LIBRARY OF

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FIRST ANNUAL REPORT

IB 41 OTHER INSECTS

STATE OF NEW YORK.

MADE TO TIIK STATE LEGISLATURE. PURSUANT TO CHAPTER 377 OP THE
LAWS OF 1881.

By J. A.. I^IXTXER,

STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

ISSUED OCTOBER 138i.

ALBANY:

WEED, PARSONS AND COMPANY, PRINTERS

1883,

J
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FIRST ANNUAL RE POET

INJURIOUS AND OTHER INSECTS

STATE OF NEW YORK.

Hade «o the State Legislature, Pursuant to chap. 377 of the Laws of Ihhi.

By J. A. LINTNER,

ST AT E E NTO M 0 LOI ! I ST.

ALBANY:

WEED, PARSONS AND COMPANY, PRINTERS
1882.

STATE OF NEW YORK.

No. 93.

IN SENATE,

January 13, 1882.

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT

OF TIIK

STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Hon. George G. Hoskins,

Lieutenant- Governor, and President of fJte Senate:
Sir — I have the honor to present to the Legislature of the State
of New York, the First Annual Report of the State Entomologist,
made in accordance with the requirements of Chapter 377 of the
Laws of 1881.

Very respectful 1}%

J. A. LIXTNER.
Albany, N. Y., Jan. 12, 1882.

[Sen. Doc. No. 93.]

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

IMPORTANCE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL STUDY

The study uo longer ridiculed except by those ignorant of its recent
progress, 1. The literature of entomology, 2. The serial publications
devoted to it, 2. The number of American entomologists, 2. State en-
tomologists employed, 2. The entomological work of the General Gov-
ernment, 3.

Extent of Insect Depredations

The power of insects in combination, 2. Their omnipresence, 2. Their
antagonism to man, 3. Their dependence upon vegetable food, :!. No
vegetable growth free from attack, 3. Number of species occurring upon
cereals, garden vegetables, fruit-trees, forest-trees, shade-trees, etc., 3.
Extent of injuries illustrated by reference to the grape phylloxera, 4 ,
when first known, 4 ; introduced into Europe, 4 ; its spread and rav-
ages in the vineyards of France, 5 ; rewards offered for discovery of
means of prevention, 3 ; its introduction into Australia, 5.

Losses from Insect Depredations

Not a crop cultivated that is not titbed by insects, G. The occasional
entire destruction of crops, G. Insect ravages should lie regarded as a
direct tax upon agricultural products, (i. The tax may be greatly
diminished, G. Loss to the wheat crop iu the State of New York from
the wheat-midge, estimated, G. Loss in Ohio and Canada from the same
insect, 7- Losses in Illinois and Missouri from the chinch-bug, 7. Esti-
mated value of crops destroyed in Western States by the Rocky Mountain
locust, 7. Estimated damages from the cotton-worm in Southern States,

7. Annual losses to agricultural products iu the United States, 8.

Excessive Insect Depredations in the United States

The necessity of the study of insect injuries in this country, 8. The
injuries greater here than iu any other part of the world, 8. Most of our
agricultural products are of foreign importation, and with them their at-
tacking insects have been introduced, 8. Some of the principal imported
insects mentioned, 8. Few native species have been returned to Europe,

8. "America the home of insects," 9. Insects with their importation
display increased destructiveness, 9. Shown by the greater injuries here
of the cabbage-butterfly, the asparagus-beetle, and the carpet-beetle,

9. The conditions more favorable to their increase than in their native
homes, 10 ; in more abundant food, 10 ; in leaving behind them their nat-
ural parasites, 10. Crops massed in large areas promote insect ravages,

10. Illustrated by the increase of apple-insects, 10. Nowhere else in
the world are special crops cultivated in so large an acreage, 11. The

V1 TABLE OF CONTENTS.

largest apple orchard in the world, 11. A peach orchard of 790 acres 11 A
California vineyard of 1,010 acres, 11. A cotton plantation of 6 000
acres, 12. The Dalrymple farm of 30,000 acres of wheat and oats, 12 A
California wheat field seventeen miles long, 12. A Colorado potato field
12. The increase of insect injuries may compel cultivation in smaller
areas, 12.

The Immense Number of Insects ,«

Insects more numerous in species than all the other classes of animals
combined, 12. Rapid increase of " new species," 13. Thousands of unde-
served species in our Museums, 13. Increase in known species duriug
the last fifty years, 13. Probable number in the world, 13. The amaz"
ing number of individuals, 13. Estimated number of aphides upon a
single cherry-tree, 13. The myriads of Chironomus niwriundus,VZ Flights
of the Rocky Mountain locust, 13. The mosquito preventing cultivation
. in the Southern States, and exploration in British America, 14. The tiny
insect of more importance than the beast of prey, 14.

Necessity ok a Knowledge of Insect Habits 14

Insects need to be scientifically named before they can be properly
studied, 14. Their diverse habits. 14. Their complicated life-histories,
14. The early stages of many of the more injurious species still unknown'

14. Laborious nature of these studies, 15. The small number of economic
entomologists in the United States, 15.

PKOGRESS MADE IN ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 15-25

Progress during the last twenty years, 15. Directions in which made,

15. Its utilization in the promotion of agriculture and the allied arts|
15. Its commencement in this country, 15.

The Whitings of Economic Entomologist* ir,

The Harris Reports on the Insects of New England, 10. High esti-
mation in which they are held, 16. Their service to agriculture, 16 The
Fitch New York Reports, 16. The writings of B. D.Walsh, 16; the loss sus-
tained in his early death, 16. The publications and labors of C. V. Riley
16 ; their influence, 16; the life-histories given, and remedies for depre-
dations, IT: their value attested, and economic entomology honored by
a gold medal from the French Government, 17 ; notice of the medal, 17
The Illinois Reports of Dr. Le Baron, 17. Reports and other publica-
tions of Dr. Thomas and his assistants, 17. The economic contributions
of Dr. Packard, 17; his publications in general entomology, 18. Prof
Comstock's Reports, 18. Mr. Howard's paper upon parasites of the
Coccidv, 18. Reports of Mr. Townend Glover, 18. Glover's " Illustra-
tions of Insects '(' and "Manuscript Notes from my Journal," 18 Gold
medal awarded to Mr. Glover, 19 ; notice relating to award 19 Writing
of Prof. A. J. Cook, 19; of Mr. Wm. Saunders; of other entomologist's

19. Bibliography of publications in economic entomology in preparation

20. Investigations in this country recognized in Europe, and tribute
paid to them, 20. Appreciation of European publications! 20. Reason
for advanced progress of applied entomology in the United States, 20.
Europe greatly in advance in general entomology, 20.

Increased Interest in Entomological Investigations.... 21

The labors of entomologists recognized, encouraged and utilized 21
Frequent calls upon entomologists for information, 21. Inquiries and re-
plies through agricultural journals, 21 . Aid desired bv agricultural and

TABLE OB CONTENTS. VII

horticultural societies, 21. Efforts leading to the resumption of ento-
mological work by the State of New York, 81. Movements elsewhere for
State entomologists, 21 ; economy of their employment by each of the
States, 21 ; their present number too small for the work to be done, S3.

The Acquisition op Life-histobies ob Insects 22

Desirability of acquaintance with all the stages of insect life, 22. Iiu
portance of a knowledge of the larval form, 22. Study now given t"
life-histories, 22. Value of such study, 22. Mr. \V. H. Edwards'
Studies, 22. Studies of our moths, 22. Coleopterous larval .studied by
F. W. Bchaupp and l>r. Horn, 22.

FORMATION OF BlOLOQIOAl COLLECTIONS 23

In what these collections consist, and their arrangement, 23. The bio
logical collection of the New York State Agricultural Society, 33. The
collection of the Entomological Division of the Department of Agricul-
ture, 23. The deposit of the general collection of Prof. Riley in the
United States National Museum, 21 ; its biological material, 24. The un-
equaled biological collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at
Cambridge, 24; Agassiz' appreciation of entomological science, 24 ; labors
of Dr. Hagen, 24; extent of the collection, 24; its appreciation by
students, 84.

DISCOVERT OF VALUABLE INSECTICIDES 25-55

Their recent discovery an evidence of progress in economic investiga-
tions. 25. Discovery of the insecticidal properties of Paris green, 25.
I ae of Pyrethrum extended from household pests to field and garden in
sects, 35, First introduction of London purple, 25. Its subsequent use,

85. Employment of oils for destroying insect life, 25.

Paris Gbeen a.s an Insecticide 26

Its popularity the result of its need in potato culture, 20. Its value in
destroying the Colorado potato-beetle, 26. Amount of combined arsenic.

86. Enormous demand for it, 20. Adulteration, 26. Differeut methods
of use, 36. Diluents, 36. Arrangements for mixing, 26. The dry mix-
ture, 26. The best diluent and its proportion, 26. Plaster of Paris as a
diluent, 27. Proportions of the wet mixture, 2™ : its preparation, 27.
Advantages of the wet mixture, 27. Application of the powder, 27. A
convenient dusting-box, 27. Precautions necessary, 27. Various dusting
machines, 28. Cost of the dry application, 28. Application of the liquid.

Simple appliances ordinarily needed, 28. Sprinkler for use in fields
illustrated and described, 28. The Ilydronette for use upon trees, de-
scribed and figured, 29 , also, the Aquaject, SO. The Whitman Fountain
pump, 30. A desirable nozzle for scattering the liquid, 31. Sprinklers
devised for cotton plantations, 31. No danger in properly using the
poison, 31. Precautious desirable to be taken, 31. Potatoes treated with
Paris green not poisonous or unwholesome, 32. Change undergone by
Paris green in the soil, 32. Experiments upon its effect upon plant-
growth, 32. Large amount that may be applied before affecting plant-
growth, 32. Is not absorbed by plants, 32. Insects that may be destroyed
by it, 32. Useful against several potato insects, 32 ; also, the white-
marked tussock-moth, canker-worm, basket- worm, insects on the Virginia-
creeper, the army- worm, etc., 33. General conditions permitting its
use, 33.

v1i1 table of contents.

London Purple as an Insecticide 34

Its analysis, 34. A refuse material in the manufacture of analine dyes,
34. About equal in efficacy to Paris green, 34. In what respects prefer-
able to Paris green, 34; evidence of Ks being less poisonous, 34. Diluents
employed in dry mixture, 35. Degree to which it may be reduced, 35.
Different degrees of water dilution for different insects, 35. Should not
be used in greater strength than necessary, 35. Useful in the destruction
of the apple-worm, 35. Prof. Cook's experiments with it upon apple-
trees, 35. Directions of Hemingway's London Purple Company for its
use, 36.
Pyrethrum as an Insecticide 36

Species of Pyrethrum from which the Persian and Dalmatian insect
powders are derived, 36. The Persian powder long known, 36. Until
very lately only employed against household pests, 36. Its effects upon
flies in a closed room, 36. May be inhaled with safety, 36. Probability
that its range of usefulness will be greatly extended, 37. The plants be-
ing cultivated in this country, 37. Mr. Milco's " Buhach," 37. Promise
of its production at a low cost, 37. Seed distributed by the Department
of Agriculture, 37. Circular by the Department, with instructions for the
cultivation of the plants, preparation and modes of application of the
powder, 37. May be applied as a dry powder, either with or without di-
luents, 37. Diluents used, 37. The mixture improved by standing for
two days, 37. Application in fumes, 38. Method of burning, and effects
of the smoke, 38. Convenient means for destroying insects infesting furs,
feathers, books, etc., 38. Production of an alcoholic extract, 38. Dilu-
tion, application, and effects of the extract, 38. A water solution deemed
preferable to other preparations, 38. The powder dissolves in water, 38.
Small quantity of the powder required, 38. The solution injured by
standing, 38. Tea or decoction from the uuground flowers, 38. How
the tea may be made in large quantity, and used, 39. Effects of the water
solution upon insects, 39. Valuable for the destruction of cabbage cater-
pillars (Pieris rapw), 39. Prof. Cook's experiments and conclusions, 39.
It will kill the Colorado potato-beetle, 39. Does not kill the squash-bug
or the harlequin cabbage-bug, 39. Serviceable against aphides, striped
blister-beetle, flea-beetles and the grain weevil, 40. Hymenoptera readily
affected by it, 40. Order in which some insects are affected by its fumes,
40. Reference to the recent literature upon the subject, 40.

Hellebore as an Insecticide 40

What it is, 40. When its insecticidal properties were first discovered
in England, 41. When introduced in the United States, 41. Dr. Fitch's
enthusiastic praise of its virtues, 41. May be conveniently applied with
a dusting box, 41. Directions for its application, 41. Test of its strength,
43. Cost and quantity for garden uses, 42. How prepared for liquid ap-
plication's. Made more effective by the addition of flour, 42. A specific
for the destruction of the currant-worm, 42. Equally efficacious against
most of the " saw-fly " larva?, 43. Useful for destroying the "slugs " in-
festing rose-bushes, pear-trees and raspberries, 42. Directions for use on
rose-bushes, 42. The " poke-weed " should also have similar properties,
43. Reference to writings upon the insecticidal properties of Hellebore,
43.

table of contents. ix

Kerosene as an Insecticide 43

Particularly deadly to insects, 43. Is one of the cheapest insecticides
and very etticient, 43. Prejudice against its use from occasional injuries
to vegetation, 43. Has been used in an undiluted state, 43. Testimony
to its value for the destruction of scale-insects, 43. Method of mixing it
with water, 44. An emulsion made with the aid of milk, 44. Prof. Corn-
stock's experiments in producing and diluting emulsions, 44. In all cases,
when not applied to vegetation, kerosene a valuable insecticide, 44. Use-
ful for collecting the Colorado potato-beetle, 44 ; also, the rose-bug, 45.
Cloths saturated with it. for killing (kireulionida jarred from trees, 45. A
saturated cloth arranged for sweeping infested low-growing crops, 45.
Useful for destroying lice upon domestic, animals, 45. Convenient for use
in henneries infested with vermin, 45. May bo applied to fowls for kill-
ing vermin. 15. Apparently disagreeable to some insects, acting as a re-
pellant, 45. Flies excluded from stables by its use, 45.

Pakaiti ne Oil as an Insecticide 40

A popular insecticide in England. 40. Obtained by distillation of
Cannel coal, 46. The products of the crude oil, 4(5. Successfully used
against the carrot-lly, currant-worm and onion-worm, 40. May be greatly
diluted with water, 40. Effectual against aphides on larches, 40. Method
of mixing the oil with water, 40. When applied to the soil better results
obtained by mixture with absorbents, 40. May be conveniently used with
sand, 46. Protects from wire-worms, 46.

Bisulphide of Carbon as an Insecticide 47

First employed in France for destroying the grape phylloxera, 47.
Method of use, 47. Serviceable for other root-infesting insects, 47. A
remedy for the apple-root plant-louse, 47. Successful experiments with
it upon the larvae of the Anthomyian flies, 47. Strongly recommended
for use against the cabbage-fly, 47. Promises protection of plants from
egg-deposit, 47.

Carbolic Acid as an Insecticide 41

Has also been used to arrest the ravages of phylloxera, 47. Protects
radishes from the radish-fly, 48. Destroys the small larvfe and worms
which infest potted plants, 48. Of great service in removing vermin
from animal9, 48. The Pediculida; of domestic animals. 48. Buchan &
Co.'s carbolic soap, 48. Combined with oil, cures " the fly " attacking
sheep, 48. Testimony of its value to the stock-raiser, 48. The crude car-
bolic acid should be used, 48.

Soluble Phenyle as an Insecticide 4S

Introduced through the experiments of Miss Ormerod, 48. Its trade-
name, 48. Agency in the United States, 49. Its composition, 49. Insect
attacks arrested by it, 49. Serves as a preventive of attack, 49. Destroys
vermin on domestic animals, 49. Its reputation as a sheep-dip, 49. Di-
rections for use against aphides, and scale on orange-trees, 49 ; against
ants, 50. Experiments with it desirable, 50. Form in which sold, 50.

Coal-tar as an Insecticide 50

Substances experimented with for destruction of the phylloxera, 50.
Coal-tar among the best, 50. Extensively used for destroying the Rocky
Mountain locust, 50. Robbin's coal-tar pan, 50. General use of this pan

X TABLE OF CONTENTS.

in Minnesota, 50. Governor Pillsbury's indorsement of its value, 50.
Extent to whichit was manufactured and employed, 51. Another simple
trap described, 51. The traps useful against other insects than locusts,
51. Application of coal-tar by means of the irrigating ditches in Colo-
rado, 51. Convenient method of use against garden insects, 51. Its
smoke preventive of curculio attack, 51. Coal-tar a residual product of
gas manufacture, 52. Utilization of other of the residuals, 52. Ammo-
niacal liquid, 52. Cost of coal-tar, 52.

Gas-lime as an Insecticide 52

Regarded with much favor in England, 52. Satisfactory results from
its use, 52. A refuse material in gas manufacture, 52. How obtained,
53. Quantity produced, 53. Its value as a fertilizer, 53. Amount that
may be applied to the soil, 53. Its use, in its fresh state, as an insecti-
cide, 53. Insects which it should destroy, 54. Should prove a remedy
against the "white-grub" ravages, 54. Reasons for this belief, 54.
Useful for destroying hibernating insects, 54. Useful upon infested
crops, plowed under, 54. Its use suggested for the clover-seed midge
aud the clover-root borer, 54. Its change by age and exposure, 55. Its
composition, 55. Length of time that it may be exposed before use, 55.
Valuable in preventing insect attack, 55.

REMEDIES FOR INSECT DEPREDATIONS 56

Mention of some of the remedies (other than the insecticides noticed)
for the control of insect ravages, 56. Cannot be accompanied with special
directions for their use, 50. Hand-picking larvae and eggs, 56. Success
attending the collection of the eggs of the Grape-vine Tortrix in Europe,
56. Government decree for its annual performance, 56. Tree-jarring,
with an apparatus to be used in connection, described and illustrated, 57.
Beating from low vegetation, 57. Collecting the webs of tent-caterpil-
lars, 57. Cutting off infested twigs and crushing leaf-rollers, 57. De-
stroying infested fallen fruit, 58. Cutting out or probing for borers iu
tree-trunks, 58. Digging for cut-worms, 58. Searching with a lantern
for night-feeding caterpillars, 58. Attracting to fires, lamps and pois-
oned sweets, 58. Burning refuse vegetation, 58. Deep plowing, ditch-
ing and barricading, 58. Rolling the ground, 59. Benzine for the car-
pet-bug, 59. Sprinkling with hot water, solutions, chemicals, extracts,
etc., for insects specified, 59. Directions for a soap solution for the rose-
bush aphis, 59. Dusting with air-slacked lime for the asparagus beetle
and other coleoptera, 59. Dustiug with soot, wood-ashes and road dust
for the curraut-wortu, etc., 60. Showering soap solutions and fish-brine
upon trees for scale-insects, 60. Prof. Comstock's experiments with a
soap solution on the red scale of California, 60. Smoking house-plants
with tobacco, 60. Sheep in orchards to feed on fallen fruit and fertilize
the soil, 60. Employing swine and fowls for feeding upon insects, 61.
Protecting certain insectivorous birds, 61. Making war upon the English
sparrow which gives protection to a class of injurious caterpillars, 61.
Protecting the skunk for service rendered the hop-grower, 61. Domesti-
cating toads in gardens, 61 . Colonizing lady-bugs aud distributing para-
sites, 61. Notice of the successful distribution of a bark-louse parasite,
61. Tobacco wash, aud the " Sheep Dip " of Buchan & Co., 62. Cresylic

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI

Ointment for the Southern " screw-worm," 02. Sulphur for infested
fowls and cage birds, 02. L'oisons for some household pests, 02. Lon-
don purple for destroying ants, 02. Attracting and trapping house-fliee
and other domestic pests, 02. Attracting insects mentioned to shelter,
baits, etc., for their convenient destruction, 63.

PREVENTIVES OF INSECT DEPREDATIONS 6

The difference between preventive and remedial measures, 63. Au
" insect attack " may be differently construed, 68. Cultural preventives,
as high culture, rotation of crops, selection of seed not liable to attack, and
late sowing, 03. Offering attractive food-plants as a lure, 01. Tarred
cloths or tin-bandfl about tree-trunks, 04. Washes to prevent egg-de-
64 Mounds of earth about the base 01 peach-trees to prevent the
borer, 64. Paper rolls for protecting cabbage-plants, etc., 64. Cotton-bands,
agaiust the white-marked tussock-moth, 04. Uas-tar paper, against the
carpet-bug, 64. Printer's ink for Bame purpose, 64. Bagging, agairat
the clothes-moth, 64. Powdered borax, alum-water, tar-water, carbolic
acid and chalk for expelling the cockroach, croton-bug and ants, 65.
Naphthaline, for insect collections, 65 A wash for dried plants, 65,
Whale-oil soap, to repel curculio, 65. Spent hops to protect cabbages, 65.
Tansy tea, to repel flea-beetle, etc.. 65.
A NEW PRINCIPLE OF PROTECTION FROM INSECT

ATTACK 66

Preventives better than remedies, 00, Clean culture and vigorous
plant growth are valuable preventives, 00. Of still greater value are
preventives against the deposit of insect eggs,66. Substances which may
be employed for the purpose and their operation, 00. Insects guided
in oviposition by the sense of smell, 07. Acuteness of insects in discern-
ing the proper plant for oviposition, 07. Wholly dependent upon some
sense for the knowledge they display, 07. " Instinct " uo explanation, 08.
tan be explained by the supposition that they are directed by the sense
of smell, 68. Degree to which this seuse may be cultivated in man, 68.
Its acuteness in domestic animals, 68. Uncertainty of the location of the
smelling-organs in insects,69. Different opinions in regard to their lo-
cation, 69. Latest and most reliable views upon the subject, 69. Evi-
dences of insect attraction by odors, 69 : beetles and flies, to decaying
matter, 69: Noctui&B drawn to the bait in sugaring, 70: Male moths
attracted to newly emerged females, 70 : attraction of Heliconia Ghari-
tonia to female chrysalidB, 70. Remarkable assemblage of male Oatto-
l PTOmethea in Albany, 70. Recent discovery of scent-producing
organs in male Lepidoptera, 71. Observations upon Polyphylla variolosa
male, digging in the ground for the female, 71. Special odors pertaining
to male butterflies, 72. Sight less important than smell to nocturnal in-
sects, 72. Some females are so concealed that they could not be found
by the male through sight alone, 73. Reason why a moth should be sen-
sitive to the odor of its caterpillar food-plant, 73. Insects which would
not require the guidance of smell in oviposition, 74. The operation of
counterodorants in preventing egg-deposit, 74. The odors not necessarily
repulsive to insects, 74 : Strength and permanency desirable properties,
74. Substances mentioned which may serve as counterodorants, 75.

Xll TABLE OF CONTENTS.

The value for the purpose of some of the more powerful animal secre-
tions, and their chemical production suggested, 75. The result of plant
protection from egg-deposit as proposed, 76. Disturbances that might
follow such a method of protection, 76. Insect pests not to be extermin-
ated, but controlled, 76. Operations of counterodorants in protecting
apple-trees, and, similarly, other vegetation, 77. The aim of practical
entomology, 77.

CLASSIFICATION 78

The importance of elementary knowledge of entomology, 78. Rarely
obtainable in our schools, 78. The system of classification usually adopted
in the United States, 78. Orders of Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera,
Coleoptera, and Hemiptera — their derivation and typical insects, 78.
Orthoptera and Neuroptera — derivation and typical insects, 79. Other
orders proposed, and adopted in some systems of classification, 79.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 80

Extent to which introduced in the present report, 80. Desirability of full
bibliography in Natural History, 80.

INJURIOUS LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS.
Thykidopteryx ephemer-eformis, the Bag or Basket-worm . . 81
Its bibliography, 81. Depredations on Staten Island, 81. The bag or
larval case, 81. Insect stages illustrated, 82. The larva and the moth,

82. The concealed female, 82. Difficulties attending its classification,

83. Different names given it, 83. Placed in several families, 83. The
original specimen, 83. The original description, 84. Larval food-plants,

84. Geographical distribution, 84. Its six parasites, 84. Pimpla inquis-
itor described, 84. Pimpla conquisitor first recorded as a parasite upon
it, 85. Hemiteles tkyrUloplerygis, 85, Chalcis ovata, where figured and
described, 86. Pleromalus, an undetermined species, S6. A Tachina fly
parasite, also undetermined, 87. Remedies, 87. Arsenical poisons, 87.
Collecting and destroying the cases the best method, 87. Quantity of
cases gathered in a St. Louis park, 87.

Toltpe laricis, the Larch Lappet 87

Its synonomy and bibliography, 87. Its common name, 88. Mimicry
in the caterpillar, moth and cocoon, 88. The species usually rare, 89.
Capture of a moth and its oviposition, 90. Description of the eggs and
their hatching, 90. The larvse in their first stage, 91. In their second
stage, 91. The third larval stage, 92. Fourth larval stage, 93. The
mature larva, 93 Description of the cocoon, 94. The pupa described
and figured, 95. The pupation of the brood, 95. The male moth de-
scribed and figured, 90. Female moth described and figured, 97. Sexual
difference in the larval moltings, 97. The female has one more molt than
the male, 98. Other species having the same peculiarity, 98. Number
of broods, 98. Its limited distribution, 98. The species too rare to ren-
der remedies necessary, 99.

Nephelodes violans, the Violet Nephelodes 99

Its bibliography, 99. Its association with Grambus mlgivagcllus, 99.

TABLE OF CONTENTS. »»

The caterpillars observed in St. Lawrence county, N. Y., 100. The cater-
pillar figured and described, 100. Unsuccessful attempt to rear the cater-
pillars, 101 infested by Podwina, Ml. The Larves identified, 102.
Description in their different Btages, 102. Notes on their occurrence in
Missouri and elsewhere. 103. Pro*, Riley's observations upon them, 104.
ranch's observations, 104. Prof. Osborn upon theh diseased con-
dition. 105. Eaten by birds, according to Prof. Forbes, MB. Description
of the moth 106. Not of common occurrence, 107. Its usual worn con-
dition 107 Resemblance to A minions, 107. Distribution of the sp
ion. [ts natural history, 108. Habits of cut-worms, 10& The species
subject to parasitic attack, 109. Preventives and remedies for its in-
juries, 110.

(i.uMVN.v nitkla, the Stalk-borer ' lu

Bibliography, 110. Insects usually harmless may at times become in-

jurlous 111 Recent depredations of Diapharcmera femorala, 111. The

stalk-borer abundant in a potato field, 111. Lis. of food-plants of the

a Lift Records of depredations, 113. The family of Noetuid*.

Description and figures of the moth and larva.HS. Dr. Harris

ription quoted, 114 The natural history of the species, 114. Rarity

e moth, 114. Compared with G. mW, US. Larval habits of the

Qortynas, 115. Frequent generic changes, lb"). Remedies, 115.

Heliothis armiger, the Corn-worm 116

l,s bibliography, 110. Change in termination of specific name, 110.
I,, first injuries in the State of New York, 117. Identical with the
Southern boll-worm, 117. Its operations upon cotton, 117. Its five broods
in the Gulf States, 117. Description and figures of the caterpillar and
moth US. Exceptional habit of the moth in feeding by day, 118.
DtOephOa lineata also feeds by day, 119. Other Sphingidas occasionally
day-feeders, 119. Carnivorous habits of the larva; of 11 armiger, as ob-
served in Patagonia, 119. Other records of its cannibalistic habits, 120.
The food-plants of the larva, 120. Geographical distribution of the
species 121 Its operations as a corn- worm, 121. Different popular
names applied to it, lftl. Serious injuries caused by it, 121. -Northern
localities reported for it, 122. Method of attacking corn, 122. W hen its
first attack is made, 122. Its injuries in New Jersey, 122. Its operations
upon ears of corn described and illustrated, 123. It will feed upon hard
com 123. Its occurrence in New York observed, 124. Cause of its
northern extension, 124. Will probably not continue as a corn-pest in
New York 124. Remedies should be employed early, 125. Hand-pick-
ing, 125. Attracting by odor and drowning, 125. Satisfactory results
with molasses and vinegar in cotton fields, 125. Drawing to light, 126.
Lamps used for the purpose. 126. The benefit of destroying the first
brood, 126. The November progeny of a moth disclosed m May, 12b.

Crambcs vulgivagelltjs, the Vagabond Crambus 1- ''

Its bibliography, 127. The insect of unusual interest, 127. First no-
tice of its occurrence in New York, 127. Regarded as the - army-worm,
128 Numbers of dead caterpillars observed, 128. Calosoma cahdum in
unusual abundance, 128. Pastures destroyed at Morley, 129. No cater-
pillars discovered feeding, 129. Their subterranean galleries, 129. I heir

xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS.

ravages at Potsdam, 130. Desolated pastures, 130. An occasional road-
way through a pasture untouched, 130. Dead caterpillars fastened to
stems of grass, etc., 130. Caterpillars found in their cases in sod of a
meadow, 130. Experiments for preserving the grass proposed, 131.
Devastations in a pasture mistaken for winter-killing, 131. Character-
istics of the attack, 131. First observed in upland pastures, 131. Rapidity
of its progress, 131. Secrecy of the depredations, 131. The feeding
thought to be subterraneous, 132. Local gatherings of the caterpillars,
132. Remarkable assemblage at the base of an oak tree, 132. The web
spun by them, 132. Object of the assemblage unknown, 133. Alarm ex-
cited by the attack, 133. Newspaper notices, 133. The common topic of
conversation, 133. Sales of cattle made in anticipation of entire destruc-
tion of grass, 133. Description and figure of the caterpillar, 134. The
species not determined at the time, 134. Observed in Jefferson and Os-
wego counties, 135. Loss of larvre and subsequent Potsdam collections,
135. Cessation of the ravages, 136. Abundance of the cocoons at Water-
town, N. Y., 130. Cocoons received containing unchanged larvse, 136.
The cocoon described and figured, 137. The delayed pupation of the cater-
piller, 137 Other insects having the larval stage prolonged within the
cocoon, 137. The pupa described and figured, 138. The species deter,
mined, 138. The common name of the insect, 139. Characteristics of the
Crambida, 139. Abundance of the moths at Watertowu and elsewhere,
140. Description of the moth, 141. The eggs, 141. Different stages of the
insect figured, 142. The young larv;:e, 142 : their appearance and habits,
143. Observations upon the mature larvae, 143. Present condition of the
devastated pastures, 143. Resume of the life-history of the species, 141.
Its natural enemies, 144. Its parasites — Lampronotafrigida and Tachina ?
of an undetermined species, 145. Nemoraa leucanice figured as represen-
tative of the Tachinid flies, 146. Pcrilam.pus violaceous, a secondary para-
site, occurring upon the Crambus Tachina, 146. Oryptus mundus also
known as a parasite of the Crambus, 147. Probabilities of future attacks
of the vagabond Crambus, 147. Preventives and remedies : Burning —
Application of lime, plaster, dust, etc., — Rolling the ground— Attract-
ing and drowning, 148; Deep plowing — Use of gas-lime, 149.

Crambus exsiccatus, the Dried Crambus 149

Bibliography, 149. Its occurrence with Crambus vulgivageltus, 149.
Observations upon the larva, 149. The pupa described, 150. A brief pu-
pation, 150. Time of appearance of Crambida} in Great Britain, 150. The
larval galleries of different species of Crambus, 150. Probably two broods
of 0. exsiccatus, 150. Known localities of the species, 151. Remedies, 151.

Anabsia lineatella, the Peach-twig Moth ■ . 151

Bibliography, 151. Notice of its occurrence, 152. Description and
figure of the moth, 152. The larva described, 153. Glover's account of
the operations of the larva, 153. Prof. Comstock's account of its habits,
154. It is discovered eating into peaches, 154. The species double-
brooded, 154. Localities in New York of its observation, 155. Known
also as a borer in the roots or crown of strawberries, 155. Should not be
confounded with another " strawberry-crown borer " — Ttjloderma fr.i-
ffaria, 155. A formidable parasitic attack upon the species, 156- Number

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XV

of parasites from a singlo caterpillar, 150. Remedies — removing and
burning infested twigs and strawberry plants, 156.

Bucculatrix roMiFOLiEi.LA, the Apple-leaf Bucculatrix 157

Bibliography, 157. A recent insect pest, 157. The caterpillar described,

157. The cocoon and moth figured and described, 158. Number of broods,

158. Limited distribution throughout New York, 158. Its occurrence
in other States, 159. Parasites — Girroapilu) flavicinctu* Riley, nov. sp.,
described and figured. 159 buceulatrix Howard, nov. sp.( de-
scribed and figured, 160. The WneyrHfUB as parasitic upon bark-lice, 160.
ft I01M bred from Bucculatrix cocoons, 161. Probably not a parasite of
the species, 161. Character, habits, etc. , of some species of Psocida, 161,
Remedies for the Bucculatrix attack — jarring, spraying with oil and
soap, and scraping, 162. Wandering habits of the larvae, 162.

Coleoi'iioka mai.ivorei.la, the Apple-tree Case-bearer 163

Its bibliography, 163. Occurrence in Pennsylvania, 163. The several
stages of the insect illustrated, 163. Description of the larva and moth,
161. The eggs, larval habits, and their cases, 164. Hibernation, depre-
dations, pupation and disclosure of the moth, 165. Its operations upon
the Deusmore Apple Farm, 165. Is attacked and checked by a Chalcid
parasite, 165. Its advent in the State of New York, 166. Notice of other
case-bearers, 166. Paris green and London purple as remedies for the
Coleophora attack, 166. Method of application, 167. Best time for the
application, 167.

INJURIOUS DIPTEROUS INSECTS.
On Some Species of Antuomyiid.k 168

Recent opportunity for observation, 168. Derivation of name. pis.
Known as flower-tlies, 168. Their habits, 168. Food and habitat of their
larvae, 168. Occurrence in the human body, 169. The flies structurally
allied to the Miucidw, 169. Neuration of the Antlwmyiidw, 169. Neura-
tion of the Mitsrithr, 170. Number of species of North American Antbo-
myians, 170 New York species of the family, 171. " Flat-flies " of the
genus Homttlomyia, 171. Close resemblance in species, 172.

Phobbia cepaeum, the Onion-fly 172

Bibliography, 172. A long-known onion pest, 173. Introduced from
Europe, 173. Its periods of great abundance, 173. Successive broods,
173. The eggs and the larvje described and figured, 174. The puparium
and pupa, 174. The fly represented, 175. The first indications of au
attack on onions, 175. Progress of the attack, 176. An attack often quite
local, 176. Freedom from parasites, 176. An European parasite, 176.
The eggs eaten by Chrysopa larvas, 177. Preventives recommended :
powdered charcoal, onions grown in hills, ashes, gas-lime, and pig-stye
liquid, 177. Methods of cultivation for preventing attack, 178. Dry soot
a preventive, 178. Prompt and careful removal of infested onions, 178.
Hot water and soap-suds for killing the larvae, 179. Paraffin oil success-
fully used, 179. The American fly compared with the European, 179.
Mr. Meade's comparison with U. antiqua, 180. Described as a new
species, 180. Included in the genus Phorbia, 180. Allied species placed
in other genera, 181.

XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Phorbia cilicrura, the Locust-egg Anthomyiati 181

Synonymy and bibliography, 181. Discovery of its attack upon locust-
eggs, 181. The eggs destroyed by it in Western States. 182. Locust-
eggs destroyed in Asia Minor by another fly, 182. Description and illus-
tration of P. cilicrura, 182. Its occurrence in New York, 183. The larva
feeds also upon vegetables, 183. Different species cooperating in an at-
tack, 183. Changes of name since its first notice, 184.

Anthohyia brassice, the Cabbage-fly 184

Bibliography, 184. Its operations upon cabbages, 184. Is associated
with " anbury," 185. Attacks also turnips and cauliflowers, 185. When
and where first described, 185. Closely resembles A. radicum, 186. De-
scription of the larva, puparium and the fly ,186. Its European parasite, 187.
One of the Stapliylinidm parasitic upon it here, 187. Features and habits
of the Slaphylinidm, 187. Discovery of the parasite, Aleochara anthomyim,
188. Habits of the parasite, 188. Other native species of Aleochara,
188. Parasitic habits of the Stapliylinidm, 189. A recent introduction of
parasites from Europe probable, 189. The attack of the fly prevented by
application of lye of ashes, tobacco dust, and superphosphate of lime, 190. J
Infested plants should be removed, 190, Bisulphide of carbon and car-
bolic acid used for killing the larvre, 190.

Anthomtia radicum, the Root-fly 191

Bibliography, 191. Described in Europe, in 1761, 191. Not noticed
there as very injurious, 191. Found by Curtis to infest "anbury," 192.
The larva and fly described, 192. Briefly noticed by American writers,
193. Salt and lime as a remedy for its attack, 194. Strong smelling sub-
stances used as preventives, 194. Superphosphates found serviceable,
194.

Anthomyia raphani, the Eadish-fly 194

Bibliography, 194. The most injurious of radish insects, 195. Other
radish insects mentioned, 195. Harris' description of the fly, 195. The
larva and fly described by Dr. Fitch, 196. Natural history of the insect,
197. Its brief literature, 197. May prove to be identical with A. radi-
cum, 198. Hot water for killing the larvae, 198. Experiments with bi-
sulphide of carbon, 199. Carbolic acid probably the best preventive of
attack, 199.

Anthomyia zkm, the Seed-corn fly 199

Bibliography, 199. Its attack discovered in New Jersey, 200. The
larva described, 200. Nature of its attack, 200. Description of the fly, 200.
Gas-tar water and copperas water recommended as preventives, 201.
Sprinkling the corn with sand saturated with kerosene oil, 201.

Hylemyia deceptiva, the Deceptive Wheat-fly 201

Bibliography, 201. Has been observed only by Dr. Fitch, 201. Its
earlier stages are unknown, 201. The fly numerous in wheat-fields, 201.
The fly described, 201. Type specimens in the Museum of Zoology, at
Cambridge, 202. Its resemblance to H. antiqua, 202.

TAIH.E OV CONTENTS. XVli

Anthomyia simius, the Similar Wheat-lly 202

Bibliography, 202. Its habits similar to the preceding, 202. Its descrip-
tion by Dr. Fitch, 202. Has not been recognized subsequently, 202. No
specimens known in collections, 202.

Notice ok some Antqomyians Mining Beet-leaves 203

Discovery of infested leaves at Middleburgh, N. T., 203. Appearance
of the larva, 203. Its manner of feeding, 203. Its first observation, 203.
The puparium and the escape of the fly, 204. The flies obsorved, 204.
The eggs described and Bgared, 805. Description of the mine, SOS. The
flies from the pupa', 205. Two or more annua] broods of the insect, 306.
Three species of flies obtained, 206. Description, for comparison, of
Anthomyia bettB, of Europe, 206. One of the species identical with the
European /'■' . 207. Bibliography of the species, 207. Not

previously known as a leaf-miner, 207. Its original description, 207.
European food-plants, 208. Description of Cfiortopfiilu betarum, now sp.,
208. Description of Pegomyia tieina, now sp., 209. The most abun-
dant of the three species, 210. Noticed also in Central New York mining
beet-leaves, 210. Similar leaf-miners observed at Benuington, Vt., 210.
Many species of Anthomyiida operate as leaf-miners, 211.

Mallota posticata 211

Its synonymy and bibliography, 211. Habits and features of the
Syrpftiihr, 211. Larval habits, 212. The respiratory tube not confined
to aquatic forms, 212. M. potHeata larva' found in a decaying tree, 212.
Other rat-tailed larwe observed in an apple-tree, 213. Habits of rat-tailed
larwr, 213. Description of the Mallota larva, 213. Its pupation and
puparium, 214. The fly figured and described, 215. Geographical dis-
tribution of the species, 215.

Drosophila ampelophila, the Pickled-fruit Fly 216

Bibliography, 21G. Occurrence of the fly in decaying and pickled fruit,
216. The fly described, 216. Its original description by Dr. Loew, 217.
Its distribution in Europe, Africa and North America, 217. Is readily at-
tracted by fermentation, 217. Notice of the larvae, 218. Other species
of Drosophila, 218. Apple-infesting Drosophilas, 218. A species infest-
ing strawberries, 219. Habits of European Drosophilas, 220. A species
occurring in flour-paste, 220. Mode of attack upon pickled fruits, 220.
Preventives of attack, 221.

Meromyza Americana, the Wheat-stem Maggot 221

Bibliography, 221. Attack upon wheat in Western New York, 221.
Nature of the attack, 222. The larval and pupal forms, 222. Time of
appearance of the fly, 222. The fly described and figured, 223. Limited
literature of the species, 223. Its occurrence in Missouri in 1867, 224.
Not noticed for several years, 224. Injuries from similar grain-flies in
Europe, 224. Lack of knowledge of our grain-flies, 225. Chlorops
proximn operating in Kentucky, 226. The common name of Mallota and
other insects, 226. But little may be done to arrest the injuries of this
species, 227.

XV111 TABLE OF CONTENTS.

INJURIOUS COLEOPTEROUS INSECTS.
Macrodactylus subspinosus, the Eose- beetle 227

Bibliography, 227. Long known as a serious pest, 228. Its systematic
position, 228. The beetle described and figured, 228. Its preference
for roses, 229 ; other food-plants, 229. Notice of its ravages in Massa-
chusetts, 230 ; in other localities, and in New York recently, 230. Often
quite local, 231. Appears suddenly in immense numbers, 231. Its nat-
ural history, 231. Hand-pickiug and jarring as remedies, 231. Plaster
and tansy water as preventives of attack, 232. Protection by inclosure
in netting, 232.

Euphoria Inda, the Indian Cetonia 232

Synonymy and bibliography, 232. Its popular name, 233. Alarm ex-
cited by " a new corn-bug," 233. Habits of associated species, 234. De-
scription and figures of the beetle, 234. Surprise at its appearance as a
corn depredator, 235. Earlier notices of its injuries to corn, 235. Its at-
tack probably follows injuries by birds, 235. The English sparrow pre-
paring the way for the attack of the beetle, 236. Only occasionally in-
jurious to corn, 236. Time of its appearance, 236. The beetle reported
as eating the bark from apple-trees, 237 : the report not credited, 237.
The larvae may be injurious to the roots of cultivated plants, 237. A
grass-feeding larva of an allied species, 237. The Indian Cetonia injurious
to flowers, 238. In seasons of its abundance corn should be protected
from birds, 238. The beetles may be caught in nets, 238. Hand-picking
from flowers, 238. Collecting the larvaa after heavy rains, 238.
Crioceris asparagi, the Asparagus Beetle 239

Bibliography, 239. Its gradual extension to new localities, 239. Its
present distribution, 240. Long known in Europe, 240. Its introduction
into the United States about the year 1859, 240. Its spread throughout
Long Island, 240. Is attacked and checked by a parasite, 241. Its ex-
tension into New Jersey, 241. Description and figures of the egg, the
larva and the beetle, 242. The " cross -bearer," 242. The six-spotted
variety, 243. Its family relations, 243. Allied injurious species, 244.
Recent introduction of another asparagus beetle, Crioceris 12-punctata,
244. Natural history of C. asparagi, 244. Remedies . hand-picking
recommended in Europe, 245 ; fowls useful for hunting them, 245; dust-
ing with lime very effectual, 246 ; cutting away the young seedlings a
preventive, 246 ; removing the seed-stems has been found beneficial, 246.

Phytonomus punctatus, the Punctured Clover-leaf Weevil 247

Bibliography, 247. A recent addition to our insect-pests, 247. When
and where discovered in this country, 247. Description and figure of the
beetle, 247. Its singular net-work cocoon described and figured, 248.
Similar cocoons made by other Curculionida> , 248. Not known as injurious
to clover in Europe, 248. Change in habits often attends introduced in-
sects, 249. First notice of the clover-leaf weevil in this country, 249. De-
scription of the egg and larva, 249. Figures of the insect in its different
stages, 250. Life-history of the species, 250. Possibly imported many
years ago, 251. Described by Dr. Le Conte, 251. Localities of its occur-
rence in New York, 252. Observed in Vermont, 253. Rolling and burn-
ing as remedies for it, 253.

TABLE OF CONTENTS. xix

Sphenophorus sculptilis, the Sculptured Corn-curculio 253

Synonymy and bibliography. 368, Its operations in New Jersey, 254.
Different names given to tlie insect, 364 Description and figure of the
beetle, 355. Earliest notices of its injuries, 356. Its later depredations,
867. Its geographical distribution, 258. The larva thought by Mr.
Walsh to live in decaying wood, 358, Wild grass probably its original
food-plant, 259. Food-plants of allied species, 860. Habits of Lixua eon-
boring in rhubarb, 360, "A bill-bug" living in stalks of com,
860. SphtnOphOTUt rdbllStUS found to breed in corn, 2)11 . 8. SCUlptUil

has probably the same food-plant and habits, 863. Its larvee should be
sought for in corn, 363. Its injuries are perhaps underestimated, 262.

Remedies, through destruction of the 1 tie, 868. Destroying the eggs

and young laxvse, 2*1:',. Destroying the pupae by burning the stalks ia
the autumn, 263.

INJURIOUS HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS.
Mr/RGANTIA histrionica, the Harlequin. Cabbage-bug 264

Bibliography, 264. A Southern insect gradually progressing northward,
264. Its injuries in Virginia, 264. Description and figures of the insect
in its several stages, 265. Its natural history, so far as known, 266. Its
geographical distribution, 266. The different food-plants which it at-
tacks, 267. The insect a difficult one to destroy, 268. Is not attacked by
parasites, 268. Means of destruction ; sprinkling with hot water, 269 ;
trapping with cabbage leaves, 269 ; burniug in its retreat in rubbish
piles, 269. Importance of destroying the first brood, 269. Hand-picking
practicable and highly successful, 270. Miss Ormerod's suggestions of
remedies : clean culture, trenching, and application of gas-lime, 270; use
of paraffin, 271.

PaxiLOCAPSUS lineatus, the Four-lined Leaf-bug 271

Synonymy and bibliography, 271. Its attack upon a black currant
bush, 272. First notice of the attack, 272. Description and figure of the
perfect insect, 272. Varieties described, 275. Description of the pupa,
876. Observations upon the change from the pupa to the perfect insect,
275. The change of color attending the transformation, 276. Continu-
ation of injuries, upon geraniums, etc., 276. The life-history of the in-
sect not fully known, 276. An extensive list of its food-plants, 277. Ac-
count of its severe injuries to dahlias, 277. Its destructiveness to rose-
buds, 278. Energy of the attack upon a day-lily, 278.' Geographical dis-
tribution, 279. Remedies and preventives : futility of poisonous and
other applications, 279. Burning their shelter in garden rubbish, 279.
Destroying the insect before oviposition, 280. The jarring method and its
success, 280. Success in destroying an allied species, Lygus lineolaris,
280.

Enciienopa binotata, the Two-marked Tree-hopper 281

Synonymy and bibliography, 281. The insect infests a bitter-sweet
vine, 381. Description and figure of the insect, 282. Say's original de-
scription, 282. The egg-coverings of the insect described, 283. Such
protection exceptional among the tree-hoppers, 284. Nature of the egg-
covering, 284. It was mistaken for an insect by Dr. Fitch. 285 ; named

XX TABIE OF CONTENTS.

as species of Dorthesia, 286. Dorthetia cataphracta, of Europe, 286. Eggs
of the iDsect described, 287. Its food-plants, 287. Its life-history incom-
plete, 288. Remedies and preventives . hot water ; removal of the pro-
tective egg-covers by brushing; driving away the insects, 288.

APPENDIX.

(A.) ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS OF DR. ASA FITCH. . . 291

Reason for their notice in the present Report, 291. Of interest at this
time, to recall their origin, 291. Entomological Survey, 291. Legisla-
tive appropriation for an examination of the insects of the State, 291.
Dr. Fitch appointed by the State Agricultural Society to perform the
work, 291. Instructions for its performance, from a Committee of the
Society, 292 : equal prominence to be given to economic and scientific en-
tomology, 292: the habits and instincts of insects to be studied, and their
entire life-histories to be traced out, 292 : insects infesting fruit-trees to
be first examined, and afterward, those of forest-trees, grain and other
crops, 292: an opportunity for studying any other unusual insect depre-
dator should not be neglected, 292 : time to be devoted to collecting and
classifying the insects of the State and describing new species, 293: an-
nual reports to be presented, embracing both economic. and scientific en-
tomology— under the latter, cataloguing all the insects of the State,
293 . a commencement to be made of full descriptions of the species of
some one of the orders, 293 : collections to be made and arranged for the
State Cabinet of Natural History, and the State Agricultural Society,
293: such further examinations as may be deemed necessary by Dr.
Fitch, for the object in view, may be made, 293. The 1st Report pub-
lished and favorably received, 293. Subsequent Legislative appropria-
tions for a continuance of the work, 294. Tabular statement of the date,
volume of publication, and pages of the fourteen Reports, 294. Title-page
of the 1st Report, 294. Say's Heteropterous Hemiptera of North Amer-
ica, an Appendix to the 4th Report, 294. Title pages of the three vol-
umes of Reports, with mention of the food-plants of the insects treated
of, 295. Title-page of 9th Report, published as a separate pamphlet,
295. Title-page of 10th and 11th Reports, published as a pamphlet,
with mention of the insects noticed, 296. Difficulty in procuring full
series of the Reports, 296. How the Reports still procurable may be ob-
tained, 296. An appropriation made for the revision and republication
of the Reports, 296. The revision completed and presented for publica-
tion, but not ordered printed, 296. The manuscript of the revision sub-
sequently mislaid or destroyed, 297.

Miscellaneous Entomological Papers of Dr. Fitch 297

The publications in which most of them are contained., 297. The
List presented [giving title, place and date of publication, and of the
shorter ones, extent in centimeters] is necessarily incomplete, 297. In-
sects Injurious to Vegetation, Nos. 1, 2, 3 (three papers) . The Wheat Fly
and Chinch Bug, 297. The Wheat Fly: Insects Injurious to Vegetation,
Nos. 4 and 5 (two papers) : Winter Insects of Eastern New York : List
of Noxious Insects ; The Hessian Fly, 298. The Grain-moth ; The Cur-

TABLE OF CONTENTS. XII

rant-moth: Catalogue of the Insects of the State Cabinet of Natural His-
tory : Insects Infesting Sheep and other Domestic Animals, 999, Cata-
logue of the Ilouioptera of the State Cabinet : Wheat insects: Ca/ntharU
vittdln . Apple-tree Pests, 300. Insects of Algiers for the State Agricul-
tural Society: Osage-orange Insect: The Hunter Weevil, 301. The
Chinch Bug : The Apple Plant-louse ; Insects which destroy Plant-lice:
Uaylord's Wheat Caterpillar, 803. The Wheat Thrips and three-banded
Thrips: Cut-worms : The American Vaporer Moth: Borer in Apple-trees ;
The Rose-bug, 303. The Joint-worm in Barley: The Prickly Leptos-
tylus : Insects Imbedded in the Interior of Wood : Grasshoppers: Weevil
in Seeds from the Patent Office, 301. The May Beetle: The Hunter Weevil
in youni; Corn, etc.: Wheat-midgtt, 805. Experiments — Soap on Apple-
trees, etc. : The Fall Web-worm : Wheat-utidge : Say's Heteropterous
Hemiptera : The Golden Tortoise-beetle, 306. A new Barley insect :
The Thousand-legged worm: Beetles infesting Grape-vines, 307. The
parasitic destroyer of the Curculio : Maple Leaf-cutter : Address on our
most Pernicious Insects: Address on the Curculio and Black-knot on Plum-
trees, 308. The most Pernicious Species of United States Insects, and
the Curculio — two addresses: Ravages of Insects on Forest and Fruit
trees : Locust Leaf-miners : The Seventeen-year Cicada, 300. The Hunter
Weevil: Ravages of Insects on Forest and Fruit trees — Remedy: The
Striped Flea-beetle : The Pear-blight Beetle, 310. The Quince Tingis:
The Wheat-midge : Disappearance of the Wheat-midge, 311. The Apple-
tree Borer: The Army-worm and Cut-worm: The Army-worm Moth, 312.
The Hunter Weevil: The Grain Aphis, 313. The Grain Aphis: Snap-
ping-beetle — Blight on Apple-trees: An Important Caution: Insects
the past Year [1861]: Entomological Events of the past Year : Insect
Tumors and Wounds in Raspberry stalks, 314. The Buffalo Tree-hop-
per : The Asparagus Beetle : The Maple Psocus, 315. A brief account
of the most important Injurious Insects of the United States : Insects —
the Grain Aphis, Wheat Midge, etc., 316. Locust-tree Borer : The May
Beetle — Worm on Grape-vines : A Grape-vine Beetle and Rose-bug :
Aphis on Apple-tree buds, 317. The Hunter Weevil: The Buffalo Tree-
hopper : The Five-marked Coccinella destroying Plant-lice : The Ne-
braska Bee-killer, 318. A curious Insect : The Aphis on Hops : The Hop
Aphis, 319. Entomological Correspondence : Address delivered before
the Annual Meeting of the State Agricultural Society : Joint-worm in
Wheat on Long Island, 320. Beetle on the Grape : Insects which injure
Grain crops (two papers) : Ants Enemies to Cut- worms: Currant Borers :
Excrescenses upon Grape leaves, 321. A curious Water Insect: Gar-
den Insects (two papers), 322.

Notice of the Entomological Labors of Dr. Fitch 322

Extracted from the Report of the State Agricultural Society, 322. His
ace: death : commencement of entomological study : plan for his studies
prescribed by himself : early writings: publication of annual reports;
character of the reports, 323. Estimation in which held abroad : a gold
medal awarded by the Agricultural Society of France: description of
the medal : report in which it was awarded : foreign correspondents :
the New York Reports led the way for similar investigations in other
States, 324. Obligation to the State Agricultural Society for these Re-
ports, 325.

iXll TABLE OF CONTENTS.

(B.) INSECT DEPREDATORS UPON THE APPLE-TREE. . 327
One hundred and seventy-sis species recorded : the list incomplete :
not all the species injurious : authorities given : Diurnals and Sphingidm,
327. Bombycida and Noctuida; 328. Geometridm to Tineidce, 329. (At-
tack upon Lindens, iu Brooklyn, by the snow-white linden-moth, 329.)
Hymenoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera, 330. Coleoptera contin. , and
Hemiptera, 331. Orthoptera, 332.

(C.) DESCRIPTIONS AND NOTES OF LEPIDOPTERA ... 333
On Some Species of Nisoniades 333

Nisoniades Ncevius described, 333. Nisoniades Petronius described,
334. Notes upon Nisoniades Propertius and N. Icelus, 335. A sexual
feature in the males of some species, 336. Nisoniades Somnus described,
336. Notes upon Eudamus Proteus and Eudamus Nevada, 337.

Description of a New Species of Eudamus 338

Eudamus Electra described as a new species, from Hamilton, Ontario,

338, 339.

On the Life-Duration of the Heterocera (Moths) 339

Limited knowledge of the life-duration of the perfect stage of insects,

339. Necessarily a difficult subject of investigation, 339. Observations
made upon a species in confinement, unsatisfactory, 340. Extent to
which entire broods of Lepidoptera have been reared, 340. Ignorance of
the copulation of the Noctuida1, 340. Life-period of the AttaciruB,
Sphingidm and Phalwnid®, 340. Length of time that species are observed
abroad, an approximation to their life-period, 340. Species of Noctuidae
that have been observed for about one month, 340: the probable life-
duration of these, 341. A longer period in Catocala, Xylina, and others,
341. Desirability of collation and publication of dates of collection or
observation, 341. Benefits that would result from such knowledge, 341.

(D.) ADDENDA 343

Increased production of pyrethrum insect powder, 343. Paraffine as
an insecticide, 343. The fly produced from the " screw-worm " ascer-
tained, 343. Remedy for the cockroach, 343. Addition to Heliothis
armiger bibliography, 344. Notes upon Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 344.
The pupa of Meromyza Americana, 344. Method of protection of
grape-vines from the rose-beetle, 344.

GENERAL INDEX 345

INDEX TO FOOD PLANTS '. 379

REPORT.

To the Legislature of the State of New York:

The Entomologist, in accordance with the requirement of the act
establishing the office of State Entomologist, would respectfully pre-
sent the following report : —

In assuming the duties with which he is specially charged — "the
study of insects injurious to agriculture and of methods for controlling
and preventing their depredations,"— he has done so in earnest devo-
tion to his department of study — with a sense of responsibility aris-
ing from the magnitude of the field of his investigations and its con-
sequent demands — a conviction of the great importance of such
Btndies — a determination that, to the extent of his ability, they shall
be made to promote the interests of the State, and the hope that they
will contribute to the obligations under which other States and
countries have already been placed to the State of New York, by -her
valuable contributions to applied science.

IMPORTANCE OF ENTOMOLOGICAL STUDY.

It should not be necessary in this enlightened age, marked by so
great advance in every department of science, to urge the importance
of tlie study of the Insect world. A century ago, when Entomology
and many of the allied sciences were in their infancy, it was popular,
and perhaps excusable, to ridicule the study, which frequently ex-
tended no further than the gratification afforded by the possession of a
cabinet of insects properly labeled and systematically arranged. Those
devoted to the pursuit were looked upon as occupied with trifles.
Such views are still held at the present day by those who are ignorant
of the great change that a century lias wrought, and of the practical
purposes which this preliminary work of collecting, naming, and de-
scribing have meantime been made to serve. The study of insects has

2 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

assumed an importance in its direct application to advancement in
agriculture, horticulture and sylviculture, second to no other depart-
ment of natural history. It has called to its furtherance some of the
best intellect in this country and in Europe. The literature of ento-
mology has become extensive and assumed honorable .rank. Five
monthly publications exclusively devoted to the science arc ably sus-
tained. A list of American entomologists lately compiled contains
nearly a thousand names. Several of our States are employing State
entomologists, and others, in compliance with demands made upon
them by agriculturists and others, are moving for their appointment.
The Department of Agriculture at Washington is earnestly engaged
in entomological work, through its Entomologist and corps of assist-
ants; and the General Government has for several years been sustain-
ing a Special Commission, through liberal appropriations, charged with
the investigation of a few of our more injurious insects whose excess-
ive ravages and wide-spread distribution have given to them a na-
tional importance.

The importance of entomological study maybe more fully shown by
some further considerations which I beg leave to present:

1. Extent of Insect Depredations.

It has been truthfully said that insects have established a kind of
universal empire over the earth and its inhabitants. Minute as many
of them are, and insignificant in size to other than naturalists, yet, in
combination, they have desolated countries and brought famine and
pestilence in their train. If unrestrained power could be given them,
all counter-checks removed, and they were left free to attack us in our
persons, food, clothing, houses and domestic animals, the consequent
disease, poverty, exposure, and want, would, in the end, remove the
human race from the face of the earth. Air, earth and water teem
with them ; there may be claimed for them almost an omnipresence ;
they swarm in the tropics, and find a suitable home in the Arctic re-
gions. They abound in our homes, our gardens, orchards, fields, vine-
yards, and forests. In the vegetable kingdom they are found in the
seed, the root, the stalk or trunk, the pith, the bark, the twig, the bud,
the leaf, the blossom, and the fruit — within or upon every portion of
the vegetable organism. They are parasitic on our persons and upon or
within all of our domestic animals. They attack and destroy fishes
and birds. They have their natural home in many of our articles of
food. By their disgusting presence and annoyance they may render
our homes untenable. They burrow within our household and agri-
cultural implements. They occasionally take possession of our books.

EXTENT OF INSECT DEPREDATION'S. 3

No asylum is so secure that they may not intrude; no coiulition in
life is exempt from their presence and attack.

From this general diffusion there necessarily results extensive losses.
Provided often with wonderful means for self-preservation and for the
perpetuation of the species, they are ever ready in the exercise of their
powers to dispute with man his claim of exclusive right in property.
Never without the imposition of a heavy tax upon the products of his
labor, they often manifest a determination to wrest from him the en-
tire results of a season's toil. Many of the more injurious species liv-
ing solely upon such vegetable productions as man regards as essential
to his welfare and almost indispensable to his existence, there follows
as the consequence of the "struggle for life," continual collision and
antagonism. Have the study and labor of a long series of years at
length brought the products of his garden and his orchard to such a
degree of perfection that only traditionary lore can trace therein spe-
cific identity with the wild, uncultivated parent-plant, it would seem,
at tinus, as if all this improvement served no other end than to pro-
vide more sumptuous repasts to augmented hordes of insects with
greatly increased powers of destructiveness.

To the vegetable world, insects are mainly indebted for their suste-
nance, and a vegetable growth entirely free from insect attack would
be an anomaly in nature. From careful and extended observations, it
has been estimated that there are, upon an average, six species of in-
sects attacking each species of plant. Upon most of our cultivated
plants, such as garden vegetables, shrubs, trees, grasses, cereals, etc.,
they have become quite numerous, for the qualities resulting from
careful culture which have made them more valuable to us, have, at the
same time, rendered them more attractive to insects. Ten years ago
(since which time great progress has been made in economic entomol-
ogy), Dr. Packard stated*: "I could enumerate upwards of fifty
species of insects which prey upon cereals and grasses, and as many
which infest our field crops. Some thirty well-known species ravage
our garden vegetables. There are nearly fifty species which attack the
grape-vine, and their number is rapidly increasing. About seventy-
five species make their annual onset upon the apple-tree, and nearly as
many may be found upon the plum, pear, peach, and cherry. Among
our shade trees, over fifty species infest the oak ; twenty-five the elm ;
seventy-five the walnut, and over one hundred species prey upon the
pine."

The above stated numbers have already been found to be much be-
low the truth. Several, if not all of them, may be safely doubled, for

*First Ann. Rep. Ins. Mass., 1871, p. 5.

4 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

on the apple tree above one hundred and sixty species are now known
to occur.* Fifty-two species of Tineidie alone are recorded upon the
oak, by far the larger number of which are leaf-miners. f

Perhaps the extent to which the depredations of a single insect may
extend cannot be better illustrated than by reference to the grape
phylloxera — Phylloxera vitifolim (Fitch), a minute insect, belonging
to the family of Aphididce, or plant-lice. The earliest notice of this
species was that given by Dr. Fitch, in the year 1855, who briefly no-
ticed it under the name of Pemphigus vitifolim, as forming small galls
on the margin of the leaves of some grape-vines, in Washington
county, N. Y.% By some means the species was carried to Europe, and
it was detected in France, in 1808, by Prof. Planchon, infesting the
roots of grape-vines. Believing it to be an uudescribed species, it was

d I,

Fio. 1.— Sexed Phylloxera: — a, female vitifolim, ventral view, showing egg through
transparent skin ; b, dorsal view ; c, greatly enlarged tarsus ; d, shrunken anal joints, as
they appear after imposition ; e, male P. cari/cecaulis, dorsal view. The dots in circles indi-
cate the natural size.

*In the Appendix (B.) will be found a listofthe apple-tree insects of the United States
as far as I have noted them. It contains one hundred and seventy-six species. Although
quite incomplete, it is published at this time in order to invite additions by those who may
discover omitted species. I purpose, as soon as practicable, to present a report on our
apple-tree insects, which shall contain notices of all of our known species, with figures il-
lustrating them as far as possible, together with the most effectual methods for preventing
their injuries.

tChambers' Food-plants of Tineina— Bull. U. S. Geolog.-GeograpTi. Surv. Terr., iv, 1S7S,
pp. 119, 120.

^Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society lor 1854, vol. xiv, 1S55, p. 862.

rilYU.OXEHA DEPREDATIONS. 5

subsequently published byhiuias PhyUuxora vaslalriz. Later, through
comparison and study of the different forms, the identity of the roqt-
inhabiting and the leaf-inhabiting forms was established. Since that
tune, notwithstanding the most earnest efforts to arrest- its spread, aided
by I sgislation, munificent grants, and the learning of the mosl dlstin-
led scientists, it has continued to extend its area ami increase
iis ravages, until it has invaded every vineyard in France, and threatens
the entire destruction of the cultivation of the vine. The female,
greatly enlarged, is shown in Fig. 1 with a dot beside it indicating its
natural Bize. The male of a very similar species is also shown.

It is just announced that almost everywhere in the French wine dis-
tricts, windlasses are at work tearing up blackened vines killed by the
phylloxera, and it is estimated that nearly 1 .000,000 acres of vineyards
have been cleared and the land turned to other uses. The interest and
the alarm caused by these ravages are shown by the reward of 300,000
francs ($60,000), which has been offered by the French Government, for
the discovery of a method of destroying the insect ; and the large grants
which have, for several preceding years, been placed tit the disposal of
the French Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, for the purposeof
encouraging research and experiments as to the best way of dealing
with the phylloxera, have, during the present year, been increased to
the amount of 969,750 francs (nearly §200,000).

The insect has also made its appearance in Australia, and such are
the apprehensions that its introduction has excited, that Victoria,
New South Wales, and South Australia are to contribute $100,000
toward the expense of exterminating it.*

The minute size of this insect, scarcely more than a microscopic dot
in several of its stages, and in its winged state less than one-tenth of
an inch in length, always needing a microscope for its observation,
exemplifies the apparent paradox often met with in the iusect world —
the smaller the creature the greater its power of injury.

2. Losses from Insect Depredations.

Could approximate estimates be had of the pecuniary losses resulting
from these depredations on our principal crops, the figures obtained would
be the only arguments needed to enforce the importance of investiga-
te/tyrf«, iii, 1881, p. 215.

G FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

tions to arrest them. There is probably not a single crop cultivated
which the infesting insects do not
diminish by at least one-tenth —an
amount of injury which would hardly
be noticed. They often injure crops
to the extent of one-fourth or one-
half, and occasionally entirely destroy
them, as during the ravages of
the wheat-midge — Diplosis tntici
|j (Kirby) in this State, in 1854-1857,
when entire fields were left unharves-
ted.* One of our ex-Governors, in his
agricultural addresses, has frequently
urged that insect depredations upon
crops of one-fourth or one-half their
value should be regarded as a direct
tax of twenty-five per cent or fiftv
per cent levied upon their full value,
and collected, perhaps, year after year,
without a show of resistance; but
which each farmer could, and there-
fore should, resist, ar>d thereby relieve
himself from at least a portion of the
burden.

Among the estimates made of these
losses occurring throughout the Uni-
ted States are the following

The loss to the wheat crop in the
State of New York, in the year 185-t
t from the wheat-midge, was estimated,
from carefully collected data, by the
Secretary of the State Agricultural
Society, at above fifteen millions of

$X^TE^!fe^d*an-i The amouut wo",d b* •

size; e, wing much enlarged; d, antenoal third larger if estimated at the nrire

joints of mule; «, ditto, of female;/, ovi- +„ »■ , . r, , L

positor, with its two sliding-tubes and t0 wnicn wheat alterward arose that
\%t^?™Z™^J%JB%: »»ter. (The insect in its natural
ft, a Bower of wheat, showing the huv:e size and as it appears when mao-ni-

upon the kernel; ?,, larva in repose; i' c -, . , -A. s

its natural size; ;, larva crawling with hed ls shown 111 b Ig. 2, together with
its horns extended; y", its natural size; :i„ „___ „„,i i ,„„„ %
k, greatly enlarged view of anterior end ltS eSSs &™ laiTffi).

ho™" but' .Ml/eS^I?^*, Fl'°m eStimateS m^e by the Sec-

end with teeth protruded to aid in motion, retary of the Ohio State Board of

«.**n u65v' ,in LivinKston county, N. Y.. 2,000 acres, on flats which would have yielded
tnirty bushels an acre, were not harvested.

1860FitCl''-54i:5Uth Rep0rt (P- 12)> Transactions New York State Agricultural Society, xz,

LOSSES FROM INSECT DEPREDATIONS.

Agriculture, the loss to the wheat crop from the same insect during
the Bame year in that State was even greater than in New York.

lu 1857, the insect having extended its ravages over a larger portion
of the State of New York, the loss exceeded that of ISoi. In Canada,
the same year.it destroyed about eight millions 0/ husllds.

Tin cash value of the wheat and corn destroyed in the year 1864, ill
the Suite of Illinois, by the chinch-bug — Blissua leucoptertts (Say),
is estimated at seventy-three million* of dollars.*

The same insect injured the wheat, oats, and corn in the State of
Missouri iu 1874, as appears from estimates made in the larger number
of counties in the State, to the amount of nineteen millions of dollars.\

The loss to corn, potatoes and other crops in the States of Kansas,
Nebraska, Iowa, and Missouri iu 1874, from the ravages of the Kocky
Mountain locust — Caloptenus sprettu Uhler, is computed by the
United States Entomological Commission at nearly fifty-six millions
of dollars, and the actual loss to the four States is estimated at one
hundred millions of dollars.^ The insect is shown in Fig. 3, at a, in

Fio. S.— The Rocky Mountain Locust a, compared with the Red-legged locust ( Caloptenus
fimur-ruhrumb).

comparison with the shorter winged red-legged grasshopper (Caloptenus
femur-rubrum), at b, common in the State of New York and in most

of the Northern United States east of the Mississippi river.

For the same insect, from county returns of loss upon grain alone in

the western portion of Missouri, in 1S75 (omitting several counties that

made no returns), Professor Riley figures an aggregate in twenty-six

countiesof _/?/"/<;<;« millions of dollars.% Single counties suffered to the

extent of tivo millions of dollars.

Careful estimates of damage sustained from the cotton-worm —

AUtia argillacea Hubner (the moth of which is represented in Fig. 4),
upon an assumed value of S50 per bale
on the number of bales less than an
average crop, give, as the annual loss
for the fourteen years prior to 1878, in
several of the cotton States, the follow-
ing amounts: Georgia, 83,912,000; Louis-
iana, $4,487,000; Alabama, §4,789,000;

Fig. 4 — Tub Moth op the Cotton ' ' ' '

Worm {AUtia argUlacta Uubn.j Mississippi, §6,150,000 ; lexas, 37,406,-

000; and in nine of the principal cotton States, the following result :

* Riley's Second Rep. Ins. Mo., 1870, p. 28.

t Seventh Report I'm. Mo., 1S75, p. 25.

X First Ann. Sep. V. 8. Eut. Commit., 1878, p. 121.

§ Riley's Eighth Rep. Ins. Mo., 1S76, p. 90.

8 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

a possible loss of thirty millions of dollars in years of general prevalence
of the caterpillar.*

From the census returns of the value of the agricultural products of
the United States, and estimates of injuries inflicted by certain insects
in several of the States, it has been computed that the aggregate an-
nual losses from injurious insects throughout the Union equals two
hundred millions of dollars, f

B. D. Walsh, who was one of the most able of our economic ento-
mologists, gave it as his opinion that the United States suffer from the
depredations of noxious insects to the annual amount of three hundred
millions of dollars. %

3. Excessive Insect Depredations in the United States.
The study of insects assumes an importance in this country far
greater than in any part of the world. Nowhere else are insect inju-
ries so serious as ;n the United States! Our several crops are attacked
by a larger number of insect pests, and the losses that they inflict
upon each are almost invariably in excess of those occurring in the
countries of Europe. Three causes have concurred and are mainly in-
strumental in producing this condition:

I. The Importation of Injurious Insects.— Very few of our vari-
ous agricultural products are native to our soil. Nearlyall of our fruits,
grasses, cereals, garden vegetables, and probably three-qnarters of our
weeds are of foreign importation — mainly from Europe. With their
introduction very many of their attacking insects were also introduced
or subsequently brought hither, as, for example, the wheat-midge
(Diplosis tritici), the currant-worm {Nematus ventricosns), the oys-
ter-shell bark-louse (Mytilaspis pomicorticis), the apple-tree plant-
louse (Aphis mail), the hop-louse (Aphis Immuli), the grain-Aphis
(tiiphonophora avence), several other species of plant-lice, the codling-
moth of the apple (Carpocapsa pomonella), the cabbage-moth (Ephcstia
inteiptinctella), the cabbage-butterfly (Pieris rapm), the currant-borer
(jEgcria tipuliformis), the asparagus-beetle (Crioceris asparagi), the
clover-root borer (Hylastes trifolii), the onion-fly (A nthomyia ceparum )
and several other root-flies, the boll-worm or the corn- worm (Heliothis
armigcr), and a number of destructive cut-worms (Agrotis c-nigrum,
A. baja, A. prasina, A. plecta, A. saucia, A. ypsilon, Mamestra tri-
folii, Hadena Arctica), etc.

Comparatively few of our native injurious species have been intro-
duced in Europe, consequently the number of those imported to this

*Comstock's Report upon Cotton Insects, 1879, p. 70.
tPackard, in Hai/den's 9th Annual Report U. S. G.-G. Surv. Terr., 1877, p. 591.
X-iinerican Entomologist, i, 1868, p. 2.

INCREASED RAVAGES OF INTRODUCED INSECTS. 9

country so greatly exceed those exported, that the preponderance,
added to our native forms, seems to warrant the assertion that
'• America is the home of insects."

2. The Increased Destructiveness of Introduced Insects. — It

ia well known to entomologists that those of our insect pests which are of
European origin have become far more injurious here than they were
ever known to be in their native homes. This may be illustrated by a
reference to a few of our injurious species. The wheat-midge, intro-
duced to thiscountry about the year 18','G. and first observed in North-
ern Vermont,* has never, throughout its entire European history, ex-
tending over nearly a century and a hall', displayed an approach to the
destructiveness which it has shown since its advent here. Its injuries
have indeed, at times, created alarm and entailed serious losses in por-
tions of England and Scotland, but on the Continent its existence was
hardly known for a, century after its discovery, and subsequent to that
time it had not been very prevalent. Curtis, in writing of the species,
calls it the British toheaUmidge (indicating a restricted European
range), and states that M. Herpin is of the opinion that it is an inhabit-
ant of France, f

The ravages of the cabbage-butterfly, Pirn's rapm Linn., brought
to this country by the way of Quebec, about the year 1S58, have
greatly exceeded those committed by it in Europe. It lias proved very
destructive to cabbages wherever it has appeared, and it seems destined
to spread over all of the United States, as it crossed the Missouri river
in 1880 and has entered Nebraska. J

The asparagus-beetle, Orioeerisasparagi (Linn.), which has at times
destroyed entire plantations of asparagus upon our sea-board in the
vicinity of New York, has been known for centuries in Europe, but
has hardly been referred to by writers on economic entomology as an
injurious insect. Although common in Russia, a writer in referring
to it, in 1880, states, that it is never known to be obnoxious there.

The carpet-beetle, Anthrenus scrophularice (Linn.), first noticed in
this country in the year 1872, has been recognized as a common
species throughout a large part of Europe for more than a century.
While in several portions of the United States its ravages on carpets
have excited serious alarm in housekeepers and have threatened to
compel a resort to uncarpeted floors, no instance is known of its ever
having been detected in feeding upon carpets in Europe, although
stated to be injurious to "furs, clothes, animal collections and even
leather and dried plants." More frequent reference is made bv Eu-

*Fitch. Sixth-Mirth Reports Ins. N. )'., 1865, p. 8.
\Farm Insects, 1860, pp. 260, 266.
XCanadi'in Entomologist, xiv, 1882, p. 40.

2

10

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

ropean writers of the occurrence of the beetle upon flowers than of
the larva within houses.* (The insect, in its several stages, is shown in
Fig. 5.)

Fig 5. — Axtbeenus scrophulari-e : a, the larva ; b, the cast skin of the larva at molt-
ing; c, the pupa; d, the beetle — enlarged from natural sizes shown in accompanying lines.

The increased ravages of our introduced insects result from the new
conditions under which they are here placed. The relations that dur-
ing the lapse of centuries had grown up between them and their food-
plants, their insect parasites, the birds and other animals that preyed
upon them, whereby a balance and an interdependence had become es-
tablished— have all been broken up. When brought to our shores
they find, perhaps, more abundant food, of a character more acceptable
and attractive to them. But mainly, in their importation, their natu-
ral parasites and the enemies which had kept them in subjection have
been left behind, and they are free to ply their destructive work and
to "increase and multiply"' without hindrance or molestation, unless
some of our native parasites shall at length acquire the habit of prey-
ing upon them, and other foes discover that they are " good for food."

3. The Large Areas Devoted to Special Crops. — The exces-
sive ravages of insects in the United States are largely owing to the culti-
vation of their food- plants in extended areas. We may illustrate this by a
reference to our apple-tree insects. Two hundred years ago not even
the wild crab, the earliest representative of the apple, existed in this
country, and consequently there were no apple-insects. Later, when a
few apple-trees became the adjunct of the simple homes of the early
settlers, those of our insects to which they offered more desirable food
than that on which they had previously subsisted, were obliged to
wing theirtway often for many miles in search of a tree upon which to
deposit their eggs. If birds were then abundant, how few of the in-
sects could safely accomplish such extended flights. But in the apple
orchards of the present day — some of them spreading in an almost un-
broken mass of foliage over hundreds of acres — our numerous apple

*Hagen, in Canadian Entemoloyist, x, 1878, p. 1G1.

LARGE AREAS DEVOTED TO SPECIAL CROPS. 11

insects may find the thrifty root, the vigorous trunk, the succulent
twig, the tender bud, the juicy leaf, the fragrant blossom, and the
crisp fruit spread out before them in broad array, as if it were n special
offering to iusect voracity, or a banquet purposely extending an irre-
sistible invitation to the tent-caterpillar, the codling-moth, the canker
worm, the striped-borer, the bark-beetle, the twig-borer, the leaf-aphis,
the bark-louse, the root-louse and every other of our one hundred and
sixty species <>f apple insects. Here they may luxuriate as nowhere i lse.
The required food isgreatlv in excess of insect need. Careful cultiva-
tion has made it the best of its kind ; appetite is stimulated ; develop-
ment is hastened ; broods are increased in number; individuals arc
multiplied beyond the conservation of parasitic destruction ; facili-
ties of distribution are afforded with hardly a proper exercise of
locomotive organs, and when these almost useless members have be-
come aborted, as in the wingless females of the bark-louse (Mytilaspis
pomkorticis) and the canker-worms (Anixopleryx vernata and A.
pometaria), the interlocking branches afford convenient passage from
tree to tree.

In like manner, every crop cultivated on a large scale, holds out
strong invitation to insect attack, and wonderfully stimulates iusect
fecundity. Nowhere in the world are crops massed in so large an
acreage as in this country — their extension ever keeping pace with
the invention of special mechanical contrivances for their gathering,
and the extent to which hand-labor and horse-power may be replaced
by steam. The following are a few instances of extensive areas devoted
to special products :

The largest apple-orchard in the world is believed to be that of Mi-.
McKinstry, near Hudson, N. Y. It embraces about 300 acres and con-
tains 36,000 apple-trees. Extending for nearly a mile along the public
highway and for one-half a mile in the rear, it appears, when viewed
from swine favorable point, like a vast sea of orchard. Six miles of
road extend through the grounds for access and for carrying away the
gathered fruit.*

The peach orchard of the Orchard Hill Fruit Farm, at Orchard Hill,
Georgia, is believed to be the largest iu the world. It contains 54,000
peach-trees, and occupies 540 acres. The proprietor, Mr. John D.
Cunningham, informs me that lie will probably plant 250 additional
acres the coming fall, which would then give him 84,000 trees.

