexure 7884 Crushed in vicinity of 3 millime- ters knot 102 millimeters from end. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued. 455 PRK8SUBK, IN KILOGRAMS, BEQUIHED TO PEODCCB AN INDENTATION, IN MILUMETEBS, OF— O.SS 2032 1542 1637 2313 2518 1769 1565 1928 1343 835 1315 2019 1547 1769 1642 2948 2767 2336 975 1987 1406 1728 1384 2436 1751 2068 1792 1597 2118 1338 O.S1 2313 2449 2522 3166 3407 2903 3266 2858 2291 1569 2313 2422 2277 2672 2495 2232 1860 4024 4110 3438 2250 2395 1814 2563 2400 2953 2867 2753 24T7 2776 3411 2268 O.Y6 2681 4150 3357 3665 .3529 3992 3130 2322 1633 2576 2667 2481 2790 2081 2840 2141 4277 4010 3701 2799 2572 1887 2790 2617 3293 3248 2890 2703 3221 3905 2640 1.03 1.37 2812 2849 3012 3543 3842 3819 4436 3230 2386 1674 2790 2867 2726 2803 2713 2967 2313 4495 4246 4042 3053 2722 2087 2885 2744 3488 3536 3066 2853 3561 4259 2821 2880 3012 3162 3674 4064 4028 4717 3383 2395 1751 297H 3035 2880 2917 2776 30C6 2372 4672 4491 4204 3284 2803 2245 3C21 2833 3638 3697 3302 3026 3756 4500 2935 1.53 3048 3134 3379 3742 4123 4300 6013 3588 2454 1842 3153 3212 2130 3003 2890 3184 2513 4854 4699 4572 3493 2958 2440 3130 2994 3828 3933 3429 3180 4060 4817 3130 1.78 3075 3348 3525 3983 4237 4518 5398 3810 2518 1878 3252 3338 3193 3026 2994 3353 2586 5028 4881 4022 3665 3098 2622 3298 3125 39(2 4110 3615 3302 3815 .5071 3202 3.03 3221 3434 3593 4037 440O 4649 5670 3892 2563 1928 3388 3443 3407 3026 3075 3453 2617 5262 5067 5044 3828 3230 2767 3102 3207 4082 4264 3751 3447 4463 5303 3316 3.38 3361 3529 3747 4110 4026 4935 5915 4064 2649 1951 3574 3366 3547 3139 3193 3.54 2694 5407 5262 5210 3933 3302 2980 3497 3339 4178 4386 3882 3579 4717 5067 3470 3470 3656 3856 4187 4886 5103 6146 4196 2085 2078 3665 3647 3683 3225 3221 4.81 4173 4346 4491 4980 2758 5579 5407 5407 4110 3425 3153 3574 3438 4327 4522 3983 3688 4831 5706 3538 7212 4944 3085 2404 4377 3710 3856 6486 6392 6214 4877 4128 5216 4786 4468 5851 6918 4287 5.08 7965 3248 2654 7021 5262 7666 Kemarks. Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . do do Split at end ; fibers did notshear Fibers indented withont shearing Split at end ; fibers did not shear Indented without shearing fibers Split at end Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers Split at ends Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end ■ do Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Shaky stioli ; split at ends ; do Slight shearing of fibers Sheared fibers ; split at end Slight shearing of fibers; split at end . do Split at end Slight shearing of fibers; split at end . Split at end ; fibers not sheared Slight shearing of fibers; split at end ■ do do Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; split at end Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers; split at end . 17 17 36 36» 363 74 74 86 244 244 247 247 437 628 628 963 963 268 339 131 131 245 245 265« 265» 548 548 342 342 770 770 47 47 282 282 264> 264> 264» 849 349 611 511 742 742 1456 2359 1624 1406 1678 1769 1506 1542 1293 2858 1542 2858 ' 1610 I 2068 2939 2109 1842 1955 2676 2245 2685 2313 3311 2926 3765 3039 2295 3075 2241 1932 2005 2790 2490 3130 2749 3851 3347 4219 3429 2486 3343 2369 2087 2096 3139 2744 3475 3012 4196 3429 4482 3720 2703 3484 2486 2155 2173 3311 2860 3092 3248 4495 4093 4735 3942 2880 3715 2527 2214 2296 3484 3063 3937 3393 4781 4314 5036 4164 3039 3847 2676 2341 3413 3674 3221 4128 3606 5013 4500 5262 4316 3203 4055 2753 2400 2481 3901 3S88 4191 3783 5239 4090 5461 4500 3352 4160 2840 2454 2505 4060 3538 4445 3910 5416 4790 5661 4192 4150 4327 2980 2495 2676 4173 3652 4626 4037 5615 4949 5847 4864 3511 2948 3121 4377 5534 5080 6849 5761 6736 Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Fibers did not shear ; split at end 7349 Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . , do Sheared fibers ;. split at end Fibers did not shear ; split at end do Indenti'd without shearing fibers Slight shearing of fibers; split at end. Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Shearedfibers 756 Splitatend; fibers did not shear 756 766 456 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PEENCIPAL WOODS OF THE Species. 281. QnerciuUiirifolia-contljmed. 282. Qnercns heterophylla Sartram'i Oat. 283. Qnercns cinerea Upland rViUmo Oak. Blue Jack. Sand Jack, 284. Qaercns bypoleuca tSS. Qaercns imbrioaria BhingU Oak. Laurel Oak. 286. Qnercns PhelloB WiUow Oak. Peaeh Oak. 287. Qnercns densiflora TanbarkOak. Cheetnut Oak. Peach Oak. 288. Castanopsis chrysophylla Chinquapin, 289. Castanea pnmila Chinquapin. 200. Castanea vulgaris, var, Amer- icnna. Chestnut. 291. Fagns fermginea . Seech. 292. Ostrya Virprinlca Hup Hornbeam. Iron Wood. Lever Wood. Carplnns Caroliniana Hornbeam. Blue Beech. Water Beech Iron Wood. 801 801 1171 U71 «74 674 40» 40' 60 13S 612 512 687 687 729 729 573 573 18 18 2581 258' 516 44> 44> 119 119 765 765 853 853 11 11 877 877 1047 1047 State. Florida. ...do... New Jersey ...do Alabama. Arizona. ...do.... 73 1038 Kentucky . ...do Missonrl... ...do Tennessee . ...do California. ...do ...do ...do Arkansas . ...do Massachnsetts. ...do Virginia ..do Tennessee Massacbnsetts . ...do Kentucky ...do Michigan ...do Florida ...do Massachusetts. ...do do. ...do. ....do. ....do. ....do. ... do. 46 Missouil 73 Kentucky ...do Massachusetts. Locality. Saint John's river. ...do Mount Holly. . ...do , Citronelle. Santa Rita moont- ains. ...do Harrodsburg . ...do Alien ton ..do .. Tullahoma. ...do Marin connty . ...do Mendocino connty ...do Hot Springs — . . ...do Arnold Arboretum ...do Fancy Gap ..do Nashville Arnold Arboretum ...do Mercer county.. ...do Dansville ...do Chattahoochee. . ...do Hamilton ...do Arnold Arboretum ...do Danvers ..do North Beading ...do Collector. A. H. Cnrtisa . ..do S. P. Sharpies. ...do C. Mohr. O. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do W. M. Linney ..do' G. W. Letterman. .. do A. Gattinger. ...do G. E. Vasey. ..do A. Kellogg .. do G. W. Letterman . ...do C.S.Sargent. ...do H. Shriver . . . ...do A. Gattinger. C.S.Sargent.. ...do W.M. Linney. ...do W. J.Beal ...do A. H. Curtiss . ..do J. HobinsoD .. do Soil. isiii Ills* -I zs ! aa Clay.. ...do. Pine-barren. Dry, rocky. ...do UUca shale . ...do Bich, moist . Bich loam . . Moist, siliceous . ...do Gravelly. ...do... Sandy loam . ...do Drift.. ...do.. Moist . . ...do.. Sandy . 0. S. Sargent . ..do J. Bobinson. . .. do ...do ..do Allentou G.W. Letterman.. Mercer county. ...do Danvers ■W.M. Linney. ...do J. Bobinson... Drift ...do .'.... Hudson Kiver shale ...do Gravelly ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Drift ...do Bich lonm . ...do Damp, alluvial Trenton limestone ...do Gravelly 9480 7734 5171 8029 7167 7167 2222 8029 9026 8845 9458 6987 6486 6464 8754 5651 8256 8156 7689 4137 5298 7235 7485 6373 7847 7076 7566 80O6 8822 8346 6496 6827 8278 7235 9390 9934 9707 6359 7983 8641 6963 9390 8573 Bemarka Crushed at 29 millimeters trma middle. Cmehitd at 89 millimeters from end and at end. CruRbed at 25 millimeters knot 61 millimeters from end. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Split at end and splintered at 102 millimeters from end ; brittle. Triple flexure, deflected di.ngo- nally ; split ut end. Cross grained ; oblique split 152 millimeters long. Crushed at end Triple flexure, deflected parallel to rinss. Triple flexure Crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Crushed at 10 millimeters knot at end. Triple flexure Crushed at 38 millimeters from middle at 5 millimeters knot. Triple flexure; middle bend 25 millimeters from middle. Crashed at end at 3 millimeters knot. Crushed at end Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at 5 millimeters knot 51 millimeters from middle. Triple flexure, deflected parallel to rings. Crushed 25 millimeters from mid- dle at 3 millimeters knot Crushed at 25 millimeters from end. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Crushed at 44 millimeters from end. Crashed at 32 millimeters from middle and split along grain. Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. Crushed at 70 millimeters from end. Crushe 40" 60 135 612 512 687 687 729 729 573 573 18 18 2581 258> 516 44> 44« 119 119 765 765 853 853 11 11 877 877 1047 1047 46 73 73 1038 453 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Speoia*. BETULACE^. 2W. Betnia alba, var. popnllfoHa . . While Birch. Old-field Bireh. Gray Bireh. 395. Betula papvrifera Canoe Bireh. Whit» Bireh. Paper Birth. 396. Betula oocidentolls. Black Birch. 297. Botiiln liitea TelloK Birch. Gray Bireh. 298. Betula nigra Red Bireh. Sivar Bireh. 399. Betula lonta Cherry Birch. Black Bireh. tiweet Birch. Mahogany Birch. 100. Alntts maritlma. Seaside Alder. 901. Alnns mbra . Aldtr. 10 10 848 223 223 722 722 836 836 990 990 1065 1065 1066 1066 1067 1067 629 843 843 1068 1068 1069 1069 1070 1070 136 136 841 841 842 842 4 4 221 221 844 844 810 967 9«7 991 991 loss State. Uaasachosetts. ...do ...do.: Vermont ...do Montana ..do Maasachnsetts. . . ...do Alaska .. do Vermont ...do , ...do .. do ...do ...do , Colorado... California . Hassachusetta. ...do Vermont ...do .. do ; -do ..do ...do Missoari ...do Uaaaaohnsetta. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Vennont ..do Maaeac^asetts. ...do Delaware . Alaska . ...do ... Waabington terri- tory. ...do Oregon . Locality. Arnold Arboretum ...do Danvera Charlotte ...do Hissonla .. do Townsend — .. do Chilcoot inlet . ...do Charlotte ...do -do ...do ...do ...do .....*.... Engelmann'acaQon Strawberry Talley Danvers ..do Charlotte , ...do : ..do ...do ...do....: ...do Allen ton ...do North AndoTer . . ... do ...do ...do Arnold Arborettim ...do Charlotte ..do Danvers ..do Pepper's mills Sitka ...do Pnyallup ...do Portland Furniture Company. Collector. C.S. Sargent.. ...do J. Bobinson . C.G. Pringle.... ...do Serene Watson ...do J. Kobinson ...do PaulSchnltze... ..do C.G. Pringle.... ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Robert "Donglas. . . G. Engolmann and C. S. Sargent. J. Kobinson.. .. do C.G. Pringle. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ISoU. ill Drift.... ...do.... Gravelly. Wet.. ...do. 6123 6307 5262 Wet, sandy. Wet, peaty . G. W. Letterman . ..do J.Kobinson ...do ....•Ao ...do C.S. Sargent. ...do C.G. Pringle. ...do 'J.Robinson.. ...do W. M. Canby . . Panl Sehultze ..do G. Engelmannand C. S. Sargent. ...do....r. do. Gravelly. ...do,... .. do ... ...do.... ...do.... ...do... ...do.... ...do .... 8346 6713 7983 8890 6486 6577 8346 7485 7485 7552 7847 9662 5670 6849 8279 '10070 I . 9934 .10093 Remarks. Triple floxnre parallel to rings. . . Crushed at 6 millimrtrrs knot 102 millimeters from eud. Crushed and split at middle Crashed at 102 millimeters from end. Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle; defiecleil diaf^onallv. Cru.shcd at 3*J millimeters ^rom middle on one face. Crushed at 25 millimeters from enil. Crushed at middleat 3 miUimetera knot. Cnishetl 76 millimeters from end at 'i millimeters knot. Cruslicd at 8 millimeters knot at middle. CiUHhed at G millimeters knot at middle. Crushed at 38 millimeters from end. Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 38 millimeters from end. Crusheil ut 76 millimeters from • end and at end. Crushed at 38 millimeters from middle. Crushed at middle; opened firflin thiee-lbui-ths 1 lie lengi li ef st iek. Crushed at middle and split along griiin. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. do .do . Triple diagonal flexure perpen- dicular to rings. . 10623 Crushed at 6> millimeters firom end. 10841 I do Moist loam . ...do Alluvial.... ...do ...do ...do Drift .... ...do.... Gravelly. ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... Wet, sandy . 9208 10206 7339 7122 7249 7666 9072 8823 11022 10931 9480 10115 Crushed at 3 millimeters knot 25 millimeters frt>m middle. Crushed at middle 6976 6033 6010 6829 6759 Crushed at 5 millimetera knot at middle. Crushed at 10 millimeters knot 32 millimeters from end. Triple tiexure perpendicular to rinss. Crushed at 44 millimeters ftom middle. Triple flexure toward heart Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 38 millimeters from end. Crushed at 31 millimeters from middle; deflected diiigonnlly. Trijile flexure; middle bend 32 millimeters eccentric. Crushed at 89 millimeters ftom end. Crushed at middle Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Crushed at 19 millimeters from middle. millimeters fh>m Crushed at middle. Crushed at middle Crushed at 70 millimeters from end. Triple flexure; middle bend 51 iiiillimetets eccentric. Crushed at 25 nillimeters from middle. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. CTNITED STATES UNDER COMPEESSION— Continued. 459 PRBSSUiOI, IN KILOGRAMS, BEQUIBED TO PBODUClt AN IKDKNTATION, IN MILLIMETEES, OF— o.Ss 1179 1048 1406 1179 839 1S56 1189 1134 1343 1384 930 1270 1261 975 1021 1179 794 930 749 1746 1742 1529 1315 1216 1343 1842 1021 1225 1216 889 894 1547 1120 2136 1497 0.51 1619 1547 2223 1973 1978 1701 1941 2028 1470 1746 1338 1488 1S33 132S 1837 1320 2S59 2622 1987 1769 2028 1887 2495 1542 2168 1497 1343 1379 2123 1515 3561 2440 o.re V78 1597 2332 1787 1170 2114 2223 1878 2064 2168 1583 2064 1883 1529 1633 1656 1447 2168 1424 2586 2858 2214 1987 2254 2U8 2699 1733 2472 1637 1642 1542 2254 1624 4114 2713 1.09 1846 1701 2409 1868 1325 2236 2350 2028 2214 2304 1687 2313 2005 15D2 1715 1769 1579 2340 1533 2722 30C2 2404 2168 2449 2254 2858 1851 2685 1760 1801 1669 2377 1737 4386 2894 Lsr 1955 1769 2495 1932 1356 2295 2495 2118 2295 2391 1796 2427 2077 1710 1819 1892 1683 2459 1597 2867 3139 2477 2282 2567 2368 2948 2000 2790 1851 1923 1765 2522 1851 4572 3130 1.53 2055 1877 2549 2014 1460 2391 2649 2250 2440 2531 1861 2490 2182 1796 1892 1978 1765 2509 1669 3030 3311 2576 2345 2708 2481 3107 2132 2889 1982 1982 1855 2626 1896 4753 3230 1.78 2168 1937 2604 2105 1565 2531 2740 2345 2549 2676 1941 2554 2295 1883 1951 2150 1846 2685 1751 3121 3470 2731 2504 2758 2590 3221 2241 3016 2064 2046 1910 2717 2000 4990 3397 3.03 2223 1991 2654 2150 1615 2649 2844 2431 2676 2785 2023 2676 2391 1932 2046 2209 1941 2744 1805 3243 3574 2794 2572 2894 2654 3343 2345 3085 2205 2159 1987 2803 2087 5112 3574 3.38 2322 2078 2703 2209 1696 2731 2948 2545 2771 2862 2091 2748 2513 2028 2073 2304 2023 2862 1892 3357 3661 2880 2669 2998 2749 3456 2463 3162 2308 2182 2037 2894 2141 5257 3656 3.S4 2390 2173 2748 2254 1783 2799 3016 2635 2867 2935 2177 2799 2595 2114 2200 2391 2082 2930 1937 3561 3774 2998 2778 3071 2799 3574 2567 3216 2345 2232 2082 2989 2206 5443 3815 4.81 3311 2676 2087 3334 3529 3198 3470 3543 2676 3288 3207 2563 2667 2939 2567 3348 2395 4332 4423 4241 3130 3742 2581 2563 3674 2209 6396 4626 S.08 3198 3765 3946 3629 3901 3847 2994 3357 Kemarka. Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. .... do Sheared fibers ; indented section covers 8 millime' ters liDot. Slight shearing of fibers; split at end Sheared fibers Slight sherring of fibers; indented section covers 3 millimeters knot. Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end do Sheared fibers do Sheared fibers; split at end do do Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end Slight shearing of fibers Slight shearing of fibers; split at end Sheareil fibers ; split at end . Slight shearing of fibers 4536' 4590 I .do. .do. Sheared fibers ; split at end Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers ; split at end Split at ends ; fibers did not shear Sheared fibers Split at end ; fibers did not shear 4014 2880 2912 2799 j 4105 2948 6922 Slight shearing of fibers Sheared fibers ; split at end . Shearedflbers Slight shearing of fibers — do do do. .do. 10 10 848 223 223 722 722 836 990 1065 1065 1066 1066 1067 1067 528 843 1068 1068 1070 1070 136 136 841 841 812 842 4 4 1665 I 2885 1179 I 2336 1270 1810 1089 1270 10C2 1724 1774 2064 975 1257 767 1361 3089 2731 1932 1347 1923 2223 1851 1515 3334 3030 2023 1397 1996 2377 1910 1616 3497 3261 2068 1474 2032 2481 2032 1669 3720 3411 2164 1492 2127 2572 2168 1756 3856 3583 2218 1547 2177 2636 2232 1896 4073 3801 2259 1619 2254 2753 2295 1946 4205 3955 2341 1628 2308 2808 2350 1987 4305 4101 2400 1665 2364 2930 2427 2078 5216 5022 2812 1932 2803 3574 2427 2449 5761 Slight shearing of fibers . 5761 ! do 3910 3198 2722 Sheared fibers ; split at end . Shearedflbers. do do do do 844 844 810 967 967 991 991 1025 460 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Speoiei State. Locality. Collector. Soil. 8.eJ a -^ lit 5*" Bemarks. « Ml. Alntu robra— oentinaed . 802. AlDoa rhombifoUa . AUer. 303. Alnns oblongifoUa AUer. 305. AlDns incana Speckled Alder. Hoary AUer. Black Alder. SALICACKaL 306. Salixnipra Jilaek WiOm. 307. Salix nmygdaloides Wittow. 308. Sallx Iffixigata. Willow. 0. Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia 809. Salix lasiandra, var. Fendle- riana. 313. Salix flavescens . 313. Salix flavescens, var. Scoole- ii.in:i. Black WiUow. 814. Salix Hookeriana 316. Salix lasiolepia TTiUoio. 318. Popnlus tremnloides... Atpen. Quaking Atp. 310. Popnlna grandidentata Poplar. 820. Popnins heteropbylla liiver Cottonwood. Swamp CotUmwood. 821. FopuliiHljulsiiDiircra Balsam. Taeamahae. Balm of Oilead. 821. Popnlaa balsamifera, var. can- dicans. ^ 1025 635 717 717 979 979 Oregon . ...do Montana.. ...do.... Oregon .. ...do..... California.. ..do Vermont 232 853 908 908 Oil Oil 640 981 981 721 721 972 972 066 966 272' 272 1035 1035 847 847 522 961 961 1054 1054 ...do Massacbnsette . . - Colorado . ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... California . ...do. ...do... Oregon . ...do... Utah. Montana. ...do.... Washington ter- ritory, ...do Oregon . ...do... California. Colorado ..do Massacbnsetts. ...do ...do. ...do. Tennessee . Alaska . ...do... Massachasetts ...do Portland Fnmitare Comjmny. Asliland Missonla ..do Drain ..do San Bernardino . ...do Hinesbnrg . Shelbnme . Topsfleld.. Cafion City . ...do ...do ...do Santa Cmz . ...do Strawberry valley Portland ...do City Creek caDon Pnttee's caSon, Missonla. ..do Seattle. ...do.. Winchester bay . ...do Santa Cmz. Alpine... ...do.... Danvers . ...do.... .do. .do. NashTillo . Chilcoot inlet. ...do Topsfleld . ...do Q. EniTPlmann and C. S. Surgent. ...do Sereno Wataon . ...do C.S. Sargent.... ,..do Wet ...do Moist loam . ...do W.G.Wright. ...do C. G.Pringle. Wet loam. ...do J. Bobinson . Wet, sandy . Wet loam... E. Weston . ...do .. do ...do G. Engelmann and 0. S. Sargent. do Moist, sandy. ...do ...do F. Skinner . ...do Moist, rich. Allnvlal ..do M. £. Jones . Gravelly.. Sereno Watson . ...do Bicb, moist . ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do Moist, sandy. ...do do. .do. Sandy saline. ...do G. Engelmann and S. C. Sargent. T. S. Brandegee . . ...do J. Bobinson ... ...do Sandy loam . Damp ...do Gravelly ..do .do. do. do. do. A. Gattinger. Allnvial. Faal Scbnltse . ..do do. .do. J. Bobinson. ...do Gravelly. ...do .... 7258 7022 4990 4899 5171 6396 4445 4459 4617 4545 2277 3493 4355 5171 3878 5012 5216 4373 5942 6056 4581 6532 6532 8074 6895 7031 6623 6169 4319 4717 6260 5942 6625 5829 4527 4672 5570 4527 4309 Cmshed at 102 milllmetera from end. Crushed at 25 millimeters from miildle. Cruslied at 114 millinietcra from end at 3 millimeters knot. Crusiietl at 102 milUojeters from end on one faoe. Cruslu'd at 25 millimeters from middle. Triple flexure Cmshed at 89 millimeters ttom en millimeters knot 51 miliitneters from middle. Triple flexure.. do Crushed at 51 millimeters from end in vicinity of knots. Crushed 13 millimeters from mid* die at 2 millimeters knot. Crushed at 8!> millimeters from end and at end. Crushed at 19 millimeters from middle at 3 milliuieters knot. Cmshed near middle on one face.. Crushed at 3 millimeters knot 76 millimeters from end. Cmshed at middle Crushed at 5 millimeters knot near middle. Triple flexure, deflected diag- onally. Triple flexnre Crushed near middle on one face.. Cmshed at 51 and at 114 millime- ters from end ; split aJonj; cain. Triple flexure parallel to rings ... Crushed at 38 millimeters from middle on one face. do Crn.shed at 89 millimeters &om entl. Triple flexure; middle bend 38 millimeteis eccentric. Crushed at 16 millimeters knot 102 millimeters from end. Cmshed at 6 millimeters knot 25 inilliniet4'rs It-oin end. Tiiple flexure; nii'ldlo bend 32 millimt ters ecceHtric. Cmshed at 76 millimeters from end. Triple flexure perpendicular to rings. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UKITED STATES UNDEE COMPEESSION— Continued. 461 FBESSUBE, IN KILOGUAHS, KEQtilBED TO PRODUCE JIK IKDEKTATIOS, IS MILLIMETERS, OF— 0.35 O.Sl 0.76 l.O^ 1.37 1.S3 1.78 3.03 3.38 3.54 4.81 S.OS Eemarks. 916 631 499 590 667 930 «56 1243 1529 953 857 944 1030 1089 939 13»2 1665 1043 903 1052 1111 1120 998 1461 1769 1071 948 1084 1175 1202 1080 1851 1080 998 1125 1229 1257 1120 1628 1937 1120 1043 1193 1288 1302 1207 1715 1996 1152 1084 1270 1347 1361 1225 1709 2068 1179 1129 1315 1397 1402 1266 1805 2132 1234 1166 1347 1415 1443 1311 1910 2200 1279 1229 1388 1483 1489 1343 2254 2486 1442 1497 1669 1678 1765 1624 Slieared fibers ; (pllt at end . 1647 1647 1860 1878 2064 1774 Sheared libera. do do do , do .do. 1025 635 717 717 979 979 694 694 907 644 953 1043 499 953 885 1202 1134 1030 635 671 771 862 1021 1084 1220 907 1016 1315 1851 1497 1207 880 1107 1229 1252 1021 1687 1529 1397 1143 1202 1361 1016 1080 1424 1987 1560 1270 943 1170 1379 1397 1384 1982 1569 1297 1262 1438 1075 1094 1488 2123 1619 1388 1016 1266 1479 1565 1615 2168 1628 1361 1347 1479 1166 1184 1569 2218 1674 1447 1080 1311 1565 1697 1678 2359 1769 1719 1442 1393 1547 1234 1216 1651 2286 1760 1547 1120 1384 1615 1674 1719 2486 1851 1824 1529 1447 1642 1306 1257 1719 2350 1801 1569 1170 1438 1724 1729 1810 2567 1937 1896 1574 1524 1674 1347 1306 1814 2482 1846 1624 1220 1488 1787 1801 1960 2085 1941 1642 1574 1733 1393 1352 1923 2504 1892 1674 1266 1533 1833 1855 2019 2731 2032 1733 1619 1814 1452 1624 1951 2590 1928 1715 1302 1579 1865 1928 2078 2858 2118 2395 2155 2019 2168 1774 1833 2395 3029 2214 2032 1670 1905 2132 2313 2481 3311 2541 2518 2232 2449 2005 Slight shearing of fibers; 120 miUinieters long. Slight shearing of fibers . . split at end; speoimen .do. -do. .do. .do. 2685 3379 2322 2232 1778 2177 Sheared fibers. do .do. .do. .do. Slight shearing of fibers . 2C54 Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end Sbe.ired fibers; split at end ; indented section cov- ers 6 milliiueters knot. Slight sheaiing of fibers ; split at end 232 855 908 908 911 911 640 981 981 721 721 972 972 948 658 821 803 640 658 885 817 885 1851 1134 735 1397 12C7 885 844 1089 1030 943 730 2061 1202 739 1665 1261 1125 1075 1062 807 2108 1257 758 1637 1315 980 903 1288 1179 1125 1116 852 2241 1279 771 1710 1365 1030 957 1384 1238 1166 1157 903 2291 1311 807 1756 1411 1075 998 1438 1288 1166 1198 957 2391 1352 839 1824 1470 1120 1034 1348 1179 1261 1002 2454 1388 848 1905 1524 1161 1080 1384 1220 1302 1043 2518 1393 862 1982 1569 1170 1129 1633 1320 1084 2595 1991 1578 1211 1170 1669 1415 1306 1361 1125 2971 1610 1025 2268 1860 1474 1402 1651 1488 1666 1315 3311 1746 1111 2586 2019 1656 1533 Sheared fibers. .do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. 1792 1660 1883 1633 Sheared fibers ; split at end ; specimen 120 millime- ters lung. Sheared fibers do Slight shearing of fibers . do 272» 272> 1035 1035 847 847 522 961 961 1054 1054 462 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRENCIPAL WOODS OF THE Specie*. 3*23. Populua anf^nstlfolia hUiek Cottonwood. 323. Popnliis ttichocarpa Jilaek Cottonwood. JiaUam Cottoiivood. 324. Populus moDi'lifera Cottonwood. Neektaee Pop- lar. Carolina Poplar. Big Cottonwood. 325. Populus rremoDtii. Cottonwood. 325. Populus Freroontii, var. "Wis- lizeni. Cottonwood. White Cotton- wood. CONIFEE.a;. 826. LiboccdniB decnrrens White Cedar. JBastard Cedar. Post Cedar. Incense Cedar. 327. Tbu;a occldentalis White Cedar. A.rbor-vita. 328. Thnya^eantea Sed Cedar. Canoe Cedar. 1012 1012 1028 1028 255 304 304 309 300 754 764 659 659 646 646 634 634 662 662 379 379 782 782 783 783 790 790 792 792 796 796 874 874 1099 1099 1017 1017 1021 1021 State. Colorado . Oregon . ...do... do. do. Missouri. ...do.... ...do... Texas ... ...do.... Florida.. ...do Califomia. . ...do ..do.... ..do.... Colorado. ...do .... ...do... .. do.... California . ...do ...do. ...do. Vermont ...do New Brunswick ...do ...do ...do Province of Quebec ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do.... Maine ...do Wisconsin ...do Oregon . ...do... do... ....do... Locality. Manitou Springs. Saint John'sBarrel Factory, Portland. do Portland Furniture Company. do Allenton... ...do ..do Dallas ...do Chattahoochee ...do Sacramento valley ...do San Bernardino . ...do CaBon City ...do ...do ...do Saw-mill, Straw. berry valley. do Saw-mill, San Ber- nardino mount- ains. ...do Konkton . ...do Bridgeton. ...do Amqoi ...do Uattawamkeag . .. do Eau Claire .. do Collector. Sobert Douglas . F. Skinner. ...do G. Engelmann and C. S'. Sargent. ...do...... G.'W.LettermBn. ...do ...do ;.- J. Beverchon ...do A.H. Curtiss ...do G.K-Vasey. ...do ■W.G. Wright. ...do.... ...do ...do .--.do ...do G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do ■W.G.Wright. .do. C.G.Pringle. ...do Intercolonial rail- way. ...do Bd. Sinclair . .. do A.Grant -..do Grand Trunk rail. ■way. do ...do ...do J. Robinson... ...do E. C. Putnam . ....do.: Soil Sandy loam . AUuvial. ...do.... .. do.... ...do.... . do.... ...do.... ...do.... do. .do . .do. .do. Cold, peaty . ..do i|| r5 a Drift. ...do. Weidler's saw-mill, G. Enjrelmannand Portland. C. & Sargent. do do Portland Fnmitore Company. ..do ...do. ...do. 4332 6851 6214 6192 6713 4763 4264 4541 6260 6214 6192 7326 5987 6123 5625 6216 6759 6713 .1406 5919 .'■,618 Oil.-, 5299 4626 4545 5534 5035 6579 5398 4355 4785 2994 3221 4545 5103 5065 6532 4423 5806 6895 8301 6396 Bemarks. Foiled at 6 millimeters knot 25 millimeters from middle. Cruiibed at 38 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 51 millimeters fh>m end. Crushed at 38 millimeters bom middle. Crashed at 25 millimeters ttom middle. Triple flexure Crushed at middle and opened along grain. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. Crushed at 38 millimeters from end. Crushed at middle Crushed at 6 millimeters knot 38 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 38 millimeters from middle at 3 millimeters knot- Crushed at 38 millimeters from end. Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. Triple flexure; middle bend 19 millimi-t<-ra eccentric. Crushed at 89 millimeters from end. Cruftlied at 5 millimeters knot 64 millimeters from end. Crushed at 25 millimeters from end iuviciuityof6millimet.ers knot. Triple flexure Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. Cniftlieil at 102 millimeters from eud; splitwhole length of speci- mi-n. Ciushed at middle opened along Crushed at end; grain. Crushed at 25 millimeters from end. Crushed at 13 and at 57 millime- ters from end. Crushed at 25 and at 102 millime- ters from end. Triple flexure Crushed at 13 and at 102 millime- ters from end. Triple flexuie; middle bend 26 millimeters eccentric. Crushi'd at 89 millimeters from end and at end. Triple flexure; small knota at middle. Crushed at 51 millimeters fW>m end. Crushed at 26 millimeters f^m end. Crushed at 32 millimeters from end. Triple diagonal flexure Crushed at 80 millimeters ttom end. Triple flexure Split at knot at middle; sides swelled. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end; split along grain. Crushed atworm.hole51 millime- ters from end; splitalonggrain. Crushed at .^2 millimeters from middle; sudden fracture. Crashed at 63 millimeters fW)ro end. THE WOODS OF THE UNTfED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPRESSION— Continued, 463 PBESBUBB, IS KIL0GBAU8, BEgUIBED TO rBODUCK AN IKDKNTATION, IN MILLIMETXEB, OF- 0.35 il 504 II' 930 449 m* m 406 1688 522 862 839 934 703 2064 653 1120 658 635 817 1071 1007 522 508 821 490 621 404 631 080 549 404 671 703 594 717 572 653 712 1080 567 0.51 0.76 1.0!< 944 ifll 1166 907 1002 1043 712 793 817 998 1093 1166 712 789 852 595 653 080 898 939 980 608 685 720 2254 2395 2436 1043 1157 1229 1320 1488 1542 1143 1220 1306 1216 1311 1352 998 1179 1252 2971 3143 3216 1125 1220 1338 1311 1411 1438 925 1061 1107 835 880 930 1052 1116 1179 1179 1216 1270 1202 1284 1447 1334 1393 1493 1805 1828 1864 703 744 785 703 717 721 1012 1098 1116 857 898 934 880 948 1007 821 975 1034 989 1018 1030 839 934 957 721 767 789 599 626 635 nee 907 962 871 898 939 789 807 866 953 993 1025 »44 1034 1075 889 953 1016 803 875 916 1089 1117 1315 685 753 803 1148 1107 1143 1080 1216 1.S3 i.rs 1306 I 1343 1120 934 1279 889 939 726 766 998 1043 780 830 2490 2567 1315 1356 1628 1687 1352 1397 1438 1515 1325 1388 3307 3375 1397 1470 1533 1637 1189 1239 975 1016 1243 1288 1315 1365 1470 1492 1533 1578 1928 2000 812 835 730 739 1161 1175 939 948 1030 1034 1071 1080 1057 1075 989 1016 812 852 649 662 1002 1043 984 1025 893 807 1039 1048 1084 1125 1057 1107 084 1034 1415 1501 844 857 1211 1266 1161 948 1338 998 807 1080 875 2622 1447 1801 1442 1569 1442 3420 1574 1719 1279 1071 1338 1402 1538 2087 875 753 1202 966 1066 1102 1107 1030 875 676 1075 1039 930 1057 1161 1152 1071 1497 898 1288 ».03 2.38 1356 1397 1184 1225 993 1030 1365 1429 1043 1084 848 852 1120 1106 903 948 2703 2753 1488 1538 1851 1896 1488 1529 1619 1665 1556 1688 3479 3529 1660 1724 1756 1801 1352 1307 1120 1166 1397 1447 1438 1442 1574 1583 1669 1710 2182 2250 894 903 762 798 1225 1261 979 989 1075 1089 1116 1120 1116 1129 1043 1075 884 894 680 004 1116 1167 1057 1075 939 957 1075 1089 1193 1220 1207 1262 1093 1116 1778 1406 912 939 1334 1370 3.54 1442 1261 1039 1474 1125 875 1198 984 2807 1597 1946 1574 1728 1647 3574 1805 1869 1442 1211 1488 14C5 1597 1751 2400 984 807 1270 1007 1112 1134 1161 1008 912 708 1170 1102 4.81 1669 1474 1384 1030 1315 1179 3302 2032 2223 1837 2087 2023 4037 2177 2177 1701 1433 1760 1628 1787 1941 2622 1034 934 1420 1116 1243 1216 1311 1215 1043 794 1397 1261 1116 1216 1270 1497 1266 1447 1161 1383 1746 1116 1579 5.08 1179 1452 2495 1833 1610 1700 1306 Bemarks. Slight Bhearing of fibers . Sheared fibers Slight shoaring of fibers ; split at end. . do do Sheared fibers do Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. do do Sheared fibers ; split atend Sheared fibers ; split at end . do do Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers ; split at end do do Sheared fibers . do Sheared fihers; split along indented face. Sheared fibers i split at end . 1134 I 993 1542 1229 1288 1243 1488 1325 1076 1203 1610 1542 1769 Sheared fibers do do Sheared fibers ; split along indented face. Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; Indented face covers 3 millimeters knot. Sheared fibers do ....do do do do Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers do do Slight shoaring of fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers 652 1012 1012 1028 1028 265 304 304 309 309 764 764 659 659 646 648 909 909 9)2 912 634 634 879 379 782 782 783 783 700 790 792 792 706 796 874 874 1099 1099 1017 1017 1021 1021 464 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOE OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE SpeolM. >29. Cb«nec3rpnris aphsroidea . WkiU Cedar. Chamtecjrparis Nntkaensia. .. TeUow Cypntt. Sitia Oy- preu. 831. ChamKcyparis Lawsoniana . . . Port Orjord Cedar. Oregon Cedar. White Cedar. Law- son' 8 Cypress. Ginger Pine. 882. CopressQB macrocarpa Monterey Cypress. 833. Cupresans Goveniana . 338. Jnnipenis ocoidentalis Juniper. 338. Jnnipenis ocoidentalis, var. cunjagens. Juniper. Janipems Virginiana. Jied Cedar. Savin. 850 350 850 850 851 851 852 852 069 983 SD4 994 1000 1000 701 707 707 675 675 691 691 1100 1100 624 624 1102 1102 327 827 734 734 800 800 837 837 1056 1055 1249 1250 1253 State. Alabama ...do Massachnsetta. ...do ...do ...do ...do ..do Alaska ...do Britisli Colombia ...do Alaska ...do ...do ...do Oregun . ...du ... ...do... California . ...do do., .do., .do., do.. ...do ., ...do. Texas . ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do .. do Floiida ..do ...do ...do... Mossaclinsetts. . . ...do ...do ...do Tennessee ...do ...do Locality. . Cottage Hill . ...do Overly ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Sitka ...do Sair-miU, Tlctoria ...do Peril strait ...do Weidler's saw-miU, Portland. ...do Penn &. Co.'s saw- mill, Marshfield. ...do -do. Monterey . ...do Marin county. ...do Callstoga ...do Treka plains ....do Austin. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. Collector. Dallas ....do Cbattaboochee ...do ^aint John's river ...do Danvers ...do Topsfleld ...do Wilson connty ....do ....do C.Mohr ...do J. Kobinson. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Soil til B .. . S~ <* --?§ Fanl Scholtze . ...do 6. Engelraann and C. S. Sargent. ..do Panl Schnltze. .do. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. ...do...... ...do. ...do. ...do. .do. .do. G. E. Vasey. . ...do ■W.F.Fisher. ...do 6. !Enge1mann and C. 5>. Sargent. ...do_ C.Mohr ...do S. B. Backley , ...do J. Eeverchon . ...do A. H.Curtiss. ....do ....do ...do J.Bobinson ....do.... ....do ...do A.£.Baird ... ....do ....do Sandy, wet. ...do Swampy ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Otarelly loam . ...do Dry ridges. ...do ...do ...do 4400 4105 4060 3756 4014 4581 4173 4105 5897 7031 8210 7779 7711 7439 7217 6967 7235 7462 7666 7349 5253 4672 Limestone . ...do ...do ...do Calcareotis.. ...do ...do ...do Sandy loam . ...do Drift ...do Gravelly ...do 9049 9662 6804 7172 7439 7915 7210 7031 6715 5126 4944 5851 7076 8256 6879 6577 Bemarks. Crushed at 25 millimeters from end. do Crushed at 76 millimeters from end at 3 niilHmeters knot CruKbc'l at middle iu vicinity of 3 millimeters knots. Crusbf d at end ; opened grain — Crnehed at 3 millimeters knot 51 millimeters from en millimeters knot. Triple flexure Crushed at 61 millimeters from middle. Cmshed at 04 millimeters from end. Crashed at 76 millimeters from end. Crushed at 10 n)illimeters knot 38 niillimeters from middle Crushed at 10 millimeters knot 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at 51 rnd at 114 millimc ters from end. Crushed at 1U2 millimeters from <-nd. _ Cruslied at 13 millimeters from end. Crushed at end Crti'hed at 04 millimeters from miilillo. Crushed at end and at32 milUme- ters from middle. Crushed at 43 millimeters from middle. Cruslied lit S! millimeters from end. Crashed at 70 millimeters from end. Triple flexure panillel to rings .. Crashed at 13 millimeters from end. Crashed at three places noor ends THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. C^^^ITED STATES UNDEE COMPRESSION— Continued. 467 PBESSURE, IX KILOOBAHB, BSQUIBED TO PBODCCS AK DiDENTATION, IN WLLIMSTEBS, OF IS I !^: mi 494 449 885 889 463 862 O.Sl 785 767 14'J4 1:20 104S 1120 953 953 o.re 1597 1306 1325 1202 1.03 916 889 1678 1352 1452 1257 1030 1052 i.3r 921 1742 1415 1483 1320 1084 1098 1.53 1002 944 1787 1483 1529 1356 1098 1166 1.78 1066 1007 1824 1529 1569 1415 1134 1225 3.03 1093 1034 1864 1551 1610 1447 1148 1288 3.38 1139 1052 1905 1588 1619 1483 1161 1329 3.54 1175 1080 1941 1619 1642 1529 1184 1442 4.81 1334 1247 2205 1882 1796 1792 1320 1524 5.0s 1338 2087 1932 1987 1460 1701 Benurla. Sheared fibers ; split at end Slight shearing of fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. Sheared fi bers ; split at comer Sheared fibers do .do. do. 53S 635 542 542 741 741 6S7 6S7 Wt 563 780 626 6r7 763 857 74!l 852 1012 762 780 1048 1306 839 921 1066 880 821 IC61 nil 871 953 1075 939 866 998 1116 921 984 1080 948 1189 957 10V2 1084 998 934 975 1325 1002 1025 1107 1039 944 962 1393 1043 1030 1157 1035 962 1034 1442 1080 1034 1193 1039 984 1075 1470 1098 1061 1221 104S 1007 1098 1501 1120 1179 1370 1116 1216 1633 1266 1306 1792 Sheared fibers; split at end Sheared fibers; split along grain Slight shearing of fibers ; split along grain . Sheared fibers ; split along grain Sheared fibers do Sheared fibers ; split at end 71* 7U 7U 713 712 718 713 2223 2.159 1650 li)21 1257 1043 1021 1071 953 640 098 521 671 789 409 526 930 531 866 590 080 I 712 ' 662 2440 3052 3665 2331 2341 1923 1529 1452 1293 1135 nil 1512 885 062 930- 708 780 1075 862 I 1216 903 953 I 871 I 857 ; , 2731 4037 3878 2013 2840 2118 1633 1628 1941 1211 1343 1883 1048 953 1043 1030 762 885 1152 944 1252 062 1052 962 925 1216 4150 4024 2835 3035 2200 1683 1710 2050 1261 1393 1950 1075 962 1080 J 075 803 912 1207 971 1302 980 1093 1025 975 1275 2926 4296 4150 2971 3125 2254 1742 1805 2118 1297 1447 2087 nil 980 1125 1120 844 944 1261 984 1328 1002 1139 1075 !I98 j 1311 3003 4360 4255 3121 3270 2313 1796 1842 2205 1347 1483 2227 1116 1012 1166 1161 852 957 1320 1025 1347 1048 1189 1120 1034 4436 4386 3266 3365 2345 1851 1896 2250 1370 1511 2304 1120 1021. 1207 1207 1361 1034 1370 1071 1234 1161 I 1075 135S 4518 4473 3456 2363 1896 1041 2269 1393 1524 2427 im 1052 1220 1247 1411 1066 1384 1076 1275 1166 1098 '388 4581 4613 3488 3515 2386 1941 2046 2304 1429 1538 2454 1152 1093 1247 1270 898 1025 1488 1116 1397 1093 1311 1184 1120 1424 4631 4726 5103 5421 5489 5851 3661 2440 1964 2087 2341 1447 1551 2563 1161 nil 1297 1293 921 1039 1520 1148 1420 1116 1347 1220 1143 1456 4287 2713 2245 2481 2686 1588 1724 2971 1270 1270 1520 1424 1043 1175 1792 1293 1529 1243 1547 1424 1293 1610 4627 2413 2676 2767 1778 1769 3130 1329 1384 1669 1157 1270 2023 1397 1601 1361 Split at ends . Sheared fibers. do Split at ends . Sheared fi1>ers ; split at ends . Sheared fibers ; split at end . . Sheared fibers .■ Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers .do. Sheared fibers; split at end . Slight shearing of fibers Sheared fibers do do Sheared fibers; split at end . Sheared fibers do .... do do do 1565 1384 172^ Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers do 716 978 978 277 277 651 851 1 1 222 777 777 788 788 789 789 797 797 1044 1044 976 987 987 -do. 468 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table v.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THPi Sp«ciM. tU. Finns Lambertiiuia— «ODt'd State. 780 me. Pinn» flexilU 819 WhiU nnt. 818 818 CaUfornia.. ....do 851. PiDaaalbicanlis. SSa. Pinasreflexn. yfhiU Pine. 353. Pinus Panrona Piilon. .Vut Pint. 855. Pinna ednlis IHiUm. Nut Pint. 856. Finns monopbjlla... Piiton. JVuJ Pin* 357. Finns Balfouriana. 887. Finns Balfonnana, var. aristata Foxtail Pine. Hickory Pint. 358. Pines res'nosa Bed Pine. Norvmy Pine. Ml 661 656 656 397 882 916 631 631 821 821 914 315 316 785 785 1074 1075 1076 1076 996 996 996 1154 1164 1165 1155 use 1166 861. Finns ponderosa 619 TeWnc Pine. BuU Pine. 858. Finns Torreyana.. 800. Finns Arizonioa. TeOowlHne. 630 680 836 Colorado. ...do.... Kerada.. British Colnmbia ...do Arizona . ...do.... California . ...do Colorado. Utah ... ITevada . California . ...do Colorado. ...do... Nevada . . Michigan ...do 2Tew Bmnswicli: . ...do Vermont ...do ...do ...do California ...do ...do Arizona . .,..do.... ....do.... ...do... ...do .... ....do... Dnicou . . . . Oregon California ....do ...do ...do ....dt I.ocaUty. Lassen's peak . Forest City . .. do........ DanTille Collector. Silver Monntain valley, Fraser river. ..do G. RVasay Sierra Lumber Company. T. S. Brandegee.. ...do A. Triple Son. ill la ■■ ■ . 50SO ., 46:6 G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent .do. Santa Ritamennt- j G. Engelmann and ains. C. S. Sargent. do. San Diego connty. ..do CaBon City . Lewiston . . . Danville Scott monntains . . ..do do. Forest City ...do Prospect mountain Hersey ...do Bridgeton ...do Charlotte ...do ...do ...do San Diego oonnty ...do ...do Santa Rita monnt- ains. ...do do. .do. do. .do. Deadwood Sawmill, Ashland Strawberry valley ...do Saw-mill, Straw. bciry valley. do G. K-Vasey. ..do.* E. Weston . M. E. Jones. A. Triple . . . G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do T. S. Brandegee. ...do A. Tiiple Remarks. Cmshed at 38 millimeters from end. Triple flexore Gravelly 6123 ' Cmahed at 25 millimeters from I end. do I 6123 Crushed at 76 millimeters from end. do. 4527 Crushed at 10 millimeters knot I 76 milliiuet<.'rs from end. I 4740 '' Triple fiexnro 5851 .do. 8029 < Crushed at 38 and at S9 millime- ' Utb fioni end ; oT'eneil pinin. 7621 I Cru8h<' diagonal flexure; knots nt'.ar niiiUlle. Trijilo 1687 ' 1755 2223 i 3116 I I 2309 2994 1288 i I 1232 1846 1601 1374 2200 2543 1616 1619 1737 1810 1524 1397 1637 2635 1796 2322 1497 1547 1733 1973 2658 3488 1452 1329 4359 5623 3.38 2558 2241 i 2608 2638 2277 : 2309 2195 223(1 2230 2527 2599 2649 1397 1542 2186 2123 2141 2418 2118 1751 1796 2286 3175 2372 3075 1293 1275 1910 1647 1406 2259 2399 1651 1669 1746 1833 1538 1429 1656 2672 1819 2368 1647 1697 1774 2003 2740 3579 1492 1651 4409 5534 2703 2341 2268 2600 3.54 1438 1579 2218 ::i82 2182 2431 1773 I 1842 I 2354 I 3293 ! i 2440 I 3166 1311 1288 1964 1663 1433 2313 2634 1687 1713 1760 1470 1669 2713 1855 2418 1597 1637 1796 2037 2844 3692 1520 1565 4522 5552 2749 2308 2286 2731 4.81 1678 1769 2340 2493 2136 2099 2064 2087 2812 3765 1497 1407 2223 1814 1610 2667 3107 2023 1973 1969 2118 1769 5.08 1878 1928 2685 2694 2849 Bemarkg. Sheared fibers. do do do , do Sheared fibers; split at end. do 2223 do 2277 ; Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; split at ends Slight shearing of fibers; split at ends . Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers ; split at end 2994 1579 2404 178T 2849 2214 2186 1905 1746 2738 1805 1996 2019 2223 3289 4219 1678 1787 5216 5761 3030 2613 2572 2182 2336 3626 4491 1796 1883 3851 3202 2635 Sheared fibers do do Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers .do. Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers. do .do. Shear< d fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers do Split St ends; fibers did not shear Sheared fibers ; split at ends Split at end ; fibers did not shear Indented without shearing of fibers. Sheared fibers ; split at ends Split at end ; fitters did not shear Sheared fibers do .do. .do .do. .do .do. Sheared fii)ers ; split along grain. 718 718 731 907 910 667 667 664 664 997 907 293 293 663 625 625 644 644 U67 1157 676 076 676 576 82 82 35S 366 388 388 13 IS 1046 1046 Sheared fibers ffiil Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sheared libers 622 1169 Slight shearing of fibers; split at end | 1169 472 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRmCIPAL WOODS OP THE SpeoiM. trx PlolM inops— contlnaad tt*. Pions d«nn Band Pint. Senb Pint. Sprue* Pine. ITS. PlBn4 pongens TaiU-mountain Fine. Hitk- vry Pine. tJt. Pious niaricata Ofntpo Pine. Biehop't Pine. 177. Plnus mitia TeUov Pine. Short-leaved Pine. Sprvce Pine. BuU Pine. t7S. Pisusglalin Cedar Pine. Spruce Pine. WhiU Pine. 170. Piuns Bankfliana Gray Pine. Scrub Pine, ^rinee't Pine. tSO. Pinaspalastrirt. iMngUaved Pine. Southern Pine. Georgia Pine. Xel- low Pine. Hard Pine. U71 1172 279 279 321 321 671 871 278 278 319 142 142 544 ;44 764 764 394 394 780 780 879 879 81 81 85 85 243 243 302 802 357 357 S58 3Se 3S0 350 360 360 861 361 884 884 885 385 Steto. Kew Jersey , ...do Flarida. .. do... Virginia . ...do... California . ...do Florida . ...do .. LooalltT. CoUeotor. Soil 811 ■sBa m Mount HoUy. ...do aP.Sharples ! Clay.. do do . Apalacliicola A. H. Curtlaa j Dry, bandy barrens do do do ■Wythevllle . ...do H.Shriver ^ Clay.. — do ; do . Marin county O.K. Vasey GraTelly. ...do I do I do Chattahoochee ...do Loaiaiana | Amite C. Mobr Sandyloam A. H. Curtioa Clay.. — do do . South Carolina ... Bonneau's Depot ' H. W. Ruvenel. do do ; . . - do Misgisaippi Uainesrillr C. Mohr ..do... Florida . ...do... Michigan .. do New Brunswick . ...do ...do .. do Florida ...do ...do ... do ... do .. do South Carolina. ...do Alabama ...do .. do ...do .. do ...do ...do ...do ....do ...do Florida ...do ..do ...do ..alo Chattahoochee. ..!do Baldwin . ...do.... l>UTal county . ...do .. do .. do Saw.mili, Saint John's river. ...do Aiken ...do Cottage Hill . ..do Cltronelle .. ..do Chuuchula.. . .. do ... do ...do ...do ... do Sawmill, Keys. .. do.... ...do A. H. Cnrtias . .. do W. J. Bcal. ...do Intercolonial rail- way. ...do .do. .do. A. H. Curtiss. . ..do .. do ...do ...do ...do H. \Y. Ravenel . . do C.Mohr ...do ...do ..do .. do ...do .. do .. do ..do ...do do. .do. Cedar A. H. Cnrtiss . ...do l....do do I Bich upland ...do Low, sandy . . ...do Low, wet ...do Low, sandy . ...do Sandy loam... ...do Moist, sandy. . ...do Dry, sandy... ...do Sandy loam. . ...do ...do ..do ...do ...do . do ...do....^... .. do ...do 6033 5S79 5715 6341 5987 6353 8663 7621 4763 7983 10138 5466 5398 3130 2903 5333 6375 5104 4944 5080 7760 8188 6813 8392 10977 8618 0321 11204 lOlbO 7647 8165 10478 10047 10S69 11839 11930 10931 1 1 008 10031 10660 10931 9775 9934 Bemarks. Crushed at middle on one face . Triple diagonal flexure Tiiplc flfxure pariillel to rings; knots at middle. Crushed at knota at middle Triple ilexure perpendicular to rinfis. Crushed at 89 millimeters tnaa end ; split at end. Crushed at lU millimeters from end at 3 millimeters knot. Crushed at 102 millimeters from end. do. Crushed at small 2 raillimelers knotb 25 millimeters from mid* die. Crushed at 6 millimrtera knot 25 millinirters from middle. Triple flexure Crushed at 51 millimeters trom end. Crushed at 76 millimeters from end at 16 millimeters knot. Ti iple flexure Triple flexure parallel to rings Crushed 32 millimeters from mid- die in viciuity of knot. Crashed at end at 13 raillimelers knot. Triple flexure ; opined grain Crushed at G millimeters knot 76 millimeters from end. Crashed and opened between rings at end. Crushed at 89 millimeters from cud. I Crushed al 3 millimeters knot at midiii eud. 5987 Crushed at 45 millinii tvr.s fioiu middle. 5978 Crushed at 51 millimetera from end. 5670 Crushed at 76 millimeters from end. , Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. 4037 Triple flexure parallel to rings Crushed at 10 millimeters knot 69 millimeters from end. 52eS Triple flexure 8901 Crushed at 102 millimeters from end ; cross-grained 4046 Crushed at 102 millimeters fiom end at 10 millimeteis knot. 3792 Cnislxd at 16 millimeters knot 76 millimeters from end. 4545 Crushed at 38 millim.tera from end uud at middle at 3 millirae- 1 ters knots. 6668 Triple flexure paisllel to rings — 6146 Triple flexure perpendicular to rinixs. 6715 j Crushed at 64 millimeters from end. . . 6579 Crushed at 76 millimeters from end. , ^ . 6486 Crushed at middle ; angle of erush- iiip, 85°. 5216 Crushed at 76 millimeters from end; angle of crushing. 8o°. 6625 Crushed at 78 millimetevs frum »nd. . 5017 Crushed at 13 and at 102 millime. ters from end. 4527 Triple flexure 6987 6706 Triple flexure parallel to rings. Crushed at 61 millimeters from end. 7702 I Triple flexure THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDEE COMPKESSION— G-)ntiuued. 475 ■g I FUE88UBB, IN KILOGRAMS, UEQUIHED TO PBODUCK AN )KI)KKTATION, IN MILLLiETEBS, OF— m m m 0.35 O.S1 1 0.76 : 1315 1474" » 1637 1542 1941 1987 1111 1406 1515 1293 1769 1846 1229 1402 1588 I 2313 3393 3783 ; 2880 3892 4400 I WSTi 2722 3130 1 826 1261 1406 ; 925 1225 1488 1 .-90 807 944 044 1089 1225 749 1089 1238 725 962 1030 |_ 671 1007 1061 '. 635 962 1039 635 939 1C34 776 1061 1152 735 1120 1257 726 11S9 1311 1 676 1084 1229 563 798 880 631 939 1061 662 817 8S4 644 916 962 817 966 1021 640 984 1043 567 1080 1170 963 1379 1515 572 835 844 590 903 984 907 1279 1402 640 912 948 1016 1148 1234 889 1184 1302 717 1325 1574 626 749 807 758 1143 1257 458 626 690 721 794 848 726 907 925 866 lOtt 1120 «31 907 980 871 1007 1684 771 817 848 558 771 866 1 1.37 1814 2141 1560 1892 1706 3983 4786 3298 1442 1542 989 12C1 1302 1071 1071 1080 1093 1179 1325 1397 1343 007 1093 989 966 I 1071 j 1071 j 1234 ; 1597 1 857 i I 1025 1461 962 ; 1257 1415 1628 871 1320 749 898 934 1170 102S 1198 894 953 1887 2313 1592 1932 1796 4073 5080 3438 1429 15E8 1066* 1279 1352 1102 1098 1116 1125 1202 1388 1447 1393 957 1125 1007 993 112S 1139 1276 1665 8«2 1966 1524 984 1293 1479 1706 944 1347 789 957 971 1198 1052 1275 921 093 1.S3 1.78 3.03 1973 2155 2431 2583 1687 1710 1982 2078 1951 2041 4237 I 4204 5252 I 5579 3456 3710 1520 1637 1120 1302 1379 I 1125 ' 1129 ' 1143 1 1161 i 1225 I 1420 1488 1438 1012 1143 1560 1678 1166 1325 1402 1170 ' 1161 ' 1166 I 1193 I 1261 1438 1524 1488 1043 1175 1030 1080 1039 1061 1170 1220 1184 1229 1325 1361 1710 1751 866 898 1098 1120 1565 1619 1016 1034 1334 1379 1629 1606 1765 1829 966 993 1388 1406 830 866 1021 1048 1016 1048 1220 1279 1071 1111 1297 9 1306 1002 1107 1016 1052 3.38 I 2223 2654 1737 2159 2123 I 4309 j 5761 3801 icce 17)9 1202 1347 ! 1438 1211 [ 1202 I 12U2 : 1207 1293 1456 1542 1533 1080 1220 1098 1071 1278 1261 1393 1765 944 1162 1656 1052 1397 1660 1892 1098 1424 903 1120 1080 1325 1125 1352 1170 1129 3.S4 4.S1 2277 278B 1796 2277 2236 4418 5851 I 3887 1628 1778 1234 1370 1479 1225 1220 1225 ^ 1238 1315 j 1506 1565 1574 1116 ; 1266 j 1111 I 1098 1320 1302 1415 1778 948 1176 1669 1066 1443 1728 1969 1161 1433 939 1130 1116 1356 1162 1216 U20 2350 2944 1824 2331 2304 4527 6214 3001 S.OS 4146 16(j0 I 1851 1810 I 1257 1 1452 4246 Remarks. Slight shearing of flhers ; split at ends . Sheared fibers ; .'iplit at ends Slight shearing of fibers ; split at ends . do , do Sheared fibers ; split at ends Sheared fibers ; split at end ; indented section coTera 10 millimeters Knot. Sheared fibers j Sheared fibers ; split at ends I Sliglit shearing of fibers; split at ends. 1619 I do 1397 1560 1724 I Slieared fibers.. 1511 1742 ' ! Shcaied fibers; split at end . I 1247 1243 1252 1275 1334 1542 i 1579 1637 ! 1152 1302 1134 1125 1347 1325 1447 1814 953 1207 1683 1098 1470 1760 2068 1252 1456 966 1161 1161 1415 1166 1429 1388 1370 1488 1506 ! Sheared fibers. 1506 do 1488 .... do 1579 do 1588 ' I do .-. I 1678 I 1824 j Slight shearing of fibers }724 1267 1161 I Sheared fibers; 3 millimeters knot coTered by in- dented section. 3132 Sheared fibers i 1937 1325 j ; Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . 1488 1379 1281 1633 1492 1679 1043 1320 1882 1276 1637 2087 2395 1716 1433 1362 1633 1302 1542 1311 1669 ! Sheared fibers ' Sheared fibers ; split at end . 1379 Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; split at end . Sbeaied fibers.! 1637 1733 1139 2009 1370 1778 2531 1397 1732 do. Sheared fibers; 10 millimeters knot covered byin- dentetl section. Sheared fibers Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers. do do Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. Sheared fibers Split at end ; fibers did not shear Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers do 390 390 84 84 356. 356 493 493 231 231 373 77& 776 794 794 880 880 513 513 620 020 773 773 784 784 791 71)1 292 293 575- 822- 209' 270'' 270» 970 97» 977 977 1016 l(jl» 1019 1026 102B Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. . 476 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOB OF THE PEINCIPAL WOODS OF THE SpeeiM. 1 SUte. LocaUty. Collector. Soil. SI — J" Kemarks. MT. Trao C*DadeiMi»— continned. 219 772 772 778 775 778 778 787 787 793 798 817 817 Charlotte C.G.Pringle Gravelly....! 7802 4049 5307 5489 Crushed at 51 miUimptpni from midille. Ct unhid Ht middle at 3 millimeters knot Triple (lexnix> perpendicular to rings. (^rUKhrd nt 45 niillimetei-H from ....do way. ....do ...do do' do . .. ....do middl>'. 5738 Tiipli- (Iiiurei middle bend 51 1 millimeters eccentric. 5035 Cnmheil and shattered at end in viriniiy of kntpt^. 5058 Ci-UHbiMrat middle at Id millime. ...do ... do ....do ....do ....do Bridgeton do Ed. Sinclair - --- 5851 6301 7403 8346 6101 6827 5516 6486 5120 0450 0185 7B21 0435 5800 6341 6613 9117 9390 5489 9026 8709 20550 9979 11022 7303 7212 7249 8936 8029 7802 6895 6305 7235 7779 8600 9026 7576 7689 7766 tei-M knot. Crushed at 76 milliuif tei h from end; (ipi'ued grain fnmi end to end. Tiiplo (li-xuie iierpeodicuiar to 1 iucs. Cmshcd at G millimeters knot 64 millii-.tett-rs from end. Crushed nt 13 to 25 milluneters fi-om €'ud. Crushed at 19 millimetors ttom middle. Crushed at 32 millimeters from midille. Crashed at T6 niillimctcre from end. Triple flexure Crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Crushed at 51 millimeters from middle. Cmsbed at 5 millimeters knot near middle. Crushed at 70 millimeters from cnd- Crusheil at 0 millimeters knot 46 millimeters from end. Crushed nt 51 millimeters from middle. Triple fle.\ure; middle bend 36 millimetPls eccentric at 3 mllli- nieter.'* knot. Crashed at 3 millimeters knot at middle. Tiipleflexure ...do ...do . Province of Qnebeo ...do West Virginia . . . do ... . do way. ... do Grafton do C.G.Pringle do 1040 lOM 1042 1042 623 MoDaachnsetts — ....do Danvers . do J.Kobinson ....do Hoist loam ...do do North Beading.... ....do do ....do ...do 388. Tauga CaroUnian* Xorth Carolina.... Henderaonville . . . Wilkeson A.Ii.^wtis8 .--- G- Engelmuun and C. S. Sargent. Paul Schaltze Dry, rocky Rich loam Bemlock. 971 905 095 980 980 271» 627 627 702 704 705 706 708 708 709 709 720 720 ,732 732 881 881 973 «73 974 Washington ter- ritory. Alaska nemlock. Sitka ....do ....do ....do S90. Tftuga Pattoniana British Columbia . do Silver peak, near Fiascr river. do G- Engelmaon and C. S. Sargent. do Gravelly loam . ..do . rSii. Fseudotanga Douglaaii Red. Fir. Tetlow Fir. Or*- gon Pirn. DoxtgUu Fir. Colorado T. S. Brandegee . - . G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. Moist California Saw-mill, Straw- berry valley. Crushed at 51 millimeters from middle. Crushed at end and at 102 milli- meters from end. I'riplo flexure perpendicular to rings. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. ....do Oregon Sawmill, Marsh- field, do .. do .... ... do . .do . .. do E. B. Dean's saw- mill, Marsbfield. do • ... do ....do Cmsbed at 69 millimeters from end. Crushed at 45 millimeters from end. Crosheil nt 25 millimeters from end at 3 millimeters knot. Crushed at 76 millimeters from end. Crushed at 76 millimeters from middle. Crushed at 51 millimeters I'rom end; shattered end. Triple llexure; middle Ixnd 38 millimeters eccentric. Crushed at 19 millimeters fnmi end. ....do ....do ....do ...do ....do ... do ...do ....do ....do ....do Montana ... do ....do ... do Saw-mill,Mi8soula ... do S. Watson ... do California Lassen's peak ...do Siena Lumber Conipan.v. ....do..... tJtah Salt Lake .. do M.E.Jone« ...do Crushed at 3 millimeters kuols :I8 millimetei-s Irom end. Crushed at 13 millimeters knot at middle. ■•1° British Columbia . ... do do . . Sawmill, Burrard inlet. ...do C. 8. Sargent . do Crushed at 38 millimeters fi-om end. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. .... do Triple flexure 1 Crushed at gri>up of knots 25 mil- limeteis liom middle. Crushed and shiittered at end ...do ....do ... do 974 986 989 1008 ...do ....do ....do ..do 8aw.inm,ViolorU. Saw-mill, Portland Saw-mill, Bnrrnrd inlrt. G. EDgi'lninun and C. S. Snrgcnt. do Oregon nHtlHh Cnliimhia ...di 1 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPKESSION— Continued. 477 I PBKSRUIiR. IK KILOGIUMe, BBQUIBED TO PBODUCE AN HIDRKTATION, IK KLLIUETERS, OF— 0.33 0.S1 \m' m 0.76 C«7 885 707 1139 993 730 794 925 499 1338 1111 544 522 -.7? 1338 476 658 118i S63 IH2 1406 Ki2 098 11C6 1343 1198 944 1311 1474 857 1833 1452 708 703 1034 I860 857 771 1189 848 1179 2032 1315 1438 1931 1170 739 1089 1306 2141 1338 2096 1161 1533 866 1120 1769 2291 1134 2078 1080 1207 1229 1179 1033 1198 071 1438 862 1107 J 533 2200 1833 1941 1315 1932 802 8.17 1093 1814 8<>5 1216 7« 1089 780 862 953 1320 R39 108ft 1.03 I 1.S7 1.53 I 1.78 I I 9.03 i 9.38 ' 1120 1257 1474 1288 1021 1415 1461 984 2041 1551 780 783 11:9 1837 1093 817 1842 971 1315 2132 1438 1533 2118 1279 1166 2440 2209 1656 1189 3622 2308 1247 1089 1238 1513 1220 2295 2482 2118 993 1982 I 1225 1152 ' 933 1470 1207 894 1320 1315 1538 1352 1075 1411 1461 098 2218 826 1193 1937 1225 871 1928 1048 1397 2223 1501 1666 2277 1311 1221 2576 2322 1710 1257 2676 2409 1297 1293 1306 1506 1266 2313 2545 2254 916 1941 1202 1202 1U02 1547 1302 975 I 1397 . 1433 1628 1442 1107 1415 1465 1048 2241 1733 844 852 1247 2068 1306 894 1996 1093 1461 2313 1551 1002 1415 1492 1724 1547 1157 1447 1583 1089 2245 1792 857 871 1288 2141 1352 939 2032 1139 1533 2395 1592 1778 1828 I 2345 1325 1284 2*67 2391 1742 1293 2817 2499 1352 1429 1370 1515 1320 2245 2595 2300 1012 1860 12L9 1232 1048 1588 1347 2436 1361 1320 2756 2472 1778 1352 2971 2595 1370 152S 1411 1547 > 1301 2109 2635 2345 1(110 1778 1338 1302 1080 1647 1397 t 1066 1438 1551 1778 1615 1170 1479 1637 1143 2245 1833 871 898 1325 2259 1397 1170 1597 2495 1647 1910 2467 1406 1356 2799 2245 1833 1374 3094 2672 1384 1642 1447 1628 1433 2132 2713 2409 1084 1569 1411 1343 1120 1074 1452 1116 14C0 1637 1851 1687 1211 1538 1705 1170 2250 1828 907 948 1365 2309 1415 1021 1152 1511 1710 1910 1737 1234 1628 1751 3.34 921 989 1402 2354 1415 1034 2091 2123 1 1220 1656 2558 1687 I960; 2531 1447 1406 2890 2590 1896 1411 3257 2740 1406 1708 1497 1674 1483 2246 2768 1261 1733 2640 1737 1996 2576 1479 1434 2930 2645 1932 1465 3411 2821 1483 1705 1538 1719 1506 2359 2821 1179 1628 1778 1969 2096 1252 1674 1760 939 1002 1456 2381 1420 1071 2141 1302 1760 2681 1769 2068 2599 1501 1461 2731 1987 1501 3357 2917 1511 1824 1574 1774 1556 2436 2912 4.81 1220 1760 2078 2404 2313 1361 1837 1996 1034 1120 1710 2676 1320 2336 1529 2223 3053 2019 2381 2809 1715 1665 5.08 Bemark*. 2722 1497 1996 2141 1184 1687 Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . . . Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers ; split from end to end . . Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end. , do Sheared fibers do : : do Split at end Slight shearing of libers; split at end. . do Sheared fibers ; split from end to end . . Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Sheart'd fibers; split at ends Sheared fibers 2227 2593 Slight shearing of fibers; split at ends. Slight slieuriiig of fibers ; split at end. . Slight shearing of fibers ; split at ends. .do Sbearod fibers ; split at ends Sheared fibers. .do. Sheared fibers ; split at end , Slight sheariu;; of fibers ; split at end. do 2223 [ 1742 L 4106 L 2359 1724 1931 1814 I Slight shearing of fibers; split at end; 10 millime- knot on indented section. Slight, shearing of fibers ; split at end 1833 2023 2005 1161 1565 14C1 1305 1139 1728 1488 ' 1116 1037 1524 I 1402 j 1170 j 1765 i 1533 1143 I 1733 1374 1433 1193 1801 1E69 1400 2405 1824 1588 1311 2130 Sheared fibers; split at end do do do Sheared fibers do do do Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers; split at end do Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . 1579 ! Sheared fibers do 3561 I 2722 I 1087 Sheared fibers; split at end . d„.f do do Fibers did not shear B s a o 219 772 772 775 775 778 778 787 787 793 793 817 817 1040 104» 1042 1042 62» 971 095 995 980 271« C27 627r 702: '704- 705 706 708 708 709 709- 720. 720- 732- 732: 881 .981 973 973 974 974 986 989 1008 478 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V,— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE Speeie*. Wl. P»»«dotiing«DoiagU»il— roBt'd St»t«. .3»1. Paeudotsuga DoaglMii, var. macrocorpa. Eertdock. 1008 I Oil 1011 1016 101« 1018 1018 1020 1020 1022 1022 M2 i MS British CelombU Oregon ...do . ...do. ...do. ...do . ...do . ..do . ...do. .. do ...do. LooaUty. Collector. Saw-mill, Borrard inlet. Oregon Railway and Navigation Company. do Cr. Engelmnim and C. S. Sargent. do Weidler's saw-miU, Portland. ... do do. do .do . Saw.mill, Astoria . — do . ....do ....do . Soil. lis Itemarlu. Portland Fumitnre' do . Company. I do do . do !■.- do . do '.-■ do . 8081 { Crashed at 38 mUlinirtera from I middle. 8790 CrtiRbcd nt 3 millimeters- knot at { middle. 88W CniKlied at 10 millimet- , .• knot 78 millimi'tere from cnci. 8981 Crushed at 8U mi imcten. from eud. Cnished at Z •millimeters from middle. Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Crnshed at 38 millimeters from end. do do . :392. Abies Frascri BaUam. She Bdltam. 393. Abies halsamoa :„-.;"V BaUamFir. Balm o/ Chlead Fir. :3»4. Abies snbalpina Baltam. 395. Abies (trandis. nhiU Fir. Korth Carolina . ... do 449 449< 449' 449' 820 820 1010 1010 Vermont . Colorado. . ... do.... 9798 10002 9062 I 7892 ! 7666 Triple flexure 8348 Crushid at 51 millimeters from end. 8392 Crnshed at 51 millimetera from I middle. 6872 - Split i.bliqacly ; pieces flew from I machiDu. 7938 CruelH'd at 113 millimetera from 1 end ; «)pened grain. Eoan mountain... I WalcottGibbs....! Peaty loam ! 5874 ' Crashed at 6 mUlimeters knot 31 California Sawmill, San Ber- j W. G. Wright nardino. ..do I. ...do ...do Monkton Forest City . ...do ...do C. G. Pringle . T. S. Brandegee . ....do 396. Abies conoolor S29 WhiU Fir. Baltam Ftr. S29 ...do. ...do. ....do. do. Oregon . ..do.. Coloisdo. .. do. do. .do. do. ..do. do . ..do. ..do . ..do. do i 5239 Crushc-d at 10 millimeters knot 25 ; millimeters from middle. Poaty 5851 Crushed at 25 millimeters from I middle. Moist, sandy loam ' 4854 ' CrMsh.d at middle at 25 millime- toi'H knot, do . ..I 4400 1 Crashed nt 6 millimeters knot 38 millimetirs from middle ; split ' 1 aioiijr grain. Crn.elu d at 10 millimeters knot at middle; split along grain. Crushed nt 38 millimeters from 1 end. 5398 Cinslied nt middle Portland 1 G. Engelmann and ; C. S. Sargent. do I do do do. do. 3850 6661 do I 4808 ' Crnshed and shattered at end . Eich, alluvial 6033 Crushed at 25 roilhmetera from ' middle. Crushed at 19 millimeteis nom middle. Engelmann's calion do . California ' Strawberry valley 398. Abies amabilis. 399. Abies nobilis. Ittd Fir. 400. Abies magniflca. JUd Fir. 401. Larix Americana Larch. Black Larek. Tama- raek Hackmataek. 788 733 1004 1004 905 t6S 647 647 228' 228' 226> 22ff 774 774] ...do. ...do. .. do . do. Robert Douglas... .do . ...do I 6477 1 Rocky j 4309 ....do 1 4967 Crushed 51 millimeters from end (at end bearing transverse test) ; split along rings. Split nt lOmillimcters knots25 mil- limeters from middle. Triple flexure G. Engelmannand Alluvial ! 6350 C.S. Sargent. ^^ \ 6ti^o \ Triple flexure p..rpendicular to I rings: optned grain. Lumber ' -.--i 8618 Crushed at middle do . Lassen's peak I Sierra ...do i.-'r"!^': ; '7507 British Columbia .' Silver peak, near Fraser river. do. Oregon. ...do.. California . ...do do . Cascade mount- ains. ...do Vermont ... do ...do ....do.? New Brunswick . do . Soda Springs . ...do G. Engelmann and ' Rich, sandy loam. C. S. Sargent. I . . do do ...do . ...do. Rich.. ....do Charlotte ...do ....do ....do Bay of Fundy. G. Engelmann and C. S. Sargent. do C.G. Pringle. ...do ...do ...do Gravelly loam . . ...do 7838 7122 7236 7276 7258 Crushed at 38 millimeteis from end. Crui>ied at 25 millimeters from niidii.e. Cnisheil nt middle .... Cold, swampy. ....do ....do ....do Crushed at 51 millimeters from end. Crushed at 25 millimeters from middle. Crushe306 1987 2177 2082 1378 1306 1442 1474 1270 1270 1170 1225 1302 1223 1610. 1746 1429 1452 2858 2586 1474 2404 2948 2440 S.08 2903 1565 2313 1442 1379 1588 1597 1225 1379 1769 1905 3221 1651 2586 Bemarlu. Sheared fibers. do Sheared fibers ; split at end Fibers did not shear ; split at end Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . do do ■ do Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers do. .do. 1006 1011 1011 1016 1016 1018 1018 1020 1020 1022 1022 642 642 .... do. do. Slight shearing of -fibers; split at end; 4 millimeters IfDOt in indented section. Sbt'.ired fibers . do .do Sheared fibers ; split at end . . Split at end Slieared fibers ; split at ends . do Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers ; split at end do Sheared fibers do Fibers did not'shear; split at end. Sheared fibers ; split at end .do. do. Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end . Sheared fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers. do 3130 Sliglit Hhearlug uf fibers ; split at ends . 3612 153H 1746 1769 , Sliglit alienring of fibers; split at end; specimen 120 millimeters long. Fibers did not shear; split at end; specimen 120 millinietei-H long. Slight shearing of fibers; shattered sfick; speoi. men 120 millimeters long. Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end do. 449 448> 449> 449* 1010 1010 529 529 733 733 1004 1004 965 965 647 647 226> 226» 226" 226" 774 774 480 FOREST TREES OF NORTH AMERICA. Table V.— BEHAVIOR OF THE PRINCIPAL WOODS OF THE SpeeiM. Ml. IisrlzAmerieaiut— oontinaed. 402. LarixoccidentaUa.. Tamaraeli. PALMACE.E. 405. WuhinfrtoD'a fiUfera . Fan-lea/ Palm. 781 781 780 780 795 795 840 840 719 719 984 984 1000 1000 1159 1159 SU<«. New Bmnswlok . . ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Uaesachnaetts — ...do Montana. ...do .... Washington terri- tory. do .do. do. IiOCaUty. Bayof Fmdy. ...do Bridgeton ...do Danville ...do VTenham .. do Missoula. . ...do Fnlda ...do ...do ...do Collector. Sou. Intercolonial rail- way. ...do Ed. Sinclair . ...do Grand Trunk nil- way. .-.do J. Robinson . .. do S. Watson . . .. do W. Siksdorf . , ...do .. do ..do California AgnaCaliente.... W.G. Wright. do ! do do Swampy . ...do... Moist . ...do. ...do. ...do . Drj', gravelly . ...do III Bemarks. 8147 Triple fleznre 8142 Crushed at 25 millimeters firom middle. 9390 do Crushed at 51 milllBieters from middle. IM80 Crushed at 04 millimeters bom middle. 8437 Crushed at middle 8907 Triple flexui-e parallel to rings; intersecting "Cooper lines". 7530 Crushed at li>2 millimeters from end on one face. 9807 Triple flexure 10047 Crushed at C4 millimeters from end. 11048 I Cnisbrd at 51 millimeters from end fit 3 millim'^ieis knot. 12033 I Ci ushi d at 3 niiJlimeters knot 19 ' niillinieters from end. 11785 , Crushed at 23 millimeters from middle. 10000 Crushed at 90 millimeters from I end ; opened grain. 1401 ; Split obliquely; fracture 228 mil- limeters lung. 0800 Split uliliqnely; fracture 305 mil. limeters lung. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. UNITED STATES UNDER COMPEESSION— ContiDued. 481 FBESeUBE, I» KILOGBAUS, BEQUIBED TO PRODUCE AH INDESTATION, IN MILLIMETERS, OF- 0.3S O.S1 993 1270 862 703 730 1002 1315 1179 053 1211 1315 1633 1656 1-106 318 812 1125 1765 934 1202 1111 1315 1733 1769 1574 1452 1451 2336 2681 508 1207 0.76 1220 1905 1025 1270 11S9 1429 1842 1892 1774 1579 1547 2350 3134 1905 676 1325 1.08 1.27 1311 1388 2041 2159 1075 1125 1325 1347 1288 1329 1506 1551 1987 2082 1946 2028 1860 1928 1696 1796 1619 1710 2345 2400 3348 3375 2046 2159 617 658 1397 1442 1.52 1461 2254 1189 1433 1388 1656 2168 2168 2000 1860 1792 2545 3470 2300 1497 1.78 2.03 1538 1601 2345 2422 1229 1261 1533 1624 1429 1442 1769 1860 2227 2313 2259 2390 2019 2050 1946 1987 1910 1987 2681 2803 3652 3756 2391 2506 708 735 1651 1610 2.28 1674 2504 1302 1692 1461 1905 2422 2490 2118 2082 2040 2048 3901 2549 768 1628 2.34 1774 2572 1325 1778 1501 1941 2472 2536 2186 2118 2123 3694 4051 2672 776 1656 4.81 2313 3198 2087 3085 3030 2541 2449 2563 945 1932 S.08 2586 2713 1048 1996 Kemarks. Slight sheariDg of fibers Slight shearing of fibers; split at end . do do do do Sheared fibers; split at end; indented section covers 6 miUimeters knot. Slight shearing of fibers ; split at end Sheared fibers Slight shearing of fibers; split at end . do .• do do Fibers did not shear Sheared fibers Slight shearing Of fibers. 781 781 786 786 795 795 840 840 719 719 984 984 1006 1006 1159 1159 31 FOE P^ET III THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES IN THEIR ECONOMIC ASPECTS. 483 5 « * THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES IN THEIR ECONOMIC ASPECTS. t* GENERAL REMARKS. The maps of relative average forest densitj' joined to this report are intended to ilhistrate the present productive capacity of the forest covering of the country (map No. 16, portfolio). They are based, except in the case of the extreme western states and territories, upon the returns of enumerators. In states originally wooded all land not accounted for in the returns as cleared or treeless, or otherwise known to be destitute of tree covering, is treated as forest. The county is taken as the unit, and is seldom divided, unless varied topography or different natural features in different parts makes further subdivision desirable. In the western states and territories, where topography determines forest distribution, county lines are disregarded, and the estimates are based upon special reports of census experts, or upon the published reports of the various government surveys, maps, etc. The condition and productive capacity of the forest covering have been carefully investigated at many points in each county or unit region, and the area covered with forest, obtained in the manner described above, is multiplied by the average stand of timber or other useful wood. The results thus obtained are necessarily greatly generalized to conform to the scale of the mai)s used. The following statement represents the value of the forest crop of the United States for the census year, so far as it has been possible to obtain it: Saw logs $139,838,869 Wood used for domestic purposes as fael^ (estimated) 300,950,040 Wood used by railroads as fuel 5, 126, 714 Wood used by steamboats as fuel 1, 812, 083 Wood used as fuel — _.- In the manufacture of brick and tile 3, 978, 331 In the manufacture of wool 425, 239 In the manufacture of salt 121, 681 In the production of precious metals 2, 874, 593 In other mining operations 673,692 "'!3 Charcoal tised as fuel — In manufacture of iron $4, 726, 114 In manufacture of precious metals . . In the twenty largest cities Naval stores Southern moss Railroad ties (29,554,694) Fence posts (for fencing railroads) Uncultivated vegetable substances used in the manufacture of meuicinea Uncultivated nuts Hoop-poles These returns are incomplete and often unsatisfactory 29, 306 521,310 5, 000, 000 500, 000 9, SO 6, 247 180, 000 687, 000 78, 540- 1, 947, 316 Wood used in the manufacture of— Handles Wheel stock Wood pulp Baskets Excelsior Oars Shoe pegs Hand-made shingles $897, 170 1,300,892 1, 974, 074 314, 125 150, 800 81,000 7;>, 000 47, 952 Total 490,073,094 Manj' important items are omitted entirely. It was found impossible to obtain statistics of the amount and value of the wood (posts, split rails, etc.) used in fencing, with the exception of posts used by railroads. The amount of material thus consumed annually must be very large, probably exceeding $100,000,000 in value. No returns of the amount and value of the bark of different trees used in tanning leather have been received, and there are no statistics of the amount and value of the unsawed timber produced — spars, piles, telegraph and other poles, hewed timber, hard wood exported in the log, ships' knees, etc. — that is, all timber not manufactured in saw-mills into lumber. The value of the timber of this sort cut in the United States every year must be very large. The returns include the railway ties laid down by completed roads, and do not embrace those used in the construction of some 10,000 miles of new road built during the census year. It v>as found impossible to obtain even an estimate of the amount and value of the cooperage stock produced outside of regular saw-mills, and the returns of hand-made shingles only include those made from cypress at a few points in the south Atlantic region. Maple sugar to the amount of 36,576,061 pounds and 1,796,048 gallons of molasses were produced in the forests of the United States during the year 1879. No statistics of the value of these products have, however, been received. Statistics of the value of material consumed in the manufacture of excelsior, wood pulp, wheel stock, handles, shoe pegs, baskets, oars, and hoop-poles are incomplete, and do not fully represent the value of the wood used. The statistics of the value of wild nuts and wild vegetable substances collected are very incomplete, and it has been found impossible to separate the value of the imj)orted from that of the native wood used in the manufacture of veneers, an industry consuming a large amount of high-imced hard wood. Could complete returns of the forest crop of the census jear have been obtained it is not improbable that it would be found to exceed $700,000,000 in value. THE LUMBER INDUSTRY. The following table represents the volume, by states and territories, of the lumber industry of the United States for the census year, as derived from the returns of the enumerators on the schedule of manufactures, and from the rei>ort8 of special agents for manufactures in cities having at the time of the Ninth Census 8,000 or more inhabitants. No distinction between the different kinds of wood sawed was attempted in the enumeration : 485 486 THE FOREStS OF THE UNITED STATES. STATISTICS OF THE LUMBEKDfG I>'DUSTKY OF THE THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. tTKITED STATES FOE THE YEAR ENDING MAY 31, 1880. 487 PBODUCTS. Lnmber aboard measQre). Laths. 18, 091, 356, OW %^)^H^yyf^:^ ^y^^^ fv Swnber. 1,761,788,000 Shingles. Number. Xumber. 5, 555, 046, 000 1, 248, 226, 000 Sets of headings. Jfumher. 146,523,000 Spool and bobbin stock (board measaie). 34, 076, 000 Value of all other products. DoUare. 2, 682, 668 Rank Total value of all ^f^P^Jjl',"? products. to^f"* products. Dollan. 233, 268, 729 251, 851, 000 14, 147, 000 5, 427, 000 2, 357, 000 437,000 2, 649, 634 23 10, 715, 000 172, 503, 000 304, 795, 000 63, 792, 000 64, 427, OOO 29, 286, 000 31, 572, 000 4,000,000 a 247, 627, 000 461, 738, 000 18, 204, 000 b 334, 244, 000 915,943,000 150, 000 6, 527, 000 2, 420, 000 4, 925, 000 1, 719, 000 564,000 317, 000 1,000,000 20, 101, 000 17, 438, 000 750, 000 625,977.000 28,031,000 1, 760, 000 61, 758, 000 138,718,000 27,214,000 7,192,000 4, 823, 000 ; 506,000 i 300,000 1, 640, 000 2, 063, 000 1,010 350, 000 1,203,000 270,000 4, 510, 000 12, 000 650,000 33,000 3,000 700 12,930 500 3, 061, 000 25, 332, 000 4, 235, 000 615,306,000 26, 634, 000 791,000 2, 014, 000 110,000 964,000 4,000 24, 443, 000 283, 071, OOO 1, 385, 000 26, 389, 000 30,000 1,957,000 2,000 13,999 3,975 60,200 16,807 145, 760 215, 918 1, 793, 848 4,428,960 1, 051, 296 1, 076, 455 435, 792 411, 060 60,000 3, 060, 291 4, 875, 310 349, 635 6, 063, 037 14, 260, 830 L. c 412, 578, 000 45, 281, 000 305, 684, 000 133, 472, 000 566, 656, 000 123, 336, 000 d 205, 244, 000 4, 172, 572, 000 663, 974, 000 168, 747, 000 1 399, 744, 000 21, 420, 000 13, 585, 000 21, 545, 000 202. 267, COO 109, 679, 000 11, 195, 000 1, 184, 220, 000 241, 822, 000 910. 832, 000 177, 171, 000 1, 733, 844, OOO 8, 460, 000 185, 772, 080 302. 673. 000 328, 968, 000 25, 709, 000 .122, 942, 000 315, 939, 000 160, 170, 000 180,112,000 j 1,542,021,000 I 2,960,000 I c 79, 924, 000 25,000 26, 856, 000 7,745,000 184, 820, 000 7, 955, 000 d 16, 947, 000 461, 805, 000 88,088,000 7, 908, 000 « 20, 839, 000 2,620,000 c 128, 100,000 835, 000 25, 253, 000 30, 195, 000 426, 530, 000 4, 429, 000 d 19, 667, 000 2, 584, 717, 000 194, 566, 000 5, 355, 000 e 8, 832, 000 9, 627, 000 5,335,000 650,000 23, 148, 000 220,000 02, 376, 000 16, 227, 000 21, 062, 000 199, 821, 000 7, 825, 000 60,000 21, 426, 000 8, 174, 000 33,000 3, 312, 000 150, 000 383, 000 13,426,000 1, 860, 000 21,897,000 547,000 572, OOO 6, 038, 000 3,363,000 49, 454, 000 8, 948, 000 107, 000 79, 399, 000 13, 340, 000 50, 625, 000 18, 245, 000 183, 740, 000 10, 000 23, 133, 000 21, 275, 000 14, 131, 000 1, 583, 000 19, 745, 000 14, 4012,000 0, 550, 000 12, 071, 000 216, 132, 000 300,000 485, 000 67, 086, 000 10, 717, 000 722,000 305, 711, 000 8, 707, 000 24, 870, 000 5, 040, 000 288,561,000 1, 980, 000 10, 036, 000 14, 205, 000 112, 523, OOO 9,295,000 55,711,000 8,223,000 3,610,000 3, 695, 000 862,922,000 '■ 805,000 38,343 8,400 76,655 16, 470 182, 618 149, 894 44,395 531,406 21, 100 5,349 7,087 1,900 1,100 31, 354, 000 40,000 20,000 62, 694, 000 46,000 214, 245, 000 3, 491, 000 156, 000 3, 072, 000 883,000 58,612 40, 385 22, 136, 000 571, 000 25,779,000 1,003,000 1,268,000 25,000 80, 062, 000 365,000 386,000 4, 342, 000 10, 401, 000 93,000 570, 000 140, 000 326,000 3, 700, 000 6,000 13, 219, 000 14, 333, 000 23, 660, 000 41, 992, OOO 86, 545, 000 1,572,000 029,000 415,000 800,000 285,263 7,195 196, 788 10,500 393,044 174 41, 700 72, 998 10,360 1,765 2,575 30,355 1, 952, 000 7,408,000 40, 105 162, 171 6, 186, 628 682, 697 4, 064, 361 1, 764, 640 7, 933, 868 1, 813, 332 3, 120, 184 52, 449, 928 7, 366, 038 1, 920, 335 5, 265, 617 527, 695 265, 062 243, 200 3, 842, 012 1,627,640 173, 930 14, 356, 910 2, 672, 796 13, 864, 460 2, 030, 463 22, 457, 359 240, 579 2, 061, 507 3, 744, 905 3, 073, 449 375, 164 3, 258, 816 3, 434, 16B 1, 734, 742 2, 431, 857 17, 852, 347 40, 990 a Incladini; 77,500,000 feet manaftictured from lo^s cat in AUbama. 6 Including 73,700.000 feet lumber, 15,041,000 laths, p.nd 11.220,000 shingles, manufactured from logs cut in Wisconsin. « Includiug 334,199.000 feet lumber. 78.728,000 lothp. .ind ]27,-i9I.0C0 shingles, manufactured from logs cut in "Wisconsin. (J Incliidiug 26.00^,000 feet lumber, 11,082,000 lathB. .ind 800. COO ehiugUe, nmnufaclured from logs cut in New niinipshire and Vermont. « Including 27,000,000 feet lumber. 12.400,000 lalljh, and 5,:iOO,oliO fliiuKles, m.nuufacturcd fjom logs cut in Wisconsin. 488 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. In the following table the average importance of the saw-mills located in the different states and territories is shown : AVERAGE SIZE AND PRODUCT OF SAW-MILLS IN EACH STATE AND TERRITORY OF THE UNITED STATES. SUtM and Territorlea. »3 If a I Tbe United states. 334 Alaaka Arizona .. Arkansaa . California. 1 DolU. 7,048 NUMBKR OF HANDS EMFLOTBD. 8.8 7.9 a S.8 4.6 MATKBULS AKD LABOB. Valne of logs. DoOt. 6,488 Valne of mlU sup- plies. Dotti. 24« 4,288 256 Wai paul ;[ Lumber during 1 (board the year. DolU. 1,235 1,198 measure). Feet 703,000 712,000 Laths. ' Shingles. Xo. 68,000 Xo. 216,000 40,000 15,000 Staves. 2fo. 48,000 6,000 Sets of head- ings. Xo. 5,700 1,000 Spool and bobbin stock. Valne of other prod- ucts. Feet. 1,300 Total valne of aU prod- nets. 2MU. 9,078 7,485 Colorado Connecticut Daliota D«-laware Dititrict of Columbia . 13 319 25J 96 300 Florida ' 135 Georgia 655 Idaho j 48 niinois I 640 Lidiana 2, 022 Indian territory . Iowa Kansas Kentucky L<>ui9t.ina 7,880 3,347 25,716 5,013 2,119 2,917 3,015 25,000 16,441 4,735 4,009 5,149 3,485 Value Haryland Massaohnsetta. Michigan Minnesota Uiasissippi . HisDouri:... Montana Kebraaka... Nevada New Hampshire . New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina . . 328 146 670 175 848 369 606 1,649 234 295 ,881 36 38 9 284 26 i822 9.7 9.0 19.7 16.6 4.0 11.6 7.5 35.0 24.0 7.5 6.5 9.0 8.0 6.0 5.5 13.7 9.0 2.0 7.6 4.6 25.0 15.0 6.0 3.6 6.0 5.0 Ohio ; 2,352 Oregon 228 Pennsylvania ' 2,827 Rbo<1e Island ; 49 South Carolina \ 420 Tennessee . Texas tTtnh Vermont... Virginia... Wnnbington Vfent Virginia. Winconsiu Wyoming 765 824 107 688 907 47-J 15,080 1,801 3,418 5,165 7,475 3,354 4,003 23,808 28,936 ' 3,127 j 3,255 ! 5,783 ' 2.4.-.7 ' 14,006 5,508 : 5,836 '• 2,870 4,688 2.246 3.378 6,920 7,676 2,944 2,515 2,655 5,126 2,549 4,759 2.340 I 66,390 3,535 28. 