c^y ifnf II REPORT STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1895. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAOK. INTRODUCTORY 101 Transmittal, 101. Work of the. Department, 101. The San Jose" Scale, iOl. Its recent introduction, 101. Proposed legislation for its arrest, 102. It may not exteud over all of Ne*v York, 102. Bulle- tin relating to it, 102. The elm-leaf beetle in Albany, 102. Benefit that may result from its ravages, 103. Arrangement and classification of the State collection, 103. Work upon the Andrenidse and Apidae, 103. Study of Bombus and Psithyrus, 104. The Odonata of the State of New York, 104. Assistants employed, 105. The publications of the Ento- mologist, 105. The collections made in the Adirondacks, 106. Unusual abundance of some insects, 106. The small number of Lepidoptera at- tracted to light, 106. Scarcity of Cicindelidae, Coccinellidae, Syrphidre, etc., 106. Contributions to the Department, 107. Acknowledgment to the Board of Regents for their aid, 107. INJURIOUS INSECTS 109 Monomorium Pharaonis, the Little Red Ant 109 Bibliography, 109. A household pest in foods, 110. An European Insect, 110. Long known as Myrmica molesta, 110. Its description, 110. Figures of the insect, 111. The male and female rarely seen, 111. An annoyance from its ubiquity, 111. When accidentally eaten not unpalatable, 111. Its sting, 111. Attracted to almost everything in the house, 111. Per- sistent in search of food, 111. Where their nests are made, 111. Small quantity of food consumed, 112. Other insects eaten by them, 112. Its injuries to young blades of corn in gardens and fields, 112. Its service in destroying bed-bugs, 112. Numbers occurring in a nest, 112. When the sexes and neuters appear, 112. Pairing of the sexes, 113. Wonder- ful prolificacy of the species, 113. Camponotm herculaneus, also a house- hold pest, 113. May overrun rooms and infest clothing, 113. Two other pests that are often troublesome in houses, 113. How to kill them when their nests can be reached, 113. Nests of the little red ant often in the walls or foundations of buildings, 114. Can then best be killed by attracting to baits, 114. Baits that may be used, 114. Repellants for preventing their entrance into houses, 114. May be killed by pyreth- 88 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM PAGE. rum powder or borax, 114. Barricades with chalk lines and with water, 114. Ants in a Lawn 115 Injuries to a lawn on Long Island, N. Y., 115. Number of species of ants in the United States, 115. Diversity of habits, 115. Identification of species essential in prescribing remedies, 115. The species complained of may have been Formica rufa, 115. Size of its mounds, 115. Where they may be found, 115. Division of large colonies, 115. Dow the minor colonies or nests may be found and broken up, 116. Ants dis- tributed over a lawn may be sprayed with kerosene emulsion, 116. Prob- able service of lime or kainit in destroying insects, 116. In reported cases of ant injuries, examples of the different forms should be submitted for identification, 116. On Arsenical Spraying of Fruit Trees while in Blossom 117 Honey-bee poisoning from arsenically sprayed blossoming fruit trees, a long-mooted question, 117. The poisoning claimed by maDy and denied by others, 117. May the honey or the pollen become poisonous, 117. A committee of the Association of Economic Entomologists appointed to in- vestigate the matter, 117. Report of the committee, 117. Experiments made by the chairman, 117. Dead bees found within a net inclosing arseui- cally sprayed blossoming tree, 117. Also dead bees beneath trees not net- ted, 117. Predaceous insects may have killed some of the bees, 117. Tbe experiments made deemed not conclusive, 118. Crushed bees visiting arsenically sprayed blossoms would naturally show presence of arsenic, 118. Prof. Cook's positive assertion that bees are poisoned by sprayed blossoms, 118. Not proven by his experiments as published, 118. Feed- ing bees iu confinement on poisoned syrup, 118. How the question of blossom-poisoning might be settled, 118. Statement that honey-bees will feed on the liquid of arsenically sprayed potato leaves, 118. Prof. Cook's desire that arsenical spraying of fruit trees in blossom may be pro- hibited by law, 119. The Canadian law against such spraying, 119. Prof. Panton's opinion on the importance of the law, 119. Possibility that arsenic may blight the blossoms, suggested by Prof. Panton, 119. Destroying pear tree blossoms when infested by the pear midge sug- gested as a remedy for attack of the insect, 119. Two important ques- tions for deliberation, viz., the poisoning of bees and their honey, and the prevention of development of the fruit, 120. Investigation by the Experiment Stations solicited, 120. Until settled, spraying of blossom- ing fruit trees should cease, without legislative enactment, 1-20. Spray- ing of fruit trees indispensable to successful culture, 120. Should not be intermitted during blossoming uuless proven to be harmful, 120. Each day of this period may mark some new attack, 120. Harm that K.EPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 89 PAGE. might result from weeks of intermission in spraying, 120. Seventeen species of apple-tree insects named that should be combated during the blossoming period, 121. Before deciding upon the proposed inter- mission, the interests of the apiarist and of the fruit-grower should be carefully weighed, one agair.st the other, 122. Later experiments by Prof. Webster iu testing for arsenic in dead bees, 122. Summary of four experiments, 12:?. The last two showed arsenic within the abdomen and honey sacs and iu dead brood in hives, 123. Conclusion drawn that bees are liable to poisoning from arsenically sprayed blossoms, 123. On the Girdling of Elm Twigs by Orgyia leucostigma 124 Destructiveness of the insect to the foliage of shade and fruit trees for years iu Albany, 124. A new form of injury to Ulmus Americana in 1883, 124. Tips of twigs girdled and thrown to the ground, 124. Orgyia larvae detected in the girdling, 124. Cause of the breaking off of the tips, 125. Purpose of the larval girdling, 125. The young bark particu- larly attractive to the larvae, 125. Eaten for a brief time, 125. Years of remarkable abundance and comparative scarcity of the Orgyia, 125. A later girdling by a second brood of the larvae in August, 1895, 125. A secoud brood not previously recorded in Albany, but known in some other cities, 125. Interesting feature of enlarged bulbous growth in girdled twigs immediately above the decorticated portion, 126. Its ex- planation, 126. Girdling not observed in the other food-plants of Orgyia, 126. Eudioptis nitidalis, the Pickle Caterpillar 126 Bibliography and Synonymy, 126. Its injuries to melons in South Carolina narrated, 127. Eesemblance of its larva to that of E. hyalinata, 128. Both feed on the Cucurbitaceae, 128. A knowledge of the life- history of each, important, 128. Need of special study of their larvae, 128. Descriptions of E. nitidalis larva by Prof. Riley and by Mr. Walsh, 129. Illustration of different stages of the insect by Prof. Kiley, 129. Descriptions of the larva by correspondents, 130. Flight of the moth, 130. Its description, 130. Duration of larval injuries, 131. Manner of feeding, 131. Pupation, 131. When the moths appear, 131. Importance of knowing when the eggs are deposited, 131. In which of the States its injuries have been severe, 131. Special injuries iu Illinois, Michigan, and North Carolina, 131. Its gradual extension of range, 131. Seasonal climatic conditions apparently control its multiplication, 132. Of late, prefers muskmelons to cucumbers, and more abundant in Southern States than in the Western, 132. Its several food-plants, 132. Distribution iu Canada, the United States, Central America and South America, 132. A Chalcid parasitic on it, 132. Chauliognathus marginatus believed to prey upon it, 133. Remedies — spraying with Paris green or 90 NEW YORK. STATE MUSEUM PAGE. London purple, destroying the infested cucurbits, and destruction of the eggs, 133. Eudioptis hyalixata, the Melon Caterpillar 134 Bibliography and Synonymy, 134. Injurious to melons in Southern and Western States, 135. Ravages in Georgia, 135. Features of its attack, 135. Crops wholly destroyed, 136. Its feeding habits, 136. Its life-period, 136. Number of broods not known, 136. Little known of its life-history, 136. Cucumber and melon crops ruined in Florida, 136. Destructiveness in Mississippi, 136. Feeds on pump- kins, 136. Descriptions of the larva, pupa, and moth, 136. Illustration of the several stages of the insect, 137. GueneVs description of the moth, 137. Occurs from Canada to Texas, but more generally in the Southern States, 138. Parasitic and predaceous enemies, 138. Remedies for the pickle worm serviceable for this, 138. From its leaf-feeding habit more easily poisoned, 138. Pyrausta futilalis, a Dogbane Caterpillar 138 Bibliography, 138. Food-plant, 139. The caterpillars inclosed in a web, 139. Their general features, 139. The eggs, 139. Manner of feeding of larva?, 139. Gregarious habit, 139. Length of larval stage, 139. Their voracity, 139. Extended destruction of the food plant, 140. Wandering habit of the mature caterpillar, 140. The cocoon, 140. The caterpillar described in its four stages, 140. Delayed pupation within the cocoon, 140. Do they ever pass the winter as larvae ? 140. Where the pupa? may be found, 141. When the moths appear, 141. Deposit of the eggs and their hatching, 141. Number of broods uncertain, 141. Are many caterpillars destroyed before pupation? 141. Description of the moth, 141. Attacked by a parasite, 142. Mecyna revkrsalis, the Genista Caterpillar 142 Bibliography, 142. Feeding on Genista and Cytisns in a greenhouse at Glen Cove, N. Y. An European species has the same food-plants, 142. In Mississippi feeds on lupines, 142. Transformations, 142. Life-period, 142. Number of generations, 143. Life of an allied species, 143. De- scription of the mature larva, 143. Figure of the larva, 144. Descrip- tion of the pupa and cocoon, 144. The moth figured and described, 144. GueneVs description of the moth, 144. Distribution, 145. Not a par- ticularly injurious insect, 145. Can be controlled at first by hellebore powder or infusion, and later by Paris green, 145. Pyralis costalis, the Clover-Hay Caterpillar 145 Bibliography, 145. Identification of the species from Sherwood, N. Y. 147. An European iusect, 147. Characters of the Pyralidse, 147. Their REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 91 PAQK. habitat, 147. Descriptions of tne moth and larva, 148. Its European history, 148. Its American history, 149. When and wbere the moths are seen, 150. Life-history of the insect, 150. Its injuries to stacked hay, 150. Injury to timothy and possibly to straw, 150. Clover hay also injured by another Pyralid, 151. Remedies and preventives; destruc- tion of refuse hay in mows, circulation of air to prevent moisture, and salting the lower part of stacks, and pyrethrum powder for killing the larvae, 151. Preventive of attack desirable, 151. Need of knowing of egg deposit, 151. Grapholitha ihterstinctana, the Clover-seed Caterpillar 152 Bibliography, 152. Severe injury to clover seed in Miami county, Indiana, 153. The " little clover" only infested, 153. The attack recog- nized as that of the clover-seed caterpillar, 153. When the insect was described, 153. Operations of the caterpillar first observed in 1874, at Ithaua, N. Y., 153. Description of the larva, pupa, and imago, 153. Figures of the same, 153. When the eggs are deposited, 154. Work of the larvae and subsequent life-history, 154. Three broods of the insect, 155. Exemption of the "mammoth clover " from attack, 155. Its work confounded with that of the clover-seed midge, 155. The few localities from which it has been reported, 155. Cutting the clover in early June a preventive of injury, 155. Hulled seed safe from further injury, 156. Two parasites of the insect known, 156. Antispila nyss^foliella, the Sour Gum-tree Case-Cutter 157 Bibliography, 157. Leaves of Nyssa in New York, cut by the cater- pillar for its pupating cases, 157. Where, also, it has been observed, 157. Items of life-history, 157. The larva and its mines, 158. How the pupating case is made, 158. Description of the case, 158. Figures of cases, 158. Additional items of life-history, 159. An allied species, 159. Remedy, 159. Tischeria malifoliella, the Apple Leaf Miner 160 Bibliography, 160. Infestation of a Schenectady, N. Y., orchard, 160. Description of the caterpillar and moth, 160. Mining operations of the caterpillar and its mines, 161. When the eggs are laid, 161. The eggs not observed, 161. Slow larval growth, 161. Cleanly habits of the larva, 161. Its hibernation and pupation, 161. Emergence of the moth, 161. The injuries of the insect seldom serious, 161. Its distribution extensive but local, 162. The larvae feed on several of the Rosaceae, 162. Remedy, burning the infested leaves, 162. 92 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM PAGE. Cecidom yia betuue, the Birch-seed Midge 162 Bibliography, 162. Discovery of the infested seeds, 162. Abundance in Albany, 162. How larval presence may be detected, 163. The Midge identified, 163. Development of the larva?, 163. European history of the insect, 164. Attacked by a parasite, 164. Larva described at maturity, 164. Theobald's description of the imago quoted, 164. More detailed description, illustrated, by figures, 165. Three parasites bred from Euro- pean galls, 165. Undetermined native parasites, 165. Diplosis cucumeris, the Melon-vine Midge 165 Bibliography, 165. Galled muskmelon shoots received from Lowell, Mass., 165. A new Cecidomyid reared from them, 166. Detailed description with reference to figures, 166. A peculiar antennal struc- ture, 166. Kieffer's "Filets arques," 166. When the midge emerges, 167. A second locality for the insect, 167. Chalcids in association with the midge, but probably parasitic on the cucumber aphis, 167. Diplosis setigera, the Hairy Melon-vine Midge 168 A second undescribed Cecidomyid reared from melon tips, 168. Detailed description with reference to figures, 168. The species closely related to the pear mioge, 169. Comparison of the two species, 169. Anthomyia sp., the Raspberry-cane Maggot 170 Infested canes from Adams, N. Y., 170. At first mistaken for the work of the cane-girdler, 170. Features of the attack, 170. The larva de- scribed, 170. The imago not obtained, 170. The operations of the in- sect had been previously observed iu Canada, 170. Observed in Michi- gan, 171. How the larva operates, 171. Injures canes in Pennsylvania, 171. Features by which the attack may be identified, 171. Its probable occurrence in Pennsylvania, 172. Remedy in cutting and destroying the infested tips, 172. Anthrenus scrophtjlari/E, the Carpet-Beetle 172 The beetles on blossoms of rhubarb, 172. Could the plant serve as a bait for the collection and destruction of the insect ? 172. Its destruction useless, if oviposition has occurred, 173. General belief that oviposition takes place before the beetle visits the food-plants, 173. No eggs found iu beetles captured while feeding, 173. Eggs possibly not developed until late in*life, 173. Delayed oviposition of the rose-bug, 173. An in- stance where a lace curtain was eaten by the carpet bug, 173. Its fond- ness for dead insects, 173. Olivier's account of the habits and transform- ations of the Anthreni, 174. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 93 PAGE. Pyrophorus noctilucus, the Cucuyo 174 Bibliography, 174. Reason for present notice, 175. Examples con- tributed to the State collection, 175. Belong to the Elateridas, 175. Features of the family, 175. Only one species of the genus known in the United States, 175. Abundance in South America, 175. Fitness of the scientific name, 175. The light-giving organs, 1?6. The light emitted, 176. Where the insect is found, 176. Service that they rendered in Mexico, 176. Worn as ornaments by Mexican ladies, 176. More brilliant than crown jewels, 176. Protracted life of the beetles, 176. The food given them, 177. Their period of captivity, 177. Crioceris asparagi, the Asparagus Beetle 177 Bibliography, 177. The beetles received from Magnolia, Mass., 178. First observation of the insect in the United States, 179. Long confined to the seaboard, 179. Its southern extension, 179. Found in Central and Western New York, 179. Northern extension, 179. Its distribution may be confiued to the Upper Austral life-zone, 179. Range of animals and plants restricted to life-zones, 179. Study recently given to life-zone limitation, 179. The San Jose scale apparently con- fiued to the Upper Austral, 179. The asparagus beetle may also have the same limitation, 179. Under this law several destructive insect pests may not extend over the entire State of New York, 180. Kelief that this knowledge would afford, 180. Portions of New York embraced within the Upper Austral zone, 180. The same zone in New England, 181. Will it control the distribution of the Gypsy moth ? 181. Remedies for the asparagus beetle, 181. Lina scripta, the Cotton wood-leaf Beetle , 181 Bibliography, 181. Wonderful occasional multiplication of insects not usually injurious, 182. L. scripta ravages on willows in New York such an instance, 182. Received from Liverpool, N. Y., 182. Its destructiveuess reported at that locality, 182. Its distribution, 182. Abundance in Western States on the Cottonwood, 183. Thonsands of trees killed, 183. Its occurrence in New York, 183. Observed in Keene Valley, N. Y., 183. The larva described and illustrated, 183. The insect figured in its sev- eral stages, 183. Description of the beetle, 184. Illustration of the beetle in its varieties, 184. Two or three broods each year, 184. Paris green recommended as a remedy, but found not very successful, 184. Increasing ravages of the insect, 184. Visit made to Liverpool for obser- vation, 184. Culture of the willow for basket-making, 185. How the willow is grown, 185. Wheu cut for use, 185. Its subsequent treat- ment, 185. Its yield and value, 185. Extent of its cultivation in West- ern New York, 185. Not a native willow, 185. The basket-making industry in Liverpool, 186. Steady increase of the insect for the past 94 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM PAGE. twenty years, 186. Losses resulting from it, 186. Number of broods, 186. The hibernating beetles, 186. Greater injuries of the second brood, 187. The eggs, 187. The larvae locally known as ''hangers" — the beetles as " hard-shells," 187. Early retreat to hibernating quarters, 187. Where the eggs are deposited, 187. Clusters collected and de- stroyed, 187. Abundance of the beetles, 188. Efficacy of hand-picking the beetles, 188. Spraying with Paris green, 188. A bug-catching machine devised, 188. Description of the "bug-catcher," 188. Opera- tion of the machine, 189. Reference to plates illustrating the machine, 189. Galerucella luteola, the Elm-leaf Beetle in Albany 189 Northward progress of the insect in the Hudson river valley, 189. Its advent in Albany, 190. Abundance in the summer of 1895, 190. Transformations of the first brood, 190. A second brood observed, 191. Not expected so far north, 191. More destructive than the first brood, 191. Detailed operations of the second brood, 191. Its great abund- ance, 191. Descent of the larvae from the trees, 191. Pupation on the surface beneath, 192. Latest dates of observation of the insect, 192. Do many larvae drop from the branches? 192. No indications of their dropping observed, 192. Preference of the insect for different species of elms, 193. The American elm almost free from attack, 193. Marked preference for the English elm, 193. The Scotch elm rarely if ever killed, 193. Slow spread of the insect, 194. Not known north of Albany, 195. Only a small portion of Albany infested in four years, 195. Paris green spraying the most effective remedy, 195. Effective spraying not generally practicable by lessees or owners of city residences, 195. De- struction of the larvae and pupae recommended and urged, 196. Direc- tions for the work, 196. A comparatively easy task, 196. Estimate that nine-tenths of the descending larvae may be killed, 196. Galerucella cavicollis, a Cherry -leaf Beetle 197 The beetles destructive to the foliage of a cherry tree at Ausable Forks, N. Y., 197. Abundant in Canada, 197. Observed in Michigan, 197. Distribution in the United States, 197. Erroneously reported as G. sanguined, 197. An allied southern form, 197. G. cavicollis probably single brooded, 197. Not previously known on the garden cherry, 198. Feeds also on chestnut, 198. G. decora, a willow feeding species, common in Keene Valley, 198. The larvae destructive to willows in Washington, ly8. Blissus leucopterus, the Chinch-Bug 198 Seldom injurious in New York, 198. Its destructiveness in St. Law- rence county, 19d. Recent operations in Allegany county, 198. Former REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 95 PAGE. accounts of its hibernation incorrect, 199. Does not. hibernate in rubbish, corn fodder, under dead leaves, etc., 199. Its natural hibernating place found to be in the dense stools of wild grasses, 199. Futility of former recommendations of burning loose rubbish, 199. Grass lands where the hibernation occurs should be burned, 199. How the burning should be done, 199. San Jose Scale, and Other Destructive Scale Insects of New York. 200 What &cale insects are, 200. Classification, 200. Development, 200. Some species useful, 201. Number of species, 201. The apple-tree bark- louse, 201. Its eggs, 202. Food plants, 202. The scurfy bark-louse, 202. Injuries and abundance, 202. Reference to illustrative figures, 202. Ap- pearance of a badly infested tree, 202. Trees attacked by it, 203. The pine-leaf scale-insect, 203. Injuries to Austrian pines iu Washington Park, Albany, 203. Figures and literature referred to, 203. The white scale infesting conservatories and house plants, 203. Favorite food- plants, 204. List of its food-plants, 204. The maple-tree scale-insect, 204. Readily recognized, 204. Immense number of its eggs, 204. De- scription of the scale and reference to figures, 204. Nature and purpose of its secretion, 204. Abundance in Brooklyn and elsewhere, 205. The pin m-tree scale-insect, 205. A new and destructive pest, 205. Appearance in several localities iu New York, 205. Its identification questioned, 205. Characters of the Lecanium species, 205. Reference to a Bulletin on the plum scale, 205. The figure illustrating it, 206. The San Jose' scale, 206. One of the most pernicious species, 206. Its injuries in California, 206. An introduced species, 207. Its native home not known, 207. When first observed in California, 207. Occurrence in the Eastern United States, 207. First seen in Virginia, 207. Investigated by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, 207. Trees and shrubs attacked by it, 207. Believed to have been brought from New Jersey, 207. Experi- ments for its destruction, 208. Discovered in Maryland, 208. Thou- sands of trees infested in Florida, 208. Infested localities in other East- ern States, 209. Efforts made for its extermination at each locality, 210. Its discovery in an apple orchard in Columbia county, N. Y., on stock received from New Jersey, 210. Extent of the infestation, 210. Its spread believed to have been arrested, 210. Long Island nurseries found to be badly infested, 212. The source unknown, 212. Not found in Western New York nurseries, 212. Examination of the Long Island nurseries, 213. The scale found in three of the nurseries, 213. Earnest efforts for its destruction, 213. One of the nurseries censured, 213. Another warmly commended, 214. Most of the eastern infestations traceable to New Jersey, 215. Dr. Smith's efforts for subduing the scale, 216. Aid received from the Wm. Parry nurseries, 217. Re- quested aid refused by the Lovett nurseries, 217. Conduct of the own- ers censurable, 218. The San Jose scale in Ohio, 219. Prof. Webster's. g6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM PASS. report upon it, 219. Description and figures of the scale, 219. Its pres- ence on fruit, 220. The male insect, 220. The female insect, 221. Life-liistory : both oviparous and viviparous, 221. References to its eggs, 222. The young insect, 222. Development of the scale, 223. The number of broods, 223. Hibernation, 223. List of food-plants, 223. How the insect is distributed, 224. Carried by other insects and birds, 224. Distributed widely through sales of nursery stock, 225. Suggestion for protection from infested stock, 225. Form of certificate to be given by nurserymen, 226. Legislation against insect pests in several of the States, 226. Nothing done in this direction in New York, 226. Intro- duction from abroad or unusual multiplication might call for legisla- tion, 227. Legislation thought to be needed for controlling the San Jose" scale, 227. Fear that it has been sent to every couuty iu the State, 227. Copy of a bill before the Legislature for inspection of probable in- fested localities, 227. Remedies available against the scale, 228. More effective during the winter season, 228. Various winter washes used, 228. Two only reported as fully satisfactory, 229. Whale-oil soap, 229. The winter resin wash, 229. Potash wash, 230. Summer washes only partly effective, 230. Hydrocyanic acid gas treatment iu California, 230. Not wholly efficient iu the Eastern States, 231. Reliable for the treatment of nursery stock, 231. Manner of treatment, 231. Bibliog- raphy, including references to topics not referred to in this paper, 231- 233. Myrmeleon sp. ? the Ant Lion 234 An ant lion from Falls Church, Va., of an undetermined species, 234. Number of known species of ant lions in the United States, 234. Dr. Hagen's study of the group, 234. Appearance and habits of Myr- meleon, 234. The insect: figured, 234. Its backward movement, 235. Secures its prey by artifice, 235. Account of its pitfall, 235. Manner of capturing its prey, 235. The cocoon in which it pupates, 236. The winged insect with illustration, 236. How the larvae may be col- lected, 236. The life histories imperfectly known, 236. Notes of capture and observations by various writers, 237. Colonies observed in the Helderberg mountains, 238. Of some European species, 239. A species that springs from concealment on its prey, 239. Tree-climb- ers, 239. Eggs of Ascalaphus on twigs and strangely guarded, 239. Larv;e of another species arranged in an overlapping row for seiz- ing their prey, 239. United States species of Ascalaphinw, 239. Refer- ence to a Myrmeleonid larva taken from beneath a carpet, 239. Some literal ure of the Myrmeleonidte, 240. Thrips tabaci, the Onion Thrips 241 Bibliography, 241. Severe attack of Thrips on cabbage at Kingston, Pa., in 1892, 242. The injury noticed in preceding years, 243. The REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 97 PAGE. species could not be identified, 243. Character of the injury to cabbage, 243. Six thousand punctures to the square inch, 243. Subsequently identified as having been injurious to onions, 243. Its erroneous refer- ence to Limothrijps tritici, 243. Observed also in England, 243. In Colo- rado described as a new species, 243. Finally recognized as Thrips tabaci, of Europe, 244. Probably an old introduction in this country, 244. Occurs on various food-plants, 244. Serious injuries to the onion crop, 244. Only recently known to attack cabbage, 244. List of its known food-plants, 244. Distribution of the insect, 245. Its descrip- tion, 245. The eggs and larvge, as observed by Dr. Liudeman, 246. Its life-period, 246. Brief life of the imago, 246. The three generations, 246. Osborn-Mally on the placing of the eggs, 246. Hibernation of* the in- sect, 246. Remedies for it, 247. Some characters of the Thripidae, 247. Difficulty attending their classification, 247. Formerly believed to be harmless insects, of carnivorous habits, 247. Many found to be destruc- tive to plants, 247. Partial Literature of the Thripidae, 247-250. Schoturus nivicola, the Snow Flea 251 Bibliography, 251. Possible unreliable references, 251. The genera AcJiorutes and Schoturus, 251. At Ghent, N. Y., on trunks of pear trees, 251. Classification of the Poduridas, 252. Their leaping apparatus, 252. Another distinctive feature, 252. Reference to descriptions of S. nivi- cola, 252. ACHORUTES DIVERSICEPS 253 APodurid observed at Center, N. Y., 253. Its extraordinary numbers, 253. Found to be an uudescribed species, 253. Its description and illustrations, 253. Original note relating to the insect, 254. Ttroglyphus heteromorphus, a Carnation Mite 254 Death of carnations in a greenhouse in Berlin, Mass, 254. A Tyro- glyphus mite and eel-worms found in all of the affected plants, 255. A Gamasus mite also associated, 255. The Tyroglyphus mite lives on the decaying material of the roots, 255. The mites observed for a long time in confinement, 255. They fed on a fungus developed upon the carnation roots, 255. Believed also to feed on infusoria associated with them, 255. Thought to injure living tissue of carnations, 255. Assumed a Hypopus form in confinement, 256. Five well-defined forms during development, 256. The young six-legged form, 256. The larger Hypopus, 256. Trans- formation of a female, 256. The smaller Hypopus, 256. A form assumed by immature mites, 256. The Hypopus a puzzle to naturalists, 257. Different opinions respecting it, 257. Claparede's studies, 257. Meg- nin's later observations, 257. The relation of Hypopus to Tyroglyphus, 257. The carnation mite believed to be uudescribed, 258. Its descrip- 98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM PAQK. tion of the male, female, immature, and Hypopus forms as a new species, with illustrations, 258. Possibly two species, 259. Another mite asso- ciated with the Tyroglyphus, described as a new species, 259. The mite infestation of the carnations found only in old soil, 259. Changing the soil each year recommended, 259. Burning infested plants, 259. Application of kainit or other potash salts for killing the mites, and stimulating growth, 260. APPENDIX 261 (A) LIST OF INJURIOUS APPLE TREE INSECTS 263 Reference to former lists, 263. The present list, 263. Hymeuoptera (6 species), 264. Lepidoptera (157 species), 264-267. Diptera (6 species), 267. Coleoptera (118 species), 267-270. Hemiptera and llo- moptera (50 species), 270-271. Thysanoptera (3 species), 271. Or- thoptera (18 species), 271. Neuroptera (1 species), 272. Thysanura (1 species), 272. Arachnida (2 species), 272. (B) LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST 273 Ants in Lawns: The Apple Tree Aphis: The Apple Tree Baik- Louse, 273. Colorado Beetles : Attacking Scale Insects: Garden Slugs: Rhinoceros Beetle. : Bounty on the English Sparrow, 274. Vermicides [Insecticides for Vermin] : The English Sparrow: Some Destructive Shade Tree Pests: A Bad Scale on Currant Bushes: The Currant Aphis, 275. The Bean Weevil : A Manual for the Study of Insects : Tbe Bean Weevil: Millepedes and Wire Worms: Carpet-Eating Insects: Plum Tree Aphis, 276. Cut-worms : The San Jose' Scale, Aspidiotus perni- ciosus, and some Otber Destructive Scale Insects of the State of New York : The Asparagus Beetle Goes North, 277. The Pear Midge : Pear Midge Again : A New Maple Tree Insect : Plum Tree Scale: The Elm-Leaf Beetle, 278. Elm-Leaf Beetle : Horn-Tail Borer: Orchard Insects : The Black Peach Aphis, 279. The Sugar Maple Borer: New Scale Insects : The Harlequin Cabbage Bug: The Carpet Beetle: A Pugnacious Cater- pillar : An Insect Attack on Maples, 280. An Insect Gall : Another Note of Warning: Caterpillars and Borers: Black Blister Beetle: A Scale Insect on Osage Orange Hedge : To Kill Red Ants in the House, 281. A Friend not a Foe : A Humbug Insect Cure : The Squash Bug : Squash Bug — Squash-vine Borers: Frail Children of the Air, by S. H. Scudder: Excursions into the World of Butterflies, by S. H. Scudder, 282. The Natural History of Aquatic Insects, by Prof. L. G. Miall : The Box Elder Bug, 283. (C) CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DEPARTMENT IN 1895 284 Miscellaneous Insects, Hymeuoptera and Lepidoptera, 284. Diptera and Coleoptera, 285-287. Hemiptera, 287. Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Pseudoneuroptera, Arachnida, and Crustacea, 288. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 99 PAGE. lo the Regents of the University of the State of New York : Gentlemen. — I have the honor of transmitting herewith my Eleventh Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York, for the current year, 1895. The Ninth Report, for the year 1892, was published in 1893. The report for the year 1893 was necessarily brief, embracing but 25 pages, and was therefore desig- nated merely as a report for that year and not numbered in the regular series. The Tenth Report of the series for the year 1894 has not been printed at the time that this is submitted. The work of the department continues to be successfully prose- cuted. The insect attacks requiring special investigation have not been as numerous as in some former years, consequently a larger share of attention has been given to a few of our more destructive pests. Among these which have received special study was the "San Jose Scale" — one of the most injurious scale-insects known to science and which for several years has been exceedingly harmful to the fruit interests on the Pacific Coast. It has recently made its appearance in the Atlantic States, and there was reason to believe that from infested nurseries in New Jersey and New York large dis- tribution had been made of it, through the sale of nursery stock, into other States. The importance of arresting its spread and exterminat- ing it where it had obtained a foothold, was recognized. As it was learned that stock from known infested nurseries had been sent to nearly every county in the State of New York, it was proposed that 8 102 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM with the aid of an appropriation by the State Legislature, examina- tion should be made of every locality, so far as ascertained, which may have received infested stock. The bill introduced in the Senate providing for this work, failed to become a law. Such examinations as have been made during the year, have not brought to light many localities where the scale was found. There is, therefore, reason to hope that this serious fruit-pest will not spread over the entire State, but that it will prove subject to a law which appears to be control- ling several of our more injurious insects, whereby their distribution and successful planting is limited to certain life-zones which are based on the aggregate amount of temperature during the year. If it shall prove that the San Jose Scale can not be permanently established outside of the northern limit of the " Upper Austral life-zone," then its operations in New York will be largely confined to Long Island, the valley of the Hudson River, and portions of Western New York lying upon Lakes Erie and Ontario. An extended Bulletin upon this Scale, giving description and illustration sufficient for its recognition, and the best methods for its destruction, was prepared and published, and copies of it sent to each person known to have made purchases during the past five years from infested nurseries. The Bulletin also contains information upon other pernicious New York scales, important to fruit growers, and it is therefore reproduced in the present Report. The elm-leaf beetle, Galcrucclla luteola (formerly Galeruca xanthome' lanaj, was given considerable attention during the months of its pres- ence in Albany, in consideration of its destructiveness in a limited por- tion of the city, its gradual spread during the past three years, and its unlooked for development of a second brood in midsummer. The operations of this insect wherever it has made its appearance, resulting in the defoliation and, often, death of our most highly prized shade trees — the elms — have excited such a widespread interest in it and a desire to learn of means for its control, that notwithstanding its exceed- ing destructiveness, a leading State Entomologist has ventured to call REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 103 it "a blessing in disguise." In his eyes it has proved a powerful auxiliary in securing attention to the necessity of the study of insect pests and to what is being done for their control ; and thus to have ad- vanced the science of economic entomology to an extent that the labors of entomologists, unaided by its presence, could not have at- tained in years. At the meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists held at Springfield, Mass., in August, a half-day was devoted to the con- sideration of this insect. One of the papers there presented — " On the Elm-leaf Beetle in Albany " — was read in advance of its publica- tion in this report, as was also another, entitled " The Cottonwood Beetle, Lina scripta, in Western New York." As much time as could be spared from more imperative labors, has been given to the arrangement and classification of the Collection. Its reference to families has been about completed, and progress made in generic and specific determinations. When the additional cases that have been ordered, are secured, it will then be possible to carry on the classification more thoroughly and satisfactorily. So far as record has been kept, 1006 specimens have been mounted from former collec- tions and contributions, 560 labeled with locality and date, and 305 with scientific name. In my report for 1894, mention is made of work done upon the AfidrenidcB (the short-tongued bees). The collection now embraces 98 species, 12 of which are unnamed. They have all been submitted to Mr. Charles Robertson, of Carlinville, 111., who has been making special study of the family. So far as could be done, they have been identified by him, and a number of additional species not in the col- lection submitted, have been procured from him. The family is numerous in species, 144 species having been listed by Cresson in 1887, and 70 species have since been described by Mr. Robertson. The other family of the Bees, viz., the Apidce, contains an immense number of species, no less than 517 being named in the Cresson io4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM List. Beyond the studies of Mr. Cresson, to whom we owe the description of more than three-fourths of the above number, very little has been done in our country upon this interesting family. The social members of it {Bombus) have not proved attractive sub- jects for systematic study, owing to difficulty of identifying the three forms under which each species occurs, unless they are collected in their nests, which, from the danger incurred, few care to undertake. The State Collection has but feeble representation in this family, only 76 species being contained in it. A study of the genera of Bombus and Psithyrus, made by Mr. W. L. Bemis, of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, under the supervision of Professor C. H. Fernald, afforded the opportunity of submitting the examples in those genera for critical study and determination. Nearly all of the about 700 examples in the Collection had been taken in the Adirondack Mountains. Nine species of Bombus and three of Psithyrus (formerly Apathus) were identified among them — six species in their three forms, three in male and female, and three in one form only, viz , Bombus Ridingsii in the female and Psithyrus celatus and P. citrinus in the male. The species occurring the most abundantly were Bombus vagans in 262 examples, B. terricola in 147 examples, and B. ternarius in 10 1 examples. The rarest apparently was B. Ridingsii Cress. in only two examples. Psithyrus — generally believed to live parasiti- cally in nests of Bombus — while regarded by some as the male of species of Bombus — as compared in number with that genus, was as one to thirty-seven. Species of Bombus not occurring in the collec- tion but which might have been exepcted in it, were affinis, bimaculatus, borealis, and consimilis. Examples of these would be acceptable con- tributions to the Collection. Some work has been done in determination of and cataloguing the Odonata (Dragon-flies) of the State. A list published by P. P. Cal- vert, of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, an authority in the Odonata, in March, 1895, gave 85 species as known to occur REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 105 in the State of New York. In a considerable collection subsequently submitted by me to Mr. Calvert for his examination, four additional species were found. Besides these, there are twelve other species known to me to belong to the State Fauna, making the entire num- ber at present as 101. No special effort for the collection of these insects, so far as known to me, beyond that of Mr. Nathan Banks, upon Long Island and the vicinity, has been made within our State. Whenever done, the present list will undoubtedly be largely increased. The entire number of species credited to Temperate North America, in the Banks Catalogue of 1892 is 254. The assistant employed by me at the time of my last report, Miss R. L. Davis, resigned her position on July 1st, that, as Mrs. C. P. Lounsbury, she might accompany her husband to the Cape Colony, South Africa, where he had been called to serve as State Entomolo- gist. It was a gratification to our Entomologists that one of their number should be selected for so honorable a position in a British Colony, but it is simply a recognition of the advance that has been made in economic entomology in the United States beyond that of any of the older countries of the world. Mr. E. P. Felt having been selected to succeed Miss Davis, entered upon his labors as my assistant in September. His previous studies in entomology under Professor Fernald at the Massachusetts Agricul- tural College and in several of the departments of Zoology in a post-graduate course at Cornell University, together with other special qualifications, have, it is believed, eminently fitted him for his work, and valuable aid is expected from his services. The principal publication of the Entomologist during the year was the "Bulletin of the New York State Museum, (vol. 3, No. 13, April, 1895) — The San Jose Scale — Insects of the State of New York," (50 pages and seven plates,) which has been previously referred to. The usual list of publications of the Entomologist for the year, together with abstracts of the same, comprising 50 titles is given in the Appendix. 106 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The collections, as in several preceding years, were made mainly in the Adirondack Mountains. Although the season was not favor- able for a varied insect life, the collections were quite satisfactory, particularly as a portion of them was made in the month of June — at an earlier date than the region had hitherto been visited by me. About 1,800 specimens were obtained, mounted and labeled with locality and date, and 400 unmounted. Of the former were 212 aquatic insects in Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Pseudoneuropterar which were taken from a single small pond which was frequently visited and its bottom explored. A number of these were quite desirable as new to the Collection. The occurrence during the year of several species of insect pests in unusual abundance gave the opportunity of securing them with very little difficulty. The number gathered and placed in alcohol was, from partial count and estimate, between nine and ten thousand. A marked feature for the year was the very small number of Lepidoptera that were attracted to light. No one species was com- mon at Keene Valley except the beautiful bombycid, Arctia virgo (Linn.). Not one of the orders was represented in its ordinary abundance. Comparatively few of the Cicindelidce were to be found in the localities where they were commonly met with, although the openings to the burrows of their larvae — "doodle-bugs," as known in Southern States, were not at all uncommon in foot-paths tra- versed along roadways and in meadows. Coccinellida were almost entirely wanting. The Diptera were remarkably few. It was seldom that a Bombylid was seen hovering over moist spots in roads, and the search for the Syrphidce on golden rods and other attractive flowers was almost fruitless. It is strange that conditions preventing the usual abundance of insects, particularly in the Diptera, have been so general that even black-flies, the "midge" or "punky" (gray gnat), and mosquitoes, were not, so far as came under my observa- tion, even an approach to their ordinary annoyance. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 107 Contributions have been made to the Department by 86 persons of about 560 specimens. In the record given in the Appendix, whenever it may aid in the knowledge of the life-history and habits of the insect, the date of the sending of the living specimens and their food-plant is stated. With grateful acknowledgment of the interest taken by your Board in the work of the Department during the year, and the aid extended to it, Respectfully submitted, J. A. LINTNER. INJURIOUS INSECTS. Monomorium Pharaonis (Linn.). The Little Red Ant. (Ord. Hymenoptera: Fam. MYRMiciDiE.) Linnaeus: Syst. Nat , Tom. i, pars ii, 1767, p. 963 (described as Formica Pharaonis). Say: in Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., i, 1835, pp. 293-294 (Myrmica mo/esta, description, habits): Comp. Writ., Lee. Edit., ii, 1883, p. 737. Fitch: in Trans. N. Y. State Agr. Soc. for 1854, 1855, p. 8^3, 834; same in 1st Rept. Nox.-Ben. Ins. N. Y., 1856, pp. 129-130 (habits in houses, fields) ; in Trans. N. Y. State Agr. Soc. for 1865, 1866, p. 133, (Myrmica mo/esta on corn, attacking cut- worms). Packard : Guide Study Ins., 1869, p. 185 (Myrmica mo/esta in houses all over the world); Entomol. for Beginn., 1888, p. 171 (mention). Riley: 2nd. Mo. Rept., 1870, p. n (Myrmica mo/esta troublesome in England, widely distributed) ; 9th do., 1877, p. 43 (in England); in Scientific Amer., Hi, 1885, p. 183 (as small red ant, remedies); in Insect Life, ii, 1889, pp. 106-108, fig. 18 (Myrmica mo/esta a synonym, life-history, remedies). Bethune: in nth Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont. for 1880, 1 881, p. 88 (remedies for ants in nouses). Lintner: 1st Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1882, p. 62 (remedies, synonymy), p. 321 (injuring corn); 10th do., 1895, p. 366 (Monomorium nwlestum in walks); in Gardening, iv, 1895, p. 12 (remedies for red ants in houses). Comstock: in Kingsley's Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, Crust, and Ins., 1884, p. 520 (mention as Myrmica mo/esta). Bowles: in 15th Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1885, p. 63 (Myrmica mo/esta, mention). Hunt: in Miss. Ess. Econom. Ent., 1886, p. 58 (as So/enopsis mo/esta, on corn, etc.). Cresson: Synopsis Hymenop. Amer., 1887, p. 262. Bellevoye: in Ann. Soc. Entomol. France, viii, 1888, pp. clxxvii-clxxxi (observation on in France) ; the same translated and condensed in Insect Life, ii, 1890, pp. 230-233. Schwarz : in Insect Life, i, 1888, p. 40 (in Florida). Fernald: Bull. 5 Hatch Expt. Station, Mass., 1889, p. 10 (remedies for ants in houses). Provancher: Add.-Corr. Faun. Ent. du Canada, ii, 1889, p. 240 (dis- tribution and injuries). 110 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Riley-Howard: in Insect Life, ii, 1890, p. 200 (note on habits); id., v, 1893, p. 268 (edible qualities of) ; id., vi, 1894, pp. 340-341 (red ants destroying bed-bugs). Weed, C. M. : Insects and Insecticides, 1891, pp. 275-276, fig. 143 (brief account, with remedies). Comstocks: Man. Study Ins., 1895, p. 643 (habits, remedies). Marlatt: in Bull. 4 New Ser., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., 1896, p. 38 (destroying bed-bugs), pp. 95-97, fig- 43 (general account). Smith: Economic Entomol., 1896, pp. 396-398, fig. 452 (habits, remedies). This widely distributed insect is known to many a housekeeper as a most persistent inmate of the dwelling. Its presence in all kinds of foods, in dishes, and many other places where it is not wanted, often gives rise to the question : Is there anything that will exterminate red ants in a house ? The Earlier History of the Insect. This pest is an European insect which was introduced very early in the history of this country, or it is a native form agreeing so closely with the European species that they cannot be separated. In 1767, Linnaeus described the European insect under the name of Formica Pharaonis and gave as its habitat, Egypt. According to Dr. Packard, this insect is known in houses all over the world. At times it has be- come so great a pest in London, Liverpool, and Brighton, as to cause the occupants in some instances to vacate their houses. Say described it in 1835 as Myrmica molesta, stating that this is the insect that is frequently found in great numbers in houses. The insect had been known in this country for a long time under the name given by Say : later it was referred to the genus Monomorium, and finally the identity of the insect described by Say with the European was established. Description of the Insect. The ant is so well known to many housekeepers that a description is not necessary for them : it is the pale reddish-yellow or honey-yellow species commonly found in pantries and similar localities. But for the sake of completeness the description of Say is herewith given : + Body pale honey-yellow, immaculate : antennae with the two ulti- mate joints much larger than the others ; the terminal one as large again as the penultimate one: wings whitish; smaller cubital cellule none; discoidal cellule very small, less than half as large as the first cubital; first cubital receiving the recurrent nervure near its base ; nervure of the radial cellule terminating abruptly before the tip ; the two other apical nervures feebly traced towards the tip and not reaching the tip : meta- thorax unarmed. Length less than three-twentieths of an inch. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST III The female is very rarely met with by the ordinary observer and the same is true of the males which are also winged and resemble them in a general way. Fig. i. — The little red ant, Mono.morium Pharaonis; a, female; 5, neuter or worker — enlarged. (After Riley, Insect Life, iii, Divis. Entomol., LT. S. Dept. Agr.) The neuters or workers are by far the most numerous and are the ones commonly seen infesting victuals of all kinds. They are wingless and of a honey-yellow color. The female after she has lost her wings and a neuter are represented in Figure i. Habits of the Pest. It is not so much the loss caused by their devouring food that troubles the housekeeper, as their getting into everything. Few people like to pick them out of food or to eat from plates over which they have been running, or to see them upon the table linen; yet, when abundant it is almost impossible to keep them away. Though not generally known, a large number of these insects in food can impart to it an agreeable acid flavor: such was the experience of a man eating in the dark a section of railroad pie that swarmed with them (Insect Life, v, p. 268). The sting of this ant is like a puncture made by a fine needle. These pests are attracted to almost everything in the house ; sweets greases, dead insects, even shoe polish and bath sponges have been reported as attractive to them. They will also damage collections of insects and are pests in breeding cages for insects. They are very per- sistent in the search for food even when closely covered, and their small size makes it difficult to exclude them. In badly infested houses it has even been found necessary to place the legs of the dining tables in water to keep them out of the food after it had been served. They form their nests in almost any secluded spot either in or just outside of the house, 112 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and from these retreats sally forth. M. Bellevoye failed to observe in France that the ants carry off any food to their nests, but they will do so in this country according to the observations of Dr. Riley. Very little food will maintain a large host of them. According to some interesting observations by M. Bellevoye, a small piece of liver after having two or three thousand ants working at it for a few days did not look damaged, and it was only after a score of days of such treatment that its interior was entirely hollowed out. Freshly killed insects, as cockroaches, also greasy bones and masses of sweets appear to be particularly attractive. This species is also common in fields and gardens where it sometimes does much injury to corn by gnawing the blades when but a few inches high for the purpose of drinking the sweet exuding juice. Dr. Fitch reports this species so abundant in 1850 in some fields as to threaten the cutting off of every blade of corn. Although this little ant is such a nuisance in the house, it has at least one redeeming habit; it is an active and efficient enemy of that disgust- ing household pest, the bed-bug. This habit is so well known in the Southern States that a writer in the Farmer and Fruit Grower (Florida) has recommended the introduction of the ants in houses for the pur- pose of exterminating the bed-bugs. Mr. Marlatt {loc. cit., p. 38) records the following interesting case where the ants proved themselves benefactors to humanity during the late war: Mr. Theo. Pergande, when he was with the Union army, occupied at one time barracks at Meridian, Miss., vacated some time before by the Southern troops and which proved to be swarming with bed-bugs. The little red ants discovered the bugs, invaded the building in large numbers, and in a single day dismembered or carried away bodily every bug. Life-History. Each nest of these insects contains several females laying hundreds of eggs each and well attended by workers whose duty it is to care for the eggs and larva? and also to provide the females with food. It would appear that neuters are produced during most of the summer, as in the case of many ants, and that the winged females and males are not pro- duced until in the autumn. M. Bellevoye failed to obtain any sexed individuals until the last of September and in October, during which time he took 239 males and 577 females (but 14 winged); in November and till December 6th he took 203 wingless females ; no other sexed individuals were found, although there were thousands of neuters before that time. The sexed individuals appeared successively and not sim- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 113 ultaneously as in many species, and from his observations he concludes that the males and females continue to live in the same formicary, which increases indefinitely unless broken up. Pairing apparently takes place subterraneously and not in the air, as in many species. As indicating the prolificacy of the insect, it is worthy of note that M. Bellevoye esti- mates that he killed 359,500 neuters in his apartments within about six weeks' time without apparently diminishing their number; but after continuing this destruction for over five weeks longer, they were observed to be a little less numerous. Other Species Occurring in Houses. There is a much larger brownish or black ant sometimes found in houses. It is known as Camponotus herculaneus var. pennsylvanicus. This species usually comes into dwellings from nests built outside near the house. It overruns the rooms and even gets into clothing and other- wise makes itself disagreeably prominent. It is a very active species, and in one instance related by Riley, it was so annoying that a fine old homestead was on the point of being sold because of the presence of this pest, when the source of the infestation was discovered in a large nest of several feet in diameter in the back yard, and the colony destroyed by treating it with bisulphide of carbon, as given below. The little black ant [Monomorium minutum Mayr) may be found in houses, and at times is as troublesome as the little red ant, though it is not, like the latter, strictly a house species. Another, known as the pave- ment ant, Tetramorium ccespitum (Linn.), is common in Eastern towns under pavements or beneath stones or flagging in yards. In Washington it is often as pestilent a nuisance as the true house ant. Some species of Lasius form large colonies in yards and may get into neighboring houses. Remedies. If the ants can be traced to their nests, and they are accessible, they can all be killed by making several holes with a stick in the nests and pouring in an ounce or two of bisulphide of carbon. This is the best remedy known, and is a simple one, when the colony is located in the yard or garden. It may be made even more effective if, after pouring in the liquid, the nest is covered with a damp blanket and after a few moments the poisonous vapor is exploded The explosion drives the fumes deeper into the nest and more quickly reaches the inmates. Care should be taken in exploding the dangerous vapor. The torch may be 114 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM applied on the end of a pole. This remedy is of special value against the large black ant. If the nest is located in a wall or other place where the carbon bisul- phide cannot be employed, and there is no objection to the odor of kerosene for a time, the location of the nest might be soaked with a strong kerosene emulsion. If thoroughly done it would in all probability kill all the insects — egg, larva, pupa and imago. It surely would drive them away after several applications if not at the very first. Hot water has also been recommended for these pests. The little red ants often establish their nests in the walls or the foundations of buildings, and then the preceding remedies cannot be employed. Various baits may be effectively used. It is stated, on good authority, that maple syrup with some London purple that was mixed in a low dish and exposed in a frequented closet, not only killed large num- bers but prevented the recurrence of the pest for a long time thereafter. In a newspaper article before me the following is recommended : One spoonful of tartar emetic and one spoonful of sugar mixed into a thin syrup ; it relieved the house at once from their presence. An old and popular remedy is dipping a sponge in sweetened water and placing it in their haunts ; when they collect therein the sponge may be dropped into hot water. A greasy bone may be used in a similar manner. A few repetitions of any of these baitings is usually all that is necessary; the intelligence of danger or disaster seems to be rapidly communicated from one to another, and safer quarters are sought by the colony. If their entrance to the house can be discovered, kerosene, or other repellants as carbolic acid or napthaline, placed in their path will keep them out. Ants are quite susceptible to pyrethrum powder and that could be used where the presence of food did not prohibit. A mixture of borax and sugar, well stirred with boiling water and left here and there on bits of crockery, has been recommended. A broad chalk-line is an effectual barrier for many species of ants, especially if frequently renewed, by the aid of which preserve jars or special shelves in closets may be protected. This means would be of value for keeping ants from tables and other places where they must climb vertical walls in order to reach the desired position. Placing the legs of tables in shallow vessels of water is also another protection from these pests — the more effective if a thin film of kerosene is floated on the water. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST IlS Ants in a Lawn.* (Ord. Hymenoptera: Fam. Formicid^e.) In the preceding Report of the Series (Tenth), "Ants on Fruit Trees," have been treated of. Relief is now asked frofh the operations of ants which infest a lawn in Queens county, Long Island, as stated in the fol- lowing communication: A friend of mine on the south side of Long Island has a beautiful lawn of several acres which a few years ago was a dense woods. This lawn during the summer is alive with ants, which in a measure destroy its beauty and are very annoying to the owner. What can be done to get rid of them? He does not want to plow it up unless absolutely neces- sary. Would fertilizer, plaster or lime of any kind used now or in the early spring be of any use? F. F. East Williston, N. Y. About 200 species of ants are known in the United States, and in this large number, as might well be supposed, there is great diversity in habits. Nearly all of them live in the ground, and comparatively few are to be classed as injurious. But even without being positively injurious, they may, when numerous, become annoying from their biting — in some species stinging, when they get upon the person, or in throwing up unsightly heaps of the soil that they infest. The best method, or even an effectual one, for ridding the la-wn of the ants with which it "is alive during the summer," cannot be given with- out a knowledge of the species of ant of which complaint is made. It is not improbable that the dense woods that a few years ago occupied the place of the present lawn, may have contained a few colonies of the mound-building ant, Formica rufa, sometimes known as "the fallow ant," which throws up from the soil beneath, through the labors of its immense colonies, mounds of a foot or two in height and several feet in diameter. These mounds are abundant in some portions of the Alle- ghanies in Pennsylvania. We have seen them in the Catskills and in the Shawangunk range at Lake Mohonk, but while the species is common over a large portion of our country (also in Europe), we do not know that its habit of constructing these large mounds, is co-extensive with its distribution. In the transformation of a wood into a lawn, the large colonies would naturally be broken up, and the subsequent care of the ground would tend to their distribution into smaller colonies, in which the original feet dimensions might be reduced to inches. * Published in the Country Gentleman for January 3, 1895. Il6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM If such "nests" are to be found upon the lawn, easily to be de- tected by the scant herbage mingled with the excavated pellets of the soil, or if more obscure, to be discovered by following the traveling ants to their homes, then it will be but a simple matter to break up the nests and destroy their inmates. With a cane or broom-handle or other round stick make a hole (if a large nest, two or three holes) to the depth of a few inches, and pour in a tablespoonful of bisulphide of carbon, filling up the hole thereafter with earth. The volatile vapor will permeate the nest and quickly kill all of its occupants. If no such nests of large colonies can be found, and the distribution of the ants seems to be general over the lawn, without, so far as can be seen, any special biding places, then we would advise that on some bright sunny day in spring, when the lawn is seen to be " alive " with the ants, the entire surface be sprayed with a strong kerosene emulsion. This should kill all with which it comes in contact. A repetition of this a few times ought certainly to free the lawn of its hosts of unwelcome guests. As to the merits of lime or fertilizers in destroying ants: It is probable that freshly slacked lime liberally applied to the ground in the early spring before it could injure the young grass by its causticity, would reach and kill such of the eggs and larvae and perhaps some of the work- ers, as are not too deeply buried in the ground. Perhaps kainit would prove, in this connection, a still more efficient insecticide, as the experi- ments of the New Jersey State Entomologist, Prof. J. B. Smith, have shown it to be effective in killing wire-worms which we are accustomed to regard as unusually tenacious of life. As the reported abundance of ants upon this Long Island lawn appears to be an extraordinary one, it would be of interest and perhaps of service if specimens of the ants were sent to us for identification. They would be found in three (or four) forms, viz., winged males and females, and wingless workers. These last (in two sizes?) should occur at any time after the month of March and until severe cold weather sets in, while the males and females would rarely be seen except when, with common im- pulse, they leave their nests simultaneously, some time about the first of September, for their nuptial flight and final abandonment of their home, the females to found new-colonies and the males soon to die. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 117 On Arsenical Spraying of Fruit Trees while in Blossom. (Read before the Association of Economic Entomologists at its Fifth Annual meeting, at Madison, Wis., August 16, 1893.)* Are Honey-Bees Killed by Arsenical Spraying? The long-mooted question, are honey-bees poisoned by arsenical spray- ing, is still an unsettled one. There are those who claim that a great mortality among bees is the result of their visiting blossoms that have been sprayed with Paris green, while others hold that the mortality so frequently observed at this time is ascribable to other causes, and that the arsenic would not reach the nectar of blossoms, and, being an insol- uble substance, could not affect the bees or be communicated to the honey. This latter view has been entertained by some of our best botanists. The pollen, however, might contain arsenic and thus become poisonous, not only to the bees visiting the blossoms, but also to the nearly- matured, chyme-fed larvae to whom it might be conveyed. Experiments by Professor Webster. In behalf of a committee appointed by the Association of Economic Entomologists to investigate the matter, Prof. F. M. Webster, of the Agricultural Experiment Station of Ohio, chairman of the committee, has recently reported progress in the investigations undertaken, to the follow- ing effect : He had experimented with a hive of bees placed underneath a sprayed plum tree -wholly inclosed with a fine netting. Within two days thereafter a large number of dead bees were taken up from the cloth with which the ground had been covered. Without much doubt, most of these had been killed in their efforts to escape from their confinement. Ex- amination of the bodies of the dead insects before washing and after they had been washed to remove any arsenic that had been attached to their surface from contact with the sprayed blossoms, gave the examining chemist the presence of arsenic. In another experiment made, hives of bees were placed under sprayed trees, but without any inclosing net. These also gave dead bees with arsenic upon them, but in much smaller number.! ♦Published in Insect Life, December, vi, 1893, pp. 181-185. t It is possible that these bees may have been caught and killed by some of the predaceous insects which are known to lie in wait among or near blossoms, whence they suddenly seize the bees and suck out their juices, such as the bee-slayer, Phymata erosa and several of the " robber flies " or Asilida?, of which Prof. A. J. Cook records six species having this habit. Il8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The Experiments not Conclusive. The experiments were not deemed conclusive by Prof. Webster, and it is intended to continue them another year. That the bodies of crushed bees that had visited blossoms sprayed with arsenic should disclose to chemical tests the presence of arsenic is not at all strange. Even an ammoniacal bath could not have removed every trace of arsenic from the surface of their bodies. Experiments of Professor Cook. Prof. A. J. Cook, the distinguished apiarist of the Michigan State Agricultural College, makes the positive assertion that honey bees are killed in large numbers through the arsenical spraying of fruit trees in blossom, but he has not proven the assertion. Experiments instituted by him in which bees fed on sweetened water poisoned by arsenic — i pound to 200 gallons — were killed, are claimed by him as decisive upon the question under consideration. How entirely unwarranted the conclusion. The experiment had no bearing upon the question at issue. No one could have doubted that imbibing strongly poisoned syrup would be fatal to honey bees. Furthermore, in his experiment (see Report of the Michigan Board of Agriculture for 1891) the bees were fed in his labora- tory, within a small cage. Bees are known to die very soon in confine- ment, even without an arsenical diet (Howard, in Insect Life, vol. v, 1892, p. 123). Examinations that would be Satisfactory. A simple method can be resorted to by which the question could be definitely and effectually settled. It is this : Confine a hive of healthy bees to blossoms sprayed with Paris green, and when death speedily follows, have examination of their stomachs made by experts testing for arsenic. If it is found therein, then it may be accepted as the cause of their death. Examination of stomachs of bees collected pro- miscuously would not be satisfactory, for a statement was made at a recent bee-keepers' convention in Albany that honey bees had been seen eagerly feeding on the liquid resting on the leaves of a potato patch soon after it had been arsenically sprayed, and it was thought to have caused the death of many bees. Up to the present, so far as I know, no examination such as above suggested has been made. I hope that Prof. Webster will undertake it, in the progress of his experiments the coming season. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOiMOLOGIST Iig Legislation Against Arsenical Spraying. Prof. Cook desires that " everyone of the United States should pass a law making it a misdemeanor to spray fruit trees while in blossom." I do not know that this, although urged in some of the States, has been done in any. Such a law was passed by the Ontario legislature, in April, 1890. It provides: Sec. 1. No person in spraying or sprinkling fruit trees during the period within which such trees are in full bloom shall use or cause to be used any mixture containing Paris green or any other poisonous sub- stance injurious to bees. § 2. Any person contravening the provisions of this Act, shall on sum- mary conviction thereof before a justice of the peace, be subject to a penalty of not less than $1.00 or more than $5.00, with or without costs of prosecution, #*###_ That the above law is calculated to protect the interests of both the fruit grower and honey producer, is the opinion of Prof. J. H. Panton, of the Ontario Agricultural College, as given in Bulletin LXXXI, of the college, issued in November, r8o,2. He remarks : "Although there has been no analysis of the bodies of the dead bees for the purpose of ascertaining the presence of arsenic, still the death of the bees is so intimately associated with spraying that there seems but little reason to believe otherwise than that the bees have been poisoned by Paris green used in spraying. However, this will likely soon be settled by analysis of the bodies of bees suspected to have been poisoned, and I have no doubt arsenic will be detected." May Blossoms be Blighted by Arsenical Spraying ? There is another important question connected with the arsenical spraying of blossoms, viz., this: May not the arsenic blight the blossom and prevent fruit development ? " The portion of the pistil," says Prof. Panton, "upon which the pollen falls is exceedingly tender and sensitive, so much so that the application of such substances as Paris green injures it to so great an extent that the process of fertilization is affected and the development of fruit checked." No experiments known to me have been made upon the effect of arsenical spraying on fruit blossoms. That its effect would be to destroy the blossoms is quite probable. Thus, Mr. James Fletcher has suggested the spraying of the blossoms of pear trees infested with the Pear Midge (Diplosis pyrivora Riley) as a remedy for annual attacks of the insect by depriving it of the food (within the young fruit) needed for its development. 120 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM There are, then, before the economic entomologist and the fruit-grower at the present time these two questions relating to spraying with the arsenites during the blossoming of fruit trees : First, will the poison kill the bees, destroy the young brood and affect the honey ? Second, will it blight the blossoms ? It would not be a difficult task for an experi- ment station, and it is specially within the province of the stations, to set these questions at rest and no longer leave them subject to crude observations or individual opinions. Until this shall be done, there should be an entire cessation from arsenical spraying of fruit trees while in blossom, without the enactment of laws which now seem premature and may prove to be not needed; and even if seeming to be needed, are still fraught with evil, from the general disregard with which such laws are treated. Spraying Indispensible to the Fruit-Grower. It is unnecessary to say that there should be no restriction of the kind, either optional or compulsory, unless it is shown to be absolutely required. The arsenical spraying of fruit trees has already come to be regarded as almost indispensable to the successful fruit-grower, and day by day its importance is being more fully and widely realized. No longer limited to the control of Codling Moth injury, it is being rapidly extended to other insect attacks. For each week of early spring, I have no doubt but that a calendar could be made wherein each day would stand for the incipiency of attack by some insect pest or fungus disease, to be corn- batted in no better way than by arsenical or copper solutions sprayings. What opportunities may therefore be lost for arresting and defeating attack at the most favorable time, and possibly at its only vulnerable stage, if two or three weeks' armistice is accorded to our enemies, during which time the army is recruited a hundred-fold, the infant becomes a veteran, mines are run, pits are dug, tents are built, covered ways are constructed, insidious mycelium threads are permeating leaf and twig, and in many other of the arts of warfare our wily foes, with their rich inheritance of surprising means for self-protection, have planted themselves in strongholds where an entire park of spraying pumps with their baneful poisons will utterly fail of reaching and destroying them. Far better a cessation of hostilities for any six weeks later in the season than for three in early spring. Apple Pests to be Combated during the Blossoming Period. It has been stated and reiterated many times that the Codling Moth is the only insect against which we need to employ the arsenites in early spring, but this is far from the truth. It is conceded that we can not REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 121 destroy the Apple worm until after the fruit is set and the eggs deposited thereon, but of the two hundred and eighty known species of insect depredators on the Apple* (not referring to those infestirg other fruits) it would be strange indeed if there were no others which are specially vulnerable before the setting of the fruit. Let me name a few of those that could be reached at this time. The well-known Apple-tree Tent-caterpillar of Clisiocampa Americana Harris, attacks the bursting buds and the young leaves. The caterpillars of the White-marked Tussock-moth {Orgyia leucostigma, Sm.-Abb.) hatch from the eggs about the middle of May and commence their destructive work. Among the cut-worms there are a number of climbing species, four oi which have been identified, viz., Agrotis clandestina Harris, A. scandcns Riley, A. messoria Harris, and A. saucia (Hiibn.), which are known to ascend apple and other fruit trees to feed upon the blossom and leaf-buds and the tender leaves. The odd-looking caterpillar of Catocala grytiea (Cramer), feeds on the foliage of the apple in May, and those of Catocala ultronia (Hiibner) are often shaken from plum trees when jarring them for the curculio. The Canker Worm (Arrisopleryx vernata, Peck) usually appears as the young leaves are pushing from the bud. The White Eugonia [Ennomos subsignaria, Hiibn.),one of the family of measuring worms, occasionally appears in injurious numbers about the ist of May. The Oblique-banded Leaf-roller of Cacoccia rosaceana (Harris), spins together the young leaves for its shelter. The Lesser Apple-leaf Folder (Teras minuta, Rob.) attacks the opening foliage and folds the leaves for its retreat. The Leaf-crumpler (Mineola indiginella, Zeller), awakening from its winter's sleep and drawing some of the unfolding leaves together, re- sumes its feeding. The destructive Eye-spotted Bud-moth (Tmetocera oceilana, Schiff.), so injurious in western New York, — after its larval hibernation in its half- grown state, makes its formidable attack, first on the buds and afterward on the leaves. The Apple Bud-worm (Eccopsis ?nala?ia Fernald) creeps at night from its retreat and after having consumed the terminal buds feeds upon the leaves. ♦Three hundred and fifty-six species are named in the present Report. 122 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The Apple-tree Case-bearer [Coleophora malivorella, Riley) emerges from its peculiar pistol-shaped case in which it has passed the winter, to eat the buds as soon as they begin to swell, and afterward to skeletonize the leaves. The Plum Curculio ( ' Conotrachelus nenuphar, Herbst) enters upon the scene at least two weeks before its first crescent cuts are made in the fruit, ready and free to devote all its energies to obtaining the supply of food needed for the development of its eggs and for the labors attending its complicated and painstaking method of oviposition. Seventeen species of insects are named above, each one of which is feeding voraciously during the blossoming of our fruit trees. Possibly as many more could be added to the list, all of which could best be destroyed by arsenical spraying. Respective Interests of the Apiarist and Fruit-Grower. It is therefore respectfully submitted whether there should be the in- termission of spraying as proposed, urged, and sought to be made com- pulsory through legislation, until it shall appear beyond all controversy that the interests of the apiarist and the fruit-grower, each carefully con- sidered and perhaps weighed one against the other, really demand it. Note. — Since the preparation of the above paper, Prof. Webster, as the result of later and carefully conducted experiments,* has been able to adduce positive proof that honey bees are injured by feeding on blossoms that have been sprayed with the arsenites. In the first experiment, a Lombard plum tree in full bloom was sprayed April 29, 1892, with Paris green and water (four ounces to fifty gallons) until wet thoroughly without dripping. The tree was covered down to the lower branches with thin brown sheeting, the lower portion being inclosed with mosquito netting, and the ground covered with the same material. The hive of bees, which had been kept for the preceding two weeks, was placed under the tree within the coverings in the evening after the spraying. The following afternoon there was a large number of dead and dying bees on the cloth when the cover was removed, and several hundred bees were gathered from the cloth on the ground. These dead bees were tested for arsenic in several lots: First, as they were; second, after a thorough washing to remove arsenic which might have become attached to their bodies; third, after washing as before, the abdomens only; fourth, the remainder of the bodies less the wings; fifth, the rest of the dead bees were thrown out, exposed to a severe thunder shower, again col- * Spraying with Arsenites vs. Bees. Bull. 68 Ohio Agr. Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 48-53. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1 23 lected, then washed with water and with a weak solution of ammonia. In each case the presence of arsenic was detected. In the next experiment, six apple trees were sprayed May 4th with the same solution as in the preceding experiment, and sheets twenty- four feet square were placed under them, and on the sheets two hives of bees. In the next week fifty-six dead bees were found under the trees and in the vicinity of the hives. Analysis of some of these showed traces of arsenic. During this experiment the climatic conditions were, as a rule, unfavor- able to the full activity of the bees. It thus appears that when the weather is unfavorable for honey-gathering the bees do not suffer much, even though there be not enough rain to wash all the poison off the leaves. In the next successful experiment, two apple trees in full bloom were thoroughly sprayed with Paris green — one ounce to twelve gallons of water. The application was made in the morning of a clear, warm day, and in the afternoon a number of bees were caught while visiting the bloom and marked with carmine ink. The hives were but a few yards from the trees. None of the marked bees were afterward found dead about the hives. On the following day bees were caught in an ordinary cyanide bottle, dissected at once and analyzed. No arsenic was found associated with the posterior legs or the pollen with which they were loaded, but it was found present in the contents of the abdomens, including the honey sacs. Entire bodies, after repeated external wash- ings, gave the test for arsenic. The experiment was repeated upon a crab apple tree, and in this case the contents of the abdomen showed the presence of arsenic. The other parts of the body were not tested. About May 10th a small apple orchard on the Experiment Station farm was sprayed with the Bordeaux mixture, to which h body diameter, 0.625 mm>; length, 4. mm. Head, thoracic shield, tubercles and true feet a sooty yellow; eyes dark brown ; sutures of the head nearly black ; clypeus well defined, triangular; thoracic shield mottled with brown spots; body greenish-yellow. The thoracic shield bears three nearly equidistant seta; along its anterior margin ; two along its posterior margin, and one smaller near the center of each half. Below the thoracic shield two large tubercles, each with two seta;. On thoracic segments two and three, five large tubercles above the legs, all but the posterior in the stigmatal line and the substigmatal tubercle with two setae. Abdominal tubercles in six rows; subdorsal and subventral on posterior portions of segments; substigmatal with two, the one at base of prolegs with three setae, cor- responding one on legless segments the same. See figure of larva of Mecyna reversalis (Fig. 4) for general arrangement of these setae. Paired ventral tubercles occur on the thoracic and all but the last abdominal segment; on segments bearing prolegs they are well down on the leg, each with one seta. Described July 16th, several days after hatching. Second stage. — Head diameter 0.75 mm. ; length about 7. mm. Head and thoracic shield mottled with brown ; tubercles a little larger than in preceding stage and a greenish black. Described July 18th. Third stage. — Head diameter 1.122 mm.; length 10. mm. The larva; are a little darker than in the preceding stage. Described July 2 2d. Fourth and last stage. — Head diameter 1.63 mm.; body diameter 4. mm.; length 18. mm. Head, thoracic and anal shields heavily mottled with black on a yellowish-white ground ; small, black tubercles occur on the head. General color of the body ochreous; tubercles, spiracles, and thoracic legs jet black. Described July 31st. The Pupa State. The caterpillars do not pupate at once after they have ceased feeding. They usually wander around for six or seven days before spinning up; it appears to make no difference whether there are abundant places to pupate in or not ; the larva; will not spin up until the lapse of a certain period. At the end of this time they spin a reddish-brown, fenestrated cocoon, within which they remain without undergoing marked changes for some time; some examples remained in the larval state at least two weeks and probably longer. Beutenmuller states that the insect passes the winter in the larval state, but pupa; were found by me in the field during August. Most of the eggs were laid before the middle of July and REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 141 the majority of the larvae had spun up about August ioth. Several pupae were found in the field at this latter date; in nature they are found under stones and other protective materials above ground. Number of Generations. The insect remained in the pupa state during the winter, and moths emerged on March 14th, 20th, and May 6th. Though the emergence of the adults was most likely hastened by the warmth of the greenhouse where they were kept all the winter, yet it would hardly seem as though their appearance would be earlier by nearly three months. As pre- viously recorded, young larvae were found in the early part of July ; some were so young that they could not have hatched long before being found. The eggs from which they emerged were in all probability deposited only about ten days previously, or the last of June — a week to ten days is often found to be the time between oviposition and hatch- ing in Lepidoptera, especially in warm weather. The irregular appear- ance of the few moths bred does not permit of a very accurate opinion as to the normal time of their appearance. Still it is possible that there is an earlier brood than the one observed, especially as pupae were seen in the autumn, and Beutenmuller records the occurrence of the larvae in September. It is not unlikely that the insect hibernates either as a larva or pupa with nearly equal facility. The Moth. The imago is a plain appearing brownish- gray moth with a wing expanse of 1. 1 inch. The palpi above, head, and thorax are orna- mented with rich brown scales and the fore wings are thickly mottled with the same on a background of light gray; at the base of the fore wings along the costa the brown scales are thicker; outer edge of the wing with a rich brown line ; fringe of medium length, purplish- brown in color. Hind wings a light gray with a brown median line and sparse brown mottling on the outer third, outer border of the wing brown; apical portion of the fringe concolorous with that of the fore wing, the remainder of the fringe nearly white. Beneath, the fore wings are nearly as above but with a more pronounced discal spot ; hind wings beneath with a dis- tinct reniform discal spot ; palpi beneath and legs clothed with white scales. Its Enemies. It was not possible to find anywhere the number of larvae and pupae one might expect in the vicinity of the food-plant after the cater. pillars had begun to leave their nests; it is quite likely that many of them 142 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM fell as prey to birds and other enemies which were only too glad to par- take of such food without the labor of parting a troublesome web. The insect is also preyed upon by a true parasite; several of its cocoons were found filled with the whitish ones of an Apanteles, probably A. con- gregates ; though as none of the parasites were reared their identity can not be certainly known. Mecyna reversalis (Guen). The Genista Caterpillar. (Ord. Lepidoptera : Fam. Pyralid^e.) Guenee : Hist. Nat. Ins., viii, Delt. et Pyral., 1854, p. 409. Grote: in Bull, iv, TJ. S. Geolog.-Geograph. Surv. Terr., 1878, p. 679 (from Texas); Check List N. Amer. Moths., 1882, p. 53 (as Boiis reversalis). Smith: List. Lepidop. Bor. Amer., 189 1, p. 78, no. 4081. Weed H. E.: in Insect Life, v, 1892, p. in (injurious to Lupines). Lintner: 10th Rept. Ins. N. Y. for 1894, 1895, p. 515. A number of brightly colored and prettily marked caterpillars of com- paratively small size were received toward the last part of September from Mr. William Falconer, of Glen Cove, Long Island, with the request for their name. They were feeding abundantly on the foliage of species of Genista and Cytisus in the greenhouses of Charles A. Dana, at Dosoris. They had not been observed on other plants. According to Mr. Falconer, the common greenhouse Genista {Cytisus Canariensis) grown in pots plunged out of doors in summer, seems to be preferred by them. The hardy Genista tindoria — a plant grown out of doors all the time is also an especial favorite of theirs. Mr. Weed has reported this insect as very injurious to various species of Lupines growing in the grass experi- ment beds of the Mississippi Agricultural College. There appears to be no other record of the food-habits of this species. In this connection it is worthy of note that the English species, Mecyna polygonalis Hb., has a similar food-habit ; its larvae being found on Genista and Cytisus, accord- ing to Meyrick.* The work of the larva; was first noticed about the middle of July, at which time they were quite numerous, in less than half-size and about full-grown, and, as this variation in size had continued for the two months * Handbook Brit- Lefiidofi.^ 1895, p. 418. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 143 following, it was thought that there must be successive broods of the insect. Numerous larvae of various sizes — some less than half-grown, were received from Mr. Falconer, September 20th. On October 2d the last larvae pupated and the moths emerged between October 19th and November 5th, except one male which appeared November 21st. Some of the larvae made fully half their growth within twelve days, and the imagoes emerged in from 17 to 32 days after the last larvae had pupated. At this rate it would take about 50 days to complete the round of life, but in warm weather growth and transformations are usually much more rapid and these changes might not occupy more than five weeks. If such were the case three or more generations would be possible each year, the number depending upon the length and warmth of the season. At Glen Cove, L. I., the larvae were seen feeding October 3d. An allied form, Nomophila noctuella Schiff., produces several generations a year, and in warm weather completes the round of life in about 50 days. Both insects appear to continue breeding until the frosts compel them to seek shelter for the winter or else kill the larvae. Description of the Insect in Several Stages. Larva (full-grown) — Length 1.1 in.; form cylindrical. Head medium small ; pitchy black ; clypeus V-shaped, suture deep ; labrum, basal joint of antenna, and portions of labium usually white; the white is quite variable in extent not only on the head but also around the tubercles on the body. Thoracic shield pitchy black ; a median stripe and a subdorsal rect- angular area on its anterior two-thirds., white ; anterior border frequently white ; 12 white setae arise from small tubercles upon its surface — six form- ing a transverse row along its anterior edge, the others along the pos- terior edge. Two large tubercles, each bearing two setae, below the thoracic shield — the upper and smaller nearly in front of the small black spiracle. On the second and third thoracic segments five black tubercles each side — the first two with two setae each, third and fourth con- tiguous and one behind the other — anterior with two setae, posterior with a single seta ; fifth larger, with a single seta and near base of leg; small white spots conspicuous at bases of first two tubercles (Fig. 4). The general color of the upper surface of the body is pale yellowish brown, the two anterior thoracic segments a little lighter. Small black spiracles occur on the first eight abdominal segments, that of the eighth being larger than the others. On each of the segments three black tubercles above the spiracle ; two anterior, a subdorsal and lateral, and a posterior, dorso-lateral ; each tubercle with a single seta and with con- spicuous white marks at base on dorsal and ventral sides. On the ninth abdominal segment the tubercles have coalesced on the median line; the anal shield is well defined, with two median white spots and a number of setae. The setae on the tubercles range from 0.1 to 0.25 in. in length. Sublateral line composed of a series of irregular lemon- 144 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM yellow spots; a tubercle in the sublateral line with two setae, and one below on each abdominal segment with a single seta. Under surface of the body a little lighter than upper; a single trans- verse white line on first and second abdominal segments; a median pair of small black tubercles on each body segment ; and also a more lateral larger pair with three setae each on abdominal segments one to seven ; on leg-bearing seg- ments these tubercles occur at the base of the legs on the inner and outer sides ; setae and tuber- cles modified by reduction on last Fig. 4. — Head, thoracic, and first abdominal seg- three sep-rr, en rs True leox nitrlw ments of full-grown larva of Mecvna reversals; " , sc8Iuclub- , 1 rue leg^ pucny greatly enlarged. (Original.) black, ringed With white at the joints. Prolegs, five pairs, of the same general color, but slightly paler. Pupa. — Length 0.5 in.; transverse diameter 0.12 in. Rather stout, light brown in color, eyes well marked; six abdominal segments exposed beyond the tips of the wing covers. Spira- cles brown, prominent; anterior two pairs within prominent ridges. Cremaster pointed, apex blunt and usually with six — Cre- long curving spines arranged in lateral groups of three masterofME- (Y'\v c). CYNA REVERS- V O' 0 '' ... alis, eniarg- Cocoon. — White, thin, and roomy. The pupa may readily inai.) ( ng" be seen through its gauzy tissue. The perfect insect is a pretty Pyralid with a spread of wing of from one inch to one inch and one-fourth (Fig. 6). It may be recognized by its- rich reddish-brown fore wings with darker shades at the base, on the outer margin, and along the veins, together with bright reddish-yellow hind wings with a darker apex. On the under surface, the apex of the fore wing and the fore margin of the hind wing is reddish-purple; there is also on the fore wing an irregular blackish spot at the tip of the discal cell and a small one near its center- The males are most easily recognized by their smaller size. Guenee has expressed his belief that M. reversalis may be identical with the diversalis of Duponchal, and has compared it in his description with that species. His description is as follows : Smaller. The front wings are narrower, a little less rounded at the terminal border, of a lively but pale ferruginous-red, with the costal margin more red, and the fringe slightly tinted with black. The posterior trans- verse line is wholly punctiform in its entire length. The reniform spot is The hind wings are pale yellow, unicolored, with a concolorous Fig. 6. The Genista Moth, Mecyna reversalis. (Orig- inal ) blackish. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 145 fringe, and having only a black apical triangular spot, smaller than in Duponchal's figure and sometimes entirely wanting. The abdomen is wholly yellow. The tibiae of the middle pair of legs are sulphur-yellow and bear a pencil of cottony black hairs. Distribution. This insect appears to be essentially a southern form and its introduc- tion on Long Island accidental, as its reported distribution is apparently limited to Mississippi and Texas, as recorded by Grote and Weed (loc. r wuh 1™ 4, pupa; 5, 6, moth; 7, larva within the web. insect will seldom De met witn Dy (From Riley.) farmers except in its caterpillar form, it may be serviceable to quote its description as given by Mr. Walsh, who was the first to describe it: Length half an inch ; diameter, 0.07 inch, tapering slightly at each end ; color a dirty greenish -brown; beneath, yellowish brown; the first and last segment above, shining, smooth and yellowish-brown with a few irregular whitish hairs; segments 2-1 1 each, with a transverse row of about six long whitish hairs, each hair proceeding from a lighter colored tubercle with a dark central spot. Head rufous. Legs and prolegs normal, viz., six legs, eight abdominal prolegs and two anal prolegs. Wriggles much and runs backward like a Tortrix; suspends itself by a thread, and spins a whitish web while still in the larva state and before the time arrives for passing into the pupa state. Correspondents of Mr. Walsh give as additional characteristics of the " worms " that they are " ridged," and have " the extremities a little darker than the center." Its European History. From its not being recorded as an injurious species by European writers, although known for over a hundred years, it is doubtless another instance of introduced insects becoming pestiferous with us which were not harmful in their native home. It is not treated of by Westwood, Curtis, Whitehead, or other European economic entomologists, so far as I know. Miss Ormerod, in her Seventeenth Report, in an extended notice of Pyralis glaucinalis Linn., the "Hay-stack Moth," which is the REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 149 species that injures hay in England, refers to P. costalis as a moth, "which is sometimes taken here [that is, in England] around stacks," but no mention is made of any injury by our clover-hay worm in that country. Stainton, in his " British Butterflies and Moths," published in 1859, states of it: "Larvae unknown." That its larvae and food-plant continued unknown for many years thereafter, appears from the fact that Kalten- bach, in " Die Pflanzenfeinde aus der Classes der Insecten," published in 1872, did not include it in his list of 66 species of insect known to infest Irifolium pratense in Europe. And still more markedly, as indicating that our friends across the ocean do not always keep up as they should with our literature, the species is not recorded in M. Roiiast's " Catalogue des Chenilles Europeennes Connues " of 1883 — a volume in royal octavo of 200 pages. It would seem that the insect is both rare and local in Europe, for Mr. G. C. Barrett, a distinguished English lepidopterist, in writing of collections made by him in Camberwell, states : "An old favorite with whom I am well pleased to renew my acquaintance, is that lovely creature, Pyralis costalis " [loc. cit.). Its American History. For an account of the operations of the caterpillar in the lower parts of stacks and mows of clover hay, as well as for its earliest description, we are indebted to Mr. B. D. Walsh, the first State Entomologist of Illinois. In the " Practical Entomologist " {loc. cit.), in an article entitled " Clover-Worms," he has quoted from correspondents statements of injuries in the following named localities : in McHenry Co., 111., where the worms occurred in millions in stacks ; in Bucks Co., Ohio, where eight inches of the bottom of a stack had been spoiled by them; and in Auburn, N. Y., where the lower part of a stack for two feet was filled with the worms. The article states that the same pest also occurs " in New England and Illinois, and probably in most of the Northern States." Mr. Walsh describes the caterpillar, but not succeeding in rearing it, he was not able to identify it. The following year (1867) Prof. Riley, having bred the moth, identified it as Pyralis olinalis, and in the Prairie Farmer for April 20, published descriptions and figures of the several stages of the insect, and gave briefly its life-history. In 1868 he referred it to Asopia costalis, in correc- tion of his former identification — the two species being much alike, and liable to be confused. Those who have access to the volumes of the Missouri Reports, may find in the Sixth Report a six-page notice of the 11 150 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM insect giving its past history, its natural history, remedies for it, and descriptions and figures of its three stages. Life-history. Its life-history, as given by Prof. Riley, is essentially the following : The moths are seen abroad in the evenings, or on cloudy days of May, June, and July, especially as they are flitting around infested clover stacks ; if these are near dwelling-houses, they are often attracted to lights in the rooms. The eggs are presumably deposited on the stacked clover by the moths creeping into them for that purpose. The caterpillar lives within a delicate cylinder of silk, which it spins. There are probably two or more broods during the year, as active caterpillars of all sizes are to be found in midwinter. The cocoons are formed near the outside of, or entirely away from, the stack or mow. The above is not very full, and is, as may be seen, in part problemati- cal. Prof. Webster of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station has materially added to it through experiments made with the caterpillars taken late in April and reared in breeding cages, where they fed on dry hay from an infested stack. On May 25th the first pupae were observed, and moths commenced to issue therefrom June 12th. Growing clover plants were potted and placed in breeding cages, in the heads of which, it was thought, eggs were deposited. On July 1st young larvae, from quite small to half-grown, were found in the heads, now turning brown, but the leaves continuing green. Full-grown larvae and pupae were taken from the cages on August 6th, and on the 8th, moths (of the second brood) began to emerge. The latter were given fresh growing clover plants, in the heads of which larvae were found August 15th. Prom the above, Prof. Webster infers that eggs may be laid by the moth on plants in the field, and the larvae subsequently carried to the stack or mow : and also that moths may oviposit in the stacks in the field early in August {loc. cit.). Injuries by the Insect. As illustrating the injuries that may follow the presence of this insect, Prof. Webster states that a stack of hay in Hudson, Summit county, Ohio, of about twenty tons, fully three-fourths of which was timothy, had been damaged fully 50 per cent. In other cases in the vicinity, stacked hay had been so badly injured by the insect that it had been burned on the ground during the months of September and October {loc. cit.). REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 151 That timothy may be injured by the clover caterpillar seems to have been hitherto unknown, and that its range of food may be still further extended through future observations is not at all improbable, from the mention made by Prof. Webster that large numbers of the moths had been seen in June, in Ohio, about straw stacks and straw sheds. Clover-hay also Injured by Another Pyralid. In 1893, Prof. Osborn, of the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, reports that this insect attracted considerable attention in the State during that year. And what is more interesting, he found that not all the injury could be attributed to Pyralis costalis, but that in some cases the injury had been caused by Pyralis farinalis (loc. cit.). Remedies and Preventives. Prof. Riley recommended for arresting the increase of the insect, 1. That as the caterpillars feed only on old hay, the new should never be placed in contact with the old. If stowed in a bay, all refuse and waste of the old should be first removed and destroyed. 2. If possible, the hay should be stacked so as to permit free circulation of air beneath it, for the prevention of moisture that seems to invite attack. 3. Salt the hay, especially the lower two or three feet of the stack or mow. The only experiment for destroying the insect when discovered at work in hay, is, we believe, that made by Prof. Webster. About five tons weight of badly infested hay was taken from a stack, and while being restacked, was thoroughly dusted with a mixture of ten pounds of pyrethrum powder mixed with fifty pounds of flour. The following day a small quantity of the hay thus treated was examined, and most of the larvae were found to have been destroyed. The entire stack was not given the examination thereafter that was promised, and the experiment therefore failed of being conclusive of the efficacy of the pyrethrum application. With this insect, as with many others, a preventive of attack is the desideratum. Hay once infested to any considerable extent is so defiled by the excrement of the caterpillars, and it seems also, by an accom- panying mold, as to be wholly unfit for feeding to stock. When it is learned where the egg-deposits are made — whether in the field or in the garnered hay, and their inviting causes or conditions — we may be able to announce an effective preventive. 152 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Grapholitha Interstinctana (Clemens) The Clover-seed Caterpillar. (Ord. Lepidoptera: Fam. Tortricid/E.) Clemens: in Proc. Nat. Sci. Phila., i860, p. 351 (described as Slig- monota in terstinctana ) . Walker: Cat. Lepidop. Het., xxviii, 1863, p. 413 (as Bichrorampha scitana). Grote: in Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci., i, 1874, p. 92 (described as Grapholitha distema). Zeller: Beitr. Kennt. Nordamer. Nachtf., iii, 1875, pp. 90-91, pi. 9, fig. 28 (as Grapholitha \Ephippiphora\ interstinctana). Walsingham: Illus. Lepidop. Heteroc. in Brit. Mus., 1879, p. 76 (mention). Comstock: in Rept. U. S. Dept. Agr. for 1880, 1881, pp. 254-255 (synonymy, habits, description of stages, distribution). Fernald: in Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc, x, 1882, p. 52 (synonymy, distribution). Cook: in Beal's Grasses North Amer., i, 1887, p. 392-393 (common about Lansing, Mich.). Weed: in Bull. Ohio Agr. Expt. Stat., Tech. Ser., 1, no. 1, 1889, p. 30 (bibliography). Osborn-Gossard: in Insect Life, iv, 1891, pp. 56-58; the same in Bull. 14 Io. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1891, pp. 166-169, ^E- 1 (life-history, habits, remedies); also in 22nd Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1892, pp. 74-75; in Bull. 15 Io. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1891, pp. 260-262 (life-history, remedies). Fletcher: in Insect Life, iv, 1891, p. 13 (destroyed by stacking hay). Gillette: in Bull. 12 Io. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1891, pp. 535-536 (common at Ames, found at Champaign, 111., remedy, as " clover-leaf caterpillar "). Riley-Howard: in Insect Life, iv, 1891, p. 87 (reference). Riley: in Rept. U. S. Dept. Agr. for 1891, 1892, p. 246 (Osborn's work referred to); Bull. 31 U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Entomol., 1893, p. 58 (listed). Smith: List Lepidop. Bor. Amer., 1891, p. 93, no. 5009. Gossard: in Bull. 19 Io. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1892, pp. 571-589, fig. 1 (extended account). Osborn: in Insect Life, v, 1892, p. 112 (abundant in Iowa); in id., vi, 1893, p. 78 (duration of stages) ; in Bull. 30 U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Entomol., 1893, p. 44 (plentiful, considerable loss); in Bull. 32 do., 1894, pp. 49-50 (very abundant). Lintner: in Country Gent., lviii, 1893, p. 773 (ravages, life-history, dis- tribution, etc.); Tenth Rept. Ins. N. Y. for 1894, 1895, p. 496 (abstract of preceding), p. 510 (mention). Osborn-Sirrine: in Bull. 23 Io. Agr. Coll. Expt. Stat., 1894, pp. 885-887, fig. 5 (life-history, remedies). A correspondent from Miami County, Indiana, sends the following inquiry and information of a clover-seed insect, which, although not of frequent occurrence, is at times the occasion of serious harm to the crop that it chances to attack. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST *53 While threshing clover seed this fall, we noticed that a good deal of it had been hulled out like beans eaten by bugs, leaving only a thin hull. This is the first time we have noticed anything of the kind here, and we should like to know what the insect or midge is that does it, and what preventive measures to use to guard against them in the future. I inclose sample of seed as it comes from the huller. Most of the damaged seed has been blown out by cleaning. I might add that it is only what is known with us as the little clover that is thus affected. The big or mammoth clover, that ripens seed from a month to six weeks earlier, does not seem to be touched. We thought it might have been done by some insect that is always with us, but which has increased sufficiently to be noticed by reason of the extreme drouth which we have had continually since June — in fact, there has not been rain enough to lay the dust in all that time. One other thing that we are interested in knowing is, will the seed that is saved and sacked be safe from further damage ? We are anxious to know about this, as we want to save seed to sow next spring. J. W. J. Description of the Insect. The insect committing the injury as above reported is known to us in its larval stage, as the clover-seed caterpillar. The moth was described and named by Dr. Clemens in the year i860. The caterpillar was first observed, so far as known, by Prof. Comstock, at Ithaca, N. Y., in 1874, and at Washington, D. C, in 1875 ; his description of the larva and pupa is given herewith : Larva; Length 8 mm., subcylindri- cal, tapering slightly at each end ; legs and prolegs normal. Color, dirty white, often with a greenish tinge ; head, dark brown, trophi, black ; pro- thoracic shield, yellowish with a brown hind border interrupted in the middle, fig. 8.— Grapholitha intekstinctana: a, Body with many delicate whitish hairs. ^[^ ^£^0 shorn? enlarged; * natural The dorsal piliferous tubercles of each segment arranged in two pairs, of which those of the anterior pair are closer together than those of the posterior pair. Pupa: Length, 5 mm., moderately slender. Wing-sheaths extend to sixth abdominal segment; antennae and posterior tarsal sheaths ending at tip of wing-sheaths, the tarsal sheaths being a trifle the longer. Dorsum of each visible abdominal segment except the last with two transverse rows of backward-directed teeth, those of the anterior row being the strongest. Anal segment blunt at tip, with six stout blackish excurved Fic.g.-Wingof Gra- hooks at its posterior border, two dorsal and four lateral, ^ScSSa. (After none ventral; also a number of very delicate hooked fila- Zeiier.) ments. General color rather light brown, darker on wing covers and dor- sum of thorax. 154 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM To aid in the identification of the moth the description by Mr. Grote is transcribed, as it is much better than the original one by Dr. Clemens. Imago: A tiny blackish silky species resembling the European composi- tella, but with only two white lines on the internal margin of the prima- ries. Eight white costal marks disposed in pairs, crowded toward the black apices and becoming straighter and shorter; the first pair more oblique and divaricate. A silvery subterminal streak (not seen in certain lights, according to Prof. Comstock) runs from opposite the cell over the median nervules tapering to internal angle. Secondaries fuscous with pale fringes. Beneath iridescent, greenish in certain lights, with minute white costal dots over the outer half of the wing. Body scales beneath whitish. Figure 8 represents the insect in its several stages, after Osborn, and figure 9 a single wing, after Zeller. Life-history and Habits. The caterpillar — about one-fourth of an inch long when full-grown, and of a dull greenish-white color, often becoming tinged with red posteriorly as it approaches pupation — eats into the young florets and later into the forming seed, causing the seed to blight and shrivel up, as above described. The caterpillar is developed from eggs that are deposited during the last of May and in June, at the base of the head. It may be found nearly mature the last of June eating into the florets of the lower part of the head, gradually working upward with its growth, until the entire head may be ruined. About the middle of July maturity is reached, and the white cocoons are spun among the flowers; some of the caterpillars, however, descend to the ground for pupation. Twenty to thirty days are passed in the pupal stage, when the perfect insect emerges as a little brown moth, measuring from three- to four-tenths of an inch in spread of wings, and marked with eight short oblique white lines on the outer margin of the front wings, and with two conspicuous longer white ones, oblique and somewhat curved, on the inner margin. The moth has a peculiar habit of performing, immediately after alight- ing, two or three revolutions, the head being the pivot and the tip of the abdomen describing a circle ; the movement is spirited and usually reversed before coming to rest. Successive Broods of the Insect. A second brood of the caterpillars may be found feeding in the heads in August, and a third brood the last of September or in October, which hibernate as larvae in the crowns of the plants and tighter leaf-sheaths and other sheltered places close to the ground. In the latitude of Wash- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1 55 ngton, D. C, where the earliest moths of the first brood have been observed about the first of July according to Prof. Comstock, there may be three annual broods of the insect. Mr. Gossard observed the first brood of adults at Ames, Iowa, about May 20th, all disappearing by June 20th ; the second brood of moths appeared a little before July 14th and disappeared by August 20th; the third brood was first noticed some time before September 8th, and on the 19th of that month the third brood of caterpillars was found feeding at the bases of the leaves near the roots. October 9th some imagoes were noticed, possibly a partial fourth brood, though it is likely they were but belated individuals of the third brood. The moth is frequently taken some distance from clover, and this suggests it may have other food- plants. It has been reared from white clover, Trifolium repens, and fre- quents some of the Composite, as Helianthus. Exemption of the "Mammoth Clover" from Attack. That the mammoth clover is not attacked by this insect, is an interest- ing statement. Its earlier ripening is, as suggested, the probable explanation of its immunity. This variety also escapes the attack of the clover-seed midge, Cecidomyia legiiminicola, on the authority of a cor- respondent of the Fanners' Review of Chicago, as it ripens its seed between broods of the clover-seed midge, and thus escapes that insect enemy {Insect Life, iv, 1892, p. 74). Distribution. The economic literature of this insect is quite limited. It is probably widely spread, but its injury to the seed is so much like the clover-seed midge that its effect has doubtless been often ascribed to that of the midge — both operating on the clover-heads in the month of June. Thus far it has only been reported from Washington, D. C, Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts, Maine, Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, Iowa, and now from Indiana. Remedies and Preventives. The only way known for checking the injuries of the clover-seed cater- pillar, and for reducing its numbers, is to cut the clover early in June, soon after the first brood of caterpillars have hatched, thereby preventing their progress to maturity, and the development of moths for a second brood. The hay should be shaken but little and stacked soon so as to destroy by stacking as many of the caterpillars in it as possible. 156 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The following preventives have also been recommended : Sowing new crops as remote as possible from old and infested fields. Pasturing infested fields in the autumn so as to feed off the aftermath, thus depriving the hibernating larvae of many good shelters. If manuring is practised, apply in the spring and of a kind that will leave no refuse in the autumn for shelter. If the field be badly infested in May or June, it may be well to leave narrow strips uncut to which the moths will be attracted for oviposition and as soon as they have disappeared the strips may be cut and quickly stacked, thus destroying many larvae. When the clover is to be turned under, this should be done some time in October or November or in early spring when the larvae are near the ground. The furrows should be turned completely over and rolled so as to bury the larvae and kill them. Replying to the inquiry of the safety of the hulled seed, — the seed that is sacked is perfectly safe from further injury by the insect, as no larvae, pupae, nor eggs of the moth can remain in it after it has passed the huller. Parasites. Prof. Comstock succeeded in rearing a small, light brown Ichneumonid from one of the cocoons, which Mr. Cresson identified as Phanerotoma tibialis Hald. It was originally described by Haldeman in the Proceed- ings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, iv, p. 203, as Sigalphus tibialis. It is 3.5 mm. long, of a light brown color and with a large yellowish spot on the back of the abdomen. The insect occurs at Ames, Iowa, though it has not been bred there from Grapholitha inter- stinctana. Another Ichneumonid, Glypta leucozonata Ashm., Avas reared from this insect by Miss Murtfeldt at Kirkwood, Mo. Microdus laticinctus was found to be the most abundant parasite at Ames, Iowa; from about forty Grapholitha caterpillars Mr. Gossard reared eleven specimens of the parasite. The number of broods of the two insects correspond exactly it is said, — examples of the parasite usually appearing before the moths fly and lingering until they have all disappeared. Microdus laticinctus has also been reared from Tmetocera ocellana; its habitat is given as Can., Mo., and Io. Bracon vernonia Ashm., was observed at Ames, Io., as- sociated with Grapholitha inters tine tan a in marked numbers and under circumstances that tend to indicate its being a parasite of this insect, although it was not reared from clover-seed caterpillars. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1 57 Antispila nysssefoliella (Clem.). The Sour Gum-tree Case- Cutter. (Ord. Lepidoptera: Fam. Tineid^;.) Clemens: in Proc. Acad. Nai\ Sci. Phila., i860, p. n (description of larva and cocoon with account of habits) ; Tineina N. Amer., 1872, pp. 19-20, 22, 102-103 (life-history). Chambers: in Canad. Ent., vi, 1874, p. 167 {comifoliella a possible var. of uyssce/oliella) ; in id., ix, 1877, p. 196 ; in id., xi, 1879,. p. 127 (cases of several species); in Psyche, iii, 1880, pp. 63, 149 (habits and molts of larva). Packard : 5th Rept. U. S. Entomol. Comm., 1890, p. 658 (on Nyssa multiflora \sylvatica\ with descriptions after Clemens). Smith: Cat. Ins. N. J., 1890, p. 358 (common on pepperidge, Nyssa sylvatica; very destructive). Waters: in Insect Life, iv, 1891, pp. 137-138 (how the cases are cut). Lintner: 10th Rept. Ins. N. Y. for 1894, 1895, p. 510 (received from New York City). A leaf of Nyssa sylvatica was received September 21st, from Dr. H. G. Dyar of New York from which fifteen oval cases had been cut by a leaf-miner which had mined at least four-fifths of the leaf — on one-half of the leaf, only a few spots of the parenchyma remaining. This was undoubtedly the work of the above-named insect. The larvae of this insect were collected by Dr. Dyar Sept. 15th, and the cases were cut soon after. Early in August of 1891 the insect was observed by Mr. Waters, infesting all the leaves of a sour gum at Glens Falls, N. Y. Dr. Clemens found the larvae mining the leaves in incredible numbers in earlier years, and Dr. Smith has recorded it as very destructive in New Jersey. Description of the Moth and Larva. Head above dark brown. Face, labial palpi and fore-feet shining yellowish-ochreous. Antennae dark brown ; basal joint yellowish-ochreous. Fore-wings dark brown, with a greenish reflection, and the base with a bright coppery hue. Near the base is a rather broad, bright-golden band, broadest on the inner margin, where it is nearest the base, and constricted at the fold of the wing; a spot of the same hue on the costa at the apical third of the wing, and one on the inner margin, midway between this and the band; cilia somewhat coppery, and rather grayish at the inner angle. Hind-wings purple-brown ; cilia grayish-ochreous. The larva mines the leaves of Nyssa multiflora [sylvatica] in September. The head is dark brown; first segment dark brownish; body very pale green, with dark atoms along the dorsum ; ventral surface with a line of two black spots. After the last molting the first segment is black, and the dorsal spots become a black, vascular line. When full fed the larva weaves an oval cocoon within the mine, and cutting the two skins of the 158 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM leaf into a correspondent form, permits it to fall to the ground. There is thus left an oval hole in the deserted mine. The imagoes appear during the following May. (Clemens.) The Larva and its Mine. In larvae bred by Mr. Chambers he found " nine blackish spots behind the cervical shield on the dorsal surface, and twelve on the ventral sur- face." In its last stage, when taken from its cocoon, it was " depressed, fat, snowy-white with the mouth-parts tinged with ferruginous, but other- wise immaculate. It had a single black ocellus about the middle of each side of the head." The larva is completely apodal. There are probably not more than two molts, as Mr. Chambers never met with more than two exuviae in a mine. The mines are at first linear and finally end in a blotch which frequently in their extension and enlargement, obliterates more or less of the linear portion. The Pupating Case. The preparation for pupation has been well described by Dr. Clemens: " The larva weaves an oval cocoon within the mine ; and when the upper and lower membranes are well carpeted within its limits, they are cut in an oval form, and the cocoon permitted to fall to the ground." The cutting of the case has been described by Mr. Waters as follows: "I had the good for- tune to see the oval holes made by the insect. The cut was made by a swinging of the head Fir.. 10.- Pupating cases of from side to side, depressed and then elevated > Antispila nvss.-efoliella, enlarged. (Original.) then the convex edges of the cut were brought together; then the insect turned and in the same way cut the other side. I did not see the final movements, as my attention was called away for a few moments, and when I again looked the pieces were cut off and lay on the bottom of the tumbler, in which a cluster of leaves were, and the edges had been drawn together." Dr. Clemens found that the case was open at both ends after it dropped to the ground and then the larva secured it to surrounding objects by little cables of silk to prevent the rains of autumn and spring from washing it away, and at maturity the pupa is thrust from the delicate cocoon. According to Mr. Chambers it is easier to recognize the species by the variation in the form of the cases than by the markings of the imago. The oval cases are about 0.2 inch in length by 0.1 inch in breadth, and of a quite uniform size and shape. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1 59 The severed ends of the silken anchoring cables described by Dr. Clemens may be seen at the ends of the cases (Fig. 10). Items in its Life-History. Dr. Clemens mentions finding the larvae mining leaves in the latter part of August and in September, from which one may infer that he failed to find them at other times. The cases received from Dr. Dyar were made during the last half of September. Mr. Chambers found larvae of all the species as early as July ist, and in increasing numbers from that time until the fall of the leaves. He succeeded in rearing A. cornifoliella in the latter part of July from leaves gathered in that month. The other species he was unable to rear except from mines gathered in the autumn. It would thus appear quite probable that there are two gene- rations of this insect in a season. There is no record of the time required to complete the life-cycle, except that of the autumnal brood, and even that is not complete. An Allied Species. This insect is similar in habit to the resplendent shield-bearer, Aspidisca splendoriferella Clem., which mines the leaves of the apple-tree in a similar manner and has also the same habit of cutting cases from the leaves in which the larvae pass the winter and pupate and from which the pretty moths emerge the following May. Unlike Antispila nysscefoliella, the resplendent shield-bearer does not allow its case to fall to the ground, but fastens it securely to a twig or branch of the tree. Remedy. In the event of the insect multiplying to the extent of becoming injurious to species of Nyssa grown for ornament, either by mining the leaves or riddling them with holes, an effective remedy should be found in thoroughly spraying the ground beneath the attacked trees in the late autumn or early spring with undiluted kerosene or a strong kerosene emulsion. This would reach and kill the insect within the fallen pupating cases remaining underneath the tree, securely anchored to the dead grass or other permanent objects instead of to the leaves which would easily be carried away by winds. 160 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Tischeria malifoliella (Clemens). The Apple Leaf Miner. (Ord. Lepidoptera: Fam. Tineid^e.) Clemens: in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., i860, xii, p. 208; Tineina N. A., 1872, pp. 141-142 (brief descr. of larva, mine, and imago). Chambers: in Canad. Entomol., iii, 187 1, p. 208 (food-plants); Tin. U. S.-Can., in Bull. G.-G. Surv., iv, 1878, p. 165; in Canad. En- tomol., v, 1873, p. 50; in id., vi, 1874, p. 150; in Cin. Quart. Journ. Sci., ii, 1875, p. 111 ; in Psyche, iii, 1880, p. 68. Frey-Boll: in Stett. Ent. Zeit., xxxiv, 1873, p. 222 (occurrence in Germany). Packard: in Bull. 7 U. S. Ent. Comm., 1881, p. 136 (mine and food- plants). Lintner: 1st Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1882, p. 330 ; Rept. to Regents for 1886 [Third Rept. Ins. N. Y.], in 40th Rept. N. Y. St. Mus. N. H., 1887, p. 137; 7th Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1891, p. 354; in Count. Gent., lvii, 1892, p. 809 (mines, distribution, remedies). Brunn : in 2d Rept. Dept. Entomol. Cornell Univ., 1883, pp. 155-157, pi. 6, figs. 1-1 d (life-history, etc.). Saunders: Ins. Inj. Fruits, 1883 and 1889, pp. 114-115 (brief notice). Weed : in 15th Rept. Ins. 111., 1889, pp. 45-50, figs. 1-1 d on p. 45 (litera- ture, description, distribution, life-history, parasites, remedies). Walsingham : in Insect Life, ii, 1890, p. 326 (in Texas). A box of apple leaves, sent from Schenectady, N. Y., to show the condition of the foliage of an orchard in early autumn, was received dur- ing the last of September. A similar condition of the leaves had been • observed in August of the preceding year. The Insect. The leaves had been extensively mined by the caterpillar of a Tineid moth, known as Tischeria malifoliella. The winged insect is a small creature, as are most of the Tineidae, measuring only across its spread wings, about one-fourth of an inch. The front wings are of a brilliant dark brown color, shaded with purple and sprinkled with numerous yellowish dots : the hind wings are dark gray. The full-grown cater- pillar measures two-tenths of an inch in length. Its head is black or dark brown, circular, flat, and nearly as broad as the first segment; its body pale green with a green dorsal stripe (with the exception of the first segment, which is brownish), broad anteriorily and tapering slightly toward the end. The several segments are so deeply cut (more so than in the figure cited) as to give almost the appearance of a series of connected balls. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST l6l The Mines. The larva on hatching eats into the upper surface of the leaf, leaving a small white spot and slender white line as the commencement of its mine. This gradually widens and curves in a trumpet shape, or like that of a mussel, and at this stage is crossed with a series of gradually enlarging white crescents, contrasting with the brown of the interspaces. Later in the season, as shown in the leaves collected on September 2 2d, the mine becomes enlarged into a broad patch, inclosing the crescent-marked trumpet-form and almost obliterating it, yet by careful examination it can always be found. The thin and wrinkled epidermis of the leaf which covers the mine becomes of a dull reddish color, and at times, when the mines are numerous, almost the entire upper surface has assumed this peculiar brick-red color. The mines do not show on the under side of the leaf, but when held to the light and viewed from above they are read- ily seen. Its Life-History. It is not known definitely when the eggs of the moth are deposited, but as it has been seen abroad in May, it is presumably toward the latter part of that month or in early June. The egg seems not to have been ob- served. The growth of the larva is slow, for, when observed toward the last of September, it was immature and still feeding. It probably feeds until prevented late in the season by the drying of the leaf. According to Clemens, the larva is remarkably cleanly in its habits, and instead of allowing its " frass " to accumulate within its mine, it ejects the pellets through small round holes in the under surface of the leaf. It hibernates within the leaf in its larval stage. Preparatory to pupation, it densely lines the upper and lower surfaces of the mine with silvery white silk. " In the spring it transforms to a pupa at one end of the mine, making no cocoon, and in a short time forces its way partly out through the upper surface of the mine and there gives forth the moth " (Brunn). A single example of the pupa has been seen, and its description given by Mr. C. M. Weed, loc. cit. Mr. Brunn has published a detailed description of the larva. Its Injuries Seldom Serious. We do not hear of any particular harm from this insect. Even when the foliage shows so severe an attack as in the leaves received, it occurs so late in the season — usually brought to notice in September — that it can not interfere materially with the functions of the leaves. The action of the lower surface of the leaf which is of principal importance, would be scarcely affected by its presence. 162 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Distribution. It is not uncommon in the State of New York, but occurs locally, in various portions of it. Prof. C. M. Weed represents it as very generally distributed throughout Illinois, being common in nearly all the orchards and nurseries examined by him. He has also recorded it from Kentucky, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. Lord Walsingham has received it from Texas. It was also found by Prof. Frey, in Germany, in 187 1, within the leaves of apple trees imported from this country. Food-Plants. This insect is not restricted to the apple for food, but has also been observed mining the leaves of different species of Crataegus, the sweet- scented crab, blackberry, raspberry, and dewberry (Rubus Canadensis), and will doubtless be found on others of the Rosaceae. Remedy. If this species should ever become annoyingly abundant a simple and effective remedy would be gathering the fallen leaves from beneath the trees that have shown in the autumn indication of the attack and burn- ing them. Cecidomyia betulse (Winnertz). The Birch-seed Midge. (Ord. Diptera : Fam. CecidomylDjE.) Winnertz: in Linnaea Entom., viii., 1853, p. 234 (original description), Loew, F. : in Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesell. in Vienna, 1878, pp. 15-17, Taf. iv., fig. 4 (figures gall; corrects .description). Wachtl: in Entomol. Biolog. Studien, Serie i, 1S78, pp. 9-1 1 (found on a Swedish var. of Betula pendula, viz., valecardid). Lintner: in Country Gent., li., 1886, p. 287 (discovery recorded); the same in 3d Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1886, pp. 85-86, 141, 143; 4th do., 1888, pp. 27, 205, 206 (parasites of). Trail: in Scottish Naturalist, 1888, same in separate, as, Gall-making Diptera of Scotland, p. 31 (mention). Theobald: British Flies, 1892, p. 63 (brief account). Catkins of the white birch infested with footless, orange-red larvae were communicated by Mr. W. H. Payne, Albany, N. Y., on March 25, 1886, and a little later the same insect was found by me infesting the catkins of birch in Washington Park. In the following October the larvae were so abundant in Washington Park that of several white birches REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1 63 of which the catkins were examined, each and every one showed many of the seed- galls. Of some of these, more than one-half of the seeds were infested, and a number of galls were observed to contain two larvae. On October 9th they were apparently mature and ready for pupation, the window-like spot for the escape of the insect being visible. The presence of the insect is easily recognized by the transformation of the normal alate seed into a globose ball, displaying on its side a round spot where the shell has inwardly been eaten to a thin pellicle to admit of the escape of the contained insect. (PL I, fig. 1, a, b, c.) The insect was also found in catkins examined in other parts of Albany ; quite abundantly on a small birch on the grounds of Grace Protestant Episcopal church; and at West Albany, near the railroad station. Identification of the Insect. From catkins collected May 3d in Washington Park, a number of the imagoes were obtained the same day and on a few following days examples of which were submitted to Baron Osten Sacken, who pro- nounced them identical with the European Cecidomyia betulx Winnertz. At this time it was found that many of the galls had already disclosed their occupants. Some infested catkins which had been collected by me during the month of October, 1886, failed to give any of the producing insects, probably from having been deprived of moisture during the winter and spring, as Mr. Inchbald had stated in a letter to me, that they require moisture for their development and need to be sprinkled with water occasionally. Development of the Larvae. Catkins collected September n, 1896. in Washington Park, were found to be quite abundantly galled. At this time the larvae varied from the full grown ones in white cocoons and with distinctly windowed galls, to small individuals not one-sixth their size; most of them were full grown though not with distinct windows. On the 18th inst. it was found that all the larvae were full grown, each with a distinctly windowed gall; they had shrunken a little and become more rotund and the surface of the skin was finely corrugated. Each was surrounded with a white cocoon, and it is evident that they pass the winter in this condition. According to Theobald, the larvae of this species pass the winter in the seed-capsules of the birch, Betula alba. They pupate in the same place, sometimes two lying side by side in the same capsule. The perfect in- sect appears the latter part of March and during April. 164 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM European History of the Insect. Baron O^ten Sacken, in response to an inquiry, has kindly given me the following account of its occurrence in Europe: The gall you send also occurs in Europe on Betula alba ; it was first discovered by Kaltenbach, who communicated it to Winnertz. The latter published a rather imperfect description, drawn from dry specimens [Cerid. betalce male and femalet in Linnaea Entom., viii, p. 234; 1853). In 1878 Dr. Franz Low in Vienna published an article on the same fly with figures of the gall ; he corrected some of Winnertz's statements, show- ing for instance that the male antennae count 14, the female antennae 15 joints (Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. in Vienna 1878, pp. 15-17, Taf. IV, fig. 4). In the same year, 1878, but independently from Low, Mr. Wachtl in Vienna described and figured the same gall in his Entomol. Biolog. Studien, Serie I, pp. 9-1 1. He found it not only on Betala alba, but also on a Swedish variety of B. pendula, called B. valecardia Linn. He also bred a parasite, Torymus pallidicornis Boh., and found the pupa of the fly, Leucopis griseola among the galls. Description of the Insect. The following description of the larva has been prepared from specimens taken from the galls September 11, 1896. Larva (full grown). — Length 0.06 in. ; width about 0.02 in.; form oval; color a light orange; segments distinct — 14, as in other Cecidomyid larvae. The skin is smooth and is sparsely invested with glandular, seta-like pro- cesses which are longer anteriorly — they appear more like direct con- tinuations of the dermis than ordinary setae. The structure of the head could not be determined satisfactorily from the material at hand. Later the larva becomes somewhat thicker and more rotund : color a deep orange ; surface of the skin finely corrugated and without the seta- like processes described above. It was inclosed in a fine white cocoon which is probably excreted as it appears to have no filamentous structure even under a powerful microscope — possibly the cocoon is excreted by the seta-like processes. u The perfect insect is a dusky yellow, with the top of the thorax black; the abdomen also occasionally dark. Legs pale yellow. Antennae dark brown, 12 to 13 jointed in male, apical joint with a very short petiole; in the female 12 sessile joints. Wings limpid; transverse veinlet placed a short distance before the middle of the first longitudinal vein [? sub- costa] ; second longitudinal [radius] nearly straight, joining the costa near the tip of the wing; the second branch of the third longitudinal [cubitus] bending round to the hind border. Halteres grayish-white. Third seg- ment of oviduct white; no valves." (Theobald.) REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1 65 In the male the petiole of the terminal segment of the antenna is very- short or wanting (PI. I, fig. 3). In the female the apical segment is much longer and apparently double, as a slight constriction divides it; arrangement of setas and processes somewhat verticillate (PI. I, fig. 4). The male antenna is composed of 14 segments, and an equal number obtains in the female if the terminal, semi-double segment be counted as one. The discrepancy in earlier writers is due to difficulty in see- ing all the segments and possibly to variation in the number in some individuals. In the specimens before me the transverse veinlet is absent, unless it is represented by a chitinous process near the basal sixth of the first longitudinal. The third longitudinal vein (cubitus) is not forked, but is as represented; its tip curving to the hind margin of the wing (PI. I, fig. 2). The empodium is large ; lateral aspect suboval; ventral aspect triangular; claws strongly curved (PI. I, figs. 5, 6). The terminal seg- ment of the male is subquadrate, relatively small, and is carried with its tip turned upward; the large subtriangular clasps bear a number of long setae and numerous very fine ones (PI. I, fig. 7). Its Chalcid Parasites. From galls received through the kindness of Mr. Peter Inchbald of Fulworth Grange, Harrogate, England, three species of Chalcid parasites were obtained, which were determined by Mr. Howard, as Torymus sp., female, Tetraslichus sp., and Entedon sp. — one female and five males. Some galls, gathered in Albany on March 21st, which had begun to disclose their imagoes on May 5th, also gave out quite a number of Chalcid parasites, the first of which made their appearance on April 28th. Others emerged about the middle of May, and continued to appear until the 25th of June, the last date recorded. These were also submitted to Mr. Howard, who found them different from those bred from the exam- ples received from Europe, and for which a new genus would probably have to be founded. In some characters they come close to Merisus, of which Dr. Riley bred and described two species from Cecidomyia destructor, but they are separated from this genus by the metanotal and claval characters. Diplosis cucumeris n. sp. The Melon-vine Midge. (Ord. Diptera : Fam. Cecidomyid^e.) Lintner: in Country Gent., liii, 1888, p. 725 (attack recorded, name proposed); 5th Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1889, p. 306 (reference); 8th Rept. do., 1893, p. 212 (as in C. G.; referred to Cecidomyia in each case). " Shoots " of muskmelon were communicated by Mr. T. C. Barker, of Lowell, Mass., in August of 1888, and again in September of the follow- 12 1 66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ing year. They showed a quite interesting form of attack, in which the smaller leaves had been transformed into small, irregular, subovate downy galls. These gave out their insects, which were found to be a species of Diplesis new to science and its description is herewith given. Description. Diplosis cucumeris n. sp. Plate II. — Eyes black, coarsely granulate, deeply emarginate anteriorly, and composing most of the head. Vertex with a small tubercle bearing a large curved seta; similar setae appear to arise near the posterior margin of the eyes and curve anteriorly (fig. i). Front dull yellowish. Male antennae over twice the length of the body, each composed of fourteen segments; basal two short; the others much elongated, and with a basal and a medial enlargement; basal enlarge- ment subspherical and separated from the medial by a cylindrical shaft of about twice its length and half its diameter; distal portion of the seg- ment of the same size and a little longer (fig. 4). The medial enlarge- ment is usually somewhat irregular, over twice the length of the basal, and tapering proximally; each end constricted roundly to the naked shaft. Bulbs or enlargements clothed with numerous short hairs and bearing at the place of greatest enlargement whorls of long setae ; the two longest of which on the dorsal side are two to three times the length of an entire segment (shown in part at fig. 4, a, b), the others are about half the length of a segment; on the larger bulb there is a submedial whorl of shorter setae. There are also three whorls of arched filaments, "filets arques" which arise from pits in a similar manner to that of setae. From each pit arises single stems which quickly branch; these bend and recurve to the adjoining pits in the whorl where they unite with the stems arising therefrom, and thus each whorl is a continuous structure extend- ing around the segment. The components of the whorl of the basal bulb vary considerably in length, most of them being but little longer than the bulb itself (fig. 4, e), though a dorsal one is prolonged to a length one and a half times that of the segment (shown in part at fig. 4, c). On the larger bulb there is a basal whorl of arched filaments about two- thirds the length of the bulb (fig. 4, /), and at its apex another extend- ing nearly to the tip of the segment (fig. 4,^), excepting the dorsal arch which is prolonged to a length of twice that of the entire segment (shown in part at fig. 4, d).* In the female, besides the two small basal segments, there are twelve vase-shaped segments (fig. 3) ; pedicel distal, naked, and enlarged at both extremities ; body of the segment gently rounded out and bearing setae which in length are nearly equal to that of a segment and numerous very small ones between ; the large setae show a tendency to form ill- *These arched filaments, filets argues, were described by Kieffer {Bull. 7 des Seances Ent. Soc. Fr., ^1895, p. cxcii-cxciii). The same year Reuter {A eta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. xi, No. 8, 1895, PP' n-12) questions the accuracy of the description and thinks these processes to be membranous lobes with thickened borders. The following year Janet {Bull. 7 des Seances Ent. Soc. Fr., 1896, pp. 183-185) supports Kieffer in his description of these processes, and advances a theory to account for their development. If a membrane is present, it is extremely attenuated. It is worthy of note that to all appearances these processes arise in the same manner as setae, except for the anastomosis. In a preparation of the male antennae of Diplosis pyrivora Riley, a number of the arched fila- ments became loosened and escaped from their attachments but the anastomosis, where each arch is joined to the base of the next, remained unbroken and distinct. In this preparation the com- ponents of the arches may be seen diverging at various angles — another evidence in favor of there being no connecting membrane. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 167 defined whorls at the extremities of the enlarged portion of each segment, but there are a number scattered over the entire enlarged part; antennas •equal in length to the abdomen. In dried specimens many of the anten- nal segments in both sexes are considerably distorted, and the same may possibly be true of living individuals ; third segment about one half longer than fourth. Mouth-parts yellowish ; labial palpi long, com- pressed, four-segmented, the third and fourth segnents two to three times the length of the second, all bearing scattering, stout setae; labium densely setose. Thorax light brown with a few scattering microscopic hairs on the dorsum ; scutellum prominent, domed, yellowish, and with several long bristles laterally. Wings large, hairy; second longitudinal vein (radius) joining costa beyond the apex. Halter long, slender, clothed with hairs, and dilated apically. Coxae large, hind pair extending to the third abdominal segment; trochanter subcuboidal; femur slender, gibbous apically and extending beyond the tip of the abdomen ; tibia of nearly equal length and dilating gradually distally; first tarsal segment very short, second about equal to tibia, third one-half second, fourth a little shorter, and terminal very short and with two claws (fig. 5). First and second pairs of legs longer than third, all clothed uniformly with coarse, slightly curved hairs similar to those of the wings and abdomen. Abdomen grayish, thickly clothed with hairs, and with long setae arising from hind margin of segments, especially laterally. In the female the fourth and fifth segments are slightly stouter, the posterior tapering to die short ovipositor (fig. 1). The male bears the terminal segments partly curved over the back. Two lateral pieces support the large, curved claspers, which are nearly as long as the segment and obtusely Tounded at the apex. They are borne in a crossed position with their tips toward the base of the segment (fig. 7). Protruding below, the tip of penis may be seen — represented in outline at fig. 6. Ovipositor of female apparently short, ellipsoidal, and but slightly extruded. Length of body 0.075 incn> of wing 0.1 inch. Described from four males and eleven females. In the first sending of Mr. Barker on August 27, 1888, the Cecido- myids had probably been given out about the 1st of September, for upon opening the box on September 12th, all except one example were found dead. The second sending on August 13, 1889, when opened on September 7th, contained nine dead Diplosis with their pupa-cases. In 1892 additional material was received from Mr. Barker, who had changed his residence to another portion of the city in the meantime. Thus it would appear that the insect has become one of those which regularly attack the melon and that it is not confined to a single locality. In the box in which the above were bred, several Chalcids were found in two species. They were sent to Washington for examination and Mr. Howard returned answer that they were Lysifihlebus cucurbitaphidis Ashmead, and Isocratus vulgaris Walker — in all probability parasitic on 1 68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the common cucumber plant-louse. The melon leaves and tips when received were badly infested with this aphis, Aphis cucumeris Forbes, and had been sent for the purpose of showing the extent of their injury and obtaining a remedy for it. Diplosis setigera n. sp. The Hairy Melon-vine Midge. (Ord. Diptera: Fam. Cecidomyid^e.) The preceding insect was reared from melon-tips for several years and it was only after close study that a second species was discovered operat- ing in a similar manner. The general appearance of the two insects is so close that they might easily be confused, and only during the year of 1 89 1 were specimens of this species secured; the rearings of former years were all D. cucumeris. It is worthy of record that two distinct species of this genus are injurious to melon-tips, and it will be seen by the following description that they are by no means so closely allied as one might possibly expect from their attacking the same plant and upon the same grounds at Lowell, Mass. Description. Diplosis setigera n. sp. Plate III. — Eyes black, coarsely granulated deeply emarginate anteriorly, broadly united dorsally in the male, less so in the female, and composing most of the head. Numerous large setae arise on the dorsum of the head and curve anteriorly. Male antenna one- fifth longer than body, composed of fourteen segments, basal two short, the others much elongated; basal and medial bulbs subspherical, nearly equal; subbasal and distal shafts equal (fig. 1); on each bulb there is a whorl of setas (s) of nearly uniform length which extend about to the next bulb; there is also on each bulb a whorl of arched filaments, "filets argues" (a), of a length nearly equal to that of the seta? and arising just distal of them. Female antennae a little shorter than body, composed of fourteen segments; the two basal short; third about one-half and fourth a little longer than the normal segments; the others are nearly cylind- rical, a little over twice as long as broad and pedicellate distally (fig. 2); each segment with a well-defined whorl of large setas at its base, a less complete whorl at the apex of the enlargement, the latter invested with numerous small setae; the small ones are absent along certain lines on the enlargement and the naked places are occupied by what appear to be transparent tubercles, but which are probably special sense organs; there is a transverse row at the basal third and oblique rows pass over the distal angles of the enlargement; the basal and apical rows are connected by longitudinal rows ; there are also a few scattering tubercles near the lat- ter; the more usual arrangement of these interesting structures is shown REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1 69 in fig. 2, and atjy,_y, two of the more prominent tubercles are shown in outline. Labial palpi 4-segmented ; basal short ; second and third nearly equal, about twice the length of the first ; the fourth as long as the intermediate two. Labium yellowish, bearing a few stout setae, and rounded anteriorly. Thorax: dorsum black, villous; pleura brownish; scutellum domed. Pedicel of halter slender; distal portion subelliptical in outline, villous, yellowish. Wings large, densely villous and with a yellowish cast ; sec- ond longitudinal vein (radius) joining costa beyond the apex of the wing; margin of the wing densely ciliate and slightly sinuate at the tip of the first branch of the third longitudinal vein. Coxae large, rhomboidal; hind pair extending to the third abdominal segment ; trochanter subglo- bose; femora stout, slightly gibbous distally, hind pair extending beyond the tip of the abdomen in the male ; tibiae rather stout, one-fifth shorter than femora gibbous apically ; tarsi slender, first segment very short; sec- ond nearly equal to tibia; third, one-half second; fourth, two-thirds of second; and last one-half of fourth, and bearing a pair of stout, recurved claws and a well-developed empodium (fig. 4). Abdomen of male brownish-black, with numerous long setae; the fifth and sixth segments are the largest, from which it tapers slightly to the eighth ; the following segment bears the appendages ; the side pieces are large and rounded laterally and posteriorly, from their latero-posterior portions the claspers arise from a broad base and taper rapidly to a rounded apex. Abdomen of female villous, tapering posteriorly; seven distinct segments visible besides those modified to form the extensile ovipositor, which consists of a long, stouter, basal segment and a much more slender terminal segment (fig. 3), which latter bears at its tip a pair of minute processes (fig. 3, c). Length of body, exclusive of appendages, 0.08 in.; of wing, 0.11 in. Compared with the Pear Midge. This species is closely related to the pear midge, Diplosis pyrivora Riley. It is apparently a more hairy form, though the badly rubbed con- dition of the specimens of the pear midge examined would not permit of the formation of a very accurate opinion in regard to this point. The structure of the male antennae in both species is quite similar; in D. Pyrivora the arched filaments differ only in being much denser and darker in color than in D. setigera — the general arrangement of filaments and setae is apparently the same. The orderly arrangement of the trans- parent tubercles on the female antennae, described above, is not so apparent in D. pyrivora, though the tubercles are larger than in D. setigera. The facets of the eyes in the male are smaller and more dis- tant than in D. pyrivora, and the same is probably true in the female. The apical portion of the halter is suborbicular in outline in D. pyrivora while in D. setigera it is subelliptical. Wings apparently much more 170 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM hairy than in the pear midge. The ovipositor in the female of D. pyri- vora is much longer and more slender, and terminates in lanceolate, acuminate genital valves. Anthomyia sp. ? The Raspberry-cane Maggot. (Ord. Diptera: Fam. AnthomyiidjE.) About the middle of May, wilted and blackened tips of raspberries were received from D. F. Harris, of Adams, Jefferson county, N. Y., which at the first sight were thought to be the result of the operations of the raspberry-cane girdler, Oberea bimaculata, but on examination the peculiar girdling punctures were not to be found. On request, a large number of tips were sent, that the insect, which proved to be unknown, might be reared and identified. The infested tips first soften, then bend over, blacken, dry, and break off at an average distance of about six inches from the end. In fresh tips received, the discoloration at first was about an inch in extent, but gradually advanced for two or three inches down the unshriveled portion of the cane. The larva causing the injury was usually found in a short burrow in the pulpy matter at the lower part of the discoloration. It is shining-white, pointed at the head and obtuse at the other extremity, and showing in transparency a v-shaped internal organ of which the apex is toward the head. The attempt to rear the larva was not successful, as the tips under different methods of treatment were so quickly attacked by mold that the larvae soon died. Observed in Canada. It was evidently dipterous, and is probably the u raspberry-cane maggot, Anthomyia ? " of Mr. Fletcher, mentioned in Bulletin 1 1 of the Central Experimental Farm of Canada, May, 1891. The insect was not identified by Mr. Fletcher. He has simply published of it : " This is the maggot of a small black fly which lays a single egg in the axil of one of the upper leaves. The young maggot bores down the stem until full grown, and then changes to a brown puparium inside the stem." On request made to Mr. Fletcher for any additional knowledge that he may have subsequently secured of it, he has kindly replied : " I am sorry to say that I have never had another opportunity to study the Anthomyian in raspberry canes. I have never found it except in one garden here [Ottawa], where it occurs intermittently, and has not been abundant since I first observed it, until last year, and then unfor- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 171 tunately I did not hear of it until too late to obtain specimens. I am ashamed to say that I have allowed all my first collections to be destroyed by Dcrmestes, and have nothing but one wing left. I remember reading somewhere that Mr. G. C. Davis, of Michigan, had detected it in some numbers." Observed in Michigan. Mr. Davis has referred me, as containing all that he knew of the insect, to a brief notice entitled : " A Dipteron Raspberry Girdler," published in Insect Life, vii, 1894, pp. 199-200. His attention had first been called to it by a fruit-grower in Lansing, Mich. On visiting the locality it was found that about half of the young shoots had been killed by the maggot early in May. The infested tops had been destroyed as soon as seen and only a few specimens could be secured. The larvae were then " about five mm. long, white, with black jaws, truncated posteriorly and sloping gradually to the pointed head. In general appearance they resemble very closely the larvae of Anthomyiidas. They work only in the young shoots of the black varieties. Entrance is made near the top of the shoot in a leaf axil, and from this entrance the larva works its way in an irregular course down through the pith until within a few inches of the ground, when it girdles the cane [' by making a complete circle near the outside of the shoot so close to the bark that it can be distinguished by close inspection without breaking the stems ']." Only the one berry patch at Lansing was found to be infested. Two weeks later Mr. Davis heard of the work of the insect in the same manner, at Costello, Pa., where the injury to the canes was stated to be considerable. By transferring the larvae every few days to fresh shoots Mr. Davis suc- ceeded in feeding them until the last one had attained a length of n mm. when it died. How the Attack may be Indentified. The attack of this insect may always be readily distinguished from that of the raspberry-cane girdler, notwithstanding the bending over of the tips in the same manner, by the absence of the two rings of punctures about an inch apart, between which the egg of the beetle, Oberea bitnac- ulata, is placed — the position indicated by a dark colored spot marking the puncture. For account of this insect, see Saunders' Insects Injur- ious to Fruits, and Fifth Report on the Insects of New York, 1889. Moreover, the two attacks may also be separated by that of the fly occurring during the middle of May when the canes are but a few inches in height, and that of the beetle, toward the latter part of June. 172 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Its Probable Occurrence in Pennsylvania. With this difference in time in mind, the error has just been detected of my referring to the Oberea a raspberry cane attack in Great Bend, Pa., given in the Country Gentleman of May 23, 1878 (page 328) as follows: " To-day [May 14th] as I entered my patch of choice raspberry bushes, I found that the tops of nearly half of the young canes, which are from a few inches to nearly two feet above the ground, were wilted and lopped down. On a closer inspection I found that a very small white worm had entered the cane from three to eight inches from the top and eaten clear around close inside the bark. I fear that my crop for next season will be ruined. " There can hardly be a question that the above was the work of the Anthomyia fly larva, and not that of the beetle. This would give us at present the following known localities for the insect, although in all probability it is pretty widespread, but has often been mistaken for that of the Oberea: Ottawa, Canada; Lansing, Mich.; Adams, Jefferson county, N. Y.; Costello, Potter county, Pa.; and Great Bend, Susque- hanna county, Pa. Remedy. The wilting of the tips of the canes is so conspicuous that the presence of the insects may be at once recognized. By cutting off the tips con- taining the young larvae and destroying them, the attack can be arrested, and if a local one, immunity from its repetition secured unless through a new introduction. Anthrenus scrophulariae (Linn.) The Carpet Beetle. (Ord. Coleoptera: Fam. Dermestid^e.) Mrs. H. A. Pratt, of Gloversville, N. Y., communicates the fact of her finding hundreds of the beetles collected on the spikes of the blossoms of the garden rhubarb [Rheum rhapontieum), where she watched them for two or three days. In the sun- shine, they readily took wing, and at nightfall their number was much smaller and they seemed quite stupid. From their returning the following day with the sunshine, in full force, it was thought that they may have sought a warmer place for the night, or had fallen to the ground, as many had Fig. 11. — The Carpet bee- been seen to do, and remained there during the tie, Anthrenus scro- • a c fhularmj. (After Riley.) periOQ Ol rest. I REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 173 Mrs. Pratt suggested that their fondness for these flowers might be utilized for collecting and gathering them for subsequent killing by crush- ing or scalding; and that if the plants were cultivated in gardens, and allowed to blossom, the beetles would be drawn from our houses to feed upon them. That they would serve as attractive food-plants for drawing the beetles is very probable, and similar suggestions for the growing of peonies, spiraeas and other blossoms known to be frequented by them, have pre- viously been made, but it is very doubtful if it would aid in lessening the ravages of their larvae within doors. The general opinion is that the first business of the mature beetle, after mating, is the deposit of eggs in places where its young may find their proper food, beneath carpets and other woolens, and then to make their exit through the windows to seek the moderate amount of food that the mature insect requires during its brief existence. No eggs have been found in the ovaries of such as have been examined which had been taken while feeding on flowers, apparently indicating that killing them at this time would serve no useful purpose. It is recalled, however, that the beetles are frequently found in copulation on flowers in our parks, and from this it would seem possible that the eggs were still to be deposited in houses to be entered for the purpose. In this possibility, it would be well if the females taken in copula, on flowers late in June, could be examined for eggs that they might contain at this time. Possibly the eggs of Anthrenus are not developed till late in life, and that an amount of food is needed for their development, as Prof. Smith has shown to be the case in the rose-bug, Macro da ctylus subspinosus, where the female feeds for from ten to fourteen days before the commencement of her oviposition. (See Twelfth Annual Report of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station for the year 1891, page 355-) Prof. H. M. Seeley, of Middlebury College, Vt., has also sent me Anthrenus scrophularia taken from the blossoms of the garden rhubarb, under date of June 1, 1887. As everything in relation to the destructive habits of this household pest is of interest, it may be mentioned here that statements have been received of this beetle having eaten holes into lace window curtains. These have seldom been credited, but in one instance it was not doubted, where it appeared that the hole had been made for the purpose of reach- ing the body of a cut-worm moth, Agretis sp., which lay within its folds. The Anthreni are very fond of other dead insects, and our collections are not infrequently visited by A. scrophularice. 174 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The following translation from Olivier — an entomologist of the pre- ceding century, may be of interest as containing some information respect- ing the peculiar Habits and Transformations of Anthrenus Larvae : The Anthrenus larvae [of some species] pass nearly a year in this state, eating and destroying insensibly the ligaments that hold together the bones of animals, skins, hairs, feathers — in one word, all animal ma- terials which are not in fermentation, and which are somewhat dried. They occur indifferently in all seasons of the year, but the time in which they are the most abundant, and in which they commit the greatest rav- ages, is toward the end of summer, when they have nearly acquired their full growth. They pass the winter either in the state of larva or of pupa, and the perfect insect does not ordinarily appear until in the spring; still, they are seen in all seasons, yet in fewer numbers. The larva, in growing, changes its skin several times, but that which is very singular, is that it does not leave the larval skin when it passes into the pupal state ; the skin only parts along the length of the back, the borders of the fissure re- cede one from the other, and leave an opening which will facilitate the emerging of the perfect insect. It should be farther observed that the larval skin is not adherent to that of the pupa, but is entirely disengaged therefrom ; and when it undergoes its final metamorphosis, and the per- fect insect shows itself, the pupal skin opens along the back, at the place where the larval skin is already open ; the insect escapes by this open- ing, leaving, one within the other, the two skins that it has abandoned — that of the pupa and that of the larva. (Olivier: Encyc. Method. — Hist. Nat. Ins., 1789, iv, pp. 148, 149.) Pyrophorus noctilucus (Linn.). The Cucuyo. (Ord. Coleoptera: Fam. Elaterid/E.) Linnaeus : " Mus. Lud. Ulr. [1764], 81;" Syst. Ent., Edit, xii, i, pars ii, 1767, p. 651, no. 4 (as Elater noctilucus). Fabricius : Ent. Syst. em., i, pars ii, 1792, p. 218, no. 10 (as Elater nocti- lucus ; habitat). Westwood: Introduct. Class. Ins., i, 1839, pp. 239, 241-242 (general de- scription, habits, synonymy). Kirby-Spence: Introduct. Entomol , 6th Ed., 1846, pp. 540-542 (as Elater noctilucus, its light, habits). Perkins: in Amer. Nat., ii, 1868, pp. 422-432, 1 fig. (general account of appearance and habits). Packard: Guide Study Ins., 1869, p. 462, fig. 425 (brief notice). Figuier: Insect World, 1872, pp. 512-514, fig. 554 (popular account). Glover: in Rept. U. S. Dept. Agr. for 1873, 1874, pp. 154-155, fig. 4 (reference). Wood: Insects Abroad, 1874, pp. 159-165, fig. 160 (popular account). REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST *75 Dimmock: in Kingsley's Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, Crust. -Ins., 1884, pp. 2,62-563, fig. 415 (brief notice). Taschenberg: Brehms Tierleben, Insekten, ix, 1892, pp. 111-113, 1 fig. Although the insect is not a member of the New York fauna, or even that of the United States, a brief notice of it in this volume, may be pardoned in consideration of the frequercy with which examples of it are brought to our notice by those whose interest has been excited by its won- derful light-giving power, and are desirous of information respecting it. It is the famed lightning-bug of Tropical America, known by the natives as the Cucuyo, and is represented in figure 12. Several living examples of it were con- tributed, June 1 6th, to the S^ateEntomological Collec- tion by Mrs. Edmund H. Smith of Albany. They had been brought to her a short time previously by a relative who collected them in the Island of San Do- «-vj-j Fig. The Cucuyo, Pvrophorus noctilucus. (After Wood.) mingo. They are large beetles, of about one inch and a half in length, belong- ing to the family of Elateridaz, popularly known as snapping-beetles, from their habit of springing several inches in the air as the only means by which they can regain their feet when placed or fallen upon their back. This is accomplished through an apparatus (spine and socket) on their lower side, specially designed for the purpose. They belong to the genus Pyrophorus of Illiger, which has but a single representative in the United States, viz., Pyrophorus physoderus — a species which is said to be plentiful on the pine-barrens and among the saw-palmettoes of Florida in the month of August, and of which an in- teresting account is given in Mr. Glover's Report for the year 1873. The genus has large representation in South America, — about one hundred species, according to Dimmock, being known. Two species have recently been described from New Caledonia, an island in the Pacific ocean. The scientific name of the tropical species under notice, Pyrophorus noctilucus, has been aptly chosen, as it means " the night-flying light- giver." Unlike our common lightning-bugs which with their graceful flights attract admiring eyes in the evenings of June, these do not emit their light in fitful flashes from the tip of their abdomen, but from the two 176 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM small oval wart-like spots near the lateral borders of their prothorax, not far from the head. These spots are ordinarily of a dull yellowish- white color, but when the insect is disturbed or when in flight, they quickly light up with a yellow-green glow that is almost dazzling to the eye. So brilliant is it that it is conspicuous in broad daylight. At night, the hour may be told upon even the yellow face of a watch when held near it, and it is claimed that a printed page may be read by its aid. On the under side of the body between the thorax and the abdomen, is another quite large light-giving place of a lenticular form, covered with a thin membrane, and only seen when the body is arched upward in the attitude assumed when the insect is about to make an upward spring. Travellers tell us that the light from this phosphorescent organ is distinctly seen as of a peculiar reddish color, when the insect is flying overhead. This beautiful insect is found in the West India islands, in Brazil, Guiana, and in Mexico. It is related that at the time of the Spanish conquest, a battalion just disembarked, did not dare to engage in battle with the natives because the Cucuyos, which were shining in the trees, were supposed to be the matches of the arquebuses ready to fire upon them. Figuier, the popular French writer on natural history relates: "When the Mexican ladies wish to adorn themselves with these living diamonds, they place them in little bags of light tulle, which they arrange with taste, on their skirts. Sometimes imprisoning these animated flames in gauze, the graceful Mexican women twist them in ardent neck- laces, or else roll them around their waists like a fiery girdle. They go to the ball under a diadem of living topazes or animated emeralds, and their diadem blazes or pales according as the insect is fresh or fatigued. When they return home after the soiree they give them a bath which refreshes them, and put them back in a cage, which sheds during the whole night a soft light in the chamber." Another writer states: " I saw a lady at the ' Retreta' once, with a coronet and stomacher of them, and all the crown jewels of Spain could not have made her so resplendent." Writers represent the Cucuyo as being short-lived in captivity, but these received as above, had their lives prolonged quite beyond expecta- tion, and former experiences with the beetles; and this notwithstanding the hard treatment which they had undergone. Not one of them had a foot (tarsus) remaining when brought to me and two had lost the pre- ceding joint (tibia) from'one or more of their legs. Still they were able to travel with considerable rapidity, but made no attempt at flight. Until near their death they frequently used their spring to regain their REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 177 feet when fallen on their back in attempting to climb the sides of the rather shallow box in which they were confined. Sugar, and sugar cane soaked in water, were given them, but it is not certain that they partook of either. They were apparently fond of ripe strawberries, and would remain for a long time with their head resting on freshly cut slices, slowly imbibing the juice after their jaws had seemingly become fixed and incapable of crushing the pulp. Raspberries had no attraction for them. They drank moderately from drops of water placed in front of them, the antennae moving the while as if betokening relish. Each day they were given a bath for a brief time in a dish of water, and immersed therein. They continued to give out their light when disturbed, from both their upper and lower organs, in its usual brilliancy up to within two or three days of their death. One of the beetles died early in July, the other two on August 6th and ioth. Their capture at San Domingo was at least three weeks before they were presented to the State collection, which would give them a period of captivity of over two and one-half months. Crioceris asparagi (Linn.). The Asparagus Beetle. (Ord. Coleoptera: Fam. Chrysomelid^e.) Hicks: in Amer. Entomol., ii, 1869, p. 53 (plentiful on Long Island). Riley: in Amer. Nat., xvii, 1883, p. 199 (reference) ; in Ann. Rept. Dept. Agr. for 1881-1882, p. 177 (mention); Bull. 23 Md. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1893, pp. 90-91 (brief account). Lintner: in Canad. Entomol., xvi, 1884, p. 182 (at Geneva, N. Y.); 7th Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1891, p. 335 (reference); 8th do., 1893, pp. xi6, 221, 250-253 (description, introduction, distribution, natural history, remedies) ; 9th do., 1893, pp. 342-343, fig. 20 (spread in the State); ioth do., 1895, pp. 498, 517 (reference); in Country Gent., lx, 1895, p. 455 (northward spread of insect). Lucas: in Ann. Soc. Entomol. France, 1888, pp. 102-104 (parasites of beetle) ; in Bull. Seances Entomol. Soc. Fr., 1888, pp. cxlv-cxlvii (habits). Riley-Howard: in Insect Life, i, 1888, p. 29 (southward spread of insect), pp. 61-62 (its enemies); in id., iv, 1892, p. 401 (taken at Nashua, N. H.); in id., v, 1892, p. 99 (at Rochester, N. Y.). Coquillett: in Insect Life, ii, 1890, p. 234 {Myobia pumila parasitic on). Smith: Cat. Ins. N. J., in Final Rept. State Geol., ii, 1890, p. 214 (common on asparagus); Ann. Rept. Ent. Dept., N. J. Agr. Expt. Stat, for 1892, 1893, p. 393 (mention); in Insect Life, vi, 1893, pp. 191-192 (simple remedy for); the same in Ann. Rept. Ent. Dept., N. J. Agr. Expt. Stat, for 1893, 1894, p. 445; Econom. Entomol., 1896, pp. 211-212^ fig. 204 (brief account). 178 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Ritzema Bos : Tierische Schiid. Niitzlinge, 1891, pp. 357-358. Weed, C. M.: Insects and Insecticides, 1891, pp. 204-206, fig. 109 (brief account with remedies). Forbes: in Insect Life, v, 1892, p. 73 (kerosene emulsion for). Taschenberg: Brehms Tierleben, Insekten, ix, 1892, p. 194, fig. 2 (brier mention). Henshaw: in Psyche, vi, 1393, p. 557 (reference). Webster: in Insect Life, vi, 1893, p. 186 (westward spread); Bull. 51 Ohio Agr. Expt. Station, 1894, pp. 85-89, figs. 1-3 (distribution, description, life-history, remedies^. Lowe: Bull. 75 N. Y. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1894, pp. 425-427, PI. IVr figs. 1-5 (general account); the same in Ann. Rept. do. for 1894, 1895, pp. 729-731. Comstocks: Manual Study Ins., 1895, pp. 575-576, fig. 701 (brief notice). Howard : in Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., iii, 1895, pp. 222, 223 (distribution may be confined to Upper Austral life-zone). Hopkins-Rumsey: Bull. 44 W. Va. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 291, 317 (brief mention). (The above are additional to the references given in the First Report.) A letter given below from a gentleman in Magnolia, Mass., received during the last week in May, 1895, was of special interest, as indicating a new locality for a gradually spreading introduced insect pest, in its almost extreme northern extension : I have grown asparagus very successfully for ten or fifteen years, but this spring it has been attacked by thousands of small black and yellow beetles, which do not allow it to put its head above ground without gnawing it and leaving it covered with exuviae. I suppose this pest is well known to you, and I should be much obliged if you would indicate any way of destroying it. T. J. C. Magnolia, Mass. Reply was made through the Country Gentleman of June 13th, as follows: The insect that is occurring so abundantly and is so destructive at Magnolia is without much doubt a recent appearance of that well-known pest, the asparagus beetle, Crioceris asparagi, \at that locality. Will the writer of the above *%M> / r- please send examples for positive identifica- tion ? If proved to be that species, its occur- rence at Magnolia will be of considerable interest to those of our entomologists who are giving attention to the distribution and rate of progress of our introduced insect pests. Fig. ! 3. -Asparagus beetle (a com- In accordance with the request, a number XoutS1sTxPd^ametferTwitrfurXr of the beetles were forwarded, and were found enlargement of antenna and front ^ ^ ^ well.known QrUfCeris asfiaragi. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 1 79 Progress of the Insect in the Eastern United States. For a long term of years following the first observed injuries in 1859, the beetle in this country was confined to Long Island and the immediate vicinity of New York City. While in the main keeping near the sea- coast, it has now extended to the southward as far as Fortress Monroe in Virginia. Within the last ten years, it has been found at Geneva and at Rochester in Central and Western New York, and quite recently it has been reported from localities in Ohio. To the northward, in the New England States, it made its appearance at Amherst, Mass., in 1892, and the same year in Nashua, N. H. Magnolia, on the sea-coast in north- eastern Massachusetts, is nearly as far north as Nashua. Range of Insects Limited by "Life-Zones." Particular mention is made of the above-named localities for the aspara- gus beetle, as indicating that its range to the northward as an injurious insect will be largely if not entirely limited to a certain zone known as the " Upper Austral life-zone." From data drawn from long-continued observations and studies, certain "life-zones" have been mapped, upon the belief that both animals and plants are restricted in their distribution — according to Dr. C. Hart Merriam — " by the total quantity of heat during the season of growth and reproduction." These life-zones, as they have been plotted, while not strictly agreeing, "conform in a most gratifying manner " (Merriam) to the isotherms shown on our most reli- able maps, and to the contour lines of elevation indicated in the recent " Gannett's Nine-sheet Contour Map," published by the U. S. Geo- graphical Survey. Probable Examples of such Limitation. The probability of the limitation of insect pests to certain life-zones, irrespective of the broader distribution of their food-plants, has lately been made the subject of study by Mr. Howard, Chief of the Entomolog- ical Division of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. It was first sug- gested to him by the discovery that the San Jose scale in its recent introduction into the Eastern United States — although it had been distributed by nurseries over the entire State of New Jersey — was not found in its northern portion (Dr. Smith) ; and that the infested portion of New Jersey, Long Island, and alt of the infested localities in Maryland, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New York, lay within the Upper Austral zone. He has also called attention to the probability that the asparagus beetle may be subject to the same northern limitation, although its occur- rence at Amherst, Mass., and Nashua, N. H., appeared to him to mili- 180 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM tate against such a belief. A study of the Gannett map, above referred to, seems to me, on the contrary, to give a marked confirmation to the theory. From the loops and curves of the ioo-leet contour lines which elsewhere define the northern boundary of the Upper Austral zone, fol- lowed along the southern and eastern New England sea-coast and inward along the river valleys, it appears in every way probable that Amherst, Nashua, and Magnolia in reality fall within the Upper Austral, and will be so indicated in future corrected and extended life-zone maps. It will be of interest to recall the fact that the last-named locality is indebted for its name to the wild growth there of the Magnolia glauca at the most northernmost natural habitat of any American Magnolia. Relief Afforded Through This Limitation. If this limitation of insect ravages by our accepted life-zones shall be established, it will relieve us from the fear of the spread of certain insects over entire States into which they have been introduced ; and, as of still greater importance, of an unnecessary expenditure of labor and money for the extermination of a pest, when its wide distribution will be pre- vented by constant climatic conditions. Thus, Upper Austral zone in- sects, if such there be, could not establish themselves over much the larger portion of the New England States and New York — in the latter limited, outside of Long Island, to a narrow strip along the Hudson river reaching nearly to Saratoga, and the larger area taking in Oneida lake and the smaller lakes of Western New York, and the territory northward and westward from the east of Oswego along Lake Ontario, the Niagara river, and a narrow strip bordering Lake Erie, possibly not quite to the southwestern corner of the State. In Plate IV, the Upper Austral life- zone in New York and contiguous portions of adjoining States as out- lined for me by Dr. Merriam on a section of the " Gannett Map,'' is rep- resented in crosshatching upon a New York State Weather Bureau map received from Director E. A. Fuertes. If the San Jose scale is not to be exterminated in our State, — while the famed " apple belt" bordering Lake Ontario and the fruit region of the Hudson River valley will be exposed to it — there would still be rea- son for thankfulness that it is subject even to this degree of limitation. The Upper Austral Life-Zone in New England. In view of nearly one-half million of dollars ($475,000) already ap- propriated by the legislature of Massachusetts for the extermination of the gypsy moth, it would be a matter of rejoicing if this costly foreign REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 151 introduction shall prove to be an Upper Austral zone insect. Certain it is, although perhaps only accidental, that by far the greater part of the infested locality in northeastern Massachusetts is bounded by the Gannett contour line of ioo-feet elevation, which, there is reason to believe, will hereafter be accepted as the boundary line in that part of New England of the zone above named. Remedies. In reply to the request in the inquiry for indication of a method for destroying the insect, the following remedies for the asparagus beetle are given in the First Report on the Insects of New York, 1883, viz., employ- ing fowls for hunting the beetles, dusting freshly air-slacked lime over the larva; upon the plants, cutting away the young seedlings, and the removal of the seed-stems when the asparagus season is over. Of these, the lime remedy is the most simple and, it is believed, the most effective. Lina scripta (Fabr). The Cottonwood- leaf Beetle. (Ord. Coleoptera: Fam. Chrysomelid. 58 of which became pupae within 30 hours, and all within 48 hours. The time from the pupa to the imago, was seven days, as was observed in several lots that were separated soon after pupation, which in each instance gave the beetle — at the first of a pale tint of yellow with entire absence of black on the elytra — on the 7th day. The descent of the larvae was apparently completed by the 25th, none being seen upon the trunks after this date.* The degree of development of the brood at this time, was about that of the first brood when observed by me on July 15th. From this we may infer a period of about six weeks for transformations of the brood, or about a week less than that which has been recorded for the earlier brood in New Jersey. Do Many Larvae Drop From the Trees? Writers upon the habits of this insect have stated that many of the larvae drop from the tree instead of traveling down the trunk, particularly when the elms have drooping branches. This would seem reasonable, but it was not confirmed by my observations. The Scotch elm on my premises which has been referred to, has long and somewhat drooping branches which extend over an extension to the house, but I have not been able to find at any time during the season a single larvae or pupae upon its roof, although fallen leaves in corners offered convenient resting- places for them. Nor in the hours that I have passed under the elms in my study of the insect have I seen one of the larvae upon my clothing or known it to occur on others. ♦There seems to have been some later than this — perhaps by dropping from the leaves — for they continued to be found in small numbers near the wall until September gth ; pupa were noticed until the 12th, and the beetle, abroad, until the 24th September. On the 3rd of October one came to light in my office in the capitol, of a remarkably dull color, suggesting the idea that it may have been drawn from its hiding-place after its development from the last larvae brought by me ■within doors. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST I93 Preference for Different Species of Elms. The preference shown by the elm-leaf beetle for certain species of elms has often been stated by those who have written upon it. While all agree in the statement that the European elms are the more infested by it than our native ones, yet there is conflicting testimony in regard to the liability to attack of the American elm, Ulmus Americana. Dr. Riley has stated of it in Bulletin No. 6 of the Division of Entomology (1885), — " this species is practically free from the ravages of the beetle." In Circular No. 8, May 1895, of the same division, Mr. Marlatt has written: " The American species, Ulmus Americana, is notably exempt," but add- ing this qualification : — " All species of elms, however, are attacked more or less, and in absence of sufficient foliage of the favorite varieties, the injury to less palatable sorts becomes almost equally marked."* Decided Preference for the English Elm. The decided preference of the beetle for the Ulmus campestris has been strikingly shown during its presence in Albany. A number of trees of this species have died and are being cut down in this the fourth year of their attack, while others — notably the row previously referred to as op- posite my residence, will unquestionably share the same fate the coming year, unless conditions should prove unfavorable to the beetles' multipli- cation. None of the Scotch elms, Ulmus montana, so far as I have dis- covered, have been killed, and although the foliage of some of the smaller trees has been about one-half destroyed, there is little probability of their succumbing to the attack, unless they should finally yield to par- tial defoliation through several succeeding years. Just across the street from the doomed elms above mentioned is a large American elm (their branches almost intermingling), which seems to be entirely free from the insect. Not a larva has been detected upon its trunk, or indications of it upon the foliage, when its branches were carefully examined from the house-top. A quarter of a mile from this point are the Capitol and the Boys' Academy parks, in which all of the trees, according to the State Botanist, are American elms. No trace of the insect was found in these parks when search was made for it during the last week of August. These three species of elms are the only ones which have been identified by me in the infested section of Albany. * In the discussion that followed the reading of this paper, it was stated that the U. A mericana under certain circumstances had been known to be quite as badly injured by the insect as the European species. [94 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The Slow Spread of the Insect. Perhaps no better illustration of the slow distribution of this insect when left to its natural spread and unaided by facilities for transportation by railroad or boat, can be given, than the fact than in this the fourth year of its presence in Albany, it has not yet extended itself over a large portion of the city, or to any markedly injurious degree over one-half of its extent of four miles as measured from its southern to its northern boundary. As stated by Dr. Riley,* " the insects deposit mostly on the trees nearest to where they develop, and are only partially migratory be- fore ovipositing." On a short tour of inspection made on August 26th, there were found on Myrtle avenue, near Philip street, a portion of which bounds the new park (Beaver park) in the vicinity of which the insect was first noticed and reported, eight English elms which had been killed by it the present year. The feeble leafage put out in the early spring was soon consumed by the larva? which had hatched from the comparatively few eggs, pre- sumably, that the beetles had deposited under the enfeebled condition of the trees. The next street, Bleecker place, gave two or three dead trees, and others badly defoliated. Next in order, Elm street, between Eagle and Philip, showed similar defoliation, and one large elm, between 70 and 80 feet in height, where, it was said, the larvae and pupae had been abundant about two weeks previously, upon which not a single leaf could be seen. Two blocks to the northward, where the attack had probably reached a year or two later and the beetle had not yet become very abundant, the badly eaten trees were putting out a new growth of leaves. A few blocks further north are the Hawk street elms, previously men- tioned, which, in the steadily increasing numbers of the insect, had been so continuously fed upon, that not a vestige of new growth was discov- erable. The preceding year there had not been the slightest apparent injury to their foliage. The examination extended over only a half-mile, and although each street crossed showed marked evidence of the injury wrought by the insect, yet a steady decrease was easily to be seen in the successive streets between Beaver park and the capitol grounds. To the north of the capitol the infestation has not been of a character to arrest public attention, and it is only upon looking for the insect or its work, that it is to be found. ' Bulletin No. 6 Division of Entomology, 1885, p. 13. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 195 Not Known North of Albany. It is reported as not yet having appeared at Menands, three miles to the northward of Albany, nor have I learned of its presence in Troy, Schenectady and other neighboring northern localities, in reply to inquiries made, accompanied by information and illustration that should ensure its detection if it occurred. It is proposed to follow up hereafter, by personal observation, the progress of this insect along the Hudson river valley, until it shall reach Fort Edward, beyond which we do not expect it to extend. Only a Small Portion of Albany Infested. It may be stated here that the insect thus far has not spread injuri- ously over the western part of Albany ; in fact, it is virtually limited to the southeastern corner. At the time that myriads of the beetles were descending the elms in Hawk street, not a single example could be found in Washington park, three-fourths of a mile west of the Capitol park, nor leaves showing larval feeding, on any of its at least half-dozen species of elms. As narrowing the infested area still more closely — on Washing- ton avenue, within three blocks of the capitol, and about three-eighths of a mile from the stripped Hawk street trees, are several English elms which are so absolutely free from attack that, for this reason, it was ques- tioned if they could possibly be some other species, until they were iden- tified as the U. campestris by the State Botanist. Recommendations for Controlling the Insect. While it is undoubtedly true that the best remedy for this pest is spray- ing with an arsenical mixture so as to furnish the larvse of the first brood with a poisoned diet upon their hatching from the eggs, yet experience has shown that this remedy is not the one to be relied upon, or urged, for the protection of the shade trees that line the streets of our cities. The labor and expense attendant upon it will certainly prevent its ever being generally accepted, or even an approach to such an acceptance. It is, however, the remedy to be depended upon for the preservation of the elms of our city parks and extended private grounds, where the needed appropriation or the necessary outlay may be made for the pur- pose. Improved apparatus can readily be commanded, by the aid of which the largest elm can be effectively sprayed at a moderate cost. The lessee or owner of a city residence will not be at the expense of purchasing a powerful force-pump and sufficient hose — fifty feet or more 196 NEW YORK STVTE MUSEUM — to reach up into the treetops, for the preservation of the two or three beautiful elms that may shade and beautify his premises. True, he might with a simple and inexpensive force-pump and the few feet of attached hose, spray the entire foliage of his trees from his housetop, but it would be labor almost wholly lost, in placing the arsenite upon the upper sur- face of the leaf, instead of beneath, where needed. Instead, therefore, of urging upon the citizens of Albany the impracti- cable, viz., arsenical spraying, I have contented myself (after indicating the spraying as the proper remedy when it can be employed) in urging with all earnestness, by voice and through the public press, the necessity of a watchful and persistent warfare against the insect, at each home where it occurs, beginning at the time when the larvae are descending the trees and the first pupa — so readily recognizable in its orange-yellow garb — is seen beneath it, and continuing it for the ensuing two or three weeks, or until the last pupa has been killed. The killing of the larvae and pupae is simple and involves no outlay, or a very moderate one. It only re- quires that hot-water drawn from a hot- water faucet be poured over them, or that they be sprinkled with kerosene. Where the method of making kerosene emulsion is known, this may be sprayed upon them, using one part of the emulsion to four of water. As somewhat militating against this remedy, it has been represented as requiring frequent — almost daily repetition. This is not necessary. In- tervals of five days will suffice. If all the larva? and pupae are killed on any one day, there could be no pupal transformation into the winged in- sect until the sixth or seventh day thereafter. The simplicity of this method is therefore evident, and there seems to be no reason why, through its use, 90 per cent of the insects that descend the trees from the elms upon our walks, may not be destroyed. In consideration of the many contingencies that attend the hibernation of all insects, and the fatality known to exist in that of the elm-leaf beetle, we would not have much to fear or to suffer from the small fraction of the remaining 10 per cent of the brood that might successfully accomplish their hibernation. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 197- Galerucella cavicollis (Lee). A Cherry-leaf Beetle. (Ord. Coleoptera : Fam. Chrysomelid^e.) Galeruca cavicollis. LeConte : in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 216 (original description). From Mrs. H. D. Graves, of Ausable Forks, N. Y., examples of beetles were received on June 10th of which "thousands" were feeding on the foliage of her cherry trees left by the late frost. Submitted to Dr. John Hamilton, answer was returned that it was Galerucella cavi- collis (Lee), which had been found abundantly in Canada, but was rare in this region. Its only recorded food-plant is wild cherry. Mr. G. C. Davis states, in Insect Life, vii, 1894, p. 200, that he had received the insect from Bellaire, Mich., where, during the latter part of May, it was causing damage to cherry trees of that locality. Some wild cherry trees in the vicinity were found, on examination, to have a few of the beetles on them. Mr. Davis received the larvae on July 10th, and has given description of them in the above cited notice. Mr. Schwarz refers to the insect {Insect Life, iv, p. 94) as a common northern species. Dr. Horn in his Galerucini of Boreal America {Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xx, 1893), gives its occurrence "from Canada to the New England and Middle States westward to Wisconsin ; North Caro- lina." Dr. Packard, in his Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees (page 529), under Galeruca sanguinea, states: "We observed this leaf- beetle in great abundance at Berlin Falls, N. H., September 13th, eating holes in the leaves." Dr. Packard must have written sanguinea in error for rufosanguinea, as the European sanguinea Fabr. (Lochmace cratceoi Forst.) has not been found in this country. The beetles observed by him, were in all probability G. cavicollis, as G. rufosanguinea is a more southern form, occurring according to Dr. Horn, in North Carolina, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, and recorded in New Jersey by Dr. Smith. The two species very closely approach and resemble one another, differ- ing mainly in the slightly coarser punctured and less shining elytra in the latter. If the identification of Walsh {Practical Entomologist, \\, 1866, p. 9) was correct, it has also been taken in June on buttercups, Ranun- culus acris, in the vicinity of Albany, N. Y. It is probable that G. cavicollis has but a single brood. The beetles feeding on the foliage, June 10th, were probably hibernated individuals that may already have been abroad for two or three weeks, although 14 198 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the number reported at this time is larger than would be expected to survive the ordeal of hibernation. From July larvae, September beetles would be produced. The occurrence of this insect on the garden cherry while previously known only on the wild, is but another instance of the many similar changes known of our native insects from wild to cultivated food-plants. Under date of July 10th, Mrs. Graves wrote that the beetles sent from the cherry trees were also feeding on a young chestnut tree. Presuming on the correctness of her observation, no examples were asked for verification. Another species of Galerucella which at a casual inspection can hardly be separated from the cherry species, is G. decora Say, numbers of which have been collected by me in Keene Valley, N. Y., from June 21st to August 8th. Its food-plant is willow. Prof. Riley states that it was abundant and very injurious in a willow plantation near Washington, in the larval stage in June, and that its natural history appeared not to differ materially from that of the elm-leaf beetle (Rept. Commis. Agricul. for 1884, p. 336). Blissus leucopterus (Say). The Chinch-Bug. (Ord. Hemiptera: Subord. Heteroptera : Fam. Lygjeidje.) This insect, the injuries of which are so widespread and so serious in many of the Western States, but which we seldom have occasion to report in our State — has caused some injury to grass and grain in Western New York the present year. In the Second Report of the State Entomologist an account is given of its operations in the years 1882 and 1883 in several of the towns of St. Lawrence county. Since then its presence has occasionally been reported in different localities in com- paratively small number, but not sufficient to attract attention until in 1894, when statements were received from Alleghany county of its having ruined meadows and many acres of timothy. This present year it has attacked grain in the same county, in a few instances, but no account of severe injury from it has come to my knowledge. Judging from the past history of its New York operations, there is not much to be apprehended from its continuation in 1896, unless unusually favorable conditions for its increase should prevail. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST [99 Recent studies upon this insect have shown that the account of its hibernation, as given by me in my Second Report, page 154, based on earlier writers and followed by later ones, is incorrect and misleading in its suggestion of useless methods of dealing with it. Mr. C. L. Marlatt, of the Division of Entomology at Washington, in an article on "The Hibernation of the Chinch-Bug," published in Insect Life, vii, 1894, pp. 232-234, states as follows: " In every account of the chinch-bug which I have seen, stress has been placed on the hibernation of the adult in rubbish of any sort, such as thick matted grass of head- lands and unmown places, piles of corn fodder, hay piles, or about hay- stacks, dried leaves under trees, particularly in hedgerows, or any other like situation. In the course of very careful and extended investigations carried on in Kansas during a year of excessive chinch-bug abundance, I failed entirely to find any basis for the above supposition. Repeated careful search throughout the late fall and winter failed to discover a sin- gle living chinch-bug in any such situations, even when such supposedly favorable hibernating conditions occurred in and adjoining fields which were alive with chinch-bugs late in the fall." He further found "what is probably the normal hibernating place of the chinch-bug, in the dense stools of certain of the wild grasses, such as the blue-stem and other sorts, perhaps including tame varieties which incline to the stooling habit. In these situations only were chinch-bugs found during the winter, and so numerously that a single stool of grass would contain hundreds of these insects." Mr. Marlatt points out, in consideration of this peculiarity of hiberna- tion, the futility of the usual recommendations for lessening injury of the insect, such as burning up all loose rubbish about farms and in fence cor- ners, and leaves in hedgerows, and the removal of hedges. Instead of these, the burning over of grass lands where the hibernation occurs, at once suggests itself. To be successful the burning should be done after a prolonged dry spell, and preferably in midwinter, after a succession of warm days, during which the bugs would be drawn by the warmth nearer to the surface, where they would be more readily reached by the fire. 200 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The San Jose Scale, and Some Other Destructive Scale In- sects of New York.* (Ord. Hemiptera : Subord. Homoptera: Fam.CocciD^E.) What Scale Insects Are. There is a large class of small insects — some, indeed most, of which require a magnifying glass for their observation, which are particularly detrimental to fruit culture, yet from their inconspicuous appearance usually escape notice until discovered when search is made for the cause of the languishing condition or death of the tree or shrub infested by them. Even then it is rather difficult to believe that the true cause has been found in what often seems to be merely an unnatural roughening of the bark or a moderate incrustation formed upon the surface. Classification. The species more commonly met with (the Diaspinse) have received the name of bark-lice, from the appearance of ihe young as they travel over the bark for a few days after they are hatched ; and of scale-insects, from the scale-like covering secreted by the insect and beneath which it is hidden after it has fastened itself to the bark. Scientifically, they, together with the "mealy-bugs," are known as Coccidae. In classifica- tion they have place in that division of the Hemiptera (a large order of suctorial insects) known as Homoptera, the wings being of a uniform thickness throughout, and thereby distinguishing them from the other division (Heteroptera) in which the front wings are thickened in their basal half to a degree, often, approaching the elytra or wing-covers of beetles. It is to this last-named division that the popular name of "bugs," has become attached. All of the Hemiptera are suctorial, and take their food through a beak or proboscis instead of by biting jaws. They differ greatly in their structure, and in mode of development : the latter, in some of the families, as in that of the Aphididae or the plant-lice, is of intense interest. Development. The development of the Coccidas is quite peculiar. The females do not become perfected into winged creatures, but with age assume the form of scales, or galls, or of grubs covered with wax or powder ; or become de- graded beneath their sheltering scale into barely more than egg-sacs, retaining only such simple organs as are essential to their life during the * Reprinted from Bulletin of the New York State Museum, Vol. 3. No. 13, April 1, 1895. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 201 reproduction of their young. The male, however, undergoes a complete transformation and becomes winged, but with only a single pair of wings of very simple structure (see in Figures 3, 2, and 3 in Plates VIII, IX, and XIV. It lives but a day or two, dying speedily after the fulfillment of the purpose of its being. It takes no food, for in this stage it pos- sesses no mouth or digestive organs. Some Species Useful. A few species of the Coccidae are of service to us, such as the Coccus cacti from which the valuable dye, cochineal, is obtained ; the Carteria lacca which excretes the material known to us as shellac ; from another species we have the commercial article known as china wax ; and still another species occurring in Arabia produces a solidified honey-dew called " manna," which " is thought by some to have been the heaven- sent manna that nourished the Hebrews in their wanderings." Number of Species. About 125 species of North American Coccidae have been described, and others are being brought to notice each year, either from having been previously overlooked, or recently introduced from abroad. All of them are destructive in proportion to their rapidity of multiplication and the greater or less economic importance of the plants that they infest. Before proceeding to the consideration of the San Jose scale, — the sub- ject of this bulletin, it may be of service to refer briefly to a few other species which, although common in the State of New York, and quite harmful to the trees that they infest, are still almost wholly unknown to the fruit-grower and to others who are suffering from their presence. From the figures given of them, they may at once be distinguished from the San Jose scale. The Apple-tree Bark-louse. The most common of these is the apple-tree bark-louse, shown in Fig. 1 of Plate VIII, in its natural size as it occurs on the bark of trunks and limbs, often more abundantly than is represented in the cut, completely covering the bark and overlaying one another, and lending an increased diameter to the infested twig. The color of the scale is brown or ash- gray, nearly approaching that of the bark. The female scale measures about one-twelfth of an inch in length, of a long, usually more or less curved form, pointed at one end on which a magnifier may show the yellowish cast-off skin of the insect, and rounded at the other end. From its peculiar shape it has been frequently written of under the name of the oyster- shell bark-louse. It bears the scientific name of Mytilaspis pomorum 202 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Bouche. The male scale is of a considerably smaller size, the sides nearly straight, less rounded at the larger end, and of a brighter color. It will seldom be found associated with the females on the bark, as its natural place is on the leaves on either side, especially along the midrib (Riley). If a recent uninjured female scale be carefully lifted after oviposition— at any time during the winter — from fifty to a hundred small, oval, white eggs may be found underneath it, which would ordinarily give out the young insect about the first of June in the latitude of New York. This destructive scale is far from being confined to the apple, but may also be found on the plum, pear, raspberry, wild gooseberry, wild cherry, red currant, sugar and swamp maples, white and black ash, birch, poplar, willows, linden, horse-chestnut, elm, etc. It will be seen from the above, that it has a large number of host-plants. The Scurfy Bark-Louse. This scale-insect, known to science, as Chionaspis furfurns (Fitch), is quite common in the State of New York, where, it is believed to be more numerous and more injurious than in any other of the United States. I have recently seen an orchard of the Kieffer pear, in Columbia Co., N. Y., in which the trunks, of from three to four inches in diameter, were so thickly coated with the scales that at a little distance they appeared as if they had been whitewashed. The scale, as it appears when scattered over the bark, and the male and female scales magnified, are shown in Fig. 2 of Plate VIII. The young larva, the mature female, the male pupa, and the male, are repre- sented in Figure 3 of the same Plate, which has been prepared under the supervision of Mr. L. O. Howard, of the Entomological Division at Washington, to illustrate the insect in his article on the " Scale Insects of the Orchard" shortly to appear, and kindly furnished for use in this Bul- letin by consent of the Department of Agriculture in advance of its own publication. Dr. Fitch has described so faithfully the appearance of a badly infested tree and of the scale, that his account is transcribed herewith : " The bark of the limb [pear tree] was covered with an exceedingly thin film, appearing as if it had been coated over with varnish, which had dried and cracked and was peeling off in small irregular flakes, forming a kind of scurf or dandruff on the bark. In places this pellicle was more thick and firm, and elevated into little blister-like spots of a white and waxy appearance, of a circular or broad oval form, less than the tenth of an inch in diameter, abruptly drawn out into a little point at one end, which point REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 203 was stained of a pale yellowish color and commonly turned more or less to one side." This refers to the female scale, shown in enlargement at c of Fig. 2, Plate VIII. The male scales, which usually congregate by them- selves (enlarged at d in same figure), are only from one-fourth to one- third as large, narrow, usually straight, three-ribbed, and of a snowy-white color. The eggs found beneath the scales are of a purplish-red color. They hatch about the first of June. This scale attacks the apple, pear, black cherry, choke cherry, and mountain ash. I have recently found it abundantly on the Japan quince, Pyrus japonica, in Washington park, Albany, large plots of which were being killed by it. The Pine-leaf Scale-insect. This is another white scale which is quite conspicuous on the leaves of the pine and the spruce on which it occurs. It attacks mainly trans- planted trees, and had not been seen by Dr. Fitch, when described by him, on those growing spontaneously in the forests. The foliage of a large number of Austrian pines (Pimis Austriaca) growing in Washington park, in Albany, a few years ago, was so thickly covered with the scales that it was literally whitened with their myriads. Hundreds could be counted on a single leaf. Nearly all of the infested trees were taken up and burned. Large numbers of the scales were eaten into and destroyed by a little lady-bug, — "the twice-stabbed lady-bird," — and to the abundant presence of this scale-eating insect, may be owing the fact that in late years the scale has been far less destructive (see Fifth Report Insects of New York, 1889, page 266). The scale, known as €hionaspis pinifolii (Fitch), is represented in Fig. 1 of Plate IX, in natural size upon the leaves, and much enlarged, beneath. They are of an elongate oval form, of a pure white color with a waxy luster, and with the conspicuous yellow cast skins resting on the smaller end. Dr. Fitch, in his Second Report, 1856, has devoted a half-dozen pages to the insect and its lady-bug destroyer. The White Scale. A troublesome scale frequently infests conservatories and house plants, which may be recognized from the representation of infested leaves and the magnified scales shown in Fig. 2 of Plate IX. The scales are white and are sometimes so abundant as to give a white- washed appearance to the trunks of the trees that they infest. It is known, in science, as Aspidiotus nerii Bouche. Its specific name oinerii is drawn from the botanical name of the oleander, Nerium, which is one 204 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of its favorite food-plants. Ivy. when grown within doors, is quite sub- ject to its attack, and is liable to be killed by it unless care is taken to prevent the multiplication of the scale. Prof. Comstock reports having studied the species on the following named plants: Acacia, magnolia, oleander, maple, Yucca, plum, cherry, currant, English ivy and lemons from the Mediterranean. The scale of the female is nearly circular, flat, whitish or light gray, with the dull orange exuviae (cast skins) central or nearly so. The ventral scale (as distinguished from the exuviae) is a mere film applied to the bark. Diameter when full-grown, one-twelfth of an inch. The male scale is snowy-white, slightly elongated with the light yellow larval skin nearly central ; diameter one-half that of the male. It is distributed over all the United States, and over much of Europe. The Maple-tree Scale-insect. This is one of our largest scale-insects, and, at the time of hatching of the eggs in late June and early July, is more conspicuous than any other found in this part of the United States. It is observed more frequently upon the soft maple, Acer dasycarfium, than elsewhere, but it is often found infesting grapevines, where it is known as the grapevine bark-louse. It was described forty years ago as Coccus innumerabilis — now included in the genus Pidvinaria — the specific name applicable both to the myriads in which it appears in some localities and to the immense num- ber of eggs produced by the female : often a thousand or more can be counted from underneath a single scale. Fig. i of Plate X illustrates the scale as it appears when attention is usually drawn to it. It is then seen as a white, cottony mass of from three- to nearly four-tenths of an inch long, about one-half so broad, of a suboval form, bearing upon the narrower end a brown scale darker at the margin, somewhat flattened down or bent upward near its middle to nearly a right angle, oval, broader behind, where it is notched and apparently cleft for a short dis- tance on its middle ; on the front is a medial ridge for about one-fourth or one-third its length ; it usually shows five transverse wrinkles or folds and about the same number of raised lines running outwardly on each side to the hinder margin. A common appearance of the adult scale is shown at b of Fig. 3 of Plate X, and at a, b, and c, immature forms in Fig. 4. The white cotton-like mass, which is a characteristic of the genus Pid- vinaria., is a secretion thrown out by the insect for the protection of its eggs, and also of the young insects for a short time after their hatching. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 205 In Fig. 2 of Plate X (after Walsh and Riley) the scales and egg-masses are shown on osage-orange as Lecanium Madura, and on maple as Z. acericola, but both are now referred to P. innumerabilis. This scale had become very abundant upon the maples in the streets of Brooklyn in 1890, and was reported as having killed a large number of the infested trees.* In 1884, it was excessively abundant and quite destructive over the larger part of the State of Illinois. Further particu- lars of it, and available remedies, may be found in the Sixth Report on the Insects of New York, 1890, pp. 141-147. The Plum-tree Scale-insect. In Plate XI, the plum scale is shown — an apparently new and de- structive plum pest, which has during the past year made its appearance in different localities in the State of New York, particularly in its western portion. Examples of it were received by me on May 14th and 15th from Dr. Collier of the Geneva Agricultural Experiment Station, and from C. M. Hooker and W. C. Barry, of Rochester. No record could be found of its previous occurrence as infesting the plum. On submit- ting it to Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, of Las Cruces, New Mexico, who has made special study of scale insects, it was determined by him, with a pos- sible doubt, as Lecanium juglandis Bouche. This determination has not been accepted by some entomologists, while as an explanation of differ- ence of opinion in regard to it, it has been suggested that two closely re- sembling species are associated on the infested trees. The species of Lecanium are large, conspicuous scales, as may be seen covering the branch in the figure, approaching a half globe in form, and in the season of reproduction, containing within their capacious bodies a very large number of eggs — a thousand, or it may be two thousand or more. From their rapidity of multiplication they may prove very injuri- ous to the trees that they infest, but, fortunately, their size, and their ten- derness during a portion of their existence, exposes them to parasitic attack and to destruction from certain weather conditions. They are amenable to treatment with kerosene emulsion, and to the methods which will be recommended for the destruction of the San Jose scale. Prof. M. V. Slingerland, of the Cornell University Experiment Station, has made a study of this insect in the plum orchards of Western New York, the results of which are published in Bulletin 83 of the Station — describing it, narrating its destructiveness, naming the few plants upon * Eighth Report on the Insects of New York, 1893, page 177. 206 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM which it is believed to have passed from the plum, its life-history, its nat- ural enemies, and approved methods for combating it. This scale has been found abundantly in some localities in Eastern New York; in Orange county, it has been mistaken by some fruit-growers for the San Jose scale, but from their great dissimilarity in appearance, there is hardly an excuse for confounding them. The figure representing an infested plum branch is from a photograph taken by the Geneva Experiment Station, and employed in illustrating a brief notice of the insect by Prof. S. A. Beach, in Garden and Forest for July 18, 1894, from which paper it has been obtained. In the preceding brief notices of some of our more common scale in- sects, particular mention of the insecticides available for their destruction and methods of application, have been omitted, as those which will be indicated for use against the San Jose scale, will be found equally service- able against each one of them. The San Jose Scale. The San Jose Scale — from the many different fruit trees that it infests, the rapidity of its multiplication through its successive broods during the year, and the short time in which it kills the trees that it attacks — is justly regarded as one of our most pernicious scale-insects. Its character is indicated in the specific name of perniciosus given to it by Prof. Corn- stock when first described by him in 1880, in the Report of the Commis- sioner of Agriculture for that year. He has written of it: "It is said to infest all the deciduous fruits grown in California, excepting peach, apricot, and the black Tartarean cherry.* It attacks the bark of the trunk and limbs as well as the leaves and fruit. I have seen many plum and apple trees upon which all the fruit was so badly infested that it was unmarketable. In other instances I have seen the bark of all of the small limbs completely covered by the scales. I think that it is the most pernicious scale-insect known in this country." The Los Angeles (Cal.) Horticultural Commission, in their report for 1893, say of it: "This pest, if not speedily destroyed, will utterly ruin the deciduous fruit interests of this coast. It not only checks the growth of the tree, but it covers the tree literally entirely, and the fruit nearly as much so, and, if left unchecked, the tree is killed in three years' time." * It has since been found on the peach and apricot. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 207 Introduction and Spread. As with the larger number of our more injurious pests, the San Jose scale is not native to North America. Where it originally occurred is not known. It is frequently found upon plants imported from Japan (Coquillett), and also occurs in Chile and in Australia. It is believed to have been brought into California in or about the year 1870. It first attracted the attention of fruit-growers at San Jose, in Southern Califor- nia, in 1873. In 1882 it had extended into all the fruit-growing districts of California, and had entered Oregon and Washington. It is also found in Nevada, but when first observed there is not known. It is reported in one locality in Idaho, in 1894 (Aldrich), and as well established at Las Cruces, New Mexico (Cockerell). Occurrence in Eastern United States. It was quite a surprise when not long ago the discovery was made that this destructive insect had crossed the continent and had made its appear- ance in the Atlantic States. Its first recognition was by Mr. L. O. Howard, of the Division of Entomology at Washington, in August, 1893. A supposed fungus disease on pear sent from Charlottesville, Va., to the Department of Agriculture and shown to Mr. Howard, was "at the first glance recognized as that scourge of western orchards, the San Jose scale (Asfiidiotus peniiciosiis Comst.)." Investigations, etc., by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. During the autumn, two of the assistants of the Entomological Division, Messrs. Schwarz and Coquillett, were sent to Charlottesville, to examine and report upon the infestation. It appeared from their exam- inations that it was limited in extent, being almost wholly confined to a pear orchard of about a square acre in area, but that it affected pear, peach, plum, apple, currant, rose, quince, gooseberry, and raspberry, and that it had already been present there for several years. It was subse- quently learned that, in all probability, it had been introduced on nursery stock purchased from a New Jersey firm. Mr. Hedges, the owner of the orchard, was of the opinion that it had been brought on currant plants purchased in New Jersey eight years previously. Mr. Schwarz reported on the situation of the infested orchard, the plants attacked, other infested places adjoining, habits of the scale, and its observed enemies. Mr. Coquillett reported upon the infested locality, and the conjectural sources of the scale, {bisect Life, vi., 1894, pp. 247-254.) Early in the spring of 1894, through the co-operation of theU. S. Department of Agriculture and the Virginia State Board of Agriculture, 208 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Mr. Coquillett, who had conducted very successfully most of the experi- ments in California for the destruction of scale insects by inclosing the infested trees with tents and fumigating them with hydrocyanic acid gas, was intrusted with the operations for destroying the scale in Charlottes- ville by the same method — always effective when properly conducted. It appears in his report submitted {loc. cit., pp. 324-326), that 326 trees and shrubs were subjected to the gas treatment. Examinations made a few months thereafter disclosed no living scales. In Maryland. — In March, 1894, the scale was sent to the Division of Entomology on peach twigs from a large peach orchard in Riverside, Charles county, Md. It was learned that the scale had been introduced in 1887 and 1888, on peach trees purchased of a New Jersey nursery. Many of them had died, and nearly all of those that remained were found to be thoroughly encrusted with the scale, so that at the time of examination they were being taken up and destroyed. (Other trees to which the scale had spread, had been treated by their owner during the preceding winter, apparently with good results, with the three principal wrinter washes, viz., strong kerosene emulsion; lime, salt, and sulphur; and resin wash.) A trunk-washing in April with strong kerosene emul- sion was successful to the extent of killing go per cent, of the scales. Several sprayings were made during the summer with different mixtures — some of them under the direction of Mr. Coquillett — by which most of the scales were killed. At the time of Mr. Howard's report (from which most of these items relating to the eastern presence of the scale have been drawn) in August, it was thought safe to say that the insects would be completely stamped out in this locality by the close of the year. /;/ Florida. — At the same time of the discovery of the Maryland local, ity, the scale was also received from De Funiak Springs, Florida. At the request of the fruit-growers of that section of the State, the Department of Agriculture sent Mr. H. G. Hubbard to make examination and report. The insect was practically confined to the peach and plum, but occurred also, in small numbers on KiefTer pears, and on pecan and per- simmon. Many thousands of trees were infested, and nearly every orchard within a radius of five or six miles was more or less attacked. Arrangement was made for the Experiment Station of Florida to under- take the work of destroying the scale, by going over all the infested trees in the district with five or six applications of the resin wash. If the weather should prove favorable for the use of the wash, there was reason to believe " that the nuisance will have been abated by the close of the REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 2 09 season in Florida, although extermination [from the peculiar condition of the infested locality] may not be found possible." Discovered in other States. — In consideration of the discovery that some at least of the above-noticed infestations of this pernicious Califor- nia scale, were traceable to New Jersey nurseries which were, in all probability, still serving as distributing centers for the distribution of the pest over nearly all the country, a circular was prepared by Mr. Howard, describing and figuring the scale and warning fruit-growers of its exceeding dangerous character, which was distributed in the first week of April (1894) to all eastern agricultural newspapers and to nearly 12,000 eastern fruit-growers whose addresses were obtained from the pomologist of the Department. This circular — with its excellent illustra- tions,* description of its appearance, explanation of the manner of spread- ing of the insect, and the best remedies for it — as might naturally be expected, excited much interest and alarm. Scale insects of many kinds as well as insects belonging to other groups, were sent to the Department with the inquiry if they were the San Jose scale. As a result of the distribution of this circular, the following additional localities were ascertained : Neavitt and Chestertown in Maryland ; Bartle, Indiana ; many points in New Jersey; Atgien and Lewisburg, in Southeastern and Central Pennsylvania. It was also received from Middletown, Idaho, and from British Columbia. Referring to the above attacks, Mr. Howard gives encouraging reports: The orchard of 7,000 trees in Atgien, Pa., under direction of Dr. J. B. Smith, Entomologist at Rutgers College, New Jersey, had been treated three times at intervals of ten days, with kerosene emulsion, with absolute succe>s. At the Lewisburg locality, the few infested pear trees that had been bought of the New Jersey nurseries in 1890, had all been killed but one. Other trees to which the scale had spread were being treated by the owner with every prospect of extermination. At Bartle, Indiana, two young apple trees frf5m New Jersey were infested. These were taken up and burned, and no more of the insects were discoverable by careful search. (A second infestation has since been discovered at North Madison — see Rural New Yorker, liv, p. 87). Ac Neavitt, Md., a 10-acre orchard of peach trees was badly infested — nearly every tree was languishing from the attack. Many had been * I am indebted to the Department for the privilege of introducing them in this paper: see Plates XIII and XIV. 2IO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM taken up and destroyed. Full directions were given for spraying, and the success of the operations will be watched. The source of this infest- ation could not be definitely ascertained, but it was thought by the owner that the first affected trees had come from a Missouri nurseryman — not from New Jersey. Chestertown, Md., showed but few infested trees. They had been treated by the owner with thick whale-oil soap of the consistency of molasses, with every prospect of extermination of the scale. The infested trees had been received from New Jersey in 1890. As a summary of the above, Mr. Howard states that the scale had been exterminated (in 1894) in Indiana and Virginia, and the probabilities were strong of a like result before the close of the year, at the other localities named, except in Florida and New Jersey. It has since come to the knowledge of the Division of Entomology, that the scale has been found abundantly in three new localities in Mary- land. It has also been discovered in a locality in Southern Georgia ; in an orchard in Southern Ohio; in Newcastle Co., Md. ; in Jefferson Co., Indiana; at City Point, Va. ; and at Bristol, Pa. In some of these localities the infestation was quite limited, and it is believed to have been exterminated. (L. O. Howard: Further Notes on the San Jose Scale, in Insect Life, vii, 1895, pp. 285, 286.) The San Jose Scale in New York. During the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at Brooklyn, N. Y., in August last — in a paper read by Dr. Smith before the Association of Economic Entomologists on "The San Jose Scale in New Jersey," it was incidentally stated that an orchard in Columbia County, New York, was known to be badly infested with the scale. The particular orchard was not named, but later, at my request, the information was obtained from Dr. Smith, that Mr. L. L. Morrell of Kinderhook, had not long ago purchased a number of young apple trees (Ben Davis variety) from one of the New Jersey nurseries. Two years later (in 1894), on examination of these trees by one of the owners of the nursery (a relative of Mr. Morrell), they were found to be badly infested, and advice was given that they should be at once taken up and destroyed. A week or two later it was learned from Mr. Morrell that this had been done, and it was thought that with the destruction of the entire purchase, the scale had been exterminated. Thinking it important to know whether the measure had been entirely successful, I visited Mr. Morrell early in November, and was met with REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 211 the unpleasant intelligence that he was fearful that he still had the insect with him, for he had found upon a single pear what he believed to be the scale. It proved to be such, — perhaps a half-dozen of individuals being scattered over its surface. On examining his orchards, the scale was found abundantly in one of them — a young pear orchard in which a few trees had borne fruit, for the first, the present year. Some of the trees were moderately infested — perhaps a half-dozen scales or less being found upon them ; on others the scale was so numerous as to fairly encrust the branches and most of the trunk. It was apparent that the latter were those upon which the insect had been introduced, and from which they had been scattered through- out the orchard by the agency of birds or otherwise to individual trees in various portions of it. Most, if not all, of the stock of this orchard, had been purchased of the New Jersey nursery two years preceding the planting of that which had been taken up and destroyed — the condition of this having been overlooked at the time. A large portion of the orchard was critically gone over by me, and the trees marked which called for special care in the application of the winter wash recommended, and those which should be at once taken up and burned. The examination of the remainder of the orchard was subsequently made, and a number of infested trees dis- covered. So determined was Mr. Morrell to rid himself of this pest, that rather than wait for a winter treatment, all of the infested trees, as he has informed me, were taken up and burned : he believed that he did not have a scale remaining in his orchard. If it should prove that in this he has been over-confident, there is every reason to believe that within another year, the scale will be exterminated in this locality. As the scale occurs also on the leaves — usually in rows along the midrib on the upper side, it was recommended to Mr. Morrell that the leaves from the worst infested trees which at the time of my visit were lying on the ground beneath or near them, should be raked together and burned, in order to prevent the chance of the scales being carried by the winds over the entire orchard.* The infested trees were entirely of the d'Anjou variety. In two other orchards of Mr. Morrell, of the Kieffer pear, not a scale was found, nor on the apple, cherry, and plum trees that were examined. The infesta- *Dr. Smith does not believe that the fixed scale can be carried on fallen leaves. He states {Bulletin 106 New Jersey Agricul. Coll. Expt, Station, 1895, page 15) : " Only such as are affixed to the tree itself have any chance of reproducing their kind. Those that fix to the leaves fall with them, and as these dry or decay the insect dies for want of food before attaining maturity." 212 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM tion was apparently confined to the two purchases made at the New Jersey nurseryand had not extended beyond them. The Scale on Long Island. In September of last year the scale was discovered in abundance in some of the nurseries on Long Island by Messrs. Sirrine & Lowe, who had been commissioned by the State Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva for conducting some entomological investigations especially desired on Western Long Island, under an appropriation of $8,000 made by the Legislature of 1894 to the station named, "for the purpose of agricultural experiment investigations, instruction and information, in the Second Judicial department" of the State of New York. Among the earlier results of their investigations was a discovery of the San Jose scale in great abundance in some of the nurseries on the Island. The following notice of its first observation was communicated to Garden and Forest, of November 7, 1894: The San Jose scale was observed first in the market at Jamaica on some Bartlett pears said to have been grown on the Island. The scale was also conspicuous on some fancy varieties of pears exhibited at the Queens County Fair; and by tracing the fruit to its source some of the infested nurseries were located. We have found the scale on pear, apple, peach, and quince stock in several nurseries. The nurserymen were unable to give any definite information regard- ing the length of time that they had had the scale, but it was thought by some of them that it had been with them for the past twenty years. This, under the circumstances, is impossible : they had doubtless mistaken some other scale for it. Nor can anything definite be learned of the source of the infestation. If known to them they have been unwilling to commun- icate the fact. It is stated that the stock that was infested was not grown by them, but was received from other nurseries. It would be of material service in the efforts that are being made for the extermination of the scale in the east if the localities of these " other nurseries " could be learned, but for some unknown reason it is being withheld. This unfor- tunate reticence is reflecting on all the other nurseries of the State of New York, for it seems to be implied that from some one or more of them the Long Island infested stock was originally received. It is con- ceded that its source was not the New Jersey nurseries.* The Geneva nurseries have been inspected by Mr. Lowe, with the result, it is inferred, that the scale was not found therein. The Rochester nurseries have been strongly suspected. Mr. W. C. Barry, when consulted, believed them to *It has since been learned that one of the Long Island nurseries has been receiving stock nearly •every year since 1888 from one or the other of the New Jersey nurseries. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 213 be entirely free from its presence, and this belief was subsequently carried to approximate certainty by examinations made by Mr. Sirrine, from which it resulted that the reported San Jose scale at Rochester, when examined at Washington, was found to be Aspidiotits aneylus — a closely resembling, but comparatively harmless species. Condition of the Long Island Nurseries. It would be of interest if the exact condition of the Long Island in- festation could be given in this Bulletin. I can state, however, from information received from Mr. Sirrine, under date of March 2 2d, that he had visited the following nurseries on Long Island: — of Fred Boulon, Sea Cliff; Keene & Foulk, Flushing; Parsons & Sons, Flushing; Isaac Hicks & Sons, Westbury Station; R. P. Jeffery & Sons, Smithville South; P. H. Foster, Babylon; W. C. Wilson, Astoria; Gabriel Marc & Co., Woodside, and the Long Island Nursery Company, Brentwood. The last six of the nine above-named nurseries were found to be free from the scale. In the worse infested of the three, as soon as the at- tention of the proprietors was called to the destructive enemy that they were harboring, a large number of trees were taken up and burned. The remainder were sprayed, according to directions given by Mr. Sirrine, and would be followed by other sprayings in the event of the first not proving to be entirely effectual. In the other two nurseries, the few trees that had been found to be in- fested had been destroyed, and it was thought that such further work would be done before the time for shipment, that no infested stock would be sent out from them. It was probably one of these two, that had been reported as intracta- ble last summer. As represented at the time, the owners were indifferent to the evil pointed out to them that would result from the multiplication of the pest, and indisposed to take any measures against it. When again seen by Mr. Sirrine in March, they would give no assurance of adopting the measures deemed necessary for preventing the distribution of their infested stock. The only promise that could be obtained from them was, that "they would treat with gas the stock they sold, providing that they had the time." A promise so broadly qualified could carry no weight with it. Unless a satisfactory understanding can be had with the firm, its name, if furnished to me, will be given in a foot-note, as a protection to purchasers of Long Tsland stock.* *The name of this nursery has since been given me as the Parsons & Sons Company, at Flush- ing, Long Island. In a letter addressed them on April 8th, the following questions were asked, and the reasons stated why replies were needed : i. Have you taken steps to learn by applica- r5 214 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM There is scarcely a doubt but that infested stock has been sent from these nurseries to many places in the State of New York. If the attempt that is being made for the extermination of the scale in the State during the present year is to prove successful, it is of the utmost importance that each locality where possibly infested trees have been delivered within the past five years (dating back to the probable establishment of the scale on Long Island) should be ascertained, and carefully inspected as soon as possible. Request was accordingly made of the proprietors of these in- fested nurseries, that they would furnish the State Entomologist with a list of their New York sales from and including the year 1890 to the present. One of the firms promptly complied with the request, so far as it could be done without involving excessive labor, and sent to this office extended lists, at the same time offering to open their books for further examina- tion and transcription by any one who might be commissioned for the purpose. It is due to this firm — Keene & Foulk, Bloodgood Nursery, Flushing, L. I., that they be specially mentioned and commended for the earnest manner in which they are working for the extermination of the scale in their nursery. They have asked for suggestions and directions and have promptly and faithfully carried them out — not only in burning and spraying, but also in arranging, under the best approved method, for the fumigation by the hydrocyanic acid gas treatment of all the stock that they send out this season; the latter should insure the destruction of any scattered individual scales that may have been overlooked. They will also, upon request, replace at half-price, all such infested stock that has tion to Mr. Sirrine or by other proper means, of the extent of the infestation in your nurseries ? 2. Have you taken up and burned the stock that was found to be the worst infested ? 3. To what extent and with what results have you sprayed with proper insecticides such other infested stock as it was not thought necessary to wholly destroy ? 4. Have you arranged for treating the nur- sery stock sent out this season with hydrocyanic acid gas, according to the approved directions published and accessible to you ? 5. Have you sent out any nursery stock this year which may have been infested without having been subjected to the gas treatment ? In the answer returned by the Parsons & Sons Company to the above-mentioned letter, the only reply to the questions proposed is that found in the following — prefaced by, "We only knew last fall of the San Jose scale." " He [Mr. Sirrine] has informed us now of the plants in- fected, and we shall take them up and burn them as soon as possible. It is our intention to de- stroy rather than to spray. In the plants now sending out we have not noticed any infected ; it would be impossible in any event to subject to the gas treatment while in the rush of sending off trees." Is it possible — as may be inferred from the above, that up to the middle of April, absolutely nothing had been done by this company toward freeing their nurseries from this dangerous insect ? In the absence of present legislation authorizing entrance upon private grounds for the destruc- tion of the San Jose scale, it only remains for purchasers of trees, shrubs, etc , subject to its at- tack to protect themselves so far as they may, by withholding orders from localities known to be infested and where no efficient measures have been and are being taken for its extermination. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 215 been received from their nursery in former years before its condition was known. In consideration of what they have done and are doing for the protec- tion of their customers (and, at the same time, of their own interests), it is believed that orders may be more safely sent to them than to other nur- series where the scale may be reasonably looked for — where no thorough inspection has been made — where it may exist without having been detected, and where no gas fumigation, as a safeguard against such a contingency, is practiced. From the two other known infested nurseries on Long Island, no notice has been taken of the request for lists of New York sales of possibly infested stock, sent them under date of Feb. 15, 1894.* The San Jose Scale in New Jersey. Nearly all of the infestation in the Atlantic and adjoining States having been clearly traceable to the sale — without knowledge or suspicion of their dangerous condition — of infested trees by two nurserymen in New Jersey, there will naturally be a deep anxiety to learn what has been done in New Jersey toward the prevention of further distribution of the dan- gerous pest, through purchases that may have been made in 1894 or to be made hereafter. * The following letter was addressed to each of the three nursery firms above referred to : Gentlemen :— Will you be kind enough to favor me with a list of the addresses of all the per- sons in the State of New York to whom you have made sales during the last five years (1890-1894) of nursery stock which might possibly have been infested with the San Jose scale which you have in your nurseries ? We are expecting to get a bill through our present Legislature by means of which we shall be able to have each locality into which infested stock may have been introduced, examined by an expert, and such measures taken as give promise of exterminating the scale in our State during the present year. If you will furnish me with the list requested, it will aid much in this undertaking. You will also see that in consideration of the serious character of this pest and the danger of its introduction into new localities, that not until we are able to report as free from infestation, all the nurseries of the State, especially those on Long Island which have been widely published (without names), will there be a willingness on the part of fruit-growers to order stock from nurseries actually having or suspected of having, the dreaded San Jose scale. One of the largest nurseries in New Jersey which had made wide distribution of the scale, has sent me a list such as I ask of you, and is doing everything in its power to prevent distribution of any infested stock. I had asked Mr. Sirrine to procure such a list for me, but I have thought it better to make a per- sonal request. We must, if possible, in the interests of both fruit-growers and nurseries, as soon as it can be done, exterminate the scale from our State. I am very desirous of being able to say in the Bulletin which is nearly ready for publication, that I have reliable assurance that no further distribution of the scale will be made from New York nurseries. The name of your nursery will not appear in it. Very truly yours, 2l6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM From a Bulletin entitled "The San Jose Scale in New Jersey" {Bulle- tin 106 of the New Jersey Agricultural College Experiment Station), prepared by Dr. J. B. Smith, Entomologist of the Station, and issued in January, 1895, we learn that the introduction of the scale in New Jersey occurred either in 1886 or 1887, upon a "Kelsey" plum ordered by the two nurseries under the representation of its being curculio proof, from the San Jose district, California. It is also known that some Idaho pear stock brought from nurseries on the Pacific Coast were also infested. As soon as Dr. Smith became aware (in April 1894) of the existence of the scale in the State, he at once, with his accustomed energy, entered upon the task of finding the nurseries from which the infested stock had been sent, and so far as possible, the other infested localities within the limits of the State. Two large and well-known nurseries, widely separ- ated, were soon located, and these, so far as could be ascertained, were the only distributing centers. The owners, upon being informed of the dangerous character of the pest that they were harboring, and the effect that it might have upon their business in the future, immediately took active steps for stamping out the insect upon their bearing trees, upon which it mainly occurred, and promised to prevent, through fumigation or otherwise, further shipment of infested stock. In one of the nurseries several blocks of young stock were at once torn up and burned. The scale had been distributed from these nurseries to a number of orchards throughout the State (nearly one hundred were known to Dr. Smith), but nowhere in sufficient numbers to have spread from the orchard in which it was at first introduced. In all of these, it is believed that measures will be taken by their owners for the prevention of further spread, and toward extermination. The work will be carefully watched, and, with our knowledge of the zeal, persistence, and ability shown by Dr. Smith in all of his operations against the noxious insects that are so unfortunate as to intrude within his jurisdiction, we have every assurance that, if extermination is possible, it will be speedily effected. The Two Infested New Jersey Nurseries. The interest felt among the fruit-growers of New York in the New Jer- sey nurseries, from which large purchases have been made e.ich year, has been already mentioned, and will warrant a more particular reference to their present condition. Quite a satisfactory account of one, and an en- couraging account of the other, can be given, based on letters from Dr. Smith, from correspondence with the proprietors of the nurseries at the REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 217 suggestion of Dr. Smith, and from statements made in a recent number of the Rural New Yorker (of March 9th). The article in the R. N. Y. written by a gentleman connected with that journal, after a visit to Little Silver, N. J., to examine into charges that had been "publicly made that the Lovett Company had done practically nothing to exterminate the scale," publishes the names of" the two nurseries as those of Wm, Parry and the Lovett Company." There can, therefore, be no impropriety in the mention of their names in this Bulletin. The Wm. Parry Nurseries. — The nurseries of Wm. Parry are gladly mentioned, for the same reason given for making public the name of the nursery of Keene & Foulk, of Long Island. Unqualified praise is due Mr. Parry for his strenuous efforts for the extermination of the scale in the widely-known and far-famed " Pomona Nurseries," at Parry, and the aid so freely extended, in the endeavors being made for its extermina- tion wherever his extended sales may have borne it.* Promptly upon receiving a request for a list of New York sales which may have dis- tributed the scale throughout the State, the desired list, embracing several hundreds of names, scattered through nearly every county, was sent to me, without any suggestion of compensation for the labor which it neces- sitated. The expression of the confidence with which it is believed, orders could be sent at the present time to the Bloodgood Nursery, would apply in, at least, equal force to the Pomona Nurseries, where operations against the scale have been conducted largely under the direction and supervis- ion of the New Jersey State Entomologist, Dr. J. B. Smith. The Lovett Company Nurseries. — Of the condition at the Lovett Com- pany Nurseries, the following is reported in the Rural New Yorker, loc. cit. Some bearing trees upon which the scale had been located last au- tumn by Dr. Smith, had meantime been cut down and destroyed. Sat- isfactory apparatus for treating the infested nursery stock was found. Upon the scale being pointed out by Dr. Smith on a considerable num- ber of young pear and apple trees that were heeled in, and in patches here and there in rows, they were cut down as fast as found, and, finally, Mr. Lovett agreed to chop out and burn the entire block. The larger part of the nursery stock had been heeled in, after having been treated with gas. The scales upon them, according to Dr. Smith, had been "practically killed," and, if treated again before being sent out, he would consider them safe. Mr. Lovett would " guarantee to destroy every tree •We are indebted to Mr. Parry for the detection of the scale at Kinderhook, N. Y., in the sum- mer of 1894, as noticed on page 210. 