A fruit-grower in California (Mr. G. G. Briggs, of Davisville) has
1,010 acres of grape-vines, in four parcels of respectively 120, 1G0, 270,
and 460 acres. Nearly all are muscats of Alexandria and are culti-

*Proceediin)K Waters _V. Y. Horticultural Society, at iith Ann. Meet, in 1881, p. 81.

12 FIEST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

vated for raisins, the product of which, when all shall come to full
bearing, is estimated at 200,000 boxes, or 4,000,000 of pounds.*

The cotton plantation of Col. B. G. Lockett, near Albany, Ga., con-
tained in 1872, C,500 acres of cotton. f

From the Dalrymple farm, in Nebraska, there were harvested 12,000
acres of oats and 24,000 acres of wheat. The grain was cut by 125
reaping machines moving in divisions, and a number of steam-thresh-
ing machines were employed.];

In the San Joaquin Valley, in California, there were three wheat
fields containing respectively 17,000, 23,000 and 36,000 acres. The
crop of the latter was 1,440,000 bushels. One side of the field is seven-
teen miles long. When plowed, ten four-horse teams were attached to
ten gang-plows, each gang having four plows. Lunch was served at a
midway station and supper at the terminus. §

A Colorado potato field, near Denver (belonging to Mr. Rufns
Clark) is 150 acres in extent, and its yield for 1804 was estimated at
from 25,000 to 30,000 bushels. During the season more than $2,000
were expended in defense against the potato-beetle.**

In 1877, in Dighton, Mass., 1,000,000 quarts of strawberries were
raised — over 30,000 bushels.

The tendency in our country appears to be toward the cultivation of
special crops on a scale only limited by the means of handling them.
It is but the natural result of the proverbial industry and energy of
the American people ; the great improvements recently made in agri-
cultural implements; the rapid increase in population; increased
facilities of transportation ; and an increasing foreign demand for our
products. But it is questionable, in view of the alarming increase of
insect depredations, to what farther extent this aggregation of single
food-plants may be carried, without the attendant multiplication of at-
tacking insects to a point where it shall be impossible by any human
means or by parasitic aid to prevent their obtaining the entire mastery
of us.

4. The Immense Number of Insects.

In number of species, insects far exceed that of all the other classes
of the animal kingdom combined, viz.: mammals, birds, reptiles,
fishes, crustaceans, worms, etc. ft The number already known is

*For yield in former years, see Country Gentleman, xlvii, 18S2, p. 208.

t Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1872, p. 44S.

X The Rural Xebraska for November, 1880.

^Country Gentleman, xxxrii, 1872, p. 633.

** Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the year 1874, p. 280.

t+There are about 55,000 species of animals known, exclusive of insects. (Packard's Guide

to the Study of Insects, 1869, p. 103.)

THE IMMENSE NTMBEH OP INSECTS. 13

immense, and tho Dew Bpociea that are boing continually added to our

lists, as the results of an iaoreased number of observers, more thorough
collections, and more extended explorations, is constantly enlarging
the estimate which naturalists from time to time present of the proba-
ble number occurring throughout the world. The discovery of new
forms is ever in advance of the ability of entomologists to give them
description, name, and classification. There are to-day in the British
Museum no less than 12,000 species remaining nndescribed, and like
un worked material is to be found in every collection of any extent in
both hemispheres. Fifty years ago, 70,000 Bpecies had been described,
and it was then thought that there were at least twice that number in
existence. The scientific activity of the past half century has more
than quadrupled that number, and there are now 3"2(),O0O de-
scribed species. In view of this rapid increase, it will not be safe to
assume thai even yet one-half of the actual number have been de-
scribed. From our present knowledge, and from the vast extent of the
globe which is still, in natural science, terra incognita, it does not seem
improbable that the number of insects in the world may reach a mil-
lion of species.

Leaving the species and passing to individuals — if we proceed to a
calculation of number, we almost question the results shown by our
figures. Dr. Fitch has given us a computation of the number of
cherry-tree aphids — Aphis cerasi Fabr. — occurring upon some trees
upon his grounds, lie writes:* "Among the cherry-trees alluded
to, was a row of seven young ones which had attained a height of about
ten feet. By counting the number of leaves upon some of the limbs
and the number of limbs upon the tree, I find a small cherry-tree of
the size above stated is clothed with about seventeen thousand leaves.
These leaves could not have averaged less than five or six hundred lice
upon each, and there was fully a third more occupying the stems and
the tips of the twigs. Each of these small trees was, therefore, stocked
with at least twelve millions of these creatures."

Even our knowledge of insect fecundity fails to explain such wonder-
ful multiplication, and our reason cannot assign the purpose for which
such seeming excess is designed. It is related of a little midge (Chiron-
omus nivoriundus), that, on one occasion, in traversing a forest it was
observed in such countless myriads as to prove of the greatest annoy-
ance to the tourist, getting into his mouth, nostrils, and ears at every
step, and literally covering his clothing, f

The Rocky Mountain locust, in its migratory flights, hides the sun,
and fills the air as far as the eye can reach. From the highest peaks

*Fird and Second Report on the Insects of New York, 185'), p. 127.
tFitch : Winter Insects of Eastern -Vew York ; Amer. Jour. Agr.-Sci., v, 1S4i>, p. 232.

14 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

of the Sierra Nevada, it has been seen filling the valleys below and the
air above as much higher as they could be distinguished with a good
field-glass.* Kich and fertile portions of Southern United States are
incapable of cultivation from the hosts of mosquitoes that abound in
them. The same insect effectually shuts out portions of British
America from exploration, while in Eastern Europe and in Asia the
attacks of its hosts have caused insanity in travelers, and the death of
domestic animals unprovided with means of defense. The experiments
of Reaumur have shown that a single aphis (a plant-louse) may, in a
single year, through its frequent generations without pairing, be the
progenitor of 5,904,900,000 (nearly six billions) descendants.

Through such prodigious multiplication, the tiny, often despised, in-
sect attains an importance in the economy of nature to which the
ravenous beast of prey may not attain, although surpassing it many
thousand fold in size.

5. Necessity of a Knowledge of Insect Habits.
No great success can be expected in our efforts to resist insect depre-
dations, until we know who and what our insect enemies are. We are
told who they are, when they have been given the scientific name which
they shall bear wherever they may occur throughout the civilized
world; and we are first prepared to learn what they are, when thev
have been so intelligently described and faithfully illustrated that thev
may be unmistakably identified by the agricultural, as well as the scien-
tific, student. Hundreds of persons, in different localities, may then be
simultaneously engaged in the study of the same insect ; or fact after
fact may be separately ascertained and recorded, which, when collated
and arranged, may so nearly furnish an entire life-history as to leave
but a few inconsiderable details for special study to supply. The
habits of the different species are so diverse as to necessitate separate
study of each one of the immense number with which we have to do.
Each history is a complicated one, as it embraces, for the greater part,
four distinct forms of animal existence — the egg, the larva, the pupa,
and the imago — which may differ so greatly one from the other, that,
by the uninitiated, no relationship would be suspected. One or more of
these forms may be artfully hidden, or existing under such peculiar
circumstances as to elude discovery. Among the first hundred of our
most injurious insects, there are those which we only know in their
final stage, and there is not the naturalist among us who could iden-
tify them in their larval or their pupal state ; while at least one-half
of the number could not be determined in the egg. Such a confession

*Firsi Ann. J?ep. U. S. Entnmoloy, Commit., 1S7S, p. 213.

PROGRESS IK ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 15

is a strong argument in favor of continued investigation of insect lives,
for it mnst bo evident that until the Beveral stages are known, the en-
tomologist is not prepared to piint out the particular phase in which
the insect is the most vulnerable, and recommend the remedy or the
preventive that has been found by experiment to be the most efficient
and the simplest in its application.

These studies are laborious. They often involve earnest, long-con-
tinued and painful cloister work, in microscopic observation of the
more minute forms. Other information can only be obtained in the
field, orchard, and forest. So many are the details that enter into a
complete life-history, that a single one may he the accretion of the
united labors of individuals extending over a series of years. The
number of persons who an; devoting their entire time, or any large pro-
portion thereof, to economic entomology in the United States is less
than a dozen — a number ludicrously small in view of the extent of
our country, its varied interests, its range of agricultural products,
and an amount of insect losses in large excess, as has been shown, of
those occurring elsewhere, and which, for reasons already given, are
increasing among our larger crops to an extent that will, ere long, com-
pel the study for their arrest which is so unwisely withheld.

PROGRESS MADE IN ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.

We do not overstate the truth, we think, in asserting that the last
twenty years have been signalized by a progress in entomology, equal,
at least, to that made during the preceding century. In every direc-
tion it has displayed a marked advance — in the extensive collections
made in every quarter of the globe ; in the species described and illus-
trated ; the distinguished scientific ability devoted to the study ; the
systematic and biological collections arranged in our museums and
private cabinets; the classificatory work accomplished ; the valuable
contributions to its general literature; the monographs, manuals,
and catalogues of families and orders published through the Smith-
sonian Institution ; the embryological and anatomical investigations ;
and, lastly, the utilization and application of all that has been accom-
plished in these several directions, to the promotion of the arts of ag-
riculture, horticulture, and others, which minister to the comfort,
happiness and well-being of mankind.

1. The Writings of Economic Entomologists.
Economic Entomology, in this country, had its 'commencement in
the labors of Dr. T. W. Harris, and directly, in the publication of
his Report, on the Insects of Massachusetts Injurious to Vegetation, in

16 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

the year 1841. Successive editions of this admirable work have been
subsequently published. Of these, the last, issued in 1863, with addi-
tions and copious illustrations, finds place in most of the principal
libraries both here and in Europe, and its pages may ever be consulted
with pleasure and with profit. It still remains the first volume which
the entomologist recommends to those who desire to learn of the rela-
tions which we bear to the insect world. A writer gives it this high
praise : "It has saved millions to our country, and has been received
with enthusiasm in all the countries of Europe. It is an imperish-
able honor to Massachusetts."*

The writings of my predecessor, Dr. Asa Fitch, especially those
contained in his series of Reports on the Noxious, Beneficial and other
Insects of the State of Nero York, commencing in the year 1855 and
terminating in 1872, have been of such eminent service in the promo-
tion of economic entomology, that I have felt justified in devoting several
pages of the Appendix (A.) to a notice of the circumstances attend-
ing his call to the duties of the office of Entomologist — the in-
structions under which his work was conducted — the time, place and
manner of publication of the several reports (fourteen in number),
together with some remarks upon his labors made after his decease,
to the State Agricultural Society with which he was so long connected.

To Mr. B. D. Walsh, State Entomologist of Illinois at the time
of his lamented death through a railroad casualty, are we indebted for
valuable progress in both general and applied entomology. His State
Report and the large number of valuable papers contributed by him to
the Practical Entomologist and the American Entomologist (as editor
of the former and associate-editor of the latter), to the Proceedings of
the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, and to other serials, show
clearly his prolific pen, his untiring zeal, and the unusual ability with
which he was gifted. His removal from us at a time when he had
scarcely more than entered upon the work to which he was devoted is
regarded as a loss to science deeply to be deplored.

The publications and official labors of Prof. C. V. Riley — for nine
years the State Entomologist of Missouri, for several subsequent years
Chief of the United States Entomological Commission, and now the
Entomologist of the U. S. Department of Agriculture — have contrib-
uted more largely than those of any other person to the extension of
our knowledge in applied entomology and its general diffusion. The
results of his studies, as given in the nine finely-illustrated Missouri
Reports, the Ropoi'fs of the Entomological Commission, the volumes
of the American Entomologist, and numerous contributions to various

'Fourth Annual Report of the Michigan State I'omological Society, 1875, p. 178.

WHITINGS OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. 17

scientific journals and the public press, have furnished us such a com-
pendium of life-histories of our injurious insects, and means for con-
trolling their ravages, as is possessed by none of the older nations of
Europe. It is an honor to American science aud a high attestation of
the claim made by economic entomology of its utility, that the
French Government has conferred upon Prof. Riley a gold medal in-
scribed with its appreciation of the value of his investigations of the
grape phylloxera.*

Tlie four reports of Dr. W. Le Baron, successor to "Walsh as Stato
Entomologist of Illinois, published during the years 1871-1874, con-
tain much valuable information upon the insects infesting fruit-trees
and other food-plants. The fourth report furnishes an excellent hand-
book for the classification of the Coleoptera {beetles), giving, as it does,
synnpses of the genera and illustrations of the several families.

Upon the death of Dr. Le Baron, Dr. OTBTTS Thomas was .ap-
pointed State Entomologist of Illinois, and six annual reports havo
since been published by him. They present the results of his personal
studies and investigations, together with those of the assistants with
which the State, in appreciation of the work in which he is engaged,
have liberally provided him — Prof. G. H. French and Miss E. A.
Smith. f As each report is, in the main, devoted to a particular order
of insects, as the Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Llemiptera and Orthoptera>
they will be found of eminent service to the general student in ento-
mology who desires scientific knowledge, while they at the same time
furnish to the agriculturist the moans of recognizing his insect ene-
mies and friends. Dr. Thomas, as a member of the U. S. Entomo-
logical Commission, has also rendered excellent service in his studies
of the Rocky Mountain locust in its relations to agriculture and the
settlement of the Territories. A bulletin upon the chinch-bug, Mi-
cropus Jeucopterus, was also prepared by him and has been published
by the Commission.

The economic contributions of Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., have also
been quite extensive. They are mainly the following: Injurious In-
sects Xew and Little Known (1S70) ; the three annual Reports on the
Injurious and Beneficial Insects of Massachusetts (1871-2-3); portions

♦The medal was awarded by the Minister of Agriculture and Commerce of France, "in
appreciation of discoveries in economic entomology, and especially of services rendered to
French grape culture," and was transmitted, in 1874, through the Agence Consulaire
de France a St. Louis. It bears upon its face the head of the Goddess of Liberty in bas-
relief, with the words, " Republique Francaise." Upon the reverse is, " Mr. Riley, i, St.
Louis, Missouri. Services Rendus a la Viticulture Francaise, 1873," encircled by " Min-
isterc de 1' Agriculture et du Commerce." (Canadian Entomologist, vi, 1S74, p. 7S.)

+ Dr. Thomas resigned his position as State Entomologist in .June, 1382, aud Prof. S. A.
Forbes was appointed iu his place.

3

18 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

of the two annual Reports of the U. S. Entomological Commission; Re-
port on the Rocky Mountain Locust and other Insects in the Western
States and Territories; * Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees ;\
Half Hours with Insects ; and, Our Common Insects. Beyond the
above. Dr. Packard's writings in general entomology — anatomical, de-
scriptive, classificatory, and reports on special collections made in va-
rious portions of North America — have been very extensive and of a
high order. His Monograph of the Geometrid Moths or Phalcenidm —
a beautiful volume of over six hundred quarto pages and an equal
number of illustrations, { has added largely to our knowledge of a
family possessing great economic importance; while his Guide to the
Study of Insects has proved a rich boon to the American student, and
merits place in the hands of every one who desires a comprehensive
acquaintance with the insects of North America.

Prof. J. H. Comstock's labors, as Entomologist to theU. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, have given results of much economic importance,
which appear principally in the Departmental Report upon Cotton
Insects, 1879, and the Reports of the Entomologist for 1879 and 1880.§
The main portion of the latter report is devoted to a very valuable paper
on the common and extremely injurious insects known as scale insects,
showing earnest studyaud extended investigation. An important ad-
dition to this report is a supplementary paper by Mr. L. 0. Howard,
of the Entomological Division of the Department of Agriculture, upon
the parasites of the Coccidm, in which many new species are described
and the benefit urged that may result from the transportation of the
more useful parasites from localities where they abound to those where
they may not have been introduced.

The reports of Mr.TowNEND Glover, Entomologist of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture from the year 1863 to 1877, contain much mate-
rial of economic importance valuable for reference, but, from the
nature of his duties, not contributing to any great extent in original
investigation. In his Illustrations of Insects, consisting of 273 plates
drawn and engraved on steel by himself, and in the several volumes of
Manuscript Notes from my Journal, of which small editions have been
lithographed for private distribution, he has displayed a zeal for the
promotion of science, not surpassed by any American Entomologist.
It is much to be regretted that the Illustrations in the Orders of Lep-

*In 9th Annual Report oftheU. S. Geological and Geographical Surety of the Territoriet
for 1875, pp. 579-809, pi. lxii-lxx.

t Bulletin No. 1 — Department of the Interior. United States Entomological Commission,
1881, pp. 275, figs. 100.

JForming vol. x of the Quarto Reports of the JTai/den Survey of the Territories, 1876.

§Contained in the Annual Reports of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the years 1879
and 1880.

■WRITINGS OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGISTS. 19

idoptera, Colcoptera and Hymenoptera have not, as yet, been published,
even for private distribution, as were the other orders — accompanied,
as they are, with extended notes collated with much care and industry,
and of great practical value. Many of these illustrations, together
with their text in manuscript, were exhibited by Mr. (Hover at tho
Entomological Convention held at Paris in the autumn of 1865, and
the interest which they excited was attested by the bestowal upon him
of the gold medal of the Emperor, as appears in the following extract
from the " Documents relating to the Exposition of Insects held at
the Palace of Industry, at Paris in 1 SU5 :"

" The grand gold medal of the Emperor yet remained to be decreed, and the jury
sought to ascertain to whom the high award was due ; when, at a late hour, a
stranger, an American, Mr. Townend Clover, attached to the Department of Agri-
culture at Washington, presented himself with a work on practical entomology,
applicable to agriculture. This work, comprising, on 100 copper-plates, the use-
ful and noxious insects of North America, belonging to all the orders established
by naturalists, coleoptera, etc., is designed and executed by the exhibitor himself
from uature, and presents them in their three forms of larva, pupa and perfect
insect. To these 130 plates is attached a table with numbers, which refer to the
text, and indicate the plants, trees, or shrubs, commonly inhabited by each larva
or insect, mentioning the parts attacked, whether the roots, leaves, wood, fruits,
grains, etc. ; the nature of the damage done, the habits of the insects, the reme-
dies, old and new, to prevent their ravages, and, as far as known, the efficacy of
the remedies. These plates have been executed with the greatest care, the insect-
being represented with exact fidelity to nature. In brief, this work, which ha;
cost the author ten years of research and observation, and for which he well mer
its the high position he occupies in the Department of Agriculture at Washing-
ton, was judged, by an eminently scientific jury, to be original in its style and
character, and deserving to be copied by the entomologists of France as a desid-
eratum in the application of their science to agriculture."

Prof. A. J. Cook, of the Michigan Agricultural College, has con-
tributed a number of papers on the natural history and habits of our
injurious insects, to the Reports of the Michigan State . Agricultural
Society* the State Pomological Society, \ the Canadian Entomologist, etc.
The value of several of these papers is enhanced by their containing
the results of careful experiments with insecticides and other applica-
tions to prevent insect injury, in which he has been aided by his asso-
ciates in the college and the students under his charge..

Mr. William Saunders, as the able editor of the Canadian Ento-
mologist during the past eight years, an enthusiastic horticulturist,
and a member of the Special Commission of the Ontario Government
for inquiring into the agricultural resources of the Province, has de-
voted much time to the study of insect pests, and has published upon
them many papers of interest and practical importance.

The writings of a number of other of our entomologists deserve

» Report* of the Mich. St. Board of AgricilU, xii, for 1873; xiv, forl875; it, for 1876;
xvi, for 1877 ; xix, fur 1880.

+ Report* of the Mich. St. Pomolog. Soc, ii-x, for 1872-1880.

20 • FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

mention in connection with the above notices, but they are distributed
among so many of our scientific journals that they cannot be conven-
iently referred to at this time.

It is announced in a circular of the U. S. Entomological Commis-
sion that it has in preparation a full bibliography of the publica-
tions in economic entomology throughout the United States, and that
it will probably be given in its next (third) volume.* Beyond the
great convenience which such a list will afford for the purpose of refer-
ence, it will also serve to show the great attention that has been given
to this department of study in this country.

The results which we have attained in the investigation of our insect
enemies and friends, for there are many of the latter, have been reeoo--
nized in Europe, and the gratifying tribute has been paid to these
labors, that, in the applications of entomology, we are quite in advance
of European progress. Our studies have been gladly accepted as
serviceable in the advancement of the like work there being carried
on. Scientific investigation, of whatever nature, is of world-wide
utility, and hence it follows that while the names of Harris, Fitch
and Riley are familiar ones in Europe, so the researches of Katz-
burg, Curtis and Westwood are aids to which the American student
often resorts ; and the appearance of a volume, presenting the most
approved methods of dealing with European pests, as in the ad-
mirable volume recently given to the public, from the pen of Miss
Ormerod,f is cordially welcomed by us. But if the applications of
the science have made the greater progress in this country, it is but
the consequence of the absolute necessity of attention in this direc-
tion, from the excessive insect ravages occurring here, as before re-
ferred to. In Europe, as the result of a more general study of natu-
ral history, the broad recognition of its importance, and the liberal
aid extended to investigators through private munificence and govern-
ment patronage, general entomology has reached a point which wo
haye not approached. There, from the labors of devoted scientists for
a century past, the discovery (as I have elsewhere written) of a new
insect is comparatively rare. Nearly all the known insects have been
described and pictured in accurate figures and faithful coloring, in all
their stages, so far as ascertained, even of those microscopic but sur-
passingly beautiful Tineid moths, whose entire development from the
egg to the perfect insect is perfected within the circumscribed limits
of a single leaf.

*That the record may be as complete as possible, all entomologists throughout the
United States are requested to aid in its preparation, by sending to the Secretary of the
Commission, Dr. A. S. Packard, full lists of their papers on any subject connected with
Economic Entomology (not general or scientific entomology unless bearing on the applied
science), prepared in the style of that adopted in the bibliographical notices of Psyche.

+ A Manual of Injurious Insects, with Methods of Prevention and Remedy for their
Attacks to Food Crops, Forest Trees, and Fruit. By Eleanor A. Ormerod, F. M. S., etc.
London [1S81], 12 mo., pp. 323, many figures.

INCREASED INTEREST IN ENTOMOLOGY. 21

2. Increased Interest in Entomological Investigations.

The efforts made by our practical entomologists to promote, by their
studies, the public welfare, are meeting with a gratifying return, in the
growing recognition of their importance, a desire that they shall be
continued and extended, and a general disposition to utilize the bene-
fits which they offer. For many years much of the toil of the husband-
man has counted for nought. Successive crops have been destroyed or
yielded inadequate return, and this was accepted as if it had been blight,
mildew, fire, war, or some other calamity which could not be eon-
trolled. The recent applications of science have shown that the evil
may be greatly lessened, and eager inquiries are now being made how
it can be accomplished. From every portion of our broad domain re-
quests are received for instructions how to deal with this or that insect
pest, and I doubt if there is one of our prominent economic entomolo-
gists who has not been thus addressed from every State in the Union.
Many of our agricultural journals have columns specially devoted to the
answer of such inquiries. Our agricultural, horticultural and porno-
logical societies are alive to the value of the study, and are asking for
the aid which it is capable of giving them ; and very properly so, for
if such study shall realize the present expectations of those who know
its worth, it will further these pursuits, in our country, to an extent
which no other science has the ability to do. In compliance with the
wishes of the New York State Agricultural Society, officially expressed,
the requests of the principal agriculturists in the State, the Board of
Kegents of the University of the State, and many distinguished citizens
in this and other States, New York, foremost in the encouragement
of entomological research, has resumed the good work, and provided
for its continuance. Other States are moving for the appointment of
State Entomologists, among which are California (aroused to the im-
portance of excluding the grape phylloxera from her vineyards, and
other of our eastern pests from her fruits), Michigan, Indiana, Iowa,
Wisconsin, and Kansas. There is no doubt but that it would be wise
economy for every State in the Union to have a properly qualified of-
ficer charged with the study of insect injuries and benefits, and that
several times his salary would thereby be saved to the State.* Great
benefit would accrue from such a number of earnest workers dis-
tributed throughout the entire country, extending to one another
sympathy and aid, and stimulated to competition in working out the
best results. Seldom, then, would it be necessary to make unsatis-
factory replies to requests for directions how to arrest some form of in-

•Hon. A. B. Dickinson has given it as his opinion that the New York Entomological Re-
ports of Dr. Fitch have saved annually to the State over §50,000.

22

FIRST ANNUAL BEPOKT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLORIST.

sect attack. How is it possible, in view of the fact that entomology,
as a science, is but about a hundred years old, and that applied ento-
mology had its birth among us within the life-time of most of those
now engaged in its study, to tell just how to deal with every insect of
the thousands that annoy or injure us, when of many we even do not
know their names, and of most of their number, their habits and
transformations in full. By far too much is expected by the public.
The small number of workers and the brief time that they have been
engaged in their investigations should be consideratively borne in
mind. Much has been accomplished thus far, as some of the following
considerations will show.

3. The Acquisition of Life-histories.
I have already referred to the importance of a knowledge of the life-
histories of our insects, the difficulties attending their acquisition aud
the long study that they often demand. It is desirable in a scientific
point of view that a species should be known in each of its stages and
frequently it is only through a study of the earlier phases that* we are
able to decide upon the claim of a form to specific recognition. But in the
domain of economic entomology, an acquaintance with the larval sta-e
is of paramount importance, as this is the especial period of insect in-
jury. Many of our entomologists are now actively engaged in these
studies, under the incentive of a conviction that the student who pre-
sents a complete life-history of a single species makes a more valuable
contribution than does the discoverer and the describer of a score of
hitherto unknown forms. Within the last few years Mr W H Ed
wards of Coalburgh, W. Va., has worked out and given us the "histories
of the larger number of our butterflies east of the Mississippi, and other
authors have made us acquainted with the histories of many of our
moths. Directions are no longer given for destroying "the cut- worm,"
for instead of its boing a single species to be dealt with in a certain man-
ner, as formerly believed, we now know the moths of nearly three
hundred species, which differ so greatly in their habits and transfor-
mations that each one needs separate study, and the several groups
greatly differing treatment. Growing attention is paid to the discovery
and description of the larva of the Coleoptera, commonlv known as
grubs, and chargeable with injuries equal in amount to those of the
Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths). Mr. F. G. Schaupp of the
Brooklyn Entomological Society, has contributed several papers to the
Bulletin of the society, describing a number of hitherto unknown
forms, and collecting the descriptions of previously described species.*

*See also, Horn, in Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vii, 187S, pp. 28-40.

BIOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS OK INSECTS. 23

4. Formation of Biological Collections.

Several of our leading institutions have undertaken, and have
made much progress in collections illustrative of the life-histories of
our injurious insects, by showing them in all their stages in connec-
tion with their depredations, and whatever else may serve to present a
knowledge of their lives; as for example, if a moth, the egg and shells
from which the larva (caterpillar) has emerged; the larva, in each of
its 3-0 stages of growth, before and after each molting, preserved in
alcohol; larvae preserved dry, by inflation; larval exuviae ; larval ex-
crementa; diseased larva1 ; the pupa ; cocoon or ground cell, exterior
and interior ; pupa-case from which the moth has emerged ; empty
cocoon ; perfect insect in its typical form, varieties, aberrations, mon-
strosities, etc.; depredations on each of its food-plants ; parasites and
other natural enemies, etc. When these collections are connected with
agricultural colleges and other institutions for promoting agricul-
tural interests, they are usually arranged so as to present for conven-
ient inspection allot' the insects connected with a particular food-plant.
By this method, rather than by following the order of insect clas-
sification, one whose wheat-crop has been attacked by an insect un-
known to him, should be able, by consulting the cases devoted to wheat
iusects, to learn the name of the depredator, and at a glance much of
its history, habits and changes. The biological collection of the New
York State Agricultural Society, prepared by Dr. Fitch during the
latter period of his connection with the Society, was arranged upon this
plan. The cases contain the following material : Case 1 — Insects in-
festing grain and other crops (specifying each principal crop) ; Case 2 —
Grass insects ; Case 3 — Iusects of the garden (specifying the princi-
pal vegetables, flowers, ornamental shrubs, etc.) ; Cases 4 and 5 — In-
sects infesting fruit-trees (apple, plum, pear, cherry and quince) ; Case
6 — Insects injurious to man and animals. About 1000 specimens are
contained in this collection, while in another series of larger case3 are
shown the larger biological specimens illustrative of insect depreda-
tions on plants, timber, furniture, and books.*

In the Entomological Division of the Department of Agriculture at
Washington, now under the direction of Prof. Riley, the commence-
ment has been made (by Prof. Comstock) of a biological collection
which shall, as fully as possible, illustrate the investigations of the
Department. It at present contains one hundred and twenty-five
ca?es (double-sided, 31x21 cm.), of which forty-eight are Hemiptera,
mainly Coccidm, illustrating the recent Departmental studies of these
destructive insects. The collection will no doubt be rapidly extended,

*Btyehe, ii, 1S70, p. ^~'k

24 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

for the liberal appropriations mile by Congress for this Division,
of $35,000 per annum, is securing for it, through its corps of trained
entomologists, a broad range of investigation and a large amount of
biological material.

A recent circular (J||§-, No. 4) of the Smithsonian Institution an-
nounces that "Prof. 0. V. Riley has deposited in the Museum [United
States National Museum] his extensive private collection of insects.
The collection comprises some 30,000 species and upward of 150,000
specimens of all orders. ****** The collection is chiefly
valuable for the large amount of material illustrating the life-histories,
habits, and economy of species, 3,000 of which are represented in one
or all of tho preparatory states, either in liquid in separate boxes, or
blown and mounted dry with the imagines."

Perhaps no one fact may be cited that will better show the progress
made in entomology in this country, than that in one of our museums
— the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass., is to be
found a biological collection that has not its equal in the world. For
this we are indebted to the recognition of the great importance of the
science by Louis Agassiz, shown in calling to the curatorship of the
Entomological Department of the Museum the distinguished European
entomologist, Dr. Hermann A. Hagen, and to the appreciation by
Alexauder Agassiz of the work initiated, in retaining for its success-
ful prosecution the services of the able curator, in the face of unusual
efforts to recall him to his former home. The biological collection,
which the ability and zeal of Dr. Hageu has brought together and so
admirably arranged for' scientific study, was based upon extensive Eu-
ropean material. To this, large American collections have been added,
until it has become wonderful in extent, in variety, iu fulness of illus-
tration, with an arrangement permitting of convenience of study and
insuring preservation, which it does not seem possible to improve. It
occupies, at present, twenty cabinets of eighteen drawers each. Three
hundred and fifteen drawers (of 16x19 inches — the size adopted by
the principal museums of Europe) are arranged for exhibition and
study, while fifty others are nearly ready for incorporation.

The examination of the collection by one qualified to judge of its
worth compels a regret that it must forever remain an unique. How
it would tend to the diffusion of knowledge could it but be multiplied
and distributed for study, like the impressions of a printed page. And
yet, the student, who appreciates the superiority of the natural object
for purpose of study over any representation of it, and who would best
learn what lessons may be taught by the proper assemblage and group-
ing by a master-hand of even otherwise worthless material, such as
deserted tenements, cast-off integumeuta, excreta, chips, worm-eaten

DISCOVERY OF VALUABLE INSECTICIDES. 25

leaves and tholike, will yield to its attraction, and make his pilgrim-
age even from the far west, as some have done, to pay his homage to
the accumulated treasures of the Entomological Department of the
Agassiz Museum at Cambridge.

5. Discovery of Valuable Insecticides.

Another indication of real progress in economic investigation is the
knowledge attained within the past few years of several poisons and
other substances which may be safely and easily used for destroying in-
sect life. Paris green, which holds foremost rank among our Insecti-
cides, and without which that almost indispensable article of food —
the potato — could not be grown in some localities, was first recom-
mended for the purpose in the year 1869, when a correspondent from
Wisconsin, of the Galena. [111. J Gazette, published the information that
the preceding year, with one pound of Paris green mixed with two of
flour, sifted through a coarse muslin cloth on the potato tops early in
the morning, he had destroyed millions of the beetles feeding on them
and obtained a fine crop of potatoes.* Pyrethrum had been used for
saveral years under the names of" Persian Insect powder " and "Dal-
matian Insect powder," for the destruction of household pests," but it was
not until 1879 that it was shown by Mr. Wm. Saunders, of London,
Ontario, by his experiments with it upon grasshoppers and plant-lice,
that it could be employed in the destruction of insects infesting our
fields and gardens. f London purple was first introduced in the year
1877. J It was analyzed by the chemist of the Department of Agricul-
ture the following year and found to contain forty-three percent of
arsenic acid in such association as to warrant experiments with it as a
substitute for Paris green. § The experiments made by the IT. S. En-
tomological Commission were successful and speedily brought the ar-
ticle into popular favor. The prompt action of oils, such as kerosene
oil, coal oil and paraffine oil, in destroying insect life, is well known,
and experiments are teaching us the best methods of their application
without injury to plant-life.

The very great value of several of the popular Insecticides, in an
economic point of view, warrants a special notice of some of them.

1. Paris Green as an Insecticide.
The popularity which Paris green has obtained as an Insecticide
grew out of the need of some substance (hand-picking and mechanical

^American Entomologist, i, ls6^, p. '21 y.
\ Canadian Entomologist, xi, IsT'.i, pp. 165-G.
'Xinth Report on the Insects of Missouri, 1877, pp. 45-47.
g Annual lijport of tht Oj.nnissicinsr of Agriculture for 1S7S, p. 144.

4

26 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

gathering having proved insufficient) which could be employed for the
destruction of the hordes of the Colorado potato-beetle, which were in-
vading and threatening the entire ruin of every potato field throughout
Northern and Middle United States east of the Rocky Mountains and
southward into North Carolina and Northern Texas.* It was found
that by uo other means could this be accomplished so quickly, eco-
nomically and effectually, and it has, therefore, notwithstanding the
popular prejudice against so free an use of a virulent poison, been very
extensively resorted to, for several years past, in the cultivation of tho
potato. It has also been successfully employed in protection from
other insect ravages.

Paris green is a combination of arsenic and copper, known in sci-
ence, as arseuiato of copper. In its pure state it contains fifty-eight
per cent of arsenic (arsenious acid). The enormous demand for it —
druggists in some of the great agricultural centers of the West have
ordered it by the ton — and the prevalent disposition to economize in
its use by purchasing it at the lowest price, have led to its great adul-
teration. As frequently sold, it contains less than one-half its proper
proportion of arsenic In using it as an insecticide, it is important
that it be obtained pure, for otherwise the directions for its use are
not applicable to its altered condition.

It may be used either in its dry form as a powder, or mixed with
water or other liquid.

Diluents. — In its dry application, it is mixed with some other mate-
rial to reduce it to a degree that will admit of its use without injury
to the plants upon which it is cast, and of its convenient distribution.
The materials usually employed are flour, plaster, finely sifted wood
ashes, air-slacked lime and road dust. Care is necessary that it bo
thoroughly mixed, by long-continued stirring, unless some special con-
trivance is arranged for the purpose. f

The Dry Mixture. — The best results have been obtained when flour
is used, as the compound seems to adhere better to the leaves of plants
and to be more readily eaten than are the mineral and other sub-
stances. The proportion of flour required will vary with the crop to
be protected. Potato leaves will safely bear a pound of Paris green to

*See map of invaded territory, in Xinth Missouri Report, p. 36,~and estimated of area uu
p. 38.

+ A simple contrivance for the purpose is thus constructed : " It consists of a barrel
which has a longitudinal wooden axle projecting somewhat at each end. Five or six staves
run through the barrel longitudinally but do not project at either end, and on one side is
an aperture large enough to admit the ingredients. When they are in, the aperture is
closed and the barrel is placed over a large open box, or fixed in any way so that it can be
revolved by means of a handle attached to the projecting axle. {Bulletin So. 3, of the U.
S. EiU. Vommis.— The Cotton Worm, 1SS0, p. 7-i.)

PARIS GREEN ! METHODS OF USING. 27

twelve of flour, and probably even a less dilution. Other vegetation
will show injury to the leaves uuless twenty pounds of flour be used,
and if desirablo to dilute still further for delicate plants, even thirty
pounds of Hour to one of pure green will destroy a large proportion of
insect pests in their early stage. Plaster of Paris as a diluent has
the recommendation of its fertilizing properties where uneaten, and of
its much less cost. Fifty pounds of it may be used with one of green.
A recent statement announces that with a pound of pure Paris green
thoroughly mixed with from 150 to 200 pounds of plaster, "all the
bugs or young, as they appear upon the potato vines [probably having
reference only to the newly-hatched larva;] are readily destroyed." The
mixture should be applied in early morning while the leaves are wet
witli dew, that it may adhere the better.

The wet mixture. — When in liquid suspension, for Paris green is
insoluble in water, a half pound may be mixed with forty gallons of
water. Double this amount of green, or, in ordinary household meas-
urement, a tablespoonful (a little over an ounce and a half) in a pail-
ful of water (four gallons) is often used on many plants without in-
jury, when more active results are desired. It lias been recommended
that two or three pounds of flour, first boiled into a paste, be added to
the water, or which is more easily done, the flour mixed in a bucketful
of water may be set aside until it sours, to save the trouble of boiling.
The liquid application has several advantages over the dry method,
as, for example, it is more quickly applied, it gives a more equable dis-
tribution, it obviates the danger of inhaling the poisou that attends
its scattering in the air, and by aid of proper appliances, it can be ad-
vantageously used in the protection of our fruit-trees.

Application of the Powder. — The most simple mode is to tie a
muslin bag containing the powder to the end ofa stick, and to shakeit
over the plants. A better method, however, and the one usually
adopted, is that of a tin box of a convenient size with a cover and hav-
ing the bottom finely perforated, or covered with wire gauze — the box
to be fastened to a stick about three feet long.
With this a person can walk along the plants to
be dusted, and by gently striking the handle with
another small stick, the powder can be uniformly
distributed with the greatest care. Boxes made
for this purpose and ready for convenient use,
similar to that shown in Fig. 6, are to be pur-
chased in our cities and in most of our larger
towns. In applying the powder, care should be
taken to keep to the windward of the plants to be
Fig. fi.— DtsTiNG Box.ford listed that it may not be breathed. For poison-
Paris green. ing entire fields, numerous other contrivances
have been devised and patented, which may be propelled on wheels,

88

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

and are applicable to the protection of the Southern cotton fields. Sev-
eral of these " Dusting Machines" are described and figured in Bulletin
No. 3, of the U. S. Entomological Commission.

Cost of the Dry Application. — It is estimated that for the protec-
tion of the potato crop, an acre will require three pounds of Paris green
and thirty or thirty-five pounds of flour. This, with the green at its
usual price of fifty cents a pound, will make the cost of each applica-
tion, without counting the labor, from $2 to $3. If the beetle is very
abundant, and the powder should happen to be washed away by fre-
quent and hard rains, three or four applications, or even more, may
be needed during the season.

Application of the Liquid. — When but a few plants or small areas
are to be poisoned, no other appliances are needed than a small pail and
a brush-broom. "With the latter in the right hand, the water, at each
dipping, may be sufficiently stirred to hold the green in proper sus-
pension, and the adhering liquid shaken over the plants. When a
larger amount of the liquid is necessary, it may be applied with an
ordinary watering-pot, provided with a more finely perforated rose than
that which commonly accompanies it, which can be made by any tin-
man. The contents of the pot will require frequent stirring with a
stick, to nrevent the settling of the poison.

For poisoning on a still larger
scale, cans of a large size to be
strapped upon the back have been
devised, and are for sale in some
of our principal cities. One of
these, shown in operation in Fig.
7, is thus described in Prof.
Kiley's Seventh Missouri Report
(1875, p. 15) :

" It consists of a can capable of
holding about eight gallons of liquid,
and so formed as to rest easily on the
back, to which it is fastened, knapsack
fashion, by adjustable straps, which
reach over the shoulders and fasten
across the breast. To the lower part
of the can are attached two rubber
tubes, which are connected with two
nozzles or sprinklers. The inside of
the can has three shelves, which help
to keep the mixture stirred. There ia
a convenient lever at the bottom which
presses on the tubes and shuts off the
outflow at will, and two hooks on the
sides near the top on which to hang the tubes when not in use. On the top is a

Fio. 7. — Sprinkler
green water.

Fur distributing

PARIS GUEEN': MEAN'S 10 K APPLYING. 29

small air tube and a capped orifice. Two bueketfuls of water are first poured into
the can, then three tablespooufuls of good green, well mixed with another half
bucketful of water ami Btrained through a funnel-shaped strainer wliieli accom-
panies the machine, and the use of which pre vents the larger particles of the green
from getting into the eau and clogging up the sprinkler. Five to eight acres a
day can readily be sprinkled by one man using the can, and from one to one and
a half pounds of good green, according to the size of the plants, will surti v to the
acre. Two lengths of nozzle are furnished, one for use when the plants are small,
the other when they are larger. The can should be tilled on the ground, and then
raised on a bench or barrel, from which it is easily attached to the hack. The
walking serves to keep the green well shaken, and the tlow of liquid is regulated
at will by a pressure ofthe Bngers at the junction of the tube with the metallic
nozzles. When not iu use, the tubes should be removed, and the can emptied and
laid upon its back."

When it is desirable to apply the poison to .tall shrubs, vines,
evergreens or fruit-trees, aforoing-pump 13 almost a necessity, and per-
haps no better one can be recommended for general use than the
" Hydronette," manufactured by Messrs. Ramsey & Co., of Seneca
Falls, X. Y. It is shown in the accompanying figure.

F

Fir., i. — The IIvdrosette, for the application of Paris green, London Purple, etc.

It consists of two brass tubes, one working telescopically within the
other. When the inner tube, by means of the handle B, grasped in the
right hand, is drawn outward from the outer tube C, held in the left,
the water enters the pump through the rubber hose E, the brass capped
end of which is dropped in a pail of water. When the inner tube is
pushed back by its handle, the water, being prevented by a valve from
returning, is forced outward through the nozzle at A, with such
force as to project it to a distance of about forty feet. At D, a rose is
represented, which may be unscrewed and substituted in place of the
nozzle A, whenever it is desirable to distribute the water in a fine
spray. The Hydronette works so easily that it may be used by a boy
of eight years of age. A man may hang a bucket of water upon his
left arm, and dropping or coiling the hose in it, may apply the liquid
as he walks along the plants to be sprinkled. Or, when it is desirable
to distribute the liquid uniformly over a field, the tubes may be con-
tinuously worked by one person while another carries the pail, and still

30

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

another supplies the poison as fast as used. The instrument is made
in two sizes, which are sold by the manufacturers or their agents at
$8 and $10.

The same Company also makes another force-pump, having the ad-
vantage of throwing a continuous stream of water, at the rate of from
eight to ten gallons per minute to a height of forty or fifty feet.

It is known as the " Aqua-
jject," and is sufficiently shown
the accompanying figure,
without explanation. Its price,
with three feet of suction hose
and the same length of dis-
tributing hose, with brass dis-
charging pipe and rose sprink-
ler, is $9.00. Still another
form, made more particularly
for a fire extinguisher, but by
means ojf a rose which may be
procured with it, may also be
used for destroying insects, is
arranged for standing in a
pail of water, where it is held
in position by an iron attach-
ment which fastens it to the
rim. The catalogue price of
this, with pail, is $8.00.
Fig. 9.-Thb Aqoajeot, for appli- The Whitman Fountain

cation of mixtures and solutions. pump, manufactured by J. A.

Whitman, of Providence, It. I., which has been extensively adver-
tised, and highly recommended by some of our practical entomologists
who have tested its working, appears to be very similar in construc-
tion to the Hydronette of Rumsey & Co., and is to be used in the
same manner.

In using any of the above forms for the application of Paris green or
London purple to apple-trees or other tall trees, it was found that
the single stream thrown by the ordinary nozzle could not be
distributed over the tree without the consumption of a large quantity
of water : if thrown above the tree and allowed to break in drops in
its fall, the momentum permitted but a small portion of the poison to
adhere to the leaves. With the rose, the water would be scattered in a
spray, but only the lower branches could be reached. To obviate these

PARIS GREEN I MAY RE SAFELY USED. 31

difficulties, Messrs. Rumsey & Co. have made, at my suggestion, a
flattened nozzle pierced with six minute apertures, as
represented in Fig. 10, by means of which fine streams
can be thrown to the tops of apple-trees, distributing the
liquid most economically, and in the form which seems
to be the most favorable for the spreading and adherence
of the poisons. The nozzle may be applied to any of
their pumps, and is to be obtained by application to the
Fio. 10.— Noz- Company.
Para green 5an§ Several more complicated sprinklers have been patented,
f™^0nt5lrPtht° nios,; °^ wn'c'1 were specially devised for use in cotton
'««. plantations. The U. S. Entomological Commission

mention, with more or less full description and illustration, no less
than twenty of these sprinklers and atomizers .* The complication of
structure displayed in some of these serves to show the inventive talent
and mechanical skill called in requisition in order to attain the most
practical and economical method of protecting large areas of vegeta-
tion, by means of poisons, from insect destruction.

No danger in properly using the poison. — Paris green has not
gained its popularity as an insecticide without opposition in many quar-
ters. Several of our scientific men have protested against so free and ex-
tensive use of the poison, predicting that grave results would follow.
The experience, however, of more than ten years has shown that the ap-
prehended danger has not been, nor will be, realized. It is now believed
by those who have given the subject the closest study, that with proper
precaution, and in obedience to directions, it may be used with entire
safety. The following precautions should always be taken :
The poison should be kept in a safe place and plainly labeled,

" POISON."

Do not distribute the powder with the hand, as is sometimes done.
An abrasion of the skin might result in serious harm.

Apply the powder with the wind, if any, so as not to breathe it.

Do not use it upon leaves or fruit which are soon to be eaten, or
where it will not be washed away by repeated rains (as on cabbage,
cauliflower, etc.).

Prevent animals from feeding on poisoned vegetation, and poultry
from eating the poisoned insects.

Test the strength of the poison upon a few plants first, lest it may
be too strong for the leaves.

Use it of no greater strength than is necessary to kill the insects.

Make such change in crops that its use upon the same ground may
not be continued for many years. (Perhaps not important.)

•Bulletin No. 3. The Cotton Worm, by Chas. V. Riley, II. A., Ph. D., 1880, pp. 7T-97,

32 FIRST ASSUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

There is no foundation for the fear entertained by some persons
that potatoes grown from plants treated with the poison are either poi-
sonous or unwholesome, Repeated examinations of such potatoes made
by our best chemists have failed to give the least trace of arsenic; and
if the potatoes prove watery or appear to be in otherwise bad condi-
tion, it may be the result of a diminished foliage of the plants
through the insect attack, rather than the poison administered.

Nor can we believe, in view of recorded experiments, that the poi-
son, as it is now being employed, can affect the soil so as to interfere
with healthful plant-growth. Prof. R. C. Kedzie, of the Michigan
State Agricultural College, has shown conclusively that the arsenic
of Paris green does not remain in the soil as such for four months,
but before that time it undergoes chemical changes which render it
harmless.*

Mr. Wm. McMurtrie, as chemist of the TJ. S. Department of Agri-
culture, has instituted a series of very interesting and satisfactory ex-
periments to test the influence of Paris greeu upon soil and the plants
grown therein, which have been published in detail, accompanied with
copies of the photographs of the fifteen pots of pease experimented
upon and treated respectively with from one hundred milligrams to
one grain of the Paris green. f The results obtained were these :

1. An aggregate of 006.4 pounds of Paris green per acre must be
applied to the soil before any injurious effects on plant-growth are
appreciable [the ordinary application to a potato field is from a pound
to two pounds per acre.]

2. Arsenic cannot be absorbed and assimilated by the plant in the
economy of growth. All of the plants grown in the arsenical soil,
tried by Marsh's test, failed to indicate the presence of arsenic.

3. Potatoes subjected to applications of Paris green failed to give
evidence of the presence of arsenic.

The Insects that may be destroyed by Paris Green. — In
addition to the Colorado beetle, there are many other injurious species
against which this poison maybe conveniently used. It would be well,
however, not to resort to its aid except in cases where it will accomplish
the desired purpose better (convenience, economy and efficiency being
considered) than non-poisonous substances.

It may be advantageously used against several other of the potato-
insects which occasionally appear in numbers and destructiveness almost
equaling the Colorado beetle, as, for example, the three-lined leaf-
beetle — Lema irilineata (Oliv.), the ash-gray blister-beetle — Macroba-

*Quoted in the Eighth Annual Report on the Insects of Missouri, 1876, p. 7.

t Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the year 1375, pp. 144-147, pi. 10.

P.VUIS QUEEN: INSECTS DESTROY A BLB BY IT. 33

ait unieolor (Kirov), the margined blister-beetle — Epioceuta cinerea
(Foret.)j the Btriped blister-beetle — ■ Epicauta vittata (Fabr.), the cu-
c umber Sea-beetle — Epitrix cucumerit (Harris), and species of the
tortoise-beetles — Coptocycla aurichalcea (Fabr.) and C. cla
(Fabr. ). when dudq

It would also he useful against the Btriped cucumber-beetle — Did*
trotica vittata (Fabr.), and oilier leaf-eating beetles and their larva).

It would be effectual, used in its liquid form with a force-pump, for
tin' prevention of the defoliation of the horse-chestnut, the smaller
elms and other shade-trees by the caterpillar of the white-marked tus-
sock-moth— Orgyia leucostigma (Sm.-Abb.), which has become such
a public nuisance in many of our principal cities.

It has been found to be of great value in preventing the ravages of
the spring canker-worm — Aniaoptvryz vt mala (Peck), an insect which
for some reason, has not occurred as the serious pest in the apple or-
chards of New York that it lias in the Eastern and several of the Wes-
tern States. Willi this agent at command, and its efficacy having
been thorougly tested, it is hoped that the threatened increase and
spread of the canker-worm in New York may be effectually checked.*

The liquid may lie used for the protection of low evergreens from the
larvai of saw-flies and of the basket or bag-worm — Thyridoptcryx
epliemeraiform.it (Haw.). It should also be available for ridding the
Virginia creeper — Ampelopsis quinque/olia, from the eight-spotted
Forester — Alypia octomaculata (Fabr.), and the beautiful wood-nymph
— Eudryas grata (Fabr.), two prettily-banded blue caterpillars which
frequently almost strip the vines in the city of New York and its
vicinity.

Taris green would also be an excellent agent for the destruction of
the army-worm — Leucania unipuncia Haw., applied copiously to
the fields where it abounds, or, when it has commenced its marches,
to broad strips of grass-land lying in its line of march, and subse-
quently plowing tinder the poisoned surface.

In brief, it will be of service whenever extensive depredations occur,
not easily controllable by other means, from leaf-eating insects and
their larva?, upon leaves not used for food of men or animals, or only
used after so long a period that the poison shall have been entirely
washed away, or even upon edible fruit occurring at the time in so

♦The following active s inst . his pesl were employed in the excessive diehard

of Mr. Ohapin, in Easl Bloorafield, Ontario county, X. Y., of one hundred and twenty acres:
" The canker-worm commenced its inroads, and was worst lasl year on the interior trees.
Mr. Cbapin showered them with a mixture of Puis green and water, which brought them
dea 1 to the ground in a few hours. The water was drawn in a box holding over two hun-
dred gallons, in which was mixed two and a half poun Is of Paris yreen. A forcing-pump
and hose threw a stream high above each tree, where it broke into a spray, and falling,
sprinkled every part." — Country Gentleman, xliv, 1S70, p. 710. ,

5

34 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

immature a stage or in such condition that it will not permanently
retain the poison .

2. London Purple as an Insecticide.
An analysis of a specimen of Loudon purple by the chemist of the
U. S. Department of Agriculture gave the following results:*

Per cent.

Rose aniline „ 12.46

Arsenic acid 43. 65

Lime 21.82

Insoluble residue 14.57

Iron oxide j i g

Water 2_27

Loss 407

100.00

As appears from the above analysis, it is mainly an arseniateof lime.
It is a refuse material, obtained in the manufacture of analine dyes,
heretofore worthless. Its cost, therefore, need not much exceed that
of package and transportation. Its efficacy in the destruction of in-
sects appears to be about ecpial to that of Paris green, although it does
not accomplish its work so rapidly, for often its effects are not appa-
rent until the second or third day after its application. From the
short time that experiments have been made with it, we are not pre-
pared to say that it may entirely take the place of Paris green, yet
there are several considerations which seem to give it a greater value as
an insecticide than that substance.

Its cost is much less, as it can be purchased at fifteen cents a pound,
and at ten cents or less by the keg or barrel. Less than half the quan-
tity is needed. Prof. Riley states that while the cost to the cotton
planter of the Paris green material per acre has been one dollar, that
of the purple will not exceed five cents.

It is of nearly uniform strength, as its production being much in
excess of demand, it does not pay the manufacturer to adulterate it
by mixture with any other substance.

As mixed for use it is far less poisonous than Paris green, as is
shown from its having been eaten by persons without serious harm.f

It is more adhesive to vegetation and, therefore, not as readily
washed away by rains.

* Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the Year 1878, p. 144.

i" I know of two negroes who stole some flour in which it had been mixed in the or-
dinary proportion for use on cotton, and made biscuits thereof. Both were made sick,
but neither seriously. (Prof. Riley in American. Entomologist, iii, 1880, p. 246.)

LONDON" PUBPLE : METHODS OF USING. 35

Its effects are more permanent, as from its fine state of pulveriza-
tion it is partially absorbed by the leaves.

The color that it imparts to vegetation shows its application and
may Berve to prevent the careless use of poisoned plants for food.

In its condition of a very line powder it admits of a more thorough
admixture when used dry, and is more easily kept in suspension in
water.

Method of using. — It may be mixed with flour, plaster, or any of
the diluents mentioned for Paris green, and dusted upon the vegeta-
tion by any of the means there given which may be found the most
convenient. When prepared of the strength of on.' pound of the pur-
ple to ten of Hour it, will injure only delicate vegetation. Reduced
with seventy pounds of flour, it will be found to kill nearly all of the
leaf-eating larva\ For general use, the proportion recommended, and
which has given the best practical results, is one pound of the purple
to forty of flour or other substance.

Its application in water may also bo mado as directed for Paris
green. With one pound mixed with forty gallons of water, some vege-
tation has been injured. A dilution with forty gallons of water will
probably destroy most larva?. For quite young and more delicate ones,
a dilution of one hundred gallons will suffice, and the experiments of
the Entomological Commission in the cotton fields have shown that
in dry weather and under other favorable conditions, with a pound of
the purple mixed in one hundred and fifty gallons, the cotton-worm
was readily killed. It should be mentioned that the cotton-worm —
Aletia argillacea, Hi'tbu., has been found to be more sensitive to the
poison than some other larva? of the Noctuidm. It is, of course, desir-
able that the poison be not used in greater strength than is needed for
killing the species to be destroyed, and the maximum degree of dilu-
tion can easily be ascertained by experiment.

The addition of a small quantity of flour to the water will give
greater adhesiveness to the poison.

Useful in the destruction of the Apple-worm. — London purple
en used successfully by Prof. A. J. Cook for destroying the apple-
worm or codling-moth — - Carpocapsa pomonella (Linn.). In his re-
cent experiments, continued through two seasons, a tablespoonful was
mixed with a pail of water, and this quantity was sufficient, usually, for
three trees. It was used in early summer, and the results were very
satisfactory, as a large proportion of the fruit was saved from attack.
It was believed that the purple formed a thin coating over the fruit
and prevented the deposit of the eggs (the eggs are deposited soon after
the apple forms), or that the upturned calyces at this time held suffi-
cient of the poison to kill the newly-hatched larva? in the attempt to

36 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

penetrate them to enter the apples. la subsequent chemical exami-
nations of the fruit treated in this manner, no arsenic could be de-
tected, and it was freely eaten by Prof. Cook and his family without
any injurious effects. Still, additional experiments in this direction
are desirable, before we may give to this method of protecting apple
trees unqualified recommendation.

A circular of Hemingway's London Purple Company, 90 Water
street, New York, gives the following directions for the use of the
purple on potato plants :

" The best method of use is with water. Mix the purple into a
smooth paste, and then add water in the proportion of three gallons
to each ounce, or forty-eight gallons to one pound. Stir well, and ap-
ply by sprinkling with a whisk or fine watering-pot, taking care not
to deluge the plants, but only cover with a fine spray. From an eco-
nomical point of view it is wise to pass it through a strainer. This can
be done by tying some cheap cotton-cloth over an iron hoop a little
larger than the tub or cask in which the mixture is made, the purple
put into the strainer and the water poured over it into the cask, which,
as it goes through, will leave behind all dirt or bits of sticks which
might otherwise choke up the Fountain pump or other spray-produc-
ing instrument,

"If preferred, it may be used dry in the proportion of six pounds of
plaster to one ounce of purple, or 100 pounds of plaster to one pound
of purple. Mix well by passing the two materials through a sieve.
The more perfectly this is done the more certain the effect.

" The proportions given above are the strongest that should be
used. If care be taken, a much more dilute mixture may be used
with equal advantage."

3. Pyrethrum as an Insecticide.
The Persian and the Dalmatian insect powders are the finely pul-
verized flowers of species of Pyrethrum — the former of Pyrethrum
roseum and P. carncum, and the latter and the most highly esteemed,
of P. cineraria folium. The Persian powder has been known for a
number of years, and the peculiar properties of the powder of some
species of Pyrethrum had been utilized even in the past century; but
until within the last three years, it had only been employed against
household insect pests, as flies, mosquitoes, roaches, bed-bugs, etc. A
small quantity of it diffused in a closed room by means of the bellows
made for the purpose, acts very quickly upon flies, by bringing them
to the floor, struggling upon their backs. They are unable to fly, and
if placed upon their legs, they are incapable of using them in locomo-
tion. The powder appears to produce a paralysis from which they
rarely recover, although death may not follow until a day or two there-
after. While affecting insects in this manner, it may be distributed in
a room as above, and be breathed by persons with perfect safety.

PYRETHRUM AS AN INSECTICIDE. 37

Since the experiments of Mr. Saunders, previously referred to,
whereby it was shown that Pyrethrum could be employed against some
of our out-door insect pests, other experiments in coutinuance have
been made which have so extended its range of usefulness as to lead
us to believe that we have but begun to learn its value as an insecti-
cide. Under the demand which is springing up for it, it is being ex-
tensively cultivated in this country, mainly by Mr. Milco (a native of
Dalmatia), near Stockton, California, and an article is being produced
by him from the Pyrethrum cinerariafoliiim and sold under the
trade name of " Buhach," which is represented by those who have
thoroughly tested it, to be superior to much of the imported Dalma-
tian powder. The high cost of the imported powder (about $1.25 per
pound) has been hitherto an obstacle in the way of its use, but Mr.
Milco, from the facilities which he has for its production, promises
shortly to place it iu market at a price which will admit of its general
use.

The Department of Agriculture has also shown a commendable zeal
in importing the seed and distributing it, through the Entomological
Commission, to numerous persons in the United States, with the request
that experiments be made in its cultivation in various localities and
under different conditions, in accordance with detailed instructions
given. It is hoped that some one of the species will be found to admit
of such easy culture that it may be grown by farmers and others for
domestic use. The circular recently issued by Commissioner Loring
contains a statement of Professor Riley, giving a history of Pyrethrum,
its method of cultivation, its preparation for use, its uses as an insecti-
cide, and modes of application. From the latter, we extract the fol-
lowing:

Pyrethrum can be applied: — 1, as dry powder; 2, as a fume ; 3, as an alcoholic
extract diluted ; 4, by simple stirring of the powder in water; 5, as a tea or decoc-
tion.

1. Application as dry powder. — It is generally used without diluent, but if un-
adulterated and fresh (which it not often is, as retailed by druggists), it may be
considerably diluted with other pulverized material, without losing its effect.
For this purpose flour seems to be the best, but finely-sifted wood ashes, saw-
dust from bard wood, etc., or any substance that will mix well with the powder,
will answer. If the mixture is applied immediately after preparation, it is always
less efficacious than when left in a perfectly tight vessel for twenty-four hours or
longer before use. Experiments have shown that one part of the powder to
eleven of flour were required to kill the cotton-worm, when applied immediately
after its application; but when it had been kept in a tight glass jar for about two
days, double the amount of diluent (twenty-two pounds of flour) sufficed to kill
most of the average-sized worms with which it came in contact. For very young
cotton-worms, a mixture of one part of Pyrethrum to thirty parts of flour, and
applied one day after preparation, proved most effective, hardly any of the worms
recovering.

38 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

2. Application, in fumes. — The powder burns freely, giving off considerable
smoke and an odor which is not unpleasant. It will burn more slowly when made
into cones by wetting and moulding. In a closed room the fumes from a small
quantity will soon kill or render inactive ordinary flies and mosquitoes, and will
be found a most convenient protection against these last where no bars are avail-
able. Insects of soft and delicate structure are affected most quickly. This
method will be found very effective against insects infesting furs, feathers, her-
baria, books, etc. Such cau easily be killed by inclosing the infested objects in a
tight box or case and then fumigating them. The method will also prove useful
in green-houses.

3. Alcoholic extract. — The extract is easily obtained by taking a flask fitted
with a cork and a long and vertical glass tube. Into this flask the alcohol and
Pyrethrum is introduced and heated over a steam tank or other moderate heat.
The distillate, condensing in the vertical tube, runs back, and at the end of an
hour or two the alcohol may be drained off and the extract is ready for use. An-
other method of obtaining the extract, and a less expensive one, is by re-percola-
tion after the manner presented in the American Pharmacopoeia. The former
method seems to more thoroughly extract the oil. In either case, the extract is
more expensive than the other preparations, though convenient for preserving and
handling.

The extract may be greatly diluted with water and then applied with any atom-
izer. Diluted with fifteen parts of water, it killed all the cotton worms in a few
minutes upon which it was sprayed. When mixed in the proportion of one to
forty of water, it killed two-thirds of the worms in twenty minutes and disabled
the remainder. A dilution of one to fifty still killed some of the worms and dis-
abled others.*

4. Water solution. — This method of application is believed to be the simplest
most economical, and most efficient. The bulk of the powder is most easily dis-
solved in water, to which it at once imparts the insecticide principle. No constant
stirring is necessary, and the liquid is to be applied in the same manner as the
diluted extract. The finer the spray in which it is applied the more economical
is its use and the greater the chance of reaching every insect on the plant. Ex-
periments have shown that 200 grains of the powder (about one-half an ounce),
stirred in two gallons of water, was sufficient to kill all but the most hardy full
growu cotton-worms; but was not strong enough to kill some other larvae, es-
pecially such as are protected by dense long hairs. A solution of one-half of the
above strength would destroy young cotton-worms. The solution is most efficient
wheu first made, and gradually loses its power. On the third day it develops a
fungoid growth and its efficacy is then much impaired.

5. The tea or decoction. — Prof. E. W. Hilgard, of California, who has experi-
mented with the Pyrethrum in this form, thinks that the tea simply prepared
from the unground flowers is the most convenient and efficacious method in which
it can be used. When sprayed from a fine rose, he found it to be efficient even
against the armored scale-bug of the orange and the lemon, which fell off in two
or three days after the application, while the young brood are almost instantly
killed. Tea made from the leaves and stems has similar although considerably
weaker effects. The plants might be grown by the farmer and fruit-grower,
when, by simply curing the upper stems, leaves and blossoms all together, the tea

*For a statement of the mode of preparation of the extract and experiments with it upon
the boll-worm (fleliothis armigera) and the cotton-worm, see the American Entomologist,
iii, 1880, pp. 252-3.

PYRETIIKUM : INSECTS DESTROYABLE BY IT. 30

could be made by the hogshead at a trifling expense, and distributed from a cart
by means of a syringe. The tea should be made with briskly boiling water,
covered over closely, to prevent evaporation, but not boiled, as that would seri-
ously impair its strength.

While the simple mixture of the powder with water gives such sal is-
factory results, it hardly seems worth while to look for any other
method of using the Pyrethrum, for nothing can surpass this in sim-
plicity. It is only necessary, if the fresh and unadulterated powder
can be obtained, to mis a half pound of it in a pail of water and apply
it in a fine spray over the youug caterpillars, slugs, etc., feeding upon
the leaves. The effects upon them are wonderful : they quickly show
its operation in writhing and falling to the ground, from which, if the
solution is of sufficient strength, they cannot regain the plants, al-
though in some cases, death may not ensue until the following day. If
any are found eventually to recover, the solution should be made of
greater strength. It must be applied directly upon the infesting in-
sects, as it only acts by contact, and floes not have the permanent ef-
fect of the poisonous insecticides which are eaten with the leaves.*

The Insects that may be destroyed by it. — Pyrethrum appears
to be a very valuable agent for the destruction of the troublesome cater-
pillars of the cabbage butterfly — Pieris rapes Linn. Its efficacy for this
purpose has been recently shown in some experiments by Prof. Cook
at the Michigan State Agricultural College. One part of the dry
powder mixed with forty parts of flour and dusted over the cabbages,
in the latter part of September, killed two-thirds of the caterpillars
and stupefied some others. A tablespoonful of the powder mixed with
a gallon of water and applied with a common sprinkling-pot to nine
cabbages, killed of the larva; present 17, stupefied 39, and left but 3
alive — the examination being made the following day. From the ex-
periments which were carefully conducted (see American Naturalist
for February, 1881, pp. 145-147) Prof. Cook draws these conclusions :
" they show conclusively that this powder is fatal to the caterpillars,
and that, too, in very dilute liquid mixture — 1-200 of a pound to a
gallon of water. We have only to sprinkle it on the plants, though it
may be necessary to make more than one application to insure com-
plete success. The success was better with the liquid than with the
flour mixture and can be applied with greater speed and economy."

Some squash-bugs — Anasa tristis De Geer, which had been kept in
a close tin box, in the clear powder for three days, were not killed by
it. The Colorado potato-beetle can be killed by dusting with the
powder, and the larvae are quite susceptible to it.

I have found the powder ineffectual for killing the harlequin cab-
bage-bug— Murgantia histrionica (Halm.): it only paralyzed them

*For the peculiar effect of Pyrethrum upon the heart-beat of a caterpillar, see American,
Naturalist, 1882, p. 1015.

40 FIRST ANNUAL BEPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

for a few hours ; but my material was not fresh and may have been
adulterated.

Dusted over house-plants and in the green-house it is said to kill the
Aphides (plant-lice) and to preserve the plants from subsequent attack
{Canad. Entomol, xi, 1879, p. 42 ; Amer. Entomol., iii, 1SS0, p. 105).

It has been found to free the Passion vine from the attack of the
striped blister-beetle [Epicaula vittata (Fabr.) ], by stupefying them
and causing them to drop from the vines {Amer. Entomol., iii, 1880, p.
193).

It is said to drive away the flea-beetle from turnips and the harle-
quin cabbage-bug from cabbages by dusting the powder upon the
leaves (loc. cit., p. 296).

The powder sprinkled over grain in a mill infested with the grain-
weevil [Sylvanus Surinamensis], killed them so that they could be
swept up by the quart (loc. cit., p. 178).

Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, etch are stated to be the most readily af-
fected by the powder. In some experiments made with the fumes
upon insects of different orders, they were affected in the following
order : ground beetles, locusts, crickets, flies, mosquitoes, gnats — the
last yielding most quickly to its influence (loc. cit., p. 195).

The above is but a general resume of what has recently been learned
and published of this very popular insecticide. For those who may de-
sire additional information, references to some of the recent literature
upon the subject are herewith given :

Tram. N. Y. St. Agricul. Soc. for 1859 ; xix, 1860, p. 44.5 (seed sent to the
Society); for 1863, xsiii, 1864, pp. 201-2 (general notice).

Rep. Commis. Agricul. for 1877 (1878), pp. 59, 60 (tests of powders of Pyre-
thrum and other Compositae).

1st Rep. U. S. Entomolog. Commix., 1878, p. 400 (inefficient on locusts).

Rep. on Cotton Insects, 1879, p. 236 (brief notice).

Canad. Entom-ol., xi, 1879, pp. 40-43 (kinds, use, effects, etc.); p. 185 (general
notice).

Amer, Entomol., iii, 1880, pp. 43-45 (general notice) ; p. 96 (preparation, etc.) ;
p. 128 (price) ; pp. 193-195 (effects on different insects) ; p. 197 (cultivation; ;
p. 222 (for codling-moth) ; p. 242 (on cotton-worm) ; p. 246 (properties) ; p. 250
(effect on different insects) ; p. 252 (effect on boll-worms) ; p. 276 (for scryw-
worms) ; p. 296 (for cabbage and cotton-worm).

Bull. No. 3, U- S. Ent. Commis., 1880, pp. 62-65 (methods of use, price, etc.).

Proc. West. N. T. Horticul. Soc. for 1891, pp. 73-77 (kinds, effects, price, etc.)

Amer. Naturalist, xv, 1881, pp. 569-572 (cultivation aud manufacture) ; pp.
744-746 (use and application) ; p. 817 (applications).

4. Hellebore as an Insecticide,

This insecticide is the root of the white hellebore — Veratrum album
ground to a fine powder, and used either in this state by sifting ituppn

hellebore: its discovery ash amplication. 41

the insects to be destroyed, — by mixing the powder with water, or by
a decoction made from the roots by boiling water, and applying it with
a sprinkler.

Its instcticidal property was first discovered in England, when it
was employed for the destruction of the currant- worm — Xematusven-
tricosui King, in the year 1841. When the same pesl was afterward
introduced in this country, and had commenced to destroy currant
bushes in the vicinity of Rochester, in the year 1858, the hellebore
remedy which had been so successfully used in England was resorted
to here, and with equal success. Dr. Fitch, in his Twelfth Reporl on
the Insects of New York, writes thus enthusiastically of its virtues :

•■ Words fail us for suitably expressing the value of this substance.
In the whole round of remedies for injurious insects we know of no
other one that is so efficacious, we know of no other one that possesses
such virtue for destroying any insect as does this substance for dest toy-
ing this larva [the currant-worm]. It is a sovereign cure for the evil.
It is a specific. It operates like a charm. Easy of application and cer-
tain in its effects, it is all that can be desired. The larva does not re-
quire to eat it. It kills the moment it touches. In the words of H-
Lymburn, ' wherever a particle reaches a caterpillar, it collapses as if
stabbed,' yes, as if stabbed to the heart. Every one who notices this
powder as it falls upon a worm will confirm the literal truth of this
statement. The worm is instantly convulsed with a death spasm, rolls
off the leaf and drops lifeless to the ground. It is ' a spectacle wonder-
ful to behold.' But if standing on the underside of a leaf where the
powder does not touch it, when it afterward comes to eat a particle of
it, its doom is sealed with equal certainty."

Methods of use. — In using the hellebore as a powder, dusting
boxes such as have been previously mentioned in connection with the
other insecticides — a tin can with a piece of fine muslin tied over one
end — or even a bag of simple muslin, may be employed. The box or
bag should be attached to a short stick, of perhaps two feet in length,
to permit of its being thrust among the bushes, and to remove the
powder to some distance from the face, as when inhaled in the nostrils
it excites violent sneezing ; this property has caused it to be employed
as the basis of many of the sneezing snuffs. Quiet days should be
selected for the dusting, unless its need, when discovered, admits of no
delay, as the fine powder is readily carried by the wind ; the gentlest
breeze that may be stiri ng will soon indicate to the operator the de-
sirability of the application being made from the windward side. The
slightest dusting of the leaves is all that is required. Before using, its
strength should be tested by applying a small pinch to the nostril-,
6

42 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

and if it fails to produce a tingling sensation, it should be rejected as
comparatively worthless. A pure and fresh article should be purchase-
able at about forty cents the pound. This quantity should suffice to
keep a garden of ordinary size free from the currant-worm for an en-
tire season — to be applied as often as a fresh hatching or a new brood
makes its appearance. With six pounds of the powder, a gardener in
England cleared 3,000 gooseberry bushes from the larva; which were
thickly infesting them, by simply dusting them with a large pepper
box.

In its liquid application, one pound of the powder may be mixed
with from twenty to twenty-five gallons of water, or an ounce and a
half (about three tablespoonfuls) in a pail of water, and finely sprayed
over the plants. As hellebore kills not only by contact, but unlike
pyrethrum, also by being eaten by the larvne, the addition to the liquid
of a small quantity of flour or any other substance that may give it
greater adhesiveness, will promote its operating as a protection for a
number of days following, from such larva as may have escaped the
spraying or are subsequently hatched from the egg.

Insects against which it may be used. — In addition to its being
a specific for the destruction of the currant-worm, it will probably be
found equally efficacious against most of the " saw-flies" as they are
popularly called — four-winged insects belonging to the family of
Tenthridinida?, of which the currant-worm may be taken as a repre-
sentative. Its virtue has been tested upon the strawberry- worm —
Emphytus maculatus, Norton and Abbot's white-pine worm — Lophyrus
Albotii Leach ; and it may be expected to operate with equal success
upon the Fir saw-fly — Lophyrus abietis Harris, Le Conte's saw-fly of
the pines and fir — L. Le Contei Fitch, and the other species that in-
fest our evergreens. It should also be valuable for use against the
saw-fly of the Tartarian honeysuckle — Abia caprifolium Norton, which
is often so destructive to its foliage. It may also be used for destroy-
ing the " slugs" which abound to such an injurious extent upon our
rose-bushes, pear-trees and raspberries, viz. ; Selandria rosce Harris,
S. cerasi, Peck, and S. rubi Harris. To all of these larva? the liquid
may be conveniently applied by means of a sprinkling-pot, the hydro-
nette or the aquaject. The following method of using the liquid
upon rose-bushes has been recommended : one tablespoonful steeped
in hot water for ten minutes, diluted in five quarts of cold water, to
which a small quantity of soft soap has been added to make it adhere
better to the leaves, and applied through a syringe or fine rose of a
watering can, while the leaves are still wet with dew. It is said that
two applications, three or four weeks apart, will effectually repress the
slug each season.

HELLEBORE AND KEROSENE AS INSECTICIDES. 43

The common poke-weed, Veratrum viride, which grows so commonly
in wet meadows, should have similar inseotioidal properties, but wo are
not aware thai il has been tested for the purpose. Whenever the pre-
pared powder cannot be conveniently procured, this might be resorted
to, as a substitute, by making a decoction of it with boiling water.

The following are references to some of the writings which have
treated of the insecticidal properties of hellebore :

Fitch's Twelfth Report; In Trans. N. V. 8t. Agrieul. Soc. for 1867, xxvii, 1868,
pp. !»1 1, !il(), !r28, 930.

id. Efltomol., ii, lS(ii), pp. 13-15 (effects on currant-worms).

Fourth Rep. In*. .!/"., 1S7'3, p. 14 (useless against Colorado potato beetle).

Ninth Rep. Inn. Mo.. 1877, pp. 18-16 (method at use, etc.).

Ormerod's Hep. Inj. Ins. for 1881, pp.7, 43 (destroys cabbage butterfly larva and
pine saw-fly).

5. Kerosene as an Insecticide.
While most of the oils are deadly to insects, kerosene seems particu-
larly so, perhaps from the rapidity with which it spreads over the sur-
face of the insect to which it is applied, at once reaching and closing
the breathing pores and producing, through suffocation, speedy death.
It is one of the cheapest of the insecticides and is among the most
efficient, wherever it can be used without injury to vegetation. In
many cases foliage has been injured by its application, and there
seems to be justly a prejudice against its general employment, as the
statements of experiments made with it are rather contradictory.
While it is generally thought necessary to use it only when greatly
diluted with water, yet Prof. Comstock reports that he has sprayed it
undiluted upon orange leaves and ivy to destroy scale insects, and
upon Cratcegus to destroy the wooly-apple louse (Schizoneura lan-
iyera) without the least injury to the foliage. The following testi-
mony is borne to its value in the destruction of a class of insects which
are among our most persistent and pernicious pests : " After the fail-
ure of many attempts to eradicate this insect [a scale insect infesting
a number of imported varieties of orange, lemon, lime, etc., in the
grounds of the Department of Agriculture at Washington] the col-
lection may now be said to be entirely rid of it. This has been ef-
fected by the persistent use of a small quantity of coal oil [kerosene]
applied in water. About one gill of astral oil in five gallons of water
applied to the plants through a syringe on alternate days for several
months has destroyed the insects without injury to the plants ; weaker
solutions seemed ineffective, and when the oil was increased to an ap-
preciable degree, the young leaves and tender shoots of the oranges
were injured."*

* Ann. Sep. Commit. Ayricul. for 1S7S, pp. 205-6.

44 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

A difficulty in the use of kerosene and water is found in the readi-
ness with which they separate when at rest, requiring for their union
violent and almost constant agitation. In the above applications the
mixture was made by discharging the syringe several times into the
vessel containing the liquid before each discharge upon the plants.
Prof. Riley has announced the following method of overcoming the
difficulty and dispensing with most of the attendant labor:

Nothing is more deadly to the insect in all stages than kerosene or oils of any
kind, and they are the only substances with which we may hope to destroy the
eggs. In this connection the difficulty of diluting them, from the fact that they
do not mix well with water, has been solved by first combining them with either
fresh or spoiled milk to form an emulsion, which is easily effected ; while this in
turn, like milk alone, may be diluted to any extent so that particles of oil will
be held homogeneously in suspension. Thus the question of applying oils in any
desired dilution is settled and something practical from them may be looked for*

Experiments made by Prof. Comstock do not fully confirm the
above statements, as he experienced difficulty in obtaining the emul-
sions and in their subsequent dilution to any great extent, as appears
from the following extract from his last Report :

An emulsion of kerosene and milk can be easily made by placing the fluids
together in a bottle and shaking them violently for several minutes ; about three
minutes is the time usually required. The quantity of milk used should be at
least equal to that of the kerosene. The best results were obtained when the
kerosene formed only one-third of the mixture, but equal parts of kerosene, milk
and water gave as good results as one part of kerosene to two parts of milk. For ex-
ample, in one series of experiments I was unable to make an emulsion of equal
parts of oil and milk, but by the addition of a third part of either water or milk
I was able in each case to make a good emulsion. These emulsions were of a
thick, creamy consistence and were very stable, no indication of a separation of
the oil from the milk in one case, or from the milk and water in the other, being
observable even after the emulsion had stood for twenty-four hours. But as soon
as water was added to the emulsion in any considerable quantity, the oil, or the
oil and milk together, floated on the surface of the water ; and no amount of
shaking would serve to mix the liquid so that the mixture would be stable. It is
true that in some of the experiments the emulsion separated from the water less
readily than oil alone would ; but in each case the mixture was of such a nature
that it was necessary to stir it constantly in order to keep the oil suspended in
the water. f

In all cases where kerosene can be used without applying it to vege-
tation it is a very valuable insecticide. It may thus be employed in
various methods against a large number of insect pests, as for example:

A small quantity poured in a broad tin basin, either by itself or
floated upon water, is serviceable for the collection of the Colorado
potato-beetle (where there is an unwillingness to use Paris green and

*Scientific American, Oct. 16, 18S0, and American Entomologist, iii, 18S0, p. 246.
+-•!»». Rept. Commit. Agricul. for 18S0, pp. 288-9.