159 j 3,814 12.6 5.7 7.7 8.6 11.6 4.8 5.0 ia7 16.0 7.0 7.6 11.0 8.0 7.0 7.0 8.7 10.8 6.0 7.0 6.5 5.0 7.5 5.0 6.6 7.0 14.0 7.9 6.5 6.0 24.0 ao 20.0 0.7 9.0 3.5 3.8 5.6 7.8 3.0 3.0 14.7 12.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.7 4.0 4.5 2.7 6.7 4.0 4.0 4.0 2.6 6.0 >,0 8.6 6.0 9.8 8.6 8.6 4.0 13.6 4.0 1^0 6.6 9,729 3,166 8,190 2,030 6,903 2,672 32, 000 13,064 4,655 4,452 4,624 4,600 12,267 2,888 3,341 6,321 5,607 2,823 3,015 18,700 18,839 4,037 3,534 7,148 4,048 16,865 3,176 3,319 3,851 3,057 1,921 8,658 6,«78 4,782 2,368 2,785 2,667 6,894 2,024 2,819 2,066 81,780 2,770 17,356 8.532 408 190 744 476 108 324 158 2,000 768 225 352 290 166 2,567 744 4,365 1,176 594 1,410 473 6,000 4,165 843 700 1,230 777 824,000 541,000 1, 214, 000 664,000 215, COO 751, 000 367, 000 4, 000, 000 1,834,000 690,000 380, 000 522, 000 453,000 11,000 20,000 10,000 51,000 6,000 15,000 4,000 1,000,000 150,000 27,000 16, 000 40,000 14,000 130, OOO 194,000 553,000 283,000 24, 000 124, 000 6,000 23,000 6,000 8,000 1,000 5,000 1,000 23,000 39, 000 88,000 24, 000 13,000 52,000 I 6,000 6,000 3,000 1,000 1,000 176 256 462 2S2 176 126 95 116 677 290 1,224 167 166 650 173 111 124 160 204 98 160 181 677 202 119 131 143 376 2,513 457 1,003 1,143 1,369 606 712 4,225 3,950 671 760 1,332 771 1,099 633 932 766 376 726 1,062 1.032 676 328 727 2,262 609 620 595 5,420 974 8,206 911 1, 258, 000 310,000 456, 000 762, 000 668,000 334,000 338, 000 2, 530, 000 2,410,000 672,000 453, COO 595, 000 357, 000 2, 304, 000 429,000 386, COO 430, 000 419, 000 311,000 387,000 777,000 613,000 172,000 442,000 ! 400,000 i 1,015,000 240, 000 460, 000 \ 348,000 I 4, 329, 000 ' 381, 000 2, 190, 000 ; 428,000 244, 40, 40, 44, 218, 21, 28, 280, 370, 27, 23, 73, 000 000 000 000 I 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 78,000 31,000 4,000 28,000 17,000 21,000 80,000 65,000 55,000 ! 390,000 6,000 37,000 170, 000 503, 000 12,000 32,000 1, 568, COO 831, 000 18, 000 10,000 ' 267, COO 28, 43, 14, 28, 16, 177, 25, 305, 43, 000 I 000 i 000 000 000 j 000 : 000 ■ 000 000 54,000 98,000 38, COO 27, 000 108,000 11,000 10,000 2,000 102, 000 •10, 000 24,000 18,000 347,000 87,000 80,000 9,000 97,000 8,000 1, 226, 000 128,000 38,000 140,000 ! 2,000 13,000 16, 000 ; 2, 000 34, 000 12, COO 1,000 73,000 ' 4,000 44,000 35, 000 I 3, 000 121, 000 j 13, 000 33, 000 2, 000 24, 000 4, 000 46,000 22,000 91,000 28,000 7,000 8,000 11,000 3,000 5,000 19, 000 2, 000 15,000 , 1,000 J 639,000 80,000 4,000 117, COO 10, 000 77 2,000 104 6 1,254 26 72 117 23 113 215 406 73 322 90 18 8 63 29 142 101 9 46 139 3 16,609 5,623 17,615 10, 951 339 11, 174 4,780 50,000 22,668 7,443 9,346 7,9U 7,062 19,000 4,700 6,066 10,083 9,356 4,914 5,149 31,807 31, 478 6,509 6,000 14, CSS 6,973 27,022 5,650 5,731 6,690 6,087 3,443 5,893 8,005 7,944 4,909 4,837 06 , 4,960 32 I 11,338 16 j 3, 606 3 ; 4,736 33 i 3,786 216 46,886 5, '62 26,500 5,855 .<>' ji' TENTH CJ-;WSUS OF THE TJl-iITr_:D BTATEo Julius r,i..r..1<'..]iHl THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 489 Michigan is tlie greatest lumber-producing state in the Union. The value of its lumber product, ^vith that of Wisconsin and Minnesota, exceeds one-third of the total value of all the lumber manufactured in the United States. This enormous development of the lumber business in the lake region is due to the excellence of its forests, the natural advantages of the country for manufacturing lumber, and the easy communication between these forests and the treeless agricultural region west of the Mississippi river. The extinction of the forests of the lake region may be expected to seriously affect the growth of population in the central portion of the continent. The country between the Mississippi river and the Eocky mountains, now largely suppliedcwitli lumber from Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, must for building material soon depend upon the more remote pine forests of the Gulf region or those of the Pacific coast. A great development in the now comparatively unimportant lumber-manufacturing interests in these regions may therefore be expected. New centers of distribution must soon supplant Chicago as a lumber market, and new transportation routes take the place of those built to move the pine grown upon the shores of the great lakes. It is not probable, however, that any one point will ever attain the importance now possessed by Chicago as a center for lumber distribution. With the growth of the railroad system and the absence of good water communication from the great forests remaining iu the country toward the center of the continent, lumber will be more generally shii)ped direct by rail from the mills to the consumer than iu the past. In this way the pine of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas will reach Kansas, Nebraska, and the whole country now tributary to Chicago. Western Texas and northern Mexico will be supplied by rail with the pine of eastern Texas, and the prairies of Minnesota and Dakota must draw their lumber by rail, not as at present from the i^ine forests covering the shores of lake Superior, but from the fir and redwood forests of the Pacific coast. FUEL. The following table represents the consumption of forest products as fuel during the census year. The estimates of the amount and value of the wood used for domestic fuel are based upon answers to letters of inquirj' addressed to persons living in every town in the United States. The average amount and value of the wood used by a family of five persons, taken as a unit, is multiplied by the number of families in each state using wood for fuel, and the result thus obtained is taken as the total state consumption : WOOD USED AS FUEL FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES. Use. Cords. Value. Uae. Cords. Valne. 140,537,439 1,971,813 787,862 358, 074 266, 771 $306, 950, 040 5, 126, 714 1, 812, 083 2, 874, 593 1,157,522 540,448 158, 208 $3,978,331 121,681 425,239 By steamboats ious metals Total In miuing .nud amalgamating the prec 145, 778, 137 321,962,373 673, 692 ESTIJIATED CONSUMPTION OF WOOD FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES. Xumber of persous Tisin^ wood for Uoraeetic fuel, 32,375,074. States and Territories. Cordti. Value. States and Territories. Alabama Ala:4ka Arizona Arkansiaa (.'.lUfornia Colorado Couuet'ticut D:ikota T>*.'lnware District of Columbia. . rior^da Geor;;ia Idai.o niinf'irt Indinnu Indiiii territory Iowa 8,078,734 I $8,727,377 170, 017 3,923,400 ; 1, 748, 062 : 420.719 j 525,639 422,948 177,306 20.902 ] 609, 046 5,910,043 ■ 99,910 5, 200, 104 7, 059, 874 724, 572 S, 093, 821 7, 693, 731 1, 638, 783 2, 371, 532 3, 028, 300 751,311 80, 700 1, 230, 412 8, 279, 245 383,086 14, 136, 662 13, 334, 729 4, 090, 640 14, Oil, 280 Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine (o) Maryland MassacbuHi'tts (a) . Michigan Minnesota Mif>sis.sippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampsliire.. New Jer.scy New Mexico New York Cords. 11, 093, 439 994,813 944,858 215, 881 152, 919 890, 041 838, 904 609, 568 090, 758 016, 373 119, 947 908, 188 155, 276 567, 719 042, 598 169,946 290,975 Value. $7, 328, 723 13, 313, 220 4,607,415 4, 078, 137 3, 170, 941 4, 613, 263 13, 197, 240 5, 873, 421 7, 145, 116 8, 633, 405 460, 038 3, 859, 843 972, 712 1, 9tU, 009 2, 787, 216 1, 063, 360 37, 509, 364 (I Including a smnll amount imported fi-om Canada. CONSUMPTION OF CHARCOAL. States and Territories. North Carolina. Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania . . Rhode Island . . South Carolina. Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Wasliington — West Virginia. WisconsiTi Wyoming Cords. 7, 434, 690 8, 101, 343 482, 254 7, 361, 992 154, 933 3, 670, 059 8, 084, 611 4, 883, 862 171, 923 782, 338 5, 416, 112 184, 226 2,241,069 7, 206, 128 40, 213 Tol.il ; 140,537,439 Douipptic ond manufactniing ]iurpo»c». linahcls. Value. 4,319,194 69, 592, 091 97,687 $321,376 4,720,114 29, 300 In the manufacture of iron - In the production of jtrcrions metals 74,008,972 6,276,736 Value. $9, 019, 569 16, 492, 574 1, 254, 511 13, 067, 6,51 706, Oil 11, 505, 997 10, 674, 722 10, 177, 311 418, 289 2, .509, 189 10, 404, 134 490, 904 3, 374, 701 11,863,739 224, 848 306, 950, 040 490 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. The forests of the United States, in spite of the great and increasing drains made npon tbem, are capable of Yielding annually for many years longer a larger amount of material than Las yet been drawn from them, even with our nrescnt "reckless methotls of forest management. The great pine forest of the north has already, it is true, suffered fatal inroads. The pine which once covered ^^ew England and New York has already disapi.eared. Pennsylvania is nearly stripped of her pine, which once appeared inexhaustible. The great northwestern pineries are not vet exhausted, and with newly-introduced methods, by which logs once supposed inaccessible are now BtofltablV brought to the mills, they may be expected to increase the volume of their annual product for a few years loncer in response to the growing demands of the great agricultural population fast covering the treeless midcontiuental plateau. The area of pine forest, however, remaining in the great pine-producmg states ot Michi-an Wisconsin, and :Minnesota is dangerously small in proportion to the country's consumption of white Dine lumber and the entire exhaustion of these forests in a comparatively short time is certain. The wide areas now covered in New England by a vigorous second growth of white pine, although insignificant in extent and productiveness in comparison with the forests it replaces, must not be overlooked in considering the pme supply of the country. These new forests, yielding already between two and three hundred million feet of lumber annually, are capable of great future development. The pine belt of the south Atlantic region still contains immense quantities of timber unequaled for all purposes of construction, although unsuited to take the place of the white pine of the north. The southern pine forests although stripped from the banks of streams flowing into the Atlantic, are practically untouched in the Gulf states, especially in those bordering the Mississippi river. These forests contain sufficient material to long supply all possible demands which can be made upon them. The hard-wood forests of the Mississippi basin are still, in certain regions at least, important, although the best walnut, ash, cherry, and yellow poplar have been largely culled. Two great bodies of hard-wood timber, however remain, upon which comparatively slight inroads have yet been made. The most important of these forests covers the region occupied by the southern Alleghany Mountain system, embracing southwestern Virginia, West Virginia, western North and South Carolina, and eastern Kentucky and Tennessee. Here oak unequaled in quality abounds. Walnut is stiU not rare, although not found in any very large continuous bodies, and cherry, yellow poplar, and otherwoods of commercial importance are common. The second great body of hard wood, largely oak is found west of the Mississippi river, extending from central Missouri to western Louisiana. The forests of Michigan especiaUy those of the northern peninsula, still abound in considerable bodies of hard wood, principally maple Throughoutthe remainder of the Atlantic region the hard-wood forests, although often covering considerable areas, have everywhere lost their best timber, and are either entirely insufficient to supply the local demand of the present population, or must soon become so. In the Pacific region the great forests of fir which extend along the coast region of Washington territory and Oregon arestill practically intact. Fire and theaxhave scarcely made a perceptible impression upon this magnificent accumulation of timber. Great forests of pine still cover the California sierras through nearly their entire extent; the redwood forest of the coast, however, once, all things considered, the most important and valuable body of timber in the United States, has already suffered seriously, and many of its best and most accessible trees have been removed. This forest still contains a large amount of timber, although its extent and productive capacity has been generally exaggerated. The demand for redwood, the only real substitute for white pine produced in the forests of the United States, is rapidly increasing, and even at the present rate of consumption the commercial importance of this forest must soon disappear. The pine forests which cover the western slopes of the northern Rocky mounteins and those occupying the high plateau and inaccessible mountain ranges of central Arizona and southwestern New Mexico have not yet suffered serious damage at the hands of man. The remaining forests of the Pacific region, of little beyond local importance, are fast disappearing. The area of these interior forests is diminished every year by fire and by the demands of a careless and indifferent population ; and their complete extermination is probably inevitable. The forest wealth of the country is still undoubtedly enormous. Great as it is, however, it is not inexhaustible, and the forests of the United States, in spite of their extent, variety, and richness, in spite of the fact that the climatic conditions of a large portion of the country are peculiarly favorable to the development of forest growth, cannot always continue productive if the simplest laws of nature governing their growth are totally disregarded. The judicious cutting of a forest in a climate like that of the Atlantic or Pacific Coast regions entails no serious or permanent loss. A crop ready for the harvest is gathered for the benefit of the community ; trees which have reached their prime are cut instead of being allowed to perish naturally, and others take their place. The permanence of the forest in regions better suited for the growth of trees than for general agriciUture may thus be insured. Two causes, however, are constantly at work destroying the permanence of the forests of the country and threatening their total extermination as sources of national prosperity— fire and browsing animals inflict greater permanent injury upon the forests of the country than the ax, recklessly and wastefuUy as it is generally used against them. 2 tfv TtlKTii CE.NSUS OF THE UIIITED S'ly^l'Fo Juteu fiint X CfxIiUi o^ ^iUf. _ -H'" THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 491 FOEEST FIEES. The extent of the loss which the country sustains every year from injury to woodlands by fire is enormous. An attempt was made to obtain, by means of circulars of inquiry addressed to enumerators of the census and other persons living in every town of the United States, some estimate of the actual destruction of forest material in this way. More than 30,000 of these circulars were sent out. The information obtained, often vague and unsatisfactory, after a most critical examination, in which all doubtful or contradictory returns were entirely thrown out, is presented in the following table and accompanying map. It must be borne in mind that estimates based upon information obtained in this manner are liable to very considerable error, and due allowance must therefore be made for inaccurate or incomplete returns. Many towns, and even counties, in which forest fires are known to have occurred during the year 1880, made no returns whatever, and the returns of other counties were excluded. It is therefore fair, perhaps, to assume that the following table, inaccurate and unsatisfactory as it no doubt is in many respects, at least does not exaggerate the annual loss inflicted upon the country by forest fires: TABLE OF FOREST FIRES OCCURRING DURING THE CENSUS YEAR. • CAUSES OP FIEE. states and Teiritoriee. Areas burned, in acres. Value of property de- stroyed. p. Mo .a| •3 M 5 i > i B s a M 1 a O 1 i ■3 i 'ft (A .1 A 1 t > 1 II ll 1 1 i The United States 10, 274, 089 ^,462,250 197 1,152 508 628 72 35 262 12 g 32 56 10 2 2 3 3 5«»,160 121 225 M 16 4 20 3 Alaska 10,2(0 858,115 356,815 113,820 56,000 259,470 440,750 935,500 8 2 2 27 9 20 23 7 1 28 10 5 1 4 5 2 2 Dakota 4 6 2 6 2 1 2 Delaware -. 3,305 15,876 District of Columbia Florida 105, 320 705, 351 21,000 48, 691 90,427 1,000 11, 017 7,080 556,647 64,410 35, 230 41,076 13,899 238, 271 250, 805 222, 800 783, 646 88,020 69,900 167, 620 202, 000 45, 775 130,335 11 21 2 15 2 2 16 3 27 28 3 ' Georgia Idaho 2 10 6 Illinoia 20' 12 3 4 Indinua 52 20 I ndiau territory Iowa 45,470 14, 700 237,635 6,800 123, 315 37,425 102, 262 985, 985 1, 395, 110 78,605 294,805 1, 128, 000 26 5 1 12 8 33 2 20 U 37 S9 14 17 29 1 7 5 3 1 10 1 2 12 27 51 2 S9 31 [ 3 5 8 Marvland Mai)8acbu8ett8 40 52 161 i ^^ 19 3 3 Michigan 1 8 Mluiic-Hota 40 8 14 13 1 16 1 9 1 10 MIssmsippi t 1 1 1 1 1 8,710 5, 954 19,000 63, 010 252,240 142,075 1,210,785 357, 980 797, 170 593, 850 3, 043, 723 3 6 6 2 22 34 57 12 17 3 -v'ew Hampt4hire J*'ew Jersey 7 7 37 37 115 04 7 129 12 28 I 43 11 27 133 1 1 7 2 71,074 6 New Mexico. 64,034 149. 491 5«,102 74, 114 13t, 320 685,73^ 3 2 Xew York 10 4 3 25 11 4 102 22 Ohio Oregon ^ 4 Penoi^ylvauia Kbodo Island , Hontb Carolina 431.730 291,226 2£ 17 1 28 :::::: :::::t:::;: 2 492 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. TABLE OK l-QREST FIRES OCCUKRIXG DURING THE CENSUS YEAR— Continued. Areas bamed. in aercs. Vttlno of property de- ■Utiyed. $5,264,980 273,890 1,042,800 48,480 326,944 713,200 15D, 280 725,010 3,255,000 CAUSIS OF nBI. State* ud Teiritorie*. 1 it 1 1 5 1 i i § 1 CO a 1 i 1 1 1 1 (k i 11 i 1 1 5 085,430 509,359 42,865 8,941 272,319 87,010 476, 775 10 10 10 3 « 14 7 8 1 2 14 16 4 4 8 t 6 20 10 26 5 22 58 5 18 7 13 2 12 8 13 15 1 1 2 6 8 1 8 / 400,298 83.780 ...... 3 1 I ' 1 ~M The largest number of these fires of any one class was traced to farmers clearing land and allowing their brush fires to escape into the forest. The carelessness of hunters in leaving fires to burn in abandoned camps, next lo farmers, was the cause of the greatest injury. The railroads were responsible, too, for serious damage to the forest from fires set by sparks from locomotives, while the intentional burning of herbage in the forest to improve pasturage often caused serious destruction of timber. Only the value of the material actually destroyed by fire is included in these estimates. The loss of timber by fire, great as it is, is insignificant in comparison with the damage inflicted upon the soil itself, or with the influence of fire upon subsequent forest growth. If a forest is destroyed by fire all trees, old and young, giants ready for the ax, and germinating seedlings — the embryo forests of succeeding centuries — are swept away. Undergrowth essential to protect the early growth of trees, the roots of perennial herbage, and the seeds of all plants are consumed. The fertility, or rather the ability of the burned soil to produce again spontaneously a similar crop of trees to the one destroyed, is lost, and the subsequent recovering of burned land with the species of the original forest is only accomplished, if accomplished at all, through the restoration of fertility following the slow growth and decay of many generations of less valuable iilauts. A northern pine and spruce forest when destroyed by fire is succeeded by a growth of brambles, in time replaced by dwarf birch, poplar, and bird cherries, of no eeonomic value ; scrub oaks and various hard woods follow these, and pine rarely reappears except upon land long mellowed in the various ojierations of agriculture. In the south Atlantic region a gradual change in the composition of the pine forests is steadily going on under the influence of fire. Less valuable species now occupy the ground once covered with forests of the long-leaved pine, through which annual fires have been allowed to run to improve the scanty pasturage they afford. Stockmen have been benefited at the expense of the permanency of the forest. Fire, too, changes the composition of the broad leaved forests of the Atlantic region, although its influence is here less marked than upon forests of conifers, which, unlike deciduous trees, rarely grow from stump shoots, and must depend entirely upon the germination of seeds for their reproduction. Still, in regions continually burned over during a long period of time and then covered again with forests, as is the case in some portions of Kentucky and Tennessee, valuable species, like the white oak and the yellow poplar, are rare or entirely wanting in the new forest growth. The forests of the north Pacific coast offer an exception to the law, otherwise general, for this continent at least, that a change of forest crop follows a forest fire. The fir forests of western Washington territory and Oregon when destroyed by fire are quickly replaced by a vigorous growth of the same species, and the fires which have consumed great bodies of the California redwood have not prevented the reproduction of this species by seeds and shoots. In the interior Pacific region forests destroj'ed by fire either do not reproduce themselves, or when, under exceptionally favorable climatic conditions, a growth of trties recovers the burned surface, poplars and scrub pines replace the more valuable species of the original forest. The damage inflicted upon the permanency of the forests of the country by biowsing animals is only surpassed by the injury which they receive from fire. The custom of turning domestic animals into the forest to pick up a scanty and xirecarious living, common in all parts of the country, is universal in the southern and central portions of the Atlantic region and in Calitoruia. Sheep, cattle, and horses devour immense quantities of seedling trees, the future forests of the country. They bark the trunks and destroy the vigor and often the life of larger trees. Hogs root up young pines and other plants to feed upon their succulent roots, and devour the edible fruit of many trees. In this way not only is the permanence of the forest endangered, but in the case of deciduous forests their composition is often seriously .afiected. Species with thin-shelle Id MILCI A^ > DEPAPTME>JT PP THE IVTERfOH TENTH CENSUS OP THE UJJITEI MAI' Of NKW IIAMPSIII HK .VM) VEllMONT S11(IW1.\(. TlIK DISTItllUTlOX OK TIIK I'l.NK .\.V1) Sl'RrCK MmivSTS, Wini Sl'KlXM. KKKKIIKNCK TO TIIK LI'MUKIt INUISTUY. CUMPIIJ^D lINnKHTmS UlIlKCnO!! OK C.S.S.MUJKNT. SI'Ki'lAI. AUKNT. r^ hEGKXIl Stuiuknjh|>rut-« IPtomtii^ji, aiwt hatiWuttdM ; ArtNiM orn^ttiHUyiKVupiMl btUlitt«>PuM>[PimH.SlrobiiMJ iUmI null I mil Hiiiii[;[ niiwrti i ulili iiiiiniiiilii cf vroud ' (Jrut*tli Pkar of diflfTml a^nt Atvas <>"'tiiniiiM^ <'k' bolios afnAnWuiKlM. wtiicli till- SjMiiLi' luv) txvii nMwn-ed , I JuliiwHini^Colith lo fi O Scale THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 497 Partial returns of tbe Loop-pole industiy give a production during the census year of 4,225,000, valued at $29,280. New Hampshire is fourth among the states in the importance of its maple-sugar product. During the year 1879 it produced 2,731,945 pounds. Belknap county. — From one-third to three-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods. Carroll county. — Five-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods. In the northern portion there are still large areas covered with an original growth of spruce. Large quantities of charcoal are manufactured in this county, and the usual method of lumbering adopted here and very generally in northern New Hampshire is tirst to cut the spruce large enough for saw-logs, taking all trees G inches in diameter 25 feet from the ground, and then cut for charcoal all the remaining growth, hard wood and soft, even the young spruce. As the land cleared is of little value for agricultural purposes, it is allowed to grow up again with wood. Deciduous trees come up at first, and these are sometimes, but not always, followed by spruce. It is necessary to exercise great care in order to prevent the newly-cleared tracts from suffering from fire, as the material for charcoal, cut into cord- wood, is often left on the ground until the second season. Mr. C. G. Pringle, who studied the forests of this region, iurnishes the following notes upon the forests of Carroll county : " The forests on the mountain sides between Crawford's and Bartlett are composed principally of the yellow and paper birch, the sugar maple, the red maple, poplars, the black spruce, and the balsam fir. About Bartlett scattering specimensof white pine make their appearance. In the more level part of North Conway the red and the pitch pine and the hemlock become common, while on the more sterile, sandy plains farther down the Saco these pines with the white birch constitute the principal arborescent growth. " The tract known as Hart's location, lying partly in the White Mountain notch, includes 10,000 acres, 2,000 of which bear 15,000 feet per acre of spruce and hemlock — rather more of hemlock than of spruce ; 10,000 acres in this tract will cut 25 cords of hard wood per acre. The town of Bartlett, partly cleared, still has 40,000 acres of woodland, which will yield an average of 5,000 feet per acre of spruce and hemlock and 15 cords of hard wood, Sargent's grant covers mount Crawford, Stair mountain, and a part of mount Washington. On this tract are 15,000 acres of timber land, carrying 20,000 feet per acre, chiefly spruce. The Thompson and Meserve purchase comprises portions of mounts Washington, Jefferson, and Madison, and covers 12,000 acres. Two thousand acres of this will yield 30,000 feet of spruce and hemlock per acre in nearly equal proportions. The remaining 10,000 acres will cut 25 cords of bard wood per acre. The Bean purchase lies north of the town of Jackson, and covers 40,000 acres. It is occupied by a dense forest, amounting to 20,000 feet of spruce and hemlock and 20 cords of hard wood per acre. Originally there was considerable pine on the streams and sides of the mountains in this vicinity, particularly on mount Kearsafge, but now there is little left. Twelve and twenty-five years ago much of the town of Bartlett was burned over, and a different growth has come up — white birch, poplar, bird cherry, etc." A large amount of cooperage stock, excelsior, and an average of 1,000 cords of shoe pegs (from birch and maple) are annually made in this county. Considerable damage to oak and poplar caused by the ravages of the army-worm [?J are reported. The natural increase of timber is said, however, nearly to equal the present consumption by local industries, and scarcity is not apprehended. Cheshire county. — About one-half of this county is reported covered with woods. Coos COUNTY. — Nine-tenths of this county is reported covered with forests. The following is extracted from Mr. Pringle's notes upon the forests of this county : " Everything east of the Connecticut lakes and about the upper portions of Indian and Perry streams is original forest. Such also is the condition of the Gilmanton, Atkinson, and Dartmouth College grants and the towns of Dixville, Odell, and Kilkenny. All the eastern portions of Clarksville, Stewartstown, Colebrook, Columbia, and Stratford are forest, and nearly all of Wentworth's location, Millsfield, Brrol, Dummer, Cambridge, and Success. In these forests the spruce will cut 5,000 feet and the hard wood about 50 cords per acre. There is considerable hemlock, but even less pine than in Essex county, Vermont. Not much of the region has been burned over, and spruce comes into the soil again but slowly after clearings and fires. " In the township of Kilkenny, in the mountains east of Lancaster, there are 16,000 acres of forest still untouched, though a branch railroad from Lancaster into this forest has been surveyed, and may be constructed in a few years, for the purpose of bringing the lumber down to the mills at Lancaster. Lowe and Burbank's grant is a wilderness, three-fourths well timbered and the remainder a mountain ridge of nearly bare rock. Bean's purchase is nearly inaccessible and but little lumbered. Stark, on the upper Ammonoosuc, is badly cut over, only about one-quarter remaining in virgin forest. About one-half of Berlin is uncut ; also the northern half of Eandolph, the south half of Gorbam, and the south quarter of Shelburne. Considerable land in Success was burned over some years ago, as well as some in Stark and in the eastern part of Berlin, but fires have not lately been very destructive in the New Hampshire forests." A large amount of cooperage stock, handles, wood pulp, shoe pegs, etc., is manufactured in this coianty. Abundant material, with the exception of ash, is reported. Grafton county. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly confined to the northern and central portions. Shoe pegs, cooperage stock, wood pulp, and excelsior are largely manufactured. The amount of material is considered abundant for the present consumption. 32 fob 498 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Hillsborough county, — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly second growth. A largo amount of cooperage and wheel stocU is manufactured. No deterioration in the quality of material is reported, although at the present rate of consumption it must soon become exhausted. Mebrimack county,— One-half of this county is reported covered with woods. Cooperage stock, handles, and excelsior are largely manufactured. A slight deterioration in the quality of material is reported. EOCKIKGHAM COUNTY. — From one-quarter to five-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly second growth. Stbaffobd county. — Four-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly second growth. IIoop-polcs, cooperage stock, etc., are largely manufactured. Wood of all sorts is reported scarce and rapidly increasing in value. VERMONT. The forests of Vermont, as compared with those of New Hampshire and Maine, are varied in composition. About the shores of lake Champlain several western trees first appear, and throughout the state the forest is more generally composed of deciduous than coniferous species. Forests of spruce, however, spread over the high ri4ges of the Green mountains, their foot-hills being covered with hard-wood trees and little pine or hemlock occurring in the valleys. A forest of white pine once stretched along the banks of the Connecticut, and great bodies of this tree occurred in the northwestern part of the state, adjacent to lake Cliaraplain. The original white- ]>ine forests of the state are now practically exhausted. They arc represented by a small amount of second-growth pine only, which furnished during the census year a cut of 6,505,000 feet of lumber, board measure. The forests of Vermont now sufier comparatively little from fire, although at difi'erent periods during the last fifty years very serious fires have laid waste great areas of forest in the Green Mountain region. During the year 1880 3,941 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $48,466. Of such fires ten escaped from farms into the forest, five were set by locomotives, two were traced to the carelessness of hunters, and one to malice. Large amounts of cooperage stock, woodenware, furniture, paper pulp, excelsior, veneers, etc., are manufactured throughout the state. Material for these industries is fast disappearing, and a great deterioration in quality, especially of oak, ash, and chestnut, is reported by manufacturers. Vermont surpasses all other states in the manufacture of maple sugar. During the year 1879 11,201,077 pounds were produced in the state. The following estimate of the spruce standing in the state May 31, 1880, has been prepared fromi Mr. Pringle's report., and is based upon the statements of numerous timber-land owners and experts in different parts of the stater BLACK SPEUCE (Picea nigra). Ecgions. Green Moantain range Valley of the Connecticut river Total Cnt for the censos year ending Kay 31, 1880 (excluding 16,191,000 feet imported from Canada). Feet, board measure. 380, 000, 000 375, 000, 000 755, 000, 000 109, 086, 000 Partial returns of the hoop-pole industry give a production during the census year of only 43,900, valued at $470, Addison county, — About one- third of this county is reported covered with woods. Spruce and ash are scarce ami rapidly disappearing. Oak of sufficient size for the manufacture of cooperage stock is exhausted. Bennington county. — Two-thirds of thiscounty is reported covered with woods. Manufacturers of woodenware and cooperage stock consider the prospects for future local supply favorable. Caledonia county. — From one-third to three-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods, mostly confined to the northern and western portions. Chittenden county.— About one-fifth of this county is reported as woodland. The following extracts are made from Mr. Pringle's note upon the forests of Vermont : "Except on the summits of a few of the higher peaks of the Green mountains, where black spruce and balsam flr grow to the exclusion of other trees, the arboreal growth is composed of a large number of species. In tin; valleys and on the foot-hills, and even on the slopes of the hijjher mountains in their lower portions, hemlocks mingle with spruce, beech, maple, and birch (yellow birch chiefly, for there is little white birch seen in northern Vermont) ; basswood, butternut, the ashes, red oaks, etc., are confined to the lower elevations and are less abundant than the trees first mentioned. Between the isolated patches of simice and fir about the summits of the mountains and the region where hemlock is found, rock maple, yellow birch, and black spruce are the predominating species. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 499 " To estimate the area of valuable original forest still standing in the Green mountains is not an easy task. The belt extends from the Canada line to Massachusetts, and even into that state. The outlines of this belt are made very irregular by the cleared and settled valleys which run up among the mountains, and by reason of foresfe clearings, so that its width is constantly varying as we proceed from one end to the other. " The woodlands of the plateau, some 10 miles broad and elevated from 200 to 300 feet above lake Champlain, lying between the foot-hills of the Green mountains and the lower plain beside the lake, occupy, for the most part, rocky hills, and are composed principally of sugar maple, beech, basswood, white ash, black birch, and red oak. Certain limestone hills offer a favorable situation for the butternut, the ironwood, the slipiiery elm, and the bitter hickory. The swamps and other lowlands yield the red maple, the black ash, the white elm, and the black willow. The latter, especially along streams, is associated with alders and the sheepberry. The colder, sphagnous swampa are covered with a growth, more or less dense, of yellow cedar, black spruce, balsam, and larch ; sometimes in the higher portions the white pine mingles with these, scattered or in groves. When grown in such soil this wood is liable to be extremely hard and brittle. The poplars occupy hillsides and ridges where the soil is a light, cold, sandy loam ; with them the bird cherry is perpetually associated. The black cherry is scattered in a diversity of soils. White oak and hickory attain their best development on clayey soil or glades of slight elevation ; on the red sand-rock hills they are smaller. Certain slopes of cold clay are still here heavily wooded with hemlock, while warm clay lands are the favored site of the burr oak. In the vicinity of the lake and its tributaries low, wet shores are scattered over with the swamp white oak and the burr oak. The chestnut oak is common on the thin, poor soil of the red sand-rock hills, ranging through the valley from the lake as far back in some places as the foot-hills of the Green mountains. The red pine appears on the sandy shores of lake Champlain, and extends far up the Winooski river. The moister and more fertile portions of the sandy plain are still occupied to some extent by white pine, the poorer portions by pitch pine. The white birch occurs on cold, wet, sandy soil near the lake ; and in the mountains the black spruce becomes the most common tree ; with it in stronger soil are associated the yellow birch and the sUgar maple. " Burlington. — This place is believed to rank as third, or next to Albany, among the lumber markets of the United States. More lumber may enter some ports, as Oswego and Tonawanda, for transshipment, but all lumber brought to this market is stored and sold here. The kind is chiefly white pine brought up the lake from Canada, a little of it being cut in Michigan (perhaps one-tenth) ; all the rest is of Canadian growth. A few of the lumber companies here own lands of limited extent among the Green mountains, from which they obtain spruce for clapboards, etc. The general direction which the lumber sent from here takes is to the older portions of New England, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, considerable pine being sent even to Maine, which once supplied to commerce so much of this material. Much lumber is dressed here and sent to Boston for shipment to foreign countries. The business still enjoys the highest prosperity, and during the census year, under the stimulus of general commercial prosperity, it was especially active. As yet no lack in the supply is felt, the loggers only having to go farther back in the Canadian forests than formerly to obtain timber enough to meet the demand. The proportion of lumber worked up here is small, there being merely a few factories producing doors, sash, blinds, packing boxes, etc." Essex county. — Five-sixths of this county is reported covered with forest. The following is extracted from Mr. Pringle's report : " Four-fifths of that part of the county of Essex lying north of Guildhall and Victory is still in virgin forest, which will yield 5,000 feet of spruce per acre. The towns of Lewis and Averill are entirely unlumbered, and so is Avery's Gore. Colton is mostly covered with forest, and so is Ferdinand. Timber-lands compose about two-thirds of Granby and East Haven, and cover the back parts of the river towns and those crossed by the Grand Trunk railroad. South of Guildhall and Victory the towns of Concord and Lunenburg are mostly cleared and settled. The proportion of hemlock in these forests is not large ; there is considerable yellow cedar and a large amount of maple, birch, and beech — probably 50 cords per acre. There is but little pine in all this region, principallj- confined to the township of Lewis; elsewhere only occasional pine trees occur." Fkanklin county. — From one fourth to three-tenthK of this county is reported covered with forest, mostly confined to the hills in the northeastern and northern portions. In the village of Montgomery a large establishment for the manufacture of butter tubs is located, and at East Eichford birch is largely manufactured into turned ware. Grand Isle county. — About a quarter of this county is reported covered with woods. Lamoille county. — About one-third to one-half of this county is reported covered with woods, very generally iistributed over its entire surface. Orange county. — One quarter of this county is reported covered with forest. Orleans county. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods. The following is extracted from Mr. Pringle's notes : "At Newport, situated at the southern extremity of lake Memphremagog, are several mills for cutting veneering from birch. The product of these mills is closely packed in boxes, so that it cannot v^arp, and sent to the manufactories near the large cities, to be used for chair bottoms and other XJurposes. Southward from Newport, in the valleys of the Barton and Black rivers, which flow northward into lake Memphremagog, and of the Passumpsic river, which runs southward and joins the Connecticut, are almost continuous swamps of yellow 500 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. cedar, black spruce, and larcb, from wbich tbe cedar timber is now being largely drawn to be sawed into shingles. At Barton the hartl woods are largely cut into material for furniture, which is shipped toward the sea-board before being put together. " The valley of the Clyde river from Newport to Island Pond is cleared for the most part and improved for farms. The usual species of the northern forest occupy the summits of the low hills on either side of the Aalley. Eastward from Island Pond, down the Neipegan river to the Connecticut by the line of the Grand Trunk railroad, we pass through the wild region from which the lumbermen have onlj' taken some of the spruce and pine. Here, beginning 2 or ',i miles back from the railroad, or in some places much nearer to it, a virgin and unbroken forest stretches over the sloi)e8 and summits of the hills for many miles to the northward and southward ; black spruce, yellow birch, sugar maple, and beech are its chief component species. In a few places; where the soil is sandy, white pine occurs iu straggling groves or isolated specimens, and the swamps, as well as those of all of northern Vermont, are occu]iied by the black spruce, yellow cedar, and by a few scattering pines. The pine being the kind of lumber first secured, is seldom found now in these Vermont swamps. The cedars are now cut and manufactured into shingles, fence posts, railway ties, etc., for which purposes tbe lasting quality of tbe wood makes it eminently suited. There is little hemlock in northeastern Vermont, and it is believed to indicate poor soil wherever it occurs. The soil of this entire region presents a marked contrast to that of northern New York, being fertile and in other respects well adapted to agriculture. On this account land once lumbered over is generally occupied by the farmer and not allowed to come up again to forest, except in the more hilly portions." Staves, tubs, pails, buckets, and hoops are largely manufactured from spruce, cedar, and ash. The quality of the material used is said to have deteriorated, and manufacturers report that at the present rate of consumption it will soon be consumed. EuTLAND COUNTY. — Four-tenths of this county is reported covered with woods, principally in the eastern portion. Elm, formerly largely used in manufacture of tubs, etc., is reported exhausted, and basswood has become scarce. Washington county. — One-third of this county is reported covered with woods, principally situated in belts along its eastern and western borders. The following is extracted from Mr. Pringle's report : "Reaching Montpelier from the west we have left behind tbe Green Mountain gneiss and entered a granitic formation. Here is an extensive burned region; the fire, in consuming the forest and vegetable mold upon the surface of tbe land, has exposed granite bowlders thickly embedded in tbe soil. To replace tbe forest growth thus removed there is only an occasional little spruce or balsam to be found among the thickets of bird cherry. The hilltop and hillside forests east of Montpelier show hemlocks everywhere mingled with sugar maples, yellow liircbes, and spruce; farther east the spruce and bircb predominate. Approaching the Connecticut river, hemlocks and maples again appear and second-growth white pine and paper birches take the place of tbe other species." Windham county. — Three-eighths of this county is reported covered with woods, mostlj- confined to ridges of tlie Green mountains. Ash and white pine are reported very scarce. Windsor county. — From one-fourth to one-third of this county is reported covered with woods, quite generally distributed over the hills. Tubs, barrels, kegs, and buckets of white and red oak, white pine, spruce, and ash are manufactured. Oak is reported by manufacturers to be already practically exhausted, si)ruce to be fast disappearing, and ash very scarce and in danger of speedy extermination. MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, AND CONNECTICUT. Tbe original forest which once covered these states has disappeared and been replaced by a second, and sometimes by a third and fourth growth of tbe trees of the Northern Pine Belt. The area covered by tree growth in these states is slowly increasing, although, with the exception of tbe young forests of white pine, tbe productive capacity of their woodlands is, in view of the heavj^ demands continually made upon them, esi)ecially by tbe railroads, rapidly diminishing. Abandoned forming land, if protected from fi^re and browsing animals, is now verj- generally, except in the immediate vicinity of the coast, soon covered with a vigorous growth of white pine. The fact is important, for this new growth of pine promises to give in the future more than local importance to the forests of this region. These states sustain a considerable annual loss from forest fires. In Massachusetts during the year 1880 13,899 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $102,262. Of these fires fifty-two were set by locomotives, forty by fires started on farms and escaping to the forest, thirty-seven by hunters, nineteen by the careless use of tobacco, eight through malice, and three by carelessness iu tbe manufacture of charcoal. No returns in regard to forest fires in Rhode Island and Connecticut have been received, but it is believed that in jjroportion to their forest area such fires are not less destructive in these states than in Massachusetts. Numerous important industries using bard wood have been driven from these states or forced to obtain their material from beyond their limits. On the other hand, industries like the manufacture of certain sorts of woodenware, using second- growth piuc, are rapidly increasing in volume. Tbe priucii)al forests now found in these states are situated in Berkshire, Hampden, and Worcester counties, Massachusetts. i THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 501 Beekshire county, Massachusetts. — From one-third to one-half of this county is reported covered with woods, largely second growth. The high ridges of the hills are still covered with forests of black spruce, their slopes and intervening valleys with hard woods or hemlock, now often replaced by a growth of young white pine. Cooperage stock, baskets, and wood pulp are largely manufactured. Spruce is reported to have deteriorated in quality; manufacturers consider the supply of material, however, abundant for .all present local demands. Franklin county, Massachusetts. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, largely second-growth white pine. "Worcester <:ounty, Massachusetts. — One-half of this county is reported covered with woods, largely second growth white pine. Winchendon, the most important point in the United States for the manufacture of wooden ware, small cooperage, etc., is supplied with material from the young pine forests of this and the neighboring counties. Timber is reported to have deteriorated. The supply of pine is not equal to the demand, and is rapidly increasing in value. In Barnstable county, Massachusetts, numerous experiments in forest planting have been made. In South Orleans and neighboring towns fully 10,000 acres of sandy, barren soil have been successfully and profitably planted with pitch pine. Similar plantations have been made upon the island of Nantucket; aud many large groves of white pine planted many years ago in Bristol and Plymouth counties demonstrate the entire practicability of forest culture in this whole region. The only important lumber manufacturing establishments found in these states are situated upon the Connecticut river, in Massachusetts and Connecticut. They are entirely supplied with material from the forests of northern Kew Hampshire and Vermont. Partial returns of the hoop-pole industry give a production during the census year in Massachusetts of 11,507,600, valued at $95,009; in Connecticut, of 191,000, valued at $9,660. NEW YOEK. That portion of the state north of the forty-third degree of latitude, including within its limits the elevated Adirondack region, was once covered with a dense forest of maple, birch, basswood, and other northern deciduous trees, through which were scattered spruce and pine. The low hills bordering the Hudson and extending along the southern boundary of the state west of that river were covered with the coniferous species of the Northern Pine Belt. Over the remainder of the state the broad-leaved forests of the Mississippi basin spread almost uninterruptedly, except where an occasional sandy plain or high elevation favored the growth of pines. The original forest still covers large areas in the northern counties, and protects the hills through which the Delaware river forces its way in crossing the southern part of the state. With these exceptions, however, the forests of New York are now almost exclusivelj' of second growth. The forests of the state, especially in the north, have at different times suffered great damage from Are. During the census year 149,491 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $1,210,785. Of these fires thirty-seven were set by farmers clearing land for agricultural purposes and allowing them to escape to the forest, forty three were set by locomotives, and twenty-two by the carelessness of sportsmen. With the exception of the spruce of the Adirondack region, the forests of the state are no longer important as a source of general lumber supply ; and many industries depending upon hard woods have in late years decreased in importance, owing to the want of sufficient material, or have been forced to obtain their supply of timber ftom the west. White oak, largely consumed by the railroads, has become scarce, and has advanced at least 50 per cent, in value during the last twelve years. Elm, ash, hickory, and other woods are reported scarce in all parts of the state. Partial returns of the hoop-pole industry give a production during the census year of 10,948,258, valued at $155,764. New York is only surpassed by Vermont in the amount of maple sugar produced by its forests. During the year 1879 10,693,019 pounds were manufactured in the state. The following extracts are taken from Mr. Pringle's report upon the forests of northern New York: " One who enters northeastern New York at Port Kent, aud takes stage by way of Keeseville to the Saranac lakes, finds himself, as long ;i8 his route runs up the Au Sable river, which is as far as the Au Sable forks, passing through a region which gives evidence of having been formerly covered with pine. The white, the red, and the pitch pine are all represented here. The pitch pine is confined chiefly to the sterile sandy plains between the Au Sable and the Saranac rivers. The red pine mingles with this species, and grows on the rocky hills of the region and on the river cliffs, while the abundance of white pine in nearly all situations must hav^e made this quarter of the state, like the region of Vermont lying opi)osite, a valuable pinery in former times. But fifty or seventy-five years have passed since the pine of the Champlain valley was harvested aud shipped to England by way of the Saint Lawrence. " In the valleys of the Au Sable and the Saranac rivers white pines spring up numerously whenever permitted to do so, and I am told that farmers, realizing that much of their soil is not suitable for profitable agriculture, are seriously considering whether it be not to their highest advantage to surrender much of their land to timber growing, and encourage the growth of the more valuable species, such as white pine, white oak, etc. Of non-coniferous trees 502 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. the white, red, and bla«k oaks are conspicuous among the pines, and in the colder and wetter sands the white birch is common. But through all this region the trees are all of second growth, and lumber for building purposes is largely imported. " The forest on the upper waters of the Au Sable and of the divide between this river and the Saranac is principally devoted to supplying fuel to numerous iron furnaces. The best butt logs only of spruce are sorted out and sent to the sawmills as the forests are mowed down ; the hemlock bark is removed for the tanneries, but everything else, young pine, spruce, and poplar, fall clean with maple and birch. Here and there, even far up on the hillsides, are seeu the charcoal kilns, and around and about them, quite to the crest of the foothills of the Adirondacks, the woods are cut down in great swaths to feed them. Lands once cut over are left to grow up to timber again, though fires originating in the dead brushwood and consuming the sun-diied vegetable mold on the surface of the soil generally interfere with any new growth of trees. " Little Tupper lake is situated in the heart of the Adirondack wilderness, and is surrounded by some of the most valuable timber lauds to be found in all this region. The woods about the lake have never heard the lumberman's ax. The stream which connects it with Tupper lake, by way of Eound pond, is not adapted to driving, and before lumber could be brought down it would be necessary to clear out the stream by blasting away much rock and building a dam with flood gates at the foot of Round pond. The shores of this beautiful lake present a marked contrast to those of any I have as yet visited. Ou other shores and river banks I had seen scattering pines, but on all the points and bluffs of this lake throughout its entire circuit, and even following the ravines far back in the hills, are great groves and belts of white pine with straight and clean shafts towering high above all other trees, unless is excepted the red pine, of which a few. specimens are mingled with them ou the gravelly banks of the lake, vying with the white pines in height and beauty of trunk. At certain places on the shores of this lake, and particularly along the sluggish streams connecting it with Round pond below, are considerable swamps occupied chiefly by larch. It is jileasing to observe and to learn from guides that this lake region of the Adirondack woods has suffered but little from forest fires. It is only limited areas here and there on the shores of the lakes and ponds or along the rivers that have been devastated by fires originally started in hunters' camps. Seldom do these fires spread far back from the water, a fact which is to be attributed, it is believed, to the wet and mossy condition of these woods; yet, when they have been lumbered, as is the case lower down the Racket river, and a considerable proportion of the trees have been removed so as to expose the brushwood, etc., to the drying influences of the sun, much the usual liability to lire exists here. " It is safe to assume that 2,500 square miles fairly represent the area of the virgin forests of the Adirondack wilderness. This area will average 3,000 feet of spruce (board measure) per acre, or about five billion feet in the aggregate. Tlie amount of hemlock, variously estimated from 300 to 10,000 feet per acre, will cut at least 2,000 feet per acre, or 3,000,000,000 feet in the aggregate, or its equivalent ; when the bark alone is considered, 3,000,000 cords of bark. The pine hardly, if at all, exceeds 200 feet per acre, or 320,000,000 feet in all. The hard wood growing over this entire region will fairly average 40 cords per acre, or 04,000,000 cords. "Glens Falls is the great sawing center for the lumber cut upon the upper Hudson. This business here has passed the point of maximum prosperity and begun to decline ; not that there was any necessity for a diminution of the yearly crop of logs from this field, if the forest could be protected from devastating fires. The lumberman leaves standing, as far as possible, the spruce trees too small ior the ax, and these, the overshadowing growth being removed, grow with increased vigor, so that good crops of timber could be harvested from the soil every thirty or forty years, were it not that over at least one-half of the area lumbered fire follows the ax, burning deep into the woody soil and inducing an entire change of tree covering. Poplars, birches, and bird cherries, if anything, succeed the spruces and firs. From this cause alone the lumbering industry of the region must dwindle. A large area utterly unadapted to agriculture is being made desolate and nearly valueless, and its streams, the feeders of the water privileges and canals below, become every year more and more slender and fitful. These fires are largely set by reckless sportsmen and hunters, with whom this region peculiarly abounds in summer. They are careless in their smoking; they neglect to watch and properly extinguish the fires lighted for camp and cooking purposes, and sometimes they even delight to set fire to the dry brushwood of lumbeied land in lawless sport. Again, to some extent, a class of petty pioneers follow the lumberman, obtaining for a trifling sum a title to a little land, or, squatting without rights, set fire to the dry brushwood left by the lumberers, and allow the fire to spread at will, devastating thonsands of dollars' worth of property for the mere convenience of saving themselves the trouble of burning boundary strips around their fields, which might not cost th(>m labor to the amount of $10. The laws of New York in res|)cct to the setting of forest fires are totally inadequate to protect the forests. The opinion prevails in the forest region of northern New York that a growth of trees removed is followed by a similar growth, the result of young seedling trees left in the soil, except in the case of pine. ' Pine once cleared oft' is never renewed,' was the invariable remark. This of course presumes that fire is kept out of the clearing, for after a fire has consumed the l)rushwood and much of the 'duff' or vegetable mold, and with this all the young seedling trees, and even the seeds of trees that may be in the soil, an entirely different growth from the hemlock and spruce springs up. Easjjberry bushes are the first to appear, the seeds of which are dropped by birds flying over the clearing. Bird cherries generally appear among the first trees, the seeds being dropped everywhere in a new country by birds; THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 503 poplars and small willows also appear early in a burned district, their downy seeds being widely distributed by the wind. It is only through the agency of the wind that the seeds of birches and conifers can be disseminated, and spruces and hemlocks must needs appear, if they return at all, as tardy stragglers. "Xot many miles above Glens Falls the Hudson flows out from among the lowest outposts of the Adirondacks and winds through a plain which reaches from near Troy to the vicinity of the southern ends of lakes George and Chainplain. The soil of this plain is sand deposited by the waters of former periods. The hills which bound this plain on the northwest are piles of sand, gravel, and bowlders, evidently the moraines of a glacier which once flowed through the cour»» of the Hudson. All this region, from Troy to Luzerne, among the foot-hills of the Adirondacks, must formerly have been covered with pine; among the hills and near the streams white pine, and in the more sterile «eutral portions of the plain, red and pitch pine. To-day there exists of these species scarcely more than a scanty and scattered second growth. "Thirty or forty years ago it was thought that all the accessible spruce in the valley of the upper Hudson had been harvested, but there is to-day nearly as much sawed at Glens Falls as there was at that time. At that time nearly all the timber standing near this river and its larger tributaries had been cut. Such as stood 5 or 10 miles back from these streams and all that was growing in the valleys of the smaller streams, or higher up the mountain slopes, would not pay the cost of hauling to the larger streams ; but it is this timber which now furnishes the present supply. Logs are now driven out of streams which were then thought incapable of being driven. By damming streams so small that they may almost dry up in midsummer, throwing the logs into their courses during the winter, either above or below the dams, and in spring-time, when the dams are pouring with the floods resulting from the melting of deep mountain snows, tipping the planks of the dams and letting loose the torrents, the logs from remote places are got out to the large rivers where they cau be driven. All the rivers of this region, however, are steep and rocky. The logs come down with their ends badly battered, and often with gravel and fragments of rock driven into the ends in a manner to injure the saws. They must, therefore, be 'butted' before being sawed; that is, a thin section is cut from each end, and on this account the logs are cut in the woods 4 inches or, for the •worst streams, G or more inches longer than the standard length. The standard length for all logs brought down the Hudson is 13 feet. The character of these streams is such that long logs, for spars or other purposes, cannot safely be driven through them. Such sticks are certain to get fastened among rocks and cause bad jams. As already stated, the lumber business upon the upper Hudson is well advanced iu its decline, and a score of years hence it must become insignificant under the practices now pursued, and the future of this valley gives little promise of prosperity ; the soil is inferior in quality and not adapted to agriculture, while the timber, once the chief source of its prosperity, is nearly exhausted. " As a lumber market Albany ranks second in the United States, or next to Chicago. White pine is the variety of lumber most largely handled here, and two-thirds of it comes from Michigan by way of the Erie canal, the remaining one-third coming from Canada through lake Cliamplain, the white pine contributed by New York being an inappreciable quantity. Most of the lumber firms here are merely commission dealers, although in two large mills considerable lumber is dressed before being shipped. The region supplied by this market includes the banks of the Hudson, Xew York city. New Jersey, and the shores of Long Island sound. A little reaches Philadelphia, and much is shipped to foreigu ports from the city of New York. A great deal of the lumber handled by Albany dealers, however, does not go to Albany at all, but, sold by runners, is sent direct by railroad from the Michigan mills to points south of New York. Q'he lumber trade here is still in full prosperity. " Leaving the beautiful Mohawk valley at Home, the traveler by the Home and Watertowu railroad soon notes a less improved region, and one, indeed, less capable of improvement. For a long time the road stretches over a sandy plain ; in the higher portions of this plain, not far from Eome, the red and pitch pines are seen, and in the wetter places hemlocks and black spruces ai)pear, with white birch, black ash, etc. On the higher, undulating lands, 20 or 30 miles north of Eome, white pine and hemlock seem once to have been the most abundant species of the forest ; they now exist only in broken and scattered ranks, although numerous stumps give evidence of a former heavy growth of these two species. Northward from Albion the country gradually rises, hard wood becoming more and more common until on the limestone banks of the Black river at Watertown the patches of woodland are mainly composed of birch and maple. Yet the soil continues sandy, and at a little distance from the river is favorable to the growth of pine, and I can readily believe that all this sandy tract east of lake Ontario was originally covered with a heavy growth, principally of pine and hemlock. The pine was long since harvested, and now the mills and tanneries are consuming the hemlock. On each of the small streams that flow into lake Ontario are established saw-mills which cut quantities of hemlock yearly. Little, however, is sawed at Watertown, although a limited amount of logs is driven down to Dexter at the mouth of the Black river, and there sawed; yet once the neighborhood of Watertown and Dexter was a great center for the production of pine lumber. This region (chiefly its swamps) still yields a little black spruce. The lumber sawed along the Rome and Watertown railroad at Williamstown, liichmond, etc., is mostly sent southward to Syracuse and other places to meet the demand there for coarse lumber. The lumber yards at Watertowu are mostly filled with Canadian pine. "Cartilage, in Jefferson county, was once an important lumber center. The 'Long falls' of the Black river furnished unlimited water power. Immense quantities of pine and hemlock lined the banks of the river and covered 504 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. the plains of the vicinity ; northward lay a heavy pinery. Canal-boats laden with lumber were towed through the river to Lyon's falls and thence by canal to Utica. Now the pine is nearly all gone from this region, the saw-mills are rotting down and only a little hemlock is sawed here. " That portion of the state which lies along the Saint Lawrence river as far east as the vicinity of Malone, and extending some 25 miles back from the river, seldom exceeds 250 feet above the sea-level and is, for the most part, clayey loam, flat and well adapted to agriculture. This tract is now pretty well settled. Proceeding to the southeastward and rising to an altitude of 250 feet a wide region of sandy soil is entered, cold, damp, and unfit for agricultnral purposes. This is' the region of forest lying northwestward of the mountains in the southern portions of Saint Lawrence and Franklin counties, and has not yet been badly encroached upon by the ax and fire. The destruction of this forest would bo a public calamity, so useless is the soil for any other purpose than the production of timber, and so harmful to the settled country below would be the consequences resulting from clearing it. This forest is, no doubt, capable of yielding, perpetually, an annual crop double that now drawn from it. This estimate, of course, is based upon the supposition that fires are prevented. But this side of the forest is less invswled by fires than the valley of the Hudson river, and fires do not burn so deeply into the soil nor consume 8o much of the vegetable matter ; they are, consequently, less fatal to the continuance of timber growth. "At Canton, in Saint Lawrence county, and in its vicinity as far down as Buck's bridge, below Morley, is sawed all the lumber cut on the Grass river. From this point the lumber is shipped principally to Massachusetts and Connecticut by rail, both via Rome and via Plattsburgh and Rouse's Point. " Colonel Colton, of Norwood upon the Racket river, explained to me at length the methods employed by him in the lumber business, and, as nearly the same methods are pursued throughout this region, I give his account. Several weeks of the summer he devotes to exploring the lands of his company, to decide from what tract the stock of logs for the following year shall be drawn. In the settlements near the margin of the forest are men whose business it is to cut and haul onto the ice of the river during winter the timber desired by the lumber companies. Contracts are made with these men to harvest the timber above a certain diameter on certain specified tracts belonging to the company. The contractors go to their respective fields of labor as soon as the snow is of suflBcient depth, taking into the woods a force of men, horses, and supplies, and building camps in the vicinity of their work. When a full stock of logs is placed on the river, and the spring floods break up the ice and set the logs going, other contracts are made with the same or other men to drive the logs into the booms of the diiferent mills at a stipulated price per log. If, as is usually the case, logs of several different companies are on the same river, all are driven down in common, and the drive is called a ' union drive '. Arrived at the uppermost boom — formed by chaining together logs floating on the surface of the water and held in place by occasional piers, strong but rude structures of logs filled in with rocks, located above the first sawing station — the logs belonging to these mills are sorted out and turned into the different booms, while those belonging below are sent on their way down the channel. Once within the boom of the mills to which they belong, they are again assorted; the pine, hemlock, and the spruce are separated, and the different grades are floated into separate booms or pockets which lead down to (he different mills or saws which are to cut up each separate class. At the mills inclined planes lead down to the water from each gang of saws, up which, chains being attached to the logs, they are drawn by the machinery into the mill. After sawing, the sorting of the lumber into different grades is completed with care. The boards are run through planingmills which smooth both sides, then through other machines which tongue and groove their edges, and finally fine saws neatly trim their ends. This dressing of the lumber at the mills makes a saving in freight when it is shipped, besides greatly facilitating sales. Colonel Colton invited me to accompany him 20 or 30 miles up the river to see the ' drive ' which was just coming out of the woods. The highway by which we drove led near the river, and we could see the logs everywhere coming down, advancing endwise with the current. In many jilaces of still water the entire breadth of the river for some distance was closely covered with them. These were not so small as those usually seen in the Maine rivers, but were from full-grown trees of the original forest — spruce from 1 foot to 2 feet in diameter. With the spruce logs were a few hemlocks, usually of larger size ; a few pine logs, sometimes 2 or 3 feet in diameter, floated with the others. As the water was lowering, stranded logs were seen everywhere along the shore. They covered gravel banks and bars in the middle of the river, and were piled in disorder on the rocks of the rapids, or, pushing over the waterfalls, stood on end in the midst of the white, pouring torrent. "A few miles above Potsdam we entered upon a sandy soil; the farms appeared less productive and the farm buildings and fences gave evidence of less thrift. As we advanced toward Colton, a region near the borders of the forest some twenty years settled, less and less prosperity among the settlers was manifest. The tilled fields appeared incapable of yielding even passably good crops; some of them could do no more than give a small crop of rye once in three years. The grass lands were red with sorrel, which comes up everywhere over this region as soon as the forest is cleared and the ground burned over. The sandy soil is cold and sour, in some places so light as to be blown about by the wind. Above South Colton we drove over sandy plains utterly incapable of sustaining the meager population, which ekes out a wretched existence by means of fishing and lumbering. My companion affirmed that settlements had been pushed farther into the forest than they can be maintained, and that they must in most places be abandoned and the land given up to forest again. All along our way the woodlands were THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 505- straggling and sadly ravaged by the ax, fire, and ■wind. The spruce and pine had been culled out and most of the hemlock had been cut down and barked. Half-burned stumps and logs and gaunt and blackened trunks still standing disfigured the landscape on every side. "The species of trees observed embraced all those common in northern woodlands. In one locality black cherry was remarkably abundant. Formerly the saw-mills of Colton cut pine, as there was a larger proportion of this lumber upon the Eacket than is usually found in northern New York ; now they do little busness in any lumber. "As we pasi¥?d up along the river I saw small squads of 'drivers' stationed in a few places where the character of the river was such that it was liable tc' become obstructed with logs. By assisting the logs to pass such places great jams are prevented. The main body of the men, however, worked at the rear of the drive, scrambling over the disordered piles of logs which accumulate upon the shore or lodge against the rocks in the midst of the current. With their cant-hooks the men pry and roll the logs into the current, springing about on the pile as the logs roll from under their feet. Not unfrequently logs are left by the subsiding waters among the rocks at some distance from the main channel of the river. Files of men on each side then seize them with their cant-hooks and, splashing through the shallow water, bring them by main force into the channel. Sometimes logs become fastened among the rocks where the current is so swift that they cannot be reached by a boat or in any other way. Then hooks attached to ropes are thrown out from the shore; the logs are grappled and thus hauled off into the current. The drivers work Sundays and week days, fair weather or foul; their occupation is full of peril, and men are lost every year. Such are usually, as a driver assured me, 'men who do not know where it is safe to go.' But sometimes the most careful men become mixed with the rolling logs or seized by the current of the waterfalls and are swept away. "Franklin county contains 995,279 acres, and 347,500 acres are still believed to be timbered. The timbered portion lies in the south end of the county, and because it is not watered through much of its area by streams of sufficient size for driving out the logs, much of the timber is inaccessible, or rather, the prices of lumber do not yet warrant hauling the logs long distances. The country across the line of the Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain railroad appears exhausted of its spruce and hemlock. Some tracts of hard wood are still standing, but the poplars, whose young growth often conceals the stumps and prostrate trunks of dead hemlocks, really seem in many places the most common species. But little timber land remains in Clinton county and, until the present season, lumbering on the Saranac had been for several years nearly suspended. This year, however, a company was cutting a few million feet of lumber drawn from the woods of Essex and Franklin counties. The lumber of the eastern side of the Adirondack wilderness mostly comes out by the way of the Saranac and the Hudson rivers. The mountain sides about lake George are being denuded of their spruce, which is sawed in the vicinity of Ticonderoga, and here, as elsewhere, fires follow the ax in their usual fashion." The forests of the Adirondack region have suffered severe loss at different times, particularly in 1878, by the sudden death of great blocks of black spruce. Mr. Prlngle carefully studied the extent of this destruction and the causes which produced it. In regard to these, great diversity of opinion exists among woodsmen and others familiar with the Adirondack forests. It has been generally supposed that the trees were killed by an unusually severe summer drought, or by the attacks of a boring insect working under the bark; but the testiraafiy gathered by Mr. Priugle points to other causes of destruction. The spruce occupies dry mountain slopes and ridges and deep wet swamps never greatly affected by drought. It is noticed that as many trees have died in the swamps as upon the dry slopes. It is evidently not drought, then, which has caused them to perish. The opinion, too, is firmly held by the most intelligent observers that insects do not attack the trees until they are dead or nearly dead, and are never found in vigorous living specimens. The black spruce is not a long-lived tree, and this dying out may indicate that the old trees of this forest, probably all of nearly the same age, had so nearly reached the limits of their natural existence as to be unable to withstand some unusual or severe climatic state, such as a period of intense winter cold or late spring frost. The following extracts from Mr. Pringle's report will indicate the opinions of those best able perhaps to form an opinion upon this subject : " Mr. Mark Moody, residing at the foot of Tupper lake, a huuter and woodsman who has passed his life in the forest, testifies as follows : ' The spruce died fearfully in his vicinity about two years ago ; he tried to learn the cause. Sixteen years ago the spruce had died out much in the same way as it has been doing lately. It is the older trees which die. They seem to die by crops, successively. Under the large trees were always springing up small trees to take the places of those that perish. There seems to be a narrower limit to the life of the spruce than to that of any other species. Other trees do not die in the same manner, by crops. The spruce does not seem to enjoy the same green old age, long drawn out, as other trees do, but when it has reached its full growth seems to relinquish its vitality without any apparent or sufficient cause, and before giving evidence of decay or any diminution of vigor.' "Mr. Wardner, of Bloomingdale, Essex county, an old huuter, woodsman, and guide, testified as follows: 'The spruce timber on this side of the forest has failed clear through to its northern borders, in the same manner and during the same seasons as in other portions of the region.' Mr. Wardner first noticed the leaves falling and covering the ground in 1878; the destruction was continued through 1879, but during the past season he had met 506 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. •with very few trees that were dyiug. Spruce timber had perished in this luanuer before, aud ho pointed out a broad valley in which most of the trees were dejvd and falling when he came into this region, twenty-five years before. He had carefully endeavored to ascertain the cause; was positive that insects either under the bark or upon the leaves had nothing to do with the death of the spruce trees, and he is sure that it is not due to drought, as ho has seen the greatest destruction on the northern slopes. No active destructive agent being apparent, he inclines to the opinion that the spruce trees die because they have reached the limit of their life, aud that it is some i)eculiarity of the winter rather than the summer that turns the scale against them; for this reason they perish in quantities, sometimes in sections. He has counted the rings of many trees, and considers 100 to 150 years the average lifetime of the spruce." Whatever has caused the destruction of these forests, the damage thus occasioned, both in the loss of valuable timber and in the increased danger of forest fires from the presence of such a body of dead wood is enormous. It is believed by Mr. Pringle that from one-third to one-half of the fully-grown spruce timber left in the Adirondack region is dead. NEW JERSEY. The original forests of New Jersey have disappeared, except from some of the highest and most inaccessible ridges situated in the northwestern part of the state, and these, with the increased demands of the railroads for ties and other material, are now fast losing their forest covering. The forests of New Jersey are insufiQcient to «upply the wants of the population of the state, and nearly all the lumber it consumes is brought from beyond its limits. The foiests of pitch pine, which once covered large areas in the southern counties, have now generally been replaced by a stunted growth of oaks and other broad-leaved trees. The forests of New Jersey, especially those on the dry sandy soil of the southern part of the state, have long suffered from destructive fires. During the census year 71,074 acres of forest were reported destroyed by fire, causing a loss of $252,2^0. Of these fires twenty-eight were set by locomotives, seven through malice, seven by fires set on farms escaping to the forest, and six each by the carelessness of hunters aud charcoal-burners. The manufacture of cooperage stock and other industries using hard woods have been largely abandoned, •owing to the decrease of the local supply of timber. PENNSYLVANIA. Pennsylvania once possessed vast forests of white pine and hemlock stretching over both flanks ol the -Alleghany mountains and extending from the northern boundaries of the state to its southern limits. East and west of the Alleghany region the whole country was covered with a heavy growth of broad-leaved trees mixed ■with hemlocks and occasional groves of pines. Merchantable pine has now almost disappeared from the state, and the forests of hard wood have been either replaced by a second growth or have been so generally culled of their best trees that comparatively little valuable hard-wood timber now remains. Large and valuable growths of hemlock, however, are still standing in northwestern Pennsylvania. From all parts of the state manufacturers using hard wood report great deterioration and scarcity of material, and Pennsylvania, which during the census year was only surpassed by Michigan in the value of its forest crop, must soon lose, with its rapidly disappearing forests, its position as one of the great lumber-producing states. Tbe following estimates of merchantable pine and hemlock standing in Pennsylvania May 31, 1880, have been prepared by Mr. H. C. Putnam. They are based upon the reports of a large number of timber-land owners an.d experts familiar with the forests of the state : WHITE PINE (Pinus Strobus). KegloDS. Alleghany liver and tribntariee WestBnuich of tbe SuaqueLanna rirer and tribatariea ToM Estimated amonnt cat for the census year ending May 31, 1880 HEMLOCK (,Tauga CanadensU). Estimated amount of hemlock standing May 31, 1880 Estimated nmonnt cat for the census year, exclusive of trees cut for their bark alone. Feet, board measure. SOO, 000, 000 1, 300, 000, 000 1, 800, OOO, 000 380, 000, 000 4, 500, 000, 000 SCO, 000, 000 Of lumber of all kinds 1,848,304,000 feet, including 288,561,000 shingles and 183,740,000 laths, were manufactured in the state during the census year; the nature of the returns, however, prevents anything beyond an estimate, based upon extended correspondence, of the amount of pine and hemlock sawed. ?