2l8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM where Dr. Smith had found the scale, and, also, to give all these trees a second treatment with gas." The Rural New Yorker concludes its ac- count thus : " If this is done, there will be little danger of importing the scale from this nursery. This statement refers simply to the trees now in the nursery. What has already been sent out we do not know." Much may be inferred, and seems to be implied, in the short sentence last quoted. It is here that the Lovett Company has chosen to place itself in a position exposing it to just and severe criticism. It virtually declines to do anything toward undoing the evil which it has perpetrated — for the most part unwittingly, we believe — in the distribution of in- fested stock in the State of New York. Request was made of them from this office in November, 1894, for a list of sales such as Mr. Parry had sent me — stating fully its character. After several months' delay, reply was made (February 4th), declining the request upon the ground of the immense labor that it would involve, but offering to place their order books at the disposal of any persons who might be sent for their examination. As this plan did not seem feasible to Dr. Smith — after further correspondence with him, he was asked to procure, if possible, the desired list from the company for me, for which the expenses incurred would be paid. Dr. Smith wrote them, urging compliance with my request. The letter received from the company in answer contained the following proposition : "If he [Prof. Lintner] will send us, or you either, a remittance of $250, we will attempt to make the examination desired. * * * But we want a clear understanding be- fore we begin as to the settlement of cost of sending the list he requires." No comment on this modest proposal is needed ! The course taken by this firm has been so unaccountably strange in other respects as to expose them to suspicions which possibly may do them injustice. On the authority of Dr. Smith, the statement is made, that during last autumn [in September] in a visit of observation made them, he found that practically all of the trees in their nursery blocks were infested by the San Jos6 scale. He notified them of this fact at the time, and showed to both the president and secretary of the company who were with him, the infested trees and the scales. Under date of December 28th following, the Lovett Company, writing to the Director of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station in relation to some infested apple trees that had been sent by them to Clermont County, Ohio in 1890 — disavow all knowledge of the scale. They say : " We would like very much indeed to have some branches of the trees referred to for examination ourselves. We have made a critical examina- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 219 tion of our trees here in the nursery and also fruiting trees, and can find no trace whatever upon any of them of the San Jose" scale or other scale- Having read reports upon the San Jose scale, we are confident that we could detect this insect if t existed upon our trees." {Bulletin 56 Dec, 1894, Ohio Agr. Exper. Stat., p. 83). It is fortunate that since this letter was written, such pressure has been brought to bear upon the firm that it has taken the effective measures for the destruction of the scale reported in the Rural New Yorker cited, and in letters received from Dr. Smith. As no aid is to be obtained from the company toward the examination of stock that it may have sent into the State of New York, request is herewith made of each person who within the last five years has received from the nurseries of the Lovett Company, Little Silver, N. J., fruit trees and ornamental shrubs, or other plants on which the scale is known to occur, that he will send his name to the State Entomologist, at Albany, with mention of the fact. If the arrangement proposed can be carried into effect, examinations will be made by competent persons of all such stock for the detection of the scale if present. The San Jose Scale in Ohio. It is learned from Prof. F. M. Webster, that an infested locality in Cler- mont county, Ohio, had come to his notice in December of 1894. The scale had probably been introduced in 1891 on apple trees purchased of the Lovett Company, of Little Silver, N. J. Prof. Webster reports: "The orchard comprised about 600 trees, probably one-third of which were more or less infested — twenty-five at least so badly as to preclude all possibility of saving them, and at least double that number that could only be utilized by cutting off the trunks at a short distance above the ground and grafting them, first disinfecting the stumps. The pest had been noticed the previous year. * * * A smaller orchard set at the same time and with trees from the same nursery, was found infested to a much less extent, though the scales were badly scattered through the orchard. * * * The owners of these two orchards will take this scale in hand and stamp out the pest before it gets a stronger foothold or becomes more widely spread." {Bull. 56 Ohio Agr. Exper. Stat.) Description of the Scale. The female scale, greatly enlarged is shown at Fig. 4 of Plate XII and at b, in Fig. 2 of Plate XIII. It is fiat, almost circular in outline, dark mottled with gray in color, with a small elevated spot at or near its center 220 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM which is black or yellowish ; it measures about one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, but under some favoring conditions may attain a size of one- eighth of an inch ; in its original description it is given as 0.08 of an inch. Professor Comstock described the male scale as "black, somewhat elongated when fully formed. The larval skin is covered with secretion; its position is marked by a single nipple-like prominence which is between the center and anterior margin of the scale. The scale of the male is more abundant than that of the female." It is often oval in shape, and of a smaller size than the female. It is represented at 5 in Plate XII. When occurring upon the bark of the twigs or leaves and in large num- bers, the scales lie close to each other, frequently overlapping, and are at such times difficult to distinguish without a magnifying glass: see Fig. 1 of plate XIII. The general appearance that they present is of a grayish, very slightly roughened scurfy deposit. The natural rich reddish color of the limbs of the peach and apple is quite obscured when these trees are thickly infested, and they then have every appearance of being coated with lime or ashes. When the scales are crushed by scraping, a yellowish oily liquid will appear, resulting from the crushing of the soft, yellow insects beneath, and this will at once indicate to one who is not familiar with their appearance, the existence of healthy living scales on the trees. {Circular No. j, 2d series, U. S. Dept. Agriculture, Washing- ton, 1893.) As before stated, the scale is also found upon the fruit. When present in large numbers, to the extent of covering the entire surface, it interferes seriously with the proper development of the fruit, causes it to crack, often to fall from the tree, or when it remains thereon, renders it un- marketable. It is a conspicuous object from the little depression which it causes (at least late in the season) and usually a well-defined purplish ring with which each scale is surrounded of a diameter considerably larger than that of the scale (see Figure 3 on Plate XII and Figure 2 on Plate XIII). The Insect. The male. — As previously stated, the male only becomes winged. It is shown greatly enlarged in Fig. 3 of Plate XIV — its natural size being indicated by the crossed lines within the circle beside it. Examined un- der a high magnifying power, its wings are seen to be transparent, each with two delicate veins only. It has a well-defined thorax and a rather large head with two large eyes. Its body is of a light amber color with dark brownish markings, and terminates in a slender "stylet" nearly as REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 221 long as the body, which is the external organ of reproduction. The an- tennae are long and conspicuous, ten-jointed, eight of which are hairy. The above description of the male will be of no particular interest to others than the entomological student, as but few fruit-growers will ever see it in nature, as it is difficult to obtain and needs a good microscope for its inspection. The female. — Soon after the leafing of the tree in the spring, when the young have crawled out from beneath the scales, close examination of an infested twig will show them as yellowish objects, scarcely more than points to the unaided eye, moving over the bark (Matthew Cooke has given their size as one seventy-fifth of an inch). They are of an oval form, with the normal number of legs pertaining to insects — three pairs — and a pair of antennae. In Fig. i of Plate XIV, giving an en- larged view of the insect from the under side, its curious long hair-like beak or proboscis which serves it for feeding and for fastening itself to the bark or leaf or fruit, is shown as curled up between the legs. The mature female can only be seen by taking her from beneath the scale at the proper time. She then appears in a very different form from that when moving over the bark. In a subsequent molting she had lost her legs and antennae, retaining only for her need her long and delicate proboscis consisting of four hair-like bristles within a two-jointed sheath. Fig. 2 of the same Plate represents this stage of the insect, enlarged from the hair-line at the right-hand side. It is shown from the underside as seen with its transparency in nature, with a number of its young within, for this species, unlike most of the scale-insects, which produce eggs, may bring forth its young alive. Of the several segments into which the body is divided, as indicated in the figure, the last one bears groups of spin- nerets, anal and vaginal openings, and upon its border, lobes, incisions, and spines (some of which are shown in enlargement at d) : from the loca- tion, number, and form of these, important and reliable characters are drawn for the separation of the species, which may not be found in the study of the external scale alone, where they closely resemble one another. Its Life-History. Most of the Coccidae are oviparous — that is, they deposit eggs under- neath the scale, from which the young are soon thereafter hatched. A few are known to be viviparous, i. <"., bringing forth living young, as Aspidiotus tenebricosus occurring on maple, and a few species of the genus Lecatrium* It would seem that the San Jos6 scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus, * As Lecanium hcsperidtim, L. platycerii, L tulipi/ertE, and two unnamed species on the red- bay and on Acacia. — Riley, in Proc. Ent. Sec. Wash., iii, 1894, pp. 67, 69. 222 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM may be both oviparous and viviparous, for while generally regarded as giving out its young alive (the young shown within the body of the parent in Fig. 2 of Plate XIV), it is also recorded as producing eggs. Dr. Riley has stated of it (be. cit.) — "specimens examined in December, 1879, showed that the mature females were hibernating, and that with some of them were found a few eggs and recently hatched larva; : " on the au- thority of Professor Comstock (Rept. Commis. Agricul. for 1880, p. 305), "the eggs are white: " Matthew Cooke has written (Inj. Ins. Orchard* Vineyard, etc., 1883, p. 62) — "each female produces from thirty-five to fifty eggs ; " W. G. Klee, State Inspector of Fruit Pests in California,, states (Bien. Rept. St. Bd. Horticul. Cal. for 1885 and 1886, p. 373) — "eggs, thirty to fifty produced by each female; color yellow; form ovate;"' Mr. C. H. T. Townsend, formerly of the New Mexico Agricultural Ex- periment Station, states of the eggs — "According to Comstock, the eggs are white; but according to my own observation, they turn to an orange- yellow color in the spring. They hatch here about the first or second week in May " (Bulletin No. 7 New Mexico Agr. Exper. Stat., June, 1892, p. 7). Other writers have also mentioned the eggs. As opposed to this, how- ever,— in colonies of the scale carried over on potted pear trees in the Insectary of the Entomological Division at Washington during the winter of 1893-4, although watched with care and subjected to daily observation, in no instance were eggs seen (Insect life, vii, p. 287). Early in June, ordinarily, in New York and New Jersey, the young escape from underneath the scale, and for a short time may be seen traveling actively over the branches, when they fasten themselves to the bark and commence to secrete a scale. They are not all given out at the same time, even the members of the same family. How long the hiber- nating female continues to reproduce, is not known. It is thought by Dr. Smith that it may extend over the greater part of the summer, and until " their grand- daughters are already full-grown with nearly full-grown progeny : there may be, therefore, upon a plant at one time, young born of as many as three or even four distinct generations." Certain it is that examination of an infested orchard will show the presence of the young, traveling insects at any one time from early June until nearly the last of autumn. On some pieces of twigs cut in Mr. Morrell's orchard on November 1st, the little yellow young were seen in motion two days thereafter in my office. It is probable that the young will not survive on a twig cut from the tree, for more than four or five days. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 223 Observations made on isolated individuals at Washington showed that " the newly-hatched larvae after crawling about for a few hours, settle down and commence at once to form a scale, which is white and fibrous. In two days the insect becomes invisible, being covered with a pale, grayish- yellow shield with a projecting white nipple at the center. # # # Twelve days after hatching, the first skin is cast. * * * In 20 to 21 days after hatching, the females cast their second skin. At 24 days the males begin to issue. * * * At 30 days the females are about full grown, and embryonic young can be seen within their bodies; and at from t,^ to 40 days the larvse begin to make their appearance." For additional observations on the development of other broods, see Howard, Insect Life, vii, pp. 288, 289. From the first brood hatching early in June, a second is undoubtedly disclosed in July. How many follow, has not been ascertained. Matthew Cooke has placed the number during the season at three — the first in June, the second in July, and the third in October; but it would seem that the high temperature of summer could hardly fail of develop- ing at least one additional brood intermediate to those of July and October. Four broods were developed at Washington from over- wintered females, and it was thought that there were ordinarily five. They soon became so inextricably mixed that the only importance that could attach to a determination of their number, would be as indicating the rapidity of increase of the insect in different localities and under different seasonal conditions. The females continue to feed until prevented by the dormancy of the tree in the late autumn. It is thought that most of them pass the winter in about a half-grown stage, and resume their feeding in early spring, as soon as practicable for their entrance upon active life, in June as above stated. Its Food-plants. In addition to the food-plants of the San Jose scale that have been mentioned in the preceding pages, several others have recently been reported to me by Mr. Sirrine, as observed by him on Long Island. The following is the list as it now stands. It will doubtless be largely extended by future observations : Leguminosa Rosacea Tiliacece. Acacia. Linden {Tilia). Almond. Celastracece Peach. Euonymus. Apricot. 2 24 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Rosacea — (Continued) Coniacea Plum. Dogwood. Cherry. Ebenacecz Spiraea. Persimmon (Diospyros). Raspberry. •d Urticacece Rose. ~, Elm. Hawthorn {Crataegus). ^ ^ v a Osage Orange. Cotoneaster. June Berry. Juglandacece Pear. English Walnut. APPle. Pecan Nut. Quince. Elowering Quince. Betulacea Alder? (A /nits). Saxiftagacece Gooseberry. Salicacea. Currant. Weeping Willow. Flowering Currant. Laurel-leaved Willow (from Asia). It will be seen from the above that the scale is recorded as occurring on plants in eleven of the Orders, although one-half of the food-plants named belong to the Order Rosacea. Spread of the Insects. The natural spread of this scale is not a rapid one. As the female is unprovided with wings, and is unable to change its position after having become fixed and throughout its entire period of reproduction, the insect can only pass from one tree to another during the few hours that it con- tinues in its active larval stage. Although a rather rapid traveler its range of locomotion would hardly ever carry it to neighboring trees in an orchard, unless the branches should interlock, in which case every facility is afforded it for spreading the infestation — almost equal to that existing in nurseries where the young trees are grown so closely together as to form compact masses. Carried by birds, etc. — It has been found that the young insect may be distributed through the agency of other insects and of birds. When abounding on a tree to the extent that much of the bark is already occu- pied by the scales, they apparently show a disposition to leave the tree and fasten upon any visiting insect or to the legs of birds. If this is instinctive or in accordance with a purpose, they will leave their hosts as soon as transported to a favorable place for the establishment of a new REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 225 colony. It is stated that several of the young have been seen upon the wing-covers of a single lady-bird, that they are often found on ants, and that they show a preference for insects of dark color. Distribution in Nursery Stock. — The ease with which many of our most serious insect pests may be widely distributed through sales of nursery stock, has been brought to notice so frequently in recent years by studies made of the means by which injurious insects have suddenly made their appearance in new localities, that our economic entomologists have deemed it their duty from time to time to warn fruit-growers of the danger to which they are exposed, and to impress upon them the great importance of a thorough inspection of all the nursery stock purchased by them. Each of the recent occurrences of the San Jose scale in the Eastern States, has been traced directly, or with a strong probability, to nursery infestation as its source. Of course, the danger of such intro- duction is the greater when the insect is so inconspicuous as is this scale, or when it is entirely hidden within its burrows in the branches or trunk, as in the case of the flat-headed pear tree borer, Agrilus sinuatus Oh v., lately discovered in New Jersey orchards by Dr. Smith, and by him traced to a New Jersey nursery which it was supposed had imported it from Europe about ten years ago. Protection from Infested Stock. In view of this danger, the following suggestion made by Dr. Smith {Entomological News, v., p. 311) is both timely and important : "No farmer should set out a tree until he has examined it closely and made certain that no scale-insects infest any portion of it. He should also wash at least the trunk and larger branches with a kerosene emulsion, diulted by no more than five parts of water ; and he should, finally, trim back to the smallest possible amount of wood, burning or otherwise de- stroying all the cuttings," thereby facilitating the growth of the tree, and disposing of the eggs of the Aphides or plant-lice and of mites occurring on the smaller twigs. Dr. Smith also offers the following: "Purchasers of nursery stock could insist on a written guarantee with each lot of stock purchased, that they are clean and free from insect pests, and had not been, in the nursery, affected by any plant disease, nor grown in the vicinity of dis- eased trees." It is not probable that the New Jersey or Long Island nurserymen would give such a guarantee, nor does it seem that they could safely do so. Were they, one and all, skilled entomologists they might even then, 2 26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM with reason, decline to commit themselves so broadly, covering insects of all kinds, both exposed to view and hidden from the eye. But for the present, at least, while the scale infestation of these localities is so gener- ally known, some assurance of protection will be demanded by all to whom the knowledge has come, before further orders are sent to the nurseries involved. The following form of certificate is offered to the consideration of pur- chasers and nurserymen, in the belief that it would prove equally bene- ficial to each party. Without it, or something to the same effect, there is reason to believe, from action about to be taken in another State, that some of the unfortunate nurseries may suffer for a time from a "boycott." Let it be understood — there is no disposition on the part of any ento- mologist to magnify the danger to important interests from this newly introduced pest, but simply to accept it at its full magnitude : — I do hereby certify that the stock sent out herewith has been examined by a competent entomologist, and has been pronounced by him, to the best of his knowledge and belief, to be free from living San Jose scales {Aspidiotus perniciosus); and in the event of its being shown that the stock now sent has carried with it the living insects, I do hereby agree to replace it free of cost with uninfested stock. Proposed Legislation. No legislation has been had in the State of New York against insect pests. Laws of this character, more or less broad and stringent, have been passed in ten of the States, viz., California, Colorado, Idaho, Kan- sas, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Oregon, and Wash- ington. A compilation of these laws, which will be found convenient for examination and as aids to future legislation, has recently been made in a pamphlet of 46 pages by Mr. L. O. Howard, and issued as Bulletin No. 33 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture — Division of Entomology . California, it appears, has taken the lead in resorting to legislation, moved thereto by the urgency of preventing the introduction of species known to be destructive to fruit culture in other parts of the country and from the Old World. Although the State of New York is subjected each year to losses from insect injuries which would aggregate in amount to several millions of dollars — a large proportion of which is preventable — no effort has hitherto been made toward the removal of so onerous a burden through a resort to legislative aid. An investigation of the insect pests of the State which was commenced forty years ago and continued, with a short inter- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 227 val, up to the present, has given to the people of the State details of the life-histories and habits of all of our more noxious insects, accompanied with methods for their control. These studies are accessible in State re- ports to all who may desire to consult them. Their recommendations are conceded to be of great value, and if the information they contain be utilized to the extent that it should be, the occasion will seldom arise when aid from legislation is needed. There may be, however, insect infestation in some other State or coun- try of such a pronounced dangerous character, that its introduction should be guarded against by quarantine laws. Or, an insect may have multiplied to such an extent that its control is entirely beyond individual effort, as in the case of the gypsy moth in Massachusetts. Again, a newly introduced insect pest, known only in a single locality but threatening an almost unlimited range, may call for its extermination while the task is simple and inexpensive.* Still another instance is that of the presence of the San Jose scale in the State of New York. There is reason to fear that it has been sent into every county of the State. In how many orchards it has found place can not be known, without special examination of sus- pected localities by a person competent to identify it. Its dangerous character demands its extermination if it can be accomplished. Although it has had a foothold in the State for, probably, five years or more, it is believed that its extermination is practicable if the proper effort can be made at once, under the provisions of a bill which has been drawn up and introduced in the present Legislature, reading as follows: AN ACT to provide for the extermination of the San Jose Scale in the State of New York. The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows : Section r. Whenever the state entomologist may have knowledge of the existence of the San Jose scale, or has reason to believe in the proba- bility of its existence in any locality within the State of New York on any trees, plants, vines, or fruit, he shall notify the commissioner of agriculture, who shall thereupon appoint one or more experts who shall be sufficiently familiar with the scale to be able to recognize it, for the prompt inspection of the infested or suspected locality. § 2. Such agent shall make thorough inspection of the locality named, and if the existence of the scale is found therein, he shall notify the * Such an opportunity was lost when the pear-midge was confined to a few orchards in the town of Meriden, Conn. 228 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM owner or owners of the orchard, nursery, or grounds in which the, insect is found, of its existence therein, and serve a notice containing a state- ment of all the facts found to exist, upon the owner or owners, with an order that within ten days they shall take such measures as have been proven to be effectual in the destruction of the scale and for prevention of its further distribution, and to continue them until its extermination has been effected. § 3. If the owner or owners shall refuse to comply with the order of the agent, as above stated, the agent shall be charged with its execution, and for this purpose, shall employ all necessary assistance; and such agent or his employes may enter upon any or all premises within the town or city for the purpose of the speedy extermination of the scale. Such agent shall be entitled to compensation for his services under this act at the rate of five dollars for each full day spent by him in the dis- charge of his duties, and the necessary disbursements paid or incurred by him therein. § 4. The sum of five thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated out of the state treasury to carry out the provisions of this act. § 5. This act shall take effect immediately. Remedies. There is no difficulty in killing this insect at any time and in any form of its existence, if the proper remedies are used and properly applied ; but if entire success is demanded — that is, if all of the insects infesting an orchard are to be destroyed, which means extermination, — so far as our present knowledge extends, it can only be accomplished in the winter season. During the many years of its existence in California the experi- ments there conducted, showed that several of the insecticidal applica- tions tested, were entirely effective — particularly some of the "winter washes" of which the formulas have been frequently published. When it became necessary to contend with the insect in its eastern invasion, it was naturally supposed that the Californian remedies would be equally effective here, but experiments with them proved that they only sufficed to destroy a certain percentage of the hibernating form; and even when used in double strength, a large proportion of the scales was not destroyed. These unexpected results may probably be accounted for by a more per- fect dormancy of the insect in the East than in California. Winter washes. — The experiments that have been conducted under the direction of L. O. Howard, Chief of the Entomological Bureau at KEPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 229 Washington, during the past year (1894), have been so varied and appar- ently so thorough that it would seem that the results attained might be accepted, without further experimentation, for future guidance in our operations against this scale. During the latter part of the year twenty- nine different washes were tested by experienced entomologists from the Bureau, upon badly infested trees in Charles county, Maryland. In summing up these results, Mr. Howard has stated : " The only perfect results which have been reached have come from the application of two pounds or more of commercial whale-oil soap to a gallon of water, and from the application of a resin wash of six times the normal summer strength. The effects following the application of these washes leave nothing to be desired. In all cases the most careful search over the sprayed trees has failed to show a single living scale." Unfortunately, both of the above-named washes are somewhat ex- pensive, as the lowest price at which the whale-oil soap can be purchased is four cents a pound by the barrel, making the wash to cost eight cents per gallon. The resin wash is still more expensive. When large orchards are to be treated, the cost is quite an item, but the intelligent fruit-grower will not hesitate when convinced that the choice lies be- tween the expense of the wash and the loss of the trees. The above are known as " winter washes," since they may only be used without serious injury to the tree during its winter dormancy. Later, it would not be safe to apply them unless in a considerably diluted form, when they would only suffice to destroy a portion of the scales. Home-made whale-oil soap. — For those who would prefer making the soap for themselves, at a less cost than if purchased by a small quantity in market, Mr. Howard has given the following formula: Potasli lye, one pound; fish oil, three pints; soft water, two gallons; dissolve the lye in water and add the oil on bringing the mixture to a boil; boil for about two hours and then add sufficient water to make up for the evapo- ration. This will make about twenty pounds of soft soap, equivalent to about five pounds of the hard. Tlie winter resin wash. — The composition and proportions given for this are as follows: Resin, 120 pounds; caustic soda, 30 pounds; fish oil, 15 pints; water sufficient to make 100 gallons. The resin and soda are broken up and, together with the fish oil, are placed in a large kettle, sufficient water being added to cover them. The whole is then boiled for several hours, or " until the compound will mix properly in water without breaking up into yellowish flakes " {Insect Life, vii, p. 293). 16 23° NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Potash wash. — Dr. Smith, in his experiments with the scale in New Jersey, has tested to his entire satisfaction the efficacy of a saturated solution of crude or commercial potash, i. e., potash in a sufficient quan- tity of water to dissolve it, to be used upon trees during their dormancy in the winter season, only. It may be applied either by means of a cloth or stiff brush, or by thorough spraying. The potash eats into or corrodes the scales and kills a large proportion of the insects beneath them. A month later, by which time the scales will have become riddled or loosened, it should be followed with kerosene emulsion made after the usual formula and diluted to a strength of one part to five parts of water. If these applications are thoroughly made, according to Dr. Smith, "not a single insect need escape." Before using any of the above washes, it is recommended to cut back as freely as may be properly done, the infested trees, and burn the cut- tings, as a large part of the scales are to be found on the terminal twigs. Summer washes.— Experiments thus far made with applications that may be safely used during the summer, have failed to give a wash that will destroy all the; scales ; a small percentage will escape. The two that have given the best results are the summer resin wash and an ordinary diluted kerosene emulsion. With either of these, " by three applications at intervals through the summer, the insects may be kept from increasing to any serious extent." The unattached insects and those in which the scale is in its incipiency will readily be killed, and if it were possible to reach all of them, the entire destruction of the insect would be effected. But this is impracticable. The young are hatching continually during nearlv five months of the year, and are to be found at any time during this period in their active stage upon the tree. The number of sprayings that would be required to reach the young before they are protected by their scale, would render this method altogether too laborious and costly to depend upon it for extermination. Gas treatment. — The treatment of infested trees with hydrocyanic acid gas generated within a canvas tent made air-tight through the applica- tion of boiled linseed oil, and fastened closely down over the tree to be treated, has been extensively used in California and with entire success against some of the scale-insects of the western coast. The cost of the tents and the labor involved in their management render it altogether too expensive for general use ; and further, although it has been hitherto claimed that the gas applied in this manner was absolutely fatal to all animal life, vet late experiments appear to show that it may not be en- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 231 tirely depended upon for the complete destruction of the San Jose scale when infesting orchards. According to Mr. Howard, an orchard in Charlottesville, Va., which had been treated with the gas in March last, under the skilled supervision of Mr. Coquillett, although "the operation was as thorough as it could be made, a few of the insects survived the treatment, as was shown by the receipt of living specimens late in the fall from Dr. Hedges " (Insect Life, vii, p. 286).* Treatment of Nursery Stock. — It is believed that the hydrocyanic acid gas treatment is reliable for disinfesting nursery stock of infested nurseries previous to its distribution. Of course, all such stock found to have the scale in abundance, should be promptly taken up and burned, but where the scale is sparsely present or even where there is barely a suspicion of its presence, it should, before shipment be subjected to the gas fumigation. This is now being done in New Jersey and Long Island nurseries — in some of them at least, and should be made a condition upon which any further orders may be given or stock received from either of the infested districts or others that may hereafter be discovered. The manner of treatment is the following : An air-tight box is made of suitable size for the reception of as much stock as may be conveniently treated at one time. The stock is placed therein and subjected for an hour to the gas generated in it by the combination of three ounces of water, a little more than one fluid ounce of commercial sulphuric acid, and one ounce of 60 per cent, cyanide of potassium, to be placed in a glazed earthenware vessel of the capacity of at least a gallon, in the order above named. These amounts are for 150 cubic feet of space. It should be remembered that this gas should not be breathed, as it is exceedingly poisonous. Bibliography. The following references to publications upon Aspidiotus perniciosus are given as an aid to those who may wish to learn more minutely of the life- history and habits of the insect, or for information upon topics which have been omitted from this Bulletin in order not to extend it to an undue length, as for example: the parasites of the insect (see Insect Life, vii, pp. 289-292); the possibility of the limitation of its multiplication in its northeastern range to certain portions of the State of New York and the Eastern States (id., p. 292); its possible introduction through infested Californian fruit (see Bull. 106 New Jersey Agr. Coll. Exper. St., p. 17, * Mr. Howard has since made personal examination of this orchard, and has found the gas treatment inefficacious. The trees are again badly infested, while one result of the fumigation has been to seriously injure the trees by causing the blackening and cracking of the bark. 232 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and Insect Lifr,\\\, p. 167); the varieties of plums and pears more liable to its attack {Bit//. 106 — ante, p. 16); and its natural enemies (id.y p. 16). Comstock: in Rept. Commis. Agr. for 1880, pp. 304-5, pi. 12, f. 7 (original description). Cooke : Treat. Ins. Inj. Fruit and Fruit-trees, 1881, pp. 33-4 (descrip- tion, etc.); in Rept. Commis. Agr. for 1882, pp. 65, 208 (coal- oil and lye remedies); Ins. Inj. Orch.-Vine., 1883, pp. 60-63, figs. 15-21. Chapin : in Rept. Commis. Agr. for 1882, pp. 207-8 (concentrated lye remedy); in Rept. St. Commis. Fruit Pests, in Rept. Cal. St. Bd. Horticul. for 1884, pp. 34, 35, 42. Klee : in Rept. Cal. St. Bd. Horticul. for 1885-86, 1887, pp. 373-375, pi. 1 (habits and remedies). Riley-Howard: in Insect Life, iii, 1891, p. 6^ (in Walla Walla, Wash- ington), p. 487 {Aphelinus parasite) ; m id., iv, 1892, p. 83 (resin wash); in id., v, 1893, p. 53 (killed by Chilocorus),\>. 128 (killed by Scymnus), p. 214 (recorded in Australia), p. 280 (California remedy); in id., vi, 1894, p. 286 (in the East), pp. 360-369, figs. 26-29 (general account). Gregorson: in Insect Life, iii, 1891, p. 169 (in California). Coquillett: in Bull. 23 U. S. Dept. Agr. — Div. Ent., 1891, pp. 26, 27, 28 (gas and resin wash treatment) ; in Bull. 26 id., 1892, pp. 21-25 (food-plants, parasites, remedies) ; in Insect Life, v, p. 251 (imported parasites); in id., vi, 1894, pp. 324-326 (opera- tions in Virginia). Craw: in Rept. Cal. St. Bd. Horticul. for 1891, 1892, p. 285 (remedies and parasites). Le Long: in id., pp. 196, 198, 199 (remedies). Olliff: in New So. Wales Agr. Gaz. for Sept., 1892, pp. 698, 699 (on pear in N. S. W.). Townsend: in Bull. 7 New Mex. Agr. Exp. St., June, 1892, pp. 6, 7 (in Las Cruces). Riley: in Rept. Sect. Agr. for 1891, 1892, p. 244 (washes used in Cali- fornia); in id. for 1893, 1894, pp. 215-221, pi. 1, f. 1 (general account); in Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., xhi, 1893, p. 229 (discovered in Virginia). Howard: Circular No. 3, 2d Ser. U. S. Dept. Agr. — Div. Ent., April, 1893, 10 pp. 5 figs, (its Eastern appearance and remedies); in Insect Life, vii, 1894, pp. 153-163 (Eastern occurrence); in Canad. Entomol., xxvi, 1894^.355 (its distribution); in Insect Life, vii, 1895, pp. 283-295 (life-history, spread, parasites, remedies). Cockerell: in Canad. Entomol., xxvi, Feb. 1894, p. 32 (No. 73 in list of Nearctic Coccidge). Smith: in Entomolog. News, v, 1894, pp. 182-184 (Eastern occurrence), p. 312 (discovered on Long Island); in Insect Life, vii, 1894, pp. 163-167 (in New Jersey); in Gard. -Forest, vii, 1894, p. 344 (danger from infested California fruit); Bull. 106 N. J. Agr. Coll. Exp. St., Nov. 22, 1894, 1895, 24 pp. 5 figs, (in New Jersey, and general account) ; in Entomolog. News, vi, 1895, PP- 153— 1 57 (operations against, in New Jersey nurseries). REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 233 Koebele: in Insect Life, vi, 1894., p! 27 (Orcus parasites). Schwarz: in Insect Life, vi, 1894, pp. 247-252 (in Charlottesville, Va.). Lintner: in Rur. New Yorker, liii, 1894, p. 791 (neglected on Long Island); in Albany Eve. Journ., Nov. 7, 1894 (observed at Kinderhook, N. Y.). Sirrine: in Gard. -Forest, vii, 1894, p. 449 (on Long Island). Fletcher: in Evidence bef. Commit. Agr., 1894 p. 19 (in British Columbia); in 24th Ann Rept. Ent, Soc. Ont., 1895, pp. 73-76, f. 48 (in Br. Columbia, habits, remedies). Slingerland : in Rur. New Yorker, liv, 1895, p. 5 (Eastern localities and prospects). Webster: Bull. 56 Ohio Agr. Exp. St. for December, 1894, 1895, 18 pp. 5 figs, (in Ohio, and N. J. Bull. 106 quoted). H. W. C[ollingwoodJ : in Rur. New Yorker, liv, 1895, p. 167 (observa- tions at Lovett Company nurseries), p. 317 (the Parsons Com- pany nursery on Long Island). [Later references to the Insect.] Smith : Rept. Ent. Dept., N. J. Agr. Expt. Stat, for 1894, 1895, pp. 478- 494, figs 1-5 (general account of, in N. J.) ; in Entomol. News, vi, 1895, pp. 153-157 (treatment in N. J.); Rept. Ent. Dept., N. J. Agr. Expt. Stat., for 1895, 1896, pp. 375-377 (present status of scale in State); Econom. Entomol., 1896, pp. 118-119, figs. 88, 89 (brief account) ; Bull. 116 N. J. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 3-15, figs. 1-3 (present status in N. J., remedies). Sirrine : Bull. 87 N. Y. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1895, pp. 123-132, figs. 1, 2 (general account). Davis-Taft : Bull. 121 Mich. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1895, pp. 36-38, pi. I (introduction, description, remedies). Beckwith: Bull. 25 Del. Coll. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1895, pp. 3-8, figs. 1- 4 (general account of, in Del.); Bull. 30 id., 1896, pp. 3-16 (status of, in Del. and U. S.). Cockerell: Bull. 2 New Ser., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., 1895, p. 94 (on varieties of pear) ; Bull. 19 N. Mex. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 108-112 (in the Messilla valley); Check List of Coccidse, Art. xi, Bull. 111. State Lab., iv, 1896, p. 334, no. 579. Rolfs: Bull. 29 Fla. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1895, pp. 93-1 11, figs. 1-4 (gen- eral account, in Fla.). Howard: in Year Book, U. S. Dept. Agr. for 1894, 1895, pp. 249-252, 254, 267-270, figs. 38-40 (general account) : in Trans. Mass Hort. Soc. for 1896, pt. I, pp. 84-88. fig. 1 (general account). Ff.rnald : Bull. Mass. Bd. Agr., 1895, pp. 23-30, figs. 1-5 (introduction, distribution) ; Bull. 36 Hatch Expt. Stat. Mass. Agr. Coll., 1896, pp. 13-20, figs. 5-9 (general account of, in Mass.). Alwood : Bull. 62 Va. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 31-34, figs. 1-5 (gene- ral account and laws of Virginia upon). Howard-Marlatt : Bull. 3 New Ser., Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. Agr., 1896, pp. 1-80, 1 plate, 8 figs, (extended account of its occurrence in the United States, life-history, remedies). Johnson : Bull. 42 Md. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 154-157, figs. 3, 4 (present status of scale, characters, remedies). Webster : in Bull. 72 Ohio Agr. Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 211-220, 5 figs, (general account, legislation relating thereto). 234 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Myrmeleon sp. The Ant Lion. (Ord. Neuroptera : Fam. Myrmeleonid^e.) An example of the larva of an ant-lion was received from a cor- respondent at Falls Church, Va., accompanied with comments on its habit of moving backwards and an inquiry of the name of the creature. As it could not be carried to its final winged stage, its scientific name could not be determined, but it probably belonged to the genus Myrme- leon of Linnaeus. It differed in its greater hairiness and other features, from the forms that we are accustomed to see in this vicinity among the Helderberg mountains. Number of Species. The species are rather numerous, Dr. Hagen, in his Synopsis of the Neuroptera, published over thirty years ago, recorded twenty-four United §"=!!5^! c States species. Very little has since been added to w, our knowledge of them. For a number of years prior | p- to his death Dr. Hagen had been engaged in collect- ing the material for an extended publication upon the group, but so far as known to me he has only published l^o^, * a Memoir on the Ascalaphid larvae,* and a series of articles in the Canadian Entomologist, vols. 19 and jpifllF 2°> entitled, " Stray Notes on Myrmeleonidae." In ^3^. the latter, description of seven new United States species are contained and one new genus is charac- mandibie more en- terized. Mr. Banks, in his Synopsis, Catalogue and larged at c. (Origi- nai.) Bibliography of the Neuropterout Insects of lemperate North America ,t has listed thirty-four species belonging to the Myr- meleonida. Appearance and Habits of Myrmeleon. It is not strange that the insect excited the curiosity of the sender, for it is one of the most interesting objects of the varied insect tribe. Its name indicates its strength, its ravenous nature, and its chief food. The larva feeds only on living ants and other small insects. It is exceed- ingly unprepossessing in appearance, with its humped body covered with bristles, and its head armed with a pair of formidable curved man- dibles, projecting far in front of its head as shown in Fig. 17. Its * In Stettiner Entomologische Zcitung, Jahrg. 34, 1873, 33. t In Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc, xix, 1892, pp. 327-373. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 235 greatest peculiarity is its utter incapability of making the least progress in a forward direction, its legs being so constructed that it can only move backward. How then can the creature, it may be asked, provide itself with its needed supply of food ? It can only do so by a resort to a cun- ning artifice. Its Pitfall. It constructs a pitfall in which to entrap its victims. Its home is be- neath some overhanging ledge of rocks, the disintegration of which furnishes the material and the shelter needed, such as are offered by the Pentamerus rocks of the Helderberg formation. Depressing the end of its abdomen, it buries its body beneath the sand-like particles of the rocks, and moving around in a circle and throwing outward, with quick and frequent jerks, the sand which falls on its flat head, it marks in a deep furrow the cir- W^0f~rS& cumference of its pitfall. Within this a slightly ~ ' ; - -^ smaller and deeper circuit is taken, and succes- ^?W^W: sive smaller and deeper ones, all the material,, „ „. , „ 7 A ,- r ' Fig. 18.— Pitfall of Ant-lion. (Af- from within being meanwhile loaded upon its ter Emmons.) head, and by it thrown upward and outward, to the distance sometimes of several inches. By this means, by dint of much hard labor, especi- ally when a piece of stone requires to be nicely balanced upon its head for its proper projection, a symmetrical funnel-shaped pit is at length con- structed, the walls of which are as steep as the mobility of the material will permit. (See Fig. 18.) The pitfalls vary in size according to the age of the insect, some being but about half an inch in depth, and the largest perhaps two inches. How the Prey is Captured. The pit having been completed, the ant-lion buries itself at the bottom, with only its mandibles exposed, and widely spread apart, ready to grasp its prey. An ant traveling over the surface of the soil, unsuspicious of the trap, would perhaps endeavor to arrest its steps on the very margin, but the crumbling sand at once gives way beneath its struggles, and down it falls into the very jaws of death. If by chance a foothold is obtained on the sloping side, the watching ant-lion at once projects showers of sand which never fail to bring its victim down. It is instantly seized by its long curved mandibles and dragged beneath the sand to prevent its strug- gles. The mandibles of the larva are peculiarly adapted to the needs of the insect. On the lower side of each, a groove extends to the tip and in this the elongated maxilla is located (Fig. 17c). The sharp pointed 236 NEW YORK STATE MLS ELM mandibles are forced into the body of its prey and the fluids sucked up along their grooves — the slender maxillae playing back and forth and probably aiding in the operation. After its juices are sucked out, the empty carcass is placed on the shovel head, and thrown out as far as possible from the pitfall. The damage to the pit occasioned by the capture and the struggle is then repaired, and the ant-lion resumes its position and patiently awaits the advent of the next victim. Transformations. When the ant-lion has fully matured, it spins itself up in a ball of sand for its pupation — shown at figure 19. In emerging from the cocoon, the thin, transparent pupal case is left projecting from it (see figure). In its perfect state, it is a beautiful and graceful creature, with a slender body and long, narrow, finely reticu- lated wings. They are very rarely met with, probably be- cause their delicate forms fail to arrest attention, or perhaps, coon of ant- as stated by some writer, from their flying mostly at night, lion. (After Emmons.) The larvae can easily be collected in numbers, by going quietly to localities where they occur, and with a piece of bent paper, scooping up the pitfall with its builder at the bottom. The collector, however, must be adroit, for at his first glance into the pitfall he will notice a slide of sand at the bottom, betoken- ing the attempted re- treat of the watchful insect from apprehended danger, and its possible escape from capture. Fig. 20. -The spotless ant-lion Myrmeleon immacui.atus. (After Emerton.) Life-History. The life-histories of the ant-lions (the American species at least), appear not to have been worked out. It seems not to be definitely known whether one or two years are required for attaining their winged stages. Certain it is that their development is very unequal, for their pitfalls of nearly the smallest size and of the largest are often found grouped together under the same overhanging rock. In this uncertainty, some scattered notes of observations of the larva? and the imago may aid REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 237 in the presentation of the desired life-histories hereafter. A few are the following : Latreille states chat the larvae are produced in the summer or autumn, and become pupae on the following spring. Westwood has written : " I have found the larvae of all sizes in July, one of which became a pupa, and assumed the perfect state ; while another, of equal size, remained throughout the winter in the larval state." Emerton obtained a larva of Myrmeleon immaculatus August 29th, at which time it made a pitfall about two inches in diameter. On the 15th of the following May the larva spun its spherical cocoon, and on the 25th of June the perfect insect emerged. Moody has taken M. immaculatus larva in April, which pupated June 4th, and on July 8th gave out the imago. Mr. Felt found the full-grown larva which is represented in figure 17,. at Ithaca, N. Y., on August 15th, at which time pitfalls of about two inches in diameter, were common in certain localities. The PMyrmeleon larva, noticed in the Seventh Report Ins. N. Y., was taken at Coeymans, N. Y. (now Ravena), on June 3d, underneath a carpet. An example of Dendroleon obsoletum (Say), imago, was taken at Pa- lenville, N. Y., on August 6th, and another at Coeymans, N. Y., m the month of September. The following occurs among my notes in 1868 : " Sept. 1st. On a ledge beneath the Pentamerus limestones of the Western mountain at Scho- harie, N. Y., I captured 16 young ant-lions. When placed in a box of sand, they made their pitfalls, which averaged three-eighths of an inch in diameter. I find difficulty in supplying them with food, as they only venture to seize some of the minute Diptera given them — the house-fly, with which I have usually fed them when more advanced, proving too formidable for them at this stage of growth." Still another old note is this : "At Glen Onoko, near Mauch Chunk, Pa., in August, 1884, I collected a number of larval ant-lions. Their number was gradually reduced, through feeding upon one another it was believed, and only four buried for hibernation. On April 3d they emerged from the sand and made their small pitfalls. They were not carried be- yond their larval stage." The following note, by E. A. Birge, Williams College, is also trans- cribed, as containing, in addition to larval presence and pupation, inter- esting observations on the habits of the insect : 238 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM While in the Indian Ladder region, Albany Co., N. Y., in August, 187 1, I found a large colony of ant-lions. It is situated near the head of the " Ladder Road," at the base of the cliffs, and extends for several rods along the path to the " Tory House." The cliffs here hang over the paths, so that it is almost impossible for rain to reach the spot. The soil is com- posed of disintegrated limestone, extremely fine, but mingled with minute fragments of stone as well as larger pebbles. In August, 1 87 1, the colony numbered rather more than six hundred individuals, but on July 6, 1872, there were scarcely half that number. Perhaps at this last date some were in the chrysalis, as of several speci- mens then obtained, most of them entered that state in a short time, while those taken in August remained until the following spring. Food was very scarce in this colony, as it was rare to see more than four or five victims in the lions' dens at one time. On several occasions I noticed a strong and active insect, having ventured over the edge of the pit, run swiftly down and up the other side, leaving the ant-lion wildly snapping its jaws, as the intended victim mounted the steep side of the pitfall. The ant-lion does not, so far as my observation goes, throw up sand to bring down its prey, but throws it up in every direction in order to keep its jaws free to seize the insect when it reaches the bottom of the den. In 187 1 there was another colony (which I did not visit in 1872) near the " Paint Mine." It consisted of some 300 members. I call it a col- ony, although, of course, there was no friendly intercourse between the inhabitants of the settlement. On the other hand, in the most crowded portions, the chief employment of the insects was to throw out the dirt which their active neighbors were depositing on their own premises. Mr. Nathan Banks has kindly furnished me with the following notes: Myrmeleon immaculatus (DeGeer) pitfalls at Washington, D. C, two inches in diameter, in June and September. Imagoes emerged the fol- lowing August. Myrmeleon rusticus Hagen, imago taken in Texas, in September. Myrmeleon pumilus Burm. and M. ingeniosus Hagen, imagoes, Florida, during the winter, probably in February. Brachnemurus abdom- inalis (Say), imago, Texas, in September, captured at light. B. nigri- labris Hagen, imago, Nebraska, in September. Dendroleon obsoletum (Say), imago, Ithaca, N. Y., August 3rd. From Cornell University, through the kindness of Professor Comstock, we have the following : Dendroleon obsoletum imagoes were captured at Ithaca on July 10th, July 27th, and August 4th. This species appears to be more abundant than Myrmeleon immaculatus. Its larva? are quite common in a ravine about three miles from the University grounds. M. immaculatus imago has been taken on August 19th. A pitfall of an ant-lion found in the dirt of the basement of the Ento- mological laboratory, and now in a box of sand, measures at the present time (October 12th) one and one-fourth inches in diameter and five- eighths of an inch in depth. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 239 Habits of Some European Species. While our common species, as noted above, can travel backward only, others have different habits. The larvae, as observed by Brauer in Vienna, of a certain species of Dendroleo?i, D. pantherinus, has the power of walking forward in the normal manner and apparently captures its prey by lurking in concealment and, when the victim is near, rushing upon it rapidly : the larva of this insect is known to climb trees. Prof. Westwood, in the Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1888, published some interesting notes, together with two plates, on the life-history of several Ascalaphides, which are quite closely related to the ordinary ant-lions. The eggs of a species of Ascalaphus have been ob- served to the number of 64 to 75 deposited in a double row at the ex- tremity of a small twig, and guarded by certain curious structures designed to protect the eggs and also to prevent the young from rambling beyond their protection until able to care for themselves. These repagula, as they are termed, are placed in circles about the eggs and are deposited by the female with as much care as the eggs themselves: they are described as elongate, pedunculate, subhyaline, reddish. Dr. Brauer, of Vienna, has observed the eggs of Ascalaphus hungaricus placed in a double row along a blade of grass, from which the young larvae escaped by cutting an oval lid at one end of the egg. It is stated that Ascalaphus longicornis also oviposits in a double row on grass, and that the young larvae make no pitfall but lie in wait under small stones whence they seize their prey, such as small flies and other insects. The larvae of a Ceylonese species, Ascalaphus [Helicomitus] ? insimulans make no pitfalls ; some young ones were found ranged in a single row along the stem of a lily with the abdomen of each covered by the one behind it and with their jaws widely extended: in this manner they waited for prey to literally walk into their jaws. When placed in a box they scarcely ever moved, but lay close to and over each other and awaited their prey. After molting three times, they transformed in a man- ner similar to our native species. United States Species of Ascalaphinae. Six species of Ascalaphinae are listed by Banks as occurring in the United States ; five are southern forms, and one is found as far north as Massachusetts. Possibly it was this species of which a brief notice is given in my Seventh Report (pp. 318, 319), as having been taken beneath a carpet in Albany county, and moving both forward and backward with 240 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM almost equal facility, and manifesting no disposition when placed on sand to construct a pitfall. Some Literature of the Myrmeleonid^e. Reaumur: Mem. des Insectes, vi, 1742, pp. 333-386, pis. 32-34 (habits and structure of ant-lions). Latreille: Hist. nat. Crust, et Ins., xiii, 1805, p. 26. Glilding: in Trans. Linn. Soc, xiv, 1825, p. 140 (describes eggs of Ascalaphus Mac leay anus) \ in id., xv, 1827, p. 509 (additional characters of Ascalaphus). Say: in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, 1839, pp 44-45 (two species described; as Formicated) ; Compl. Writ. — LeCont. Edit., ii, 1883, pp. 413-414. Westwood: Introduct. Class. Ins., ii, 1840, pp. 41-46, fig. 63 (structure, habits, etc.) ; in Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1888, pp. 1-12, pis. I, II (notes on life-history of species of Ascalaphus). Guerin-Meneville: in Bull. Entomol. Soc. Fr., 1846, p. cxv (habits of larva of Ascalaphus lo7igicornis). Kirby-Spence: Introduct. Entomol., 6th Edit., 1846, pp. 276-279 (habits and duration of larval state). Braukr : in Verhandl. des. k. k. zool. bot. Gesellschaft in Wien, iv, 1854, p. 462, 3 pis. (transformations of Ascalaphus macaronius Scop. [A. hungaricus Ramb.] and Myrmeleon tetragrammicus) ; in id., v, 1855, p. 479, 1 pi. (describes pupa and cocoon of A. macaronius Scop. [A. hungaricus Ramb.]). Hagen: Neuropt. North Amer., i86i,pp. 223-240 (descriptions, habitat, distribution), pp. 324-327 (list South Amer. species); in Stett. Entomol. Zeit., Jahrg. 34, 1873, p. 33 (larvae of 18 species of Ascalaphides noticed) ; in Canad. Entomol., xix, 1887, pp. 89-93, 110-112, 133-136, 147-156, 209-217; in id., xx, 1888, PP- 34-38> 57-6o, 72-74, 93-97, 185-191, 204-211 (seven new U. S. species and one new genus characterized). Packard: Guide Study Ins., 1869, pp. 611-613, figs. 603, 604 (general account); in 3rd. Rept. U. S. Entomol. Comm., 1883, pp. 338- 342, pi. Ii, figs. 1-4, pi. liii, figs. 3, 6, 8, pi. liv, figs. 1-9, pi. lvi, figs. 1-7, pi. lvii, figs. 6-10 (structural features); in Kingsley's Stand. Nat. Hist., ii, Crust. Ins., 1884, pp. 158-161, figs. 231- 234 (general notice); Entomol. for Beginners, 1888, p. 87, fig. 78 (mention). Emerton: in Amer. Nat., iv, 1871, pp. 705, 708, figs, 159-162 (larval habits of Myrmeleon immaculatus) Figuier: Insect World, revised by Duncan, 1872, pp. 424-427, figs. 401-407 (popular notice). Moody: in Canad. Entomol., v. 1873, pp. 63-65 (note on Myrmeleon immaculatus). Birge : in Amer. Nat., vii, 1873, p. 432 (habits of larvas); the same in Canad. Entomol., v. 1873, pp 158-159. MacLachlan: in Jour. Linn. Soc , Zool. xi, 1873. pp. 219-276 (classifi- cation of Ascalaphidce). Pettit: in Canad. Entomol., vi, 1874, p. 45 (Dendroleon obsoletus taken at Grimsby, Ont.). REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 241 Wood: Insects Abroad, 1874, pp. 365-373, pi. vii, and fig. 179 (popular account). Ragonot: in Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 5 ser. xiii, 1878, Bull. Ent, p. cxx (discovery of eggs of Ascalaphus longicor/iis). Lintner: in Proc. Albany Institute, 1878, ii, pp. 48, 49 (appearance and habits of larva) ; in Country Gent., xlviii, 1883, p. 881 (habits of larva, description of imago); 2nd. Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1885, p. 233 (abstract of preceding article); 7th id., 1891, pp. 318-320, figs. 35, 36 (habits of two species), p. 384 (mention); 9th id., 1893, p. 440 (reference). Ashmead : Orange Insects, 1880, p. 73 (under orange trees; larva termed "doodle" ). Rennie: Insect Architecture, 1880, pp. 209-216,2 figs, (habits of larva). Moffat: in Canad. Entomol., xvi, 1884. pp. 1 21-122 (notes on habits of larva and imago). Riley: 4th Rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., 1885, p. 100, figs. 28, 29 (may feed on army-worm) ; Pt. F. Bull. 39 U. S. Nat. Museum, 1892, p. 24, figs. 37, 38 (brief notice). Scudder : in Zittel's Handbuch der Palseontol., 1885, p. 777 (fossil species); the same in English, Bull. 31 U. S. Geograph. Surv., 1886, p. 56; Tertiary Ins. in U. S. Geolog. Surv. Terr., xiii, 1890, pp. 92, 147 (fossil American species). Comstock : Introduct. Entomol., 1888, pp. 225-227, fig. 193 (general account). Hyatt- Arms: Guides for Science Teaching, No. viii, Insecta, 1890, pp. 173-175, figs. 121, 122 (brief account). Smith: Cat. Ins. N. J., in Final Rept. State Geol.,ii, 1890, p. 462 (eight species recorded) ; in Rept. N. J. Agr. Expt. Station for 1893, 1894, pp. 500-501, figs. 35, 36 (brief notice) ; Econom. Entomol., 1896, pp. 75-76, fig. 41 (brief, Ascalaphus the most common). RitzemaBos: Tierische Schadhnge und Niitzlinge, 1891, p. 395, fig. 239 (brief notice). Banks: in Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc, xix, 1892, pp. 337-338, 360- 361 (synopsis, catalogue, bibliography of American species). Taschenberg : Brehms Tierleben, Insekten, ix, 1892, pp. 525-528, 1 fig. Comstocks : Man. Study Ins. 1895, pp. 182-183, figs. 22I> 222 (brief account). Sharp : in Cambridge Nat. Hist., v — Insects, 1895, pp. 454-462, figs. 299-304 (larval habits, structure of various species). Thrips tabaci Lindeman. Onion Thrips. (Ord. Thysanoptera : Fam. Thripid^e.) Limothrips tritici Fitch. Packard: 2nd Ann. Rept. Ins. Mass., 1872, pp. 5-8, 3 figs, (erroneous reference). Thrips on onion plants. Shipley: in Bull. 10 Miscellaneous Informa- tion, Royal Gardens, 1887, p. 18. 242 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Thrips tabnci Lindeman : Schadl. Ins. d. Tabak in Bessarabien, 1888, pp. 51-65 (life-history, habits, description, remedies). Thrips sp. Thaxter : in Ann. Rept. Conn. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1889, p. 180 (injuries in Conn.). Thrips sp. Riley-Howard : Insect Life, in, 1891, p. 301 (reference); id., vi, 1893, pp. 4-5 (reference). Thrips sp. Coquillett : in Insect Life, iv, 1891, p. 79 (seriously in- juring potatoes and tumble-weed). Thrips tabaci Lind. Ritzema Bos : Tierische Schadlinge und Niitzlinge, 1891, pp. 577-578 (description, brief notice). Thrips sp. Lintner: in Country Gent., Oct. 27, 1892, lvii, p. 809 (on cabbage); 9th Rept. Ins. N. Y. for 1892, 1893, p. 445 (abstract of notice in Country Gent.). Limothrips sp. Baker: in American Florist, 1892, vii, p. 168, fig. oc- curring in rose-buds). Thrips striata Osborn. Gillette ; in Bull. 24 Col. Agr. Expt. Stat., July, 1893-, p. 13, figs. 11, 12 (may be n. sp., and suggests allii.) ; in 5th Ann. Rept. Col. Agr. Expt. Stat, for 1892, 1894, p. 36 ; in 6th do. for 1893, 1894, p. 55 (referred with doubt). Onion Thrips. Smith : in Ann. Rept. N. J. Agr. Coll. Expt. Stat, for 1893, 1894, p. 441 ; in id. for 1894, 1895, p. 447 (abundant); Econom. Entomol., 1896, p. 102 (mention). Thrips alii [allii] Gillette. Sirrine : in Bull 83 New Ser., N. Y. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1894, pp. 680-683, plate II; the same in 13th Ann. Rept. N. Y. Agr. Expt. Stat, for 1894, 1895, pp. 758-760, plate. Thrips aiii Gillette. Osborn-Mally : Bull. 27 Io. Agr. Coll. Expt. Stat., 1895, pp. 139-142. Thrips tabaci Lind. Pergande: in Insect Life, 1895, vii, pp. 392- 395 (general account). Limothrips tritici Pack. Webster: in Bull. 58 Ohio Agr. Expt. Stat., 1895, pp. xxxiii-xxxiv (on onions in Ohio). Thrips tabaci. Slingerland : in Rural New Yorker, lv, 1896, p. 561 (at Peace Dale, R. L; brief notice with remedies). In August of 1892 a severe attack of Thrips on cabbage was brought to my notice in a letter and infested leaves received from Kingston, Pa. The following was the statement made : I mailed you yesterday a box containing a number of cabbage leaves from the field of a neighbor. To assist in identifying the pest, I mail this morning a box containing cauliflower leaves on which are a number of eggs, worms, lice, etc. Some of our people think the difficulty is a species of fungus, and the lice a result rather than a cause. Late cab- bage have failed from this cause for a number of years. * M. G. The Attack Apparently New. The result of my examination, published in the Country Gentleman for October 27, stated " that the insects present in many hundreds of indi- viduals on the cabbage and cauliflower leaves — minute forms, of which the features are not distinguishable without a lens — and of a green color, REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 243 are a Thrips, the particular species of which cannot be determined. When received (August 23rd) they were nearly all in their larval stage. In assuming the perfect or winged stage, a. few days thereafter, they changed to a dark brown color or black. Examples were sent to the Division of Entomology at Washington, where the Thripidce have been given some special study, but they could not be referred to any known species. As there seems to be no record of thrips attack on cabbage, it may be presumed that this is an unrecognized and undescribed species." "There can be no reasonable doubt but that the Thrips abounding on the cabbage and cauliflower leaves was directly responsible for their strange appearance and condition — quite unlike injury caused by aphis attack or anything that I had ever seen before. The leaves, although recently plucked, were remarkably dry, their juices almost wholly ex- tracted, leaving them of a grayish color. Their entire surface under a lens showed thousands of minute scars, evidently where the epidermis had been broken or pierced by the mouth-organs of the Thrips in feed- ing. On one leaf examined with an achromatic triplet, there were counted 65 of these scars in an area of one-tenth of an inch, giving over 6,000 to the square inch. Injury to this extent would seem to account adequately for the peculiar condition of the leaves, and for the failure of late cabbages as reported." Previously Known as "Onion Thrips." A study of the insect made during the present year by Mr. Th. Per- gande of the Entomological Division of the U.S. Department of Agricul- ture has brought to light some interesting facts in relation to the insect. It appears that a record of an Onion Thrips had been made by Dr. Pack- ard in 1872 which was erroneously referred to Limothrips tritici Fitch. Similar attacks on onions were published by Prof. Shipley, of Cambridge, England, in 1887, and by Dr. Thaxter in Connecticut, in 1889. In 1893, Mr. Gillette reported a great abundance of the insect in Colorado, and, in the event of its proving to be undescribed, proposed the name of Limo- thrips allii for it. In this same year it was observed by Dr. Smith to be extremely abundant upon onions in New Jersey. For other records of its known injuries to onions in various parts of the United States, the care- ful study of Mr. Pergande, published in Insect Life, vii, 1895, pp. 392-395, may be consulted. Its Probable European Origin. From specimens received from Dr. K. Lindeman, of Moscow, Russia, Mr. Pergande has been able to identify our onion Thrips with a species 244 NEW VORK STATE MUSEUM that had been causing much damage to tobacco in Southern Russia, and named by Dr. Lindeman as Thrips tabaci. It had probably been brought to this country many years ago, in infested onions or cabbages, and dis- tributed throughout the States by railroad transportation. Occurs on Many Food-Plants. This species has been commonly recorded as depredating on the tops •of onions, and its injuries have been quite serious at times, as in the in- stance reported by Dr. Packard, where in 1872, one-tenth of the crops of Essex Co., Mass., was destroyed by it at an estimated loss of $io,ooo# In some localities it has proved so destructive that the growing of the crop has been abandoned. Next to onions, its preference seems to be for cabbage. It might be thought that this was a recently acquired taste, for during the space of twenty years no record appears of its being found upon this plant — the first such publication being that made by me in 1892, in the Country Gentleman, as above cited. It seems, however, that Mr. Pergande has found it recorded in his notes, as occurring in the Dis- trict of Columbia and in Virginia, during the years 1882 to 1888, on the leaves of cabbages.