KEKOSENE AS AN INSECTICIDE. 45

Loudon purple), the rose-bug, etc., by shaking them into it; and for
destroying nocturnal insects attracted to lights placed in fields.

Cloths may be saturated and spread beneath trees to be jarred. The
curculio would be killed by falling upon them, and this method
would be of particular value with those insects which show a readi-
ness, upon dropping from the foliage, to take wing or travel away,
unlike the curculionidm which usually counterfeit death for a
while. A saturated cloth may be stretched upon a light frame and
while held in a proper position beside or among infested vegeta-
tion, large numbers of the smaller leaf-hoppers, flea-beetles and other
minute forms could be driven upon them and destroyed. Or a frame
for the cloth could be so constructed as to be pushed by a long handle
or drawn by cords over the surface of low-growing crops, by means of
which many of these small insects flying or leaping against the cloth
would absorb sufficient of the oil, even from the temporary contact, to
kill them.

Cattle may be relieved from lice by simply applying the oil in a small
quantity to a card, and occasionally carding them with it ; its use for
a few days will prove effectual (Country Gentleman, April 18, 1872,
p. 250). It has been used successfully upon horses when the mane and
neck have become, through neglect, infected with these annoying para-
sites, by rubbing it upon them ; and upon hogs, by applying it
thoroughly with a stiff brush or the stump of an old broom (lb.,
March 6, 1873, p. 155).

It is very valuable for henneries infested with lice and mites. Ap-
plied to the sides, top and bottom with a sprinkler or, which is better,
with the rose of a force-pump, it will effectually destroy the vermin.
When the nests of sitting hens are found to abound with a small species
of the Acarina, to the extent, at times, of driving the hens from them,
a moderate sprinkling of the nest will suffice to kill them and to keep
them away. It may also be applied to infested fowls with a feather,
to the portions of the body where the vermin are observed. It may
even be used with safety upon young chickens, if judiciously employed.
In all cases care should be taken not to permit the oil to enter the
eyes, nostrils, or mouth.

In addition to kerosene being destructive to insects, it seems to be
disagreeable to some species, or at least to prevent their presence. A
writer in the Country Gentleman states that he has discovered a very
simple meaus of ridding his stables from flies, by keeping the floor free
from droppings, and sprinkling it slightly with kerosene by means of
a tin can having a small hole pierced in the cork through which a pint
of the oil may be distributed in a week's time.

46 F1KST ANNUAL KEPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

6. Paraffine oil as an Insecticide.

This material has, within the last few years, become a popular in-
secticide in England, where it is highly esteemed for the destruction
of underground larva?. I am not aware that it has been experimented
with in this country, nor do I know if it is manufactured for sale.

The oil is produced by the distillation of Cannel coal. The crude
oil gives four products, viz. : 1st, Paraffine naphtha ; 2d, Paraffine oil,
used as a burning fluid in lamps, in England ; 3rd, a heavy oil much
used for machinery in Lancashire ; 4th, Paraffine used for candles. ^

When applied to vegetation by sprinkling, in the proportion of one
pint of oil to two gallons of water, it has been used with satisfactory
results in England for destroying the carrot-fly (Psila rosm), the cur-
rant-worm (Nematus ventricosus), the onion-fly (Anthomyia ceparum),
etc. It is claimed that even so dilute a mixture as a glassful of the oil
to six gallons of water, and sprayed over the plants two or three times
has arrested an attack of the onion-fly; and a wine-glass of oil to one
gallon of water has been of service in attack of the carrot-fly.

A plot of young larches nearly destroyed by a species of aphis ( Cher-
mes laricis) was saved and restored to health, by watering them at
intervals of three or four days, for about three weeks, with diluted
paraffine, in the proportion of a wine-glassful to a watering-can of
water.

An excellent method of mixing the oil is said to be the following :
Put the oil first in a pot and then fill in the water vigorously with a
syringe. In applying it, one man is kept lifting a syringeful out of the
mixture and discharging it into itself, while another applies it to the
plant. In using upon tender vegetation, it should be syringed off
with clear water in two or three minutes (London Gardener).

When mixed with some absorbing substance, as ashes, sand, saw-
dust, or even dry earth, and applied in this form to the ground, it is
more gradually absorbed and is more lasting in its results. Thus one
quart of oil to a wheel-barrow of wood-ashes has operated quite bene-
ficially in protecting carrots, turnips, etc., from attack. A convenient
method of applying it to plants is to mix with sand just a sufficient
quantity of the oil to moisten it, but not to prevent its running readily
through the hand, when it may be scattered broadcast or applied di-
rectly to the roots of plants. In the absence of rain, sprinkling with
water will aid in carrying the oil into the ground. A field of turnips
"badly infested with the wire-worm (Agriotes lineatus), was saved by
strewing the paraffined sand with spoonfuls along the center of the
drills, so as to fall directly "above the roots of the plants, — the whole

BISULPHIDE OF CARBON AS AN INSECTICIDE. 47

crop of four acres being gone over in one day by employing several
persons; the effect was thoroughly satisfactory.

The above statement of application and results are drawn from Miss
Ormerod's Manual and Reports.

7. Bisulphide of Carbon as an Insecticide.

This material was Brat brought to notice during the long series of
experiments made in France a few. years ago, by Government Com-
missions, distinguished chemists, and others, for the discovery of means
for destroying the grape phylloxera. It was proposed to utilize the
vapor given off by it in its decomposition when buried in the ground,
which should permeate the soil and reach the hidden and sheltered
insects among the roots of the vine, more effectually than could be ac-
complished by liquid poisons as ordinarily applied. In employing it
for this purpose, holes to the depth of two or three feet were made in
the ground among the roots by a pointed bar, into each of which about
two ounces of the bisulphide was poured. Later, an anger was devised
to take the place of the bar, having a hollow shank, perforated just
above the cutting portion and with an opening at the handle for re-
ceiving rhe liquid. When the auger was withdrawn after the intro-
duction of the liquid, the hole was tightly closed with earth. Very
good results attended its use in this manner ; and there is no reason to
doubt that it would be equally beneficial for destroying other minute
forms that infect the roots of growing plants. It should be a remedy
for the injuries of the apple-root plant-louse — Sclrizoneura lanigera
(Hausm.), — the Pemjriiigus pijri of Fitch, which causes the death of so
many apple-trees — of much more common occurrence in the Western
States than in New York, where the species is oftener found upon the
trunk than on the roots.

Prof. Cook, having experimented with the bisulphide of carbon for
destroying the species of Anthomyia infesting our root crops, and some
of the root-borers, strongly recommends it for use against the cabbage
flv, Anthomyia brasxica (for method of use see page 190), the peach-
tree borer — ^J/jeria exitiosa Say, and the squash-borer — Melittia
oucurbitm (Harris).

While there are reasons why this material may not come iuto ex-
tensive use as an insecticide, it promises, from its pungent ami pene-
trating odor, to be a valuable agent in protecting plants from egg
deposit.

8. Carbolic Acid as an Insecticide.

Carbolic acid has also been used to arrest the ravages of the phyl-
loxera in the same manner as above mentioned for the bisulphide of
carbon, aud with very good success. Vineyards, through its use, have

48 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

been preserved in good condition, while adjoining ones not thus
treated have been destroyed.

Prof. Cook has used it, both in its crude state alone, and as com-
bined with soft-soap, for the protection of radishes from the rad-
ish-fly, Anthomyia raphaiu (seepage 199 where, under the remedies
for A. raphani, his experiments are given). While the experiments
are reported as entirely successful, it does not appear from the ac-
count whether the application of the carbolic acid served to destroy
the eggs and the larva? of the fly, or whether it prevented the deposit
of the eggs.

I have made use of the acid when quite diluted — one part to one
hundred of water, and have recommended its use to others, for ridding
potted plants from the small larva and worms having their abode in
the soil to the great injury of the roots : in all cases when tried, as
far as I have learned, the application has been successful.

A correspondent of the Country Gentleman (vol. xxxviii, p. 18G)
commends it very highly for removing vermin from animals* He used
it in the form of carbolic soap prepared by James Buchan & Co., of
New York, and by simply washing the hair of cattle with a lather
from the soap, he was always able to kill the vermin and the eggs with
which they were infested. It also killed those on hogs. A lamb suf-
fering from a bad attack of the " fly," so that a large part of its back
and one side was a mass of living larvae, was cured by two applications
of carbolic ointment and lard oil — the oil being used to dilute the
ointment so that it could penetrate the wool. At the same time that
it killed the larvae, it also served to prevent fresh attack and to heal
the sore. The correspondent concludes his statement of the beneficial
effects of the carbolic treatment, with "I know of nothing as valu-
able to a stock-raiser as the preparations of carbolic acid."

For insecticidal purposes the crude carbolic acid should be used, as
being much less expensive than the crystals. It can be purchased of
the principal druggists in our larger cities.

9. Soluble Phenyle as an Insecticide.
This material has been brought to the notice of economic entomolo-
gists mainly through the experiments reported by Miss Ormerod, of
England — made directly by her, or upon her suggestion. It is manu-
factured in England, under the name of " Little's Soluble Phenyle,"'

*The Pedicuhdse, or lice ordinarily infesting domestic animals, belong largely to the
genus Haematopinus. Of these, //. vituli and H. eurysUrnus ore parasitic on both cattle
and horses, often becoming very abundant and of serious annoyance and injury to them.
H. suis, as its name imports, a large species of nearly one-eighth of an inch in length, oc-
curs on the bog. II. pilifierus lives on the dog.

SOLUBLE I'HEXYLE AS AN INSECTICIDE. 49

where it has been known for some time us a highly valuable disinfect-
ant, deodorizer and antiseptic. It is sold in this country through its
general agent, T. \V. Luwford, No. 2% East Chase street, Baltimore,
lid. It has some of the more valuable properties of carbolic acid, al-
though containing but a very small percentage of tbis material. An
analysis made of it shows that " l'henyle contains 0.79 phenol (carbolic
acid) and between eighty and ninety per cent of a high-boiling tar-oil
— probably 'dead-oil,' whose most prominent component is naphtha-
line, and which itself contains little or no phenol. The emulsilier is
probably a potash Boap or something closely allied."

It appears from Miss Ormerod's Reports that she checked with it an
attack of the celery-fly ( Tephritis onopordinis) by syringing with a very
dilute mixture of it and water : others had used, without effect, par-
affine-oil and water. A strong attack of the carrot-fly {PsiUt rosa) was
also arrested by its use (Report for 1SS0, p. 'Z-l). It also acted as
an excellent preventive of attack, for peas were saved from any injury
from the pea-weevil (Sitones lineatus) by sowing them in coal ashes
saturated with a tablespoonful of phenyle to a gallon of water, the
ashes left covered for several days before use to become thoroughly
charged with the smell (Report for 1ST'.), p. 8).

It is claimed for this fluid that it will quickly and effectually destroy
vermin on sheep, horses, cattle, swine, dogs, cats and poultry. Nu-
merous testimonials to its value in the destruction of the insect pests
of animals have been given to the general agent in this country, several
of which have been published in circulars (some of them giving the
methods of use — degree of dilution of the fluid, etc.) which may be
obtained upon application to the agent. As a sheep-dip, for killing
ticks and other parasites, it has attained a high reputation, and is
being ''largely used in all the great wool-growing countries of the
world. In Australia it is the recognized dip, and in New Zealand is
used at the Government Dipping Stations."

The following directions are given by the agent for its use for
Horticultural purposes :

Aphis. — For clearing peach, apple, rose bushes, geraniums, etc.,
from the aphis, syringe with a mixture of one teaspoonful of fluid to
four gallons of water, and syringe with clear water in a few minutes.

Scale on orange trees, etc. — Three, four, five and six teaspoou-
fuls of the fluid to four gallons of water. Three applications at eight
days' interval completely destroy the scale insects. Syringe off with
clear water fifteen minutes afterward, more especially if any young
foliage is upon the trees.

7

fO FIRST ANNUAL KEI'OUT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Ants. — Three spoonfuls of fluid to four gallons of water will de-
stroy these insects.

The claims made for the Soluble Phenyle as an insecticide warrant
thorough experiments for testing its value. I have received a package
of it, but too late to report any experiments with it at the present time.
It may probably be procured in most of our larger cities of prominent
druggists. It is put up for sale in bottles, at from twenty-five cents to
one dollar each, equal to from three to twenty-five gallons when di-
luted for use.

10. Coal-tar as an Insecticide.

Dumas, the celebrated French chemist, who was employed by the
Government to discover the best means for the destruction of the
Phylloxera, experimented with over a hundred substances — most of
which were active poisons, and found that the best results were ob-
tained with the sulpho-carbonates and coal-tar.* The latter substance
has accordingly been employed in France for destroying the Phylloxera
with very good results.

In this country it has been largely employed as a means for catching
and destroying the Rocky Mountain locust in several of the Western
States. A very simple contrivance was invented for its use, which
was known as the Eobbins Coal-tar Pan: "' A strip of sheet-iron
twelve or fifteen feet long is bent up one edge sufficiently to admit of
its passing over lumps of earth; other strips, from four to six inches
wide, are riveted to the other edge and at each end, forming a kind of
scoop. A wire is attached to each front corner of the scoop by which
it can be drawn over the ground. A chain or rope is fastened so that
it will drag upon the ground about eighteen inches in advance of the
machine to scare up the grasshoppers. The inside of the pan is cov-
ered with tar-, and the machine is dragged across the field against the
wind. The efficacy of this simple contrivance is wonderful. One
gallon of tar is good for a bushel of grasshoppers when rightly used."

This simple arrangement so satisfactorily accomplished its purpose,
giving relief from the fearful locust invasions when nearly all other
means had been found ineffectual, that Governor Pillsbury, of Minne-
sota, undertook to furnish to all parties throughout the State who
would make application, immediate supply of the required material,
upon understanding of future reimbursement by them. In his Annual
Message for 1877, the Governor states : "This offer was promptly ac-
cepted, and all available supplies for material having been secured at
wholesale, a rigorous war of extermination was maintained simulta-

*Annale> de Chlmieet tie Physique, 6e Berie, vii, 1876.

COAL-TAR AS AN INSECTICIDE. 51

neously in twenty-nine counties of the State. ***** In the
prosecution of tins enterprise there were employed about 50,000
pounds of sheet-iron and 3,000 ban-els of coal-tar, which required a
total expenditure of about 110,350."

Another trap was employed iu Colorado for destroying the locusts,
oribed as " a piece of oil-cloth, nine to twelve feet long
and six wide, one side and each end of which are secured to light,
wooden strips by common carpet-tacks, the comers being strengthened
by braces. The oil-cloth being smeared with coal-tar, the trap is
dragged over the ground by two men, a cord about ten feet long being
fastened to the front corners for that purpose. The entire expense of
the trap is about t3.50,"

A still more simple trap has been used with very satisfactory success,
by substituting sheets of building paper for the oil-cloth, and coating
it with the tar.

For more detailed accounts of these and other coal-tar traps, refer-
ence may be had to the First Report of the U. S. Entomological Com-
mission, 1S78, pp. 387-391.

It is evident, that these traps may also be employed for the collection
of other low-feeding insects occurring in extensive numbers, especially
for the hopping species.

A method of using coal-tar in the irrigating ditches in Colorado
may suggest somewhat similar methods for its use elsewhere. "It con-
sists essentially in pouring, or better, in dropping coal-tar on the run-
ning water with which the. irrigating ditches were supplied. It is only
necessary to sprinkle a few drops on the stream, when the oils con-
tained in the tar are diffused over the surface of the water, and coming
iu contact with the insects (no matter how many), cause their speedy
death. The toxic power of coal-tar upon the insects is very remark-
able ; a single drop of it floating on the water is capable of causing the
death of a large number of insects." (First Rep, U. S. E. C, p. 382.)

A convenient method of using coal-tar for the destruction of many
of the smaller insects that infest our garden, is to procure a coal-tar
barrel with a few gallons of tar remaining in it; All with water and
use from it as needed with a sprinkler. It may ,be refilled a number
of times if the tar be occasionally stirred with a stick to disengage the
oil. Used in this manner, it is also a \aluable deterrent from insect
attack.

It has been stated (Country Gentleman, xli, 1870, p. 202), that a
gallon of coal-tar mixed with a pound of sulphur, placed in a frying-
pan and set on fire, and passed under plum-trees in the morning while
wet with dew, every other morning during the curculio season, made

52

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

the trees black with the deposited soot, and effectually prevented the
attack of the curculio.

Coal-tar, known also as gas-tar, is one of the residual products of
gas manufacture. As the result of scientific investigations, these resid-
uals, which were formerly of no value whatever but were simply a
waste material, to be disposed of at no inconsiderable cost, have, of late
years, become valuable articles of commerce, as they now form the basis
of manufactures of great importance. Thus, the corporation of
Bradford, England, has lately been offered $50,000 per annum for the
ammonia and tar liquids, which eight years previously had been dis-
posed of at a yearly expense of about $4,000— the former being now
almost the only source of ammonia, which has become so popular as an
agricultural fertilizer, and from the latter is obtained asphaltum, car-
bolic acid, cresylic acid, naphtha, the various and beautiful aniline
dyes, anthracine, and other valuable products. In this country ammo-
niacal liquid is seldom utilized. In the vicinity of New York it is
employed to a limited extent for fertilizing purposes. Coal-tar is pur-
chasable at a very low price — at the Albany gas-works at 82.50 per
barrel. In the Western States, during the large demand for it in the
destruction of locusts, its prices ranged from from $3 to $8 per barrel.

11- Gas-Lime as an Insecticide-
The value of this material for checking and for averting insect dep-
redations is recognized among the agriculturists of England, where it
appears to be growing in popular favor, as may be seen from the fre-
quent references to it in Miss Ormerod's Manual of Injurious Insects
and her later Annual Reports. It has been extensively experimented
with, aud, for the most part, with quite satisfactory results. For ex-
ample, it was found, when sprinkled among onions, to cheek an at-
tack of the onion-fly ; it was successfully used against the cabbage-
worm (Pieris rapce) by distributing it over the plants, probably both
killing the larvae present and preventing egg-deposit (Manual, p. 37) ;
and applied when fresh to the ground in the autumn as a dressing, and
" pointed in " with a few inches of the surface soil, it killed thepupajo'f the
celery-leaf miner (Tophntis onopordinis) lying an inch or two beneath
the surface (lb., p. 60.)*

A refuse material in gas manufacture.— Gas-lime is a refuse
material produced in the manufacture of illuminating gas. The com-
mon slacked lime, slightly dampened, is spread in numerous shelves
of perforated iron in a cast-iron chamber, and as the gas distilled from

*It would doubtless be of equal value, when used in the same manner, against other
pupae lying near the surface, as those of the onion-fly, cabbage-fly, turnip-fly, etc.

GAS-LIME : AS A FERTILIZER AND INSECTICIDE. 53

tho coal is forced through it, it leaves with it its sulphuretted hydro-
gen and other impurities. It is produced in large quantities hy all
our gas-works, and, up to the present, it is regarded only as a waste
material of no commercial value. As it entails an expense to dispose
of it, it would, no doubt, be readily given to auy one who would re-
mow it, from the works. The Albany Gas Light Company, last year,
produced 19,000 bushels, which was carried away by the company and
used for filling up some low grounds.

Its value as a fertilizer.— In this country, gas-lime has, within a
few years past, been used to some extent as a fertilizer. If its value
for this purpose were generally known, and also its proper method
of use, there is scarcely a doubt but that every bushel would be
reclaimed from waste, and utilized upon lands with quite beneficial
results. In reply to frequent inquiries made of one of our leading ag-
ricultural journals by correspondents, of its value and method of use,
the reply has generally been to thi3 effect: Gas-lime is beneficial to
such land as may be improved by the application of common lime.
As it is dangerous to vegetation when applied in its fresh state, it
should be kept for a year or two, and then fifty bushels may safely be
applied to an acre. It may be either made into a compost with two or
three times its bulk of swamp-muck, or applied directly to the soil
after having been pulverized.

From some experiments made with it during several years, it would
seem that it may be much more freely used than above stated and
with less caution. A gentleman who claims that he has thoroughly
tested its value as a fertilizer, states that two hundred bushels per
acre may be safely spread upon meadows and pastures through the
winter and up to March 1st, letting the rain wash it into the soil.
During the month of February he drew two loads a day fresh from the
works, and spread it as it was drawn. {Country Gentleman, xlvi,
1881, p. 85.)

Its use, in its fresh state, as an insecticide.— Used as above,
in its fresh state, in the latter part of winter, besides its value as a
fertilizer, it would unquestionably be of much additional value as an
insecticide. It would be destructive to most hibernating larvae near
the surface of the ground and perhaps to the depth that they ordi-
narily penetrate. The young and less than half-grown larvae of the
vagabond Crambus (Crambus vulgivagellus) in their slight protective
coverings, would certainly be killed by it. As the latest studies render
it probable that the army- worm (Leucamaunipuncta) in this portion of
the United States, usually passes the winter as a caterpillar, sheltered,
perhaps, among the roots of the grasses, we should be able to prevent the

54 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

excessive multiplication of this pest by the free use of this material. And
if we are ever to obtain the mastery of the " white-grub " of the May-
bug {Lachnostema fusca Frohl.), so destructive often in grasslands,
it seems to me that it is to be accomplished by the use of gas-lime or
some very similar product. Experiment could only teach us the proper
method and time of its application. We can hardly hope to destroy
the pupa? at the great depth at which they are buried, but it may be
operative against the young grubs during the first year of their exist-
ence. If it should be found that the very early conjunction of the
sexes of an allied species (Polyphylla variolosa), noticed on page 72, is
the general rule among the Lamellicornes, and, as I am inclined to
believe, from so extraordinary a development of the generative instinct,
that immediately after mating, the earthen ball to receive the egg de-
posit is shapen by the female and the eggs placed therein, before she
takes wing in search of food, then, if as soon as the beetles are seen
abroad, the lime be freely applied in as great strength as is consistent
with safety, and rain soon follows in sufficient quantity to dissolve out
and carry into the soil the poisonous sulphites, the egg-deposits lyino-
just underneath the surface will be reached and killed. If the female
requires to be abroad for awhile before she returns to lay her eggs,
then the lime meantime applied should serve to prevent their deposit',
for reasons given in subsequent pages.

Useful for destroying hibernating- insects.— Probably in a
large majority of cases where crops have been badly infested with in-
sects which are known to pass the winter in the earth for transforma-
tion or simple hibernation, and where the ground is to be prepared in
the spring for another crop, a liberal application of fresh gas-lime to
the soil at any time between the removal of the crop and near to the
time for again planting or sowing, will prove of great benefit.

Useful upon infested crops plowed under.— Whenever a stand-
ing crop has become so infested as to render it advisable to turn it
under, if the plowing be followed by an application of gas-lime, the
insects which have escaped crushing or serious harm in the disturb-
ance of the soil, should be reached by the poison and their destruction
completed, while the danger of subsequent attack is greatly lessened.
In the many instances in which our economic entomologists have
recommended plowing under the infested crop, I would venture to
supplement this direction : follow with a liberal application of fresh gas-
lime, if it can be conveniently obtained, of perhaps a hundred bushels
to the acre. I believe that this would prove the best possible method
of arresting severe attacks of the two great clover pests, the clover-
seed midge (Cecidomyia Icguminicola) and the clover-root borer {Hy-
laslcs trifolii), whenever they occur within easy reach of thegas-works

gas-lime: its change and composition.

56

of our cities. As for any general use for the protection of our farm
cons, the supply, at the above rate, would be entirely inadequate it
might be well to economize its use by employing it first against the
insects of our gardens.

Its change by age and exposure.- When fresh from the works
gas-lime cannot be used in any large quantity upon growing crops
without destroying them, as the large proportion (nearly one-sixth) of
sulphite of lime which it contains is readily washed out by rain and
moisture, and when carried into the soil is destructive to nearly all
plant -rowth. Upon exposure to the atmosphere, the sulphite is
changed into the harmless sulphate of lime (plaster). This marked
change which it undergoes by age and exposure is shown in the fol-
lowing analyses by Prof. F. W. Johnston :

Composition of Gas-lime. '

r Nearly Year or

fresh. two old.

Water and coal -tar ^ J59

Carbonate of lime j8-^ 5bAl

Uvdrate of lime (caustic) *■■» •••-

Sulphate of lime (plaster) -• <» *»**

Sulphite and hyposulphite of lime 1»»*

tnlph.ur-;;-: ////.V.'.'. ilo uo

Prussianhlue

Alumina and oxide of iron *■*« *'™

Sand, etc ^_J_ ""

100.00 101.81

The length of exposure required to fit it for use upon growing crops
may best be learned by experiment. If left until it has parted with
nearly all of its sulphurous odor, it will no longer beof special value as an
insecticide ; it should, therefore, be tested from time to time and used
just as soon as it is found that no harm to the plant follows its appli-
cation In manv of the experiments made by English agriculturists
and hardeners, it" had lain from four to six months. In this condition
it may be sprinkled directly upon garden plants, even upon cabbages
quite advanced in growth, or scattered over the soil, killing the in-
sects without injury to the plants.

Valuable in preventing insect attack.- In addition to its value
asan insecticide and as a fertilizer (the latter directly tending through
vio-orous growth to lessen the losses from insect attack), it may also
claim a high order of value in preventing the attack of injurious in-
sects by protecting vegetation from the deposit of their eggs. The
operation of this principle will be referred to at some length here-
after.

56 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

REMEDIES FOR INSECT DEPREDATIONS-

In the preceding notice of the principal Insecticides, such directions
have been given for their use, together with mention of some of the
insects against which they may be employed, as should enable any
careful person, possessing even a moderate knowledge of the insect
world, to use them with safety, with discrimination, and with success,
selecting from the number the one which may seem to be the best
adapted to the existing emergency, after giving due consideration to
the object attacked, the season of the attack, the nature of the attack,
and the insect attacking. The frequent inquiries in the pages of our
agricultural papers in regard to the use of Paris green, London pur-
ple, gas-lime, etc., show, that notwithstanding all that has been pub-
lished in relation to them, there is still a wide-spread ignorance of
their proper methods of use, aud an increasing desire for the infor-
mation which we have endeavored to bring together in convenient form.

It will also be of service to those who are desirous of availing them-
selves of the knowledge already obtained of the means for the control
of insect ravages, to present, in this connection, some of the many reme-
dies and preventives which have been successfully employed for the
purpose. Several pages could be filled with them, but those given will
serve to suggest others. In the brief form in which they are offered,
they may be regarded as a list of weapons serviceable in our warfare
with insects, while the skill for their use, the knowledge of how and
when to use them to the best advantage, and against what insect foes,
may be better learned by experiment than through a long detail of di-
rections— impossible to give in limited space, and necessarily reserved
for the discussion of special insect attacks.

The remedies which consist in the use of the insecticides already
noticed are omitted. Others, are the following: —

Hand-picking and destroying the eggs : as those of the currant-
worm (Nematus ventricosus) on the lower leaves of currant bushes,
and of the apple-tree tent-caterpillar (Clisiocamjia Americana) on
the leafless twigs in autumn or winter.*

Hand-picking the larva: as the tobacco- worm (Macrosila quinque-
maculata), the sphinx and other large caterpillars of the grape-vine, etc.

*At a time when the ravages of the caterpillars of the Grape-vine Tortrix, of Europe,
(Enectra Pilleriana ( W. V.), were unusually excessive, it was found that the best means
of abating the evil was by picking off the leaves containing the eggs of the moth which
were laid in clusters of about sixty each. In one vineyard of one hundred and fifty hec-
tares, thirty persons (women and children) were employed for eleven days in gathering
and destroying the egg-clusters ; and during this timo they collected l,134,000of the clus-
ters, representing over sixty-eight millions of caterpillars which would have been produced
by them. This method proved so effectual that a decree of Government was demanded
compelling the proprietors of the vineyards to perform it annually.

REMEDIES FOR IXSECT DEPRED.VTIOKS. 57

Hand-picking the cocoons : us those of the bag-worm (Thyridopie-
ryx ephemeraformia), during the winter when they are so conspicuous
as to be readily seen.

Hand-picking the perfect insect : as the rose-bug (Macrodaclylus
tubspinosus), when not too abundant.

Jarring trees by pounding on an inserted iron spike, or by shaking
and collecting on sheets spread beneath, or on prepared frames ; as for
the curcalio (Conotrachelun nenuphar) aud the May-bug (Lachnostema
fused).*

Jarring as above for caterpillars that drop by threads when alarmed,
and sweeping them upon a rod for destroying : as for the canker-
worms (Anisiiptcnjr pomclaria and A. vcrnata).

Beating the insects from low plants into a pan of water, soap-suds
or oil : for those that readily fall when disturbed, as the blister beetles
upon potato leaves, the ash-gray b. b. {Macrobasis unicolor), the mar-
gined b. b. (Epicauta cincrca Forst), the striped b. b. (Epicaula vil-
lain Fabr. ) ; and the tortoise beetle on the same (Coplocycla aurichal-
cea Fabr., and C. chtvata Fabr.).

Collecting the webs of tent caterpillars with their contained larvae :
for the apple-tree tent-caterpillar, and the autumn tent-caterpillar
(Hyphantria textor).

Cutting off twigs containing companies of social caterpillars, as for
the red-humped prominent ((Edemasia concinna) and the yellow-necked
apple-tree caterpillar (Dalana ministra), on the apple.

Cutting off infested stems aud burning : for the currant borer
(JEgeria cxitiosa), the raspberry-twig girdler (Oberea Iripwtctata), and
the rose-twig borer ( Grapholitlta Packardi ? Zell.).

Crushing between the fingers the shelter of leaf-rollers and leaf-tiers:
for the rose-leaf caterpillar (Penthina nimbalana) and other tortricids.

*An excellent apparatus for the purpose, convenient for orchards of moderate size, is
the following: Take a square of two yards white muslin, or if a larger size is needed for
larger trees, make a piece by sewing together, two by three yards, or larger. Stiffen it
willi light rods across the ends, and with one rod at the middle to keep them apart and to
serve as a handle, as shown in the figure. Let it
be a little slack, so as to give a slightly con-
cave form to the sheet. Iron plugs having pre-
viously been inserted in the tree, or into each
main branch, the operator holds this sheet in
his left hand under one side of the tree, and
strikes the plug with a heavy hammer in his
right baud. The curculios caught upon the
sheet may be turned into a pan of water and
kerosene. Oil-cloth might be substituted for
the muslin, ;is it would not wet with the dew
when used in the morning, and as affording a
smoother rolling surface for the beetles.
(Country Gentleman, xlri, 1S81, p. 259.) ?lG_ n_ C^l^cIi^X^.

58 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

' Gathering and destroying fallen infested fruit: for the apple-worm
(Carpocapsa pomonella), and the plum curculio.

Probing burrows and killing the grubs with a bent wire or flexible
stick: for the round-headed apple-tree borer (Saperda Candida).

Cutting out the larva? from tree-trunks: for the flat-headed apple-
tree borer (Chrisobothris femorata), and the peach-tree borer.

Digging about plants for cut-worms destroying young cabbages
(larvae of Hadena devastatrix and H. subjuncta), tomatoes (the greasy
cut-worm, Agrotis ypsihn), and other plants (various species of
Agrotis, Mamestra and Hadena.

Searching with a lantern for night-feeding caterpillars upon grape
vines (for Agrotis cupida*), and upon apple, pear, peach, and cherry
trees, for the climbing cut-worm (Agrotis scandens), the dark-sided
cut-worm (Agrotis Cochrani), and others. A sudden jar upon the tree
will cause many to drop to the ground when they may be readily
noticed and killed.

Attracting to fires of dry wood where it is abundant, or of refuse
material from the fields, insects abounding at certain seasons, and known
to be readily attracted by light.

Attracting to lamps placed in a vessel of oil or adhesive mixture ; as
has been done for destroying the cotton-worm moth (Aletia urgillacea).\

Attracting to poisoned sweets, as molasses and beer (the bait used
by collectors in "sugaring" for moths for their cabinets), in which a
small quantity of arsenic or cyanide of potassium has been mixed, to
be spread on trees, fences, or leaves of plants.

Burning the dead stalks, leaves and other garden refuse in the late
autumn to destroy hibernating insects.

Burning stubble in the autumn to destroy the pupae of the Hessian fly
(Cecidomyia destructor), unless they are found to contain parasites,
when burning would do more harm than good.

Deep plowing in tbe autumn, to crush or bury delicate pupae that lie
near the surface.

Ditching to collect " marching " caterpillars, as of the army-worm
(Leucania unipuncta), and in the Western States the chinch-bug
(Blissus leucopterus).

Barricading with boards coated with coal-tar to prevent migration
from one field to another.

Pouring tar upon the ground along the exposed sides of fields to
serve instead of boards to arrest migration.

* Thirtieth Rep. N. Y. St. Mm. Nat. His., 1878, p. 236; Lintn. Ent. Contrib., iv, 1878, p. 124.

•Hn Bulletin No. 3 of the U. S. Entomolog. Gommts., on the Cotton-worm, are given
notices of ten different lamps, of which some are movable on wheels for drawing through
tbe fields, with illustrations of several of them.

REMEDIES FOR INSECT DEPREDATIONS. 59

Rolling the ground to puck it and render it more difficult for root-
attacking insects to enter the ground for tho deposit of their eggs.

Applying benzine in floor-joinings near the walls and beneath the
base-boards of rooms to kill tho carpet- bug (Antlircnus acrophularia).

Sprinkling with hot-water, of a temperature of from 130° Fahr. up-
ward; for the cabbage- worm (Piiris rapw), and many others.

Sprinkling with lime water will destroy many of the more tender
insects.

Sprinkling with alum water — one pound of common alum dissolved
in three gallons of rain-water, is stated to bo effectual in killing cab-
bage caterpillars, and the currant-worm.

Sprinkling with copperas water is destructive to many of tho smaller
caterpillars that feed on shrubbery and garden plants.

Sprinkling with sulphuric acid water — one part of acid to fifty of
water — is effective and safe on hardy plants.

Sprinkling with a weak solution of blue vitriol (sulphate of copper)
— one ounce to a pail of water — kills many kinds of larva?.

Sprinkling with an infusion of quassia — three pounds to a barrel of
water — is recommended for killing cabbage-caterpillars, and prevent-
ing subsequent attack.

Sprinkling with a solution of soft soap and carbolic acid ; for plant-
lice on rose-bushes, etc.*

Sprinkling with a solution of one pound of whale-oil soap in one
gallon of water, for insects infesting rose-bushes. A solution of this
strength should after a few minutes be washed off with water.

Sprinkling with tobacco water is an excellent remedy for many in-
sect attacks, from its poisonous nature.

Watering copiously, at nearly the boiling point, for killing the peach-
tree borer.

Watering with ammoniacal liquor from gas-works will kill many
larva; attacking root crops, f

Dusting with air-slacked lime ; for the larva? of the asparagus beetle
{Crioceris asparagi), thelarva3of the grape-vine flea-beetle (Graptodera
chalybea), and other similar Coleopterous larva3.

Dusting with air-slacked lime and carbolic acid — a tablespoon ful of

♦Take of the crude carbulic acid one part to tea of soft soap, and after mixing it thor-
oughly, let it stand for a few hoars. Test the mixture by stirring a little in soft water. If
oily globules of the acid float on the surface add more soap to the mixture, and do so until
the globules no longer appear. Dilute the mixture to a moderately strong solution, with
which sprinkle the infested plants. If the plants are delicate they will need to be washed
otf in a few minutes, otherwise the solution may remain to serve as a preventive, for some
time, from another attack.

+A severe attack upon cabbages and cauliflowers was arrested by three or four applica-
tions of this liquid, diluted with twice its quantity of water and poured upon the soil di-
rectl; around the stem of the plants [Mies OrtMToSt Report on Injurious Insects, for 1881,
p. 8).

60 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

the acid to a quart of lime : said to be effectual against the striped flea-
beetle, Phyllotreta vittata (Fabr.), infesting the turnip, cabbage, rad-
ish, mustard, and many cultivated flowers, such as candytuft, sweet
alyssum and most others belonging to the order Crucifera.

Dusting with soot: recently recommended as quite as destructive to
the currant-worm as hellebore; it may be questioned whether it can
operate as quickly.

Dusting with wood-ashes : of greater value when applied to vegeta-
tion that will hold it for percolation by rain and dew, for gradual pene-
tration to the attacked portions.

Dusting with road dust or any other fine material that will readily
adhere to a viscid surface, like that of the cherry and pear slug (Selan-
dria cerasi), closing the breathing pores.

Showering a solution of soap by means of a force-pump: for killing
scale insects upon the trunk, branches, and leaves of trees.*

Showering fish-brine upon trees infested with scale insects has been
quite effectual in experiments with it — the oil with which it is
charged doubtless penetrating the scale and killing the eggs beneath.

Smoking with burning tobacco confined by a vessel or tight bag over
house-plants for fifteen minutes, for scale insects.

Watering with mustard water — a tablespoonf ul of mustard to a gal-
lon of water ; for soil of potted plants infested with worms and the
larvae of small flies.

Spreading soot upon the ground over the roots of plants in gardens
attacked by small insects, and sprinkling occasionally with water.

Pasturing sheep in orchards to feed on fallen fruit : for the apple-
worm of the codling-moth, and the apple-curculio (Anthonomus quad-
rigibbus Say).f

*Prof. Comstock, who, in the course of his special studies of the scale insects (see Re-
port of the Entomologist of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture for 1S80), has been experi-
menting extensively upon methods for their destruction, recommends a strong solution of
soap as preferable to auy other substance, so far as known, for killing them without harm
to the tree. The solution, in his experiments, was applied to some orange-trees infested
witli the red scale of California (Aspidiotus aurantii Maskell), of the strength of three-
fourths of a pound of whale-oil soap to one gallon of water, with the result of killing all the
insects upon the tree. A solution of half the above strength left only a few of the insects
upon the leaves alive. As the result of all the experiments made, one-fourth pound of soap
to one gallon of water is recommended — the application to be repeated after a few days.
(Ann. Rep. Commis. Agricul. for 1880, pp. 286-7 ; Id., Proc. Wat. If. T. Horticul. Soc.
for 1882, pp. 41-2).

+Sheep, in orchards, are also of much service in the prevention of insect injuries, by the
more healthful condition of the trees through fertilization of the soil, not only by their
manure but largely from the quantity of the soluble salts of potash (estimated at one-
ninth of the weight of the fleece in the grease), which, as it is washed out by the rains,
gives to the soil an element which is almost indispensable in successful orchard culture.
For a statement of the benefit of sheep pasturage in an orchard, see Report Commis. .
Agricul. for 1873, pp. 405-6.

If the trees are young and the bark smooth, they may need protection from the sheep.

REMEDIES FOR INSECT DEPREDATIONS. 61

Employing swine to root for grubs in grass lands, for the white-grub
(Lachnosterna fusca), and in orchards for the spring canker-worm
(A nisopteryx vemala).

Employing a flock of fowls to feed upon the asparagus beetle (Crio-
ceris asparagi).*

Placing coops of young chickens in gardens to feed upon the numer-
ous small beetles, such as the llca-beetles, and other insects infesting
garden vegetation.

Protecting and encouraging such insectivorous birds as are found by
the recent Studies of Prof. Forbes, and others, to feed principally upon
injurious insects.

Levying a war of extermination upon that unmitigated nuisance,
the English sparrow (Passer domestical), to which we owe, in the city
of Albany and many of our other cities, a great increase of the cater-
pillars of the white-marked tussock-moth (Oryijta leucostigma) which
defoliate our shade trees, and of other injurious hairy caterpillars.

Protecting the skunk for the service it renders the hop-grower in
discovering and destroying the " grub'' attacking the root of the hop-
vine; and for the many other injurious insects which it feeds upon.f

Domesticating toads in gardens (the large common species, JJufo
Americanus), where they are such successful nocturnal collectors of
beetles, that entomologists have pressed them into the service of collect-
ing for their cabinets. The stomach of one examined was found to be
nearly tilled with flea-beetles of a species abounding on cabbages and
turnips in a garden.

Colonizing lady-bugs (the Cocci nell idee), on house plants and
other vegetation infested with plant-lice.

Collection of parasitized insects and carrying them to localities where
the parasite has not occurred.];

*Fitch : Gth to 9th Reports on the Insects of the State of A'eto York, p. lsii.

\Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, for 1803, p. 2G8; Country Gentleman, xlii,
1877, p. 52.

JThisis quite practicable, and was accomplished by Dr. Le Baron, while State Entomolo-
gist of Illinois, who collected at his home in Genera, in the southern portion of the State,
a package of apple-tree twigs infested with Hie bark-louse {Mytilaspis pormcorticis), which
were largely parasitized with the eggs of its parasite (Apheliiuis -i/ii/tilaspiileK) — a minute
Chalcifl fly. The twigs were sent into the extreme northern portion of the State, to Galena,
where the same bark-louse abounded, but was entirely free from parasitic attack. Here
thev were tied to the branches of infested trees. On the second year thereafter, the pres-
ence of the parasites was discovered in many of the scales of the bark-louse examined at
Galena, leaving scarcely room fur doubt that the experiment bad proved successful, and
that the parasites had been introduced by means of the twigs sent for the purpose. The
experiment, in view of the incalculable importance of parasitic aid in controlling insect dep-
redations, may justly be regarded as "one of the most admirable instances on record of
the triuuiph of science in its application to economic entomology.'' SeeLe Baron's Third
Ann Rep. Ins. III., 1S73, pp. 200-202.

62 FIEST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Washing with tobacco, 16 pounds ; oil of tar, 3 pints ; soda-ash, 20
pounds ; soft-soap, 4 pounds: for sheep (sufficient for a flock of fifty)
infested with ticks (Melophayus ovinus).

"Washing with " Sheep Dip," sold by Messrs. Kidder & Laird, 83
John street, New York, agents for James Buchau & Co.'s Carbolic
Soaps, etc., for freeing from ticks.

Anointing with Cresylic Ointment, sold by the above firm, for de-
stroying the "screw-worm" — very destructive to living animals and
occasionally to persons in the Southern and Western States.*

Anointing with sulphur, lard, and kerosene, on the head and beneath
the wiugs of fowls infested with vermin.

Suspending a thin muslin bag containing washed sulphur from the
top of the cage of canary birds in position that it may be occasionally
struck by the birds; for killing the mites {Dermanyssiis avium) that
infest caged birds.

Washing infested places with corrosive sublimate dissolved in alcohol
(one-half ounce to one pint), for destroying bed-bugs (Acanthia lec-
tularia).

Attracting to a paste of molasses and red-lead; for poisoninc the
cockroach (Stylopyga orientalis) and the Croton-bug (Edobia Ger-
manica).

Attracting to a mixture of molasses and London purple ; for destroy-
ing the large black ant {Formica Pennsylvanica), which occasionally
infests dwellings.!

Attracting to a sponge saturated with sweetened water, the little red
ant, and when well filled, dropping in boiling water. J If very abun-
dant, repellants are preferable (see page 65).

Attracting to a lighted candle in a basin of water on the floor of an
infested room, at night, for fleas (Pulex irritans).

Trapping in a glass of soap-suds covered by ii piece of card-board with
a small central opening and covered within by molasses, honey or other
sweets; for house-flies.

*The fly, which is believed to be a species of Lvcilia, deposits its larva? on blood or
bloody living flesh, and in seasons of great abundance, also on meat exposed in markets.
See American Entomologist, iii, I860, pp. 21, 203, 275, 276.

+A bouse infested by this insect was entirely relieved from its presence in a single night
by removing all food from the pantry to which the ants were accustomed to resort, and
placing in it a saucer of maple syrup in which was thoroughly mixed ateaspoonful of Lon-
don purple. The saucer, for hours, was blackened with the congregated ants, and the fol-
lowing day, their dead bodies were thickly strewn along their trail. Not an ant was there,
after seen in the house (Country Gentleman, for June 22. 1SS2, p. 501, col. 4).

JThis species, which has become so great a pest in many localities, is known, according
to our best authorities, as Monomorium Pkaraonis. It is the Myrmica molesta of Say. It
is a cosmopolitan — is found everywhere in Europe, and has no doubt been very generally
distributed through commerce.

PREVENTIVES OF INSECT DEPREDATIONS. 63

Attracting, for pupation, the larva! of the apple-worm to paper
bauds placed about the trees, from the latter part of June to their dis-
appearance,— the bands to be examined at intervals of about ten days
for the removal and killing of tho pupas.

Attracting nocturnal feeders to shelters of pieces of wood, bark,
chips, leaves, bunches of freshly-mown grass, placed in gardens; for
the curculio, squash-bug (Anasa tristis De (Jeer), the harlequin cab-
bage-bug [Murgantia hislrionica) in tho South, for cut-worms, etc.

Attracting to baits of sliced potato or other vegetables buried be-
neath the ground in gardens, upon the end of a stick for convenience
of examination ; for wire-worms (larva1 of the ElateridcB or snapping
beetles, Melanotvs communis Sch., etc.).

PREVENTIVES OF INSECT DEPREDATIONS.

Our more accurate writers in economic entomology, in the recom-
mendations which they present for the arrest of insect depredations,
have, of late, made a very proper distinction between preventive and
remedial measures. If we construe an " insect attack " in its broadest
sense, as a habit pertaining to a species of insect, of regularly attack-
ing a plant or an animal, then its arrest at any time or in any man-
ner may properly be regarded as a remedy of the evil, and remedial
measures would thus comprise preventive ones. But if we limit the
"attack" to each separate periodical recurrence of the same, then it
is possible by the interposition of preventives to preclude the attack
and to render remedies unnecessary, and, indeed, impossible. In this
latter sense, "remedies" imply that an attack has commenced; "pre-
ventives," that means are resorted to prior to the commencement of
attack.

Of the latter are such measures as the following : —

High culture, to impart strength to resist insect attack, by jiroper
preparation of the soil and employment of fertilizers.

Rotation of crops and their removal as far distant as possible from
the soil which has become infested with their attacking insects.

Selection of seed less liable to attack : thus it is claimed that the
Hessian fly has not been found in Lancaster nor Fultz* wheat (Bull.
No. i, of lT. 8. Entomological Commission — Tlie Hessian Fly, p. 29).

Refraining for a year or two in an infested locality from the culti-
vation of crops formidably attacked.

Late sowing: for the Hessian fly, after the first frosts occurring about
the 20th of September in New York.f

♦Originating near Allenville, Penn., from three tall stalks bearing peculiar looking
heads, picked by Mr. Fultz in 18G2, in a field of broken-down and tangled Lancaster red
wheat {ye ip York Weekly Tribune, for Jan. 17, 1883, p. 11, col. 2).

t The wheat seeding in New York last year (1SS1) extended from August 15th to October
80tb, averaging September 16th (Special Report — No. 42, Dept. Agriculture, p. 5).

Gi

FIRST ANNCAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

12. — Canker-worm Tra;

Surrounding fields with a border or traversing it with rows of a more
attractive food-plant to concentrate the attack, and perhaps permit of
the destruction of the insect in its early stages.

Encircling trees near the base with a strip of freshly-tarred cloth

(six to ten inches wide), the tar to be renewed as often as it becomes

dry, to prevent the ascent of the wingless moths of the canker-worms.

Encircling trees with the canker-worm trap, made of a tin band and

a muslin snpporter) described and illustrated

in the Register of Rural Affairs, vol. vii, p.

189,* and shown in fig. 12.

Washing trunks of trees and larger limbs
with soft-soap to prevent egg-deposit: for
the apple-tree borers (Saperda Candida and
Clirysobofliris femorata), the peach-tree
borer (jEgeria exitiosa), etc.

Mounding with earth or ashes about the
base of peach trees, adding a few inches
each year, to prevent the egg-deposit of the
peach-tree borer (see 1st Missouri Report,
pp. 48-49).
Wrapping a piece of stiff paper around the
roots of cabbage and tomato plants when transplanting, reaching to,
or just above, the surface of the ground, to protect from the cut- worms
that cut the stem near the surface.

Encircling tree-trunks with a band of loose cotton batting, to pre-
vent the caterpillars of the white-marked tussock-moth (Orgyinleu-
costigma) in their travels for food from ascending the trunks of horse-
chestnuts, elms, etc.

Spreading strips of roofing paper (prepared with gas-tar) of about
two feet in width, beneath the border of carpets, to prevent attack of
the carpet beetles (Anthre/ms scrophularim and Attagenus megatoma)
and the carpet-eating moth (Tinea peUionella).\

Spreading strips of paper saturated with printers' ink, as above, for
the same purpose.

Encasing in paper bags, as early as the month of May, small woolen
articles to protect from the Anflirenus, Attagenus, and Tinea; also,

Pinning in sheets (linen preferable) and with edges turned over, ar-
ticles too large for convenient baggiug, after placing in their folds
shavings of red cedar, scraps of Russia leather, spices, ground pepper
or camphor: also,

"Also in 8th Hep. Iru. Mo., 1876, p. 20, 6th Rep Mich. St. Pomolog. Soc. for 1876, p
42; Country Gentleman, xlvii, p. 303.

+The only " clothes-moth " known in the United States, the larva of which constructs a
case for its occupancy. It feeds indiscriminately upon all kinds of woolen clothing, car-
pets, furs, feathers, etc. (Fbrkald, in Vanad. kntomol., xiv, 1S82, pp. 166-169.)

PREVENTIVES OF INSECT DEPREDATIONS. C5

Tobacco dust for protecting such large articles as those referred to,
and carpets rolled up daring the summer.*

Sprinkling powdered borax near the base-board or wainscoting of
basements, to repel the cockroach and the Croton-bug.

Washing, with strong alum water shelves and other infested places;
for the above inserts.

Drawing a broad line of chalk about the border of a shelf or around
dishes upon it, for the red ant. Pennyroyal, and sassafras bark and
roots, are also said to repel it.

Imbedding the lid of stone jars of pickled fruit in paper charged
with tar- water or carbolic acid; for the pickled-fruit fly (Drosophila
ampelopliibi).

Pinning naphthaline, prepared in cones for the purpose, by C. A.
Blake, of Philadelphia, in cases and drawers of insect collections ; for
the museum pest (Anthrenus varius) and the minute Pxocidm(Psocus
domesticus and Atropos divinatorius, Fabr.).f

Washing with a camel's-hair brush the dried plants in a herbarium
with a preparation consisting of corrosive sublimate, four drams, sul-
phuric ether, three ounces, mixed; to which add two ounces of spirits
turpentine and three ounces of alcohol. (Used in the N. Y. State
Collect ion. \)

Showering plum trees with a solution of putrid whale-oil after each
rain, commencing with the falling of the blossoms, has protected from
the cnroulio. (Country Gentleman, xli. p. 310.)

Shaking the seeds of turnips and onions in spirits of turpentine to
prevent the attack of the larva? of the Anthomyian flies, has been re-
commended and may be tried, but it is of doubtful utility.

Manuring with spent hops has been found of service in cabbage-
growing districts as a preventive against the attacks of the cabbage-gall
weevil and other pernicious insects. (Manual In). Ins., p. 44.)

Tansy tea ; made strong by boiling the leaves in sufficient water to
cover them, and applied through the rose of a sprinkling pot, has pro-
tected bearing cucumber vines from the flea-beetle (Epitrix cucumeris
Harris), and cabbages from caterpillars.§

*B. Payn & Son, Tobacconists of this city, inform me that their sales of this material to
"Utmerchants, for the protection of woolen fabrics, to furriers, to livery-men for
protection of carriage robes, to gardeners for destroying insects, and to others for house-
hold uses, etc., have amounted to four and five tons per annum.

tlf it is desired to keep the preparation on hand, the State Botanist suggests that the
ether might be omitted without materially impairing its efficacy.

JThis preparation is said to be injurious to collections of Lepidoptera, producing greas-
iDg etc. i See American, Naturalist, xvi, 1882, p. 410.)

§A correspondent of the Country Gentleman states that he has saved his plants for two
vears by steeping tansy and pouring it upon them after they began to head, only two
"applications proving to be necessary. When the moths (Plusia bra $su\r)? commenced de-
positing their eggs, he gave the plants a dose every two weeks, and no injury by cater-
pillars was subsequently seen.

9

66 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

A NEW PRINCIPLE OF PROTECTION FROM INSECT ATTACK.*

It will readily be conceded that the use of preventives, whenever
practicable, is more economical, more effective, and often more con-
venient than a resort to remedies. An old familiar adage affirms this
truth, when it asserts that "an ounce of prevention is better than a
pound of cure."

It has been claimed by some of our economic entomologists, that the
most valuable methods of prevention are to be found in the husbandry
that tends to promote healthful and vigorous plant growth, imjiart-
ing strength and vitality which will greatly lessen insect injury, and
in the clean culture which shall remove from the garden, orchard, and
field, valueless harborage and protection for insect hibernation and
transformation.

The results of recent experiments with various substances in the ef-
fort to find those that shall best enable us to control insect depreda-
tions, have led me to believe that we have, within our reach, still more
valuable preventives than the above, in certain substances, which, ap-
plied to the soil, or to the plant directly, shall furnish us a safeguard
against the deposit of insect eggs.

The great benefit of commencing our efforts at this point is so ob-
vious as to need no words to commend it. It would not be "nipping
in the bud," or " crushing in the egg." It is prior to and beyond these.
If no egg be deposited, we have no artfully concealed egg to search
for; no larva, whose rapacity and destructiveness we must arrest; no
pupa, whose retreat is to be discovered, and no imago, whose egg-dis-
tended abdomen is fraught with evil, to be captured or entrapped —
in short, we have dispensed with the four insect stages that require
such unwearied and unending investigation in order to ascertain the
most vulnerable point of attack of insect life, and the best means with
which to assail it.

How may the deposit of eggs be prevented. — It may be pre-
vented by applying to the plant or to the soil certain odorous sub-
stances which are popularly believed to be disagreeable to the insect,
and therefore, to drive it away. Such substances have been termed
"repellants," but we doubt that they exert a repellant force, and we
believe the name to be a misnomer.

Among these substances may be mentioned kerosene oil, coal-tar,

*The following pages in which this topic is discussed have already been published in the
Proceedings of the Western N. Y. Horticult ural Society, 1SS2, slightly modified in some
portions to adapt it for presentation as a Society paper. The new views advanced are r.ot
offered as proven truths. They have been but recently conceived, without the opportunity
of maturing them or of submitting them to the varied tests by which they should be tried,
and therefore, they can only claim, at present, theoretic value.

THE SKNSE CONTBOLLING INSECTS IN EGG-DEPOSIT. 67

naphthaline,* carbolic acid, gas-limo, and bisulphide of carbon. Thai
these and similar substances bave been successfully used in preventing
insect attack is undeniable, resting, as the claim does, on the authori-
tative testimony of some of our best writers and experimenters in
economic entomology.

How do they prevent egg-deposit — They do so, by giving out
an odor overpowering that of the plant (or animal), thereby prevent-
ing its recognition by the insect.

For the acceptance of this proposition, it is necessary also to accept
the following : Insects, as a rule, are guided in the deposit of their
eggs, not by the sense of Bight, but by that of smell. A somewhat ex-
tended consideration of this view seems desirable, before proceeding to
its practical application. The idea is a popular one. that most of the
moths and beetles, and many of the insects that attack vegetation, se-
lect by means of sight the particular plant upon which to place their
eggs. Their marvelous compouud eyes, consisting of hundreds and
even thousands of separate lenses, even to the number of 34,000, as in
the eye of the butterfly, have been cited as a wonderful provision in
nature, to afford that aeuteness of vision which was needed in their
selection of the proper plant upon which to oviposit. While sharing
in this belief, I had often wondered at the incomprehensible aeuteness
shown by an insect in the discovery of the particular species of plant
up mi which alone the young caterpillars proceeding from its eggs
could feed, — in the discovery of a single individual of a rare species
occurring in a certain locality, and growing in such a manner as effec-
tually to hide it from human observation. When its range of food-
plants extends beyond a species to all the members of a genus, how
could it detect all of the often greatly differing forms? When a still
broader range embraces the several genera of an extended order, a still
greater variety of forms are presented, which the rude insect brain
must group and classify, and claim within its province. How amaz-
ing such knowledge without previous instruction. It had no parents
living, as in the class of vertebrates, which might teach it by example.
It had no ancestors a whit wiser than itself from which to learn. The
deposit of the egg in its proper place may have been but the second
voluntary act of its imago life, regarding that of flight for the purpose
as the first. Perhaps a plant from some distant shore, of which not
one of its ever so remote ancestry could have had any knowledge, is

^Naphthaline is one of the products of the distillation of coal-tar, which, together with
the other two products, anthracine and benzole, is largely employed in the manufacture of
aniline colors. One hundred pounds of coal-tar gives from six to eight pounds of naphtha-
line, from one-fourth to one-half pound of anthracine, and from two and one-half to three
pounds of benzole.

68 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

brought within its range of wing; its flight is unhesitatingly directed
to it, and its precious burden of eggs, without a shadow of mistrust, is
at once committed to its leaves. Such knowledge has never been at-
tained by our most distinguished botanists, and it is beyond the scope
of human intellect. We have called its displays instinct — a word
conveniently framed to cover manifestations in other classes of ani-
mated beings, which we are utterly unable to explain. As a partial
explanation of these wonders, it has been suggested that to the insect
world may have been given senses differing in number and in kind
from those that we possess. But all the wonderful phenomena attend-
ant upon insect oviposition by selection, may readily be explained un-
der the supposition that it is guided and controlled by the sense of
smell. We know the value of this important sense to us, how greatly
it may minister to our pleasure and what service it may render in
guarding us from deleterious exhalations and from improper food.
It is capable of cultivation to the extent of rendering us still greater
service. I have been told of a chemist in one of our colleges, who can
make quite a correct qualitative analysisof a patent nostrum, by apply-
ing it to' his nostrils, and jiicking out one after another of the ingredients,
first naming those which are simply added as covers. It is related of a
blind person, that he acquired the faculty of recognizing his acquaint-
ances by the sense of smell. There are negroes in Africa who will fol-
low their masters by scent. A fish-dealer in Albany claims the ability of
naming each species of fish offered in the market, when presented
to him blindfolded, by the odor peculiar to each. The illustrations
given us of the acuteness of this sense in some of our domestic
animals, are so numerous as not to need citation. We will quote
a single instance of this almost miraculous acuteness, related upon
undoubted authority. "A person, to make trial whether a young
blood-hound was well-trained, caused one of his servants to walk to a
town four miles distant, and then to a market-town three miles fur-
ther. The dog, without having seen the man he was to pursue, fol-
lowed him by the scent to the above-mentioned places, notwithstand-
ing the multitude of market-people that went along the same way and
of travelers that had occasion to cross it; and when the blood-hound
came to the chief market-town, he passed through the streets without
taking notice of any of the people there, and left not till he had gone
to the house where the man he sought rested himself, and found him
in an upper room, to the wonder of those that followed him."

That insects are controlled in the discharge of their most important
functions by this same sense, may seem a bold supposition, in view of
the fact that, notwithstanding the laborious investigations in insect

THE SMELLING-0BGAN8 OF INSECTS. 69

structure, conducted througli a century by some of our most distin-
guished scientists, we are utterly unable to point out with positive
certainty the precise location and nature of the organs of smell. Natu-
ralists have differed and still differ in their views in regard to their
location. Cuvier, Audouiii. Dumeril, and Burrueister, have regarded
the spiracles, or breathing-pores, as discharging this office. Reaumur,
Lyon net, Latreille, and others, have referred it to the antenna?.
Others have believed that the palpi were the true smelling organs, and
others that the sense belonged to certain cavities in the front part of
the head, and to the mucous lining of the mouth; while Kirby and
Spence have thought that they have discovered a nose in the fore-part
of the head, which they call the rhmarium or nostril-piece, connected
with which is a beautifully-striated structure, which they have de-
scribed as the writable organs of smell.*

Although we do not surely know the position and structure of these
organs, their existence is beyond a doubt. If a decaying carcass be
concealed beneath a sod 01 other cover, carrion beetles, in their sea-
son, may soon be seen hovering over it, seeking it as a nidus for their
eggs. I have seen swarms of flesh-flies, Calliphora vomitoria and Lu-
cilia Versa?-, drawn to the disgusting odor of the " stinkhorn " fungus,
Phallus impudicu8, which so perfectly counterfeits that of decaying flesh.

Collectors of Nocturnal Lepidoptera know the readiness with which

*I am indebted to Dr. HageD, of Cambridge, Mass., for the following information as to
the location of these organs, drawn from Banner: ZeiUcTirift, f. Wissenschaft, Zoologie,
18S0, and giving the latest observations of the best investigators . —

Strong smelling substance, as turpentine, carbolic acid and decayed meats, proved that
the organs of smell were situated iu the antenna; in very many insects. Nevertheless,
not all the insects employed in the experiments were deprived of the sense after the
amputation of the antenna, among which were Carabw, Pyrrhocorist etc. After the an-
tenna; were cut, the males rarely mated.

Sensitive bristles are present in Orthoptera (Edipoda and Oaloptenue) mi every joint of
the antenna; after the eighth or ninth, and fifty sensitive jtits or furrows, which are
probably closed by a fine membrane and have interiorly one smelling-rod. Stenobothrus
and Gryllotalpa are similarly provided. Diptera have in the third joint from 100 to 200
furrows, with as many as 200 sensitive bristles. Vanessa has on each joint of the knob of
the antenna;, fifty furrows. Of the Coleoptera, the Carabids, Cerambycids and Curcu-
lionides, possess no antennal furrows, while they are present in the Silphides, Staphy-
linides and Tenebrionides. The Laniellicornes have on the underside an immense number
of very small furrows, viz.: in the female 17,500, and in the male 39,000.

All insects which have to rely upon the sense of smell for discovering their food or
placing their eggs, possess many sensitive furrows or pits iu the antenna;, as bees, wasps,
ichneumons, Diptera and Lepidoptera.

Dr. Hagen suggests that probably in many insects the organs of smell and taste are
united. Such may be the organs which are found in the honey-bee in the epipharynx (on
underside of the labrum), consisting of numerous sensorial furrows or channels and con-
nected interior structure, and which have just been discovered in the same position in
Pemphigus and Cicada, by Prof. H. Osborn. of the Iowa State Agricultural College (See
Canadian Entomologist, jciv, 1882, p. 64).

70 FIRST ANNUAL KEPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

the Noctuidte are drawn to their bait of molasses and beer, spread
upon tree-trunks to allure them for capture.

It is to the existence of these organs that some of the families of
the Lepidoptera, especially among the moths, owe the continuance of
the species. They operate in the association of the sexes, with such
an irresistible and far-reaching force as to exceed our conception and
to be marvelous to our eyes. The following are a few examples illus-
trating the exercise of this sense : —

A female moth just emerged from its pupa, within a closed room,
has disclosed its presence to its mate and drawn its visit through the
only means of entrance — a chimney opening into the apartment. An
instance is recorded in which a moth forced its way into a collector's
pocket, where, through this same sense, the information had been
communicated to it of the presence of a mate, although hidden within
a collecting box.

An interesting account has recently been given by Mr. AV. II. Ed-
wards of the attraction of Helicoida Charitonia (Linn.)* — a butterfly
common in Southern Florida, Mexico and Central America — to the
female chrysalides of the same species. Two or three days before the
inclosed insect bursts her shell and appears in her winged form, the
males are attracted to the chrysalis hanging from the passion-vine.
Sometimes as many as six males may be seen clinging to a single
chrysalis, entirely concealing it from sight. They remain upon it day
and night, or if leaving it at all, it is only to feed for a brief interval
and return. Lighted matches held under them will not drive them
away, nor even shaking the twig. If pulled off by force, after a few
circuits in the air, they resume their position. The explanation of
this powerful attraction and persistent waiting and watching, admits
of no doubt. A chrysalis which had turned almost black, and was
momentarily expected to disclose its imago, was seen by the observer
to burst at the abdominal end, when, "instantly one of the males
made connection with the female imago while the head and thorax of
the latter were still enclosed in the shell.''

Not long ago, two female Promethea moths — the species whose
cocoons are often to be found suspended to lilac bushes during the
winter months — had emerged from cocoons in my office and were
within a box near an open window. A visitor of the same species soon
entered the room through the window, followed by a second, a third,
a fourth, while others fluttered against the upper sash endeavoring to
effect an entrance. Looking outside, I saw numbers of the males,
readily recognized by their dark color and vigorous flight, circling

*Papiiio, i, 1881, pp. 209-215.

BBXUAL ATTRACTION «Y ODORS. 71

about in front of the window. One after another of the passers-by
were arrested by the unusual spectacle of perhaps fifty of the large Pro-
methea moths, "congregated in a small space and actuated, apparently,
by one common purpose. A crowd of persons, men, women and ohil-
dren, had soon assembled before my window, completely blocking up
the sidewalk, and eagerlj asking, " what are they?" •'where did they
all come from ? " and. - what are they here for ? » I left the window
with the questions unanswered, for 1 did not care to give the informa-
tion that they were Messrs. Promethea, drawn some of them from the
remotest portions of the citv. to pay their devoirs to the .Misses Pro-
methea, within my office. I trust that my reference to these sensorial
flights may not be deemed indelicate, for the amorous tiutterings of
insect wings are but in obedience to a law of their nature, which lies
entirely outside of our code of morals, and is of equal, if not superior
authority.*

Another confirmation that insects have the perception and apprecia-
tion of odors is found in a recent discovery of scent-producing organs
in the males of certain Lepidoptera, particularly among the moths.
These organs are pencils of hairs, associated with special structure,
located in different portions of insects, which emit, at certain times,
peculiar odors, resulting from some volatile oils, as is believed. In
some of the SpMngidce, according to Mr. A. II. Swinton,f they are
located at the base of the abdomen. In some of the genera of the
Noctuidm, as in Acronycta, Leucania, Mamestra, and Phhgophora,
they are hidden beneath' the first five dorsal arcs of the abdominal seg-
ments. Iu other Noctuulw, as in Apamea, they are at the anus, while
in locate they' are to he found in the legs— at the upper part of
the second pair of tibiffl. In the GeometruUe, they are on the posterior

♦See also, in this connection, an interesting account given by Professor F. H. Snow, in
the IhHuackontofth* Smw lead Eor 1874 [vol. iii], pp. W, 28, of his ob-

servation anon Penikese Island, of the male of R,hu,h;lUa variolo,a(* beetle closely allied
to the common May-bug, LaehnoOema fusca) digging in the barren soil of the island for
the female, when about to emerge from its pupation, while stiU buried beneath the surface
He states • " Mv attention was first arrested by a male vigorously scratching the ground
with his feet while his antenna! were fully extended with their anicimal plates widely
separated His progress being too slow to suit m5 purpose, I assisted hun ... his excava-
tion and at the depth of half an inch discovered a female, who, with head upward was
Struggling to reach the surface, having evidently but just emerged from the pupa. A little
further on another male was busily scratching the sotl, and another female was unearthed
directly underneath: while a moment later two rival males were discovered digging tor a
third female, who was buried nearly an inch below the surface." There can scarcely be a
doubt but that the knowledge of the subterranean presence of the females was conveyed
not by the sense of hearing, as was supposed by Professor Snow, but through theantennal
organs of smell with which the male of the Lamellicornes is so abundantly provided (see
ante, page 69, in foot-note).

^Proceed. Lond. Entomolog. Soc. for 18T8, p. 20.

72 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

tibia in Boarmia, Tephrosia, and Acidalia, and on the submedian vein
of the forewing in some species of Macaria and Cidaria.

The particular effect produced by these odoriferous organs, is not
known, but from their being brought in action and extended like a fan,
during the union of the sexes, they doubtless serve an important purpose
in the economy of nature, by aiding in the continuance of the species.
It is not unlikely that attractive odors may be given to the males as a
compensation for the more brilliant coloring or more complicated or-
namentation often possessed by the other sex.

Special odors pertaining to male butterflies, have been noticed by
several entomologists. Dr. Muller has called the attention of the
London Entomological Society to the odors of the males of several
species of Brazilian butterflies, which he regards as an especial sexual
attraction. Miss Murtfeldt has recorded a delicate violet like odor in
fresh males of Callidryas Eubule (not discoverable in the females),
which was retained for several days after death.*

If, as we believe, insects have been given this acute sense of
smell, we may see in it a provision admirably adapted to their
need. Very many of the insects are night-fliers, sleeping or hiding
in concealment during the day, and only coming abroad during
the night to deposit their eggs and to partake of a limited supply of
food — the latter quite a secondary consideration in their economy.
We have no reason to believe, from a study of their eyes, that vision in
insects is very acute, and even if it were, it would operate under serious
disadvantage under cover of the night. In utter darkness the organs
of smell could discharge their functions to their extreme extent — bet-
ter enabled, perhaps, to do so through the humid atmosphere of night,
and stimulated to their full exercise by the more numerous and
stronger odors which are emitted from the vegetable world during the
hours of darkness.

And again, many insects must find their mates only through search-
ing them out under the seeming disadvantages environing the females
of limited locomotion, and a greater or less degree of concealment. As
a rule, the females fly less than the males. In some species, as in
Samia Cecropia, Callosamia Promethea, Hyperchiria Io, and others, the
burden of eggs borne by them render them almost incapable of flight,
until the main purpose of their being has been discharged. The females
of Orgyia leucostigma, Anisopteryx pometaria, A vernata, Hylernia
tiliaria and a number of others, are wingless, and therefore incapable
of flight. In a moth quite destructive to arbor-vitse and many other
food-plants, TJiyridopteryx ephemerceformis, or the basket-worm, the

Psyche, iii. 1881, p. 198.

ATTRACTION BY ODORS TO FOOD-I'LANTjj. 73

- - i ty of eyes is not apparent, for the sexes never can see one an-
other. Not only is the greater part of the caterpillar life of the female
i within its bag or basket, but inside of its walls it attains its
growth, it undergoes its pupation, it changes to the mature insect, the
eggs are fertilized, and the mother dies. It never emerges from its
cocoon. Sight alone couli/ not have brought about the fertilization of
the eggs, nor could other sense than the one with which we believe in-
sects to be, for necessary uses, specially endowed.

When we recall larval growth, and the source from which the larva
derives the material which forms its entire structure, it will seem but
natural, that when, through transformation, it has attained its perfect
state, it should be peculiarly sensitive to the presence of its food-plant
and be led to select it for oviposition, through the exercise of its most
acute sense. Take, for illustration, the familiar caterpillar of the to-
mato plant, known as Sphinx quinguemaoulata. In its larval state it
lives but to eat and grow. Its skeleton — its outer integument — can
not grow fast enough to meet its insatiate demand for food, and there-
fore, at intervals — four several times — it is cast oil and a new and
more capacious one is supplied. Observe the play of its powerful jaws ;
unless frightened into temporary quiet, they almost give us a perpetual
motion ; they rest not day or night ; their sweep is like a mower's
sevthe, and a tomato leaf disappears before them as a meadow falls be-
fore a mowing machine. The creature is scarcely more than an ani-
mated eating apparatus. Its life is passed on a single plant, if that
sntriecs for its appetite. It never tastes other food. And when it has
finally attained its beautiful winged form, every particle entering into
its composition, of fluid, nerve, muscle, and chitin, is but transmutated
tomato leaf. Is it strange, then, that the moth should be able to
know tomato when it smells it ? Would it not be more strange if its
organs of smell should respond to any other odor ? This alone would
be familiar to it — others, perhaps, might be acquired.

Having now offered plausible reasons, why, from physiological causes,
insects may be supposed to be extremely sensitive to the odor of their
natural food-plant. — having shown the important purposes that the
possession of this sense in an acute form may serve them in the per-
petuation of the species — and having presented some marvelous mani-
festations of insect attraction, sexual and otherwise, which are onlv
explicable upon the theory that they are directed by the sense of smell,
— need we hesitate to accept the opinion advanced, that many of our
more injurious insects are guided in the deposit of their eggs by the
sense of smell alone.

There are classes of insects in which oviposition would not be con-
10

74 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

trolled by this sense, for example, most of those which in their larval
stage live in the water and are predaceous upon other animal life, as
many of the Neuroptera and some of the Ooleoptera. The purpose of
oviposition in such is accomplished if the eggs are deposited convenient
to water. Then there are Hymenoptera, as bees and wasps, which
place their eggs in cells constructed by them, having previously pro-
vided for the grubs to be hatched, their needed food ; and Orthoptera,
that only require for their eggs secure deposit in the ground. Excep-
tions to the rule need not be multiplied, for they will readily present
themselves.

And now, to proceed without further delay to the application which
it is proposed to make of the views above presented, of the par-
ticular sense, which, in many insects, controls their oviposition. If
the insect discovers the plant ujion which its larvae feed, and is drawn
to it for the deposit of its eggs by the peculiar odor characterizing and
emanating from it, then, if that odor be neutralized or overpowered
by the introduction of another stronger odor — a counterodorant, it
might be termed — eggs will not be deposited upon the plant ; it will
be preserved from such attack as effectually as if it were inclosed in
glass.

We already know several substances, some of which have been
named, which are sufficiently powerful to overcome many vegetable
odors. It is not necessary that they should be disagreeable or repul-
sive to the insect. We need not, therefore, search for substances dis-
agreeable to us, which might prove quite otherwise to insects. We
do not know that camphor, carbolic acid, or naphthaline, when in-
closed in our insect cabinets, preserves them from the entrance of the
Anthrenus and Dermestes, by being disagreeable or repellant to them,
but we do know that their strong odor is sufficient to overpower that
of the dried insects, so that the pests may not be attracted for the de-
posit of their eggs. We have doubtless erred in assuming that certain
odors are disagreeable to insects, and that for this reason their pres-
ence protects from insect attack. That some odors are not attractive
to them is probably true, and in this truth may lie the explana-
tion why certain individuals enjoy immunity from the attack of
mosquitoes, bed-bugs and fleas in infested localities. The protection
afforded to visitors of our northern wilderness from the black-fly and
the mosquito, through pennyroyal, oil of tar, and carbolic ointments,
results, doubtless, from their overpowering the odor proceeding from
the exposed portions of the body ; and, in the same way, the creosotic
odor of the smudge-fire smoke prevents the attack of the midge.

The chief requisites in the materials to be employed for plant pro-
tection, in the manner proposed, are strength and permanency ; the hit-

Sl'BSTANCKS SERVICEABLE FOR COUNTEKODOIt A M S. 75

ter quality contributing to economy of material anil labor of applica-
tion. A degree of strength not wholly overpowering would be propor-
tionately protective in lessening the distance at which the plants
would attract. If the above properties were embodied in a fertilizer,
the resultant benefit would be enhanced by enabling the plant better
to resist, through vigorous growth, any form of insect attack. Among
manures, the drainage from pig-styes has been found to act with great
efficiency in preventing the egg-deposit of the Anthomyia flics upon
onions, radishes, turnips and similar crops. The dry manure from
piggeries has a remarkably pungent and strong odor, when distributed
upon lauds, and we can all recall the offensive, almost insupportable,
odor escaping from a passing freight-train laden with swine, from some
remote point in the West. It is very probable that upon our seaboard,
where the mossbttnker (Brevoortia menhaden) and other fish can be
obtained in quantities to permit of their use as manure, they will
prove of great value in protecting from egg-deposit. The gas-
works of our cities and the farther distillation of coal-tar, in the va-
rious uses to which it is applied, should afford us several valuable
materials for this purpose.

Can not chemistry come to the aid of the economic entomologist, in
furnishing at a moderate cost the odorous substances needed? Is the
imitation of some of the more powerful animal secretions impractic-
able ? It has been thought possible, and a distinguished perfumer
has long been experimenting at a cost of thousands of dollars, in the
production of a substance having the properties of the peculiar secre-
tion of the Mephitis mephitica* (the skunk), to serve as the basis of a
perfume which would, he is confident, enrich the discoverer. Can
there be any doubt of the conservative action and the value of this
substance as a counterodorant, could it be obtained in sufficient quan-
tity; and what an additional charm would its general employment
impart to horticultural and agricultural pursuits, when the alembic of
the chemist shall have converted it into a delightful perfume, as pro-
posed, surpassing in agreeability even that of musk — a similar animal
secretion.

What would be the result, it may be asked, should this method of
plant protection from insect oviposition prove effectual and be gene-
rally adopted ? Might it not produce serious disturbance in the

*If, in our zoological nomenclature, we were permitted to go beyond tlic names given in
the tenth or twelfth edition of Limit's Syittma Natures, in 1758 and 1766, thia animal, in
strict compliance with the law of priority, might now be known by the name under which
it was originally described in 1744, by the French Naturalist, Charlevoix, viz.: I'Enfant du
Diable — tlie deoil's own child. Certain'v the designation would be quite as expressive as
the scientific one which it now bears.

76 FIKST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

economy of nature, of the relations existing between the insect and
the vegetable world ?

A friend— a distinguished jurist and an accomplished botanist —
whose opinion had been asked upon this new method of protection
from insect attack, with that judicial habit of thought which leads
him to meet a new proposition first with the question, " is it right,"
and afterward, " is it useful," gave me the following note in reply,
presenting, although under a vein of pleasantry, some of the objections
that arose in his mind. He asks : " Ought I to countenance recom-
mendations which may prove disastrous to the great scheme of nature ?
Scatter that mischievous carbolic acid all over or around the plant
nature has commanded the insect to lay her eggs on, and the leaves of
which she has given to the children of those eggs for food, and what
tremendous consequences may ensue ! She must and will lay them
somewhere, and if, being unable to distinguish the plant devoted to
her use by nature, she lays them on another species — if, for instance,
the eggs designed by nature for a mint, be laid upon an oak, a mullein
or the tomato, what monsters may not the grubs be evoluted into ? Va-
rieties of silk-worms have been evolved from differences of food. The
progeny may differ very widely from their progenitors, be far more de-
structive, and ruin much more precious plants."