* r i j CO \ f^ 0 > "f »b-J y - ^ ! I. V < THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 507 'Numerous bodies of pine too small to be indicated on the map, of no great commercial importance and not included in these estimates, still remain scattered over the region originally occupied by pine forest. The forests of Pennsylvania, especially through the mountain regions, have long suffered from destructive fires. During the census year 085,738 acres of forest were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $3,043,723. Of these fires a large proportion were traced to locomotives and the escape of fires from farms to the forest. The forests of Pennsylvania produced during the year 1879 2,860,010 pounds of maple sugar. The following extracts are made from Mr. Pringle's report upon the principal lumber-producing regions of the state : " Originally the broad pine belt of northern Pennsylvania, occupying the region drained by the numerous streams constituting the headwaters of the Susquehanna, extended from Susquehanna county, in the northeastern corner of the state, westward through Bradford and Tioga counties to Potter county, although this county never had as much pine as the others, and thence southwestward over Cameron, Elk, and Clearfield counties. The heaviest growth of pine in all this region was on Pine creek, in the southwest part of Tioga county. Now there is but little piue left in Susquehanna and Bradford counties, these counties being thickly settled; and in Tioga county, from which one firm alone has cut four billion feet, there now remain standing but little over one billion feet. The greatest part of the pine now standing in the Pennsylvania forests is on the upper waters of the West Branch of the Susquehanna, in Cameron, Elk, and Clearfield counties. In some of the counties adjoining these, as McKean, there was once, and still may be, a little pine timber. "Active lumbering operations on the West Branch of the Susquehanna were begun in 1850, when the boom •of the Susquehanna Boom Company was constructed at Williamsport. At this place the greatest part of the lumber on the West Branch is sawed. At Lock Haven, 25 miles above, on the same river, advantage was taken of the feeder-dam of a canal to construct another boom, and a few companies operating in lumber are now located there, about one-tenth as much lumber being sawed as is handled at Williamsport. Some of the companies, however, are removing from Lock Haven to the larger center of Williamsport. Below Williamsport no logs are driven, but a little timber squared by the ax in the woods and left at full length is made into rafts and taken down tlie main Susquehanna. Some of this is sawed in the towns on the river, and the remainder is taken to the large markets to supply the demand for squared timber for ship-building, etc. "Williamsport is situated on the north or left bank of the West Branch of the Susquehanna, and for 2 or 3 miles along the river side are ranged the mills and lumberyards of the thirty-four lumber companies operating here. We visited a large number of mills and found much the same methods employed in all. The logs are first slit up by gang-saws; then each board or plank is put through an edger, where two circular saws cut a strip from each side to give the board a square and straight edge ; the boards are then assorted into two or more grades, loaded on trucks, and moved over tramways which ramify through the lumber-yards adjacent to each mill. The fragments of boards and better portions of the edgings arc made into fence pickets and other portions into laths, and the fragments and strips which will not even make laths are carried to one side and added to a burning pile. The fragments thus burned (rather than thrown into the river) constitute the only waste, for the sawdust supplies the engines with fuel. This being cut chiefly from heart-wood makes better and more easily handled fuel than the sap- wood strips. Even these are, however, often cut and put up into bundles of kindling-wood for city use. " In the woods the trees are sawed into logs 12, 16, or 18 feet in length, as can be done to the best advantage and the least waste of timber. "The West Branch of the Susquehanna must be au exceptionally fine river to drive, judging from the comparatively unbattered condition of the logs seen about the mills. The smaller streams in the woods are furnished with flood-dams, and from these extend throughout the timber belt numerous narrow-gauge railroads, tramways, and slides for bringing down the logs. Little hauling is done upon wagons or sleds, the ground in the •woods being too rough, it is said, for hauling logs with teams. It is probable that snow does not fill up the depressions and smooth the surfaces to the same extent as in the northern woods. "The lumbermen of this place at first were content to send their lumber to market in the simplest shape, but of late, as the supply diminishes more and more, mills and shops are being built for the manufacture of doors, saslies, blinds, packing-boxes, furniture, etc. Some companies have so exhausted their pine lands that they can in future only carry on business in this way, buying the rough timber from their neighbors. As the pine lands of one firm after another are exhausted the pine remaining comes to be held by a very few i)arties, who know its value. Not all of these are operators, but, living at a distance, sell stumpage to manufacturers. "The following table, giving the amounts of lumber rafted out of the Susquehanna boom at Williamsport since the record has been kept, may be of interest as showing something of the rise and decline of the lumber business at this important center. The greatest prosperity or fullest development of the business was attained, as will be seen, in 1873. After that year, with the steady decrease of the supply of pine and the consequent increase of expense in securing logs, the annual stock steadily diminished until 1877. During the past three years the increasing demand for lumber has stimulated the operators to greater activity, but more than to this cause the recent gain in the yearly stocks is due to the substitution of hemlock for pine, the ratio of hemlock to pine 508 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. being at present as 1 to 4, although the average for the last seven years is but as 1 to 10. As the supply of pine timber is exhausted, hemlock will be more and more handled until it will become the most important timber of this region. The summary is made for the last eight years only: Tears. 18(2. 1863. 18M. 1805. 1866. 1867. 1868. 18C9., 1870., 1871. 1872.. 1873.. 1874., Kmnber logs. Feet, board measure. 196,953 405, 175 511, 549 379, 392 6:5,373 833, 3fS 853,663 1, 080, 511 1, 099, 777 842, 129 1, 484, 103 1, 582. 460 089, 586 37,853, 76,475, 96,595, 72,421, 118, 831, 163, 196, 165, 338, 223,060, 225, 180, 116,661, 297, 185, 318, 342, 180, 734, 621 826 681 468 494 511 389 305 973 ISl 652 712 382 Tears. If limber logs. 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 (to November 21). 1873 to 1880 (eight years) . . L0C8 remaining in river Kovcmber21, 1880 .Deduct hemlock Williamsport pine, 1873-1880 1,096,897 715,087 689,827 617, 552 1, 040, 278 763,768 7.395. 455 Feet, board measure. 210,746,956 134, 396, 293 106, 944, 257 112, 069, 602 190, 549, HI 128,558,959 1, 382, 342, 272 25, 000, 000 1,407,342,272 140,734,227 1,266,608,045 " It is proper to add that the variations in the yearly stock of logs shown above are in some measure due to a greater or less proportion of each annual cut being left behind in the woods or in the streams, from varying supplies of water or from other peculiarities of the season. "The lumber manufactured at Lock Haven and Williamsport is shipped by railroad and canal to Baltimore and Philadelphia and to iutermediate cities and stations. " I found it more difiQcult to obtain information of the extent and limits of the hemlock woods of Pennsylvania, and of the amount of the standing timber and the annual crop of hemlock, than I did to get the same facts respecting the pine. Lumbermen agree that there Avas originally far more hemlock in this state than pine, and they speak of it now as inexhaustible, which is not strictly true, for it is doubtful if it holds out to supply the increasing drain made upon it by tanneries and saw-mills for more than twenty-five years to come. Large quantities of hemlock have been wasted. Much that grew intermingled with the pine has died after the pine has been removed, partly from exposure to fuller sunlight and summer drought, and partly to forest fires induced by and following lumber operations. In the early days of the tanning industry of this region, when hemlock lumber was esteemed of little value, and whenever of late years the lumber trade has been so dull as to offer no inducement to send to market the trunks of the trees felled for their bark, large quantities of these have been left in the woods to decay. Now, however, with a good market for hemlock lumber, tanning companies owning hemlock lands, or the contractors who furnish the tanneries with bark, buying for this purpose stumpage from the proprietors of the timber-lands, often own saw-mills in the timber region, and cut and ship this lumber to market by railroad. " Inasmuch as hemlock, besides mingling more or less with pine throughout the pine belt, seems to have formed a border entirely around the pine, the extent of the hemlock woods, as well as the quantity of hemlock timber, has always been much greater than of pine. Beginning in Wajne county, in the extreme northeastern corner of the state, the original hemlock forest extended westward through the northern tier of counties as far as Warren county, in the vicinity of lake Erie. Thence its bounds may be traced southward through Forest, Clarion, and Jefferson, and thence eastward through Clearfield, Center, Clinton, Lycoming, and Sullivan counties. Now the northeastern counties are for the most part cleared, and not only have the outskirts of these woods been cut off on all sides, but their continuity has been completely broken up throughout its whole extent by countless clearings and settlements. Yet, however much the hemlock forest has suffered, it possesses to day greater value than did all the pine standing in 1850. Quite neglected a few years ago, hemlock is appreciating rapidly in value and importance, and ere many years shall have passed it will be almost the only kind of lumber known in the Williamsport market. The best grades of hemlock bring as high a price as scrub pine, the product of the shorter and more knotty trees grown on high land. Although as a rule Pennsylvania hemlock is of superior quality, much of it being nearly as good as spruce, yet here, as well as elsewhere, considerable variation in quality is noticed. Lumbermen classify hemlock into two kinds, red and white, according to the character of the wood, but the more intelligent among them attribute the difference to soil and situation. White hemlock, being sounder, firmer, and straighter grained, constitutes the highest grade. Eed hemlock is more brittle, more inclined to splinter, and liable to be found more or less decayed when the trees have gained full size. In this condition trees are said to be 'shaky'. Such timber is generally found on bottom lands, while the hemlock of high hillsides is apt to be short and scrubby. The quality of the hemlock seems to deteriorate west from the center of the state. The Pine Creek hemlock is considered better than that of the Siunamahoning, and this better than that on the Alleghany. Seldom more than two good logs can be obtained from a trunk, the thiid and fourth logs being generally inferior and knotty ; 8,000 feet per acre is here considered a good yield of hemlock, and 10,000 feet a large yield. " From Williamsport to Lock Haven the valley of the West Branch of the Susquehanna is usually less than a mUe in width, being bounded by abrupt and rocky ridges a few hundred feet in height. At Lock Haven we THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 509 ascended the ridge on the south side of the river, some 800 feet in altitude, in order to examine the moderate forest growth with which it was covered. In favorable places scattering specimens of white pine indicated the crop these hills have yielded the lumberman in former years. Hemlock, also, was scattered over the hillsides, but even as late as the present year most of the trees in this immediate neighborhood had been felled for their bark ; their peeled trunks lay strewn over the hillsides, being left to decay within a mile or two of the saw-mills of Lock Haven. The summit of the ridge afforded a good view of the surrounding country. Parallel ridges of a similar altitude, and which appeared more heavily timbered, lay back of the one on which we stood ; between them were seen narrow valleys occupied by farms. On the north or opposite side of the river successive ridges rose higher and higher as they receded from the river, and in the distance seemed to lose themselves in a plateau whose altitude was equal to that of the ground on which we were standing. The gentle slopes and rounded summits immediately above the river showed smooth, cultivated fields interspersed among woodlands of deciduous trees. The more distant heights displayed a darker forest growth where hemlock and pines predominated. " From Lock Haven to Warren, the county-seat of Warren county, even on the hillsides overlooking the river, close to the banks of which the railroad crept, but especially where we were able to look into the deep runs coming down to the river by a gradual descent from the table-lands of the divides, seldom more than a few miles back above the river, we saw much original forest still standing and principally composed of hemlock. Some white pine appeared as scattering trees or in groves, and some hard wood. The proportion of hard wood increased as we ascended the divide between the waters of the Susquehanna and those of the Alleghany river. " On the summit of this divide the forest had a truly northern aspect, except that we missed the spruce, not seen in Pennsylvania. The dark foliage of the hemlock mingled with sugar maples, beeches, and birches. For many miles above Lock Haven it was a second growth which occupied the hillsides, a thin growth of white oak, chestnut, locust, etc., which had followed the lumberman and forest fires. Considerable second-growth white pine was seen in a few places, but on this none of the present generation seem to set much value, and I have yet to meet any one in the state who gives a thought to encouraging and preserving such growth. To consume the forests as speedily as possible, satisfied with what can be realized from them in the operation, appears to be the si^irit which rules this region. Alternating here and there with the original forest mentioned above were seen all along the railroad leading through this timber belt, but especially in the vicinity of the settlements and lumbered districts, tracts which have been ranged by fire. Sometimes the fires had spread from the clearings into uncuUed timber, killing everything, large and small. Sometimes 'hemlock slashes' had burned over after the trees had been cut and 'peeled'. Always the charred stumps thickly dotted the ground, and the blackened, halt-consumed trunks strewn over the soil in confusion gave to the landscape an aspect of complete desolation. The bird cherries and poplars, which in the forests farther north soon cover and hide from view such wastes of ruin, are wanting here. " I learned that the best hemlock grows on the steep sides of the deep runs, and that upon the summits of the divides were considerable barrens, the soil of which was sometimes too poor to support any arboreal growth. Farther to the west the summits of the dividing ridges are occupied by hard wood chiefly, although hemlocks mingle with the beeches and maples. " Arrived at Warren, we find that we have passed through the woods and are in a long-settled and well- improved country, and, judging from the scattered patches of woodlands occupying the low hills within view, the region of hard- wood forest has been reached. The coniferous forest belt only extends into the southeastern quarter of Warren county; the northern and western portions, lying beyond the Alleghany river, yield oak, chestnut, hickory, etc. Originally there was a little pine scattered over the southeastern portion of Warren county, but this has been mostly cut, and hemlock remains, as it ever has been, the most important timber in this i)art of the county. In Forest county, next south of Warren, pine is local, being scattered in small quantities throughout the county. On the highlands there is much hard wood, beech, maple, and white wood existing in belts between the streams. This, however, may be called a hemlock couuty. In McKeau county a central table-land is covered principally by a growth of maple, beech, etc. In the remaining portions of the county the timber is chiefly hemlock. The valley of the Alleghany river, in the eastern part of McKean county, is mostly cleared and improved. Elk county is oue of the best counties for hemlock. Through Elk, the southwestern corner of McKeau, and the southeastern corner of Warreu runs the Philadelphia and Erie railroad. Along the line of this road, as it passes through this portion of the timber belt, are located the largest tanneries of the United States. These are consuming the hemlock of this region at an enormous rate, and, in addition to the vast amount of bark which they consume, large quantities are 8hj[)i)ed out of the region by railroad. The first important tanneries of Warren county were established 12 or 15 jears ago, and at the present rate of consumption the hemlock of this county can hardly hold out 20 years longer. The land, after the forest has been removed, is excellent for agricultural purposes throughout this region, and on all sides pioneers are making themselves farms. These men prefer to begin in the undisturbed forest rather than locate on the slashes, because they can pay for their laud with the hemlock bark which it yields; and from a radius of 15 miles bark is drawn and sold at from $4 50 to $5 a cord to the tanneries. On an average, four trees yield a cord or ton of bark, the equivalent of 1,000 feet of lumber, board measure. In Warren county from 5,000 to G,000 acres of hemlock were cut down in 1880, and there is no possibility of this growth being renewed, for every foot of slashed land is eventually burned over, and sometimes the burnings are repeated until the soil is nearly ruined for agricultural purposes. From the dry slashes the fires extend to a greater or less distance through the living 510 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. woods, ruiuing not only heavy bodies of hemlock, but also destroying the belts of hard wood intermixed with tho hemlock. Notwithstanding stringent legislation in this state upon the subject of forest tires, they seem inevitable, and especially so In the slashes. They spread from the clearings constantly made throughout this timber belt by the settlers, and, as the forest abounds in deer and its streams are stocked with fish, hunters and fishermen are always in the woods, and from their camp fires spread many conflagrations. Many fires here also arc set by a tribe of half-civilized Indians residing in this region, to burn over the huckleberry fields in order that the bushes may renew themselves and yield fuller crops ; or, where it is so easy to start a fire and conceal its origin, many doabtless arise from malice. "In this region the aspen springs up on land upon which the hemlock has been destroyed, but this tree manifestly docs not thrive as it does in northern woods. Yellow and black birch, bird cherry, beech, maple, white oak, chestnut, black cherry, etc., are the trees which spring up slowly among the briers, and cover burned land with a rather meager second growth. If a few pines have been left on the hilltops they may scatter.a few seeds and give rise to some saplings, but as regards hemlock, fires kill it out clean, seedlings and seed; and if the 'peelers' and the fires happen to leave any scattering trees standing, these, being more sensitive to changed conditions than pines, are seldom able long to survive as seed bearers. The bird cherry only thrives on cold, wet soils here. There is another phase of the slaughter of the hemlock forest : As the pine forest gives out, large numbers of laborers turn to the hemlock woods and find employment as bark peelers. In the pine woods work is mostly suspended when spring arrives ; then larger numbers of men come into the hemlock woods than can find work at satisfactory wages, and these sometimes set fires in the slashes, which spread into the living woods and kill large quantities of hemlock. To save the bark it must be peeled at once, or before it adheres to the wood and becomes injured bj' worms, and thus employment is given to a larger force of men. " The pine now remaining in Clearfield county is mostly found in the northern and the southwestern portions of the county. The eastern and southeastern portions are now principally cleared and improved, as tho entire county is destined to be, the soil being principally a strong, clayey loam, excellent for farming purposes. Already four fifths of the pine timber originally standing in the county has been removed ; most of the hemlock, which orginally about equaled in amount the pine, remains. There are no tanneries in this region, and after the pine is cut the hemlock is next harvested, the bark being saved and shipped to the tanneries below to the amount of from 5,000 to 6,000 cords' annually. Fires are here sometimes started by hunters in order to clear away the young second growth, that they may be able better to see the deer. One important reason which lumbermen have for planting their saw-mills near the woods, in preference to driving all their logs to the sawing centers below, is that they can then work into shingles, etc., many trees which, being defective by reason of rotten spots or other blemishes, would not be worth driving down the river. Such trees are seen standing here and there all through the woods, having been left behind by the lumbermen. Sometimes persons buy this culled timber and erect shingle-mills, etc., to work it up. " With respect to the maximum yield of pine per acre, it would seem that 10,000 feet was a good yield for tracts of 400 or 500 acres in extent, although smaller tracts of 50 acres and upward will often cut 25,000 feet to the acre, and even a yield of 100,000 feet to the acre has been reported. The rough nature of the surface in all this region often necessitates the use of slides to bring the logs from the forest to the streams. They are constructed by pinning to ties of hemlock some 3 feet in length hemlock logs about a foot in diameter placed side by side, their inner sides above the point of contact being hewn with care to form a broad V-shaped trough along which the logs may be slid. Except where there is considerable descent logs cannot be slid unless the weather is frosty, when the slide can be kept icy by means of water sprinkled over it from time to time. Slides sometimes are built for 6 or 8 miles back into the woods, usually following up some run so as to get an even and gentle grade. By this means the greatest part of the logs come down to the streams, for sleds are not used in this country. Most of the hazard of lumbering depends upon the lumberman's ability to slide his logs successfully. They can be cut at any time in the woods, and almost any year can be driven to the mills when once in the water, but mild weather interrupts sliding and deep snows impede the operation ; so that in open winters lumbermen are sometimes compelled to do their sliding in the night time, when ice will form on the slide. The logs, strijiped of their bark, are drawn singly, by horses with chains, from the places where they have fallen to the upper end of the slide. When a sufiBcient number — from 6 to 40, accofding to the grade and the size of the logs— have been placed end to end in the slide, the hook of a chain is driven into the rear log near its forward end, and horses are attached which walk a tow-pcth formed on one side of the slide, and push ahead of them the ' trail' of logs, thus bringing them do^n to the stream. " Only in the late autumn and in the winter is it thought expedient in Pennsylvania to fell pine; if cut in summer, when the bark will part from the wood, the sap-wood soon assumes a blackish appearance and disfigures the lumber. As a rule hemlock is here cut and peeled in summer, at the time when operations iu pine are suspended ; ihus by alternating operations in pine and hemlock the hands are kept employed throughout the whole year. In cucting trees tho several parts of the work are allotted to different men; some merely fell the trees, others measure them off into suitable lengths and cut away the limbs as far as the upper end of the last log taken, where they sever the top of the tree from the trunk by means of the ax ; others follow in pairs with cross-cut saws and cut the trunk into logs." ■J^ DELAWARE, MARYLAND, WEST VIRGINIA., Y[RGINL?l,KORT -^ TENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES .EE, INDIAl'IA, TI.Lmor .MmsT'.l«^>RCo.IlUl THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 511 SOUTH ATLANTIC DIVISION. I *^ DELAWARE. The northern portion of the state, comprising New Castle and Kent counties, was once covered with the deciduous forests of the Atlantic plain. Conifers, with the exception of the red cedar, were rare. In the sandy- soil of the southern part of the state various pitch pines flourished, forming fully one-half of the forest growth. These pine forests were long ago consumed and are now replaced by a second growth, generally composed of the species which originally occupied the ground ; and throughout the state the best hard-wood timber has been culled from the forest. Large quantities of wheel and cooperage stock were formerly manufactured in the northern counties; but of late j-ears these and other industries using .the products of the forest have, for want of material, generally decreased in importance. The manufacturers report a general scarcity of timber. During the census year 3,305 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $15,675. Of such fires six were set by locomotives, six by the careless burners of brush upon farms, and two through malice. Kent county. — About one-quarter of this county is reported covered with forest. A few small mills saw oak from the immediate neighborhood into shipstuff and car lumber, shipping to Wilmington, Philadelphia, and even to Ifew York. New Castle county. — About one-quarter of this county is reported covered with woodland, mostly of second growth and attached to farms. The large establishments for the manufacture of gunpowder, located in th& neighborhood of Wilmington, consume large amounts of willow wood, generally grown for the purpose upon farms in their immediate vicinity. Sussex county. — One-third to one-half of this county is reported covered with woodland. Numerous small mills, obtaining their supply of logs from the immediate neighborhood, saw oak for shipstuff. MARYLAND. The northwestern portion of the state, crossed by the ridges of the Appalachian system, was once covered with the forests of white pine, hemlock, birch, and maple peculiar to this mountain region. The central portion of the- state, extending from the mountains to the shores of Chesapeake bay, was covered with oaks, hickories, gums, and other deciduous trees in great variety, the eastern peninsula largely with different species of pitch pine, occupying sandy plains, or mixed with deciduous trees. In the mountain region considerable bodies of the original forest remain upon the highest and most inaccessible slopes ; in the remainder of the state this, where the land has not been permanently cleared for agriculture, is now largely replaced by a second growth, or — the best timber at least — has been everywhere culled. A large amount of cooperage stock was formerly manufactured in this state. This industry has, however, greatly suffered from the deterioration and exhaustion of the local supply of timber; manufacturers report the best stock nearly exhausted and the substitution for oak, formerly exclusively used, of elm and other inferior woods now brought from beyond the limits of the state. During the census year 41,070 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by forest fires, with a loss of $37,425. These fires were traced to the carelessness of hunters, to locomotives, and largely to the escape from farms to the forest of fires set in clearing land. The principal lumber manufacturing establishments using Maryland logs are situated iu Garrett county ; these saw white i)ine, hemlock, and oak to supply a limited local demand and ship to Baltimore, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Wheeling; considerable oak timber is sent to Europe from this county. During the year 1879 the northern counties produced 170,070 pounds of maple sugar. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Tlie original forest has disappeared from the District of Columbia and has been replaced by a second and third growth of oaks, scrub pines, and other trees. The area occupied with woods is probably slowly increasing. A single saw-mill, situated in the city of Washington, saws logs grown beyond the limits of the District. VIRGINIA. The forests of Virginia, like those of the Carolinas and Georgia, fall naturally into three divisions, dependent upon the elevation and soil of the different parts of the state. The mountains and ridges of its western border are 512 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. covered with a heavy growth of pine, hemlock, white oak, cherry, yellow poplar, and other northern trees; over the region extending east of the mountains oaks, principally black oaks, once formed the prevailing forest growth; through these are now mingled long stretches of various pitch pines, occupying exhausted and barren soil once devoted to agriculture. The eastern counties are covered with the forests of the Maritime Pine Belt, generally ^Mufined to the Tertiary deposits of the coast and extending inland to the head of tide-water of the principal streams; along the western borders of this pine belt the forest growth is nearly equally divided between the pines and the broad-leaved species. The inaccessible mountain region in the southwestern part of the state still contains immense quantities of the original oak, hickory, walnut, and cherry, the scanty population of these mountains having made but slight inroads upon the forests. Kailroads have hardly penetrated them, while the streams which head here are unsuited to carry 1 to market the hard woods of which this forest is largely composed. The most valuable hard- wood forest remaining on the contiueut exists in southwestern Virginia and the adjacent counties of West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and NbTth^Carolina. From the central and eastern portions of the state the original forest has almost entirely disappeared, and is now replaced by a second growth, in which the Jersey pine and the old-field pine are characteristic features, generally replacing more valuable species of the original growth. During the census year 272,319 acres of woodland were reported ravaged by fire, with a loss of $326,944. Of such fires the largest number was traced to the careless burniug^of brush upon farms and to locomotives. The manufacture of cooperage stock is iucreasing rapidly in the western part of the state, and gi-eat quantities of staves are exported thence directly to Europe, as well as oak, yellow poplar, and walnut in the log. The ' manufacture of tobacco cases from sycamore lumber is an important industrj' in the neighborhood of Lynchburg and other tobacco-distiibuting centers. Considerable quantities of hand-made shingles are produced in the / cypress swamps which occupy a large portion of Norfolk and other eastern counties. A large amount of second- growth pine (Pinvs Tada) is shipped from the different Virginia ports by schooner to New York for fuel, and this second-growth pine furnishes the principal building material used throughout the state. The grinding of oak and sumach bark and the manufacture of tanning extracts are important and profitable industries of the state. WEST VIRGINIA. The forests of West Virginia, with the exception of the belt of pine and spruce confined to the high ridges of the Alleghany mountains, are principally composed of broad-leaved trees, the most important of which are the white and chestnut oaks, the black walnut, the yellow poplar, and the cherry. The white pine and spruce forests reach within the state their southern limit as important sources of lumber supply. The forests have been largely removed from the counties bordering the Ohio river, and the most valuable hard- wood timber adjacent to the pricipal streams, especially black walnut, cherry, and yellow poplar, has been culled in nearly every part of the state. But slight inroads, however, have yet been made into the magnificent body of hard -wood timber covering the extreme southern counties, which still contain vast quantities of oak, cherry, and poplar. The black walnut found scattered everywhere in West Virginia is least plentiful in the northwestern and Ohio Eiver counties, and most abundant along the upper waters of the rivers flowing into the Ohio through the southwestern part of the state. Yellow poplar is found throughout the state, and is still abundant about the headwaters of nearly all the principal streams. Large bodies of cherry are found in Greenbrier, Nicholas, Webster, and other counties immediately west of the mountains, and a large amount of hemlock is scattered through the valleys and ravines of the northeastern part of the state and along the western slopes of the Alleghauies. The area still occupied by white pine is estimated to extend over 310 square miles, and to contain about 990,000,000 feet of merchantable lumber. The principal centers of lumber manufacture are along the Kanawha river at Eonceverte, in Greenbrier county, at Parkersburg, and along the upper Potomac. Partial returns of the hoop-pole industry gave a product during the census year of 3,549,000, valued at $146,000. During the census year 476,775 acres of woods were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $155,280. Of these fires the largest number was traced to the careless clearing of land for agricultural purposes, although many had their origin in sparks from locomotives. The manufacture of cooperage stock is fast increasing in importance, and seems destined, with the exhaustion of the more accessible hard wood forests of the countrj', to assume a much greater development than at present Large quantities of black walnut, yellow poplar, and oak in the log are shipped to northern markets and to Europe. The following notes upon the forests of West Virginia are extracted from Mr. Pringle's report: "Entering West Virginia at Keyser (New Creek) by way of Cumberland, Maryland, we find ourselves in one of the narrow vallejs lying among the low abrupt ridges of the northern Alleghauies, among which we have been traveling since we reached the vicinity of Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Coming south from middle Pennsylvania, however, the forest growth covering the long mountain chains within view from the railroad becomes heavier and heavier, the evidences of fire and ax largely disappearing. On the hills above Keyser fewer evergreens appeared than I had previously seen. A few slopes were principally occupied by pine in variety, but the mountains of this THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 513 region were covered with a growth of deciduous trees, white, black, red, Spanish, and chestnut oaks, hickories, butterDuts, black walnuts, yellow poplars, locusts, elms, sugar maples, etc. At Piedmont some $200,000 have been expended in the construction of a boom on the North Branch of the Potomac. At this point, as well as at Swanton and Deer Park, on the Maryland side, there are mills sawing chiefly white oak, and also considerable white pine, spruce, hemlock, poplar, white ash, etc. Some spruce which had not been seen or heard of in the timber belt of Pennsylvania is found 20 miles above Piedmont. The market for lumber manufactured here is chiefly eastward. Much of the oak is sent to Europe, partly in the form of squared timber, partly cut 5 by 12 inches and from 15 to 20 feet long. The mills at Swanton and Deer Park are located on the railroad, and cut timber is hauled to them from the vicinity. The mills at Piedmont are fed by logs driven down the river from the western portions of Mineral and Grant counties, West Virginia. This lumber is chiefly oak, spruce, and hemlock. Great difiiculty is experienced in driving this part of the Potomac, as it is a swift and rocky stream. Logs, especially oak, constantly lodge on the rocks or banks, and there has been great difiiculty in maintaining the boom and dam at this point. " Eowlesburg, in Preston county, owes its existence as a lumber depot to the fact that the Cheat river, ujion which it is situated, as it passes through the Briery mountains, for a distance of 25 miles below this point has so narrow and rocky a channel and so swift a current that it is not possible to get the logs farther down the stream. Above Eowlesburg the Cheat river is a good stream to drive, and any one of its branches can be driven from a point 125 miles above that point. From the mouth of the Black Fork, 30 miles above, the timber is brought down in rafts rather than as separate logs; this is because there is no boom as yet at Eowlesburg to stop the logs. There are small booms on Black and Shaver's Forks, many miles above Eowlesburg. Scattered along the river at some distance above Eowlesburg there are a few small mills, the product of which is floated down the stream on rafts. The timber of Preston county between Eowlesbung and the vicinity of the mouth of the river is oak, poplar, chestnut, ash-, beech, yellow beech, hemlock, basswood, and hickory. " The timber of Canaan valley, in Tucker and Eandolph counties, is largely hemlock on the lower lands, on the higher situations and slopes sugar maple and beech ; and, as soon as a suitable elevation is reached, spruce is mingled with black cherry. . In other portions of Tucker county and on the tributaries of the Cheat river, flowing out of Eandolph county, the timber is chiefly oak, poplar, ash, spruce, cherry, black walnut', white pine, etc. This, however, is not a black-walnut region, and there are here nowhere more than scattered trees ; a careful search has failed to find any great body of this timber here. It is estimated that 2,500,000,000 feet of yellow poplar are still standing in the valleys of the Cheat and its tributaries. " Shaver's Fork is heavily timbered with spruce. A boom has been constructed at Grafton, on Tygart's Valley river, a main branch of the Monongahela. It is a rough stream, unfavorable for lumber operations, and for a distance only of 10 miles above Grafton is smooth enough to admit of the passage of rafts. All lumber has, therefore, to come down in separate logs, and only such kinds as are light enough to float well can be got down. For this reason there is very little except poplar sawed at Grafton. Oak is too heavy to be driven successfully, and as it cannot be tied up in rafts with poplar, as is done on the Cheat, the stores of oak timber growing in the valleys* drained by this river must wait the building of a railroad to bring them to market. The yellow poplar still standing in this region is estimated at 300,000,000 feet, and on the higher grounds, especially about the headwaters of streams, there are fine bodies of black cherry mixed with other trees. "At Parkersburg are located the mill and shops of the Parkersburg Mill Company, situated on the banks of the Little Kanawha, a short distance above its confluence with the Ohio. This is the only company operating in lumber within the city of Parkersburg. It manufactures about 6,000,000 feet of lumber annually, mostly poplar, some oak, and about a quarter of a million feet of beech. Little black walnut can now be obtained here, and that of inferior quality. Eough lumber and manufactured articles of wood find a market in nearly every direction, west, north, and east. I was astonished and delighted to see how closely the lumber was worked up and the great variety of articles manufactured from slabs, edgings, culls, etc., which in other mills are so generally thrown into the waste pile. Broom handles, corn-popper handles, brush handles, brush heads, tool handles of many descriptions, and fly-trap bottoms are but a few of the articles which are turned out by millions from odd bits of wood, few of which are too small to make something or other from. The company executes orders for articles used in manufactories widely distributed over the country from Cincinnati and Chicago to Boston and New York. Poplar is used for broom handles, and beech, maple, sycamore, black walnut, cherry, etc., for smaller articles. This company does not own and operate timber lands, but buys its logs from parties who deliver rafts to its mill. Formerly onuch lumber was wasted in this region in clearing lands for farms, but now proprietors of land find it to their advantage to cut and save their logs, which they bring down in rafts themselves or sell to parties who make a business of rafting. Once out of the small streams, the logs are easily rafted down the Little Kanawha during favorable seasons. "There are no booms on the Little Kanawha, except temporary constructions for special purposes, which are broken up by every flood. Several years ago it was supposed that the timber on this river was nearly exhausted, but it continues to come down in undiminished quantities to the value of some hundred thousand dollars annually, in addition to railroad ties, staves, etc. It is only about 40 miles up the main river, and to no great distance back from the stream, that the supply of oak is exhausted. The river is a hundred miles long, and about its upper 33 FOR 514 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. craters and those of its tributaries the oak is comparatively untouched. Much of Wirt county and the greater part of Roane, Calhoun, and Gilmer, in the upper i)art of the valley of the Little Kanawha, are a vast virgin forest of oak and poplar, containing a good deal of black walnut and sugar maple and some black cherry. Baxter county is magnificently timbered, as is Webster, although the timber here is yet inaecessible. "The Guyandotte is a good river for lumbering operations. Kafts can come down from a point 100 miles from its mouth. There are yet no booms on this river, except strings of logs occasionally stretched across it for temporary purposes. On its course above Guyandotte are four or five mills, doing for the most jiart a local business, their product for export being only about 1,^00,000 feet of sawed lumber. The rafting of this sawed lumber is attended with some risk of loss, and therefore a much greater amount is brought down in unsawed logs bound together in rafts, which are taken down the Ohio and sold to various mills along its course. These rafts are usually made 11 logs wide, and three or four of these courses are placed end to end. White oak is made uj) into rafts with a poplar log in the center of each course, and thus the raft is made light enough to float easily. Along the Guyandotte, in the ■lower part of its course, the oak and poplar have been cut for a distance of from 1 mile to 2 miles from the stream, the black walnut for some 5 miles back ; but nine-tenths of the area drained by this river is still in original foresj, composed of white, chestnut, and other oaks, poplar, walnut, several hickories, beech, sugar maples, sycamore, ash, etc. In this region there is, in the aggregate, a good deal of black walnut, but it exists as scattered trees rather than in groves or tracts. " Coal river is 160 miles long, and for 30 miles, or to Pey tona, is navigable for barges. The valley of this river is covered with truly magnificent forests, in which the trees of the several species composing them attain remarkable dimensions. Poplar and white oak here exist in nearly equal proportions, and together constitute about a third of the timber. Besides these there is a good deal of black cherry, lin, and locust, as well as hemlock, the latter not being considered valuable in this country. Black walnut appears more abundant in this region than in any other of similar extent of which I have yet heard. But little timber has yet been removed from the valley of this river, and it is chiefly the lower portion and the immediate vicinity of the banks which have been lumbered. " The Elk river empties into the Kanawha at Charleston. About 2 miles above its mouth are located a boom and several saw-mills, and hfere are also a dam and lock which secure slack-water for some 20 miles. The river is about 180 miles in length ; logs have been driven from a point 150 miles above its mouth, but its valley has only been lumbered to any great extent in the immediate vicinity of the main river, and to a distance of some 110 miles from its mouth. Most of the original growth of the forest of the Elk basin still remains, and is composed largely of white oak, hickorj-, chestnut, and poplar. Black walnut here, as everywhere else in this state, is scattered, although it is estimated that 10,000,000 feet of this lumber still remain in this region. Above a certain altitude and about the upper waters of this river considerable black cherry, sugar maple, and birch is found. Here also beech and basswood abound, by the streams hemlock occurs, and on the mountains a little black spruce. About the upper settlements on this river miles of fence constructed with boards of black cherry and farms fenced with black- walnut rails may be seen. Formerly large numbers of coal-boats and salt-boats were built upon the Elk river. Once, also, the salt-works of the Kanawha required vast numbers of barrels ; these were made of black as well as white oak ; now but five of the sixty furnaces once boiling brine in this vicinity are in operation, and there is little demand for black oak for staves. The country along the Kanawha between the Elk and the Gauley rivers has been lumbered for 5 or C miles back from the streams, and about one-fourth of the timber has been cut from these valleys. The Gauley river with its several large tributaries drains a valley which covers nearly 5,000 square miles; its length is about 110 miles, much less than that of the Elk, which is a long, slender stream, but it occupies a much broader valley and has twice the volume of water of the Elk. Unlike the rivers just considered, which wear out for themselves smooth channels through the soft sandstone, the Gauley is a rough stream, tumbling rapidly over hard conglomerate todk, its bed being full of bowlders and ledges. For the first 10 miles from its mouth the fall averages 4 feet to the mile ; above that 20 feet to the mile, while its upper waters are so swift and rough as to be unnavigable even for small boats. For these reasons the Gauley does not admit of the passing of rafts, and it is a difiicult river upon which even to drive single logs. Its valley is but little settled, except on Meadow river and along its right bank below that stream . Above a point 15 miles from its mouth no timber has been touched except by the few settlers. In the lower part of the valley of the Gauley for 15 or more miles the timber is chiefly oak, poplar, walnut, etc. The Gauley and its large affluents, the Cherry, Cranberry, and Williams rivers, all head back in the forests of black spruce, which sometimes take entire possession of the mountain tops; a little lower, yet often mingled with the sjjruce, hemlocks and black cherry abound. On Cherry river the cherry trees so predominate over all others as to, have given their name to the stream. Here are trees often 4 feet in diameter. The region intermediate between the upper and the lower districts of the Gauley thus described contains much beech, sugar maple, and black cherry. The white oak which abounds in the lower basin of this river disappears above an altitude of 2,000 feet. I was informed that, although lumbering operations were but lately begun on the Gauley, nearly 1,000,000 feet of poplar were brought out of the river in 1879, and thsit it had yielded 50,000 feet of black walnut in 1880, while there were now in the river poplar logs enough to make 3,000,000 feet of lumber. About one-fourth of the cut of late years has been sawed at mills near the falls : the rest is rafted to Charleston. I 9 ' f OF THE IMTKRIQK TKOTH CENSUg OF THE TJT-JITED STATES. JuliUKl{icm&Co.ltth. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 515 " The valley of the New river is only lumbered for from 3 to 5 miles from the stream, although the walnut has been gathered 10 miles farther back. This is a rough country in which to lumber, since the streams cut deep into the earth, and New river cannot be driven. "Eonceverte is situated on the Greenbrier river at the point where the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad, first meets this stream as it descends from the Alleghany mountains. Here is the boom of the Saint Lawrence Boom Company, and here are located three or four lumber firms operating steam-mills. One of these, the New York Hoop Company, uses two million hoop-poles per annum, chiefly hickory, manufacturing hoops for flour barrrels, pork bajrels, hogsheads, and tierces, besides strips for boxes, etc. The process of manufacturing hoops was explained to me as follows : The poles, of assorted lengths and sizes, are passed through machines which split each of them into two, three, or four pieces, and these are put through other machines which plane flat the inner side of each strip, leaving the bark intact. The hoops thus made are tied into bundles and shipped to New York. " The Greenbrier river rises in the limestone sinks in Eandolph county, whence it flows southwesterly through the fertile limestone valley between the Alleghany aud the Greenbrier mountains for a distance of 120 miles, emptying into the New river at Hinton. Flowing through such a valley it is not a rapid stream, but from a point 12 miles below Travelers' Eest, on its headwaters, it is fine for rafting. Yet the stream needs some improvement, especially by the closing up of back channels into which the logs are borne by high water, to be left in swamps when the flood recedes. " Only a small proportion of the timber of the Greenbrier river has been removed as yet, and it is estimated that in its valley white oak, white pine, poplar, cherry, hemlock, walnut, and ash enough remain to make 1,000,000,000 feet of boards, and that there are not less than 500,000,000 feet of white pine in this region, occupying a belt through the center of both Greenbrier and Pocahontas counties. The eastern limit of the black-spruce belt on the headwaters of the Elk and Gauley rivers, the most extensive and valuable in West Virginia, coincides with the western limits of the white-pine belt lying in Pocahontas county. Its southern line runs northwesterly from the south end of Pocahontas to near the center of Nicholas county. Prom this point its western line runs northeasterly through the center of Webster county to the vicinity of Huttonville, in Eandolph county, the northern end of the belt covering the upper waters of Shaver's Fork of the Cheat river. Over this belt black spruce is scattered more or less densely, sometimes occupying almost exclusively the high slopes, particularly the northern slopes and the summits of the mountains. " It is believed that 10,000,000 feet of black walnut, in paying quantities, could still be gathered in this part of the state, and that there would then be left an equal amount so scattered that it could not be profitably collected at present prices." _ NOETH CAEOLINA. The forests of North Carolina were once hardly surpassed in variety and importance by those of any other part of the United States. The coast region was occupied by the coniferous forests of the southern Maritime Pine Belt; the middle districts of the state by a forest of oaks and other hard-wood trees, through which the old-field pine is now rapidly spreading over worn-out and abandoned farming lands. The high ridges and deep valleys of the Appalachian system which culminate in the western part of the state are still everywhere covered with dense forests of the most valuable hard-wood trees mingled with northern pines and hemlocks. The inaccessibility of this mountain region has protected these valuable forests up to the present time, and few inroads have yet been made into their stores of oak, cherry, yellow poplar, and walnut. The hard-wood forests of the middle districts, however, have been largely removed or culled of their finest timber, although the area of woodland in this part of the state is now increasing. These new forests, usually composed of inferior pine, are of little economic value, except as a source of abundant fuel and as a means Of restoring fertility to the soil, preparing it to produce again more valuable crops. A larger proportion of the pine forest of the coast has been destroyed in North Carolina than in the other southern states. Thispartofthe state has long been the seat of important lumbering operations, while the manufacture of naval stores, once almost exclusively confined to North Carolina, and always an important industry here, has seriously injured these forests. The original forests have been practically removed from the northeastern part of the state, the great region watered by the numerous streains flowing into Albemarle and Pamlico sounds; and although some lumber, largely second-growth pine trees of poor quality, is produced here, the importance of these forests is not great. The merchantable pine, too, has been removed from the banks of the Cape Fear and other rivers flowing through the southern part of the state, and although these streams still yield annually a large number of logs, they are only procured at a constantly increasing distance from their banks and with a consequent increasing cost for transport. Forest fires inflict serious damage upon the pine forests of the south. During the census year 540,102 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by forest fires, with a loss of $357,980. The largest number of these fires were traced to the carelessness of farmers in clearing land, to locomotives, hunters, and to malice. Manufacturers of cooperage and wheel stock, industries which once flourished in the eastern aud central portions of the state, already sufter from the exhaustion and deterioration of material. Such industries, however, are increasing in the extreme western counties, and promise to attain there an important development. 616 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. The following estimate, by counties, of the merchantable pine standing May 31, 1880, south of the Neuse river, the only part of the state where it is of commercial importance, was prepared by Mr. Edward Kidder, of Wilmington. It is based upon actual surveys and the reports of a large number of timber-land experts familiar with the different counties still occupied by the forests of long-leaved pine : LONG-LEAVED PINE (Pinu« paluatris). Comities. Bladen Bninswlck Chatham Columbna Cninberland .' DnpUn ; Harnett Johnston , Moore NewHanoTer Onslow Bobeson Sampson Wake Wayne Total Cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880, exclnsive of 50,190,000 feet cat in the conn ties adjacent to Albemarle and Pamlico sounds and alone the Pamlico and Neizse rivers, which is largely loblolly pine (Pinui Tceda). Feet, board measure. 288, HI, 448, 288, 806, 21, 486, M3, 504, 96, 34, 864. 603. 48, *», 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 5,229,000,000 .108,411,000 NAVAL STORES. Small quantities of crude turpentine were produced upon the coast of North Carolina, between the Pamlico and Cape Fear rivers, soon after the earliest settlement of the country. It was sent to Great Britain or converted into spirits of turpentine and rosin for home consumption. The demand for ships' stores had greatly increased the North Carolina production as early as 1818, although the field of operations was not extended south of the Cape Fear river, nor more than 100 miles from the coast, until 1836. The large demand for spirits of turgentine created during that year induced manufacturers to test the yield of trees on the west side of the Cape Fear river, up to that time considered unproductive. The result was satisfactory, although overproduction and low prices deferred until 1840 the development of this region. Since 1840 this industry has been gradually carried southward. Naval stores were produced in South Carolina in 1840, and in Georgia two years later. Turpentine orchards were established in Florida and Alabama in 1855, and more recently in Mississippi and eastern Louisiana. The naval stores manufactured in the United States are principally produced from the resinous exudations of the long-leaved pine {Pinus palustris), and in small quantities from the loblolly pine (Pinus Twda), and the slash pine {Pinua Cuhensis) of the Florida coast. The trees selected for "boxing" are usually from 12 to 18 inches in diameter, although trees with trunks only 8 inches through are now sometimes worked. A deep cut or "box" is made in the trunk of the tree, by a cut slanting downward, some 7 inches in depth, and generally 12 inches above the ground, and met by a second cut started 10 inches above the first and running down from the bark to meet it. In this manner a segment is removed from the trunk and a triangular trough formed 4 inches deep and 4 inches wide at the top. Two such boxes, or upon a large trunk sometimes four, are made on each tree. A "crop", the unit of production among large operators, consists of 10,000 such boxes. The boxes are cut early in November with a narrow-bladed ax specially manufactured for the purpose, and the trees are worked on an average during thirty-two weeks. As soon as the upper surface of the box ceases to exude freely, it is "l^acked" over and a fresh surface exi)08ed, the dried resin adhering to the cut having been first carefully removed with a sharp, narrow, steel scraper. The boxes, especially after the first season, are often hacked as often as once a week, and are thus gradually extended upward until upon trees which have been worked during a number of seasons the upper surface of the box is often 10 or 12 feet above the ground. For these long boxes the scraper is attached to a wooden handle, generally loaded with iron at the lower end to facilitate the operation of drawing down the resin. Once in four weck.s, or often less frequently, the resin cauglit in the bottom of the box is removed into a bucket with a small, sharp, oval steel spade attached to a short wooden handle. The product of these "dippings", as this operation is called, is placed in barrels and transported to the distillery. The first season a turpentine orchard is worked boxes are usually dipped eight times, yielding an average of 300 barrels of turpentine to the crop. The second year the THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 517 nnmber of dippings is reduced to five, the product falling off to 150 barrels, while for the third season 100 barrels are considered a fair yield from three dippings. To this must be added the yield of the "scrapes", which for the first year is estimated, for one crop, at from 60 to 70 barrels of 280 pounds each, and for succeeding years at 100 barrels. Trees can be profitably worked in North Carolina by experienced operators during four or five years, or, upon a small scale, in connection with farming operations and by actual residents, several years longer; farther south the trees seem to possess less recuperative power, and in South Carolina four years is given as the outside limit during which an orchard can be profitably worked, while in Georgia, Florida, and Alabama they are often abandoned at the end of the second and always at the end of the third year. Twenty-five men, including overseers, wagoners, distillers, coopers, and laborers can work ten crops. The average wages of such a force is $1 a day per man, so that the cost of labor jiecessary to work a crop during the season of thirty-two weeks is $480. The following grades of turpentine are recognized in the trade : "Virgin dip", or " Soft white gum turpentine" — the product the first year the trees are worked; "Yellow dip" — the product of the second and succeeding years, and becoming darker colored and less liquid every year ; " Scrape" or " Hard turpentine " — the product of the scrapings of the boxes. Rosin is graded as follows: "W"— Window-glass; " N "—Extra pale ; "M"— Pale; "K"— Low pale; "I"— Good No. 1; "H"— No. 1; "G"— LowNo.l; " F "— Good No. 2 ; "E"— No. 2; "D"— Good strain; "C"— Strain; "B"— Common strain; " A"— Black. Window-glass is the lightest grade, and is only produced from the first dippings of " virgin " trees — that is, trees worked for the first time. The resinous exudation becomes darker colored.and less volatile every year, as the box grows older, and the rosin produced is darker and less valuable. Trees worked during several years produce a very dark brown or black rosin. Spirits of turpentine made from virgin trees is light colored, light in weight, and free from any taste; the resinous matter yielded in succeeding years gains more and more body, and the additional heat required in distilling it throws off some resin combined with the spirits, producing in it a strong, biting taste and greater weight. Tar, produced by burning the dead wood and most resinous parts of the long-leaved pine in covered kilns, is graded as follows: "Eope yellow", or Eopemakers' tar — the highest grade, produced with a minimum of heat from the most resinous parts of the wood; "Eoany," or "Ship smearing" — the next running of the kiln; "Black" or "Thin" — the lowest grade, made from inferior wood, or the last running of the kiln, and therefore produced with the maximum of heat. The following statistics of the production of naval stores during the census year were prepared by Mr. A. H. Van Bokkelen, of Wilmington, North Carolina, to whom I am indebted for much information in regard to the methods used in carrying on this industry : states. Alabama Florida Georgia Louisiana Missiaaippi North Carolina South Carolina Total ... Turpentine. Koain. Oallont. Barrelt. 2,005,000 158,482 1, 036, 350 68,281 3, 161, 500 277,600 260,000 20,000 250,000 20,000 6,279,200 863,967 4,693,200 333, 940 17, 565, 260 1, 642, 170 Eighty thousand barrels of tar were manufactured during the census year in North Carolina, and 10,000 barrels in the other southern states. The total value of this crop of naval stores at centers of distribution, and of course including freight from thfe forest and different brokerage charges, was not far from $8,000,000. The net profits of the industry, even in the case of virgin trees, is very small, and at present prices is believed to be unprofitable except to the most skillful operators. The low price of southern timber-lands and the facility with which rights to operate tracts of forest for turpentine have been lately obtainable in several states have unnaturally stimulated production. The result of this has been that manufacturers, unable to make a profit except from virgin trees, abandon their orchards after one or two years' working and seek new fields of operation ; the ratio of virgin forest to the total area worked over in the production of naval stores is therefore constantly increasing. It is estimated by Mr. Van Bokkelen that during the years between 1870 and 1880 an average of one-third of the total annual product of the country was obtained from virgin trees, and that in 1880 one-fourth of the crop was thus produced, necessitating the boxing in that year of the best trees upon 600,000 acres of forest. The production of naval stores is carried on in a wasteful, extravagant manner, and the net profits derived from the business are entirely out of proportion to the damage which it inflicts upon the forests of the country; the injury is enormous. Lumber made from trees 518 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. previously worked for turpentine is of inferior quality, although it is probably less injured than has been generally supposed. Comparatively few trees, however, once boxed are manufactured into lumber. It is estimated that 20 per cent, of them, weakened by the deep gashes inflicted upon their trunks, sooner or later are blown down and rained ; fires, too, every year destroy vast areas of the turpentine orchards, in spite of the care taken by operators to prevent their spread. It is customary in the winter, in order to prevent the fires which annually run through the forests of the Southern Pine Belt from spreading to the boxes, to "racket" the trees; that is, to remove all combustible material for a distance of 3 feet around the base of each boxed tree. Fire, carefully watched, has then been set to the dry grass between the trees, in order to prevent the spread of accidental conflagrations, and to give the box-choppers a firmer foothold than would be offered by the dry and slippery pine leaves. In spite of these precautions, however, turpentine orchards, especially when abandoned, are often destroyed by fire. The surface of the box, thickly covered with a most inflammable material, is easily ignited, and a fire once started in this way may rage over thousands of acres before its fury can be checked. The manufacture of naval stores, then, decreases the value of the boxed tree for lumber, reduces the ability of the tree to withstand the force of gales, and enormously increases the danger to the forest of total destruction by fire. Wilmington, the most important distributing point for this industry in the United States, handles 80 per cent, of all the naval stores manufactured in Korth Carolina. Previous to 1870 Swansboro', Washington, and ISew Berne were also large shipping points. SOUTH CAROLINA. The forest covering of South Carolina resembles in its general features that of the states immediately north and south of it. The pine forest of the coast, nearly coinciding in area with that of the Tertiary deposits, covers the eastern portion for a distance of 150 miles from the coast. The middle districts are occupied with hard-wood forests, or forests in which pines of various species are mixed with oaks, hickories, and other deciduous trees. The forests of the AUeghanies, rich in species and magnificent ip the development of individual trees, spread over the mountains and valleys, which occupy the extreme western part of the state. The streams which flow through the Coast Pine Belt, often bordered by wide, deep swamps, are ill-suited to lumber operations, and less serious inroads have therefore been made into the pine forests of South Carolina than into those of North Carolina or Georgia. The merchantable pine, however, has been removed from the immediate neighborhood of the coast, from the banks of the Little Pedee river, and from along the lines of railroad. The most accessible hard-wood timber has been cut from the forests of the middle districts, although vast quantities still remain remote from railroads or protected in deep river swamps, inaccessible except during a few months of summer. The western counties still contain great bodies of hard-wood timber, yet undisturbed except to supply the wants of the scattered population inhabiting this almost inaccessible mountain region. The manufacture of rough red and white oak split staves and headings for the European and West Indian trade, already an important industry in this state, is capable of large development; rice tierces and rosin barrels are also largely made in the coast region from pine. At Plantersville, in Georgetown county, and at other points along the coast quantities of hand-made cypress shingles are manufactured in the swamps. During the census year 431,730 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by forest fires, with a loss of $291,225. These fires were set by careless hunters, by the careless burning of brush upon farms, and by sparks from locomotives. BTJBNING OFF DEAD HERBAGE. The pine belt of the coast, in South Carolina as well as through its entire extent from Virginia to Texas, suffers from fires set every spring by grazers for the purpose of improving the scanty herbage growing among the trees of this open forest. These fires run rapidly over the surface stripped by the fires of previous years of any accumulation of vegetable material, without inflicting any immediate injury upon the old trees of the forest unless a turpentine orchard is encountered, when, the resinous surfaces of the boxes being once fully ignited, nothing can save the trees from total destruction. If the mature trees of the forest are not under normal conditions greatly injured, however, by this annual burning of the dead herbage beneath them, the forest itself, as a whole, suffers enormously from this cause. Slight and short lived as these fires are, they destroy the vegetable mold upon the surface of the ground, all seeds and seedling trees, and all shrubbery or undergrowth, which, in protecting the germination of seeds, insures the continuation of the forest. They deprive the soil of fertility and make it every year less able to support a crop of trees, and in thus robbing the soil they influence largely the composition of succeeding crops. Few young pines are springing up anywhere in the coast region to replace the trees destroyed, but where seedlings protected from fire appear upon land long subjected to annual burning, they are usually, although not universally, of less valuable species, and not the long-leaved pine which gives to this forest its principal economic importance. These annual fires are slowly but surely destroying the value of the Southern Pine Belt. They destroy all seeds and seedling trees, the fertility of the soil, and its power to produce again valuable species. (" 10 DEEARTMEN'l w If i ■ ^' KKGENI). I . Undflr I c:orti ]>or afT" ^ ^ o \W. N S 1 T^' O r FOR V. S F S comnua) iindw< hik uibection or (■..s..sak(;knt. si'KciAi. .\i;knt IH8;5. Scale SCUTli s'' TENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED SIXfKS. .I.ihiul:i.-n» ('0.11111 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 519 The following estimates of the amouDt of long-leaved pine standing in the state were made up from information obtained from Mr. Edward Kidder, of Wilmington, North Carolina, in regard to that part of the state north of the Edisto river, and from Mr. W. G. Norwood, of Blackshear, Georgia, for the southern part of the state. They are based on what is believed to be less accurate information respecting the northern part of the state than has been obtained in regard to the pine forests of the other states, and allowance should be made for possible large errors. The estimates are, however, probably largely below the actual productive capacity of the pine forests of the state which may be expected to exceed by 25 or 30 per cent, the following figures : LONG-LEAVED PINE (JPinu^ palustrit). Coantiea. Aiken Barnwell — Beanfort — CharleatOD . . Chesterfield Clarendon .. Colleton — Darlington. . Fairfield . . . . Georgetown Hampton ... Horry Feet, board meaenre. 209, 310, 49, 458, 183, 332, 453, 337, 7, 128, 202, 380, 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000, 000 000,000 000, 000 000,000 000,000 000, 000 000,000 Coantiea. Kershaw Lancaster Lexington Marion Marlborongh .,;. Orangebargh Richland Sumter Williamsbnrgh Total Cnt for the cenans year ending May 31, 1880. . Feet, board meaanre. 171, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 76, 000, 000 326,000,000 191, 000, 000 465, 000, 000 88, 000, 000 380, 000, 000 536, 000, 000 5, 316, 000, 000 124, 492, 000 The principal centers of lumber manufacture are Georgetown, Charleston, and various points in Hampton and Barnwell counties, where small railroad mills are located. Charleston and Georgetown are the distributipg centers for naval stores manufactured in the state. GEOEGIA. The northern counties of Georgia are covered with the forests of the Alleghany Mountain region, here and in northern Alabama reaching the southern limits of their distribution and considerably reduced in the number of species composing them, the pines, firs, beeches, and other northern trees being generally replaced by the broad- leaved species of the Mississippi basin. From the base of the mountains forests of oak mixed with pines extend southward, occupying the central portion of the state and mingling with the trees of the Maritime Pine Belt along its northern limits. In the southern and coast counties great areas of swamps are still covered with forests of cypress, protected by their inaccessibility from the attacks of the lumberman. The merchantable pine in the immediate vicinity of the principal streams and along the lines of railroad has been removed, and serious damage has been inflicted upon the pine forests of the state by the reckless manufacture of naval stores. Vast areas covered with pine, however, still remain, while the hardwood forests of the central and northern portions of the state contain a large quantity of the most valuable hard woods. The manufacture of cooi)erage stock is still in its infancy, and this and other industries requiring an abundant and cheap supply of hard wood seem destined soon to reach an enormous development in the upper districts of Georgia and the other states of the south Atlantic division. During the census year 705,351 acres of woodland were reported devastated by flre, with a loss of $167,620. The greatest number of these fires was traced to carelessness in clearing land, to sparks from locomotives, and to hunters. The following estimates of the amount of long-leaved pine standing in the state of Georgia May 31, 1880, were prepared by Mr. W. G. Norwood, of Blackshear, in that state, a timber viewer and expert of high standing. He obtained his results by dividing the whole pine belt into irregular regions over which the average cut per acre could be obtained, allowance being made for clearings, farms, areas of culled forests, streams, swamps, etc. The area in each of these regions, by counties, was measured upon a large-scale map and the standing timber computed. These estimates include merchantable pine still standing on land partly cut over, or which has been worked in the manufacture of turpentine. The boxed areas include nearly all the regions from which any pine has been removed, and extend beyond them in all directions into the uncut forests and along rivers and railroads. Similar methods, practically, were adopted in preparing the estimates of the amount of pine standing in Florida and the other Gulf states. The results thus obtained are not, of course, strictly accurate, and are not supposed to be so. The estimates are intended to show the average i)roductive capacity of the pine forests over large areas, and to indicate generally in what part of the state the principal bodies of pine still occur. Liberal allowance has been made in computing areas of swamp and cleared land, and it will probably be safe to add 10 per cent, to these estimates of the pine standing in any of the southern states. 