* In 1894 its operations on cabbage were studied by Messrs Sirrine and Lowe, of the N. Y. Agricultural Experiment Station on Long Island. It was not very harmful to the cabbage, as it attacked and killed mainly the outer leaves, and deserted them the latter part of September for onion fields. Messrs Osborn and Mally {loc. cit.) have named fifteen food-plants on which the insect occurs. Although little special attention has been given to its food-habits, other writers have so largely added to the number that it hardly seems worth the while to publish a list ranging through so many of the orders which presumably rests principally on their accidental de- tection and identification upon the plant named. The following may be given as a list of the plants on which they have been observed, so far as recorded : Cabbage. Sweet clover (Melilatus alba). Kale. Cinquefoil (Potentilla). Cauliflower. Stonecrop (? Sedutri). Turnip. Squash. Candy-tuft (Iberis). Cucumber. Mignonette [Reseda odorata). Melons. Nasturtium {Tropceohwi), Parsley (Canon sativum). * Insect Life, vii, 1895, p. 394. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 245 Blanket-flower [Gaillardia). Tomato {Lycopersicum esculentum). Cone-flower {Rudbeckia). Tobacco {Nicotiana tabacum). Catnip {Aepeia catarid). Jamestown weed {Datura stramonium). Heal-all {Brunella vulgaris). Garden leek {Allium parrum). Four o'clock {Mirabilis). Onion. Distribution. The distribution of this Thrips is an extensive one, in both Europe and the United States, but how generally throughout these countries we are unable to state. From Mr. Pergande's paper we have the following localities : Russia, Germany, Bermuda, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, Colorado, and California. The Insect Described. It is a little over i mm. long, and varies from a yellowish-green color in the wingless, immature forms to a brownish-yellow and even black in the mature winged insect; in the latter the eyes and the tips of the mouth-parts are a dark-brown color. The antennae are composed of seven subequal segments; the terminal one apparently single but under a high power, is seen to be composed of two minute segments, the apical one not sharply separated from the seventh (Plate XV, fig. 1a). The lateral aspect of the head is shown in figure 2, on Plate XV, in which are represented the minute palpi and the general form of the conical mouth-parts. The four wings are semi-transparent, and with an expanse greater than the length of the body (Plate XV, fig. i) ; stout bristles occur along the anterior margin and the veins ; the outer two-thirds of the posterior margin of the fore wing is thickly fringed with long wavy hairs ; in the hind wings the fringe along the posterior margin extends to the anal angle, though that of the inner third is thinner. The lateral aspect of the tip of the female abdomen is represented in figure 3 of the same plate. On the ventral surface there is a pair of curved saws, which are coarsely serrate along the concave edge and finely serrate on the opposite border. Described from 30 specimens mounted in balsam. Life-History of the Insect. A brief abstract of the life-history of this species based upon the valuable work of Dr. Lindeman, in Russia {loc. cil.), is given, as almost nothing concerning it has been published in this country. 17 246 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The eggs are elliptical, reddish, not more than 0.25 mm. long, and are glued singly along the nerves on the underside of the leaves. At the end of the summer they were found on the upper side also.* The egg stage was found to last ten days. The larva; were observed to hatch in large numbers on the 10th of July. They remained on the leaves where they were first seen feeding and growing until August 10th, at which time they suddenly disappeared. They were then found on the stalk and upper side of the leaves as nymphs. A few scattering larva? were seen after August 10th. Thus the larval period is about 30 days. Of other species studied by Dr. Lindeman, viz., Thrips secalina Lindmn., and Phlczothrips frumetitaria Bel., their larval periods were found to be 28 to 30 and 35 to 40 days respectively. The nymph stage was apparently from five to seven days. On the 27th of August newly hatched larvae in large numbers again appeared — the life-cycle of which was completed in 47 days. " The imago appears to live but one day." Number of Generations. The first generation observed on the tobacco by Dr. Lindeman emerged from eggs laid the last of June, matured, and oviposited about August 17th. From their eggs numerous larvae hatched on the 27th of the month and matured about 37 days later, — imagoes appearing early in October. The insect hibernates in the adult form, and flies the middle of the follow- ing May. Thus there are three generations in a year in Bessarabia — the first flying the middle of May, the second the last of June, and the third the last half of August. The spring brood was not observed per- sonally by Dr. Lindeman, but he was assured by many tobacco growers that the seed beds were commonly infested by large numbers of Thrips early in May. "The winter is passed in the larval or adult form, very likely in each; both stages being represented during the winter months and the adults beginning the deposition of eggs as early in the season as the vegetation is ready for them" (Osborn-Mally, loc. cit.). The above appears to be the only record of how the insect passes the winter in this country. ♦According to Osborn-Mally, loc. cit., p. 140: "The eggs are deposited slightly beneath the surface of the leaf and imbedded in the cell-structure." There is a discrepancy between this and Dr. Lindeman's observations. It certainly appears that the saw (PI. XV, fig. 3) of the female is well adapted to making punctures for the reception of the eggs The differences in habit noted may possibly be due to the food-plant, Dr. Lindeman having studied the insect on the tobacco, and Osborn-Mally on the onion. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 247 Remedies. The injury inflicted by this minute insect when occurring in such myriads can be prevented, if, at its first detection, the plants be thoroughly sprayed with fresh pyrethrum in water, in the proportion of one ounce to two gallons of water. See Insect Life vii, p. 392. A spray- ing with kerosene emulsion would also be effective. Some Characters of the Thripidae. The Thripida;, when full study shall be given them, will doubtless be found to embrace numerous species. Those known to us as occurring in the United States have been referred to ten genera, such as Thrips, Phlceothrips, Limothrips, etc. — the names of all terminating in thrips. Their structure places them quite low in the class of insects. They have been included by some authors (as Packard) in the order of Hemiptera. They have also affinities with the Orthoptera and Neuroptera. They may not properly be assigned to any of the old seven orders, and there is there- fore a disposition to set them apart in a distinct order, with the name Thysanoptera (meaning fringe-wings). Physopoda drawn from the bladder- like termination of their feet, has also been proposed for them. They are small, elongate creatures, measuring less than one-tenth (some less than one-twentieth) of an inch in length, with narrow, long-fringed wings lying flat on their backs in repose. They can run rapidly, often turning up the tip of their abdomen after the manner of the rove-beetles, or they leap or take wing when alarmed. The common ox-eye daisy, or a head of red clover, plucked at almost any time, will give examples of these interesting forms. A few years ago the Thripidce were thought to be harmless insects, nearly all of them possessing carnivorous habits, and living mainly on other insects. More careful study has shown that many are herbivorous, and may be quite injurious to the plants that they infest, their strangely constructed mouth-parts being adapted to both biting and sucking. Some Literature of the Thripidas. An excellent study of the food-habits of the family has been given by Prof. Osborn in Insect Life, vol. i, 1888, pp 137-142, in which the food of 26 species is given, consisting of apple, strawberry, olive tree, potato, melon, onions, corn, clover, grasses, timothy, w-heat, rye, hops, green- house plants, and species of Composite. See also the following publica- tions for additional information regarding the family. Westwood : Introduct. Class. Insects, ii, 1840. pp. 1-5, fig. 57 (Thysanop- tera, structure, habits, systematic position). 2-4 5 NEW YORK STATE MUSLIM Harris: in Hovey's Mag. Hort., July, 1842, viii, pp. 247-248 (on plum); Ins. Inj. Veg., 1862, p. 20 (Thrips referred to Hemiptera), pp. 234-235 (characters of, habits, injuries of T. cerealiuni). Fitch : in Tram. N. Y. State Agr. Soc. for 1854, xiv, 1855, pp. 806-808 (describes Phloeothrips ma/i, habits) ; in Count. Gent., vi, Dec. 13, 1855, p. 385 (describes Thrips tritici, Coleothrips trijasciata) \ ist-2nd Repts. Ins. N. Y., 1856, pp. 102-104; (-P- ma/i), pp. 304-309 (characters of Thysanoptera; descriptions, habits, Thrips tritici , Coleothrips trijasciata). Curtis: Farm Insects, i860, pp. 285-289, fig. 38 pi. J., figs. 8, 9, pi. O., figs. 13-17 (characters, injuries to grains of several species), pp. 431-432 (on potato leaves). Osten-Sacken : in Dipt. North Amer., pt. i, 1862, p. 201 (in Lasioptera galls). Walsh: in Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., iii, 1864, pp. 611-612 (predaceous habits); Practical Entomol., i, 1865, p. 21 (habiis); id., ii, 1866, p. 19 (cannibal), pp. 49-51, fig. (characters, predaceous habits). Packard: Guide Study Insects, 1869, pp. 547-550 (Thripidae referred to Hemiptera near to Corisiae and Capsini ; habits) ; 3rd Rept. Ent. Comm., 1883, p. 297 (reference); Entomol. for Beginners, 1888, p. 73, fig. 58 (referred to Thysanoptera) ; in Psyche, v. 1888, p. 96 (reference). Walsh-Riley: Amer. Entomol., i, 1869, p. 227 (Thrips preying on Phylloxera caryacaalis). Riley: Amer Entomol., ii, 1870, pp. 134-135 (yellow Thrips destroying Curculio eggs) ; the same in 2nd. Mo. Rept., 1870, p. 6; refer- ence to preceding in 3rd do., 1871, p. 29; 5th do., 1873, p. 16 (referred to Thysanopteia), p. 118 (destroying Lasioptera vitis) ; 6th do., 1874. pp. 50-51, fig. 9 (destroying Phylloxera in g.dls) ; in Insect Life, i, 1889, p. 301 (referred to Thysanoptera by West- wood) ; in do., v, 1892, p. 18 (undescribed species on orange trees); Pt. F., Bull. 39 Smithson. Institut., 1892, pp. 18-19, ^S* 22 (systematic position, characters). Glover: in Rept. Dept. Agr. for 1871, 1872, pp. 86-87, fig-21 (Thrips injuring grapes; habits). Figuier: The Insect World, revised by Duncan, 1872, pp. 400-401, figs. 381, 382 (brief notice). Cook: in 3rd Ann. Rept. State Pomolog. Soc. Mich, for 1873, 1874, p. 501 (referred to Hemiptera; brief mention). Wood: Insects Abroad, 1874, pp. 347-349, fig. 172 (injuring wheat, greenhouse plants) ; Insects at Home, 1887, pp. 259-260, fig. xxvii, 1 (brief). Bethune: in 5th Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1875, p. 60 (Thrips preying on Phylloxera). Ashmead : Orange Insects, 1880, p. 72 (on orange); in Insect Life, vii, 1894, p. 27 (species injuring cotton). Hagen: in Psyche, iii, 1881, p. 196 (tarsi of Thrips compared with those of Psocids). Bennett: in Psyche, iii, 1881, p. 249 (wild pansy adapted to fertilization by Thrips). Darwin: in Psyche, iii, 188 1, p. 250 (Thrips on flowers of Primula). REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 249. Hart: in Psyche, iii, 1881. p. 254 (Thiips fertilizing wild pansy). Kitchener: in Psyche, iii, 1881, p. 256 (Thrips fertilizing wild pansy). Ormerod: Man. Inj. Ins , 1881, pp. 86-88, figs, (habits, preventives, remedies, wheat species); 2nd Ed. do., 1890, pp. 97-99, figs, (the same) ; 8th Rept. Inj. Ins., 1885, pp. 28-31, figs, (on corn) ; 18th do., 1895, pp. 41, 42 {Thrips cerealium injuring corn). Howard: in Rept. Dept. Agr. for 1881, 1882, p. 137 (Thrips on dis- eased rice plants); in Entomolog. Amer., iv, 1888, p. 152. Lintner: 1st Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1882, p. 79 (classification), p. 303 (ref- erence), p. 332 (species on apple); 2nd do., 1885, p. 31 (sys- tematic position, habits); 3rd do., 1887, pp. 97-98 (species injuring grass); in Country Gent. Iii, 1887, p. 459 (in straw- berry blossoms, characters, habits, etc.); 4th Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1888, p. 66 (Thrips in Lasioptera galls), p. 198 (abstract of C.-G. article); 5th do., 1889, pp. 302, 304 (reference); 7th do., 1 89 1, p. 316 (Thrips sp. attacked by fungus), pp. 366, 384 (reference); 8th do., 1893, pp. 254-255 (systematic position, habits); 9th do., 1893, p. 377 (reference). Osborn : in Psyche, iii, 1882, p. 369 (injuring style of fruit blos- soms); in Canad. Entomol., xv, 1883, pp. 1 51-156 (some new species, etc.); in Rept. Dept. Agr. for 1887, 1888, p. 164 (species abundant on clover) ; in Insect Life, i, 1888, pp. 137-142 (food habits); in Canad. Entomol., xxiii, 1891, pp. 93-96 (cause of silver-top in grass); in Insect Life, v, 1893, pp. 1 1 2-1 13 {Phlaothrips nigra on clover); in do., vi, 1892, p. 80 (table of stages of several species). Pergande : in Psyche, iii, 1882, p. 381 (habits; preying on Tetranychus telarius and possibly on Cecidomyia legu niinicola); in Insect Life, vii, 1895, pp. 390-395 (observations on ; description of several species). Cooke: Ins. Orchard, Vineyard, etc., 1883, pp. 122-123, figs- 100-102 (species on pear, peach, and plum). Saunders: in 13th Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1883, p. 66 (preying on Phylloxera); the same in Ins. Inj. Fiuits, 1883, p. 238, fig. 244. Hubbard: Insects Affect. Orange, 1885, pp. 164-165, fig. 77 {Thrips tritici on orange; remedies). Webster: in Rept. Dept. Agr. for 1886, 1887, p. 577 (on buckwheat); in Entomolog. Amer., iv, 1888, p. 152 (living on wheat for weeks) ; in Insect Life, ii, 1890, p. 256 (on salsify) ; in do., iii, 1891, p. 453 (species abundant in young growing wheat). Lindeman : Die am Getreide Lebenden Thrips- Arten Mittelruss- lands, 1886, pp. 1-42, figs. 1-18, in Bull. Soc. imper. natur. Mosc, lxii, 1886, pp. 296-337 (several species treated); in Psyche, v, 1888, p. 23 {Thrips sp. injuring grain in Russia). Weed, "C. M. : in Prairie Farmer, v. 59, 1887, p. 343 (severe injury to strawberries); Insects and Insecticides, 1891, p. 95 {Thrips tritici on wheat). Comstock : Introduct. Entomol., 1888, pp. 123-127. figs, in, 112 (characters and classification as Physopoda); Bull, xi Cornell Agr. Expt. Stat., 1889, 131 (Thrips on wheat). 250 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Fletcher: in Entomolog. Amer., iv, 1888, p. 152 (injury to grasses); Ann. Rept. for 1888, pp. 59-62 (injuries by species, remedies); in 19th Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1889, p. n (injuring grass) ; in 20th do., 1890, pp. 2-3 (wide-spread injury to grasses) ; Ann. Rept. for 1892, p. 3 (injuring grass); in Insect Life, v, 1892, pp. 124-125 (injuring grass ; in greenhouses). Riley-Howard: in Insect Life, i, 1889, p. 340 (Thrifts tritici injuring orange blossoms); id., ii, 1890, p. 338 (wheat Thrips) ; id., iii, 1891, p. 77 (referred to Thysanoptera), p. 301 (causing rust of oats) ; id., vi, 1894, p. 343 (injuring carnationsh Thaxtek : in Ann. Rept. Conn. Agr. Expt. Stat, for 1889, 1890, p. 180 {Coleothrips 3-fasciaia causing a rust on oats; onion Thrips). Brodie: in 20th Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1890, pp. 8-9 (Thrips in- juring cereals). Edwards: 21st Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., 1891, p. 103 (reference to remedies). Garman : in Bull. Essex Institute, xxii, Nos. 1-3, 1890, pp. 1-4, fig. (struc- ture of mouth-parts); in Canad. Entomol., xxii, 1890, pp. 215, 216 (asymmetry ot mouth-parts). Forbes: 1 6th Rept. Ins. III., 1890, p. ix, pi. v, fig. 4; 17th do., 1891, pp. xiii, xv {Thrips tiitici on strawberries): in Insect Life, v, 1892, pp. 126, 127 (injuring strawberries and grass). Hyatt-Arms: Guides for Science-Teaching, No. viii, Insecta, 1890, pp. 113-114, fig. 62 (characters of Thysanoptera). Mally: Bull. 24 U. S. Dept. Agr. Divis. Entomol., 1891, pp. 30-31 (injuring cotton blossoms). Ritzema Bos: Tierische Schadlinge und Nutzlinge, 1891, pp. 574-578, fig. 349 (characters, descriptions and habits of several species). Taschenberg : Brehms Tierleben, Insekten, ix, 1892, pp. 609-611, 2 figs Townsend : in Canad. Entomol., xxiv, 1892, p. 197 (notes on three species ) Hoskins: in Psyche, vi, 1893, p. 557 (ravages of Thripidge, reference). Bruner : in Rept. Nebr. St. Bd. Agr. for 1893, Ins. Enemies of Small Grains, p. 457, fig. 96 (7. tritici, Coleothrips trifasciatd) ; Insect Enemies Apple, in Nebr. St. Hort. Rept. for 1894, pp. 163, 214, fig. 82 (Thrips tritici on apple). Comstocks: Manual Study Insects, 1895, pp. 119-120, figs. 137, 138 (characters and habits). Sharp: in Cambridge Nat. Hist., v, 1895, pp. 173, 175 (systematic posi tion, characters). Cockerell: Bull. 15 N. Mex. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1895, p. 71 {Coleothnps trifasciata on grass). Hopkins-Rumsey: Bull. 44 W. Va. Agr. Expt. Stat., 1896, pp. 270-271 (injury to grass). Smith : Econom. Entomol., 1896, pp. 101-103, fig. 73 (characters, several species mentioned, remedies). REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 251 Schoturus nivicola (Fitch). The Snow Flea. (Ord. Thysanura : Fam. Podurid^e.) Fitch: in Araer. Quart. Journ. Agricul. Sci., May, 1847, v> P- 2^4; in id. for Sept., 1847, vi, p. 152; Winter Ins. N. Y. (sep. from prec.).pp. io-ii (as Podurd) ; the same republished in Lintner's 2nd Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1885, p. 244. Packard : in 5th Ann. Rept. Peabody Acad. Sci., 1873, p. 29-30 (as Achorutes). Lintner: 2nd Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1885, p. 203-206 (as Achorutes). MagGillivray : in Canad. Entomol., xxiii, 1891, p. 274 (catalogued as Achorutes); in id., xxv, 1893, p. 316 {Schoturus proposed, with the Podura nivicola of Fitch as type). In the Second Report on the Insects of New lorh, 1885, pp. 203-207, a notice of some Poduridae is given, under the heading of Achorutes nivi- cola (Fitch). Recent studies given to the Poduridae, by Mr. A. D. MacGillivray* appear to indicate that different species have hastily been referred to this species by authors and accepted as identical with the Podura nivicola of Fitch. It is therefore proper to state that the bibliographical references that appear on page 203 loc. cit. were merely given on belief, and were not based on actual knowledge of their correctness. Dr. Packard, in his Synopsis of the Thysanura of Essex County, Mass.] referred the Podura nivicola Fitch to the genus Achorutes. Lately, Mr. MacGillivray, in one of his articles on North American Thysanura has proposed to retain for Achorutes the species in which the abdomen has no anal spines, and has named as a new genus, Schoturus, those allied species having two anal spines, of which Podura nivicola Fitch is taken as the type. Observed at Ghent, N. Y. While it is not certain that the observations of Poduridae recorded on pages 204, 205 were those of S. nivicola, the following one may be relied upon: In 1893, num- erous examples of a Podurid were received from Mr. E. C. Pow- ell of Ghent, N. Y. Critical examination showed that they con- form so closely to the Fig. 21. -The Snow-flea, Schoturus nivicola (Fitch). Possibly unnaturally swollen, greatly enlarged. (Original.) * In Canadian Entomologist, xxv, 1893, pp. 313-318. t In Fifth Animal Report of the Peabody Academy of Science, 1873, pp. 23-51. 252 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM general description given by Dr. Fitch and the more detailed one of Dr. Packard, as to leave scarcely a doubt of its identity with this species. The insects were found on April 13th in large numbers on the trunks of pear-trees. They appeared to be working up from the ground toward the larger branches. Mr. Powell was fearful that they might injure the trees, but he was assured that they were harmless and their occurrence on the trees was probably accidental. Classification and Characteristics. The FoduridcE are among the most degraded forms of insects: indeed, some writers have regarded them as not belonging to the Class of Insects, but as being quite nearly allied to the Myriapoda. Nearly all recent authors agree in referring them to the Order Thysanura, established by Leach in 1796, and in the suborder of Collembola. Dr. Sharp, in his late publication in the " Cambridge Natural History," has revived the old Linnaean Order of Aptera; to include the two suborders, (1) Thy- sanura, and (2) Collembola. To the former belong the species of Lepisma and allied genera commonly known as " bristle-tails," and to the latter, the Poduridce or " spring-tails." A distinctive feature of the Poduridce, separating them from all other known insect forms, is a leaping apparatus near the end of the abdomen. The spring, represented in figure 22, consists of a basal part usually of a subtriangular form, bearing a pair of appendages composed each of two distinct joints. During life it is flexed beneath the body directed forward, and held in position by means of a " catch " attached to the under sur- face of the third abdominal segment. On the sudden release of the spring from the catch, its elasticity projects the insect into the air as if rebounding from a springboard to a distance often of an inch or more. This process is repeated until the insect finds itself in a position of imaginary security. Another distinctive feature of this family is " the ventral tube " project- ing from the first abdominal segment, and appearing as a simple tubercle divided by a central slit. Various opinions have prevailed in regard to its functions. Sir John Lubbock accepts DeGeer's inter- pretation of it, viz., that it serves as a Fig. 22.-Springr of SchotukuTTiv'i- sucker and is used in case its feet do not cola, lateral aspect, very greatly __ . , . , ... enlarged. (Original.) ' sufficiently perform their purpose while ascending a smooth surface — an adhesive fluid being emitted from it. The original description of this species by Dr. Fitch, may be found in my Second Report, 1885, page 265, accompanied with a more detailed one by Dr. Packard. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 253 Achorutes diversiceps n. sp. (Ord. Thysanura: Fam. Podurid^e.) Of examples of a Podurid which came under my observation nearly twenty-five years ago, at Center, N. Y., now known as Karner — a sta- tion on the N. Y. Central Railroad midway between Albany and Sche- nectady,— I had written as follows in the Country Gentleman for March 22, 1879, at page 327 : "A species closely allied to the above, [referring to Lipura fimetariai now Aphorura armata], but somewhat larger in size and of a black color, once came under my observation at Center, N. Y., in most extraordinary number. Many millions of individuals must have been present, covering a damp tract of Sand in a roadway near Fig. 23. -Achorutes diversiceps, greatly 1 j-,,. . j , enlarged; possibly unnaturally swollen. a swamp, and filling the ruts made by (Original.) wagon wheels (to the depth of half an inch or more) in places. The species has not been determined. It has been referred to the family Lipurince, and seems very much like the old European species, Podura aquatica, mentioned from Greenland, and may possibly be identical with it, according to Dr. Hagen, who has only seen dried and shriveled speci- mens of it." Recent studies of some of the specimens in which the characters were well brought out by treating them with a weak solution of potash lead us to regard it as undescribed, as its characters differ from any description accessible, and it is therefore described as new. Achorutes diversiceps n. sp. Figures 23, 24, 25. — Color a uniform plumbeous. Head wider than body, dorsal aspect subtriangular, occiput high. Antennae about two-thirds the length of the head, sparsely setose, stout, four-segmented; segments one and two nearly equal, three and four slightly longer and stouter. Eye-groups high upon the occiput, posterior to insertion of antennas, each including seven or eight, and possibly ten, ocelli. Fig. 24.— ciaw of Thorax and abdomen sparsely clothed with scattering f™"™5 ™~ hairs; body increasing in size to the fourth abdominal greatly enlarged. segment. Legs four-segmented, with scattering hairs, and ( ngina -^ bifurcate, curved claws (fig. 24). Ventral sucker prominent, with central papilla, around which are several setae. Tenaculum or catch apparently composed of a pair of broadly triangular pro- _^~\ cesses as seen from below. Base of spring or ^-^^"^ ^^ms^^M^, elater two-thirds the width of the body and ^^^u^^^S^^^ tapering gradually to its apex, which is about 1 Vr • , 1 • .1 1 Fit(. 25. — Spring- of Achorutes one-half as wine in ventral view; the paired pro- diversiceps, very greatly en- cesses arising from the base of the spring are lar&ed- (Original.) 254 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM about three times longer than wide and are terminated each by a minute segment one-fifth its length ; the larger segment of the spring with a few long setae, posterior margin toothed minutely (fig. 25). Tergite of terminal segment shorter laterally; pleurite produced ventrally, shorter dorsally, and including lateral portions of the tergite. Long setae occur on the ventral and caudal margins of this segment. Length nearly 0.05 inch. Described from numerous specimens in the State collection. The only reference to the above in my Reports is the following inci- dental one : "I have seen at a glance, in a locality near Albany, within a small extent of roadway, of a single species of a snow-flea — a Podura, more individuals as computed by me, than there are human beings on the entire face of the globe " (Eighth Report on the Insects of New York, l893> Pa§e 266)- My original note regarding the occurrence of this insect has recently come to light. It reads as follows : April 26, 1870. Visited Center for the first time this spring. The day was cold and windy. Took one example of Thecla arsace [Iri/s], and two males of a Geometrid, Aspilates coloraria (Fabr.), of which several were seen resting on damp ground. Immense numbers of a very small black Podura were seen in the wagon-ruts of the road near some standing water, extending perhaps some three rods from it. For this distance, the Poduridse almost black- ened the sand, but at several points they were gathered in a dense mass, of six or eight inches in extent, and nearly half an inch in thickness. There were undoubtedly millions of the little insect assembled at this locality. Scarcely any motion was observable in these masses, unless dis- turbed, when they became quite active, leaping in every direction a dis- tance of about an inch. Tyroglyphus heteromorphus n. sp* A Carnation Mite. (Ord. Acarina: Fam. Acarid^e.) A number of carnations in the greenhouse of Samuel Wheeler, Berlin, Mass., were observed to die gradually at the base, and in time the plants perished. The stems usually began to decay just below the surface of the ground. In some cases the whole plant, and in others individual * Communicated by E. P. Felt. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 255 branches, would show signs of weakness. The number of plants thus affected in December was so large that the trouble was apparently due to some agency other' than weakness of the plants, improper conditions of the soil, or similar causes. The dying of individual carnations is by no means new to the grower of these plants. They are usually reset without further thought, and the loss attributed to the weakness of the plants or some other cause, and nothing more thought of the matter. In some cases it may be due to malnutrition, but in the present instance there appears to be a well- defined cause, and the same may prove true in other places. An examination of a number of the affected plants showed several large burrows in most of them at or near the surface of the ground, and in these cavities, numerous small white mites, apparently a species of Tyroglyphns, were found. In most of the stems examined, the mites were very abundant — in many places they formed a distinct whitish- appearing layer over portions of the affected parts. A limited number of eel-worms, Anguiliulidce, were associated with the mites. Several much larger, active, reddish mites were also seen in the course of the examination; these, however, are predaceous, and belong to a species of Gamasus — probably undescribed. Notes on Life-History and Habits. These mites can live and multiply rapidly on the decaying carnation roots, provided moisture is present. A number of them were placed in tightly corked vials with bits of the roots. The vials were kept moist and in a warm room from the last of December, 1895, till into February, 1896. While the vials were kept moderately moist, the mites multiplied very rapidly. During the latter part of the time that they were under observa- tion, a black, smutty fungus developed upon the decaying carnation roots and the mites were observed feeding upon it; not only were they seen feeding on the fungus, but the black spores were within their semi- transparent bodies. One mite was observed moving slowly through the accumulated moisture in the bottom of the vial, and turning from side to side, apparently seeking to capture the infusoria with which the fluid abounded. From the above it is seen that these mites feed on decay- ing carnation roots, on fungi, and probably on infusoria. It is also more than likely that they injure the living tissue of the carnation. The drying up of the carnation roots was followed by many of the mites deserting them and betaking themselves to the sides of the vial, where they became fixed and remained motionless for some time. A few days 256 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM after, some mite skins were found, their occupants having disappeared. Many of them had assumed characteristic Hypopus forms, to be described later. Forms Assumed by the Mite. This Acarid appears to have at least five well-defined forms through which it passes in the process of development or which it can assume under varying conditions. The mites hatch from eggs as minute six- legged creatures, as is commonly stated,* which resemble the adults in all other ways except that they have one pair of legs less. When first discovered, the mites swarmed on portions of the carnation roots, in the more common immature form closely resembling the male, but with shorter hairs and with all the legs similar; males and females were also present. After the mites had been under observation a few days, a stout form of a size nearly equal to that of the female was seen, and in which most of the head was concealed. It had quite short legs, and between the posterior pair -were six ventral suckers. These stout short-legged ones traveled slowly at first — later they became motionless, extended their legs forward, and as- sumed the typical form of the larger Hypopus (PI. xvi, fig. 9). Sub- sequently a female was discovered with one of these nearly developed larger Hypopi within her body, thus showing the connection between the two forms, but transformation to the Hypopus was arrested January 27 by placing the individual in alcohol. The change was probably caused by the poor quality of the food, the mites having fed for a month upon the same bit of decaying root. It would thus appear that this is the Hypopus form of the larger or nearly mature individuals. Possibly this transformation under unfavorable conditions so late in life may be limited to the female. The last of January the smaller Hypopus was seen (PI. xvi, fig. 7). Other observers have noted that no Hypopi are to be found until the mites have passed from the six-legged to the eight-legged stage. If such be true, the smaller Hypopi can be developed very shortly after the fourth pair of legs are acquired, as it is usually less than half the size of the other form and smaller than most of the young mites. That the smaller Hypopus is the form assumed by the immature mites is rendered quite certain by the following : January 31st, three of the immature mites were carefully taken — one at a time on a needle point — from the carna- tion root and placed in a clean vial with a fresh bit of cheese. The vial * In this species the smallest examples found possessed eight legs. Xo eggs were seen at any- time. It may be viviparous as are Tyroglypktts longior and 7. sire fHowARD : in Bull. 4 New Ser., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., 1896, p. 101). REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 257 was kept tightly corked. The mites did not take kindly to this substance as food. Nine months later the vial was examined and one well de- veloped smaller Hypopus was found, with the other two in a partly transformed condition. Thus my observations appear to show that there are the larger mites presumably males and females (two of them were observed apparently pairing), the immature and two Hypopal forms to be found in this species. The Hypopus. This form has long been a puzzle to naturalists. It was observed by DeGeer as early as 1735 in great numbers on the house fly. It was given the name of Acarus muscarum. Similar mites were also found later by others on different insects. Much later, in 1834, Duges transferred the Acarus muscarum to the genus Hypopus, which he established for a mite found on Hister. The Hypopi are found abundantly at times attached to the chitinous body walls of different insects, and some are even found upon polished fern leaves and other hard surfaces, — places where they could obtain no nourishment. They are attached by means of their ventral suckers with their anterior feet in the air, or, as in the species studied, they may fix themselves by the suckers upon the feet. Later studies of the Hypopus reveal other species. In these studies, M. Dujardin noticed some that were narrower, more transparent, and com- pletely empty ; some of these, but more rarely, showed in the interior another form of mite, soft and curled up like an embryo ; it occupied the whole internal cavity of the Hypopus as if the latter were a living egg- shell provided with feet. From this he derived the conclusion that the Hypopi were larvag or rather, " if the phrase were allowable, eggs fur- nished with feet." In 1868, M. Claparede announced as the result of his researches that the genus then known as Hypopus was but the male form of certain Tyroglyphidse. He traced the development of the mite from the egg, and found that it emerged as a six-footed larva, thus disproving the interpretation of this form by M. Dujardin. His explanation of the Hypopus was in turn set aside by the observations of several highly com- petent men, among whom were Prof. Robin, M. Fumouse and M. Megnin. It will perhaps be enough to cite briefly the work of the latter. He witnessed the transformation to the Hypopus of a species of Tyrogly- phus, when the mushrooms, on which they were feeding, were allowed to dry. Upon supplying moist mushrooms, the Hypopi transformed back to Tyroglyphi. Twenty times he witnessed these transformations. It 258 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM would thus appear, that the Hypopus is a form assumed by the mite when scarcity of food and moisture threaten its extinction. From the Hypopus having been seen by some within the ordinary mite, this has led them to claim that it is but a parasite of Tyroglyphus. During my study of this mite, I was so fortunate as to detect in the above- mentioned instance the Hypopus within the body of the female. Numbers have also been seen walking around and finally becoming fixed in their characteristic attitude. The Hypopus appears so evidently to be but another form of the mite, that the idea of its parasitic nature is hardly tenable. Description of the Mite. Examples of the mite were submitted to Prof. Herbert Osborn, who pronounced it a species of Tyroglyphus apparently near phylloxera Riley, but with which he could not make it agree in all details. He further added that it might be identical with some of the described European forms. Failing to find a description of a similar species in the limited European literature at my command, it is herewith described as new : Tyroglyphus heteromorphus n. sp. Plate XVI. Male. — Length, about 0.8 mm.; color, pale white; form, elongated, rounded posteriorly. Tarsi, of first two and fourth pairs of legs, with terminal spine beside the curved claw, no sucker visible, last segment elongated, spiny; an- terior two pairs with two long terminal bristles and with a clavate appendage near the base (fig. 3); posterior pair with but one long terminal bristle and no clavate appendage ; third pair of legs much stouter, tarsi short and bearing several long bristles, terminal hook beak-like and with a short spine opposite (fig. 4). Hairs scattering, equa in length to the abdomen ; on posterior margin of cephalo-thorax, two long hairs inclining slightly forward (fig. 2). Posterior to abdominal legs, two suckers may be seen. Female (fig. 5). — Slightly longer than male, stouter, abdomen usually much more distended. Tarsi of all the legs much elongated, those of the two anterior pair with a clavate appendage as in the male but with no short spine beside it (fig. 6) ; legs otherwise similar to those of the male, except that the posterior tarsi bear two long terminal bristles, and that the basal segment of each leg is more nearly globose. Hairs much shorter than in the male, scattering. The immature mite resembles the male in general shape. The hairs of the body are not so long and the legs are all similar. The tarsi are not so greatly elongated proportionately as in the anterior legs of the male. Hypopus forms. Quite variable not only in size but also in appear- ance, the latter perhaps due to more or less complete transformation. The smaller Hypopus, assumed by immature forms, is suboval from a dorsal aspect, laterally, it appears much flattened and in some examples even concave beneath (fig. 7). The snout or beak projects anteriorly, with parallel margins and is terminated by two long bristles. The ante- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 259 rior two pairs of legs are extended forward, usually nearly parallel; the first pair are more elongated, especially the tarsal segments which are terminated by oval suckers on long pedicels (fig. 8), and at the base of the suckers a pair of claws. Second pair of legs shorter, similar but without the oval sucker ; both pairs with the clavate organ as observed in the mature form. Posterior legs much more slender, shorter; at base of last pair, six ventral suckers arranged in two parallel rows. Another stouter oval form was also observed. This may be assumed by the larger females and possibly by the males. The head is nearly concealed and the legs extended forward (fig. 9) ; the anterior pair, however, with no trace of suckers (fig. 10). This form is usually nearly the size of the mature mites, while the smaller Hypopi are less than half the size. Six ventral suckers may easily be seen near the base of the pos- terior pair of legs. It is possible that more than one species may be represented by the forms above described. But, as they were all intimately associated during life, and as a direct connection has been shown between two forms and their Hypopi and in all probability between the forms designated as male and female, no other way is open than to group them all under a single species. An Associated Mite. Several very active reddish mites were found on the roots of the car- nations. One was seen within the cavity with the Tyroglyphus and was probably preying upon it. Specimens of these were submitted to Prof. Osborn, who pronounced them a species of Gamasus related to those grouped with G. crassipes (Herm.). As no description of this mite is accessible to me, it is figured and described; in the event of its being new it may be known as Gamasus longipalpoides. This mite (PI. XVI, fig. 1) is about 1 mm. long of a broadly ovate outline and of a pale red color. Anterior legs much elongated, palpi- form, terminal segment about twice the length of the preceding one ; second pair of legs very stout, much shorter and acutely bent, terminal segment, spiny, chelate, and with a delicate double claw (PI. XVI, fig. ia); posterior legs, spiny and with minute claws. Remedies. The trouble at Mr. Wheeler's was confined largely, if not entirely, to plants which had been set in the greenhouse on soil left in from the preceding year. Very few plants were affected that had been set on soil brought into the greenhouse the autumn before. Hence, much of the trouble from these mites can be avoided by changing the soil, on which the plants are grown, each season. It would be well to remove infected plants from the greenhouse as soon as they exhibit signs of weakness. Their prompt destruction would tend to prevent the spreading of the mites from one plant to another. 260 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Kainit, or other potash salt, has been recommended by Dr. Smith, of the N. J. Agricultural Experiment Station, as an insecticide of value against wireworms in the soil, and also as a substance that will destroy the pear-midge after it has buried for pupation. If effective against these insects, a heavy dressing of it would be of value in the greenhouse. Not only would it destroy the mites in the soil, but it would also stimulate the carnations to more vigorous growth. APPENDIX 18 (A) LIST OF INJURIOUS APPLE-TREE INSECTS. In the " First Report on the Injurious and Other Insects of the State of New York," in 1882, a list was given of the apple insects known in the United States, numbering 176 species. It was then stated: — "The list will, without doubt, be largely extended ; it is published at this time to serve as a basis for future additions. An entire exploration of our ento- mological literature might add nearly or quite fifty species, and careful observation would unquestionably give us no inconsiderable number which have not yet been recognized as apple insects." In 1894 with the above as a basis, a list was published by Professor Lawrence Burner, of the Nebraska State University, entitled. — " Insect Enemies of the Apple Tree and its Fruit," in which were enumerated 280 species. From the time of publication of the list of 1882, it has been steadily growing by additions in MS., until as now presented it has more than doubled its original extent — the number of known species being now given as 356. It is hardly necessary to state that not all the species herein recorded, are to be regarded as specially injurious to the apple-tree and its fruit but as each one is known to make it, at times, its food-plant from choice (many others will feed upon it in confinement), the least harmful among them may at any time, through such sudden and inexplicable multiplica- tion as is often witnessed in the insect world, become a serious pest. The authority for including the species in the list is given in each instance. For convenience of those who may be willing to scrutinize the list with a view of supplying omissions, the species have been arranged under their several Orders in systematic arrangement. Additions to the list would be gladly received as adding to its interest and value. 264 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM. Hymenoptera. Tremex columba Linn. Pigeon Tremex Riley: Amer. Ent., ii, 128. Formica Noveboraceusis Fitch.* New York ant Fitch: N. Y. Repts., i ii, 62. Solenopsis getninata (Fabr.) McCarthy, in lit. Polistes fuscatus (Fabr.) [pallipes St. Farg.] Authors. Vespa maculata Linn. White-faced hornet Id. Vespa vulgaris Linn. Yellow jacket Id. Lepidoptera. {Diurnals). Papilio Turnus Linn. Turnus swallow tail Harris: Ins. In,]. Veg., 268. Limenitis Ursula (Fabr ). Ursula butterfly Riley: Amer. Ent., ii, 276. Limenitis Arthemis (DRURY). Arthemis butterfly Fletcher: inlit. Limenitis disippus (Godt.). Disippus butterfly Scudder: Bull. Buff. Soc, ii, 250. Thecla calanus (Hubn.). Banded hair-streak Id., Psyche, 1889, 276. Thecla strigosa Harris. Streaked Thecla Id., Bull. Buff. Soc, iii, 111. Sphingidce. Deilepbila lineata (Fabr.). White-lined Sphinx Riley: Amer. Ent., i, 206. Sphinx drupiferarum (Sm.-Abb.). Plum Sjihirix Lintner: Proc. E. S. Ph., iii, 568. Sphinx Gordius Cram. Apple Sphinx Harris: Ins. Inj. Veg., 328. Sinerinthus geminatus Say Pack: 5th Rept. Eut. Comm., 257. Smerinthus excsecatus (Sm.-Abb.). Blind-eyed Sphinx Harris : Ins. Inj Veg., 327. Seeiapyri (Harris) Riley: Proc. E. S. Wash., i, 85. Bombycidce. Callimorpha Lecontei Bdv Saunders: Fruit Ins., 198. Callimorpha furvicosta Clem Riley: Mo. Rept., iii, 132. Spilosoiua virginica (Fabr.). Virginia ermine moth Walsh: Pract. Ent., ii, 103. Hyphantria cunea (Druryj. The weaver Fitch: X. Y. Rept., iii, 19. Hyphantria sp. ? Riley : Ins. Life, v, 17. Halisidota caryie (Harris*. Hickory tussock moth Fitch: N. Y. Rept., iii, 19. Halisidota maculata (Harris). Spotted tussock moth Thaxter: inlit. Orgyia nova Fitch [antiqua (Linn.)] Fitch: 8th Rept. Ins. N. Y, 193. Orgyialeucostigma (Sm.-Abb.). White-marked tussock moth. Harris: Ins. Inj. Veg., 366. Parorgyia parallela Gr.-Rob Cnquillett: III. Rept., x, 166. Ocneria dispar (Linn .). Gypsy moth Fernald: Hatch Bull. 19, 109. Lagoa crispata Packard Saunders: Fruit Ius., 176. Lagoa opercularis (Sm.-Abb.) Walsh: Amer. Ent., ii, 29. Parasa chloris (Her.-Sch.). Green hag-moth Riley: Amer. Ent., ii, 307. Euclea querceti Her.-Sch Thaxter : in lit. Empretia stimulea Clem. Saddle-back caterpillar Riley : Amer. Ent., i. 40. Phobetron pithecium (Sm.-Abb.). Hag-moth Id., ib., ii, 340. Limacodes scapha Harris. Skiff Limacodes Thaxter : in lit. Lithacodes fasciola Her.-Sch. Banded Lithacodes Id., ib. Heterogenea textula Her.-Sch [flexuosa Grote] Beut. : Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci., v, 207. Thyridopteryx ephemersefortnis (Haw.). Bag-worm Riley: Amer. Ent., ii, 38. Oiketicus Townseudi Riley MS. Townsend's bag-worm Towusend: Canad. Ent., xxiv. 199. Chalia Rileyi Heyl^rts Riley : Bui. S. E. Belg., 1884, ccviii. Datana ministra (Drury). Yellow-necked apple-tree worm. . Fitch : N. Y. Repts., i-ii, 235. Datana integerrima Gr.Rob Gr.-Rob.: Proc. E. S. Ph., vi. 13. Datana conn acta Walk Foi bes : 111, Rept. xi v, 95. * Cainponotus heiculaneua (Linn.). REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 265 CEdemasia concinna (Sm.-Abb.) Harris: Ins. Inj. Veg., 425. CEdemasia exiniia Grote Thaxter: in lit. CEdemasia salicisHT. Edw Dyar: Psyche, vi, 325. Schizura unicornis (Sm.-Abb.). Unicorn prominent Harris: Ins. Inj. Veg., 424. Heterocampa manteo (Walker) Pack. : 1st Mem. Bomb. Moths, 229. Heterocampa gruttivitta (Walker) Packard: id., 235. Attacus Prometliea (Linn.). Promethea moth Minot: Canad. Ent., ii, 100. Attacus Cecropia (Linn.). Cecropia Emperor moth Harris: Ins. Inj Veg., 388. Telea Polyphemus (Linn.). American Silkworm Marten: 111. Rept . x, 125. Hyperchiria Io (Fabr.). Io Emperor moth Sauuders: Ins. Inj. Fr., 139. Heurileuca Maia (Drury). Maia moth Marten : 111. Rept., x, 128. Clisiocampa Californica Packard H.Edw.: 5th Rep. U.S. Com., 119. Clisiocampa phi vialis Dyar Dyar : Canad. Ent., xxv. 43. Clisiocampa ambisimilis Dyar Id., ib., 43. Clisiocampa erosa Stretch Id., Psyche, vi, 365. Clisiocampa tboiacica Stretch Koebele: Bull. Div. Ent, 23,42. Clisiocampa Americana Harris. Apple-tree tent caterpillar. Harris: Ins. Idj. Veg., 373. Clisiocampa disstria Hubn.* Forest tent-caterpillar Id., ib., 375. Tolype velleda (Stoll). Veiled a lippet-motk Id., ib., 377. Gastropacha Americana Harris American lappet-moth Packard: Rep Rk. M. Locust 379. GastropachaCaliforiiica Pack. Calif ornia lappet moth Id., ib., 807. Xyleutes [Cossu*] robinse (Peck) French: III Rept., vii, 279. Zeuzera pyrina (Fabr.). Leopard moth Graef: Ent. Anier.. iv, 163. NoctuidoB. Acronycta occidentalis Gr.-Rob Lintner: Ent. Contrib., i, 62. Acronycta morula Gr.-Rob Lintner: Ent. Contrib., ii, 137. Acronycta Radcliffei Harvey Thaxter: Papilio, iii, 17. Acronycta spinigera Guen French: Canad. Ent., xxvii, 332. Acronycta luteiooma Gr.-Rob Thaxter: Papilio, iii, 17. Acronycta brumosa Guen Ueutenmiiller : loc. cit., 211. Acronycta clarescens Guen. [is A. pruni Harris] Thaxter: Papilio, iii, 17. Acronycta oblinita (Sm -Abb.) Thomas: 7th 111. Rept., 201. Agrotis placida Grote. Red cut-worm Davis:Bull 132 Mich., A. E. S., 7. Agrotis saucia (Hubn.). Variegated cut-worm Riley: Mo. Rept., i, 72. Agiotis clandestina Harris. W-marked cut-worm Id., ib., 79 Agrotis scandens Riley. Climbing cut-ivorm Id., ib., 77. Agrotis messoria Harris. Dark-sided cutioorm Id., ib., 75. Agrotis Cochrani Riley. Cochran's cut-tvorm Id., ib., 75. Agrotis tessel lata Harris. Checkered cut-worm Gillette: Bui. 12 Io. A. E. S., 539. Mamestra sub.juucta Gr.-Rob. Speckled cut tvorm Davis : Bui. 132 Mich. A. E. S., 17. Mamestra picta Harris. Zebra caterpillar Coquillett : Ins. Life, v, 287. Mamestra assiunlis Morr Thaxler: in lit. Laphygina frugiperda Guen. Fall army-worm Riley: Amer. Ent., ii, 364. Nolophana malana (Fitch). Many-dotted ap.tr. worm Fitch : N. Y. Repts., i-ii, 241. Amphipyra pyramidoides (Guen.) Guen6e: Noct., iii, 398. Tseniocampa rufula (Grote) Coquillett: Bui. Div. Ent., 32, 25. Taeuiocampa pacifica Harvey Koebele: Bui. Div. Ent., 23, 43. Tseniocampa alia Guen. TJ.istable drab-moth Fitch: N. V. Rept., iii, 26. Scopelosoma sidus Guen Riley: 5th Rept. Ent. Comm., 116. Xylina Bethunei Gr.-Kob. B'thune's Xylina Thaxter: in lit. Xylina antennata Walk. Ash-grey pinion Riley: Mo. Rept., iii, 135. Morrisonia confusa (Hubn.) Dyar: Ins. Lite, iii, 63 * Clisiocampa sylvatica Harris. 266 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Aletia argillacea Hubn. Cotton-moth Riley: Atner. Ent., iii, 68. Heliothus sp M«i Ids- Life. v- 18- Chamyris oerintha (Treits.) Coquillett: Papilio, i, 56. Catocala grynea (Ceamee) Id., 111. Rept., x, 184. Catocala nuptialis Walk Hoy: Tr. Wis. Hort., Soo. lx, 233. Catocala ultronia (Hubn.) - Beutenmuller: loc.cit., 217. Palthis angulalis (Hubn.) Murtfeldt: ? Geometridce. Procheeiodes nubilata (Pack.) (Reference lost.) Ennomos magnaria Guen Crane: Ent. Amer., iv, 13. Ennomos subsignaria Hubn. Snoiv-white linden moth Dodge: Canad. Ent., xiv. 30. Nematocampa filamentaria Guen Beutenmuller: loc cit., 220. PlagodisKeutzingaiiaGROTE Tbaxter: in lit. Corycia vestaliata Gden. Vestal Oorycia Perkins : in lit. EumacariabrunneariaPACK Goodell: Canad. Ent., x, 66. Boarmia plumigeraria Hulst Coquillett : Bull. 30 Div. Ent., 28. Boarmia pampinaria Guen Beutenmuller: loc. cit, 222. Boarmia crepuscnlaria Treits Id , ib., 222. Biston ypsilon Forbes Forbes: HI. Rept., xiv, 95. Amphidasys cognataria Guen Goodell: Canad. Ent,, x, 67. Hybernia tiliaria Haeris. Lime-tree winter-moth Harris : Ins. Inj. Veg., 472. Hybernia defoliaria (Cleeck) Fletcher: Rept. Ent., 1893, 24. Phigalia? cinctaria French. Banded Phigalia French: 111. Rept., vii, 241. Anisopteryx vcrnata Peck. Spring canker-worm Harris : Ins. Inj. Veg., 463. Anisopteryx pometaria Haeeis. Autumn canker-worm Id., ib., 462. Operophtera boreata Walker Bruce: Ent Amer., iii. 49. Petrophora diversilineata Hubn Riley: 5th Rept. Ent. Comm.. 189. Pyralidce. Eurycreon ran talis Guen. Pyralid web-caterpillar Popenoe : Kan. R. B. A., 1880, 100. Phycis [Mineola] indigenella (Zell.). Leaf-crumpler Riley : Mo. Kept., iv, 39. Pempelia Hammondi Riley. Apple leaf skeletonizer Id.. ib., 44. Tortricidce. Teras oxycoccana (Pack.) Riley: Papilio, iv, 71. Teras Cinderella (Rilet). Green apple leaf tyer Riley: Mo. Rept.,iv, 46. Teras malivorana (LeBaeon). [T. minuta Rob.] Le Baron: 111. Rept., 1, 20. Caccecia rosaceana (Haeeis). Oblique-banded leaf-roller Harris: Ins. Inj. Veg., 480. Cacoecia rosana (Linn.) Fernald: Cat, Tort., 11. Caccecia argyrospila (Walk.) Riley: Trans. Am. E. S., x, 12. Lophoderus triferana (Walk.) Murtfeldt : Fern's Cat. Tort , 15. Eccopsis permundana (Clem.). Neat strawberry-leaf roller.. Coquillett: Papilio, iii, 102. Eccopsis malana Fern. Apple bud worm Coquillett: Fern's Cat. Tort., 72. Penthina chionosema Zellee Murtfeldt: Bull. 23 Div. Ent., 51. Semasiasp Riley: Tr. Mass. Hor. Soc, 1,39. Proteopteryx spoliana (Clem.) Murtfeldt: Bull. 23 Div. Ent., 51. Steganoptycha pyricolana Riley Id., ib., 52. Tmetocera ocellana (Schiff.). Eye-spotted bud-moth Harris : Ins. Inj. Veg., 482. Phoxopteris nubecnlana (Clem.). Apple-leaf folder Riley: Agr Rept. for 1878, 239. Grapholitha prunivora (Walsh). Plum moth Id., Amer. Ent, iii, 131. Carpocapsa pomouella (Linn.). Codling moth Linnasus: Syst, Nat,, x, 538. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 267 Tineidw. Ephestia interpunctella HObn. Indian meal moth LintnerMS. (in dried fruit). Argyresthia andereggiella F. v. R Beutenmuller: loc. cit., 228. Gelechia intermediella Chambers Martfeldt: Bull. 23 Div. Ent., 53. Ypsolophus contubernalrilus (Fitch) Fitch : N. T. Repts., i-ii, 231. Ypsolophus malifoliellus (Fitch). Striped palmer-worm. Id., ib., 231. Ypsolophus pometellus (Haebis). Palmer-worm Id., ib., 221. Anarsia lineatella Zell. Peach-twig moth Lintner: Inj. Ins. N. Y., i, 154. Ornix cratffigifoliella Clem Chambers: Canad. Ent., v, 50. Lithocolletis [Ornix] gerainatella Pack Packard: Guide Stud. Ins., 353. Lithocolletis pomifoliella Zell. Thorn-apple leaf-miner Clem.: Pr. A.N. Sc. Ph., 1860, 208. Coleophora malivorella Riley. Apple-tree case-bearer Riley: Agr. Rept. for 1878, 253. Coleophora Fletcherella Fern Fernald : Canad. Ent., xxiv, 122. Tischeria malifoliella Clem. Apple-leaf miner Stainton: Tineida N. A,, 14L. Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clem. Apple-leaf Buccidalrix Id., ib., 145. Aspidisca splendoriferella Clem. Resplendent shield-bearer . Cometock : Ag. Rep. for 1879, 210. Micropteryx pomivorella Pack. Apple Micropteryx Packard: Inj. Ins. etc., 1870, 6. Diptera. Trichocera regelationis (Linn.) Billups: Ent. Mo. Mag., xxii, 284. Euxesta notata (Wied.) Riley : Ins. Life, vi, 270. Sciaramali (Fitch). The apple midge Fitch: N. Y. Repts., i-ii, 252. Trypeta [Rhagolites] pomonella "Walsh. Apple maggot Walsh: 111. Rept., i, 29. Drosophila amcena Loew. Pretty pomace fly Comstock: Ag. Rept. for 1881. 199. Drosophila ampelophila Loew. Pickled- maggot fruit-fly Id., ib., 201. Coleoptera. Cucujidce. Silvanus Surinamensis ^Linn.). Grain Silvanus Glover: Agr. Rept. for 1870, 66. Nitidulidw. Ips fasciatus Oliv. [quadriguttatusFABB.]. Banded Ips Thomas: 111 Rept., vi, 91. Trogositidce, Trogoaita [Tenebriodes] nana (Melsh.). Dwarf Tenebrioides. Riley : Mo. Rept., iii, 6. Tenebrioides corticalis (Melsh.) Hopkins: Bull 32W.Va. Ag.St.,180. Elateridw. Alaus oculatus (Linn.). Eyed Alaus Fitch: N. Y. Rept., iii, 11. Alaus myops (Fabr.). Blind Alaus Id., ib., 12. Melanotus incertus Lec. [decumanus Er.] Riley : Mo. Rept., iii. 6. Melanotus communis (Gyll.). Common snapping beetle Id., ib. Corymbites caricinus (Germ.) Fletcher: Rept. Expt. Farm, 1892, 146. Buprestidce. Dicerca divaricata (Say). Divaricated Buprestis Glover : Agr. Rept. for 1868, 91. Chrysobothris femorata (Fabr.). Fl.-head. Apple tree borer. Fitch : N. Y. Rept., i, 25. Chrysobothris semisculpta Lec. [contigua Lec] Blaisdell: Ins. Life, v, 33. Chrysobothris Californica Lec Id., ib. Malach idee. Attains scincetus (Say) Hopkins: loc. cit., 185. 268 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM PtinidcB. Sinoxylou basilare (Say). Red-shouldered Sinoxylon Riley: Mo. Rept., iv, 54. Bostry chus bicornis (Web.) Hopkins : loc cit., 185. Aniphicerus bicaudatus (Say). Apple-twigborer Fitch: N. ST. Rept., iv. 12. Polycaon coiifertus Lec. Twig-borer Riley : Amer. Nat., xv i, 747. Psoa maculata Lec Coquillett : Ius. Life, iv, 261. Lucamdce. Lucanus daina Thunb. Stag beetle Harris: Ins Inj. Veg., 45. Sca/rabceidce. Sericairieolor (Say). Iridescent Serica Glover: Agr. Rept. for 1868, 87. Sorica valida Harold. Robust Serica Cooke: Inj. Ius. O. V.. etc., 101. Macrodactylus subspinosus (Fabr.) Rose beetle Harris: Ins. Inj. Veg., 36. Macrodactylus unil'ormis Horn Riley: Ins. Life, ii, 115. Lacbnosterna fuse a (Frohl.). 21 ay Beetle Glover: Agr. Rept. for 1868, 104. Lacbnosterna micaus- (Enoch.) Id., ib. Lacbnosterna fraterna Harris. June beetle Harris: Ins. Inj. Veg.. 32. Lacbnosterna pruuina Lec Townsend : Ins. Life, ii, 43. Lacbnosterna rugosa Melsh Bruner: Neb. Hort. Rept., '94, 159. Lacbnosterna iifflnis Lec Id., ib. Lacbnosterna birticula (Knoch). Hairy May beetle Glover: Agr. Rept. for 1868, 88. Lacbnosterna orenulata Frohl Id., ib. Lacbnosterna tristis [pilisoeollis] Fabr Harris: Ins. Inj. Veg., 33. Poly phylla variolosa Hentz. Scarred Polyphilla Id., ib. Polyphylla decern liueata Say. Ten-lined leaf -eater Cooke : Inj. Ins. O. V., etc., 100. Anomala varians (Fabr.). [undulata Melsh.] Tbomas: 6th Rept. Ins. III., i. Anomala inarginata (Fabr.). Margined Anomala Lintner: Inj. Ins. N. V., 412. Pelidnota punctata (Linn.). Spotted Pelidnota Bruner: loc. cit, 1894, 159. Cotalpa lanigera (Linn.). Goldsmith-beetle Id. ib. Allorhina uitida (Linn.). Green June beetle Townsend: Bull. 5N. Me. Ag. St., 10. Allorhina sobrina Id., ib. Euphoria inelancholica Gory. Melancholy chafer Walsh-Riley: Amer. Eut., ii, 61. Euphoria Inda (Linn.). Indian Euphoria Riley : Mo. Rept., iii, 6. Osmoderuia erenieola (Knoch). Hermit Osmoderma Harris: Ins. Inj. Vej:., 42 Osmoderrna scabra (Beauv.). Rough Osmoderma Glover: Agr. Rept. for 1886, 90. Tricbiussp. ?[Valgus canaliculars, Fabr.] Harris: Ent. Corr., 82. Spondylidee. Paraudra brunnea ( Fabr.) Sherman : in lit. Cerambycuiit . Ortbosoma brunneuni Forst. Brown Prionus Riley-Howard : Ins. Life, iv, 270. Prionus laticollis (1>rury). Broad-necked Prionus Riley: Amer. Eut., 1,233. Prionus imbricornis (LlNN.). Tile horned Prionus Riley: Mo. Rept., iii, 6. Cbion cinctus (Dritry). Banded Chion Fitch: N. Y. Rept., iii, 8- Chion garganicus (Fabr.) Id., ib. Elapbi.liou ocellaia (Hald.). [auct. Kiley] Murtfeldt: Rept. Agr. 1888, 137. Elaphidiou villosum (Fabr.). Apple-tree pruner Riley: Amer. Ent., iii, 239. Elaphidion paralleltuu Newm, Parallel Elaphidion Id., ib. Neoclytus erythrocephalus (Fabr.) Chittenden: Pr. E S. Wash., iii. 97. Distenia undata (Oliv.) : Lugger: Psyche, iv, 204. Ipocbus fasciatus Lec Coquillett: Ins. Life, iv, 26-». Psenocerus supernotatus (Say) Packard: Guide Stud. Ins., 500. Leptostylus aculiferus (Say). Prickly Leptostylus Fitch: N. V. Rept., iii, 8. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 269 Leptostylus macula (Say). Spotted Lepto stylus Uracket.t: Pract. Ent., i, 19. S'ernidius [Liopus] alpha (Say) Riley: Am. Ent., iii, 270. Liopus [Lepturges] facetus (Say) Fitch: N. Y. Rept., iv, 65. Hyperplatys maculatus Hald Riley: Amer. Ent., iii, 271. Eupogonius tomentosus Hald Smith : Ins. Lite, iv, 43. Oncideres cingulata (Say). Tivig-girdler Riley: Amer. Ent., iii, 271. Saperda calcarata Say. Poplar borer Riley: Prairie Farm., 1867,397. Saperda Candida Fabr. Round-headed apple-tree borer Hams: Ins. Inj. Veg., 107. Saperda cretata Newm Osborn : Amer. Nat., xv, 244. Saperda vestitaSAY Zabriskie : Jo.N. Y.E. Soc, iv, 96. Oberea sp Riley: Amer. Ent., iii, 181. Chrysomelidae. Syneta albida Lec Lewelling: Ins. Life, iv, 396. Coscinoptera dominicana (Fabr.). Dominican case-bearer. .. Riley: Mo. Rept., vi, 127. Xanthoma 10-notata Say. Spotted Xanthoiiia Id., Bull. 31 Dept. Ent., 17. Glyptoscelis crypticus (Say). Cloaked Ohrysomela Fitch: N. T. Rept., iii, 18. Colaspidca smaragdula (Lec.) Riley-Howard: Ins. Life, vi, 373. Diabrotica 12-punctata (Oliv.) Id., ib., i, 58. Diabrotica vittata (Fabr.). Striped Cucumber-beetle Riley: Mo. Rept., iii, 6. Diabrotica longicornis (Say) Forbes ; 12th 111. Rept., 23. Disonycha Pennsylvania Illiger, Id., 18th HI. Rept., xi. Graptodera [Haltica] chalybea Illiger. Grapevine flea-beetle. McMillan : Bull. 2Neb. Ex. St., 43. Haltica foliacea Lec. Apple flea-beetle Cook : Rural N. Yorker, lxiv, 530. Haltica punctipennis Lec Riley: Sci. Amer., lvi, 384. Crepidodera rufipes (Linn.). Red-footed flea-beetle Lintner: 4th N. Y. Rept , 102. Crepidodera Helxines (Linn.). Yiolaceus flea-beetle Forbes: 14th 111. Rept, 98. Epitrix cucumeris (Harr.). Cucumber flea beetle Id., ib. Odontota Scutellaria Oliv. [dorsalis Thunb.] Riley : Amer. Ent. , iii, 151. Odontota nervosa Panz Harris: Ins Inj. Veg., 120. Odontota rubra Weber Dimrnock : N . E. Homestead, v. 73. Teneirionidae. Helops micans Fabr Riley: Prairie Farm., 1867, 397. Cistelidae. Hymenorus obscurus (Say) Lintner; Count. -Gent , 1882, 605. Melandryidae. Synchroa punctata (Newman) Hamilton: Can. Ent., xvii, 48. Anthricidae. Notoxus calcaratus Horn Jones: Ins. Life, v, 197. Notoxus monodon (Fabr.) Wood-worth : Rep. Cal. A. E. S., 1894-5, 248 Meloidae. Macrobasis unicolor (Kirby). Ash-grey blister-beetle Glover: Agr. Rept. for 1868, 105 Pomphopcea senea (Say). Pear-tree blister-beetle Riley: Mo. Rept., iii, 6. Otiorhynchidae. Epicserus imbricatus (Say). Imbricated snout-beetle Glover : Agr. Rept. for 1870, 71. Anametis grisea Horn [granulatus Say] Riley: Amer. Nat., xvi, 916. Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabr.) Qnin : Gard.