'• This awful protection may not only be productive of new insect
enemies, but it actually aims at striking out of the chain of life one
animated link. The insect, led by the nose to the plant to lay its eggs
on, fails to lay them. Another insect, which feeds upon the eggs or
larvae, is led by its nose to the plant, but fails to find its food and dies
of inanition ; its parasites perish with it ; — and thus, link after link
is broken, and the frame of nature is disordered and falls into discon-
nected fragments, and all life is obliterated and vanishes in fumo —
the foul, all-pervading stench of carbolic acid. I'll none of it ! "

The above picture of the full realization of the purposes of the
practical entomologist, although drawn in the colors of badinage, calls
for a serious reply, as it isonenotunfrequentlyheld up to view 07 those
who regard our efforts as chimerical. We do not propose to extermi-
nate — but only to control. The true naturalist would not, had he the
power, strike out of existence a single species of insect, believing, as
he does, that each one has its place and purpose in nature. There is
ample food for every species — possibly, under ordinary circumstances,
for all individuals, although doubtless certain species might be dimin-
ished in number without violence to the harmony of nature. For this
excessive multiplication of individuals, the agriculturist and the horticul-
turist are at fault, in inciting and encouraging insects to such multi-
plication by offering them food gre-atly superior to, and far more

THE OPERATION OF COUNTERODORA NTS. 77

tempting under their cultivation than, their original wild food, and
massing it in gardens, orchards, and fields, where the united odors of
many acres extend irresistible attraction. Since, therefore, they have
unduly multiplied injurious insects, it is their undoubted right and
their bonnden duty, to diminish their number, if by so doing, while
advancing their own interests, they also promote the public good.

The method of protection herein suggested would be attended with
the following direct results. Let us illustrate by its operations upon a
single food-plant : If, by means of smoke, or other couuterodorant. an
apple orchard be protected from egg-deposit, the odor-attracted apple
insects, failing to recognize it, will wing their way to other orchards.
These in turn must be protected. As the area protected increases, the
number of eggs deposited in unprotected orchards increases propor-
tionately, compelling a resort to preventive means, if remunerative
crops are to be grown . When at length not a single well-cared-for
orchard offers its odorous invitation, the neglected, worthless ones, of
which there are far too many within our State, standing only as nur-
series of insect pests, are seized upon and, fortunately, soon de-
stroyed. Single trees, scattered here and there, must now be resorted
to. The aggregate of food supply has been greatly reduced, and only
a diminished number of insects can be fed. In the lengthened insect
flight in search of food-plants, insectivorous birds find more abundant
prey. The steadily diminishing number of insects are driven back step
by step to their native food-plant— the wild crab — upon which they
subsisted for long ages before apple orchards of hundreds of acres of
delicious fruit were known. The crab, the wild cherry, tin wild plum,
the thorns, with some other members of the family of Rosacea}, will fur-
nish all the food that our one hundred and fifty apple insects require
for their support. Here they may feed, unmolested by the economic
entomologist, except as he may chance to need an occasional specimen
for studv or with which to enrich his cabinet.

Let the apple-tree stand for every other plant that we value, and for
which we seek protection, and let the attackiug insects of each, in the
manner above suggested, be driven from them to their corresponding
wild plants ; then shall we have accomplished all that our economic
investigations may aspire to. Its complete realization we shall never
attain, either by the method now proposed, or through any other ; but
in proportion as we approach it, in the same degree will the earth
yield her increase more abundantly in willing return to the labors of
the husbandman.

78 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

CLASSIFICATION.

It was intended to present with this Eeport a general view of the
Classification of Insects, to the extent at least, of giving the more
prominent characters of the several orders and of the principal fami-
lies into which insects are divided, but the length to which the intro-
ductory remarks of the preceding pages has extended, compels the
postponement of the purpose to another year. A certain amount of
elementary knowledge — such as shall embrace the essential features
of the principal divisions of insects, a recognition of the several forms
under which they present themselves during their transformations, and
familiarity with some of the names applied to portions of insect struc-
ture, is indispensable to every one who would intelligently observe in-
sects and who desires to avail himself of the information which is so
freely and abundantly offered in the economic entomological literature
of the day. As such knowledge is supplied in but few of our public
schools, or even higher institutions of learning, the entomologist, in'
his communications with the public, is compelled to presume upon a
surprising and, as it appears to him, a criminal lack of even an
elementary acquaintance with the insect world.

As the insects to be discussed in the following pages will each, after
its scientific and popular name, be referred to its order and family, it
seems but proper that they should be preceded by a mention of the
several orders, their meaning, and the common names of some of the
insects which they embrace.

While authors differ in their systems of classification, the one most
generally adopted in this country recognizes the division of six-footed
insects or • Hexapoda (the spiders, or Arachnida, and the centipedes, or
Myriopoda, forming the other divisions of the Class of .Insects) into
seven orders, which, commencing with those deemed highest in rank,
are the following : —

1. Htmenoptera — (of Greek derivation, from hymen, a membrane
and ptera, wings) comprising bees, wasps, hornets, ants, ichneumon
flies, saw-flies, etc.

2. Lbpidoptera — (from lepis, a scale, and ptera, wings) embracing
butterflies and moths — the former diurnal and the latter usually noc-
turnal.

3. Diptera — (from dis, twice, and ptera, wings) comprising flies,
mosquitoes, gnats, sheep-ticks and some other wingless forms, etc.

4. Coleoptera — (from coleos, a sheath, and ptera, wings) including
the beetles, as the carpet-bug, May-bug, rose-bug, snapping-bugs,
lightning-bugs, weevils and lady-bugs.

5. Hemtptera — (from he mi, half, and ptera, wings) including plant-

OltDEKS USED OB PROPOSED FOli CLASSIFICATION. 79

lice, scale insects, mealy bags, bree-hoppers, lantern-flies, seventeen
year locusts, t lie bed-bag, body-lice.

6, Orthoptbra — (from orlhos, straight, and ptera, wings) including

crickets, locusts (the true), grasshoppers, walking-sticks, cockroaches
Oroton-buge, eta

7. N"EUBOPTEBA — (from uninm, nerve, and ptera, wings) including
white-ants, May-flies, dragon-flies, lace- wings, ant-lions, caddis-worms,

etc.

Several other orders have been proposed, and have been adopted, ill
whole or in parr, by entomologists, aa they differ in their views as to
the extent to which these divisions should be carried. Some of them
contain hut a single family eaoh, or a Linnean genus. As of inl
to the student, and as explanatory of differences in classification
which may present themselves to the general reader, they are here
given :—

Apiianiptkra, of Kirby (inconspicuous wings), or AprEEA Leach
(wingless): consisting of the flea family [Pulicidm) above included in
Di ptera.

Strepsiptera, of Kirby (twisted wings) ; the Rhipiptera, of La-
treille: consisting of bee parasites, constituting the family of Stylopi-
dm of Coleoptera.

Homoptera, of Latreille (equal wings); embracing those of the Hem-
iptera which have the wings wholly membraneous, the remainder being
placed in a separate order of Heteroptera, of West wood (dissimilar
wings).

Euplexoptera, of Westwood (well-folded wings), or Dermaptkra.
of Leach (skin-wings) : consisting of the family of earwigs or Forficu-
lidce, usually placed in Orthoptera.

Thysanoptera, of Haliday (fringe wings): containing the minute
insects known as Thrips, of the family Thripidm : generally classed
with Homoptera, although having affinities with both Orthoptera and
Neuroptera.

Trichopteiia, of Kirby (hairy wings) ; containing the caddis-flies,
or Phryganidte of the Neuroptera.

Homaloptera, of Leach ; containing the spider-flies, bird-flies and
sheep-ticks of the families of Hippoboscidm and Nycteribidw of the
Diptera.

Thysanura, of Latreille — (from thysanos, a fringe, and oura, a,
tail) : containing the bristle-tails or Lepismatidce and the spring-tails,
or PaduridcB, usually united with the Neuroptera.*

*Dr. Packard, in his last edition of his Guide to the Study of Insects (1878), accepts this
Group as an 8th Order, to be added to the seven usually adopted.

80

FIRST ANNUAL EEPOKT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Mallophaga — (from mallos, wool, and phago, to eat); containing
the bird-lice of the Hemipterous group Mallophaga, having jaws for
feeding on the delicate parts of the feathers and hairs of birds and
mammals.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A feature introduced for the first time in our State Entomological
Reports, and which it is hoped will meet with approbation, is the
list of references to publications which will precede each species
discussed, giving in addition the synonomy when the species has been
known under different names. It is not attempted to make the lists
as full as those presented in the popular volumes of Dr. Coues on The
Birds of the North-west and The Birds of Colorado Valley, and by
other recent wnters in Natural History, for such elaborate and valu-
able compilations can only be the fruit of the systemized study of
years with this purpose in view, together with unusual facilities for
the work. It is only proposed to cite the author of the species and its
first publication ; to give a few references to European authors when
such occur and seem to be of value to the entomological student ; to
note some of the best figures which have been given ; and to refer to
such of the notices occurring in the recent entomological literature
as have come utider observation, many of which may be accessible
to the general reader, in the Reports of our State Entomologists. Ag.
ricultural Reports, and leading agricultural journals.

A bibliography limited to this extent should not be regarded as ob-
jectionable by those who have no desire to avail themselves of it ;
while the student who would gladly obtain more extended information
of the species than that presented, may find it of practical value.
Pull bibliography, in all departments of Natural History, is of great
importance in scientific research, and it is much to be regretted &that
the vast amount of labor which it involves so seldom permits it to be
presented. If shared by many, each contributing his mite, the task
will be materially lightened and eventually accomplished.

INJURIOUS LEPLDOPTEROUS INSECTS.

Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformls Haworth.

The Bag or Basket-worm.
(Ord. LEPiDorTER.v : Fam. BOMBTCIDJE.)

Sphinx epliemtrctformis. Haworth: Lepidoptera Britannica, 1810, p. 72.
JEgsria tphemerctformit. Stephens: IUus. Brit. Entomol., Hauat., i, 1S2S, p. 145.

T/iyridoptt ryx tpKt MM nrfurmh. STEPHENS: Illus. British Entomol., Ilnust., iv,
1885, p. IS87 : in Trans. Eut. Sor. Lond., i, 1836. p. T6, pi. 10, f. 1.

<Hi:, ticK.i gp, U Ki.siiEi.MKit (1840) : in Hair. Con-., 1869 p. 113.

Oiketieus sp. Harris: Trent, [ns. New Eng., 1853, p. 319 ; las. Inj. Veg.,18G2, p.
415 ; Ent. Corr., 1869, pp. 150, 243, 240 ; lb., Oiketieus coniferamm, pp.
177, 299, pi. 3, f. 4.

Thyridopteryx ephemenrfnrmi.i. Mounts ; Synop. Lep. N. Amer., 1862, p. 142.

Thyridopteryx ephemeraformU. Packard: in Proc. Ent. Soc. Philu., iii, 1864, p.
350; II)., (Eciticu* eoniferarnm Harris MSS.,p. 351; Guide Stud. Ins.,
1869, p. 291, f. 222 ; Ins. Inj. Forest and Shade Trees, 1881, p. 248.

Ifymenopxyrhe coniferorum. Grotk : in Proc. Eut. Soc. Phila., v, 1865, p. 249 ;
Thyridopteryx ephemer/rfvrmis, New Check-list Amer. Moths, 1882, p.
18. no. 202.

Tliyridoptcryx eph* merafarna*. Clemens ; in Proc. Ent. Soc, Phila., vi, 1866, pp.
221, 222; in Tineina N. Amer. (Stainton), 1872, p. 274.

Thyridopteryx epht meratformis. Glover ; in Month. Uepts. Dept. Agricul., 1866,
p. 423. — Rathvon: in Prac. Entomol., ii, 1857, p. 53. — Riley : First
Ann. Rept. Ins. Mo., 1869, pp. 147-151, f. 84. — Kino: in Psyche, iii,
1871, p. 841. — Lintner: in Count, (lent., xlv, 1880, pp. 535, 631.—
Marten: in Thomas' Tenth Rept. Ins. 111., 1881, p. 118, f. 32.— H. Ed-
wards : in Papilio, ii, p. 24.

Numerous reports readied mc from the southern portions of the
State of New York during the summer of 18S0, of depredations upon
arbor vitse, which I was able to refer to the above-named insect. A
letter from West Brighton, Staten Island, stated : " I have recently
found several arbor vitses standing together in a row completely
stripped of their foliage, and covered with cocoons like those sent,
strongly attached to the twigs. I have never before remarked any
thing of the kind. Please inform me whether you know of the arbor
vitaa being frequently despoiled in this manner. If so, its usefulness
as a hedge plant will be greatly impaired."

The Bag or Larval Case and the Insect,
The case built by this insect for its shelter during its caterpillar
stage, and subsequently to serve for its cocoon within which to un-
dergo its pupation, is so peculiar in appearance and structure, that
11

82

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

once seen, or even after a study of its description and illustration, it
cannot fail of being recognized. There are other species of basket-
worms occurring elsewhere which construct similar cases. They are
very much alike, except in size, usually of an elongate, pointed, oval
form, and are composed of a tough silk, interwoven with bits of the
leaves and pieces of the stems of the food-plant upon which they are
found.

These cases are always worn by the larvaa, and when, toward ma-
turity, they have, by continued additions, increased to a large size, they
hang downward (whence their name of bag-worm), in apparently a
cumbersome burden, but, firmly held by the abdominal segments and
their legs, they are carried about with the greatest ease, by means of
the anterior segments and their three pairs of legs extended from the

case, as shown in
Fig. 13 at/. When
alarmed, the larva
retreats within its
case, where it is
kept from falling
by the silken
thread which it
spins and attaches
to the twig in its
travels over the
tree. To those who
are unfamiliar
with the strange-

*ig. 13.— Ihe Bag-worm, Thtridoptertx ephemer.eforhis. — ■> ■,. ,

a, the caterpillar ; b, male pupa ; c, wingless female moth ; d, male lookmo C^Sed cat-

moth; e, section of female pupa and cocoon ;/, case Or bag of erpillars, they and

mature caterpillar ; g, cases of young caterpillars. their Operations

and movements are of great interest. They commence their cases as
soon as they escape from the eggs. These at first appear as little tips
of extraneous matter attached to and surrounding their hinder end.
Gradually they assume the form of a cone, beneath which, when drawn
down to the surface of the leaf, the caterpillar is entirely hidden, as
represented in the little cones at g. With the larval growth the cones
arc enlarged, until they become the oval cases which cover all but the
anterior portion of the larva while feeding.

The male moth, shown at d, is of small size (an inch in spread), and
very plain in appearance, with its transparent and thin wings. The
female is very imperfectly developed, as may be seen from its figure at
c. It has neither legs, wings, antenna?, or any external features from
which one would be led to refer it to the order of Lepidoptera. It is
scarcely more than an animated, although a very sluggish, egg-case.

THE BAG-WORM! A PIZZLE TO EARLY ENTOMOLOGISTS. 83

The immense number of eggs which it contains and their arrangement,
is shown in a section of its pupa within its cocoon-case at e. It is never
seen unless the case is opened, for within its inclosure, its entire Hfo
in its moth state is passed. Indeed, the case shelters it daring nearly-
all of its larval stage, throughout its pupation, its transformation to
the moth, its copulation with the male, its oviposition, and us death.
Those who may desire to acquaint themselves mure fully with the
many interesting details that enter into the life-history of this species
are referred to the excellent paper upon it, by Professor Riley, con-
tained in his First Report on the Inserts if Missouri.

Difficulties attending the Classification of the Species.

The singular appearance of this insect, so unlike most of the Lepi-
doptera, was the occasion of much perplexity in its classification for a
number of years after its discovery. As may be seen from its synonymy,
it was originally described as a Sphinx, although possessing none
of the characteristic features of the SphingidcB. Previous to this, it
had been believed to be a species of Tinea. Later it was regarded as
belonging to the ^Egcridw. An interesting paper upon the species,
assigning it to its true position among the Bonibycida, was communi-
cated by Mr. .1. F. Stephens to the Trans. Ent. Sot: Land., i, 1836, p.
76, under the title of " On the Apparent Identity of Sphinx ephemera?-
formis of Haworth with Psyche plumifera of Ochseuheimer," of which
the following is the substance.

It appears that the original specimen was found in Yorkshire by Mr.
Boton, and was placed in Mr. Dairy's collection. At the sale of this
collection, it was purchased by Mr. Donovan, and at an auction sale of
some of Mr. Donovan's insects, in the catalogue of which it was an-
nounced as "an undescribed Cossus ligniperda," it came into Mr.
Stephens' possession. Mr. Stephens was able to see, upon a cursory in-
spection, notwithstanding its mutilated condition, that it was not a
Sphinx or even one of the Sphingidw. He referred it to " the singular
group known by the name of Sacktrager by the Germans, and con-
sidered by some writers as belonging to another order of insects —
Trivhcpfe'ra Newman, Phrygania Scopoli, and Tcnthrido by Roda; in
fact it appears to be a Psyche of Ochsenheimer [Psyche plumifera],
so far as can be ascertained by the remains of the unique specimen."
Reasons are given why it could not be classed among the JEgeridm
where it had been placed in the first volume of Illustrations of British
Insects, 1834, "nor had it any alliance with Zeuzcra, to which genus
it would appear Donovan had assigned it." It did not fully agree
with Psyche, and a new genus— Thy ridnpferyx, was constituted for it.

The above genus had been published by Stephens prior to the above
paper, in vol. iv, of his Illustrations, page 3S7,printed in 1S35.

84 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

The following generic diagnosis accompanied it :

Antenna short, deeply pectinated on both sides at the base, and ap-
parently simple at the base; head small, eyes globose, rather promi-
nent; thorax very robust; abdomen also robust at base and gradually
attenuated to the apex; wings completely hyaline ; anterior elongate-
lanceolate, discoidal areolet closed, and with a central longitudinal
nervure; first and fourth marginal nervures furcate; posterior wings
small.

It was believed to be allied to Psyche and Fumea and was assigned
place immediately preceding these genera.

Food-Plants of the Larva.
The caterpillar is a very general feeder, readily feeding on a large
number of our fruit, forest, and other trees. It has been observed on
apple, pear, plum, cherry, choke-cherry, apricot, quince, linden, maple,
locust, oak, elm, poplar, osage orange, spruce, hemlock, larch, red
cedar, and arbor vitas. For the last two, it seems to manifest a de-
cided preference. The accounts of its ravages during the year 1880,
which appeared in agricultural journals, were unusually numerous, and
in the majority of instances, the arbor vitse was the greatest sufferer.

Geographical Distribution.

The species is a southern form, and does not occur extensively in the
State of New York. It has not been found in the vicinity of Albany,
and I know only of its occurrence within the State, on Long Island
and Staten Island. Its presence, and injuries from it, are recorded in
Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, Carolina
(North and South), Georgia, Alabama, Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, $nd
Missouri.

Natural Enemies.

Notwithstanding the concealed life of this caterpillar, it appears to
be quite liable to parasitic attack, for no less than six parasites are
known to destroy it. They are the following :

Pimpla inquisitor (Say).— Mr. Glover mentions the destruction
of Th. ephemerwformis by Cryptus inquisitor, a small, yellow-banded
ichneumon fly, with no other information in regard to it.* Originally
described by Say in the genus Iohneumou,\ it was afterward referred to
Cryptus, and in 1870 it was placed, by Mr. Cresson, in Pimpla, in a
synoptical table given of the known species of that genus. J The dis-

*Bept. Commie. Agnail, for I860, p. 41; for description of the larva and pupa, see Bul-
letin No. 3 of the XT. S. Entomolog. Commit., p. 45.
^Contributions to Maclurian Lyceum, i, 1S27, p. 11,
%Trans. Amer. Entomolog. Soc, iii, 1S70, p. 144.

THE BAG-WORM : ITS PARASITES. 85

tractive features ussigued to it in the table by which to distinguish it
from its congeneric forms, are " Body black; legs and coxa? yellowish-
red; posterior tibia? black annulated with white; posterior tarsi white,
the joints tipped with black ; antenna unicolorous, brown or ferru-
ginous ; abdominal segments entirely black ; aureolet of anterior wing
complete; head entirely black- m female, face white in male; teguhe
white." The italicised characters separate it from the next species men-
tioned.

PlMl'LA CONQUISITOR (Say).* — This species, not hitherto published.
to my knowledge, as a parasite upon the bag-worm, f was obtained
from some bags kindly sent to me by Mr. F. G. Shaw, of West
Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y. In the package' containing about two
hundred of the bags, when opened upon its reception, October 12th,
four of the Pimplas were found alive. Others continued to emerge
until November 8th — not in large numbers, however — twenty-one
examples only being obtained. Probably not many had left the co-
coons previously, as it seems to be a late species, in the Southern
States making its appearance in mid-winter or early spring, and
attacking only the last brood of cotton-worms. Quite a difference in
size was shown in the examples, especially in the female, the largest
measuring eight-tenths of an inch to the tip of the ovipositor, and the
smallest but four tenths.

A popular description of this species, as a common parasite upon the
cotton-worm, was given in 1847 by Dr. B. G. Gorham, of Louisiana,
which is quoted in Prof. Comstock's Report upon Cotton Insects, 1879,
p. 190. On page 198 of the same Report, the insect is figured, accom-
panied with Say's original description of the two sexes — the female
described as a distinct species under the name of pleurivinctus.

IIemiteles ? thykikopterigis Riley. — This species, belonging
with the two preceding species to the Ichneumonidm, was described
and figured by Prof. Riley from five examples bred from a cocoon of
the basket-worm. J It is asmall form, being about one-third of an inch
in length, and one-half inch or less in expanse of wings. The oviposi-
tor is about one-half the length of the abdomen. The sexes are quite
unlike in appearance, for while the female is of a dull ferruginous
color, with its front wings covered by two dark bauds, the male is
shining black with the wings destitute of bands or spots. Other dif-

*Bost. Jonrn. Nat. J/i/t., i, p. 234.

tit is possible that tlie example referred to by Say as " obtained from a follicle of the
common folliculate Linnean Bombyx with transparent wings, extremely abundant a few
years since in Maryland." was the T. >]ih<:m*:r<_rformis, although it was identified as Clisio-
campa Americana, the apple-tree tent-caterpillar, by Mr. Walsh. See statement and foot-
note on p. 45 of Bulletin No. 3 of the U. S. Entomological Commission.

%First Rep. Ins. Mo., 1869, p. 150, pi. 2, figs. 11, 12; same description in Rail. No. 6, U.
S. Ent. Comm., 1881, p. B5.

86 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Terences are indicated in the description. This species is stated to be
quite common in Washington (the described examples were from St.
Louis, Mo.), where it is often attacked by a secondary Chalcid para-
site.

Two other species of this genus, viz.: Hemiteles Smithii and H.
setstlis? are parasitic upon Samia Columbia, and have been taken from
its cocoons by Dr. Hagen.*

Chaluis ovata Say. — This large and beautiful Chalcid parasite, and
the following minute one, were obtained by me from the Shaw sending of
cocoons, and are now for the first published as parasitic upon the spe-
cies. Two examples of C. ovata were given out, the first on October
21st; later, another was found dead underneath the cocoons.

Like Pimpla conquisitor, it is also a common parasite upon the cot-
ton-worm in the Southern States. Examples of it continued to emerge
from the pupaB of the cotton-worms sent to the Department of Agri-
culture for breeding, from the 4th of Angust until the 10th of Sep-
tember. It is figured on page 195 of the Report upon Cotton Insects,
and the original description of Say is given. The figure may also be
found in the Departmental Report for the year 1870. f Prof. Riley
has described its earlier stages (larva and pupa), and recorded its wide-
spread distribution throughout the Southern States, West Indies and
Mexico ; also his having reared it from Desmia maculalis, the grape-
leaf folder, in Missouri, and from two species of butterflies, Apatura
Lycaon (Fabr. ) and A. Herse (Pabr.) in the Southern States.^

It is among the larger forms of the genus, measuring one-fifth of an
inch in length ; but one much larger has recently been described by
Mr. Ash mead, from Florida, under the name of Smicra gigantea,
which is 0.43 of an inch long.§

Pteromalus sp. — Thi3 species has not been determined specific-
ally, but it appears to be closely allied to P. pnparum, the parasite so
destructive to the. cabbage-butterfly, Pieris rapce, of which large nunv
bers frequently issue from a single chrysalis. The attack of this spe-
cies seems not to have been a strong one, for only sixteen specimens
were obtained. They were taken during the latter part of October and
first week of November, either at rest upon, or very slowly moving
over, the cases, and it is not, therefore, known, whether they all
emerged from a single pupa.

Prof. Riley, to whom I owe the identification of the above Chalcids,
informs me that he has also reared them from the Thyridopteryx, and,
in addition, the dipterous insect mentioned below.

*Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci., ii, 1875, p. 208.

\Rept. Commis. Ayricul. for 1879, plate 12, fig. 13.

%Bull. No. 3, U. S. Ent. Commis. — The Cotton- Worm, 1880, p. «.

^Canadian Entomologist, xiii, 1881, p. 90.

THE BAG-WORM : REMEDIES FOR ATTACK. 87

Tachina ? sp. — This fly, a large bluish Tachinid, has not been
specifically determined. Its eggs had been found by Prof. Riley com-
monly attached to the bags, always externally near the neck, whence
the young larvas, upon hatching, worked their way into the case. They
frequently failed, however, to reach their victim, as was proved by a
number of empty egg-shells upon bags in which the larva was not
parasitized.

Remedies.

Undoubtedly, either of the arsenical insecticides applied to their
food-plants would destroy the young larva1; but the best method of
arresting the depredations of this insect, when it abounds to an annoy-
ing extent, is to collect the cases by hand when they have attained a
size to permit of their easy discovery, and crush or burn them. This is
a very effectual method with this species, for as the female has not tho
power of flight, being without wings, and never leaves its case even for
the deposit of its eggs, a tree which has once been completely de-cater-
pillared (to translate a French word), can only become re-infested
from contact of its branches with another infested tree, or from such
a proximity to it that the intermediate space of ground could bo
traversed by caterpillars driven to migration for their food. The in-
convenience of dragging their rough cases over the ground would pre-
vent their travel to any great distance.

An instance is recorded of two barrels of the cases of this insect
having been gathered and destroyed at one time from some young trees
in a public park in the city of St. Louis, Mo.*

Tolype laricis (Fitch).

The Larch Lappet.

(Ord. Lepidoptera : Fam. Bombyctdje.)
Planosa laricis Frrcu : in Trans. N. Y. St. Agricul. Soc. for 1855, xv, 1856, pp.

494-501, pi. 2, figs. 5,6; 1st and 2d Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1856, pp. 262-269,

pi. 2, figs. 5,6.
Oastropacha laricis. Morris : Synop. Lep. North Amer., 1862, p. 234 (description)
Oastropacha velleda (Stoll), var. minuta Grote ; in Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., ii, 1863,

p. 433.
Tolype laricis. Packard: in Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., iii, 1864, p. 387; Ins. Inj.

Forest and Shade Trees, 1881, p. 254.
Tolype laricis. Grote: in Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc. for Nov. 1874, xiv. p. 262-
Tolype laricis. Gilbert : in Papilio, ii, p. 25 (food-plant and date of collection).

The common name of the larch lappet-moth given to this species
by its original describer, Dr. Fitch, was in consideration of the par-

* First Report on the Insects of Missouri, 1S69, p. 151.

88 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

ticular food-plant, upon which, up to that time, it had only been ob-
served : it is, however, now known to occur upon the pine and hem-
lock, and will doubtless be met with upon other of the evergreens.
The designation of lappet is borrowed from English writers who have
employed it for those caterpillars which are characterized by lappets or
leg-like appendages, placed in line on their sides, from which many
long hairs are given out, which nearly or entirely conceal the legs by
forming a lateral fringe to the flattened body.

Protective Mimicry.

The generic name of Planosa, meaning, in the Greek, a deceiver,
which Dr. Fitch proposed for this species, referred to the deceptive
appearance which it presents in both its caterpillar and moth stages,
and which is a prominent characteristic of its associated lappet cater-
pillars. Dr. Fitch has so ably and so faithfully described this feature,
that we transcribe what he has written : —

"The modes by which nature has endowed many insects to enable
them to elude the search of birds and other enemies are truly wonder-
ful. Among the insects thus endowed, the lappet-moths and their
caterpillars have often excited the admiration of the curious. The lat-
ter, when in repose have the body flattened, somewhat like that of a
leech, and on each side of each segment projects a little lappet or flat
lobe. These lappets are pressed down upon the surface of the limb
on which the worm is at rest. The sides of the body are also
fringed with hairs which are similarly appressed to the limb. Thus
all appearance of an abrupt elevation or an interstice to indicate
the ends and sides of the worm is obliterated, and it resembles
merely a slight swell of the natural bark, the deception being made
complete by the color, which is commonly identical in its hue with
the bark. And when there are spots or marks upon the caterpillar,
they imitate the glandular dots, scars, and other discolomtions which
will be seen upon the bark around it. Even upon the closest scrutiny,
the eye fails to detect any thing by which we can be assured this eleva-
tion is not a tumor which has grown in the bark. * * * *
The cocoons which they construct upon the limbs are equally exact
counterfeits of the bush. One of these upon a limb of the wild black
cherry is now in the museum of the State Agricultural Society. It is
placed longitudinally in the slight angle formed exteriorly where one
limb branches from another, and a piece of putty could not be more
perfectly moulded into this angle and smoothed off so as to leave no .
inequality. The bark of the cherry is blackish with transverse whitish
streaks, and this cocoon presents the same colors and of tints almost

THE LARCH LAPPET I ITS MIMICRY AND RARITY. 89

the same, and what is most remarkable, it mono place shows a whitish
streak continued from the hark upon the surface of the cocoon. And
finally, in their perfect state, the moths imitate appearances which are
common upon the particular trees on which they dwell; those upon
(lei'iiluous trees, in the colors and scalloped margins of their wings
resembling a tuft of withered leaves ; those upon evergreens resemb-
ling a scar where the turpentine has exuded and concreted into a
whitish mass."

The above statements are not too highly drawn. On the occasion
of my rearing a colony of the caterpillars, noticed below, I called tie' at-
tention of an entomological friend, who prilled him-
self on the possession of naturally keen sight so trained
by long experience in collecting, that few caterpillars
could escape his eye, to four of these larva: upon
a small twig before him. They were extended at
length upon the side of the twig toward him ; they
were within reach of his extended finger ; but he was
unable to discover them until their presence was re-
vealed to him, by my touching them one after the
other, and eliciting unmistakable evidence of life.
Their cocoons which I have met with abroad, wonder-
fullv borrowed the hue of the bark where they rested,
ami simulated excrescences upon the twigs. One of
Fig. 14.— Cocoon fhem, more conspicuously placed than many, is shown

of TOLYPE LAK1CIS, -p. .. .

attached to a twig, in fig- 1*.

The Species Usually Rare.
The insect is probably not rare in nature, but for the reason above
given, it usuallv eludes observation. The caterpillars remain motion-
less during the day upon the bark, which they only leave on the ap-
proach of night for feeding on the leaves. The flight of the moths is
almost confined to the male sex ; their colors are dingy and obscure ;
thev take wing after night-fall, and we may venture to assert that their
flight extends but little beyond the " bee-line" in which they are un-
erringly drawn to their mates. The species is a rarity in our collec-
tions. Its history has never been written, and I am therefore glad,
through the opportunity recently presented of observing its transforma-
tions, to be able to contribute the account to the still small number of
life-histories of our insects which we possess. Such contributions,
however humble, are always appreciated by true naturalists, and they
form the foundation of our best economic work.
12

90 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOUIST.

Oviposition of a Moth.

A female of Tolype laricis was taken at Bath, near Albany, on Sep-
tember 6th, resting on the trunk of a pine. Near it, upon the bark
and but slightly raised above its rough surface, was the fiat cocoon from
which the moth had apparently but lately emerged. Under the pre-
sumption that its escape from the cocoon had occurred during the day,
and that it had not therefore been visited by a mate, it was thought
useless to attempt to procure eggs from it for rearing by confining it
in a box, as is frequently done by collectors with many of the
Bombycidce. With a feeling of regret that the capture of so rare a
species could not be made to contribute to the knowledge of its earlier
and unknown stages, it was dropped in the cyanide (poison) bottle,
preparatory to its pinning for the cabinet.

After lying in the collecting bottle for several minutes it was taken
out and pinned. The box containing it and the other collections of
the afternoon (Catocala cara, C. concumbens, C. piatrix, etc.), was set
aside, from want of time for their preparation, until the following day.
When the box was opened the laricis was found to have recovered from
the effects of the cyanide, and to have commenced oviposition ; it had
already deposited about twenty eggs in an irregular cluster. In the
hope that the eggs may possibly have been fertilized, they were care-
fully preserved. Oviposition was continued during the two following
days, and on the third, the moth was found dead — her abdomen
shrunken to about one-fourth of its original size, the terminal tuft of
hairs entirely removed (they were distributed over the eggs), and with
the anal aperture distended to so remarkable a size as to make the in-
sect an interesting specimen for the cabinet.

The Eggs.

The eggs, about fifty in number, remained in a cool room during
the winter, and in early spring were placed upon my table-
Or^| They proved to have been fertilized, and I was so fortunate as
€8*e to detect their first hatching. It occurred on the 5th day of
F April, when two larvse emerged. They hatched very unequally,

Tolypb and up to the 17th of April, thirty had appeared. The follow-
ers. " ing are the observed dates of the hatching of additional larvae:
On the 17th, four ; on the 23d, four; on the 24th, one; on the 25th, two ;
on the 28th, three ; on the 29th, two ; on the 30th, one, and the last —
forty-seven in all : thus eg°:s deposited during three days (Sept. 7-9),
were twenty-five days in giving out their larvae (April 5-30).

THE LARCH LAPPET: ITS FIRST AND 8KC0ND STAGES. 01

The eggs are a glossy reddish-brown, broadly oval, somewhat flattened
upon their attached side, about 0.05 inch long, by 0.04 inch broad ;
the surface, under a magnifying power of lit'ty diameters, shows irregu-
lar hexagonal reticulations, of which the elevated lines are divided by
H tine impressed line. The shell is moderately thick. The larva eats
an opening in one end of sufficient size for its escape, but in some in-
stances a large portion of the shell is subsequently eaten. The eggs
laid under my observation have been so covered with the anal hairs of
the moth as almost entirely to hide them from sight. Fig. 15 repre-
sents a cluster of them.

The Larvae in their First Stage.
The larva, on emerging from the egg, measures one-tenth of an inch
in length, is of a dull green color, with a black dorsal line. The head,

shown in Fig. 16, enlarged to six diameters, is brown, crossed
© centrally by a white horizontal line, another shorter one be-
F iieath parallel to it, just above the mouth-parts, and two nearly

Head of perpendicular ones on the superior front of the head, obsoletely
"ar^if united below by a curved line. Rows of tubercles traverse the
laLrici3 body, from which long hairs proceed, of which those of the first
in first segment are longer than the body, and those on the terminal

segment are as long as the body. The legs are long, and pro-
ject laterally — more conspicuously so when the caterpillar is walking.
Twelve of the larvae died during this stage before attaining their first
molting. Their greatest length was one-fourth of an inch. This
stage was of varying duration, extending from sixteen to thirty-three
days.

Second Larval Stage.
The first molting commenced on April 21st, and terminated on the
8th of May, extending over seventeen days — a considerable less range
than that shown in the hatching of the eggs (17:25). The following is
the record of the observed moltings:

21

Mav 2

" 3

22

7 "

1 larva.

23

8 "

" 5

24

5 "

" 7

28

" 8

20

1 "

—

33 larvae.
On emerging from its first molt, the larva measured 0.3 inch. The
frontal lines of the head, before nearly perpendicular and parallel, now
converge below, resembling the letter U ; the brown portions, under a

92 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

leus, show indistinct mottlings (see Fig. 17). The body tapers regu-
larly from the first to the last segment. The dorsal line is
tfgk brown, with pale borders. On the summit of the third seg-
** ment is a fuscous patch, behind which, extending over the
-incisure, is a pale patch, convex in front and straight be-
H<md'of5T<> hind, bounded by the four tubercles of the fourth segment.
ltph laricis On the seventh segment is a small pale patch. The sides

in its second ° •,• i ,. ■ » 11 i

stage. of the body are gray, wi I h irregular linings. A subdorsal

row of black tubercles bear several long black hairs, beneath which is
a dull orange interrupted line. The tubercles of the substigmatal row
bear numerous shorter white hairs.

During their rests from feeding the larva? resort to the stems, where,
with flattened body pressed to the surface and with head extended,
they can scarcely be discovered.

At the close of this stage, which ranged from seven to eighteen days,
the larva? measured one-half an inch in length.

Third Larval Stage.

The second molting commenced seven days after the earliest of the
first, and continued until May 9th, thus overlapping the first molt.
The molts recorded (eight not observed) are as follows:

April 28 1 larva. May 5 4 larvae.

" 29 1 " •' C 1 larva.

" 30 4 larva?. " 8 1 "

May 1 5 '• " 9 2 larvae.

'• 2 6 " —

Total 25 larvse.

Immediately following this molting, the larva measures 0.55 inch.
The frontal white lines of the head are more convergent, approaching
a V, and some confluent lateral lines are seen resembling a B (not well
shown in the figure), the brown portions arc distinctly mot-
tled, and numerous white hairs are given out from beneath
the white transverse band (P:g. 18). The color and markings
y1Gl8_ of the body are nearly as in the preceding stage. The sub-
Head of t]orsa] tubercles are more prominent and are slate-colored

T O L V P E *

laricis in apically ; two or three long black hairs proceed from each in
stage. a horizontal direction. The short gray lateral hairs are now
so numerous, that they form a fringe to the body, which, as the larva
res's on a leaf of the pine, curve downward and inward, so that some
of the tips meet underneath. The subdorsal stripe is geminate, masked
with orange opposite each tubercle. The tubercles of the third seg-
ment are more prominent than the others.

THE LAKCII LAITET LABVA : ITS FOCKTU STAGE. 93

Fourth Larval Stage.

The third molting, as in the second, commenced Boven days after
the earliest of the preceding molt, on .May 5th, when but about two-
thirds of the larva bad undergone their seooud ohaugo. Of the dura-
tion of this molt, or of the dates of molting, uo record was kept.

The larva' show the following dorsal markings. Keating on segments
3 and 4, a sublenticular yellow spot, bordered with velvety black, and
bisected by a narrow brown mesial line; on segment 7, a yellow Bpot of
which the anterior portion is split by a wedge-shaped brown projection
— its greatest breadth between the tubercles, extending on segment 8
and terminating in a point, between the tubercles of this segment. In
some examples, a somewhat similar Bhaped Bpot of paler yellow is seen
on segment 9, extending a little on segment- 10. The yellow lateral
markings which in the former stage formed an interrupted line below
the tuberclea ore reduced to a series of indistinct ochreona spots at the
base of each tubercle. The cylindrical tubercles on segment 3 are
quite projecting and rounded at the tip ; the subdorsal tuberclea pre-
sent the following ratio of size in the order of their occurrence : 1, 2,
7, 9, G, 10, 5, 4, 12, 11, 8, 3 (that on segment 1 being the largest, and
on segment 9 the smallest). The subjoint of segment 12 has two ele-
vated black points. The barbed gray hairs composing the fringe have
some barblesa ones mingled with them. The legs are lirteous, marked
with black exteriorly, and are nearly hidden by the overlapping fringe.

Beneath, on segment 2. are three small mesial spots ; on segment
3 are two spots ; on the following segments, an obscure larger one
mesially on each ring ; the body ventrally is marked with crinkled
lines.

Previous to the fourth molting, the larvae measure 1.2 inch. The
8th tubercle in the subdorsal row is conical; the 11th has
abroad base, extending anteriorly to the incisure. Upon
the first five segments the barbed hairs of the fringe are

more numerous.

This stage, as was ascertained later, was the last larval

stage of a portion of the brood ; a part entered upon a

Fig. 19.-Head fifth stage. The head of these, taken from cast head-

cf-^fJmaiet"^ cases at their fourth molting (enlarged to six diameters

fourth stage. as tiie preceding ones), is represented in Fig. 19.

Mature Larva.
The largest attained a length of nearly one inch and a half. The
color is a dull brown, resembling that of the bark of the pine twig.
The head is covered, with black hairs superiorly, and with gray hairs

94

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

anteriorly. When extended, the front of segment 1 is pale green, and
the incisure of segments 2-3 is shining black. The three dorsal spots
are pale greenish -yellow ; the central spot, on segment 7, has a, fleur-
de-lis form ; the following one, on segment 9, is small and geminate ;
and on segment 11, in a number of the larvae, ia a fourth spot, usually
smaller than the preceding. Of the tubercles, arranged in subdorsal
rows, those on segment 8 are the largest, exceeding in height and
diameter of base those on segment 2, and are directed somewhat back-
ward. A lens shows short hairs over the body, and on the summit of
the tubercles are larger ones, curving inward; the body is lined with
short, black streaks. From the tips of the lappets long, black hairs
of an unequal length are given out, while their margins and interven-
ing portions of the body bear numerous shorter gray hairs, many of
which are barbed ; these form a fringe directed downward when the
larva is resting on a small branch, wholly concealing the legs and
nearly hiding the long prologs. In addition to these lappets (a sub-
stigmatal row), there is a single one of a little larger size on the first
segment, in front of the first spiracle, the hairs of which project along
tie side of the head. All the lappets are margined with a black line
which is more distinct upon the anterior one: the first three point for-
ward, the others backward. The larva has the power of elevating or
depressing one or more of the lappets at pleasure: when in motion,
they are borne" horizontally ; at other times, all but the thoracic ones
are depressed. The prolegs are obscure greenish. The ventral re-
gion is of the same color, with a lenticular blackish spot on the first
five segments.

The Cocoon.
The first cocoon was spun on the 17th of May, forty-three days after
the earliest hatching of the larvae. Within two days, seven cocoons were
made: in all, thirty-three were obtained. For
the reason that the twigs upon which the
larvae had been fed were of a small size and
without the branches at the giving off of
which the cocoons are usually placed, nearly
all were spun upon the flat sides of the feed-
ing cage, where they presented the appear-
ance shown in Fig. 2U : none were placed in
the angles or corners. Their ground-work
usually extended at some distance beyond the
cocoon proper, for while its average length
was less than one inch, that oE the ground-
work often exceeded one, inch and a half.
The cocoon is of a pale gray coior, elongate
Fig. 20.- Cocoon ofToLYPB oval qaite flattened beneath, its elevation

laricis, spun upon a flat eur- > i

face. being but about one-half its breadth, rough-

THE LARCH LAPPET: ITS PUPA AND PUPATION.

95

ened externally, smooth interiorly, moderately firm unci thick but
diaphanous, composed of two layers of silk, which are usually more
closely united than represented in Fig. 21, which shows the under
surface with the thin lower layer forming the ground-work removed,
disclosing the pupa-case from which the moth has emerged through
the ruptured upper part of the cocoon.

The Pupa.
The pupa is dark-brown, about O.OO inch long, from 0.27 to 0.30
inch broad across the wing-cases, and only about 0.18
inch thick, being much flattened beneath. The in-
cisures are deep and the segments well rounded, and
continuing broad in the female, as shown in the
figure, until their abrupt termination. The anal
segment is tipped upon its upper side with two mi-
nute sharp teeth or by a bifid tubercle having a small
granulation (shown under a lens) on each side. The
male pupa is readily recognizable by its narrower ter>
minal segments, and the well-defined antennae cases
„,Fl0,m1— Pupa" showing at the point of the antenna! twist a sensible

case of Tolype lah- o 1

icis, within its co- contraction, and above it abroad lobe-like expansion,

coon, seen from be- , . . ... , r,, .. ,

Death, wiiii lower outwardly beyond the regular curve ol this portion 01
surface removed. tju, pgpj^ The features of the female pupa are essen-
tially shown in the pupa-case, represented within its cocoon, in Fig. 21.

Pupation.

The pupation was quite brief — only twelve days, if three days be
allowed for the change within the cocoon of the larva to the pupa.
The first moth emerged June 1. The following is the record of dates
of emergence of the thirty-three examples obtained : it is of interest
in not showing the priority in the time of the male, which is found
in many lepidoptera, but a singular alternation between the sexes of
the first half of the brood: —

June 1

" 4 1

" 5

" 6 3

" 7 :

" 8 2

" 9

" 11 1

"12 -l

" 13

90 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OP THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

6 ?

June 14 2 1

" 15 1

" 18 2

" 17 1

" 18 1

" '9 1

" 20 1 i

Total ]5 18

The Moth.
Dr. Fitch has given an excellent detailed description of the moth,
which, in consideration of the small edition of the Report published
and its scarcity at the present time, we herewith present : —

"The males [represented in Fig. 22] measure 0.60 inch in length
to the tip of the abdomen and of the wings, and one incji across the
latter when they are spread. The head is 'densely clothed with white
hairs in front and with blackish ones upon each
side around the eyes. The feelers are minute and
are wholly enveloped and concealed by fine long
hairs, their ends forming a slight projection, like
the point of a camel's hair pencil. These hairs
are blackish on their outer sides and ash-gray
within. The antennas are short, about a third of

Larch %pei!m°oth- the. lenS.th of the body and are abruptly bent near
Tolvpe laricis. their middle,* or with the ends straight in both

directions from their crook near their middle, when they present the
shape of an inverted V. They are furnished with two rows of coarse
branches, which are long from the base to the crook, where they are
abruptly shortened to half their previous length, and continue thence
to gradually diminish in length to their tips. Each branch has a row
of very fine hairs along one side resembling eye-lashes. The mouth
has only the minute rudiments of a spiral tongue, and this not coiled
as we see it in moths generally. The thorax is clothed with long
hairs of a dark gray color, those at its anterior end white, and on its
posterior part is an oblong crest of glossy scales, slender and hair-like,
with their ends dilated into an oval, flattened knob, in shape resem-
bling a spoon, of an auburn-brown color, arranged like the hairs of a
moustache, and jutting up from thesurrounding prostrate hairs, form-
ing a large tuft or protuberant oblongspot, broadest posteriorly and nar-
rowing to its anterior end. The abdomen tapers slightly from its base
to the tip, and is clothed with blackish hairs above, whitish ones be-
neath, its apex having a dense tuft of long, pure white ones. The wings
are quite small for such a thick-bodied, heavy' moth. They are semi-
transparent, being thinly covered with brown scales which are commonly
denuded, the wings then appearing perfectly transparent, like glass".
Their veins are robust and white, with darker, irregular bands. The
hind margins of both pairs of wings are entire and not in the least

•This feature is not shown in the figure.

THE LARCH LAPPET I DESCRIPTION OF Til H MOTH. 97

toothed or scalloped. When at rest they are pressed against the sides
of the abdomen, in the form of a steep roof, the outer edges of the hind
wing- protruding more or less from under the outer edge of the fore
ones. The legs [which are stretched forward at rest] are heavily
clothed exteriorly with tufts of long, snowy-white hairs, the forward
shanks having a butt of blackish ones on their insides at their ha.se.
The female, shown in Pig, 33, is quite unlike the male, being much
larger and differently colored. It has a pe-
culiarly delicate or mellow appearance, from
the softness of its colors and the thinness and
translucency of its wings. The latter, when
extended, measure an inch and a half or
slightly less. Their hind edge is occupied by
a slender white band or line. Forward of this
is a narrow, pale, dusky band which is
Fio. 88.— Female of the abruptly widened near its middle to double
L»rch lappet-moth. its usual breadth, this widened part occupying

two of the interstices between the reins. This band is margined ou
its anterior side by a white line, by which it is separated from a much
broader and more dusky band, which is waved in its middle in con-
formity with the dilation in the narrow band behind it. Forward of
this the wings are milk-white, crossed by four very faint, equi-distant,
wavy bands of the same delicate, pale, dusky hue with those behind,
these bands being often obsolete on the middle of the wing and dis-
tinct at their ends only. The veins are prominent and white, form-
ing slender lines of this. color crossing all the bands. The hind wings
are of the same soft, dusky tint as the bands on the fore-wings, but
more pale; ou their hind margin is a white line or slender band. The
hind edge of both pairs of wings is perfectly entire as in the male, and
their fringe is pale dusky on the fore-wings, crossed with white
lines at the tips of the veins. The body is clothed with incumbent
milk-white hairs, the tip of the abdomen having a pale brown tuft, and
the crest on the base of the thorax appears like a large, elevated, black-
ish spot. The antennas in this sex are very slightly crooked m their
middles, and their branches, though equally thick with those of the
males, are much shorter, being about four times as long as the diame-
ter of their stalk. These branches are longest in the middle, and are
gradually shorter from thence, both toward the base and the tips."

Sexual Difference in the Larval Moltings.
It has been my habit to preserve all the head-cases cast off at the
several moltings of the lepidopterous larva? reared by me from the egg,
to serve a3 a tangible record of the number of molts undergone, and
for the further reason that they usually present interesting specific
features which render them valuable for illustration, and for preserva-
tion iu a biological collection. In collecting the head-cases of the above
brood of T. laricis, I was at a loss to account for the great deficiency
in number of those of the fourth molt. There were fifteen less than
in the preceding molt. When the moths had all emerged — equal in
13

98 FIRST ANNUAL EEPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

number to the number of the cocoons — it was found that there
were fifteen males and eighteen females. The mystery of the deficient
head-cases was solved. The fifteen male larvae had spun up in their
cocoons after three molts, and the females had undergone an addi-
tional molt before maturing and forming their cocoons.

That a female moth may undergo one molting more than the male
had been before noticed. Prof. Kiley records it as the rule in the de-
velopment of Orgyia leiccostigma, the white-spotted tussock moth,
which deposits the white froth-coated egg-masses upon the trunks of
the elm and horse chestnut trees, which its caterpillars injure so seri-
ously and often defoliate in Albany and other of our cities. Of this
species he states* that the male caterpillars spin up in cocoons about
six days before the females, which continue their growth until they at-
tain about twice the size of the males.

An additional molting of the female Orgyia antiqua Linn., in Eng-
land, has recently been recorded (Ent. Month. Mag., xix, p. 210).

Observations made by me during the last summer render it almost
certain that this same sexual difference in the moltings exists also in
Callosamia Promethea (Drury). The cocoons which I have in my
possession, obtained from a brood of larvaa raised last summer, will per-
mit of a positive determination on this interesting point.

Annual Broods.
There are two annual broods of this species. The hibernating eggs
produce moths in June and July, which at once deposit eggs to
give the second brood of moths in the month of September. I have
captured them, at rest upon trees, at different times between the 1st
and 6th of September. Eggs of the first brood, obtained during the
first week in July, showed some black spots on the 9th, depressed sides
on the 12th, and changed to a pearly-white color a day before their
hatching on the 19th.

Distribution.
It does not appear to be a widely distributed species. It is known
to me only from New York and the New England States. It seems to
be much more rare and limited than its longer known congeneric
species, Planosa velleda Stoll, which is occasionally met with upon
apple, elm, and a few other trees, throughout the Eastern and Middle
States, extending into Georgia (Smith-Abbot), Kansas (Snow), and
Illinois (French).

Remedies.
The rarity of this insect renders it unnecessary to indicate means
for its destruction. It probably will never appear as a pest, unless a

*First Report on the Insects of Missouri, 1869, p. 145.

THE VIOLET NBPHELODEB : ITS BIBLIOGRAPHY. 99

colony should take possession ofasmaU evergreen prized us an ornament.
In this event, its presence would be shown by the closely eaten leaves,
when the larva1 should be sought for resting upon the trunk during
their repose by day. and if discovered (which is extremely doubtful, for
reasons previously shown), if they could be induced to release their
hold to the bark, they might be boxed and sent to some entomologist,
who would gladly undertake to arrest all further injury from them
or their descendants for all future time.

Nephelodes riolans (Juenee.

Larva : The bronze-colored cut-worm.

Moth: The Violet Nephelodes.

(Ord. Lepidoptera : Fam. NoCTUiD.ffi.)

Gi'f.nee: Sp. Glen. Lep. v. — Noct., i, 1852, p. 130, uo. 204 (original description).
Lintner : iii 83d Kept. X.Y. Si. Cab. X. II., 1S72, p. 194; in 26th Kept. X. Y St.

Mas. X. H., 1874, p. 180; Ent. Contrib., iv,1878, pp. 34, 4f>, 49, 119 (dates

of colli . in 7th Rept, Adiron. Botv. St. of X. \"., isso, p. 386; in

St. Lawr. Bepub., June 8.1SS1; in Country Kent., Jmie9, 1881, xlvi, p. 375;

in Albany Eve. Journ., July 1, 1881.
Snow ; in Trans. Ivans. Aoad. Sci., iv, 1S.0, p. 43 (common in Kansas).
NORMAN ; in Canad. Entomol., viii, 18*<3, p. G9 (moth common in Ont.); Id. vii,

1^75, p. 6.
TiiA.xrioR ; in Psyche, ii, 1S77, p. 3G (occurrence in Mass.).
FitiiNcn : in Prairie Farmer, April 6, 1878; in Thomas' 7th Rept. Ins. 111., 1878,

pp. 99, 220 (description of larva and moth and habits); in Canad. Entomol.,

x, 1^78, p. 61 (description of larva and pupa).
Fouhes : in Amer. Entomol., iii, 1880, p. 231 (larva from blue bird).
Riley: in Amer. Xat., xv, lssl, pp. 57.J-577 (larval habits and description); in

Amer. Entomol., iii, 1880, p. 20o (habits, etc.).
Osborn : in Iowa Homestead, June 17, 1881 (diseased larva?).

The caterpillar of this species was associated with that of Crambus
vulgivagellus in its attacks upon the pastures of St. Lawrence county,
N. Y. (noticed in the following pages), and probably, in other of the
adjoining counties. The association, however, was rather one of time
than in depredations, for, from the habit of the caterpillar of conceal-
ing itself by day under some object lying upon the ground, and com-
ing out at night for feeding, it is not at all probable that its injuries
would extend to any distance from its hiding place or embrace the
entire area of a pasture or meadow, as did those of the Crambus larva.
Its favorite biding places seem to be pieces of wood, such as fence-rails,
and the excrenienta of cows. In proportion as these abounded in grass-
land, in a like proportion might its depredations be distributed.

100 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

The Caterpillars in St. Lawrence County.

A few of the caterpillars (not more than four or five examples)
were among my collections in the towns of Canton and Potsdam, on
May 19th and 20th. Upon my return to Albany, when it was found
that nearly all of the Crambus larva? which I had collected, had died,
and it was doubtful if any would mature, in compliance with my
request for additional specimens, a box of fifty or more larvee was sent
to me, with the following interesting statement of their abundance,
under date of May 23d.*

" Last Saturday (21st), the farmers reported that the caterpillars
were dying, as they found the dead skins under the (/round. This morn-
ing I went to our pasture to see if this was so. I found comparatively
few such as were seen last week, but under every stick I turned, ex-
cept two, were larva?, such as sent by express to you to-day, together
with cast-off skins of last molt. It appears, therefore, that instead of
dying, they were molting. Under about twenty sticks I found one
hundred larvae such as sent, some few of 2d and 3d molt [C. vulgiva-
gettus], and three of other Lepidoptera."

They were large, stout, caterpillars, as represented in Fig. 24, of
from one inch and a quarter to rather more than one
inch and a half in length, with a yellowish head, a broad
pale band upon the sides in which are the breathing-
pores (spiracles), and in the most distinctly marked ex-
amples, with five additional lines upon the back and
sides, more or less distinct. Their general color was of
an olive-green.

That it was thought at the first, both by my corre-
spondent and myself that these might be but an advanced
stage of the forms previously collected,! may find excuse
in that it was expected that the latter had still one or
two molts to undergo before attaining their maturity.
Such extensive depredations as observed had been men-
tally associated with a species at least as large as Leu-
rania unipuncta, and to attain this size two additional
moltings would be required. It was not thought that
Fig 24 —Cater- they were near maturity ; when, therefore, they so sud-
piiiar of theVio- denly disappeared , and at the same time, another form

lot Nephelodes — .

Nephelodes vio- was discovered in large number, together with their cast
size. ' skins, it was but natural to accept the two phases as the

*For these examples, for additional sendings, for valuable observations, communicated
to me from time to time, upon this species and Crambus vulgivagellus, and for first con-
veying to me the information of the abundant presence of these species, and for many
other similar favors, I desire to express my deep obligations to Miss A. Clarkson, of Pots-
dam, New York.

t For an account of these collections see the pages upon Crambus vulgivagellus larvae.

THE VIOLET NEPHELODES : DIFFICULT TO REAR. 101

resultof an intervening molt, particularly, as changes are known to at-
tend the moltings of some species,quite as marked,in general appearance,
as were these. The suddenness of the replacement of the forms is shown
in this fact stated in a letter of Miss Clarkson to me: " When you were
here (20th inst.), the striped larvffl were one to hundreds of the spot-
ted, while on the Monday following (23d), it was just the other way.''
A few days later (May 27th), my correspondent wrote me: <: This
morning I found fourteen of the caterpillars under a piece of fence-
rail about four inches wide and four feet long. They are also found
under leaves, stems and dried excrement. The grass around their hid-
ing places is eaten off at the top."

Unsuccessful Attempt to rear the Caterpillars.

The caterpillars sent to me, as above stated, were received May 25th,
and placed in a large tin vessel where they were furnished daily with
a supply of fresh grass. On June 1st several of the larvae had ma-
tured and entered the ground contained in the case for pupation,
while others took position in shallow cells which they had excavated
beneath a paper covering the surface of the ground. By the 8th of
June all of the larva? had ceased feeding. They were observed daily,
but it was evident that the conditions of confinement were unfavor-
able to their development. Dead ones were removed from time to
time from their cells beneath the paper, while others, but slightly
changed in appearance, still occupied the cells on July 1st. At this
time a large dipterous parasite, enveloped in some silken threads, was
found upon the ground. Wishing to take the larvae with me upon
leaving home, on July 10th. the ground was turned out and examined,
when, with a number of dead, one pupa was discovered, one still un-
changed larva, four cocoons of a species of ichneumon, and one of
apparently a different species. The pupa died, and I failed to secure a
single moth.

With a second sending of fifty larva? on June 4th, I was equally un-
successful. Nearly one-half of the number were still feeding on June
8th, at which date one example passed its last larval molt. On the
25th those that survived were occupying cells within or on the surface
of the ground, but were uncomfortable from the presence of a large
number of a minute, white, agile species of the Podurina? which in-
fested the earth and could be seen upon their bodies. The insect was
believed to be Campodeafragilis Meinert, figured in the American En-
tomologist, vol. iii, p. 199, f. 104, but it was not positively identified.
For the purpose of freeing the larva? from these pests, they were re-
moved to a box containing dampened paper. The moisture proved

102 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

insufficient for them, and two days later the larger number were found
dead.

Some of the larvas were sent by me to Prof. Eiley, at Washington.
They were at once identified by him as a species with which he had
been familiar in Missouri, and from which he had bred the moth
known as Nephelodes vidians Gueu. He had found it extremely diffi-
cult to rear in confinement, and only after repeated failures was he success-
ful in carrying the caterpillars through to their perfect stage. In a
recent reference to the caterpillar, as having been found in the stomach
of a blue-bird shot in Normal, 111., he had characterized it as " the
bronzed cut-worm."

Description of the Larva.
Prof. Riley, in compliance with my request for such of his MS.
notes as he might spare me for publication, has kindly sent me the
following description of the early stages of the caterpillar:

"The larva in its first stage is bright green with the head pale gamboge-yellow,
the cervical shield of the same color, and the three narrow dorsal pale lines and
broader stigmatal pale stripe almost white, and not showing on the plates. The
intermediate faint line between the subdorsal and stigmatal stripes is obsolete,
and the space between all the lines is more nearly equal than in the last stage,
the stigmatal stripe extending above the stigmata where later it becomes purely
substigmatal. In the second stage there is little change, but in the third the
lines show through the plates which become darker. The piliferous spots
which subsequently become subobsolete are in the earlier stages dark and more
conspicuous and normal, and the front prolegs are never atrophied."

The following description of the young larva, giving mainly colora-
tional features not contained in the above, and also of the mature
form, is published by Prof. Riley in vol. xv of the American Natu-
ralist, pp. 576-7.

" The young larva is green but early shows the pale- stripes. When about one-
third grown the general hue is olive-green with the cervical and anal plates but
little darker. The head is pale greenish, faintly freckled, and with a few dark
hairs ; the sutures pale, the mandibles tinged with blood-red, and brown at ex-
tremities, and the ocelli distinct on a pale ground, the second and third from
below, black, the others light. The three dorsal stripes and the narrower supra-
stigmal line are very pale greenish-yellow, the broader substigmatal stripe of a
clearer cream-yellow with a faint carneous tint.

"Mature larva : — Larger specimens fully 1.9 inch long, largest in the middle
of the body and tapering slightly each way, especially toward anus. Color,
brownish-bronze, the surface faintly corrugulate but polished, the piliferous
spots obsolete. A darker, highly polished cervical shield and anal plate. A
medio-dorsal and subdorsal stripe of a buff, or dull flesh-color, each stripe of
about equal diameter (nearly 0.04 inch on middle joints), forming narrower, paler
lines on the plates and nearly converging on the anal plate ; a similar but some-
what broader substigmatal stripe which is wavy below : between subdorsal and

THE VIOLET XKl'HKLODES . LARVAL NOTES.

103

stigmata] stripes a faintly indicated pale line dividing the space nearly equa ly.
Venter nearly of same buff color, with a tinge of green. Head perpendicular.
immaculate, paler than body, rugulose, sub-polished, faintly translucent, pale
,live the jaws, and sometimes the mouth-parts, darker. Legs and prolegs
of same pale olive color, the latter with a black band at outer base. Stigmata

" One of the most marked Noctuid larva-, at once distinguished from all others
known to me when full-grown by the pale Immaculate head (recalling copal) and
the polished, bronzy or umber color of body. The upper stripes are often obso-
lete or sub-obsolete in the middle of body, but are persistent on the plates. I he
bronzv color in paler specimens is due to brown and yellow mottlings, and ...
dark specimens becomes nearly black , while the spots are generally minutely
mottled with carneous.

.. pupa.— Normal dark brown, the tip with two horizontal, almost parallel,

spines."

Notes of the Occurrence of the Larvae.
The following larval observations, made by Prof. Riley, in Missouri
(except the last two), have also been placed in my hands for use in this
notice of the species :

April U, 1871. Found under rock, apparently feeding on clover.
Tolerably common around Kirkwood and along the Iron Mountain
Railroad, nearly full grown. Carls sidewise.

April 25. It feeds on grasses, clover, Polygonum aviculare, and ap-
pears to take most of the succulent plants.

May 5. Found the same rather common at Columbia, Mo., on sod,
under plank and under shelter, in different sizes. Occurs with quan-
tities of its pale bright green frass. On the 8th, others were found at
Kirkwood.

May 19. One nearly full-grown was discovered high up on a stalk
of blue grass, feeding in the hot sun (exceptional).

May 28. Of nineteen specimens placed in a vivarium and others
under a sieve out of doors in a meadow, several proved to have been
parasitized; one had nineteen Tachina eggs upon it; another gave
forth Microgaster larva which had spun their white cocoons in a sur-
face cavity in the ground made by the larva, and still another gave an
Ophion cocoon The healthy ones have all entered the ground but are
still in the larval state.

June 22. The larva? are still unchanged.

Sept. 3. Sieved the ground and found all changed to the pupffl.

Two days later the first moth emerged, and others issued subsequently.

May 1, 1873. The season backward (apple blossoms just out). Found

the larvse of different sizes, — some quite young and others full-grown.

April 26, 1876. The larva are quite common on St. Louis Fair

grounds.

104 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

June 29, 1880. One larva from the stomach of a blue-bird (Sialia
sialis), received from Professor 8. A. Forbes, of Normal, 111.

April 30, 1881. The larvse not uncommon in ground at base of rocks
on High Island, near Washington, D. p.

Published Observations upon the Larvae.

Very little has been published of the habits of the larva. Prof. Riley,
in vol. iii of the American Entomologist (p. 215), in noting his iden-
tification of it in the stomach of a blue-bird, states : —

"We have been familiar with it for many years, having reared it in
1871, after many previous futile efforts. It is quite common in Northern
Illinois and Missouri in early spring, when it may be found in blue-
grass sod, generally concealed under some stone or board during the
day, though we have occasionally found it feeding on grass stalks in
the hot sun during the day time. The larva is found full-grown as
soon as spring opens, so that it undoubtedly passes the winter, like so
many other cut-worms, in the larva state and of different sizes. The
insect is quite common and wide-spread, for we have found that the
larva had been common in 1871 around Ithaca, N. Y., on blue-grass
and under clover."

The larva was first described by Prof. French, Assistant State Ento-
mologist of Illinois, in the Canadian Entomologist, vol. x, April, 187S,
from examples found by him during the last of April and through the
month of May, in grassy places in Washington county, 111. These
changed underground, early in June, to dark brown pupa?, from which
the perfect insects were obtained about the middle of September.

While in confinement they fed freely upon corn, grass and Poly-
gonum aviculare, which they ate without seeming to prefer one more
than another.

In Dr. Thomas' 7th Annual Report on the Insects of Illinois, Prof.
French Includes the species in an account there given of several corn
depredators, stating: " As corn forms one of the food-plants of the
caterpillar, it may be placed here among corn insects, though the ex-
tent to which it may injure corn is unknown, for I fail to find any
record of the insect, except in its moth state." He found it to possess,
when fed in confinement, the same habits as those of the larvae of
Agrotis and allied genera, and therefore suggests the name of " the
smooth cut-worm " for it. The first specimens were found April 28th,
concealed in the grass, at which time it was almost an inch long and
of nearly a black color, During the month of May, others and larger
and of a lighter color were found, the features of which are described,
and some observations upon their habits in confinement given. He
adds in concluding: " Should they multiply so as to be destructive to

THE VIOLET NEI'lIELODES : PKEVIOUS OBSERVATIONS. 105

corn and grass, burning our meadows and fields late in the spring
would doubtless destroy them."

In the same report, p. 220, Prof. French also devotes a page to the
species, giving description of the larva and of the moth. — He adds :
" I have no evidence that this insect ever becomes sufliciently numer-
ous to be injurious, but as it seems to be a general feeder upon some
plants that are beneficial to man, and as it, is spread over a wide range
of country, it may do so. In that case, we may judge from its cut-
worm habits that the remedies that serve to keep them in check will
also answer for this."

Prof. Osborn, of the Iowa State Agricultural College, has given an
interesting account of a diseased condition of the larvie, which came
under his observation. He states (loc. cit.) : —

" Nephelodes trioleins has been quite numerous in localities around the
college, though its damage has not been very perceptible. It is at-
tacked by some epidemic disease, which causes the death of large
numbers of them. The diseased worms will be found clinging to the
grass as high up on the stems as they can reach, their bodies swelled
to an unnatural size, and in the later stages exceedingly soft and ready
to fall to pieces. If undisturbed, and the weather dry, they finally
shrink away and only the dried skin and a mass of blackish matter
within it, remains. If examined at any time after they begin to show
the symptoms of disease, their blood will be found full of minute liv-
ing organisms (Bacteria), which seem to increase in numbers as the
disease progresses. They are also found even more abundantly in the
fluid taken from the alimentary canal. We here meet with the great
question which is so perplexing to the medical profession, whether the
microscopic animals are the cause of the disease, or an attendant or
consequent of it. * * * * We have the fact, and a
gratifying one, that some disease destroys great numbers of this insect,
which otherwise might cause great destruction to various important
crops."

In a paper recently published by Professor Forbes, State Entomolo-
gist of Illinois, upon the Regulative Action of Birds upon Insect Os-
cillations, he records the larva of N. vidians as constituting a portion
of the food of robins (Tardus migratorius), catbirds (Mimus Carolin-
ensis), and red-winged blackbirds (Agelmus Phceniceus), shot in an or-
chard in Tazewell county, 111., during the latter part of the month of
May, for examination of the contents of their stomachs. (Bull. No. 6,
III' State Lab. of Nat. Hist., 1882.)

14

106 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

The Moth.

The moth is represented in Fig. 25. It is a stout, robust form, and
rather above the average size of the JVoc-
tuidce. In spread of wings it usually meas-
ures between one inch and a half and two
inches. The general color of the front
wings is brown, with a violet reflection. The
two transverse bands, inclosing a darker

Fig. 25. — Nuiuii.oiiEs violans „ , _ , ,, ,.

GuenSe. Natural size. space of brown traversed by the median

band and having in its upper portion in paler color the two ordinary
spots, and the subterminal line, are indistinctly visible. All the mark-
ings are obscure. The hind wings are brownish, paler at the base.
More carefully noticed, the moth presents the following features: —

The expanse of wings of the male is 1.65 inch ; of the female 2
inches. The primaries are broad and stout, triangular, rather squarely
cut at the apex, with the spots and lines indistinct. The two transverse
lines are visible, of which the anterior (nearest the base) is undulated
and arcuated, and the posterior one is rounded over the end of the
cell; between the two is a median shade, rather indistinct. The sub-
terminal line is sinuous, angulated on each nervule, and sometimes
forming a W on the upper nervules of the median vein as in Hadena.
The color of the wings is brown (chocolat-mi-lait), suffused with violet,
with the space between the transverse lines (except upon the costal
and internal margins) deeper brown, especially behind the reniform
spot, which is of the usual kidney-shape ; the orbicular spot is round;
they are both illy defined, are concolorous with the subterminal space,
and are often lost superiorily in the pale costal margin. The fringe is
of the same color as the wing.

The secondaries are obscure gray-blackish in. both sexes, of rather
uniform shade, but a little paler at the base. The fringe in some fresh
examples is reddish-violet. Their underside is of the latter shade with
a median line and a lunule in the cell.

The abdomen is long, stout, carinated, tufted, and robust ; quite
large in the female, in which it is cylindrical, and terminates in an ob-
tuse point. The thorax is square, stout, hairy, the breast is quite
hairy. Legs, with the femora quite hairy, and the tibiae stout, not
spined, scaly rather than hairy. The antennas are stout, demi-pecti-
nated, i. e. furnished with pubescent teeth, and terminating in a stiff
hair in the male ; slender, filiform (with isolated hairs) in the female.
Palpi obliquely ascending, the second joint thick, bristling-hairy, the
third slender, short but distinct, directed forward. Proboscis short.

The above description is mainly drawn from the specific characters
given by Guenee, combined with those characterizing the genus, which

THE VIOLET NEl'HELODKS I OCCURRENCE OT THE MOTH. 107

embraces but two other species, viz. : .V. minions, occurring with N.
nolans, and JV. rubeolans, doubtfully from New Holland.

The moth is not numbered among the common species. Ordinarily,
so far as my observation extends, it is rather rare, but in the year
1870 it was somewhat abundant in the vicinity of Albany, and Mr. W.
\V. Hill captured, at Bafh-on-the-lludson, forty examples between Au-
gust 30th and September 15th, where it had not, occurred during several
preceding years. Mr, George Norman records it as ••common at light
and sugar," in his Captures of Nbctuida at 81. Catharines, Ontario,
in 1874. In his paper on ( 'apt it res of Noctuidm near Orillia, in
the Provinceof Ontario, Canada, he represents it as very frequent at
light, rest, and sugar;" the locality is near Lake Simcoe, in lat. 44£°.
Mr. Hill, iu his Adirondack collections during the years 1875-1878,
captured but five examples (all males), occurring between Aug. 3d
and Aug. 22d : in some of these years collections were not made dur-
ing September when the species may have been more numerous. The
earliest date at which I have taken the species is Aug. 2d — the latest,
Sept. 11th. I had never found it otherwise than rare until the year
1877, when it was not at all uncommon among the very large collec-
tions made, by sugaring, at Center, N. Y.

An interesting fact in regard to this moth is the worn condition in
which it always presents itself to our notice. I have never seen a per-
fect specimen — all have been rubbed more or less over portions of
their wings, their fringes broken, and colors dulled. Not having
reared the species from the larva, all have been flown examples, but,
without doubt, some had been but a short time from the pupa. Of
many other species, I have captured abroad and at sugar, hundreds of
examples in such condition that the most critical collector would not
hesitate to call them perfect. The uniformly worn condition of N.
violans has often been remarked upon, but no satisfactory explanation
has been given for it. Mr. Norman, in his list of one hundred and
seventy-four species of Noctuids occurring at Orillia, says of this,
as of no other species, "always in bad condition." Mr. Thaxter,
in an extended list of species, also singles it out for the comment, "al-
most always in poor condition."

Guenee, in describing this species, suggests that it may possibly be
but a local variety of the species which he describes at the same time
under the name of Nephelodes minimis. The two have been regarded
as identical by some of our writers and they are catalogued as N.
in in inns, and var. violans in the new check-list of Mr. Grote, but from
the differences shown by examples in my cabinet and in those of Mr.
Meske and Mr. Hill, in Albany, where they are arranged as distinct
species, I shall regard them, for the present, at least, as distinct. In

108 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

JY. minians, the darker space between the transverse lines is of a dull
red color; the anterior transverse line is less curved and the front
wings are broader and less produced apically than in N. violans.

Distribution of the Species.
The species appears to have a wide distribution over the United
States. At present we know it from Massachusetts, Michigan, Wis-
consin, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, and some otherof the Southern States.
It probably occurs in Washington Territory, as N. minians is reported
as having been taken there. In Ontario, the moth has occurred more
frequently than in the United States.

Its Natural History.

The moth may be seen abroad as early as the first of August, in fa-
vorable seasons, and it continues until the latter part of September.
According to Prof. Riley, it not infrequently hibernates as a moth in
the Southern States, where it has been observed at different times dur-
ing the winter months. We have no knowledge of its eggs. They are
probably deposited upon the grass near some object which may serve
as a hiding-place for the young larvas. The time of their deposit is
unknown, but from the facts given (see p. 103) of nearly full-grown
larvae having been seen as early as April 24th (in Missouri), and full
grown ones on May 1st, we may safely infer that oviposition takes
place soon after the appearance of the moth in August or September,
and that the young larvae, after eating sparingly, and having under-
gone at least two molts, retire to their hiding places wherein to pass
the winter. Those that survive this perilous period of their existence
— perhaps a small proportion of the original number — resume their
feeding as soon as the grass starts in the spring.

The habits of this caterpillar place it in that destructive class
known as " Cut-worms," of which so much has been written, and which
are justly a terror to agriculturists from the secrecy of their depre-
dations and extreme difficulty of arresting them. The name of cut-
worms was originally given to those species which were addicted to
cutting off the stalk of young cabbages, turnips and other plants just
at or beneath the surface of the ground. As now extended, it em-
braces those numerous species which conceal themselves during the
day either beneath some object lying on the ground, or buried just
below the surface, and come abroad at night to feed upon garden
vegetables and other low plants. Some of the species, not confining
themselves to low vegetation, climb trees, grape-vines, etc., to feed
upon the buds and tender leaves. Instead of the omniverous and
ubiquitous cut-worm of early writers, upon which was charged vastly
more than any one insect should be called upon to bear, we have now

VIOLET NEPHELODES: LARVAL HABITS AND CHANGES. 109

perhaps three hundred species, each needing special investigation,
and many showing habits differing so greatly from one another, that
very different methods of treatment are required for their destruction,
or for the prevention of their injuries.

In my own experience with the larvreof N. violans, they developed
no cut-worm habits, as they were led in darkness under cover with
cut grass furnished them. Prof. French observed them in an open
rearing box and found them to display the same habits with the larvae
of the genus Agrotis, feeding mostly at night and keeping con-
cealed during the day, either in the ground or under the loose material
upon it. They were sluggish in their movements, except when dis-
turbed, when they were quite active. In Illinois (seep. 104), the larvaa
entered their pupal state in June; in Missouri, the larva; had matured
and buried for pupation previous to May 2Sth; in New York, the earliest
matured June 1st and the latest about the 20th, giving for the aver-
age time, June 10th. On July 16th one was found to have pupated
— how long previously is not known. The larvaa evidently, after
burying in the ground, remain unchanged for a longer time than most
of the Noctuidm. Thus Prof. Riley found examples unchanged about
a month after they had entered the earth, but it is possible that these
may have been diseased or parasitized. It is probable that the inter-
val between maturity and pupation does not exceed a month, and is
less than one-half that which has been observed in its late associate,
Crambus vulgivagellus.

They continue a long time in their pupal state — the moth not ap-
pearing until the end of summer, leaving no time for a second brood.
Prof. French gives the species a pupation of between two and one-
half and three mouths in length, but from other observations, it ap-
pears as if his statement of " they went into the chrysalis state in
June," might properly be amended so as to read, " they entered the
ground for their pupation in June," which would permit the period as
above given to be shortened a month.

Parasitic Attack.
The larva? appear to be very subject to parasitic attack. Those that
I attempted to rear gave me quite a number of dipterous puparia, of
which I have failed to secure the fly, although some of them have
emerged. The puparium is quite small, measuring but 0.22 of an inch
in length, and indicates a species smaller than any of the
Tachina flies known to me. The larvae must have been parasitized
previous to their final moltings, a3 none of the egg-shells were ob-
served upon them. A large hymenopterous larva which escaped from
one of the caterpillars, died without forming its cocoon. Prof. Rilev

110 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST,

mentions (page 103), that the species is parasitized by a Tachina fly,
and by one of the Hymenoptera, of the genus Ophion, and by another
minute hymenopterous insect — a sjoecies of Microgaster. These
parasites have not, I believe, been specifically determined.

Preventives and Remedies.

It is not probable that this species will often occur in such numbers
as during the last season, or that it will often prove very injurious.
Whenever it shall do so, the means that are recommended for pre-
venting the ravages of the vagabond Crambus will prove equally
efficient against this insect. Some of the applications there proposed
to be sown over the grass will doubtless serve to protect grass lands
from their depredations. Deep plowing in the autumn after the usual
places for harborage have been removed, would destroy the young
larvfe. Simply burning over the surface might fail to reach many of
the larvae in their retreats beneath stones, logs, etc. The moths are
attractable to sweetened substances, as collectors have found in their
sugaring operations, and numbers of them, when just from pupae, may
be drawn by a light to a bait of molasses and vinegar, in which they
will be caught and drowned. This lure for them should be used during
the months of August and early Sejitember. Rolling the ground after
nightfall would be destructive to them and to other associated noctur-
nal feeders.

Other means known to be effectual in destroying cut-worms in grass
lands might be equally successful with this species.

Gortyna nitela Guen.
The Stalk-borer.

(Ord. Lepidoptera : Pam. NocTUiDiE.)
Guenee. Sp. Gen. Lep., v. — Noct. i, 1852, p. 124, no. 195 (original description)-
Harris. Ins. Inj. Veg., 1862, p. -140, f. 219 (larva figured and described but not

identified) ; Entomolog. Corr., 1869, p. 315 (in potato stalks).
Kilet ; in Prairie Farmer, Feb. 23, 1867; 1st Ann. Rept. Ins. Mo., 1869, pp. 92,

93, figs. 35, 36 ; 8th Kept., 1876, p. 37, f. 23 ; in Prairie Farmer, Aug 11,

1877; Potato Pests, 1877, p. 91; Gen. Ind.-Suppl. Mo. Repts , 1881,

p. 56.
Wlsh.-Ril. : in Amer. Entomol., i, 1868, p. 22, fig. 11 (food-plants and trausf.);

lb., 1869, p. 206, f 140 (in peach); pp. 228, 249 (in tomato) ; p. 252 (iu

corn); Id., ii, 1869, pp 42, 64 (food-plants).
Packard : Guide Stud. Ins., 1869, p. 310, f. 241 ; in 9th Ann. Rept G.-G. Surv.