520 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. The foUowiog is an estimate of the amount of pine timber standing in the state May 31, 1880 : LONG-LEAVED PINE (Piniu palustrU). Coiuiti««. AppUac ... Bdier BaUwla... Berrien — Bibb Brooka Bryan Bnllooh Barke Calboon . . . Camden Charlton... Clay Clinch ColTee Colquitt ... Crawford.. Decator — Dodge Dooly Dougherty. Barly Echols Effingham .. Emannel — Feet,boMd meaann. Cut for the censas year leaved pine and mixed 543, 000, 000 IM, 000, 000 85,000,000 410, 000, 000 38, 000, 000 281, 000, 000 60, 000. 000 733, 000, 000 208,000,000 117, 000, 000 82, 000, 000 246, 000, 000 96, 000, 000 330, 000, 000 678, 000, 000 339, 000,000 45, 000, 000 653, 000, 000 417, 000, 000 334, 000, 000 90, 000, 000 299, 000, 000 183, 000, 000 6, 000, 000 956, 000, 000 ending May growth). Conntiea. Floyd........... Glaaoook Glynn Hanooek Haralson Harris Houston Irwin Jefferson Johnson Jones Laurens Lee Liberty Lowmdes UcUuffie Mcintosh Macon Miller Mitchell Monroe Montgomery Muscogee Paulding Pierce 31, 18f0 (excluding 28, Feet, board measure. 19, 000, 000 17, 000, 000 47, 000, 000 76,000,000 21, 000, 000 22,000,000 191,000,000 488, 000, 000 206, 000, 000 291, OOO, 000 40,000,000 1, 064, 000, 000 128, 000, 000 236, 000, 000 236, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 65, OOO, 000 62,000,000 164, 000, 000 379, 000, 000 18, 000, 000 791, 000, 000 35, 000. 000 2, 000, 000 220, 000, 00* 335,000 feet cut Counties. Polk Pulaski Bandolph Kichmond . . . Schley Screven Sumter Talbot Tattnall Taylor Telfair Terrell Thomas Twiggs TTpson Ware Warren Washington . Wayne Webster Wilcox Wilkinson... Worth Total. in the region of short. Feet, board measure. 36, 408, 126, 21, 28, 188, 191, 44, 768, 53, 598, 104, 3)1, 84, 32, 161, 80, 240, 180, 48, 292, 152, 512, 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 16,778,000,000 272, 743, 000 The principal centers of lumber manufacture are situated along the coast at Brunswick, Darien, Savannah, and Saint Mary's. Logs sawed at these points are now driven down the various streams for a considerable distance from the coast. Large quantities of pine lumber are also manufactured in different mills located along the lines of railroad in Appling, Polk, Floyd, and other pine counties. Savannah and Brunswick are the principal points of •'istribution of the naval stores manufactured in the state. FLORIDA. The forests of the Southern Pine Belt cover the state as far south as cape Malabar and Charlotte harbor. The long-leaved pine is replaced along thejsandy dunes and islands of the coast by oaks (of which the live oak is alone of commercial importance), scrub pines, and palmettos^ while ajdeciduous forest, largely of northern composition, occupies the high, rolling lands in a large part of Gadsden, Leon, Jefferson, and Madison counties; The pine forests gradually decrease southward in density and value, and south of latitude 29° N. are of little present commercial value. Forests of pitch pine (Pinus Gubensis), however, extend far south of the region occupied by the more valuable long-leaved pine bordering the coast and covering the low ridges of the Everglades. Great areas of swamp occur everywhere through northern and central Florida, covered with forests of cypress, red cedar, gum, and bordered with bays, magnolias, and other broad-leaved evergreens ; while the hummocks or low elevations, covered with rich soil and everywhere common, bear oaks and other deciduous trees, often of great size. South of cape Malabar and Tampa bay the character of the vegetation changes, and the North American arborescent species are replaced by the semi-tropical trees of the West Indies. These occupy a narrow strip along the coast, cover the keys and reefs, and spread over some of the hummocks of the Everglades. This semi-tropical forest is confined to the saline shores of the innumerable bays and creeks of the region, or to the coral and sedimentary calcareous formation of the keys and hummocks. The species of which it is composed are here at the northern limits of their range ; individual trees are comparatively small and the forests of the southern extremity of the Florida peninsula are commercially unimportant, although sufiiciently extensive and varied to supply the scanty population of this region with lumber, fuel, and material for boat-building and the manufacture of fishing apparatus. The forests of Florida have not suffered greatly from fire. Much of the state is uninhabited and unfit for agriculture or grazing. The danger, therefore, of fires set in clearing land for farms spreading to the forest is less than in other parts of the south, while the numerous streams and swamps everywhere intersecting the pine forest* and the natural dryness of the sandy ridges, thinly covered with vegetable mold, check the spread of fires when started. During the census year 105,320 acres of woodland were reported as burned over, with an estimated loss of $09,900. The largest number of these fires was set by gmzers to improve the pasturage for their stock. r^ DEPARTMENT OF THE IHTEBJOR . TEMTH C:EH3US OF THE UNITED STATES . MA P OK GKORGIA SnOMINXi THK DISTiyBUTlON OF PFNK FORKSTS. WITH SPKCLVL UKKKIVENCF TO THK LUMBEH INDL'STHY. COMPILKD (INDKR TH>; UmECTION UK C.S.SAIiOKXT. SPKnALAWKXT. IShon Lfta\'(Klflji.lIx»blollrFri'.r(I'mitin audTacda; int«-tinixpd witli flai-dwdod :n\\ acattrred Long Leiivpii I'mc Ltrng LeaTed Pin*- i Pmiis palustriii) j** .'giontroniniiudiitarliantahlehi.. I IhasbfTPncut. JiilnijiItitniSCa.1ilh THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 521 The following estimates, by counties, of the long-leaved pine still standing in Florida east of the Apalachicola river were prepared by Mr. A. H. Curtiss, of Jacksonville; those for west Florida by Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, Alabama: LONG-LEAVED PmE (Pinus paluatrit). Conntiea. Alachua Baker Bradford Brerard Calhonn Clay Colombia , Duval Escambia Hamilton Hernando ! Hillsborough Cut for the censna year and sawed in western Peet, board meastire. 525, 000, 000 144, 000, 000 138, 000, 000 63, 000, 000 81, 000, 000 77, 000, 000 455, 000, 000 67, 000. 000 90, 000, 000 311, 000, 000 142,000,000 •' 162,000,000 ■; ending May 31, Florida). Counties. Holmes Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Levy Liberty Madison Manatee Marion Hassan Orange Polk.... , 1881 (eicluding 77,500, Feet, board measure. Counties. 150,000,000 Putnam 233,000,000 Saint John's 23,000,000 Santa llosa 425,000,000 Sumter 346, 000, 000 I Suwannee 75,000,000 Taylor 122,000,000 Volusia 200,000,000 Wakulla 315,000,000 Walton 104,600,000 Washington 87,000,000 Total 210, 000, 000 000 feet, estimated, grown in Alabama Teet, board meaaore. 121, 000, 000 66, 000, 000 213, 000, 000 103, 000, 000 622, 000, 000 218, 000, 000 69, 000, 000 72, 000, 000 409, 000, 000 187, 000; 000 «, 615, 000, 000 208, 054, 000 In this estimate no account is made of timber remaining on lands which have been cut over, or of that injured by the manufacture of turpentine. The principal centers of lumber manufacture are Pensacola, Millview, and Blackwater, in Escambia and Santa Eosa counties. The logs sawed here and at other points upon Pensacola bay are driven down the streams from the forests of Alabama, the accessible pine in this part of Florida having been long exhausted. A large amount of pine lumber is also manufactured at Bllaville, in Madison county, upon the upiie'r Suwannee river, and at Jacksonville, Saint Msft-y's, and at various points upon the lower Saint John river. Logs driven" from the lower Suwannee river are sawed at Cedar Keys, where are situated the most important mills in the United States devoted to the manufacture of red cedar into pencil stuff, Jacksonville, Saint Mary's, and Fernandina are the largest centers of distribution for the naval stores manufactured in the state. The following extracts are taken from Mr. Curtiss' report upon the forests of Florida : " In visiting western Florida I have had particularly in view the examination of the timber of a part of the state which is unlike all others in physical conformation, and consequently in vegetation. This region differs but little from the country bordering the southern AUeghanies, and may perhaps be regarded as the southern terminus of the Appalachian range. It commences about 40 miles north of the Gulf of Mexico, and extends northward between the Chipola and Okalokonee rivers into southwestern Georgia and southeastern Alabama. North of this there is little to connect it with the southern mountains except the rugged banks of the Chattahoochee river. The surface is undulating, hilly, often precipitous. The soil, like that of the Piedmont region of Virginia and Carolina, abounds in red clay, and is therefore adapted to crops which do not succeed in other portions of Florida. The vegetation is extremely varied and interesting, comprising most of the plants of northeastern Florida, a large portion of those found in the Piedmont country and in the rich river bottoms of the interior, and a considerable number found only on the limestone with which much of this country is underlaid. In the river bottoms, which are inundated at seasons, there is found a great variety of trees, some of which attain a size probably not equaled elsewhere. In this small portion of the state of Florida is to be found nearly every species of tree growing within the limits of the state, except those semi-tropical species found on the coast south of Cedar Keys and Mosquito inlet. Fully fifty American arborescent species here reach their southern limit. A few species show marked diminution in size, and all northern species which extend southward of this Chattahoochee region here attain in Florida their largest dimensions. "There are two trees in this region of particular interest, as they are not known to grow anywhere else; these are the stinking cedar (Torreya iaxi/olia) and the yew (Taxus Floridana). There is reason to believe that the Torreya occurs also along the Wakulla river, and perhaps elsewhere in the state, but there is no positive knowledge of its occurrence except along the Apalachicola river, on the limestone hills which border it at intervals on the east "The forests of this region are still almost intact. Some poplar and tulip wood is cut from the river banks for northern markets, but the valuable timber on these rich shores is as yet almost untouched. The country southwest of this region, though of very little agricultural value, contains an immense quantity of the best cypress timber, hardly yet disturbed by the lumberman. "Two mills have recently been established at Apalachicola, one of which saws nothing but cypress lumber. The product of this mill is sent to New Orleans. As white-pine lumber must soon become scarce, the attention of dealers ought to be directed to southern cypress, which will prove a good substitute for it. Although there is plenty of valuable i)ine in this country the swamps render it somewhat inaccessible, and the mills at Apalachicola 522 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. are more easily supplied with logs rafted down the river from Georgia. Many hewed logs of large dimensionrf are shipped from this jwint. The country near Apalachicola in surface and timber growth is mnck like that of northeastern Florida, all the good timber having been cut. "PENCIL OEDAB. "The favorite variety of red cedar, of tall and straight growth, is becoming scarce, but there remains a large quantity of quality sufiBciently good for pencils in nearly all sections of the state north of a line drawn from cape Canaveral to the north end of Charlotte harbor. There is no red cedar in southern Florida, the Dixon mill at Tampa having exhausted the supply within reach of that place; but new mills have been established near Webster, in Sumter county, and at the head of Crystal river, at present the best source of supply. "CTPEESS. "The main body of cypress in southern Florida is located in the 'Big Cypress', a region of which I have heard much from persons who were in an expedition which went through it during the last Indian war. They entered it at the 'Little Palm hummock', 18 miles northeast of cape Romano. Traveling east about 12 miles they came to the 'Big Palm hummock', when they turned and traveled nearly due north for six days, averaging 12 miles a day. Their guide then informed them that the cypress extended 12 miles farther north; so it would seem that the main body of the 'Big Cypress' has a length of about 85 miles and a width, as they think, of about 20 miles. The cypress grows in belts running north and south, the main central belt being about 6 miles wide and consisting of large timber. There are narrow strips of cypress and pine alternating with prairie, although probably two-thirds of the . whole region is covered with cypress. According to these estimates there must be at least 1,000 square miles covered with cypress timber in this region, which in times of high water could be floated out by the numerous creeks and inlets flowing toward the Gulf. There are also large quantities of heavy cypress on the swampy borders of Peace creek, the Hillsborough river, the Withlacoochee, etc., many trees squaring from 2 to 4 feet. " The long-leaved pine extends south to Prairie creek, in about latitude 27° N. The pine between Prairie and Peace creeks, which is sawed at the mill near Ogden, belongs to this species. Timber in this region is quite shaky, and from all reports it is evident that the yellow pine in Manatee, Orange, and Hillsborough counties is quite inferior, being mostly of the rongh-barked, sappy variety called in this region bastard pine. The long-leaved pine occupies nearly the whole of the interior of the peninsula north of a line drawn from Charlotte harbor to cape Malabar. At its southern limit 1 saw trees which measured over 2 feet in diameter and which would furnish logs 30 feet long. " Pitch pine (Finns Cubensis) appears on the west coast at Margo, 10 miles north of cape Eomano, and extends northward to Prairie and Fishhead creeks, being the only pine of this region. From Charlotte harbor northward it is confined to a belt from 10 to 15 miles wide, bordering the Gulf, extending to Tampa and as far northward as Pensacola, being also scattered through the interior. This tree seldom exceeds 2 feet in diameter or 50 feet in height, and will afiford a great quantity of framiug timber, although it will be probably generally used in the production of naval stores, for which it is nearly or quite equal to the long-leaved pine. "One of the most important facts in regard to the pine forests of Florida is their permanence. Owing to the sterility of soil and the liability to inundation of most of the state, it is certain that but a very small portion of Florida will ever be cleared of its forest covering. Taking into consideration the great area covered with valuable pine forests, and the fact that there will be a continuous new growth if the spread of forest fires can be checked, only trees of the largest size being cut, it is evident that Florida will furnish a perpetual supply of the most valuable pine lumber." The following notes upon the pine forests of western Florida were furnished by Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile, Alabama : "The pine forests occupying the region between the valley of the Apalachicola river and the banks of the Choctawhatchee, and from the headwaters of the Chipola to the bay of Saint Andrew's, are yet mostly in their primeval condition and contain a vast body of valuable timber. The district between the Choctawhatchee and the Perdido is the seat of the oldest and most active lumbering industry of the whole Gulf coast. The numerous streams flowing through the pine forests of eastern Alabama to the large bays upon the coast of western Florida make fully 4,000 square miles of southeastern Alabama comparatively accessible and tributary to the region from which the lumber finds an outlet by way of the bay of Pensacola. "The better class of the somewhat elevated and undulating timber-lauds which surround Escambia, Blackwater, and Saint Mary de Galves bay were long since stripped of their valuable timber. These forests having been culled time after time during the last quarter of a century, are now completely exhausted. The low, wet ])ine barrens, with their soil of almost pure sand, which trend eastward along the shores of Santa Rosa sound and Choctawhatchee bay, have never borne a growth of pine sufficiently large to furnish more than a small supply of timber of very inferior quality. The ridges between the Choctawhatchee river and the Yellow river are also, for the most part, arid, sandy wastes, never yielding more than a few hundred feet of lumber per acre. fm- Vi n V THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 523 " The well-timbered portion of west Florida commences with the southern border of Holmes county. This region is now, however, nearly exhausted along water-courses large enough for rafting, while of late years canals and ditches dug into the forest afford facilities for floating timber growing remote from streams to the mills. According to those best informed regarding the amount of timber still standing in this section, there is scarcely enough left between the Escambia and Choctawhatchee rivers, in western Florida, to keep the mills on the coast supplied for another half-dozen years, even, if the whole of the pine standing could be made available. " The lumber business of Perdido bay is entirely concentrated at Millview, where three large saw-mills are established. Thf. production of lumber commenced here in 1865, increasing rapidly from 10,000,000 feet, board measure, in that year, to three and four times that amount. All the lumber manufactured upon Perdido bay is sent to Pensacola by a railroad constructed for the purpose. Only about 400 pieces of hewed timber are shipped from Millview, although the railroad has carried an average of 37,000,000 feet of lumber annually to Pensacola, the maximum annual yield of the Millview mills having been 45,000,000 feet. " Pensacola is the most important port of lumber export on the Gulf coast. During the year ending August 30, 1879, 403 vessels, of a combined capacity of 217,487 tons, carried from the harbor of Pensacola 3,090,469 cubic feet of hewed square timber, 3,769,527 cubic feet of sawed square timber, and 60,000,000 feet of sawed lumber, board measure. Of the squared timber four fifths is shipped to Great Britain. " The peninsula between the junction of the Escambia and the bay of Saint Mary de Galves is low, and, along the shore-line, bordered with marshes. The timber needed to supply the mills located upon the shores of these waters has during the past forty years been drawn from this region, and when new forests have replaced the original growth they have been cut over and over again, and still furnish a small amount of timber, as the turpentine-distiller has not followed the log-getter in these regions. The supply of timber here, however, at present is too small to be taken into account in view of the enormously increased demands of the mills. There are three large mills on Blackwater bay producing 40,000,000 feet of lumber a year. Three-fourths of this lumber is produced in the establishment of Messrs. Simpson & Co., near the mouth of the Blackwater river, at Bagdad, about half a mile below Milton. Mills sawing square timber are situated 20 or 30 miles above the mouth of the Blackwater and use mostly water-power. The mill of Messrs. Milligan, ChafBn & Co., on this river, 20 miles above Milton, sends 28,000 pieces of square sawed timber to Pensacola, averaging 32 cubic feet each ; 5,000 such pieces are furnished by a few very small water-mills higher up, swelling the whole amount of square timber to 33,000 pieces. The last-named firm has acquired by purchase large tracts of public land along Black and Coldwater rivers. To reach the timber growing on their land a canal 20 miles long, with sluices that intersect the small tributaries of these streams, has been dug. By means of this canal a suflacient supply of logs is secured to keep the mill running through the year. The large manufacturers of Bagdad have adopted a similar system, and by these means, and by tlie construction of tramways tapping the more remote and isolated regions tributary to the waters of Black and Yellowwater rivers toward the northern part of the state, the exhaustion of the timber lands througb the whole breadth of western Florida, as far as the banks of the Choctawhatchee river, will certainly be accomplished before the end of the next five years. A sash, door, and blind factory located at Bagdad consumes a large amount of cypress lumber. This is procured from the mills situated along the shores of the upper Choctawhatchee bay, and is grown along the banks of the Choctawhatchee river. The cypress lumber is exclusively used in the manufacture of sashes, blinds, doors, moldings, and particularly in the construction of houses, of which every year a considerable number is shipped by the way of New Orleans to the treeless regions of western Louisiana and Texas. This establishment manufactures a large amount of fencing, the rails of cypress, the posts of red and white cedar, rounded and capped. This is shipped to Xew Orleans and to the settlements in southern Florida. Of late years it has commenced sawing pencil- boards of red cedar. The logs, of very superior quality, are obttiined from the hummocks and bottom lands bordering upon the Choctawhatchee. The lumber for this purpose must be entirely free from knots, of even, close grain, the woody fibers perfectly straight. These logs are cut in sections 6 inches in length, and the carefully-selected pieces sawed into slabs 2 inches broad and a quartet of an inch in thickness. Fifty gross of these slabs are packed in a case, and the establishment produces about six hundred cases annually. These are mostly shipped to a pencil factory in Jersey City, a small number going also to Germany. " The sawmills situated on the shores of Choctawhatchee bay extend from the mouth of Alaqua creek to Freeport, and westward to Point Washington ; the logs sawed at these mills are for the most part brought down by raft from the upper waters of the Choctawhatchee and its tributaries. The lumber sawed here is mostly long- leaved pine, with a small amount of cypress. The product of these mills is mostly shipped to New Orleans in small schooners carrying from 15,000 to 20,000 feet each. The capacity of the mills upon this bay is in excess of their production, the difiBculty of obtaining logs causing most of them to remain shut during half the year. " The causes which up to the present time have prevented the destruction of the piue forests about Saint Andrew's bay, which is traversed by one fine river and bordered by another, must be traced to the. difllculty of navigating these streams and to the want of a convenient outlet to the Gulf at Apalachicola. There are few saw- mills upon this bay, supplying only the local demand, and even these are furnished with logs floated down the Chattahoochee from beyond the confines of the state." , 524 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. SOUTHERN CENTRAL DIVISION. ALABAMA. The northern and northeastern portions of Alabama, embracing the foot-hills of the southern Alleghany moontains and the valley of the Tennessee river, are covered with a rich and varied forest growth of broad-leaved trees, in which oaks, hickories, ashes, walnuts, and cherries abound. South of the Tennessee river the rolling country is covered with oaks, through which belts of short-leaved pine occur. In Cherokee and Saint Clair counties isolated bodies of long-leaved pine appear, while a narrow strip of the same species stretches nearly across the state between the thirty-third and thirty-second degrees of north latitude. South of this central belt the country is again covered with forests of hard woods, which farther south, in the rolling pine-hill region, are mixed with a heavy growth of the long-leaved pine ; and this species occupies, or once occupied, almost exclusively, outside of the numerous river bottoms, the sandy plain extending along the coast and reaching nearly 100 miles inland from the shores of the Gulf. (Jreat regions of swamp covered with heavy forests of cypress occur in the southern part of the state, especially in the region watered by the lower Tombigbee aud Alabama rivers. The forests of northern Alabama still contain great bodies of hard- wood timber, although the demands of the rapidly-increasing iron industry located here have already stripped of their tree covering many of the low hills of northeastern Alabama. The best pine has been gathered from Mobile and Baldwin counties, in the neighborhood of Mobile bay, from the lines of railroads and the banks of streams heading in the southern part of the state and flowing to the Gulf through western Florida. The pine forests of southern Alabama have long suffered from the reckless manufacture of naval stores. Duriug the census year 569,160 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $121,225. Of these fires the largest number were set to improve grazing, or by careless farmers and hunters. The manufacture of cooperage aud wheel stock, furniture, and other articles of wood is still in its infancy in Alabama and the other Gulf states. Such industries, in view of the magnificent forests of hard wood covering great areas in this region and the rapid exhaustion of the best material in the north and west, must in the near future be largely transferred to the southern states. The cypress swamps adjacent to Mobile bay yield a large number of hand-split shingles and give employment to many persons, principally blacks. The following estimate of the amount of pine standing in the state May 31, 1880, was prepared by Dr. Charle* Mohr, of Mobile, who carefully examined the whole pine region of the Gulf states : LONG-LEAVED PINE (Pinuipaluitris). Begions. Feet, board measure. 4, 055, 000, 000 2, 000, 000, 000 10, 000, 000, 000 1, 750, 000, 000 900,000,000 180, 000, 000 West of Perdidorirer In the Central Pino Belt Tn t'hA ^-nntMl Kivr^r blM^in In the Walker CouBty dietriot Total 18,88J,000,000 Cut for the census year ending May 81, 1880 (inolading 77,500,000 feet, estimated, grown in Alabama and sawed in western Florida). 245,89C,000 SHORT-LEAVED PINE (Pinu* mitU). In the Central Fine Belt In theCoona Kiver basin ToUl CSnt for the cenans year ending May 81, 1880, none reported, 1, 87S, 000, 000 432, 000, 000 2,307,000,000 ,v DEPARTMENT OF THE IKTERIOR. TENTH CEMSUS OF THE UNITED STATES iluluts r.icm S Co.lilf I THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 525 In this estimate no account is made of small timber standing on some 1,282,000 acres which have been cut over, and from which the merchantable pine has been practically removed, or on 600,000 acres injured by the manufacture of turpentine. There are fewer pine trees per acre in the region of mixed growth than in the pine belt proper, with which it mingles on the north ; but the individual trees being larger, the average amount of standing pine per acre is greater, although generally of poorer quality. • Mobile is stiU the priucipal center in the state for the manufacture of pine and cypress lumber ; a large amount of pine lumber is-panufactured also along the line of the railroads penetrating the pine belt in Etowah county, and considerable hard wood is sawed in counties bordering the Tennessee river for local use and northern shipment. Mobile is also the distributing point for the naval stores manufactured in the state. The following notes upon the forests of Alabama are extracted from Dr. Mohr's report: "THE MARITIME PINE EEGION. "West of Mobile the road traversed for a distance of over 5 miles the plain, or so-caUed 'second bottom', composed of a more or less tenacious or sandy yellow clay. It has an elevation above the alluvial of the river of 15 to 25 feet, and is bordered on the west by the ridges of the stratified drift, which extend to within 6 to 18 miles of the shore-line. Near the coast this plain, flat and devoid of drainage, forms for many miles the low, wet savannas sparsely covered with a stunted growth of long-leaved pines ; near the estuaries it is interspersed with tracts covered with a black, light soil, rich in humus and bearing a luxuriant growth of broad-leaved trees associated with a few Conifera, and with the wooded swamps which extend over the depressions about the base of the higher land, and follow the low, inundated banks of the numerous streams. The prevailing forest tree of this plain, now much cultivated in the vicinity of Mobile, is the long leaved pine. Situations offering a moister and somewhat richer soil along the hummocks and gentle acclivities bordering the swamps and the bottoms of the water-courses are occupied by the loblolly pine. With this is often associated the pitch pine {Finns Gubensis), which prefers, however, the more or less inundated and always wet, swampy forest, where its spreading crown towers above the gum trees and white cedars. Wherever in the plain the long-leaved pine has been cut down, this pitch pine principally and the loblolly pine spring up to replace it. "Many acres can be seen in this region covered with thrifty seedlings of this pitch pine, and trees have sprung up, to my own knowledge, since 1865, which are now from 20 to 25 feet in height with a diameter of trunk of from 4 to 6 inches ; and trees from 50 to 60 feet in height with a circumference of from 3 to 4 feet, forming quite extensive forests, may be seen upon the shores of the bay from which the primeval forest was removed about fifty years ago. "Ascending the highlands of drift, with its porous soil composed of irregular strata of white or ferruginous sands, gravels, and pebbles interspersed with layers of clay, the home of the long-leaved pine, which here arrives at perfection and forms the entire forest growth over immense areas, is entered. Upon this formation, after the removal of the original forest, either the long-leaved pine takes possession again of the soil or is replaced by a more or less stunted growth of various species of oak (Quercus Gateabcei, cinerea, nigra, obtusilob.z, and falcata), the mocker-nut, and a few other small trees and shrubs. What the conditions are by which such a rotation is regulated is not apparent. It is no doubt much influenced by the conflagrations which annually sweep through the woods and which are particularly destructive to the young pines, but it cannot be explained solely upon that ground. I have, however, observed that the more broken lands with the same sandy character of surface soil, but with a more argillaceous subsoil more or less impervious to water, are mostly covered with this second growth of deciduous trees, and that the flat table-lands with either a sandy or gravelly soil are invariably covered again with a second growth of the long-leaved pine. Among such young growths of this species I have never been able to discover a single seedling of the other pines. " Cypress swamps of the Tensas river. — The ri\ er was extraordinarily high, the lowlands being overflowed to a depth of more than 10 feet. The torrents which had fallen during the past three weeks caused a heavier freshet than any that had been experienced since the spring of 1875. Siuce that year no such opportunity has been offered for getting heavy cypress timber from the depths of these swampy forests. No idle man was to be found on shore; everybody who could swing an ax, paddle a boat, or pilot a log was in the swamp engaged in felling and floating cypress timber. All the mill-hands worked in the swamps ; fields and gardens were left untouched, and even clerks from the stores were sent to the swamps as overseers. "We soon entered the deep, dark forest stocked with some fine and large cypress trees, and came upon two negroes, each standing in his little skiff, engaged in felling a tree of the largest size. It was astonishing to witness the steadiness and celerity with which they performed their work, considering the instability of their footholds in the narrow boats. Every stroke of the ax told at the designated jjlace, and it took them scarcely longer to cut a tree in this way than if they had been working upon solid ground. The top of the tree when felled is sawed off close to the first limbs by one man working under water a single-handled crosscut saw. Another, provided with a long pole armed with a sharp iron spike, seizes the trunk and tows it, with the aid of 526 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. the slow current, to one of the lake-like sheets ol still water which, interspersed with streams, are so common in these lowlands. Here the trunks are made into rafts and can be floated down the river to the mills along the banks below after the subsidence of the flood. The greatest part of this large timber is only accessible during the time of a high stage of water, so that the energies of the whole population are devoted during the times of freshets to getting out as much of it as possible. The large number of logs harvested shows clearly with what activity the destruction of these treasures of the forest is being pushed; and the reports, as of heavy thunder, caused by the fall of the mighty trees, resounding at short intervals from near and far, speak of its rapid progress. " In 1831 Mr. Vaughn found these cypress swamps untouched by the ax. At present their resources are so diminishe4l by the inroads made upon them during the last twelve years that, with a prospect of a rapidly- increasiug demand for cypress lumber in the near future, he judges that they will be completely exhausted during the next ten years. This opinion is shared by all mill-owners here, who believe that in less than that time their business must come to an end. There is no hope that the supply will be continued by the natural increase of young trees. It is rare to find small trees among the large specimens. Seedlings and saplings are not found in these deep, swampy forests, and only occur in the openings and upon the banks of water-courses. The fact that the almost impenetrable shade, excluding the admission of light and air to a soil almost constantly drenched with water, is unfavorable to the growth of a new generation of the cypress, threatens to exclude it from localities where formerly this tree attained its greatest perfection. In swamps open to the influences of light and air, and not liable to prolonged periods of inundation, a growth of seedlings and small trees, especially along the banks of the smaller tributaries of the larger streams, springs up. The extremely slow gi'owth of the cypress, however, during all stages of its existence, even if young trees spring up, destroys all hope of an adequate supply of this timber to meet the wants of coming generations. Trees of small size are as frequently cut as large ones. Saplings from 4 to 12 inches in diameter even are cut and supply the farmer, the builder, and the mechanic with material for many useful purposes. Logs not over 30 inches in diameter, however, are not worked up in the Tensas mills, which only use logs of larger size, the saplings being sent in rafts with pine logs to the saw-mills of Mobile. It is rare that a tree over 3 feet in diameter is found perfectly sound. Trees above 4 feet through are almost always invested with signs of decay. No timber seems to be open to so many defects as that of the cypress. Many of the trees are ' wind- shaken ' ; that is, portions of the body of the wood have separated in the direction of the concentric rings, causing annual splits which extend throughout a great length of the trunk, and if occurring repeatedly in the same stick render it unfit for use. A considerable number of the larger trees are rotten in sections. Logs cut from such trees may appear perfectly sound at both ends, but are found hollow and rotten in the interior. The inspection of cypress logs requires great experience and care to protect the buyer from loss. But there is one disease which particularly aflects this timber, the cause of which is a perfect mystery to all interested in the matter, (a) From the center of the tree outward, although never extending into the sap-wood, occur great numbers of spindle-shaped, narrow excavations with perfectly smooth, rounded walls more or less tapering toward the ends, parallel with the bundles of woody fibers and nearly regularly disposed in the direction of the annual rings of growth. These cavities vary from one-half an inch or less to a foot in length, and are found from a few lines to an inch in width. They are filled with a yellowish-brown powder, the result of decayed, woody substance, although the walls of the cavities appear perfectly sound and unaftected by decay. These excavations are called 'pegs', and timber so afiected 'peggy' timber. The cavities have no communication with the surface apparently, and remain always inclosed within the surrounding belt of sap-wood. It is only in the case of very old trees that the larger cavities produced by the junction of the pegs sometimes reach openings produced by external decay or accident. Undoubtedly these pegs cause the large hollows so often found in the center of large-sized and apparently perfectly healthy trees. Some of the timber of medium-sized specimens is honey-combed with these pegs. Such peggy stuff is useful for poles and pickets, which are found not less durable than if made from solid lumber. " Two varieties of cypress timber are recognized according to the color, firmness, and heaviness of the wood, and are known as white cypress and black cypress; the latt«r has darker, closer grained, and more resinous wood than the former, and will sink in water. Its weight makes impossible the transportation of black-cypress logs by floating under ordinary circumstances, and the lumberman, unable always to recognize these peculiarities of the wood in the standing tree, cuts a chip before felling, which thrown into the water indicates, by its floating or sinking, whether it is black or white cypress. Trees of the heavy variety are deadened during the months of August and September by cutting a deep ring through the bark, and in the spring of the second season the timber is found sufficiently light to float. " The cypress region of southern Alabama, which must be regarded as one of the great resources of its forest ■wealth, commences upon Mobile river, about 16 or 18 miles above its entrance into Mobile bay, extending through the lowlands upon both banks of this river, in Baldwin and Mobile counties, where it covers an extreme area of from 76 to 80 square miles. It extends northward to the junction of the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers, covering a This injury to the cypreas is caused by a fungoid plant not yet determined, although, widely distributed along the Golf coast. — C. 8. 8. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 527 large tracts in the delta between tbetn, follows northward the course of these streams, and covers the extensive swamps which border their banks and the mouths of their numerous tributaries. Upon the Alabama the cypress swamps extend to the lower part of Clarke county. Next to the Mobile River region the largest supply of cypress can be drawn from the extensive bottoms of the Tombigbee, about the mouth of Bassett creek, near Jackson. Duriug the freshet of the present year (1880) a large number of logs from this vicinity will be sent to the mills on the Tensas. " Baldwin county. — A quarter of .a century ago a pine forest, unequaled in the magnificence of its tree growth, and supposed atihat lime to contain an inexhaustible supply of timber, covered Baldwin county through its whole extent. To-day this forest, from the line of the Mobile and Montgomery railroad, along the eastern shore of Mobile bay, and along all the water-courses as far as Bonsecours bay, upon the Gulf, is entirely destroyed, and presents a picture of ruin and utter desolation painful to behold. " The production of naval stores has been carried on in this region without regard to any of its future interests, and, the forest being exhausted, manufacturers have been driven to seek new fields of operation. In the old turpentine orchards, long abandoned, no young trees have sprung up. Too far remote to make it possible to get their timber to the saw-mills, the large trees which have sufiicient strength to withstand the effects of the barbarous process of boxing drag out their precarious existence for years after the smaller and weaker trees have been laid low, and shade the ground sufficiently to prevent the start of a young growth. The wood of these old boxes, as dead pines are called, is, after the loss of their vitality, charged throughout with an excess of resinous matter, and is in that condition sold as 'fat' or 'light' wood, being greatly esteemed as fuel for the generation of steam. For this purpose this final product of the pine forest is carried to the city of Mobile in broad flatboats, propelled by one huge square sail, and steered by a ponderolis horizontal beam serving as a rudder. In a few years, however, this, the least valuable and the last product of the pine forest, will have forever disappeared, and with it the last remnant of the original forest growth of this part of the state. Occasionally, under the shade of the trees left standing, a young growth of pine is found, and on the high and undulating table-land between Mobile bay and Fish river, where the soil is light and very porous, a low and scanty oak scrub has taken possession of the ground. Toward the banks of the water-courses, however, where the largest trees were first cut to furnish timber to the mills once situated on Fish river, thus early leaving the ground open to atmospheric influences, fine and promising groves of long-leaved pine now often cover areas of wide extent. I measured many trees in these young second-growth pine forests, grown up within the last twelve to twenty-five years, standing from 15 to 30 feet in height with a diameter of trunk of from 4 to 6 inches, of thrifty growth, and rapidly overcoming the small oak growth with which it had to contend for the possession of the soil. It is the turkey and the upland willow oak alone which occur in these thin soils, too poor to support the Spanish and black oaks. " The banks of the North Branch of the Fish river are composed of marsh or white drift sand. The arid, sandy ground is covered with a dwarf growth of live oak and myrtle live oak, observed here for the first time, and which farther east formed by far the largest part of the oak scrub covering the shore-lines of the large bays of western Florida. Two or three miles beyond the forks of Fish river a belt of pine forest is reached, not yet destroyed by the mutilations of the 'box-cutter' nor bereft of its best growth by the log-gatherer; it covers the highlands and declivities between Fish river and the waters which find their way into Perdido bay. This may be regarded as a virgin forest, only slightly invaded up to the present time along the Blackwater creek, Hollenger's creek, the Perdido river, and the bay shore. The mills situated on Perdido river and bay depend entirely for their present and future supply of logs upon this forest of southern Baldwin county, although I learn that it is expected to supply them during the next five years only, even if their production of lumber does not increase. This forest extends over six townships and covers an area estimated at from 125,000 to 150,000 acres. "THE FORESTS OF THE CHATTAHOOCHEE IN EASTERN ALABAMA, MIXED FOREST GROWTH, ETC. "The forests which once covered the wide bottom lands of the Chattahoochee in the neighborhood of Franklin, Alabama (opposite Fort Gaines), are now reduced to small patches of woodland confined to the base of ranges of low hills bordering the plain valley to the southeast. The tree growth was found here to differ in no way from that found lower down, except that the short-leaved pine {Pinns mitis) occurs more frequently. The crab apple and the cockspur thorn are frequent along the borders of the woods, but the pond pine (PiwMs serotina), which might have been expected here, was not observed. In the sandy, wet, and deeply-shaded bottoms of a sluggish stream winding along the base of these hills I found the spruce pine {Pinus glabra) abundantly associated with the loblolly bay, red and sweet bays, and stately magnolias. The live oak is not found here, and it is doubtful if it extends in this part of the Gulf region more than a few miles north of the thirty-first degree of latitude. The low hills do not rise more than 150 feet above the plain; in entering them the second division of the sylvan vegetation characteristic of the eastern Gulf states is reached — a forest of mixed growth, which must be regarded, on account of its extent as well as the variety of its vegetation, as one of the important natural features of the region. I am of opinion that the deciduous-leaved trees have an equal representation in this forest with the 528 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. coDifcrs. This certainly was the case before the settlement of the country, but as the broad leaved trees occupy ttie best land, the areas of bard-wood forest have been more reduced by the demands of agriculture than have the forests of pine. " The distribution of the different species of trees throughout this region depends upon the nature of the soil and the topographical features of the country. In general it can be stated that the marls and calcareous Tertiary strata which form the lower ridges and more or less undulating uplands and plains are chiefly occupied by trees with deciduous leaves, and by a few yellow pines. Here oaks, predominate, and especially the post oak {Quercus obtusiloba), which prefers the level or gently-swelling ground with a generous, warm, and open soil; with it is frequently found the black oak (Quercus tinctoria), the Spanish oak and black-jack upou soils of poorer quality, the last, particularly, preferring one of closer, more argillaceous character mixed with fine sand. The blackjack finds here its best development, rivaling often in size the post oak ; it enters largely also into the undergrowth of the post-oak woods, forming dense thickets on lands too poor to sustain a heavier tree growth. "The hickories are unimportant features in the forests of this region. In the dry uplands they seldom attain more than medium size, although in the more shaded and richer situations the mocker-nut and pig-nut are not rare. "The long-leaved pine, on account of the broad extent it covers, its gregarious habit, and the splendid growth it attains here, must be regarded as the most important timber tree of this region. Confined to a siliceous, dry, and porous soil, it occupies the high ridges invariably covered with a deposi^ of drift, often found widely spread over the more elevated highlands. For this reason the pine forests crown the hills and cover the more or less broken plateaus. They are found also toward the soutliern boundaries of this region, where the sands and gravels of the drift of the lower pine region encroach upou and mingle with tlie strata of older formations. Under these circumstances it is evident that the line of demarkation between this and the pine region of the coast is diflBcult to determine. The best distinction is found in the fact that in the pine forests of the lower pine region the growth of pines upon the uplands is never broken by patches of oak, and that the short-leaved pine never occurs there. Another point of distinction is found in the nature of the second growth, which springs up after the large pines have been removed. In the pine woods in the region of mixed tree growth the subsoil, of Tertiary origin, seems more favorable to the growth of oaks than to a second growth of the long-leaved pin^. This is replaced generally by oaks mixed with the short-leaved pine and various deciduous trees. It is safe to assert that the southern limits of this region coincide with a line following the northern boundary of the coast drifts, along which the lower strata have completely disappeared be iieath it. " Pike county. — On the broad ridges which form the divide between the waters of the Pea and Conecuh rivers, upon a purely sandy soil, are found, within the forest of long-leaved pine, tracts with strictly-defined outlines from a half mile to several miles in width, covered with a dense vegetation of small trees and shrubs peculiar to the perpetually moist and cool hummocks of the coast. The soil covered with this growth presents no unuaual features ; it is as poor and arid as that covering the rest of these heights. Surrounded on all sides by pine forests, not a single pine tree is seen within the limits of these glades, called by the inhabitants 'pogosines', an Indian name the meaning of which I was unable to learn. " The trees are of small growt*h, the willow oak, the water oak, beech, red maple, and black gum rarely rising to a height of more than 30 feet among the sourwoods, junipers, hornbeams, hoUies, papaws, fringe-trees, red bays, and other trees of the coast. These glades verge upon deep ravines from which issue large springs, and from this fact I conclude that, below their sandy, porous soil, strata must exist perpetually moistened by subterranean waters near enough to the surface to supply the moisture necessary to support such a luxuriant vegetation. "FORESTS OF THE TENNESSEE VALLEY. " The character of the forest vegetation changes upon the limestone formation of the valley of the Tennessee. This new region of tree growth extends from the northeastern confines of Alabama to a short distance beyond the Mississippi state line with a width of from 35 to 40 miles, and reachiug beyond the northern boundary of the state. Its prominent feature is the total absence of pine and the scarcity of other evergreen trees. A few scattered saplings of the loblolly pine are found ou its lower borders, waifs strayed from their natural habitats, the lower part of Morgan county, the true northern limit of this species, in Alabama at least. The red cedar is the only evergreen tree common among the forest growth of this limestone region, and the durability of its wood combined with its beauty places this tree among the most useful produced in this region. The red cedar forms here almost exclusively the second growth after the removal of the original forest, covering everywhere with extensive groves the dry, rocky hillsides and flats. The timber, however, of this second growth is only fit for the most ordinary purposes. The trees branch low, and the trunks are consequently full of knots and unfit for anything except fence posts. The fertile portions of this region have been largely denuded of their forest growth, although more thau half is still covered with wood, a considerable portion with almost virgin forest. This is particularly true of Lauderdale and Colbert counties and the mountainous portions of the counties of Madison and Jackson. The vast quantities of oak, ash, walnut, and poplar timber contained in these counties can be sent to northern markets as soon as the Tennessee river has been made navigable by the removal of the obstacles at the Mussel shoals. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 529 "The road from Decatur to Moulton, in Lawrence county, leads through broad and feitile valley lands, broken, as the mountains are approached, by limestone ridges jutting out into the plain. The beautiful Moulton valley, inclosed by the low foot-hills of the Sandy Mountain range which form its southern boundary, shows only along the base of the mountains a remnant of its original tree covering. Here the water oak, willow oak, red oak, mulberries, elms, and ashes were the trees found in the lower situations, and on rolling, higher land the white oak, the black oak, ])ost oak, sassafras, and dogwood formed the x»revailing forest growth. The lower flank of the steep escarpment of the highlands, a terrace of limestone cliffs mostlj^ destitute of soil, bears a stunted tree growth. Here the red cedar and the jipland hickory abound, and where the surface is less broken and a deeper soil covers the rock, chestnuts make their appearance with white oaks and the shell bark and mocker-nut hickories. The ascent is less precipitous as the sandstone ledges are reached, and here the yellow pine (Pinus mitis) and the scrub i:'ine [Pinus inops) are prominent among the oak forests of the mountains. When the crest of this abrupt decline is passed the oak forest is reached. It covers the extensive table-land between the Coosa and the eastern tributaries of the Tombigbee, and extends southward from the valley of the Tennessee to the lowlands commencing below Tuscaloosa, occupying an area of nearly 6,000 square miles. "General Eemaeks. "The forests of long-leaved pine are principally confined to the following limited regions east of the Mississippi river: 1. The Great Maritime Pine region. 2. The Central Pine Belt of Alabama. 3. The Pine Eegion of the Coosa. "Pine forests of more or less extent, too, mixed with woodlands composed of deciduous-leaved trees, occupy the ridges covered with a porous siliceous soil in the region of what I have called the mixed tree growth, and which upon its southern borders verges upon the Coast Pine Belt. Ujjon the heights of the low ranges of the metamorphic region of Alabama are also found more or less extensive tracts of this pine, generally, however, of inferior quality and size, while as far north as the thirty-fourth degree of latitude patches of thinly-scattered pine are met on the brows of the mountains, and, rarely, on the plateau of the carboniferous sand. " The pine forests of Alabama, from the Escambia to the Mississippi state line, in the counties of Monroe, Baldwin, Washington, Mobile, and in portions of Clarke county, cover 3,500 square miles. Of these about 1,000 square miles have already been more or less destroyed in the manufacture of naval stores. Allowing 25 per cent, for land under cultivation, or covered by a forest of different trees, by water, etc., there are still 1,875 square miles left of this forest to supply the demands of the future. "The whole amount of long leaved pine lumber received at the port of Mobile averages about 60,000,000 feet, board measure, representing the product of mills at that place and along the various railroad lines leading to it. The amount of hewed square timber received is still small, but the business of exporting timber of this sort promises to assume large proportions in the near future. "The pine belt of central, Alabama. — This forest occupies the deposits of drift which, in a strip varying from 10 to 30 miles in width, traverses the state from east to west. It is nearly in the center of the line connecting its eastern and western limits that its greatest width is found. This forest is estimated to coyer 650 square miles, no allowance being made for lands cultivated or covered by other trees. The timber, both in quality and quantity, is unsurpassed by that growing on the best sections of the lower pine region. The manufacture of lumber and its export to northern markets has only been carried on in this region to any large extent during the last three or four years, and it is now rapidly assuming large proportions. The most important saw-mills in this region are situated on the line of the Louisville and Nashville railroad, between Clear creek and Elmore, Elmore county, and produced in the aggregate 67,000,000 feet of lumber, board measure, during the years 1879-'80. Considerable lumber is also produced along the line of the Selma, Eome and Dalton railroad, in Chilton county. "Naval stores are not yet manufactured in this region. " The pine region of the Coosa. — A detached belt of drift largely composed of coarse pebbles stretches from the eastern base of the Lookout Mountain range through the valley of the Coosa river, near Gadsden, covering nearly the whole of Cherokee county, to the Georgia state line. This forest is estimated to cover from 400 to 450 square miles, although much of the best timber nearest to the river has already been exhausted. Logs are driven down the Coosa and sawed at Gadsden. The manufacture of lumber at this place has been carried on for a number of years, and amounts to an average of 20,000,000 feet. "NAVAL STORES. "The manufacture of naval stores in the central Gulf states is almost entirely restricted for the present to the forest contiguous to Mobile and to the railroad lines leading to that port and to the southern confines of the pine belt in Mississippi. It is only during the past two seasons that turpentine orchards have been worked near Pascagoula, Mississippi, Pearl river, and in eastern Louisiana above Covington. The first turpentine distilleries were established on the Gulf coast a little more than a quarter of a century ago, along Fish river on the eastern and Dog river on the western shores of Mobile bay. The bu-siness soon assumed such jiroportions as to lead to the destruction r-f the • il I'Oll 530 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. foreste covering buudreds of 8<]uure miles, particularly in Baldwin county. The production of naval stores in this county, as well as in the lower part of Mobile county, has at present nearly ceased, on account of the exhaustion of the forest. It is, however, now carried on with the greatest activity on the line of the Mobile and Ohio railroad. Between Mobile station, in Mobile county, and Quitman, Mississippi, there are at this date not less than thirty-three stills in operation, while along the Louisville and Nashville railroad there have been during the last five years fifty- three stills established in Alabama and Mississippi. These, with few exceptions, are controlled by Mobile capital, their whole product being handled from that market, so that the returns contained in the annual reports of the board of trade of Mobile fairly represent the whole production of naval stores in this pine region. "According to the statements contained in the report for 1880, the crops amounted in the years 1879-'80 to 25,409 barrels of spirits of turpentine and 158,482 barrels of rosin. During a period of eight years, between 1873 and the close of the business year of 1880, 160,000 barrels of spirits of turpentine and 800,000 barrels of rosiu have been pnxluced in this same district, (a) "The increase in prices during the last few years for all kinds of naval stores, and particularly the active demand for the best class of rosin, have given an increased impetus to this business, in consequence of which many of the older orchards have been abandoned and new ones started, while the number of new boxes cut during the present season is greater than ever before. There are no returns to be obtained of the production prior to 1875, but it can be safelj' assumed that up to that year 250 square miles of pine forest had been boxed. The production since 1875 must have involved a further destruction of 640,000 acres, or 1,000 square miles of forest. With the low price at which pine lands are held there is not the slightest regard paid to the utilization of their resources, and under the present system they are rapidly destroyed, regardless of the needs of the future and with the sole object of obtaining the quickest possible returns on the capital invested. "It may be of interest to mention here the results obtained by a practical manufacturer by submitting the refuse of saw-mills, that is, slabs and sawdust, to a process of combined steam and dry distillation, with the view of utilizing the volatile products of such waste. He obtained from one cord of slabs 12 gallons of spirits of turpentine, 25 gallons of tar, 120 gallons of weak pyroligneous acid, and 12 barrels of charcoal. From one cord of lightwood ho obtained 12 gallons of spirits of turpentine, 62^ gallons of tar, and 60 gallons of pyroligneous acid. The sawdust obtained from sawing 10,000 feet of i)ine lumber, subjected to distillation during one day, produced 22 gallons of spirits of turpentine." MISSISSIPPI. The forests of Mississippi originally extended over nearly the entire state. Prairies of no great area, situated in the northern central part of the state, presented the only break in its tree covering. The forest consisted of a belt of long leaved pine, occupying the coast plain and reaching from the eastern confines of the state to the bottom lands of the Mississippi river, and from the coast nearly to the line of Vicksburg and Meridian. The northeastern i>ortion of this long-leaved pine forest spread over a high rolling country, and here the pines were mixed with various hard- wood trees ; north of the long-leaved pine forest a long belt gradually narrowing toward the north and occupied by a growth of short-leaved pine and of hard woods reached nearly to the northern boundary of the state, while south of the Tennessee river, in Tishomingo, Prentiss, and Itawamba counties, a considerable area was covered with forests of the short-leaved pine. The remainder of the state was clothed with a growth of hard woods, which in the swamps of the Yazoo delta and the bottom lands of the Mississipiii river formed vast and almost impenetrable forests, where cypresses, gums, water oaks, ashes, and other trees which find their home in the deep, inundated swamps of the South Atlantic region attained noble dimensions and great value. The pine forests have been removed from the immediate neighborhood of the Pascagoula and Pearl rivers and from their principal tributaries within the southern tier of counties; the most accessible timber has been cleared from the Biloxi, Blind, Jordan, Wolf, and Tchefuncta rivers, flowing into Mississippi sound, and from the line of the Chicago, Saint Louis, and New Orleans railroad. The long-leaved pine of Mississippi is, however, still i)ractically intact, and these forests are capable of supplying au immense amount of timber as soon as the means of transportation can be furnished for it. A small amount of pine has been cut in the northeastern pine region from along the line of the Memphis and Charleston railroad. The hard-wood forests outside of the bottom lands have been largely cleared from many counties in providing for the requirements of agriculture. Such land when abandoned is again covered in the central part of the state with a growth of old-field pine, and in the north, and especially in the northt astern counties, by a vigorous growth of short-leaved pine {Pinus mitis), which seems destined to becpme the most important timber tree of that region. The forests which cover the swamps of the state are still almost intact, although the most accessible cypress, which has long been cut in the Yazoo delta and the valley of the Pearl river to supply the New Orleans market, has become scarce. During the census year 222,800 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $78,500. Of these fires the largest number was set by hunters, and by farmers carelessly starting fires in clearing land or to improve pasturage. a These flgores differ somewhat from those prepared by Mr. Van Bokkelen. See page 493. — C. S. S. DEPABTMEI.T OF THE INTEBtOB.. TENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. JubtLon the natural seeding of this useful and valuable timber tree, and in assisting it to gain a permanent foothold on lands regarded as unfit or unjjrofitable for agriculture, of which tens of thousands of acres are now found in this state, would lead to results of great benefit to the community. The people have it in their power to replenish their timber resources, fast failing tlirongh the ever-progressing destruction of the original forest, without other outlay than simply assisting nature in her efforts to recover from injuries sustained in the wholesale destruction of the forest. The restoration of the forest over vast areas, now barren and unproductive wastes, would add vastly to the general welfare and prosperity through the influence such forests would exert upon the climate and s.ilubrit.v of the country, by the shelter they would offer to insectivorous birds ever busy in the destruction of insects injurious to farm crops, and by the formation of protective screens against the cotton-worm, the most destructive of all insects in this part of the country; for it must be admitted as an undisputed fact that the destruction caused by the cotton worm is far less ui>on the small farms where strips of woodland divide the fields than upon the plantations in the rich prairie lands where large areas are destitute of woods. Such forests would serve as windbreaks for crops growing in field and orchard, and as protection against the washing away of the light soil so peculiarly adapted to the cultivation of the great staple of the country, thus preventing the ruin of many productive fields, the debris from which, carried away by the rain and floods, fills the rivers and their estuaries, rendering navigation every year mora dang«n'ous. "Central pine hills. — A Lilly region, the northern limit of which is near the center of Benton county, covered with upland oaks and short-leaved jiines, extends eastward to the flatwoods in a belt from 8 to 12 miles in width. Farther south, in Calhoun and Sumter counties, this pine region is much wider, embracing the largest part of these and Choctaw and the western part of Oktibbeha counties; from Kosciusko, Attala county, it extends over the whole of Winston and the western part of Noxubee counties, being merged, south of Neshoba in the western part of Kemper county, with the region of mixed tree growth. This pine forest supplies a sufficient amount of lumber for the local demand, and portable saw-mills are found near fhe large settlements from Kosciusko to the southern limits of the region. It forms a prominent feature in the eastern Gulf states by its geographical position, and must be regarded as one of the distinct divisions which might be designated as the region of the central pine hills. Botanically this region differs from that of the mixed tree growth, upon which it borders toward the south, by the more equ.al distribution of the pines among the oaks, and particularly by the total absence of the long-leaved pine and other conifers, with the exception of the loblolly pine and of scattered cypress along the river banks, and by the absence of the great magnolia {M. (/randiflora). The second forest growth in the northern ]iart of this region consists almost exclusively of the .short-leaved pine, which southward is associated with the loblolly pine. The short-leaved pine will in the future be the chief forest tree of this region. " I have personally seen but little of the flatwoods proper, having only touched their southern limits in Kemper county. It is a region of close, cold soil, devoid of drainage, and covered with a stunted growth of post oak; and in its economic aspects as a timber region, or botanically, is of little Interest or importance. "Western Mississippi. — In Copiah county, below the village of Terry, fifteen saw-mills are in operation along the railroad, obtaining their supply of logs from the heavily-timbered hills in the neighborhood. This lumber is shipped by rail to Saint Louis and Chicago. This business has already reached large proportions and is still increasing rapidly, the mills running without intermission at their full capacity throughout the year. " Beyond Crystal Springs the country loses its rolling character ; the pine hills disappear, and a short distance above the northern boundary of Copiah county, near Terry, a different geological formation is entered, and a strongly-marked change in the vegetation takes place. Horizontal strata of loam, inclosing layers of what appears a whitish sand, stretch northward over a vast extent of level country, and the long-leaved jiine disappears with the gravels and sands of the drift. "North of the pine region a large amount of rich land between the Pearl and Mississippi rivers has been brought under cultivation, especially along the bottoms of the Pearl river and along the principal railway line.«. At Jackson, on the Pearl river, little is left of the original tree growth which covered its banks. Still enough is left, however, to show that it was chiefly composed of sweet gums, white oaks, elms, white ashes, etc. The railroad from Jackson to Vicksburg passes through a fertile agricultural country, where only small strips of forest remain between the large plantations and farms. Pines are not seen' here, and the bliick walnut, originally so abundant among the oak and hickory forests which covered this region, must now be regarded as entirely exterminated. Beyond the Blackwater, in the hilly region of the bluff formation, the great magnolia covers the hillsides, although in the vicinity of Vicksburg the hills for miles around the city are entirely stripped of their forests. " Vicksburg is the center of a considerable lumber industry, depending for its supply of timber upon the cypress rafted down from the mouth of the Yazoo river. Tlie first mill devoted to the manufacture of cypress lumber was established in Vicksburg in 1865. Before that time all the timber from the Yaaoo valley was rafted down the Mississippi river, mostly to New Orleans, as is still the case with the greatest number of the rafts. A second mill has lately been built at Vicksburg, and the combined annual capacity of the two is ten or twelve million feet. No THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 535 manufactured lumber is shipped from here farther south than Baton Rouge, nearly the whole production being consumed in the erection of small dwellings in the Mississippi and Yazoo bottoms. The logs received at these mills average 25 inches in diameter, with a length of from 30 to 70 feet. "The hillsides in the neighborhood of, Yicksburg, when thrown out of cultivation, are seen covered with a stunted growth of locust, Chickasaw plums, and other shrubs. The original forests of the bluff hills consist of extensive groves of stately magnolias, stretching down the slopes and mixing with large white oaks, Spanish oaks, beeches, and towering poplars, covering the mossy ground of the small valleys with delightful shade. Many of the magnolias are from 18 inches to 2 feet in diameter. The full-grown trees, however, show that they have already passed their prime ; the upper limbs have begun to die, the base of their trunks being often rotten and hollow. Small specimens and sapling or seedling trees I could not find. The large trees are cut down to supply the neighboring city with fuel, and it is inevitable that in a comparatively short time these magnolia groves will have disappeared, and that these delightfully-shaded hills must share the desolation which surrounds the town. " The Yazoo Delta. — Indian bayou, one of the small water-courses between Pearl river, Deer creek, and Sunflower river, has a sluggish current even in time of high water. As is the case with all the streams of the Yazoo delta, its banks are elevated often to a height of 10 or 15 feet above the surface of the water, thus affording excellent natural drainage for the adjacent countrj', which is covered with a yellow-brown loam of unsurpassed fertility. As the land, however, recedes from the banks it gradually sinks down again toward the level of the bed of the stream, and the water-courses, following the general direction of the Mississipjii river, inclose corresponding lines of depression nearly level with the beds of the streams. These troughs between the bayous and rivers are one of the characteristic features in the topography of the Yazoo delta. They are of various extent, depth, and shape; flat and wide, they form tracts of dark, wet forest swamp, more or less dry in summer; or, narrower and deeper, they form swamps rarely ever entirely free from water; sometimes they are inundated wooded marshes and cane brakes, or ponds and lagoons more or less shallow and studded with the mighty trunks of the cypress. When these depressions are of considerable depth, lakes, presenting open sheets of water sometimes miles in extent, are formed, their margins, only, overgrown with the cypress. Upon these features depend the great diversity of the forest growth which yet covers the largest part of the Yazoo valley. Along the elevated ridges fronting the streams the white oak, the willow oak, the shell-bark and mocker-nut hickories, the black walnut in great numbers, the yellow poplar and the sassafras large enough to furnish canoes of great size, the mulberry, the Spanish oak, the sweet and the black gums are the principal forest trees, with an undergrowth in the openings of dogwood, various haws, crab apples, wild grapes, buckthorns, etc. In the forests covering the lower lands, which slope back to the swamps and reservoirs, the cow oak takes the place of the white oak, while the over-cup white oak occurs everywhere in the more or less saturated soil. Here the sweet gum reaches its greatest size, and here grow also in great perfection the bitter-nut, the elms, hornbeams, white ash, box-elder, and red maples of enormous size. The honey locust, water oaks, and red and Spanish oaks are equally common. Here, among the smaller trees, the holly attains its greatest development, with hornbeans and wahoo elms, while papaws, haws, and privets form the mass of the dense undergrowth, which, interspersed with dense cane-brakes, covers the ground under the large trees. " The region covered by these splendid forests of hard woods possesses a wealth of timber of the most valuable kinds and in surprising variety. They occupy by far the greatest part of Sunflower and the adjoining counties between the Mississippi river and the hills which border upon the Yazoo to the east. Most of the clearings made in this region before the outbreak of the war, by the planters settled lower down, have since been abandoned and are again densely covered with the young growth of the trees of which the forest was origmally composed. During the last few years, however, this country has been entered again for cultivation by a class of small farmers, who from being farm hands have now risen to the position of independent landholders. It is astonishing to see the utter disregard of these settlers for the forest wealth of the country, which in a short time could not fail to be of great commercial value. On the shores of Indian bayou may be seen clearings with hundreds of the finest black walnuts among the deadened trees, while many of the noblest specimens of this valuable timber tree are felled for fence rails or trifling purposes. The amount of oak and hickory timber destroyed here annually is amazing. It is generally believed, however, that not one acre in fifty over this whole region of hard-wood forest has yet been stripped of its tree covering. Quite different is the condition of the cypress growth in the great Yazoo valley. This tree, confined to low and more or less inundated bottoms bordering on the Mississippi, the Lower Yazoo, Big Sunflower, and their numerous tributaries, was once found in the greatest abundance in this region, and immense quantities of cypress lumber have been furnished by the lower parts of Issaquena and Washington and the western parts of Warren inid Yazoo counties. The most valuable timber has now, however, disappeared from the immediate neighborhood of the low river bajiks easily accessible at seasons of high water during every winter and spring. Only groves standing remote from the banks of the water courses, and which are only accessible to the raftsman during exceptionally higli stages of water, now supply this lumber. In the upper portions of the valley, however, in the low depressions described as extending between the elevated banks of the streams, more or less limited areas of undisturbed cypress forest are Ibuud. The shallow lagoons, covered with water except during seasons of prolonged drought, and called cypress creeks, present in the spring of the year a strange sight. No object meets tlie eye between the immense trunks of the mighty trees, as in these cypress groves no other tree nor 536 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. sbrub can live iu tbe dark, shaded, water-covered soil. These reservoirs of draiuage, generally without outlet, are called cypress lakes if the water iu any part of them, too deep to allow the growth of trees, confines the cypress to their more shallow bordera. Here the cyi)ress arrives at its greatest dimensions and jjroduces timber of the finest quality. These cypress lakes and cypress brakes, remote from streams, at no time of the year connected with them, and always surrounded with a mire of forest swamp impassable to wagons, still retain their best timber. Of late years, since swamp and overllowed lands have become the property of the state, planter* have a«lded many of these cypress tracts to their estates by purchase ; many others have been acquired by companies formeosse8sion of every opening in the forest, descending the high hills, while numerous haws border the edges of the forest. In the bottoms and along the declivities, the Chickasaw and the American plum are found of larger size than farther east. Loblollies and hickories with the black and post oaks occupy the lower declivities, and upon the heights the yellow pine mixed with upland oaks forms fine forests." TEXAS. The most important forests of Texas are found in the extreme eastern part of the state, where the Maritime Pine Belt of the south Atlantic region extends to about midway between the Trinity and the Brazos rivers. A forest of long leaved pine occupies most of the territory between the Sabine and the Brazos south of the thirty-first degree of north latitude, reaching south to within 20 miles of the coast. Beyond the long-leaved pine forests, forests of the loblolly pine, mixed with hard woods, stretch westward 50 or 60 miles, while north of these two regions a third division of the pine belt, composed of a heavy growth of short-leaved pine mingled with upland oaks, occupies the rolling ridges which extend northward to beyond the Red river. The swamps which line the larger streams flowing into the Gulf, especially within the limits of the pine belt, still contain large bodies of cypress. The quality of the Texas cypress, however, is inferior to that grown east of the Mississippi river, and probably one-third of the timber growing in the valleys of the Sabine and the Nueces rivers is "peggy" or affected by dry rot. West of the pine belt open forests largely composed of post and black jack oaks occur, gradually decreasing in density, and finally, west of the ninety-seventh degree of longitude, entirely disappearing. Farther west, however, the "lower" and "upper cross-timbers", two remarkable bodies of timber, composed of small and stunted specimens of these oaks, extend from the Indian territory far south into the prairie region, occupying long, uarrow, irregular belts where sandy or gravelly alluvial deposits overlie the limestone of the prairie region. A belt of forest, largely composed of post and black-jack oaks, varying from 20 to 50 miles in width extends southwest of the Trinity nearly to the Nueces river, its eastern border following generally, at a distance of from 50 to CO miles inland, the trend of the coast. The bottom lands east of the one hundredth meridian are lined with the deciduous trees which occupy similar situations in the eastern Gulf states. Near the coast the bottom lands of the large rivers, often several miles in widtJ», are covered with dense forests composed of enormous trees. Farther west the bottoms gradually narrow, the number of arborescent species covering them decreases, and individual trees are small and stunted. West of the Colorado river the forests of the Atlantic region are replaced outside of the bottom lands by Mexican forms of vegetiition ; the hills are covered with a stunted growth of mesquit, Mexican ])ersimmon, various acacias, and other small trees of little value except for fuel and fencing. An important tree in the forest of westei'n Texas is the cedar covering the low limestone hills which occupy hundreds of square miles north and west of the Colorado river, in Travis, Bastrop, Hays, Comal, and adjacent counties. West of the one hundredth meridian all forest growth disappears, with the exception of a few scattered cotton woods, elms, and hackberries, confined to the narrow bottoms, and a shrubby growth of mesquit, which coveis the plains of western Texas, furnishing the only fuel of the region. The mountain ranges, outlying ridges of the Rocky mountains, which occupy the extreme western part of the state, are covered with an open, stunted forest of western pines and cedars, with which mingle the post oak, the yellow oak, and other species of the Atlantic region. The pine belt covering the eastern counties of the state is alone important as a source of lumber supply. Ari'as of river-bottom land covered with trees are, as compared with the area of the state, insignificant in extent, and these river belts of forest are entirely insufficient to sujjply even the mere local wants of the nearest settlements. The oak forests, which stretch more or less continuously between the eastern pine belt and the treeless western prairies and jilains, are, except along their extreme eastern borders, composed of small, stunted trees, often hollow, defective, and of little value except for fuel, fence rails, and railway ties. The forests of the western mountains are ,ub i ,-r ^ THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 541 not luxuriant, and at the best can only supply a limited local demand with inferior lumber. It is probably no exaggeration to say that west of the pine belt, and with the exception of the small amount of hard wood found on the bottom lands near the coast, the forests of Texas do not contain a single tree fit to manufacture into iirst-class lumber. The pine forests, therefore, of eastern Texas and western Louisiana are important factors in the future development of Texas, as well as of the treeless northeastern provinces of Mexico, which must draw their building material from these pineries. The position of these forests, therefore, with reference to an enormous territory destitute of timber, although adapted to agriculture and grazing, and which must soon be covered with a considerable population and ja. net-work of railroads, their richness of composition, and the fticility with which they can be worked, give to them perhaps a greater prospective value than that possessed by any body of timber of similar extent in the United States. During the census year 599,359 acres of woodland were reported damaged by fire, with an estimated loss of $273,990. Of these fires the larger number was set to improve pasturage, in clearing land, or through malice. These returns do not include the large areas burned in western Texas by prairie fires, checking the growth of the mesquit over a great extent of territory. Small amounts of cooperage stock and woodenware, principally for local consumption, are manufactured in the eastern counties from oak and cypress. Manufacturers report an abundant supply of material. The following rough estimates of the amounts of the three kinds of pine standing in the state May 31, 1880, were made by multiplying the average stand of timber per acre by the county areas occupied by the pine forests, these being obtained by deducting, from total areas of the county, estimated areas covered by clearings, bottom lands, swamps, etc. : • Connties. Long-leaved pine {Finui paltislri^) . Short-leaved pine (Pinus mili$). LobloUv pine {Pinus Tada). Anderson Feet, board meamre. Feet, hoard vieasure. 