-Field, xxii, 1896, 25. Otiorhyuchus picipes (Fabr.) [singularis Linn.] Packard: Rep. Geo. Sur , 1875, 757. Thricolepis simulator Horn. Grey bark-eating weevil Cooke: Inj. Ins. O. V , etc., 71. 270 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Curculionidce. Itbycems Noveboracensis (Forst.). New York weevil Fitch : N. Y. Kept., iii, 13. Magdalis renescens LEC Fletcher: Farm. Adv., 1896, 480. Coccotorus prunicida \Yalsh. Plum-gouger Bruner : Neb. II or. Rept., 1894, 161. Tachypterus quadrigibbus SAy. Apple curculio Walsh : Anier. Ent., i, 36. Pseudanthonomus cratasgi Walsh. Thorn curculio Riley: Amer. Ent., ii, 308. Anthonotuus pomorum (Linn.). Apple-blossom weevil Dietz : Tr. Am. Ent. S., xviii, 204. Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst). Plum curculio Harris: Ins. Idj. Veg., 76. Scolytldce. Monarthrum mali (Fitch). Apple bark-beetle Fitch: N. Y. Rept., iii, 8. Hypothenemus eruditus Westw Hopkins: Bui. 31 W. V. E. S., 132. Hypothenemus erectus Lec Id., ib.. 133. Hypothenemus dissimilis Zimm Marten: Prairie Farm., lxi, 204. Xyleborus pyri (Peck) [dispar Fabe.]. Pear-blight beetle — Harris: Ins. Inj. Veg., 90. Xyleborus obesus Lec Riley: N. Y. Tribune, 1S77, 234. Xyleborus xylographus Say. Wood-engraver bark-beetle Hopkins: loc. cit., 136. Pity opli thorns sp. "h." [Xylocleptes decipiens Lec] Id., ib., 132. Scolytus ruguloetas Ratz. Wrinkled Scolytus Lintner: 4th. Rept. Ins. N. Y., 104. Phiceotnbus liminaris (Harris) var Cockerell: Ins. Life, vii,210. Hemiptera. (Eeteroptera.) Broch.vmenaannulata (Fabr.) Walsh-Riley: Amer. Ent., i, 227. Brocbymena Carolinensis Westwood Bruner: loc. cit., 1G2. Leptocoris trivittatus (Say). Box-elder plant bug Riley: Bull. 12 Div. Ed!., 41. Nysius angustatus Uhler. False chinch-bug Id., Mo. Rept , v, 114. Crophins discouotus (Say) Gill.-Baker: Hemipt. Col., 24. Trapezonotus sp Bruner: loc. cit, 162. Lygus pratensis (Linn.). Little-lined plant-bug- Riley: Mo. Rept., ii, 114. Corythuca arcuata Say Slingerland : Rur. N. Y., liv, 425. Corythueasp Wasbburn: Bui. 31 Or Ag. St., 87. Sineadiadema (Fabr.) Dodge: Forest &. Field, ii, 67. (HomopUra.) ^ Cicadidce. C Cicada septendecim Linn. Seventeen-year locust Fitch: N. Y. Rept., i, 45. C Cicada tredecim Riley. Thirteen-year locust Riley : Mo. Rept , iii, 6. t Cicada Novseboracensirtriraosa Say] Emmons Cooke : Inj. Ins. O. V. etc.. 74. 5 Cicada tibicen Linn. Dog-day Cicada Uhler: in lit. -■ Memfo-acidce. Ceresa bubalus (Fabr.). Buffalo tree-hopper Riley: Mo. Rept., v, 122. 0 Ceresa taurina Fitch. Calf tree-hopper Fitch: N. Y. Rept., iii, 17 ('Theliacrataegi Fitch. Thorn-bush tree-hopper Saunders: Fruit Ius., 46. q Enchenopa binotata Say. Two-spotted tree-hopper Goding: Ins. Life, v, 93. Ja8sidos. ? ^ Jassus irroratus Say Ubler: in lit. O Eutettix seminuda (Say) Gill.-Baker : Hemipt. Col., 102. ' Empoasca albopicta (Forbes). Green apple-leaf hopper Forbes: 111. Rept., xiii, 181. 0 Empoasca Birdii Goding Goding: Ent. News, i, 123. (\ Empoasca obtusa (Walsh) Walsh: Prairie Farm., xxvi, 147. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 27 I • Empoasca viridescens Walsh Id., ib. '^ Typhlocyba rosae (Harris). Rose-leaf hopper Riley: Ins. Life, v, 18. U Typhlocyba inali Prov. Apple-tree leaf-hopper Provancher: Can. Hemipt., 298. I'sytlidw. Psylla pyricola (Foerst.). Pear-tree P&ylla Glcrver : Agr. Rept. for 1876, 33. Aphididce. Schizoneuralanigera Haus. Apple-root plant-louse Fitcb : N. Y. Rept., i, 5. Lachnus dentatua LeBaron LeBaron: 111. Rept., ii, 138. Callipterus nmcidus Pitch. Mouldy Aphis Fitch: N. Y. Rept., iii, 16. Aphis mali Fabr. Apple-tree Aphis Id., ib , i, 49. Aphis malifoliae Fitch Id., ib., 56. Aleurodidce. Aleurndes sp Walsh : Pract. Ent, ii, 58. Coccidce. Icervapurchasi Maskell. Cottony-cushion scale Cooke: Fruit Ins. Cal., 38. Lecauium pruinosuui Coquill. Powdered Lecanium Coquillett: Ins. Lite, iii, 384. Lecanium pyri Schb Cockerell: Canad. Ent., xxvi, 35. Lecanium oleas Bernard. Black scale of Calif ornia Comstock: Ag. Rept. for 1880, 336. Lecanium juglandis Bouche. Plum scale Slingerlaud : Bui. 83 C. E. S., 687. Lecanium sp Coquillett: Bull. 26 Ent. Div., 34. Ceroplastes Floridensis Comst. Barnacle scale Riley: Ins. Life, i, 326. Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst. The pernicious scale Comstock : Ag. Rept. for 1880, 305. Aspidiotus ancy lus Putnam Sirrine : in lit. Aspidiotus Forbesi Johnson. Cherry scale Johnson: Entomo. News, vii, 151. Aspidiotus juglans-regise Comst Cockerell: Canad. Ent., xxvii, 260. Aspidiotus ostrereformis Curtis Douglas: Ent. Mo. M., xxiii. 239. Aspidiotus rapax Comst. Greedy scale Wood.: Rep. Cal. E. S. 1892, 456. Aspidiotus camellias (Boisd.). Camellia Aspidiotus Howard: Year Book Agr '94,262. My tilaspis pomoruiu Bouche. Apple bark louse Harris : lus. In j. Veg., 252. Chionaspis furfurus (Fitch). Scurfy bark-louse Walsh: Pract. Ent., ii, 31. Diaspis ostreaeformis Siqnoeet. Pear-tree oyster-scale Comstock: Ag. Rept. for 1880, 312. Thysanoptera. Heliothrips hasmorrhoidalis Bouche Pergande : Psyche, iii, 381. Phlaeothrips mali Fitch. Apple thrips Fitch: N. Y. Rept., i, 102. Thripstritici Fitch. Wheat thrips Osborn : Ins. Life, i, 141. Orthoptera. CEcanthus niveus Harris. White flower-cricket Riley: Mo. Rept., t, 120. Orchelimum glaberrimum (Burm.) Bruner: loc. cit., 163. Microcentrum retinervis (Burm.). Angular-winged katydid. Riley: Mo. Rept., vi, 158. Chortophaga viridifasciata (De Geer). Green striped locust.. Saunders: Fruit Ins., 139. Camnula pellucida Scudd. Pellucid locust Riley: U. S. Ent. Com. Rept., i, 445. Schistocera Americana (Drurt). American locust Thomas: Amer. Ent., iii, 250. Schistocera Shoshone Thomas. Shoshone locust Bruner : in lit. Melanoplus femur-rubrum (Harris). Bed legged locust Riley: Rept. Ent. Com., i, 445. Melanoplus spretus (TJhler). Pocky Mountain locust Id., ib., 253. Melanoplus atlauis (Riley). Lesser migratory locust Id., ib., 445. Melanoplus differentialis (Thomas). Differential locust Bruner: in lit. 272 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Melanoplus bivittatus (Say). Two-striped locust Bruner : in lit. Melauoplus herbaceus Bruner Id., lb. Meloooplus ciuereus Scudder Id., loc. oit., 163. Melanoplus cyaneipes Bruner MS. Id., loc. cit., 163. Melanoplus devastator Scudder. Devastating locust Coquillett: Bull. 27 Div. Ent. 36. Pezotettixchenopodii Bruneb Bruner: loc. cit., 163. Forticula aurlcularia Linn. Earivig Cooke: Inj. Ins. 0. V., etc., 111. Neuroptera. Termes flavipes Koll.yr. White ant Riley-Howard: Ins. Life, v, 201. Thysanura. Symnthurus arvalis Fitch. Field flea Fitch: N. Y. Repts., vi-ix, 191. Arachnida. Bryonia pratensis Garman. Clover mite Cockerell : Ins. Life, vii, 210. Bryobia «peciosa (Koch) Webster: Ins. Life, i, 3*53. (B) PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. The following is a list of the principal publications of the Entomologist during the year of 1895 : 50 are named, giving title, place and time of publication, and a summary of contents. Ants in a Lawn. (Country Gentleman, for January 3, 1895, lx, p. 9, cols. 1, 2 — 34 cm.) A remedy requested for an infestation of ants in a lawn which was formerly dense woods, at East Williston, N. Y., can not be given with- out a knowledge of the species. If the yellow ant, Formica rufa, it mny be destroyed in its mound by introducing bisulphide of carbon. If the ants can not be traced to their mounds or nests, then, at a time when the lawn "is alive" with them, they may be killed with kerosene emulsion. Lime or kainit, used as directed, may also prove effective against them. [Published in pages 115, 116 of this Report (xi).] The Apple-Tree Aphis. (Country Gentleman, for January 10, 1895, lx, p. 27, cols. 1, 2 — 40 cm.) For an unusually severe attack of aphis in an orchard at George's Harbor, British Columbia, kerosene and lime applied to the trunks of the trees had been recommended. This would not be effective, and why not. The proper remedy is spraying with kerosene emulsion as the young are hatching. Can the blackening of the trunks and branches and stickiness of the leaves result from Psylla attack on pear trees ? It is unusual with aphis but common with Psylla. But the Psylla has not been reported from British Columbia, while the apple-tree aphis was quite destructive there (as quoted) in 1893, and its eggs have been received, fairly black- ening apple twigs from Oregon. Reply to question — the Bordeaux mixture may follow the application of kerosene, or be combined with the emulsion. The Apple-Tree Bark-Louse. (Country Gentleman, for January 10, 1895, lx, p. 27, cols. 2, 3 — 45 cm.) In answer to inquiries with specimens from Pleasant Plains, N. Y., the above-named insect, Mytilaspis fiomorum, is identified. Instead of cutting down badly infested trees, as in years ago, we can now kill the insect and save the trees. The young can be killed by kerosene emulsion spraying at the proper time. Few persons seem willing to devote the time to fight insect pests, yet the future of fruit-growing depends upon its being done. The winter months are favorable for 274 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM destro) ing scale insects by the whale-oil soap wash. Directions are given for its use and its economical home manufacture. The many food-plants of M. pomorum are given. Colorado Beetles. (Country Gentleman, for January 10, 1895, Ix, p. 30, c. 2 — 5 cm.) To the inquiry when the potato bug first came to Albany, reply is made: — its occurrence may safely be given as in 1873. It is recorded as having entered the western limits of the State in 187 1 ; in 1872 as in Cattaraugus Co.; in 1873 as having reached the extreme eastern boundary of the State; in 1874 it was seen in Chenango Co.; in 1875 it was present in several of the New England States. In August of 1876 it was so abundant in Albany, that on some of the streets, in walking a block a number would be crushed under foot. Attacking Scale Insects. (Country Gentleman, for February 7, 1895, Ix, p. 108, c. 2 — 21 cm.) The suggestion is made by a correspondent from St. Lawrence Co., that the remedies for the ravages of the apple-tree scale be published at the present time. We have now a sure remedy for this, and most other of our fruit-tree scales, in the winter application of the whale-oil soap solutions, the formula for which and the manner of use may be found in the Country Gentleman of January 10th. The formula as there given will make about 20 lbs. of the soap — not 25 as stated. Mr. Howard's testimony to the value of this wash is quoted. Garden Slugs. (Country Gentleman, for February 21, 1895, lx, p. 147, c. 1 — 9 cm.) The best remedy is freshly slacked lime applied to them while feed- ing during the morning or evening. As they are able to throw off their slimy coating when obnoxious substances are applied, the application should be renewed at short intervals until they are no longer able to excrete a new coating. Lime water is used .by English gardeners. They may also be killed by sprinkling them with salt. Ducks are serviceable in gardens for hunting the slugs for food. Rhinoceros Beetle. (Country Gentleman, for March 21, 1895, lx, p. 230, cols. 1, 2 — 10 cm.) Two " horned bugs " taken alive from a chestnut stump at Har- mony Grove, Ga., and thought to have killed chestnut trees, are the rhinoceros beetle, Dynastes Tityus. The larva feeds and transforms in decaying cavities in old trees and stumps, and not being a borer, is not injurious. The beetle may be harmful in plowing off the bark to feed on the sap-wood. It is said, also, to be a sap feeder. It has not previously been recorded in chestnut. Bounty on the English Sparrow. (Albany Evening Journal, for March 21, 1895, p. 8, c. 4 — 23 cm., Scientific American, April 27, 1895.) In remarks made upon a Bill offering a bounty on English sparrows killed, under consideration by a Legislative Committee, it was urged, REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 275 that although the bird was " an unmitigated nuisance " (among other reasons for the protection it gave to the Orgyia caterpillars), a bounty was inexpedient : its reduction could be better reached by other means indicated. Its extermination or great reduction through a bounty was impracticable, as shown where bounties had been paid. A bounty would be detrimental to the agriculturist in driving the sparrows from cities into the country, and giving it more general distri- bution. Many insectivorous song sparrows would be mistaken for it and killed. Careless shooting by boys would endanger lives. Vermicides [Insecticides for Vermin.]. (Country Gentleman, for April 4, 1895, Ix, p. 266, c. 4 — 8 cm.) An inquiry for a carbolic acid solution that will kill vermin on cattle, sheep, and lambs, is answered by recommending Buchan's Carbolic soap and Little's Chemical Fluid. Directions as to preparation and method of use are given on the packages. The English Sparrow. (Country Gentleman, for April 11, 1895, lx, p. 285, cols. 2, 3 — 19 cm.) Substantially the same as in the Albany Evetiing Journal of March 21, 1895, of which an abstract is given above. Some Destructive Shade-Tree Pests. (State of New York — Department of Public Instruction, Arbor Day Manual, May 3, 1895, Albany, April 6, r895, pp. 13-17, figs. 6.) Importance of protecting shade-trees from insect depredations. The elm is particulary subject to insect attack. Notice and figures of the elm-leaf beetle, Galerucella xanthomelcena [luteola], and how to destroy it; the Orgyia tussock caterpillar — its beauty, abundance, and control by destruction of eggs ; the ravages of the leopard-moth, Zeuzera pyri?ia; operations of scale insects, illustrated by maple-tree scale, Pulvinaria innumerabilis ; increase of insect pests and number of species infesting different trees, and the importance of the study by young people for their control. A Bad Scale on Currant Bushes. (Gardening, for May 15, 1895, iii p. 263, c. 2 — 9 cm.) Currant bushes in St. Louis are " completely covered with scales," which from examples sent, are identified as Aspidiotus ancylus Putnam — a scale that closely resembles the San Jose scale, Aspidiotus pcr- niciosus, recently introduced into the Atlantic States. If badly infested, they should be cut down and burned. If but moderately infested, spraying with kerosene emulsion early in June will kill the young. All the insects can be killed by a wash in winter with two pounds of whale-oil soap in one gallon of water. The Currant Aphis. (Gardening, for May 15, 1895, iii, p. 263, c. 3 — 12 cm.) The plant-louse reported from Oshkosh, Wis., as curling and blister- ing the leaves of the red currant, is the currant aphis, Myzus ribis 276 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM (Linn.). It can be destroyed by kerosene emulsion or a whale-oil soap solution if applied at the hatching of the eggs and prior to the curling of the leaves. Repelling the attack by mulching the plant with tobacco stems, as reported, would be a valuable preventive if it should prove, on fur- ther trial, effective. The Bean Weevil. (Country Gentleman, for May 16, 1895, lx, p. 389, cols. 1, 2 — 17 cm.) To an inquiry from Butler Co., O., of the construction of kilns for killing the bean weevil, reply is made that any excess of heat used in killing the weevil in stored beans would endanger their germination. Professor C. E. Weed's experiments in killing the pea weevil in an oven exposure of 1460 Fahr. for an hour, are referred to. Exposure of in- fested beans to the vapor of bisulphide of carbon is preferable to heat. Where description of the " Tracy House " for killing the weevil with bisulphide of carbon, may be found. The Bean Weevil. (Country Gentleman, for May 23, 1895, lx, p. 408, c. 3 — 6 cm.) Answer is made to a correspondent from Binghamton, N. Y., that the weevil comes from eggs deposited upon the pods, and no means are known for preventing the deposit. As it is a rather local insect, . all bean growers in an infested locality should combine in killing the insect soon after the gathering of the crop, by the bisulphide of carbon treatment or some other efficient remedy. Millepedes and Wire- Worms. (Country Gentleman, for May 30, 1895, lx, p. 423, cols. 1,2 — 23 cm.) From 40 to 60 "black wire-worms" reported as occurring in single hills of melons, in Pattersonville, N. Y., are millepedes or " thousand- legged worms." What may be done to prevent them infesting crops, as in not using manure in which their eggs occur, applying soot, lime- water, trapping with baskets of damp moss, slices of potato, and cabbage leaves. Figures of wire-worms and of millepedes are given to show their difference. Carpet-Eating Insects. (Country Gentleman, for May 30, 1895, lx, p. 423, c. 3 — 16 cm.) Insects sent from Louisville, N. Y., from underneath carpets, are the larvse of Tinea pellionella (one of the three species of clothes-moths) and of Atta genus piceus, the black-carpet beetle. An account of each is given and how they may be destroyed. The supposed clothes- moths attracted to light in the evening are not clothes-moths, but are species that enter through open windows and are harmless within doors. Plum-Tree Aphis. (Gardening, for June 1, 1895, Hi, p. 281, c. 3 — 16 cm.) The aphides sent from Eaton, O., had all been devoured by the larval Syrphus flies and a Coccinella g-notata inclosed with them, but REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 277 they are undoubtedly, from the statement of their operations, Aphis prunifolii. To prevent its injury, the tree should be sprayed with ker- osene emulsion, soap suds or whale-oil soap solution when the leaves begin to open and the insect appears. Later, they are sheltered by the curling of the leaves. Cutworms. (Country Gentleman, for June 6, 1895, lx, p. 440, c. 3 — 10 cm.) As there are fifty or more species of cut worms, the habits and oper- ations of which are largely influenced by the crops attacked, soil and seasonal conditions, etc., no general remedy can be given for them. The preventives and remedies contained in Bulletin No. 6 of the New York State Museum of Natural History, on •' Cut-worms," are named — twelve in number. A Manual for the Study of Insects. (The Nation, for June 6, 1895, Vol. 60, No. 1562, p. 451, cols. 1, 2, 3 — 42 cm.) Notice of the above-named volume by Prof. J. H. Comstock and Anna Botsford Comstock, 8 vo., 701 pp., 6 plates, and 797 figures: refers to its new system of classification in Lepidoptera, its tables for the determination of families in all orders, the numerous figures for the identification of species, the large number of orders (19) designated, the syllabication and accentuation of the scientific names, etc. The San Jose Scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus, and Some Other Destructive Scale Insects of the State of New York. (Bulletin of the New York State Museum, Vol. 3, No. 13, April, 1895. Published June 11, 1895., 44 PPv 7 plates.) As introductory, what scale insects are, is told. The destructive New York scale insects noticed are: Apple-tree Bark-louse; Scurfy Bark-louse ; Pine-leaf Scale-insect ; White Scale ; Maple-tree Scale- insect ; and Plum-tree Scale-insect. Of the San Jose Scale is given : Introduction and Spread ; Occurrence in the Eastern United States ; Investigations by the U. S. Department of Agriculture; The San Jose Scale in New York; The San Jose Scale on Long Island; The San Jose Scale in New Jersey; Tiie Two Infested New Jersey Nurseries; The San Jose Scale in Ohio; Description of the Scale; Description of the Insect; Its Life-history; Its Food Plants; Spread of the In- sect; Protection from Infested Stock; Proposed Legislation ; Reme- dies; Bibliography; Plates and their Explanations. [Published in pages 200-233 of this Report (xi).] The Asparagus Beetle Goes North. (Country Gentleman, for June 13, 1895, lx, p. 455, cols. 1, 2 — 47 cm.) This insect is detected for the first time as abundant and destructive to asparagus in Magnolia, Mass. The localities where it had pre- viously appeared are named, as tending to indicate that the northward distribution will be confined to the "Upper Austral life-zone." Mag- J9 278 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM nolia and other northern localities named have not hitherto been embraced within the zone as mapped, but they in all probability should be. This zone limitation, if it be established, will allay the fear of several of the more injurious insect pests becoming destructive over a large portion of the State of New York. Its limitation of the San Jose scale spread is stated, and it may finally control the Gypsy Moth. The air-slacked lime remedy for the beetle is given. [See pages 177-181 of this Report (xi).] The Pear Midge. (Country Gentleman, for June 13, 1895, lx, p. 456, cols. 2, 3 — 16 cm.) Pears infested with the larvae of Diplosis pyrivora are received from Millbrook, N. Y., where the attack is said to be new. The nature of the attack, and the history of the pest in this country, are given. No method is known for preventing the infestation of the fruit. The remedies are, destroying the infested fruit, or killing the insect after it has entered the ground, as given in detail in the 8th Report on the Insects of New York. Pear Midge Again. (Country Gentleman, for June 20, 1895, lx, p. 472, cols. 1, 2 — 10 cm.) An attack on young pears from Poughkeepsie, N. Y., is recognized as that of the pear-midge. The larvae at this time have left the fruit and eniered the ground. The remedies for this insect and other partic- ulars are given on page 456 of this volume of the Country Gentleman. A New Maple-Tree Insect. (Country Gentleman, for June 27, 1895, lx, pp. 484-5, cols. 4, 1 — 21 cm.) The stems of maple leaves sent from Concordville, Pa., are found to be burrowed by the larva of a Tortricid moth, named Steganopiycha Claypoliana. The history of the species, its life-history in brief, and a preventive of the attack, are given. It does not promise to prove a serious pest, as it does not spread rapidly. Plum Tree Scale. (Country Gentleman, for June 27, 1895, lx, p. 485, c. 1 — 11 cm.) A scale on six-year old plum trees in East Hartford, N. Y., is what is now regarded (with some doubt) as Lecanium juglandifex Fitch. It was first noticed, in Western New York, last year. The remedies are, scraping off the scales on sheets early in the year, and spraying with an insecticide at the hatching of the eggs in June. The Elm-Leaf Beetle. (Albany Evening Journal, for July 20, 1895, p. 3, c. 1 — 23 cm.) The insect has invaded Albany in force. Large numbers of the pupae were found, July 15th, at the base of elms on Hawk street, with larvae ready for pupation, and beetles already emerged. Features for recog- REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 279 nizing each are given. As the proper remedy — thorough arsenical spraying will not be generally resorted to, it is urged that every effort be made to destroy the pupae, which transform upon the pavement and in crevices where they are easily reached, by kerosene, hot water or strong soapsuds. Importance of fighting this insect, which is far more destructive to elms than the Orgyia leucostigma. Elm-Leaf Beetle. (Country Gentleman, for August i, 1895, lx, p. 568, c. 1 — 10 cm.) "Small worms about half an inch long that in a short time eat all the leaves of an elm shade tree" in Oceanport, N. J., are those of the elm-leaf beetle, Galerucella xanthomelana \luteola\. The best remedy for them is spraying the foliage with 1 lb. of Paris green to 200 gallons of water at the time that the eggs are hatching in early spring. If the tree is large, a hose 50 to 100 feet long should be car- ried into the tree and the spray thoroughly distributed therefrom. When the larvae descend the trunk about the middle of July and change to small yellow pupae, they should be killed with hot-water, kerosene, strong soapsuds or tobacco water. Horn-Tail Borer. (Country Gentleman, for August 1, 1895, lx, p. 568, cols. 1, 2 — 12 cm.) An example of the insect is sent from Fort Wayne, Ind., for name and remedy. Tremex columba is not regarded as particularly injurious, for although its larva runs broad burrows in the trunks of trees, it usually selects for oviposition such as are already diseased. Fortunately it has effective parasites in the two species of " long stings" — Thalessa atrata and Th. hcnator which are drawn to the infested trees, and by the aid of their long ovipositor insert their eggs deeply therein. The larvae burrow in search of the Tremex, to which when found, they attach themselves and eventually consume it. The " long stings " usually control Tremex attack. Orchard Insects. (Country Gentleman, for August 1, 1895, lx, p. 568, c. 2 — 15 cm.) A remedy is asked, from Augusta, Ga., for " plum and peach trees of which the fruit is full of worms." From an inquiry so general the attacking insects cannot be named, and consequently no remedy can be suggested. The fruit of each harbors the larvae of the plum cur- culio and the codling moth, and the peach, that of Xylina cinerea. The Black Peach Aphis. (Country Gentleman, for August 8, 1895, lx, p. 583, c. 2 — 17 cm.) This aphis, the Aphis persicae-niger, is reported as occurring on the roots of trees in an orchard, attacking tree after tree in the rows. In a Maryland nursery one hundred thousand trees were killed in three weeks' time. Its life- history is briefly given and how its increase may be prevented. 250 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The Sugar Maple Borer. (Country Gentleman, for August 8, 1895, lx, p. 583,0. 2 — 14 cm.) Insects injuring sugar maples and a linden tree are probably the maple- tree borer, Glycobiusus [Plagiouotus] spcciosus, and ants in the latter. A preventive of attack by the former is a coating of soapsuds and carbolic acid to protect from the egg deposit; the remedy is cutting out as stated. The ants in a cavity of the linden may be killed by injecting gasoline. New Scale Insect. (Country Gentleman, for August 8, 1895, lx, p. 585, c. 2 — 4 cm.) The scale from Loudenville, N. Y., noticed on page 425 of this vol- ume of the C.-G., as probably an undetermined species of Eriococcus, proves, on reception of mature forms of the same on the Camperdown elm sent from the same locality, to be Gossyparia uhni, which has the present year occurred in several places in Albany. The Harlequin Cabbage Bug. (Country Gentleman, for August 15, 1895, lx, p. 599, c. 2 — 17 cm.) An insect reported from Forestville, Md., as having nearly ruined a crop of nearly fifteen thousand cabbages, is identified as Murgantia his- trionica. It is steadily extending northward, and has appeared in New Jersey [and on Long Island, N. Y.]. Of the remedies named the best is believed to be — drawing the first brood in the spring to rows of mustard and killing them there with kerosene. The Carpet Beetle. (Country Gentleman, for August 15, 1895, lx, p. 599, c. 3 — 32 cm.) The impropriety of calling this beetle {Anthrenus scrap hularice) the " Buffalo moth," as in the inquiry of it made from Plymouth, Conn. ; how to destroy the insect and guard against reinfestation; the food of the beetle; how it may enter or be brought into houses. There is no reason why it should be confounded with the two-spotted lady-bug, as in this inquiry. It is possible to free a house from the pest. A Pugnacious Caterpillar. (Gardening, for August 15, 1895, iii, p. 364, c. 3 — 10 cm.) A large caterpillar, which was "pugnacious" when taken from its voracious feeding upon a fuchsia, is that of the humming-bird moth, Thyreus Abbotii. Its principal features are given and its peculiar threatening movements when handled or disturbed which serve as a means of protection from its enemies. An Insect Attack on Maples. (Gardening, for August 15, 1895, iii, p. 364, c. 3— 3 cm.) An attack reported from Wisconsin, observed for two years past, causing the center-shoots of cut-leaved maples to fall over and wither, REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 2<5I can not be referred to any insect known to operate in this manner on this variety of maple. If the infested or injured tips can be submitted for examination, probably the insect can be ascertained. An Insect Gall. (Gardening, for August 15, 1895, iii, p. 366, c. 1 — 8 cm.) A " tiny green burr " taken from a sweet-brier in Georgetown, Ky., is a gall made by one of the gall-flies of the genus Rhodites. It is not of frequent occurrence and no remedy is needed for it. If found abundant, they should be destroyed before the insect has emerged. Another Note of Warning [against the Elm-leaf Beetle]. (Albany Evening Journal, for August 20, 1895, p. 8, c. 5 — 39 cm.) A second brood of the insect is discovered in Albany and is now undergoing its last transformations. It is more abundant and destruc- tive than the first: its numbers and ravages are stated. Killing the larva? and pupae at the present time is important, if the elms of the city are to be saved from destruction. Ulmus Americana has not been attacked, nor has the insect invaded the city parks. Caterpillars and Borers. (Country Gentleman, for August 29, 1895, lx, p. 632, c. 2 — 8 cm.) Inquiry from Springer, N. M., for protection from orchard cater- pillars and borers, is answered by recommending the cutting off and burning the nests with assembled larva? of the fall tent-caterpillar — destroying the egg-belts and the new nests of the orchard tent-cater- pillar— and application of carbolic acid soap-wash to prevent egg deposit by the borers. Black Blister Beetle. (Country Gentleman, for August 29, 1895, lx, p. 632, c. 3— 7 cm.) A beetle destroying the petals of china asters in South Montrose, Pa., is the black blister-beetle, Epicauta Pennsylvanica (DeGeer). They can either be controlled by frequent handpicking or by shaking them two or three times a day into vessels of water and kerosene. They also quickly yield to pyrethrum or insect powder. A Scale Insect on Osage Orange Hedge. (Gardening, for September 15, 1895, iv, p. n, c. 3 — 15 cm.) This scale was originally described as Pulvinaria maclurcz, but is now referred by most writers to P. innumerabilis. When the cottony mass secreted by the female contains the eggs, they may be crushed by going over the infested plants with a thick, soft mitten. Later, the young scales may be killed by kerosene emulsion spraying, or in winter, with a strong wash of whale-oil soap. To Kill Red Ants in the House. (Gardening, for September 15, 1895, iv, p. 12, c. 1 — 15 cm.) The insect can not be routed from the house in Rochester, even in winter, through use of corrosive sublimate or any other method tried. 202 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM If they can be traced to their nests in the ground they can be de- stroyed by bisulphide of carbon, but if located within the walls, they may be baited with some poisonous substance, or attracted to a sugared sponge to be dropped in hot water when the ants gather on it. How chalk lines may be used as barriers against them. [Extended in pages 109-114 of this Report (xi).] A Friend, not a Foe. (Country Gentleman, for September 19, 1895, lx, p. 685, c. 1 — 8 cm.) A supposed hop vine pest, from Port Kent, N. Y., is the larva of a lady-bug, Hippodamia convergens. It is one of the best friends of the hop-growers. Importance of knowing our insect friends, so as to pro- tect them as far as possible. Lady-bugs may be so abundant in hop- yards as to render spraying for the aphis unnecessary. A Humbug Insect Cure. (Country Gentleman, for September 19, 1895, lx, p. 687, c. 1 — 18 cm.) Reply to an experience related with the Elm Inoculation Company, for protecting trees from the elm-leaf beetle. The absurdity of the method employed by the company is com- mented upon. The uselessness of the " remedy " is shown. Reference is made to former exposures, and to the statements regarding the in- efficiency of the material used by the company, made at the recent meeting of the American Association of Economic Entomologists at Springfield, Mass. The Squash Bug. (Country Gentleman, for September 19, 1895, lx, p. 687, cols. 2, 3 — 24 cm.) In reply to inquiries from Athens, Pa., relating to the injuries of Anasa tristis, the two best remedies, viz., trapping the hibernated bugs and destroying the eggs, are named, and directions for the same given; also, its egg-laying habit and period of oviposition. The seriousness of the injury to the plant is explained as due to the poison injected through the proboscis of the insect. Squash Bugs — Squash-vine Borers. (Country Gentleman, for October 3, 1895, lx, p. 719, cols. 1, 2, 3 — 31 cm.) Gives the comparative injury to crops from the two insects; the general distribution of the eggs of the squash-vine moth over the plant, and the large number of larvae that may occur on a single plant; the greater desirability of preventing attack than applying a remedy ; the importance of collecting and killing the moths before egg-laying. Frail Children of the Air : Excursions into the World of Butterflies : by S. H. Scudder. (The Nation, for October 17, 1895, No. 1581, pp. 280-281, cols. 3, 1 — 10 cm.) The thirty or more chapters of this volume are drawn from the series of " Excurses " contained in the costly volume of " Butterflies of REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 283 the Eastern United States." As reproduced, they will be enjoyed by many to whom they were previously inaccessible. They can not fail of proving delightful popular reading, as may appear from the titles of some of the chapters cited — "Butterflies as Botanists " (four others given). The Natural History of Aquatic Insects: by Prof. L. C. Mial, F. R. S. (The Nation, for October 31, 1895, No. 1583, pp. 317-318, cols. 3, 1—23 cm.) In a brief notice of this volume it is commended as a contribution of more than ordinary value to the knowledge of life-histories and habits of aquatic insects. While purporting to draw much from writings of Reaumur and other "old zoologists," several of the studies are new, as that, for example, of Sitmilium, in which the strange manner of the escape of the imago from the water is given. That nearly all the orders of insects are represented in aquatic forms will be a surprise to many. The author maintains that all insects were originally terrestrial and that they have gradually invaded both fresh and salt waters, and cites the Tipulidse larvae as showing successive stages of this progress. The Box Elder Plant Bug. (Country Gentleman for October 31, 1895, lx, p. 786, co]s. 1, 2 — 11 cm.) Insects sent from McGregor, Io., as annoying from their abundance, are the above-named plant-bug, Leptocoris trivittatus (Say). Its habits, history, etc., have been given in the Country Gentleman for September 27, 1894, and in the Fourth Report of the State Entomologist, 1888. The insect has not been reported from east of the Mississippi river, but its occurrence on the west shore of that river would indicate that it may have already extended into Wisconsin and Indiana. (C) CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DEPARTMENT IN 1894. Miscellaneous Insects. Bomlms Petinsylv aniens DeGeer. Megachile sp. Xylocopa Virginica (Drury) 2. Chalybion cceruleum (Linn.). Pelopceus ccementarius (Drury) 4. Clisiocampa disstria (Hiibner). Hadena sp. Gortyna cataphracta Grote. Eutrapela transversata (Drury). Eurycreon chortalis Grote. Pseudaglossa lubricalis (Geyer). Endropia bilinearia (Pack.). Syrphus arcuatus (Fallen). Eristalis tenax (Linn.). Dytiscus fasciventris Say. Pholurus Pennsylvania* (DeGeer). Lucanus dama Thung. Osmoderma seabra (Beauv.) 3. Elaphidion incertum Nevvm. 2. Epicauta Pennsylvania (DeGeer). Lerna trilineata (Oliv.). Pcecilocapsus go nip horns Say 2. Pcecilocapsus lineatus (Fabr.). Cicada septendeeitn Linn., pupa. Phylloptera oblongifolia Burm. CEcanlhus faseiatus (DeGeer) . CEcanthus niveus (DeGeer). Cyrtophyllus concavus (Harris). Melanoplus femur— rubrum (DeG.). /Esc Ana constricta Say. From Mrs. E. B. Smith, Coeymans, N. Y. Hymenoptera. Polistes pallipes (Say). 7 examples. From Mrs. E. C. Anthony, Gouverneur, N. Y. Thalessa atrata (Fabr.). From John D. Collins, Utica, N. Y. The currant-stem girdler, Phyllcecus flaviventris (Fitch), 2 examples, in currant canes, the imago, May nth. From Thomas Tupper, Corning, N. Y. Larva of Cimbex Americana Leach, from a maple. From L. Bower, Camden, N. J. Larvae of Lophyrus Lecontii Fitch, feeding on Pinus strobus, October 16th. From Selwyn E. Russell, M. D., Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Lepidoptera. Grapta Progne (Cramer) and Grapta comma (Harris). Webster, Binghamton, N. Y. Dr. C. E. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 285 Eggs of Org via vetusta Boisd. and O. antiqua (Linn.) of Europe. From H. G. Dyar, New York. Larva of the hag-moth, Phobetron pithecium (Sm.-Abb.) from pear, August 29th. From N. J. Van Hoesen, Gayhead, N. Y. Cocoons and larvae of Thyridopteryx ephemereeformis (Haworth) from quince trees, July 25th. From James Shealy, New Oxford, Pa. Young larvae of Datana ministra (Drury), July 15th. From D wight Stone, Lansing, N. Y. Eggs and larva? of the same, July 18th, from G. T. Lyman, Bellport, N. Y. Cocoon of Telea Polyphemus (Cramer). From A. H. Stratton, • Arlington, N. J. Larvae of Steganoptycha Claypoliana Riley, burrowing in leaf-stalks of maple, Acer saccharinum, May 27th. From William Trimble, Con- cordville, Pa. Diptera. Pears containing larvae of the pear midge, Diplosis pyrivora Riley, May 28th. From George F. Dobreche, Mountainville, N. Y. The same, from Samuel Thorn, Millbrook, N. Y., June 6th. The same, from Henry L. Young, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., June nth. Tabanus atrata Fabr. From George R. Howell. State Library, Albany. Examples of the raspberry-stem maggot, Authomyia sp., in tips of rasp- berries, June 7th. From D. F. Harris, Adams, N. Y. Larvae of Drosophila ampelophila Loevv, in grapes, September 16th. From Prof. C. H. Peck, Menands, N. Y. Coleoptera. Cicindela vulgaris Say. From Dr. C. E. Fairman, Lyndonville, N. Y. Silpha Americana Linn., flew into a drug store, May 3d. From S. C. Bradt, Albany, N. Y. The same, from a stink-horn fungus, Mutinus Ravenalii Fisch., at Selkirk, August 16th, from Hon. W. L. Learned, Albany, N. Y. Stelidota geminata (Say), feeding on injured grapes, September 161I1. From Prof. C. H. Peck, Menands, N. Y. Limonius agonus (Say) from grapevines, May 9th. From Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y. Chalcophora liberta (Germ.), May 13th. From S. C. Bradt, Albany, N. Y. The red-necked Agrilus, Agrilus ruficollis (Fabr.), May 7th. From Esby Winne, Delmar, N. Y. 286 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Burrows of Agrilus sinuatus Olivier, in young pear trees. From Dr. John B. Smith, Rutgers College, New Brunswick, N. J. Examples of Dinoderus bifoveolatus Woll., feeding in bamboo, February 4th. From N. Pomroy, Lockport, N. Y. Lachtiosterfia sp., eating the leaves of strawberry plants, June 13th. From Augustus Floyd, New York City. Larvae of Lachnosterna sp., destructive to lawns, August 8th. From Prof. D. P. Penhallow, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Pelidnota punctata (Linn.) from grapevines, August 5th. From Maria N. Greene, Adams, N. Y. Larvae of Allorhina nitida (Linn.), September 28th. From William Falconer, Glen Cove, N. Y. Plagionotus speciosus (Say), 2 examples. From Mary J. Leigh, Argyle, N. Y. Numerous examples of the asparagus beetle, Crioceris asparagi (Linn.), and its eggs — abundant at Magnolia, June 31st. From T. Jefferson Coolidge, Magnolia, Mass. Larvae of the three-lined leaf-beetle, Lema trilineata (Oliv.), on potato leaves. From Jerome Holmes, South Hamilton, N. Y. The elm-leaf beetle, Galerucella luteola Mull., taken within doors May nth, and mistaken for the carpet beetle. From G. L. Cooper, Meriden, Conn. The same, April i8tii: From W. R. Strong, Golden Bridge, Westchester Co., N. Y. Galerucella cavicollis Leconte, injuries to foliage of cherry trees, June 10th. From Mrs. H. D. Graves, Ausable Forks, N. Y. The grapevine flea-beetle, Graptodera chalybea (111.)- From G. E. Brown, Mountainville, N. Y., May 9th. The same from J. F. Karraker, Dongala, 111. The bean weevil, Bruchus obtectus Say. From O. Q. Flint, Athens, N. Y. The oil-beetle, Meloe angusticollis Say. From Mrs. Emilia C. Anthony, Gouverneur, N. Y. Examples (6) of Macrobasis unicolor (Kirby), July 12th. From George T. Powell, Ghent, N. Y. Epicauta Pennsylvania (DeGeer) on asters, August 18th. From J. L. Butterfield, Montrose, Pa. The same, from asters and potatoes, from W. C. Pierce, Richford, N. Y. The same, from asters, from J. D. Lyons, Monticello, N. Y. Eggs of Xyleborus dispar (Fabr.) within its burrows in pear. From Norman Pomroy, Lockport, N. Y. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 287 Scolytus rugulosus (Ratz.), infesting an apple tree at Ripley, O. From D. S. Kellicott, Columbus, O. Hemiptera. Larvae and imagoes of the squash-bug, Anasa tristis (DeGeer), August 20th. From L. Morse, Athens, Pa. The Harlequin cabbage-bug. Marga?itia histrionica (Hahn.), from Olympus, Texas. From P. C. Lewis, Catskill, N. Y. The same, from J. N. Young, Forestville, Md. Examples (x88) of the box-elder bug, Leptocoris trivittatus (Say) occur- ring in Topeka, Kans. From S. C. Bradt, Albany, N. Y. Benacus griseus (Say). From Prof. W. M. Chester, Hamilton, N. Y. The hickory stem gall-louse, Phylloxera carycecaulis (Fitch) crowding numerous galls in stems of hickory, June 3d. From Theo. A. Cole, Catskill, N. Y. Larvae of Gossyparia ulmi Geoff., on elm, May 28th. From Dr. E. Moore, Loudonville, Albany Co., N. Y. Mature scale of Gossyparia ulmi, on elm, June 10th. The same, from H. D. Cunningham, i Sprague place, Albany, N. Y. The same, June 13th, from W. F. Aspinwall, Loudonville, N. Y. The same, June 27th,. from W. R. Faulker, Catskill, N. Y. The maple-leaf louse, Pseudococcus aceris (Geoff.), August 27th. From Dr. Selwyn A. Russell, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. The barnacle scale, Ceroplastes cirripediformis Comst., abounding on the China-tree, Melia Azedarach, March nth. From H. A. Morgan, Baton Rouge, La. Lecanium hesperidum (Linn.) on a fern from California — Nephlodepsis, From W. C. Coleman, Albany, N.Y. The white scale, Aspidiotus nerii Bouche, on Cyperus. From Miss Betteridge, Albany, N. Y. Aspidiotus atuylus Putnam, on red currant, at St. Louis, Mo. From William Falconer, Glen Cove, N. Y. The San Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock, on the following food-plants : Spiraea, Japan quince, Crataegus, cherry, and peach. Also A. ancylus, on olive. From F. A. Sirrine, Jamaica, L. I. Aspidiotus perniciosus on apple, from Abel Dauce, New York city. The same, from L. L. Morrell, on apple, November 9th, Kinderhook, N. Y. The apple tree scale, Mytilaspis pomorum (Bouche), on lilac, Syringa vulgaris. From A. H. Stratton, Arlington, N. J. The same, from 288 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Dr. E. Moore, Loudonville, N. Y. The same, from C. F. Goodman, Fort Ann, N. Y. The Euonymus scale, Chionaspis euonymi Comstock. From A. H. Stratton, Arlington, N. J. The scurfy bark-louse, Chionaspis furfurus (Fitch), on apple twig. From R. D. Van Buren, Stockport, N. Y. The same, on pear, from Mr. Van Slyke, New Baltimore, N. Y. Orthoptera. Eggs of the white flower cricket, CEcanthus niveus (DeGeer), in grape- vine. From Joseph Strong, Urbana, N. Y. The oblong-winged katydid, Amblycorypha oblongifolia (DeGeer), Sep- tember 7th. From George H. Ellwanger, Rochester, N. Y. Eggs of Microcentrum retinervis (Burm.), on Cydonia Japonica. From A. H. Stratton, Arlington, N. J. Neuroptera. The Hellgrammite fly, Corydalis cornuta (Linn.), July 9th. From R. F. Gale, Karner, N. Y. Pseudoneuroptera. Examples of the small snow-fly, Capnia pygmcca (Burm.), occurring abundantly on the snow and on windows, March 6th, at Canaan, N. Y. From Mrs. H. Ff. Ballard, Pittsfield, Mass. Examples of Ischnura verticalis (Say) taken at Annandale, N. Y., June 19th. From Mrs. C. W. Throop, Albany, N. Y. Epitheca princeps Hagen, taken within doors, July 5th. From Mrs. Abram Lansing, Albany, N. Y. Arachnida. Eggs of Bryobia pratensis Garman, on peach twigs. From M. J. Conallen, Tarry town, N. Y. Uropoda Americana Riley infesting the Colorado potato beetle. From T. Jep'ferson Coolidge, Magnolia, Mass. Crustacea. Gammarus fasciatus Say, from the water supply of Albany. From F. H. Wentworth, Albany, N. Y. (D) CLASSIFIED LIST OF INSECTS, ETC., NOTICED IN THIS REPORT. Hymenoptera. Pimpla conquisitor (Say). Sigalphus tibialis (Ha Id.). Microdus laticinctus Cresson. Chalcis fulvipes [flavipes] Fabr. Chalcid parasites of Cecidomyia betulae. Camponotus herculaneus (Linn.), the large black ant. Formica rufa Linn., the fallow ant. Monomorium Pharaonis (Linn.), the little red ant. Honey bees. Lepidoptera. Orgyia leucostigma (Sm.-Abb.), the white-marked tussock-moth. Eudioptis nitidalis (Cramer), the pickle caterpillar. Eudioptis hyalinata (Linn.), the melon caterpillar. Pyrausta futilalis Lederer, a dogbane caterpillar. Mecyna reversalis Guente., the genista caterpillar. Pyralis costalis (Fabr.), the clover-hay caterpillar: gold-fringe moth. Grapholitha interstinctana (Clemens), the clover-seed caterpillar. Antispila nyssaefoliella Clemens, the sour gum case-cutter. Tischeria malifoliella Clemens, the apple-leaf miner. Diptera. Cecidomyia betulae Winnertz, the birch-seed midge. Diplosis cucumeris Lintner, the melon-vine midge. Diplosis pyrivora Riley, the pear midge. Diplosis setigera Lintner, the hairy melon-vine midge. Anthomyia sp., the raspberry-cane maggot. Coleoptera. Anthrenus scrophulariae (Linn.), the carpet beetle. Pyrophorus noctilucus (Linn.), the cucuyo. 290 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Chauliognathus marginatus {Fabr.), the margined soldier beetle. Crioceris asparagi {Linti.), the asparagus beetle. Lina scripta {Fabr.), the cottonwood-leaf beetle. Galerucella luteola Mull., the elm-leaf beetle. Galerucella cavicollis Lee, a cherry-leaf beetle. Hemiptera. Blissus leucopterus {Say), the chinch bug. Pulvinaria innumerabilis {Rathv.), the maple-tree scale-insect. Lecanium juglandis Bouche, the plum-tree scale-insect. Aspidiotus nerii Bouche, the white scale. Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst., the San Jos6 scale. Mytilaspis pomorum {Bouche), the apple-tree bark-louse. Chionaspis furfurus {Fitch), the scurfy bark-louse. Physopoda. Thrips tabaci Lindeman, the onion Thrips. Neuroptera. Dendroleon obsoletum {Say). Myrmeleon immaculatus DeGeer. Myrmeleon species. Ascalaphus species. Thysanura. Achorutes diversiceps Lintner. Schoturus nivicola {Fitch), the snow flea. Arachnida. Gamasus longipalpoides Felt. Tyroglyphus heteromorphus Felt., a carnation mite. (E) EXPLANATIONS OF PLATES. Plate I. Cecidomyia betulse. The Birch- seed Midge. Fig. i. — Birch seeds : a, showing cavity from which the insect emerged ; b, galled seed showing window-like spot; c, ditto with two window-like spots; d, normal seed (x 2). Fig. 2. — Lateral aspect of female midge, greatly enlarged. Fig. 3. — Tip of male antenna, very greatly enlarged. Fig. 4. — Ditto of female. Fig. 5. — Ventral aspect of empodium and claws of tarsus, very greatly enlarged. Fig. 6. — Lateral aspect of last tarsal segment, very greatly enlarged. Fig. 7. — Dorsal aspect of male genitalia, very greatly enlarged. Plate II. Diplosis cucumeris. The Melo?i-vine Midge. Fig. 1. — Lateral aspect of female, greatly enlarged. Fig. 2. — Antenna of male; drawn to same scale as the preceding. Fig. 3. — Two segments of female antenna, very greatly enlarged. Fig. 4. — A single segment of male antenna drawn to the same scale as the preceding; a, fi, portions of dorsal setae; c, df portions of dorsal arched filaments ; e, /, g, arched filaments. Fig. 5.— Tip of last tarsal segment, very greatly enlarged. Fig. 6. — Penis very greatly enlarged. Fig. 7. — Dorsal aspect of terminal abdominal segment of male show- ing the large claspers crossed and the tip of the intromit- tent organ, very greatly enlarged. 292 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Plate III. Diplosis setigera. The Hairy Melon-vine Midge. Fig. 1. — Normal segment of male antenna; a, a, arched filaments,. " filets arques;" s, s, ordinary setae. Fig. 2. — Two normal segments of female antenna showing the ar- rangement of the setae and special sense organs, two of which are shown in projection at y,y. Fig. 3. — Extruded ovipositor ; c. tip much more enlarged. Fig. 4. — Lateral aspect of empodium and claws. All figures greatly enlarged. Plate IV. Map, showing the Upper Austral Life -Zone in the State of New York. Plate V. Cottonwood beetle collecting machine, to be drawn by a horse. Plate VI. Cottonwood beetle collecting machines, to be propelled by hand. Plate VII. Collecting the Cottonwood beetle from a field of willows. Plate VIII. Fig. 1. — The apple-tree bark-louse, Mytilapsis pomorum (Bouche), on apple bark. (After Comstock.) Fig. 2. — The scurfy bark-louse, Chionaspsis furfurus (Fitch): a, the female scales, and b, the male scales, in natural size on twigs; c, the female scale, enlarged; d, the male scale, enlarged. (From the Division of Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agr. at Washington.) Fig. 3 The scurfy bark-louse : [a J, the male ; e, the young larva ; /, the male pupa; g, the female, from beneath — all enlarged; /', d, e, h, structural details of legs and antenna, in greater enlargement. (From the Division of Entomology, Washing- ton, D. C.) Report XI. N. Y. State Entomologist. Plate I. Cecidomyia betulae. Report XI. N. Y. State Entomologist. Plate II. Diplosis cucumeris. Report^XI. N. Y. State Entomologist. Plate III. Diplosis setigera. X Report XI. N. V. State Entomologist. Plate VIII. Apple Tree Bark Louse — Scurfy Bark Louse. Report XI. X. V. State Entomologist. Plate IX. Pine Leaf Scale Insect — White Scale Insect. Report XI. N. Y. State Entomologist. Plate X. Fig. 3. Maple Tree Scale Insect. Rej-ort XI. \. Y. State Entomolod.M Plate XI. Plum Tree Scale Insect. Report XI. X. V. State Entomologist. Plate XII. San Jose' Scale. Report XI. N. V. State Entomologist. Plate XIII. San Jose'Scale. Report XI. N. Y. State Entomologist. Plate XIV. Fig. 3. San Jose Scale Insect. Report XI, X. V. State Entomologist. Plate XV Onion Thrips. Report XI. N. Y. State Entomologist. Plate XVI. Tyroglyphus and Gamasus. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 293 Plate IX. Fig. 1. — The pine-leaf scale-insect, Chionaspis pinifolii (Fitch): 2, the scales on the leaves in natural size: a, leaves not stunted by the presence of the scales; b, scale of female of usual form, enlarged; c, wide form of the same, enlarged; d, a male scale enlarged. (After Comstock.) Fig. 2. — The white scale, Aspidiotus nerii Bouche, on an Acacia twig, in natural size: a, the male insect, enlarged; b and c, the male and female scales, enlarged. (After Comstock.) Plate X. Fig. 1 The maple-tree scale-insect, Pulvinaria innumerabilis (Rath- von), with extruded egg-masses, on grape, natural size. (After Comstock.) Fig. 2. — The same, on osage orange and on maple. (After Walsh and Riley.) Fig. 3. — The same: a, a twig with mature female scales and egg- masses, natural size; b, mature female scale from above, enlarged; c, female scale from below, more enlarged; d, the thread-like setae of the proboscis. (From the Seventh Report on the Insects of Illinois.) Fig. 4. — The same: a, a twig with half-grown female scales, in natural size ; b, autumnal female scale from above, enlarged ; c, the same from beneath ; d, the male insect enlarged. (From the Seventh and Thirteenth Illinois Reports.) Plate XI. The plum-tree scale-insect, Lecanium ?jitglandis Bouche" in natural size, on plum. (From Garden and Forest.) Plate XII. Fig. 1, the San Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock, infesting a pear twig ; 2, the scales on a leaf; 3, scattered scales on a pear; 4> a female scale, enlarged; 5, a male scale, enlarged. (From the Cornell University Agr. Exper. Station, and by permission of the California State Board of Horticulture.) 20 294 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Plate XIII. Fig. i. — The San Jose scales, in natural size on an apple branch ; scales somewhat enlarged on apple bark at above on the left. Fig. 2. — San Jose scales on a pear showing the surrounding ring; the female scale, enlarged. Plate XIV. Fig. i — Enlarged view of the young larva of the San Jose scale-insect, seen from beneath, with a greater enlargement of an antenna at b. Fig. 2. — An enlarged view of an adult female of the San Jose scale- insect, containing young; at d, a still greater enlargement of a portion of its anal fringe. Fig. 3 A greatly enlarged view of the adult male of the San Jose scale- insect; its natural size shown in the inclosed crossed-lines at right-hand side. (The figures of this Plate and the preceding one are from the U. S. Dept. Agriculture — Division of Entomology.) Plate XV. Thrips tatoaci. Onion Thrips. Fig. i. — Female very greatly enlarged. Fig. la. — Terminal segments of antenna of do., more enlarged. Fig. 2. — Lateral aspect of head and prothorax of do., more enlarged. Fig. 3. — Lateral aspect of terminal segments of abdomen of do., more enlarged. Plate XVI. Fig. 1. — Gamasus longipalpoides, greatly enlarged. Fig. \a. — Chelate claw of second foot of same, more enlarged. Fig. 2. — Tyroglyphus heteromorphus, male, greatly enlarged. Fig. 3. — Anterior tarsus of same, more enlarged. Fig. 4. — Third tarsus of same, more enlarged. Fig. 5. — Tyroglyphus heteromorphus, female, greatly enlarged. Fig. 6. — Third tarsus of same, more enlarged. Fig. 7.— Smaller Hypopus of T heteromorphus, very greatly enlarged. Fig. 8. — Anterior tarsus of same more enlarged. Fig. 9. — Larger Hypopus of T. heteromorphus, greatly enlarged. Fig. 10. — Distal segments of anterior leg of same, more enlarged. GENERAL INDEX. Abbotii, Thyreus, 280. abdominalis, Brachnemurus, 238. Acacia : insects injurious to, Aspidiotus nerii, 204. Aspidiotus peruiciosus, 223. Lecanium sp., 222. Acaridse, 254-256. Acarina, 254-260. Acarus muscarum (Hypopalform), 257. Acer dasycarpuru, Pulviuaria iuuunier- abilis on, 204. acericola, Lecanium [Pulvinaria in- nucuerabilis], 205. aceris, Pseudococcus, 287. Acborutes diversiceps, description, 253-254. immense numbers of, 254. observed at Karner, N. Y., 253. Acborutes [Scboturus] nivicola, 251. Acronycta brumosa, 265. clarescens [pruni], 265. luteicoma, 265. morula, 265. oblinita, 265. occidentalis, 265. Radcliffei, 265. spinigera, 265. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, cited, 166. aculiferus, Leptostylus, 268. Adirondack Mountains, collections in, 104, 106. ronea, Pomphopoea, 269. ranescens, Magdalis, 270. ^scbna constricta, 284. affinis, Bom bus, 104. Lacbuosterna, 268. agonus, Limonius, 285. Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales cited, 232. Agrilus ruficollis, 285. sinuatus, 225, 286. Agrotis clandestina, 121, 265. Cocbrani, 265. messoria, 121, 265. placida, 265. saucia, 121, 265. scaudeus, 121, 265. species, 173. tessellata, 265. Alans myops, 267. oculatus, 267. Albany Evening Journal, abstracts from, 274, 278, 281 ; cited, 233. albida, Syneta, 269. albopicta, Empoasca, 270. Alder, Aspidiotus peruiciosus on, 224. Aldricb, J. M., cited, 182. Aletia argillacea, 266. Aleurodes species, 271. AleurodidsB on apple-trees, 271. alia, Tseniocampa, 265, allii [tabacij, Tbrips, 242, 243. Allorhina nitida, 268, 286. sobrina, 268. Almond, Aspidiotus perniciosus on, 223. Aluus, Aspidiotus perniciosus on, 224. alpba, Liopus, 269. Sternidins [Liopus], 269. Alwood, W. B., cited, 233. ambisirnilis, Clisiocampa, 265. Amblycorypba oblongifolia, 288. American Entomologist, cited, 126, 145, 146, 177, 181, 248. Florist cited, 242. lappet-moth, 265. locust, 271. Naturalist cited, 174, 177, 240. reprint from, 124-126. Quarterly Journal of Scieuce and Agriculture cited, 251. silk-worm, 265. Americana, Cimbex, 284. Clisiocampa, 121, 265. Gastropacha, 265. Schistocera, 271. Silpha, 285. Uropoda, 288. amcena, Drosophila, 267. ampelophila, Drosophila, 267, 285. Amphicerus bicaudatus, 268. Amphidasys coguataria, 266. Amphipyra pyraniidoides, 265. Anametis granulatus, 270. grisea [granulatus], 269. Anarsia lineatella, 267. Anasa tristis, 282, 287. ancylus, Aspidiotus, 213, 271, 275, 287. andereggiella, Argyresthia, 267. Andrenidse, 103. Anguillulidse, 255. angulalis, Palthis, 266. Angular-winged katydid, 271. angustatus, Nysius, 270. angusticollis, Meloe, 286. Anisopteryx pometaria, 266. vernata, 121, 266. AnnalesdelaSoci6t6Entomologique d* France, cited, 109, 177, 241. annulata, Brocbymena, 270. 296 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Anomala marginata, 268. undulata, 268. varians [undulata], 268. antennata, Xylina, 265. Ant, fallow, 115. large black, 113, 114. little black, 113. little red, 109-114, 281. New York, 264. pavement, 113. yellow, 273. Anthomvia fly larva, 172. species, 170-172, 285. Anthomyudse, 170-172. Anthonomus pomoruin, 270. Anthony, Mrs. E. C, insects from, 284, 286. Anthreni, 173. Autbrenus scrophulariee, development and deposit of eggs, 173. eating lace curtains, 173. fondness for dead insects, 173. habits and transformations, 174. reference, 280. rhubarb as a lure, 172-173. Anthricida? on apple, 269. antiqua, Orgyia, 285. Antispila cornifoliella, 157, 159. nyssasfoliella, allied, 159. bibliography, 157. larva and its mine, 158. larva described, 157-158. life-history, 158-159. moth described, 157. pupating cases, 158. remedy, 159. Ant-lions, appearance and habits, 234. capture of prey, 235. habits of European species, 239. life-history, 236-238. literature of Myrmeleonidse, 240- 241. number of species, 234. pitfall, 235. transformation, 236. United States species (of Ascala- phime), 239. Ants in lawns, 115-116. number of in United States, 115. on fruit trees, 115. reference, 235, 280. Apanteles congregatus, 142. Apathus, 104. Aphelinus, 232. Aphididaj, 200, 225, 271. Aphis cucumeris, 168. mali,271. malifolite, 271. persicas-niger, 279. prunifolii, 277. Aphorura armata, 253. Apidse, number of species, 103. social members, 104. State collection of, 104. Apocynum androsseinifolium eaten by Pyrausta futilalis, 139. Apple bark-beetle, 270. blossom weevil, 270. bud-worm, 121, 266. curculio, 270. flea-beetle, 269. Apple : insects injurious to, Anisopteryx vernata, 121. Aspidiotus perniciosus, 206, 207, 224, 287. Aspidisca splendoriferella, 159. Agrotis clandestina, 121. Agrotis messoria, 121. Agrotis saucia, 121. Agrotis scaudens, 121. Cacoecia rosaceana, 121. Catocala grynea, 121. Catocala ultronia, 121. Chionaspis furfmus 203, 288. Clisiocanipa Americana, 121. Coleophora malivorella, 122. Conotrachelus nenuphar, 122. Eccopsis malana, 121. Ennomos subsignaria, 121. Mineola indigenella, 121. Mytilaspis pomorum, 202. Orgyia leucostigma, 121. Scolytus rugulosus, 287. Teras minuta, 121. Thrips tritici, 250. Tischeria malifoliella, 160. Tmetocera ocellana, 121. Apple-leaf Bucculatrix, 267. folder, 266. miner, 160-162, 267. skeletonizer, 266. Apple maggot, 267. Micropteryx, 267. midge, 267. root plant-louse, 271. Sphinx, 264. Thrips, 271. twig borer, 268. worm, 121, 133. Apple-tree Aphis, 271, 273. bark-louse, 201-202, 271, 273-274, 277. case-bearer, 122, 267. insects, list of, 265-272. leaf-hopper, 271. pruner, 268. scale, 274, 287. tont-caterpillar, 121, 265. Apricot, Aspidiotus perniciosua on, 206, 223. Aptera, revived by Dr. Sharp, 252. Aquatic insects, 106. Aquatic Insects, Natural History of, abstract of notice of, 283. aquatica, Podura, 253. Arachnida, 272, 288. Arched filaments of Diplosia, 166, 168. Arctia virgo, 106. arcuata, Corythuca, 270. arcuatus, Syrphus, 284. argillacea, Aletia, 266. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 297 Argyresthia andereggiella, 267. argyrospila, Caccecia, 266. armata, Aphorura, 253. Army-worm, 145. arsace [IrusJ, Thee! a, 254. Arsenic in blossoms killing honey-bees, 117, 122-124. Arsenical spray on potato vines fatal to honey-bees, 118. Arsenical sprayiug of fruit trees while in blossom ; apple pests to be combated at this time, 120-122. blighting of blossoms, 119. honey-beee killed, 117-118, 122-124. legislation against, 119. Prof. Cook's experiments, 118. Prof. Webster's experiments, 117- 118, 122. satisfactory examinations, 118. urgency of, 120. Arthemis butterfly, 264. Limenitis, 264. arvalis, Smynthurus, 272. Ascal aphides, 240. Ascalaphiuee, U. S. species, 239. Ascalaphus huugaricns, 239. [Helicomitus] insiiuulans, 239. longicornis, 239, 240, 241. macaronius [huugaricns], 240. Macleayauus, 240. species, 239, 240, 241. Ash (white and black) injured by My- tilaspis poinorum, 202. Ash-grey blister-beetle. 269. Ashmead, W. H., cited, 127, 134, 241, 248. quoted, 136-137. referred to, 131. Asilides, 117. Asopia [Pyralis] costalis, 145, 146, 147. [Pyralis] fariualis, 146. asparagi, Criooeria, 177-181, 286. Asparagus beetle, 177-181, 277, 286. Aspidiotus ancylns, 213, 271, 275, 287. camellias, 271. Forbesi, 271. jnglaus-regire, 271. nerii, 203-204,287. ostreasformis, 271. perniciosus (see San Jose" scale), 206-233, 275, 277, 287. rapax, 271. tenebricosus, 221. Aspidisca splendoriferella, 159, 267. Aspilates coloraria, 254. Aspinwall. W. F., insects from, 287. assiinilis, Mamestra, 265. Association of Economic Entomolo- gists, 103, 181, 189. Asters, Epicauta Pennsylvania on, 286. atlanis, Melanoplus, 271. atrata, Tabanus, 285. Thalessa, 279, 284. Attacus Cecropia, 265. Promethea, 265. Attagenus picens, 276. Attains scincetus, 267. auricularia, Forficula, 272. Austrian pines injured by pine-leaf scale-insect, 203. Autumn canker-worm, 266. Bas-worm, 265. Baker, C, cited, 242. Ballard, H. H., insects from, 288. Bamboo, Diuoderus bifoveolatus in 286. Banded Chion, 268. hair- streak, 264. Lithacodes, 264. Phigalia, 206. Banks, Nathan, cited, 105, 234, 241. note^ by, 238. Barker, T. C., insects from, 165, 167. Bark-lice, 200. Barnacle scale, 271, 287. Barrett, G. C, cited, 146; quoted, 149. Barry, W. C, insects from, 205. basilare, Sinoxylon, 268. Basket-makiug industry, 186. Beach, S. A., cited, 206. Beal's Grasses of North America cited, 146, 152. Bean weevil, 276, 2S6. Beckwith, M. H., cited, 233. Bed-bugs, 112. Bees, 103. honey, 117-124. Bee-slayer, 117. Beitrage zur Keuntniss der nordameri- kanischen Nachtfalter, besonders der Microlepiilopteren, cited, 152. Belle voye, M., cited, 109. Bemis, W. L., studies of Bombus and Psithyrtis, 104. Beuacus eriseus, 287. Bennet, A. W., cited, 248. Bethune, Rev. C. J. S., cited, 109, 248. Bethunei, Xylina, 265. Betteiidge, Miss, insects from, 287. Betula alba infested by Cecidomyia betules, 163. pendula var valecardia iufeeted by Cecidomyia betula, 162, 164. betula?, Cecidomyia, 162-165. Bentenmuller, \V., cited, 138, 140, 141. 182. Bibliography of, Antispila nysseefoliella, 157. Cecidomyia betula?, 162. Crioceris asparagi, 177-178. Diplosis cucumeris, 165. Eudioptis hyalinata, 134-135. Eudioptis uitidalis, 126-127. Grapbolitha interatinctana, 152. Liua scripta, 181-182. Mecyna reversals, 142. Monomorinm Pharaonis, 109-110. 298 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Bibliography of —(Continued): Myrmeleonidae, 240-241. Pyralis costalis, 145-147. Pyrausta futilalis, 138-139. Pyrophorns noctilucus, 174-175. Thripida, 247-2.-.0. Thrips tabaci, 241-242. Tischeria lnalifoliella, 160. bicaudatus, Amphicerus, 268. bicoruis, Bostvichus, 268. bifoveolatus, Dinoderns, 286. bilinearia, Eudropia, 284. bimaculata, Oberea, 170, 171. bimaculatus, Bombns, 104. binotata, Encheuopa, 270. Birch (white), infested by Cecidomyia betulaj, 162, 163. Birch, Mytilaspis pomorum od, 202. Birch-seed midge, 162-165. Birdii, Empoasca, 270. Birge, E. A., cited, 240; quoted, 23H. Biston ypsilon, 266. bivittatus, Melanoplus, 272. Black ant, large. 