Terr, for 1875 (1877), p. 719, pi. 65, f. 6 (brief notice)
Le Baron : Second Rept. Ins. 111., 1872, p. 141, figs. 1, 2 (in wheat).
Smith : in Thomas' 7th Rept. Ins. 111. , 1878, p. 112 (general notice).

80ME IXSECTS ONLY OCCASIONALLY [NJT/RIO 111

Fklncii : in Seventh Rept, Ins. 111., 1878, p. 221 (in corn).

Li.ntnek; in Count. (Jent., xliv, 1879, p. 50:J ; xlv, 1880, p. 472; in 39th Ann.
Rept. X. V. St. Agricnl. Soc. for 1879 USSO), pp. -18-52, Bgs. 1, 2.

Ati insect which had rarely, if ever, been known to exist in such
numbers as to commit serious depredations, ami which by its com-
parative rarity and the nature of its rood-plants, had never been classed
bv entomologists among the injurious insects, may, from an inex-
plicable combination of circumstances and conditions, suddenly appear
in so great number as to enlist general attention to its extensive ravages.
No better illustration of this fact can be given than that afforded by
recent demonstrations of the Orthopterdus insect, Diapheromera fem-
orata ("Say), popularly known, from its long and attenuated body and
limbs, as the walking-stick, skeleton-bug, spectre insect, etc. This
species, which had long been regarded as harmless and comparatively
rare, has within a few years past increased to such an amazing extent
in certain localities in Vermont, New York, New Jersey, and else-
where, as completely to devour the foliage of various kinds of trees
over broad districts of woodland. In Yates county, New York, on the
farm of Mr. G. C. Snow, their destructiveness, during the past six years,
has been most remarkable, having entirely defoliated above twenty-five
acres of hickory, oak, etc., and caused the death of a large number of
trees. In their travels to obtain food, they covered the fences and the
ground, and their closely packed bodies were a hindrance to their
progress. For an extended and interesting account of their extraor-
dinary multiplication at this locality, the report of Prof. Riley, con-
tained in the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for
1878, may be consulted.

Reference to the above insect has been made, prefatory to a short
notice of occasional injuries to important crops, by the Noctuid moth,
Gorfyna nitela Guen., or the stalk-borer. This insect has not secured
a prominent place in the list of insect pests, yet at intervals, in certain
localities, complaints are made of serious depredations inflicted by it.
More frequently, it falls under our notice as a borer in the pith of plants
cultivated in our gardens, as in the stems of asters, dahlias, lilies,
spinach, etc.

In the early part of July of last year, examples of the larva were sent
to me for their name and best method of checking their injuries, from
a gentleman residing at Monsey, Rockland county, N. Y. They had
appeared in strong force in a potato field, and their burrows within the
stems had caused a large number of the stems to wilt, and to break at
holes which had been eaten into them, for the entrance of the larvce
or for the expulsion of the excrementa. The larva? were fed by me
some time in confinement.

112 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

They ate very greedily of the food furnished them, and having con-
sumed the pith of a stem, they would emerge, and quickly eat their
way through a round hole into another stem. They displayed remark-
able activity in their movements. I failed in my efforts to carry them
to maturity, through lack, doubtless, of a proper food-supply.

The habits of this insect, as a borer, in its larval state, in the inte-
rior of growing plants, were first brought to notice in the Prairie Far-
mer, of Feb. 23d, 1867.

Food-plants.

While many of our insects are confined to a single food-plant, and
by far the greater number have a very limited range, this insect feeds
on a large number of plants, differing greatly in character. In a notice
of it by Miss Emma A. Smith (loc. cit.), the following list of plants,
the stems of which it bores, is given : tomato, potato, spinach, wheat,
corn, dahlias, asters, lilies, spiraea, salvia, milk-weed, castor-bean, rhu-
barb, Chenopodium sp., peach twigs, currant twigs, cockle-bur (Xan-
thium str u murium), rag- weed (Ambrosia artemisicef olio) , and a variety
of hearts-ease (Polygonum). It also eats the fruit of the tomato and
strawberry, and bores into the cob of ears of corn as well as the stalk.

Its Depredations.

Among the records of its most serious injuries are the following :
In 1868, a potato field at Lacon, 111., was observed to have about every
tenth stem occupied by this borer.*

In 1869, at Fox Creek, Mo., it was discovered boring into and ruin-
ing great numbers of peach " buds " and shoots.f

In 1869 it was reported from Farmington, Conn., as doing great
damage to corn in that vicinity. J

It 1871 it occurred within the straw of nearly all the wheat fields
in Wisconsin. A piece of two acres of early wheat near Madison was
entirely ruined by it. §

In 1877, at Elmira, 111., fifteen acres of corn were destroyed by its
depredations. At Waterman, Illinois, serious injury was done to many
fields of corn. At Athens, 111., it thinned the corn on new lands and
in foul fields to a considerable extent, proving to be quite destructive.!

In connection with the above notices of the depredations of this in-
sect in Illinois, it is an interesting fact that the types of the American
species of this genus described by Guenee — five in number — were
specimens which had been collected in that State.

^-American Entomologist, i, p. 22. fib., p. 206. Jib., p. 252.

^Second Rept. Ins. III., p. 141. ^Seventh Bept. Ins. HI., pp. 113, 221.

THE STALK-BORER : ITS DESCRIPTION. 113

The Family of Noctuidse.
The moth belongs to the Noctuida,* or owlet-moths as sometimes
popularly called, from their habit of coming abroad from their hiding
places after dark to feed : a few of them, however, fly by day. The
family is quite an extensive one, and although it has been but recently
studied in this country, over fourteen hundred species have already
been described-! Their caterpillars are among the most obnoxious
pests of the agriculturist, as for example, the many species of "cut-
worms." The moths are stout-bodied, with strong-veined wings, enab-
ling them to lly quite swiftly. With the exception of the Catoealas
(beautiful underwings) and some of the allied genera, as a rule, they
are so plain in appearance, as rarely to attract attention.

Description of the Moth and Caterpillar.
0. nilela isone of the very plain moths, being withoutany conspicuous
markings. It is shown in Fig. 20 at 1. It measures about one inch and

a half in expanse. Its wings
are of a wood-brown color,
sprinkled with yellowish
dots. The only conspicuous
ornamentation is a yellow-
ish white line at the outer
mA „ , „ 2 third of the front wings,

[■in. 26. — The stalk-borer, Gortyna nitela &uen. ° *

The moth and ns caterpillar. (Riley.) bent at nearly a right-angle,

near the front margin ; between this line and the outer border the

wing is paler.

The caterpillar, shown at 2, measures over one inch long when fully
grown. It is purplish-brown above, with three white lines on the back,
of which the central one is continuous, and the other two interrupted
from the fourth to the seventh segments inclusive. The first two seg-
ments have a white stripe on their sides, and above the third 'and
fourth fleshy legs (prologs) there is another white stripe. The head and
a corneous plate on the top of the first and last segments are shining
yellow, bordered on the sides with black. In its walking, which is quite
rapid, the caterpillar arches its back somewhat like the Geornetridm
(measuring worms), as it does not use its first pair of prolegs.

In the Harris Entomological Correspondence {he. cit.), a detailed
description of this caterpillar is given. It is described under date of
July 8th, 1S48, as a caterpillar on potato-stalks — not referred to any

•NoCTOjB Linn, (of Grote) ; Noctu.elit.e Lutr. (of Packard) ; Noctuklites (of Guenee) ;
Nocti-id.e Stephens.

tThe New Check-List of North American Moths [north of Mexico], by A. R. Grote, con-
tains 1420 species of " Xuctuae."

15

114 FIRST ANNUAL KEPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

species, as it was unknown to the writer; but it evidently pertains to
this insect. The description is as follows : —

With ten prolegs aud sis true legs, a corneous plate on first and last segments ;
four black, shining points, two and two, on the back of each segment ; a lateral
row of much larger ones on the sides (of which there are three on the side of each
segment, one large and two small, besides the black spiracle making a fourth
black point), and also below the lateral line two more black points on each side
of every segment, those on the segments furnished with prolegs, being on the sides
of the prolegs themselves. Length nine-tenths of an inch. Elongated, Blender,
pale purplish-brown above, with three dorsal white lines, the central one continu-
ous, the others interrupted on the middle of the back, from the fourth to the
seventh segments inclusive (these three lines begin on the second segment.) On
the sides of the first and second segments there is an abbreviated white stripe
and above the third and fourth prolegs another white stripe. Head, dorsal and
anal plates wax-yellow and shining, edged laterally with shining black. Legs
black. Prolegs aud body beneath pale yellow. The head of this caterpillar is
large, subquadrate, not retractile. The legs and prolegs long, and the motion very
active. The livid brownish color of the intermediate segments extends more or
less in dirBerent specimens under the body of these same segments. Motion some-
what like that of a Geometrid, the back arched, and the first pair of prolegs,
though as long as the others, not used in creeping.

Found one also in pigweed-stalk, July 5, 1851.

Natural History of the Species.

The history of the species so far as known, is this. The egg ha3
not been observed. It is doubtless deposited by the moth during the
early part of June, in our latitude, on the stem of the food-plant, near
the ground. As soon as it hatches, the larva eats into the stem to its
pith or heart, and burrows in an upward direction. The hole through
which it entered and the lower portion of its burrow is enlarged from
time to time, with the growth of the larva, to admit of the rejection
of its excrement. If the stem should not afford it a sufficient amount
of food for the completion of its growth, it eats a hole outwardly for its
release, or escapes through the original opening, and passes to another
stem within which it burrows. It attains>its growth about the middle
of August, when it changes to a pupa, either within its burrow, if af-
fording it suitable conditions, or by deserting it, and entering the
ground to a slight depth. The pupation is a short one, and the per-
fect insect makes its appearance during the latter part of August or in
September. My earliest date of the collection of the species is Septem-
ber 5th. It is believed to survive the winter in the winged state and
to reappear in the spring, to deposit its eggs on the young plants.

This species seems to be a rare one in the vicinity of Albany. Among
the scores of thousands of the Noctuids which during the last few
vears have been collected by the Albany entomologists, by the sugaring
method (attracting the moths to a bait spread upon trees), I have no
knowledge of the occurrence of a single example of the species.

the stalk-borer: allied species and remedies. 115

Allied Species.
A closely allied species is recognized in our lists, Qortyra nebris of
Guence, differing mainly in the presence of white reniform, orbicular,
ami cl (triform spots on the front wings, and in slightly longer and more
ascending palpi. Prof. Riley has reared 0. nebris from the horse-weed,
Ambrosia trifida L, and expresses a confidence that the two forms (?)
iutergrade, and are simply varieties of one species. I have no knowl-
edge of any description of the larva of G. iiebris. Prof. French states
that it differs from that of G. nitela, in that it pupates in the ground.
About twenty-five species of North America Gortyna are at present
known.* Of these, the lar\a> of the greater number, from their con-
cealed habits, are unknown. The larval habits of the species are not
uniform, for while those which Guenee includes in the genus Hijdvatcia,
are represented by him as " not living inclosed in stems and feeding on
the pith, as those of Gortyna, but only concealed among the roots or
the basal leaves of the plants" (of which are nictitans Linn., imma-
tii8 Gncn., and stramentosa Guen.), others in addition to G. nitela
are known to be stalk-borers, as (!. rutila Guen., in the Columbine,
(,'. catapkracta Grote, in thistle-stems, and O.fiavago W.-Y.,of Europe,
in thistle-stems and burdock. It is not a little remarkable, that of
the old Linnaean species, G. nictitans, so very common both in Europe
and the United States, the larva has nor, so far as we have any record,
been identified in this country. Our ignorance of the larva of the com-
mon G. sera Gr.-Rob., is scarcely less remarkable. f

Remedies.
When this insect occurs in the potato, its presence cau be readily
detected by the withered stems before they have become broken down.
Bj placing the point of a penknife in the opening and slitting the
burrow upward, the caterpillar may be found and killed. If the field
be large and too badly infested to permit the employment of this
method, then, if the vines can be collected and burned before the month
of September, all the larvss or the pupte which may be undergoing
their change within the stems will be destroyed. As early potatoes
are more liable to be infested by this borer than the later ones, the
burning method may be easily resorted to. The same method of treat-

*Tbe genus, for some reason, is a very unfortunate one in regard to its definition. It
appears to have been closely studied by Mr. Grote, but no two of his several publica-
tions upon it agree in the species which it should embrace. In his latest publication,
the New Check List, several of the long recognized Gortynas, such &s purpuripennis, sera,
ww, strarntntosa, etc., are withdrawn from the genus and placed under Apamea of
Treitschke.

+For comparative remarks on several of our Gortynas, which will prove of service to
the student in the separation of species, the paper by Mr. Grote "On North American
Moths," in the Bulletin of the XT. S. Geological and Geographical Survey, vol. vi, 1S81, at
pp. 2G8, 209, may be consulted.

110 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

ment will be available for the destruction of the caterpillar in several
other of the food-plants which it infests.

Heliothis armiger Hubn.*
The Com- worm.

(Ord. Lepidoptera : Fam. Noctuid^e.)

Hubner : "Eur. Schmett., Noct. p. 370."

Guenee : Sp. Gen. Lep., vi. — Noct., ii, 1852. p. 181 (references and localities).

Grote : in Proc. Eut. Soc. l'bila., 1862, i, p. 219 (aa M. umbrosus) : in Bull. Buff.
Soc. N. S.. i, 1873, p. 122 (distribution).

Glover : in Rept. Commis. Agricul. for 1865, p. 43 (destruction by crows) ; Id.
for 1866; p. 30 (inj.) ; Id. for 1870, p. 84 (food-plants) ; Id. for 1871, p.
84 : MS. Notes Journ. — Cotton., 1878, plates 17, 18 (operations on cotton
and different stages); in Rept. Comrais. Pat. for 1854, pp. 64, 65, 69, 71,
plates 3, 4 ; Id. for 1855, pp. 282-285 (habits, descriptions, and remedies),
the same republished in Monthly Rept. Dept. Agricul. for July, 1866,
pp. 282-285, with figures.

Wlsh.-Ril. : in Amer. Entomol., i, 1869, pp. 212-214, figs. 150, 151 (habits, his-
tory, food-plauts, etc.); Id., ii, 1869, pp. 42-44, f. 29 (food-plants, in-
juries, remedies).

Treat : in Vineland [X. J.J Weekly, of Aug. 21, 1869 (injuries to corn).

Kiley : in Amer. Entomol., ii, 1870, p. 172 (tomato as a food-plant), p. 329 (asso-
ciated species) ; 3d Rept. Ins. Mo. , 1871, pp. 104-109, figs. 42, 43 (dis-
tribution, habits, description, remedies, etc.); 4th Rept. do., 1872, p.
129 (parasite) ; in Rept. Commis. Agricul. for 1881-1882, pp. 145-149,
pi. 1, and pi. 12, f. 1.

Lintner : in 30th Rept. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1878, pp. 165, 166 ; Ento-
molog. Contrib., iv, 1878, pp. 52, 53 (carnivorous habits in Patagonia);
in Count. Gent., Ixvi, 1881, p. 759 (occurrence in N. Y., etc.); in Ontario
County Times, Nov. 9. 1881 (history, habits, etc.).

Thomas: 7th Rept. Ins. 111., 1878, p. 4 (in Illinois) ; in Count. Gent., Ixvi, 1881,
p. 583 (description, habits, etc.).

French: in Thorn. 7th Rept. Ins. 111., 1878, pp. 102-106 (habits, description,
remedies); pp. 231-233 (description) ; in 11th Rept. do., 1882, pp. 82-104.

Comstock : in Rept. on Cotton Ins. , 1879, pp. 287-315 (habits, description, his-
tory, remedies, etc.).

Claypole : in Amer. Entomol., iii, 1880, p. 278 (feeds on hard corn).

Coquillet : in Thorn. 10th Rept. Ins. 111., 1881, p. 150 (figures and larval de-
scription).

Moffat : in Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ontario for 1881, (1882), p. 30 (occurrence in
Ontario).

Kellicott : in Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci. , iv, 1882, p. 61 (occurrence in Michigan).

Johnson : in Rept. Commis. Agricul. for 1881 and 1882, 1882, pp. 150-152 (its
history in Miss., enemies and remedies).

♦Originally named urmitjera but changed to armiger for conformity to the gender of the
genus.

THE CORN-WORM IN NEW YORK — THE SOUTHERN BOLL-WORM. 117

This well-known pest of the cotton and corn fields of the Southern
States has, dining the past year, made its appearance for the first tunc,
as an injurious insect, in tlic State of New York. Examples of the
caterpillars, nearly full-grown, eating into ears of corn beneath the
husks, both at their tips and at their base, were first received by me
from Ontario county, where their abundance and destrnctiveness were
exciting considerable alarm. A communication from the editor of tho
Out 'ri<i County Times accompanying examples of the caterpillar for
identification, stated : " It has attacked the growing corn when the
corn is soft, entirely devouring patches of the kernels, and when the
kernels harden, reducing them to a state resembling coarse meal." My
reply to the request for information in relation to the depredator was
published in the Ontario County Times, as above cited.

The " Boll-Worm " of the Southern States.

The caterpillar is the notorious " boll-worm " of the Cotton
Stairs, which annually commits such serious depredations upon
the cotton crops, by burrowing into the bolls and destroying them. It
i very common throughout the south, where it is present in every
cotton field to a greater or less extent. In some years, over large dis-
tricts of the south, the losses resulting from it have exceeded those of
the "cotton-worm," A Mia argillacea Hilbn.

Tin' eggB of the moth, shown in Fig. 27 at a and o, which are very
simtiar to these of the cotton-worm moth, and of which the female
lays about 500. are placed, according to the latest and most reliable
observations, not generally upon the involucre of the blossom, as
represented by Mr. Glover, but upon the leaves, on both surfaces,
often r upon the lower. The newly hatched caterpillars from these
eggs feed at first upon the leaves, but only for a short time, when they
migrate to the flower-buds or boles. Entering a bud through a round
hole eaten therein, they feed upon the interior, destroying the organs,
and causing the bud to fall. In this manner a single caterpillar may
destroy a large number of buds. Later, the bolls are similarly
entered, and their entire interior eaten away, or spoiled through the
entrance of rain causing decay.

There are probably five annual broods of this insect in the Southern
States, of which the last two, appearing in August and September, are
the most injurious to cotton. The eggs of the first three broods are
usually laid upon corn.

From observations made in Alabama, it appears that the eggs of
the first brood are laid in early May; of the second brood, during the
first half of June, and of the third brood, about the 1st of July; of
the fourth brood, upon the cotton bolls by the 1st of August, and of
the fifth brood, early in September.

IIS

FIRST ANNTJAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Description of the Caterpillar and Moth.

The caterpillar is thick-bodied and almost cylindrical, tapering but

slightly toward the head.
When full-grown it meas-
ures almost one inch and
a quarter in length. It
varies in color, in different
individuals, from pale
green to dark brown,
striped in darker shades of
the same colors. The dark
caterpillars have on each
side a distinct, rather nar-
row yellowish stripe, upon
which is the row of oval
breathing-pores (spiracles).
There arc several black,
shining, elevated spots or

Fin. 27. — Heliothis armiger.— The corn-worm; a, tubercles on each segment,
b, the eggs; e. the caterpillar ; d, the pupa within its co- . „ . . , . .

coon ; e, the moth; /, moth nt rest (Riley). each ot which bears a short

brown hair. One of these spots is placed just behind the spiracle, mak-
ing two conspicuous spots on the yellow lateral band of the more cen-
tral segments (at least, those bearing the four pairs of prolegs). This
characteristic feature, appearing like a pair of spiracles, is shown in
nearly all the illustrations which have been given of the caterpillar.

The average expanse of the moth is about one inch and a half. It varies
greatly in color, from a yellowish-gray to a clayey-yellow, often tinged
with olive-green. The most distinctly marked examples have two often
interrupted, brown bands crossing the fore-wings, and a broader and
better defined one near to, and parallel with, the outer margin, upon
which is a line of black dots upon a whitish spot, placed on the ner-
vules. A black border defines the discal spot, which is often cresccnti-
form. The hind-wings are of a paler shade, and have a broad blackish
outer band, which toward the apical portion incloses a pale spot rest-
ing on the margin and throwing the black bordering inward toward
the center of the wing. Beneath, the band and the discal spot of the
upper surface are quite conspicuous.

The Moth a Day-Feeder.

Mr. J. A. Moffat, of Hamilton. Ontario, records (he. cit.) its feeding

in the day time on the flowers of the golden -rod (Solidago), and in the

gardens of that place. He states of it: "A night-flyer properly, or in

the dark of the evening, it seemed to have been tempted from its hid-

TIIE CORN-WOKM : UABITS OF TUE MOTH AND CATERPILLAR. 119

ing place by that peculiar dull, smoky weather of the first three weeks
of September, when even the Sphingida forgot their usual caution and
came forth boldly to feed at mid-day, having taken a tomato sphinx
(.)/. quinquemaculata) at 2 o'clock in the afternoon of the 14th, feed-
ing on petunias, whilst the white-lined sphinx [Deilephila lineal a)
could be seen by the half-dozen among the flowers at. any time of the
day. The lleliothis moth, being about an inch and three-quarters in
expanse of wing, was quite a conspicuous object while feeding, more
especially as it seldom rested, but kept its wings moving the while."

That its visit to flowers during the day time is not an unusual oc-
currence, appears from an observation made by Mr. C. G. Barrett, of
Pembroke, Eng., who states : " While working the clover fields, I dis-
covered the (to me) novel fact that ffeliothis armiger flies most actively
in the sunshine, feeding at the clover blossoms exactly like the swarms
of Plusia gam ma around it, and that it soon becomes in this way misera-
bly worn." (Ent. Month. Mag., xiv, p. 151.) Nor is the flight by day in-
cidentally noted of Deilephila lineata at all uncommon. Prof. II. W.
Parker records it, iu August of 1S80, as the most conspicuously com-
mon moth in the vicinity of Grinnell, Iowa: " At all hours of the dug
one or more might be seen hovering over nearly every flower of the
innumerable weeds, mostly thistles and Helianlhus, by the roadsides.
In places, the moths might be estimated by the hundreds" (Psgche,iii,
1882, p. 342).

Carnivorous Habits of the Caterpillar.

An interesting account of the carnivorous habits of the caterpillar
is given by Professor Berg, Director of the Museum of Natural
History of Buenos Ayres, as it came under his observation during
some collections of Lepidoptera made by him, in Patagonia, in 1874.*
The species occurred only upon those portions of the coast to which
cultivation had extended, from which it seemed probable that it had
been introduced through commercial intercourse with other countries.
' Large numbers of lepidopterous larva? were collected and their trans-
formations and food-plants observed. lie writes as follows of a re-
markable peculiarity in their habits: —

" It still remains for me to note a peculiarity of the caterpillars, viz.,
their extreme ferocity — their cannibalistic propensities. All of them,
irrespective of family or group, manifest the liveliest desire to kill their
fellows. While confined, they ate one another, seldom, if ever, touch-
ing the food-plants. The caterpillars of the Bombycidm completely
devoured others of the same family, leaving absolutely no fragments
of them. They even tore open the cocoons, from which they dragged
out the pupae and ate them. In like manner, the larva? of the Noctuidce
acted among themselves and toward the Bombycidm, and the latter

*£ulletin de la Societi ImpHriale des Naturalistes de Moscon, xlix, 1S70, Partie ii, p. 192.

120 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

toward the former. Among these last, HeliolMs armiger was glutton-
ous beyond all measure — one of them devouring in twenty-four hours
from six to seven others. Hhey would not touch the plants after hav-
ing once tasted flesh."

Professor Comstock records its carnivorous habits.* He states that
when several larvae were mailed to the Agricultural Department in the
same box, only one would arrive alive, the others having been destroyed,
even when the box contained cotton leaves and bolls, or corn leaves, in
fresh condition. When rearing the larva? in breeding-cages, although
supplied with an abundance of fresh food, they seemed as hungry as
ever for their companions, and eagerly devoured one another: it was
impossible to rear them otherwise than singly in a cage.

Mr. Trelease reports (loc. cit. sup.) that he repeatedly saw large
boll-worms catch small ones and either devour them entirely, or bite
into them and suck their juices, rejecting the empty skin. In many
instances he discovered boll-worms occupying the webbed-up leaves
which the Aletia cotton-worms had prepared for their pupation, for
the purpose of feeding upon the pupae. Remains of pupae were found
which had been fed upon by the larvae.

A gentleman from Mississippi states that he has seen in that State
the Ileliothis caterpillar eating the pupae of Aletia.\

Judge Johnson, of llolly Springs, Miss., reports that the caterpillars
of this species are the most ravenous and cannibalistic of vegetable
feeding larvae. They manifest a decided preference for the pupae of
other Lcpidoptera. The large caterpillars would leave everything for
the Aletia pupae when they were to be found in abundance. £

Professor French lias found dead Ileliothis larvae in their burrows
beneath the husks of corn, under conditions that convinced him that
they had been bitten and killed by their associates in the ear.§

The Food-plants of the Caterpillar.
An unusually large number of food-plants have been recorded upon
which the larva is known to feed, in addition to the two which it pre-
fers, viz., cotton and corn. It has shown itself as a destructive to-
mato-worm, boring into both the fruit and the stem ; it eats into the
pods of peas and different kinds of garden beans, as string-beans
and Lima beans ; it burrows into pumpkins, squashes, and peppers,
and in the stems of gladiolus. Mr. Trelease has found it feeding abun-
dantly upon the cow-pea of the Southern States, boring from the out-
side into one chamber after another to eat the contents. It is recorded
in Europe upon the chick-pea (Cicia arietinum), where also, accord-
ing to M. Gourcau. it feeds upon heads of hemp, leaves of tobacco, and

* Report vpon CoUon Insects, 1S79, p. .503.

\Amer. Entomol., iii. 1880, p. 253.

t Kept. Commis. Agricvl. for 1881 and 1882, pp. 150, 151.

tjTuomas' nth Report Ins. III., 1882, p. 92.

THE CORN-WORM ! ITS DISTRIBUTION AND INJURIES. 121

of lucerne {Medicago sativa). Another writer gives henbane {Hyoscya-
mus nijer) as one of its European fond-plants.

Geographical Distribution of the Species.

Few of our moths have so extensive a distribution as this, occurring
as it does, in the four quarters of the globe. It is found in Great
Britain,* France and elsewhere in Western Europe, bat not abundantly ;
in Turkey, more commonly. f

It has been captured in the Cape de Verde Islands, and on the
west coast of Africa (X. Lat, 23°.) JGucnee cites it from " Europe me-
ridionale, Amerique du Nord et du Sad, Indes orientates, et iS'ouvelle-
Hollaude." It was found by Professor Berg in Patagonia, as before
noticed, and examples have also been brought from Japan. According
to Mr Moffat (loc. cit.), it was observed for the first time in the Prov-
ince of Ontario daring the past year (1881). It is not stated that the
caterpillar was discovered, but the moth was "quite plenty" at Ham-
ilton during the early part of September. Its unusual occurrence in
the State of New York will be noticed hereafter.

Its Operations as a " Corn-Worm."

The caterpillaris known as the " corn-worm" throughout the South
when it occurs on corn, as it often does in immense numbers, to the
serious injury of the crop. Other names sometimes applied to it, are the
" ear-worm," the " tassel-worm," and the " terminal bud worm." As
the caterpillars of the species show a great range of variation in mark-
ings and color — some being green and faintly striped, and others
brown with dark stripes — the " corn-worm " was for along time, and
is still by the uninformed, believed to be distinct from the "boll-
worm ;" but during late years, when they came to be studied, it was
discovered that the two were the same species, and that it occurred on
a number of greatly differing food-plants as above noticed.

The injuries committed by this species have, in certain seasons —
usually such as are very warm and dry — been enormous. In Kentucky,
entire fields of corn have been ruined by it. In 1800, in Kansas, dnr-
i ig a protracted drought, the corn crop throughout the State was
nearly destroyed. In a single county, which perhaps was not an ex-
ceptional one, the product was cut down from 436,000 bushels, the pre-
ceding year, to 5.000 bnshels.g In Southern Illinois, it has been very

*Its occurrence in England is usually deemed worthy of record. Thus we find the fol-
lowing: " Oa September 24, 1 SSI, I took ]Lliothi*armi<nr resting on a flower in the Rec-
tory garden at Guestling. — E. N. B." — (Entomol. Month. Mag . xviii, 1881, p. 141.) "Oo
the 20th of June, I captured flying in a clover field in the bright sunshine, a fine HttAothit
armigtr, female. — A. H. J." — (Id., xvi, 1879, p. 99.) Mentioned among rare Lepidoptera
captured near Dartmouth, Eng., during 1S74-1S77, by Mr. G. F. Mathew. — (Id., xiv, 1877,
p. 157.)

\Ent. Month. Mao., xviii, 1881, pp. 12, 99. \Ib., pp. 81, 258.

^Prairie Farmer, of Jan. 31, 1861.

16

122 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

destructive. Occasionally it has extended into the northern portions
of that State, but only in comparatively moderate numbers.

At the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science, held in Cincinnati, in August, 1881, Professor Cook, of the
Michigan State Agricultural College, communicated the fact that it had
attacked corn in Michigan, in 1880, for the first time. (Canad. But.,
xiii, p. 215.)

Prof. D. S. Kellicott, of Buffalo, N. Y., reports it as abundant dur-
ing the month of July, 1881, at Corunna, Michigan, where the early
corn was considerably damaged. In one field observed, more than half
the corn had been eaten into by it.

In reporting upon its operations in Illinois, in 1877, Professor
French states: "It has not been so destructive during the past season
as it is sometimes, but in one field of late corn I found nearly every ear
eaten by them, there being from one to half a dozen worms to each
ear."

Method of Attacking Corn.

It has not been ascertained when the first eggs are laid upon corn,
in New York. If the parent is a native of the State, from having
hibernated as a moth or a pupa, the eggs would be laid upon the leaves
of the young corn during the month of June, and the young larvae
would feed upon the leaves, eating irregular holes into them. When
about half grown, they would be in condition to attack the tender ter-
minal leaves, which they would seriously injure or wholly destroy.
But as this injury has not been noticed in this portion of the United
States, it seems more probable that our corn-worms are the progeny
of moths which have flown hither from the south — probably of the
third southern brood, and which had reached our State sometime in
July. To the south of New York, in Southern Pennsylvania and Ohio,
there may have been an earlier generation, proceeding from the second
southern brood. In this manner, through successive broods, the
northern progress may be presumed to have been made.

The operations of the caterpillars in New Jersey, during the month
of July (?), have been observed by Mrs. Mary Treat. She states as fol-
lows : " They ate into the staminate flowers of the corn before it tas-
seled out, commencing their-depredations while the tassels were still
enfolded in the leaves. I have examined considerable corn, and in
some gardens this worm has done much damage." In a communi-
cation under date of Aug. 25, 18G9 (Amer. Entomol., ii, p. 43), Mrs.
Treat writes : " The other day I passed through a largo field of corn,
where the depredations of this worm were visible on almost every stalk.
They had done the work weeks before, eating through the leaves while
they were folded around the staminate flowers, before the ears had be-
gun to make their appearance. It is difficult to find an ear free from
their depredations."

THE CORK-WORM ! ITS OPERATIONS IN CORN.

123

The caterpillars infesting the corn fields in New York during Octo-
ber and November are of a later brood than those noticed aboye, al-
though an earlier one may have escaped observation. The eggs which
produced them were probably laid upon the young ears of corn near their
tips, where the young caterpillar would be in position to reach the silk

as soon as it developed. Upon
this they feed at. (irst.and as their
desire for food becomes more
ardent, they penetrate to the
young kernels and devour them-
The appearance of an ear of corn
eaten by the caterpillar is rep-
resented in Fig. 28. When the
corn is in the milk, it seems to
be most palatable to them.
They then burrow into and
through the cars, often con-
fining themselves to their api-
cal portion. When the por-
tion near the base is eaten, as
shown in the figure, the cater-
pillar has penetrated the husks
through a round hole of a size
barely large enough to admit
the body, as seen in some ex-
amples received by me from
Ontario county. Occasionally
the car has been irregularly
burrowed throughout its entire
length.* Mould often follows
the attack, to the serious detri-
ment of the corn; and otherin-
sects arc attracted, and continue
the work that the corn-worm
had commenced.

Not only is the corn eaten
while in the milk, but the nearly
mature caterpillars are capable
of continuing their feeding
even after it has become quite
hard, as shown by caterpillars
, which I have fed in confine-

Fio. 28.— Corn eaten by the corn-worm ; also , -. , t> j,

the caterpillar at different' stages of growth, tliemeilt, and as recorcleu l.>y HOI.

atTstthRiiev)°0n °' earth a"d 8"k' 8nd the m°th Claypole (he. cit.).

* Forty-first Ann. Stpt. N. Y.St. Agrlcul. Soc. for 18S1 (18S2), p. 153.

124 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Its Occurrence in New York.

Subsequent to the announcement of the appearance of this insect at
South Bristol, Ontario county, information was received by me of its
injuries in other towns of the county, in Livingston county {Country
Gentleman of Nov. 24th), and in Albany and Schoharie counties. It
has probably been distributed over all of the southern and middle por-
tions of the State. Happening to mention to a friend in Albany the
interesting occurrence of this southern species in the State of New
York, he recalled the fact that some green corn which had been pur-
chased perhaps two weeks previously for his table was found unfit for
use from the gnawing of caterpillars contained within the husks. Be-
lieving them to be identical with examples of the corn-worm which I
was able to show him, he proposed to verify their identity. A severe
frost had cut off the greeu corn in the vicinity of Albany, and com-
paratively few lots of surplus stock could be found at this date
(Nov. 1st), at the vegetable stands and groceries, but in every one ex-
amined, the injuries were discovered in a large proportion of the ears:
in some of them dead caterpillars were lying within the husks (with
some still living), which had doubtless been killed by the frost. It
could not be learned that this attack upon corn in the neighborhood
of Albany had been previously noticed. It is strange that depreda-
tions so general and so extensive as were these, could exist and still fail
to arrest attention.

The occurrence of this insect in injurious numbers in the State, for
the first time, the past season, is undoubtedly the result of the unusually
warm and dry summer and autumn months — conditions highly
favorable to the increase of many of our insect pests, and to the exten-
sion northwardly of southern forms. It had been numbered among
New York species, aud examples of the moth have been taken by col-
lectors, although very rarely, in the extreme southern part of the State
— on Long Island aud elsewhere, but I do not know of its having
been seen abroad, so far north in the State as Albany.

There need be no apprehension that the species will continue its in-
juries to corn in our State. Experience elsewhere has shown that its
northern extension is only exceptional, resulting from unusual con-
ditions. Very many of the later caterpillars were killed by the early
frosts, while those that had matured and entered the ground for
pupation, will not, to any great extent, be able to withstand the severe
cold of our northern winter. There may, therefore, be no survivors of
the recent invaders, and whether they are to reappear the coming
year in our corn-fields, may depend entirely upon the repetition of
last summer's heat and drought, and the attendant flight hither of
moths from the south.

THE CORN-WORM: REMEDIES FOR ITS ATTACK. 125

Remedies.

Wherever this species occurs in large numbers, it seems to bo prac-
ticable, by the use of the proper means employed in time, to prevent its
becoming very destructive. A3 in other injurious species which have
more than one annual brood, it is of the greatest importance that the
remedial measures should be directed against the insect at its earliest
appearance.

Hand-picking. — Experience has shown that the " corn-worm " may
be controlled by collecting by hand the caterpillars of the first brood
and destroying them. Even within the "cotton-belt," in Georgia,
where it abounds, it lias been found that when " the corn was carefully
'wormed' on two or three plantations, the boll-worms did not make their
appearance that season on the cotton, notwithstanding that on neigh-
boring plantations they committed great ravages." Their presence in
the stalks can readily be detected by the holes eaten into the leaves;
and later, when they have migrated to the ear, their hiding places are
shown by the eaten and blackened silk mingled with their excrementa.
If the husks of such ears be partly opened at the top, the worm may
be found and destroyed.

Attracting by odor and drowning. — Another method which has
given excellent results, where the insects occur abundantly, is to at-
tract the moth when they are just from the pupa and before they have
deposited their eggs, to a mixture of molasses and vinegar. The odor
will draw them from quite a distance, and in their eagerness to feed
upon the sweet substance, they are caught in it and drowned. As this
method is equally serviceable for the capture of many of our injurious
night-flying species, we quote the experience of Col. Sorsby, of Geor-
gia, as given in the Patent Office Report (Agriculture), for the year
1855 (p. 2S5): —

•' We procured eighteen common-sized dinner plates, into each of
which we put half a gill of vinegar and molasses, previously prepared
in the proportion of four parts of the former to one of the latter.
These plates were set. on small stakes or poles driven into the ground
in the cotton field, one to about each three acres, and reaching a little
above the cotton plant, with a six-inch square board tacked on the top
to receive the plate. These arrangements were made in the evening
soon after the flies had made their appearance; the next morning we
found eighteen to thirty-five moths to each plate. The experiment was
continued for five or six days, distributing the plates over the entire
field ; each day's success increasing [? decreasing], until the numbers
were reduced to two or three moths to each plate, when it was aban-
doned as being no longer worthy of the trouble. The crop that year
was very little injured by the boll-worm."

126 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Attracting to light. — Another method of collecting the moths is to
attract them to lamps so constructed that the insects flying to them
shall fall into a reservoir arranged for the purpose, where they will be
destroyed, as illustrated in Fig. 38 on page . Many styles of lamps
have been devised which have been experimented with by the IT. S.
Entomological Commission in the cotton-fields of the South, and illus-
trated and explained in the Annual Reports of the Commission. The
simplest form is that which is constructed as a torch, the oil reservoir
being soldered to the center of a broad tin dish containing water with
a small quantity of kerosene oil floating upon it, and fastened on the
top of a stake thrust in the ground.

Benefit of Destroying the First Brood.

To illustrate the great importance of destroying the insects which
would produce the first brood of a many brooded species, and the ease
with which subsequent multiplication may at this time be prevented,
we present the following calculation, showing the results which would
follow the above experiments conducted for a single night, upon the
supposition that each female of five successive broods* would have de-
posited its full quota of eggs, and that each egg would have produced
a moth. It is scarcely necessary to add that not even a near approach
to such an entire exemption from loss in the four distinct stages of in-
sect life can ever occur in nature.

Theaverage number of moths to a plate, as given above, being twenty-
six, the entire number capitured during the night would have been
four hundred and sixty-eight. Assuming one-half of these to have been
females, and each to contain five hundred eggs,f the caterpillars of the
first brood would number one hundred and seventeen thousand. By the
same method of calculation, we have for the second brood, twenty-nine
and a quarter millions of caterpillars ; and continuing the computation
until we reach the fifth and last brood, we have the amazing number
of 457,031,250,000,000 caterpillars, or exceeding four hundred and
fifty-seven trillions.

To present this computation in a more convenient and comprehen-
sible form, — under the above conditions and by the same progressive in-
crease, a corn-moth emerging from its pupa in May would be repre-
sented by a progeny of nearly two trillions of caterpillars (1,953,125,-
000,000) in its last annual brood in November, — a number fourteen
hundred times greater than that of the entire human population (as
estimated) of the globe.

*In all but the extreme southern portion of the cotton-belt, there are, normally, five an-
nual broods — the last appearing early in September. In exceptionally fine seasons, it is
probable that there is also a sixth brood. {Kept. Commis. Agricul., for the year 1879, p.
342.)

+A boll-worm moth, dissected by Dr. Jno. Gamble, contained upwards of five hundred
eggs (Glover— Rapt. Commis. Pat. {Agricul.), for 1855, p. 282).

THE VAGABOND CRAMBUS ! ITS BIBLIOGRAPHY, ETC. 127

Crambus vuliji vaarcllns Clemens.

The Vagabond Crambus.

Order Lepidoptera ; Family Pykalidje.

Clkmkns i in Proc, Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila., 18G0, p. 203 (original description).

ZELLER; ISeitr. Kennt. nordamer. Nachtf., i, 1872, p. 93 (5311), (comparative ob-
uer vationa, aa 0. chalybirostris).

GrOTE : in Canad. Eutomol., xii, 1880, p. 17 (Vancouver locality) ; lb., p. 70, (list
of Crambos Bpecies),

LlNTNEK : in Alb. Eve. Jonrn., of May 33, 1881* (ravages of " army-worm "); lb.,
of July 1 (Crambus species and If. violaite); II)., of Sept. 8 (cocoons,
Imago, and predictions); Courier and Freeman [Potsdam, N. V.J, of May
26 (distribution, alarm, etc.) ; St. Lawrence Kepub., of June 8 (ravages,
babits, etc., with .V. viol'lTls) ; lb., of Sept. 14 (eggs and moths); lb., of
Bept.38 (reprint from Ogs. Daily Journ. , of Sept. 21); The Husband,
man [Elmira, X. Y.],of Sept. 14 (ravages, habits, description, transfor-
mations, etc.) ; Ogdensburg [N. Y. j Daily Journ., of Sept. 21 (remedies
proposed); Count. Gent. [Albany, X. Y.J, of June 2, xlvi.p. 35.1 (from
Alb. Eve. Journ., of May 28) ; lb., of June 9 (identified as X. violans) ;
lb., of Sept. 29 (abundance, predictions, etc.).

: in Cincinnati Commercial, of Aug. 20; Cin. Daily Gazette, of Aug. 20;

Science [X. Y. citvj, of Oct. 1, ii, p. 4G7 (abstracts of paper at A. A. A.
S.).

Adams : in Watertown [X. Y.J Daily Times, of Aug. 22 (history, etc.).

Riley : in Amer. Xat., xv, p. 574 (associated with ST. violans); lb., p. 750; lb.,
p. 914 (abundance, description , and eggs).

Saunders : in Canad. Entomol., xiii, pp. 181-3, 199, 200 ; in Ann. Kept. Ent.
Soc. Ontario, for 1881-1882,(1882), pp. G, 13 (general notice).

Riley .- in Ann. Rept, Commis. Agricul. for 1881-1882. (1882), pp. 179-183 (injury,
natural history, description, remedies, and bibliography).

The history herewith presented of the insect which suddenly ap-
peared in such countless numbers in the pastures and meadows of
Northern New York the past year (1881) is of such unusual in-
terest, from the extent of its distribution, its serious ravages, the
alarm excited by its advent, the probability of its recurrence, anil also
as affording an illustration of a phenomenon not iinfrequently ob-
served by entomologists — of the sudden multiplication of a hitherto
harmless insect into formidable and destructive hosts — that no
apology is required for presenting it in more than ordinary detail, or
for the repetition of much that has been already published by me (see
references above) in several newspapers and other journals.

First Notice of its Occurrence.
On the 18th of May last, letters were received by mo from Potsdam,
N. Y., and also by Mr. T. L. Harison, Secretary of the State Agricul-
tural Society, announcing a formidable invasion of the grass-lands
of several of the towns of St. Lawrence county by the army-worm.

*AU the following citations (except the last two) are of the same year (lSbl).

128 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

The ravages had only been observed during the preceding ten days,
but already had they increased to such magnitude that many exten-
sive pastures had been completely ruined. The entire destruction of
both the pastures and meadows was threatened, and serious detriment
to the important dairy interests of the northern counties of the State
was anticipated. My advice was asked as to the best means of arrest-
ing the ravages. I had never witnessed an army-worm invasion, for-
tunately of rare occurrence in the State of New York, and as the pres-
ent one seemed to promise unusual interest from its northern locality
and early period of the year, I left Albany on the evening of the re-
ception of the above information, in company with Secretary Harison,
that, after personal observation, I might return more satisfactory re-
plies to the inquiries addressed to me.

Narrative of its Observation.
Inquiries made at Rouse's Point, Clinton Co. — the extreme north-
easterly portion of the State — failed to elicit any information of an
attack in that vicinity. Our route thence, via the Ogdensburg and
Lake Champlain railroad, traversed, for the most part, the wild and
uncultivated parts of Clinton and Franklin counties, where but little
grass occurred to invite grass-feeding insects. Leaving the railroad at
Madrid, St. Lawrence county, and proceeding southward, the appear-
ance of a pasture two miles from the station, on the farm of Mr. Fay,
gave indication of attack such as had been described to us. Upon ex-
amining several brown patches, it was found that the grass had been
closely eaten off, and slowly traveling over the surface were a number
of apparently sickly caterpillars, which were evidently the authors of
the injury. In one low, wet spot, a large number of dead caterpillars
were lying on the ground. Perhaps twenty-five could have been
counted in an area of a square foot, which, from their condition, we
believed to have been killed by the heavy rains of the three preceding
days. In the entire absence of caterpillars feeding, it was questioned
if the attack had been arrested by weather unfavorable to them, or had
they been otherwise destroyed. A well-
known "caterpillar-hunter" was present in
unusual numbers, and had undoubtedly
rendered good service in checking the dep-
redations, for under one small stono
turned up we found no less than five of
the pretty Carabid beetle, Calosoma cali-
dum (Fabr.) — a valued ally in our warfare
against the hosts of injurious insects. That
it may be recognized and protected when-
ever discovered (together with other spe-
cies of the genus and family, nearly all of

Fiq. 29.— Calosoma calidum, . ., , i , ■ j

slightly eniarged.with further en- which have similar predaceous habits, and

larjjement of auteuuaand uaaxil- . , , . • «i.-„i,i__ i.urt

lary palpus. are very important agents in checking the

THE VAGABOND CRAMBUS \ OBSERVATIONS AT MORLEY. 139

excessive increase of our insect enemies, and of which it may serve as
a representative form), it is shown in the accompanying figure.

Observations at Morley. — In many of the pastures lying upon the
road to Morley, patches, some of considerable extent, were seen where
the grass had been destroyed, as we were told, during the past week.
On entering Morley, a long stretch of a number of acres of pasture
land sloping down to the west bank of Grass river was pointed out to
us as an infested district. No shade of green could be seen upon it,
and it looked, at the distance, liko a barren, sandy surface. Upon
reaching the residence of Secretary Hanson, the unwelcomo intelli-
gence was communicated to him that the "worm" had made its ap-
pearance in his pastures. An examination of them showed their dep-
redations, not extensive, but quito unmistakable, on many of the
little knolls where most of the grass had been eaten off nearly to the
crown, leaving only the dead and bleached blades of last year's growth.
A few caterpillars were discovered here, by turning over stones and
pieces of decayed wood, but none were seen feeding or in travel.

The farms of Mr. Lorenzo Fenton and Mr. John Eutheford were next
visited, where the " worms " had been reported in force. Upon each
of these, several acres of elevated pasture land were almost as brown as
in mid-winter, or, if showing any living vegetation, it was only sorrel or
some other wild growth. Two weeks previous the same fields were
entirely green and already affording fair pasturage. It was a strange
sight to see these desolated fields — some having only portions de-
stroyed, but the browned areas daily enlarging — and almost an entire
absence of the destroying agents. We were told that the caterpillars
were in the ground, and that large numbers could be taken from
every piece of sod lifted in a certain portion of the field. We examined
the place, which was almost stripped of its grass, but only a few larva
were found in the sod. The interesting discovery, however, was here
made of the subterranean retreat of the caterpillar, at about a half-inch
beneath the surface, within a tube closely investing its body, composed
of fresh bits of green grass, closely compacted and fastened together
by silken threads, which at first sight seemed to be excrementa, but
on closer examination showed unaltered vegetable structure.* Pas-
sages from the surface of the ground seemed to lead to the cases, and
it appeared to us that they might serve for the abode of the caterpillar
during the day, which they would leave for feeding above ground at night.
It was stated to us, but on rather doubtful authority, that the cater-
pillars had been observed feeding in the day-time, when cautiously ap-

*The correctness of this observation has been questioned, and the material of the
case pronounced excrementa. Its true character can be determined beyond dispute an-
other season.

17

130 .FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

proached, but as soon as alarmed they quickly withdrew beneath the
surface.

Observations at Potsdam. — I next visited Potsdam, St. Lawrence
county, where the "worm" was reported as very abundant, and
as having been very destructive. The reports had not been at all
exaggerated. Hundreds of acres of pasturage in the town of Potsdam
had been destroyed, and not a single farm, it was believed, had escaped
attack. Under the kind escort of Mr. B. Clarkson, I was able to ex-
amine the pastures and meadows upon several of the farms where the
injuries had been the most severe. My observations upon the farm of
Mr. L. Benson may serve to give an idea of the seriousness of these in-
juries, not much exceeding what was seen by me elsewhere. An upland
pasture, containing fifty acres, which, ten days previous to my visit, had
afforded good pasturage, was now entirely brown. No grass could be
seen in glancing over its whole extent, except over a narrow strip
which had been used as a roadway when farming purposes necessitated
occasional passing from one field to another. This, from some un-
known cause, had remained green.* Upon stooping down and care-
fully examining the surface, amongst the sorrel and other weeds which
had not been eaten, an occasional blade of grass, overlooked by the
caterpillars, could be discovered, averaging perhaps one blade to the
square foot, so completely had the grass been destroyed. Hundreds of
dead and dried, or nearly dead larvae, attached to stems and stalks
of weeds, or last year's grass, at a height of from six to twelve inches
above the ground, could be seen at one glance of the eye, by placing
the head near the ground and looking over the field. In all proba-
bility most of these were victims to starvation, and not to parasitism,
as at first thought, for no parasites were subsequently obtained from
a large collection made of them.

A meadow belonging to Mr. Benson, adjoining the above pasture,
and bearing a fine growth of grass, was seen to present a few spots
having a suspicious appearance. One of these was examined, and in a
small piece of sod six inches square cut by a spade, about twenty of the
caterpillars were found, several of which (perhaps all, previous to their
disturbance by tearing the sod apart) were contained in the green
tubular cases previously mentioned. As a test of the distribution of
the caterpillars throughout the meadow, pieces of sod were taken up
at random in several places, by walking two or three rods with closed
eyes and then inserting the spade in the ground. In each instance,
larvae were discovered. In view of this discovery, not previously sus-
pected, Mr. Benson proposed at once turning in his stock and feeding
off the grass before it should meet with the destruction to which it

♦Perhaps the larva? had found the soil too much compacted from even the moderate
amount of travel over it, to permit of its penetration for the construction of their subter-
ranean galleries.

T1IK VAGABOND CKAMIU's: ITS OPEBATIOKS. L31

seemed doomed. I counseled :i delay of sx few days, until some ex-
periments could be made of means which might perhaps prevent far-
ther depredations. It was suggested that strips of about ten feet in

width should be staked off in the meadow, and that some harmless
substance (not daring to recommend poisonous ones on meadow land),
which might render the grass unpalatable for food to the larvae, he

scattered over each strip. Upon one plaster might be used, upon the
next lime, upon another ashes, on another salt, and on a fifth road-
dust. These applications were to be made when the grass was wet
with rain or dew, and renewed if washed away by the rain. The rela-
tive effect of the several applications was to be noticed, and if effect-
ual in arresting the depredations, that which gave the best result
should be employed at large.

Upon another farm, that of Mr. 11. C. Green, I examined a side-hill
pasture of several acres, of which about two acres had been destroyed.
A line separating this portion from the uninjured part, running down
the bill, was distinctly traceable, but no cause for its existence could
be discovered, cither in the character of the soil or conformation of the
ground. Perhaps it marked but, a temporary limit, which may have
shown an advance the following day. Another field below, on quite
low ground, was so entirely browned that I could not convince those
with me that it had not been winter-killed, until by stooping down
and parting the dead grass of the preceding year, I was able to point
out a thick growth of new grass closely eaten to the surface of the
ground.

Characteristics of the Attack.

Several interesting features characterized this attack. It was in most
instances observed first on uplaud and old pastures, — differing in this
particular from the invasions of the northern army-worm, Leucania
unipuncta, which ordinarily commences on low grass lands, working
thence upward.

Its progress was remarkably rapid. A brown patch first observed in
a pasture would rapidly extend its area, and ofcen embrace the entire
field in from ten to twelve days. Whether this was the result of the
spreading of the larvae from certain points where the eggs had been
deposited, or the unequal hatching of the eggs distributed over entire
fields, as influenced by various conditions of warmth, moisture, etc., I
could not ascertain, for the brief time which I was able to devote to
my observations did not permit of the detection of the eggs or their
empty shells.

The secrecy with which the depredations were conducted was un-
usual and surprising. The extension of the infested areas could be ob-
served from day to day, seemingly as causeless as a blight. Only a few

132 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

persons had seen the larvae, and fewer still had witnessed their feeding.
They were, for the above reasons, believed to be nocturnal feeders. An
informant, who had observed the movement of a blade of grass, which,
retaining its attachment to the root, had its tip bent downward and
carried into a hole in the ground, inclined to the belief that most of
the feeding, and all of that done during the day, was subterraneous, the
larva gradually drawing the blade in its concealed retreat as it fed
upon it. Objections to this theory were found in that the grass was
usually eaten closely down to the crown of the root, and that holes in
the soil which should lead to such retreats were very rarely seen.

Local Gatherings of Caterpillars,
No migration, like the hunger-impelled marches of the army-worm
had been seen, or any common progressive movement of the caterpil-
lars. In two instances, as narrated to me, immense numbers were ob-
served in assemblages so large as to give countenance to the prevalent
idea of an army-worm invasion. In both cases they had collected
about the base and upon the trunk of a tree (a maple and an oak), to
the height of two or three feet above the ground. They not only en-
tirely covered the surface, but were piled upon one another so that, as
stated, they could have been scooped up by handfuls. This occurred
at Potsdam, three days previous to my visit to the place. That I
might, if possible, verify these statements, I visited one of the locali-
ties of these gatnerings, on the farm of Mr. L. D. Partridge, upon an
island in the Eaquette river. The caterpillars had evidently been
here in force, for all the grass upon the island had been eaten. The
oak tree which had been mentioned as the gathering point was readily
found, as it was the only oak in the field. It was evident that their
number had not been misrepresented, for the trunk was found en-
veloped to a height of eighteen inches, with a firm web of silk which
had been spun by the hosts of larvae, as was also a decayed stump of
about two feet in height, standing a few inches from the tree. Upon
the upper surface of a prostrate log adjacent, and extending thence a
short distance over the ground in the direction of the tree was a simi-
lar web, and some large stones lying at the base of the tree were also
coated in the same manner. The web, especially that upon the tree,
was of so firm a texture that it could be stripped from the bark in a
continuous sheet like a piece of woven silk. There were no excrementa
mingled with it. Throughout the sheet were little openings of various
sizes, averaging perhaps one-fourth of an inch, for which I was unable
to account. They could not have been places of egress, for the con-
struction of the web clearly did not permit of such immense numbers of
caterpillars as were necessary to its formation, to have been massed
beneath it.

THE VAGABOND CUAMBUS: CAUSE OF GREAT ALARM. 133

A few stragglers of this host had been left behind and were aim-
lessly, it appeared, traveling slowly over the web. They were secured
and, on comparison, were ascertained to be identical with those which
I had elsewhere observed. The object of the assemblage at this par-
ticular poiut can only be conjectured. It was not for feeding, for the
closest scrutiny failed to give evidence that the larvae had ascended
the tree even to the height of the lower branches. It is possible that
there may have been a migration at this time and place from the deso-
lated pasture, and the shade of this, the only large tree in the vicinity,
may have been sought as an agreeable refuge from the hot sun sud-
denly appearing after one of the "April showers "which characterized
this portion of the month of May-
Alarm Excited by the Attack.

As previously stated, the insect — the abundance and the ravages of
which have been recounted — was generally accepted, throughout the
district invaded, as the "army-worm." The local papers contained
notices of its appearance at different points, and gave statements of
the. number of acres of grass already destroyed on several farms. The
Courier and Freeman, of Potsdam, of May 2Gth, in an extended notice
which it gives, states: " So far as we have heard, farmers are making
no general effort to check the pest. An occasional furrow is turned
or a piece of laud rolled, but no combined and effective work is being
done." The editor records sales of cattle that had been made in the
vicinity, during the week, of ninety-four head, at low prices quoted, in
anticipation of the entire destruction of grass in both pastures and
meadows. Long extracts were made from the writings of Dr. Fitch
and Prof. Riley, of the appearance and habits of the army-worm with
methods for fighting it, so that it might be properly met when the
existing demonstration should have developed into those migratory
armies of which such graphic accounts have been given. Throughout
St. Lawrence county, where the ravages had been the most serious,
general consternation prevailed, not confined to agriculturists, for
there was well-founded apprehension that every lawn and grass-plot
would be invaded. It became the common topic of village conversa-
tion. At a meeting of the Ogdensburg Board of Trade, on the 23d of
May, resolutions were passed, requesting from the State Entomologist
such information and recommendations as might be of service to the
farmers and the public generally. The Secretary wrote at this time :
"Hundreds of acres in the towns of Oswegatchie, Lisbon and Morris-
town are completely ruined. If an army of Rebels or Fenians had in-
vaded our frontier, the people could not have been more excited than
just now over the ravages of this pest. Time can only tell what dam-

13-i FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

age St. Lawrence county may be obliged to sustain on its account.
Acres of pasture can be seen without a spear of grass upon them."

Description of the Caterpillar.
The caterpillars which I collected in the towns of Morley and Pots-
dam, and which I saw at those places slowly traveling over the herb-
age, lying dead upon the ground, attached to spears of dead grasses,
or taken from their retreats among the roots of the grass,
were, beyond doubt, the authors of the above-noticed rav-
ages, although at no time detected in the work. Their ap-
pearance is shown in Pig. 30, and may be described as fol-
lows : They were of a slender, cylindrical form with the
normal number of legs — sixteen. Their color was usu-
ally sordid or obscure greenish, with a shining black head
of rather more than one-half the diameter of the body, and
the upper part of the following segment, brown. Their
markings were in spots, and not in lines. On the upper
side of the principal segments (differing always on the
front ones) there were four glassy, slightly elevated, brown
spots, each bearing a black hair of about the length of one-
third the diameter of the body; of these the anterior pair
of each segment are broadly oval and two-dotted, the outer
Caterpillar 7f dot haymS the hair> a,ld the posterior pair elongate-ellipti-
the Vagabond cal with the hair upon its outer portion. On the side of
Crambos vu7- the hodY> immediately over the small black spiracle or
tGwicAeGthe naT breathing-pore is a subtriangular brown spot (also bearing
urai size. a hair), an arm from which extends downward behind the
spiracle, partly surrounding it. Beneath the spiracle is a less conspicu-
ous, elongate-oval, brown spot, in which are two short hairs. Below
and somewhat back of these is an oblique-oval, brown spot with a long
hair. Still downward and directly over the base of the prolegs is an
obscure crescentiform spot, in which some black points (four or more),
bear minute, blackish hairs. The joints of the thoracic legs are
marked with brown outwardly, and the plantse of the prolegs (the small
prehensile hooks encircling their tips) are blackish.* The average
length of the larva? was about three-fourths of an inch. It was sub-
sequently found that they had at this time about attained maturity.

The Species not Determined at the Time.
I was unable, at the time of my visit, to determine whether or not
the depredator was that of Leucania unipuncta. If that species, it

*The details of this description and the figure are from alcoholic examples.

THE VAGABOND t'KAMHUS: WHERE OBSERVED. 135

differed greatly from its appearance at maturity, in not showing the
characteristic stripes and in other particulars. But I had never seen the
latter in its immature stages, — the published descriptions were not
sufficiently full to remove all doubt, — and from the small size of the
former, two moltings would be required in order to attain to the mature
size of the army-worm, and even in a single molting very great change
in appearance aud form is often developed. The observed habits dif-
fered in important particulars from those ascribed to that species,
and, above all, the time was nearly two months in advance of the
proper season for its presence in Northern New York. Moreover, I
could find no record of its occurrence in destructive numbers in that
portion of our State, which lies outside of the limits of its serious rav-
ages in the map given by Dr. Packard.*

Observed in Jefferson and Oswego Counties,
On my return from Potsdam, via the Rome, Watertown, andOgdens-
burg railroad, the ravages of the caterpillars could be readily detected
from the windows of the moving train at various places in St. Lawrence,
Jefferson, and Oswego counties, by the brown patches, usually of small
extent, on knolls and in the more elevated portions of the pastures
bordering the road. Near Richville, several large infested patches were
seen. None were noticed at Keen's Station. At about a mile south
of Sanford's Corners, in Jefferson county, and continuing for some
distance farther, traces of the attack were visible in small browned
spots in the pastures. Within about two miles of Watertown, it be-
came quite noticeable, and for a few miles beyond, several pastures
showed the higher portions infested, and a grain field was also believed
to be suffering from it. It was again noticed as we approached Adam's
Center, and after leaving Sandy Creek, in Oswego county. South of
this point, it was suspected in places, but I could not be positive of its
presence.

Additional Collections of Larvae at Potsdam.
A number of the larva) which I had collected were placed in a box
with sod, and brought home with me. They were objects of interest
to many of my fellow passengers en route, as the hitherto unrecognized
authors of the injuries with which they were familiar. The larvae
proved difficult to rear in confinement, and although as near an ap-
proach as was convenient to their natural condition was given them,
most of them died within a few days ; a few escaped. Two of their
cocoons only were subsequently taken from the sod. One of the cater-

*Mnth Ann. Sept. U. S. Geolog.-Geograph. Surv. Terr., for 1875 (1877), map 8.

136 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

pillars, after the death of the larger number, was removed and placed in
a separate box, with some blades of grass for food. Here it shortly
went into the pupal state within the grass, without forming a cocoon,
and after sixteen days of pupation disclosed its imago, which proved to
be Cr ambus exsiccatus.

In consideration of the poor success attending my attempts at rear-
ing the larvfe, I wrote to a friend at Potsdam, requesting additional
examples at their present more advanced stage. A large number were
collected from beneath sticks, pieces of rails, leaves, stones, dried ex-
crements, etc., and sent to me. They presented quite a different appear-
ance from the previous collections, bat the difference was ascribed to ad-
ditional moltings. They, however, proved to be a distinct species — one
of the Noctuidce, known as Neplielodes violans, the caterpillars of which
had been named by Prof. Riley as the bronze-colored cut-worm.

Cessation of the Ravages.

My visit to St. Lawrence county must have been at about the time
of the greatest depredations of the caterpillars, perhaps a little later
for from that time they seemed to diminish: by the 25th of May they
were nearly completed, and by the end of the month it is thought that
they had entirely ceased. Reports published in the St. Laivrence Re-
publican from several of the county towns, under date of June 6th and
7th, mention their disappearance, and that the pastures which had
been eaten off were beginning to look green again — a gratifying evi-
dence that the roots had not been injured.

Abundance of Cocoons, at Watertown, N. Y.

On the 1st of July, a communication was received from Mr. J. Q.
Adams, of Watertown, N. Y., accompanied by material which gave the
first clue to the identification of this destructive pest. It undoubtedly
belonged to the PyralidcB. Its injuries had not been so serious in Jef-
ferson county as in St. Lawrence, yet in a pasture near Water-
town which had been infested by them, its cocoons occurred so numer-
ously, that a half-dozen could be taken from a piece of sod of the size
of one's hand. The cocoons were found with one end (the more loosely
constructed one) at the surface of the ground, and the other perpen-
dicularly beneath it among the roots of the grasses. A hundred or
more of these cocoons were kindly sent to me by Mr. Adams. Those
that I opened for examination confirmed the statement of Mr. Adams
that the transformation to the pujwil state had not yet taken place, al-
though the cocoons had been formed at least a month before.

The caterpillars which they contained were identical with my Pots-
dam alcoholic examples, although notably of a paler color than were

THE VAGABOND CRAMBUS: COCOON AND PUPATION. 137

those in nature — the result, doubtless, of their long exclusion from the
light during their cocoonage. They gave no evidence of having been
parasitized, but were, to all appearance, in a healthy condition, dis-
playing, when disturbed in their retreats, a facility of locomotion fully
equal to that manifested during their active stage of six weeks before-

The Cocoon.
The general appearance of the cocoon is represented in Fig. 31. It
however varies considerably in size aud form. The fig-
ure is taken from one of the largest size, while others are
but half so large. The average of thirty examples gives
a length of 0.9 inch, and a diameter at the broadest
part of 0.24 inch. The shape is subcylindrical, but vary-
ing from an almost uniform diameter, to an enlargement
of the lower portion to twice the diameter of the upper
part. The interior consists of a closely spun sheet of
silk, to which is connected the rather thin outer cover-
Pio. si.—Earth ing of earth, mixed witli the finer rootlets of the grass.
bus YCLGivAOBL- Nearly all the cocoons show curvature similar to that

lus, — natural . .. ., _

she. represented in the figure.

Delayed Pupation,
Early in July (precise date not noted), upon opening several of the
cocoons for examination, the caterpillars were found within them still
unchanged, although they had at this time been in this inactive state
for a period of from one and a half to two months. The change to the
pupa state in the Lepidoptera usually takes place within a week after
the caterpillar has made its cocoon. The delayed pupation of this
species is an interesting feature in its life-history. A similar prolon-
gation of the larval stage is well known to those who are in the habit
of rearing Lepidoptera, to pertain to at least several species of the
Ptihdontinm among the Bombycidce, which pass the winter in this
condition, pupating only a short time before the disclosure of the
imago in the spring.* It has also been observed in some species of the
Noctuidm as in Xylina antennata Walker (X cinerea Riley), in which
the larva lies unchanged in its earthern cocoon from June to Octo-

*I have observed this frequently in (Edemasia concinna (Sm.-Abb.) and in Calodasyt
unicornis (Sm.-Abb.). Dr. H. S. Jewett iuforms me that Centra iorealis [? occidentalu]
makes cocoons late in summer and pupates the following spring ; and ILterocampa marina
(Packard), after making its cocoon just below the surface of the earth or of bits of leaves,
twigs, etc., lies dormant through the winter, and pupates in the spring.

All the Notodontians (together with Umacodm) remain a long time in their cocoons, or
in earth, before turning to pupse (Harris, Ent. Corr., p. 242).

IS

138 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

ber, until within a few days of its appearance as a moth.* I had never
known it to occur among the Pyralidcs, nor could any notice of its
occurrence be found in a thorough search through the literature of the
family, both European and American. Professor Riley, however, has
informed me, that he had observed it in some species of Botys. That
it was not a family characteristic, or that it does not necessarily control
all the species of a numerous genus, appears in the fact above stated of
the prompt transformation to the pupa and thence to the imago of
Crambus exsiccatus — a species in which the larva so closely resembles
those of which we are writing, that, when seen apart, it was believed to
be the same.f

On the 8th of August ten of the cocoons were opened. Of these
four were empty — the larva? probably having deserted them in con-
sequence of the disturbance attending their removal from the soil and
their transportation to me, for, when received, several of the larvae
were wandering among the cocoons. The other six cocoons contained
pupae; and the pupation of all the rest at this time was accepted, in
preference to sacrificing a larger number in further examination.

The Pupa.
The pupa, in each instance, was lying in the upper and loose end of
the cocoon, in convenient position for its egress. Fig. 32
shows its general appearance, but gives too great a relative
breadth across its wing-cases. In length it measures from
0.35 inch to 0.45 inch — average of six examples, 0.408 inch ;
average greatest diameter, 0.1 inch. Its color is pale brown.
The females are ovoid in form, with the segments showing
indistinctly ; the males are cylindro-conical with well-defined
—Pupa of and rounded segments. Head-case projected at the tip, and
y ulgiva3 eye-cases prominent. Tips of wing-covers rounding over the
GELLus, segment, the inner wing-cover showing its margin over more
than three segments. The stigmata appear as minute tuber-
cles. Anal tip, dark brown, blunt and slightly excavated beneath.
The Species Determined.
On the 6th of August the first moth was disclosed from my Water-
town cocoons. Professor Riley, at Washington, had obtained examples

*According to Mr. S. L. Elliot, of New York city, this species matures and enters the
ground in June, where it remains as a larva until in October, when it pupates, and the
moth is disclosed twenty days thereafter.

fin some of the other orders, there are interesting cases of delayed pupation. In the
Diptera, Diplosis tritici and " all the numerous willow gallguuts belonging to the same ge-
nus [Cecidomt/ia], remain in the larva state without eating all through the winter, and until a
few weeks of the time when the perfect midge is destined to appear, i.e., with this particu-
lar species [D. tritici], until some time in May (Walsh, Practical Entomologist, ii, 18ti7, p. 99).

Among the Hymenoptera, Cimbex Americana, the largest of our saw-flies, occurring on
the elm and willow, spins up in July and remains as a larva until the following spring.
(Id., ib., p. 101.)

THE VAGABOND CRAMBUS : SPECIES DETERMINED. 139

two days before, from cocoous which he had also received from Water-
town. It proved to be the species known as Crambus vulgivagellus
Clemens, identical with that, it is believed by our best authorities,
subsequently described by Professor Zeller, as Crambus chalybirostris.
The interesting and perplexing question of the preceding three months
— to which of our insect depredators was chargeable the ravages in
Northern New York, more serious in the extent of territory embraced
than au army-worm invasion — was decided. The new enemy — the
latest addition to our list of formidable insect pests — was found to be a
modest, inconspicuous, and hitherto unobtrusive Crambus.

The species has been known to entomologists for many years. It has
been rather a common insect, having had name and place in most of
our collections. Nothing was known of its life-history, and it had
never been recorded as in the slightest degree injurious. Now that it
has so suddenly achieved notoriety, a popular name seems to be needed
for it, for the use of those who would find it more convenient and
agreeable than any of the class that they delight to stigmatize as
"jaw-breaking Latin names.'' It is not always easy to select a com-
mon name which shall be both correct and distinctive, especially in a
group where there are many species almost identical in appearance and
habits. In view of this difficulty existing in the present instance, we have
resorted, as has often been done, to a translation of the scientilic
name, and have designated the species as the Vagabond Cram-
bus. If there is ever satisfaction in a resort to objurgatory epithets,
this one may afford to the farmer, who contemplates its fearful rav-
ages in his pastures, a measure of relief akin to that which might be
experienced in a free translation of the scientific name of the wasp,
Vespa diabolica, by one who had just experienced its venomous sting.

Family Characteristics.
To those who are not familiar with that division of the pyralid
moths to which this species belongs — the Crambidm — it may be of
interest to state that they are small moths, usually less than an inch
in spread of wings, and presenting in general the following features :
The autennte are thread-like ; the palpi projecting like a beak for
some distance in front of the head ; body aud legs long and slender ;
the front wings are narrow and long and are often ornamented with
dots and lines in silver or gold ; the hind wings are semicircular and
plain, and in repose are folded like a fan under the front wings ; both
pairs, when the insect is at' rest, are wrapped tightly around the body
in cylindrical form. They frequent meadows and pastures during the
latter part of summer, and when driven up by approaching footsteps,
they fly for a short distance with a staccato flight, when they alight

140 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

and bide beneath a leaf or upon a blade of grass, head downward,
where, from their manner of folding their wings about them, they al-
most escape observation. This attitude, at rest, is the explanation of
the name " Close-wings" sometimes applied to them in England.

Sixty-four species of North American Crambidm are catalogued by
Mr. Grote, more than half of which belong to the genus Cr ambus. A
common termination which usage has authorized for their specific
names, is ellus ; while in another division of the Pyralidce, viz., Pliy-
cida, the termination of ella has been adopted, and in the remaining
divisions, Pyralididm, etc., alls (unfortunately shared by the Deltoides
of the Noctuidce).

Abundance of the Moths.

But few additional moths emerged from my cocoons prior to the
15th of August; from that time to the 25th by far the larger number
were disclosed.

About the middle of August they were abundant in the localities
where their caterpillars had swarmed in May. Under date of August
19th, Mr. Adams wrote me from Watertowu : " The meadows and pas-
tures are now filling up with the moths, and in places they fly out in
small clouds." In a communication to the Watertown Daily Times,
of August 2Z&, he writes : ''At this date, any farmer of the county
can walk his meadow or pasture and drive up moths in countless
numbers, or, in places, in a small cloud." This, it should be remem-
bered, is from a locality where the injuries done were moderate, com-
pared to portions' of St. Lawrence county. They may, therefore, be
presumed to have been much more abundant there, but my only in-
formation relating to their appearance in that portion of the State is
from Miss A. Clarkson, of Potsdam, who, under date of September
6th, writes: "The moths for the last three weeks have been flying in
quantities, though much more abundant a few weeks ago than now.
At West Stockholm, a means- was devised for destroying them. Barrels
were placed in the fields with water, on which was poured kerosene
which was set on fire. The moths were attracted to the light and
vast numbers killed."

Professor Riley, in a notice of the species, in the American Natu-
ralist of November last (p. 914), states : " The moth has been exces-
sively abundant all over the Eastern States this year, and as Mr
Henry Edwards informed us, proved a positive nuisance in collecting
in the neighborhood of New York city."

THE VAGABOND CRAMBTJS : DESCRIPTION OF MOTH. 141

Description of the Moth.
The moth, shown in Fig. 33, has a sleuder body, and measures, on
au average, one inch across its expanded wings. Its front wings are
of a dull, yellowish color, and are only marked
with rows of blackish scales between the veins, and
with a black dot at the end of each vein on the
outer margin; the fringe of the wings has a
Fiq. 33.— The Vaga- golden reflection. The hind wings are pale jel-
CBAtBu™' vburQn°ohBZr lowish> witn long> Paler fringes. The thorax and
los, natural size. abdomen are of the color of the wings. From the

front of the head the two long, scaly palpi, folded together, project like
a proboscis or beak, or, as in many cabinet specimens, diverge in a V,
as in the figure.

The original description by Dr. Clemens (loc. cit.) is as follows;
" Labial palpi luteous, dark fuscous externally. Head and thorax
luteous ; tegulre with a fuscous stripe. Fore wings luteous, with nu-
merous fuscous streaks in atoms along the veins, and two in the disk.
Hind margin with a row of terminal black dots; cilia golden-hued.
Hind wings yellowish ; cilia whitish."

The Eggs.
From some of the moths from the Watertown cocoons which I had
confined in a box with a piece of sod, eggs were obtained the last of
August. Some of them were adhering slightly to the grass, but most
of them were lying on the surface of the ground. It is, therefore,
probable that the eggs are dropped at random in the grass — the
larger number reaching the ground. At first they are of a pale yellow-
green color, but later, as they approach the time for their hatching,
they assume a pink shade. According to Professor Riley, who " found
the egg-shells quite common in the earth of some sward, sent Septem-
ber 12th, by Mr. Adams, from a field that had been devastated by the
larvae, the eggs are pale yellow when laid, but become orange after-
ward ; they are elongate-oval, very slightly broader at base than the
top, and ribbed as in those of various butterflies, there being about
twenty longitudinal, rather sharp ridges, and about thirty less marked
transverse ones. The average length is 0.7 mm. and diameter 0.3
mm."*

*I am unable to reconcile with the above description some memoranda and rude figures
that I had made of the egg, noting forty-four distinct longitudinal striae, and the height
(figured as an oblate-spheroid) to the diameter as two to three. Can my memory be at
fault in referring these notes to C. ■vulgivayellus ? The egg of a British species, C.
eulmellu.v, is thus described : " Elliptical, with an elongate depression on part of surface,
very closely ribbed and finely reticulated ; when first laid it is of a whitish-straw tint,
changing in two days to flesh color, again onwards to salmon color, and then to deep pink,
when it begins to hatch."

142

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

An enlarged view of the egg, represented in accordance with the
above description, is given at g in Fig. 34, in connection with other
phases of the insect. For the use of the figure, I am indebted to the
Department of Agriculture at Washington, it having been one of the
illustrations of the Report of the Entomologist for the year 1881-82.

Fig. 34.— Crambus vulgivagellus : o, the larva ; *, the larval case in grass ■ c the co-
coon in the ground; d, the moth, a dark specimen; e, wing of a lighter specimen • / the
moth at rest; g, the egg enlarged, its natural size shown beside it.

The Young Larvae.

Some of the eggs which I took on September 1st, from the sod, and
placed in vials for convenience of observation, gave out their cater-
pillars on the 7tb. They were supplied from time to time with fresh
and tender grass, in which they ate irregular holes, but without any
evidence of appetite. All but one died within two or three weeks. The
single survivor, after feeding sparingly, at long intervals, underwent a
molting about September 15th. The greater part of the time was
passed at rest, and whenever the drying of a blade of grass gave it a
cylindrical form, the hollow thus made was chosen for its resting place.

The appearance of the young larva, a fortnight after its molting,
when so little progress had been made in growth that it did not exceed
one-tenth of an inch in length, was as follows : The head was elongate
and shining black, with some white hairs projecting forward about one-
half the length of its diameter; collar broad and shining black. Body
dark brown, with a long lateral white hair on each segment, longer
than those on the head and exceeding the diameter of the body ;
gradually tapering backward from the first segment; on each segment,'
two subdorsal verrucose spots.

Without farther progress, the larva died during the month — the

THE VAGABOND CRAMBUS: ITS LAUVA. 143

result, it is believed, of its not having been given the needed condi-
tions for its hibernation. The period at which the hatching occurred,
and the couduct of the larva; during the time that they were observed,
leaves scarcely doubt that their habit, in nature, is to feed but sparingly
during the autumn, and to pass through one or twomoltings, after which
they retire to suitable quarters for their hibernation, remaining in a
lethargic state until the starting of the new grass in the spring fur-
nishes them with food.*

Present Condition of the Devastated Pastures.

Through the kindness of Mr. Adams, I am enabled to give the
present appearance of the injured pastures in the vicinity of Water-
town, N. Y. Under date of December 28th, he has written me : "The
effects of the late raid still show in the absence of any blades of grass
of length. Every thing is cropped short, except in small bunches here
and there where manure was dropped. The grass has shown greenness
this fall to a much less extent than would otherwise have been the case.
There are evidently many dead roots as well as some live ones. Another
raid in these pastures would probably prove fatal to the present sod."

It will be remembered that the depredations in Jefferson county
were not nearly so serious as in St. Lawrence county.

*Professor Riley has recently published in the Annual Report of the Department of
Agriculture for the year 1881, observations made upon the young larvae occurring in large
numbers, in the District of Columbia. They are given here, as supplying an important part
in the life-history of the species which I have endeavored to present : —

"The larvae, if not too numerous, are difficult to find, on account of their nocturnal
habits, but more particularly from their secluded mode of life. From the time of hatching
to the assumption of the pupa state they remain nearly in the same spot. The newly-
hatched larva spins a delicate white web, near or among the roots of the grass, and com-
mences at once to feed upon the softer parts of some leaf near at hand, or to bore through
the surrounding sheaths into the stem itself, near its base. Whenever they have settled
they protect themselves by a delicate web, which they gradually cover with their greenish
frass, forming a tube, in which they are entirely hidden from view. They are very slug-
gish, and, if the tube be disturbed, curl up into a helix-like roll. As they increase in size,
the tube is extended either upward, when upon the ground, or downward, if somewhat
above the surface, and the opening is often lined with bits of green grass."