336, 000, 000 Feet, board measure. 1, 763, 600, 000 1,190,400,000 Angelina 1,340, £00, 000 Bowl* 2,3^0,800,000 579, 200, 000 2, 470, 400, 000 2, 230, 400, 000 448, 000, 000 698, 400, 000 Camp Cass Cherokee . 585,600,000 Franklin Gregg Grimes 211,200,000 627,200,000 1,827,200,000 1,244,800,000 Harris 2,326,400,000 521, 600, 000 483,200.000 Henderson. 3,216,000,000 2,534,400,000 288, 000, 000 2,147,200,000 233, 800, 000 Liberty 41,600,000 Marion 1, 187, 200, 000 2,326,400,000 Morris 729, 600, 000 1,655,200,000 1, 216, 000, 000 2, 112, 000, 000 230, 000, 000 1, 193, 600. 000 2,720,000,000 35, 500, 000 33, 000, 000 518, 400, 000 1, 107, 200, 100 Pollt 473, 600, 000 Red Elver '. 272,000,000 2,492,800,000 Eusk 115, 200, 000 1, 648, 000, OCO 1,625,600,000 Sabine San Augustine San Jacinto 1,833,600,000 Shelby 1,884,800,000 425, 600, 000 2, 035, 200, 000 806, 000, 000 Smith Titns Trinity 61, 000, 000 2,550,400,000 1.987,200,000 Tyler Upshur 1,392,006,000 20, 000, 000 VanZandt Walker 1, 1)90, 400, 000 19,000,000 Waller Wood 1,600,000,000 Totiil 20,508,200,000 26,093,200,000 20,907,100,000 Amountcut fortheyear ending May31, 1880 06,450,000 a 146, 420, 000 61,670,000 a Including 30,290,000 shingles. 542 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. The princip.tl centers of lumber manufacture in Texas are Orange and Beaumont, on the Sabine and Nueces rivers, above SaWiue pa^s. Long leaved pine and cypress arc sawed here and shipped east and west by rail, and in small quantities by schooner to Texan and Mexican ports. Loblolly pine is sawed at a number of small mills upon the line of the International and Great Northern railroad in the counties south of the Trinity river, and a large amount of short-leaved pine is manufactured in the mills upon the line of the Texas Pacific railroad in the northeastern counties, Longview, in Gregg county, being the principal center of this industry. The product of these mills is shipped west by rail to supply settlers upon the prairies of northern Texas with building material. The following extracts are derived from the notes upon the forests of Texas made by Dr. Charles Mohr, of Mobile : " West of Marshall, upon the Texas Pacific railroad, the surface of the land becomes more broken ; the soil is lighter, more porous, and favorable to the growth of the short-leaved pine, which soon becomes the prevailing forest tree in the woods extending toward the west. Longview, a small town at the junction of the International and Great Northern and Texas Pacific railroads, is situated almost in the center of the short-leaved pine region, and is the seat of an active lumber business. These forests of short-leaved pine, more or less interspersed with oaks, extend to the northern boundary of the state, and southward with an easterly trend to the confines of the region of the long-leaved pine. The short-leaved pine finds its western limits near Mineola. At Palestine, in Anderson county, the uplands are covered with a loamy, somewhat sandy, soil underlaid with a heavy clay. Here a more or less open oak forest is common. The black oak abounds, with the Spanish, black- jack, blue-jack, and post oak, the last, however, always the prevailing species. Next to the post oak the black- jack is the species of widest distribution in Texas, the two species being always found associated together from the northern confines of the state to the prairies of the coast, and from the east to tlie treeless regions of western Texas. The bois d'arc {Madura aurantiaca) is common along the banks of the water-courses in eastern Texas, attaining a size large enough to be economically valuable. It is here, however, most probably adventitious from the region in the northwest, where it forms an almost uninterrupted belt of woods from 4 to 10 miles wide, extending from a short distance south of the city of Dallas to the northern frontier of the state, entering the Indian territory between Sherman and Paris. This tree attains a height of from 45 to 50 feet, with a diameter of from 1 foot to 2 feet, and is of great value. " The timber growth immediately west of the Brazos is stunted and scanty : large areas of grass land intervene between the scrubby woods until all at once ligneous growth disappears, and the seemingly boundless prairie, in gently undulating swells, expands before the view on all sides. Near the center of Milam county a belt of open post-oak woods from 20 to 25 miles in width is entered. It extends from Belton, in Bell county, southward to the upper confines of Gonzales county. Post oaks stand here from 20 to 30 feet apart, with black-jacks and blue-jacks between them, the trees being all of small size. The soil of these oak hills is of poor quality, sandy, gravelly, and more or less broken, arid, and devoid of vegetable mold. Toward the southern limit of this belt, near Bastrop; a tract of loblolly pine is found covering nearly four townships, or about 90,000 acres. During the last twelve years all the useful timber on this isolated tract has been cut down. A second growth of pine, however, has sprung up, and is now growing vigorously under the fostering care of the owners of the laud, and promises in a short time to afford a new supply of timber. A belt of post oak is found intersecting the prairie from the upper part of McLennan county, near Waco, and extending to the northern frontier of the state, where it joins the cross- timbers of the Wichita. It is known as the 'lower cross timbers'. This belt of oak wood is nearly 150 miles long, with its greatest width of about 20 miles between Dallas and Fort W^orth. At a distance of from 20 to 40 miles west of the lower cross-timbers another belt of oak extends from Comanche county to the northern boundary of the state, with a long western spur following the valley of the Brazos as far as the ninety-ninth meridian. This oak forest is known as ' the cross-timbers '. " Taken as a whole, the country west of the Brazos river, except the basin of the Colorado, is a poorly-timbered region. The mesquit was first met M'ith on the declivities of the prairie, which verge here upon the valley of the Colorado. The wood of this tree is hard, fine grained, tough, heavy, and of great durability. In th§ western portions of the state, almost entirely destitute of other timber growth, it serves, according to its size, a variety of purposes in the economy of the stock ranch, and is there invaluable for fencing. Burning with a clear, smokeless flame and possessing great heating powers, it is unsurpassed as fuel by any other Texas wood. It serves, moreover, another important purpose in furnishing an abundance of wholesome and nutritious food to large herds of cattle, at a season of the year when long-continued droughts have destroyed the grass upon the prairie. With the increasing settlement of the treeless-prairie region during the last 15 or 20 years, this tree has spread rapidly east and north. Near San Antonio I saw extensive districts, reported to have been, a few years ago, entirely destitute of even a trace of ligneous growth, and which are now covered with copses of mesquit. Similar growths have sprung np everywhere in the prairies of western Texas. The appearance of this new growth may be traced to the influence of the vast herds of stock which range over the prairies, and which, in voiding the seeds of this tree, assist its wider distribution, and, in keeping down the gr.oss, diminish the quantity of combustible material which feeds the prairie fires, aiid thus check and finally prevent the spread of the frequent conflagrations which swept year after year over these grassy plains. 19 i' > DEEARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR TENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. Julms Ilicn &Co.tillt. ^ tx THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 543 " West of the Colorado river the pecau-uut is an important product, forming one of the staple articles of export. Shipments of this nut from San Antonio average annually 1,250,000 pounds, obtained from the bottom lands of the Nueces, the Rio Frio, Medina, and Eio Concho. A million pounds, obtained from the Colorado, Guadalupe, Eio Blanco, Pierderelis, Sabinal, Llano, and San Saba rivers, are shipped from Austin, and about a quarter of a million more from Indianola, gathered on the lower Guadalupe, San Antonio, Colorado, and other streams flowing into the Gulf. The nuts are worth, on an average, 5 cents a pound to the gatherer. '' On the range of low hills extending from San Antonio to Austin, which rise at some points to a height of over 500 feet above the plain, forming the base of the terraces leading to the table land of northern Mexico, the woods are confined to the barrens and the declivities bordering upon them. The open plains on these table-lands are either entirely destitute of ligneous growth, or, when covered with deeper and more fertile soil, support low copses of mesquit. The western juniper is observed here for the first time. It is a tree of low growth, seldom exceeding 35 feet in height, or more than a foot in diameter. It branches at a short distance from the base, forming a broad, round head. The wood is of a dingy, reddish color, fine-grained, hard, and heavy, and in density and durability is not inferior to that of the red cedar. It is knotty, however, from near the base, and furnishes no sticks sufBciently Ibng to allow its use in cabinet-making, and can only be employed for rough construction, posts, palings, etc., for which purposes it is invaluable. The home of the western cedar is found on the rugged highlands which surround the channels of the headwaters of the numerous streams which flow from the eastern declivity of these hills. Here it forms open groves, with scarcely any other woody growth among the somewhat scattered trees. These cedar woods are particularly common upon the brows of the steep escarpments from the base of which issue the large springs which form such a striking feature in this part of the state. In the vicinity of the settlements few of the full-grown trees have been left. The improvidence of the first settlers in obtaining their timber supplies and the prairie fires which ran through these cedar woods in former years have caused the destruction of large areas once covered by this valuable tree. According to my observation, the western cedar prefers a calcareous, dry soil. Its range of distribution seems limited to the hilly region bordering upon the upi^er part of the Colorado valley, extending toward the south a short distance below New Braunfels. and westward to the sources of the Nueces and Guadalupe rivers. Well-timbered tracts of this tree are still found west of New Braunfels as far as Boerne, in Kendall county, and on the terraces of the higher ranges in Bandera and Kerr counties." INDIAN TEERITOEY. The forests of the Indian territory are confined to its eastern portion. West of the ninety-ninth meridian trees are only found along the narrow river bottoms, the intervening ridges being bare of all forest growth. The extreme northeastern part of the territory contains numerous extensive open prairies, south of which a heavy body of forest composed of hard woods, mixed on the high ridges with the short-leaved pine, extends southward into Texas, with a maximum width in the Choctaw nation of GO miles. In the Cherokee nation six considerable bodies of pine, varying from 10 to 30 miles in length and 2 to 4 miles in width, occur on Spavina creek, Illinois river, Salina river. Spring creek, and Bowman's Fork, tributaries of Grand river. A large body of pine occurs also 25 miles west of Eeams, a station upon the Missouri, Kansas, and Texas railroad. Smaller bodies of pine are found, too, east of Beams, and at Stringtown, where lumber is manufactured and shipped southward by rail into northern Texas. The bottom lands of all the streams flowing through the eastern portion of the territory are heavily timbered with hard woods, and especially those of the Neosho, Verdigris, Arkansas, and Canadian rivers contain great bodies of the finest black walnut now growing. A particularly fine growth of this timber extends along the Verdigris river for 50 miles above Cofleeville. West of the region of heavy forest the country is covered with an open growth of upland oaks, among which the most prominent are the post oak and the black-jack. These forests are interspersed with prairies, often of considerable extent, which gradually occupy the whole country outside the bottom lands. Farther west, between the ninety-seventh and ninety -ninth degrees of west longitude, the " cross-timbers " enter the territory from the south. They are composed, as in Texas, of a stunted growth of post oak and black-jack, and extend northward across the territory in straggling patches into southern Kansas. The main belt of the "cross-timbers", about 70 miles wide at the Texas boundary, gradually becomes narrower toward the north aud northwest, disappearing, at about longitude 99° west, upon the ridges south of the Cimarron river. No returns of the amount of lumber manufactured in the territory have been received, nor other than the most general information in regard to its forest covering. AEKANSAS. Heavy fortsts cover the state of Arkansas, with the exception of a few isolated prairies principally confined to Prairie and Arkansas counties, north of the valley of the Arkansas river, and the western borders of the state. North of the Arkansas river the forests are mostly composed of the deciduous trees of the Mississippi basin, through which isolated belts occur, often of considerable extent, in which the short-leaved pine, the only species found in 544 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. northern Arkansas, is niixctl witli the hard woods. The southwestern part of the state south of the Arkansas river and west of the broad, level plain of the Mississippi is covered outside the river-bottom lands with an almost continuous forest of pine, in which the short-leaved species occupies the high, dry ridges and the loblolly the moist soil above the bottoms. Great bodies of cypress cover the extensive swamps that stretch along the eastern border of the state or line the bottoms of the White, Arkansas, Washita, and Red rivers. The hard-wood forests of the state are hardly surpassed in variety and richness, and contain inestimable bodies of the finest oak, walnut, hickory, and ash timber. Black walnut of large size is still widely scattered over the state, and is particularly abundant in the valley of the Ked anil other southern rivers. The pine forests are almost intact. Settlements made for agricultural puri)0ses have been confined to bottom lands, and only during the last few years has pine lumber been manufiictured in the state, except to supply a very limited local demand. Recently, however, comparatively small quantities of lumber manufactured at numerous railroad mills, principally established south of the Arkansas river, have been shipped north and south out of the state. The forests of Arkansas have received comparatively little damage irom fire. Pine generally succeeds pine even on burned laud, although upon certain gravel and clay soils the second growth is largely composed of black and red oaks, or, in the southern part of the state, the sweet gum replaces other trees on bottom lands. During the census year 858,115 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with an estimated loss of $259,470. The largest number of these fires was due to the carelessness of farmers in clearing land, or to hunters camping in the forest. Industries consuming hard woods are still in their infancy in Arkansas, although doubtless destined to attain an important development. Rough white-oak staves are largely manufactured in the White River country and in the northeastern part of the state for eastern and European markets. A considerable trafiQc exists in the southwestern counties in the wood of the Osage orange, used for wheel stock, and more recently as pavement in Saint Louis and other northern cities. The following estimates of the amount of short-leaved pine standing in Arkansas May 31, 1880, were prepared by Professor P. L. Harvey, of Fayetteville: SHORT-LEAVED PINE (Pinw mitU). Conntiee. Ashley Baxter Boone Bradley Calhoim Carroll Clarke Clay Colambia . . . Craighead.. Grogs Dallas Dorsey Drew Fanlkner ... Falton Garland .... Orant Greene Hempstead . Total. Feet, board measnre. 555, 000, 187, COO, 124, 000, 140, 000, 519,000, 1.59, 000, 280, 000, 3, 000, 866,000, 18, 000, 54,000, 659, COO, 726, 000, 482, 000, 42,000, 146, 000, 865, 000, 207, 000, 38, 000, 176, 000, Oonnties. Hot Spring — Howard Independence . Izard Jeflferson Johnson La Fayette Lee Lincoln Little raver ... Logan Lonoke Madison Marion Miller , Monroe Montgomery.. Nevada Newton Ouachita Feet, board measure. 1,348, 1,254, 93, 242, 518, 248, 586, 14, 105, 690, 554, 20, 55, 207, 622, 180, 2, 281, 1,453, 707, 1,384, 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000, 000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000, 000 000, 000 000,000 000, coo 000,000 000, 000 000,000 000, 000 000, 000 000, 000 000,000 Counties. Perry i'hUlips Pike Poinsett Polk Pope Pulaski Saint Francis. i Saline Scott I Searcy \ Sebastian Sevier Sharp Stono Union VanBuren White Tell Cot for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (including 57,943,000 shingles and 2,8M,000 laths) . Feet, board measure. 1,023, 21, 1, 695, 45, 2,592, 208, 933, 1, 516, 106, 243, 969, 35, 179, 2.384, 435, 23, 1,306, 000,000 000, 000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000, 000 000, coo 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000,000 000, 000 000,000 000,090 000,000 000,000 41,315,000,000 129, 781, 000 TEKNESSEE. The western counties of Tennessee are covered with heavy forests, similar in distribution and density to those which occupy the Yazoo region of western Mississippi. The river swamps in this part of the state still contain large botlies of cypress, while the hills are covered with oaks, hickories, and other hard- wood trees. The central portion of the state, now largely cleared for cultivation, was once covered with forests of hard wood, remnants of which are still found upon rocky ridges or land unfit for agriculture.- Nearly through the center of this middle district, extending north and south, "the cedar glades" occupy an extensive region of Silurian limestone. Here the characteristic growth consists of red cedar {Juniperus Virginiana), often forming stunted forests of considerable extent, to the exclusion of other species, or is mixed with the honey locust, a characteristic species, also, of this well-marked region. r vv THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 545 The eastern part of the state, occupied by the Oumberlaud plateau and the high ranges of the southern Alleghany mountains, is covered with a heavy forest of oak and other hard woods, mixed at high elevations with hemlock, pine, and spruce, and constituting one of the finest bodies of timber now standing in the United States. It contains, besides white and chestnut oak of flue quality, much yellow poplar, black walnut, and cherry. In the southeastern counties, especially in the valley of the Tennessee river, the hard-wood forests have been, however, already destroyed over large areas to furnish charcoal for the iron-manufacturing industry established here. During the census year 985,430 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with a loss of $5,254,980. Of these fires the largest number was set in the careless clearing of land for agriculture or to improve grazing, and by hunters, locomotives, etc. Mr. A. G. Willey, of Manchester, Tennessee, has supplied the following statement in regard to the efiects produced upon the forest growth by the annual burning of dead herbage to improve pasturage : "EFFECT OF FIEES UPON THE FOREST. " The practice of burning timber-land, said to have been of Indian origin, has been continued by the whit© settlers. The native grasses do not die down when killed by frost; they simply die standing, and the young grass in the spring has to push through the old tuft, which is often 6 or 8 inches high. The fires are set in the timber and old fields to burn these tufts, that stock may graze four or six weeks earlier than if the old herbage had been left upon the ground. In the barrens and on the Cumberland plateau the timber is principally oak of various kinds, which do not shed their leaves at once when killed by frost, or rot when partially green, but remain dry upon the trees and fall gradually during winter and spring. The largest portion, therefore, are on the ground in February, the time when fires are set. The effect of these fires is to destroy all the natural sources of fertility, grass, leaves, and fallen timber. Had these been allowed to accumulate, what are now called barren lands would be the most fertile in the state. The practice kills, too, the young trees, so tliat some of the most valuable timber that the land is suitable to produce is unable to stand. The black-jack, post oak, black oak, etc., however, on account of the protection afforded by their thick bark, are able to gain some headway, and so crowd out more valuable tree.«. The state law makes it a misdemeanor with heavy penalty for any one to set fire to and bum a neighbor's land; but the difficulty of detection and conviction in such cases makes thi.s law non-effective. These are the causes and effects of forest fires in this section ; they never occur here in summer." Considerable cooperage and wheel stock is manufactured in Tennessee, but, except in the eastern part of the state, manufacturers report a scarcity and deterioration of the best hard woods, especially white oak. In the eastern counties the manufacture of oak staves and other industries using hard woods are capable of large development. The ijrincipal center of lumber manufacture in the state is Nashville, where several mills saw large quantities of black walnut, poplar, cherry, ash, oak, etc., received by raft from the upper Cumberland river in Tennessee and Kentucky. The local market takes about one-third of the lumber manufactured here, the remainder being sent north and east by rail. Memphis, on the Mississippi river, is also an important manufacturing center. The mills here are largely supplied by rafts from Missouri, Arkansas, and Tennessee, and snw large quantities of cypress, ash, poplar, hickory, gum, and black walnut. Considerable hardwood lumber manufactured in Dyer, Lincoln, Obion, and Smith counties, and pine and hard-wood lumber in Knox and Jelferson, largely from logs obtained in the vicinity of the mills, is principally consumed locally, KENTUCKY. The forests of Kentucky resemble in general features those of Tennessee. Cypress, gnm, and various water oaks occupy the river swamps of the western counties. The central region, now largely cleared and devoted to agriculture, was once covered with the oaks, walnuts, and hickories of the Atlantic region, while over the eastern and southeastern counties the dense forests of the Alleghany mountains extended. The eastern counties still contain great bodies of the best hard wood, especially black walnut, white oak, cherry, and yellow poplar, which are particularly fine and abundant in Bell, llarlan, and other southeastern counties. These forests, protected by the falls of the Cumberland river, which have prevented the driving of logs from its upper waters, and inaccessible to rail communication, are still practically uninjured, and probably unsurpassed in the amount, quality, and value of the timber which they contain. The destruction of forests to supply numerous iron furnaces with charcoal has been great in the northeastern counties, and no small part of this region has already been cut over. During the census year 55(5,647 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with an estimated loss of $2.37,635. Of these fires by far the largest number was traced to farmers carelessly clearing land for agricultural purposes. In Barren, Edmonson, and other central counties extensive tracts of prairie existed at the time of the earliest settlement of the state. The presence of these prairies in the midst of a heavily-timbered region is ascribed to the annual burning to which they were subjected by the aborigines. With the disappearance of the 35 FOE 546 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES Indians trees sprang up, and this region is fiow well covered with a vigorous growth of black oaks of different species. White oaks, however, are not abundant, and other species common to the region, such as the walnuts, the yellow poplar, and the beech, are wanting in these young forests, indicating perhaps the effect of fires in checking the subsequent growth or development of many useful timber trees. PASTURAGE OF WOODLANDS. The forests of Kentucky, as well as those of all the central and southern portion of the United States, suffer severely from the almost universal custom of using woodlands for pasturage. The evil resulting from this practice is only more apparent in Kentucky and Tennessee, because in these states the amount of live stock is proportionately larger than in other parts of the south, while in the thickly-settled agricultural sections of these states the ratio of woodland to toUil area is smaller. The pasturage of woodlands necessitates, or at least induces, the annual burning of the dead herbage, by which underbrush, young trees, seedlings, and seeds are destroyed and the succession and permanence of the forest endangered. What the fires spare, browsing animals devour ; hogs root out seedlings, and by selecting the sweet acorns of the white oak in preference to the bitter fruit of the black oaks, are gradually changing the composition of the oak forests. Comparatively few white oaks spring up in the forests of the more thickly settled portions of the central Atlantic region, and this change of forest composition must be ascribed to the preference of domestic animals for the palatable fruit of what, as regards their timber, are the most valuable species. The injury, too, inflicted by the constant stamping of animals and consequent packing of the land about the stems of old trees is very great, and all reports speak of the gradual djdng of old trees left standing in the grazing regions of Kentucky and Tennessee. The spread of the mistletoe {Fhoradendronflavescms), consequent upon the removal of the forest and the increase in the number of birds (the mistletoe seems to require a certain amount of light and air for its development; it does not flourish or increase rapidly in the dense forest, and cannot spread except by the agency of birds), is a cause of serious injury to the forest of this whole region. It slowly but surely destroys the trees upon which it obtains a foothold. The black walnut especially suffers from the growth of this parasite, which seems destined to destroy the finest walnut timber left standing in the settled portions of the southern central region. Large quantities of cooperage and wheel stock are produced all over the state, and manufacturers generally report no scarcity or deterioration of timber, with the exception of white oak. The principal centers of lumber manufacture are at the mouth of the Tennessee river, in McCracken county, where a large amount of cypress, sycamore, gum, oak, walnut, and other hard wood is manufactured for the northern market from logs rafted down the Tennessee and other streams flowing into the Mississippi ; at Frankfort, where poplar, oak, ash, walnut, pine, cherry, hickory, and maple logs, rafted from the upper waters of the Kentucky river, are sawed, the lumber being shipped north and east by rail ; and at Louisville, where walnut, poplar, and oak lumber is manufactured for local consumption. The manufacture of pumps and water-pipes from logs of the Jersey pine (Pfwit* inops), at one time an important industry at Louisville, has, since the general introduction of city and town water-works, become unremunerative and unimportant. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. ' 547 NORTHERN CENTRAL DIVISION. * OHIO. The forests of Ohio were originally composed of deciduous species, among which, iu the eastern and especially in the uortheastern counties, white piue and hemlock existed iu isolated bodies of no great extent. The original forest has now been generally removed, except from Ottawa, Miami, Montgomery, and a few other western counties, and from swamps and other lands unfit for agriculture ; everywhere the walnut and other valuable timbers have been culled, and Ohio must soon depend almost exclusively for the lumber which it consumes upon the northern piueries and the hard-wood forests of the south. During the census year 74,114 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $797,170. Of these fires the largest number was traced to carelessness in clearing laud, to hunters, sparks from locomotives, etc. The production of cooperage stock has long been an important industry in the state; it has already suffered from a scarcity and deterioration of white oak, for which elm, beech, maple, and poplar are now often substituted. Manufacturers of wheel stock, furniture, woodenware, etc., report abundant material forpieseut consumption. Ohio is sixth among the states in the volume of its lumber-manufacturing interests. The business is widely distributed throughout the state, generally in the hands of small manufacturers operating portable mills, which threaten the rapid destruction of the remnants of ber forests. INDIANA. V Indiana was once almost entirely covered with noble forests of deciduous trees. Along its western borders these were interrupted, however, by numerous small prairies, the extreme eastern outposts of the great treeless region which, toward the north, extended over the counties of Benton, Newton, and Jasper, and over considerable portions of Lake, Porter, La Porte, Pulaski, White, Tippecanoe, and Warren counties. These prairies have gradually decreased in area with the settlement of the country, and those originally of small extent are now covered with a vigorous giowth of the forest trees of the region. The forests of Indiana are cbaracterized by an almost entire absence of coniferous trees. Stunted white and gray pines occupy the sand-dunes which border the southern shores of lake Michigan, and " the knobs " — low, gravelly hills of small extent, in the southeastern river counties — are covered with a heavy growth of the Jersey- pine. Swamps in the southwestern counties contain cypress, wliich finds here the northern limit of its distribution. The broad bottom lands and low ridges of this part of the state are covered with a forest growth probably unsurpassed in the development of individual trees, and rarely equaled iii the richness of its composition. The forests of the state have been largely removed in the development of its agriculture. No large bodies of the original timber remain. The black walnut with which the forests of Indiana once abounded has been everj-where culled and is now rare, while the best yellow poplar, oak, and other valuable timbers have been largely consumed. During the census year 90,427 acres of woodland were reported injured by fire, with an estimated loss of .$130,335. These fires were set by farmers carelessly clearing land, by hunters, and by sparks from locomotives. The forests of Indiana have long supplied material for a large manufacture of cooperage stock, furniture, wagon stock, woodenware, etc. The cooperage and furniture manufacturers already feel the scarcity and deterioration of the highest grades of oak and walnut, and very generally predict the entire exhaustion at no very distant day of the forests of the state. Indiana is fifth among the states iu the value of iU lumber-manufacturing interests. Evansville, upon the Ohio river, in Vauderburgh county, is an important manufacturing center on account of the capital invested there in he lumber business and the amount of its product. The business, however, as in Ohio, is generally in the hands of small manufacturers operating portable mills and sawing logs hauled to them by farmers. At the present rate of destruction the forests of the state must soon lose all commercial importance. ILLINOIS. The forests of Illinois were originally confined to the southeru.portion of the state, the broad bottom lands of the Mississippi and the Illinois, and the southern third of the delta formed by these rivers. The remainder of the state was covered by broad, rolling prairies. The forest growth in this prairie region was confined to the narrow river bottoms and occasional open park like groves of burr, scarlet, red, black-jack, or post oaks, known as "oak openings ", 548 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. throagh which the prairie fires swept, destroying all undergrowth, without doing great injury to the full-grown trees. Prairie fires have gradually decreased in frequency and violence since the settlemcBt of the state, and tbe«e open groves are now tilled with a vigorous growth of young seedlings and shoots ; their characteristic features have disappeared, and the area of the forest is gradually increasing. The shores of lake Michigan are covered with a stunted growth of white pine; the dry, rocky hillsides in the western part of Union county, one of the southern counties of the state, bear a few yellow pines (Pinus mitis), and cypress is found in the southern river swamps. With these exceptions, of little importance commercially, the forests of Illinois are composed of deciduous species. During the census year only 48,691 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of ♦45,775. These fires were generally traced to hunters, and to farmers permitting brush fires to escape to the forest. The production of cooperage stock was once an important industry in southern Illinois. The business has greatly diminished, owing to the exhaustion of the local supply of the best hard woods. Bass, gum, hackberry, elm, sycamore, and other woods formerly considered of little value, are substituted for oak, and Illinois now receives most of its hard wood from Kentucky, Tennessee, and other southern states. Illinois is eleventh among the states in the volume of its lumber-manufacturing interests. It owes this position to the fact that many large mills sawing pine logs rafted down the Mississippi river from the forests of Wisconsin are established within its borders, and not to the extent and value of the forests of the state. The manufacture of Illinois-grown lumber is small and totally inadequate to supply the wants of the present population of the state. Chicago, owing to its general commercial importance and its position with reference to the great pine forests of the northwest, has become the greatest lumber-distributing center in the world. According to the statistics gathered by the Northwestern Lumberman of Chicago, and published in that journal January 29, 1881, there were received in Chicago during the year 1880 1,419,974,000 feet of lumber by lake and 145,563,118 feet by rail, a total of 1,565,537,118 feet, an increase of 96,817,127 feet over the total receipts of 1879; 650,922,500 shingles were received during the same year. Lumber was received from the lake ports during the year 1880, as follows : Points of shipment Ahuap«o Alpena Ashland Bay deNoquet.. Bayfield Benton Black Creek Black River Canada ports . . . CaseriUe Cedar Elver Charlevoix Cheboygan Clay Bank Copper Harbor. . Cross Village . . - Depere Dnck lake Escanaba Ford Elver Frankfort Grand Haven . . . Green Bay Hamlin Hancock Holland Kewaunee L'Anse Leland Lincoln Lndington Ludwig's pier .. Mackinaw City. Manistee Manitowoc Harqnette UasonvUIe Lombor. FetL 150, 4, 517, 6, 200, 3, 670, 980, 3, 876, 4,825, 6,858, 755, 200, 17, 383, 1,541, 33, 250, 70,1 233, C 2.'^,(i I, 340, C 5, 182, { 17, 850, C 9, 565, C 90, 166, C 1, 577, C 12, 822, 300, C 857, 110,1 9, 430, 1 970,1 1, 295, 1 103,713,1 125,1 275,1 165, 217, 1 70,1 2,411 1, 030, 1 Shingles. Numher, 1, 311, 000 100, 000 650,000 oon 000 000 1,811,000 000 000 3,457,000 000 8,915,000 000 000 114, 000, 000 000 22, 502, 000 000 11,028,000 000 000 000 8,881,000 000 170,000 000 000 300,000 000 34,330,000 OOA 000 000 259, 911, 000 000 300,000 000 622,000 000 Points of shipment Menominee Monastiqno Muskegon North Bay Oconto Ontonagon Oscoda Packard's pier Paul's pier Pensaakee Pentwater Perry's pier Pesbtigo Pierport Point Saint Ignace Portage Lake Port Huron Port Sheldon EedEiver Eogers City , Saginaw Eiver Saint Joseph , Saugatuck Sault Ste. Marie. . . Silver Lake South Haven sturgeon Bay Snamico , Traverse Whitcflsh Bay AVhitcLake Total Receipts by rail — Grand total . . . Lnraber. Feet. 2'25, 110, OOO 202, 000 451, 854, 000 110,000 11,003,000 2, 503, 800 739, 000 2, 681, 000 500,000 6, 866, 000 9, 596, 000 45, 000 51,600,000 3, 355, 000 12, 985, 000 735,000 344, 000 180, 000 200, 000 1, 066, 000 11,926,000 1, 662, 000 4, 014, 000 522, 000 2, 185, 000 3, 650, 000 11, 640, 000 3,065,000 23, 280, 000 730, 000 C8, 603, 000 Shingles. 1, 419, 974, 000 145,583,118 1,565,537,118 Numher. 700, 000 23, 660, 000 395, 000 2, 886, 000 3, 190, 000 25, 572, OCO 7, 920, 000 3, 857, 000 4, 000, 000 600,000 300, 000 19, 978, 000 2,480,000 24, 758, 000 583,340,000 87,582,500 650,922,600 ' THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Lumber was received by rail during the year 1880, as follows : 549 Names of lines. Lumber. Shingles. Feet. 9, 096, 000 988, 000 26, 799, 000 1, 500, 418 11, 727, 900 3, 716, 800 12,473,000 2, 224, 000 2, 940, 000 18, 636, 000 24, 798, 000 12, 4B1, 000 17, 567, 000 610, 000 Number. 70, 000 80, 000 44, 642, 000 Chicat'o Milwpiikee and Saint Paul railway 13, 180, 500 Chicat'o Rock Island and Pacific railway Illinois Central railroad 1, 385, 000 8, 175, 000 50,000 Xotal . .-.. - 145, 563, 118 67, 582, 500 The following account of the early lumber trade of Chicago is condensed from a paper prepared by Mr. George W. Hotchkiss, secretary of the Chicago lumber exchange, and printed in the Northwestern Lumberman under date of March 19, 1881 : " Colonel Mann, residing at Calumet, brought the first raft of lumber to Chicago. It was square building timber, poled from the mouth of the Calumet to the mouth of the Chicago river. The value of this raft was $100, and its owner found considerable difficulty ia disposing of it. In 1834 or 1835 Captain Carver opened a lumber- yard on the river bank, near the present site of the State-street bridge, and about the same time a man named Harrison owned a small schooner which went to some point across the lake and brought in white wood. This little vessel could not enter the river, on account of the bar across its mouth, and her cargo was unloaded upon scows and rafts, which were floated southward for half a mile or more, around the end of the bar, before they could be headed for the deep water of the river. In 1835 or 1836 a mau named Rossiter had a small dock and yard on the river, between Clark and La Salle streets, and by this time other yards were started on the river. About the year 1836 a man named Cammack had a pit-mill on the north branch of the.river. His son acted as pitman, the old man being the top sawyer. It is not unlikely that the first lumber used in Chicago was manufactured by this method, although about the same time a wind saw-mill was located not far from the present Kinzie-street bridge, wliich found abundant occupation in sawing white-wood timber, which then grew in the immediate neighborhood, mixed with elm, ash, basswood, and a few oak trees. History does not record, however, that the market was overstocked by the product of this mill, or that the lumber dealers of that day hurried to issue a new price-list low enough to crush the aspirations of their dangerous competitor. In fact, history is so perfectly silent upon the subject of this sawmill that it is probable its work did not cut much of a figure in the lumber trade of that day, and that, in fact, it proved a veritable windmill, of less caliber than the muscle of the Cammacks, who no doubt found greater profit, if harder work, in driving their pit-saw. Captain Carver's lumber-yard was on the river bank, just west of the present State-street bridge, having a light, temporary dock, upon which the small vessels bringing lumber to the river unloaded. There was at this time (1836 or 1837) no other lumber-yard in the village upon the river. CaptaiM Carver afterward (about 1839) sold out to George W. Snow, who occupied the same ground for a number of years. " The earliest lumber of which Mr. Hilliard has any recollection came from Saint Joseph, Michigan; but shortly after his arrival at Chicago a man named Conroe built a mill at Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and Jones, King & Co., who were then doing a hardware and general business, received and handled his lumber as a side issue. A small pocket saw-mill, built by a man named Huntoon, in 1836, was located on the river bank not far from the present Chicago avenue bridge. It was too small to do much work, but was esteemed a very useful and really wonderful mill at that time. The North Side was pretty well timbered with elm, oak, and white wood, and from this timber the mill obtained its stock. After the streets were cut out the wet nature of the ground compelled one who would visit this saw-mill to pick his way to it by jumping from log to log. It was so lar from the village to the mill that it was seldom visited, except by those who enjoyed a Sunday walk and could find no objective point of greater interest for their stroll. The lumber-yard of Tuckerman & Eiggiuson was located in 1843 on the north side of the river, near the present northwest end of Clark-street bridge. Clark street above Kinzie street had been cleared of timber, and a clear view was to be had as far as the eye could reach in a western direction, broken only by a few scattering trees which had been left as sentinels upon the plain. At this time George W. Snow had a yard on the river, near State street, and a Mr. Kossiter had also a yard between Newberry & Doles' warehouse, on the south branch of the river, west of what is now Clark street. Barber & Mason had a yard a little farther west, near Wells street. J. M. Underwood and Sylvester Lind each had a yard on the west side of the river, near Randolph 550 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. street. This was iu 1844. Mr. Higgiuson obtained his supply of luiuber iu those days from Hall & Jerome, of Menominee, Michigan, Elisha Bailey, of Peshtigo, Wisconsin, and Fisk, of Depere. In 1845 he ha changed ; the white pine appeared, occupying the drier and more gravelly ridges, and, gradually increasing in size and frequency, became the most important element iu the forests of the central and northern portions of the southern peninsula. In the northern peninsula, especially in the basin of the Menominee river, it covered the sandy plains almost to the exclusion of other species. The forests of hard wood, occupying low, rich soil between the pine-covered ridges, were valuable in their stores of sugar maple, birch, ash, beech, oak, and other northern trees, while the swamps common iu the northern i)art of the state abounded in tamarack and yellow cedar of large size and excellent quality. North of the central portion of the lower peninsula large tracts of barren plains exist. One of the most extensive of these tracts occupies a considerable portion of Crawford county, covering an area of several hundred square miles. A second barren region exists in Lake county, and there are others in Ogemaw and Iosco counties ; similar barrens occur in the northern peninsula, the largest in Schoolcraft and Marquette counties. The soil* covering these barrens is a light sandy loam, supporting a stunted growth of gray pine, birches, poplars, and scrub oak. These sandy plains owe their existence, perhaps, to the continual burning of the forest, prostrated possibly, iu the first instance, by tornadoes, and thus affording abundant material for a fire hot enough to consume the vegetable mold of the surface and render the soil unfit to produce a second growth of heavy timber, or in many instances any tree growth whatever. Serious inroads have already been made upon the forests of Michigan. The hard wood has been generally cleared from the southern counties, now largely occupied by farms, and the timber remaining in this part of the state, iu small, scattered bodies, can hardly sufBce for the wants of its agricultural population. The merchantable white pine has been cut from the banks of the principal streams and the shores of the lakes, and what now remains is remote from water transportation or scattered in isolated bodies of comparatively small extent. The hardwood forests of the pine belt, however, although greatly injured by fire in parts of the state from which the pine has been cut, and invaded along their southern borders by agricultural settlements, contain, especially in the northern third of the lower peninsula and through the northern peninsula, vast quantities of valuable timber. FOREST FIRES. ' The forests of Michigan have long suffered from destructive fires. Thefse have generally originated in the neighborhood of the loggers' camps or upon the farms of the agricultural pioneer, while the virgin forest has generally, although not always, escaped serious conflagrations. The timber-prospector and the hunter are responsible for many fires in the primeval pine forest of the northwest ; but, as a rule, fires follow and do not precede the lumberman. The reason is obvious : The logger in his operations leaves the resinous tops, branches, and chips of the pine trees scattered far and wide; these by the following midsummer become dry as tinder, and afford abundant material to feed a fire started by a careless hunter, log-cutter, or farmer clearing land near the forest. Such fires, which too often follow the cutting of pine forests of the northwest, have inflicted incalenlable injury upon the country. They have destroyed vast quantities of hard-wood timber; they have consumed the young 21 ^ ^ rtFPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR TENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES 'V Julni» Bitnt 8 Co.IlUl s'' > DErARrUEKT CT THT ntTERIQR muH CEJai'.' or THi- ;)Nnt.r> states Scalv ^ THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 551 pine trees left by the logger ; tliey have robbed the soil of its fertility, and made it unfit to produce another crop of pine until the growth and decay of generations of other plants shall have restored its lost constituents. In the dense, unculled forest, on the other hand, fires, although often destructive, are less dangerous in the absfence of dead material to feed the flames than when the ground is strewn with dead branches, tops, and resinous chips. During the census year only 238,271 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $985,985. Of the 267 fires reported, 161 were traced to fires set in clearing laud for agricultural purposes, and which escaped to the forests; 59 to hunters, 43 to sparks from locomotives, 3 to smokers, while only 1 was reported set by Indians. The hard--*'ood forests of Michigan have long afforded abundant material for large and important industries engaged in the production of cooperage stock, handles, oars, agricultural implements, excelsior, wood pulp, etc. Manufacturers, especially in the southern part of the state, now report, however, a scarcity and general deterioration of stock. The best oak timber has been everywhere culled to supply the wants of railroads or the demands of the Canadian market. Elm, bass, and other soft woods, which a few years ago were considered of little value, are now in great demand and are fast disappearing, except from regions remote from railroads. Much hard wood, especially in the southern peninsula, has been destroyed by fire, or, if not destroyed, rendered almost worthless for manufacturing purposes by partial burning. I^ext to Vermont and New York, Michigan produces a larger amount of maple sugar than any other state. During the year 1879 3,423,149 pounds were manufactured in the state. STATISTICS OF GEOWING TIMBEE. The following estimates of the merchantable timber standing in Michigan May 31, 1880, were prepared by Mr. H. C. Putnam, of Eau Claire, Wisconsin, with the assistance, in the lower jjeninsula especially, of Mr. G. W. Hotchkiss. These, as well as the estimates of the timber resources of Wisconsin and Minnesota, were obtained by compiling the results of actual surveys, and have been further verified by a large number of persons familiar with the forests in the different regions of these states. It must not, however, be forgotten that the figures given represent estimates, and not facts. Statistics of the volume of any growing crop are difficult to obtain and always liable to considerable error, and the forest, from its very nature and the extent over which it is spread, presents greater difiBculties to the collector of statistics of productive capacity than the more compact and more easily studied crops of the field. The estimates of pine include all trees 12 inches in diameter 24 feet from the ground. Since they were prepared the scarcity of white pine has changed the methods of the lumberman, and trees are now generally estimated and cut as small as 8 inches in diameter 24 feet from the ground. If the amount of standing pine had been estimated upon the 8-inch basis it would have added (roughly) 10 per cent, to Mr. Putnam's figures. Small bodies of pine remote from streams no doubt exist in difierent parts of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, in the aggregate of some commercial importance, which are not included in these estimates. The following figures, however, are believed to represent with as great accuracy as is attainable the productive capacity of the northwestern pineries. They cover the entire region, and these pine forests now contain no great body of unexplored timber, an unknown factor in the coiintry's lumber supply: WHITE PINE (Piniw Strobus). Begions. Feet, board measare. LOWKR PENIK8ULA. Basins of Htreams flowing into Saginaw bay, inclading Saginaw river and tributaries. Basins of streams flowing into lalso Huron Basins of streams flowing into lake ^licbigan Total Cnt for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (including 2,998,600,000 shingles and 428,44.'),00O laths, but eiclnsive of 36,000,000 staves and 3,330,000 sets lieadings). UPI'EB PEKINSULA. Basin of Menominee river and tributaries (Marquette and Menomi- nee counties). Ontonagon, Houghton, Keweenaw, Baraga, Marquette (west and nortli of Menominee basin), and Menominee (east of Menominee basin) counties. Schoolcraft, Chippewa, Mackinac, and Delta counties Total Cnt for the census year endingMay 31, 1880 (including 106,482,000 shin- gles and 34, 26C. OUO lath s) . 7, 000, 000, 000 8, 000, 000, 000 14, 000, 000, 000 29, 000, 000, 000 4, 068, 773, 000 1, 600, 000, 000 2, 400, 000, 000 2, 000, 000, 000 6, OOO, 000, 000 328, 438, 000 552 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. An estimated amount of 575,500,000 cords of hard wood is distributed over some 20,000,000 acres in the lower peninsula. Of this about 20 per cent, is suitable for lumber and cooperage stpck. The cut of hard wood for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (exclusive of 103,821,000 staves and 18,567,000 sets headings, and including 6,038,000 feet of spool stock), was 440,944,000 feet. In scattered swamps there are standing some 5,000,000 cords of yellow cedar [Thuya ocddentalis). From Menominee and Delta counties the merchantable pine has been almost entirely remoA'ed. Baraga county contains little pine, and Keweenaw county a single considerable body some 30,000 acres in extent. The northern portion of Oatonagon and Marquette counties is chiefly covered with hard wood. An estimated amount of 124,500,000 cords of hard wood is distributed ovi r some 10,000,000 acres in the upper peninsula. The cut of hard wood for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (exclusive of fuel and railroad ties), was 1,145,000 feet. The southern counties of the upper peninsula contain large areas of swamp, covered with tamarack and yellow cedar (Thuya ocddentalis), estimated, in the aggregate, at 62,500,000 cords. Some 7,000,000,000 feet of hemlock lumber and 7,000,000 cords of bark still remain in the state. Michigan is first among the states in the volume and value of its lumber product. Its principal centers of lumber manufacture are Muskegon, on the shores of lake Michigan, the shores of Saginaw bay, in Bay county, the Saginaw river, in Saginaw county, Manistee, and Menominee, in the upper peninsula. The valley of the Saginaw was long the seat of the most important lumber-manufacturing operations in the United States. Its supremacy, however, has departed with the destruction of the splendid pine forest which covered its watershed, and the center of manufacture has moved westward from the shores of lake Huron across the peninsula to the waters flowing into lake Michigan. Lumber was first manufactured iu the Saginaw valley as early as 1832. Three years later^a second mil!, with an annual capacity of 3,000,000 feet, was built upon the Saginaw. In 1836 the first shipments of lumber were made from this mill, and from that time forward great attention was given to the manufacture of lumber for shipment. The commercial panic of 1837, however, seriously interfered with the development of this business, and it wa."* not until 1849 that mills began to multiply. In 1844 there were 23 mills upon the Saginaw, with an aggregate capacity of 60,000,000 feet. Ten years later the number of mills had increased to 82, manufacturing 425,000,000 feet of lumber, while in 1873 there were 83 mills, which produced that year 567,000,000 feet. Since 1870 there has been an almost steady decrease in the number of mills operating in the Saginaw valley ; the number finishing their " cut out" is fast increasing, and those destroyed by fire are not rebuilt. But, although the number of mills has decreased, their production has increased, their present capacity being estimated at 923,000,000 feet. A large part of the lumber manufactured upon the Saginaw is transported by lake to Ohio and New York ports, and thence to the principal eastern markets, although a considerable, amount is shipped by vessel to Chicago and Milwaukee, and thence distributed by rail through the west. The wide market open to this lumber is due to its excellent quality. Twenty years ago logs which would run 25 per cent. " uppers" were considered common ; 40 per cent, was the rule, and as high as 75 per cent. " uppers " was sometimes obtained. Logs were then cut from the lower trunk of the tree below the tops, and only the largest trees were selected. Now land which has been cut over three times is gone over again, and lumbermen are satisfied if logs yield 10 per cent. " uppers ". Of late years considerable changes have been introduced into Michigan lumbering operations by railroad logging; by this means mills are able to obtain a constant supply of logs by railroads built into the forest for the purpose, and tliis supply can be regulated almost entirely by the demand. There are sever.al roads in different parts of the state doing this business, the principal being the Flint and Pere Marquette and the Lake George and Muskegon Elver railroads. The growth of this business in the Saginaw valley and at Muskegon, Manistee, and ou tlie Flint and Pere Marquette road is shown by the following table extracted from Bradstreet-s of February 5, 1881 : Yeora. Saginaw valley. Mnskegon. Manistee. Flint and Pere Marquette railroad. 1865 200,000,000 209, 000, 000 429, 207, 808 446, 960, 683 321,350,663 623, 307, 3,'>3 621, 796, 927 645,285,278 680, 979, 461 689.225,404 884, 843, 701 672, 229, 472 651, 567, 948 558, 079. 074 780, 182, 286 948, 174, 274 108, SOS, 700 157,408,300 288, 502, 200 213, 692, 600 267, 789, 900 108, 862, 60O 250, 000, 000 315,000.000 376, 035, 037 224, 571, 527 309,038,418 299, 52!i, 919 312,285,951 340,990,056 432,431,679 380,000,000 1866 1867 1888 1869 1870 121,221,396 142,369,817 IBS, 556, 729 179, 820, 248 182, 218, 383 168, 926, 187 147.724,241 152,221,548 178, 642, 869 211,722,030 211,971,000 1871 .. 1872 1873 . ..'. . 1874 , 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 14,357,670 87, 485, 647 1886 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 553 The following extracts are made from Mr. Putnam's report upon the forests of Michigan: "The southern boundary of the pine forest in Michigan may be represented by a line drawn from Samia westward across the state nearly to the mouth of the Kalamazoo river. Originally the pine forest covered the' northern two-thirds of the state, and estimates made in 1835 gave the amount of pine then standing as 150,000,000,000 feet. This estimate included the northern peninsula. The present estimate of the pine standing in the whole state, the northern peninsula also included, is 35,000,000,000 feet. There are now remaining no large bodies of standing pine in the state which have not been more or less cut into, and the timber adjacent to streams has all been cut.' The pine now remaining is scattered generally through the northern half of the state, lying back at a distance of from 2 to 10 miles from streams large enough to float the logs. The best pine in the state has been cut. The belt of pine which ran through the center of the state, extending north from the southern boundary of the original pine forest for some 75 miles, contained the best pine in the northwest. This pine was what was called by lumbermen 'cork pine', a soft white pine, large and sound, with a thick bark. The quality of the pine of the Saginaw valley was particularly fine, too ; that on the west shore was of smaller size. "The standing pine on the lower peninsula of Michigan is estimated at 29,000,000,000 feet, of which there are in the Saginaw valley about 7,000,000,000 feet, including the pine upon the Saginaw, Au Sable, and Cheboygan rivers and their tributaries; on the streams flowing directly into lake Huron there are some 8,000,000,000 feet more; making 15,000,000,000 feet upon the streams of the east shore. On the western shore of the state there are 14,000,000,000 feet, including the pine upon the Kalamazoo, Black, Grand, Muskegon, White, Pentwater, Aux Bee Scies, Boardman, and Pine rivers. As before stated, the quality of the timber in the eastern portion of the state is better than that upon the west shore; this is smaller and partakes more of the sapling nature, while that on the east shore is largely cork pine. The pine of the east shore and Saginaw valley is largely used for finishing lumber,. and should be transported to the east ; indeed all the pine in the lower peninsula of Michigan is wanted at the east, and none should be sent west. The pine of the western shore is suited for fencing, flooring, and dimension stuff, being smaller and containing more knots and sap. "The largest bodies of pine left in the lower peninsula are in the counties of Presque Isle, Montmorenci,. Alpena, Alcona, Ogemaw, Roscommon, Crawford, Missaukee, Wexford, Manistee, Grand Traverse, Lake, Osceola, Clare, Giadwin, and Charlevoix. There are bodies of pine also in other counties from 15,000 to 20,000 acres in extent which have not yet been cut. The pine left in the lower peninsula is generally scattered through hard-wood timber, into which the settlers are now entering, clearing the hard-wood forests and exposing the pine to destruction by fire and windfall. This destruction has largely increased with the settlement of the country, and will increase still more unless stringent measures can be taken to protect the pine forests from waste. "The southern part of the state outside the pine belt was originally covered with a dense forest of hard-wood timber; this region is now largely settled and is the farming region of Michigan. There is a large amount of hard-wood timber of commercial value still scattered through this farming country, particularly in its middle and northern parts. Along the west shore as far north as the straits of Mackinaw the pine has been cut in large quantities, but there is still a large amount of hard-wood timber left upon this area. "The pine of the northern peninsula of Michigan is estimated at 6,000,000,000 feet. This includes the pine- from the Saint Mary's river westward to the Wisconsin line and the mouth of the Montreal river, and upon the south shore of lake Superior. It is divided as follows: " 1. On the Menominee river and tributaries, 1,000,000,000 feet. "2. In the western portion of the peninsula, not including the Menominee and tributaries, but including all west of the line of the Chicago and Northwestern railway between Escanaba and Marquette, 2,400,000,000 feet. "3. East of the line of the Chicago and Northwestern railway, 2,000,000,000 feet. " The largest bodies of pine in the northern peninsula are in the counties of Chippewa, Mackinac, Schoolcraft^ Marquette, Houghton, and Ontonagon. There is also quite a large body in Keweenaw county, covering perhaps 30,000 acres. Ontonagon county, which extends along the south shore of lake Superior for nearly 100 miles, for 35 miles back from the lake is mostly covered with hard-wood timber, with a little pine along the streams, but not in sufficient quantities to estimate. This is also true of the northern part of Baraga and Marquette counties, extending along the southern shore of lake Superior, a distance of 125 miles from L'Anse to Onota, in Schoolcraft county. There are here a few small bodies of pine scattered through the hard wood, but it is needed by the settlers, and has no export value. The quality of the timber upon the Ontonagon and Presque Isle rivers and the upper Menominee, growing among the hard woods along the south slope of the Penokee iron range, is similar to that on the western shore of the lower peninsula. This timber is, however, somewhat difficult of access. The streams over which it must be driven (the Ontonagon and Presque Isle) are rough, broken, and require considerable improvement. The pine east of the line of the Chicago and Northwestern railway between Marquette and Escanaba, on the east half of the northern peninsula, is of poor quality, and may be classed as 'sapling pine', with occasional groves of what is called 'big sapling' scattered through the hard woods. " In the upper peninsula of Michigan, according to the Lake Superior Canal Company's reports of examination and estimates of cord wood, there is an average of about eighteen cords of wood per acre over the whole area of the peninsula, of which two-thirds is hard wood and one-third soft wood. 554 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. " lu Menominee and Delta connties, the southern part of Schoolcraft county, and the extreme southern part •of Marquette county are quite large quantities of tamarack and yellow cedar. From most of these lands the merchantable pine has been removed, and where the fires have not destroyetf the cedar and tamarack the railroad •companies are cutting the timber and shipping it to the prairies for telegraph poles, tie.s, and posts. It is stated by the owners of the lauds, who long since cut the pine from them, that the cedar and tiimarack trees left upon the land have netted them more than the original pine harvested. "What makes this timber so valuable is its close proximity to the railroads and the ease with which it can be shipped by rail or over the waters of Green bay. This shows the necessity of preserving this kind of timber for future use, and of not abandoning it for taxes, as has ieretofore been done, or allowing it to be destroyed by fires and windfalls. " There are on the Menominee river some 9,000,000,000 feet of standing pine, one of the largest bodies left in the northwest. More than half of this, however, lies in the state of Wisconsin. About 200,000,000 feet of lumber are manufactured annually upon the Menominee. All'the mills upon the river are located at its mouth, in the towns of Marinette and Menomonee, in Wisconsin, and it is considered next to impossible to build more mills at that point. The river is here narrow, and the facilities for holding logs, shipping lumber, dockage, etc., are quite limited in i)roportion to the amount of timber left in the region tributary to this stream ; and this body of pine may therefore be considered to a certain extent in reserve, and likely to outlast many larger ones. There is little danger from fire on this river; the pine which is left grows upon the hard-wood ridges, interspersed with broad areas of swamp,'' WISCONSIN. The great prairies of the central Atlantic region once found their northeastern limits in southern Wisconsin. The forest covering of all the southern part of the state was confined to the bottom lands or open upland groves of stunted oaks of no great extent or of more than local importance. The central part of the state was covered with a dense forest of hard woods, oaks, ash, maple, cherry, birch, and the other trees of the northern forest, through which, upon gravelly or sandy ridges, great bodies of white pine were scattered. These pine forests gradually change in character and decrease in productiveness as they reach northward. Lakes are more common, and «wamps of tamarack, cedar, and spruce occupy in the northern part of the state a considerable proi)ortiou of the forest area. The pine trees in these northern forests are smaller and more scattered than those farther south, although generally less intermixed with hard woods, and affording lumber of poorer quality. The forest area has somewhat increased in the prairie region of the state since its first settlement and the •consequent decrease of destructive i^rairie fires. The growth of trees has gradually spread from the bottom lands of the streams to the hills, and the oak forests upon the uplands have gradually encroached npou the prairie, losing their open, park-like character by the apjjearance of a young growth which has sprung up among the old trees. The pine has been destroyed along the entire southern borders of the pine belt, along the banks of the principal streams, and from the lines of railroad, while the. hard wood has been often greatly injured or destroyed by fire in those parts of the state where pine has been cut. The amount of pine still growing in Wisconsin is nevertheless large, although it should not be forgotten that the best and most easily accessible has already been harvested. What remains is generally remote from actual lines of trausiiortation, and often, especially in the •extreme northern part of the state, of comparatively poor quality. During the census year 406,298 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of ^725,610. The largest number of these fires was set by farmers in clearing land, or by sparks from locomotives. The manufacturers of cooperage stock report a general deterioration and scarcity of the best varieties of hard woods, and the substitution of beech, elm, and other woods for oak. The following estimates of the amount of timber standing in Wisconsin May 31, 1880, were prepared by Mr. fl. C. Putnam : WHITE PINE (PiMu« Strobus). Regions. Basin of Saint Croix rivoT and tribntaries Basin of Chippewa river and tribntaries Basin of Black river and tributaries Basin of Wisconsin river and tribntaries Basin of Wolf river and triimtaries Basin of Oconto jrivor and tribntaries Basin of Peslitigo river and tribntaries Basin of Menoinouie river and tributaries (in Wisconsin) . Sbore of lake Superior Feet, board measure. 2,500, 15, 000, 900, 10, 000, 600, 500, 1,500, 6, 40O, 3,600, 000,000 000,000 000, 000 000,000 000,000 000,000 OOOi 000 000,000 . n Total 41,000,000,000 Cut for census vear endinj; May 31, 1880 (inclnding l,007,O39,O(H> shingles and 348.301,000 laths). 2,097,299,000 t I DEPARl-MEUT 07 THE INTE RIOR TEBTH CENSUS OF THE LTHTED S1:ATES. Jnliiis liu-if ,^ 'iriiUA i THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 555 Of this amount 485,552,000 feet were manufactured along the Mississippi river in Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri as far south as Saint Louis.. The wooded region in Crawford, Richland, Sauk, and Vernon counties is estimated to contain 12,000,000 cords of hard wood in addition to some timber of commercial value. The cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (exclusive of 86,545,000 staves and 7,498,000 sets of headings), was 117,041,000 feet. Valuable oak timber exists in large quantities in Dunn, Pierce, and Saint Croix counties. The cedar swamps scattered through the pine belt of the state cover an area of some 1,365,000 acres, and are estimated to contain 62,800,000 posts, telegraph poles, and railroad ties, in addition to large quantities of tamarack and spruce. Wisconsin is the third state in the importance of its lumber-manufacturing interests. The great centers of manufacture are in the neighborhood of Eau Claire upon the Chippewa river, upon the Wisconsin river, and upon the shores of Green bay and lake Superior. Logs cut in the forests of Wisconsin supply also mills located on the Mississippi river in Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri with material equivalent to nearly 500,000,000 feet of lumber. The following is extracted from Mr. Putnam's report upon the forests of Wisconsin : "The southern boundary of the forest coincides with a line extending northwesterly from near the cifj' of Milwaukee on lake Michigan, to the falls of Saint Croix on the Saint Croix river, and the western boundary of the state. This includes the heavy hard-wood as well as the pine forest. There is also, or there has been, a large amount of hard-wood timber in the southeastern part of the state, south of this line, but as no large bodies of forest of commercial value are now standing there, it will not be considered here. Large bodies of hard-wood timber exist in Vernon, Crawford, Richland, and Sauk counties, covering in the aggregate fully 400,000 acres and containing at least 12,000,000 cords of wood. This region, however, is already thickly settled, and the forests are being rapidly cleared for agricultural purposes. No estimate has ever been made of the amount of pine timber standing in Wisconsin at the time of its original settlement; at the present time it is estimated that 41,000,000,000 feet of merchantable pine remain in the state, situated as follows, river basins being taken as the natural divisions of these pineries : " 1. North of the Saint Croix river and upon the lands tributary to that stream there are 2,500,000,000 feet, covering 2,000,000 acres. "2. On the southern shore of lake Superior, including all the waters tributary to the lake in the state of Wisconsin, extending from the Montreal river on the Michigan line westward to the western boundary of the state, and embracing the Wisconsin pine on the Montreal river and upon the Bad, White, Bois-BruMj Black, and Left-Hand rivers, 3,600,000,000 feet, covering 1,800.000 acres. " 3. On the Chippewa river and its principal tributaries, the Red Cedar, West ^Branch, East Branch, Flambeau, Jump, Yellow, and Eau Claire, covering an area of some 6,253,000 acres, with an estimated stand of pine of 15,000,000,000 feet. " 4. In the Black River basin, with an dreaof 1,000,000 acres, containing an estimated stand of 900,000,000 feet. "5. In the Wisconsin River basin, with an area of 4,500,000 acres, with an estimated stand of 10,000,000 feet. " The remainder of the state, lying east of the east line of the W isconsiu River division and north of the southern boundary of the original forest, is divided by rivers as follows : (1) Wolf river, with 600,000,000 feet of pine; (2) the Oconto river, with 500,000,000 feet of pine; (3) the Peshtigo river, with 1,500,000,000 feet; (4) the Menomonee in Wisconsin, 6,400,000,000: making a total in the division east of the Wisconsin of some 7,000,000 acres, with an estimated stand of 9,000,000,000 feet of pine. This makes a grand total of pine forest area in the state of nearly 23,000,000 acres, still containing 41,000,000,000 feet of standing pine. This includes about 200,000,000 feet upon the Menomonee Indian reservation, in the county of Shawano, where very little pine has ever been cut; 100,000,000 feet on the Flambeau reservation, and 200,000,000 feet upon the Court Oreilles reservation. There is no merchantable pine standing on any of the other Indian reservations in the state. " The quality of the pine in the state of Wisconsin varies largely with the differences in soil. The quality of the pine growing mixed with hard woods upon the southern boundary of the forest and bordering on the prairies was similar to that of the best Michigan pine. This is especially true of timber cut on the Wolf, Oconto, and Peshtigo rivers. The timber originally on the Wolf and Oconto rivers was especially fine. This has been largely cut, although there are still some very fine bodies of the best pine left on the Oconto and the western branch of the Peshtigo and northern branch of the Wolf rivers. The Black River district contained also a large amount of the best upper quality of pine, of which, however, more than half has been cut. The Eau de Galle River basin, in the counties of Pierce, Dunn, and Saint Croix, also contained at one time a large amount of the upper grade of pine, now, however, all removed. This grew among hard-wood timber, on good soil, which, when the timber is cut off, is valuable for fanning purposes. The pine in this part of the state did not grow in extensive tracts. It was scattered through the hard-wood timber, from 1 to 10 large pine trees growing on an acre — trees which would scale from 1,000 to 3,500 feet of lumber each. There are still small bodies of this large pine left, but the great bulk of it is gone. " As we go north from the southern boundary of the forest we enter a lighter soil, where cedar and tamarack swamps are interspersed between the hard-wood ridges. Many of these swamps are natural poat-bogs, covered with cedar, tamarack, and spruce. The tree growth upon them is heaviest near the outer edges, the centers 556 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. often being covered with grass or cranberry plant:*. These swamps, originally the beds of lakes, are now filling up and becoming gradually covered with timber. On the Wolf river the timber was very heavy. Instances are known of 10,000,000 or 12,000,000 feet of pine lumber having been cut from one section of 640 acres in the Lower Wolf Kiver region. "In the i)ine forest, away from the large bodies of mixed hard wood and pine previously described, the general character of the timber is about the same, varj'ing somewhat in difierent locsilities, but still possessing the saiiie generiil characteristics and qualities. Where the pine grows in large solid bodies there are many young tree* mixed with the older, and the timber is generally of inferior or lower grade. This is true of pine growing about the head of the Flambeau and Wisconsin rivers, and the Menomonee river in Wisconsin. Large liiue cannot grow and mature upon very poor soil, and where the soil is poor the trees, after reaching a certain size or age, decay and are thrown pewa, Saint Croix — and on the southern shores of lake Superior." Commencing at Menomonee, on the Chicago, Saint Paul, Minneapolis, and Omaha railway, and running west through the 30 miles of ' big woods', large mills for the manufacture of hard-wood timber and of what little scattered pine there is left are established at Knapp, Wilson, Hersey, Woodville, and Baldwin stations. The principal manufactories in the Saint Croix district are at Hudson, on the Willow river, and at Stillwater, in Minnesota, which receives its logs from the Saint Croix, in Wisconsin, and which, therefore, should be treated as one of the Wisconsin pinery manufactories. At Somerset, on Apple river, there is one mill ; there is one at Osceola, upon the Saint Croix, and upon the Northern Wisconsin railroad, which runs through the Saint Croix division; at Clayton, Granite Lake, and Shell Lake are large mills. There are also other mills along this road on the Lake Superior shore. There are mills of small capacitj' at Superior Citj", Bayfield, and Ashland ; the latter receive their logs by the Wisconsin Central railroad from the Bad River pinery. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 557 " On the Eau Claire river the timber is small and sound, growing very thick and long; there are frequent instances where 1,200,000 or even 1,500,000 feet of lumber have been cut upon a 40-acre lot. One tree was cut on Jump river some years ago which scaled 7,000 feet of lumber. The general character of this timber, especially upon the main Chippewa or West Brauch and a portion of the Flambeau, is called 'big sapling pine'. Of the true cork pine very little is found in the northern part of Wisconsin, probably because the soil is not strong enough to permit its full development. The general character of the timber upon the Wisconsin river is very much the same as that upon the main Chippewa. There are instances of very fine pine having been cut in the hard- wood forest upon the lower part of the river, and some fine groves are found even as far north as the Tomahawk and East Branch. The Flambeau river, or East Branch of the Chippewa, has also, in ranges 2 and 3 east, extending from townships 35 to 41 north, inclusive, some excellent bodies of upper-grade pine. " On the Jump river are some fine bodies of pine, nearlj- approaching in quality Michigan cork pine and running largely to ' uppers'. This is true also of the pine upon the Yellow river, where the timber grows largely scattered among hard woods and is of fine quality. One of the finest bodies of pine in Wisconsin is that which belongs to Cornell university, lying in townships 33 to 38, ranges 8 and 9, in the highest part of Chippewa county, on the divide between the Chippewa and Red Cedar rivers. On this body frequent estimates of 1,000,000 feet to 40 acres have been made. On the Saint Croix river are many barren areas timbered with scrub pine, patches of Norway pine, and small black and white oak. These barrens cover about 700,000 acres of the Saint Croix region. The soil is sandy, and fires run over the country every year. South of these barrens, in Poik, Barren, Saint Croix, Dunn, and Pierce counties, is a tract of very valuable hard- wood land, upon which the greatest portion of the timber is now standing, although settlements are already largely scattered through this region. This body of hard wood contains a large amount of valuable white-oak stave timber and much timber suitable for general manufacturing purposes. It is being, however, rapidly destroyed by settlers and by the fires incident to agricultural and logging operations. " In Clark county, which lies i>artly in the Chippewa and partly in the Black Eiver region, are large bodies of hard-wood timber as yet uncut and growing upon land valuable for farming purposes. This growth extends as far north as the northern line of the county. The same body of timber extends east through Marathon and Wood counties, and is particularly fine in the western portions. The same body of hard-wood timber continues east toward lake Michigan, including the counties of Portage, Waupaca, Shawano, Outagamie, Winnebago, Brown, Kewaunee, Manitowoc, Calumet, Fond du Lac, Sheboygan, and Ozaulcee. Large tracts in these counties .ire, of <;ourse, cleared and settled ; still they contain large bodies of unoccupied hard- wood timber, and the opportunities for cheap farms are i)lenty. " Of the forest region proper of Wisconsin, fully 5 per cent, is not covered with timber; this includes swamps, lakes, rivers, bottoms, etc. In the extreme southern part of the forest area, over a region from 35 to 50 miles in widtli, the hard wood predominates, only about one-fifth of the forest growth being pine. North of this hard- wood region proper, perhaps one-half of the forest growth is pine and other soft woods and the rest hard woods. Hemlock is scattered through the pine forest outside of the heavy hard-wood areas. A careful estimate of the hemlock timber now standing gives the following results, the divisions agreeing with those used in estimating the standing pine : On the Chippewa river, upon 3,000,000 acres, 2,500,0(10,000 feet of hemlock ; on the Saint Croix river, upon 1,000,000 acres, .500,000,000 feet of hemlock; on the Black river, upon 350,000 acres, 100,000,000 feet of hemlock; in the country east of the Wisconsin River division, and including the Wolf, Oconto, Peshtigo, and Menomonee rivers and their tributaries, upon 3,000,000 acres, 1,500,000,000 feet. " The total area in the state on which hemlock timber grows is about 10,500,000 acres, containing, roughly, 5,-500,000,000 feet. The quality of the hemlock timber in Wisconsin is not so good as that grown in New York and northern Pennsylvania, although it is valuable for its bark, and the timber when peeled can be driven down with the pine and sawed at the mills into dimension stuff for use where coarse lumber is required. "Generally, therefore, the forests of Wisconsin may be divided into the hard- wood lands already described, along the southern borders, from which the pine has been mostly cut ; north of this, and extending northward somewhat indefinitely, the mixed growth of hard wood and pine, growing upon soil adapted for agricultural purposes. The open meadows in this region are covered either -with grass or cranberry marshes, alike valuable to the lumber and farming interests. About the head of the Flambeau river are large open spaces running into groves of heavy pine timber. These open spaces, once lakes or swamps, are drying up and the timber is gradually spreading over them. There are bodies of timber scattered through the southern portions of the state outside of the original forest area, but the amount of this timber is relatively so small that it cannot be considered of commercial importance, and hardly supidies the wants of the population occupying the thickly-settled southern counties. " Five thousand men are employed in the pineries of the Chippewa river. They are expected to cut during the logging season about 600,000,000 feet of logs, or an average per man of over 100,000 feet. This rule is not applicable to the northwestern pineries generally, for in Michigan, as the timber is now farther from the streams, the average cut per man is not as great, and 80,000 feet per man would perhaps be a fair average, taking the pineries of the whole northwest. 558 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. "The annual increase or growth of timber is counterbalanced by the annual waste by windfiills and the natural decay of the old trees. The loss to the forest by fire is an unknown quantity, but it is quite a large amount, probably 5 per cent, of the whole. The lumbermen waste the log which runs into the top of the tree; this is knotty, but usually sound, and would make good merchantable lumber. It is left in the woods, however, because there is a good deal of work in trimming the knots and cutting off the limbs. From an ordinary-sized tree four 16-foot logs are usually taken, the rest being left. Often this top log is 22 inches in diameter at the butt and will scale from 100 to 120 feet. Loggers are paid so much per thousand feet by the lumberman, and the amount they receive is so small that they cannot afford to spend the time to finish up and take out the fifth or last log, which is therefore left in the woods and lost. Nearly one-tenth of the timber, therefore, is left in the woods and lost. The fires about the old choppiugs, or where lumber operations are going on, are principally caused by the carelessness of woodsmen in hunting up land-lines, or of driving-crews on the river in the spring who leave their fires, or by explorers in the forest during the month of May or June leaving their camp fires burning. In all the old cuttings the dried pine boughs and other timber left on the ground get very drj-, and fire once started bums with great rapidity and violence. " As a matter of fact, more than half the area from which pine forests have been cut in the northwest is sooner or later burned over. The fire destroys the young trees and changes the nature of the surface of the ground, so that the next crop which comes up consists of briers and poplars, and then hard woods. When pine is cut off or burned it does not come in again, and I have never seen any old choppiugs of pine come up with pine again, even when some trees were left and the ground had not been burned, although where a few large trees only are removed from a pine forest growing on good soil the small trees left standing, if protected from fire, will continue to grow." MINNESOTA. The Northern Pine Belt finds in Minnesota its extreme western limit in the CFnited States in lolngitude 95° 30',. and its southwestern limit near the forty-sixth degree of latitude. Along its southern and western Iwrders a narrow territory covered with an open growth of hard wood separates the forests of pine from the prairie, which, occupies all the southern and western portions of the state. The same general features which characterize the piue belt o^ Wisconsin extend into Minnesota. The pine in the southern portion, confined to gravelly ridges, is scattered through forests of hard wood. Farther north the forest changes in character, the pine being small and of inferior quality. Broad areas of barren land covered with stunted birch, gray pine, and scrub oak occur, while the whole country is thickly studded with lakes and with tamarack and cedar swamps. North of the Mississippi Eiver divide the country is more open ; the forest is stunted and of little value, and pine is only found in small, scattered clumps mixed with spruce, tamarack, and yellow cedar. The forest growth here occupies perhaps two-thirds Of the rocky or swampy surface of the ground. Its productive capacity is not large, and the northern parf of the state is not adapted to lumbering operations. The pine has been removed from the principal streams of the state, and that which remains, except in the region tributary to lake Superior and In the vicinity of Eed lake, is now inaccessible or of comparatively inferior quality. The best hard- wood forests of the state, as in Michigan. and Wisconsin, have suffered seriously by fire* started in abandoned pineries, or in clearing land for agriculture. During the census year 250,805 acres of woodland were reported devastated by fire, with an estimated loss of $1,395,110. The largest number of these fires was set in clearing land or by sparks from locomotives. The manufacture of cooperage stock to supply the large flouring-mills of the state is an important industry. Manufacturers report a growing scarcity and general deterioration of inaterial. Basswood, elm, and ash are largely used ; oak is inferior in quality to that grown farther east and south. The following estimates of the amount of pine timber standing in Minnesota May 31, 1880, were prepared by Mr. H. C. Putnam: WHITE PINE (Pinus Strobus). Region.. Feet, Imard measnre. 2, 900, 000, 000 300, 000, 000 600,000,000 3, 500, 000, 000 870,000,000 Red Lake river and otber tribatarles of tho Red river Total , Cnt for the censna year, ending May 81, 1880 (inolodlng 187,836,000 shingles and 88,088,000 laths). 8,170,000,000 540,997,000 In the belt of hard wood extending west and south of the pine region, and consisting of white, red, and burr oab, angarraaple, poplar, etc., it is estimated that 3,840,000 acres of forest remain, capable of yielding an average A DrFARTMEfrr or tbe imimoii TZJOB CZHSTJS OT TEE ITNITED STATES. I JuIuisTlir-nSL'u.IiIti THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 559 of 15 cords of wood to the acre, or 57,600,000 cords. The cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880 (exclusive of 7,825,000 staves and 547,000 sets of headings), was 36,884,000 feet. Minnesota is the eighth state in the importance of its lumber-manufacturing interests. The principal centers, of manufacture are Minneapolis, upon the Mississippi river, the Saint Croix river in Washington county, ther Mississippi river in Anoka county, and Duluth, near the mouth of the Saint Louis river. The following is extracted from Mr. Putnam's report upon the forests of Minnesota: "The great hard-wood forest of Minnesota lies to the south and west of the pine forest, extending north and northwest from Ereeborn and Mower counties on the southeast into Marshall county, and to within 50 or 60 miles of the boundary-line between Canada and the United States. This body of hard wood, which is some 300 miles long by about 20 miles wide, borders upon the prairie, and is the extreme western body of timber of any commercial value east of the Rocky mountains. This forest covers about 3,840,000 acres of land generally valuable for agricultural //urposes, besides its timber, which will average about 15 cords to the acre. The surface of the land is level or geutiy undulating, well watered, particularly the so-called 'park region ' which lies in Becker, Otter Tail, Douglas, Steams, and Todd counties, and in fact extends through Wright, Hennepin, Carver, Le Sueur, Eice, and Steele counties. " JTorth and east of this belt of hard wood the pine forests commence at a point where the southern line of the Wisconsin forest crosses the Saint Croix river, near Taylor's Falls. They extend northwesterlj- through the counties of Chisago, Isanti, Mille Lacs, Benton, Morrison, Todd, Otter Tail, Becker, Polk, and Beltrami, nearly parallel to the line of the hard-wood forest, and, crossing Red Lake river, extend round to the north of Red lake, and thence easterly, reaching the shore of lake Superior at the Grand Portage. " The general character of the pine in Minnesota is similar to that of northern Wisconsin, although it contains more sapling pine and a smaller percentage of ' uppers.' It is generally somewhat scattering and in smaller groves. Large areas of barren land within the forest proper are covered with birch, through which are scattered patches of small pine, while large areas of swamp bear only tamarack and cedar. The pine of Minnesota is estimated as follows : "1. On the portion tributary to the Rainy lake and Rainy Lake river, including the Big Fork, the Little Fork, and the Vermillion rivers, 300,000,000 feet. This stands upon streams which flow northward. This pine will naturally be sent to Manitoba. "2. On the northern shore of lake Superior, east of Duluth, and covering the waters tributary to lake Superior, of which very little is surveyed and no area is given, 870,000,000 feet. " 3. On the waters of the Saint Louis, including the Cloquet, White Face, and other small streams, 3,500,000,000 feet. "4, Ou Red Lake river and its tributaries. The great body of pine in this division is principally upon Red lake and Red Lake river. It is estimated to contain 600,000,000 feet, although it is nearly all unsurveyed. "5. On the Mississippi river and tributaries above Minneapolis, 2,900,000,000 feet. "About one-half of the pine has been cut in Carlton county ; it has all been cut in Pine county with the exception of that growing in a few townships. It has nearly all been cut in Chisago, Kanabec, Morrison, and Crow Wing counties. A great deal of pine, too, has been cut in Cass county, while Todd, Otter Tail, and Wadena have all been cut over. The principal bodies of pine now remaining are located in Cook, Lake, Saint Louis, Cass, Itasca, and Beltrami counties. There were a few thousand acres growing on the Roseau river, where it runs into northwestern Minnesota, but this has all been cut by the Canadians. There is no hemlock or spruce in Minnesota. There are occasional ridges of hard wood within the pine forest, as in Wisconsin and Michigan. "A large portion of the northern part of the state is as yet unsurveyed and but little known, except that, in the region extending from 30 toUOO miles south from the international line, there is little pine of commercial value. It is an open country, full of bogs, swamps, rocks, and wide areas of worthless land ; this region extends from the Arrow river clear through to the international line, south and west of the Lake of the Woods, and to the Vermillion lake. "Along the line of the Northern Pacific railroad and north and east of the Mille Lacs country are large swamps . covered with tamarack timber of commercial value. Through this country are many marshy lakes containing floating islands, lands in process of formation by the accumulation of vegetation. The timber in this district is giowing and increasing, and if fires can be kept out of the tamarack and cedar timber the small pine will grow rapidly. " The timber which grew on the Saint Croix river in Minnesota was tributary to Stillwater, and has all been , cut and manufactured there. " The principal manufactories of pine on the Mississippi river are at Minneapolis. "FORESTS ON INDIAN EESEEVATIONS. "Beferiing to the Red Lake Indian reservation in Minnesota, and other Indian reservations on which the pine remains uncut, amounting in the aggregate to 1,000,000,000 feet, it may be said that they are nearly all unsurveyed, . and are generally covered with a heavy pine forest, and that the lands are unfit for agricultural purposes and only. 560 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. valuable for the piue timber which grows upon them. These reservations should be held as long as possible by the government as a timber reserve. They should not be survej'ed and subdivided except so far as may be uecessarj- for (heir protection, and they should not be offered for sale until some necessity, now unforeseen, arises for their disposal. The 1,000,000,000 feet of pine should be held until the amount for which it can be sold is needed by the Indians, or until a price near its value can be obtained for it. By selling the land now the value of the timber cannot be realized, while the interest of the settlers who may hereafter enter upon the prairies would seem to demand that some reservation of pine should be made for them, if iwssible. The proposition to bring these lauds into market, subject to pre emption and homestead entry, is against the interest of every one except the few worthless tramps and irresponsible i)ersons who may seek to enter and procure a title to these lands ; and even if the land was so open to homestead and pre-emption entry, the aim and purpose of these laws could not be carried out, for no farms will be made nor homesteads improved in this Indian country. "The White Earth Indian reservation is largely covered with hard wood, there being no pine upon more than a quarter of its area. The land is desirable for agricultural purposes, and may be utilized for tha settlement of Indians, or under the homestead and pre-emption laws by whites, but the pine lands are unfit for cultivation, and the homesteading or pre-empting of them should not be allowed." IOWA. Iowa lies within the prairie region. The broad bottom lands along the river of the eastern part of the state once bore heavy forests of broad-leaved trees. Farther west the tree growth was less heavy in the narrower bottoms. All over the state, however, forests lined the streams and often spread, especially in the southwestern counties, over the uplands. Since the first settlement of the state the forest area has increased by the natural spread of trees over ground protected from fire, and by considerable plantations of Cottonwood, maple, and other trees of rapid growth made by farmers to supply fuel and shelter. The natural forests have been everywhere largely culled of their most valuable timber, and in spite of their increased acreage are, in their commercial aspect, in danger of speedy extermination. Manufacturers of cooperage stock and others using Iowa timber report great scarcity and general deterioration of stock. During the census year 11,017 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $45,470. These fires were largely the result of carelessness in clearing land. Iowa is the ninth state in the importance of its lumber-manufacturing interests. It owes its position to numerous large mills situated along the Mississippi river entirely supplied with logs from the pineries of Wisconsin. The amount of Iowa-grown lumber manufactured is insignificant. MISSOUEI. Southern and southwestern Missouri was originally covered with a dense forest of hard woods, through which in the southern counties extensive areas of the short-leaved piue (Finns mitts), covering gravelly ridges and the low Ozark hills, were common. The northern and western limits of the true forest region may be defined by a line entering the state from the southwest, in the southern part of Jasper county, and passing northeasterly through Dade, Cedar, Saint Clair, Henry, Benton, Morgan, and Cooper counties, and then northward to the borders of the state. West of this line the timber is largely confined to the broad bottom lands, in belts often 2 or 3 miles in width. Farther west these become narrower and less heavily timbered. The extreme northwestern counties, Atchison and Nodaway, are almost destitute of timber. The forests of southeastern Missouri still contain great stores of valuable timber, although the best trees Lave ^been cut in the neighborhood of all settlements, and for a distance varying from 5 to 20 miles back from all lines of railroad. This is especially true of the best white oak and of black walnut, once common, but now almost exterminated in all i)art8 of the state. Manufacturers of cooperage stock report a growing scarcity of material everywhere, and are now forced to obtain oak from Arkansas and elm ami basswood from the rivers of southern Illinois and Indiana. The further development, however, of the railroad system of southern Missouri will make available for mauufactming pui'poses a large amount of valuable timber now remote from transportation. During the census year 783,646 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $294,865. These fires were traced to careless hunters, to fires set in clearing farming laud, to sparks from locomotives, etc. A gratifying improvement in the condition of the forest in the parts of the state first settled has followed the enactment of a fence law preventing the general ranging of stock through the timber-land. A young growth has sprung up among the older trees and along the borders of woodlands protected from browsing animals, and these young forests are valuable in their prospective yield and as an indication of the methods which must be adopted to preserve and perpetuate the forests of the whole Atlantic region. ^4' PEPAl-. rut: ruTEKj^p x»i':-;>; cknsus DAKOTA Mr.i^! 'ii'..\fV THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 561 Missouri is the tenth state in the importance of its lumber-manufacturing interests. It owes its position in part to large mills located upon the Mississippi river manufacturing logs cut in the forests of Wisconsin. A much larger amount of lumber, however, in the aggregate, both pine and hard wood, is produced in numerous small railroad mills located along the line of the Iron Mountain and other railroads running through the southern ijart of the state. Saiut Louis is an important center of lumber distribution. It receives a large portion of the Wisconsin pine crop by raft, Michigan pine by rail, and southern pine and hard woods by rail and river. DAKOTA. Dakota, with the exception of its river lands and the small territory between the north and south forks of the Cheyenne river, is practically destitute of timber. The bottoms of the principal streams contain extensive groves of hard wood. As far west as the James river timber exists about the shores of the larger lakes, and upon the Low Turtle and Pembina mountains of the northern boundary, occasionally ascending the coteH or sides of low tables rising from the prairie. The Black hills, an extreme outpost of the Eocky Mountain system, were once heavily timbered. The yellow i)ine of the Pacific region is here mingled with the white spruce, the canoe birch, the burr oak, and the elm of the eastern forests, while poplars of the Atlantic and Pacific regions grow side by side. Much timber has already been cut along the eastern rivers to supply the wants of a rapidly-increasing agricultural population, and the isolated pine forests of the Black hills, separated by hundreds of miles from any equally large or valuable body of building timber, have already suffered serious inroads. The best and most accessible pine has been cut and manufactured into lumber or consumed as fuel in the silver mines and stami)ing mills to which this region owes its population, and much timber has been allowed to perish in the fires which of late years have often swept through these forests. The principal center of lumber manufacture is Deadwood, in the Black hills, where a comparatively large amount of pine is sawed. In the eastern counties a little oak and elm is manufactured, for the most part in small portable mills. The following extracts are made from Mr. H. C. Putnam's report upon the eastern portions of the territory : " Along the whole length of the Missouri river in Dakota there is a belt of hard-wood timber in the bottoms in bodies of from 100 to 500 acres in extent. This timber sometimes grows continuously, but more often there are open spaces between the groves. About three-fourths of the trees are burr oak, the remainder sycamore, cottonwood, green ash, box-elder, poplar, willow, etc. A similar forest growth lines the banks of the Eed river north of Fort Abercrombie as far as Fort Pembina, near the international line. This strip of timber averages perhaps forty rods in width, and consists of the same varieties of trees that grow upon the Missouri river. "In the Pembina mountains and west of Fort Pembina, on the Tongue and Pembina rivers, there are bodies of timber, generally of stunted growth, lying mostly along the streams or about the Pembina mountains in groves of from ICO to 3,000 acres in extent. This timber is situated principally in the two northern tiers of townships of Pembina county. It has no value except as fuel. The next body of timber in Dakota is in the neighborhood of Devil lake ; it aggregates some 25,000 acres, distributed as follows : At Wood lake, some 20 miles nortli of Devil lake, there are 1,000 acres; on Graham's island, a promontory on the north shore of Devil lake, near the northwest end, are 2,500 acres of timber; east of this, on the north shore of the lake, are two groves of about 600 acres; at Eock island, which is really a promontory running into the lake, are 3,800 acres of timber; around the east and north shores, and around the whole southern shore of the lake, past Fort Totten to the extreme west end, are some 15,000 acres of forest adjacent to Devil lake; at Stump lake, a lake some 15 miles in diameter on the north side of Devil lake, there are 1,400 acres of timber; and commencing some 10 miles south of Fort Totten, and extending down along Cheyenne river into township 140, range 56, in Traill, Foster, and Grand Forks counties, are about 10,000 acres of timber. The valley here is only 1 or 2 miles in width, and the timber is generally distributed through it. Probably seven-eighths of all this Devil Lake timber is burr oak; the remainder is sycamore, green ash, etc. This timber in many places grows large, sometimes 30 or 40 feet 1o the first limb, and is valuable for fuel, for the construction of log houses, and for general use by settlers in the absence of other and better material. "In the Turtle mountains, in Bottineau and Eolette counties, and extending into the British possessions, is quite a large tract of timber, principally oak of short, scrubby growth, and only valuable as fire wood. A body of timber from 1 mile to 5 miles in width extends for 150 miles along the Mouse river, in the counties of Bottineau, McHenrj-, Stevens, and Eenville. This timber is composed of burr oak, box-elder, sycamore, green ash, etc., and is suitable for fire-wood, house-building, atid rough construction." Mr. Eobert Douglas, of Waukegan, Illinois, contributes the following remarks upon the forests of the Black Hills region, of which he made a critical examination: "From Fort Meade the stage road runs about 2 miles along the base of the hills, and then follows up through heavy timber, gaining an altitude of over 1,600 feet above the fort when within 2 miles of Deadwood ; thence down a 36 FOR 562 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. * steep grade of about a mile until the valley is reached, and then up the valley by an easy grade to Deadwood. Five days' driving through the hilla from the base of the foot hills to one of the highest peaks shows little variation in the species of forest trees. The yellow pine {Pinus ponderosa) is the only tree of much value in the hills, and composes nineteen twentieths of the forest, generally covering the hills from base to summit. The trees are larj-er and stand closer together than in Colorado, and grow here, too, more rapidly than farther south, as is shown by the \ridtb of the annual rings of growth and the shoots upon the standing trees. This is the only tree used for lumber at the saw-mills, and no other is used in the mines. The white spruce {Picea alba) grows principally near the water- courses, and here the largest trees of that species are to be found. It is scattered, however, through the pines even within 50 feet of the summit of Terry's peak. It is condemned by both saw-mill proprietors and miners as lacking strength and being very knotty, which cannot be doubted, as it retains its lower branches with wonderful tenacity, even when growing closely and in dense shade. These two species comprise all the Coniferce in the Black hills, with the exception of a prostrate juniper and rare specimens of the red cedar. The burr oak is found in the valleys extending into the foot-hills and along the creeks for 40 or 50 miles into the plains. It is short, gnarly, and apparently of little value, although exceptional trees in the valley are of fair size. In the narrow valleys and along watercourses are found the common cottonwood, black willow, narrow-leaved cottonwood, green ash, white elm, box-elder, ironwood, canoe birch, and quaking aspen; in the hills canoe birch, mountain ash, hazel, choke cherry, and juneberry are found growing side by side with the snowberry and mahonia of the Pacific region. The little aspen and the canoe birch perform the same service the aspen does in Colorado, and cover the ground after the timber is burned off", thus making a shade in which the pine seedlings find protection from sun and wind, and finally repossess the hills. On the banks of the numerous creeks intersecting the 'bad lands' and plains from the Missouri river to the Black hills, box-elder, white elm, green ash, black willow, cottonwood, choke cherry, wild plum, and buflalo-berry occur, but the canoe birch is not found below the foot-hills, where it grows along the creeks 6 or 8 inches in diameter, or as a low shrub upon the hillsides. "The region occupied by the Black Hills forests is 80 miles in length north and south, and about 30 miles wide from east to west. Forest fires are not so frequent nor so disastrous as in Colorado, although the 'big burning' of 1865, near Custer's peak, is estimated to have extended over 400 square miles. The yellow pine is largely reproducing itself over the whole of this area, the trees being now 3 or 4 feet high. As far as my observation went, this re))roduction of the yellow pine over the old 'deadenings' is almost universal through the hills, although rarely or never seen in Colorado, and even in northern Wisconsin and the Michigan peninsula scarcely a single young pine has appeared in the whole burned district of 1871. " The timber is disappearing rapidly in the vicinity of Deadwood, Lead City, Terry ville, and Central." NEBRASKA. The forest growth of Nebraska was once confined to the eastern part of the state; the broad bottom lands of the Missouri and the lower Platte rivers contained groves of large oak, walnut, ash, and box-elder of considerable extent. These, under favorable conditions, spread to the blufts and uplands. Westward the tree growth gradually became more scanty and stunted, until, west of the one hundredth meridian, only the large streams were lined with a few small cottonwoods and willows. The best trees hav^e already been culled from the scanty forest growth of the state, and if the area of natural T^oodland has somewhat increased along its eastern borders since the settlement of the country and the diminution of prairie fires, these forests are, in their commercial aspect, of little importance. Many small plantations of cottonwood and other trees of rapid growth have been made in connection with farms in the eastern counties, and these in some cases already furnish much-needed shelter to buildings and crops, and supply domestic fuel. The lumber-manufacturing interests of Nebraska are not important. Mills at Omaha, the principal manufacturing center, saw cottonwood and a little walnut and oak, hauled to them from the neighborhood of the city, and small portable mills at other points along the Missouri saw a little cottonwood and such logs as the country tributary' to them can furnish. The i)roduct of all the Nebraska mills is consumed in supijlying the local demand. KANSAS. The heavy forest of the Mississippi basin just reaches the extreme southeastern corner of Kansas, covering nearly one-third of Cherokee county. North of this, and occupying the remaining eastern border of the state, a prairie region varying in width from 30 to 100 miles is still heavily wooded with valuable timber along the streams, the forest growth occasionally extending and covering areas of upland. West of this region of mixed prairie and woodland the timber is confined to the banks of streams. It is often, east of the ninety-seventh meridian, of considerable size and value, occurring in sufficient quantity to supply the most x>ressing wants of the agricultural population of this part of the state. West of the ninety-seventh meridian the tree growth gradually diminishes in vigor. Trees are here confined to the immediate banks of the large streams, and are small and of little value. West of the ninety-ninth meridian a few small stunted willows and cottonwoods, scattered at wide intervals along the large streams, represent the only forest growth of this arid region. jf^"^ THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 5G3 A large amount of lumber is manufactured in the eastern counties in proportion to the extent of their forest area ; but much of the best timber of the state has been cut, and Kansas must soon depend, even more than at present, upon the forests of Arkansas and Louisiana for its lumber supply. Considerable plantations made in the eastern and southeastern counties by railroads and in connection with farms promise abundant success. All attempts, however, to raise trees in the arid central and western parts of the state have resulted in failure. During the census year 7,080 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $14,700. The lafgest number of these fires originated upon the prairie. 564 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. WESTERN DIVISION. MONTANA. The forests of Montaua are confined to the high mountain ranges which occupy the western part of the territory They are dense and important upon the slopes of the Coeur d'Alene and other high ranges. Farther east, along the eastern slopes of the Eocky mountains and their outlying eastern ranges, the Big Belt, the Little Belt, the Crazy, the Snow, and the Bear mountains, and the ranges south of the Yellowstone river, the Yellowstone, Shoshonee, and Big Horn mountains, the forests are more open, stunted, and generally confined to the highest slopes, the borders of streams, or the sides of caiions. A narrow fringe of cottonwood, green ash, and willow lines the bottoms of the Missouri, Yellowstone, Tongue, Eosebud, Milk, and of the other large streams of the territory; aud a few stunted pines aud cedars are scattered along the river blufis and the highest ridges of the Powder Eiver, the Wolf, aud other ranges in the southeastern part of the territory. The remainder of the territory, the eastern, northern, and southern portions, are destitute of timber. The heavy forests of northwestern Montana, largely composed of red fir, yellow pine, and tamarack, and containing great bodies of white pine (Pinus monticola) and considerable valuable spruce {Picea Engelmanni aud P. alha) constitute, with those covering the adjacent mountains of Idaho, one of the most important bodies of timber in the United States. East and west of this forest a treeless country, adapted to grazing and agriculture, and destined to support a large population which must obtain its building material aud railroad supplies from it, extends over thousands of square miles. The development, too, of the important mining interests of southern Montana and Idaho is dependent upon these forests, their only valuable source of timber and fuel supply. These forests guard the headwaters of two of the great rivers of the continent, and in regulating their flow make possible through irrigation the devotion to profitable agriculture of a vast territory now an almost arid waste. The forests, largely composed of the lodge-pole pine {Pinus Murrayana), which cover the outlj'ing eastern ranges of the Eocky mountains at an elevation of from 5,000 to 10,000 feet above the ocean level with a dense growth of slender trees or on poor soil and in exposed situations with an open, scattered forest, are, as sources of lumber supply, of comparatively little value. These forests, however, contain valuable supplies of fuel aud abundant material for railway ties. They guard, too, the flow of numberless small streams, and their importance in this connection should not be overlooked. The most important forests, commercially, of the territorj' are found along the valley of Clarke's Fork of the Columbia river, between the Horse Plains and the Idaho line; here the westhrn white pine reaches its greatest development, becoming an imjwrtant part of the forest growth. The valleys of the Saiut Eegis de Borgia and Missoula rivers contain great, bodies of valuable fir and pine, which spread also in great luxuriance over the mountains east and south of Flathead lake. Fires destroy every year large areas of the forest covering the mountains of the western division. The long, dry summers and tbe character of the forest, composed as it is almost entirely of coniferous resinous trees, fiivor the spread of forest fires. They increase rapidly in number with the increase of population, and threaten the entire extermination of the forests of the whole interior Pacific region. During the census year 88,020 acres of forest were reported destroyed by fire, with a loss of $1,128,000. These fires, few in number, were traced for the most part 10 careless hunters, prospectors, and smokers. Little lumber is manufactured in the territory. Eed fir and spruce are sawed at Missoula and in the neighborhood of nearly all the mining centers in the western jiart of the territory. The i^roduct of the Montana mills is entirely used to supply the'local demand. The following report upon the forests of the northern Eocky Mountain region was prepared by Mr. Sereno Watson, of Cambridge, a special agent of the Census Office, in the division of Forestry: "The territory whose forest resources I attempted under your instructions to examine includes an area of about 150,000 square miles, extending from the one hundred and thirteenth meridian to the summit of the Cascade mountains aud irom the parallel oC 44^° to the British boundary; or, according to political divisions, the western fifth of Montana, the northern two-fifths of Idaho, the eastern three-fifths of AVashington territory, and the northeastern portion (or neJhly one-half) of Oregon. It comprises a central treeless plateau of some 30,000 square miles in extent, the great 'plain of the Columbia', surrounded by more or less extensively timbered mountain systems. This tract is bounded on the east by the broad mountain range which separates Montana from Idaho, on > i-/ THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 565 the north by the irregularly-broken country which lies north of the Spokane river and of that portion of the Columbia which has a westerly course in the same latitude, and on the west by the Cascade range, while on the south the circuit is less completely closed by the somewhat complicated system known as the Blue and Salmon River mountains. " With the exception of a single county (Beaver Head) in Montana this entire region is drained by the Columbia river, since the Eocky Mountain divide, or the main central divide between the headwaters of the Columbia and of the Missouri, forms the boundary between Idaho and Montana only as far north "as 45° 40', when it turns abruptly eastward for 75-jniles and then again northwestward to the British boundary in continuation of the line of the Wind Eiver mountains of Wyoming. "As will be seen from the detailed account which is to follow, the general character of the forest growth throughout this region is remarkably uniform, both in the kinds of trees found and in their manner of distribution. • The trees of the most constant occurrence and that form the mass of the forests generally are, first, the red fir (Pseudotsuga Douglani) and yellow pine {Pimis ponderosa), gradually giving place at higher altitudes to Picea Engelmanni and Aiies subalpina or Pinus Murriiyana; while of only somewhat less extended range, though sometimes more local in their distribution, are the larch (Larix occidentalis), cedar {Thuya gigantea), the white pine (Pinus monticola), the hemlocks (Tsuga Mcrtensiana and, less frequently, Tsuga Pattoniana), Abies grandis, and the balsam poplars. Abies amabilis only is confined to the Cascade mountains. No other species occur of sufiicient size to be of importance as timber trees. "In order to indicate more particularly the extent and distribution of the tree growth, the territories will be taken up in order by counties, and an estimate given of the area covered in each, though necessarily of the actual density of growth and amount of available timber (varying from square mile to square mile, and much of it never seen) no estimate can be given of such probably approximate accuracy as to be of any value whatever: " MONTANA. " Beaver Head county (4,230 square miles). — This county, nearly equally divided by the one hundred and thirteenth meridian, is surrounded on three sides, north, south, and west, by the Eocky mountains, and is divided into two portions by a lofty spur which sets oflf in a northeasterly direction from the middle of the western side. The valleys of Beaver Head river and Eed Rock creek to the east and south of this spur are treeless, except that the latter stream is bordered with a considerable growth of Populus angustifolia, often 60 feet high and a foot or two in diameter. The region to the east is scantily supplied with timber of any kind, while the northern flanks of the Eocky Mountain range as far as the head of Horse Plains creek are only sparingly timbered on the ridges and in some of the caiions, the trees small and mainly red fir, with some Pinus albicauUs, the summits and exposed ridges wholly bare. " The broad dividing spur, which includes Bald mountain and several other peaks from 10,000 to 11,000 feet high, is abont 30 miles in length by 20 in breadth. The peaks are bare above 9,000 feet, and the western slopes have some timber in the upper ravines alone. The trees at 7,000 feet are mainly red fir, giving place above to a small growth of Pinus Murrayana and P. albieattlis. On the eastern side of the spur there are deep, densely- wooded valleys, the timber said to be chiefly red fir, Picea Engelmanni and Pinus Murrayana. On Eattlesnake creek in this region there is a single saw-mill, 12 miles from Bannock City, which sui)plies the town and neighboring mining camps with lumber. When a better quality is needed it is brouglit across the mountains from the Lemhi Eiver district in Idaho by a road crossing the range at the head of Horse Plains creek. The fuel used in Bannock City is hauled some 12 or 15 miles, chiefly from the Eockj' mountains. Beyond the head of Horse Plains creek (where the Bald Mountain spur commences) the range for about 40 miles changes in character greatly, becoming higher, broader, and more rocky, with rugged, snow-clad peaks from 10,000 to 12,000 feet high, and with high, rocky spurs to the east, separating densely-wooded valleys difiicult of access and rarely visited. The forests here come down to the western edge of Big Hole valley, and are continuous. The trees are said to be largely Pinus Murrayana, hat there is probably a considerable proportion of red fir, Picea Engelmanni and Abies subalpina. The range now takes its turn to the east, forming the northern line of the county, and rises again into some high, snowy p'-aks, but is much less densely wooded. Where the pass crosses the range from the Big Hole valley to the Bitter Eoot, the prevalent tree is found to be Pimis Murrayana, mixed toward the summit of the divide (at 7,000 feet altitude) with some red fir and a small proportion of Picea Engelmanni and Pinus albicauUs. The trees are mostly young and small, evidently frequently overrun by fires, a dense new growth immediately in most cases replacing the old. The trunks very rarely reached a diameter of 15 of 20 inches. The timbered area of the county may be estimated at 1,000 square miles. No yellow pine was seen or heard of within its limits. "Deer Lodge county (0,500 square miles). — This county, also nearly bisected by the one hundred and thirteenth meridian, is occupied by spurs of the Eocky mountains, which form its southern and eastern border, with the intervening open valleys of Deer Lodge river, Flint creek, and Big Blackfoot river. These spurs are to a large extent wholly bare of trees, only some of the ravines and ridges being covered by a more or less scattered growth of yellow pine and red fir of moderate size, and the higher northern slopes by a denser growth of Pinus Murrayana. North of the Big Blackfoot the timber is more dense, coming down into the valley, and consisting principally of 566 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. yellow pine, with some red fir and larch, and at the higher elevations (above 5,000 feet) of red fir, larch, and scrub pine. In the higher cailons of the main range to the south it is probable that Abies subalpina and Picea Engelmanni also occur, as I heard of a soft tamarack found at Gwendale, whivh appeared from the description to be the latter species. Total timbered area of the county i8 estimated at 2,250 square miles. " Missoula, county (21,000 square miles). — The Bitter Root mountains, which separate this county from Idaho, are a direct continuation of the Eocky mountains north from the point of divergence of that range in latitude 45° iW. While broadening out until they cover a base of 100 miles or more, they rarely reach a height of 8,000 feet. There is nothing alpine in the character of their higher vegetation, nor do they anywhere rise above the limit of forest growth. The summits are not often very rugged, and though the slopes may be steep they are not generally greatly broken. For the most part they are well wooded upon both sides, with no meadows along the streams and little grass anywhere until the foot-hills are reached. Upon the Montana side it is from 20 to 40 miles from the base to the summit of the divides, and the Bitter Root valley, which skirts their feet for 60 miles, separates them from the low and comparatively bare spurs of the Eocky mountains on the east. "Upon crossing the main divide upon the southern border, between the Big Hole and the Bitter Eoot valleys, at an altitude of 7,000 feet, the yellow pine immediately appears, of large size, and with its usual massive habit, and is henceforth the most conspicuous forest tree along the usual routes of travel, coming farther down into the valleys than any other tree, and more frequently attaining a large size, probably from its less liability to serious injury from fires! The descent from this southern divide to the Bitter Eoot valley is well wooded with large trees of the yellow i)iue and red fir (with at first some small Pinus Murrayana), which continue to be the only trees seen bordering the vallej'. These mountains were crossed by me on the Lolo trail up the Lolo creek, and by the Mullan road, which follows the Saint Eegis de Borgia river. In the lower canons only yellow pine and red fir are found, of the usual scattered growth — the trees rarely much over 2 feet in diameter — with larch and Abies subalpina coming down the side gulches, and white pine in the middle cafion. The yellow pine gradually gives place to Picea JEnyelmanni, Abies subalpina, and A. grandis, though none of these reach the size which they attain on the Idaho side of the range. The large timber is mostly confined to the neighborhood ef the streams, where the larch and white pine sometimes reach a diameter of 3 or 4 feet, but it becomes much smaller upon the ridges, and iu the upper caiions rarely is more than a foot or 18 inches through, while the mountain slopes are usually much burned over and covered with fallen timber, largely of Pinus Murrayana. The largest and most abundant tree in the upper canons is probably the Picea Engelmanni. Small trees of the Thuya gigantea are also occasional, but nowhere in northern Montana does it become large enough to be of importance. The Thuya and Abies grandis extend as far south as the Nez Perc^ creek. I think that no hemlocks were seen on the Montana side of the range, but they may occur. "North of the Mullan road to Clarke's Fork the eastern slopes of the range continue well wooded. On the eastern side of the county the low spur of the Eocky mountains lying to the east of Bitter Eoot vallej' is to a large extent bare, but has some young yellow pine (known as 'scrub pine' or 'blackjack pine') and Pinus Murrayana. Approaching Hellgate river the timber becomes more prevalent iu the ravines ; and in the government timber reservation near Missoula, where there is a saw-mill run for government purposes, the timber was found to be yellow pine and red fir (not large) and considerable larch — fine trees 2 feet in diameter or more and 100 feet high. In Granite canon, in the mountains north of Missoula, where there is also a saw-mill, the lower caQon was occupied by yellow pine and larch, with some red fir rarely over a foot through, and in the upper canon Abies subalpina and Picea Engelmanni a foot in diameter. On the mountain sides above the caiion the timber is, as usual, small and worthless for lumber. In the eastern portion of the Flathead Indian reservation a very high and rugged range of mountains extends nearly as far north as the head of Flathead lake, and parallel with the main Eocky Mountain range, which here enters the county and continues across the northern boundary. Both of these ranges are throughout densely wooded, though on the eastern side of the Eocky mountains the timber wholly ceases a few miles (8 or 10) below the summit, giving place to the open grazing region of the upper Missouri. On crossing over the lower end of the western range, from the Big Blackfoot to the Jocko river, the timber was found to be at first almost entirely yellow pine, with red fir and larch in the gulches, the yellow pine ceasing toward the divide (at 6,000 feet altitude) and Pinus Murrayana taking its place, but reappearing on the northern side, with occasional Picea Engelmanni and even small Thuya gigantea. Iso white i)iue was seen. The same trees probably continue northward to the boundary (the larch is reported from about 30 miles south of the boundary). "The remainder of the county, lying west of the Flathead Eiver valley, is wholly occupied by mountains, of less altitude, but, so far as is known, generally densely wooded, with the exception of some of the spurs toward the Flathead river and Clarke's Fork and some small prairies bordering the streams. " The total timbered area of the county is estimated at 17,000 square miles." ■WYOMING. The highest mountain ranges in Wyoming only are well timbered. The high rolling table-land which occupies the central part of the territory is destitute of all tree growth, while the low ranges which rise from this plateau < THE F0RP:STS of the united states. 567 and border it on the south are either treeless or only supi)ort a few stunted yellow pines or firs widely scattered or forming small, isolated patches of open forest upon the highest slopes of the most sheltered ravines. The most important forests of the territory are those in the northeastern corner covering the western extension of the Black hills of Dakota, those upon the foot-hills and slopes of the caiions of the Big Horn mountains, and the dense forests of small lodge-pole pine {Pinus Ihirrayana) which occupy all the northwestern ijortion of the territory studded bj' the system of mountains surrounding the Yellowstone park. The most valuable timber of the Big Horn mountains consists of yellow pine {Pinus ponderosa), attaining on the foot-hills sufficienlr«ize to furnish saw-logs. Probably one-third of this timber on the east side of the mountains has already been cut to supply mills located upon the streams from Crazy Woman creek to Tongue river. The table-land on both sides of the range between the crests of the foot-hills and the base of the Snow range is covered with a belt, from 8 to 10 miles in width, of small white fir (Abies subalpina). The trees are small, rarely exceeding 8 or 10 inches in diameter. They afford, however, useful material for fuel and fence and telegraph poles. This forest has suffered seriously from wind storms and fire. A heavy growth of cottonwood, with which is mingled a little green ash, occupies the banks of all the streams of the Big Horn region, with the exception of No- Wood creek, flowing from the western flank. The forests of the Yellowstone region, composed for the most part of small lodge-pole pine, are confined to the mountain slopes and high valleys, at an elevation of between 5,000 and 10,000 feet. These forests are capable of supplying great quantities of fuel and fencing material. They contain, however, little timber suitable to manufacture into lumber. The forests of all this arid central region suffer seriously from fire. These increase with the settlement of the country and inflict great damage upon the forest. In northwestern Wyoming, however, the forests of lodge-pole pine {Pintis Murrayana) destroyed by fire reproduce themselves, and the area occupied by this species in all the Eocky Mountain region is increasing. This is due no doubt to the fact that fire does not destroy the seeds of this species, protected in the cones, which remain closed upon the trees for years. The heat of the fire causes the cones to open and shed their seeds upon the burned surface of the soil, where they germinate quickly and freely. During the census year 83,780 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $3,255,000. These fires were set by Indians, trappers, and prospectors. A little lumber, in addition to that manufactured in the Big Horn region, of which no returns have been received, is sawed in the Medicine Bow and other ranges in the southern part of the territory. A large amount of fire- wood and many railroad ties are cut in the southern mountains and delivered by chutes along the line of the Union Pacific railroad. COLORADO. The forests of Colorado are confined to the mountain ran ges and high valleys which cover the western half of the state ; the elevated, rolling plateau which extends from the eastern base of the mountains to the eastern boundary of the state is entirely destitute of tree growth, with the exception of an occasional stunted willow or cottonwood found in the bottom lands of the large streams. The important forests of the state cover the mountain slopes between 10,000 and 12,500 feet elevation, and are almost exclusively composed of spruce {Picea Ungelmanni), with, which are mingled diff'erent alpine pines of little economic value. Below the spruce belt a more open forest of red fir and yellow i)ine, occupying ravines or scattered over the ridges, extends down to the foot-hills. These are covered with an open growth in which the nut pine and the western juniper are the prevailing trees, while the borders of streams and bottoms of the canons are occupied by cottonwoods, willows, cherries, oaks, and other deciduous trees and shrubs of little economic importance. Large areas upon the sides of the high Colorado mountains are exclusively covered with a dense growth of the quaking aspen. This tree very generally takes possession here of ground from which the coniferous forest has been removed by fire, and, as the number of forest fires is rapidly increasing in Colorado, it seems destined i:o become the only widely-distributed forest tree of this region. The high valleys, or "parks" as they are here locally called, when timbered at all, are covered with a dense forest growth in which the lodge pole pine (Pinus Murrayana), also common at high elevations in the spruce forests, is the prevailing and often the only species, disputing with the aspen the possession of the burned soil. The high plateau of southwestern Colorado is either treeless or is thinly covered with an open growth of small, stunted junipers. The increase in the number of forest fires raging in the taountains of Colorado is alarming in a region where the forest once destroyed cannot easily reproduce itself, and upon mountains where forest covering is necessary to preserve the integrity of the channels and the constant flow of numerous important streams essential to the irrigation of wide areas of arid territory. During the census year 113,820 acres of forest were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $9.35,500. These fires were set by careless hunters, miners, and i)rospector8, and bj' Indians or whites through malice. The forests of the Colorado foot-hills atFord abundant fuel and fencing material to supply the wants of the present population of this part of the state. Coarse lumber, suitable for the timbering of mines and railroad 568 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. construction, ia manufactured from the fir and pines of tbe lower mountain slopes, which have also furnished immeuise quantities of fuel and railway tics. The timber, however, of this forest most accessible to mining centers and the lines of railroads has already been destroyed, while its productive capacity is everywhere impaired by ■wasteful methods of lumbering and destructive conflagrations. The elevated spruce forests, wliich contain the only great bodies of heavy timber found in the central Eocky Mountain region, have thus far, on account of the diftieulties of operating in them, escaped all serious inroads from the ax of the lumberman. Small portable mills, however, have been established in these forests to supply the wants of some of the most elevated mining centers, and fires every year reduce their extent and value. Coloraroducing capacity of the territory, have been supplied by Mr. E. C. Hall, a special agent of the Census, in the division of " Meat Production in the Grazing States and Territories": " The timber of the Wahsfitch mountains, in Cache, Rich, Morgan, and Weber counties of Utah, hardly sufBces for the wants of the settlers. The trees from which lumber is obtained are cedar and a variety of white pine (PinuH Jlexilis). Some fir {Pxeudotsuga Douglasii) is found, but it is not common noith of the latitude of Salt Lake City. This tree likewise furnishes an inferior kind of lumber. In general, in Utah, north of latitude 40°. the west 570 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. base of the Walisatch mountaius bas been stripped of the available timber, so that in the accessible canons, especially in the neighborhood of settlements, it is laborious and expensive obtaining posts and poles for fencing, to say nothing of smooth planks, etc., for building. Cottonwood and occasionally Iwxelder are found fringing the river bottoms of the sections described. "The Oquirrh mountains, on the east of Tooele county, and the Onaqui mountains, 30 miles west, contain cedar and considerable red fir, the latter a tree which I am told is not frequent in the Wahsatch range. The mining camps of Salt Lake and Tooele counties have largely depleted the timber areas of these mountaius. More timber is standing on tlie Onaqui hills than on the Oquirrh range. From the vicinity of the latter to Cottonwood and Bingham Caiion mining districts the dearth of good fencing material is very noticeable throughout Box Elder, Cache, llich, Weber, Morgan, and Salt Lake counties. Willow withes, stone walls, cottonwood poles, and sod walls flanked by ditches are among the devices for barriers against stock incursion, all pointing to the lack and costliness of lumber. "Lake range, west of Utah lake. — This range of low mountains contains scattered black balsam and red fir. In winter this range is visited from the settlements of Utah valley, and the trees felled and sledded across the lake on the ice, to be used by the railroad and by farmers'. No pifion pine was found in the Oquirrh or Onaqui mountains. "The San Pitch mountaius, in latitude 39° 30', longitude 111° 62', contain sparse timber — a so-called white pine {Pimis _flexilis), scrubby cedar, and some other evergreen trees — at a high elevation and unavailable as lumber. No good clear planking suitable for building is obtained from these cuts. " The low ranges west of Juab valley and flanking Dog valley. Dry valley, and Feruer valley, in latitude 39° 30', longitude 112°, contain straggling cedar and some red fir diflBcult of access. The timber of the whole region north of latitude 39° and west of the main Wahsatch mountains is meager and inadequate for the purposes of the Mormon settlers. "Fencing about Salt Lake City is of poor construction and costs $200 per mile of pine poles and cedar posts. I saw some posts of white balsam {Abies concolor) 50 feet long, obtained from the canons of the San Pitch range, used for fencing. At Springville, in Utah valley, posts of cedar were pointed out which were in good condition after fourteen years standing. Were it not for the existence of the 'no-fence' law, which enables a farmer to ■cultivate unfenced ground and claim damages from incursions of stock, the Utah farmer would be very badly off, not having means to purchase fencing material in a country so ill supplied with timber. The cedar which abounds here affords a lasting supply of firewood and posts, but for poles or plank the region depends largely upon imported lumber, especially for building plank, joists, etc. "Upon ranges flanking East and West Tintic valleys, Juab county, in latitude 39° 50', longitude 112° 30', the timber is not abundant; it consists of red fir and black and white balsam, from which rough lumber for the mining <;amps of Mammoth, Tintic, and Silver City has been extensively taken. Cedar of the usual dwarfed kind grows abundantly along the upper slopes of the foot-hills, and is used for braces and posts in shafts of mines. " Sanpete Valley range (longitude 111° 30', latitude 39° 20'). — The Wahsatch mountains, on the east of Sanpete valley, carry on their spurs and through the deep canons facing the valley some of the best timber found in Utah. It is largely used by the Sanpete settlers. Yellow pine, black and white balsam, red fir, cedar, and poplar constitute the varieties of trees found. The yellow pine, less abundant now in accessible canons, furnishes, it is claimed, a clear and firm lumber, fit for building, and not surpassed by any variety in Utah. The range west of the Sanpete mountains — i. e., the San Pitch mountains before spoken of — carries on its eastern slopes and canons considerable balsam of both varieties and some red fir and poplar about the headwaters of creeks. Little yellow pine is found on the San Pitch range ; at least, none is taken out at present, although I was told considerable had already been lumbered from such canons as were penetrable. Fencing of cedar posts and poplar and balsam poles is largely used in the valley ; cedar posts and pine plank are also used in fencing meadows and fields. In no other valley of Utah are the Mormons so well supplied, apparently, with fair lumber of native growth. Except for furniture and house trimmings, no imported wood is used here. " Seveer Eiver mountains (latitude 38° 30' to 39° 10', longitude 112°). — The Tushar mountains and the Valley range, on the west of the Sevier valley, are supplied with meager timber, especially the Valley range. In no jiart of Utah have I noticed so few and so limited areas inclosed. Timber is said to exist in inaccessible places only on the Wahsatch range to the east of the valley. This is true in regard to the ranges west of the Sevier valley, where the character of the tree growth is inferior to even the average poor quality of Utah forests. Black balsam, white balsam and red fir grow in both ranges, but are approached with great difficulty. The indigenous scrub «edar prevails often in thick groves along the foot-hills, especially on the Valley and Tushar ranges to the west of the valley. Several saw-mills at the mouths of caiion streams on the East Wahsatch range have for several years worked up all the available lumber, but the prices asked for lumber — from $35 to $45 per 1,000 feet — place fencing material beyond the reach of the Sevier farmer. " All the way up the Sevier valley, and along its south and east forks, fencing is limited and lumber high, a sure proof of the inadequate supply of trees on accessible mountains. " Fish Lake plateau and mountains (latitude 38° 33', longitude 111° 50') contain a considerable quantity of the }irevailing timber of Utah, as do also Thousand Springs mountains. '7 EEPAB-TMENT OF THE XMTERIOR. lENTH CEHSUS OF THE ONITEB STATES. U TAH Juliu.Hilirn)tCo.lith <• ^-^ ^ DFPARTMirN' ,(. ■•-Tip- T^JTP'RinR rPlVrH CE>:SUS or the united STAXKr Jultiu.Bi«^itCo.1UK NEVADA THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. • 571 " The Aquarius plateau is said by Sevier Valley stockmen to be abundantly timbered with pine, balsam, and «pruce, but Boulder valley (latitude 37° 55', longitude 110° 30') was destitute of standing timber, save cedar and " poplar on its foot-hill fringe. The country was visited by fires, the Mormons told me, in 1872-'73, which •destroyed large areas of the forests in the region southeast of the Grass Valley country. The whole section of Utah lying east of the Sevier valley to the Eio Colorado is better timbered, butVrom its rough and impenetrable location the timber is of no avail to most of the settlers, but only to such as penetrate the high valleys of Grass, Boulder, Potato, etc., lying adjacent to the timber. Fencing on Grass and Eabbit valleys, western Pinto ciounty,' IS cheaper than in Sevier valley, but farmers and stockmen are so poor that they are forced to avail themselves of the no-fence law when breaking ground for crops. " In the Paria Eiver region fencing is very limited and lumber expensive, as timber is hard to get out of the mountain canons. "In the Kanab River region fencing at the settlements of Upper Kanab and Lower Kanab, Kane county, is said to be expensive, as material is difficult to obtain, the canons leading to the vallev affording a meager supply of cedar and black and white balsam, while some red fir and yellow pine is said to "grow on the Sevier plateau (latitude 370 30'); this, however, seldom reaches a market in the settlements, owing to the isolated situation of these forests. " Considerable scrub oak is found on the slopes of the Oquirrh and Onaqui mountains, above referred to, in Tooele county, and many cedar thickets of considerable extent. In Tooele valley some fencing with cedar and panels of balsam occurs. Eush vaUey contains some bull fences of trunks of cedar, costing $1 25 per rod, showing the ine and fir lumber is manufactured at Bois^ City and near other centers of population. The great forests of cedar, fir, and pine, however, in the Cceur d'Al^ne region are still almost intact. These forests, with proper care, are capable of furnishing indefinitely the treeless agricultural region of eastern Washington territory and Oregon with an abundant supply of excellent building material. The following extracts are made from Mr. Sereno Watson's report upon the forests of the territory: "This territory north of latitude 44^° is occupied by the Rocky and the Bitter Root mountains, forming its eastern boundary, with their broad, timbered, interlaciug spurs, which terminate in the high, mostly treeless plateau which extends from near the Spokane river in a southeasterly direction to this parallel of latitude. The southern and southwestern portions were not visited by me, and the statements regarding them are to some extent conjectural. " Lemhi county (5,530 square miles). — In the extreme eastern portion of this county, where the mountains are crossed by the Utah and Northern railroad, scattered trees of red fir are first met at an altitude of G,000 feet. Beaver canon, up which the railroad passes, is well timbered on both sides nearly to its head at G,G00 feet altitude with red fir only, but the broad plateau at the summit (6,869 feet) is treeless. In the lateral caiions (8 to 10 miles long), coming out near the mouth of Beaver canon, there are two saw-mills, one of which was visited. The timber was here found to be confined to the south side of the caQon, and consisted almost wholly of red fir (here called 'red pine'), averaging from 20 to 22 inches in diameter. The largest log seen measured 32 inches at the butt. A 'white pine' proved to be Picea Engelmanni, and a ' bird's eye pine' was Pinus Murrayanttj both small, as was also the balsam {Ahies subalpina), which was found some 3 or 4 miles up the cafion. The yellow pine did not occur here. " It is probable that the caiions westward along the range are similarly timbered as far as the Lemhi agency. Here the character of the range changes (as stated under Beaver Head county, Montana), becoming higher and more rugged, and the Pinvs Murrayana is probably more abundant, at least at the higher altitudes. The yellow pine also appears, but at what point is uncertain; it is certainly found at Gibbonsville, on the North Fork of the Salmon river, and it probably extends still farther southward. The Salmon River mountains, lying between the Lemhi river and Rock creek, are reported to be well timbered. The southwestern portion of the county I presume to be much more open. "The total timbered area is estimated at from 1,500 to 2,000 square miles. "Idaho county (10,100 square miles). — The high and crowded spurs of the Bitter Root mountains fill the entire northeastern portion of this county, extending to the line of the South Fork of the Clearwater, mostly densely wooded from base to summit. The foot-hills and plateaus between the streams are more or less covered with scattered yellow pine and red fir. The valley of the Salmon river is probably comparatively treeless, and the low mountain range between that river and the Snake is scantily timbered. "Estimated timber area, 4,000 square miles. " Washington county (3,000 square miles). — I have but little information in regard to this county. The southern portion has been surveyed, and is probably nearly treeless. The rest appears to be more mountainous, and may be scantily timbered. "Wooded area (say) 300 square miles. "Nez Perc6 county (3,400 square miles).— Mainly high plateau, at about 3,000 feet altitude, in the southeast more or less covered with scattered yellow pine and red fir of good size, on the western side nearly without timber or with occasional yellow pine. Toward the head of Potluck creek some yellow pine and red fir are found in the valleys, and in the northeast the spurs from the Rocky mountains enter the county, covered in addition with the larch and Thuya giganfea. East of the Indian reservation the county extends up into the mountains in the form of a narrow gore, and is heavily timbered. The jjortion lying south of the reservation in the angle between the Snake and Salmon rivers is occupied by low mountains, mostlj' bare. "Total timbered area estimated at 750 square miles. " Shoshone county (5,950 square miles). — Wholly mountainous and covered with forests, with the exception, of some prairies and open country near the Clearwater and lower portion of the Lolo Fork. "Immediately after crossing the divide by the Lolo trail from Montana, at an altitude of 0,000 feet, the forest consisted of Abies subalpina and Picea Engelmanni, with young Abies graniUs and Tsuga Mertcnsiana, and occasional larch and red fir, and upon the creeks some small Thuya and Taxus. The trail soon ascended the ridges and followed them for about 100 miles at an altitude of from 5,000 to over 7,000 feet, doubtless to avoid the fallen timber which made the caiions impassable, though enough of it was found on the route followed. The timber on these ridges was often small and scattered— A Wes- subalpina and Picea Engelmanni, with Pinvs Murrayana and P. alhicaulis—oT on the damper northern slopes with larch and red fir, balsam, hemlock, and sometimes the mountain DFP".HTMENT OF THE [NTERTOR. T1,'NTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES IDAHO fuInmUieitACoJiUi THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 573 hemlock (Tsuga Pattoniana), the trees larger (occasionallj' 2 feet through, the Abies grandis being the largest). The . white pine {Finus monticola) also frequently occurred. During the last day upon this ridge the trail was through heavy timber, chiefly of hemlock sometimes 3 feet in diameter, with some Abies and rarely Finus Murrayana and P. monticola, the ridge even at 7,000 feet being covered with the same dense growth. Descending quite abruptly from the drier extremity of the spur, which was covered with Abies, Tsuga, and Finus (Murrayana, albicaulis, and moniicofa), we passed through a forest of heavy balsam (Abies grandis), with a few larch and some red fir, and at about 4,000 feet came upon cedar ( Thuya gigantea) to the exclusion of everything else — the trees from 2 to 4 feet in diameter. On the stream banKs at the base were found the TIntya, Finus monticola, Abies subalpina and A. grandis, Ficea Engehnannij and Tsuga Mertensiana, all growing together, with an undergrowth of maple, mountain ash, Vac- cinium, Ceanothus, Crataegus, Pachystima, Frunns, etc. With timber of this character upon the high ridges it is evidenr, that there must be much very heavy timber in the canons. "After crossing a low ridge covered with cedar, larch, and red fir, and following a narrow meadow frequently interrupted by clumps of timber, the trail at length came out upon an open camass prairie 25 miles northeast of Kamai. From this point the timber covering the jilateau is an oi)en growth of yellow pine and red fir, often quite large, with young trees intermixed, and some Ficea Engelmanni and the two Abies in the wetter places. Considerable timber is cut upon the Lolo Fork and Clearwater and floated down to the mills at Lewiston. It is uncertain how far south along the main range the above large variety of trees continues. It is probable, in my opinion, that the Thuya, Abies grandis, Tsuga, Finus monticola, and Taxus do not pass beyond the headwaters of the Clearwater, or, at the farthest, that some of them may reach the North Fork of the Salmon river, while the larch may possibly be found in the Salmon lliver mountains. " At the northern extremity of the county, along the Mullan road, which from the Coeur d'Alene mission follows up the caiion of the Coeur d'Alene river, instead of following the spurs, a distance of 37 miles, the swampy bottoms were found heavily timbered with Thuya, red fir, Abies grandis, and Tsuga Mertensiana, with some larch and Finus monticola. Some of the drier bottoms had been burned over, and were mostly covered with Finus Murrayana. Some Fopulus balsamifera occurs, 3 feet through, or more (as also on the Montana side). The sides of the ridge were also nearly bare. The Thuya, which exclusively occupies some of the swamps, attaining a large size, ceases at the base of the dividing ridge, where also the Ficea Engelmanni and Abies subalpina come in. The range above Coeur d'Alene canon, and bounding the county on the north, is not heavily timbered, much of its upper Bloi)es being bare. "Total timbered area estimated at 5,000 square miles. "Kootenai county (5,530 square miles). — The portion south of the Coeur d'Alene and Spokane rivers belongs mostly to the Coeur d'A16ne Indian reservation, and is timbered, with the exception of open meadows upon the CcEur d'Alene and Saint Joseph rivers and npon Hangman creek. The timber is principally yellow pine and red fir, with some Finus Murrayana, and fine bodies of cedar (Thuya gigantea) near the western borders of the lake. North of the Coeur d'Alene river the road from the missiou to the fort passes through a cedar ( Thuya) swamp, with many large trees, from 3 to 5 feet through, traversing canons filled with a mixed growth oi Abies subalpina and A. grandis, larch, hemlock, Ficea Engelmanni^ and red tir. This latter growth continues for some miles below the fort, where the valley opens out into the broad Spokane plain, which extends northeastward toward Pend d'Oreille lake without trees. The mountains south of the lake are low and not heavily timbered. The portion of the county north of Clarke's Fork and of Peud d'Oreille lake has, so far as I know, never been explored, but is probably mountainous and for the most part well timbered. " Estimated timber area of the county, 4,500 square miles." WASHINGTON. Washington territory west of the summit of the Cascade range is covered with the heaviest continuous belt of forest growth in the United States. This forest extends over the slopes of the Cascade and Coast ranges, and occupies the entire drift plain surrounding the waters of Puget sound. The highest mountain peaks and the sand- dunes of the coast are treeless. The narrow valleys of -the Cowlitz and Chehalis rivers are dotted with small oaks and other deciduous trees, and oaks and stunted yellow jiines occn])y with an open growth the barren Steilacoom plain south of Puget sound; with these excei)tions western Washington territory is covered with a magnificent coniferous forest. The most valuable and generally distributed tiuiber tree of this region is the red or yellow fir {Fseudotsuga Douglasii), forming about seveueighths of the forest growth. The valuable red cedar (Thuya gigantea) and the hemlock (Tsuga Blertensiana), often covering extensive tracts, especially near the base of the Cascade mountains, are common ; the noble tide-land spruce adds valuer and ini]tortance to the forests bordering the coast. The forests which cover the upper ridges of the Cascade mountains are ])rincii)ally composed of firs (Abies amabilis and A. nobilis), spruces (Ficea Engelmanni), various small pines, hemlocks, etc. These elevated forests, often of great beauty, are of little economic imiiortaiice. East of the Cascade mountains the forests are less dense, and are confined to the mountain ranges. The great plains watered by the Columbia and Snake rivers are entirely destitute of tree covering. 