113, 114. ant, little, 113. Blackberry rained by Tischeria mali- foliella, 162. Black blister beetle, 281. carpet-beetle, 276. cherry, (hionaspis furfnrus on, 203. flies, 106. peach Aphis, 279. scale of California, 271. Blauket-flower (Gaillardia), Thrips tabaci on, 245. Blind Alans. 267. Blind-eyed Sphinx, 264. Blissns leucopterus, hibernation of, 199. injuries in New York, 198. remedies, 199. Boarmia crepuscularia, 266. pampinaria, 266. plumigeraria, 266. Bombns, 104. affinis, 104. bimaculatus, 104. borealis, 104. consimilis, 104. Peuusylvanicus, 284. Ridingsii, 104. ternarius, 104. teiricola, 104. vagaus, 104. Bombycidas injuring apple-tre»\ list of, 264. Bombycids, 106. Bombylids, 106. borealis, Boinbus, 104. boreata, Operophtera, 266. Bordeaux mixture in blossoms fatal to honey-bees, 123. Bos, Dr. J. Ritzema, cited, 178, 241, 242, 250. Boston Journal of Natural History cited, 109 ; quoted, 110. Bostrichus bicoruis, 268. Botis erectalis [Pyrausta futilalis], 138. [Mecyna] reversalis, 142. Botys [Pyrausta] futilalis, 138. Bower, L., insects from, 284. Bowles, G. J., cited, 109. Box-elder plant-bug, 270, 283, 287. Brachnenmrus abdominalis, 238. nigrilabris, 238. Bracon vernoniae, 156. Bradt, S. C, insects from, 285, 287. Brauer, F., cited, 240. Brelims Tieileben, Neunter Band, Die Insekten, Tausendfiitzer und Spin- neu, cited, 175, 178, 241. 251. Bristle-tails, 252. British Flies, An Account of (Theobald), cited, 162. Broad-necked Prioims, 268. Broehymena aunulata, 270. Caroliueusis, 270. Brodie, Dr., cited, 250. Bruchus obtectus, 286. bruraosa, Acronycta, 265. Bruner, L., cited, 182.250,263. Brunn, A. E., cited, 160; quoted, 161, 187. brunnea, Paranda, 268. brunnearia, Eumacaria, 266. brunnenm, Orthosoraa, 268. Bryobia ptatensis, 272, 288. speciosa, 272. bubalus, Ceresa, 270. Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 267. "Buffalo moth," 280. Buffalo tree-hopper, 270. "Bug-catcher," 188-189. Bulletin Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion of Nebraska cited, 182, 187. Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion of the University of Minne- sota cited. 182. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences cited, 135, 146, 152. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station cited, 182, 242. Cornell University Agricultural Ex- periment Station cited, 205, 249. Delaware College Agricultural Ex- periment Station cited, 233. Department of Agriculture, Cent- ral Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada, cited, 170. Essex Institute cited, 250. Florida Agricultural Experiment Station cited, 127, 135, 23:?. Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station cited, 127, 135. Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural Col- lege cited, 109. Illinois State Laboratory Natural History cited, 233. Iowa Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion cited, 146, 147, 152, 242. Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station cited, 177, 233. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 299 Bulletin Michigan State Agricultural College Experiment Station cited, 233. Miscellaneous Information, Royal Gardens, cited, 241. New Jersey Agricultural College Experiment Station cited, 216, 231, 232, 233. New Mexico Agricultural College Experiment Station cited, 222, 232, 233, 250. New York Agricultural Experiment Station cited, 178, 233, 242. New York State Museum, Vol. 3, No. 13, abstract of, 277 ; reprint of, 200-233. North Carolina Agricultural Ex- periment Station cited, 146. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion cited, 122,116, 152, 178,219, 233, 242. Ontario Agricultural College Ex- periment Station quoted, 119. Soci^te" Entomologique de France, cited, 166, 177, 240. Soc. Imper. Natur. Mosc, cited, 249. South Dakota Agricultural College and Experiment Station cited, 182. United States Department of Agri- culture, Division of Entomology, cited, 110, 127, 133, 134, 145, 146, 152, 194, 226, 232, 233, 250, 256 ; reprint from, 182-184, 189-196. United States Eutomological Com- mission cited, 160, 181. United States Geological and Geo- graphical Survey of the Terri- tories cited, 138, 142, 146, 160, 241. United States National Museum cited, 127, 134, 138, 146, 241, 248. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station cited, 233. West Virginia Agricultural Experi- ment Station cited, 127, 135, 147, 178, 250. Buprestidae injuring the apple-tree, list of, 267. Butterfield, J. L., insects from, 286. Butterflies, Excursions into the World of (Scudder), noticed, 282-283. Butterflies of the Eastern United States (Scudder), 282-283. Cabbage : insects injurious to, Murgautia histrionica, 280. Thrips tabaci, 242, 243, 244, Caccecia argyrospila, 266. rosaceana, 121, 266. rosana, 266. cacti, Coccus, 201. csementarius, Pelopoeus, 284. caeruleum, Chalybion, 284. csespitum, Tetramorium, 113. calanus, Thecla, 264. calcarata, Saperda, 269. calcaratus, Notoxus, 269, Calf tree-hopper, 270. California lappet moth, 265. Californica, Chrysobotbris, 267. Clisiocampa, 265. Gastropacha, 265. Callimorpha fulvicosta, 264. Lecontei, 264. Callipterus mucidus, 271. Calvert, P. P., list of Odonata of New York, referred to, 104-105. Cambridge Natural History cited, 241, 250. Camellia Aspidiotus, 271. camellia), Aspidiotus, 271. Camnula pellucida, 271. Campbell, J. P., cited, 127, 135. Camponotns herculaneus, 264. herculaneus var. peunsylvanicus, 113. Canada Department of Agriculture, Central Experimental Farm, Report of the Entomologist and Botanist, cited, 250. Canadian Entomologist cited, 127, 134, 135, 138, 139, 146, 157, 160, 177, 182, 232, 234, 240, 241, 249, 250, 251. canaliculatus, Valgus, 268. Candida, Saperda, 269. Candy-tuft, Thrips tabaci on, 244. Canker worm, 121. Cantelonpe, Eudioptis uitidalis on, 127, 131, 132. Capnia pygmsea, 288. Capsini, 248. caricinus, Corymbites, 267. Carnation, iDJm-edby Thrips, 250; by Tyroglyphus heteromorphus, 254. Carnation mite, 254-260. Carol'mensis, Brochymena, 270. Carpet beetle, 172-174, 280, 286. Carpocapsa pomonella, 266, Carteria lacca, 201. carya3, Halisidota, 264. carysecaulis, Phylloxera, 248, 287. Cashaws, Eudioptis hyalinata, injuri- ous to, 136. Cassidy, J., cited, 182. Catalogue des Chenilles Europe"enes Counties (Roiiast), cited, 149. of the Described Coleoptera of the United States cited, 181. 222. of Iusects found in New Jersey cited, 135, 157, 177, 241. ou Enumeration Methodique dea Le'pidopteres qui habitent le Territoire de la Fauna Euro- p6enne, cited, 146. catuphracta, Gortyua, 284. Catnip, Thrips tabaci on, 245. Catocala grynea, 121, 266. nuptial is, 266. ultronia, 121, 266. 3°° NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Cauliflower, Tbrips tabaci on, 242, 243, 244. cavicollis, Galeruca [Galerucella], 197. Galerucella, 197-198, 286. Cecidomyia betnlae, bibliography, 162. identical with tbe European iusect, 163 imago described, 164-16-"). infesting bircb catkins, 162-163. larva described. 164. larval development, 163. life-history, 163-164. parasites, 165. Cecidomyia [Diplosis] cticumeris, 165. destructor, 165. legiiiiiiuicola, 155, 249. Cecidomyid larva?, 164. Cecidomyida?, 162-170. Cecropia, Attacus, 265. Emperor motb, 265. celatus, Psitbyrns, 104. Cerambvcidaa injurious to apple-trees, list of, 268-269. cerealium, Tbrips, 248, 249. Ceresa bubalus, 270. taurina, 270. ceriutlia, Chamyris, 266. Ceroplastes cirripediformis, 287. Floridensis, 271. Ceto, Melittia, 135. Cbalcids. 165, 167. Cbalcis fulvipes [ovata], 132. Chalcopbora liberta, 285. Chalia Eileyi, 264. cbalybea, Haltica, 26«, 286. Cbalybiou ca?ruleum, 284. Chambers, V. T., cited, 157, 160; referred to, 158, 159. Chamyris cerintba, 266. Cbapin, S. F., cited, 232. Chauliognathus marginatus, 133, 138. Check List of tbe Coleoptera of Amer- ica, North of Mexico, cited, 186. Checkered cut-woim, 265. cheuopodii, Pezofettix, 272. Cherry: insects injurious to, Aspidiotus nerii, 204. Aspidiotus perniciosus, 224, 287. Galerucella cavicollis, 197, 286. Cherry-leaf beetle, 197-198. Cherry scale, 271. Chester, W. M., insects from, 287. Chestnut, Dynastes Tityus on, 274. Chilocorus, 232. China asters, Epicauta Pennsylvauica on, 281. China-tree, Ceroplastes cirripediformis on, 287. Chinch-bug, 198-199. Chion cinctus, 268. garganicus, 268. Chionaspia euonymi, 28S. furfurus, 202-203, 271, 288. piuifolii, 203. chionosema, Penihina, 266. Chittenden, F. H., cited, 182. chloris, Parasa, 264. Choke cherrv, Chionaspis furfurus on, 203. chortalis, Eurycreon. 284. Chortophaga viridifasciata, 271. Chrysobotbris Californica, 267. contigna, 267. femorata, 267. semisculpta [contigua], 267. Cbrysomela [Lina] scripta, 181. Chrysomelida?, 177-198, 269. Cicada Novasboracensis, 270. septeudecim, 270, 284. tibicen, 270. tredecim, 270. Cicadidas injurious to tbe apple-tree, list of, 270. Cicindela vulgaris, 285. Cicindelidaa, 106. Cirubex Americana, 284. Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science cited, 160. ciuctaria, Phigalia, 266. cinctus, Chion, 268. Cinderella, Teras, 266. cinerea, Xylina, 279. cinereus, Melanoplus, 272. cingulata, Oncideres, 269. Cinquefoil, Tbrips tabaci on, 244. Circular United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, cited, 220. cirripediforrnis, Ceroplastes, 287. Cistelida? on apple, 269. citrinus, Psilhyius, 104. clandestina, Agrotis, 121, 265. clarescens [pruni], Acronycta, 265. Claypoliana, Steuanoptycba, 278, 285. Clemens, B., cited, 152, 157, 160; quoted, 157-158, 161. Climbing cut-worms, 121, 265. Clisiocampa ambisimilis, 265. Americana, 121, 265. Californica, 265. disstria, 265, 284. erosa, 265. pluvialis, 265. thoracica, 265, Cloaked Chrysomela, 269. Clothes moth, 276. Clover-hay caterpillar, 145-151. Clover: insects injurious to, Cecidomyia leguminicola, 155. Grapholitha interstinctana, 152. Pyralis costalis, 14;>. Pyralis farinalis, 151. reference to list of, 149. Tbrips on, 249. Clover-leaf caterpillar, 152. Clover-seed caterpillar, 152-156. Clover-seed midge, 155. Clover mite, 272. Clover-worms, 145. Coccidaa, 200-233, 271. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 301 Coccinella 9-notata, 276. Coccinellidas, 106. Coccotorus prunicida, 270. Coccus cacti, 201. [Pulviuaria] inuumerahilis, 204. Cochineal, from Coccus cacti, 201. Cocbrani, Agrotis, 265. Cochran's cut-worm, 265. Cockerel!, T. D. A., cited, 146, 232, 233, 250. Cockroaches, 112. Codling moth, 120, 133, 266, 279. cognataria, Arnphidasys, 266. Colaspidea smaragdula, 269. Cole, Then. A., insects from, 287. Coleman, W. C, insects from, 287. Coleopbora Fletcherella, 267. malivorella, 122, 267. Coleoptera contributed, 285-287. injuring apple-trees, list, 267-270. species treated of, 172-198. Coleothrips trifasciata, 248, 250. Collection in Adirondack Mountains, 104, 106. Collembola, 252. Collier, Dr. P., insects from, 205. Collingwood, H. W., cited, 233. Collins, John D., insects from, 284. Colorado potato beetle, 274, 288. coloraria, Aspilates, 254. colnmba, Tremex, 264, 279. comma, Grapta, 284. Common snapping beetle, 267. communis, Melanotus, 267. Complete writings of Thomas Say, cited, 109, 240 ; quoted, 110. Composite frequented by Grapholitha interstinctana, 155. Comstock, J. H., cited, 109, 127, 134, 152, 222, 232, 241, 249. notes on ant-lions by, 238. quoted, 153, 206. Comstocks, cited, 110, 135, 147, 178, 241, 250. Conallen, M. J., insects from, 288. concavus, Cyrtophyllus, 284. concinua, CEdemasia, 265. Cone-flower, Thrips tabaci on, 245. confertus, Polvcaou, 268. confusa, Morrisonia, 265. congregatus, Apanteles, 142. Conotrachelus nenuphar, 122, 270. conquisitor, Pimpla, 134, 138. Conservatories infested by white scale, 203. consimilis, Bombus, 104. constricta, iEschna, 284. contigua, Chrysobotbris, 267. contracta, Datana, 264. Contributions to the Department, 107. coutubernalellus, Ypsolophus, 267. convergens, Hippodamia, 282. Cook, A. J., cited, 146, 152, 248. on arsenical spraying of blossoms, 117; referred to, 117. Cooke, M., cited, 127, 134, 222, 232, 249. Cooledge, T. Jefferson, insects from, 286, 288. Cooper, G. L., insects from, 267. Coquillett, D. W., cited, 177, 232, 242. Corisiaa, 248. Corn injured by Thrips cerealium, 249. cornifoliella, Antispila, 157, 159. cornuta, Corydalis, 288. corticalis, Tenebrioides, 267. Corycia vestaliata, 266. Corydalis cornuta, 288. Corymbites cariciuus, 267. Corythuca arcnata, 270. species, 270. Coscinoptera dominicaua, 269. Cos8us robinia?, 265. costalis, Asopia [Pyralis], 145, 146, 147. Hypsopygea [Pyralis], 145, 147.^ . PhalaBiia [Pyralis], 145, 147. Pyralis, 145-151. Cotalpa lanigera, 268. Cotoneaster, Aspidiotus perniciosus on, 224. Cotton moth, 266. Cotton, Thrips injuring, 248, 250. Cottonwood, Lina scripta on, 183. Cottonwood-leaf beetle, 103, 181-189. Cotton worm, 138. Cottony-cushion scale, 271. Country Gentleman, abstracts from, 273v3), 274(4), 275<2), 276(4),'277(2), 278i4\ 279(4), 280(4) 281(2), 282(4), 283(1) ; cited, 115, 127, 134, 146, 152, 160, 162, 165, 177, 241, 242, 248, 249. Cramer cited, 126. crassipes, Gamasus, 259. cratse^'i, Psendanthonomus, 270. Thelin, 270. cratsegifoliella, Ornix, 267. Crataagus: insects injurious to, Aspidiotus perniciosus, 224, '287. Tiscberia malifoliella, 162. crenulata, Lacbnosterna, ^68. Crepidodera Helxines, 269. rufipes, 269. crepuscularia, Boarmia, 266. Cresson, E. T., cited, 109. List of Apidaa. 103, 104. studies of bees, 103, 104. cretata, Sanerda, 269. Crioceris asparagi, at Magnolia, Mass., 178. bibliography, 177, 178. limitation by life-zones, 180. occurrence in Upper Austral life- zone in New England, 180, 181. progress of, in Eastern United States, 179. probably an Upper Austral insect, 179-180. reference, 286. remedies, 181. crispata, Lagoa, 264. 3°2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Crophius diconotus, 270. Crotch, G. R., cited, 181. Crustacea contributed, 288. crypticus, Glyptoseelis, 269. Cucujidie, injuring apple-trees, 267. Cucumber flea-beetle, 269. Cucuruber : iu.sects injurious to, Eudioptis byaliuata, 136. Eudioptis nitidalis, 130, 131, 132. Thrips tabaci, 244. Cucumber plant-louse, 168. cucumeris, Apbis, 168. Cecidomyia [Diplosis], 165. Crepidodera [Epitrix], 269. Diplosis, 165-168. Epitrix, 269. cucurbitaphidis, Lysipblebua, 167. Cucuyo, 174-177. cunea, Hyphantria, 264. Cunningham, H. D., insects from, 287. Curoulio eggs destroyed by Thrips, 248. Curculiouidse injurious to the apple- tree, list of, 270. Currant Aphis, 275-276. Curraut : insects injurious to, Aspidiotus ancylus, 275. Aspidiotus nerii, 204. Aspidiotus peruiciosns, 207, 224. Myzns ribis, 275. Phylloecus flaviventria, 284. Curraut-stem girdler, 284. Curtis, J., cited, 248. Cut- worm motb, 173, 277. cyaneipes, Melanoplus, 272. Cydonia Japouica, eggs of Miorocen- trum retinervis on, 288. Cyperus, Aspidiotus uerii on, 287. Cyrtophyllns concavus, 284. Cytisus, Mecyna reversalis on, 142. dama, Lucanus, 268, 284. Dark-sided cnt-worru, 265. Darwin, F., cited, 248. Datana contracta, 264. iutegerrinia, 264. ministra, 264, 285. Davis, G. C, cited, 147, 197: quoted, 171. Davis-Taft, cited, 233. decemlineata, Polyphylla, 268. decipiens, Xylocleptes, 270. decora, Galerncella, 198. decumanus, Melanotns. 267. defoliaria, Hybernia, 266. Deilephila lineata, 264. Dendroleon, 239. obsoletum, 237, 238, 240. pantherinus, 239. dentatus, Lachuus, 271. Dermestcs, 171. Dermestidee, 172-174. de-iructor, Cecidomyia, 165. Devastating locust, 272. devastator, Melanoplus, 272. Dewberry mined by Tischeria mali- foliella, 162. Diabrotica longicornis, 269. 12-puuctata, 269. vittata, 269. diadema, Siuea, 270. Diaspina3, 200. Diaspis ostreaeformis, 271. Dicerca divaricata, 267. Dichiorampba scitana [Grapholitha interstinctana], 152. Die am Getreide Lebcnden Thrips- Arten Mittelrusslands, cited, 249. Differential locust, 271. differeutialis, Melano|dus, 271. Dimmock, G., cited, 175, 181. Dinoderus bit'oveolatus, 286. Diospyros, Aspidiotus pemiciosus on, 224. Diplosis eucuuiei'is, arched filaments of, 166. bibliography, 165. emergence of iuiago, 167. filets arques of, 166. imago described, 166, 167. injuring muskmelon vinos, 165-166. Diplosis pyrivoia, 119, 166, 169, 170, 278, 285. Diplosis setigera, compaied with pear- midge, 169-170. imago described, 168-169. injuring mnskmelons, 168. Diptera contributed, 285. injurious to apple-trees, 267. new species described, 166-167, 168-169. reference, 237. scarcity at Keene Valley, 106. species treated of, 162-172. Diptera North America, cited, 248. Dipterou raspberry girdler, 171. disconolus, Crophius, 270. Disippns butterfly, 264. disippus, Limenitis, 264. Disonycha Pennsylvanica, 264. dispar, Ocneria, 264. Xyleborus, 270, 2^6. dissimilis, Hypothenemus, 270. disstiia, Clisiocampa, 265, 284. distema [interstinctana], Grapholitha, 152. Distenia undata, 268. Distribution of, Aspidiotus nerii, 204. Aspidiotus perniciosus, 207-219. Cecidomyia betnlse, 162-163. Crioceris asparayi, 179. Diplosis cucumeris, 167. Diplosis setigera, 168. Eudioptis byaliuata, 138. Eudioptis nitidalis, 132. Galerucella cavicollis, 197. Galerncella decora, 198. Galerucella luteola, 189-190, 195. Grapholitha interstinctana, 155. Lecanium juglandis, 206. Liua scripta, 182-183. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 3°3 Distribution of, Mecyna reversal is, 145. Mouomorium Pharaonis, 110. Pyralis costalis, 148, 149, 150. Pyroplioius noctilucns, 176. raspberry-cane maggot, 172. Ttarips tabaci, 245. Tiscberia malifoliella, 162. divaricata, Dicerca, 267. Divaricated Bnprestis, 267. diversalis, Mecyna, 144. diversiceps, Acborutes, 253-254. diversilineata, Petro|>hora, 266. Dobreche, George F., insects from, 285. Dorlge, C. R., cit.'d, 134. Dogbane caterpillar, 138-142. Dogbane, Pyrausta f utilalis on, 139. Dog-day Cicada, 270. Dogwood, Aspidiotus perniciosus on, 224. Dominican case-bearer, 269. dominicana, Cosciuoptera, 269. "Doodle" (ant-lion), 241. "Doodle bugs," 106. dorsalis, Odontota, 269. Dragon-flies in State of New York, 104 Drosopbila arncena, 267. ampelopbila, 267, 285. drupiferarum, Sphinx, 264. Dwarf Tenebrioides, 267. Dyar, H. G., insects from, 157, 285. Dynastes Tityns, 274. Dytiscus faseiventris, 284. Eccopsis malana, 121, 266. permuudana, 266. Economic entomology, 103. Economic Entomology (Smith), cited, 110, 127, 177, 233, 241, 242, 250. Edge, T. J., cited, 127, 134. Edwards, H. , cited, 127, 134, 138, 146, 250. Eel -worms, 255. Eggs of, Autlirenus scrophulariae, 174. Ascalaphus species, 239. Aspidiotus peruiciosus, 222. Eudioptis nitidalis, 133. Lina scripta, 187-188. My tilaspis pomorutn, 202. Pnlvinaiia innunierabilis, 204. Pyralis costalis, 150. Pyrausta futilalis, 139. raspberry-cane maggot, 170. Elaphidion inceitnm, 284. [Oberea] ocellata, 268. parallelum, 268. prunors, 125. villosnm, 268. Elater [Pyrophorus] noctilucus, 174. Elateridas, 174-177, 267. Ellwanger and Barry, insects from, 285. Ellwanger, George H., insects from, 288. Elm : insects injurious to, Aspidiotus perniciosus, 224. Galerucella luteola, 102, 103, 189- 195, 275, 279. Gossyparia ulmi, 280, 287. Mytilaspis pomorum, 202. Orgyia leucostigma, 124-126, 279. Elm Inoculation Comnanv, 282. Elm-leaf beetle, 102, 103 ,'l25. 189-196, 278-279. Emerton, J. H., cited, 240. Empoasca albopicta, 270. Birdii, 270. obtusa, 270. viridescens, 270. Empretia stimulea, 264. Encbenopa binotata, 270. Encyclopedic Methodique. — Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, cited, 174. Endropia bilinearia, 284. English elms, Galerncella luteola on, 191. ivy, Aspidiotus nerii on, 204. sparrow, 274-275. walnut, Aspidiotus perniciosus on, 224. Ennomos magnaria, 266. subsignaria, 121, 266. Entedon species, 165. Entomol. Biolog. Studieu, cited, 162, 164. Entomologica Americana cited, 249, 250. Entomological News cited, 225, 232, 233. Entomologist, The, cited, 146. Entomologists, Association of Eco- nomic. 103, 181,189. labors of, 103. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine cited, 146. Entomology for Begiuners (Packard), cited, 109, 240, 248. epdemersBformis, Thyridopteryx, 265, 285. Ephestia interpunctella, 267. Ephippiphora [Grapholitha] inter- stinctaua, 152. Epicaarus imbricatus, 269. Epicauta Pennsylvanica, 281, 284, 286. Epitheca priuceps, 288. Epitrix cucumeris, 269. erectalis, Botis [Pyrausta futilalis], 138. erectus, Hypothenemus, 270. eremicola, Usmoderma, 268. Eriococcus, 280. Eristalls tenax, 284. erosa, Clisiocampa, 265. Phyinata, 117. eruditus, Hypothenemus, 270. erythrocephalus, Neoclytus, 268. Erythroueura [Typhloi-yba] mali, 271. Enclea querceti, 264. Eudioptishyalinata, bibliography, 134-135. characteristics of attack, 135-136. Gueu^e's description of moth, 137. 3°4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Eudioptis hyalinata — (Continued): insect described, 136-137. life-history, 137. natural enemies, 138. ravages of, 137. references, 128, 131, 132. remedies, 138. Eudioptis nitidalis, bibliography, 126-127. description of larva, 129-130. description of moth, 130. distribution, 132. food-plants, 132. injuries, P27-128, 131-132. life-history and habits, 131. natural enemies, 132-133. remedies and preventives, 133. reference, 134, 136, 137, 138. resemblauce to anoiher larva, 128. Eumacaria brunnearia, 266. euonymi, Chionaspis, 288. Euonvmus, Aspidiotus perniciosus on, 223. Euonyinns scale, 288. Euphoria Inda, 268. melancholica, 268. Eupononius tomentosns, 269. Eurycreon chortalis, 284. rantalis, 2(56. Eutettix seminuda, 270. Eutrapela transversata, 284. Euxesta notata, 267. Evidence of Mr. James Fletcher, Ento- mologist and Botanist, * * * cited. 233. exesecatus, Smeiintlms, 264. eximia, (Edemasia, 265. Experiment Station Kecord cited, 147. Eyed Alaus, 267. Eye-spotted bud-moth, 121, 266. Fabricius cited, 126, 134, 145, 174, 181. facetus, Lepturges, 269. Liopus [Lepturges], 269. Fairman, Dr. C. E., insects from, 285. Falconer, Wm,, insects from, 142, 143, 286, 287. Fall army-worm, 265. tent-caterpillar, 281. Fallow ant, 115. False chinch-bug. 270. farinalis, Asopia [Pyralis], 146. Pyralis, 151. Farm Insects (Curtis), cited, 248. Farmer and Fruit-Grower cited, 112. fasciatus, Gammarus, 288. Ipocbus, 268. [quadriguttatus], Ips, 267. (Ecantnus, 284. fasciola, Lithacodes, 264. fasciventris, l>ytiscns, 284. Faulker, W. R', insects from, 287. Felt, E. P.. appointed assistant, 105. papers by, 138-142, 254-260. femorata, Chryr>obotliris, 267. femur-rubrum, Melanoplns, 271, 284. Fern leaves, Hypopi on, 2r>7. Fernald, C. H., cited, 109, 127, 134, 152. 233 ; referred to, 104, 105. Field and Forest cited, 134. Field lira, 272. Figuier, L., cited, 174, 240, 248 ; quoted, 176. Figures of Aehorutes diversiceps, 253. Anthrenus scrophularia?, 172. Antispila nysssefoliella, 158. Aspidiotus nerii, plate ix, fig. 2. Aspidiotus perniciosus, plates xii, xiii, xiv. Cecidomyia betula?, plate i. Chionaspis furfurus, plate viii, fig. 2. Chionaspis pinifolii, plate ix, fig. 1. Crioceris asparagi, 178. Diplosis cucnmeris, plate ii. Diplosis setigera, plate iii. Eudioptis hyalinata, 137. Eudioptis nitidalis, 129. Gamasus longipalpoides, plate xvi, figs. 1, la. Genista caterpillar, 144. Genista moth, 144. Grapholitha interstiuctana, 153. Lecanium juglandis, plate xi. Liua scripta, 182, 183, 184. Mecyna reversalis, 144. melon caterpillar, 137. Monoinorium Pliaraonis, 111. Mvrmeleon immaculatus, 236 Myrmeleon sp., 234, 235, 236. Mytilaspis pomorum, plate viii, fig. 1. Pyiophorus noctilncus, 175. Pyralis costalis. 148. Pulvinaria innumerabilis, plate x, figs. 1, 2,3, 4. pickle caterpillar, 129. red ant, the little, 111. San Jos6 scale, plates xii, xiii, xiv. Scboturus nivicola, 251,252. Thrips tabaci, plate xv. Tyroglypbus heteromorphus, plate 'xvi, figs. 2-10. Upper Austral life-zone, plate iv. filamentaria Nematocampa, 266. Filets arques, of Diplosis, 166, 168. fimbrialis [costalis], Pyralis, 145. funetaria, Lipura [Aphorura armata], 253. Fitch, Dr. Asa, cited, 109, 203, 241, 248, 251. Flat-headed apple-tree borer, 267. pear-tree borer, 225. flavipes,Termes, 272. flaviveutris, Pbylloecus, 284. Fletcher, James, cited 152, 250. quoted 170-171. referred to, 119, 170. Fletcnerella, Coleophora, 267. Flint, O. Q., insects from, 286. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 3°5 Florid ensis, Ceroplastes, 271. Flowering Currant, AspiOiotus per- nieiosu8 on, 224. Flowering quince, Aspidiotus peruicio- SU8 on, 224. Floyd, Agustus, insects from, 286. foliacea, Haltica, 269. Food-plants of, Antispila nvssa?foliella, 157. Aspidiotus perniciosus, 206, 207, 223, 224. Cecidomyia betula?, 162. 164. Chionaspis fnrfuras, 203. Chionaspis piuifolii, 203. Crioceris asparagi, 178. Diplosis cucumeris, 165, 166. Diplosis setigera, 16S. Eudioptis hvaliuata, 136. Eudioptis nitidalis, 132. Galerucella cavicollis, 197, 198. Galerucella decora, 198. Galerucella luteola, 193. Grapholitha interstinctana, 155. Liua scripta, 182-183. Mecyua reversalis, 142. Mytilaspis pomorum, 202. Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 204. Pvralis costalis, 150-151. Pyrausta futilalis, 139. Pyrophorus noctilucus, 177. raspberry-cane maggot, 170. Tischeria malifoliella, 162. Forbes, S. A., cited, 178, 250. Forbesi, Aspidiotus, 271. Forest tent-caterpillar, 265. Forficula auriculana, 272. Formicaleo sp. [Myrmeleon]. 240. Formica Noveboracensis [Campouotus berculaneus], 264. [Monomoriuin] Pharaonis, 109, 110. rufa, 115, 273. Forniicidse, 115-116. Four o'clock , Thrips tabaci ou, 245. Frail Children of the Air (Scndder), notice of, 282-283. fraterna, Lachnosterna, 268. French, G. H., cited, 126, 146. Frey-Boll cited, 160. Fruit blossoms injured by Thrips, 249. Fruit-trees, spraying of while in blos- som, 117-124. frumentaria, Phlseothrips, 246. frugiperda, Laphygma, 265. fulvicosta, Callimorpha, 264. fnlvipes [ovata], Cbalcis, 132. Fungus, Tyroglvphus feeding on, 255. furfurus, Chionaspis, 271, 202-203. fusca/Lachnosterna, 268. fuscatus [))allipes], Polistes, 264. futilalis, Botis [Pyrausta]. 138. Pyrausta, 138-142. G Gale, R. F., insects from, 288. Galeruca [Galerucella] cavicollis, 197. Galeruca rufosan»niuea, 197. }sanguinea [Galerncella cavicol- lis]. 197. sanguinea [Loehtnsea crata^gi], 197. xanthomelsena [Galerucella lu- teola], 102. Galerucella cavicollis, distribution, 197. feeding on cherry, 197. feeding ou chestnut, 198. probably single-brooded, 197-198. reference, 286. resemblance to otber species, 197, 198. Galerucella luteola, abuudance of in July, 1895, 190. attracting attention to economic, entomology, 103. destructivenessiu Albany, 102, 103. elms destroyed by, 102, 103. larva? dropping from trees, 192. occurrence in and near Albany, 190, 195. preference for certain species of elms, 193. progress up the Hudson river, 189- 190. reference, 275, 279, 286. remedies, 195-196. second brood in Albany, 102, 191- 192. spread in Albany, 102, 194. transformations, 192. Galerucella xanthomelsena [luteola], 275, 279. Galerucini of Boreal America (Horn), cited, 197. Gall-flies, 281. Gall-making Diptera of Scotland (Trail), cited, 162. Gamasus crassipes, 259. longipalpoides, 259. species, 2-"»5. Gammarus faseiatus, 288. Gannett's Nine-sheet contour Map, 179. Garden and Forest cited, 206, 212, 232, 233. Gardening, abstracts from, 275, 276, 280, 281; cited, 109. Garden leek, Thrips tabaci ou, 245. Garden slugs, 274. garganicus, Chion, 268. Garman, H., cited, 250. Gastropacha Americana, 265. Californica, 265. Gelechia intermediella, 267. geminatn, Solenopsis, 264. Stelidota, 285. geminatella, Lithocolletis [Ornix], 267. Ornix, 267. geminatus, Smeriuthus, 264. Genera of British Moths popularly described and illustrated, cited, 145. Genista caterpillar, 142-145. 3°6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Genista : insects injurious to, Mecyna polygonalis, 142. Mecyna reversalis, 142. Genista tinctoria, Mecvna reversalis ou, 142. Geometridas, injurious to apple-trees, 266. Gillette, C. P., cited, 152, 242. glaberrimum, Orchelimum, 271. glaueinalis, Pyralis, 148. Glover, T., cited, 126, 146, 174, 248. Glvcobius [Plagionotus] speciosus, 280. Glypta leucozonata, 156. Glyptoscelis crypticus, 269. Gold-fringe ruoth, 145-151. Golden rods. 106. Goldsmith beetle, 268. goniphorus, Pcecilocapsus, 284. Goodman, C. F., insects from, 288. Gooseberry, Aspidiotus perniciosus on, 207, 224. Gordius, Sphinx, 264. Gortyna cataphracta, 284. Gossard, H. A., cited, 152, 155. Gossyparia ulmi, 280, 287. Grain injured by Thrips, 249. by Silvanns, 267. granulatus, Anametis, 269. Grape: insects injurious to, Drosophila ampelophila, 285. Limonius agonus, 285. GCcanthus niveus, 288. Peliduota punctata, 286. Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 204. Stelidota geminata, 285. Grape-vine bark-louse, 204. flea-beetle, 269, 2t6. Grapholitha caterpillars, 156. distema [interstiuctana], 152. interstiuctana, bibliography, 152. broods, number of, 154-155. distribution, 155. imago described, 154. infesting clover, 152-153. larva described, 153. life-history and habits, 154. mammoth clover not attacked, 155. parasites, 157. preventives, 155-156. pupa described, 153. prunivora, 266. Grapta comma, 284. Progne, 284. Graptodera [Haltica] chalybea, 269. Grass injured by Thrips, 249, 250. Graves, Mrs. H. D., insects from, 197, 286. Gray gnat, 106. ( Greedy scale. 271. Green apple-leaf hopper, 271. apple leaf tyer, 266. bag-moth, 264. June beetle, 268. Green-striped locust, 271. Greene, Maria N., insects from, 286. Gregorson. D., cited, 232. grisea [granulatus], Anametis. 269. griseola, Leucopis, 164. griseus, Benacus, 287. Grote, A. R., cited, 127, 134, 138, 142, 146, 152; quoted, 154. grynea, Catocala, 121, 266. Guen^e, A., cited, 126, 132, 134, 145. quoted, 137, 142. Guerin-M6neville, cited, 240. Guide to the Study of Insects (Packard) cited, 109, 146, 174. 240, 248. Guides for Science Teaching (Hyatt- Arms), cited, 241, 250. Ghrilding, L., cited, 240. guttivitta, Heterocampa, 265. Gypsy moth, 180, 227, 264, 278. H Hadena species, 284. ha?morrhoidalis, Heliothrips, 271. Hagen, Dr. H. A., cited, 234, 240, 248. Hag-moth, 264, 285. Hairy May beetle, 268. Halisidota caryae, 264. maculata, 264. Haltica chalybea, 269, 286. foliacea, 269. punctipennis, 269. Hammondi, Pempeiia, 266. Handbook of British Lepidoptera (Meyrick), cit^d, 142, 147. Handbuch der Pal^ontolo^ie, Zittel's, cited, 241. Harlequin cabbage bug, 280, 287. Harris, D. F., insects from, 170, 285. Harris, T. W., cited, 145, 248. Hart, W. E., cited, 249. Hawthorn, Aspidiotus perniciosus on, 224. Hay-stack moth, 148. Heal-all, Tlirips tabaci on, 245. Hedges, Dr. C. H., cited, 231. Helicomitus insimulans, 239. Heliothrips ha3morrhoidalis, 271. Heliothus species, 266. Hell gram mite fly, 288. Helops micans, 269. Helxines, Crepidodera, 269. Hemileuca Maia, 265. Hemiptora, contributions of, 287. injurious to the apple-tree, list of, 270. reference, 106, 248. species treated of, 198-233. Henshaw, S., cited, 178. herbaceus, Melanoplus, 272. herculaneus, Caniponotus, 264. var. pennsylvanicus, Caniponotus, 113. Hermit Osmoderma, 268. hesperidum, Lecanium, £22, 287. Heterocampa guttivitta, 265. manteo, 265. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 3°7 Heterogenea textula [flexuosa]. 264. Heteromorphus, Tyroglyphus, 254-260. Heteroptera, 198-199, 200. Hickory, Phylloxera carysecaulis 287. Hickory-stern gall-louse, 287. Hickory tussock-moth, 264. Hicks, I., cited, 177. Hippoclamia convergens, 282. hirticula. Lachuosterna, 268. Hister, Hypopi on, 257. Histoire natn telle ge'ne'rale et particu- liere des Crustaces et des Insectes (Latreille), cited, 240. histrionica, Murgantia, 280, 287. Holmes, Jerome, insects from, 286. Homoptera, injurious to the apple- tree, list of, 270-271 ; species treated of, 2C0-233, Houey-liees, arsenic in blossoms, effect on, 117. examined for arsenic, 118. experiments of Prof. Cook, 118. experiments of Prof. Webster, 117- 118, 122-124. killed by arsenical spraying of blossoms, 122-124. legislation to protect them, 119. Hooker, C. M., insects from, 205. Hopkins-Eumsey cited, 127, 135, 147, 178, 250. Horn, G. H, cited, 197. Horned-bugs, 274. Horn-tail borer, 279. Horse-chestnut: insects injurious to, Mytilaspis pomorum, 202. Orgyia leucostigina, 124. Hoskins, T. H., cited, 250. House fly, Hypopi on, 257. House plants infested bv white scale, 203. Hovey's Magazine of Horticulture cited, 248. Howard, L. O., cited, 133, 167, 178, 202, 210, 223, 226, 232, 233, 249, 256; on San Jose scale, 210, 223, 229, 231. Howard-Marlatt, cited, 233. Howell, George H., insects from, 285. Hubbard, H. G., cited, 249. Humbug insect cure, 282. Homming-bird moth, 280. Humphreys, H. W. N., cited, 145. hungaricus, Ascalaphus, 239. Hunt, T. F., cited, 109. hyalinata, Eudioptis, 134-138. Margaronia [Eudioptis], 135. Phalsena [Eudioptis], 134. Pyralis [Eudioptis], 134. hyalinatalis, Phacellura [Eudioptis hyalinata], 134. Phakellura [Eudioptis hyalinata], 134, 135. Hyatt-Arms, cited, 241, 250. Hybernia defoliaria, 266. tiliaria, 266. Hymenoptera, contributed, 284. injuring apple trees, 264. species treated of, 109-124. Hymenorus obscurus, 269. Hyperchiria Io, 265. Hyperplatys maculatus, 269. Hyphantria cunea, 264. species, 264. Hypopus, 256, 257, 258. Hypotheuemus dissimilis, 270. eiectus, 270. eruditus, 270. Hypsopygea [Pyralis] costalis, 145, 147. I Icerya Purchasi, 271. Ichneumon-flies, 138. Ichneunionids, 156. Imago described of, Antispila nyss:efoliella, 157. Aspidiotusnerii, 204. Aspidiotus perniciosus, 220-221. Cecidomyia betulaa, 164-165. Chionaspis furfur us, 202. Chionaspis pinifolii, 203. Diplosis cucumeris, 164-165. Diplosis setigera, 168-169. Eudioptis hyalinata, 137. Eudioptis nitidalis, 130. Grapholitha interstinctana, 154. Liua scripta, 184. Mecyna reversalis, 144-145. Monomorium Pharaonis, 110. Mytilaspis pomorum, 201, 202. Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 204. Pyralis costalis, 148. Pyrausta fatilalis, 141. Thrips tabaci, 245. Tischeiia malifoliella, 160. Tyroglyphus heteromorphus, 258. Imbricated snout-beetle, 269. imbricatus, Epicasrus, 269. imbricornis, Prionus, 268. immaculatus, Myrmeleon, 236, 237, 238, 240. incertum, Elaphidion, 284. incertus [decumanus], Melanotus, 267. Inchbald, P., referred to, 163, 165. Inda, Euphoria, 268. Indian Euphoria, 268. meal moth, 267. indigeuella, Mineola, 121, 266. Phycis [Mineola], 266. Infusoria, Tyroglyphus feeding on, 255. ingeniosus, Myrmeleon, 238. Injuries by, Anthrenus scrophularise, 173. Antispila nyssaafoliella, 157. ants in lawns, 115. Aspidiotus nerii, 204. Aspidiotus perniciosus, 206. Blissus leucopterus, 198. Cecidomyia betulas, 162-163. Chionaspis furfurus, 202, 203. Chionaspis pinifolii, 203. Crioceris asparagi, 178. 3°8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Injuries by. — (Continued): Diplosis cucumeris, 165-167. Diplosis Betigera, 168. Eudioptis hynlinata, 135-136. Endioptis nitidalis, 127-128, 131. Galerucella cavicollis, 197. Galerucella decora, 198. Galerucella luteola, 189-190, 191. Grapholitha iuterstiuctaua, 152- 153. Lecaniurn juglandis, 205. Lina scripta, 182-183, 184, 186. Meeyna re versa lis, 142. Monomorium Pharaonis, 111-112. Orgyia leucostigma, 124-125. Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 205. Pyralis eostaJis, 149, 150-151. Pyrausta futilalis, 139-140. raspberry-cane maggot, 170. Thrips (abaci, 243, 244. Tischeria malifoliella, 161. Tyroglyphus heteromorphus, 254. Injurious Insects of the Orchard, Vine- yard, Field, Garden, etc. (Cooke), cited, 127, 134, 222, 232, 249. innumerabilis, Coccus [Pulvinaria], 204. Pulvinaria, 204, 275, 281. Insect Architecture (Rennie), cited, 241. Insect Enemies of the Apple Tree and its Fruit (limner), cited, 263. Insect Life cited, 109, 110,111, 117, 118, 134, 135, 142, 146, 152, 155, 157, 160, 171, 177, 178, 181, 182, 197, 199, 207, 210, 222, 223, 229, 231, 232, 233, 242, 244, 247, 248, 250 ; reprint from, 117- 122, 249. Insect World (Figuier), cited, 174, 240, 248. Inserts Abroad (Wood), cited, 174, 241, 248. Insects Affecting the Orange (Hub- bard), cited, 249. Insects and Insecticides (Weed), cited, 110, 178, 249. Insects at Home (Wood), cited, 248. Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees (Packard), cited, 197. Insects Injurious to Fruits (Saunders) cited. 127, 134, 160, 171, 249. Insects Injurious to Vegetation (Har- ris), cited. 145, 248. Insects introduced, Aspidiotus perniciosus, 206. Monomorium Pharaonis, 110. Pyralis costalis, 148. Insects preying upon, Aphis pranifolii, 276. Eudioptis hyal'mata, 138. Eudioptis nitidalis, 133. Lina scripta, 181. Insects received from New York locali- ties: Adams, 170, 285, 286. Insects received from New York locali- ties— (Continued): Albany, 162, 285, 287, 288. Argyle, 186. Athens, 286. Ausable Forks, 197, 286. Bell port, 285. Binghamton, 284. Canaan, 288. Catskill, 287. Coeymans, 237, 284. Corning, 284. Delm*r, 285. East Hartford, 278. Gayhead, 285. Geneva, 205. Ghent, 284. Glen Cove, 142, 287. Golden Bridge, 286. Gouverneur, 284, 286. Hamilton, 287. Jamaica, 287. Earner, 288. Kinderhook, 287. Lansing, 285. Lockport, 286. Louisville, 276. Louden ville, 208, 287, 288. Lyndmville, 285. Menands, 285. Millbrook, 278, 285. Monticello, 286. Mountaiuville, 285. New Baltimore, 288. New York, 157, 286. Palenville, 237. Pleasant Plains, 273. Port Kent, 282. Poughkeepsie, 278, 284, 285, 287. Richford, 286. Rochester, 205, 285, 288. Schenectady, 160. Sherwood, 147. South Hamilton, 286. Stockport, 288. Syracuse, 182. Tarrytown, 288. Urbaua, 288. Utica, 284. Insects received from other localities: Arlington, N. J., 285, 287, 288. Athens, Pa., 287. Baton Rouge, La., 287. Camdeu, N. J., 284. Columbus, O., 287. Concordville, Pa., 285. Dongala, 111., 286. Eaton, Ohio, 276. Europe, 285. Falls Church, Va.. 234. Forestville, Md., 287. Fort Wayne, Ind., 279. Glen Onoko, Pa., 237. Island of San Domingo, 175. Lowell, Mass., 165, 168. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 3°9 Insects from other States — (Con- tinued): Maguolia, Mass., 178, 286, 288. McGregor, Iowa, 283. Midrflebury, Vt., 173. Montreal, Canada, 286. Montrose, Pa., 286. New Brunswick, N. J., 286. New Oxford, Pa., 285. Pendleton, S. C, 127. insimulans, Ascalaplms [HelicomitusJ, 239. Helicomitus, 239. integerrima, Datana, 264. intermediella, Gelecbia, 267. interpnuetella, Ephestia, 267. interstiuctana, Ephippiphora [Grapho- litha], 152. Grapbolitha, 152-156. Stigmonota [Grapholitha], 152. Introduction to Entomology (Corn- stock), cited, 241, 249. Introduction to Entomology (Kirby- Spence), cited, 174, 240. Introduction to the Modern Classifi- cation of Insects (Westwood), cited, 134, 174, 240, 247. Io Emperor moth, 265. Io Hyperchiria, 265. Ipochus fasciatus, 268. Ips fasciatus [quadriguttatus], 267. quadriguttatus, 267. iricolor, Serica, 268. Iridescent Serica, 268. irroratus, Jassus, 270. Irus, Thecla, 254. Ischnura verticalis, 288. Isocratus vulgaris, 167. Itbycerus Noveboracensis, 270. Ivy, Aspidiotus nerii on, 204. Jamestown weed Thrips tabaci on, 245. Janet, C, cited, 166. Japan quince, insects injurious to, Aspidiotus perniciosus, 287. Chiouaspis furfnrus, 203. Jassidae injurious to the apple-tree, list of, 270. Jassus irroratus, 270. Johnson, W. G., cited, 233. Journal Linneau Society of Zoology, cited, 240. Journal New York Microscopical Society cited, 182. juglandifex, Lecanium, 278. juglandis, Lecanium, 205-206, 271. juglaus-regias, Aspidiotus, 271. June berry, Aspidiotus perniciosus on, 224. K Kale, Thrips tabaci on, 244. Kaltenbach, J. H., cited 149. Karraker, J. F., insects from, 286. Keene Valley, Diptera of, 106. Keene Valley, Lepidoptera of, 106. Kellicott, D. S., insects from, 287. Kent, G. H., cited, 135, Keutzingaria, Plagodis, 266. Kicffer, J. J., cited, 166. Kirby-Spence, cited, 174, 240. Kitchener, F. E., cited, 24!). Klee, W. G., cited, 222, 232. Koebele, A., cited, 233. lacca, Carteria, 201. Lace window curtains injured by Au- threnus, 173. Lachnosterna alBnis, 268. crenulata. 268. . fraterna, 268. fusca, 268. hirticula, 268. micans, 268. prnnina, 268. rugosa, 268- species, 286. tristis, 268. Lachnus dentatus, 271. Lady- birds, 203. Lady-bug, 203, 282. Lagoa crispata, 264. opercularis, 264. Landberg, A. von, insects from, 182. lanigera, Cotalpa, 268. Sehizoneura, 271. Lansing, Mrs. Abram, insects from, 288. Laphygma frugiperda, 265. Large black ant, 113, 114. Larva of Anthrenus scrophularise, 174. Antispila nyssasfoliella, 157-158. Aspidiotus perniciosus, 222-223. Cecidomyia betulaa, 164. Eudioptis hyalinata, 136-137. Eudioptis uitidalis, 129. Galerucella luteola, 192. Grapholitha intcrstinctana, 153. Lina scripta, 183. Mecyna revers'alis, 143-144. Myrineleou, 234-235. Pyralis costalis, 148. Pyrausta futilalis, 139-140. raspberry-cane maggot. 170. Tischeria malifoliella, 160. Tyroglyphus heteromorphus, 258. Lasioptera galls, 248. vitis, 248. Lasius sp., 113. laticinctus, Microdus, 156. laticollis, Prionns, 268. Latreille cited, 240. Laurel-leaved willow, Aspidiotus per- niciosus on, 224. Leaf-crumpler, 121, 266. Learned, Hon. W. L., insects from, 285. Lecanium acericola [Pulviuaria inuu- nierabilis], 205. hesperidum, 222, 287. 3io NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Lecanium juglandifrx, 278. juglandis 205-206, 271. Maclurse [Pulvinaria iDiiumer- abilis], 205. olese, 271. platycerii, 222. pruinosum, 271. pyri, 271. species, 205, 22^, 271. tulipiferse, 222. LeCoute, J. L., cited, 197. Lecontei, Calliniorpha, 264. Lophyrus, 284. Lederer, J., cited, 138. leguminicola, Cecidomyia, 155, 249. Leigb, Mary J., insects from, 286. Lema trilineata, 284, 286. Lemons, Aspidiotus nerii on, 204. Leopard moth, 265, 275. Lepidoptera contributed, 284-285. Heterocera iu tbe British Museum, Part iv (Lord Walsin^ham), cited, 152. scarcity of at Keene Valley, 106. species treated of, 126-162, 289. Lepisma species, 252. Leptocoris trivittatus, 270, 283, 287. Leptostylus aculiferus, 268. macula, 269. Lepturges facetus, 269. Lesser apple-leaf folder, 121. migratory locust, 271. Leucopis griseola, 164. leucopterns, Blissus, 198-199. leucostigma, Orgvia, 121, 124-126, 264, 279. leucozonata, Glypta, 156. Lewis, P. C, insects from, 287. liberta, Chalcophora, 285. Life-history of, Anthrenus scrophnlarise, 174. Antispila nyssaefoliella, 159. Ascalaphus species, 239. Aspidiotus peruiciosus, 221-223. Cecidomyia betulaa, 163. Diplosis cucumeris, 167. Eudioptis hyalinata, 136. Eudioptis nitidalis, 131. Galerucella luteola, 191, 192. Grapholitha interstinctana, 154. Lina scripta, 184, 186-187. Mecynareversalig, 142-143. Monomorium Pharaonis, 112-113. Myrmeleou species, 236-238. Mytilaspis pomorum, 202. Pyralis costalis, 150. Pyrausta futilalis, 139, 140-141. raspberry-cane maggot, 170, 171. Thiips tabaci, 245-246. Tischeria malifoliella, 161. Tyroglyphus heteromorpbus, 255- 256. Life-zones, range of insects limited by, 179, 180. Life-zone, Upper Austral, 102, 180, 181. Lightning-bug, 175. of Tropical America, 175. Lilac, Mytilaspis pomorum on, 287. Limacodes scapha, 264. Limenitis Arthemis, 264. disippus, 264. Ursula, 264. Lime-tree winter-moth, 266. liminaris var , Phlceotribus, 270. Limonius agonus, 285. Limotbrips, 247. tLimothrips sp. [Thrips tabaci], 242. tLimothrips tritici [Tbrips tabaci], 241, 242, 243. Lina scripta, at Liverpool, N. Y., 182- 183. basket-making industry, injured by, 186. beetle described, 184. bibliography, 181-182. bug -catcher, 188-189. destructiveness at Liverpool N. Y., 184. eggs — abundance and where laid, 187-188. European willow food-plant, 185. extent of willow cultivation in Western New York, 185. larva described, 183. occurrence in New York, 183. reference, 103. remedies, 184, 188-189. steady increase of beetle, 186. successive broods, 184. transformations and habits, 186- 187. Lindeman, Dr. K , cited, 242, 249. Linden : insects injurious to, Aspidiotus perniciosus, 223. Mytilaspis pomorum, 202. Plagionotus speciosus, 280. lineata, Deilephila, 264. lineatella, Anarsia, 267. lineatus, Pcecilocapsus, 284. Linn a3a Entomologica cited, 162, 164. Linnaeus cited, 109, 127, 134, 174. Lintner, J. A., cited, 109, 127, 134, 142, 146, 152, 157, 160, 162, 165, 177, 182, 233, 241, 242, 249, 251. publications of, in, 895, 105, 273- 283. Liopus alpha, 269. [Lepturges] facetus, 269. Lipura fimetaria [Aphorura armata], 253. Lipurinse, 253. List of Lepidoptera of Boreal America (Smith), cited, 127,135, 139, 142, 146, 152. List of the Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum (Walker), cited, 152. Lithacodes fasciola, 264. Lithocolletis [Ornix] gemiuatella, 267. pomifoliella, 267. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 3" Little black ant, 113. Little-lined plant-bug, 270. Little red ant, 109-114. Loew, F., cited. 162, 164. Long stings, 279. longicornis, Ascalaphus, 239, 240, 241. Diabrotica, 269. longior, Tyroglyphus, 256. longipalpoides, Garnasus, 259. Lophoderus triferana, 266. Lophyrus Lecontci, 284. Louusbury, C. P., State Entomologist at Cape Colony, 105. Lowe, V. H., cited, 178. lubricalis, Pseudaglossa, 284. Lucauidoe injuring apple-trees, 268. Lncanns daiiia, 268, 284. Lncas, H., cited, 177. Lugger, O., cited, 182. lunator, Tlialessa, 279. Lupines, Mecyna reversalis on, 142. luteicoma. Acronycta, 265. luteola, Galerncella, 102, 189-196, 275, 279, 286. Lygrcidse, 188-189. Lygus pratensis, 270. Lyman, G. T., insects from, 286. Lyons, J. D., insects from. 286. Lysiphlt'bus cucurbitaphidis, 167. 31 macaronius [hungaricus], Ascalapbus, 240. MacGillivray, A. D., cited. 251. MacLacblan, R., cited, 240. Macleayanus, Ascalaphus, 240. Maclura?, Lecauium [Puh iuaria in- numerabilis], 205. [innumerabilis], Pulvinaria, 281. Macrobasis unicolor, 269, 286. Macrodactylus subspinusus, 173, 268. uniformis, 268. macula, Leptostylus, 269. macnlata, Halisidota, 264. Megilla, 181. Psoa, 268. Vespa, 264. maculatus, Hyperplatys, 269. Magdalis senescens, 270. magnaria, Enuomos, 266. Magnolia, Aspidiotus nerii on, 204. Magnolia glauea, northernmost habitat of, 180. Maia, Hemileuca, 265. Malachida? injuring apple-trees, 267. malana, Eccopsis, 121, 266. Nolophana, 265. mali, Apbis, 271. Erythroueura [Typhlocyba], 271. Monarthrum, 270. Phheothrips, 248,271. Sciara, 267. Typhlocyba, 271. malifolia?, Aphis, 271. malifoliella, Tischeria, 160-162, 267. malivorana [minuta], Teras, 266. malivorella, Coleophora. 122, 267. Mally, P W„ cited, 250. Mamestra assimilis, 265. picta, 265. subjuncta, 265. Mammoth clover free from Grapho- litha, 155. Mann, B. P., cited, 134. manteo, Heterocampa, 265. Manual for the Study of Insects (Corn- stocks), abstract of review, 277: cited, 110, 135, 147, 178, 241. Manual of British Butterflies and Moths (Stainton), cited, 145, 149. Manual of Injurious Iusects with Methods of Prevention and Remedy (Ormerod), cited, 249. Many-dotted apple-tree worm, 265. Many-striped palmer-worm, 267. Maple: iusects injurious to, Aspidiotus nerii, 204. Aspidiotus tenebricosus, 221. Cimbex Americana, 284. Mytilaspis pomorum, 202. Steganoptvcha Claypoliana, 278, 285. unknown insect on, 280-281. Maple-leaf louse, 287. Maple-tree scale-insect, 204-205, 275, 277. Margaronia [Eudioptis] hyalinata, 135. [Eudioptis] nitidalis,'l27. marginata, Anomala, 268. marginatus, Chauliognathus, 133, 138, Margined Anomala, 268. soldier beetle, 133. Marlatt, C. L., cited, 110, 112; quoted, 199. Massachusetts Agricultural College referred to, 105. May beetle, 268. McCarthv, G., cited, 146. Mealy-bugs, 200. Mecyna diversalis, 144. Mecyna polygonalis, 142. Mecyna reversalis, bibliography, 142. cocoon, 144. distribution, 145. feeding on Genista, 142. imago described, 144-145. larva described, 143. life-history, 142-143. pupa described, 144. reference to figure of, 140. remedies, 145. synonym, possibly, of M. di versalia, 144.' Meehan, T. B., cited, 181. Megachile species, 284. Megilla maculata, 181. melancholica, Euphoria, 268. Melancholy ch?fer, 268. Melandryidae on apple, 269. Melanoplus atlanis, 271. bivittatus, 272. cinereus, 272. 312 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Melanoplus cyaneipes, 272. devastator, 272. differentialis, 271. femur-rubrum, 271, 284. herbaceus, 272. spretus, 271. Melauotus communis, 267. decnmanus, 267. incertus [decnmanus], 267. Melasoma [Lina] scripta, 181, 182. Melia Azedarach, Ceroplastes cirri- pediformis on, 287. MelittiaCeto, 135 Meloe angusticollis. 286. Meloidae on apple, 269. Melon caterpillar, 133, 134-138. Melon : insects injurious to, Eudioptis nitidalis, 130, 131, 132. Eudioptis hvalinata, 135. Tbrips taba'ci, 244. Melon-vine midge, 165-168. Melon worm, 135. Melsbeimer, Dr. F. E., cited, 181. Mernbracidaa injurious to tbe apple- tree, list of, 270. Memoires pour servir a l'bistoire des Insectes (Reaumur), cited, 240. Merisus, 105. Merriam, Dr. C. Hart, quoted, 179. messona, Agrotis, 121, 265. Meyrick, E., cited, 142, 147. micans, Helops, 269. Lachnosterna, 268. Microcentrum retiuervis, 271, 288. Microdus laticinctus, 156. Micropteryx pomivorella, 267. Midge, 106. Mignonette. Tbrips tabaci on, 244. Millepedes, 276. Miueola indigenella, 121, 266. ministra, Datana, 264, 285. minuta, Teras, 121, 266. minutum, Monf>morium, 113. Miscellaneous Essays on Economic Entomology [Illinois], cited, 109. Mites, 225. Moffat, J A., cited, 127, 135, 139, 146, 241. moles ta,Myrmica [Monomorium Pbara- ouis], 109, 110. Solenopsis [Monomorium Phara- onis], 109. Mouartbrum mali, 270. niouodou, Notoxus, 269. Monomorium Pharaonis, Bellevoye's observations on, 112-113. bibliography, 109-110. description of, 110-111. earlier history, 110. figure of, 111. habits, 111. life-history, 112. other species in bouses, 113. remedies, 113-114. Monomorium Pharaonis — (Continued): Say's description of female, 110. ubiquitous character, 110. Moody, H. L., cited, 240. Moore, Dr. E., insects from, 287, 288. Morgan, H. A., insects from, 287. Morrell, L. L., insects from, 287. Morrisonia confusa, 265. Morse, L , insects from, 287. morula, Acronycta, 265. Mosquitoes, 106. Mouldy Aphis, 271. Mound-building ant, 115. Mountain ash, (jbionaspis furfurus ou, 208. mucidus, Callipterus, 271. Murgantia histriouica, 280, 287. muscarum, Acarus (Hypopal form), 257. Mushrooms, Tyroglypbi on, 257. Muskmelon : insects injurious to, Aphis cucumeris, 168. Diplosis cucumeris, 165-166. Diplosis setigera, 168. Eudioptis hvalinata, 135. Eudioptis nitidalis, 127, 132. Mutinus Ravenalii, Silpha Americana on, 285. Myobia pumila, 177. Myops, Alans, 267. Myriapoda, 252. Myrmeleon immaculatus, 236, 237, 238, 240. ingeniosus, 238. larva, 237. pumilus, 238. rusticus, 238. species, 234-241. tetragrammicus, 240. Myrineleoukbe, bibliography, 240-241. species treated of, 234-240. Myrmica molesta [Monomorium Phar- aonis], 109, 110. MyrmicidsB, 109-114. Mvtilaspis pomorum, 201-202, 271, 273- 274, 287. Myzus ribis, 275-276. nana, Tenebrioides, 267. Trogosita [Tenebrioides], 267. Nasturtium, Tbrips tabaci on, 244. Nation, Tbe, abstracts from, 277, 282, 283. Natural History of Aquatic Insects (Miall), abstract of, review, 283. Neat strawberry-leaf roller, 266. Nematocampa tilamentaria, 266. nenuphar, Conotrachelus, 122, 270. Neoclytus erythrocephalus, 268. Nephlodespis, Lecanium hesperidum on, 287. neru, Aspidiotus, 203-204, 287. Neuroptera, 234-241, 272, 288. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 313 New Check List of North American Moths (Grote), cited, 127, 134, 138, 142. New- York ant, 264. Weekly Tribune, cited, 181. weevil, 270. nigra, Phlreothrips, 249. nigiilabris, Brachnemurus, 238. 9-notata, Cocci 11 el la, 276. nitida, Allorhina, 268, 286. nitidalis, Eudioptis, 126-133, 136, 137, 138. Margaronia [Eudioptis], 127. Pbacellura [Endioptis|, 126, 127. Phakellura [Eudioptisl, 126, 127, 135. NitidulidsB injuring apple-trees, 267. nivicola, Achorutes [Schoturus], 251. Podura [Schoturus], 251. Schoturus, 251-252. niveus, (Ecanthus, 271, 284, 288. noctilucus, Elater [Pyrophorus], 174. Pyrophorus, 174-177. noctuella, Noruophila, 143. Noctuidte on apple-trees, 265. Nolophana malana, 265. Noruophila noctuella, 143. notata, Euxesta, 267. Notoxus calcaratus, 269. mouodon, 269. nova [autiqua], Orgyia, 264. Novseboracensis, Cicada, 270. Noveboraceusis, Formi< a [Camponotus hercnlaneus], 264. Ithycerns, 270. nubeculana, Phoxopteris, 266. nubilata, Prochoerodes, 266. nuptialis, Catocala, 266. Nyssa niultiflora [sylvatica] injured by Antispiht nysseefoliella, 157. nysssefoliella, Antispila, 157-159. Nysius angustatus, 270. o Oats injured by Thrips, 250. Oberea bimaculata, 170, 171. species 269. obesus, Xyleborus, 270. oblinita, Acronycta, 265. Oblique-banded leaf-roller, 121, 266. oblongifolia, Auiblvcorypha, 288. Phylloptera, 284. Oblong-winged katydid, 288. obscurus, Hyruenorus, 269. Observer of "Nature cited, 126, 134, 181. obsoletum, Dendroleou, 237, 238, 240. obtectus, Bruchus, 286. obf usa, Empoasca, 270. occideutalis, Acrouvcta, 265. ocellana, Tinetocera, 121, 156, 266. ocellata, Elaphidiou [Oberea], 268. Ocneria dispar, 264. oculatus, Alaus, 267. Odouata of New York, 104-105. Odontota dorsal is, 269. nervosa, 269. Odontota scutellaris [dorsalis], 269. rubra, 269. GScanthus fascia tus, 284. niveus, 271, 284, 288. CEdemasia concinua, 265. exiinia, 265. salicis, 265. Oikeficus Townsendi, 264. Oil beetle, 286. olesB, Lecanium. 271. Oleander, Aspidiotus nerii on, 203, 204. toliualis [costalis], Pyralis, 145, 149. Olive, Aspidiotus ancylus on, 287. Olivier on habits of Anthreni, 174. OlliflE, A. S., cited, 232. Oncideres cingulata, 269. twig-girdler, 125. Onion Thrips, 241-247. Thrips tabaci on, 242, 243, 245. opercularis, Lagoa, 264. Opernpbtera boreata, 266. Orange Insects (Hubbard), cited, 241, 248. Orange, Thrips on, 2-18, 249, 250. Orchard tent-caterpillar, 281. Orchelimum glaberrimuirj, 271. Orcutt-Aldrich, cited, 182. Orgyia autiqua, 285. leuuostigma, 121, 124-126, 264, 279. second brood at Albany, 125. nova [autiqua I, 264. tussock caterpillar, 275 vetusta, 285. Orrnerod, Miss E. A., cited, 147, 148, 249. Ornix crataegifoliella, 267. geminatella, 267. Orthoptera contributed, 288. injurious to the apple-tree, list of, 271. Orthosoma brunneum, 268. Osage orange : insects injurious to, Aspidiotus perniciosus, 224. Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 281. Osborn, Herbert, cited, 146, 152, 247, 249. Osboru-Gossard cited, 146, 152. Osborn-Mally cited, 242, 246. Osborn-Sirrine cited, 147, 152. Osburn, W., cited, 181. Osmoderma eretnicola, 268. scabra, 268, 284. Osten Sacken, C, R., cited, 248 ; quoted, 164; referred to, 163. ostreseformis, Aspidiotus, 271. Diaspis, 271. Otiorhynchidad injurious to the apple- tree, list of 269. picipes [singularis], 269. singularis, 269. sulcatus, 269. Ox-eye daisy, Thripidte on, 247. oxvcoccaua, Teras, 266. Oyster-shell bark-louse. 201-202. 3*4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM pacifica Tfeniocampa, 265. Packard, Dr. A. S., cited, 109, 126, 146, 157, 160, 174, 181, 197, 240, 248, 251. pallidicornis, Torynms, 164. pallipes, Polistes, 284. Palmer worm, 267. Paltbis angulalis, 266. pauipinaria, Boarmia, 266. Pansy (wild), fertilized bv Thrips, 248, 249. pantherinus, Dendroleim, 239. Pauton, J. H., quoted, 119. Papilio Turn us, 264. Parallel Elapbidion, 268. parallela, Parorgyia, 264. parallelum, Elaphidion, 268. Parandra brunnea, 268. Parasa chloris, 264. Parasite of, Apbis cucumeris, 168. Cecidomyia betulaa, 164, 165. Crioceris asparagi, 177. Eudioptis byaliuata, 138. Eudioptis uitidalis, 132. Grapbolitba interstinetaua, 156. Pyrausta futilalis, 142. Tmetocera ocellaua, 1;>6. Tremex columba, 279. Parasitic insects, Apauteles cougregatus, 142. Bracon vernouias, 156. Cbalcis flavipes [ovata], 132. Entedou sp., 165. Glypta leucozonata, 156. Isocratus vulgaris, 167. Leucopis griseola, 164. Lysipblebns cucurbitapbidis, 167. Merisus sp., 165. Microdus laticiuctus, 156. Myobia pumila, 177. Phanerotoma tibialis, 156. Pimpla couquisitor, 134, 138. Tachiua fly, 13d. Tetrastichus sp., 165. Thalessa atrata, 279. Tbalessa lunator, 279. Torymus palli'licornis, 164. Torymus sp., 165. Paris green injurious to blossoms, 119. Parorgyia parallela, 264. Parsley, Thrips tabaei on, 244. Payne, W. H., insects from, 162. Peacb : insects and mite injurious to, Aphis persicffi-uiger, 279. Aspidiotus perniciosus, 206, 207, 223, 287. Bryobia pratensis. 288. Xyliua cinerea, 279. Peach-twig moth, 267. Pear-tree Psylla, 273. Pear-blight beetle, 270. Pear: insects injurious to, Agiilus sinuatus, 286. Aspidiotus perniciosus, 207, 224. Chionaspis furfurus, 203. Pear: insects injurious to — (Contin'd): Diplosis pyrivora, 285. Mytilaspis pomoruui, 202. Phobetron pilhecium, 285. Xyleborus dispar. 286. Pear midge, 119, 169, 170, 227, 260, 278, 285. Pear-tree blister-beetle, 269. oyster-scale, 271. Psylla, 271. Pecan nut, Aspidiotus perniciosus on, 224. Peck, C. H., insects from, 285. Pelidnota punctata, 268, 286. pidlionella, Tinea, 276. pellucida, Camuuia, 271. Pellucid locust, 271. Pelopceus csementarius, 234. Pempelia Hammondi, 266. Penhallow, D. P., insects from, 286. Pennsylvania, Disonycba, 269. Epicauta, 281, 284, 286. Photurus. 284. Pennsylvanicus, Bom bus, 284. Pentbina, chionoseuia, 266. Peonies, carpet beetles on, 173. Pepperidge, Antispila nyssaafoliella on, 157. Pergande, T., cited, 242, 244., 249. permundana, Eccopsis, 266. perniciosus, Aspidiotus, 206-233, 275, 277, 287. persicae-niger, Aphis, 279. Persimmon, Aspidiotus perniciosus on, 224. Pttrophora diversiliueata, 266. Pettit, J., cited, 240. Pezotettix cbenopodii, 272. Pflanzenfeinde aus der Classes der Insekten, cited, 149. Phacellura hyaliuatalis [Eudioptis hyalinata], 134. [Eiidioptisj nitidalis, 126, 127. Phakellura hyaliuatalis [Eudioptis hyalinata], 134, 135. [Eudioptis] nitklalis, 126, 127, 135. Phanerotoma tibialis, 156. Pharaonis, Formica [Monomorium], 109, 110. Monomorium, 109-114. Phigalia cinctaria, 2d6. Phlasothrips, 247. frumentaria, 246. mali, 248, 271. nigra, 249. Phlceoiribus liminaris var., 270. Phobetron pitheoiuiu, 264, 285. Photurus Penusylvanica, 264. Ph >xopteris niilieculana, 266. Phycis [Mineola] iuaigenella, 266. Phyllcecus flavivontris. 284. Phvlloptera oblongifolia, 284. Phylloxera, 248, 249 carya3caulis, 248, 287. phylloxeras, Tyroglyphus, 258. REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST 3*5 Pbymata erosa, 117. pbysoderus, Pyropborus, 175. Pbysopoda, 247, 249. piceus, Attagenus, 276. picipes [singularis], Otiorbvncbus,269. Pickle caterpillar, 126-134,' 136. worm, 127, 132. 135, 136, 138. Pickled-fruit fly, t>67. picta, Mamestra, 265. Pierce, W. C, insects from, 286. Pigeon Tremex, 264. pilosicollis [tristis], Lachnosteraa, 268. Pimpla conquisitor, 134, 138. Pine-leaf scale-insect, 203, 277. pinifolii, Chionaspis, 203. Pinns Austriaca, pine-leaf scale-insect on, 203. Pinus strobus, Lophyrns Lecontei feed- in g on, 284. pitbecinm, Pbobetron, 264, 285. Pityophtborus sp. "b" [Xylocleptes decipwns], 270. placida, Agrotis, 265. Plagiodera [Lina] scripta, 181, 182. Plagionotus speciosus, 286. Plagodis Keutzingaria, 266. Plant-lice, 200, 225, 275. platycerii, Lecanium, 222. Plum curculio, 122, 270, 279. Plum-gouger, 270. Plum: insects injurious to, Apbis prunifolii, 276. Aspidiotus nerii, 204. Aspidiotus perniciosus, 206, 207, 224. Lecanium juglandis, 205. Mvtilaspis poinoruin, 202. Plum Sphinx, 264. Plum motb, 266. Plum-tree Apbis, 276. Plum-tree scale-insect, 205-206, 271, 277, 278. plumigeraria, Boarmia, 266. pluvialis, Clisiocampa, 265. Podura, 254. aquatica, 253. [Scboturus] nivicola, 251. Poduridas, classification and charac- teristics, 252. species treated of, 251-254. Pcecilocapsus goniphorns, 284. lineatus, 284. Poey cited, 134. Polistes fuscatus [pallipes], 264. pallipes, 284. Polycaon confertus, 268. polygoualis, Mecyna, 142. Polypbemus, Telea, 265, 285. Polypbylla decemliueata, 268. variolosa, 268. pometaria, Anisopteryx, 266. pometellus, Ypsolophus, 267. pomifoliella, Bucculatrix, 267. Lithocolletis, 267. pomivorella, Micropteryx, 267. pomouella, Carpocapsa, 266. Rbagolites, 267. Trypeta [Rbagolites], 267. pomorum, Autbonomus, 270. Mytilaspis, 201-202, 271, 273-274, 287. Pompbopcea senea, 269. Pomroy, Norman, insects from, 286. Poplar borer, 269. Poplar, Mjtilaspis pomorum on, 202. Populus monihfera. Lina scripta on, 183. Potato bug, 274. Potato : insects injurious to, Epieauta Pennsylvauica, 286. Lema trilineata, 286. Powell, E. C, insects from, 251. Powell, G. T., insects from, 286. Practical Entomologist cited, 145, 197, 248. Prairie Farmer cited, 145, 249. Prairie Farmer Annual cited, 145. pratensis, Bryobia, 272, 288. Lygus, 270. Pratt, Mrs. II. A., on babits of carpet beetle, 172. Predaceous insects, Chauliognathus maiginatus, 133, 138. Coccinella 9-notata. 276. Megilla maculata, 181. small red ant, 138. Syrpbus larva?, 276. Pretty pomace fly, 267. Preventives for, ants in bouses, 114, 281. clover bay cater pillar, 151. clover-seed caterpillar, 155-156. cottonwood-leaf beetle, 188. millepedes, 276. Preventives of insect depredations : air circulating beneatb bay stacks, 151. avoiding infested manure, 276. carbolic acid, 114. cbalk-liue, 114, 281. kerosene, 114. lime, 188. lime-water, 276. napthaliue, 114. new crops remote from old, 156. pasturing fields in autumn, 156. salting bay, 151. soot, 276. using manure tbat will not sbelter insects, 156. Prickly Leptostylus, 268. Prmula, Thrips on, 248. priuceps, Epitheca, 288. Prionus imbricornis, 268. laticollis, 268. Proceedings of tbe Albany Institute cited, 241. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia cited, 152, 156, 157, 160, 197, 240. 316 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Proceedings, etc. — ^Continued): American Association for the Advancement of Science cited, 232. Entomological Society of Philadel- phia cited, 248. Entomological Society of Washing- ton cited, 178, 182. Prochoerodes nubilata, 266 Progne, Grapta, 284. Proiuetliea, Attacns, 265 Proteopteryx spoliana, 266. Provancher, L'Abbe, cited, 109. pruinosum, Lecanium, 271. pruuicida, Coccotorns, 270. prunifolii, Aphis, 277. prunina, Lachnosterna, 268. prunivora, Grapholitha, 266. Psenocerus supernotatns, 268. Pseudaglossa lubricalis, 284. Psendauthouomiis era tragi, 270. Pseudococcns aceris, 287. Pseudonenro|)tera contributed, 288. reference, 106. Psithyrus celatus, 104. citrinus, 104. studies of, 104. Psoa maculata, 268. Psocids, 248. Psyche cited, 134, 157, 160, 178, 181, 182, 248, 249, 250. Psylla pyricola, 271. Psyllidse on apple, 271. Ptinidaj injuring apple-trees, 268. Pugnacious caterpillar, 280. Pulvinaria, 204. Pulvinaria inuumerabilis, 204, 275, 281. Pulvinaria maclura? [iuuumerabilis], 281. pumila, Myobia, 177. pumilus, Myrmeleon, 238. punctata, Pelidnota, 268, 286. Synchroa, 269. punctipennis, Haltica, 269. "Punky,"106. Purchasi, leery a, 271. Pupa of Anthrenus scrophulariaj, 174. Antispila nysssefoliella, 158. Diplosis encumeris, 167. Eudioptis hyalinata, 137. Eudioptis nitidalis, 131. Galerucella lnteola, 192. Grapholitha interstinctaua, 153. Mecyna reversalis, 144. Pyralis costalis, 147. Pyrausta futilalis, 140-141. raspberry-cane maggot, 170. Tischeria malifoliella, 161. pygmsea, Capnia, 288. Pyralid, 144. Pvralid web-caterpillar, 266. Pyralida?, family characteristics, 147. injuring apple-trees, 266. species treated of, 145-151. Pyralis costalis, American history, 149-150. an associated species, 151. an European insect, 147. bibliography, 145-147. characters of its family, 147. European history, 148-149. injuries by, 150-151. larva described. 148. life-history, 150. moth described, 148. remedies and preventives, 151. Pyralis farinalis, 151. fimbrialis [costalis], 145. glaucinalis, 148. [Eudioptis] byalinata, 134. Joliualis [c -stalis], 145, 149. Pyramidal grapevine caterpillar, 266. pyramidoides, Amphipyra, 265. Pryausta futilalis, bibliography, 138- 139. eggs, 139. enemies of, 141-142. generations, ntmiber of, 141. larvae, habits of, 139-140. larval stages described, 140. moth described, 141. pupa, 140-141. PyranstidaB, 126-142. pyri, Lecanium, 271. Sesia, 265. [dispaij, Xyleborus, 270. pyricola, Psylla, 271. pyricolana, Steganoptycha, 266, 278, *285. pyrina, Zeuzera, 265, 275. pyrivora, Diplosis, 119, 166, 169, 170, 278, 285 Pyrophorus noctilucus, a single species in U. S. of the genus, 175. a tropical insect, 175. bibliography, 174-175. duration of life, 176-177. food hab.ts, 177. number of tropical species, 175. remarkable luminosity, 175-176. Pyrophorus physoderus, 175. Pyrus japouica, Chionaspis furfurus on, 203.