Some interesting observations upon the tube of the mature larva are also given in con-
nection with the above : —

" When the larva is full-grown its tube measures often, nearly 50 mm. (two inches) in
length. A half-inch at the lower end is thicker than the rest, is rounded and closed, serving
both as a retreat for the larva and as a receptacle for excrement. The upper or open end
is usually very delicate, and is generally so constructed that if the larva is disturbed it
closes entirely. When full-grown and ready to transform, the larva leaves its tube and
commences to spin among the roots, and near or just beneath the surface of the ground,
an elongate club-shaped cocoon, similar in appearance to the lower end of the larval tube.
It is composed of smooth and delicate white silk, gummed over with earth. Both ends are
rounded, the thicker end being about 0 mm. in diameter, and the narrow end about 4 mm."

144 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Resume of the Life-History of the Species-

The following is a resume- of the history of Grambus vulgivagellust
as it occurs in Northern New York, so far as we are prepared to give it:

The eggs are deposited in dry upland pastures and meadows during
the latter part of August, and hatch in about ten days.

The young larvaa feed sparingly, and after one or two meltings they
retire to winter quarters.

The hibernated larvae commence feeding in the spring with the
starting of the grass. When unusually numerous, their depredations
attract attention during the second week in May, by rapidly-extending
brown patches in pastures, from which the grass has been eaten down
to the crown, but leaving the roots unharmed.

Their principal food-plant is grass (June-grass preferred). They
also eat oats and wheat.

They feed principally by night, having rarely been seen engaged in
feeding.

When not feeding, the larva occupies a cylindrical case or tube' just
beneath the surface of the ground, the upper portion of which is com-
posed of bits of green grass cut for the purpose (possibly of excrementa),
and fastened together by slight spinning.

The depredations, when serious, are conspicuously noticeable when
the larva? are about three-fourths grown — about the middle of May.

When nearly mature, the larva}, from some unknown cause, some-
times congregate in immense numbers on the trunks of trees, near the
ground.

When mature, about the 25th of May, they abandon their green
cases, and build long and subcylindrical earthen cocoons, placed up-
right in the ground just beneatli the surface.

They remain unchanged in the cocoons for two months or more,
through June and July, when they transform to pupaa.

The pupal state continues for about two weeks.

The moths commence to emerge during the first week in August,
and are abundant about the 20th of August in pastures and meadows
where the larva? abounded.

The larva is not subject to serious parasitic attack during its later
stages ; the proportion of parasites obtained from the cocoons is very
small. In the earlier stages, continued rains, deficient food-supply,
ants, and carabid beetles destroy many larvae.

Natural Enemies.

It is not to be expected that the first year of insect attack should be
marked by the presence of many natural enemies. Successive years at-

THE VAGABOND CRAMBUS ! ITS PARASITES.

145

tract new foes, and continued observations bring them to our notice.
Our long experience with the Colorado potato-beetle, Doryphora decem-
lineata, has made us acquainted with at hast twenty-live species of
other insects which prey upon it. and many species of Vertebrates
which also destroy it. Thus far, only Carabid beetles and different
species of ants have been noticed among insects, as devouring
the Crambus larva;. Mr. Adams has seen many of the former, engerly
exploring the pastures of Wafcertown for their natural prey. He has
also informed me that while digging for cocoons, several species of
Ichneumons were observed by him, which he presumed were parasitic
on the larva>. From the large number of cocoons received from him,
only two snecies of parasites have been obtained by me, and these in
but three examples.

Lampronota frioida Cresson. — The first of these has been kindly
determined by Mr. Cresson as the species described
by him as Listionota frigida, in the Canadian En-
tomologist for 1SG8, v. i, p. 3G, but subsequently
referred to the genus Lampronota, of Curtis ( Tra7is.
Am. Ent. Soc, iii, 1870, p. 161). It is shown in Fig.
35. It belongs to the subfamily of Pimplarke of the
lehneumonida, and its original description is as
follows: " ? Black, somewhat shining ; legs rufous,
the coxa?, trochanters and posterior tibire and tarsi
black ; middle tibiae and tarsi sometimes dusky ;
wings dusky hyaline, iridescent, nervures black,
areolet small, petiolated ; abdomen shining at tip;
ovipositor longer than body ; body densely punc-
Fio. 35.— Lampronota turec] most sparse on abdomen. Length 4 1-2

P R I o I d a, parasitic on x "

Crambis vulgivagel- lines." Hab. — Grimbsy, C. \v .

His : twice the natural .,, . r n • l t .. i. c 'n

sizi;. As the wings of the insect have not been faith-

fully represented in the above figure, an enlarged drawing of them,
made with a camera, is given in Fig. 3G
Tachixa ? sp. — The second para-
site, of which three examples were ob-
tained, is a fly, belonging to the Tachi-
nidce. Of this family a large number of
species are parasitic upon caterpillars, at-
taching their eggs to the exterior of their
body, not inserting them, as do the
Ichncumonidm.

hatch from these eggs enter the caterpillar and feed upon it so slowly
that it usually prepares for pupation, and frequently undergoes the
19

Fig. 36. — Wings of Lampronota
frigida Cresson, enlarged from the
The larvae which SOOn natural size shown beside them.

146 FIRST ANNUAL liEPOKT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

change, before the maturity and final development of the Tachina
flies. In appearance these flies resemble several of our common species
of house-flies, having short and broad wings, stout and bristly bodies,
and large eyes. Fig. 37 represents a species
of the family, Nemorma leucanim Kirkp.,
■which is of great benefit in checking the
ravages of the army-worm, Leucania uni-
puncta, for when the pest abounds it is
usually accompanied by its parasite, which
follows the hosts and deposits its eggs upon
jji m^g^SO^W them near the head, as shown in the figure,

Fig 37.-Nemor.ea LsncANi^; the and causing the death of the larger num-

larva, fly and puparinm ; also, its i r fi ■ i • nrnw

eggs placed upon the forepart of DeI 0I llie "wading army.

an army-worm, on which it is The Tachinid reared from the Crambns
cocoons is one of the smallest that I have
seen, surpassing but little the common house-fly, Musca domeslica, in
size. Its eyes are large ; its thorax bluish, striped with black ; its ab-
domen quite bristly and presenting changeable patches of gray and
black as viewed in different lights. It has not been specifically deter-
mined. Many of the species are so similar in appearance, and there
appears to be so great a range of variation in a single species, that
their correct determination, in some of the genera, is a very difficult
task, involving an amount of study which has not been given to them.
The above Tachina has given an illustration of secondary parasitism,
which is always interesting, although not infrequently met with among
the insects which prey upon one another. The Tachina fly, while
destroying the Crambus, has, in its turn, been attacked and destroyed
by a hymenopterous insect — one of the Chalcididce. Of the three
Tachinid puparia found among the Crambus cocoons, one gave out the
fly noticed above, from another a Chalcid emerged, and the third
was discovered with a hole eaten in one end, through which the
head and front pair of legs of another example of the same species was
projecting, evidently caught and fastened by some means in the act of
emerging, and dying in this position.

Perilampus violaceous Dalm. — The Chalcid, as determined by
Mr. L.O.Howard, is Perilampus violaceous Dalman. It is a beautiful
little insect in its brilliant deep violet color throughout, except its dusky
feet. Its short antennas, not so long as the transverse diameter of the head,
are closely jointed. The head is short and broad, with ovate eyes. The
deeply punctured thorax is large, longer than the abdomen, protuber-
ant, and ending in a blunt point behind. The abdomen is smooth,
with short downy hairs, and is trigonate in form. The front wings

THE VAGABOND CRAMBUS : PROBABILITIES OF ITS FUTURE. 147

have a stout vein running into the costal margin at its middle, throw-
ing off a short branch inwardly ; their expanse is 0.42 of an inch.

The insect was found dead in the box with the cocoons and puparia,
and it is not known, therefore, when it emerged. An example of the
same species in my collection bears the label, " May, lt>75, from some
lepidopterous pupa."

Ckyptis mundus Provanchcr. — A third parasite upon theCrambus
is mentioned by Professor liilev,* as an undetermined Gryptus. It has
recently been determined by Mr. Cressun as 0, mundus.

Probabilities of Future Attacks.

Questions of great interest to those who have suffered from the
recent depredations of this destructive insect, and to those who
have been studying its history, are these: Will it reappear the coming
season and repeat its injuries ? Will the injuries be largely increased,
from the immense number of eggs that have been deposited by the
" clouds " of moths ? Will the species hereafter continue as a serious
grass-pest ? The first two of the above queries will have been practi-
cally determined before these pages can reach the public ; and further-
more, they are virtually covered by the last.

Our knowledge of the history of this species compels us to look upon
the recent demonstration as an exceptional one. It had never, so far
as we know, occurred before, and the records of similar attacks by
other species enable us to say that it will not necessarily be repeated
the present year and in following years. Further, we may veu-
ture to record our belief that they will not continue hereafter. Iudeed,
many years may pass before we shall see it again in injurious numbers.
Had it been, as at first supposed, a visit from the " army-worm," we
could have predicted that it would not recur the following year, for the
immense hosts of that species are always attended by their parasitic
foes which so effectually destroy them that it seems impossible that two
" army- worm years" can follow, in the same locality. Unfortunately,
the vagabond Crambus has not invited such parasitic attack. Predic-
tions of its future, therefore, may only rest on probabilities.

The immense numbers of this species in its recent occurrence was
simply the result of a combination of circumstances which had not
occurred before. For reasons unknown to us, all the conditions had
been favorable to the development of the perfect insect. Of the eggs
laid by the parent moths the preceding year, nearly all produced their
young. The tender larvae were exempt from attack or disease during their
autumnal growth. During their hibernation they escaped the mortality
which ordinarily attends this stage; and the weather of early spring

*Anu. Report of the Dept. of Agriculture for 1881, p. 181.

148 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

and other attendant circumstances were just that best adapted to their
need. A combination existed, in which heat, cold, drouth, rain, dews,
snow, frosts, other insect and animal life, were factors, in such asso-
ciation, as, on the doctrine of chances, may not be again presented for
many years to come.

Were we to base an opinion upon seasonal conditions, we would
predict that the unusual high temperature of the month of Decem-
ber last, has been unfavorable to the lethargic repose, during the early
winter-time, of the young Crambus caterpillars, which repose°we believe
to be essential to their safe hibernation; and that an almost entire ab-
sence of snow has exposed them in their retreats to destruction from a
prolonged activity of predaceous insects, from birds, and from other
enemies. It seems, therefore, probable that from the above causes, the
number of the hibernating brood has already been greatly reduced.
Preventives and Remedies.
Burning.— li grass lands which the Crambus has infested can be
burned over, either by setting fire to straw scattered over them, or
otherwise, in the late autumn or early spring, before the starting of
the new growth, a large proportion of the caterpillars hibernating
among the roots or blades of grass would be destroyed.

Application of ashes, lime, plaster, dust, etc.— As soon as an exam-
ination shows that the young caterpillars have commenced feeding in
the spring, the recommendations made on page 131 should be resorted
to and their efficacy tested.

Boiling the ground— The question should be settled as soon as pos-
sible, if the caterpillars feed only by night.
This can be done where they are abundant, by
an examination with a lantern. If nocturnal
only, large numbers could be killed by rolling
the ground after dark.

Attracting and droivning.— The moths may
be attracted to lights and destroyed — perhaps
in larger numbers if a bait of molasses and
vinegar or beer be used with the light. Fig. 38
shows an arrangement which has been success-
fully used for destroying similar insects, and
which will doubtless prove serviceable with
this species, as experiments at Potsdam have
shown it to be readily drawn to light. A
bright-burning lantern is placed upon a block
of wood in the center of a pan containing the
liquid for attracting and drowning the moths,

for^tfL^rLTkiuhTg faste,D6d t0 the t0P of a P°st or stake i^erted
moths. in the ground. The cost of such an arrange-

THE VAGABOND CBAMBUS: REMEDIES. 149

ment would be so inconsiderable that several lanterns might be used
in each field.

Deep pluming. — A recurrence of an attack in a pasture or meadow
may be prevented by deep plowing in the autumn, at any time after
the middle of September. The eggs or the young larva; would be
crushed or so deeply buried that their death must necessarily follow.

Use of gas-lime. — It is believed that a liberal dressing of the pas-
tures during autumn or winter with gas-lime (as suggested on page 53)
of strength and quantity not sufficient to destroy the roots, will be
verv efficient in killing the young larvsa.

(iambus exsiccatus Zeller.

Tlic Dried Crambus.

Ord. LEPIDOPTERA : Fam. PYRALIDJE.
ZELLER : Chilonidarum et Crambidaruni gen. et spec; in Progranimder Koenigl.

Realschule in Meseritz, 18(1:!, pp. 1)7,38 no. 88.
Lintneu : in Alb. Eve. Journ., of July 1, 1881 ; in Husbandman [Elmira, N. Y.J,

Sept. 14, 1881 ; in Science [X. Y. City], for Oct. 1881, ii, p. 467.
Riley: in American Naturalist, Sept. 1881, p 730 (mention).
Grote : in Canad. Entomol., xii, 1880, p. 78 (habitat).

The caterpillar of this species, of which the moth is represented in
Fig. 39, was collected in St. Lawrence county, N. Y., on or about the
20th of May, in company with exam-
ples of Crambus vulgivagellus, which
abounded then in the pastures of
Northern New York, as noticed in the
preceding pages. The larva? collected
Crambus Exs.ccATLs -twice at that time were not observed with
ns natural sue. sufficient care to detect more than

two species (those subsequently ascertained to be C. vulgivagellus and
Xephelodcs violans), but it is probable that but little difference could
have been detected between the two Crambids. They were confined
in a box with sod, and a few days thereafter, when a number had died,
and all but two or three had disappeared from the blades of grass, one
of the larvae, not distinguishable at the time from the others, was re-
moved to a small tin box with some tender grass for its food. It ate
but little after its confinement, for on the 31st of May, it was found
to have made a slight cocoon between the blades of grass, of so few
threads that it could be distinctly seen in its somewhat contracted
form, indicating approaching pupation. It was observed daily, and
on the 20th of June it had thrown off its caterpillar covering and
changed to its pupal state. The cocoon, if such it might be called,

150 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

was so slight that the pupa, unattached, rolled from its shelter while
being examined, and was easily replaced.

The pupa is three-eighths of an inch long by rather more than one-
third as broad. Its color is reddish- brown, with its flattened, broad
anal tip blackish, and bearing two diverging microscopic hairs. The
stigmata arc elevated, broadly oval, of a dark brown color. The in-
cisures of the segments are well marked ; the last three segments
rounding rather abruptly to the tip. The wing-covers reach to the
eighth segment, and occupy more than two-thirds of the entire pupal
length. The eyecases are prominent ; the antennas cases extend to
nearly the tips of the wings.

The moth emerged from the pupa on the 19th of June, giving for
its pupation a period of fifteen days. The brief period required for
the transformations of this species is quite interesting from the contrast
which it presents to the prolonged larval stage, preparatory to pupation,
of Cram&us vulgivagellus. This latter feature seems not to be charac-
teristic of the Crambit/ie, if we may judge from the various times dur-
ing the spring and summer when the moths are known to emerge from
their pupae. From a paper, by Mr. E. L. Ragonot, of Paris, giving the
period of apparition of nineteen species of Cramius occurring in Great
Britain,* we find as follows: May to July, one species (C. craterei.his
L.) ; May to September, one species (C. perlelhis Sc); June and July,
four species;f June, July and August, three species ;J July and Au-
gust ten species. §

There may be a second brood of 0. exsiccatuts, as of some of the
earlier appearing European species, for an example in my collection
bears as the date of its capture by me, September 3d. It has been
taken in the Adirondack Region of New York, by Mr. W. W. Hill, on
the 7th of July.||

It is probable that the larval life of the species is similar to that
which has been given of C. vulgivagellus, and that it is passed in a
tubular gallery, spun by the caterpillar, such as is constructed by the
several species of Pyralidce, recently observed and recorded by Mr. W.
Buckler. Whether the gallery is built above or within the ground re-
mains to be seen, for the habits of the several species differ in this
particular. Thus, while the adult larval gallery of 0. vulgivagellus is
found within the soil, in another species, of which Mr. Ruekler has

* Entomologist' s Monthly Magazine, xvii, 1S80, pp. 15-17.

+ <7. dumetellus Hb., C. vliginosellas Z., 0. pascuellus L., C. myelins Kb.

tC. silvettnsKb., C. ?nargaritellusHb., C. cvlmellus L.

§£7. alpinellus Hb., C. verellus Zk., C. ericellus Hb., C Warritigtonel't 'tis Stt., C. Ka-
mellus Thuub., 0. furcatellus Zctt., 0. latidrius Haw., C. inquinatellus S. V., 0. contami-
nellus Hb., C. lithargyrtllus Hb.

[Seventh Ann. Kept. Survey Adirondack Region of X. }'., 1S80, p. 391.

CBAMBUS EXS1CCATUS : ITS DISTRIBUTION, ETC. 151

given the life-history, — G. WarringtoneUu.s {Ent. Month. Mag., xviii,
1SS1, pp. 129-131), the larva', " when near full growth, inhabit tubular
galleries, two inches long, of irregular figure, lirmly attached to the
grass in an upright position with the lowerend touching the ground."*
Of the case occupied by the young larva, in the autumn, of this spe-
cies, it is stated : " By the middle of November, the case or gallery it
has constructed is a quarter of an inch long, composed outwardly of
finely comminuted grassy particles firmly attached to the grass,
about three-quarters of an inch above the ground." Of some other
English species, Mr. Buckler makes the following statements : G. cul-
melhts hibernates in little tubular galleries spun in an upright posi-
tion among the grass. C. contaminellus has its hibernating gallery
attached to the whitish sheaths of grass or to stoues, covered with fine
greenish frass, or grass and earth. C. genicuhts hibernates in a gallery
close to the earth or partly beneath the surface, composed of dirty
brown silk.

Crambus rxsiccatus was originally described by Professor Zellerfrom
a number of examples (three males and seven females) received from
Illinois. It also occurs, according to Mr. Grote, in Canada, Maine
and Vancouver. A closely resembling species, Crambus undatus Grote,
has been described from California {Canad. Entomol., xiii, 1881, pp.
35, CO), differing mainly in its smaller size and absence of the inden-
tation of the outer band below the middle of the wing, just above the
submedian fold. Professor Zeller compares G. exsiccatus in size and
shape toC. fascilineUus, and states that it is the G. fuscisquamellus of
Kollar, in litt.

Should this species ever multiply so as to become obnoxious, the
same remedies may be employed against it as recommended for the
Vagabond Crambus.

Anarsia lineatella Zeller.
Tlie Peach-twig Moth.

Ord. LEPIDOPTERA : Fam. TINEID^E.

Zeller: In Isis, for 1839, p. 190 (original description).

Clemexs : in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. , for 18G0, p. 1C9 (described as A. prtti-
neUa); also the same in Tiueina of N. America, (Stainton ed.), lS72,p. 128;
lb., p. 36 (in litt. to Stainton, identified with A. lineatella).

Chambers : in Canad. Entomol. , iv,1872, p. 208 (identical with pruinella); in
Bull. U. S. Geolog.- Geograph. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, pp. 112, 129 (food-
plants and references).

♦The cocoon of this species differs also from that of C. vuhjivaijdlus, in that instead of
being subcylindrical, it is "oval, half an inch long and a quarter of an inch wide, made of
similar materials to those of the gallery, but is more tough and stronger and sunk partly
in tho earth."

152 FIRST ANNL'AL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Saunders : in Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ontario, for 1872, (1873), p. 15 (infesting
strawberries).

Gi.oveu; in Ann. Kept. Comrnis. Agricul. for 1872, (1874), p. 112, f.l (habits, etc.).

Comstock: in Proc. West. N.Y. Horticul. Soc. for 1878, p. 13 (description, depre-
dations, and figures); in Kept. Coinmis. Agricul. for 1879, (1880), p. 255 (in
peaches).

Lintner : in 38th Ann. Rept. N. Y. St. Agricul. Soc. for 1878, (1879). pp. 69-72;
the same in Report on Some Inj. Ins. of the Year 1878, pp. 12-14.

Examples of the above insect with twigs infested by it were sent to
me, in the month of June, for examination and identification, accom-
panied by the following note: "The inclosed insects are very inju-
rious to the terminal branches of the peach-tree. They deposit their
eggs, either very early in the spring, just as the buds are swelling, or
the fall previous. The terminal buds of all the higher and outer
branches are so stung, and although these buds develop into seem-
ingly fine branches, in a few weeks they wither and drop off. The
centers of the twigs are first destroyed by these insects while in the
.larva state. I placed several of the twigs in a large bottle, and secured
the inclosed specimens from them. One of the pupae seemed to be de-
stroyed by some parasite, as it looks as if it was filled with eggs."

From the above statement of the habits of the insect, and the effect
of its operations upon the twigs, the specimens of the moth received,
although in too poor condition for identification if they had been sent
alone, were readily referable to the insect popularly known as the
peach-twig moth. From its small size and structural characters, it is
numbered among the Microlepidoptera (small lepidoptera), of the
family TineidcB.

Description of the Moth and Larva.
In 1860, Dr. Clemens bred the moth from larvae which ho had found
on the 10th of June, infesting plum-trees, and described it {he. cit.)
under the specific name of ywuinella, doubtfully referring it to the
genus Anarsia. The description is as follows : —

" Head and face pale gray ; thorax dark gray. Labial palpi dark

fuscous externally, and pale gray at the end; terminal joint gray, dusted

with dark fuscous. Antenna? grayish, annulated with dark brown.

Fore wings gray, dusted with bluckish-brown, with

a few blackish-brown spots along the costa, the

largest in the middle, and short blackish-brown

streaks on the median nervure, subcostal, in the fold,

and one or two at the tip of the wing ; cilia fus-

F.g. 40.- The Peach- cous SraJ- uin(1 wings fuscous gray ; cilia gray,

twig borer — Anarsia tinted with yellowish.'' The moth, enlarged, is

lineatella Zeller. , -,_,.

shown in lMar. 40.

THE PEACH-TWIG MOTH: ITS LARVA. 153

Later, it was ascertained by Dr. Clemens that the insect occurred
also in Europe and had heen previously described as Anarsia Uneatella,
thereby adding it to the long list of insect pests which Europe has
given us. Professor Riley obtained specimens of the same moth from
peach twigs, and on submitting examples to Professor Zeller, they were
pronounced identical with the European insect.

The larva has been described by Mr. William Saunders, as follows:
" The head is rather small, flattened, bilobed, pale brownish-yellow,
darker in color about the mouth, and with a dark brown dot on each
side. The body above is semitransparenl, of a reddish-pink color, fad-
ing into dull yellow on the second and third segments ; anterior por-
tion of second segment smooth and horny-looking, and similar in color
to the bead. Oa each segment are a few shining reddish dots (yel-
lowish on the anterior segments), or faintly elevated tubercles, from
each of which arises a single, very fine, yellowish hair, invisible with-
out a magnifying power: these dots are arranged in imperfect rows,
a single one across the third, fourth and terminal segments, and a
more or less perfect double row on the remaining segments. The un-
der surface is of a dull whitish color, becoming faintly reddish on the
hinder segments, with a few shining whitish dots; those on the fifth,
sixth, eleventh and twelfth segments, being arranged in transverse
rows, in continuation of those above. The feet and prolegs are yel-
lowish-white, the former faintly tipped with dark brown. It spins a
slight silken thread, by which it can suspend itself for a time, at a short
distance from its place of attachment.

Operations of the Larvae.

The first published notice of the operations of this insect in this
country which we have met with, appears in the Report of the Ento-
mologist (Mr. Glover) of the Department of Agriculture at Washing-
ton, published in the Annual Report of the Department, for 1S72.
Mr. Glover states : —

"In examining peach orchards in the neighborhood of the Maryland
Agricultural College, about the first week in May, almost all the young
twigs of the trees were observed to be killed at the extreme end for a
distance of from one inch to two and a half inches, and the terminal
buds entirely destroyed. On cutting open the dying twigs, the injury
was found to be caused by a minute caterpillar, which, entering a twig
near the bud, had entirely eaten the pith and the interior, leaving only
its ' f rass ' and the exuding gum to mark the spot where it had en-
tered. When confined in a glass case, after about a couple of weeks,
several of the larvae left the injured twigs and formed very loose co-
coons on the sides of the box or among the rubbish and old leaves
20

154 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATK ENTOMOLOGIST.

lying scattered on the earth, and in about six to ten days the perfect
moth appeared [last of May]. * * * * The tail of the pupa is
attached to a little button of silk in an exceedingly slight cocoon. There
was scarcely a single young tree in the peach orchard examined that
was not more or less injured by this little pest, and at least as many
as from twenty to fifty injured twigs were found on some very young
trees. After the insect leaves the twig, the injured part dries up and
breaks off. This insect was also seen, though in much smaller num-
bers, last season, in Maryland and Virginia. Apple-trees are also simi-
larly injured in a like manner in Maryland, and it is probable that the
damage was done by the same worm.

" The larvae are about 0.25 inch in length ; head black ; body dark
reddish-brown, with lighter rings — the third ring being more con-
spicuous and whitish. The moth is quite small, and measures from
0.40 to 0.60 of an inch in expanse of wings, and is of a pale gray color
with a few blackish spots on the upper wings."

Professor Comstock has written of the ravages of this insect in
Western New York. His statement of its habits differ in some par-
ticulars from that of Mr. Glover, above quoted. According to his ob-
servations, "it destroys the terminal leaf-bud, and sometimes the
lateral buds, in the following manner : The young caterpillar begins
its work in the spring at the time, or soon after, the shoots begin to
grow. These, when from one-half to one inch in length, are punc-
tured at the base and eaten off. The leaves of the bud unfold and
then wither. The twig, although severed, does not dropoff, but is held
in place by a gummy substance. All the twigs on some trees are de-
stroyed, especially on the two-year old trees. Mr. Green, of Clifton,
N. Y., had one hundred trees infested. The larvas became fnll-grown
during the latter part of May or early in June'. Specimens collected
June 10th, were found to have changed to pupae June 14th." The
time of their emerging as moths was not observed, as they were found
dead in their breeding-cage some time during the summer.

Writing later of this species, Professor Comstock records the in-
teresting fact that he has found the larvae within peaches grown in
Blackstone Island, Virginia, and also in peaches on the grounds of the
Department of Agriculture at Washington. The larva leaves the peach
before transforming, and suspends itself to the outside of the fruit,
spinning no cocoon at all. It was ascertained that the species was
double-brooded, the early brood which feed in the terminal twigs and
buds, maturing, in the latitude of Washington, during May and June,
and the later brood — the fruit-inhabiting — found during the latter
part of July and August and maturing during September.*

*Sept. Cnnimis. Agricul. for 1370, (18S0), p. 255.

THE l'KACH-TWIG MOTH ! DISTRIBUTION AND INJURIES. 155

New York Localities.

The localities in New York where injuries by this insect have
been recorded are Ithaca, Rochester, Lockport, Clifton and Jor-
dan Station. Its operations at largo have not come under my personal
notice, but its presence, to an injurious extent, in the eastern portion
of our State is very probable, from statements made to me three years
ago, of an affection of some peach-trees in Schenectady and Albany.
The moth has been captured by me in Schoharie, N. Y., on June 5th.

Like many of our New York Tineida, it occurs also in Texas. It ex-
tends northwardly into Canada, where it is believed by Mr. Saunders
to have been introduced in strawberry roots from the United States.

Injurious to Strawberries.
In the Annual Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario for
the Year 1872, published in 1ST:',, we learn that the ravages of this in-
sect are not confined to the peach, plum and, perhaps, the apple, but
that it also occurs under very different conditions and affecting a very
different food-plant. In this report, Mr. Wm. Saunders, the editor of
the Canadian Entomologist, describes the insect under the name of the
' strawberry-root or crown borer. During the years 18G8 and 1869, it
was very destructive in certain grounds at St. Thomas, Ontario, the
caterpillar eating irregular channels in various directions through the
crown and larger roots of the strawberry plants, causing them to
wither and die, and thus destroying a large proportion of the plants.
Mr. Saunders gives a minute description of the caterpillar, narrates its
history and states that it probably has two annual broods.

Specimens of the larvae obtained late in the season were found alive
within their silken cocoons on the 12th of January, rendering it prob-
able that this brood hibernate in the larval state and transform to
pupas in the spring, a short time before their reappearance in their
perfect state.

Another "Strawberry-crown Borer."

The above strawberry-root or crown borer, of Saunders, should not
be confounded with the strawberry-crown borer, of Riley, — an insect
belonging not to the order of Lepidoptera, but to the Coleoptera, of
the family commonly known as snout-beetles or weevils.

This latter insect has been described and figured in its larval and
perfect stages by Professor Riley (Third Report on the Insects of Mis-
souri, p. 42, fig. 14, 1871) as Analcis fragariw.* So far as known, it
is confined to the Mississippi valley, and has not, to our knowledge,
been reported from the Eastern States. Its habit of boring down

\"..u known as TylodermafragariaCRWcy).

156 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

through the crowu of the strawberry plant into the pith and eating
through the more woody portions is very similar to that recorded of
the Anarsia lineatella, and the ravages of the two insects, in localities
where they conjointly occur, are liable to be confounded. The gene-
ral use of common names for our insects, birds, fishes, mammals, etc.,
very often results in serious confusion, when, with little difficulty, the
scientific name, which always indicates the object referred to, could
be acquired.

Parasitic Attack.

It is gratifying to know that, in all probability, this destructive pest
has already been attacked by a parasite which promises to perform an
effective part in checking its ravages.

The ''pupa apparently filled with parasitic eggs," referred to in the
communication accompanying the examples sent to me, was the dead
body of a caterpillar, distended to its utmost capacity by the pres-
ence of no less than fifty-one pupa-cases of apparently some Chalcid
species.* They had been crushed in their transit through the mail,
preventing the perfect insect being taken from them, or even an ap-
2)roximate reference of their relationship.

Remedies.

Should the increase of this insect not be prevented by parasitic
agency, (hen the most effectual means of arresting it will be the cut-
ting off of the infested terminal twigs of the trees upon which it oc-
curs— readily to be distinguished by the drying upof the leaves — and
burning them with their contained borers. This must be done during
the month of May, or early in June, before the larva? have attained
their maturity, after which they leave their burrows to seek some
sheltered place beneath the loose bark of the trunk, leaves upon the
ground, or elsewhere, where they may construct their cocoons and un-
dergo their final transformation.

Strawberry plants giving indication of their presence should be
promptly uprooted and burned.

*Mr. L. 0. Howard (our authority iu the ChalciJidn) expresses the belief {American Nat-
uralist, xiii, 1882, p. 150), based upon the mode of occurrence, that these were the cocoon-
like cells of a Chalcid species belonging to the genus Copidosoma of Ratzeburg, and congeneric
with oihers fouud by him, distending to the utmost the larval skins of another example of
A. lineatella, and also of LithocolUtis Fitehella Clem., Gelechia pin if olios Chamb., and
1'hisia brasxiiuv Riley. From a single example of this latter species the almost incredible
number of two thousand five hundred and twenty-eight parasites, by actual count,
emerged.

THE APPLE-LEAF liUCCULATRIX : BIBL100HAPHY AND HISTORY. 157

Bucculatrix pomlfoliella Clemens.
The Apple-leaf Bucculatrix.

Ord. LEPIDOPTERA: Fam. TINEIDiE.

CLEMENS: in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 211 (original description); re-
published in Tineina of X. Amor. (Stainton ed.), 1872, p. 146.

P.VCKAHD : Guide to Study of Ins., 18(>9, p. 351, pi. 8, f. Ill (description as l.itho.
eolletix ntrri/iiitdlellu); lb., 7th edit. , 1880, (as Bucculatrix pomonella);
1st Uept. Ins. Mass., 1871, p. 24 (description).

RlLEY: -1th Kept. Ins. Mo., 1872, pp. 49-51, f. 23; in Anier. Entoniol., iii, 1880,
]>. 23 (hn'nts, remedies, etc.).

Chambers ; in Oanad. Entomol., v, 1873, p. 150 (brief description); in Bull. U.S.

(i.-G. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, pp. 112,132 (references, etc.); in Amur.

Entomol., iii, 1880, p. 50(habit>.
ZELLEU: Beitr. zur Kennt. nordamer. Nachtf., iii, 1875, p. 147 (critical remarks).
Lintnek ; in Count. Gent., lxv, 1880, p. 263 (general notice).
Baknaud : in Amer. Entomol., iii, 1880, p. 70 (cocoons).
Wai.sinoham : in Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, x, 1882, p. 204 (synonymy, etc.).

It is but recently that this species has attracted attention as an in-
sect pest, and as yet its injuries have not become very serious ; but as
it appears to be upon the increase, it is quite important that a knowl-
edge of it should be diffused in order that means may be resorted to
that its distribution may be checked before it shall become decidedly
noxious.

Its Several Stages.

It first arrests attention during its pupation when its numerous
small white cocoons may be observed thickly clustered upon the smaller
twigs of the apple-trees. The cocoons, which, from their small size,
are often mistaken for insect eggs, are spun by a little caterpillar which
makes its appearance upon the young leaves soon after they unfold, in
the month of May. The caterpillar is said, by Chambers, at first to
mine the inner substance of tho leaf, and later to operate as an exter-
nal feeder. It is sprightly in its motions, and readily disturbed, when
it drops from the leaf and hangs suspended by its silken thread, until
the cause of its alarm has ceased. It is described by Dr. Clemens as
of a cylindrical form, tapering somewhat at the ends, with its joints so
rounded as to resemble a series of strung beads, of a dark yellowish-
green color, tinged with red on the front segments, and with scattered,
short, black hairs, which are more numerous on the back of the first
segment. Its head is small, of a brown color, and ellipsoidal in shape.
1 1 has the usual number of feet (sixteen), viz. : three pairs of true legs
(thoracic), four pairs of very short abdominal legs and one terminal
pair (prolegs). At maturity it measures about one-half of an inch in

158 FIRST ANNUAL RKPORT OF TIIE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

length. It attains its growth during the early part of June, when it

spins its cocoou, usually upon
the surface of the bark, and,
unless it occurs very abun-
dantly, at or near the branch-
ing of the twigs.

The cocoon, shown at a in
its natural size, almost cover-
ing a small twig, and at b en-
larged, is white or whitish,
about one-fourth of an inch
in length, of the diameter of

Fig. 41.— Apple-leaf Bncculatrix, Boccitlatrix an ordinary jiiii, and is charac-
pomifoliella : a, piece of twig covered with co- - . ,

coons ; b, cocoon enlarged ; c, the moth, enlarged, tenzed by Several prominent

longitudinal ribs ; in some examples before me, there are six of these
ribs. When ready for its transformation, the amber-brown pupa, ac-
cording to Riley, pushes itself partly out of the cocoon, and the little
moth emerges during the month of April, and deposits its eggs on the
young leaves. The moth is of so small a size — but a little more than
one-fourth of an inch in expanse of wings — that it would not readily be
noticed even when in flight about the apple-trees. Its appearance, en-
larged, is shown at c, in Fig. 41.

There are two, and possibly three annual broods of this insect. In
the latitude of St. Louis, Mo., the caterpillars have been observed more
numerously during the month of September than at any other time.
The cocoons of this brood were spun during the latter part of this
month and in October, from which the moth would be produced the
following April.

Geographical Distribution.

The insect appears to be local in its nature. Nearly all the notices
of it within this State have come from its western portion. A corre-
spondent of the Rural New Yorker (in 1870) states that in visiting an
orchard of 800 apple-trees in Brighton, near .Rochester, his " attention
was directed to the branches of the trees, which were thoroughly lined
with these insects inclosed in the silk-like cocoons, and tightly attached
to the small branches." A correspondent of the American Entomolo-
gist, writing from Scottsville, Monroe Co., N. Y., records their intro-
duction into his orchard: "They were first observed here last year
[1879]. They are deposited on the bark near the forks, and number
from two to twenty per tree." At Ithaca, N. Y. (midway between
the eastern and western limits of the State), they have been observed,
scattered sparingly over the branches — not in groups, as in the western
counties.

THE APPLE-LEAF IH'CCl'LATRIX : ITS PARASITES.

150

The species occurs in remote portions of the United States. In-
quiries in relation to it have been received by me from Massachusetts.
A specimen of it, collected in Texas, is in the Cambridge (Mass.)
Museum, and it occurs also in Missouri, in the vicinity of St. Louis.

Parasites.
The ravages of this pest have already received quite a check from
parasitic attack. Small as the insect is, there are insects still more
minute which are specially adapted for seeking it out and preying
upon it.

In the 4th Report on the Insects of Missouri, 1872, p. 51, mention
is made of a minute Ohalcis-lly, allied to the genus Eulophus, preying
upon the apple-leaf Bucculatrix, many of the cocoons having been
found with minute round holes at one end, through which the para-
sites had emerged.

A number of Chalcids were bred by me in 18S0, from some Buccu-
latrix cocoons received from Western New York, which were believed
to be the same as those above referred to. Some of them were accord-
ingly forwarded to Professor Kiley for comparison with the examples
obtained by him. They proved to be identical, and to belong to the
genus Oirrospilus; and as Professor Eiley had been studying the
species, he lias kindly given me the manuscript of its description, to-
gether with an excellent figure of it, for publication in the present
notice.
CinnospiLUS flavicinctc3 Riley, nov. sp. (Fig. 42.)

Mule. — Length, 1.3 mm. ; expanse, 2.8 mm. Antennae seven-jointed; scape
originating low down, as long as three succeeding joints together, which are sub-
equal ; no ring-joints ; club rather longer than preceding joint, one-third broader,

with the two divisions
faint. Body polished
and very finely imbri-
cate above. Color
bright yellow, pret-
tily marked with
black, having a blue
metallic reflection, es-
pecially on the tho-
rax as follows : an-
tennal articulations,
especially at the base
of pedicel (joint 2) ;
the eyes and top of
The Cirrospiius parasite of the apple-leaf Bucculatrix: head between them ;
size shown m the hair-lines. the thorax above ex-

cept a broad transverse band including two joints next the base, the upper surface
of the hind coxae and (in one specimen) the terminal half of the hind tibiae. Tips

Fio. 42.-
thu natural

160 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

of all the tarsi slightly dusky. The yellow baud on the abdomen and the anten-
nas less bright than the rest. Ocelli, brown.

Female- — Length, 1.6mm.; expanse, 3.3 mm. Differs from male in having
only a mesoscutal yellow spot, a narrow yellow line around inside of eyes and the
legs yellow, except hind coxae, femora above, and tips of tarsi. The antennae are
more hirsute, slightly shorter and yellowish-brown, with scape black. The tho-
rax has a distinct bluish hue.

Described from one male and one female received from the late B. D. Walsh,
bred by him, in May, from Bucculatrix pomifoliella ; two males, from Professor
J. A. Lintner, bred from same species, aud two males and two females, bred by
myself, between March and July, 1874.

Professor Riley has also bred another parasite from the Bucculatrix,
also one of the Chalcididce, belonging to the Encyrtinm. This sub-
family embraces a large number of small, active Chalcids, many of
which are of special value to us from the predilection which they show
for attacking the various and destructive species of bark-lice. Mr. L.
0. lloward, of Washington, has recently described eleven new species
of this group,* which are parasitic on Coccidm ; while in Europe a
publication upon the group, by Dr. Mayr, in 1875, shows the follow-
ing great preponderance of the bark-lice parasites : one species upon a
hymenopterous insect, two upon Coleoptera, four upon lepidopterous
eggs, and sixteen upon lepidopterous larvae, four upon Diptera, one
upon aphides, and thirty-nine upon bark-lice — these last being over
fifty-eight per cent of all the known species.

This second parasite has been described by Mr. L. 0. Howard, to
whom I am indebted for the following description and figure and the
permission to publish them :

Encyrtds bucculatrix Howard, nov. sp. (Fig. 43.)

Female. — Length of body. 1.2 mm ; expanse of wings. 2.5 mm. Greatest width
of fore-wing, 0.35 mm. Antennal scape slightly widened below the middle ;
pedicel as long as succeeding three joints ; funicle
joints gradually increasing in length and thickness ;
club, long, oval, as long as preceding four joints to-
gether. Wings, perfectly clear; marginal, post-
marginal and stigmal veins extremely short. Ovi-
positor slightly exserted. Head slightly punctured,
thorax very slightly shagreened ; abdomen smooth.
Fin. 43.— The Encyrtus para- Co)or black, with a slight lustre, especially upon
site of the Apple-leaf lJuccula- , , ' »,.,., ,

ti-ix; eiiUircred to about fifteen cheeks, mesoscutellum and lund coxne. Middle legs
diameters. with trochanters, femero-tibial articulations, a mesial

tibial band and the distal ends of tibiae, including spurs, whitish ; front and hind
legs the same, with the exception of the mesial tibial band; all tarsi whitish,
often with a yellowish tinge ; antennae, except scape, yellowish-brown with gray
hairs.

*Seport Commute. Agriculture for 1SS0, pp. 360-367.

THE APPLE-LEAF BUCCULATKIX ! PARASITES AND PSOCID/E. 101

Described from many female specimens ; male, unknown. Parasitic upon
Bttcculatrix pomifolieUa Clem.

Mr. Howard also informs me that in examining a bottle of alcoholic
specimens of the above species in Professor Riley's collection, he had
found a number of examples of a Chalcid which be thought might be
also parasitic upon Bucculatri.r pomifolieUa, or a secondary parasite. The
material was in too poor condition for determination and description.
One specimen of a Braconid had also been found in the collection,
marked '-parasitic upon Bucculatrix pomifoliella."

Psocus Bred from Bucculatrix Cocoons.

Two specimens of Psocus were also received by me from Professor
Riley, which he had bred from the Bucculatrix. They were sent to
Dr. Hagen for determination, and were found by him to be identical
with Psocus semistriatus Walsh {Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1802,
p. 361), as compared with types in the Museum received from Mr. Walsh.
Possibly, P. semistriatus may prove to be the same as P. quietus,
which had been previously described by Dr. Hagen from an example
from the State of New York and another from Georgia (see Proc.
Ent.Soc. Phila., 18C3, p. 107).

It is probable that this Psocus is not a true parasite upon the Buc-
culatrix, but is associated with it as a scavenger, feeding upon the
exuvia of the larva. Dr. Hagen has written me as follows of these
Psodna : "No Orthopteron nor Pseudoneuropteron has been observed
to live as parasites, and I think that they are not parasitic. But cer-
tain species prefer to live as inquilines, and one species was described
by Linnseus, more than a century ago, as Hymenopteron. Some spe-
cies of GcBcilius and EUpsocus live here and in Europe in willow aud
oak galls. Two species were brought from Brazil by Mr. B. P. Mann,
which he considered as parasites of the coffee-leaf miner. Such Psoci
like to feed on cast skins; and, perhaps in the case of Psocus semi-
striatus, on the dry skins of the Bucculatrix caterpillar, as my expe-
rience has shown me the fondness of many Psoci for larval skins."

The Psocidm are a low form of insects constituting a family in
the division of Pseudoneuroptera. They are small forms, measur-
ing in length from 1 mm. to 8 mm.: Psocus venoms, our largest spe-
cies, which lives on apple and maple trees, has an expanse of wings of
from 12 mm. to 15 mm. (about 0.5 to 0.6 in.). They occur in both the
winged and wingless states, and somewhat resemble plant-lice in gene-
ral appearance. The larger number feed on dry vegetable substances
and lichens. They are quite common, and may be often found con-
gregated in large companies on trunks of deciduous trees and among
the herbage of some of the evergreens ; they also frequently occur in
houses. Atropos divinatorius (0. Fabr.), originally described from
21

162 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Greenland, may often be found in books and in insect cases ; it has
been discovered in the Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, upon animal re-
mains.* ClothiUa pulsatoria (Linn.), known in England as the " death-
watch," from the ticking sound made by it, and Psocus domesticus
Burm., also infest collections of natural history. In Hagen's Neurop-
tera of North America, of the sixteen species of Psocus described,
nine are credited to the State of New York. Later studies have changed
the generic references of several of these, and other species of Psoci
occurring in New York have since been described.

Remedies.

When the apple-leaf Bucculatrix occurs abundantly upon young
trees, if the trees are given a sudden jar, when the caterpillars have
about attained their growth, at some time during the months of May
and September, large numbers of the caterpillars which drop from
the leaves and hang suspended by their silken threads can be
swept upon a broom and crushed, or scalded in hot water. The appli-
cation of kerosene oil, diluted with hot soap-suds, to the cocoons, by
means of a force-pump and spray-machine or atomizer, has been recom-
mended. If applied during the month of March or April, when the
circulation of the sap has commenced, the chance of injury to the
tree will be less. Linseed oil might also be employed, but would not
so readily penetrate the cocoons to the inclosed pupae, which must be
reached in order to prove effectual.

If the limited number of the cocoons admit of their removal by
scraping them from the twigs, this would be the better method to
employ. Their white color at once discloses their presence, and serves
to show when their complete removal has been effected.

Mr. Chambers, in a late communication to the American Ento-
mologist (loc. cit.), expresses his belief that the destruction of the
pupaj within their cocoons upon infested apple-trees, by spraying them
with oil, may not place the insect within our control, for the follow-
ing reason : He had found as many as twenty of its cocoons in a clus-
ter on elder (Sambucus), at least fifty yards distant from the nearest
apple-tree, and there were no indications, or was it probable, that the
larva? ever fed upon the leaves of the elder. The species, therefore,
shared the habit not uncommon in Bucculatrix larva? of deserting their
natural food-plant when mature, and wandering elsewhere to spin their
cocoons. Mr. Chambers suspects that Bucculatrix thuidla, found by
I)r. Packard on Thuja, may only have wandered thither from some
other food-plant, as it was not observed as depredating on the cedar; f

♦Hubbard : iu American Entomologist, iii, 1880, p. 39.

t American Naturalist, v, p. \i0; American. Entomologist, iii, 1880, p. 50.

THE API'LE-TKEE CASK-IS EA I! F.l! : NOTICE OF INJURIES.

163

Coleophora mallrorella Kiley.
The Apple-tree case-bearer.

(Ord. LEPIDOPTERA : Fam. TINEID./E.)

Rilky: in Ann. Rept. Commls. Agricul. for 1878. (187'J), pp. 208,253,254, pi.

vii, f. 1 (description, natural history, etc.): also, the same in Kept, of

the Entomol., Aug, 1879, pp. 8, 48, 49, pi. vii, f. 1.
Chambers : in Hull. U. S. u.-i<. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, p. 93 (as C. multipulveUa,

auct, Walsingham).
LlXTNHK : in 89th Ann. Rept. X. Y. St. Agricnl. So,-, for 1879, (1880), p. 52, figs.

tt-d (history, etc.) ; in Count, rtent. , July (!, 188-, xlvii. p. 588.
Barnard: InProc. Ajser. Assoc. Adv. Sri., xwiii, 1880, p. 477, pi. "Insect

Habits," f. 8 (case not identified).
WalBINGHAM: in Trans. Aiuer. Eut. Soc, x, 188;!, p. 194 (synonymy, etc.).

This species has recently proved quite destructive to apple-trees in a
portion of Pennsylvania, adjoining the western boundary of New York,
where it lias entirely destroyed the leaves of many trees. The first
public notice that we have of it is that of Professor Riley, in his An-
nual Report as Entomologist of the U. S. Department of Agriculture,
in 1879, where its history is given, partly from actual observation, and
in part drawn from the known habits of a closely allied European
species, C- anatipennella.

The Several Stages of the Insect.
The new depredator is the larva of a small moth belonging to the
family of Tineida: The caterpillar, shown at b in the accompanying

figure ( its natural
size indicated by the
hair-line beside it),
is about one-sixth of
an inch in length, of
a yellowish color,
with a large black
head, itsjegs yellow
and tipped w i t h
black, and its last
two segments covered
with brown granu-
lations and bearing

Fir,. 41. — The apple-tree cusp. bearer, Coleophora malivor- some long hail's. The

klla. — a, a, a, the cases containing the larvae, shown in natural ,, l j l

ttize; 6, larva, enlarged j e, pupa, enlarged ; d, the moth, en- motu represented at

larged. (Riley). - g (thvee times t]ie

natural size) is about one-half of an inch in expanse ; its pointed and
long-fringed wings are mouse-colored, with some white scales near the
base. The tip of the abdomen and the legs are white. The pupal

104 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

form is seen at c. At a, a, a, are shown the peculiar pistol-shaped cases,
sheltering the larvae, composed of silk, bits of leaves and cxcremental
matter, which the caterpillars construct for their protection, and which
they carry about with them during their period of activity, serving
also for a winter retreat and for pupation. The smaller cases upon
the leaves show, in connection, the character of the larval injuries at
different stages of growth.

The following detailed account of the caterpillar and of the moth
is that of the original description : —

Description of the Larva and Moth.

Larva — Length 4 mm. Color pale yellowish, often with faint roseate hue.
Head retractile, large, black, granulated, and with a few rather long hairs at
the sides ; median suture white; antennae 4-jointed, yellow, with the hase of
each joint white, the two basal joints equal in length, the third and fourth each
one-half as long aud more slender ; a long bristle arises from the apex of the
second joint. Prolegs brown with the tips whitish ; thoracic legs yellowish with
the claws blackish. Thoracic joints each with a blackish, strongly granulate
chitinous patch at the lateral projection, the mesothoracic joint having also two
narrow black transverse dorsal spots posteriorly, and a subdorsal yellowish spot
of a similar nature. The two anal joints are covered with brown granulations and
furnished with rather long hairs.

Imago — Female: — Expanse 14 mm. Head, face, and palpi white. Antennae
white anuulated with fuscous ; basal joint with a long tuft of intermingled white
and fuscous scales reaching to the sixth joint. Primaries fuscous (mouse-color
more nearly), with many white scales at the base, especially behind the median
vein. Cilia fuscous; secondaries fuscous; thorax white, with a few fuscous
scales. Abdomen with the. anal tuft whitish. Legs white with a ring of fuscous
at the base of each tarsal joint.

Male : — Expanse 12.5 mm. Differs from the female in the head, face, and palpi
being fuliginous, and in having no tuft on the basal antenual joint ; also, in being
somewhat darker, the wings usually lacking the white basal scales, and the legs
being more grayish.

Natural History of the Insect,
The history of the insect, as given in the report above cited, is as
follows : The parent moths appear abroad during the latter part of
July, and deposit their eggs on the under side of the apple leaves. The
larvas hatch in September, and commence to feed upon the under sur-
face of the leaves. They arc of the kind known as case-bearers, as
they construct for their protection and occupation cases composed of
silk, bits of leaves, and their excrementa, which they carry about with
them, thrusting out their anterior segments for the purpose of feed-
ing. The cases have a peculiar curve at their posterior end, like the
handle of a pistol. At the advent of winter they retreat within their
cases, which they attach to the twig, and the less than half-grown
caterpillar passes the winter in this condition. At this stage, the cases

THE APPLE-TREE CASE-BEARER ! ITS OPERATION'S. 1G5

measure about one-tenth of an inch in length, and are more curved at
their end than the mature form. From their small size and a color al-
most the same as that of the bark to which they are attached, they are
not readily noticed.

In early spring, the larva awake from their winter sleep, and trans-
port themselves to the swelling buds, upon which they commence to
feed. The leaves, a.< they develop, are attacked in turn, and where the
insect abounds, they are rapidly devoured. The younger trees show
branches which have been entirely defoliated, while others are left
leafless from the destruction of the buds. The young fruit is also
eaten into, until barely a shell of it is left.

About the middle of June, the larva' attain their growth, when they
cease feeding, and fasten their cases to the twigs, and, within them,
transform to the pupal state. Their pupation lasts for about three
weeks, when the perfect insects emerge, and deposit their eggs upon
the leaves, as before stated.

Its Operations in an Orchard.

The operations of this insect pest were first noticed in 1877, in the
orchard of Mr. William Fairweather, of the Densmore Apple Farm, at
McLane, Erie county, Penn. In that year he reports that of the 8,000
trees in his orchard, there was scarcely one which was not more or less
affected. Ou some of the smaller trees, the leaves were completely
skeletonized. The following year, the ravages were still more destruc-
tive, and large numbers of trees were rendered nearly leafless. In 1879,
as 1 learned from Mr. Fairweather, the injuries were less than in the
two preceding years, but from the number of cases observed upon his
trees at the time of writing (Jan. 17, 1880), he greatly feared that they
would again be in full force the coming summer, and extend their
operations "to an extent sickening to think of." A tree from which
he sent me some twigs thickly studded with the cases, had, he
thought, enough of the insects upon it to eat up every leaf as it ap-
peared .

From a communication in relation to this insect subsequently re-
ceived from Mr. Fairweather, he informed me that the fears above ex-
pressed were not realized. Its ravages were not increasing, and during
the years 1880 and 1881, its depredations in his orchard had not been
serious.

Attack of a Chalcid Parasite.

Mr. Fairweather ascribes the diminution' of the injuries to the bene-
ficial results of an attack which had been made upon the pest by a
6mall parasite, examples of which he had hatched from some pupae of
the moths inclosed in a glass jar, and which he found to be "a small
and lively insect like a black ant, but less in size, and with wings."

166 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

This parasite is probably the one referred to by Professor Eiley, as "a
minute Ohalcid fly, which has increased to such an extent since the
ravages of the Coleophora became apparent on Mr. Fai'rweather's place,
that it bids fair to render additional remedies unnecessary. The
specimens sent in»1877 were not parasitized ; those sent in 1878 were
about half of them affected, and of twenty-four specimens received in
March, 1879, seventeen [over seventy per cent] had been destroyed by
this little fly." The species has not, so far as I know, been determined.

It is somewhat strange that this insect does not appear to have ex-
tended its depredations to any of the orchards in the immediate
neighborhood of the Densmore Apple Farm.*
Other Case-bearers.

In vol. xxviii of the Proceedings of the American Association for tlie
Advancement of Science (1880), Professor W. S. Barnard has figured
what is, without much doubt, the case of this insect, which had been
found by him upon chestnut, near Ithaca, to which it may have strayed
from the apple, after the habit of Bucculatrix pomifoliella. In the same
paper, the singular cases of several other Coleophora are described, one
of which, occurring on a species of rush growing on woody knolls, is
illustrated and its interesting peculiarities described at length. An-
other case, which had appeared late in autumn very plentifully on
some of the apple-trees about Ithaca, of which the insect hibernates on
the lower side of the branches in a small, flat, obovate purse which is
pendant to the bark by a small mass of silk, is the Aspidisca splen-
doriferella Clem., or the Resplendent shield-bearer. An extended
account and full illustration of this species, by Professor Comstock,
may be found in the Report, of the Commissioner of Agriculture for
the year 1879 (pp. 210-213, pi. 2, f. 2).

Remedies.
Whenever, from absence of parasitism, or other cause, this little pest
(called by one of my correspondents, in consideration of its minute
size and its serious ravages, the "multum in parvo") becomes in-
juriously numerous, it may doubtless be controlled by the use of Paris
green or London purple. The former, Mr. Fairweather, thinks too
expensive in cost of material and labor of application for employment
in an orchard of the extent of his, numbering six thousand trees; but
although the protection of large orchards necessarily involves large ex-
penditures for material and labor, yet it should be borne in mind, that
the percentage of cost to each tree protected is no greater when ap-

*As I learn from examples sent to me by Mr. C. E. Cook, of South Byron, Genesee
county, N. ¥., the insect, at the present time (June 20, 1882), is infesting the apple-trees
of his orchards, to quite tin injurious extent, lie had not detected its presence previous
to the present season.

TIIK API'LE-TllEE CASE- UK A I; EU : REMEDIES. 1C7

plied to ten than to a thousand, and if it pays to employ remedial
measures on a small scale, it will, at the least, prove equally profitable
on a larger scale.

Loudon purple would probably be quite as valuable in protecting
large orchards as the more costly Paris green. Its much less cost would
permit of ils more thorough and frequent use, and it seems also to
possess the additional recommendation of being absorbed to a greater
degree by the leaves. It could be conveniently applied by means cf
the forcing pump (illustrated on pages 29 and 30), throwing the liquid
from a barrel placed on a wagon and drawn through the orchard. The
efficacy of this material in preventing the ravages of the Codling moth
of the apple has been tested by Professor A. J. Cook, and its use for
the purpose was strongly recommended by him, and sustained against
adverse criticisms, at the Cincinnati meeting of the American Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Science. Young apple-trees which
had been treated by this method had given fine crops of sound fruit,
which had been freely eaten by himself and family without any in-
jurious results. The quantity of London purple used was a table-
spoonful to a pail of water, which was found to answer for three trees.
In using it against the case-bearer, a largo amount of the liquid should
be thrown upon the tree, as it would need to be very generally dis-
tributed in order to reach all the buds or the foliage.

As a general rule, the best time to attack our injurious insects is
when they are just from the egg, and so delicate that they may be
easily destroyed. The young caterpillars of the case-bearer emerge
from th,e eggs during the month of September. It would not be pru-
dent to apply the poison at this time, except to trees bearing early-
apples from which the fruit had been gathered. Even to these, it
would require a large amount of liquid to reach all the leaves of the
tree upon which the young larva? might bo feeding. Beyond this, the
feeding done by them before retiring, less than half-grown, within
their cases for hibernation, would not be of auy appreciable injury.
The proper time, therefore, to use the poison is when the larvai have
awakened from their winter's sleep, and are resorting to the buds to
resume their feeding. This can easily be ascertained by observation,
and careful inspection of the infested trees should be made during the
first warm days in early spring, as soon as the first insects are seen
upon the wing. If at this time, all the expanding buds be sprayed
with the liquid, and the operation be repeated two or three times at
intervals of a week or after rains, during the opening of the buds and
the unfolding of the leaves, very few of the case-bearers will be spared
to continue their ravages, and to complete their transformation to the
perfect moth, laden with eggs for the perpetuation of the pest in an-
other brood.

INJURIOUS DIPTEROUS INSECTS.

ON SOME SPECIES OF ANTHOMTIID^E.

The opportunity of observing, during the past summer, the several
stages and transformations of some species of Anthomyiidm which had
not been known to us in this country before, has led me to an exami-
nation of the histories of the allied species ; and as some of them
merit special consideration from their depredations upon important
crops, and one, from the material aid rendered by it in the destruction
of the Rocky Mountain locust, it is believed that a notice of the seve-
ral species, presenting the latest discoveries in relation to their history,
their present accepted nomenclature, and the best means of prevent-
ing their injuries, may prove convenient for reference, and of service
to the student and agriculturist. Some general remarks respecting
the family to which they belong and their classification may serve as
a fitting introduction to specific details.

Habits of the Anthomyiidse.
The Anthomyiidm have been so named (from anthos, flower, and
rnuia, fly) from their habit of frequenting various flowers, particularly
those of the Umbelliferm and Composites; but as there is another group
of flies, known as the Syrphidce — prettily variegated in yellow and
black, and many of them bearing resemblance to bees, wasps and hor-
nets, which are pre-eminently flower visitors for feeding on their pol-
len or nectar — the designation of " flower-flies" may properly be re-
served for them. The Anthomyians, in addition to their love of
flowers, have also their seasons for idle sporting, and large companies
are at times to be seen indulging in aerial dances, after the manner of
some of the gnats. Their larva; (naked, footless forms, often spoken
of as " maggots ") feed usually on living vegetable matter, as the roots
of plants and the inner tissue of leaves, but some of the species find
their nourishment in decaying vegetable matter and in manure. In
the genus Homalomyia, where the species live in wet, decomposing
vegetable and animal matter, that their respiration may be the better
maintained in such situations, they are provided, in the place of the
ordinary spiracles or breathing-pores, with lateral branchiae or gills,
which, as in the fishes, permit the air to be extracted from the sur-
rounding fluids. Some of the species of this genus, as Homalomyia
canicularis, and the "privy-fly," H. scalaris, which occur in both Eu-
rope and. North America, are recorded as having been, in a number of
instances and sometimes in large numbers, discharged from the human

THE ANTHOMYIID.'E : OCCURRENCE AND STRUCTURE. 169

stomach and intestines, where they may have been introduced in in-
cautiously eating decaying fruit and vegetables. A list of one hundred
and eight instances in which insect forms have been discharged from
the human body, was published forty years ago;* among these were
several of Ifomtiltimi/ia. A list of twenty such discharges from the
urethra has been collected and published by Dr. Hagen,f but
the reliability of the testimony upon which most of them rest is ques-
tioned by the author of the paper, and it is thought that not one had
been proved by indubitable evidence.

Characteristic Features of the Anthomyiidae,
Structurally the Anthomians are closely allied to the typical species
of the family of MuscidoB, which embraces our common house-lly, the
meat-fly, the blow-fly, etc., from which family they were separated by
Meigcn, in 1838. An obvious difference between the two is to be
found in the neuration. Fig. 45 represents the neuration of the An-
thorny iidm, as it occurs in the wings of the Onion-fly, Phorbia reparian.
The veins and cells are indicated by numerals and letters, and the termi-
nology given below is that of Osteu Sacken. The venation of the

Fig. 45. — Enlarged wing nf the onion-fly, Phorbia ceparcm Meig. — A A, costal vein;
1, auxiliary vein; 1, 2, 3,4, 5 and 6, first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth longitu-
dinal veins ; 7, axillary vein; 6, middle transverse vein; 9, hinder transverse vein ; 10,
transverse shoulder vein ; 11, anterior basal transverse vein; 12, posterior basal transverse
vein; a, a, a, first, second and third costal cells ; b, margiual cell; c, submarginal cell;
d, e,f, first, second and third posterior cells; g, discal cell; h, h, h, first (the large upper),
second and third basal cells ; »', anal or axillary corner of the wing ; j, alar appendage
(alula); h, axillary incision. (For the last three, see Fig. 46.)

*Onthe Insects and their Larvae occasionally found in the Human Bodv. By Rev. F.
W. Hope. Trans. Eiitomolog. Soc, London, ii, 1840, p. 256.

tOn Larva* of Insects Discharged through the Urethra. By Dr. H. A. Hagen. Proc.
Host. Soc. Nat. But., xx, 1878, pp. 107-118.
22

170 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Muscidce is shown in Fig. 4G, drawn from Calllphora vomitoria, the
common blue meat-fly of butchers-stalls and occasionally of our
houses. The references to veins and cells are the same as in the pre-
ceding figure. From a comparison of the two it will be seen that
they differ mainly in the shape of the first posterior cell, d, which in
the Anthomyiidm is quite open, instead of being nearly closed at the

Fig. 46. — Enlarged wing of the Blue meat-fly, Calliphora vomitoria: the veins and
cells are numbered and lettered as in Fig. 45.

wing-margin, as in Muscidce, by the sudden bending up of the fourth
longitudinal vein when near the margin, and running obliquely up-
ward to very near the termination of vein 3.

The Anthomyiidm are further distinguished by a transverse suture
(impressed line) crossing the thorax, and by their teguke (the covering
scales of the spiracles of the hinder thorax) being rather well-developed,
although frequently not very large in size.

The Anthomyiidae an Extensive Family.
The family is a numerous one. Baron Osten Sacken, in his Catalogue,*
records one hundred and thirty-nine North American species (includ-
ing above fifty of Walker's unrecognized species), belonging to twenty
genera. Later, Mr. K. IT. Meade, of England, who has been making
special study of the family, has enumerated one hundred and forty-
one species, in nineteen genera, from material sent to him from the
Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass.,f which, with
others in the Museum not seen by him, and those to be noticed in the
present report, gives, so far as recognized at the present, one hundred
and thirty-six North American Anthomyiidm. Of these, no less than
thirty-five species are accepted as identical with European ones.

* Uatalogue of the Diptera of North America. By C. R. Osten Sacken, Washington, 1878,
8vo, p. 27(5.

+List of North American Anthomyiidae, examined by R. H. Meade, Esq., Bradford,
England. By Dr. H. A. Hagen. — Canad. Entomol., xiii, pp. 43-51, 1881.

THE NEW YORK -SPECIES OK AXT1IOM YIIDJE. 171

The New York Species of the Family.
Five species of the interesting genus of Homalomyia Bouche, to
which reference has been made (four included in the Meade list) occur
in the State of New York. The lirst two mentioned are the more
common. The lirst, from its being so frequently found in houses, has
been called the "lesser house-lly," Mxteca domestica minor De Geer;
the second has received its common name of the " privy-fly" from its
larva occurriug in human excrement, particularly in the contents of
old vaults. The larvae of this genus are not rounded forms as in An-
thomyia, but have flattened bodies, as indicated by the generic name,
and also in their popular name of " flat-flies." An excellent paper
upon these forms may be found in the American Entomologist, vol. ii,
pp. 137-141, from the pen of Mr. Walsh, published after his death.
The species are the following (the Meade numbers are prefixed to those
seen by him) : —

44. Homalomyia camoularin I.in'N.). New York and Muss.

45. II. scalaris (FaBR.). N. Y., Penn., Mass., Me.

46. II. prostrate (Rossi). X. Y.,Mass.
50. II. sp. iiuli't. N. Y., Greenland.

— If. tetracantha Loew. Middle States.

Of the genus A nl homy in Meig., the larvae of which are naked, not
having the branching lateral appendages of the preceding genus, the
following New York species are recorded: —

57. Anthomyia lulitarmis Slues, and Zett. N. Y. and N. Hamp.

59. A. sp. indet. Similar to A. pluvialis, of Europe.

— A. brussiciv Bouche. Perhaps same as A. rujiceps Meig.

— .1. ceparum Bocche.* Same as A. antiqua Meig., auct. Schiner.

— A. raphnni H.\i;ius. Perhaps same as A. radicum Lixn.

— A. similis (Fitch). Similar to Hylemyia deceptiva Fitch.

In Hi/lemyia Desv., of the fourteen species indicated, four are from
New York, viz. : —

60. Hylemyia sp.? N. Y., X. J., and British America: apparently abundant.

61. II. sp.? N. Y., Conn., and N Hampshire.

62. //. deceptiva Fitch. X. Y., Hudson's Bay, and Arctic America.

63. //. tarsata Sik. N. Y. and 111. Perhaps A. alcathoe Walk.

04. II. sp.?: also 65 and 67, sp. iudetermined. Two other species are from

Canada and New Hampshire and are probably to be found in
New York.
Twenty-two species are referred to the genus Chortophila, of which
nine are credited to New York, and eight additional ones from locali-
ties so near, as Canada, Massachusetts and Connecticut, that they may
be presumed to occur also in New York. Many of the species are
small and some are known to have an extensive distribution, ranging
from the District of Columbia to the Arctic regions.

*Since the publication of this paper, the species has been removed to the genua Phorbia,
as will be noticed hereafter.

172 FIUST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

In other genera of the family, fifteen species are enumerated from
the State of New York : iu all, forty-one species, distributed in eleven
genera. Many others are undoubtedly to be discovered, as additional
attention shall be paid to them. They are extremely difficult of
study, from their close resemblance to one another. The females of
several of the species are so much alike that they can scarcely be de-
termined unless their males occur with them.*

Phorbia ceparum (Meigen).f
The Onion-fly.

Ord. DIPTERA : Fam. ANTHOMYIIDiE.
Bouche : Naturgescbichte der Insecten, 1834, p. 73.
Wkstwood : in Loudon's Mag. Nat. Hist., vii, 1834, p. 425 ; in Gardener's Mag.,

xiii. June, 1837, p. 241 ; Introduc. Class. Ins., ii, 1840, p. 570, f. 132, 3-6.
Kollar : Ins. Inj. to Gardeners, etc., 1840, pp. 157-9 and figures.
Harris : Rept. Ins. Mass., 1841, p. 415 ; Treat. Ins. New Eng., 1852, p. 495 ; Ins.

Inj. Veg., 1862, p. 617, f. 272 (habits, but another fly described).
Ccrtis : in Gardener's Chronicle, 1841, p. 396 and figures : Farm Insects, 1860, p.

145 (mention).
Kirbt-Spence : Introduc. Entomol., 1846, p. 141 (brief mention).
Glover: in Rept. Commis. Agricul. for 1864, p. 563 (remedies); Rept. for 1867.

p. 73 (mention); Rept. for 1872, p. 133 (history and remedies); MS. Notes

Journ. — Entomolog. Index, 1877, p. 5 (references).
Walsh ; in Pract. Entomol., i, 1865, p. 20 (remedy); Id.,ii, 1867, p. 64 (brief notice).
Slade : in Rept. Commis. Agricul. for 1865, p. 238 (with notice of onion and cul-
ture).
Fitch : in Ann. Reg. Rur. Aff., v, 1867, p. 91 ; Eleventh Rept. Ins. N. Y., in

Trans. N. Y. St. Agricul. Soc. for 1866, xxvi, 1877, pp. 487-494, figs. 1-5

(habits, transformations and remedies).
Boisduval : Entomol. Hortic, 1867, p. 611.
Packard : Guide Study Ins., 1869, p. 411, f. 332 (larva and imago); Second Rept.

Ins. Mass., 1872, p. 8 ; in Hayden's Ninth Rept. G.-G. Surv. Terr., 1877,

pp. 740-742, pi. 67, f. 1 (transformations and remedies).
Dodge : in Rept. Commis. Agricul. for 1869, pp. 224-226 (natural history and

remedies).
Riley : in Amer. Entomol., ii. 1870, p. 110, f. 72 (an imported insect).
Ormerod : Rept. Inj. Ins. for 1877, p. 7; Id. for 1878, p. 7 ; Id. for 1879, p. 12 ; Id.

for 1880, pp. 15-18 ; Id. for 1881, pp. 35-38; Manual Inj. Ins., [1881], pp.

123-129 and figures (habits, history, preventives and remedies).

*The reverse of this is seen among some of the Hymeuoptera. " In the Vespidae, there
exist a number of species of which the males resemble one another so far as not to be
distinguishable. * * * There is a whole category of species of the genus Elis, of
which the females offer differences the most extreme, but of which the males are so con-
founded that they cannot be distinguished from each other (Dr. de Saussure, Synopsis of
American Wasps, 1875, p. xviii).

JThe Anthomyia ceparum of all the following citations except the last.

THE ONION-FLY : ITS HISTORY, ETC. 173

Ost. Sacken : Cat. Dipt. N. Amur., 1878, p. 188 (references), p. 258 (note).

BeTHUNE : in Ann. Kept. Eut. Soe. Outario for 1880, (1881), p. 43.

MEADE : in Entomol. Month. Mag., six, 1883, pp. 213,218 (as Phorbia ctjittorum).

The onion-fly has long been known to interfere* seriously with tho
cultivation of onions. Its ravages had been noticed and recorded both
in this country and in Europe, long before Bouche, in the year 1834,
described it as infesting onions, and gave to it the scientific name of
Anthomyia ceparum, which it has since borne up to the present time,
and by which it has so often been presented to public notico by ento-
mological writers.* It is not known when it was introduced in this
country, but it may easily have been brought over at any time, either
as larva? feeding during the voyage, or as pupae, since its pupal transfor-
mation often takes place within the plant. It is rather a local species,
being very destructive in some localities, and almost unknown in
others. It also, like many other of our injurious insects, has its periods
of unusual abundance over a broad extent of territory. Thus it is re-
corded as having been quite destructive in the Eastern and Middle
- iu 1854 and again in 1S63.

Its Natural History-
There are successive broods throughout the season. The first attack
is made as soon as the young seedlings are an inch or two above the
ground. The flies are attracted to the plants, and deposit their eggs
upon the lower part of the leaves, either among them at their base, or,
as frequently, along the edge of the lower leaf or sheath as shown in
Fig. 49. Seldom more than a half dozen eggs are deposited on a
single plant.

Tin' Eggs. — The eggs are white and smooth, elougate-oval in form,
and of a size which admits of their being readily seen by the eye, being
four-hnndredths of an inch long and about one-hundredth broad. In
Fig. 47 at a and b they are shown in their natural size and in enlarge-
ment. They usually hatch within a week, the time required varying
with the different broods and with the temperature of the season.

The Larvte. — The young larva, upon leaving the egg, burrows
downward within the sheath, leaving behind it a discolored streak
to mark its passage. It penetrates the cylindrical root, of which
it consumes the interior with the exception of the outer skin. At a
later stage of growth of the plant when the bulb has commenced to
form, several of ihe larva; may be found feeding in company. When

♦According to Professor J. 0. Westwood, Kirby and Spence were the first to applv the
specific name to this insect. Reference is made by him (Mai/. Sat. Hist., vii, p. 425), to
" Scatopliaga ceparum K. and S., i, 100." This may have been iu the first edition of the
Introduction to Entomology, to which I have not been able to refer. Probably no descrip-
tion accompanied the name.

°000i

174 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

the bulb is consumed, they desert the plant for another, and still others
in succession, as a dozen or more young onions would be needed to
furnish the requisite amount of food for maturing a half-dozen of the
larva?.

The larva when full grown, shown at c, in the accompanying figure
and at <I, in enlargement, is nearly one-third of an inch in length. It
is glossy, dull white, smooth, naked, of an elongate-conical form, with
its anterior end capable of being extended, while feeding, into an acute
°<ba ^ A ^^ Pomfc- At the extreme end, the two
black hooks which form the cutting
organs of the mouth show through the
^ skin as a short black stripe. Near the
, . / head, the projecting breathing organs

Fio. 47. — Early stages of the Onion- . . °

fly: a, eggs, natural size, 4, enlarged ; c, are visible. A stripe seen along the

d, the lurvii, natural size and enlarged ; -in * ., , , . ., ,.

e,f, the puparium natural size and enl middle of its back is the alimentary
larged. (After Fitch.) vessel with its contained substance. The

hinder end of the body is obliquely truncated, and on its flat surface
are two small elevated brown points (the spiracles or breathing tubes
of this extremity of the body), and on the margin are eight small pro-
jections, like teeth, of which the lower two are the larger. Slightly in ad-
vance of these latter are two small processes which appear to be of
service to the larva in its travels. Some prominent folds — one on the
under side of each segment — are also aids in locomotion.

Pupation.
In about two weeks in summer, the larva has attained its growth,
and is in readiness for its pupation. In a number of recorded instances
it has assumed this stage within the onion, but it usually with-
draws itself into the surrounding ground. It has soon contracted in
length and become of an oval form, moderately pointed at its anterior
end, and somewhat flattened at the other, where projections resem-
bling those of the larva may be seen. The skin has hardened and has
changed to a chestnut-brown color, and in this condition resembles
some of the pupal forms. It is not the pupa, however, but only its
envelope or case protecting the true pupa, which, upon breaking open
the outer covering a few days after its formation, would be found as a
soft, and white body showing the jointed abdomen, with the wings and
legs of the future fly appressed to its surface. This case, which shelters
the inclosed pupa like the cocoon of a moth, isknown as a puparium.*
It is shown in Fig. 47, at e in its natural size, and at /"enlarged.

*It is described by Westwood as " of a chestnut color, having its posterior end blackish
with the extremity red, and two large black spots observed in the larva; the oral tentacula
are also observable at the other end, they being somewhat exserted." {Mag. Sat. Hist.,
vii, p. 42S.)

the onion-fly: first indications of attack.

175

Fh;. *8. — The Onion-fl.v
ehPAuiM (Meigeu), enlarge!

The pupa state ordinarily continues for about a fortnight in summer

when the front end of the puparium is

broken open, and the fly emerges and

escapes from the ground. The general

appearance of the fly is shown in Fig.

48 (after Fitch), and in Fig. 45, ante,

page 109, a more accurate view of the

wing is given, in enlargement. The

last brood of larva' pass the winter in

the pupa state, and the flies emerge in

early .Uine, or about the time when the

young onions arc in readiness to receive

their eggs.

Commencement and Progress of an Attack.

The first indications of an attack by tin: larvae upon young onions,

the method of their procedure, and the progress of the injury, are so

well presented by Dr. Fitch (Eleventh Report on the Insects of the

State of New York, in Trans. X. Y. Stale Agricul. Soc, for 1866, p.

489) that we give it here : —

"The first indication which we have that our onion bed is invaded
by this enemy, we discover that two or three of the young plants are
willed down and lying on the surface of the ground, perhaps changed
t> a yellow color, and the plant next in the row to those prostrate ones
probably has its lower or outer leaf similarly wilted and prostrate, al-
though it is green and shows no wound or other indication of disease,
and the other leaves of this plant are erect, and to the eye appear per-
fectly healthy ; but on feeling them we find that they are soft and
flaccid, not firm and substantial, like those of the unaffected plants.
Thus by the feeling of the leaves we readily detect those plants which
have worms in their roots.

" On carefully digging up and examining the
affected plant, if it is young and the roots small
and cylindrical, we commonly find it completely
cut asunder, as represented in Fig. 49, only the
thin outer skin remaining, whereby the slightest
pull upon the top draws it up out of the ground.
Later in the season, when the round bulb is be-
ginning to be formed, as in Fig. 50, we find a hole
perforated in its side, opening into a cavity in the
interior, and the earth around this perforation is
wet and slimy, forming a mass of filthy mud in
which those worms are lying which are not engaged
Fig. 49.— Voung onion in feeding. And by this interior cavity the central

attackeil by the onion- n , , , . „ , . ,.

worm (after Fitch). leaves of the plant are severed from their connection

176 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OP THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

with the fibrous rootlets, as shown in the figure, whereby it is now
these central and not the outer leaves which first turn yellow and
die; and all the upper portion of the root becomes soft and putrid,
while the bottom part, continuing to be nourished by the fibrous
rootlets, remains sound, and the worms now crowd into this part to
feed, whereby it sometimes presents a wonderful appearance, being
\ | thronged with worms wedged together

lllll side by side in a com-

jtjpBffljjljgi I ■ | ■ «5jj|g^aljjr pact mass, all with their

ASF heads downward, eagerly 9
^^p^M\<L^^^<^i^m^ consuming the last re- Fig. 51.—

-^ ~- ^V ^^]£s^^v?Sw^-~ • cr lii *i.i- Base of an

±=-~ ; "^Vrrt^wyi''- mains of iood there is there, onion crowded
^V/n^~<- - :iES": anl^ on^ ^he rounue<i hind YJevt uftef
'^^/~l~*5*-~-~— ends of their bodies exposed Fitc»)-

,i'I-G-5?ir0l,it'n'i'u^"ith(th/e!?r" to view, these forming an even surface

vie in the ground adjacent (after ' °

Fitch). similar to the cobble-stones of a street

pavement, as represented in Fig. 51."