574 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. Stevens county, which is broken and mountainous, with the exception of the narrow valleys and occasiona! Hinall prairies, is covered with a heavy, open forest {growth. The most valuable trees of the forests of this county are the red llr, the yellow pine {Pinua ponderosa), the white pine {Finns monticola), the larch {Larix occidentaliH),. and the red cedar. The forests of Spokane county are confined to the spurs and ridges of the extreme eastern part of the county^ aad consist of the yellow pine, red fir, and larch of small size and inferior quality. The forests of Yakima county cover about one-half of its area, being confined to the eastern slope of the Cascade range. The forests covering the eastern slopes of these mountains are only surpassed in density and value by those extending over their western flanks. The yellow pine occupies the lowest slopes with an open growth of large trees. Above the pine the red fir is the prevailing tree. This at a greater elevation is succeeded by hemlock and larch, with which are mingled fine bodies of spruce {Picea Engelmanni) and hemlock, while the forest growth below the timber-line consists of firs, pines, and mountain hemlock. The western portion of Klikitat county is covered with heavy forest growth, similar in composition and density to that of Yakima. Walla Walla county is destitute of timber except in the extreme southeastern corner, where the spurs of the mountains are thinly covered with a sparse growth of yellow pine and larch. Columbia county is without forest except along the ridges and summit of the Blue mountains, which are covered with yellow pine, larch, and, above 5,000 feet elevation, with a continuous growth of lodge-pole pine (Pinus Murrayana). "Whitman county is destitute of forest except in the extreme southeastern corner, where there is a scattered growth of small yellow pine. An estimate of the actual amount of timber standing in the territory is not possible with the existing knowledge of the country, and none has been attempted. The quantity of merchantable timber, however, standing in western Washington territory is enormous ; a yield of 200,000 feet of lumber to the acre is not at all exceptional, while over fully 20,000 square miles a yield of 25,000 feet to the acre might be expected ; such estimates certainly would not exaggerate the productive capacity of these noble forests. The forests of Washington territory, especially in the more thickly settled portions west of the Cascade mountains, have long suifered from destructive fires. The injury iutiicted by such tires is proportionately less, however, in the humid coast region than east of the mountains, where the dryness of the climate prevents the reproduction of the forest once destroyed. West of the mouutains young trees of the species of the original forest, and especially the red fir, soon densely cover the burned surface and grow with astonishing rapidity and vigor. It seems reasonably certain, therefore, that, whatever may be the fate of the forests which now cover western W^ashingtou territory and Oregon, they will be succeeded by forests of similar composition, and that this whole region, ill adapted in soil and topography to agriculture, will retain a permanent forest covering long after tho other great forests of the continent have disappeared. During the census year 37,910 acres of woodland were destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $713,200. These fires were set by Indians, by whites in clearing land, by hunters, prospectors, etc. The forests bordering the shores of Puget sound, the strait of Juan de Fuca, and the lower Columbia river have been culled of their best trees for a distance inland of 1 or 2 miles to supply the important lumber- manufacturing interests of this part of the territory. The product of western Washington territory during the census year was 153,986,000 feet of lumber, 6,550,000 laths, 910,000 shingles, and 23,066,000 staves— by far the largest part being manufactured in the mills located on the waters of Puget sound. The first saw-mill built upon Puget sound was erected in 1851. It was a small water-power mill, with a daily capacity of about 1,000 feet. Two years later a similar mill was erected at Seattle, with a daily capacity of from 8,000 to 10,000 feet. The centers of manufactures now are Port Gamble, Port Madison, Port Blakely, Port Discovery, Seabeck, Utsaladdy, Tacoma, and Seattle. At the last-named place there is a large establishment manufacturing sugar-barrel staves from cottonwood for the San Francisco market. The lumber manufactured upon Puget sound is largely shipped to San Francisco and directly to China,. Australia, New Zealand, and Mexican and South American Pacific ports. The population of the southeastern part of the territory is principally supplied with lumber, largely coarse yellow pine of inferior quality, cut on the Blue mountains in small portable mills, and delivered at Dayton, in Walla Walla county, by a flume several miles in length. No statistics, however, have been received of the amouut of lumber manufactured in this county. The methods adopted by the lumbermen of western Washington territory are wasteful in the extreme. Loggers cut only timber growing within a mile or a mile and a half of shores accessible to good booming or shipping points, or which will yield not less than 30.000 feet of lumber to the acre. Only trees are cut which will produce at least three logs 24 feet long, with a minimum diameter of 30 inches. Trees are cut not less than 12 and often 20 feet from the ground, in order that the labor of cutting through the thick bark and enlarged base may be avoided, while 40 or 50 feet of the top of the tree are entirely wasted. 30 .5'' I DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOR. WASHINGTC ^ i^^ TENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES ITORY Juluwliim S Cwlilh THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 575 The following notes upon the forests of eastern Washington territory are extracted from Mr. Watson's report: "Wat.t.a Walla county (1,260 square miles). — This county is wholly without timber, which is supplied from- the Blue mountains of Oregon. "Columbia county (2,160 square miles). — A spur of the Blue mountains traverses the southern portion of this county, occupying about a fourth of its area, which is partially timbered, chiefly with red fir (Pseudotsuga), i)ine (Pinus ponderosa), and some Picea Engelmanni, none of it large. Elsewhere the county is nearly destitute of trees, though some of the streams, especially the Toucbet, were at the first settling of the county bordered by scattered pines. "Whitman county (5,000 square miles). — This county is destitute of timber. Some of the townships along the Idaho line were originally sparingly wooded with scattered pines upon the ridges, but tliese have nearly or wholly disappeared, and the supplies for fencing and fuel are brought from tbe neighboring mountains of Idaho. There is a saw-mill on the Palouse river, at Paloase, the logs for which are floated down from about 9 miles above. " Spokane county (8,500 square miles). — The portion of this county to the west of the mouth of the. Spokane river is wholly destitute of trees, with the exception of the high point or plateau opposite to the mouth of the Okinakane river. Here there is a small area thinly wooded, probably with yellow pine and red fir. On the eastern side of the county spurs from the mountains bordering Cceur d'Alene lake enter between Eock creek and Spokane river, and are covered more or less densely with a growth of yellow pine, often small, with some Douglas spruce and tamarack in the ravines. There is a sawmill at Eock creek supplied from its immediate neighborhood. Crossing Hangman's creek a scattered growth of pine appears upon the ridges between Deep creek and the Spokane river, and as far west as the head of Crab creek. Trees also border the Spokane river below tbe falls and to within a few miles of its mouth. The region between the Spokane and Little Spokane rivers is mostly a broad, open valley, the hills bordering it upon the north being very thinly wooded. There are two saw-mills at Spokane Falls, but the logs for them are floated down from near Cceur d'Alene lake. " The total area more or less covered with trees may be estimated at from 400 to 500 square miles. "Stevtens county (14,760 square miles). — This county is broken and mountainous throughout, but with no high ranges east of the Cascade mountains. The portion lying east of the upper Columbia and north of the Spokane river has several small prairies upon Chamokane creek and Colville river, and there is a narrow, open valley along the Columbia for 20 miles below the mouth of the Colville. The mountains are all low, the ridges most frequently thinly wooded or nearly bare, with the timber becoming denser in the ravines, especially northward. The most common tree is the yellow pine, but in the ravines red fir is frequent, with tamarack and lodge-pole pine. Near the Colville river were seen Picea Engehnanni, Abies grandis, small Thuyas, and fine specimens of Pinus fnontieola, as well as Populus balsami/era, Betula papyracea, and Alnus of considerable size. The hills bordering the Columbia above Old Fort Colville are treeless. The drift-wood brought down by the river is said to be chiefly cedar {Thuya gigantea). "The Colville Indian reservation, lying between the Okinakane and the Columbia eastward, is comparatively little known, being crossed by but two trails, one leading directly westward from Old Fort Colville, the other following the Kettle river, and for much of the way not far distant from the British boundary. As seen from the Columbia and from the heights bordering the Okinakane, this portion appears to be more open and grassy than that east of the Columbia, and, especially toward the south, more like the bare i)lateau of Spokane county. Okinakane valley itself is narrow, with mainly a desert vegetation of sage-brush, Purshia, and other like representatives of the Great Basin flora, which seems to find here its only passageway northward to the British boundary. The hills eastward have thinly-scattered pines, which occasionally descend into the valley. The northern trail from Old Fort Colville shows the lower valley of Kettle river to be well wooded, but above, opening out into grassy prairies and bordered by grass-covered hills or with scattered yellow pine, red fir, and larch. Upon the more densely wooded ridges and ravines were also found Picea Engelmanni, Abies subalpina, Pinus Murrayana, and Thuya. " The main ridge separating Kettle river from the Okinakane (about 5,000 feet high and 12 miles from the latter stream) was well grassed upon both sides with large Picea, Pseudotsuga, Pinus ponderosa, and Larix along the creeks upon the eastern side, and on the west the Pinus ponderosa only. The ridges above the Okinakane to the north appeared treeless, while the northern slopes of the nearer hills to the south were pretty well covered with underbrush. West of the Okinakane, between that river and the Methow, the country is much like that to the east — high and broken, with scattered patches of timber, which becomes more general toward the Dortheru boundary. Upon the Methow and Similkameen creeks there are open, grassy valleys of considerable extent, but for 12 miles from the mouth of the Methow the hills close iu upon it and are considerably wooded. The rest of the county, from the Methow to the Wenatchee, is occupied by spurs from the Cascade mountains, which reach the banks of the Columbia ; these are exceedingly rugged and almost impassable, being seldom traversed, even by Indians. A foot-trail leads from the headwaters of the Methow over to the Skagit, and a trail which has been passable for horses crosses the ridges between the upper Chelan lake and the Wenatchee, but it is described by the Indians as dangerous and long disused by them. The whole region is probably for the most part well timbered except along the Columbia river, where the mountains for from 10 to 15 miles back are but scantily wooded, the pine {Pinus ponderosa) and red fii occasionally reaching to the river. Heavy timber is reported about the head of Chelan lake, commencing at about 15 miles from 576 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. the foot, mostly yellow pine, bnt also red fir, some Larix, and small TJiuya. The outlet to this lake is through a deep caiion, and is obstructed by falls and rapids. The Wenatchee flows through a more open valley, and, at least in high water, could be used for floating timber to the Columbia. For 7 miles from its mouth the ridges on each side are only scantily wooded, but from that point the trees (yellow pine and red fir, mostly young) occupy the valley, and at 20 miles the thick timber begins — pine, fir, red fir, larch, white pine (Pinus nwnticola), and cedar, the white pine sometimes 4 feet through, the cedar not large. "Yakima county (8,900 square miles).— Immediately south of the Wenatchee the highest of the eastern spurs of the Cascade mountains extends in a southeasterly direction to the Columbia, forcing that river to make a bend eastward. This spur has an altitude of about 5,000 feet, and its higher northern slopes, overlooking the mouth of the Wenatchee and eastward, are somewhat densely covered with pine, red fir, and larch. The southern slope, as seen from Ellensburg, appeared nearly bare. I crossed the ridge about 17 miles above the mouth of the Wenatchee and a few miles east of the high, exceedingly rocky, and suow-covered peaks called by McClellan ' Mount Stuart'. It was found mostly well wooded, but the trees not exceeding 1 or 2 feet in diameter, and usually small red fir and yellow pine, with at length some Abies grandis and Pintis nwnticola, rarely a small Thuya, on the higher rocky ridges small larches, and at the summit some Pinus Mvrrayana. The same trees were found on the southern descent, excepting the Pmw* vwnticola. Large cottonwoods (Po^uZm.s tr/cAocar/w) occurred on the creeks. South of this range the spurs recede, leaving a comparatively level sage-brush region, wholly treeless, from 50 to 70 miles broad, between the Columbia and Yakima, and crossing the lower portion of the latter river. " Below the mouth of the Schwank, which is at the head of what is known as ' Killitas valley', on the Yakima, the foot-hills of the Cascade mountains extend to the Yakima river, a distance of about 50 miles from the summit of the range; but the lower portions of these spurs are bare, or with only scattered pines on their northern slopes, and the chief reliance of the settlers for fencing and fuel is upon the aspens and cotton woods bordering the streams. Following up the Yakima from the mouth of the Schwauk, the valley for. 10 or 12 miles is thinly timbered with pine and red fir. For 17 miles more there is some larch on the ridges, and in the bottoms some Abies grandis, and rarely a small Thuya. Timber and ties had been extensively cut here for the railroad and floated down the river. At this point the yellow pine and tamarack ceased, and a dense, heavy growth began and continue n/ TENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, Juliiut Utpn RCoJlth. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 577 Tbe forests of Wasco county, on the western slope of the Cascade range, when above 3,000 feet elevation are important. The most valuable trees are the red fir, the yellow pine, and the larch. The eastern part of the county is covered with a light growth of pine, principally yellow pine. The slopes of the Blue mountains in Umatilla and Union counties are covered with an open, stunted forest, consisting of red tir, yellow iiine, larch, and, above 4,000 feet elevation, a heavier continuous growth of lodge-pole pine (Pinus Murrayana). Lake county is destitute of timber except on the eastern slope of the Cascade mountains and the southern part of the county, which contain a light forest growth confined to the high ridges of the mountains, and principally composed of yellow pine. CJrant and Baker counties are treeless except in the northern part, where the Blue mountains are covered with a light, open growth composed chiefly of yellow pine, with some larch and scrub pine. The forests of Oregon have suffered serious losses from forest fires. Along the Coast Range, from the Columbia river to Port Orford and through the entire length of the Cascade mountains, fires have raged nearly every summer since the first settlement of the state, destroying thousands of acres of noble fir, spruce, and cedar. Forests similar in composition to those destroyed soon spring up again and cover the burned surface, but the loss in material which the state has suffered in this way is incalculable. Forest fires are increasing in frequency, especially west of the summit of the Cascade mountains. During the census year, however, only 132,320 acres of woodland were reported destroyed by fire, with an estimated loss of $593,850. These fires were set by hunters, Indians, and by farmers dealing land. The abundant spruce, cedar, cottonwood, ash, maple, and alder of western Oregon have developed flourishing industries. At Portland large quantities of ash, maple, and alder are manufactured into furniture, and cottonwood, spruce, and cedar supply numerous establishments engaged in the production of cooperage stock and all kinds of woodenware. The sujjply of this material is large and of excellent quality. The principal centers of the lumber-manufacturing interests are at Portland, where fir, spruce, cottouwood, and hard woods are sawed for the local market, and at Empire City and Marshfield upon Coos bay. Port Orford cedar and red-fir lumber are manufactured here, and shipped by schooner to Portland, San Francisco, and Mexican and South American Pacific ports. The first mill was established upon Coos bay, at North Bend, 4 miles above Empire City, in 1853; other mills were soon built, and in 1854 the first shipment of Port Orford cedar was made to San Francisco. Great quantities of this timber have been cut, while fires have destroyed even more than the ax. The fire which raged through the forests of Coos bay for thiee months in the summer of 1867 destroyed cedar estimated to amount to between 200,000,000 and 300,000,000 feet of lumber. This tree, however, reproduces itself very rapidly, and after the forest has been burned over it is the first arborescent species to reappear, springing up generally in the third year. The heaviest continuous body of Port Orford cedar now standing is on cape Gregory, extending south to and beyond the mouth of the Coquille river. It is about 20 miles long by an average width of 12 miles, and lies along the western slope of the foot-hills of the Coast Range, extending to within 3 miles of the coast. In this forest two- thirds of the trees are Port Orford cedar, the others tide-land spruce and a few red firs. There is great danger, however, that the Port Orford cedar, one of the most valuable trees of the American forest, will soon be exterminated as a source of lumber supply, so far as this generation is concerned. The following notes upon the forests of Wasco, Umatilla, Union, Grant, and Baker counties, the only portion of the .state visited by Mr. Watson, are extracted from his report: "Wasco COUNTY (17,760 square miles). — The timber of this county is confined almost wholly to the steep eastern slopes of the Cascade range; the low spurs of the Blue mountains, which enter the county on the east, bordering John Day's river and southward, being only partially supi)lied with pines, etc. I know nothing about Walker's range and the Paulina mountains in the southwest, but they are probably low, with little or no wood. Tlie trees of the Cascades are doubtless nearly the same as those to the north of the Columbia, the larch reaching to the headwaters of the Deschutes river, the most southern locality for it that I have seen mentioned. "The total more or less wooded area may be estimated at from 2,500 to 3,000 square miles. •' Umatilla county (6,100 square miles). — The Blue mountains occupy the southern and eastern borders of this county, aud are the only source of timber. They are for the most part well wooded, especially in the ravines, the trees growing to a fair size, and consisting of yellow and scrub pine, spruce and balsam {Abies suhalpina and A. grandm). "The wooded area is about 1,500 square miles. " Union county (4,300 square miles). — This county has the main range of the Blue mountains on the west and north and the Cedar mountains on the east, separated by the valleys of the Grande Ronde and Wallowa rivers. A large portion of these mountains is well timbered, the amount decreasing toward the east. "The wooded area may be estimated at about 2,000 square miles. "Gkant county north of latitude 44° (5,800 square miles). — This portion of the county is traversed by the valley of John Day's river, to the north and east of which lie the main ranges of the Blue mountains, which are to a considerable extent well wooded. The mountains to the south are low and probably scantily timbered. 37 for 578 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. "Fifteeu Imudrod squai-e miles is probably a liberal estimate for the wooded area. "Baker county noktii of latitude 44° (3,800 square miles). — TLis section is bordered ou the west by a high range of the Blue mountaius, which is well tiiabered. The remainder is almost wholly without timber. "The ejstimated wooded area of this county is 900 square miles." CALIFORNIA. The heavy foi-ests of California are confined to the Coast Range, the eastern and western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, and the group of mountains joining these ranges in the northern part of the state. They extend from the Oregon boundary south to latitude 34° 30' north. The most imjjortant trees of the Coast Range forest are the rc' destitute of forest covering. Oaks and occasional pines and junipers are, however, dotted over the low mountains of sonthwesternCalifornia, and willows and cottonwoods line the banks of streams. Forests of pine crown the highest ridges of the Inyo and other mountain ranges, rising from the desert east of the Sierra Nevada, and arborescent yuccas (Yuccu brcvi/olia) form upon the high Mohave plateau an open forest, more remarkable in the strangeness of its growth than in economic value. The narrow belt of redwood which extends along the western slopes of the Coast Range from the bay of Monterey to the northern boundary of the state is the most important forest of similar extent now standing. Few trees equal the redwood in economic value. No other forest can compare with this in productive capacity, and no other great body of timber in North America is so generally accessible or so easily worked. Single trees capable of i)ro(lucing 75,000 feet of lumber are not uncommon, while a yield of from 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 feet of lumber I>er acre is by no means rare. The redwood has already been practically destroyed in the neighborhood of San Francisco bay, both north and south, and through the entire extent of this forest the trees most accessible to streams and railroads have been culled. Heavy bodies of redwood are still standing, however, in the Santa Cruz region, and in Humboldt county in the valleys of Eel and Mud rivers and Redwood creek. The largest number of mills engaged in the manufacture of redwood lumber are located upon Humboldt bay, principally at Eureka and Areata. The logs which siipply these mills are generally cut within a distance of 1 or 2 miles from the shores of the bay, to which they are hauled by teams, made into rafts, and towed to the mills. Attempts made to raft logs down the mountain streams watering the redwood forests have not been successful. The rivers flowing west from the California Coast Range are short and rapid. Floods following the winter rains are sudden and severe, breaking up rafts and driving the logs out to sea, or lodging them far from the banks. At periods of low water numerous bars close these rivers to the navigation of the enormous redwood logs. The general destruction of these forests must therefore be ficcompllshed by means of short logging railroads specially constructed to bring logs to the mills. Such a road has been built along Mad river, and there are others either built or projected near Trinidad and at other points along the coast. Besides the mills upon Humboldt bay, there are others devoted entirely to the manufacture of redwood lumber at Crescent Citj-, in Del Norte county; Trinidad, Rohnerville, and Bridgeville, in Humboldt county; Westport, Kibesillah, Albion, Little River, Caspar, Mendocino, Cufiey's Cove, Punta Arena, and Gualala, in Mendocino county; Duncan's mills, in Sonoma county; and at Santa Cruz. Redwood lumber is principally shipped by schooner to San Francisco, the great point of lumber distribution upon the Pacific coast, and also direct by water to Wilmington, San Diego, and other ports of southern California, and to Mexico and South America. a8 .-' •9*4««««^ mountain sides down into the \allc,\s Ih'Iow , and burying rich bottom lands in ruin. And tliis is not, 1 lie only danger which must follow the destruction of these forests. If the suovv which supplies the mountain streams melts slowly, a steady flow of water will be maintained late into the season; if, on the other hand, the snow melts suddenly and rai)idly during the first warm days of spring, the unnatural flow of water in the stream must be followed by I'™ pi la ■WHBTy: iniiic:m's miiis, iii r^nnnmrx CDiinTy; nnn at Bnirni tjntz. Kedwood luiiibci- is principally shipped by schooucr to San Francisco, the sreat point of lumber disirilnition upon the Pacific coast, and also direct by water to Wilmington, San Diego, and other ports of southern Galilornia, and to Mexico and South America. THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 579 The following estimates of the amount of accessible redwood standing May 31, 1880, were prepared by Mr! E. L. Alien, secretary of the Eedwood Manufacturers' Association of San Francisco. They embrace only such ixtrtions of the forest as can be reached by water, or may in the future be penetrated by railroads, and do not include the small, isolated bodies of timber growing in inaccessible canons: REDWOOD (Sequoia tempervirens). Regions. Feet, board measure. From tbe Oregon boundary to the mouth of Itedwood cnek From the moutli of Kedwood creek to the mouth of Mad river 801.1, OOll, OOO 9, 000, 000, 000 2, 145, 000, 000 4,450,000,000 200, 000, 000 7, 680, 000, 000 1, 550, 000, 000 25, 825, 000, 000 From the mouth of Eel river to the mouth of Mattoli river From the mouth of Mattoli river to the mouth of Cotonavia creek. From the mouth of Cotonavia creek to the mouth of Kubsiau river. Total Estimated cut for the census year ending May 31, 1880 : 125, 390, 000 25, 380, OOO 23, 265, 000 12, 600, 000 Posts etc -. 186, 635, 000 Xo estimate of the amount of pine and fir lumber standing in the state is now possible, and none has been attempted. An enormous amount of pine of excellent quality, both white and yellow, is contained in the sierra forests. These forests have been invaded by the lumberman at only a few points; their inaccessibility and the cost of getting to market the lumber manufactured in these mountains have thus far preserved them, and these sierra forests, if protected from fire, will serve as a reservoir from which the whole Pacific coast can draw its lumber supply long after its more accessible forests have disappeared. The forests of California suffer seriously by fire; during the census year 356,815 acres of woodland were reported thus destroyed, with an estimated loss of $440,750. These fires were set by careless hunters, prospectors, and by farmers in clearing land. Great injury, every jear becoming greater, is inflicted on the mountain forests by stockmen starting fires to improve the herbage of the alpine pastures. These fires destroy undergrowth and young trees, and often consume great quantities of valuable timber, which does not grow again upon these exposed mountain slopes. PASTURAGE OP MOUNTAIN FORESTS. The permanence of the mountain forests of California is severely endangered., moreover, by the immense herds of sheep, cattle, and horses driven into the mountains every year, at the commencement of the dry season, to graze. From the foot-hills to the highest alpine meadows every blade of herbage and every seedling shrub and tree is devoured. Young trees are barked and ruined, and only the most rigid and thorny chaparral shrubs are able to resist the attacks of these ravenous herds. The sharp hoofs of sheep winding around the steep acclivities tread out the roots of grasses and other perennial plants and loosen the surface of the stony soil, which, deprived of the protection of its vegetable covering, is gradually washed into the valleys, choking the bottoms of streams and preparing the way for the disastrous torrents which must follow the destruction of the sierra forests; and the destruction of these forests is certain, if the practice of using them indiscriminately as sheep pastures is continued. The life of any forest in which all young trees are destroyed as soon as they appear above the surface of the soil is limited to the life of the fully grown individuals which compose it. A period of unusual climatic conditions, the demand of an increased population for lumber, or the now unforeseen attacks of some insect enemy may at any time sweep away the old trees of the sierra forests. There are no young trees growing to replace them, and it is doubtful if the forest could ever regain its foothold upon the steep and exposed slopes of these mountains once entirely stripped of the protection of their present covering of trees. The sheep which threaten the destruction of the sierra forests threaten also the agricultural prosperity of the state; the streams heading in the sierras and watering the great interior valleys of California are protected in their flow by the forests growing about their upper sources. If these forests are destroyed, and the jirotection to the surface of the ground which they aftbrd removed, the immense accumulation of the winter's snows must melt suddenly in the .spring; brooks will become torrents, sweeping with irresistible force gravel and stones from (he mountain sides down into the valleys below, and burying i-ich bottom lands in ruin. And this is not the only danger which must follow the destruction of these forests. If the snow which su])plies the mountain streams melts slowly, a steady flow of water will be maintained late into the season; if, on the other hand, the snow melts suddenly and rapidly during the first warm days of spring, the unnatural flow of water in the stream must be followed by 580 THE FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES. it« equally sudilcn disappearance, aud the torrent will suddenly diminish to a slender brook or entirely disappear. Irrigation, without which agriculture in a large part of the Pacific region is impossible, is dependent upon the constant and steady flow of streams formed by melting snow, and as the forests which cover the mountain sides are e-ssential to j)revent the sudden melting of snow, their preservation is necessary for successful irrigation on any large or comprehensive scale. The forests of California suffer from wasteful methods of cutting. Only the best and most accessible young trees are cut; often a noble pine capable of producing 25,000 or 30,000 feet of lumber is felled, a few split shingles made from the butt-cut, and the rest of the tree left to rot upon the ground. The preference of the railroad companies of the state for split rather than sawed redwood ties causes an immense and needless waste of this Taluable timber. A great amount of material under the most favorable conditions is wasted in splitting out the ties, and when trees after being cut are found to split badly from any defect in the grain they are abandoned and left to waste. The forests of California, unlike those of the Atlantic states, contain no great store of hard woods. The oaks of the Pacific forests, of little value for general mechanical purposes, are unfit for cooperage stock. No hickory, gum, elm, or ash of large size is found in these forests. California i)roduces no tree from which a good wine cask or wagon wheel can be made. The cooperage business of the state, rapidly increasing with the development of grape culture, is entirely dependent upon the forests of the Atlantic region for its supply of oak. Woodenware and small cooperage stock are manufactured in large quantities, however, from Cottonwood, spruce, alder, and red and white fir. Wine-butts and water-tanks are universally made from redwood, which is probably unsurpassed for such purposes. The large tanning industry of the state consumes, in preference to all other material, large quantities of the bark of the chestnut oak {Quercus densijlora), once a common tree in the forests of the northern Coast ranges, but now becoming scarce and in danger of speedy extermination. The principal centers of lumber manufacture outside of the redwood belt are situated along the line of the Central Pacific railroad, upon both flanks of the Sierra Nevada mountains, in Butte, Tehama, and Mono counties, and in the San Bernardino mountains. Lumber manufactured upon the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevadas is largely shipped eastward by rail to supply Nevada and Utah. The product of the mills situated west of the mountains is largely sent to San Francisco for distribution, or direct by rail to the mining centers of southern Arizona and New Mexico. ALASKA. Little is known to me of the present condition or productive capacity of the forests of Alaska. Their distribution, as shown on the forest map of North America, is based upon notes made by Mr. Ivan Petroff, a special agent of the Census Office, who has traced the timber limits of the territory, aided by Mr. C. W. Nelson, of the Smithsonian Institution, by whom the northern limits of the spruce forest are laid down. The forests of the territory of any commercial value are confined to the islands aud Coast ranges east and south of Prince William sound. The most valuable tree of this region is the Sitka cedar {Chamcccyparis Nuikaensis). The hemlock, the tide-land spruce, and the red cedar ( Thuya gigantea) attain here also a considerable size. The importance, however, of these forests, both in extent and in the value of the timber they contain, has generally been greatly exaggerated. The Coast Forest north of the fiftieth degree of latitude rapidly diminishes in density and quality, and there is nothing in the climate or soil of Alaska to produce a forest growth more valuable than that covering the Coast ranges of British Columbia. A few saw-mills of small capacity are located at different points in southeastern Alaska to supply the local demand for coarse lumber. Alaska is, however, largely supplied with lumber from Puget sound. The treeless Shnmagin and Aleutian islands and the southern settlements of the peninsula are supplied with fire- wood brought from other portions of the territory. JEPAP.TMENT OP THE INTERIOR. TENTH CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. F^^'^^ Standing Kedwood tSeqiUJia sempei*virciiH ( i ^^^1 StJUuiin^ Redwood averEt^m^ ZOO.OOOferttotlie act-r &|^^^1 R#?^on Cimtainin^ scattering bodit's of inat-esHible - fi^Sjd Redwood ofliUle commercial value k'f^_ .i KpC'uni IrornwhirhfillTiuTchanlfiblr Redwood Ims l>ef-n removed • tarffe tfutrnittus pfHedwvod- Umber hu^r been, cat ftrnn Oie.rf. nrr^utafrteraifyalont/ fJie .ttre^tms.aTtx/. tn l>otIte.r tiyn .itnaU to be mAcO/ed. on. the rrutp ■ Julias Biea ftCalilK ^ GENERAL INDEX. [XOTK, — In this index the names of families are indicated by "Small caps", of spncies b y "Roman" type, and of Bynonymsby "Italics".] Page. Abies 11,12,16,573 Abieg (Hba (Piceaalba) Abies alba (Picea Engelmanlii) A bieg alba (Picea nigra) .• Abies alba, var. aretica Abies alba, var. ccervXea Abies Albertiana 204 205 - 203 204 204 208 Abi( 8 amabilis 213, 250, 255, 259, 346, 412, 478, 573, 576 Abies amabilis (Abiefi concolor) 212 Abies amahilis (Abies grandis) 212 Abies amabilis (Abies magnified) 214 Abies Americana 203 Abies aretica (Picea alba) 204 ^6t«arch'ca (Picea nigra) 203 Abies aroTiuitica 212 Abies balsamea 210,261,255,259,346,412,478 Abies balsamea (AhieB concoior) 212 Abies halsamea, var. Fraseri 210 Abies balsami/era 211 Abies b^folia 211 Abies brae teata 8,213,249,346 Abies Bridgesii Abies campylocarpa Abies Canadensis {Vicwk aXhSk) Abies Canadensis (Tsnga Canadensis) . . Abies Canadensis (Tsnga Merteusiana) . Abies Caroliniana Abies catnUea 207 - 214 204 206 207 207 204 Abies concolor 9,212.251,255,259,264,346,412,478,570 Abies dentietUata 203 Abies Thmglasii 209 Abies Dmiglasii, var. maerocarpa 210 Abies Douglasii, var. taxifolxa 209 A tnes Engebnanni , 205 Abies Engelmanni glauea 205 Abies faUata 206 Abies Fraseri 210,251,256,259,346.412.478 Abies Gord&niana 212 Abies graudis 7, 212, 251, 255, 259, 346, 412, 478, 565, 566, 572, 573, 575-577 Abies grandis (Abies amabilis) 213 Abies grandis (Abies coneolor) 212 Abies grandis (Abies subalpina) 211 Abies grandis, var. densijlora 213 Abies grandis, var. Lovriana 212 Abies /leterophyUa 207 Abies Hookeriana 208 A bies ITudsonira 211 Abies lasiocarpa (Abies conoolor) 212 A^^s lasiocarpa (Abies sabalpina) 211 Abies laxa 204 Abies Ltytoiana 212 Abies maerocarpa 210 [ Abies ma^iiyica (Abies nobilis) .-,. Abies Mariana Abies Marylandica Abies Menzie&ii (Picea pungens) . .. Abies Menziesii (Picea Sitchensis) . Abies Menziesii I'arryana Abies litertensiana A bies microcarpa A bies mucronata Abies mucronata palustris. Abies nigra ( Picea Engelmanni) Abies nigra (Picoa nigra) Abies nigra, var. rubra Page. 214 - 202 203 205 206 205 207 216 209 209 205 203 203 Abies nobilis 214. 250, 255, 259, 346, 412, 478, 573 Abies nobilis ( Abiee magnifica) 214 Abies nobilis robusta 214 Abies Parsonsii 212 Abies Pationi 208 Abies Fattoniana 2*^8 Abies Pattonii (Tsnga Mertensiana) 208 Abies Pattonii (Tsuga Fattoniana) 208 A hies pendula 215 A bies religicsa 185 Abies rubra 203 Abies rubra, y&r. aretica 203 Abies rubra, var. ccertUea 204 Abies Sitchensis 206 A6te« species (Tsaga Caroliniana) 207 Abies subalpina 211, 251, 255, 259, 264, 346, 412, 478, 564-567, 572, 573, 675, 677 Abies subalpina, v&r./aUax 211 Abies taxifolia (Pseudotsuga Douglasii) 209 Abies taodfolia {TaugA Hertensiana) 208 Abies trigona 206 Abies venusta 213 Abies Williamsonii 1 208 Acacia 6,10-12,14 Acaeia BahamenHs 64 Acacia Berlandieri 63,248 Acaeia biceps 62 Acacia csculenta 63 Acacia frondosa 62 Acacia glauea 62 Acacia, Green-bark 60,280,362,426 Acacia Greggii ...13,63,249,282,362,426 Acaeia latisUiqua 64 Acacia leucocephala 62 Acacia pulverulenta 63 A cacia tephroloba 63 Acacia, Three-thomed 69,280,360,426 Acacia "Wrightii 63,249,282 Acer Acer barbatum (Acer glabmm) Acer barbatum (Acer saccharinnm). Acer Oalifomieum 10-12 48 48 51 581 582 GENERAL INDEX. Actr Oanadtntt - Aetr UaroliniaHa Acer clrclnatom 47, MJ, 2S3, 258, 274, Awr eoeeinrum Acorilasvoarpam 48, S», 253, 258. 276, Aetr DofigUuii jloer X>njtnm«n(W Jieer trioearpum . : Acer glabrum ^T« Acer glavrvm Acer Kru"lidentatain 13. 48, Aoer nuicrophyUnin 47, 260, 253, 256, 259, 274, 35J1, Aetr montanum --.. Aetr Nejundo Amt nigrum Aetr palmuitum Actr parvifiorum Acer renuHvlvanicnm 46, A eer Penntylnanieum (Acer sptcatam) Aoermbmm 50,250,253,256,259,276, Acer rubrum, ror. Drnmmondll 50, Aeerrvbrum, var. paUidum Acer R.iifliarinnm -. 48,249,253,256,259,276, JnrrfaecAnWnum (Acer dftsycarpum) Aeer taccharinum (Acer Baocbarinnm, var. oigrmn) Acer aacchariDnm, var. nigrum 49, 249, 253, 256, 259, 276, 350, Acer tacehantm Acrr »anffuiiuwn 1 Acer Rpicatum 46, AetT ttriatum Acer tripartitum Acer virgatum Achrax mneifolia Aehrxja inammosa AchragpallicLa AcMaa 9alici/olui Achras gerrata Achra^ ZapotiUa, v&t. parvijlora Actual fuel valne of Bome of the more important woods of the ITnited States Adflia acutnimxta iEHCulas .Ssculns Califomlca 43,250,253,256, JSsculus carnea '. ^eculut discolor £»ctdus fchinata ^BCuIuH flava 43, iEiiculns flava, var. pnrparaeceng w«»oulu» Rlabra 42,250,253,256, JEiCulus HippociuUinuin, var. glabra .£»cuiuii Ilippoca$tanum, var. Ohiocntis j£9culu^ flippoeastanum, v&r. pallida .£«culua hybrida ; JEnculu* lutca .Xteulut neyUeta £acuhifi octandra * £scvXwt Ohiotnaii .XkuIvk pallida JE»c\dv$ Pa via .var. discolor £»evhu Watsoniana Agaktiani^ tecundijlora Ageria Cassena ^ Ageria geminata ** Ageria betcrophylla Ageria obovata Ageria opaca ; , Ageria paluttri) Alabama, ceotral, pine belt of Alabama, cypress swamps of the Tensas river in Alabama, eastern, foreste of the Chattahoochee, mixed forast growth, etc., in. Alabama, forests of the Tennessee valley In Alabama, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487, Alabama, Mobile the principal center of wood manufacture in Alabama, pine forests of Baldwin county in Page. a 50 858,422 50 858,424 48 60 49 230,274 SO 249,276 422,576 46 51 49 47 46 250,274 46 358,424 250,276 49 358,422 49 49 358,424 48 50 250,274 46 48 47 103 103 101 101 69 103 350-353 112 10-13 274,425 42 43 42 250,274 43 274,422 42 42 42 43 43 43 43 42 42 43 42 57 86 36 35 35 35 35 529 628-527 627,528 528,529 524, ."525 525 527 P»ffc Alabama, pine region of the Cooaa In 62* Alabama, production of naval stores in 617,627,629.630 Alabama, rank of, according to valne of lumber prodaeta 487 Alabama, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests and the turpentine industry of 525-530 Alabama, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., i n... 4!) 1, 524-530 Alabamu, tabular statement of the amount of Long- and Short-leaved Piue standing in the forests of, May 31, 1880 524 Alabama, the forests of Pike county In 52R Alabama, the Maritime Pine Region in 528 Alaska, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in .'i80 Alaska, the Northern Coast Forest in SjfO Albany, New Tork, rank ot as a lumber market .'i03 Abler (Alnns oblongifoUa) . . . 163, 326. 3»4. 460 AliliT (Alnns rhomblfolia) 163, 326, 3W, 460 Alil.r (Alnus rubra) 163,320,392,416.458 Alder, Black (Alnns Incana) 165,326,394.400 Alder, Black (Alnns germlsta) 161.326 Alder. Hoary 165,326,394,490 Alder, Seaside 162,326,458 Alder, Smooth 164,328 Alder. Speckled .16.\326,3»«.4C0 Algaroba 62, 265, 280. 30 J, 4:6 Algarobia glandulo/ia 61 Alnus 11,12,16,575 Almtg Americana (Alnns incana) Alniu Americana (Alnus sermlata) Alnus arguta Alnus Canadtntit Alnxu gcnuina Alntis glauca Alnus glutinosa (Alnus mbra) Alnus glutinosa, var. ru^o«a Alnia glutinosa, var. serrulaia (Alnus rhombifoUa) . Alnus glutinosa, var. semdata (Alnns sermlata) Alnus hyhrida J64 1C4 161 164 164 164 163 164 163 , 164 164 Alnns incana 12,164,260,326,394.460 Alnus incana (Ra^A) 164 Alnus incana, var. platua (Alnns Incana) 164 Alnus incana, var. glauca (Alnns incana, var. vireeoens) 165 Alnus incana, var. rtiftro 163 Alnus incana, ror. virescens 165 Alnus Japoniea 162 AlnuB maritima 162,250,326,458 Alnus maritima typiea 162 ., 290 Apple. Southern Crab 72,284 Arboldo Hierro.., 56,278,360.426 Arborvit» 176,330,350,396,462 Arbutus 11,12,15 ArtAilue laurifolia 97 Arbulxit macropkylia 97 Arliutus Menziesii 97,249,254,257,292,368,432 ArbuluM ilemiegii (Arbutus Texaua) 97 Arbutui ilenzieni (Arbutus Xalapensis) 97 Arbutue proeera 97 Arbutus Texana 97,249,292 ArbutuM varien» 97 Arbutus Xalapensla 97,249.254.257,292,368,434 Artmtut Xalapemit (Arbatna Texana) 97 Aidisla 11.15 Ardiaia I'ickeringia 100, 240, 2U2 Areaa burned over aad value of propeiiy destroyed by forest Area during the census year (««?, aUo, under state headings) 491,492 Page. Arizona, lumber industry and mannfaetnrea from wood in 486, 487, 569 Arizona, ranlc of, according to value of lanibor products 4iJ7 Arizona, .statistics of forests, forest fires, standing tiraber,etc., in ...491,508,960 Arkansas, lumber indnslry and manufactures from wood in 486,487, 544 Arkansas, rank of, according to valne of lumber products 487 Arkansas, statistics of forests, forest flros, standing timber, etc., in. .481. 543, 544 Arkansas, tabular statement of the amountof Short-leaved Pine standing in the foresis of. May 31, 1880 ,544 Aroniaarborea 64 Aronia arbutifolia 83 A ronin Botryapium 84 Aronia eordata 84 Aronia ovalis 85 Arrow wood 38, 272 Aaagrcea gpinosa 55 Ash 107,296,298,370,434 Ash and specificgravity of woods 248-251 Ash, Black 111,298,372,438 Ash. Blue 111.298.370,436 Ash, Green ' 109,298,370,436 Ash, Ground 111.298,372,4.18 Ash, Hoop -' 111,298,372,438 Ash, Sfountain (Pyms Americana) 73, 284, 428 A sli. Mountain (Pyms sambuclfolia) 74, 284, 364, 428 Ash, Oregon 111,298,372,438 Ash, Prickly (Xanthoxylum Americanum) - 29, 268 A»li, I'rickly (Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis) 30, 270, 356, 4 .'0 Ash, Red ' -..- 109,296,370,436 Ash, Sea ..30,270,356,420 Ash. specific gravity, and weight per cubic foot of dry specifaiens of the woods of the United States 266-340 Ash, "Wafer 31.270 Ash. Water 110.298.370.436 Ash, White .. .- 107,296.350,370,436 Asli, Yellow 57,278,360,438 Ash-leaved Maple 51,276.360,424 Asiminn 10.11,13 Anmiyia eampanijlora 23 Asimina triloba 23,250,253,256,266.354.418 Asp, (Juakin;; 171,328,350,394,460 Aspects, economic, of the forests of the TTnited States 483-580 Aspen 171,328,350,394,460 Atlantic Plain. Deciduous Forest of the Mississippi Basin and the 4 Atlantic region, the 3-6 Atlantic region, western third of the, remarks on 4 Average number of hands employed in the lumbering industry of the United States 486 A venige size aud product of saw-mills in each state and territory 488 Avicennia 11, 1.^ Avic.nnianltida 117,240,302 Ariecnnia oblongifolia 117 Avietnnia tomentoga H" B. Bald Cypress 184,334,360,398.406 Balmof Gilead 173.358,394.460 Balm of Gilead Fir 211,346.412.478 Balsam (Abies Fraseri) 210,346,412,478 Balsam (Abies subalpina) 211,346,412,478,577 Balaam (Populus balsamifera) 173,328.394.460 Balsam Cottonwood 174,330,394,462 Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea) 211,346,412,478 Balsam Fir (Abies concolor) 213,346,412,478 Balsam, She 210,346,412,478 Banana, Mexican 219,348 Bartram'sOak 153,320,390,456 Basket Oak 141,316.384.416.450 Basswood 27.268,356.418 Bassweod, AVTilte 28,268,356,420 Bastard Cedar 176,330,396.462 Bastard Pine 202,342,352,406.416,474 liatodendron arboreum 96 Bayom^t, Siianisli (Yucca baccata) 210, 348 Ba\ont;t, Spanish (Yucca canaliculata) 218,348 Bayonet, Spanish (Yucca elata) 210,348 Bay, Ball ; 19,266,354,414,418 584 GENERAL INDEX. P»ee. Bsy.LobloUr M, S«6i MS, «S4, 418 Bay, Red 118, S02, 872, 438 Bay, Rom 99, '.'W, 308, 434 Bay, Sweet 20,206,354,414,418 Bay, Tan 25, 285. :68, 354, 418 Bay Tree, California 120,302,374,440 Bay, White 20,266,354,414.418 Bayberry 136,312,380,446 Bean, Indian 115,300,372.438 Bean Tree 115,300,372,438 Bearbcrry 41,272.358,422 Bearwood 41,272,358,422 Beaver Tree 20,206,354,414,418 Beech 188, 322. 350, 390, 4,-* Beech, Bine 159,322.392,456 Beech, Water rocarpa Ceratut umbellata Ceratut Virginiana Cercidium Jtoridum 7* 67 68 66 Cercis 10,12,14 Cercis Canadensis 61,250,253,266,280,382 426 Cercit Oanadentit,vti,r.pubetc»nt 61 Cercit occidentalit 81 Cercit occidentalit, var 61 Cercit oceideniaiit, var. Texeniit 61 Cercis rrniformis 61,249,289 Cercocarpus 9,10,12,14,560,571 Cercocarjrut bctuUe/oKut 71 Oereocnrput betuloidet 71 Cereocarput breri/oliut 71 Cercocarput intricatut 71 Cercocarpus lodifolius 18, 71, 249, 284, 350, 4M Cercocarpus ledifolius, var. intricatns 71 Cercocarpus parvif,.lias 71, 249, 2M Cercocarpus parvifoliua, tar. glaber Tl Cercocarpus parvifolins, var. paucidentatus 71 GENERAL INDEX. 587 Page. Cereas 10,12,14 Cereus gipanteaa 89,251,288 Chapote 105,294 CbamsDcyparis 11, 12, 16 Chamacyparii Boursi^rii (Cbamfecyparis Lawsonlana) 178 Chamceeyparis Bourtiirii ( Jnni perns ocoidentalis) 181 OhavuecyparU exceUa 178 Chamacyparia J-awsoniana 8, 178, 250, 255, 258, 360, 388, 464, 576 Chamiecj-paria Nntkaenaia 178, 250, 255, 258, 263, 332, 398, 464, 680 ChamacyparU Xutkaensis,-vtK^. glauea 178 Chamcrlndaatry . 548 Chicago, early lomber trade of 549, 550 Chicago, the principal soarce of supply of lomber for Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico 568,569 Chickiwaw Plum 66,282,362,486 Chllop«i8 11,12,15 ChiUpnn glutinoMi 116 Ohilopgit UtuarU 116 Chilopnia aaligna 13,116,250,254,257,300,372,438 Chimanthut amygdalinus 69 China, Wild 44,274,358,414,422 Chinquapin (Castanea pumila) 156, 322, 390, 4.W Chinquapin (CasUnopsia chrysophylU) 156.322,390,456 Chinquapin Oak 143,265,316,384,450 ChionanthuR 11, 15 Ohionanthus angusli folia 112 ChionarUhui heterophyUa 112 Ohionanthu* Umgifolia 112 ChinnantKut marilima 112 Chionanthua montana 112 Chionantjtu* trifida , 112 Chionanthua Virginica 112,230,298 Chumantkus Virginica, var. anfftuti/olia 112 Chionanthiu Virgini^a, var. lati/olia 112 Ohionanthus Virgtnica, var. maritima .- 112 Chiorumthus Virginiea, var. moTitana 112 Chittamwood 52,276 ChloromeUt tempervirtns 72 Chrysobalanua 10,14 Chryaobalanns Icaco 64,249,282,362,426 Chryiohalanut leaco. vtcr. peilocarpa 65 Chrygobalatiug peltoearpa 65 Chryaophyllnra 11,15 Chryttophyllum Barbate^ 100 Ckrygophyllutn Caneto, fi 100 ChrynophylluTn ferrugineu-m 100 Ohryaophf/Uvm micropftyllvm 100 (^ry»/rpkyltum monopyrenum 100 ChryaophyUum oliviforme 100,249,254,257,282,368,434 Cigar Tree 115,300,872,438 Page. GiiKftona OarHxea 95 Giiichona CarolinUma 95' Cinchona Jamaietn$i» 95 Cinnamon Bark 24,268,364,418 Cinnamon. Wild 24,268,354,418 Citharexylnm 11, 15 Citharexylnm viUoaum 116,249,254,257,300,372,438 Cladrastia 10,11,14 Cladragtis lutf eUipffca (Cratsegns flava, var. pnbescens) 83 Crataegus flava 82,249,286 CraUegua Jlava (Cratsegns dava, var. pubescens) 83 Oratcegua Jlava (Crataegus tomentosa) 79 Cratagua flaca (Crataegus tomentosa, var. punctata) 80 Oratcegua flava, war. lobala 82 Crataegus flivva, ror. puljescens 83,249,253,256,286,364,430 OraUegua Jlexuoaa 80 Oratcegua glandtdoaa (Crat^gus coccinea) 77 Cratagua glanduloaa (Crataegus Douglaaii) 75 Oa(<77iM ^Ianduio«a (Crataegus flava) 77 Oratcegua glanduloaa (Cratiegns flava, var. pnbescens) 83 Cratagua glandtUoaa, var. macraeantha 77 Cratagua glanduioaa, var. rotundi/olia 78 Cratagua lati/olia (Crataegus tomentosa) 79 Cratagua lat{folia (Crataegus tomentosa, nir. pnnotata) 80 Cratagua Uueoeephalua 79 Cratagua Uueophlaeoa 79 Cratagua linearia 77 Cratagua lobata (Crattegns flava) 82 (Va(a);K/< ioftata (Cratiegus tomentoaa) 79 Cratagua lucida (Crataegus aestivalis) 82 Cratagua lucida (Cratngus Cnu-galU) Cratagua macraeantiM Oratcegua Miehauxii Crata-gua microearpa Oratcegua moUia Oratcegua obovati/olia Crata'ffua opaea Crata-gua ovnli/oHa Crata'gua oxyacantha Oratcegua oryaeantha, var. api\folia Cratx'gus parvifolia Oratcegua populi/olia (Cratcegns coccinea) . Oratcegua populi/olia (Crataegus cordata) . . Oratcegua pmnellifolia Oratcegua prunifolia Oratcegua punctata Cratagua punctata, var. breviapina Oratcegua punctata, var. rubra and aurea ... Oratagua punctata, var. xanthocarpa Cratagua pyri/olia Oratcegua racemoaa Page. n 77 83 81 78 80 82 76 81 81 83 78 80 76 77 80 80 79 84 Crataegus rivularis 13,74,249,284 Cratagua rivitlaria (Crataegus Douglasii) 75 Oratcegua aalici/olia 78 Cratagua aanguinea 75 Cratagua aanguinea. var. Douglaaii (Cratcegus Douglasii) 75 Cratagua aanguinea, \aT. Douglagii (Crataegus rivnlaris) 74 Cratagua sanguiTiea, var. viUoaa 78 Grata; gus spathulata 81,249,253,256,286,364.430 CrafiogpyroH Virginiana, var. r^meoUr 104 LH«gpyrog Virginiana, var. macrocarpa 104 Viagpyr'ig Virginiana, var. mi^roearpa 104 Page. Diogpyrog Virginiana, var. pubegeeng 104 Dipholis 11,15 Dipbolis salicifolia 101,249,254,257,294,368,434 Distribution of genera '. lo Distribution of species 12 District of Columbia, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in . . 486, 487 District of Columbia, original forest of, replaced by Oak, Scrub Pine, etc 511 District of Columbia, rank of, according to value of liunl>er products 487 District of Colnmbia, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 511 Division of the Korth American continent with reference to its forest geography 3 Doctor Gnm 54, 278, 360, 424 Dogwood 90, 288 Dogwood, Flowering (Comus florida) 91, 288, 300, 430 Dogwood, Flowering (Comus Nnttallil) 91,288,360,432 Dogwood, Jamaica 57, 2T8, 360, 426 Dogwood, Striped '. 46, 274 Douglas Fir 209,265,344,352,410,476 Douglas, Kobert, remarks on the forests of the Black Hills region of Dakota by 561,562 Downward Plum 103, 294, 368, 434 Drimophyllam paucijlorum 120 Drypetes 11, 15 Drypetcg alba, var. latifolia 121 Drypetes crocea 120, 249, 254, 257, 302, 374, 440 Drypetes croce.a, var. latifolia 121, 249, 254, 257, 302, 374, 440 l>rypetes crocea, var. longipeg 120 Drypeieg glauca (Drypetes crocea) 120 Drypeteg glauca (Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia) 121 I>rypetes geggUiflora 120 Dry wood of trees of the TTuited States, weight of 249-251 Dock Oak 152,320,350,388,416,464 Dwarf Maple 48,274 Dwarf Sumach 53,278,360,424 E. Bbbkack^B 104,105,254,257,294,368,454 Economic aspects of the forests of the United States 483-580 Ehretia 11,15 Ehntia Bourreria 114 Ehretia elliptica 114,250,254,257,300,372,438 Ehretia Havanengig 114 Ehretia radula 114 Ehretia tomcntoga 114 Elaphrium integerrimum 32 Elder (Sambuous glauca) 93,290,366,432 Elder (Sambncus Mexioana) 94,290 Elder, Box (Negundo aceroides) 51,276,360,424 Elder, Box (Negundo Califomioum) 51,276,360,424 Elder. Poison 54,278 Elemi, Gum 33,270,350,356,420 Elkwood 21,266,354,418 Elm, American 123,304,350,374,414,440 Elm, Cedar 122,304,374,440 Elm, Cliff 123,304,374,440 Elm, Cork 123,304,374,440 Elm, Hickory 123,304,374,440 Elm, Moose 122,304,374,440 Elm, Ked 122,304,374,440 Elm, Bock 123,304,374,440 Elm, Slippery (Fremontia Caiifomioa) 26,268 Elm, Slippery (Ulmns fulva) 122,304,374,440 Elm, Water 123,304,350,374,414,440 Elm, White (TJlmus Americana) 123, 304, 350, 374, 414, 440 Elm, White (TJlmus racemos.!) 123,304,374,440 Elm, Winged 124,304,374,440 Emeiila ramuloaa 36 Enceno 147,318,388,452 Endotropig ole^folia 40 ERICiCK.K 96-99,254,257,292,368,432 Erythrina piiicipula 57 Eugenia 10, 14 Eugenia axiUarig 89 Evgenia fiarftengig 89 590 GENERAL INDEX. Page. EngBnUbuxlfolta 88,249,253,257,288,366,430 Kusenia ilichotom* 88,249,288 Kugenia Jichotoma, yti./ratnmi - - 88 £ugenia dUaricata ^ Eutenla loneipe* 89,249,288 Eugmia montana 88 Eugenia montlcolft 88,249,253,257,288,366,430 Kuffenia myrtoide* 88 Eugenia paU«ru -- 88 Kuponin procera ...89,249,263,257,288,306,430 Eugenia pungens 88 Eugenia triplineroia (Eugenia l>uxifolIa> 88 Eugenia triplinmia (Engunia moDticola) 89 Euonyniua 10,12,13 £aon3*mnfl atropurpurens 38,249,272 Euonifinus CaroUnentis 38 Euonj/nius lati/uiitu 38 EiniOBBiACKJ!.... 120,121,264,257,302,374,440 Exctrearia lueida 121 Exostemma 10, 14 Exostemina Caribtenm 95,249,353,257,265,290,366,432 Exothea obUmgi/olia 45 ExporimenUby Mr. S. P. Sharpies 247,251,264,265 Eyscnhardtia 10,12,14 Eysenhardtia amorpkndei 55 Eyaenhardtia amorphoiitt, var. orViocarpa 65 EyseDhardtia orthocarpa 13,55,249,278 F. Fagara fraxinyfolia Fagara lenHse\folia Fagara Pterota 4. Ficus auiea 128,251,254,257,306, Ficui aurea, vAi. latifolia PiouB brevifolia 127, Ficua eomplieata Ficus pednacnlata 127,250,254,257,306, Fiddlewood 116,300, Fig, Wild 127,306, Fir. Balm of GUead 211,346. Fir, Balsam (Abies balsamea) 211,316, Fii, Balsam (Abies concolor) 213,346, Fir, Douglas .' 209, 263, 344. S-U, Fir, Red (Abies magsiflca) 214,340, Fir, Ked (Abies nobilis) 214, 346, 412, Fir, Ked(PseadoUagaDoaglasli) 209,265,344,352,410,476, Fir, Re43, 544 California 491,578-580 Colorado 491,567.568 Connecticut .ion. Tiol Dakota 491,561.502 Delaw.ire 491,511 District of Coltunbia .''II Florida .. 491, .M(i-.-,ia Georgia 491, .lilt, aJO Idaho 491,!>:i-573 Ulinois 491, 547-,150 Indiana 491,547 Indian territory 491,. 543 Iowa 491,560 Kansas 491, .'>02. .ins Kentucky 491,545.546 Louisiana 4»l,5:i6-'40 Maine 491,494^1)6 Maryland 491, .511 Massachusetts 491,500,601 Miehig.m 491, 5.M)-.-.!>4 Minnesota 491,558-560 Mississippi 491. KiO-r.:i6 Miasouri 491,560,561 Montana 491,5C)-5fi6 Nebraska 562 Nevada 491.. 'J71 New Hampshire ". 491,496-498 New Jersey 4'.»1,506 New Mexico 491.568 New York 491, fiOl-506 North Carolina 491,515-618 Ohio 491,547 Oregon 491, .576-.')78 Penusvlvania 491,606-510 Rhode Isl.TOd 491,500, .101 South Carolina 491.51B, 519 Tennessee .- 492, .544, .545 Texas 49^540-543 Ut,nh 492.569-571 Vermont ■- 492,408-500 Virginia 492. 51 1.. 512 Washington 492, .573-576 West Virginia 4!)-.>, .512-.515 Wisconsin 492,554-558 Wyoming 492,566,567 Fires, forest, remarks respecting prevalence of and losses occasioned by 491-493 Florida, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,521-523 Florida, Pencil Cedar of 522 Florida, production of naval stores in 517 Florida, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Florida, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests of 622, 523 Florida, remarks by Mr. A. H. Curtiss on the forests of 621,522' Florida, Semi-tropical Forest of 6 Florida, Southern Pine Belt in 520 Florida, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, 520-623 Florida, tabular statement of the amount of long-leaved pine standing in the forests of, May 31, 1880 521 Florida, the Big Cypress region of 622 Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida) 91,288,366,430 Flowering Dogwood (Comns NnttaUii) 91,288,366,432 Fatataxus montana 186 Faitataxua iLyrUtica 186 Forestiera 11,12,15 Foreatiera acuminata 112,250,264,257,298,372,438 Forest crop of the Unite.t Trees, Catalogno of 17-219 Forest Trees, Index to Catalogue of 220-243 Forests, forest Urea, standing timber, etc., extent of, in the— North Atlantic division 494-310 Northern Central dixision .547-563 Soutli Atlantic division 611-62.1 Sonthem Central division 624--546 Woatern division 504-5i>0 Forcats, forest fir>^s, standing timber, etc., statistics of, in— Alabama 491,524-530 Alaska 5«0 Arizona 491, .56.«, .503 Arkansas 491,543,544 California 491,578-580 GENERAL INDEX. 591 Page. Forests, forest (ires, standing timber, etc., statistics of, in— continaed. Colorailo 491,507,568 ConuiicUcut 500,501 Dakota 491,501,502 Dilaware 491,511 District of Colombia 511 Florida 491,520-523 Georgia 491,519,520 Idaho 491,571-573 Dlinois 491,547-550 Indiana 491,547 Indian territory !V 491,543 Iowa 491, .500 Kansas 491,562,56:1 Kcntackv 491,545,546 Lonisiani 491,630-540 Maine 491,494-406 Itiryland 491,511 Mas'sichusetts 491,500,501 Michigan 491,5.50-554 Minnesota 491,558-500 Missi?i^ippi 491, 53'»-536 Missouri 491,560,fi61 Montaua 491,564-506 Xobraska 502 Nevada 491,571 Now Hampshire 491,496-498 New Jersey 491,506 Nuw Mexico. 491,508 New York 491,501-506 North Carolina 491.515-518 Ohio 491,647 Oregon 491,576-578 Pcnnsvlrania 491,606-510 Rhode Island 491,500,501 South Carolina 491,518,619 Tennessee 492,644.545 Texas 492,540-543 Utah 492,569-571 Vermont 492,498-500 Tirginia 492,511,612 Washington 492, 573-.'>76 West Virginia 492,512-515 Wisconsin 492,554,558 Wyoming 492,566,567 Forests, mountain, of California, injury by grazing cattle to the 579 Forests of Xortb America, general remarks on the 3-16 Forests of the cintral pine liills of Missrssippi 534 Forests of the Chattahoochee, mixed forest growth, etc., in eastern Ala- bama 627,528 Forests of the Northern Pine Belt once extended over the state of Maine . 494 Forests of the Tennessee valley in Alabama. 528,529 Forests of the United States in their economic aspects 483-580 Forests of the Yazoo delta in Mississippi 535,536 Forests of western Mississippi 534,535 Forests ou Indian reservations in Minnesota 559,560 Forked leaf Black Jack 151,320,388,454 Foxtail Pine 191,336,402,468 40 41 40 40 41 2« 25 Frangula Cali/omiea Pranffula Cali/ornica, var. tomenteUa . FranguLa Caroliniana Frangida fragilifi Frangula P\tr»hiana Franklinia Franklinia AUttamaha Fraxiniis acuminata Fraxinua alba - Fraxintu aiba (Fraxinna Americana) Fraxinus albicans (Fraxinus Americana, var. microcarpa). Fraximit albicans (Fraxinus Americana, ror. Texensis) .. Fraxinus 11,12,15 107 112 107 108 108 Fraxinus Americana 107,250,251,254,257,260,296,350,370,436 ^axiniM .AnKTicana (Fraxinus platyoarpa) 110 Fraxintu Americana, var. Caroliniana 110 Fraxinug Americana, VAr. juglandifolia 109 Frax^niu Americana, var. latifolia 107 Fraxinus Americana, rar. microcarpa 108 Fraxinni Am-ericana, var. ^rubeaeewi A 108 Fraxinut Americana, vxi. quadrangxilata W. 110 Fraxinus Americana, var. quadrangulata nervosa 110 Fraxintu Ainerieana, var. sambuci/olia Ill Fraxinus Amcricina, r«r. Texensis 108, 249, 254, 267, 296, 370, 414, 436 Fraxinvs Americana, var. triptera 110 Fraxinus anomala 13,106,249,296 Fraxinus Berlamlieriana Fraxinus Canadensis Fraxinus Caroliniana (Fraxinus platycarpa) . Fraxinus Caroliniana (Fraxinns viridis) Fraxinus Carolinensis Fntxinus cincrea Fraxinua coriacea (Fraxinns Americana, var. Texensis) . Fraxinus coriacea (Fraxinus pistacitefolia) Fraxinus crispa Fraxinus Curtissii Ffoxinug curvidens Frasinoa cuspidata Fraxinus dipetala Fraxinus discolor Fraxinus elliptica - .. Fraxinus epiptcra Fraxinus excelsior Fraxinus expansa Fraxinus fusca Fraxinus grandifolia 109 107 110 109 107 112 Page. • 108 106 Ill 108 110 112 112 107 112 107 110 109 112 Ill Fraxinns Greggii 106,249,201,296 Fraxinus juglandifolia (Fraxinns Americana) Fraxinus juglandifolia (Fraxinus viridis) Fraxinus juglandifolia, var. serrata Fraxinus juglandifolia, var. suhintegerrima Fraxinus juglandifolia, var. subserrata Fraxinus lancea Fraxinus longifolia Fraxinus mixta Fraxinus nervosa Fraxinus nigra Fraxinus nigra (Fraxinus pubescens) Fraxinus nigra (I-Yaxinus sambncifolia) - Fraxinus nigrescens Fraxinus Novfp-Anglife (Fraxinns sambncifolia) Fraxinus Nova-AngluB (Fraxinus viridis) Fraxinus Nuttallii Fraxinus obiongocarpa 112 110 112 110 108 107 109 107 109 107 107 108 112 110 112 108 Ill 110 Ill 109 110 108 Fraxinus Oregana 111,250,254,267,298,372,438 Fraxinns ovata » Fraxinus pallida Fraxiuus pannosa Fraxinus paucijlora Fraxinus Pennsylvanica Fraxinus pistaciffifolia 13,106,249,254,257,296,370,434 Fraxinus pistacurfolia (Fraxinns Americana, var. Texensis) 108 Fraxinua pistaciaefolia, var. coriacea 106 Fraxinus platycarpa 110,251,264,257,298,370,436 Fraxinns pubescens 108,250,254,257,206,370,436 Fraxinus pubescens 119 Fraxinus pubescens, var HI Fraxinus pubescens, var. latifolia 108 Fraxinus pubescens, var. longifolia 108 Fraxinus pubescens, var. aubpubescens 108 Fraxinus pulvenilenta 112 Fraxinus guadrangularis - 119 Fraxinus quadrangulata 110,249,254,257,260,298,370,436 Fraxinus quadrangulata, var. nervosa HO Fraxinns Richardi 113 Fraxinus nibicunda 112 Fraxinus rufa 112 Fraxinns sambncifolia 111,250,254,257,298,372,438 Fraxinus sambueifolia, var. cnspa HI Fra^nua Sckiedeana, var. parvifolia 1 06 Fraxinus subvillosa 198 Fraxinus tetragona HO Fraxinus tomentosa iOS Fraxinus irialata 1 0'^ Fraxinus triptera H" Fraxinus velutina 1*'® Fraxinus viridis 12, 109, 249, 251, 254, 257, 260, 298, 370, 436 Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlandierlana 109, 250, 298 Fremontia 10, 12, 13 Fremontia Califomica 20,249,268 Frigolito 58,278 Fringe Tree 113,298 Fuel in manufactures during the census year, amount and value of wowl used as 489 Fuel value, actual, of some of the more important woods of the United States 350-S53 Fuel value of woods, method of determining the 247, 251, 252 592 GENERAL INDEX. Oardtnia clutria/oUa tielgorTree Oaoers, lUstriboUon of General remarks on the foieeU of North Ameriea . 520 519 90,288 185 184 Page. 95 113,300 10 3-16 Oeoipa l"-" Genipa dasiiefoUa 95,249,290 GeorgUBark 95,290.360,452 Georgia, lumber Indaatry and maonfeetorea ttota wood in 486, 487. 519, 520 GeorgiBPine 202,342,352,408,416,472 Georgia, production of naval stores iu 517 Georgia, rank of, accuiding to value of lumljor products 487 Georgia, statistics of forests, forest flres, standing timiwr, etc., in . . .491, 519, 520 Georgia, tabular statement of the amount of Long-leaved Pine standing in thi> forests of. May 31,1880 Georgia, thi- Maritime Pine Belt in Gisnt Cactus Oigantatne* Uix\folia Oigantahift Wettingtmua Ginger Pine 179,332,350,398,464 Gtomlmrrj- 28,268,356,420 Glaucous WiUow 169,328 GleditRchia 10,11,14 GUdxts'ihi4x aqutttiea 59 GUdiltchia brachyearpa 59 GUdi:8ckia CaroUnenns 69 GUdiUrhia eler/ana - GUditschia inermu (Gleditschia monosperma) Gleditichia inermu (Gleditschia triacanthos, tior. inermis) GlfdiUchia macrantha Gleditschia Meliloba Glcditscliia monosperma ...59,249,253,256,280,362,426 GUditgchia ftpinosa 59 Gleditschia triacantha 59 Gleescen8 25,248 Gordonia pyramidalis 25 Grape. Sea 118,302,438 Gravity, specific, ash, and weight per cubic foot of dry specimens of the woods of the United States 266-349 Gray Birch (Botnlaalba, var. popnlifoUa) 159,324,350,392,458 Gray Birch (Betula Intea) 161,324,392,458 Gray Pino 201,342,352,406,472 Great Laurel 99,292,368,434 Great Plains, the 4-6 Green Ash 109,298,370,436 Green-bark Acacia 60,280,362,426 Ground Ash 111,298,372,438 Guaiacum 10,13 Ouaiaeuin angusti/olium 29 Gu.ii.icnm sanctnm 28,249,263,256,268,356,420 Guaiacum verticaU 28 Gucttarda 10,15 Guettanla elliptica 96,249,290 Guettarda Blodgettii 96 Guiana Plum 121,302,374,440 Ovilandina dioiea 58 Gum, Black 92,290,366,432 Gum. Cotton 93, 290, S.'W, 366, 432 Gum, Doctor 54,278,360,424 Gum Elastic 102,294,368,434 Gum Klemi 33,^70,350,356,420 Gum, Red 86,286,360,364,414,430 Gum, Sour 92, 290, .366, 432 Gom, Star-leaved 86,286,350,364,414,430 Gum, Sweet 86,286,350,364,414,430 Page. Gum, Tupelo 93,290,390,366,432 Gumbo Limbo 33,270,356,420 Gurgcon Stopper 88,288,366,430 GrrriFKu* 25 Oymnanthts lueiia 121 Oymnobalanus CeUabnana lit Gymnocladus 10,11,14 Gymnochulns Canadensia 68,249,253,256,280,360,426 Gymnocladus dimea 58 B. Hackberry (Celtis occidentalls) 128,306,376,414,442 Hackborry (Celtis occidentalls, nor. reticulata) 126, 3o6, 376, 442 Hackmatack 215,346,352,412,478 Halesia 11,15 Halesia diptera 105,290,254,257,294,368,434 Halesia parvifiora 106 Halesia reticulata 105 Halesia tftraptera 106,250,296 Halmia comifolia 80 Halmia Jlabellata 77 Halmia lobata 79 Halmia punctata 80 Halmia tomentosa 79 Hamamklack.« 85,86,253,256,286,364,414,4.30 Hamamelis 10,11,14 Hamamelis androgyna 85 Hamamelis corylifolia 85 Hamamelis dioiea 85 Hamamelis macrophyUa 85 Hamamelis parvifolia 85 Hamamelis Virffiniana, T&r. parv^folia 85 Hamamelis Virginica 85,249,286 Hard Maple 48,276,358,422,576 Hard Pine 202,342,352,406,416,472 Haw, Apple 82,286,364,430 Haw, Black 94,290,366,432 Haw, Hogs' 75.284 Haw, May 82,286,364,430 Haw, Parsley 81,266 Haw, Pear 79, 286, 3(H, 430 Haw, Purple 40,272 Haw, Red (Crataegus coocinea) 78,286 Haw, Eeil (Cratffgus flava, var. pubescens) 83, 286, 364, 430 Haw, Scarlet (Cratagns coccinea) 78,286 Haw, Scarlet (Cratajgus subvlllosa) 78,286,364,430 Haw, Small-fruited , 81,286,364,430 Haw, Summer (Crataegus flava) 83,286 Haw, Summer (Crataigus flava, var. pubescens) 83,286,364,430 Haw, YeUow 83,286 Hazel, Witch 85,286 Hemlock and White Pine standing in the forests of Pennsylvania May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 5«6 Hemlock (Pseudotsuga Donglasii, var. macrocarpa) 210, 346, 412, 478 Hemlock (Tsusa Canadensis) 207, 265, 344. 352, 408. 474, .506 Hemlock (Tsuga CaroUnUna) 207,265,344,410,476 Hemlock (Tsuga Mertensiana) 208, 265, 344, 410, 476, 673, 576 Heteromeles 10,12,14 Heteromele^ arbutifolia 83,249,286 Heteromeles Fremontiana 83 Heyderia decurrens 176 Heymaesoli spinoea 34 Hiekorea, species — 1*^ Hielcoritu amara 1^' Hickory, Big-bud 134,310,350,380,444 Hickory, Black fcaryaporcina) 134, 3!0, 350, 3Sfl. 446 Hickory, Black a;arya tomentosa) 134,310,350,380,444 Hickory, Brown 134, 310, 350, 380, 44B Hickory Elm 123,304,374.44(1 Hickory, Nutmeg - 135,310,350,380.440 Hickory Pine (Finns Balfouriana, var. aristata) 101,336,402,468 Hickory Pine (Pinus pungeus) 199,340,350,404,472 Hickory, Shag-bark 133,308,350,378,444 Hickory, Shell-bark 133,308,350,378,444 Hickory, Swamp (Carya amara) 135,310,350,380,440 Hickory, Swamp (Carya aquatica) -■ 136,310,350,380,414,446 GENERAL INDEX. 593 Page. Hickory, Switch-bad 134,310,350,380,446 Hickory, Water 136,310,350,380,414,446 Hickory, White-heart 134,310,350,380,444 Sicorixu integri/olia 135 merophyUxit Cattine 36 Hippomane 11,15 Hippomane Mancinella 121,250,304,460 Hoary Alder 165,328,394,460 Hog Plum (ProDns angnstifolia) 66,282,362,426 Hog Plum (Rhus Metopiam) .t- 64,278,360,424 Hog Pintn (Ximenia Americana) 34,270 Hogs' Haw 75,284 Holly, American 35,270,366,420 Holly, California 84,286 Holly, Dahoon 35,270,356,420. Honey Locust (Gleditachia triacantho*) 59,280,360,426 Honey Locnat (Prosopis jnllflora) 62,265,280,350,362,426 Honey Pod 62,265,280,350,362,426 Honey Shacks 59,280,360,426 Heop Ash 111,298,372,438 Hopea tinctoria 106 Hop Hornbeam , 158,322,390,466 Hop Tree 31,270 Hornbeam 159,322,392,456 Hornbeam, Hop 158,322,390,456 Horeo Plum 65,282,362,426 Horse Sugar .'. 106,294,368,434 Hypclate 10 Hypelate oblonff\folia " 46 Hypelate panicnlata 45,249,272,358,422 Hypelate trifoliata 45,249,272,422 Hyperanthera dioiea 58 Byperieum Latianthut 2S I. Idaho, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,672' Idaho, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Idaho, remarks by Mr. Sereno Watson on the forests of 672, 673 Idaho, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, 671-673 Hex 10,11,13 * Ilex tettivalit 37 Ilex ambifjuu$ 87 lUx angu^ifolia 35 Ilex aquifolium 35 Ilex CanacUmit 35 Hex Cauena 36 IlexCassine 36,249,272 Ilex Ca«n'n« (Hex Dahoon) 35 Ilex Casrine.p 36 Hex Casitine, var. aTiffueti/oUa 85 Ilex Cansine, var. lati/olia 35 Ilex caeginndet 35 Hex Dahoon 35,260,253,256,270,356,420 Hex Dahoon, var, angnstifolia 35 Hex Dahnisiana 486,487, Maine 486,487, Maryland 486, Massachusetts 486,487, Michigan 486,487, Minnesota 486, Mississippi 480, Missouri 486,487. Mi>ntana 486, Nebraska - 486, Nevada 486, Xew Hampshire 486,487, New Jersey 480, Lumber industry and manufactures from wood in — continued. New Mexico 486, New York 486,487, North Carolina 486, Ohio 486, Oregon iii'lo, Penhyplvania 486, 487, Rhode Island ^3*3 South Carolina 'IS' Tennessee iifi is?' Texas *™'tH' Utah 486, Vermont 486,487 536,537 537, 538 536,537 487 538-540 536,540 537 548,549 568,569 524, 525 487, 569 487,544 578, 580 567,568 500, .'Wl 487,561 487, 611 486, 487 521, 523 519, 520 487, 572 548-550 487, 547 487, 560 487, 563 487, .546 536. .'537 494-496 487,511 500, 501 .').51..552 487, 558 487, 631 500, .561 487, 504 487, M2 487, 571 497.498 487*506 Virginia . .486, Pago^ 487, 568" 502-.i05 467,515 487. 547 487, 577 506-510 500,501 518, 519 487, 545 541,542 487, 569 498-500 487, 612 487, 574 512-515 554, 556 487, 567 548 552 485-493 499 503 549,650 486,487 574 98 96 96 10,14 64 , 362, 426 Washington •-- 486, West Virginia 486,487, Wisconsin *™' til' Wyoming 486, Lumber industiy, commercial importance of Chicago with reference to the Lumber industry of the Saginaw valley in Michigan Lumber industry of the United States, general remarks on Lumber market, importance of Burlington, Vermont, ass Lumber market, rank of Albany, New York, as a Lumber trade of Chicago, early Lumbering industry of the United States, average number of hands employed in Lumbering industry of the United States, statistics of, for year ending May 31, 1880 .- Lumbermen of Washington territory, wasteful methods of Lyonia arborea Lyonm/errvginea Lyonia rigida Lysiloma LysUoma Bdhamenait Lysiloma latisiliqna 64,250,282, m. Madura H. 15 Madura aurantiaca .'....128,249,254,257,306,376,442,542 Madeira 34,270,350,356,420 MadroOa ■' 97,292,368,432 Magnolia - 10,11,13 Magnolia acuminata..: 20,250,263,256,259,266,354,418 Magnolia aurieularis 22 Magnolia auriculata , 22 Magnolia cordata 20,250,253,266,266,354,418 Magnolia Ve CandoUii 20 Magnolia fragrant 20 Magnolia Fraseri 22,250,253,256,266,354,418 Magnolia glauca 19,250,253,250,266,354,414,418 Magnolia glauca, var. latt/olia 20 Magnolia glauca, var. long\folia 20 Magnolia graudiflora 19,250,253,256,266,354,414,418,534 Magnolia grandijlora, var. eliiptica and obovata 19 Magnolia grandiflora, var. laneeolata 19 Magnolia longi/olia 20 Magnolia mac rophylhv 21,250,253,256,266,354,418 Magnolia, Mountain 20,266,354,418 Magnolia pyramidata 22 Magnolia tripetala •- 21 Magnolia Umbrella 21,250,253,266,266,354,418 Magnolia Virginiana, var. a. glauca 20 Magnolia Tirginiana, var. p,/oetida 19 Magnolia Virginiana, var. « 20 Magnolia VirginiuTia, var. tripetala 21 Maonoliace^ 19-22,253,256,266,354,414,418 Mahogany 34,270,350,356,420 Mahogany Birch 162, 324, 392, 4.'» Mahogany, Mountain, and the Nut Pine the most important trees of the Interior Forest .- ^ Mahogany, Mountain (Cercocarpus ledifolius) 71 , 284, 350, 428, 569, 571 Mahogany, Mountain (Cercocarpus parvifolius) 71,284,569, 571 Maine, forests of the Northern Pine Belt once extended over the state of. 494 Maine, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 494-496 Maine, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Maine, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, 494, 496 Maine, tabular statement of the amount of Pine and Spruce standing in the forests of. May 31, 1880 494 Mai.I'IGIIIace.e .28,253,256,268,356,420 Malpighia lucida -8 Malug anguUifolia 72 Mului coronari'X 72 I 596 GENERAL INDEX. italiu dicerti/olia Malut microearpa eoTonaria Maltu rivriUirig Maliu teivperviretu Maliu tubcordabt Mancbincvl UaDChlnpcl, Honntain 5*1 278, ManHnella ren^iata Mangrove 87,265,288, Mangrove, Black Mangrove, White 87,288, Maple, Ash leaved 51,276, Maple, Black Sugar .49,276,350, Maple, Broad-leaved 47,274, Maple, Dwarf Maple, Goose-foot Maple Hani 48,276,358, Maple. Moantain Maple, Red 50,276, Maple, Rock 48,276, Maple, Silver 49,276, Maple, Soft (Acer da«ycarpnm) 49,276, Maple, Soft (Acerrubrom) 50,276, Maple, Striped Maple, Sogar 48,276, Maple sagar and molasses produced in the United States in 1879, amount of. Maple, Swamp 50,276, Maple, Vine 47,274, Maple, Water 50,276, Maple, White .— , 49,276, Maritime Pine Belt in Georgia Maritime Pine Belt in Mississippi.' ^ Maritime Pine Belt in North Carolina Maritime Pine Region in Alabama Marlberry .