Although the onion, in all its stages and in its different varieties, is
subject to attack, yet the fly occasionally selects a limited locality or
even a particular onion for the deposit of its eggs. Dr. Fitch has
given a remarkable instance which illustrates this selection: "An
eseallion, a month after it was set out, having wilted and turned yel-
low, the whole of its root wa3 found to be a soft putrid mass of a most
offensive smell, everywhere thronged with these maggots of all sizes,
some of them newly hatched and no larger than the eggs from which
they came, others full grown, and others changed to pups and lying
111 the wet dirt in contact with the root. I judged that there was up-
ward of two hundred of these maggots in this one onion, which was
little more than half an inch in thickness. And though there was
now no sustenance remaining for their nourishment, unless they fed
upon the putrid as well as upon the sound substance of the onion,
every crevice above ground, around the bases of the leaves, was occu-
pied with eggs to the number of about fifty, and many empty shells
from which worms had recently issued. It was a mystery to me why
such a multitude of worms should occur in this particular onion, and
why flies continued to deposit their eggs upon it, when it was already
so overstocked as to furnish no food for their young."
Insect Enemies,

No parasite is known to prey upon the onion-fly. In Europe there
is a small four-winged Ichneumon fly, Alysia manducator Panzer,
which destroys its pupa. It has not been detected in this country,
but the genus is represented by at least three determined species* of

*Proc. Entomol. Soc. Pkila., i, p. 211, 1862.

THE onion-fly: enemies and preventives. 17?

which the h;ibits arc as yet unknown, and by several undescribed
species that are to be found in our collections.

It is believed that the larvae of the Golden-eyed flies, of the genus
Chrysopa, are of service in destroying the eggs of the onion-fly, as they
are known to devour eagerly the contents of similar eggs, and their
own eggs attached to their hair-like pedicel, have been frequently seen
upon the lower part of onion plauts convenient to the eggs of the fly.

Preventives of Attack.

Many methods have been recommended for use against this pest.
Several of them will be given, for often it is only by trial of various
methods that one may be selected which will prove efficacious in a
particular locality. An application which will be entirely successful
under one condition of soil may be of no service whatever where the
conditions are quite different ; and the convenience for obtaining the
materials to be employed may also vary greatly with the locality.

Kollar, in his Treatise on Insects Injurious to Gardeners^ Foresters
and Farmers, recommends as a preventive strewing the onion-bed with
powdered charcoal, leaving small portions without the application,
where the flies may deposit their eggs, and the infested onions subse-
quently taken up and destroyed by burning or deep burying.

Dr. Fitch suggests that instead of sowing onion seed in rows, where
the young seedlings grown in contact, give every facility for the larvae
to pass from one to another, that they should be grown in hills of
only three or four seedlings and among other vegetables, so that when
the young larva have consumed one hill, they would be unable to
travel through the soil the distance required to find another, and
would, therefore, die before maturing.

Scattering dry, unleached ashes over the beds as soon as the plants
are up, while they are wet with dew or from rain, and at intervals
thereafter of a week throughout the month of June, has been found
serviceable in preventing the deposit of the eggs upon the plants.

Miss Ormerod, of Dunster Lodge, near Isleworth, England, who,
during the past few years, has published several quite valuable Annual
Reports of " Notes and Observations on Injurious Insects," has given
in each, such methods for the prevention of the attacks of this fly as
have been tested and have yielded the best results. Among them are
the following: —

Pulverized gas-lime scattered among the onions was found to act
well ill keeping off the insect.

Watering with the liquid from pig-styes, collected in a tank provided
for the purpose, was found to answer still better.
23

178 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Deep cultivation in autumn, with a good manuring and sowing in
drills on a firm, well-trodden surface in spring, insured a good crop,
free from the attack of the maggot. In a bed, one-half of which had
been prepared in the above manner, and the remaining half only
trenched but not manured, the plants in the former were uninjured,
but on the latter feeble and attacked by the maggot.

A correspondent of Miss Ormerod presents the following experience :
"I find the best preventive in our light soil is to manure well with
well-made manure, principally cow manure. We work the ground
deeply and trench if need be. After lying exposed to the frost for
some time, the ground is pulverized (with a steel fork) on the surface
without turning up the manure, then trodden down well previous to
sowing, which we do as early as possible in March, providing the
ground is in good condition. We sow in lines a foot apart. After
covering in the seed, we pass a heavy iron roller a few times over the
ground to firm it well. We sow thinly, so that we seldom require to
thin the plants. In this way we never fail to have excellent crops of
onions, although the garden has been very subject to attacks from
onion-fly ; and there are many gardens in the neighborhood where the
fly has all its own way with the onion crops."

Another correspondent makes use of "hen manure which had been
well turned during the winter and covered with soil to retain the am-
monia." In place of the roller, the soil is well trodden with the feet
and raked over. The trampling of the feet makes it quite hard, and
it is considered to do good by preventing progress of the larva. An-
other person recommends horse manure not over fermented for use on
heavy damp soils.

A writer in the Gardener's Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette (vol.
xiii, 1853, p. 197) states that a simple preventive of attack of the fly,
satisfactorily tested by him, is dry soot, dusted over the soil lightly
once a fortnight from the time of sowing until all danger is past.

Remedies for Attack.
When an onion-bed has been attacked by the fly, which may readily
be known by the leaves wilting and turning yellow at the tip, every
onion giving indication of the attack should be taken up at ouce and
destroyed by burning or otherwise. If this be done promptly and
thoroughly it will terminate the attack. The onions should not be
pulled up, but carefully lifted by means of a broad-bladed knife, so
that the entire bulb with the larvse within it, may be removed. If
simply drawn by hand, the stem, which often is only held in place by
its thin skin, will separate from the decayed base, which, with the con-
tained larvae, will be left behind and no good whatever accomplished.

.THE ONIOX-FLT ! REMEDIES FOR ATTACK, ETC. 179

Water Dearly at the boiling temperature poured from a tea-kettle
along the rows of onions which have attained considerable size, has
been found to kill the larva' without injury to tho plants. It is also
stated that watering with strong soap-suds, when the attack is first
noticed, has entirely arrested it.

Miss Ormerod believes that the most successful remedy is to be
found in a proper nee of paraffin oil. Care is required lest it should
be used in excess, when it will injure the plants. It may probably be
applied with greater safety by saturating sand with the oil to be sown
among the onions, and afterward sprinkled from the rose of a water-
ing pot. In one instance reported, a pint (English measure) of the oil
was put in two gallons of water, and with it the onions planted in
rows were watered through the nozzle of a watering-pot. In another,
a good glassful of oil was mixed with about six gallons of water and
thrown in a spray over the beds; two or three applications ended the
attack. To test the efficacy of paraffin oil in the destruction of the
larva', a number of them were placed in a tlower-pot in soil with
young onions. Some days thereafter three drops of the oil were in-
troduced in the pot, and after twenty-four hours, upon examination,
all the larva;, except two, were dead.

The American Fly Compared with the European,
The Anthomyia ceparum of Authors (the name by which theonion-
flv has long been known) has for some time been regarded as probably
identical with the Anthomyia antiqua of Meigen, having been given
as a synonym of that species by two eminent European Dipterologists,
Zetterstedt (Dip/era Scandinavia, viii, p. 3297) and Schiner (Faun.
Austr., i, p. 643). In the Catalogue of Diptera of Baron Osten
Sacken (187S) the species appears as Anthomyia ceparum (Meigen,
Bouche), with a reference to a note which simply mentions Schiner's
reference of it to A. antiqua. The species seems not to be in the col-
lections of the Cambridge Museum, for it was not among the exam-
ples of the family submitted to Mr. Meade for his examination (see
page 70) and it does not appear that a critical comparison of
our species with the A. ceparum and A. antiqua of Europe had ever
been made. Mr. Meade, after a special study of the Anthomyiidce for
several years,* being at present engaged upon a Revision of the British
Species. f it seemed a favorable opportunity for making the desired
comparison, and, accordingly, several examples of " A. ceparum" bred
by me from onions, were recently sent to him for the purpose. The

*See a paper on the " Arrangement of the British Anthomyiidfe," in Entomol. Month.
Mag., xi, W4-'75, pp. 199, 220.

+ " Annotated List of British Anthomyiidae," Entomol. Month. Mag., xviii, 1881-82, pp.
1, 27, 62, 101, 123, 172, 201, 221, 265; xix, 1882-83, pp. 29, 145, 213.

180 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

result of the comparison is given in the following interesting commu-
nication received from him : —

" The specimens of onion-fly which you sent to me are [very nearly]
identical with Hylemyia antiqua Mgn. The only difference between
your specimens and those that I have, named by the late Professor
Rondani, is that in yours, the arista is rather less pubescent. Curiously
enough, I have bred several specimens myself this summer (since the
part of my paper on the genus Hylemyia was published) from onions,
some of which were sent to me by MissOrmerod, Entomologist to the
Royal Agricultural Society in England, which are all exactly like
yours. They must be placed with Hylemyia antiqua, unless, on account
of the shorter pubescence of the arista, they may be considered as a new
species. They must, however, be removed from the genus Hylemyia
(the arista not being plumose) and placed in that of Phorbia (part of
Chortophila according to Rondani)."

As the result of further study, the species has been found to be dis-
tinctly separable from H. antiqua. Its chief points of difference are
stated to be in its simply pubescent antennae, its interrupted dorsal
stripe upon the abdomen, and its clear wings, as opposed to the sub-
plumose antenna?, a continuous abdominal stripe, and the brown wings
of antiqua. It is represented as par excellence an onion-fly, as all the
specimens seen, had been bred from the bulbs of that vegetable. In
some instances, it had been discovered feeding upon bulbs in associa-
tion with Phorbia cilicrura, both species passing through their trans-
formations at the same time.

In the Entomologist's Monthly Magazine for March, 1883, Mr. Meade
has carefully described the species, and, in consideration of its having
for some time been confounded with H. antiqua, has given it the name
of Phorbia cepetorum, n. sp. Inasmuch as the A. ceparum of Meigen
is, at the same time, given by Mr. Meade as a synonym, with doubt, of
the new species, — as he also admits that it may be identical with the
A. ceparum of Bouche and Meigen, which he has not identified, — and
as there are other reasons which render it quite probable that it will
prove to be the same, it seems proper that the specific name, so
familiar to us from its long use, should still be employed for this species,
and so continue, unless it can be clearly shown to pertain to another.
Its New Generic Position.

The genus Phorbia, to which the onion-fly has been referred as
above, was proposed by Desvoidy, to include a portion of the old
genus Anthomyia, which had been found to be so large as to be in-
convenient and to contain greatly varying forms. The subdivisions
that had been made by Desvoidy, Macquart and Rondani seem to
Mr. Meade to be either too many or too artificial. In the new arrange-
ment, which, in consideration of the critical study which has been
given to it, will doubtless be generally received, he proposes to retain

THE ONION-FLY AND THE LOCUST-EGG ANTHOMYIAX. 181

the name of Anthomyia for a small group of the black-legged species,
more highly developed than the others, having the alulets rather
larger with the scales unequal in size. The remainder of the black-
legged species are separated in two divisions, for the first of which
Chortophila Macquart is adopted, to include those which have the
abdomen more or less thickened and cylindrical ; and to the second
division, to include all those with black legs not belonging to either of
the other two groups, Desvoidy's name of Phorbia is given. The
species of this genus have the abdomen narrow and elongated, or
oblong and flattened. The pale-legged species (without the limitation
of Desvoidy and Macquart to those that have the body also more or less
yellow) are placed in the genus Pegomyia Desv.

In the above genera, all fcbe species to be noticed at the present
time are arranged. The student who may desire to study this group
may find them tabulated in the Entomologists' Monthly Magazine for
July, 1882, p. 31.

Phorbia oilicrnra (Rondani).
The locust-egg A nthomyian.

Ord. DIPTERA : Fam. ANTHOMYIID/E.

Chortophila eilicrura Rond. Att. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat, ix, 1866, p. 165.
Anthomyia radicum var caloptcni Riley : Ninth Rept. Ins. Mo., 1877, pp. 92-95,

f. 23 (discovery and description); Supp. Mo. Repts.,1881, p. 89 (description).
Anthomijiti angitstifronx Meioen: in First Rept. U. S. Entomolog. Commis., 1878,

pp. 285-289 (from 9th Mo. Rept.); in Second Rept. U. S. Ent. Couimis.,

1880, p. 263 (mention).
Chortophila angustifrons Meig. Osten Sacken : Cat. Dipt N. Amer., 1878, p.

107 (citation).
Ohortoph&a ungustifroiu (Meig.). Meade ; in Entomol. Month. Mag.,xiv, 1878, p.

252 (in Cambr. Museum); in Canad. Entomol., 1881, p. 49 (identical with

A. rod. var. calopteni).
Phorbia eilicrura (Rond.) Meade : in Entomol. Month. Mag. xix, 1883, pp. 213,216.

A species belonging to the same genus with the preceding, but owing
its economic importance to very different habits, may next be briefly
noticed.*

Discovery of its Attack upon Locust Eggs.

During the summer of 1870, when the Rocky Mountain Locust was
proving so exceedingly destructive in several of our Western States,
and public attention had been drawn to the study of its habits and
natural history, in the hope of discovering some means of controlling
its excessive ravages, the interesting discovery was made, that the eggs,
which had been laid in immense numbers, had been attacked by a
small " white worm or grub," which was destroying a large propor-

*Later observations have disclosed a larval food-plant in common, which intimately con-
nects the two species. Mr. Meade has discovered P. eilicrura feeding on onions, and
during the past summer, he has bred a number of the flies from onion-feeding larvae.

182

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

tion of them. The following are some of the statements relating to
their earliest discovery, made to Professor Riley in the summer and
autumn of 1876, from correspondents in Minnesota and Kansas:

Yesterday we discovered that our locust eggs were hatching out
maggots. We break open the cocoons, and the eggs on exposure to the
sun for a few moments crawl away a worm. In warm places along the
hedges, the earth is alive with them. — S. M. P., Hiawatha, Kansas,
Oct. 30, 1876.

I find the parasites more plentiful to-day than before. The grouud
seems to be full of them, from five to twenty of the small white worms
in a single cell. In every cell in which I have found any, the eggs
were nearly or quite destroyed. — C. E. L., Rockport, Minn., Oct. 16,
1876.

A large proportion of the eggs have been destroyed by a small white
larva. Many of the egg-cases, which ordinarily contain from twenty
to thirty eggs, had no eggs in them, but were full of these worms or
larvce, each one of which took the place of the egg which it had de-
stroyed.— F. H. ti., Lawrence, Kansas, Nov. 1, 1876.

During the autumn of 1876, these larvse, it was estimated, destroyed
about ten per cent of the locust eggs in Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska.
They also rendered excellent service in Minnesota, Iowa, Colorado and
Texas. That they had not been previously discovered may be owing
to the fact that but little attention had been, before this time, given to
the locust eggs.*

Description of the Insect.
The larva and the perfect insect have been popularly described by
Professor Riley as follows: "This good little friend, which simul-
taneously prevailed over so large an extent of country, is a small white
maggot, of the same general form of the common meat maggots or

"gentles," but measur-
ing, when full-grown
and extended, not
quite one-fourth of an
inch in length. The
head with some of the
anterior joints of the
body, tapers and is re-
tractile, and i;he jaws
consist of two small
hooks joined to a V-

Fig. 52. — Locust-egg Anthomyian parasite, Phoebia cili- shaped, black, horny
the fly : bt puparium; c, larva; d, head of same

• all enlarged. (Riley).

piece, which, as it is

*A similar attack upon locust eggs in Asia Minor, made by a parasitic Bombyliid fly —
Callostomafascipennw, Macq., which had entirely destroyed the locusts throughout an area
of eighty square miles, was last year brought to the notice of the Entomological Society of
London. For some of the observations made upon the parasite, see the American Xaltnu.r.-
ist for 1882, p. 916.

THE LOCUST-EOG ANTHOMYIAN : ITS DESCRIPTION. 183

retracted or extended, playa beneath the transparent skin. The hind
or tail end is squarely docked off, and contains two small yellowish-
brown, eye-like spots, which are the principal breathing pores.

The perfect insect issues from its puparium as a small grayish two-
winged fly (Fig. 52, a), about one-fourth of an inch long, the wings
expanding about one-half of an inch, and in general appearance re-
sembling a diminutive house-fly, except that the body is more slender
and more tapering behind, and the wings relatively more ample. More
carefully examined, the body is seen to be of an ash-gray color, tinged
with rust-yellow, and beset with stiff, bristle-like hairs, those on the
thorax stoutest, and those on the abdomen smaller, but more uni-
formly distributed. The wings are faintly smoky and iridescent. There
are three dusky longitudinal stripes on the thorax, most distinct an-
teriorly, and another along the middle of the abdomen, most distinct
in the male, which also differs from the female in the larger eyes, which
meet more closely on the top of the head, and in the face being whiter.

The above general descriptiou will serve for the identification of the
insect when it occurs in association with locust eggs.

A detailed description of the fly, by Professor Eiley, for scientific use,
may be found in the Oth Missouri Report and in the General Index
and Supplement to the Missouri Reports (loc. cit.); also in the First
Annual Report of the U. S. Entomological Commission, pp. 288-89,
under the name of A. a)igustifrons Meigen. We refrain from quoting
it here, for while St would be of service to the entomological student
to collate, as opportunity offers, the descriptions of allied species which
are scattered through many volumes not conveniently accessible, and
although this species is known to occur in the State of New York, yet
it has not shown itself in the eastern portion of the United States, in
such numbers, or with such habits, as to render it of economic import-
ance.

The Larva feeds also upon Vegetables.
It is not at all improbable, that, in conformity with the known economy
of many other insects in different localities, it may adapt its habits to
the changed conditions surrounding it, and that in our State it may
exist as a depredator upon the roots of some of our cruciferous plants*
where it may not, as yet, have been distinguished from the similar
species with which it is acting in concert. As we have recently found
no less than three species, differing but slightly in specific characters,
infesting the leaves of beets, in company (and two other species are
known in Europe), it is probable that several of the Anthomyiausmay
be jointly operating upon the roots of the cabbage and the radish. In-
deed, Professor Riley states (9th Missouri Report, p. 95), that speci-

184 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOIOGIST.

metis in his cabinet, bred from cabbage and radish roots, do not differ
specifically from those reared from the locust-egg feeding larvce.

Synonymy of the Species.
From its general resemblance to the Anthomyia radicum of Europe,
it was at first regarded by Professor Kiley as simply a variety of that
form, and it was accordingly characterized by him as A. radicum var.
calopteni. Examples having been submitted to Mr. Meade, they were
by him referred to Anthomyia angustifrons of Meigen, which had been
placed by Kondani in the genus Chortophila. Eecently Mr. Meade in-
formed me that C. angustifrons Meig. has been found by Rondani to
embrace three or four distinct species, differing in slight points of
structure, and that our locust-egg feeding species seems to correspond
to the one named by Rondani, as Chortophila cilicrura* In the recent
re-arrangement of the Anthomyiidce, it falls into the genus Phorbia.
Aricia fusciceps Zetterstedt, is believed to be a synonym of this species.

Anthomyia brassiere Bouche.
The Cabbage-Fly.

Ord. DIPTERA : Fam. ANTHOMYIID^.

Bouche: Naturgescliickte der Insecten, 1834, p. 74, pi. 5, f. 34.

Kirbt-Sp.: Introduc. Entoraol. , 1846, p. 140 (infesting cauliflowers).

Curtis: Farm Insects, 1860, p. 141, figs. 1, 2 and 3 of no. 26Ap. 143.

Fitch : Eleventh Rept. Ins. N. Y., in Trans. N. T. State Agricul. Soc. for 1866,

xxvi, 1867, pp. 496-499.
Riley ; First Ann. Rept. Ins. Mo., 1869, p. 156 (mention); Fourth Rept. do., p.

22 (parasite); Ninth Repi. do., p. 95 (mention).
Sprague : in Amer. Entomol. , ii, 1870, pp. 302, 370 (Aleochara parasite).
Glover: MS. Notes Journ. — Entomolog. Index, 1877, p. 5 (references).
Osten Sacken : Cat. Dipt. N. Amer,, 1878, pp. 167, 258.
Barnard : in Amer. Entomol., iii, 1880, p. 199 (abundance of parasites).
Cook: in Amer. Entomol., iii, 1880, p. 264; in Canad. Entomol., xiii, 1881, p.

190 (remedy).
Garfield : in 16th Rept. Mich. St. Board Agricul., 1878, p. 61 (experiments with

remedies).
Ormerod : Manual In j. Ins., [1881], p. 31, figs. 1, 2, 3 (habits, transformation and

remedies).

Its Operations Upon Cabbages.
This is probably the most injurious species of the Anthomyiidce, as
its distribution is very extensive both in Europe and America, and it
has shown at times such capacity for multiplication as to cause entire

*This species should not be confounded with tbe Homalomyia cilicrura of Rondani (which
is a synonym of H. Jtoricola Meig.), for, according to Mr. Meade, Rondani very strangely
gave the same specific name to two quite distinct Anthomyians.

Till: i'ABBAOE-FLY : ITS INJURIES TO ITS FOOD-PLANTS. 185

destruction of cabbage crops. It commences its attack upon the young
plants while yet in the seed-bed, and continues to infest them, in
several successive broods, until they are taken up in the autumn. The
larva? operate by consuming the rootlets of young plants, and by ex-
coriating the surface and eating into the rind of older ones, or even
penetrating into the interior of the root. When they abound to the
extent of seriously burrowing the stalk, the decay of the root frequently
follows, in wet seasons, and entire fields are thus destroyed. They are
usually to be found in the swellings upon the roots, and the species is
one of those which Curtis notices as infesting " anbury."

Its Injuries not Confined to Cabbages.

It also attacks the turnip, mining into its interior in an irregular
burrow, or occupying eroded spots upon its outer surface. " Sometimes
a small roughened spot is seen, appearing like a crack in the skin of
the turnip, with its edges rough and ragged and turned outward, and
on paring off the roughened spot a plump white maggot is come upon,
lying in a cavity it has there made for itself. At other times a larger
eroded spot occurs, which is filled with wet and slimy dirt. On re-
moving this dirt, the surface is found to be rough and warty, with
little grooves here and there, in each of which is a maggot." (Fitch).

Kirby and Spence (Introduc. Entomol., 1846, p. 140) evidently re-
fer to this species, when they mention that "one of the most delicate
and admired of all table vegetables, concerning which gardeners are
most apt to pride themselves, and bestow much pains to produce to
perfection — the cauliflower — -is often attacked by a fly, which, ovi-
positing in that part of the stalk covered by the earth, the maggots,
when hatched, occasion the plants to wither and die, or to produce a
worthless head."

When and Where First Described.

A. brassicm was described by Bouche\, in 1834, as above cited. It is
thought by Schiner,* that it may have been previously described by
Meigen, in 1826, as A. ruficeps. If the two are hereafter shown to be
identical, then the northern range of the cabbage-fly will be extended
into Greenland, whence examples of A. ruficeps have been received.
There is an older A. brassiea, viz. that of Weidemann (Zoolog. Mag., i,
p. 87), which is a different species, and has recently been referred by
Mr. Meade to A. radicum Linn.f

* Schiner, Fauna Austriaca, Dipt., i, p. 644.

tWith A. ruficeps Meigen, Mr. Meade is not acquainted.

24

186 FIRST ANNUAL REPOKT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Its Resemblance to A. radicum.
Dr. Fitch {he. cit. p. 497) declares his inability to separate A. bras-
sicm from A. radicum, the root-eating species, either by a comparison
of the larvas occurring in the roots of the cabbage, turnip and radish,
or by descriptions given by authors of the two species. The difference
in the color of the larvas indicated by Curtis — that of the former be-
ing yellowish-white and of the latter yellowish-olive — he regards as
unreliable, as he has found them pure white when first taken from
their burrows in the roots, and from exposure to the light they acquired
a yellow tinge, which became deeper as they were longer exposed.

Description of the Larva, Puparium and the Fly.

The best description of the insect given is that of Dr. Pitch, from
wjiich we quote: "The larvae occur of different sizes at the same date,
the largest measuring 0.30 in length. They are footless and white,
composed of ten or eleven visible segments. On the throat or under-
side of the pointed end the jaws appear as a bifid black internal streak
The hind end is bluntly cut off and flattened, with two elevated tawny
yellowish dots or spiracles on the disk, and around the margin is a row
of twelve conical fleshy points, the lower two larger and forked at their
tips, the next one on each side equally long but narrower and acute
pointed, and forward of these last is another transverse row of similar
points. [Kollar states that the truncated anal joint is surrounded by
ten fleshy points, of which the four lower are in pairs. According to
Curtis, it has two brown tubercles in the center, and several short teeth
on the lower margin.]

The puparium is described in such general features as not to be ser-
viceable for separating it from the allied species. The pupation con-
tinues for about a fortnight when the perfect' insect is given out,
" which is a two-winged fly, resembling the common house-fly, but,
somewhat smaller in size, measuring 0.20 in length to the end of its body,
and 0.26 to the tip of the closed wings. It is of an ash-gray color, and
with three black stripes on the thorax or fore body, and on the hind
body a black stripe along the middle of the back, and a black band
upon each of the sutures. In the male the head is silvery-white, the
eyes coppery-red in the living specimen, and very large, nearly in con-
tact above — having between them a black stripe, which is much
broader at its commencement at the base of the antenufe. The anten-
nae, feelers and legs are black. On the crown of the head, the legs, and
the hind body arc black bristles, and on the fore body are coarser ones,
arranged in rows. The hind body is of a cylindric-conic form, its
under side with a black stripe in the middle and black bands on the
sutures, similar to the upper side. The wings are hyaline, ciliated

THE CABBAGE-FLY AND ITS ENEMIES. 1«7

with fine bristles along the outer or costal edge, nearly to the tip. At
the apex of the first vein is a slight notch, where is a coarser bristle.
"The female differs in having the eyes smaller and farther apart,
and the black stripe between them is much broader, and is tinged with
tawny-red in its middle, and forked at its upper end, with a small
black spot between the forks. The black stripes on the fore body are
obsolete, as are also the black bands on the sutures of the hind body."

Natural Enemies.

According to Curtis, the cabbage-fly is not known to have any para-
site destroying it in Europe. A small four-winged Ichneumon, be-
longing to the Hymenoptera, known as Alysia manducator, lives in the
pupa? of several flies allied to Anthomyiidm. It undergoes its transfor-
mation in a thin, yellow case, within the pupa;, and emerges in the
spring and summer, when it may frequently be seen about decaying
turnip and other roots. It may, therefore, be inferred that it is a
general parasite of these flies, and that the cabbage and turnip Larva?
do not escape its vigilance.

In our own country, a parasite upon A . brassicm has been discovered,
from which much service is expected in checking the depredations of
this injurious species. It is a small beetle, belonging to the family of
StaphylinidcB, which are sometimes known as rove-beetles.

Tlie Staphylinidw. — These beetles are characterized by their nar-
row, elongated and somewhat flattened bodies, which vary in size
from about au inch in length to a microscopic form. Their wing-
covers are very short, often extending only over a small portion of the
abdomen, leaving the greater part uncovered and left free to be raised
upward in running, or employed for folding and packing up the true
wings under their abbreviated covers after flight. The end of the body
often bears two bristly processes. The jaws (mandibles) are long
and curved, and are used in a menacing and formidable manner when
the insect is taken in the hand ; when at rest, or in cabinet specimens,
they are usually crossed at the tips. The antennae are short, composed
of short rounded or lenticular joints, which frequently increase in size
toward the tips. Their food consists largely of decaying animal and
vegetable matter, rendering them very useful as scavengers. Some of
the species attack and destroy other living insects, and are so canni-
balistic as to prey upon their own species. Others are true parasites.
and find their food in the larva? of ants' nests, in the nests of wasps,
in beetles, and doubtless, from recent observations, and an increased
knowledge of their habits — - in many more insects than are now sus-
pected. The family is a very large one, more than five hundred North
American species having been described. Leistotrophus cingulatus

188 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

(Grav. ), and StapJiylinits cinnamopterus Grav., are among the species
frequently met with in the State of New York.

Aleochara anthomyi^e Sprague. — The particular species which
is parasitic on the larvae of the cabbage-fly was discovered a few years
since, in a garden near Boston. According to the account given (loc.
cit.) by their discoverer, Mr. P. S. Sprague, some cabbage-plants which
had just been set out gave indication, by their wilting and discolora-
tion, of insect attack. On taking them up, from ten to thirty of the
cabbage-fly larvas were found upon each plant. They had destroyed all
of the tender rootlets, and were following the center of the main stock
to the surface of the ground. Subsequently (June 20th), twenty-sis
puparia were collected from the soil of the hills and put in boxes of earth,
one moist and the other dry. From these, there were obtained, about
the middle of July, seven examples of the parasitic beetle, which had
eaten their way through rough holes in the sides of the puparia. No
wound or marks could be found upon their exterior, to indicate that
the attack had been made while in that stage, and the inference there-
fore was drawn, that the larvae had been parasitized, either
by the eggs of the beetle having been fastened to their
bodies, or by the direct entrance of the young parasitic
larvae An examination of the beetle showed it to be an
unknown species, and it was accordingly described by Mr.
Sprague as Aleochara antlwmyim. Fig. 53 represents the
A l e'ochara insect — the hair-line beside it indicating its natural size,
parasiti'c The only knowledge that we have of the habits of this
bage -fly' Cab~ insect is given us by Professor W. S. Barnard, as follows :
" It is now very abundant at Ithaca. ****** The beetles
are often seen running from one young cabbage to another, or entering
holes, but more commonly close about the stalk. Half of our young
cabbages here, last year and this, have been killed by the maggots, and
now, on pulling up an infested stalk, these beetles often come out,
sometimes several from about one plant. To test their habits, I put a
maggot in a bottle with them. "When hungry, a single one alone will
attack a full-sized maggot, tearing open its sides and feasting upon it.
I have seen five of them like a pack of wolves cling to, and tear, a
writhing maggot, killing it quickly. They are wonderfully activ'e, and
promise to be the best enemy against the fly which has ruined so
many crops here." (Amer. Entomol., iii, 1880, p. 199.)

Of the other species of Aleochara which occur with us, doubtless some
will hereafter be shown to be of similar service. Nine species are
recognized in this country, of which two are identical with European
forms, viz., A. brachypterus (Fourc), and A. nitida Grav.

THIi CABBAGE-FLY ! PARASITIC STAPH YLINID.E. 189

Parasitism of the Staphylinidm. — The above parasitic attack is of
much interest in connection with our efforts to check the ravages of these
root-eating larvae. It would not be confined to the cabbage-fly larva,
but would doubtless embrace all the allied species existing under simi-
lar conditions. The Staphylinidm or rove-beetles have long been
known to abound in the diseased and distorted roots of the cabbage
and turnip. Curtis states (op. cit., p. 138) that different species of
Ahochara and Oxytslus* are frequently found in England, in decayed
turnips, and that in one instance, forty or fifty of the larvae of a
Staphylinus had been taken from below the leaves of a single bulb.
Some specimens of the same genera were discovered gnawing the roots
in July, and " two of the beetles lived three months upon maggots oc-
curring in some turnips."

As it is highly probable from the above statements of Curtis and
from other knowledge that we have of the habits of the Staphylinida,
that a large proportion of their food consists of living larvse— the' in-
jury that they may at times inflict by gnawing the roots of vegetables
is many times compensated by their predilection for living animal food,
and particularly for tender larvse. f It is, therefore, very desirable,
that these serviceable predatory and scavenger beetles should not be
harmed when discovered in their favorite retreats, in association with in-
juries which would naturally, in the absence of a knowledge of their
habits, subject them to unjust suspicion and seem to authorize their de-
struction.

Possible Introduction of Parasites from Europe.
In the large importation of cabbages from Europe, following the
widespread destruction of our crop of the past year (1881)4 among
the new species of insects that will in all probability be brought over,
it is to be hoped that some useful jmrasites upon the cabbage-fly may
at the same time have been introduced, toward compensation for the
losses sustained in the sending hither, about twenty-five years ago,
the destructive cabbage-butterfly, Pieris rapa;, and at another time,
Plusia brassiccB, if its recently asserted identity with Plusia ni Hubn.

*On page 139 (1. c), Ofi/telus sculpturatus and O. rugosus, which infest turnips and the
clubbed roots of broccoli in England, are figured.

tSee statement in the 8th Annual Report on the Insects of Missouri, of these beetles pur-
suing and devouring the " snake-worm " — a name given to an assemblage of the larva? of
Sciara (a genus of small gnats), which have the strange habit of traveling in large com-
panies, in which all the individuals are attached to one another, heads to tails, and the en-
tire body moving together as if guided by a common impulse.

;The high price of cabbages — from $15 to $30 per hundred, wholesale — has led to large
importations from Germany. They are brought in crates, and somesour-krout is imported
ready pickled in tierces. Turnips, celery and carrots are also to be seen among the freight
of all incoming vessels. — New York Post, December, 1881.

190 FIEST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

shall be established. To the increasing ravages of these two species this
novel importation is mainly attributable.

Preventives and Remedies.

Various means have been suggested for controlling the depredations
of the cabbage-fly. Bouche, the original describer of it, tells us that
the plants may be preserved by dipping the roots when they are trans-
planted from the seed-beds, into oil or lye of ashes.

Powdered tobacco, or the fine dust from tobacco factories, scattered
over the plants, is said to preserve them from attack.

The use of superphosphate of lime has beeu advised, as a preven-
tive against the deposit of the eggs.

If cabbages are not grown upon the same ground for successive
years, and the ground meantime thoroughly cultivated with some other
crop, the insect will be materially reduced in numbers.

In the experiments at the Michigan State Agricultural College, re-
ferred to on p. 193, a strong decoction of tobacco was freely applied to
the plants, but without appreciable benefit.

When the attack of larvas has reached that stage of progress that the
plants unmistakably show it by wilting and the leaves turning to a
faint lead-color, all such should be promptly taken up, and the hole left
should be filled with strong brine or lye to destroy any of the larva;
which might remain in the soil. This last precaution would be unnec-
essary if the plants were removed by the method recommended for
onions (p. 178), but in that case, the accompanying ground should be
thrown with the plants in a deep hole made for the purpose, and covered
with solidly packed earth, through which the flies, if any of the
buried larva? should attain this stage, could not penetrate to the
surface.

Watering the plants with lime water has been found to be of ser-
vice in killing the larvae.

Professor A. J. Cook has recently recommended the following
method for the destruction of the larvae. Bisulphide of carbon is used.
" To apply it, a small hole is made in the earth near the main root of
the plant, by use of a walking-stick or other rod, and about one-half a
teaspoonful of the liquid poured in, when the hole is quickly filled
with earth, which is pressed down by the foot. In every case the in-
sects were killed, without injury to the plants." Amer. Entomol., iii,
1880, p. 264.

While Professor Cook, as the result of the experiments of the present
year, believes carbolic acid to be preferable to bisulphide of carbon for
the protection of radishes (see p. 194), he is still of opinion that the lat-
ter material is the most reliable in contending with the cabbage-fly,

THE ROOT-FLY: BIBLIOGRAPH AND EAKLY HIBTOBY. 19]

and that its use, as above recommended, promises to be the cheapest
and most desirable means that can be made practicable on all occa-
sions. ( Oanad. Entomol., xiii, 1881, p. 190.)

Anthomyia radieum Linu.
The Root-fly.

Ord. DIPTERA: Fam. ANTHOMYIID.*.

LlNN^EDS : "Faun. Suec, Ed. ii, 1761, p. 75.no. 1810. Syst. Nat., xiied., ii, 1767,
p. 992, no. 79."

Wkidemajnn : in Zoological Magazine, i, p. 87 (A. bra&sica, but according to Meade
is A. radieum).

Ccrtis : Farm Insects, 1860, p. 143, f. 26, nos. 4, 5 (brief description).

Fitch : Eleventh Rept. Ins. N. Y.( in Trans. N. Y. St. Agricul. Soc. for 1866,
xx vi, 1867, p. 497 (compared with A. britntsica).

Glover : in Ann. Rept. Commis. Agricul. for 1872, (1874), p. 134 (food-plants);
MS. Notes Journ. — Dipt., 1874, p. 3, pi. 10, f. 9 (references, etc.).

Packard : in Hayden's Ninth Rept. G.-G. Surv. Terr., 1877, pi. 63, f. 2 (imago
only).

Riley: in First Ann. Rept. U. S. Ent. Commis. for 1877, (1878), p. 288, t. 22 (im-
ago only).

Hagen : in Canad. Entomol., xiii, 1881, p. 48 (identified by Meade).

Ormerod : Manual Inj. Ins. [1881], p. 33, fig. 4 on p. 31 (brief notice).

Meade : in Entomol. Month. Mag., xix, 1882, p. 32 (general features).

As this European species has been referred to in the notice of the
preceding species, as a closely allied and possibly an identical form, a
brief notice of it will be proper here, particularly as it is known to
occur in the United States,* although no injuries have as yet been
traceable to it.

Described and Noticed in Europe.

The species was originally described by Linnaene in the year 1761, in
his Fauna Suecica, ed. ii, p. 75, no. 1840, as Musca radieum, — nearly
all of the flies known to this distinguished Naturalist, having been ar-
ranged by him in the four genera of Tipula, Musca, Tabanus and Culcx.

It does not appear to have been numbered among the more destruct-
ive species of Europe. Mr. Kollar, in his well-known volume, pre-
pared under the authorization of the Emperor Francis I, of Austria.
and command for its speedy execution, in the examination of, and
report upon, " the most important enemies of the agriculturist," does
not include this insect while noticing the onion-fly, the cabbage-fly
and the lettuce-fly {Anthomyia lactucarum Bouche).

*Meade : Ent. Month. Mag., xiv, 1878, p. 252.

192 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Curtis, in his Farm Insects, gives but a brief account of it. It is
placed under the " Insects affecting the turnip crops," and more par-
ticularly under those infesting " anbury." Anbury is defined as a
malformation or large excrescence produced below the bulb of certain
vegetables, which, when they arrive at maturity, exhibit a putrid fer-
mentation and emit a most offensive smell. When the anburies are
divided they are hard ; but with the assistance of a lens, veins or
string-like vessels may be seen dispersed through the tumor. It is be-
lieved by Curtis that they are not occasioned by insects, but are sub-
sequently entered and occupied by multitudes of maggots, which feed
upon the putrid substance and contribute in no small degree to the
more speedy dissolution of the bulbs. The cause of the disease is
probably to be found in certain conditions of the soil, induced, per-
haps, by the long-continued repetition of certain crops.

The eggs of the root-fly are deposited in the crown of the turnip or
close to the young bulb. Hatching, the larva? proceed downward to
the bulb, into which they enter and where they are to be found, and
not in the surrounding soil, as frequently in the onion-fly. They are
described by Curtis, from examples taken from turnips on July 21st, as
follows: " Similar in form to those of A. brassicce, but of a yellowish-
ochre color. The head was armed with two black hooks, and at the
extremity was a green stripe from the intestines, showing through ; the
rump was truncated, and furnished with two brown projecting spiracles,
and the margin surrounded with small teeth, largest below. I put
them, with a turnip root, into a flower pot, and the following April I
found four of them in the pupa state, and buried deep in the earth; these
pupa? were also like those of A. brassicai, but of a paler color, being
lurid ochreous. On the 26th of April I bred a male fly, and soon after
two females.

" The fly is similar in size and'form to A. brassicce,' but the male
(Fig. 54) has an ochreous face, reflect-
ing satiny-white ; the stripe on the fore-
head is rusty ; the thorax is black, with
three darker stripes ; the sides are gray ;
scutel blackish ; abdomen slender, linear
b c D ^Jl^j^^\^v\ shining gray, with a broad black dorsal
stripe ; the incisures are black also ;
wings, balancers and legs as in A. bras-
F:g. 54.— The root-fly, Anthomtia siccB. Female still more like that species ;

radicuh Liun. The fly odIv, not the .... ,, * , • ,i

figures. (After Curtis ) but there are three fuscous stripes on the

thorax, and in certain lights a slender dark line down the back of the
abdomen ; length, 2 1-2 lines."

Miss Ormerod, writing the present yearof this insect, says: "These

THE ROOT-FLY ! DESCRIPTION AND NOTICES. 103

flies arc not noted as causing any serious damage in this country, but
may be mentioned from their great resemblauce to the common cab-
bage-!] v." From the similarity in appearance and habits of the two
species, it would not be strange if the injuries of A. radicum were
murli more common than is generally supposed, and that much of the
damage ascribed to A. brassicce in reality pertains to the former species.
Mr. Meade (loe. cit.) remarks of this species as follows: "This ex-
cessively common little lly, which, as its name imports, feeds in the
larva state upon the roots of plants, especially those of the cabbage
tribe, is often confounded with other species. It may be recognized
by its projecting epistome [the lower face]; by the unequal sized scales;
by the thorax being black and, marked in the male by two short, gray,
narrow stripes (rather than by three wide black ones, as is usually
stated) ; by the rather short, wide, somewhat pointed abdomen, with
a longitudinal dorsal black mark, crossed by three transverse straight
black lines, extending of an even width to the margin; and by the
third and fourth longitudinal veins [see ligure of venation, ante, for
position of these veins] being slightly convergent at their extremities. "

Briefly Noticed in this Country.

The above meager account of this insect, which, from its specific
name, together with its habits, so far as known, should be of consider-
able economic importance, is all that can be compiled from the sources
at my command. While quite unsatisfactory, it may at least serve to
show our ignorance of the species, and incite to efforts for the attain-
ment of a fuller knowledge of it.

Dr. Packard's notice of " A. radicum" contained in his Report on
the Rocky Mountain Locust (9th Aim. Rept. of the U. S. Geolog. and
Geograph. Survey of the Territories, for 1875), is that of the radish-
fly, A. raphani, in acceptation of Dr. Fitch's belief in their being the
same. Of the figures given in illustration, on plate lxiii, fig. 2, the
same as Fig. 54 above, the fly alone represents A. radicum, while a,
b and c, showing larva in double size, and pupa-case in natural size
and enlarged, are from Curtis' figures of A. brassicce (b, to show the
natural size of the puparium, is very badly copied). The same figures
are introduced in the First Annual Report of the U. S. Entomological
Commission (p. 288, fig. 22, a, b, c) to illustrate A. radicum.

Mr. Glover (loc. cit.) refers to A. radicum as injuring radishes in
Europe. Dr. Fitch's notice of the species is limited to a comparison
of it with A. brassicce, which has been quoted on a preceding page
(p. 186).
25

194 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Eemedies and Preventives.

Salt and lime combined, and mixed with the soil previously to sow-
ing the seed, or applying it to the surface after sowing, was attended
with excellent results. A correspondent of the Gardener's Magazine,
recommends " for the protection of turnips against the attacks of the fly
and other insects, that the plants be made offensive to the parent fly,
which may he done by incorporating with the soil soap-boilers' waste,
or any other substance of similar alkaline quality." It is recommended
that the plants be watered with "a mixture of one gallon of soap-suds
to one gallon of gas-water, or, in lieu of the latter, two quarts of gas-
tar ; either will do, as the only use of the mixture is to create an of-
fensive smell."

It will be seen that the above recommendations are similar to the
means adopted by Professor Cook for averting the attack of the radish-
fly by the odor of carbolic acid.

In experiments made by the Zoolog.-Botan. Society of Vienna, plants
were preserved from attack by manuring the ground with superphos-
phate.

Anthomyia raphani Hams.
TJie Radish-fly.

Ord. DIPTERA : Fam. ANTHOMYIID.E.

Harris : Rept, Ins. Mass., 1841, p. 415 ; Treat. Ins. New. Eng., 1852, p. 494; Ins.

Inj. Veg., 1862, p. 617 (brief description of the fly).
Fitch: Eleventh Rept. Ins. N. T., in Trans. N. Y. St. Agricul. Soc. for 1866,

xxvi, 1867, pp. 515-517.
Packard : Guide Study Ins., 1869, p. 411 (mention). .
Trimble : in Amer. Entomol., ii, 1870, p. 273 (habits in N. J.).
Glover: MS. Notes Journ. — Dipt. 1874. p. 3 (reference and habits).
Cook: in Thirteenth Ann. Rept. Mich. St. Board Agricul. for 1874, (1875), p. 121

(natural history and remedies); in Canad. Ent., xiii, 1881, p. 190 (carbolic

acid remedy).
Packard : iu Hayden's Ninth Rept. G.-G. Surv. Terr., 1877, p. 762, pi. 63, i. 2

of radicum, from Curtis (description from Fitch).
Garfield : in Sixteenth Ann. Rept. Mich. St. Board Agricul. for 1877, (1878), p.

01 (experiments with remedies).
Ost. Sack.: Cat. Dipt. N. Amer., 1878, p. 168 (references and localities).

The most Injurious of Radish Insects.
For some reasons not evident to us, the radish is not subject to the
attack of as many species of insects, as are most of our vegetables and
garden plants. We can recall at the present comparatively few which
prey upon it. The caterpillar of the white cabbage-butterfly Pieris
rapce, is sometimes found feeding upon its leaves. Two of the flea-

THE RADISH-FLY : OTHER RADISH INSECTS. 195

beetles, Spitrix eueumeris (Harris), and Orchestria vittata (Fabr.),

are serious depredators upon the foliage, which they eat so full of
small holes as materially to interfere with the rigor of the plant. A
small weevil has been observed by Dr. Packard, in Maine, eating holes
through the sides of the seed-pods and devouring the seeds,* which
he believes to be identical with the radish-seed weevil, CeutorhyncJius
assimilis I'ayk., of Europe. The Harlequin cabbage-bug, Murgantia
histrionicd llahn., injures it severely in the Southern States ; while
in the western portion of the United States, another member of the
order of bugs, Ifysius destructor Riley, which resembles the chinch-
bug so closely in appearance that it has been taken for it, and has re-
vived the popular name of the false chinch-bug, — sucks the juices
from the leaves and causes them to wilt,f while the Rocky Mountain
locust, CaloptenUS spirt its, eats its leaves with great avidity.J

Of greater magnitude than all the above combined, are the injuries
inflicted upon radishes by the larvae of the radish-fly. Throughout at
least the northern part of the United States, wherever they are culti-
vated, these larva1 may bo found burrowing into the roots, and render-
ing them unsightly, hard, gnarly, stringy, and unfit for the table. They
traverse the root in all directions, extending often an incb or two in
its interior. In many localities they abound to such an extent that no
radishes can be grown without great injury from them, and often they
compel the entire abandonment of its cultivation.

Description of the Insect.

This species was first described by Dr. Harris in his Second Re-
port to the Legislature, on the Insect* of Massachusetts, published in
the year 1841. It had been named by him in his List of Insects, con-
tained in the Catalogue of Animals and Plants of Massachusetts (page
80), published in 1S35, together with several other species of An-
thorn yia,% of which this only seems to have been subsequently described.
The description is as follows : —

"Radishes, while growing, are very apt to be attacked by maggots,
and rendered unfit to be eaten. These maggots are finally transformed
to small, ash-colored flies, with a silvery-gray face, copper-colored eyes,
and a brown spot on the forehead of the females ; they have some faint
brownish lines on the thorax, and a longitudinal black line on the
hind-body, crossed by narrower black lines on the edges of the rings.
They vary-in size, but usually measure rather more than one-fifth of

*Si"tk Ann. J.'tj't. <,. ■ . Terr., 1877, p. 703.

+Fifth Ann. Kept. Ius. Mo., 1873, p. 111.
{Seventh Ann. Rept. Ins. Mo., 1875, p. 159.

§The other MS. names are the following: hmatifrons, timida, notati/rons, calceola, it-
ffoniphorOf and Unit.

106 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

an inch in length. They finish their transformations, and appear
above the ground, toward the end of June. * * * * It
closely resembles the root-fly (Anthomyia radicum), of Europe."

Dr. Fitch has given a more detailed description of, presumably, the
same insect : " The larva is 0.20 long, elongating itself to 0.25 when
crawling. It is about three times as long a3 thick, appearing to be
more short and broad than the larva of the onion-fly. It is white,
shining, cylindrical and tapering to a point anteriorly, where the jaws
appear under the skin as a short, black, movable line, its anterior end
when protruded forward becoming split, and then seen to be two sharp
hooks, which are curved downward, and when the animal is crawling
these hooks are pressed downward against the surface to aid locomo-
tion. The body is divided by transverse lines into eleven or twelve
segments, and when the head is exserted, thirteen segments can be
counted. At the hind end of the back a pale, tawny, yellowish dor-
sal stripe is faintly visible. The hind end is abruptly cut off, obliquely
downward and slightly backward, forming a flat surface, having above
its center two conspicuous spiracles or elevated dots, their surface
opake and rugose, and their color sometimes tawny-yellow, sometimes
black. The flattened hind end has a number of small acute teeth
around its outer margin, of which the two lower ones are thicker, of
a brownish color, and slightly notched or two-toothed at their tip in
the large but not in the smaller young larvse. Above these on each
side are three teeth, distant from each other, the middle one nearer to
the upper than to the lower one."

Although Dr. Fitch adopted the specific name given by Dr. Harris,
yet he states that "it appears to be identical in every particular with
the European A. radicum." Farther on, he indicates these differences:
" The worm and also the pupa differs in no respect from those of the
Onion-fly, that I perceive, except that at the hind end the two larger
teeth on the middle of the under side are slightly notched or two-
toothed at their tips, instead of being tapered to a single point. The
flies, too, are very similar, but here three faint brownish stripes are
perceptible on the thorax or fore-body, and upon the hind-body in the
male is a black stripe along the middle of the back, which is crossed
by narrower black lines on each of the sutures."

The following is a detailed description of the flies : —

" The male is ash-gray and very bristly; the large compound eyes
occupy most of the surface of the head and are almost in co'ntact upon
the crown. There are also three minute eyes at the base of the crown.
The face is silvery-gray, almost white in some reflections of the light,
with a long black streak on the forehead, which is pointed at its hind
end. Below this streak are the black three-jointed antenna?, the basal

the radish-flt: description and distort. 197

joint being small, the second large, the third largest and oval, with a
two-jointed pubescent bristle on the back, the first of the joints b
very minute. The fore-body is oblong, whitish on the sides, with
three faint interrupted dusky stripes npon the back. The hind-body
is shining gray, rather small and elliptical, tapering to the apex, with
a black stri]>c down the back, the edges of the segments and the region
of the scutel being also black. The two wings are large, transparent,
iridescent, laid the one upon the other in repose, the longitudinal
veins extending to the margin, with two transverse veinlets in the
disk. The poisers are pale yellowish. The six legs are black and
bristly, the feet five-jointed, ending in two little claws, and two large
pale leathery lobes.

" The female is of a uniform ash-gray color, excepting the silvery-
white face and pale sides of the fore-body. The eyes are widely apart,
with a broad black stripe between them, which is shaded into chestnut
color in front. The hind-body is larger than in the male and conical
toward its apex. The wings have a tinge of yellowish at their bases.
The species measures 0.22 in length, and 0.45 in width across the ex-
tended wings."

Natural History,
The history of this insect does not appear to have been carefully ob-
served. Dr. Harris' only statement is that the fly emerges from the
ground toward the end of June. Dr. Fitch states that the pupa state
lasts for two or three weeks. Professor Cook, of Lansing, Michigan,
writes: "The flies are around early in the spring, for our earliest
radishes are the ones most liable to suffer from attacks. The eggs are
laid on the stem close to the ground. These soon hatch. * * *
In June they transform to pupre and to imagos, and are ready to make
a new deposit of eggs. Whether there are more than two broods a
year, and whether they attack other plants than radishes, are, so far as
I know, still open questions." The observations of Dr. Fitch, in rela-
tion to the early appearance of the fly, are somewhat at variance with
the above. It was only from his earliest-sown radishes that he ob-
tained any that were fit for use, but he adds, " for several years past,
the first sowing has also been a total failure." It is not improbable
that with a more thorough establishment of the fly among us, its first
appearance in the spring may be earlier than it was wont to be.

Its Literature.
Very little, beyond that above referred to and quoted, has been writ-
ten of this species. We find nothing in the Reports of Mr. Glover, du-
ring his long connection with the United States Agricultural Depart-

108 FIRST ANNUAL KEPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

ment, either of its occurrence, distribution, or habits, beyond a simple
mention of it as injurious to radishes (Report for 1872, p. 134). In
his " MS. Notes from my Journal," a few copies of which were litho-
graphed for private distribution, some references to writers are given (p.
3). Professor Riley's Reports contain no notice of it. Dr. Packard refers
the species to Anthomyia radicum, of Europe, and records its frequent
occurrence in early-sown radishes in Maine, where the plants were
sometimes killed by it.

»
A Doubtful Species.

While we still retain A. raphani among our list of depredators on
the radish, it is uncertain whether it is distinct from the European
species described by Linnseus, in 1761, as Musca radicum. The type is
probably not in existence, as it is not contained in the Harris collec-
tion in the Museum of the Boston Society of Natural History. There
are no specimens of it among the Anthomyiidce of the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology at Cambridge. Mr. Meade, of England, in reply to
inquiries made of him, informs me that he has not seen and does not
know the species. A single specimen of it, labeled by Dr. Fitch, is
in the collection of the N. Y. State Agricultural Society, but in too
poor condition for satisfactory comparison.*

There is, in favor of the identity of the two species, in addition to
their qualified identity stated by Dr. Fitch, the fact that an example
of A. radicum Linn., was found by Mr. Meade iu the collections of
North American Anthomyiidw sent to him for examination from the
Cambridge Museum : the particular locality is not indicated (Canad.
Entomol., xiii, p. 48, no. 52).

Remedies and Preventives.

At the State Agricultural College of Michigan, experiments were
made with tobacco-water, superphosphate, and gas-lime, upon alternate
rows of radishes, hoping that the effect might be, by means of a vile
odor, to prevent the flies from laying their eggs. These applications
were all failures. \ The earth was partially removed from the roots
and salt thrown in and covered up, but to no purpose. Boiling water
was poured upon the roots, and when the larva were not too deep iu
the ground, this was effectual, but was;not accounted a successful

*A difference is shown in the neuratiou, which, could it be sustained by other examples,
would be of no little importance in the separation of these closely allied forms. The two
longitudinal veins 3 and 4 do not converge at the margin, as in most of the allied species,
and the hinder transverse vein (9) is more conspicuously angulated at the middle than in
any other of the Anthomias before me (resembling in these features Peijomyia vifina, here-
inafter described).

+It does not appear from the statement, that the applications were made before the first
flies had come abroad for the deposit of their eggs.

THE RADISH-FLY : REMEDIES AND PREVENTIVES. 199

remedy. Not one-tenth of the radishes were saved (Kept. St. Board
Agricul. for 1877, p. til).

It is thought that benefit has been derived from late sowing in clayey
soil, as the insect lias been observed to be very injurious to earlier crops
and upon sandy soil.

Professor Cook last year recommended the use of bisulphide of car-
bon for the destruction of the larva", but he has subsequently con-
cluded, in consideration of the amount of the liquid necessary for
thorough execution, that the expense would be too great to warrant its
use. The trial was made to lessen the expense by applying the liquid
in fewer places in the beds, at some distance apart, but it did not give
as good results as when similarly used for the destruction of the cab-
bage Anthomvia. During the present year, he has experimented with
carbolic acid, as a cheaper agent, known to bo very rcpellant to insects,
and remarkable for retaining its disagreeable odor for a long time. It
was prepared by adding two quarts of soft soap to two gallons of water,
to which, when heated to tho boiling point, a pint of crude carbolic
acid was turned in. For use, one part of this mixture was taken with
fifty parts of water, and applied by sprinkling directly upon the plants.
It was used in three localities in the college grounds, and it was found
that a single application kept the insects at bay for about two weeks.
When applied weekly, the radishes were almost entirely free from at-
tack, although the flies were observed and captured in the vicinity,
and some beds near by, but not protected by the carbolic liquid, were
badly injured. It is recommended to sprinkle the plants as soon as
they arc up, and to repeat the operation every week or ten days there-
after ; and the caution is appended, " if sprinkled directly upon the
plants, the mixture must not be so concentrated as to injure them."

The above method gives promise of enabling us to prevent the rav-
ages of the radish-lly (and of many other insects), by simple but effect-
ual means. It will be very encouraging if subsequent experiments
with the carbolic acid liquid in other localities and under different
conditions of soil are attended with results quite as satisfactory as
those above recorded.

Anthomyia zea> Riley.
TJie Seed-corn Fly.

(Ord. DIPTERA: Fam. ANTHOMYIDS.)

Anthomyia zeas Riley: 1st Rept. Ins. Mo., 1869, pp. 154-156, figs, 86, 87, pi. 2, f. 24.

A. zeas Walsh : in Amer. Entomol., i, 186!), p. 224, figs. 158, 159.

A. ze<B Packard : Guide Study Ins., 1869, p. 411, f. 344 (mention).

A. zem GLOVER: MS. Notes Jour.-Dipt., 1874, p. 3, pi. 8, f. 26 ; pi. 9,f. 33.

A zem Riley : Gen. Ind. andSupp. Repts. Ins. Mo., 1S81, p. 89.

A. zeas Ost. Sacken : Cat. Dipt. N. Amer., 1878, p. 168.

The operations of this insect were first detected in New Jersey, in

200 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST-

the year 1868, in the month of June, by Mr. A. S. Fuller, where it
was found as a small white worm eating into and excoriating the
surface of seed-corn after its sprouting. In several localities in New
Jersey it destroyed the seed-corn, but since that time, its injuries have
not been reported, nor has it as yet been discovered in the State of
New York. From the rapid increase in numbers and the great multi-
plication in certain seasons, which the species of this family show, it
is liable at any time to become, over a wide area, a serious check upon
corn growing, and it is therefore important that our agriculturists
should have such a knowledge of its appearance and habits as to en-
able them to detect its presence.

No description has yet been given of the larval form which will per-
mit of comparison with allied species. Fig. 55 after Riley, represents
its appearance, as enlarged, with aline showing
its natural size. It is described as " a footless
maggot, measuring 0.25 to 0.30 of an inch, of a
yellowish-white color, blunt at the posterior and
Fig. 55. — Larva and pu- tapering at the anterior end." Its manner of

parium of the seed-corn fly, _ -. ,, • , _ . ,i . i> n „

Anthomyia ze.e. feeding upon the corn is similar to that ot the

larvaa of the Onion-fly, and is represented in
Fig. 56. "When the corn is injured to this ex-
tent, the young shoots die, and the kernels
decay. The larvas eat rapidly and soon attain
their growth, when they contract into a light-
brown puparium, shown at i, similar to the Fig. 5u.— c<.m as eaten by
other species of the genus. In from one week the larva ot A-iwwmo*
to two weeks thereafter, the fly makes its appearance. Whether there
are subsequent broods of the species during the summer, and whether
in the absence of seed-corn which it may feed on, it attacks some other
plant, has not been ascertained.

The following is a description of the fly as given by Professor Riley: —
Length 0.20 inch (5 mm) ; alar expanse 0.38 inch (9.5 mm). Antennje black ;
style microscopically pubescent ; front, fulvous, with a distinct, rather narrow,
brownish, cinereous margin ; face and orbits brownish-white ; palpi and probos-
cis black ; ocellar area somewhat heart-shaped ; thorax and abdomen pale yellow-
brownish cinereous, with minute black points at the insertion of the bristles;
thorax with an indistinct middle stripe of brown ; legs black, tinted with cinere-
ous ; poisers pale ochre-yellow ; scales small , the upper valve larger than the
lower.

This species was referred to the genus Anthomyia upon characters
observed in two examples of the female sex, which would scarcely
afford the material for positive generic reference. Baron Osten Sacken
lias, in his catalogue, placed it in the genus Anthomyia provisionally.
The specific name of teas originally given to it, has recently been modi-
fied by the author into zem (see references above).

THE DECEPTIVE WHEAT-PIT: DESCRIPTION*. 201

Preventives.

As the harm done by this insect would usually precede its detection,
it is evident that the means to he employed against it should he of a
nature to prevent the attack. For this purpose, soaking the corn be-
fore planting in gas-tar or copperas water has been recommended. Any
strong-smelling material that may be convenient for use would proba-
bly prevent the deposit of the eggs. Where there is reason to appre-
hend an attack, a small quantity of sand saturated with kerosene oil
and sprinkled over the corn before covering, would, in all probability,
not only preserve it from this insect, but might also protect it from
destruction by grubs.

Hylemyia deceptive Fitch.
The Deceptive Wheat-Fly.

(Ord. DIPTERA: Fam. ANTHOMYIID.<E.)
Fitcii : in Trans. N. T. St. Agricul. Soc, for 1855, sv, 1856, p. 533: First and

Second Rept. Ins. N. Y. , 185G, p. 301, pi. 1, f. 3 (description).
GlOVEB : M.S. Notts Journ.-Dipt., 1874, p. 27, pi. 10, f. 11 (mention).
Osten Sacken . Cat. Dipt. N. Amer. , 1878, p. 107 (citation).
Haoes : in Canad. Entoinol. , siii, 1881, p. 49, no. 03 (in Mus. Comp. Zool. coll).

Our only knowledge of this Anthomyian thus far, is that obtained
from the notice above cited of Dr. Fitch. It was found by him in abun-
dance upon the heads of wheat, in the latter part of June, and received
from him its specific name, from the fact that it had been commonly
but erroneously believed to be the fly that deposited the eggs within the
heads of wheat which produced thelittle yellow larvseof the wheat-midge,
Diplosis tritici. Nothing is known of its larva or of the habits of the
fly, except that it was so numerous as to attract common attention to
it, as it hovered over and alighted upon the heads of wheat at the time
of their flowering.

It is described by Dr. Fitch as being " a quarter of an inch in length
to the tip of the wings. It is ash-gray, with black legs, antennae and
feelers. Abdomen with a row of longitudinal brown-black spots form-
ing an interrupted stripe along
its middle. Thorax in a par-
ticular reflection of the light,
showing a brown stripe anteri-
orly, and on each side of it a
brown spot. A tawny-yellow
spot upon the front, more con-

Fio. 57.— The Deceptive wheat-fly, Htlemtia spicuous in the females, and
deiei'Tiva, enlarged about four times, with a . . , , .

hind leg still more enlarged. passing into a black Stripe Upon

the top of the head." It is shown enlarged in Fig. 57, after Fitch.
26

203 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OP THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Two type specimens of the species, from the Loew collection, are con-
tained in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass. Dr.
Hagen finds these identical with examples of Hylemyia from Hudson's
Bay Territory, examined by Mr. Meade, and stated by him to resemble
H. antiqua Meig. As this latter species has since been placed in the
genus Phorbia R. Desv., it is probable, from the above comparison,
that the deceptiva of Fitch should also be referred to that genus.

Anthoinyia similis Fitch.
Hie Similar Wheat-Fly.

(Ord. DIPTERA : Fam. ANTHOMYIIDiE).

JJymelyia [Hylemyia] similis FiTcn: in Trans. N. Y. St. Agricul. Soc. for 1855, xv,
1856, p. 533 ; First and Second Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1856, p. 301 (description).

Hylemyia similis Glover : MS. Notes Journ.-Dipt., 1874, p. 27 (mention).

?Ant/wmyia similis Oste.\ Sacken : Cat. Dipt. N. Amer., 1878, p. 168 (referred
with doubt to Antbomyia).

This species is represented by Dr. Fitch as about equally numerous
with the preceding, and as of the same habits. It is also quite similar
in appearance, whence its specific name. It is described as being some-
what smaller in size, measuring 0.22 inch in length, and of a paler
shade of ash-gray. The tawny-yellow spot upon the front of the head
of Hylemyia deceptiva is replaced in this species by black. The thorax
is also without the brown stripe and spots seen in deceptiva.

No figure is given of the species ; and as it does not appear that it
has been seen by Baron Osten Sacken, the reason of his transferring
it from the genus in which it was placed by Dr. Fitch, doubtfully to
that of Anthomyia, is not apparent. I do not know of specimens con-
tained in any of our collections.

NOTICE OF SOME ANTHOMYIANS MINING BEET LEAVES.

During the month of August of the past year (1881), my attention
was called to an unusual condition of the beet leaves growing in a
vegetable garden, in Middleburgh, N. Y. The leaves were said to be
infested by some insect attack to such an extent that they could no
longer be served upon the table for " greens." On examination, a
large number of the leaves were found to be extensively mined in
blotches of various sizes and in irregular forms. Most of them had
been ruptured by the escape of the miner, leaving the blotch discol-
ored, shriveled, and in many cases torn, apparently by the subsequent
growth of the leaf. Others, smooth and unbroken, showed, in eleva-
tion, the general form of an active larva feeding within.

The Larva.

On removing portions of the thin covering cuticle, the larva?, evi-
dently belonging to the order of Diptera, or flies, were disclosed. The
date of my first observation of them was July 19th. They were then of
various sizes and in different stages of growth. When taken from their
mines the largest were found to be about one-fourth of an inch in
Q length, of a watery color, showing in their transparency the
intestinal canal crowded with its contents. The rings of the
yf body were illy defined ; the anterior end was produced in a
Fio.58.~-- point, beneath which the forked black jaws were visible ; the
beet-leaf posterior end was truncate, bearing a few small warts margin-
a n't !i'ob' ally, of which the two subdorsal (spiracular) ones were the
myian. largest. The accompanying figure of the larva is from an
alcoholic specimen, which fails to show several of its characteristic
features.

Method of feeding. — It was interesting to observe, by holding an in-
fested leaf to the light, the method of mining and the rapidity with
which it was executed. The anterior .end of the larva, when feeding,
was extended iu an acute point, from which the two black cutting
organs were protruded like a pair of nippers, the motions of which
were so rapid as to suggest the idea of greediness or long abstinence
from food, and extreme hunger. In excavating the parenchyma, the
extensile anterior portion of the larva permitted the jaws to sweep a
curve of an entire semicircle.

Larvce first observed. — The larva? had first attracted attention within
the leaves, as was learned upon inquiry, at about the middle of June.
As soon as they were brought to my notice (on the 17th of July), and
their interesting character ascertained, several of the largest, still

204 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

within the leaves, were collected and jilaced in glass jars, where their
operations could be carried on under observation. Two days' later,
four of the number had undergone their transformation to the pupal
state.

The Puparium.
The puparia (plural of puparium) average in size, from ten ex-
amples measured, 0.21 of an inch long, by
0.08 inch broad. They are of a chestnut-
. brown color, oval as seen from above, but
somewhat elevated dorsally when viewed
laterally, a little narrowed at the anterior
end, the extreme front of which, under a
Fig. 5:>.— a, Puparium of beet- lens} is flattened, corrugated and with a

leaf mining Anthomyiau : b, empty . . , , . , .,

puparium. " short process (the spiracle) on each side.

The division into segments is barely traceable. The last segment shows
from above two minute black warts (spiracles) separated by about
one-third the greatest diameter of that portion. Fig. 59 a represents a
puparium, with a line beside it indicating its natural size.

The Fly.

The escape of the fly (imago) from the puparium is through its an-
terior end, by rupturing, usually, the three anterior segments (not
counting the head) horizontally along their middle, to the junction of
the third and fourth segments, and perpendicularly along this line of
junction, as shown in Fig. 59 b. Of the two subequal pieces thus
loosened, the upper one is sometimes wholly removed, but more fre-
quently they each remain attached to the main body, at a portion of
their transverse (sutural) line of fracture.

The flies observed. — While examining the leaves for larva, a num-
ber of flies were noticed, resting upon or walking over the plants,
which so much resembled the common onion-fly that they were at
once suspected to be the final form of the leaf-miners. Several of them
were captured, and nearly all were found to be females (the propor-
tion, seven females to one male), which had doubtless been drawn to
the plants for the deposit of their eggs, while the males were prob-
ably feeding from the flowers of the Composites which the An-
thomyids are known to frequent. Upon gently pressing the females
upon the abdomen, some long white eggs were extruded, which, under
a lens, showed the peculiar reticulation characteristic of P. ceparum
and A. betce, of Europe, as represented in the enlarged figures given of
them in various publications. Many eggs identical with these were
afterward found upon the larval infested leaves, and it was evident that
the four stages of the insect had been obtained.

BEET-LEAF MIRERS I TIIKI K EGOS AND MINES. 205

The Eggs.

The eggs are white, delicately reticulated, elongate-elliptical in form.

0.03 of an inch in length, and about one-third as broad (.075 mm. by

.O'ii mm). Their general appearance is shown in Fig.

' Hm ^"* T'icy are placed by the fly on the under sur-

1 face of the leaf, with few exceptions, — sometimes

f 3. j singly, most frequently in twos attached by their sides,

^-'--•"w— - often in threes, occasionally in fours, ami in a very Eew

Fia. 80. —Eggs instances, rive were seen together. TJ])on one leaf, du-

of an Authomvian, ..,,,, r t i i ..i i

greatly enlarged, ring the latter part of July, when the eggs seemed
most abundant, thirty-seven were counted, of which about, one-third
had given out their larva1 or had been killed. They were distributed
over the entire surface of the leaf, but rather more numerously toward
the margin. A leaf free from eggs could rarely be found.

The Mines.
When the egg hatches, the young larva enters at once into the leaf.
Its burrow is at first quite narrow, scarcely exceeding the diameter of
the egg-shell, but it soon enlarges, and after proceeding a short dis-
tance, expands into an irregular blotch. When two or more eggs are
placed side by side, the larva? occupy the same burrow and the same
mined cavity. Their channels usually lead toward the outer edge of
the leaf and extend to the margin, where the mined portions, after
their abandonment by the mature larva, become dried and present the
appearance before described. Occasionally, the larva? find themselves
so crowded in one portion of a leaf as to interfere with their food-sup-
ply, when some of the number emerge from their circumscribed quar-
ters and travel to other parts of the leaf, or to another leaf, where
they quickly gnaw through the epidermis and burrow beneath it. In
one instance in which the operation wa3 watched by me, the larva (a
large one) had entirely hidden itself in fifteen minutes.

The Flies from Pupae.
On August 7th, four of the flies emerged from pupa?, which had been
obtained from the larva? about two weeks before. On the 8th, several
of the infested leaves were gathered, and portions cut from them con-
taining about twenty-five of the larva? nearly full-grown. These were
placed in a glass jar of loose earth, and as the material was eaten, or
became unfit for food, as it speedily did, fresh pieces were supplied. As

*The eggs of these species are longer than those shown in the 6gure ; the reticulations
also are longer and less regular, so that while their general shape is hexagonal, others are
but four-sided and of the form of a parallelogram, and others still of irregular form with
four, five or six unequal sides.

206 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

the larvae matured, they left their mines and entered the earth for
pupation, except in a few instances in which the puparia were formed
between the leaves. On the 26th of August, ten flies were found in the
jar, some of which were dead. It had not been possible to note the
earliest date of their emergence, and the period of their pupation was
therefore not ascertained. It will probably be found not to vary much
from two weeks.

Successive Broods.

There are two or more broods of these flies annually, for at the date
of leaving the locality where the above observations were made —
September 6th, — the eggs were still numerous upon the leaves, al-
though less so than in July. Their examination showed, however,
that the larger number had been destroyed, perhaps by some insect
puncturing them and feeding upon their contents. Of some, the en-
tire flattened shell remained, while of others, portions had disappeared.
It is possible that toward the close of the season, many of the eggs may
be deposited without fertilization.

Three Species of Flies.

While rearing and collecting the above flies, I believed them to be
but a single species. From the food-plant on which they occurred,
and from reference to the very limited Dipteralogical literature acces-
sible at the time, I thought them identical with the European species,
Anthomyia betw, of Curtis.* It seemed an interesting coincidence
that while the past year had developed extensive injuries to the
beet-crop in England, from the attack of this species which had re-
mained almost unknown since its publication in 1860,f it should at
the same time first present itself to us in this country.

Later, upon closer observation and critical comparison, I discovered
material differences among my examples, which appeared to indicate
three species. Knowing the worthlessness of determinations between
the closely allied species of this family not based on special study, I

*Anthomtia (Pegomtia) bet.e. The males are only known at present; they are much
smaller than the Onion-fly, being only 2 2-3 Hues long, and expanding about five lines:
they are of an ashy-gray color, clothed with black bristly hairs ; head semi-orbicular ; eyes
large, brown, nearly contiguous above, with three minute ocelli on the crown ; face
satiny-white, with a bright chestnut-colored line down the middle, in the center of which
are placed the little black drooping horns, the third joint being the largest, elliptical, and
producing a naked bristle on the back ; the protruding lips and palpi are also black ; on
the trunk are three or five indistinct longitudinal stripes ; the six-jointed abdomen is linear,
with a dorsal, black triangular spot at the base of four of the segments; the two wings are
ample and transparent, a little tinted with tawny at the base ; the nervures are pitchy ;
poisers ochreous; six legs, longish, bristly and pitchy, the shanks with a tawny tinge.
{Farm Insects, 1860, p. 897.)

\Canadian Entomologist, xiv, 18S2, p. 96.

A BEET-LEAF MIKEB — PHOBBIA PLOOC08A. 207

sent the specimens to Mr. E. II. Meade, of England, for his decision.
He kindly returned me answer that the examples submitted to him
belong to three different species, as supposed, but that " neither cor-
responds with the Anthomyia (Cliortophila) beta of Courtis (sulcans
Eondaui), the distinctive characters of which* are to have the femora
all black in the male (posterior often testaceous in the female), as well
lis the tarsi, tibisB all testaceous or piceous in both sexes ; antennae
entirely black ; palpi yellow with black ends."

Ono of the species was found to be identical with an European one,
and it may therefore have been introduced in this country from
Europe as among the many species which are common to the two
continents, a number, doubtless, are of European origin. The species
is given below.

Phorbia floceosa (Mucq.) Meade.

MuseaflontiUt of Fallen, Meioen, Zetteustedt, Scittnf.r, etal.
Ohortopkilafloccota Macquakt : Hist. Nat. des Insectes — Dipteres, 1835, ii, pp.
886-7.

Chortophilti floceosa. Meade : in Entomol. Month. Mag., xiv, 1878, p. 252.

•'".ot. Lintner : in Canadian Entomologist, xiv, 1882, p. 96.
Phorbia floceosa Meade : in Entomol. Month. Mag. , xix, 1883, p. 214.

In identifying this species, Mr. Meade states that it has been found
in England by Mr. Inchbald, feeding in the larva state upon the roots
of cauliflowers. It was the first time that it had been brought to bis
notice as a leaf-miner. lie also writes of it : "I see that I noticed one
male specimen of this species in the. collection of Anthomyiida sent
to me from the Cambridge (Mass.) Museum." In the paper here re-
ferred to (Gonad. Entomol., xiii, p. 49), the determination of the
species is doubtfully given, thus: "74. Very similar to C. floceosa
Meig., 1 male, Mass." We infer from the above, that the examination
of these additional examples has satisfied Mr. Meade of their identity
with the one first seen.

The specific name of this species refers to a little tuft of hairs like a
flock of wool under the base of the hind femora in the male. This sex
may be readily recognized by this feature, and by the additional one
of " the inner sides of the hind tibiaj being ciliated along the middle
part of their inner surfaces with a series of short bristles of unequal
length." The original description by Macquart, above cited, kindly
transcribed for me by Professor Riley, is as follows: —

Length, 3 lines. Palpi and antennae hlack. Face and sides of occiput whitish ;
frontal band black. Thorax dingy-gray with blackish lines. Abdomen cinereous

•These »re mainly in addition to those given by Curtis above (differing in the color of
the palpi), who only describes the mnle.

20S FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

with a black dorsalline and black sutures. Legs black; posterior thighs with
rather short hairs, tufted near the base. Alutae yellowish. Wings slightly
brownish; second transverse vein somewhat oblique and arched. — From the
North of France.

As these pages are passing into the hands of the printer, a paper by
Mr. Meade has been received in which the above species is noticed,
and some additional facts in relation to it given. It was reared in
England last summer from cabbage-plants which were represented as
infested with the "grubs of the cabbage-fly." If the very probable
identity of the species with Musca floralis is established, then, accord-
ing to Zetterstedt and Schiner, it also embraces in its food-plants
the radish (RapJianus sativus).

Chortophila betarum n. sp.

Four examples of this species — one male and three females — were
among the material submitted to Mr. Meade. They were unknown
to him, and believed to be undescribed. I therefore give them a name,
and present the following description :

Smaller than P.floccosa, and of about the size of C. bctce; the aver-
age expanse of wings of five examples is 0.-1 inch. The thorax and
abdomen are gray, intermediate in shade to P.floccosa and C. beta.

The thorax has a broad
dusky mesial stripe with a
narrower one on each side,
while the abdomen is with-
out line or spots. In the
male, the narrow front of
the head is silvery-white. In
t, „, -nr^ 7~*l TT c n the female, the space be-

Fio. 61. — Wing of a beet-leaf miner, Cqohtophila ' -t

betarum ; enlarged is diameters. tween the eyes is broad, ex-

ceeding one-third the width of the head ; the frontal band is black,
except a cresceutiform portion just above the antennse, which is red ;
the lateral borders and front beneath is whitish; the bristles of the
borders are quite stout; the arista is hairy to the tip, the hairs rather
long; the antennae and palpi are black. The wings are more rounded
apical ly and less prolonged than in the associated species (form and
venation shown in Fig. Gl); slightly brown in color ; thecostal margin
distinctly spined from the base to the axillary vein, with the two
spines anterior to the latter point but slightly exceeding the others in
length.* The legs are black ; the hind femora and tibia? with strong
bristles.

Described from eight examples — 2s's and G ? 's.

* P. jloccosa has these spines strong and long — the outer one the longer.

A. r.KF.T-I.EAF MINER — PEOOMTIA YiriNA. 209

This species has also been reared by Professor Comstock, at. [fchaca,
in a single example, which emerged from pupa after twenty days'
pupation.

Pegomjia viciim n. sp.

Of the examples of this form, Mr. Meade writes: "They are males
of a species very similar to Fallen's Muaca (Chortophila) conformis. Fal-
len, however, as well as Zetterstedt, only knew the female, which has
the femora all yellow as well as the basal joints of antenna?, etc., as in
your specimens. 1 have, however, this last summer, obtained both
males and females of coiif oralis, bred from the leaves of Arctium lappa
[burdock] which they mine, and the males have the antenna' quite
black, and also the anterior femora, so that they differ in these respects
from your species."

From its close resemblance to conformis, this species may be desig-
nated as cicuut. Three examples of it — all males — were among the
Specimens obtained by me from the mined beet-leaves. The following
i.- briefly its description : —

Bead with a few black bristles, front whitish, with the frontal stripe pale red-
dish-brown : antennae black, first joint yellow ; arista with very short hairs under
a strong magnifier; palpi yellow, black at tip. Thorax cinereous, inclining to
yellow, bristly, faintly lined, with a broad mesial and narrower lateral brownish
stripes, and spotled laterally with brown. Abdomen subcylindrical, color of the
thorax, with a mesial blackish spot on the anterior half of each segment ; hairs
black, arranged in five transverse rows, of which those of the hinder row are
long; five segments seen from above, the appendages recurved beneath. Poisers
yellow. Legs moderately hairy, the femora and tibia? yellowish, the tarsi black,
middle femora more hairy beneath, with four long bristles near their base ; the,
posterior femora and tibiae with numerous stout black bristles. Wings slightly
ting 1 with brown, (|uite iridescent, the two longitudinal veins 3 and 4 parallel
toward the margin , and diverging at it, and the hinder transverse vein (9) quite
nugulaled. Fig. G2, represents the venation of the species

Expanse of wings, 0.48 inch.