- Maryland, lumber industr.v and manufactures from wood in 486, Maryl.ind, rank of, according to value of lumber products Maryland, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing tirflber, etc., in Massachusetts, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in. .486, 487, Massashusetts, rank of, according to value of lumber products Massachusetts, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491, Massachnsetts, the Northern Pine Belt in Mastic 101,292, Maul Oak. 146,318, May Cherry 84,286, May Haw • 82,286, Meadow Pine .202,342,352,406, ilKUACElF, 33,34,253,256,270, Meiicocca pankidata - Melilobus heUrophylia '. Mespilus aeeri/olia . ..., ilespilus (eMivalis ifespxltu apii/olia Mefpitus arborea Metjnlus arbuti/olia Megpilug Azarolus Mefpilus berberi/olia Mespilus Bosciana MMpUxut Calpodendron MegpUus CaiiadenaU ^ Metpilus Canadengis, var. eordata MetpUua CanadimgU, var. obovalig Mespilug Caroliniana ilespUui coccinea Megpiltti eordata Metpilus eomi/olia 3£egpilui Crug-galli MctpUus Crutgalli, var. pyraeanthifoHa Mesjnhu Cnta-gaUi, var. salici/olia MespUut cunei/olia (Crata?gus Crus-galli) Mespilut cuneifolia (Crataegus foment osa, var. punctata) Ifespilut cunei/ormU Uetpilui elliptica (CratH?gns Cms fallii Page. 78 72 73 72 73 121,304 360,424 121 364,430 117, 302 364,430 360, 424 358,424 858,422 48,274 46,274 422, 676 46,274 358,424 358,422 358,424 358,424 358, 424 46,274 358,422 485 358,424 358,422 358,424 358,424 519 532 515 525 100,292 487, 511 487 491, 511 500,501 487 500, 501 500 368, 434 386, 452 364, 430 364, 430 410, 474 356, 420 45 59 80 82 81 84 83 81 82 77 79 84 84 85 82 77 80 80 76 76 76 76 80 76 76 ilapilut elliptica (Crataegus flava, var. pubeacena) 2Iapilu /labellata Metpilus Jfava Metpilug Jlexitpina Megpilug glandulosa Mevpilus hiemali* Metpiliu lati/olia Mapiliu linearis Mespilut lobata Mesjnlui Ituida - MetpUttt liuida, var. angutt\/olia Metpiltu Miehauxii Meipilui manogyrta, var. apHfolia Megpilus nivea Mf-epiltts odorata Megpilus ovali/otia Meipiltig Phcpnopyrum MetpUug populi/olia Mftpilus pruinoaa MegpUus pruneUi/olia Mespilug pruni/olia ilegpUus pubegeens Megpilug punctata Megpilug pyri/olin (Crataegus tomentosa) Megpilug pyrifolia (Cratajgns tomentosa, var. punctata) Megpilug rotundi/olia (Crataegus coccinea) Megpilug rotundi/olia (Cratsegns Cms-galU, tor. pnmifolia) Megpilug gaZici/olia Megpilug gpathulata Megpilug tiliafolia Megpilug turbinata Megpilug viridis Megpilug Watg(miana Megpiltig Wendlandii Mesquit 62,265,280,350, Mesqult, Screw-pod 62,280, Mesquit the most important species in the valleys of the Atlantic-Mexi- can region Method of determining the fuel value of woods 247, Method of determining the strength of woods Metopium Linncei Mexican Banana Mexican Forest of southern Texas, extent of Mexican Mulberry Mexican Persimmon Michauxia gegsilig Michigan, destrnctiveness of forest fires in Michigan, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487, Michigan, lumber industry of the Saginaw valley in Michigan, maple-sugar product of Michigan, rank of accordiug to value of lumber products Michigan, remarks by Mr. H. C. Putnam on the forests of Michigan, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., iu--491, Michigan, tabular statement of the amount of White Pine standing in the forests of May 31, 1880 Mimoga bicepg Mimosa /rondoga - ' Mimoga glauca Mimoga Guadahtpengig Mimoga latigiliqua Mimosa leucocephala Mimosa rosea Mim.osa Vnguig-cati Mimusops - Mimugops diggecta ."; Mimusops Sieberi 103,249,254,257,294, Minnesota, forests on Indian reservations in Minnesota, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, Minnesota, rank of, according to value of lumber products Minnesota, remarks by Mr. H. C. Putnam on the forests of Minnesota, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. .491, Minnesota, tabular statement of the amount of White Pine sUnding in the forest.'* of, May 31, 1880 Minnesota, the Xorthem Pine Belt in Mississippi Basin and the Atlantic Phiin, Deciduous Forest of the 83 77 82 S2 77 83 79 77 79 76 77 83 81 84 79 76 80 78 79 76 77 77 80 77 70 81 78 82 78 76 77 362,426 362,426 9 251, 252 252 54 219,348 6 128,306 105, 294 25 550 551, 552 Hoi 551 487,552 553,554 550-554 S51 62 62 62 64 64 62 64 64 11,15 103 368,434 559,560 487,558 487, .W9 559, 560 5M-500 558 558 4 GENERAL INDEX. 597 Page. Hississippi, foreata of the central pine hillaof 534 ILissiaaippi, foreata of the yazoo delta iu 535,536 Miaaiaaippl, lumber induatry and mannfactarea from wood in 486,487,531 Hiasisaippi, pine forests of the northeaatem conntiea of 532-534 Misaiasippi, production of naval stores in 517, 531, 532, 536 Mississippi, rank of, according to value of lumber prodacts 487 Mississippi, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests of 531-536 Mississippi, southern, pine forests of 531,532 Mississippi, atatiatics of foAsts, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in . .491, 530-536 Misaisaippi, tabular statement of the amount of Long- and Short-leaved Pine standing in the forests of. May 31, 1880 531 Mississippi, the Maritime Pine Belt in 532 Miaaiaaippi, western, foreata of. 534,535 Missouri, lumber induatry and manufactarea from wood in 486,487, 560,561 Mlssoori. rank of, according to value of lumber products 487, 561 Missouri, statistica of forests, foreat fires, standing timber, etc., In.. 491, 560, 561 Mobile the principal center of wood manufacture in Alabama 525 Mocker Nut 134,310,350,380,444 Mock Orange 70,284,362,428 Mohr, Dr. Charles, remarks on the forests and the turpentine industry of Alabama by 525-530 Mohr, Dr. Charlea, remarka on the forests of Florida by 522, 523 Mohr, Dr. Charles, remarks on the forests of Louisiana by 538-540 Mohr, Dr. Charles, remarka on the forests of Mississippi by 531-530 Mohr, Dr. Charles, remarks on the forests of Texas by 542, 543 Molasses and sngar, maple, produced in the United States in 1879, amount of ^^^ Montana, lumber induatry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,564 Montana, rank of; according to value of lumber products 487 Montana, remarks by Mr. Sereno Watson on the forests of 565, 566 Montana, at-.tiatica of foreats, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. . .491, 664-5*6 Monterey Cypress 179,332,398,464 Monterey Pine 196,340,404,470 Moose Elm 122,304,374,440 Moosewood 46,274 Moriia Ca?»«d«>»i» (Lamarck and E»flne«que) 127 Moms microphylla 12,128,249,306 127 128 127 127 127 Mortu MUsouriennt Morut parH/oiia (Moma microphylla) . Jfonu pam'/olia (Moms rubra) M(/rug reticulata MoTU9 riparia Moraambra 127,250,254,257,260,306,376,442 Menu rubra, vai. Oanadentit 12t iforus rulrra, var. ineita - 127 Morus rubra, var. tamentoga 127 Morug gcabra 127 Jl&rug tomentota 127 Mosa-ginning induatry in Louisiana 537,538 Mo88y.cnpOak : 140,265,314,384,448 UonnUin Ash (Pyms Americano) 73,284,428 Mountain Ash (Pyms sambucifolla) 74,284,364,428 Mountain foreata in California, pasturage of 579,580 Mountain Lanrel 120,302,374,440 Mountain Magnolia ; . . . .20, 266, 354, 418 Mountain Mahogany and the Nut Pine the most important trees of the Interior Foreat 9 Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpua ledifoUus) 71, 284, 350, 428, 569, 571 Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpus parvifolius) 71,284,569, 571 Mountain Manchineel 54,278,380,424 MonnUin Maple 46,274 Mountain Plum 34,270 Mountain White Oak 143,316,386,450 Mulberry, Mexican 128,306 Mulberry, Red 128,306,370,442 Myglnda 10,13 Myginda pallens 38,249,272 Uyloairyvm liguttrimm 38 Myrina 11,12,15 Myrica Califomica 137,249,254,257,312,380,446. llyrica CarolinentU 136 Myrica cerifora 136,250,254,257,312,380,446 llyrica ceri/era humilit 136 Myrica cerif era tempervlTetu 136 Myrica ceri/era, var. angiut\folia 136 Page. Myrica eerifera, var. arboresceim i3(J Myrica cerifera,Y&r.latifolia i3fl Myrica eerifera, var. media 136 Myrica ceri/era, var. pumila 136 Myrica Pennsylvanica 138 Myrica Xalapengis 137 MVEICACE.E 136,137,254,257,312,380,446 Myksinacks 99,100,292 Myraine ii,15 Myrtine Jloribunda 99 Myrsine Floridana .• 99 Myrsino Kapanea 99, 24.>. 292 MTETACE.E 88,89,253,257,288,366,430 Myrtle, Blue 41,272 Myrtle, Wax 136,312,380,446 Myrtue axillaris 88 Myrtut buxifalia 88 Myrtut Chytraeulia 88 Myrtug dichotoma 88 Myrtus numtieola 89 Myrtua PoireH 88 Myrtug procera 89 Naked Wood (Colubrina reclinata) 42,274,358 Naked Wood (Eugenia dichotoma) 88,288 Nannyberry 94,290,432 Naval stores, production of, in Alabama t. 517, 527, 529, 530 Naval stores, production of, in Florida 517 Naval stores, production of, in Georgia 517 Naval stores, production of, in Louisiana 517, 536,537 Naval stores, production of, in Mississippi 517,531, 532,536 Naval stores, production of, in North Carolina ...'. 516-518 Nav-il stores, production of, in South Carolina 517 Nebraska, lumber induatry and manufacturea from wood in 486, 487, 562 Nebmaka, rank of. according to value of lumber products 487 Nebraaka, statistica of forests, foreat firea, standing timber, etc., in 562 Necklace Poplar * 175,330,350,396,462 Nectandra 11,16 Nectandra Bredemeieriana : 119 Nectandra Willdenoviana 119, 249, 302 Negundium fraxinifolium 51 Negundo 10-13 Negundo aceroides 12,50,250,253,256,276,360,424 Negundo aeeroides (Negundo Califomicnm) 51 Negundo Calif omicum 51, 250, 253, 256, 276, 360, 424 51 61 61 81 51 Negundo Califomicum (Negundo aceroides) Negundo fraxini/olium Negundo lobatum Negundo Mexicanum Negundo tri/otiatum Nevada, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 488, 487, 571 Nevada, rank of, according to lumber products 4S7 Nevada, atatistics of forests, forest Area, atanding timber, etc., in 491, 571 Newcaatle Thorn 76,286,364,430 New Hampshire, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 497, 498 New Hampshire, rank of, according to value of lumber producta 487 New Hampshire, remarks by Mr. C. G. Pringle on the forests of 497 New Hampshire, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in ' 491,496-498 New Hampshire, tabular statement of the amount of Spruce atanding in the foreata of. May 31, 1880 496 New Jersey, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 506 New Jersey, rank of, according to value of lumber producta 487 New Jersey, atatiatics of forests, foreat firea, atanding timber, etc., in . . . 491, 506 New Mexico, lumber induatry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 563 New Mexico, rank of, according to value of lumber producta 487 New Mexico, statistica of foreata, foreat firea, standing timber, etc., in.. 491.568 New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado, Chicago the principal source of supply of lumber for 568,569 New York, lumber induatrj* and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 50:j-506 New York, niaplc-nugar product of 601 New York, rank of, iwjcording to value of lumber products 487 New York, I'auk of Albany, as a lumber market 503 598 GENERAL INDEX. Page. Sew York, rom»rk« by Mr. C. G. Pringlc on the forests of 501-60« New York, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. 491, S01-M6 New York, the Northern Pine Bolt In 801 North American continent, division of the, with reference to its forest geography ■ " North American forests, general remarks on the 3-18 North Atlantic divislou, extent of forests, standing timber, forest fires, etc., in the '•M^IO North Canilina, grades of tar and rosin produced In 517 North Carolina, lamlxT industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 515 North Carolina, production of naval stores in 61ft-518 Nort h Carolina, rank of, according to value of lumber prodnots 487 North Carolina, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., („ 496,515-518 North Carolina, tabular statement of the amount of Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of. May 31, 1880 516 North Carolina, the Maritime Pine Belt in 515 Northern Central division, extent of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in the 547-563 Northern Forest in the Atlantic region 3,4 Northern Forest in the Pacific region, extent of the 7 Northern Pine Belt, forests of the, once extended over the State of Maine 494 Northern Pino Belt in Connecticut 500 Northern Pino Belt in Massachusetts 500 Northern Pino Belt in Minnesota 558 Northei-n Pine Belt in New York 601 Northern Pine Belt in Rhode Island 600 Northern Pino BeHin the Atlantic region 4 Norway Pine 192,336,350,402,468 Nut, Bitter 135,310,350,380,446 Nut, Bull 134,310,350,380,444 Nut, Coffee 58.280,360,426 Nnt,nUnois 132,308,350,378,444 Nut, King 134,310,350,380,444 Nut, Mocker 134, 310, 350, 380, 4U Nut, Pig 134,310,350,380,446 Nut Pine and the Mountain Mahogany the most Important trees of the Interior Forest '. * Nut Pine (Pinus cembroides) 190,336 Nut Pine (Pinus eduUs) 190,336,402,468 Nut Pine (Pinus monophylla) 190,338,350,402,468 Nnt Pine (Pinus Parryana) 189,336,402,468 Nut, Tallow 34,270 Nutmeg, California 186,334,400,406 Nutmeg, Hickory 135,310,350,380,446 NVCTAGIXACK^ 117,254,257,302,372,438 Nyssa 10,11,14 yyua angulUana 93 Nysta ungulota 93 Nytea aquatica (Nyssa sylvatica) 92 Nyi$a aqtmtica (Nyssa uniflora) 92 Nyuabiflora 92 Nysaa Canademu 92 Nyssa eandieans 91 Nyssa capitata 01,250,253,257,290,366,432 Xyisa capitata, \HT.grandidentata 93 Nyssa Caroliniana 92 Nyssa coccima 91 Nyssa denticulata 92 Nyssa grandidentata 93 Nyssa integri/olia 92 Nyssa moiiCana •' 91 Nyssa mtUtifiora • 92 Nyssa muUiflora,vaT.tylvaiiea 9^ Nyssa Ogeehe 91 Nyssa palustris 93 Nyssa sylvatica 92,250,253,257,260,290,366,432 Nyssa tomentosa (Nyssa capitata) 91 Nyssa tommtosa (Nyssa uniflora) 93 Nyssa uniflora 92,250,263,257,260,290,350,366,432 Nyssa villosa 92 O. Oak, Bartram's 153,320,390,456 Oak, Basket 141,816,384,416,450 Page. Oak, Black ((Jnerons Emoryi) 146,265,818,386,452 Oak, Black (Qnercus KelloggU) 149,265,320,388,416,454 Oak, Black (Quercus rubra) 148,266,318,850,386,452 Oak, Black (Quercus tinctoria) 149,265,318,350,388,454,528 Oak, Blue 143,316,386,450 Oak, Burr 140,265,314,384,448 Oak, Chestnut (Quercus densiflora) .....155,265,322,390,456,576,578,580 Oak, Chestnut (Quercus prinoides) 143,265,316,384,450 Oak, Chestnut (Quercus Prinns) 142, 265, 316, 350, 384, 416, 4.')0 Oak, Chinquapin 143,265,316,384,450 Oak, Coast Live 147,318,386,462 Oak, Cow Ml. 316, 384, 416, 450, 533 Oak, Duck 152,330,350,388,416,454 Oak, Iron 139,312,382,448 Oak, Jack 150,265,320,350,388,454 Oak, Laurel (Qnercus imbricariii) 154,322,390,456 Oak, Laurel (Quercus laurifolia) 153,320.390,454 Oak, Live (Quercus chrysolepis) . 146,318,388,452 Oak, Live (Quercus vlrens) 145,265,316,380,452 Oak, Live (Quercus Wislizeni) 147,318,386,452 Oak, Maul 146,318,386,452 Oak, MossyKiup 140,265,314,384,448 Oak, Mountain White 143,316,386,450 Oak, Over-cup (Quercus lyrata) 140, 314, 350, 384, 450, 533 Oak, Over-cup (Quercus macrocarpa) 140,265,314,384,448 Oak, Peach (Quercus densiflora) 155,265,322,390,456 Oak, Peach (Quercus Phellos) 154,322,390,456 Oak, Pin 152,320,388,454 Oak, Possum 152,320,350,388,416,454 Oak, Post 139,312,382,448,528 Oak, Punk 152,320,350.388,416,454 Oak, Quercitron 149,265,318,350,388,454 Oak, Red (Quercus falcata) 161,265,320,350,388,454 Oak, Red (Quercus rubra) 148,265,318,350,386,452 Oak, Red (Quercus rubra, ror. Texana) 148,318,388,452 Oak, Rock Chestnut 142,265,316,350,384,410,450 Oak, Scarlet .148,318,388,402 Oak, Scrub (Quercus Catesbasi) 151,320,388,454 Oak, Scrub (Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii) 139, 314, 384, 448 Oak, Shingle 154,322,390,456 Oak, Spanish 151,205,320,350,388,454,528 Oak, Swamp Post 140,314,350,384,450 Oak, Swamp Spanish 152,320,388,454 Oak, Swamp White 141,314,384,450 Oak, Tanbark 155,265,322,390,456 Oak, Turkey 151,320,388,454 Oak, Upland Willow 153,320,390,456 Oak. Valparaiso 146,318,386,452 Oak, Water (Quercus aquatica) 162,320,350,388,416,454 Oak, Water (Quercus palustris) 152,320,388,454 Oak, Water White 140,314,350,384,150 Oak, Weeping 138,312.382,448 Oak, White (Qnercus alba) 137,265,812,350,380,414,446 Oak, White (Quercus Garryana) 138,312,350,382,448,576 Oak, White (Quercus grisea) 144,316,386,452 Oak, White (Quercus lobata) 138,312,382,448 Oak, White (Quercus oblonsifolia) 144,316,386,452 Oak, waiow 154,322,390,456 Oak, Yellow (Quercus prinoides) , 148,265,316,384,450 Oak, Yellow (Qnercus tinctoria) 149,265,318,350,388,454 Oak, Yellow-bark 149,265,318,350,388,454 Obispo Pine 200,340,404,472 (Enocarpus regia 218 OgeecheeLimc 91,290,366,432 Ohio Buckeye 42,274,358,422 Ohio, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487, 547 Ohio, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487, .587 Ohio, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., la 491, 547 Olacinkje 34,270 -Old-Held Birch 159,324,350,392.458 Old-field Pine 197,340,350,404,416,470 Old Man's Beard 113,298 Olea Americana 1'* OleaCK^ 106-113,254,257,206,370,434 Olive, California 120,302,374,440 I GENERAL INDEX. 599 Page. Olneya 10,12,14 OlneyaTesota 56,249,253,256,273,360,426 Orange, Mock 70,284,362,428 Orange, Osage 128,306,376,442 Orange, "Wild (rranns Caroliniana) 70,284,302,428 Orange, VTild (Xanthoxylam Clava-Hercnlis) 30,270,356,429 Orchidoearpum arietinum 23 Oregon Ash 111,298,372,438 Oregon Cedar ^. 179,332,350,398,464 Oregon Crab Apple .' 73,284 Oregon, lumber indnstry and mannfactnres from wood in 486, 487, 577 Oregon Pine 209,265,344,352,410,476 Oregon, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Oregon, remarks by Mr. Serene Watson on the forests of certain counties of < 577, 578 Oregon, statistics of forests, forest flres, standing timber, etc., in 491,576-578 Oreodaphne Oali/omiea 120 Oreodosa 11,16 Oreodoxa olereuea 218 Oreodoxa regis 218,260,348,352 Original forest of the District of Columbia replaced by Oak, Scmb Pine, etc 511 Osage Orange 128,306,376,442 Osmanthns 11, 15 Osmanthus Americanua 113,249,254,257,300.372,438 Ostrya 11,16 Ostrya Yirginiana 158 Ostrya Virginica 168,249,265,258,322,390,456 Ostrya Yirffinica, var. eglandulosa 168 Ostrya Virginica, var. glandulosa 158 Over-cap Oak (Quercus lyrata) 140,314,350,384,450,533 Over-cnpOak (Qaercns macrocarpa) 140,265,314,384,448 Oxydendrnm 11, 16 Oxydendmm arborenm 98,249,254,257,292,368,434 P. P.'Wiflc Coast Forest, the 7 P.icific region, the 6-10 Fadus cartilaginea 68 Padus demitta 69 Padus serotina 68 Padu» Yirginiana 68 Palm, Fan-leaf 217,348,414,480 Palm, Royal 218,348,352 Palma argentea 218 Palmace^ 217,218,265,259,348,414,480 Palmetto, Cabbage 217,348,352 Palmetto Sabal 217,250,348,362 Palmetto, Silk-top 217,348 Palmetto, Silver-top 218,348 Palo Blanco 126,306 PaloTerde 60,280,382,426 Papaw 23,266,354,418 Paper Birch 160,324,350,392,458 Paradise Tree 32,270,356,420 Parkinsonia 10-12,14 Parkinsonia acnleata 12,60,250,280 Parkinsonia microphylla 60,249,280 Parkinsonia Torreyana 80,250,253,256,280,362,426 Parsley Haw 81,286 Pasania densijlora 155 Papia Cali/omiea 43 Pavia camea 42 Pavia discolor 43 Pavia Jlava 43 Pavia glabra 42 Pavia hybrida 43 Pavia lutea 43 Pavia negUcta 43 Pavia pallida 42 Pavia Walsoniana 42 Peach Oak (Quercus densiBora) 166,265,322,390,456 Peach Oak (Quercus Phellos) 154,322,390,456 Peach, Wild 70,284,362,428 Pear Haw 79,286,364,430 Page. Pecan 132,308,360,378,444 Pecan, Bitter 136,310,350,380,414,446 Pecan-nut, the, an important product west of the Colorado river in Texas. 643 Pencil Cedar of Florida 522 Pennsylvania, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in . .486, 487, 506-510 Pennsylvania, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Pennsylvania, remarks by Mr- C. G. Pringle on the forests of 607-510 Pennsylvania, statistics of forests, forest flres, standing timber, etc., in 491,606-510 Pennsylvania, tabular statement of the amount of White Pine and Hem- lock standing in the forests of, May 31, 1880 \. Pepperidge 92,290, Pepperwood 30,270, Percent, of tannin in the bark of certain species Persci. 506 366, 432 356, 420 266 11,16 Persea Borbonia 118 Persea Civrolinensis 118,260,254,257,302,372,438 Persea Carolinensis^ var. glabriu^cula 118 Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris 119,260,2:54,257,302,372,438 Persea Carolinensis, var. piibeseens 119 Persea Catesbyana 119 Persea Sassafras: 119 Persimmon 104,294,350,368,434 Persimmon, Black 105,294 Persimmon, Mexican 105,294 Phcenopyrxtm acerifoUum 80 Phcenopyrum arborescens 75 Phanopyrum Carolinianum 82 Phcenopyrum coccineum 77 Phcenopyru^n cordatum .- 80 Pkcenopyrum ellipticum 82 Ph(enopyrum populi/olium 78 Pht^nopyrun^ pruinosum 79 Phamopyrum spathvlatum '. 81 Phcenopyrum subviUosum - 78 Phcenopyrum Yirginicum 82 Phcenopyrum. viride 78 Pkcenopyrum Wendlandii 77 Photinia arbutifolia 83 Photinia salici/olia 83 Picea 11,12,16,575 Piceaalba 12,204,250,256,258,263,342,408,474,562,564 Picea am^abilis (Abies amabilis) Piccn amabilis (Abies subalpina) Pieea balsamea , Picea baleamea, var. longifolia Picea bi/olia .- - Picea braeteata Picea Calif ornica Picea Canadensis Picea ccerulea Picea concolor Picea concolor, var.violaeea Picea Douglasii 213 211 211 211 211 213 208 206 204 212 212 209 Picea Engolmanni 9, 205, 251, 255, 258, 265, 342, 408, 474 , 564-567, 572-575 Picea Fraseri (Abies balsamea) 211 Picea Fraseri (Abies Fraseri) 210 Picea glauca 204 Picea grandis (Abies concolor) 212 Picea grandis (Abies grandis) 212 Picea laxa 204 Picea Lowiana 212 Picea magnijica 214 Picea ilemieeii (Picea pnngens) 205 Picea Menzicsii (Picea Sitchensis) 206 Picea nigra 202,250,255,258,263,265,342,352,408,474,494,496,498 Picea nigra, v&r. glauca 204 Picea nigra, var. rubra 203 Picea nobilis 214 Picea pnngens 13,205,251,255,258,344,408,474 Picea rubra 203 Picea Sitchensis 206,250,255,258,263,344,408,474,576 Pickeringia paniculata 100 Pigeon Cherry 86,282,428 600 GENERAL INDEX. P»ge. Pigeon Plam 117,302,372,438 Figronwood 117,302,372,438 Pig Nut 134,810,350,380,446 Pikeoonnty, Alabama, theforestaof B28 Piloeertut ICngeUnanni 8S Pin Cherry 88,282,428 PinOalc 152,820,388,4.14 Pincknoya 10,11,14 Plnokneya pubons 98,250,253,257,290,306,432 Pinekneya piibeteens 95 Pine and Sprnce standiDK in the forests of Uaine Hay 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 494 Pine, Bastard 202,342,352,406,416,474 Pine belt of central Alabama 529 Pine, Bishop's 200,340,404,472 Pine, Black (Pinus JefTreyi) 193,338,402,470 Pine, Black (Pinns Mnrrayana) 195,338,350,404,470 Pine, Bull (Pinus Jeftreyi) 193,338,402,470 Pine, Bull (Pinus mitis) 200,340,350,406,472 Pine, Bull (Pinus ponderosa) 193,338,350,402,468 Pine, Bull (Pinns Sabiniana) 195,338,350,404,470 Pine, Cedar 201,340,406,472 Pine, Digger ^ ■;... 195, 338, 350, 404, 470 Pine forests of Baldwin connty, Alabama 627 Pine forests of southern Mississippi 531,532 Fine forests of the northeastern connties of Mississippi 532-534 Pino, Poitatl 191,338,402,468 Pine, Georgia 202,342,352,406,416,472 Pine, Ginger 179,332,350,398,484 Pine, Gray 201,342,352,406,472 Fine, Hard 202,342,352,406,416,472 Pine, Hickory (Pinns Balfouriana, mr. aristata) 191, 336, 402, 468 Pino, Hickory (Pinns pnngens) 199,340,350,404,472 Pine, Jersey 199,340,350,404,470,546 Pine, Knob-cone 196,340,404,470 Pine, Loblolly 197,340,850,404,418,470,516,541 Pine, Lodge-pole 195,338,350,404,470,664,574,577 Pino, Longlcaved 202, 342, 352, 406, 416, 472, 516, 519-521, 524, 531, 537, 541 Fine, Long- and Short-leaved, standing in the forests of Alabama May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 524 Pice, Long- and Short-leaved, standing in the forests of Louisiana May 31,1880, tabular statement of the amount of 537 Pine, Long-leaved, Loblolly, and Short-leaved, standing in the forests of Texas May 31, 1880, tabular statement of tbeamonntof 541 Pine, Long-leave<1, standing in the forests of Florida May 31, 1880, tabn* lar statement of the amount of .• 521 Fine, Long-leaved, standing in the forests of Georgia May 31, 1880, tabu- lar statement of the amount of 520 Pine, Long-leaved, standing in the forests of North Carolina May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 616 Pine, Long-leaved, standing in the forests of South Carolina May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 519 Fine, Long-leaved, the characteristic tree of the Soathem Maritime Pine Belt 4 Pine, Meadow 202,342,352,406,416,474 Pine, Monterey 196,340,404,470 Pine, Norway 192,336,350,406,468 Pine, Nut (Pinns cembroides) 190,336 Pine, Nut (Pinns edulis) 190,336,402,468 Pine, Nut (Pinus mouophylU) 190,336,350,402,468 Pine, Nut (Pinns Parryana) 189,336,402,468 Fine, Nut, and the Monntain Mahogany the mmt important trees of the Interior Forest 9 Pine, Obispo 200,340,404,472 Pine, Old-fleia 197,340,350,404,416,470 Pine, Oregon 209,265,344,352,410,470 Pine, Pitch 198,340,350,404,470, 520, 522, 52.'), 531 Pino, Pond 198,340,350,404,416,470,627 Pine, Prince's 201, 342, 352, 406, 472 Pine, Red 102,836,350,402,468 Fine region of the Coosa in Alabama 520 Pine, Rosemary 197,340,350,404,416,470 Pine, Sand 199,310,404,472 Pine, Scrub (Pinus Banksian*) 201, 34-', 3.12, 400, 472 Pine, Scrub (Pinns claosa) 199,340,404,472 PageL Pine, Scrub (Pinus contorts) 194,338,404,470 Pine, Scrub (Pinns inops) 199,340,350.404,470,629 Pino, Short-leaved 200, 840, 850, 40«, 472, 524, 527, 630, 631, 536, 537, 54 1, 544, 6«0 Pine. Short-leaved, standing in the forests of Arkansas, May 31, 1880. tabular st atemcnt of the amount of 544 Pine, Slash 202,342.352.406,410,474,516 Pmo, Southern 202,342,352,400,410,472 Pine, Sprnce (Pinns clauas) 199,340,404,472 Pine, Spruce (Pinus glabra) 201,340,406,472,527 Pine, Spruce (Pinns mitis) 200,340,350,406,472 Pine, Spruce (Pinns Mnrrayana) 19!;, 338, 350, 404, 470 Pine, Sugar 188,338,350,400,466,576,578 Pine, Sugar, an important tree in the Coast Forest 8 Pine, Swamp 202,342,352,406,416,474 Pine, Table-monnUin 199,340,350,404,472 Pine, Weymouth 187,334,350,400,466 Pine, White, and Hemlock, standing in the forests of Pennsylrania, MaySl, 1880, tabular statement of the amonnt of 506 Fine, White (Finns flexilis) 188,336,400,468,569 570,571 Fine, White (Pinus glabra) 201,340,406,472 Pine, White (Finns monticola) 187, 336, 400, 466, -564, 574, 576 Fine, White (Pinns reflexa) 189,336,402,468 Fine, White (Pinns Strobus) 187, 334, 350, 400, 466, 506, 551, 554, 568 Pine, White, standing in the forests of Michigan May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amonnt of 551 Pino, White, standing in the forests of Minnesota May 31, 1880, tabnlar statement of the amonnt of 568 Fine, White, standing in the forests of Wisconsin May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 554 Pine, White, the characteristic tree of the Northern Pine Belt 4 Fine, Yellow, an important, characteristic tree of the Coast Forest 8 Fine, Yellow (Finns Arizonica) 192,338,402,468 Pine, Yellow (Pinns mitis) 200,340,350,406,472,629 Pine, Yellow (Pinus 'palustris) 202,342,352,406,416,472 Fine, Yellow (Pinus ponderosa) 193, 338, 360, 402, 468, 562, 665, 574, 578 FiBon (Finns edulis) 190,336,402,468 Fiflon (Pinus monophylla) 190,336,350,402,468 FiBon (Pinus Parryana) 189,336,402,468 i Finns 11,12,16 I Pinus Abies Americana 206 Pinvs Abies Balsamea 211 Pinus Abies Canadensis 202 Pinus adunca : 196 Pinus aXba 204 Pinns albicanlis 189,250,266,268,336,400,468,565,672,673 Pinus amabiXis (Abies amabilis) 213 Pinus amabilis (Abies magniiica) 214 Pinus amabilis (Abies subalpina) 211 Pinus Americana (Picea nigra) 203 Pinus Americana (Tsnga Canadensis) 206 Pinus Americana rubra 202 Pinus aristata 191 Finns Arizonica 192,250,255,268,338,402,468 Pinus australis 201 Pinus Balfouriana 191,250,255,258,336,402,468 Pinus Balfouriana (Pinn» Balfouriana, var. aristata) 191 Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata 191, 250, 255, 258, .336,'402, 468 Ptnu* balsamea 210 Pintu balsamea, var. Fraseri 210 Finns Banksiana 201,250,255,258,263,342,352,406,472 Pinus Banksiana (Finns contorta) 194 Pinus Beardsleyi 193 Pinus Senthamiana 193 Pinus Bolanderi 194 Pinus Boursieri 194 Pinvs brachyptcra 193 Pinus bracteata 213 Pinus Cali/omica (Pinus insignis) 196 Pintis Cali/omica (Pinus tnberculata) 196 Ptni(« CanoduTMM (Picea alba) 204 Pinus Canadensis (Tsuga Canadensis) 206 Pinus Canadensis (Tsuga Mertensiana) 207 Pinus cembroides 190,250,336 Pintis crmbroides (Pinns albicanlis) 189 Pinus cembroides (Finns edulis) 190 GENERAL INDEX. 601 Page. Pinus Chihuahnana 194,250,255,258,338,404,470 Pinusclansa 199,250,255,258,340,404,472 Pinits commutata 205 Pinus concolor 212 Pinna contorta 194,250,255,258,338,404,470 Pintw contorta (Pinng mnriijata) 199 Pinut contorta (Pinus Murrayana) 194 Pinu^ contorta, var. Bolanderi 194 Piniu contorta, \!LT. laliftita 194 Pinns Conltcri ..' 195,250,255,258,340,404,470 Pinus Craigana ^ 193 Pinna Cnbensis 202, 249, 255, 258, 2G3, 342, 352, 406, 416, 474, 516, 5^, 522, 525 PintM Oubensit, var. tertKroearpa.- 202 Pinmdeflexa 193 Pinus Douglasii ...1 209 Pinus Douglasii, rar. bremt>raeteata 209 Pinus echinaia 200 Pinus Edgariana 199 Pinna edulia 9,13,190,260,255,258,336,402,468 Pinus EUiottii 202 Pinus ETigclmanni (Picea Kngelmanni) 205 Pinu* iJnjyriTTwnm (Pinna ponderosa) 193 Pinna flexilia 13,188,250,255,258,336,400,468,509-571 Pinus fiexilis (Pinna albioanlia) 189 Pinus JUxUis, var. albitaulis 189 Pinus flexUis, var. macroearpa 188 Pinus JUxUis, var. reJUxa 189 Pinus flexilis, var. serrulata 188 Pinus Fraseri (Abiea Froseri) 210 Pinus Fraseri (Pinna rigida) 197 Pinus Frtnwnti4ina 190 Pinus futilis 190 Pinna glabra 200,250,255,258,263,340,406,472,527 Pinus grandis (Abiea amabilia) 213 Pinus grandis (Abiea concolor) 212 Pinus grandis (Abiea grandis) 212 Pinus Orozelieri 187 Pinus Kudsonica 201 Pinna inopa 198,250,255,258,263,340,350,404,470,529,546 Pintfj inop« (Pinna contorta) 194 Pinus inops (Pinna Murrayana) 194 Pinusinops, var. (Pinna mnricata) 199 Pinus inops, var. clausa 199 Pinna inaignU 8,196,250,255,258,340,404,470 Pinus insignis macrocarpa 196 Pinus insiffnis, var. binata 196 Pinus intermedia .... 215 Pinna Jeflfreyi 9,193,250,255,258,338,402,470,578 Pinna Lambertiana 8,188,251,255,258,336,350,400,466,576,578 PintM Lambertiana, var. (Pinna flexilia) 188 Pinus Lambertiana, var. brevi/olia 188 Pinus larieina 215 Pinus Laricio, var. retinota 191 Pinus Larix 216 Pinxts Larix dtba ,. 215 Pinus Larix nigra 215 Pinus Larix rubra 215 Pinus lasiocarpa (Abiea concolor) 212 Pinus lasiocarpa (Abiea anbalpina) 211 Pint** Llaveana (Pinua oembroidea) 190 IHnus Llareana (Pinns Parryana) 189 Pinus Loddigesii 197 Pinus lophosperma 192 Pinus Lowiana 212 Pinus LyaUi 216 Pinus macrocarpa 195 Pinus macTophyUa 193 Pinus Mariana 202 Pinus Mtnziesii 206 Pinus Mtmziesii, var. vritpa. 206 Pinus ilerttntiana 207 Pinus microcarpa 215 Pinns mitiH 4, 200, 250, 255, 258, 340, 350, 406, 472, 524, 527, 529-531, 633, 536, 537, 541, 544, 560 Pin^ismitis, vnr. paupera 200 Page. Pinna monophylla 9,13,190,250,255,258,336,350,402,458 Pinus monticola 7, 187, 250, 255, 258, 336, 400, 466, 564, 565, 573-576 Pinus mnricata 199,250,255.258,340,404,472 Pinus muricata (Pinns contorta) 194 Pinus Murrayana 9, 194, 250, 255, 258, 338, 350, 404, 470, 564-567, 572-577 Pinw* nigra 202 PimtsnoHlis 214 Pinus Xuttallii 216 Pinus osteogperma 190 Pinus palustlia 4, 201, 249, 255, 258, 263, 342, 352, 406, 416, 472, 516, 519-621, 524,531,537,541 Pinus palustris the characteristic tree of the Southern Maritime Pine Belt 4 Pinus Parryana 189,250,255,258,336,402,468 Pwiti* Parryana (Pinna ponderoaa) 193 Pinus Pattoniana (Tsnga Mertensiana) 208 Pinus Pattoniana (Tsnga Pattoniana) 208 Pinus pendula 215 Pinna ponderosa 8, 9, 192, 250, 255, 258, 263, 338, 350, 402, 468, 562, 565, 567, 574, 575, 578 Pinns ponderosa an important characteristic tree of the Coast Forest. .. 8 Pinus ponderosa, var. BentJiamiana 193 Pinus ponderosa, var. Jeffreyi 193 Pinus ponderosa, var. scopvlorum 193 Pinus porphyroearpa - 187 Pinns pnngens 199,250,256,258,340,350,404,472 Pinus radiata 196 Pinna reflexa 189,260,255,258,336,402,468,568,569 Pinus resinosa 191,250,255,258,263,336,350,402,468 Pinus resinosa (Pinus ponderosa) 193 Pinns rigida 197,250,255,268,340,350,404,470 Pinus rigida (Pinns insignis) 196 Pinus rigida (Pinna mitia) 200 Pinus rigida, var. seroHna 198 Pinus rubra (Picea nigra) 203 Pinus rubra (Pinna resinosa) 191 Pinus rubra, var. violacea 204 Pimts rupestris 201 Pinns Sabiniana 195,250,255,258,338,404,470 Pinus Sabiniana CouiteH - 195 Pinus Sabiniana macrocarpa 195 Pinns serotina 198,249,255,268,340,350,404,416,470,527 Pinus Shasta 189 Pinus Sinclairii 196 Pinus Sitchensis 206 Pimts species (Abies subalpina) 211 Pinns Strobus 4, 187, 251, 255, 258, 263, 334, 350, 400, 466, 494, 506, 551, 654, 658 Pinns Strobus the characteristic tree of the Northern Pine Belt Pinus Strobus, var. atba Pintis Strobus, var. brevi/olia Pinus Strobus, var. compressa Pinus Strobus, var. monticola Pinus Strobus, var. nivea Pinus sylvestris, var. divaricafa 4 187 187 187 187 187 201 Pinus Ta^da 197, 250, 255, 258, 263, 340, 350, 404, 416, 470, 512, 516, 541 Pinus Ttsda, var. a 197 Pinus Tceda, var. alopecuroidea 198 Pinus Toeda, var. heterophylla 202 Pinus Tmda, var. rigida 197 Pinus Tceda, var. tenw'/olia 197 Pinus Toida, var. variabilis 200 Pinus Tceda, var. Virginiana 198 Pinus taxifolia 2C9 Pinus tetragona 204 Pinus Torreyana 8,192,250,255,258,338,402,468 Pinus tuberculata 196,251,265,258,340,404,470 Pinus tuberculata (Pinns insignis) 196 Pinus variabilis 200 Pinus venusta 213 Pinus Virginiana 198 Pinus Virginiana, vtLV. echinata 200 Piscidia 10,14 Piscidia Carlhagenentis 57 Piaoldia Erythrina 67,249,253,256,278,360,426 Pisonia 11,15 602 GENERAL INDEX. P«ge. Piwnte Miilmta "^ PlaonUobtauU 117, 250, 284, 257, 802, 372, 438 PI«teol« 10-12,14 PbUeU Mexloaiu ** Pitch Pine 198,840,350,404,470,520,522,625,531 PUhtoMnumfotftx ** Pit\tcoM>\um Ouadal\ipemit •* Pithteolobium micrqpAyUtim ** Plthecolobinm DngnU-cati 84,249,282 Planers ".l* PlaoenaqoaUca 124,250,254,257,306,376,442 Planera Onulini 124 Plantra Itichardi 124 Plangra ulmi/olia 124 PlaTAHACBJK 129,130,254,257,306,376,442 PUtannB 11,12,15,251 PUitantu Califomiea ; 129 Platanut hybrida4 120 Platanut lobata 129 Platanut 3Iexieana (PUtanns racemoea) 129 Pijtanu* Jfftricano (Platanas Wrightii) 180 Platanus occidentals 129,250,254,257,306,350,376,442 Platanut oeeidentalu (Platanas racemosa) 129 Platan as racemosa 129,250,254,257,306,376,442 Platanxu racemota (Flatanns Wrightii) 130 Platanut vulga rit, var. angtdota 129 Platanas Wrightii 130,250,254,257,300,376,442 Plum, Canada 65,282,362,420 Plani, Chickasaw 66,282,362,420 Plam, Cocoa 65,282,362,426 Plum, Darling 39,272,358,422 Plum, Downward 103,294,368,434 Plum, Gopher 91,290,366,432 Plum, Gniana 121,302,374,440 Plam, Hog (Prunas angnstifolla) 66,282,362,426 Plum, Hog (Rhus Metopiam) 54,278,360,424 Plain, Hog (Ximenia Americana) 34,270 Plum, Horse 65,282,362,426 Plum, Moantain 34,270 Plam, Pigeon 117,302,372,438 Plam, Saflron 103,294,368,434 Plum, Wild 63,282,362,426 Poison Elder , -• 54,278 Poison Samach 54,278 Poisonwood (Ehus Metopium) 54,278,360,424 Polsonwood (Sebastiania Incida) 121, 304 POLTGONACB^ 117,118,254,257,302,372,438 Polygonum uvifera 118 Pond Apple 23,266,354,418 Pond Pine 198,340,350,404,416,470,527 Poplar 172,328,394,460 Poplar, Carolina 175,330.350,396,462 Poplar, Necklace 175,330,350,396,462 Poplar, Yellow 22,266,354,418 Popnlas 11,12,16 Populu* acladetea 173 Popului angulata 175 Populut angulosa 175 Populus anguatifolia 13,174,260,255,258,394,402,565 Populut an(;ustifolia (Populns trichocarpa) 174 Populut argentea 172 Populut A thenitntit ^ 171 Populus balsamlfera 12,173,251,255,258,328,394,460,573,575 Populut baltamifera (Populus trichocarpa) 174 Populut baltanti/era lanceolata 173 Populut baltamifera, var , 174 Populut baltami/era, var. angutt\folia 174 Populut baltamifera, var. Cali/omica 174 Populus balsamlfera. var. candicans 173, 250, 255, 258, 330, 894, 460 Populut baltamifera, var. genuina 173 Populut Cana(i«n«i> (Popnlns balsamtfora, var. candicans) - 173 Populm Canodenii* (Populus monilifera) 175 Populus Canadentit, rsa-. angutt\folia .*. 174 Populut eandicant 173 Populut tordif alia 172 Page. Populut ddloidt 174 Populus Frcmontii 175, 250, 255, 258, 330, 396, 462 Populus Fromontll, DOr. Wializeni 175,250,255,258,262,330,396,462 Populut glandulosa 175 Popnlus grandidenUta 172,250,255,258,328,394,460 Populut grandidentata, var. perulula 172 Populus heterophylla 172,250,235,258,328,394,460 Populut heterophylla (Popnlas balsamlfera, var. candicans) 173 Populut heterophylla, var. argentea 172 Populut Uevigata (Popnlas monilifcra, AUon, etc.) 175 Populut Uevigata (Popnlas monllifera, Uort.) 175 Populut latifolia 173 Popului JAndleyana 175 Populut macrophylla (Popnlas balsamlfera, var. candieans) 173 Populut macrophylla (Popnlus moniUfora) 175 Populut ifarylandiea 175 Popnlus monilifera 174,251,255,258,262,330,350,396,462 Populut monilifera (Popnlus PremontU) 175 Populut monilifera (Popnlns Fremontil, var. Wislizenl) 175 Populut negleeta .- 175 Populut Ontarientis 173 Populut Tacamahaca - 173 Populut treviul\formit 171 Popnlas tremnloidee 12,171,250,255,258,328,350,394,460 Populut trepida 171 Poptilus trichocarpa 174,251,255,258,330,394,462,576 Populut trichocarpa, vax.cupulata 174 Populut viminea 173 Populus Yirginiana 175 Poreelia triloba 23 Porkwood 117,302,372,438 Porliera 10-13 Porlieraonguetifolia 29,249,268 Port Orford Cedar 179,302,350,398,464,576 Possum Oak 152,320,350,368,410,454 Post Cedar 176,330,396,462 Post Oak 139,312,362,448,528 Post Oak, Swamp 140,314,350,384,450 Prickly Ash (Xanthoxylum Americannm) 29,268 Prickly Ash (Xanthoxylum Clava-Hercnlis) 30,270,336,420 Prince's Pine 201,342,352,406,472 Princijial woods of the United States under compression, behavior of the. 418-481 Principal woods of the United States under transverse strain, behavior of the - 354-414 Pringle, Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of Now Hampshire by 497 Pringle, Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of New Tork by 501-566 Pringle, Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of Pennsylvania by 507-510 Pringle, Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of Vermont by 498-500 Pringle, Mr. C. G., remarks on the forests of West Virginia by 512-515 Vrinos deciduut 37 Pritchardia filam*ntosa 217 Privet 112,298,372,438 Product and average size of saw-mills in each state and territory 488 Production of naval stores in Alabama 517,527,520,530 Production of naval stores in Florida 517 Production of naval stores in Georgia 517 Production of naval stores in Louisiana 517 Production of naval stores in Mississippi 517 Production of naval stores in North Carolina 317 Production of naval stores in South Carolina 517 Prosopis >10-12, 14 Prosopis Emorifi 62 Prosopis glandulosa 61 Prosopis juliflora 12,61,249,253,256,265,280,350,362,420 Prosopis odorata (Prosopis .juliflora) 01 Prosopis odorata (Prosopis pnbescens) 62 Prosopis pubesccns 13, 62, 249, 253, 256, 280, 362, 426 Prunus 10-12,14,573 Pmnns Americana. 12,66,249,253,256,282,362,426 Prunns Americana, var. mollis 65 Prunus an gustifolia 06,249,253,256,282,362,426 Prunus borcalit 66 Prunus Canadentit 68 Pruntis CapoUin ®8 Prunus Capuli 68,249,282,428 GENERAL INDEX. 603 Page. Prunug Carolina 69 Pranas Caroliniana 69,249,253,256,284,302,428 Pruntts cartilaginea 68 Pruniis Chicaea 66 Prunu? coccinea - -. — 65 Prnnns demissa 69,249,253,256,284,362,428 Prunus emarginata 67,250,282 Prunnsemarginata.tior. mollis 67,253,256,282,362,428 Pntnus hiemalis (Prnnns .^mericana) 65 Primus hiemalis (Prnnns Americana, var. mollis) 65 Prunus iUcifolia 70,249,253,256,284,364,428 Pruniis insitHia 66 Prumts lanceolata - 66 Primus Lusitanica 69 Prtm^is Mississippi 65 Prunus TnoL'w (Prunus Americana, ror. mollis) 65 Prunus mollis (Prnnns emarginata, txir. mollis) 67 Prunus nigra 65 Prnnns Pennsjivanica 12,66,250,282,428 Prunus persici/olia 66 Prunus pumila 67 Pnmus sempervirens 09 Prunus serotina 68,250,258,256,259,282,363,428 Prumts serratifolia - 69 Prnnus sphaerocarpa 70,249,284 Prvnvs spinosa 65 Prnnus umbellata 87,249,282,428 Prnnns Virgin iana 68 Prunus Virginiana (Prunus serotina) 68 Prunus Virifiniana, Tar. demissa 69 Pseudacacia odorata : 55 Pseudopetalon glandulosum 30 Pseudopetalon triearpum .' 30 Pseudotsuga 7,9,11,12,16,575 Pseudotsnga Douglasii . . .209, 250, 255, 259, 264, 265, 344, 352, 410, 476, 565, 569, 573, 576 Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. macrocarpa 210, 250, 255, 259, 346, 412, 478 Pseudotsuga rnagnifica 214 Pseudotsuga nobilis 214 Pseudotsuga the most important timber tree of the Pacific region 7 Ptelia 10,13 Ptelia mollis 31 Ptelia trifoliata 12,31,249,270 Ptelia trifoliata, car. mollis 31 Ptelia Titiei/olia 31 Punk Oak 152,320,350,388^410,454 Purple Haw 40,272 Pnrshia 575 Putnam, Mr. H. C, remarks on the forests of Michigan by 553. 554 Pntnam, Mr. II. C, remarks on the forests of Minnesota by 659,560 Putnam, Mr. H. C, remarks on the forests of the eastern portion of Dakota by 561 Putnam, Mr. H. C, remarks on the forests of Wisconsin by 555-558 Pynis 10-12,14 Pyms Americana 73,250,284,428 I'yrus Americana (Pyms sambucifolia) 74 P^xus Americana, rar. microcarpa '. 74 Pyrus angnstifolia 72,249,284 Pyrus aueuparia (Pyms Americana) 73 Pyrus aufiuparia (Pjtus sambucifolia) 74 Pyrus Bartramiana 84 Pyrus Botryapium 84 Pymscoronaria 72,249,253,236,259,260,284,364,428 Pyrus coronaria (Pyms angnstifolia) 72 Pyrus eoronaria,raT. angustifolia 72 Pyrus diversi/olia 73 Pyrus /usea 73 P'/rus glandulosa 77 Pyrus microcarpa 74 Pyrus ovalis 85 Pyms rivuharis 73,249,284 Pyrus sambucifolia 12,74,250,253,256,284,364,428 Ptprus subcordata 73 Pyrus Wartgenheimia^ia 84 QoakingAsp 171,328,350,394,460 QuOMia dioica -12 Page. Quassia Simantba 32 Quercitron Oak 149,265,318,350,388,454 Quercua 11,12,15 Qaeroas acatidens 155 Quercus acutiglandis 146 Quercua agrifolia 146,249,254,257,318,386,452 Qicercus agrifolia, vaT.frutescens 147 Quercus alba 137, 249, 254, 257, 261, 265, 312, 350, 380, 414, 446 Quercus alba minor 139 Quercus alba palustris 141 Quercus alba, var. Gunnisonii 139 Quercus alha, var. microcarpa 137 Quercus alba,v&T.pinnatiJlda 137 Quercus alba, var. pitinatijido-sinuata 137 Quercus alba, var. repanda 137 Quercus alba, var. sinuata 137 Quercus ambigua 147 Quercus annulata 145 Quercus aquatica 152,249,254,258,262,320,350,388,416,454 Quercus aquatica (Quercus nigra) 150 Quercus aquatica, var. attenuata 152 Quercus aquatii-a, v&t. cuneata 162 Quercus aquatica, var. elongata 152 Quercus aquatica, var. heterophyUa 15 Quercus aquatica, var. hybrida 152 Quercus aquatica, var. indivisa 152 Quercus aquatica, var. laur^foUa 152 Quercua aquatica, rar. mjrtifoUa 155 Quercus Bauiateri 155 Quercua berberidifolia 155 Quercus bicolor 141,249,254,257,261,314,384,450 Quercus bicolor, v&t. Michau^i 141 Quercus bicolor, var. mollis 141 Quercua bicolor, var. platanoides 141 Quercus Breweri 155 Quercus Cali/omica - 149 Quercus Castanea (Quercus prinoides) 142 Quercus Castanea (Quercus Prinue) • 142 Quercus Catesbaei - 151,249,254,258,320,388,454,525 Quercus Chinquapin 143 Quercua chrysolepia 146.249,254,258,318,386,452 Quercus chrysolepis, var. vaceinifolia 146 Quercus cinerea 153,250,255.258,320,390,456,525 Quercua cinerea, rar. pumiJa 155 Quercus cinerea, ?;ar. sericea 155 Quercus coccinea.. 148,249,254,258,318,388,452 Querctis coccinea, var. ambigtia 147 Quercus coccinea, var. microcarpa 148 Quercua coccinea, var. rubra 14? Quercus cocciviea, var. tinctoria 149 Quercus con/ertifolia 154 Quercus crassipocula 14" Quercus cuneata 15*' Quercus decipiens 1^ Quercus denslflora 154,249,254,258,265,322,800,456,576,580 Quercus discolor 149 Quercus discolor, v&T. trUoba 151 Quercua Douglasii 143,249.251,254,258,316,386,450 Quercua Douglasii, var. Oambelii 1^9 Quercua Douglasii, var. Necei Quercua DruTnmondii Quercua dumosa Quercus dumoaa, var. bullata 138 139 155 155 Quercua Durandii 145,249,251,254,258,316,386,452 Quercus echinacea 1 55 Quercua echinoides 155 Quercus elongata 15® Quercna Emoryi 12,146,249,254,258,265,318,386.452 Quercua Emoryi (Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii) 139 Quercua falcata 150,240,254,258,262,265,320,350,388,454,525 Quercua falcata, var. LudovidarM Quercua falcata, var. pagodc^olia Quercus falcata, V ax. triloba Quercua fulvescena Quercua Gambelii *- Quercus Garry ana 138,249,254,257,261,312,350,382,448,576 151 151 151 146 130 604 GENERAL INDEX. Page. Qoerena Georgiana 155 QocKunsrisea 144, 2«. 251, 254, 258, 818, 386, 452 Qutrcut hattata 146 Quereus hemUphtrrica 352 Queretu hemisphatrica^vnr.nana 152 Quercua hcterophylla 153, 249, 255, 258, 326, 390, 456 QufTcut Uindtii 138 Qufrciis humilU 153 Quorous hypoleuoa 154,249,255,258,322,390,456 Quercas Uioifolia 155 Qa.Tcns imbricaria 154,249,255,258,322,390,450 Querent Jacobi 138 Quercas KelloggU 149,250,254,258,265,320,388,416,454 Quereutltevu 151 Quercns Uuritblia 152,249,254,258,320,390,454 Qutreut laurifolia hybrida 152 Quernu lavri/otia, var. aeuta 152 (iuercut lauri/olia, var. obtuta 152 Quorcus lobata 138,249,254,257,312,382,448 Quercas lobata, rar. fnitiooss 155 Quercu4 lobutata 139 Qurrmt Umgiglanda 138 Quprcna lyrata 140,249,254,257,261,314,350,384,450,533 QuercuH luacrocarpa 140,249.254,257,261,265,314,384,448 Qufrcut maerocarpa, var. abbreviala 140 Quereus Tnacrocarpa, var. miywr 140 Querciu macrocarpa, var. olivctformi* 140 Quernu ilarylandusa 150 Qoercus Michauiii 141,249,254,258,261,316,384,416,450,533 Quereus m(mta7ia 142 Quercut Merehut 147 Querctu Muhlenbergii 143 Qnercus myrtifolia 155 Quercus nana 152 Quereut Nuei 138 Quercus nigra 150,249,254,258,265,320,350,388,454,525 Quereut nigra (Qaercns aqnatica) 132 Quereut nigra (Quercus tinctorU) 149 Quercus nigra aquatica 152 Quercut nigra digitata 150 Querais nigra inlegrifolia 150 Quernu nigra trifida 152 Quernu nigra, var. (Quorcns heterophylla) 153 Quercut nigra, MSir. lati/olia 150 Quercus olilonglfolia 143,249,251,254,258,316,386,452 Quernu oblongi/olia 146 Quernu oblongifolia, var. brevilobata 143 Querme obtuga 152 Quercut obtunfolia, vm.bremloba 145 Qnercus obtusUoba 138, 249, 254, 257, 2«n, 312, 382, 448, 525, 528 Quernu obtusitoba, var. depressa 140 Quercut obtuiiloba, vw. pani/olia 1J9 Quercut (Erttediana ]3g Quercut oleoidet 145 Querctu olivcfformit 140 Quercut oxyadmia 14g Quercus paJustris 151,249,254,258,320,388,454 Quercut paliutritiQnerenatabn, rar. Texana) 14g Quercus parvifolia ; 139 Quercus PheUos 164,249,255,258,322,390,456 Quercut PheUot anguttifolia 154 Quercut PheUatXcoceinea 153 Quercut Phellot lali/olia I54 Qnercus PhoUos pumila 155 Quercut Phellot X tinetori* 153 Quercut Phellot, var. (Qnercus heterophylla) 163 Quercus Phellos, nor. arenaria 155 Quercut Phellot, var. cinerea I53 Quercut Phellot, vnr.humaii I54 Quercut Phellot, \aT. imbricaria I54 Quercut Phellot, var. laur^folia 152 Quernu Phellot, mv. sempervireni I45 Qnercus Phellos, var. sericea I55 Quercut PhtUoi, var. riridit I54 Qnercus prinoideg 142,249,251,254,258,261,262,265,316,384,450 Page. Quercns Prinna 142, 249, 254, 258, 261, 265, 816, 330, 381, 416,450 Quercut Prinut $. (Qnercns cinerea) mj Quercut Priniu (Qnercus Micbanxll) 141 Quercut Prinut Chinquapin 143 Quercut Prinut humilit 142 Quernu Prinut paluttrii 141 Quernu Prinut platanoidet 141 Quernu Prinut pumila 142 Quernu Prinut tomentota 143 Quercus Prinut, \ar. acuminata 142 Quernu Prinut, var. bicolor.. 141 Quercut Prinut, var. discolor , 141 Quercus Prinut, var. lata 142 Quernu Prinut, var. 21ichauaeii 141 Quercut Prinut, var. montieola 142 Quercut Prinut, var. oblongata '. 143 Quercut Prinus, xar. prinoidet 143 Quercus pumila 155 Quercus pungent 144 Quercus Santomi 13$ Quercus reticnlata 144,249,316 Quercus reticulata, var. Qreggii 144 Quercut retuta 145 Qnercus rubra 147,250,251,254,258,282,265,318,350,386,452 Quercut rubral. (Qnercns coccinea) I4g Quercus rubra (Qnercns Kelloggii) 149 Quercus rubra (Quercns tinotoria) 149 Quercus rubra maxima 147 Quercut rubra montana 150 Quercut rubra ramoeittima isi Quercus rubra, var. dissecia 151 Quernu rubra var. lati/olia 147 t^uercut rubra, var. montaTia 147 Quernu rubra, var. runcinata 147 Quercns rubra, var. Texana 148,249,254,258,318,388,452 Qi:ercut Sati-Sabeana 145 Quercut tempervirent 145 Quercus tericea 155 Quernu Shumardii , 149 Quercus sinuata , 137 Quercus Sonomentis 149 Quercus spicata , 144 Quernu stellaia 139 Quercus stellata, var. depretsa 140 Quercj/s stellata, var. Floridana 139 Quercut stellata, var. Utaheruit 139 Quercut Texana 148 Qnercus tinctoria 149,249,254,258,262,265,318,350,388,454,528 Quercus tinctoria, var. angulosa 149 Quercus tinctoria, var. Califomiea 149 (Quercus tinctoria, var. sintMsa 149 Quercus triloba 150 Quercus uliginota ,,, 152 Quercus nndulata 13,155 Quercut undulata (Quercns Dnrandii) )45 Quercns undulata, var. Gambelii 139, 249, 254, 257, 314, 384, 448 Quercus undulata, var. gritea 144 Quercut undulata, var. oblongatti 143 Quercus undulata, vav. pungent , 144 Quercut undulata, var. Wrightii 144 Quercut vaecinifolia 140 Quercus velutina 149 Quercut viUosa 139 Quercns virena 145, 249, 264, 258, 262, 205, 316, 386, 452 Quercut Yirginiana 145 Quercus WisUzeni 147,249,254,258,318,386,452 R. Randia clu.ti(efolia ; 95 Rapanea Quyattentit 99 Eattlebsx , 106,290 Red Ash 109,296,370,430 EedBny 118,302,372,438 Bed Birch 161,324,392,458 Bed Cedar (Juniperna Virglniana) 183,332,398,464,544 Bed Cedar (Thuya gigautea) 177, 330, 396, 462, 673, 575, 576, 580. i GENERAL INDEX. 605 Page. , Eed Clierry, "Wild 66,282,428 EedC.ypress 184,334,350,398,466 Red Elm 122,304,374,440 Kcd Fir (Abies maguiflco) 214,346,412,478 Eed Fir (Abies nobilis) 214,346,412,478,573 Eed Fir (Pseudotsuga Dooglasii) 209, 265, 344, 352, 410, 476, 565, 575 Red Fir the most important timber tree of the Paciflo region 7 Eed Gum 86,286,350,364,414,430 Red Haw (Ciatjegns coccinea) 78,286 Eed Haw (Crata?gu8 flava, otr. pabescens) 83,260,364,430 Eedlronwood 39,272,358,422 EedMapIo 60,276,358,424 Rod Mulberry 128,306,376,443 Eed Oal£ (Qnercns falcata) 151,265,320,350,388,454 Red Oak (Quercus rubra) 148,265,318,350,386,452 EedOali (Quercus rubra, car. Teiana) 148,318,388,452 Red I'infe 192,336,350,402,468 Red Stopper 89,288,366,430 Redbnd (Cercis Canadensis) 61,280,363,426 Redbud (Cercis reniformis) 61,280 Redwood 'i 185,334,350,398,466,579 Redwood Belt the most important feature in the Coast Eingo of the Coast Forest 8 Redwood of California, economic value of the 578 Redwood standing in the forests of California May 31, 1880, tabular state- ment of the amount of 579 Region, the Atlantic 3-6 Region, the Paciflo 6-10 Remarks, general, on the forests of North America 3-16 Reynosia. 10, 13 Reynosia latifolia 39,249,253,256,272,358,422 RJtamindium revolutum 39 Rhamnace^ 39-42,253,256,272,358,422 Ehamnns 10-13 Bhamnus alnifoliua j 41 Khamnus Californica 40,250,272 Ehamnns Califomica, tior. tomentella 41 Rhamnus Caroliniana 40,250,253,256,272,358,422 Rhamnus elUpticus 41 Jikamnug ferrea ^ 39 Jihamnu8 Uevigatus 39 lihamnus tauri/oHui 40 RhaTnnus olei/olius 40 Ehanmus Pnrshiana 41,250,253,256,272,358,422 JViam nus tomenteUus 41 Rhizophora 10,11,14 Bhizophara A mtrieana 86 Rhizophora Mangle 86,249,253,267,265,288,364,430 Jihuophora racemoaa 86 Rhizophobace^ 86,87,253,257,288,364,430 Rhode Island, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in . .486, 487, 500, 501 Rhode Island, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Rhole Island, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491,600,501 Rho. 32 SiMAEUBSX 32,253,256,270,356,420 Sitka Cypress 178,332,398,464 Size, average, and product of saw-mills in each state and territory 488 Slosh Pine 202,342,352,400,416,474,516 Slippery Elm (Fremontia Califomlea) 26,268 Slippery Elm (tHmns falva) 122,304,374,440 Sloe 67,282,428 Sloe, Black 67,282,428 Small- fraited Haw 81,286,364,430 Smooth Alder 164,326 Snow-drop Tree (Halesia diptera) 105,294,368,434 Snow drop Tree (Halesia tetraptera) 106,296 Soapberry (Sapindua marginatas) 44,274,358,414,422 Soapberry (Sapindos Saponaria) 45,274 Soft Maple (Acer dasycarpnm) 49,276,358,424 Soft Maple (Acer rubram) 50,276,358,424 Sophora 10,11,14 Sophoraafflnls 58,249,253,256,280,360,426 Sophora secundiflora 57,249,278 Sophora gpeciosa 57 Sorbus Americana 73 Sorbug Americana, ■v&r.microcarpa 74 5or5t« auc«porui (Pyrus Americana) 73 Sorbus aueuparia (Pyrus sambacifolia) 74 Sorbug aueuparia, var. a, (Pyrus Americana, var. microcarpa) 74 Sorbut aueuparia, var. i3. (Pyma sambacifoUa) 74 Sorbus aueuparia, v&t. Americana 73 Sorbus humi/usa 73 Sorbus microcarpa 74 Sorbus riparia v 74 Sorbus sambucifolia 74 Sorbus SUchensis 74 Sorrel Tree 98,292,368,434 Soar Gam -. 92,290,366,432 Sour Tupelo 91,290,306,432 Sourwood 98,292,368,434 South Atlantic division, extent of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in the 511-523 South Carolina, lumber industry and manafactnres from wood in. 486, 487, 518, 519 South Carolina, prwluction of naval stores in 517 Sontb Carolina, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 South Carolina, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 491.518,519 Sontb Carolina, tabular statement of the amount of Long-leaved Pine standing in the forests of May 31, 1880 519 South Carolina, the Coajit Pino Belt in 518 Sonthem Buckthorn 103,294,368,434 Southern Central diviMion. extent of forests, forest fires, standing tim- ber, etc., in the 524-548 Page. Southern Crab Apple 72,284 Sonthem Cypress, next to the Long-leaved Pine, the characteristic tree of the Southern Maritime Pine Belt 4 Southern Maritime Pine Belt in the Atlantic region 4 Southern Pine 202,842,352,406,416,472 Southern Pine Belt in Florida 520 Spanish Bayonet (Yucca baccata) 219,348 Spanish Bayonet (Yucca canallculata) 218,348 Spanish Bayonet (Yucca elata) 219,348 Spanish Buckeye 44,274,422 Spanish Oak 161,265,320,360,388,454,528 Spanish Oak, Swamp 152,320,388,454 Spanish Stopper .88,288,366,430 Species, distribution of 12 Specific gravity and aeh of woods 248-251 Specific gravity, ash, and weight per cubic foot of dry specimens of the woods of the United States 266-349 Specific gravity and transverse strength of certain woods, relation between 259-264 Specimens of woods, where deposited 247,248 Speckled Alder 165,326,394.460 Spice Tree 120,302,374,440 Spindle Tree 38,272 Spiraea Califomica 70 Spoonwood 98,292,368,434 Spruce, a species of, the characteristic tree of the Colorado mountains. . 9 Spruce, BUck 203,265,342,352,408,474,496 Spruce, Blue 205,344,408,474 Spruce Pine (Pinus clausa) 199,340,404,472 Spruce Pine (Pinus glabra) 201,340,406,472,527 Spruce Pine (Pinus mitis) 200,340,350,406,472 Spruce Pine (Pinus Murrayana) 195, 338, 350, 404, 470 Spruce standing iu the forests of New Hampshire May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 496 Spruce standing in the forests of Vermont May 31, 1880, tabular state- ment of the amount of 498 Spruce, Tide-land 206,344,408,474,580 Spruce, "White, the most important tree in the Pacific region 7 Spruce, White (Picea alba) 204,342,408,474,662,564 Spruce, White (Picea Engelmanni) 205, 265, 342, 408, 474, 564, 573, 574 Spruce, White (Picea pungens) 205, 344, 408, 474 Spruces. Black and White, the characteristic trees of the Northern Forest 3 Stag Bush 94,290,366,432 Staghom Sumach 53,278 Standing timber, forests, forest fires, etc.. extent of, in the — North Atlantic division 494-510 Northern Central division 547-563 South Atlantic division 511-523 Southern Central division 524-546 Western division 564-58# Standing timber, fot«sts, forest fires, etc., statistics of, in — Alabama 491,624-530 Alaska 580 Arizona 491,568,569 Arkansas 491,543,544 California 491,578-580 Colorado 491,567,568 Connecticut 500, 501 Dakota 491,561.562 Delaware 491, 511 District of Columbia 511 Florida 491,620-523 Georgia 491,619,520 Idaho 491,571-573 Illinois 491,547-550 Indiana 491,547 Indian territory 491,543 Iowa 491,560 Kansas - 491, 562, 5(S Kentucky 491, .54.\546 Louisiana 491,536,540 Maine 491,494-496 Maryland 491-511 Massachusetts 491,500,501 Michigan 491,550-554 Minnesota 491,558-560 Mississippi 491,'530-536 Missouri 491,560-561 Montana 491,564,566 Nebraska 562 Nevada 491,571 New Hampshire 491,496-498 New Jersey 491,506 New Mexico 491,568 New York 491,501-506 North Carolina 491,615-518 Ohio 491,547 Oregon 491,676-578 Pennsylvania 491,506-510 Khode Island 491,600,601 608 GENERAL INDEX. Facet. Standing timber, foteata. foieat flrea, etc, atatlatica of, in— continaed. South CnroUna 49I,51S,619 Tennreaee 492,544,545 Texaa 49-.', 540-543 . ritah " "" 492,869-571 V.rroont 492,498-eOO Vlnriiiia 492,611,512 Washinirton 492,673-576 Weat Virslnia 49^,512-615 ■WlaconalS ^*2, 554-858 ■Wyoming 492,566,567 StarleavodGnm 88,286,350,364,414,430 Sutiatlcs of the Inmborlng industry of the United States for year ending May 31, 1880 488,487 StekculiaceJ! 26,268 Stinkina Cedar (Torreya Califomloa) 186,334,400,466 SUnking Cedar (Torreya Uxifolia) 186,334,400,466,521 Stopper (Eugenia longipes) 89,288 Stopper (Eugenia monticoU) 89,288,366,430 Stopper, Gurgeon 88,288,366,430 Stopper, Red 89,288,366,430 Stopper, Spanish 88,288,366,430 Stopper, White 89,288,366,430 Strain, transverse, behavior of selected woods of the United States under : specimens eight centimeters square 414-417 Strain, transverse, behavior of the principal woods of the United States under - •• 354-414 Strength of woods, method of determining the 252 Strength, transverse, and specific gravity of certain woods, relation be- tween 259-264 Striped Dogwood 46,274 Striped Maple 46,274 Strombocarpa odorata 62 Strombocarpa pvbeteent 62 Strong Bark 114,300,372,438 Stypknolobium affine 68 Stteacace* 105,106,254,257,294,368,434 Sugar and molasses, maple, produced in the United States in 1879, amount of 485 Sugarbcrry 126,306,376,414,442 Sugar Maple 48,276,358,422 Sugar Maple, Black 49,276,350,358,424 Sugar, maple, product of Michigan 551 Sugar, maple, product of New York 501 Sugar, maple, product of Vermont 498 Sugar Pine 188,336,350,400,466,576,578 Sugar Pine an important tree in the Coast Forest 8 Sugar Tree 48,276,358,422 Sumach, Coral 54,278,360,424 Sumach, Dwarf 53,278,360,424 Sumach, Poison 54,278 Sumach, Staghom 53,278 Summer Haw (Cratiegus flava) 83,286 Summer Haw (Cratajgus flava, car. pubeacens) 83, 286, 364, 430 Susquehanna boom at 'Williamsport, Pennsylvania, number of logs rafted oot of, 1862 to 1880 508 Snwarroir t 90,288 Swamp Cottonwood 172,358,394,460 Swamp Hickory (Caryaamara) 135,310,350,380,446 Swamp Hickory (Carya aquatica) 136, 310, 350, 380, 414, 4i6 Swamp Laurel 20,266,354,414,418 Swamp Maple 50,276,358,424 Swamp Pine 202,342,352,406,416,474 Swamp Post Oak .'..■. 140, 314, 350, 38», 450 Swamp Spanish Oak 152,320,388,454 Swamp White Oak ,.-. 141,314,384,450 Swamps, Cypress, of the Tensas river in Alabama 525-627 Sweet Bay 20,266,354,414,418 Sweet Birch 162,324,392,458 Sweet Buckeye 43,274 Sweet Gum 86,286,350,364,414,430 Sweet Leaf 105,294,368,434 Sweet Locust 59,280,360,426 Sweet-scented Crab 72,284,364,428 Swietenia 10, 13 Swietenia Mahogoni 83,249,253,256,270,350,356,420 SuntUnia SmtgalemU 33 Switch-bud Hickory 134,310,360.880,446 Page. Sycamore (Platanua occidentalis) 129,306,360,871,442 Sycamore (Platanua racemoaa) 129, 306,376,442 Sycamore (Platanua Wrightii) 130,306,376,442 Symplocos 11,15 Symplocos tinotoria 105,260,254,267,294,368,434 T. Table-mountain Pine 199,340,350,404,472 Tacamahac 173,328,394,460 Tallowberry .» 28,268,356,420 Tallow Nut 34,270 Tamarack (Larix Americana) 215,346,362,412,478 Tamarack (Larix occidentalis) 216,348,414,480 Tamarack (Finns Murrayana) 195,338,350,404,470 Tamarind, Wild 64,282,362,426 TanbarkOak 155,265,322,390,466 Ton Bay 25,265,268,364,418 Tannin in the bark of certain species, per cent, of 265 Tannin values of the bark of various trees 265 Tar and rosin produced in Korth Carolina, gradesof S17 Tar, turpentine, and rosin industry of North Carolina 516-618 Tozodii species (Sequoia sempervirens) 18S Taiodinm 4,11.1< Taxodium adscendem 183 Taxodium distichum 183,250,255,258,334,350,398,466 Taxodium distichum/aitiffiatum 183 Taxodium dUtiehum,x&T. mierophyllum ^88 Taxodium di9tickum,T&T. nutans 188 Taxodium dittieku7n,T&r. patent 183 Taxodium giganteum 184 Taxodium microphyllum 183 Taxodium, next to the Long-leaved Pine, the characteristic tree of the Southern Maritime Pine Belt 4 Taxodium, gempervirens 185 Taxodium Waehingtonianum 184 Taxns 11,12,16,672,673 Taxuebaccata (Taxns brevlfoUa) 185 Taxus baccata,var. Oanadentii 186 Taxus Boursierii. 185 Taxus brevifolia 186,250,255,268,334,400,466 ToxiM Canadentit 186 Taxus rioridana 186,250,334,621 Taxus Lindleyana 185 Taxus monUina 186 Tennessee, effect of fires upon the forests of 546 Tennessee, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 545 Tennessee, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Tennessee, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. 492, 544, 545 Tennessee valley in Alabama, forests of the 528,529 TERNSTKeEMiACK^ 25,26,253,256,268,354,418 Tetranthera CaHfomiea 120 Texas, Cedar an important tree in 540 Texas, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 641, 542 Texas, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Texas, remarks by Dr. Charles Mohr on the forests of 542, 543 Texas, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in .492, 540-543 Texas, tabular statement of the amount of Long-leaved, Loblolly, and Short-leaved Fine standing in the forests of. May 31, 1880 541 Texas, the pecan-nut an important product west of the Colorado river in- 543 Thatch, Brickley 218,348 Thatch, Brittle 218,348 The Joshua 219,348 Thorn, Black 79,286,364,430 Thorn, Cockspur 76,280,364,430 Thorn, Newcastle 76,286,364,430 Thorn, Witsbington 81,286 Thorn, White 78,286 Three- thomed Acacia 59,280,360.420 Thrinax 11,10 Thrinax argentea 218,249.348 Thrinax Garberi 217 Thrinax parvifiora .217,350,348 Thuya 7, U, 12, 16, 666, 672, 573, 575, 576 Thuya Craigana 1^6 Thuya exeelsa 1'" Tlmya gigantea 177, 261, 256, 258, 330, 396, 462, 565, 566, 572, 573, 575, 576, 680 GENERAL INDEX. 609 Page. 176 177 177 176 176, 251, 255, 238, 262, 330, 350, 39fl, 462, 552 177 Thuya giffantea (Libocedms decnrrena) Thuya Lobbii Thuya Memiesii Thuya obtuaa Thuya occidentalis Thuya occidentalis, var. plicata Thuya odorata 176 Thuya plicata 177 Thuya Sibiriea ,, 176 Thuya sphtFToidalii 177 Thuya gphceroidea 177 Thuya Wareana 176 Thuyopgis borealis '. 178 Tkuyopsis cupreggoides 178 Tkuyopgig Tchugatskoy 178 Thuyopgit Tchugatgkoyce 178 Thylaxfraxineum 29 Tide-land Spruce 206,344,408,474,580 TUia 10,11,13 TUiaaaa 27 Tilia Americana 26,250,253,256,268,356,418 TUia Americana {Tilia Americana, var. pubescens) 27 THia Americana, var. heterophyUa 27 Tilia Americana, var. pubescens 27, 250, 253, 256, 268, 356, 420 Tilia Americana, var. Walteri TUia Canade-ngig Tilia Caroliniana , TUia glabra Tilia grata 27 26 27 26 27 Tilia beterophylla 27,250,253,256,268,356,420 TUia heterophyUa, var. aXba 27 TUia lalifolia 26 Tilui {(Kn/tora (Tilia Americana, nar. pubescens) 27 TiUalaxiflora (Tilia heteropbylla) 27 TUia neglecta 26 TUia nigra 26 TUia pubegceng 27 TUia pubesceng, var. leptophylla 27 TUia gtenapetala 27 TUiatruneata 27 TILIACE* 26-28,23,3,256,268,356,418 Timber tree of the Pacific reeion, the Red Fir the most important 7 Timber, standing, forests, forest fires, etc., extent of, in the — North Atlantic division 404-510 Northf-m Central division 547-563 South Atlantic division 511-523 Soutbcni Central division - 524-546 Western division 564-580 Timber, standing, forests, forest fires, etc., statistics of, in — Alabama 401,524-630 Alaska 580 Arizona 491,568,569 Arltansas 491,543,544 California 491,378-580 Colorado , 567,568 Connect! cot 4 491,500,501 Dakota 491,561,562 Delaware 491,511 District of Columbia 511 Florida 491,520,523 Georgia 491, 519, 5M Idaho 491,571-573 nUnois 491,547-550 Indiana 491,547 Indian territory 543 Iowa 491,560 Kansas 491,562,563 Kentucky 491,545,546 Loaisiana 491,536-540 Maine 491,491-496 Maryland 491,511 Massachusetts 491,500,501 Michigan 491,550-554 Minnesota 491,558-560 Mississippi 491, .5:10-536 Missonri 491,500,561 Montana 491,504-566 Nebraska 491,562 Nevada ., 491.571 New Hampshire 491,496-498 New .Jersey 491,506 New Mexico .' 491,558 New York 491, .101-506 North Carolina 491,515-518 Ohio 491,li47 Oregon 491, 570-.578 Pennsylvania 491,506-510 Rhode Island 491,500,501 South Carolina 491,518,519 TennejMwe .-. 492,644,545 .■59 FOR Page. Timber, standing, forests, forest fires, etc., statistica of, in— continned. Texas 492,540,843 Utah , 492,569-571 Vermont 492,498-500 Virginia 492,511,512 Washington 492, 57:)-578 West Virginia 492,512-615 Wisconsin 492,554-558 Wyoming 492,566,567 Titi 38,272,356,420 TollOD 84,289 Toothache Tree (Xanthoxylum Americanam) 29,268 Toothache Tree (Xanthoxylnm Clava-Herculis) 30,270,356,420 Torchwood 33,270,356,420 Tornilla 62,280,362 Torreya 11,12,16,521 Torreya Califomica 186,250,255,258,334,400,468 Torreya Myristica 186 Torreya taxifolia 186,250,255,258,334,400,466,521 Toxicodendron arboregceng 33 Toxylon Maclura ^ 128 Toyon... 84,286 Transmittal, letter of ii Transverse strain, behavior of selected woods of the United States under: specimens eight centimeters square 414-417 Transverse strain, behavior of the principal woods of the United States under 354-4H Transverse strength and specific gravity of certain woods, relation between 259-264 Trees of the United States, weight of the dry wood of 249-251 Trees, tannin values of the bark of various 265 Trefoil, Shrubby 1... 31,270 85 85 8S 85 85 Trilopug dentata TrUopus nigra Tnlopug parvi/olia Trilopug rotund\folia ,. Trilopug Virginiana Tsuga 11,12,16,573 Tsuga Canadensis 206, 250, 255, 258, 263, 264, 265, 344, 352, 406, 474, 606 Tsuga Caroliniana 207,250,255,258,344,410,478 Tguga Douglasii 209 Tguga Undleyana 209 Tsuga Mertensiana 207, 250, 255, 258, 265, 344, 410, 476, 565, 572, 573, 578 Tsuga Pattoniana 7, 208, 250, 255, 259, 265, 344, 410, 476, 505, 573 Tulipastrum Americanum. 20 Tulipastrum Americanum, var. gubcordatv/m 20 Tulipi/era Liriodendron 22 Tulip Tree 22,266,350,354,418 Tupelo 92,290,366,432 Tupelo Gum 93,290,350,366,432 Tupelo, Large 93,290,350,366,432 Tupelo, Sour 91,290,366,432 Turkey Oak 151,320,388,454 Ulmus 11,15 Ulmusalata 124,249,254,257,304,374,440 Ulmiig alba 123 Ulrans Americana 123,250,284,257,260,304,350,374,414,440 Ulmus Americana (Ulmus racemosa) 123 Vlmug Americana, var. alata 124 Jllmug Americana, var. alba 123 Vlmug Americana, var. agpera 123 Ulmus Americana, var. Bartramii 133 Vlnuig Americana, var. pendula 123 Tflmug Americana, var. rubra 322 Vlmug Americana, var. scabra 123 Vbnus aquatica 124 Ulmus crassifolia 122,249,254,257,304,374,440 Vlmug crihpa 322 Vlmug Floridana 323 Ulmus fulva 122,249,254,257,260,304,374,440 Ulmus mollijolia 128 Vlmus nemoralis 324 Ulmus opaca 122 Vlmus pendula 123 Vlm-its pubegceng 122 Vlmug pumUa 124 610 GENERAL INDEX. Page. mmosTaoemoM 128, 2*», 2M, 267, 260, 804, 874, 440 Vtmut rubra 122 UmbeUaI«ri» 8,11,12,15 UmtwUiUiU-ia Califoniica 120,250,254,257,302,374,440,576 Umbrella Tree 21,260,354,418 Ungnadla 1«-81 Vngnadia heptaphytta ** Ungnadia heUrophytta *^ Ungnadla speclosa 12,44,250,274,422 Uplnnd Willow Oak 153,320,390,456 Urottigma peduneuiatum 127 Ukticace* 122-128,254,257,304,374,414,440 Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico, Chicago the principal source of anpply oflambtrfor 568,569 Utah, lumber industry and manufactures from wood In 486, 487, 569 Utah, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Utah, remarks by Mr. E. C. Hall, on the forests of 569-571 Utah, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 492, 569-571 Uvaria triloba 23 V. VaccineJB ^ Taccinium 11,12,15,673 Vaccinium arboreum 96,249,292,432 Taccinium diffusum 96 Taccinium mucronatum 96 Valparaiso Oak 146,318,386.452 Value and amount of charcoal used for domestic and manufacturing pur- poses during the census year 489 Value and amount of wood used as fuel in manufactures, etc., during the census year 489 Value and amount of wood used for domestic purposes during the census year . 489 678 Value, economic, of the Redwood of California Value of property destroyed and areas burned over by forest fires during the census year («ec, aUo^ under state headings) 491, 492 Value of the forest crop of the United States for the census year 485 Values of woods, comparative 252-255 Vauquelinia 10,12,14 Taxiquciinia corynibosa 70 Vauquelinia Torreyi 70,249,284 Veubk.naCELE 116,117,254,257,300,372,438 Vermont, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 498-500 Vermont, maple-sugar product of 498 Vermont, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Vermont, remarks by Mr. C. G-. Pringle on the forests of 498-500 Vermont, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in -.492, 498-500 Vermont, tabular statement of the amount of Spruce standing in the state of, May 31, 1880 498 Viburnum 10-12,14 Viburnum Lentago 94,249,290,432 Viburnum prunifolium 94,249,253,257,366,432 Tiburnum pruni/olium, vai. ferrugineum 94 Tiburnum pyrifolium, 94 Vine Maple 47,274,358,422 Tirgilia lutea 67 Tirgilia tecundifiora 57 Virginia, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486,487,512 Virginia, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487 Virginia, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in .- .492, 511, 512 W. Wafer Ash 81,270 Wahoo (Euonymus atropurpureus) «. - 38,272 Waboo (Xilia heterophyUa) 28,268.356,420 Wahoo (Ulmusalata) 124,304,374,440 WaUia einerea 130 Wallia nigra , 131 Walnut 131,308,378,444 Walnnt, Black 131,308,350,376,414,444 Wahiut, White 130,300,376, 442 Washingtonla 11,12,16 Washingtonia filifera 217,250,255,259,348,414,480 Washington territory, lumber industry and manufactures from wood In 488,487,574 Washington territory, rank of, according to value of lumber products . - 487 Washington territory, remarks by Mr. Sereno Watson on the forests of. 575, 670 Page. Washington territory, utatistlos of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in 492,673-676 Washington territory, wasteful methods of the lumbermen of 674 W.isbington Thorn 81,28» Water Ash 110,298,370,43» Water Beech (Carpinns Caroliniana) 159,322,392,466 Water Beech (Platanus occidentalis) 129,306,350,376,442 Water Elm 123,304,350,374,414,440 Water Hickory 136,310,350,380,414,446 Water Locust 60,280,362,426 Water Maple 50,276,358,424 Water Oak (Qucrcus aquatica) 152,320,350,388,416,454 Water Oak (Qnercus palustris) 152,320,388,454 Water White Oak 140, 314, 350, 384, 450' Watson, E. C, remarks on the forests of Utah by 569-571 Watson, Sereno, remarks on the forests of certain counties of Oregon by - 577, 578 Watson, Sereno, remarks on the forests of Idaho by 572,573 Watson, Sereno, remarks on the forests of Montana by 565, 666 Watson, Sereno, remarks on the forests of Washington territory by 575, 576 Watson. Sereno, report on the forests of the northern Kocky Mountain region by 664,665 Wax Myrtle 136,312,380,446 Weeping Oak 138, 312, 382, 44» Weight, ash. and specific gravity per cubic foot of dry specimens of the woods of the United States 266-34» Weight of the dry wood of trees of the United States 249-251 TVeUingtonia Califomica 184 WeUingtonia gigantea 184 Western Catalpa 115,300,350,372,414,438 Western division, extent of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in the West-Indian Birch 33,270,360, West Virgiuia, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in . .486, 487, West Virginia, rank of, according to value of lumber products West Virginia, remarks by Mr. C. Gr. Pringle on the forests of WestVirginia, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. 492, Weymouth Pine 187,334,350, Whistlewood AVhite and Black Spruces the characteristic trees of the Northern Forest. White Ash 107,296,350, White Basswood 28,268, White Bay 20,260,354, White Birch (Betula alba, var. populifolia) 159, 324, 359, White Birch (Betula papyrifora) 160,324,350, White Buttonwood 87,288, White Cedar (Chamajcyparis Lawsoniana) 179, 332, 350, While Cedar (Chamaicyparis sphaeroidea) 178, 330, 396, White Cedar (Libocedrus decurrens) 176, 330, White Cedar (TUuya occidentalis) '. 176,330,350, White Cottonwood 175,330, White Cypress 184,334,350, White Elm (Ulmus Americana) 123,304,350,374, White Elm (Ulmus racemosa) 123,304, White Fir (Abies concolor) 213,346, White Fir (Abies grandis) 212,346, White Ironwood 45, White Laurel 20,266,3,54, White Mangrove 87,288, White Maple 49,276, White Oak (Quercus alba) 137,265,312,350,380, White Oak (QuerousGarrysna) 138,312,350,382, White Oak (Quercus grisea) 144, 316, White Oak (Quercus lobata) 138,312, White O.Ik (Quercus oblongifolia) 144,316, White Oak, MounUin 143,316, White Oak, Swamp ;-, 141,314, White Oak, Water 140,314,350, White Pine (Pinus flexilis) .....188,336,400,468,569, White Piue (Piuus glabra) 201,340, White Pine (Pinus monticola) 187, 336, 400, 460, 564, White Pine (Pinus roflexa) 189,330, White Pine (Pinus Strobus) 187,334,350,400,468,506,551, White Piue standing in the forests of Michigan May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of White Piue standing in the forest* of Minnesota May 31, 1880, tabular statement of the amount of 564-580 356, 420 512-515 48T 512-515 512-515. 400, 466 46,274 3 370, 436 350, 420 414,418 392, 458 392, 458 36 1, 430 398, 464 416, 464 398, 462 396, 462 398,482 398, 466 414,440- 374, 440 412, 478 412,478- 274,422 414,418 364,430. 358,424 414, 446 448, 576 386, 452 382, 448 386, 452 386, 450' 384, 450 384,450 ,'-)70, r>n 406, 472 .■)74, 576 402, 488 554,558 561 558 GENERAL INDEX. 611 Page. "WTiite Pine standing in the foreats of "Wisconsin May 31, 1880, tabalar statement of the amonnt of 554 White Pine the characteristic tree of the Northern Pine Belt 4 ■White Sprnce (Picea alba) 204,342,408,474,582,664 ■White Spruce (Picea Engelmanni) 205, 265, 342, 408, 474, 564, 573, 574 WTiite Spruce (Picea pnngens) 205,344,408,474 ■White Spruce the most important tree in the Pacific region - 7 ■White Stopper 89,288,366,430 ■White Thorn ,^. 78,286 ■White ■Walnut :. 130,306,376,442 White-heart Hickory 134,310,350,380,444 Whitewood (Canella alba) 24,268,354.418 ■Wbitewood (Drypetes crocea) 121,302,374,440 ■Whitewood (Liriodendron Tulipifera) 22, 266, 350, 354, 418 Wild Black Cherry 68,282,362,428 Wild Cherry (Prunus Capuli) 69,282,428 Wild Cherry (Prunus demissa) 69,284,302,428 Wild China 44,274,358,414,422 Wild Cinnamon 24,268,354,418 WildDilly 103,294,368,434 Wild Fig 127,306,376,442 Wild Lime (Xaothoxylnm Pterota) 31,270 Wild Lime (Ximenia Americana) 34,270 Wild Orange (Prunus Caroliniaoa) 70,284,362,428 Wild Orange (Xanthoxylnm ClaTa-Hercnlis) 30, 270, 356, 420 Wild Peach 70,284,362,428 Wild Plum 65,282,362,426 Wild Bed Cherry...' 66,282,428 Wild Tamarind 64,282,362,426 Willow (Salix amygdaloides) 166,326,394,460 Willow (Salix Isovigata) 167,328,394,460 Willow (Salix lasiandra) 167,328 Willow (Salix lasiolepis) 171,328,394,460 Willow, Black (Salix tiayescena, var. Sconleriana) 170, 328, 394, 460 Willow, Black (Salix nigra) 166,326,394,460 Willow, Desert 116, 300, .372, 438 Willow, Diamond 170,328 Willow, Glaucoua 169,328 Willow Oak 154,322,390,456 Willow Oak, Upland 153,320,390,456 Willow, Sandbar 168,326 Willow, Silky 171,328 Winged Elm 124,304,374,440 Wintera Canetla 24 Wisconsin, lumber industry and manufactures from wood in 486, 487, 554,556 Wisconsin, rank of, according to value of lumber products 487, 555 Wisconsin, remarks by Mr, H. C. Putnam on the forests of 555-558 Wisconsin, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. 492, 554-558 Wisconsin, tabalar statement of the amount of White Pine standing in the forests of. May 31, 1880 554 Witch Hazel 85,288 Woodlands in Kentucky, pasturage of .». 546 Wood, mannfactures from, and the lumber industry in— Alabama 486,487,524,525 Arizona 486,487,569 Arkansas 486,487,544 California 486,487,578,580 Colorado 486.487,567,568 Connecticut 486, 487, 500, .501 Dakota 486.487,581 Delaware 486,487,511 District of Colnmbia 486, 487 Florida 4«6, 487, 521, 52S Georgia 486,487.519, 5J0 Idaho 486.487,572 Illinois 480, 487, .548-550 Indiana 486,487,547 Iowa 480,487,560 Kansas j, 486,487,563 Kentucky 486,487,548 Louisiana 486,487.536,1537 Maine 486,487,494-490 Maryland 480,487,511 Massachnsetts 486,487.500,501 Michigan 488, 487, 551 , 552 Minnesota 486, 487, 558 M ississi ppi 488. 487, .531 Miiwouri 486,487,560,561 Montana 488,487,564 Nebraska 486,487, .%2 Nevada 486,487,571 New Hampshire 488,487,497,498 Ncw.Icrsoy 486 487, 506 New Mexico 486 487,568 New York 486 487.50^-505 North Carolina 486,487,515 Wood, manufactures from, and the lumber industry in— continued. Ohio 486, Oregon 488, Pennsylvania 486,487, Rhode Island 480,487, South Carolina 486,487, Tennessee 488, Texas 488,487, Utah 486, ■^'ermont 486,487, ■Virginia 486, Washington 488, West Virginia 480,487, Wisconsin 488,487, Wyoming 486, Wood used as fuel in m^nfactures, etc., during the census year, amount and value of Wood used for domestic purposes during the census year, amount and value of Woods, comparative values of Woods, method of determining the fuel value of 247, Woods, method of determining the strength of Woods of the United States, actual fuel value of some of the more im- portant - Woods of the United States under compression, behavior of the principal . Woods of the Unii^ States under transverse strain, behavior of the prin- cipal Paget 487,547 487, 577 506-510 ,500, 501 518, 519 487, 545 541,542 487, 509 498-.50C 487, 512 487, 574 512-515 554,556 487, 567 Woods, relation between transverse strength and specific gravity of certain Woods, specific gravity and ash of Woods, where specimens of, were deposited Wyoming, lumber industry and manufactures fVom wood in Wj'oming, rank of, according to value of lumber products Wyoming, statistics of forests, forest fires, standing timber, etc., in. .492, 48» 252-255 251, 252 253 350-353 418-481 354-414 259-264 248-251 247, 24» 492, 567 487 666, 567 Xanthoxylum 10, 11, 13 Xanthoxylum Americasum 29,250,268 XanthoxlyuTn aromaticum 30 Xanthoxylum Caribseum 30, 249, 263, 256, 270, 356, 420 Xanthoxylum Carolinianum 30 Xanthoxylum Cateibianutn 30 Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis 30, 250, 253, 256, 270, 356, 420 Xanthoxylum Clava'SerciUis (Xanthoxylum Americanum) 29 Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis (Xanthoxylum Caribfeum) 30 Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, var 30 Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, var. fruticosnm 30, 250, 270 Xanthoxylum Floridanum 30 Xanthoxylum fraxineum 2& Xanthoxylum fraxinifolium (Xanthoxylum Americanum) 2& Xanthoxylum /raxini/olium (Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis) 30 Xanthoxylum hirmitum 30 Xanthoxylum lanceolatum 30 Xanthoxylum. jnacrophyllum 30 Xanthoxylum, mite 29 Xanthoxylum Pterota 31,249,270 Xanthoxylum, ramiflorum 2& Xanthoxylum tricarpum (Xanthoxylum Americanum) 29 Xanthoxylum tricarpum, (Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis) 30 Ximenia 10, 13 Ximenia Americana 34, 249, 270 Ximenia montana , 34 Ximenia multijlora 34 Y. Yaupon 36,272 Tazoo delta in Mississippi, forests of the 535, 536 Yellow Ash 57,278,360,426 Tellow-bark Oak 149,265,318,350,388,454 Yellow Birch ? 181,324,392,458 Yellow Cypress 178,332,398,464 Yellow Fir 209,265,344,352,410,476,576 Yellow Haw 83,286 Yellow Locust ,55,278,350,360,414,424 Yellow Oak (Quorcus prinoides) 143,26.5,310,384,450 Yellow Oak (Quercus tinctoria) 149, 265, 318, 350, 388, 454 Yellow Pine (Pinus Arizonica) 192,338,402,468 Yellow Pine (Pinus mitis) 200,340,350,406,472,529 Yellow Pino (Pinus palustris) 202,342,352,406,416,472 Yellow Pine (Pinus ponderosa) 193, 338. .350, 402, 468, 562, 565, 674, 578 Yellow Pino an important and characteristic tree of the Coast Forest. . - 8 612 GENERAL INDEX. Page. ToUow Poplar 22, 266, 85i. 418 TeUowwood (Cliulnwtis tinctorU) 67, 278, 860, 42« TellowTTOod (Schipfferia frate»o«M) 39,272 Tew