Described from two males disclosed from pupa?. August Tth.

Fio. 62. — Wing of a beet-leaf miner, Pboomyia vicina, enlarged 15 diameters.

27

210 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

During an absence of several days (Aug. 15-25) from Middleburgh,
where these collections were made, a number of the flies emerged
within the covered boxes in which the larvae had pupated, and on my
return they were found dead and badly injured by the mold that had
attacked them and partially encased them in earth. From the material
taken from the box at this time, the best portion of which was laid
aside for subsequent examination, I am able to distinguish five males
and three females of the above species, but from their poor condition,
they can only serve the purpose of verification of the above description.
This species was therefore obtained in larger number from the mined
beet-leaves than either of the two others.

This species also occurs, in similar depredations in Central New
York. Beet-leaves, in Morrisville, were observed during the summer
to be extensively mined, and it was thought that the insect infesting
them had caused sickness in several instances in persons who had eaten
them for "greens." Through the kindness of Professor J. II. Corn-
stock, in submitting to me three examples of Anfhomyiidce which he
reared from the puparia of some of the leaf-miners sent to him, I am
able to recognize this species, and as it happens to be a female, to give
herewith its distinctive features :—

Female P. vicina. In color paler than the male, approaching an
ash shade. The frontal band of the head is whitish, equal in width
to one-third the diameter of the head, with six black bristles in each
lateral margin, of which the three upper ones are directed outwardly,
and the three lower inwardly. The body is narrowly oval, and its hairs
are shorter than of the male ; the terminal segment bears at its tip a
transverse row of six long black bristles.

The puparium (as per notes of Professor Comstock placed in my
hands) was received, with three others, July 25,1881, and was believed
to have transformed the previous day. It gave out the fly on August
16th, making a pupal period of twenty-two days.

A feature in the venation of this species which distinguishes it from
other of its associated species examined by me, is the great constriction
of cell a (shown in Fig. 02) at the point of thickening of the vein be-
low it (the 1st rongitudinal). In the other example of the male in my
possession, the cell beyond this point toward the base, is quite obliter-
ated— the two veins being contiguous.

The work of these leaf-miners was also observed by me during (he
present year,- at Bennington, Vt., in a single garden, while it was not
found in other gardens where search was made for them. Infested
leaves were gathered and a few puparia obtained, but, as they did not
produce the fly, the species could not be determined — these Antho-
myire puparia showing but few features of specific value.

ANTHOMYIANS. THE SYKFHUS FLIES. 211

It is not improbable that many of our AnthomyudcB will hereafter

be found operating as leal-miners. I can recall, in former years, meet-
ing with miners within the leaves of various succulent plants, of which
the mines were so much like those of the above described species, that
there can be but little doubt that their rearing would show them to
belong to the same group — perhaps to the genus Pegomyia, embrac-
ing so many of the leaf-mining Dipteraof Europe. Mr. D. W. Coquil-
let, of Anaheim, California, has informed me that during the past
mum hi, he had bred from mines in the leaves of a wild sunflower
(Helianthtts sp.?), several dipterous insects belonging apparently to the
Muscida. They were probably Anthomyians.

Mai lota posticata (Fabr.) Wlstn. MS.

(Ord. DIPTERA : Fam. SYRPHID./E.)

Eristalis posiicatus Fabr : Systems Antliatorum, 1805, p. 237, no. 21. Non M.
posticata (Fabr.) of Oaten Sacken : Cat. Dipt. N. Amer., 1878, p. 135 (==
M. eimbiciformia (Fallen) Wlstu. MS.) ; non id., Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci.,
iii, 1875, p. 58 (~= M. cimbiciformis var. dentipes Wlstn. MS.); non id.,
Western Diptera, in Bull. Q.-G. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, p. 338 (=31 Sacheni
Wlstn.).

M&eiia barda Sat : in Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., vi, 1829, p. 163 (not the?).

Krixtalis eoaetus Wiedemann : Aussereurop. Zweittiig. Ins., ii, 1830, 165; lb ,
p. 194, no. 62 (E. posticatus, translation from Fabr.).

Imalisma posticata Macquart ; Dipteres Exotiques, 1840, ii, p. 2, no. 68 ( S only).

Mcrodon bnlanus Walker : List Dipt. Ins. Br. Mus. , iii, 1852, p. 599.

,1/t rodon bardus Packard : Guide Study Ins., 1869, p. 399, fig. 319; in Amer.
Nat., ii, Jan. 1869, p. 593, pi. 12, figs. 10, 10a (imago and puparium).

_V< rodon bardus Glover ; MS. Notes Journ. — Dipt., 1874, p. 32, pi. viii, f. 30.

Mallota barda Osten Sacken : in Bull. Bun". Soc. Nat. Sci., iii, 1875, pp. 58,64 ;
Cat. Dipt. N. Amer., 1878, pp. 135, 249.

Mallota posticata (Fabr.). Williston : MS. Monograph of the Syrphida;, 1883.

The Family of Syrphidse.
The Syrpliidw, the name of the family to which this species belongs,
are commonly known by the name of flower-flies from the habit of the
perfect insects of frequenting flowers for the purpose of feeding upon
the pollen* and the nectar. They fly with great rapidity, and may
often be seen hovering in the bright sunshine, for a long time almost
immovably, upon their rapidly vibrating invisible wings. The family

•Although entomologists have expressed a doubt as to whether it was possible for in-
sects possessing only a suctorial proboscis to devour such solid bodies as pollen-grains, a
microscopic examination of the stomach of Diptera belonging to the order of Syrphidm,
showed them to contain large quantities of pollen-grains, especially of plants belonging to
the order vf Composite. (Science Gossip, for 1873, p. 41.)

212 FIHST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

is a very large one, containing no less than fifty-seven North American
genera and three hundred and thirty-six species, as given in Osten
Sacken's catalogue.* Many of them are conspicuously marked with
brown and yellow bands or spots upon their flattened bodies. While
many are smooth, others, as in the genera Volucella, Eristalis, Helo-
philus and Mallota are hairy, and often from their colors and hirsute-
ne.ss so strongly resemble bees that they are not infrequently mistaken
lor them. The larvae of many species are of eminent service iu destroy-
ing plant-lice (Aphides), among which the parent Syrpnus deposits
her ogg, where the young larva?, which are destitute of eyes, have only
to reach out with their extensile bodies in order to find their prey.
Several species of Eristalis and others are aquatic, living during their
larval stage in the water, where they burrow in the mud, and breathe
through a long respiratory tube with which they are provided, which
they protrude from the water for the reception of air. Other species
( Volucella) occur in the nests of bees and wasps where they feed upon
the larva? and pupa?. Still others are found in decaying wood, in
vegetable mold, in the soil about decaying bulbs, and in the filth of
cess-pools.

A Strange Location for the Larvae.
Dr. Packard, in his brief notice of this species, under the
name of Mallota tarda, states that " the puparium or pupa-case
closely resembles that of Eristalis, in possessing a long respiratory
tube, showing that the maggot undoubtedly lives in the water, and
when desirous of breathing, protrudes the tube out of the water, thus
drawing in air enough to fill its internal respiratory tubes (trachea?)."
The long breathing-tube would seem to be a fitting provision for such
a mode of life, moreover, it is almost identical iu appearance with the
figure given by Glover (MS. Notes of Diptera, pi. 7, f. 28), of Helo-
philus tenax, now included in the genus Eristalis, which is generally
regarded as aquatic. The conditions, however, under which the larva?
occurred from which I bred the perfect insect, render it probable that
the present species is not aquatic. They were taken from a birch tree
which stood on a knoll, twenty-five to thirty rods from the nearest
water. At about thirty feet from the ground a limb had been broken
off, and water had been admitted, causing a decay in the heart-wood
for about three feet in extent. From this decayed material the two
larva? (together with others of different character which were not pre-
served) were taken and sent to me, in the fine black mold in which
they were buried. The tree-trunk elsewhere was perfectly sound.

*Six genera and a number of new species have since been added. See " Contribution to
a Monograph of the North American Syrphidae," by Dr. S. W. Williston, in Proc. Amer.
Philotoph. Soc, 1882, xx, pp. 299-332.

HABITS AND DESCRIPTION OF RAT-TAIL LARVJE. 213

The natural inference from the above statement, as communicated
to mo, is that the larvae were found in the tree at the time when it was
cut. Such a location for one of these peculiar larva? would seem so
different from their usually assigned aquatic habitat, that the possi-
bility is suggested that the tree may have lain upon the ground suf-
ficiently long before its examination to have allowed the larva? to have
entered the prostrate trunk while starching for a place for pupation.
But as tending to conlirm a larvation of some of these species in the
mold of decaying portions of standing trees, we have the following
observations made at Berlin, Conn., by Mr. N. Coleman, of another
species of these curious forms : —

A singular place for Bat-tailed Lamm. — I found several of these curious larv.-c
in a branch of an old apple-tree that had just been cut down. They were below a
large nest of black auts, who had honey-combed the branch for quite a distance.
They were twenty-five millimeters long when crawling, not so much when at rest,
wrinkled and ridged rather remarkably, the tail a little longer than the body and
tipped with a row of bristles curved backward. (Pui/che, ii, 1878, p. 154.)

Habits of Rat-tail Larvae.
These species belong to a class which Reaumur called " ver3 a qtiene
de rat," and which arc now commonly known as rat-tail larva, from
the long tail-like appendage to their body, consisting of two tubes, one
of which can be drawn into the other like a telescope, through which
air may be inhaled from the surface of the water when the body is
buried in the mud beneath. Reaumur found, in some examples experi-
mented with, that the tail terminated in a little knob, perforated by
two holes for the reception of air, and having five little tufts of hair
which floated on the water. Having placed some specimens of them in
a basin of water, he saw that " they kept in a perpendicular position
at the bottom, and parallel to one another, the extremities of their
tails being on the surface. He then increased the depth of the water
by degrees, and as it got deeper, observed that the tail of each worm
became longer. These tails, which at first were only two inches long,
at last attained to five."

Description of the Mallota Larva.
The examples received by me about the middle of Januarv were
sordid white or flesh-color, with a body of an oval form, about three-
eighths of an inch in length by about one-fourth of an inch when at
rest, and about twice as long and of a diminished diameter when in
motion. From the narrower end a fail-like projection is given out, an
inch in length, which is slightly tapering and transversely wrinkled
for two-thirds of its length ; the remainder being a black, cylindrical,
bristle-like process, which is susceptible of projection from, or contrac-

214

FIKST ANNUAL REPORT OP THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

tion within, the anterior portion. When the grubs were taken from the
mold, they extended their front segments like the pushing out of an
introverted glove-finger, and made a moderate degree of progress over
the paper on which they were placed, by the aid of several pairs of
small, low, flattened ventral tubercles, bearing on their circumference a
number of closely-set, radiating spinules — these organs serving the
purpose of legs.

From the fact that the larvre did not go into pupation until about a
month after their reception, it maybe presumed that during this time
they fed upon the mold in which they were buried. If this be so, then
it does not seem necessary to doubt that the place in which they were
discovered was that in which their earlier larval stage had been passed.

Pupation.
Several times between February 9th and 13th, the larvae emerged
from the mold, and traveled restlessly about the jar in which they were
confined, as if seeking a more agreeable or suitable retreat. Finally
they remained upon the surface, being no longer able to bury in the
mold. On the 16th of February it was evident that their pupal change
was in progress. They had contracted materially in size, and become
more pointed behind. The front segments assumed a darker shade,
and of these the first two segments were of a blackish
color. The two respiratory horns on the dorsum over
>I"T~'9li the second pair of leg-tubercles had become more promi-
nent, and were now about one-twentieth of an inch long.
The tube containing the respiratory seta was dark brown.
An irregular-shaped packet of excremental matter was
attached to the anal orifice.

The pupation was brief — twelve days in one example
(a male), and fourteen in the other (a female). The
flies emerged from their pupal cases, which were left as
thin shreds within the puparia, by rupturing the latter
.in a line above the mouth-parts and again just back of
the resj)iratory horns, and forcing off an oval piece : in
one example the horns continued attached to the
puparium.

The Puparium.
Fig. 63 represents the puparium as seen from above,
in double its natural size. The respiratory tube is
clearly seen to consist of three portions, of which the
pari'um6orjlAL- mam part is more corrugated and granulose than shown
lota posticata. [n tne figure. Laterally, seven slightly projecting black
spiracles may be seen with a lens — one over each leg-tubercle. Ventrally

%

MALL0TA POSTICATA : ITS DESCRIPTION. 215

between the tubercles are transverse rows of bristles, and outside of the
tubercles are longitudinal rows, which evidently are of service in loco-
motion. The body-portion of the puparium is flattened beneath and
rounded above. The respiratory horns as figured, are somewhat fore-
shortened, and are not, therefore, shown in their full length.

The Fly.

The flics emerged, in a warm room, on February 27th and March 1st.
Fi°\ (34 represents the male, in twice its natural size. The wings are
transparent, without spots. The body is black ; the thorax is covered
with yellow hairs, which are sparsely distributed centrally ; the first
(basal) segment has similar hairs on its sides and base. The female
differs in having the thorax, entire basal segment, and base of second
entirely covered with yellow hairs, and a small brown spot* on the an-
terior central portion of the
wing. Wegive herewith Say's
description of it, as M.banlrt:

Body black ; hypostoma with
silvery hairs and longitudinal,
polished, naked line ; antenna
piceous ; front covered by yel-
low hair; thorax densely covered
by yellow hair, black in the mid-
dle ; scutel piceous covered by
yi-llow hair ; wings with a large
fuscous spot on the middle, obso- F""- G4.-Mallota posticata; twice the natural size,
lete in the male ; poisers piceous; tergum black, covered by black hairs ; basal seg-
ment and second segment at base covered by yellow hairs ; feet hairy; tarsi pice-
ous ; posterior thighs of the male much thickened and with their tibke arquated.

Length 3-5 of an inch. Inhab. Indiana.

Dr. Packard, represents the fly as a common species and " frequently
met with." I have never taken it abroad. Dr. S. W. Williston, of
TS'ew Haven, has found it rather common in Connecticut, in the month
of June, about the blossoms of blackberry and dogwood, in company
with M. cimbiciformis (=M. posticata of Osten Sacken's Catalogue),
He had also received it from Canada and Kansas. Localities given for
it (.1/. barda) by Baron Osten Sacken, are Catskill, N. Y. , Massachu-
setts, and the White Mountains, N. H.

My specimens were determined by Mr. E. Burgess, as M. barda, by
comparison with the original types of Say, preserved in the Harris
collection, in the Museum of the Boston Society of Natural History.

*Osten Sacken's note, No. 226, on page 249 of the Catalogue of Diptera, in which he
states that " the brown spot on the wings of the females mentioned in Say's description
does not exist in the real female of M. barda," might convey the impression of the entire
absence of a spot. Bay's mention is that of a large fuscous spot. The spot is small aud
obscure, and is not ;i conspicuous feature.

216 FIRST ANNUAL RKPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

In its reference to M. posticata, I have accepted the conclusions
reached by Dr. Williston, as a result of his recent studies of the Mal-
lota species — kindly given me in advance of publication in his nearly
completed Monograph of the Syrphidm.

Drosopliila anipelophila Loew.
The Pickled-fruit Fly.

(Ord. DIPTERA : Fam. DROSOPHILID/E.)

Loew : Dipt. Amer. Sept. indig. : in Bed. Eut. Zeit., Cent, ii, 1862, no. 99, p. 101

(original description).
Osten Sacken : Cat. Dipt. N. Amer., 1878, p. 305 (cited, with localities).
LlNTNER : in Count. Gent., lxv, 1880, p. 7 (general notice).
Bowles : in Canad. Entomol., xiv, 1882, pp. 101-104, figs. 10, 11 (description,

habit, etc.).
Williston : in Canad. Entomol., xiv, 1882, p. 138 (habits).
Comstock : in Ann. Rept. Commis. Agricul. for 1881-1882, (1882), pp. 198-201, pi.

15, figs. 1-8 (detailed account).

Some examples of a small fly were sent to me during the month of
December, with the statement that " they had been taken from a pan
of decaying peaches, and on opening some of the softest, they were
found filled with small white maggots. What was believed to be the
same kind of maggot had been found at different times in a jar of
sweet jam and in one of sour pickles, while the same flies were
abundant around them."

The Fly Described.

The flies were about one-eighth of an inch long, with a large
rounded thorax, the head and legs of a yellowish color, and the broad
wings (form and venation, shown in Fig. 65) iridescent, with shades

of green, purple, etc. They proved
to be identical with numerous speci-
mens of Drosopliila ampelophila in
my collection, having; the memo-
randum of "bred from a jar of
pickled plums, September, 1875."
They had been determined for me

Fio. 65. — Wine of the Pickled-fruit Fly, , -r, rv t o l j. l T

Drosoph.la ampblophila; enlarged 25 dia- by Baron Osten Sacken, to whom I
meters, had communicated some of the ex-

amples, and he has also, as I learn from Dr. Hagen, placed specimens
of the same, labeled as above and with the above memorandum, in the
collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Cambridge.

THK PICKLED-FRUIT FLY: ITS DESCRIPTION. 2\7

As the original description of this species by Dr. Locw is published
in Latin, in a work to be found in very few of our libraries,* I give
herewith its translation: —

"Drosophilaampelophila n.sp., <J and ?. From pale yellow to rufescent, antenna
pallid, abdomen marked irith Mark bands, the last tiro segments in the male, the last
one in the female, jet Jilaek, a jet-black apical point on tlie anterior metatarsus of the
male, wings wholly without spots. Length of body :5-4 to 0-6 line. Length of wing
5-G to 11-12 line.

" Front pale yellow, opaque. Antennra pallid, the third article sometimes
slightly fuscous. The prominent face pale yellow, with several rather stout
beard-bristles on each side. The back of the thorax from pale yellow to rufes-
cent, uniform in color, moderately shining. Scutellum of the thorax the samo
color. Pleura more pallid. Abdomen from pale yellow to rufescent, each seg-
ment girt with a posterior black band which is sometimes dilated on the middle
segments; the last two segments in the male jet black, the last one in the female
black or dark fuscous. The feet yellowish ; the anterior metatarsus of the male
has a minute jet-black tubercle on the upper side at the apex. Wings short, rather
broad, from cinereous to somewhal yellow, wholly unspotted, the transverse veins
not distant from each other. (Cuba ; Poey.)

"Note. — Drosophila ampelop/ala is very frequent in the southern regions of
Europe, nor is it entirely wanting to Middle Europe ; it also inhabits the southern
parts of Africa."

The species will undoubtedly be found to have quite a general dis-
tribution over the Western, as in the Eastern Continent. Mr. Bowles
has found it in Montreal, Canada. Dr. Williston records it in the
New England States in Massachusetts and Connecticut, in great
abundance in August, September and October. It occurs in Pennsyl-
vania (Bowles), and District of Columbia and Cubaf (Osten-Sacken).
It may be expected to be found in South America.

Attracted by Fermentation.
The specific name of this species signifies a lover of the vine. It
may have originally been discovered on grapes, J or a more liberal
translation of its name might indicate a lover of substances undergoing
a vinous fermentation. As it has already been observed within decay-
ing peaches and pears, injured grapes, and pickled plums and rasp-
berries, it is probable that it will hereafter be found associated with a
large number of fruits, berries, and perhaps garden vegetables also, un-
dergoing fermentation, either through pickling, injury or decay. Dr.
Williston (Inc. cit.) writes of them: "Perfectly sound fruit I have

*lam indebted to Professor Riley for its transcription from the volume in the Congres-
sional Library at Washington.

+ Dr. Lcew's types, from these two localities, are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology
at Cambridge, Mass.

{Examples of the fly have been sent to me from Rev. Samuel Lockwood, of Freehold, N.
J., with the statement that the insect had infested his ripe grapes during the autumn of
1881. An account of its attack and of its life-history is promised.

28

218 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

never known to be attacked by them, bat the slightest indication of fer-
mentation attracts them in great numbers, and about heaps of cider
refuse I have seen them in clouds."*

The Larvae.

I have not observed the larva of this species. Mr. Bowles (loc. cit.)
gives this account of it : " The larvae, when full grown, are nearly one-
fourth of an inch long, somewhat tapering toward the head, which is
small, and are sparsely covered with minute hairs, particularly on the
divisions of the segments. They have no feet, but can travel quite
rapidly on glass, seeming to retain their hold by a glutinous condition
of the skin, and moving by extending and contracting their bodies.
They seem to exist with ease either in the vinegar or the air, moving
through the former in search of food, and sometimes coming out of it,
and either resting or moving about on the sides of the vessel. Their
bodies were quite transparent, and under the microscope, their internal
organs could easily be seen. At both ends of their bodies are curious
projections or tubercles, which are also seen in the pupa. The pu-
parium is about three-sixteenths inch long, oval in shape, and yellow-
ish-brown in color, with the tubercles at head and tail before referred
to."

A jar of pickled raspberries prepared for raspberry vinegar, opened
about ten days after it had been put up, was found to be swarming
with hundreds of the larva?, crawling on the sides of the jar and under-
side of the cover, while numbers of pupa?, singly and in clusters, were
found near the cover of the jar. The pupal state lasted ten or twelve
days.

Other Species of Drosophila.
Twenty-five North American species of Drosophila are catalogued,
which have all, with the exception of three speciesf common to Europe
and America, been described by Dr. Loew, the distinguished Prussian
Dipterist (lately deceased), and Mr. Walker of the British Museum.
They have not been studied by our American entomologists, and con-
sequently nothing is known of their habits. I find no reference to a
single determined species by any of our writers. {

Apple-infesting Drosophilas.
In the American Naturalist, vol. ii, p. 041, an unknown species of

*At Bennington, Vt., in August of the present year (1882), I saw beneath pieces of
boards lying upon a large patch of decomposed cider refuse of last year, numbers of what
was thought to be this species, but the examples taken were lost before comparison could
be made.

+ Drosophila fvnebris Meigen, D. graminvm Fallen, and D. transversa Fallen.

tSee Note upon page 221.

APPLE-INFESTING DROSOPHILA FLIES. 219

Drosophila isnoticed as infesting apples, preferring the earlier varieties.
The larva; enter the apple usually where it lias been bored by the ap-
ple-worm (Carpocapsa pomonella), and sometimes through the calyx.
They penetrate Us interior in every direction, and if several are wink-
ing together, as is sometimes the case, they render it quite unfit for
use. Apples that appeared perfectly sound when taken from the tree
were often found to be "all alive" with them after having been kept
a few weeks. The writer of the communication referred to, had fre-
quently observed the pupa; in the bottom of barrels in a cellar in the
winter, from which the flies appeared in the spring. Dr. Packard, in
his Guide to the Study of Insects, p. 415, figures an unknown species
of Drosophila as the " apple-fly," which is believed to be the above
species. The larvae, of which a brief notice is given by Walsh, in vol.
ii of the Practical Entomologist, page 20, were probably those of a
species of Drosophila. They are described as nearly one-fourth of an
inch long, of the diameter of a common pin, without legs, the color of
the pulp of an apple, and with a black mark on the top of the head.
They had injured au apple crop in the State of Vermont to the extent
of about one-half its value by boring the fruit in every direction. They
had also proved similarly injurious to apples on Long Island. On page
55 of the same volume, other "apple-worms" are noticed, which hail been
received from Massachusetts, which may have been of the same species,
although there are discrepancies between the descriptions given of the
two.

The above "apple-worms" should not be confounded with the larva5
of the apple-midge, Molobrus malt, of Dr. Fitch (First and Second
Reports, page 252), which also destroy the interior of the apple, while
the exterior is without blemish with the exception, usually, of the per-
foration of the Carpocapsa apple- worm, through which, it has been
thought, the midge larva; effect their entrance. This little species, now
known as Sciari mall, belongs to a family quite far removed from the
Drosophilidw, viz., the Mycetophilidw.

Strawberry Drosophila.

Larva;, stated to be a species of Drosophila, have been found within
strawberries.* They were gathered quite late in the season, after they
were no longer offered in market ; and as all were infested with the
larva1, it is not improbable that the flies may have been attracted to
them through an incipient fermentation of the juices of the later
berries.

The different species of Drosophila vary considerably in their habits,
as we learn from European writers : and indeed the same species seems

* field and forest, ii, 1870, p. 102.

220 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

often to occur under apparently quite different conditions. The larvae
of the European D. cellaris occur in fermented liquids in cellars, as
wine, cider, vinegar and beer, and also in deGayed potatoes. Drosophila
aceti Kol., infests decayed fruits. Its larvae occupy about eight weeks
in attaining their growth, and their pupal state lasts for ten or twelve
days ; the flies appear in May and June. Drosophila fvnebris has been
reared from pupae taken from mushrooms; it is sometimes known as
the vinegar fly. Another European species, the D. flava, is stated by
Curtis, to mine the leaves of turnips, raising blister-like elevations on
their upper surface.

Flour -paste Drosophila.

A species of Drosophila seems to occur occasionally in flour-paste. A
gentleman wrote me as follows: " I send a package containing larvae
of a fly very troublesome around my cellar and pantry. These I found
in a little paste that I had set aside for a short time. I could not ob-
tain the flies, but presume that they will be produced from the larvae.
They are very partial to any thing in astateof fermentation, and if my
pickled fruit or jam begins to sour, they find it before I do, and fre-
quently the entire top of the fruit seems alive with the larvae, although
they never go deep in the jar."

The paste larva? formed puparia one-tenth of an inch long, which in
a short time gave out flies having a spread of wings of one-eighth of
an inch. The large thorax and small abdomen are dull yellowish in
color, and under a lens show a number of long, stout hairs ; the wings
are brilliantly iridescent. These flies are probably an undescribed
species of Drosophila. and may be presumed to be different from those
above mentioned as infesting the pickled fruit and jam: it is not im-
probable that the latter were D. ampelophila.

Mode of Attack upon Pickled Fruits.
As our pickled fruits are usually preserved in large earthen or glass
vessels which are opened from time to time for the removal of a por-
tion of the contents, the escaping acetic odor which they give forth,
readily attracts the Drosophila flies which are to be found in our
houses during the early autumn. The minute fly effects an entrance
into the jar beneath a loosely-fitting lid, and deposits its eggs upon the
fruit, if accessible, or upon the side of the jar, whence the young larvae
instinctively, when hatched, make their way to the fruit, or find their
needed sustenance in the liquid in which they are sometimes seen to
swarm. Or, with a more closely-fitting lid, the eggs may be deposited
upon the outer edge, beneath which the newly-hatched diminutive
larvae insinuate themselves without material difficulty.

PICKLED-FRUIT FI.IKS: PREVENTIVES. 221

In a Bpecies of fDrosophila which has recently been andermy obser-
vation, occurring in a jar of mastard pickles, the larva, when nearly

full grown, left the liquid and passed to the Bide and top of the glass
jar in which I had placed thorn, where they could be observed in feed-
ing upon the condensed moisture, and in comparatively rapid move-
ment over the surface. Here they transformed to puparia, from which
the lirst fly emerged in four days.

Preventives.
If a cloth or paper charged with some substance, the odor of which
would overcome the acetic odor, be placed underneath the lid, if prac-
ticable, or if not, tied over it, and the exterior of the jar kept entirely
free from acid, the contents of the jar will not be attacked. The
Hies would not be drawn to the jar for the deposit of their eggs. For
the above purpose, tarred paper, such as is sometimes used for pre-
serving merchandise from wet, would probably prove effectual. Paper
steeped in strong carbolic-acid water or in soluble phenyle might be
serviceable, or any strong and permanent odor might be thus used.

Note. — Since the writing of the preceding notice, an advance copy of the Report of the
Entomologist of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Prof. C. V. Riley, for the year end-
ing June, lbS2 [issued Oct. 13, 18S2], has been received through the kindness of the author.
In it is contained an account, by Professor Comstock, of the early stages of Drosophila
iiinj'iinj'Mhi — the egg, larva and pupa — with references to a plate of several figures, il-
lustrating structure, etc., not yet issued. A second species of the genus, Drosophila amotna
Loew, the larvae of which, like those of I), ampelophila, were reared from decaying apples
is also described and has been figured in its larval, pupal and perfect states.

Meromyza Americana Fitch.*
The Wheat-stem Maggot.

(Ord. DIPTERA: Fam. OSCINIDJE.)

Fitch : in Trans. N. Y. St. Agricul. Soc. for 1855, xv, 1856, p. 531 ; First and
Second Rept. Ins. N. Y., 1856, p. 299.

Riley : in Rural New Yorker for Jan. 28, 1869, p. — ; First Rept. Ins. Mo.,
1869, pp. 159-161, fig. 90, pi. 2, f. 28 (depredations, transformations, de-
scription, remedies^; in Amer. Entomol., iii, 1880, p. 181, f. 85 (mention).

Glover : MS. Notes Journ.— Dipt., 1874, p. 32, pi. 9, f. 32 (not " 38 ").

Hind : Insects Inj. to Wheat Crops, 1857, p. 104 (description from Fitch).

OSTEH Sacken : Cat. Dipt. N. Amer., 1878, p. 207 (citation).

Lintneu : in Count. Gent., xliv, 1879, p. 635 ; in 39th Ann. Rept. N. Y. St. Agri-
cul. Soc. for 1879, (1880), pp. 42^6.

Some stalks of spring wheat, from a field in Scipioville, Cayuga
county, N. Y., were submitted to my examination about the 1st of

•Reprinted, with a few changes, from the 3i)th Report of the State Agricultural Society,
of which but 300 copies were issued.

222

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

August, which were seriously affected by some insect depredator,
thought by the sender to be the " Southern joint-worm."

An examination of the specimens sent revealed the ravages of a
quite formidable depredator on the wheat, and one which is broadly
distributed throughout the country, although thus far it has attracted
very little attention. It does not appear to be known to our agricul-
turists, and has only, we believe, engaged the study of two of our en-
tomological authors.

Nature of the Attack.
The heads were entirely destitute of kernels. Within some of the
husks, the remains of the blossoms were discoverable, showing that
their development had been arrested before the formation of the grain.
Upon removing the investing sheath, the stem was found to be dis-
colored and shrunken, and quite dry for three or four inches above the
joint, and near the joint it was so eaten and shriveled as to be utterly
useless for the purpose of conveying the sap.'

The Larval and Pupal Forms.
Immediately above the joint, and surrounded by the remains of the
stem, larvae were discovered, a single one in each stem
(shown at a in Fig. 66), of a watery-green color, elon-
gate, quite tapering toward the terminal end, and sub-
I cylindrical at the other, and of a length of about one-
fourth of an inch (shown in enlargement at b). In
some of the stems, larvae had assumed the pupal stage,
not very unlike the larva? in general appearance, but
showing the wing-cases, a more acute form at its head,
and more rounded at its anal extremity (represented at c).
The pupae were also imbedded within the remains of
the stem, at about the distance of half an inch from the
joint.

Fig. 66.— The Time of Appearance of the Fly.

wheat-stem mag-

got; a the larva, While examining the stems the dav following their re-
natural size; 0, ° .
larva enlarged; ception by me, on Augustoth, two of the mature flies were

c, the pupa en- .. , . . . . „,. . . .

larged. discovered quietly moving over my table. 1 hey had proba-

bly emerged en route, and had escaped unnoticed by me from the box in
which the plants had been sent. Although Dr. Fitch mentions the
occurrence of this fly in wheat fields during the latter part of June,
it appears that the first week in August is within its period of appari-
tion in the State of New York, and, as indicated by the larvae still un-
changed at that time, the flies will continue to emerge throughout the
month of August, and perhaps into September.

THE WHEAT-STEM KAQG01 : ITS DESCBimON. 223

The Fly Described and Illustrated.
The insect, in its perfect Btate, is a By, not unlike our common
house-fly (Masai domeelica) in geueral shape, but of a more slender
form, Bmaller, and more delicately colored, and more conspicuously
marked. It belongs t«> the family of OacinMm, which embraces Beverul
genera, and quite ;i large Dumber of American species, of whi<
far the larger proportion have been described by Dr. fioew.
This species was first described by Or. Fitch, in the year 1866, in his
I Report en the Inserts of New York, ;is above cited, under the
name of Meromyza Americana, The description given is as follows:
•" [I is 0.17 inch in length to the tips of its abdomen, and 0.20 inch to
the end of the wings. It is yellowish-
white, with a black spot on the top of
its head, which is continued backward
to the pedicel of the neck. Thorax
with three broad black stripes, ap-
proaching each other anteriorly but not
coming in contact, the middle stripe

prolonged anteriorly to the pedicel of
Fio.67.-The wheat-stem Hv.Meromtza r ° .

Ajubioaka; enlarged to six diameters, the neck and posteriorly to the apex

of the scutel. Abdomen, with three broad, blackish stripes, which are

continent posteriorly, and interrupted at each of the sutures. Tips of

the feet and veins of the hyaline wings blackish. Eyes bright green.

Antenna dusky on their upper side." The fly is shown in Fig. G7.

Literature of the Species.

No account of the habits or transformations of the insect is given by
Dr. Fitch, as they were unknown to him, the flies having merely been
taken by him in sweeping with a net over growing wheat. Its trans-
formations were first observed by Prof. Riley, and published by him in
the Rural New Yorker as above cited.

In bis First Report on the Insects of Missouri, 1809, its transforma-
tions are also described, the larval depredations narrated, and the lar-
val, papal, and perfect stages figured.

Mr. Townend Glover in his Manuscript Xotes from my Journal —
Dip/era, mentions the species and states: " The larvae live in the stem
of wheat, and injure it by gnawing the stalk from within, and by de-
vouring the substance immediately above the upper joint."

It does not appear, from the above brief mention, that it had come
under the personal notice of the writer. Baron Osten Sacken has re-
corded the species in the two editions of his Catalogue of the Dip/era
of North America, as the only known member of the genus, placing it
between the well-known genera Oscinis and Chlorops. The species is

224 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

also noticed ill Hind's Insects and Diseases Injurious to the Wheat
Crops [of Ganadtt]> Toronto, 1857, but the description is evidently
borrowed from Dr. Fitch, and there is no evidence of its having been
identified among the Canadian insects. The literature of the species,
so far as we can discover, is limited to the above.

Its Occurrence in Missouri in 1867.
Professor Riley noticed its operations about the middle of June, 1867,
in all the wheat fields examined by him between St. Louis and seventy
miles westward to Bluffton, on the Missouri river. From one to four
per cent of the heads of wheat in these fields had turned yellow and
apparently prematurely ripened, and on close inspection were found to
be stunted and shorter than the rest, and with their kernels withered
and shrunken. The last or ear-bearing joint could be easily drawn out
of its sheath in a yellow and dried condition, with its lower end ir-
regularly gnawed. The larva? causing the injury were discovered very
near the joint (within one-fourth of an inch). Specimens of the in-
fested stalks were collected, within which the pupal state was soou as-
sumed, and perfect insects emerged during the first week in July, after
a pupation of from twelve to fourteen days.

Its Operations not Noticed for Several Years.

From the above notice to the present, we have no positive informa-
tion of its depredations, but there is every reason to believe that they
have been meanwhile continued, while inexcusably attributed to other
of the well-known wheat insects, as the joint-worm, Hessian fly and
the wheat-midge, by those who should have made themselves ac-
quainted with the very different modes of operation from which their
injuries result. It is somewhat singular that investigations were not
continued upon an insect of so great economic importance, and that
there has not yet been given to us its complete history, commencing
with the deposit of the egg.

The occurrence of this insect, in Medina county, Ohio, seems to be
indicated by an inquiry made by a correspondent of the Country Gen-
tleman (issue of July 27, 1870), from Hinckley, 0., for information of
the insect which is injuring his spring wheat — a small white worm
above the joint nearest the head, causing the head to die before it fills.

Similar Grain-flies in Europe.
In Europe several of the species of Oscinis and Chlorops, which are
closely allied to the Meromyza, are known to be injurious to wheat,
rye, and barley, and one of them, the Oscinis vastator Curtis, is re-
ported as having the same habit with our M. Americana, the larva

IMPEKFECT KNOWLEDGE OF THE GRAIX-FLIES. 225

living near the base of the stem and eating out the plume of wheat,
barley, etc., " thus destroying the futuro ear." Oscinis frit Linn., oc-
cupies the husks of the barley, injuring the crop in Sweden annually,
as calculated by Liniuuus a century ago, to the amount of half a mil-
lion (if dollars. Oscinis granarius Curtis, lives in the stems of wheat,
but its excessive ravages are restrained by numerous Pteromalus
parasites. Oscinis pumilionis and Oscinis glabra Westw., occur " in
the lower part of stems of wheat, rye and barley, causing the plants to
become stunted in growth." Other allied species (0. timiopus DIeig.
and others) are said to cause a swelling in the stems of wheat and
barley, known in England as the " Gout."

Lack of Knowledge of our Grain-flies.

The great need of the study of our injurious insects is shown in our
almost entire ignorance of the habits and transformations of the de-
structive flies which comprise the family of Oscinidm. Mr. Glover,
in his report for the year 1872 (page 134), writes : " It is
singular that we hear no particular or decided complaints from our
own fanners of any insects in the stalks of wheat, excepting the well-
known joint-worm, which is a hymenopterous insect, and has four
wings instead of two. We have several species of Clilorops in this
country, the flies of which are extremely abundant among the plants
in grain-lields, and no doubt, do attack our grain in the same manner
as the European species, but as yet they have not done sufficient
damage to attract the attention of the agriculturist."

Dr. Fitch, in his notice f>f the wheat and barley flies of the genera
Cldorops and Oscinis jind others (First and Second Report Xox. Ins.
X. 1'., pp. 297, 298, 300), records and comments upon their abun-
dance: "• I have the present season discovered these small flies in
abundance, in every wheat field in my neighborhood. On sweeping
with a net anywhere among growing wheat, a multitude of them will
be gathered. They are of several different kinds. * * * *
One of these species [Sapromyza (Chlorops) vulgaris] was so abun-
dant the latter part of June, that at almost every step in any of our
wheat fields a dozen or more of them could be seen. * * * *

'• I doubt not it is from the number of these and other insect depre-
dators which abound upon our wheat, that we are no longer able to pro-
duce such crops of this grain as were uniformly harvested formerly,
when our lands were newly cleared. How is it possible for wheat to
grow with any thriftiness when it is incessantly assailed by such hosts
of these enemies, bleeding it at every pore ?"

Of the above flies, Dr. Fitch names and describes tiiphonella obesa,
Chlorops vulgaris, C. antennalis, Oscinis tibialis, 0. coxendix, 0. cras-
29

226 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

sifemoris, Hylemyia deceptiva, Ilylemyia similis and Agromyza tritici
(loc. cit., pp. 209-303), — all found upon wheat in wheat-fields, except
the latter, which was reared from larva? crawling in immense numbers
from unthrashed wheat in a barn. Of the other eight species, nothing
has been published of their depredations, habits or transformations, but
we shall probably not err in accepting them as serious pests which are
annually levying no inconsiderable tax upon our wheat crops.

One of the undetermined Chlorops observed by Dr. Fitch may be
presumed to be the Chlorops proxima, of Say, the larva? of which
were recently discovered infesting wheat in the month of April, in
Fairview, Kentucky, where they were found " working between the
blades, and seemingly trying to reach the first joint." The identifica-
tion was made, and the larva and pupa described, by Professor Corn-
stock (in Rept. Commis. DepL Agricul. for the Year 1879, p. 257). who
also gives, in connection therewith (p. 258), the habits of the Euro-
pean species Chlorops lineata (so closely related to C. proxima as to
suggest the specific name of the latter) as given by the Commission of
French entomologists which was appointed by the Society of Agricul-
ture to investigate its history and habits, in consideration of the rav-
ages committed by it in the wheat districts.

The Common Name of this and Other Insects.

Now that the Meromyza Americana has been discovered in a for-
midable attack upon the wheat crop in our State, and the method of
the injury disclosed, we shall doubtless soon have occasion to make
frequent reference to it. For the convenience of ready reference acom-
mon name is desirable, which may easily be»recalled by those not
versed in entomological science; and as the larva is among the largest
of the wheat-infesting Oscinidm, it may with propriety be called the
vjheat stem maggot.* The distinctive name may not be agreeable to
ears polite, yet it will have the merit of defining the order of insects to
which it pertains, and names in popular use should at least convey no
erroneous teaching-!

The "army-worm," the "cotton-worm," the "canker-worm," the
"joint-worm,"' the "currant-worm," and the "meal-worm," all
belong to a different animal kingdom from the worms; the "grain-
weevil " is not a weevil, the latter being a beetle and the former a fly ;

*An allied European species, Chlorops pumiUonis, is known as the wheat-stem fly.

■f When these names have been long applied and have come into general use, it might not
be advisable, even if practicable, to correct them, but we may be able (and the effort should
certainly be made) to prevent a further extension of so objectionable a nomenclature-
Some of our entomologists hold to ft law of priority in common names as in scientific ones,
by authority of which, when once bestowed in a proper publication, they have n valid
claim for subsequent use ngainst any others that may be proposed thereafter.

THE WHEAT-STEM MAGGOT: PREVENTIVES. 2:'7

and the "carpet-bug" is a beetle, and not a member of the order of
bugs (Hnnipkra). The name of " maggot" indicates the larval state
of a fly, and should be allowed no farther latitude ; a grub is under-
stood to he tho larva of a beetle, and a caterpillar the larva of a but-
terfly or moth.

Preventives.

In the event of an increase of the wheat-stem maggot to a serious
extent, we regret to have to state, that in all probability, very little
can be done to control its ravages, and our main dependence will have
to be on parasitic aid. -Measures which can advantageously be em-
ployed in controlling other of our wheat pests, as turning over the
soil or burning the stubble, would be of no avail with this insect. Its
pupation and transformation to the perfect stage take place, as pre-
viously related, within the plant, and it emerges before the grain is
harvested. In some of the countries of Europe, where the ravages of
the Oscinida are excessive, whenever they become extremely abundant,
relief is found in a resort to the culture of other crops for a few years.

INJURIOUS COLEOPTEROUS INSECTS.
Marrodactylus subspinosus (Fabr.)
The Rose- Beetle.

Ord. COLEOPTERA ; Fam. SCARABiEID.*:.)

Fabr: " Syst. Ent., 1775, p. 39 " (Mdolontha siibspinosus).

LOWELL : in Massachusetts Agricul. Repos.-Journ., ix, 1820, pp. 143-147.

Harris : in Kepts. Couiuiis. Zoolog. Surv. [Mass.], 1838, p. 71 ; in Mass. Agricul.
Repos.-Jouru., x, 1827, pp. 1-12; Treat. Ins. N. Eng., 1852, p. 30 ; in
Bost. Cult., xvii, 1855, p. 283; Ins. Inj. Veg., 18G2, p. 35, f. 16; Entomo-
log. Corr., 18G9, p. 11.

Emmons : Nat. Hist. X. Y.— Agricul., v, 1854, p. 78, pi. 5, f. 13.

Fitch: iu Count. Gent., 1850. p. 75; fame, in Tli<- Cultivator, 3d ser., iv, pp. 270,
271 i general notice); First -Second Kept. Ins. N. Y., 1856, pp. 245-252,
pi. 2,f. 3; in Trans. X. Y. St. Agricul. Soc, for 1856, p. 682 (comparison
with .V. barbatus).

ElATHVOK : in Kept. Commis. Patents for 1861, (1862), p. 602.

Glover: in Rept. Commis. Agricul. for 1863, pp. 567-8 (habits, food-plants,
remedies); Id. for 1867, p. 71 (figure and mention); Id. for 1868, p. 87, f.
65 (brief history), pp. 104, 107-115 (food-plants); Id. for 1872, p. 122
(remedy) ; Id. for 1874, p. 125 (on grapes)

Walsh: First Ann. Rept. Ins. 111., 1868, p. 24 (preference for Clinton grape-vine).

Hentz: in Harr. Entomolog. Corr., 1869, p. 69 (rose-bug)

Packard : Guide Study Ins., I860, p 454 (transformations).

Wlsii.-Kil. : iu Amer. Entomol., i, 1869, p. 251 (on apples).

Betkuxe : iu First Ann. Rept. Ins. Ontario, 1871, p. 78 (history).

8AUN0ERS ; in Rept. Entomolog. Soc. Ontario, for 1872, (1873), pp. 10, 11, f. 1 (in-
jury to grapes) ; in Canad. Entomol., xii, 1880, p. 196 (on cherries).

Rii.ev : in Trnns. Kans. St. Bd. Agricul. for 1872, (1873), p. 818, f. 18 ; Fifth
Ann. Rept. Ins. Mo., 1873, pp. 108-110, f. 39 (natural history, etc.).

228 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Cook : in Second Ann. Rept. Mich. St. Pomolog. Soc. for 1872, (1873), p. 667 (in-
jury to grapes and history); in Thirteenth Ann. Rept. St. Bd. Agr. Mich,
for 1874, (1875), p. 145, f. 41 (remedies).
Crotch : Check List Coleop. Amer., 1873, p. 59, no. 3445.
LeBaron : Fourth Ann. Rept. Ins. 111., 1874, p. 87 (mention).
Horn: in Trans. Amer. Entomolog. Soc, v, 1876, p. 184 (sexual differences).
Thomas: Sixth Rept. Ins. 111. [1877], p. 103 (habits, remedies, description);

Seventh Rept. Ins. 111., 1878, p. 34 (description).
Lintner : in Count. Gent., lxv, 1880, p. 407 (description, habits, transforma-
tions, etc.).
The appearance of this beetle, in any considerable number, is a suf-
ficient cause of serious alarm to the gardener and fruit-grower. It
often makes its advent suddenly, in immense numbers: it is exceed-
ingly voracious, has an extensive range of food-plants, is very difficult
to destroy, and is distributed over a large portion of the United States,
occurring, according to Dr. Horn, especially in the Northern States,
northward of a line from Virginia to Colorado. It has been known
for more than a hundred years, during which time it has often forced
itself upon public attention by its depredations upou fruits, field-crops,

flowers, etc.

Classificatory and Descriptive.
The species, according to our present classification, belongs to the
extensive group of Lamellicornes, or lamellicorn beetles, as they are
commonly called, from their antenna? terminating in a club consisting
of from three to seven thin, flat, movable plates or leaves, as shown
in Fig. GS, which can be unfolded and closed like a fan, at the
pleasure of the insect. It is a member of the family of Scaraiceidxe,
and of the sub-family of MelolontMdm. The genus Macrodactylus sig-
nifies long-footed, referring to the long joints of the tarsus as shown be-
low. It comprises only American species, of which but three are known.
The common May-beetle, Lachnostema fusca, is an allied species, be-
longing to the same family. Unlike that beetle, however, the rose-
beetle, represented in Figure 68, is compara-
tively slender and small. Its body is about
one-third of an inch long. " It tapers be-
iore and behind, and is entirely covered with
very short and close ashen-yellow down ;
the thorax is long and narrow, angularly
widened in the middle of each side, which
suggested the name siibspinosns, or some-
Fig. 68.— The Rose-bug, Macro- what spined ; the legs are slender and of a

DACTYLUS SDBSPINOSDS, slightly ,,,.., , ,v_ f , „_„

enlarged; enlarged attenna on the pale red color, and the joints of the feet are

left,

ght; enlarged front leg on the ^^ ^^ y^ ^ ^ yery lon{?»* Dr.

*For several interesting features in which the sexes differ, see Dr. Horn's Note' in
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, v, 1876, pp. 183-185.

THE ROSE-BEETLE I ITS FOOD-PLANTS. 229

Harris also describes the larva, as follows : " Tlicy attain their full
size in the autumn, being then nearly three-quarters of an inch long,
and about an eighth of an inch in diameter. They are of a yellowish-
white color, with a tinge of blue toward their hind extremity, which
is thick, and obtuse or rounded ; a few short hairs are scattered on the
surface of the body ; there are sis short legs, namely, a pair to eaeli
of the 8 rat three rings behind the head, and the latter is covered with
a horny shell of a pale rust color." In general appearance this larva
closely resembles the "white-grub" of the May-beetle, which is a
much larger form, being almost as thick at maturity as the little finger.

Its Food-plants.
The name of "rose-beetle " (perhaps quite as commonly known as
the " rose-bug") has been given it, from its appearing at about the
time of the flowering of roses, in June, and from the fondness which
it displays for roses of all varieties,* with one exception, it is said, —
the cinnamon-rose (Rosa cinnamoniea). When Professor Hentz wrote
to Dr. Harris (Joe. cit.), " our 'rose-bug' is not a rose-bug, for it is
never found on that flower as far as I know, which is common here [in
Alabama], both in a wild and cultivated state," it would seem that his
was a distinct species, or that it had developed different tastes in the
Southern States. The rose-beetle is also very fond of other members
of the family of Rosaccw, as the apple, plum, and cherry. When
abundant, however, it becomes almost omniverous, feeding upon oak
and elm and other forest trees ; upon wheat and grasses, and on vari-
ous garden vegetables, as pease, beans, potato, squash, etc. On a single
leaf of young corn, only six inches high, twenty-five of the beetles
have been counted, and one hundred and five on one hill. Grape-vines
suffer severely from their ravages, as they attack at first the blossoms
and later the leaves, which they completely destroy, leaving only the
net-work ; they eat also the young grapes. The Concord vine has
been said to be preferred by them to the other varieties, and the sug-
gestion has been made that it might be advantageously cultivated as a
lure for them and their more ready destruction.! Entire peach crops
have been cut off by them. Young apples, however, seem to attract
them in preference to other fruits. They have been observed in ap-
ple orchards displaying so great eagerness to eat the fruit, that at

*As showing its fondness for roses, the statement made by Mr. Lowell (loc. cit., p. 145)
may be quoted: " Eighty-six of these spoilers were known to infest a single rose-bud,
and were crushed with one grasp of (be hand."

♦Their preference for the Concord vine is not sustained by other observations. Professor
Cook, in noticing some deplorable ravages by the insect in some vineyards in Michigan, in
the years 1871 and 167--' (id Ann. Kept. Mich. «. Ptrmoloq. Soc. for 1872), states that the
Clinton and the Delaware vines were entirely despoiled of their foliage and the crop ruined,
while the CoDcord and the Catawba escaped.

230 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

times, where two or three young apples were growing from a single bud,
they have mounted upon the back of one another, until a cluster of
excited, struggling beetles had accumulated to the size of a man's fist.
When they occur in such force, not a single apple escapes, and even
the clothing of a person entering the orchard is nearly covered by them.
In fields being cut for grass, it is stated that they have arisen in such
numbers as to get in the faces and cover the clothing of the mowers.
They eat the ox-eye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) with such a relish
that it would be most fortunate if their forces could be concentrated
on this noxions weed. They also often occur on the blossoms of the
common elder (Sambitcus Canadensis), and on the sumach (Rhus tij-
pliina and R. glabra).

Its Ravages.

The earliest notice of its ravages in this country appears to have
been in Massachusetts, in 1S10, where it was reported as entirely de-
stroying a crop of grapes. In 1825, it was so abundant in the same
State, that the State Board of Agriculture offered a premium for the
best essay on the insect, which should give its natural history and
point out efficient means for its destruction. The award was made to
Dr. Harris, for his essay, published in the Massachusetts Agricultural
Repository, as above cited. So numerous were the beetles at this time,
that a large white ox-heart cherry-tree, fifty feet in height, and usually
bearing from four to five bushels of cherries, was stripped of every leaf
within five days after its first attack, and upon the second day not a
cherry could be found on the tree which did not have upon it from two
to ten of the beetles.

Mr. Bethune (loc. cit.) records an attack made by the beetles upon
his garden, at Oakville, Ont.: "They came in vast numbers and de-
voured every thing — nothing appeared to come amiss to them ; they
were especially destructive to the grape-vines." In Kansas, in certain
years, they are stated to have eaten up the fruit of whole orchards of
peaches.

In 1880 the beetle was unusually prevalent in various parts of the
State of New York, and particularly in the vicinity of Albany. In
Schodack, it attacked the leaves of the fruit trees first, changing to
the young fruit as soon as it appeared. Cherries, apples, and pears,
were speedily devoured by it. At Loudonville, it was very destructive
to the leaves and blossoms of grape- vines, cherry leaves, young apples,
rose bushes, various garden vegetables, and the white daisy. "Millions
of the beetles hung in clusters from the apple-trees." A correspondent,
writing from this place, represents the demonstration as a singularly
local one, being almost confined to his own farm, while his neighbor's

the hose-beetle: its natukal history. 231

grounds on either side were nearly exempt from it. At Adamsville,
wherever the attack was concentrated, all the young apples were eaten
op, and by heating down the clusters of ravenous beetles surrounding
the fruit, into sheets, " : bushels were collected and destroyed."

Characteristics of its Appearance.

Many of the invasions of this insect, throughout the United States,
have been quite local, and limited to two or three counties of a State.
In these instances, the distribution has not been general, but certain
towns have alone suffered severely, and iu some cases, a single farm,
as above stated, has served as a nucleus for the attack.

The sudden appearance of the beetle is an interesting fact in its
history. In this latitude it usually appears about the second week in
June. Mr. Lowell, in his account above cited, states that on the 1st
of June, at eight o'clock in the morning, he gathered a mess of pease,
and not a beetle was seen on the vines. Two hours later the vines were
literally overrun with beetles of both sexes, most of which were paired.
Three hours thereafter, thousands were observed on some rows of beans.
These were all killed, and returning to the pease, they were as full as
before. Young cherry-trees were attacked and stripped of their leaves
in twelve hours. After feeding for about a mouth, the beetles disap-
peared almost as suddenly as they came.

Its Natural History.
The sexual instinct is very strongly developed in this species, for
whenever several of the beetles arc found in company, they occur
paired. They mate almostas soon as they emerge from the ground, and
the males die a few days thereafter. The female, according to Fitch,
when ready to deposit her eggs, enters the ground for the purpose, to
a depth of from one to four inches, where she places about thirty eggs.
The eggs hatch in about twenty days, and the young larva? produced
from them feed on such tender roots as are accessible to them. They
attain maturity in the autumn. Late in autumn, they descend beyond
the reach of frosts, where they remain through the winter in a torpid
state, and in the spring burrow upward to near the surface, and mould
an oval cell by the pressure of their body, within which, in the month
of May, they transform to the pupal state. During the early part of
June, the thin pupa skin is rent, and the perfect insect digs its way out
of the ground.

Remedies and Preventives.

ILnid -picking and jarring. — As with most of the beetles whose

egg and larva and pupa are concealed beneath the ground, very little,

if any thing, can be done to destroy this species in these stages, and it

is scarcely vulnerable except in its last and perfect stage. So far as we

232 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

know, the insect enjoys an immunity from parasitic attack, and its de-
struction, therefore, when in excessive numbers, is left to human
agency. The most efficient means to control its depredations thus far
found, is collecting by hand and killing. When they infest rose-
bushes, or other low-growing plants and grape-vines, they can easily
he collected in a large tin pan containing some kerosene oil. From
fruit-trees, they may be brought down by sudden jars of the trunk or
separate branches, upon sheets spread underneath. This may best be
done in the cooler parts of the day — in the morning and evening —
when they are less active. They can be killed by crushing, burning or
scalding with hot water. Under this latter method, they may be util-
ized to a certain extent by feeding to poultry. The injuries which
have been reported to poultry fed upon them is doubtless owing to their
having been eaten in their living state, and the irritation consequent
on the active movements of their strongly spiued legs.

The beetles should be gathered daily during the continuance of their
abundance. Dr. Lowell, previously cited, collected them every morn-
ing for about a week, and from a quarter of an acre destroyed, on a
moderate estimate, a hundred thousand.

Plaster and Tansy applications. — Plaster thrown upon grape-vines
when wet with dew is said to make the leaves unpalatable to them
and drive them away. A correspondent of the Country Gentleman
states that he has had good results from syringing his vines with water
in which tansy has been boiled. The application of soap-suds and
tobacco-water has not \~> roved of service.

Protection by netting. — Where it is desirable to preserve a few vines
or plants from attack, it has been accomplished, in some instances, by
inclosing them in millinet or some close netting. The above, however,
are simply palliatives, and there is scarcely a doubt but that the proper
method to combat this, at times one of the greatest scourges of our
gardens and nurseries, is to collect and destroy them.

Euphoria Inda (Linn.).
Tlie Indian Cetonia.

(Ord. COLEOPTERA : Fam. SCARABiEIDiE.)
Scarabaus 7/icZi/s Linn : Syst. Nat., Ed. x, i, 1758, p. 352 ; Mas. Ulricse, 1764, p.

27; Syst. Nat., Ed. xii, ii, 1767, p. 556, no. 71.
Trichius Inda Fabr : Syst. Ent., 1775, p. 40, no. 2 ; Sp. Ins., 1781, i, p. 48, no. 2 ;

Mant. Ins., 1787, i, p. 25, no. 3; Syst. Eleuth., 1801, ii, p. 132, no. 6.
Cetonia Inda Olivier: in Encyc. Method. — Hist. Nat. — Ins., v, 1789, p. 421,

pi. 160, f. 13.
Cetonia barbata Sat : in Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., iii, 1824, p. 239.
Cetonia Marylandica Fruiilich. Cetonia brunnea Dejean.
Cetonia Inda Harris : Rept. Ins. Mass., 1841, p. 36; Treat. Ins. N. Eng., 1852, p.

35 ; Ins. Inj. Veg. , 1862, p. 40, I. 17 (description and habits).

THE IN'DIAN CETONIA-. ITS BIBLIOGRAPHY, ETC. 233

Erirhipi* Inda BURMBtSTRR : Handb. Entomol., iii, 1842, p. 389.

Cetoniu hah,. Emmons : Nut. Hist. X . V.— Agricul., v, 1854, p. 79, pi. 12, f. 6.

Euryomia (Erirhipis) Inda. Glover : in Kept. Commie. Agricul. for 1808, p, 90,

f. 84 (habits, etc.).
Euryomia Inda. 1'ackard : Guide Study Ins., 1869, p. 457 (mention).
Euphoria Inda Gemmimhcr et Harold ; Catalog. Coleop., 1809.
Euryomia Inda. Crotch : Ch. List Coleop. Amer., 1878, p. 63, no. 8646.
Euryomia Inda. LeBaron : Fourth Ann. Rept. Ins. 111., 1874, p. 91 (mention).
Euryomia Inda. Thomas : Sixth Ann. Rept, Ins. III. [1877], p. 108 (description,

liuiiits. etc.).
Euryomia Inda. Lintner : in Count. Gent., xlii, 1877, p. !>8o(Ctlonia) ; in 38th

Aim Rept. N. Y. St. Agricul, Boc, for 1878, pp. 67-09; Separate, as Kept.

Inj. Ins. for 1878, (1.8801, pp. 10-12 (habits, description, etc.).
Euryomia hula. Riley: in Ann. Rept. Commis. Agricul. for 1878, (1879), p. 208,

(attacking corn); Separate, as Rept, of Entomologist for 187*, p. -1.
Euphoria hula. A.UBTIN : Supp. Ch. List Coleop. Amer., 1SS0, p. 20 (generic

change).
Euryomia Inda. Saunders : in Canad, Entomol., xiii, 1881, p. 1, f. 1 ; in Ann.

Rept. Ent. Soc. Outario for 1881, p. 19, f. 3 (brief notice).

For many of the years of the early growth of entomological science
in our country, this species was known under the name by which it was
first brought to popular notice in the successive editions of Dr. Harris'
valuable Report on the Insects of Massachusetts, viz., Cetoniu Inda,
and the common name applied to it at the time — the ''Indian
Cetonia." Although no longer retained in the genus Ce/onia, — having
since held place in several genera, — and as it may still be subjected to
farther change — there seems to be no good reason why the first
popular name applied to it should not be continued.

Alarm Excited by "a New Corn-bug."
From various sections of the State of New York and from New Eng-
land, complaints were made, during the autumn of 1S78, of an insect
which was proving very injurious to standing corn, by burrowing be-
neath the husks and feeding upon the kernels. All the accounts con-
curred in the statement that it had never before been known to prey
upon corn. The following notice of it is extracted from a New Haven,
Conn., paper of September 7th, 1S78 : —

" The Corn-bug. — The corn-fields of the interior of the State are suf-
fering from a brown-colored, six-legged bug, having a broad body and
a small head, which starts at the tips of the ears and works through to
the butt, devouring the kernels. Meriden and Burlington report the
ravages of the pest. A correspondent from the latter place says:
' Fields of corn are ruined almost in a single day.' A gentlemau, of
Woodbridge, picked twenty of the bugs off two ears of corn, August
30th. The general impression among farmers is, that this pest will
prove more disastrous than the potato-bug."

From examples received by me, it proved to be no new insect, but
30

234 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

one that had long been known to science, and familiar to all entomol-
ogists under the old name of Cetonia Inda.

Habits of Associated Species.

The Cetonians, as the associated species have been called, belong to
the Lamellicornes, in company with the Eose-bug and May-beetle.
They are pre-eminently flower-beetles, their mouth-organs being pro-
vided with a brush of hairs with which to collect the pollen of the
flowers that they frequent, as those of the golden-rod (Solidago),et cet.
They are diurnal in their habits, flying actively about, with a loud
humming noise like that of bees, in the warm and bright sunshine.

They appear abroad very early in the year, and I have captured ex-
amples sporting in sunny places in the woods while large bodies of
snow were to be found elsewhere. Professor Forbes, of Normal, 111.,
has found the species in the stomach of blue-birds (Sialia sialis L.),
shot at Normal, in the mouth of March.

The Cetonians were formerly arranged in the family of Cetoniadw,
but later they have been placed by Dr. LeConte in the family of
Scarabceidce, and in the subfamily Pleurosticti (from the position of
the abdominal spiracles), in which they constitute the tribe Cetoniini.

Description of the Indian Cetonia.
Thirty-one species of this tribe are known to North America, of which
the C. Inda, or as it has been designated since the latest authoritative
subdivision of the old genus of Cetonia — Euphoria Inda, is our most
common species. It is a thick-bodied insect, measuring about six-
tenths of an inch in length, by nearly four-tenths broad. Its appear-
ance is shown in Fig. 69. Harris describes it
as having ''a broad body, very obtuse behind,
with a triangular thorax, and a little wedge-
shaped piece on each side between the hinder
angles of the thorax and shoulders of the
wing-covers; the latter, taken together, form
an oblong square, but are somewhat notched
or widely scalloped on the middle of the outer
edges. The head and thorax are dark cop-
per-brown or almost black, and thickly covered
with short, greenish-yellow hairs ; the wing-
cases are. light yellowish-brown, but change-
Fig. 6fl.-Thc Indian Ceton- abje wjtn pearly and metallic tints, and spat-

ia, Ldphoria Inda, natural r J , L

size; a, *, c, enlargements of tered with numerous, irregular, black spots;

antenna, -anterior let;, and pos- ,, ■, ■-, e 1.1 i_ i u • i_ • i_ •

terior leg. the underside of the body, which is very hairy,

is of a black color, with the edges of the wings and the legs dull red."

* American Entomologist, iii, 1SS0, p. 216.

THE INDIAN CETONIA: ITS IXJIHIKS TO CORN. 235

Surprise at its Appearance as a Corn Depredator.
That one of our flower- beetles should present itself to our notice as
a corn-pest has excited no little surprise among entomologists. Its
habit of frequenting sap-trees in the spring to partake of the sap has
long been known, and it is charged with the crime of occasionally
burrowing into ripe peaches to feed upon the sweet and luscious pulp.*
An entomological correspondent of the New Haven paper from which we
bave quoted above, Mr. II. F. Bassett, questions the statements made that
this insect is the author of the injuries credited to it, and says : "It
would be just like it to prowl around and in ears of corn that some
bird or beast had meddled with, but to strip the husks off and gnaw
the cobs would be quite beyond the power of any flower-eating beetle
known to me, their mouth not being fitted for hard or difficult work."

Earlier Notices of its Injuries to Corn.
The above-mentioned writer also states that ho had looked over a
large portion of our economic entomological literature, consisting of
the New York reports of Dr. Fitch and the Missouri reports of Riley,
the reports of the Canadian Entomological Society, and the volumes
of the American Entomologist, without finding any reference to this
species as particularly destructive to any thing but sweet, juicy fruits.
Upon further search of our writers, I find that lie had overlooked a
statement made by Dr. LeBarou, formerly State Entomologist of Illi-
nois, in his Fourth Annual Report (1874), where in a brief reference
to E. hula, he has written of it : " It is sometimes troublesome by
burrowing into ripe fruit, and also by feeding upon sweet corn in the
milk." Dr. Harris states that about the middle of September, it may
be found in great numbers on corn-stalks, feeding upon the sweet sap;
and Mr. Glover has seen it in the South, feeding on the exuding sap
of cotton-bolls.

Its Attack Probably Follows Previous Injury.
The idea advanced by Mr. Bassett, above quoted, that this insect is
not alone answerable for the injury to the corn, finds support in a com-
munication to the Country Gentleman of January 16, 1879, from a
correspondent at Flushing, New York, which at the same time adds
another count to the formidable bill of indictment against that notori-
ous avian pest— the English sparrow! The correspondent writes:
" I had fifty or sixty hills of corn planted in my garden, which came
up and thrived wonderfully, and we found it deliciously sweet; eo did
the English sparrows. For a considerable time we found, after it was

*Dr. Harris states that he has taken adozen of them from a single peach, into which they
had burrowed so that nothing but the naked tip of their hind-body could be seen ; and not
a ripe peach remained unbitten by them on the tree.

236 FIKST ANNUAL REPOKT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

full}' ripe, many ears were eaten for five or six inches from the top,
and upon examining the places closely, I found one or two bugs in
each one about the size of the Colorado-bug, with a mottled back
something like in color to a tortoise shell, with considerable hair on
the underside and legs, which I picked off and destroyed. This I fol-
lowed up for three or four days, but one morning, going to the corn
earlier than visual, I saw on one ear seven of the sparrows making a
new opening where there was none before. Of course, here was the
solution. After I had put a coat, pantaloons and hat on some sticks
nailed together and stood it up in the middle of the corn, I had no
more trouble with them. I supposed that the bugs did the mischief,
but they had ouly entered where the birds had made an opening."

It is quite probable that the season (summer of 187S) was one in
which the species occurred in unusual abundance, and its ordinary
food not being met with in sufficient quantity to supply the wants of
such a host, it was led to resort to the juices of the tender corn, as an
exceptional article of food.* The excitement created by the advent
of the new corn insect in several localities from which examples were
received, was allayed by the assurance which we were able to give, that
its large numbers at this time would not probably be followed by an
increased or even an equal number the next year,* it being well known
to entomologists, that a year noted for the abundance of some particu-
lar species of insect may be followed by many when the same insect
will be rarely met with.

Time of its Appearance,

Dr. Harris' statement that this insect has its second brood about the
middle of September, in Massachusetts, may need- some modification.
Examples of this brood were found as early as the middle of August,
near Bridgeport, Conn. Mr. Bassett records its having been seen by
him feeding on the sap which flows from certain woody galls on oak
trees. The intense bitterness or acidity of most galls would seem to
be very unlike the sweets for which it manifests so great partiality.

Mr. Bland, in a communication to the Entomological Society of
Philadelphia {Proc. E. S. Ph., i, 1S64, p. 42), reports finding the
species on the 25th of August, in Camden county, N. J., abundant on
Vernonia Noveloracensis.

Another species of this genus, the Euphoria melancholica Gory, of
which a figure is given in the American Entomologist, vol. ii, p. 61,

*Its abundance at this time is recorded by the Entomologist of the Department of Agri-
culture, in his resumes of the correspondence of the Department for the year 1S7S, as fol-
lows: "One of the commonest flower-beetles (Euryomia inda) has been received from
several correspondents as attacking green corn — a habit which the species was not before
known to possess, and which lias, beyond much doubt, been recently acquired."

THE INDIAN CETONIA: SUSPECTED INJURIES. 237

fig. 30, is frequently found in Illinois, boring into apples, and is repre-
sented as fond of eating into the flowers and fruits of a variety of
plants.

Other Injuries by the Insect.

Professor H. Osborn, of the State Agricultural College of Iowa, in
his Entomological Report lor 1879, made to the State Horticultural
Society (pp. 85-107), records a habit reported to him as recently ob-
served in this beetle, which has uot been previously recorded, and
which will require verification before it can be accepted. The beetle
hud been sent to him, with the statement that it had done much
damage to apple-trees by gnawing off the bark, and that one tree had
been entirely ruined. The portion of the branch which accompanied
the beetle was so badly damaged as to resemble the girdling done by
rabbits and mice.

As we cannot accept the tearing open of the husks of the corn to
reach the tender kernels, by this llower-beetle, for like reasons it seems
far more probable, that the above injuries to the apple-trees had been
committed by some other depredator, and that the beetle found upon
the (rounds had merely been drawn thither to feed upon the oozing
sap.

From the known habits of allied Cetonians, this species is, in all
probability, injurious in its grub or larval state to the roots of manv
of our cultivated plants, but as its history has not as yet been worked
out, we remain ignorant of the nature and extent of its injuries. A
species nearly related to it, Allorhina nitida Linn., has been noticed at
times as quite injurious to strawberries,* after the habit of the green
rose-chafer, Ceionia aurata, of Europe,f and there is little doubt but
that E. Inda will bo hereafter found attacking the same plant. Al-
though Curtis distinctly states that C. aurata, in its grub state, lives
two or three years under ground, feeding on the roots of grass and
various plants and breeding amongst strawberry beds, yet it is questioned
by some of our writers whether injuries of serious amount are commit-
ted by these insects in their larval stage. The belief seems to be gaining
ground that their food consists mainly of decaying vegetable matter.
Dr. Thomas is of the opinion that E. Inda breeds in decayed wood, as
the beetles may often be seen flying over chip-yards as if in search of
a place to deposit their eggs. \

A Grass-feeding Larva of an Allied Species.

In corroboration of their grass-feeding habits, we have the interest-
ing account given us by Mr. L. 0. Howard, § of the remarkable occur-

* American Entomologist, i. 1869, p. 248. '

tCurtis' Farm. Infects, 1861, p. 107.
tfburth Ann. Rapt. Int. III., 1874, p. 91.
ICanwIian Entomologist, xi, IST'J, p. 200.

238 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

rence of thousands of the larvae of the May-beetle, Lachnosterna fused
Frohl., observed by him, ou one occasion, on the stone pavements ad-
jacent to the Capitol Building at Washington; and of the statement made
to him by the Superintendent of the grounds, that the sweepers of the
walks would frecpiently collect as many as a bushel basket full of the
larva?. Professor Riley has informed me that it has been subsequently
ascertained that the above species was not the May-bug, but the
AllorMria nitida* ; and, he suggests, that while their larvae must have
been feeding upon the roots of the grass within the grounds where
they were found in such excessive numbers, still, as there are always
many decaying rootlets among all grasses, it is possible that their food
may, in part, have consisted of these.

The E. Inda is of serious harm at times in its resort to flowers to
feed upon the pollen, by its destroying the anthers aud thus rendering
the blossom abortive.

Preventives and Remedies

Guarding corn from attack by birds. — It is but seldom that this
species occurs so abundantly as to become a serious corn-pest. In
seasons of unusual abundance, its depredations upon corn could un-
doubtedly be prevented by guarding against the opening of the corn-
husks to admit of their entrance. As the first attack upon the corn
appears, in most cases, to be made by small birds, if these can be kept
away, the resultant attack of the beetles will be prevented. When they
have discovered the exposed kernels of corn, and commenced to feed
upon them, it will then be necessary to collect the beetles by hand and
destroy them.

Catching the beetles in nets. — When they are attracted to ripe fruits,
they may easily be discovered in their circling flight around the trees,
by the loud humming which they produce, when they may be captured
in nets attached to long handles.'

Hand-picking from fiowers. — When they frequent flowers and blos-
soms to feed upon the pollen, they should always be picked off and
killed.

Collecting the larva after heavy rains. — If there is reason to believe
that the larvre are depredating upon the roots of grasses, search should
be made for them on the surface of the ground after heavy rains, when>
in the proper season, large numbers may perhaps be collected. This
method of prevention is educed from Mr. Howard's observations (loc.
cit.), from which it appears to be the habit of A. nitida (and by infer-
ence, of E. Inda, also) to appear above ground at such times, when

*Mr. Howard also makes the correction in the Canadian Entomologist, xiv, 18S2, p. 240,
and states that the error was shown by rearing the larvce to the perfect state.

THE ASPARAGUS BEETLE: ITS BIBLIOGRAPHY. 239

near maturity. The date of the remarkable appearance of A. nitida
at Washington, was September 14th. About the middle of September,
or somewhat later for more northerly latitudes, would therefore be a
proper time for searching for these larva'. The experiment might also
be made, when their presence is suspected in grass-plots, of sprinkling
the ground copiously with water, in the hope that they will pre-
sent themselves above ground in response to the invitation.

Crlocerls asparagl (Lino,
The Asparagus Beetle.

• (Ord. COLEOPTERA : Fam. CHRYSOMELID.il;.>
Linn.kis: Faun. Sue.-., 17%, Ed. i, p. 161; Ed. ii, p. 1T2; Syst.Ent.,p. 001, no. 113
Westwood : Introduc. Mod. Class, Ins., i. 1880, p. ;i?4. f. 45, nos. 15-18 (figs, of

eggs, larva and imago).
Koi.i.ar: Ins. Iuj. Harden, etc., 1840. p.140 (general description of larva and imago •
('lints: Farm Insects, I860, p. 307 (mention).
PITCH ; iu Count, Gent., xx, 1802, pp. 81, 82 (discovery, transformations, etc.); in

Trans. N. T. St. Agricul. Soc, xxii, 1863, pp. 659-6G8 (introduction, dis-
tribution, life history, etc.); Sixth-Ninth Repts. Ins. X. V., 1805, pp.

177-185 (same, and figures from Westwood).
Gloyer ; in Kept. Commis. Agricul. for 1805, p. 91 (importation).
WlSH.-Rtl : in Amer. Entomol., i, 1808, pp. 114, 115, f. 94 (history, and figures

from Westwood).
Packard : Guide Study Ins., 18G9, p. 502 (notice of introduction); in Xinth Rept.

G.-G. Surv. Terr., 1877, p. 764 (brief notice).
Dodge ; iu Rept. Commis. Agricul. for 1870, p. 513 (damages).
in Count. Gent., xxxvii, 1872, p. 520, c. 3; Id., xlvi, 1881, p. 391, c. 1

(remedies).
Crotcii : Check List Coleop. Amer., 1873, p. 94, no. 5558.
Thomas : Fourth Rept. Ins. 111., 1874, p. 105 (mention); Sixth Rept. do., [1877], p.

158 (description and remedy).
Fcllf.r: in Count. Gent., xli, 1876, p. 083; Id., xliv, 1879, pp.743, 791; in Amer.

Entomol., iii, 18S0, pp. 3-5 (lime remedy).
Ormerod ; Rept. Inj. Ins. for 1877, (1878), p. 17 (remedy); Manual of Inj. Ins.,

[1881], pp. 1-3 (description, remedies and figures).
C'omstock : in Rept. Commis. Agricul. for 1879, (1880), p. 216-218, pi. 3, f. 4

(notes and original figures).
Lint.ver : iu Count. Gent., xlvi, 1881, p. 243 (history, description, habits and

remedies).

This beetle seems steadily to be extending its depredations to new
localities, as complaints are being made from time to time, of its first
appearance in different places, and information is solicited of its habits
and the mean6 of destroying it. It is fortunate, in view of its de-
structiveness, that its progress, unlike that of another member of its
family — the Colorado potato-beetle — is quite slow, and that it as yet
gives no manifestation of its distribution throughout the United States.

240 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

During the early years of its operations in this country, it was esti-
mated that its rate of distribution would be about twenty miles a year.
This rate of progress, however, has not been sustained. About twenty-
five years have passed since its introduction, and during that time, it
has not extended to any great distance from the sea-coast, where most
of our larger asparagus plantations occur. As yet, we only hear of its
serious injuries from Long Island, the vicinity of New York city, New
Jersey, Eastern Pennsylvania and Southern Connecticut. It doubtless
exists beyond these limits, but I find no published statements of its
presence elsewhere. We have not yet observed it in the vicinity of
Albany.

Its Introduction into the United States, «

The asparagus beetle is one of the many injurious insects which have
been brought to this country from Europe, and it is among the latest
imported. It is not known how long it had existed in Europe, or
where it originated, but there is reason to believe that for several cent-
uries it had no general distribution. Asparagus had been cultivated in
Europe from a very early' date — at least 00 years before the Christian
Era. It was held in much favor by the Greeks, and the Romans must
have acquired great skill in its production, for according to Pliny,
three shoots of that grown at Ravenna weighed a pound. Linnams
states (hie. cit.),. that the gardeners believe that the beetle was
imported from Russia, but that it was never known as obnoxious there.
Fr. Th. Keppen, in his Obnoxious Insects of Russia, p. 273, 18S0,
states that Crioceris asparagi. is sometimes common in Russia and the
Caucasus, but never proves obnoxious.

In this country it was first noticed at Astoria, near the western end
of Long Island, in the year 1859, the same year in which the first
specimen of the imported cabbage-butterfly (Pieris rapm) was cap-
tured by Mr. Couper, within the city limits of Quebec. The actual
importation of the two species was probably three or four years earlier,
in 1S56 or 1857. Mr. Ulke is reported to have taken some specimens
of the beetle in or near the city of New York as early as the year 1858
or 1859.

Its Spread Throughout Long Island.

In 18C0 it proved moderately destructive at Astoria, increasing its
injuries the following year, and the third year, destroying the grown
plants to the extent of killing the roots and necessitating the plowing
up of the beds.

In 1862, it had spread as a serious pest over all the asparagus plan-
tations of Queens county, Long Island. The attention of Dr. Fitch
was called to the invasion. He visited the locality for the purpose of

THE ASPABAQUS BEETLE: ITS SPREAD AND CHECK. 241

investigating the habits of the insect, and from the careful observations
marie, gave a very interesting paper upon it, embracing also the history
and culture of the asparagus plant, in his Eighth Annual Report on
the Insects of New York, published in the Transactions of the State
Agricultural Society, vol. xxii, 1863. A previous publication, describ-
ing the insect in its different stages, had been made by Dr. Fitch, at a
Bomewhat earlier date, in the Country Gentleman, as above cited. In
this year it had already spread along the north shore of Long Island for
a distance of forty miles. It threatened to ruin every plantation in
Queens county, at a prospective loss estimated at S50,000 annually.

A Parasitic Attack.
In the year 1SG3, when to all appearance the cultivation of aspara-
gus was arrested, relief came through the attack of " a small, shining-
black parasitic fly,'"' belonging to the family of Chalcididce or Procto-
trupidat, which is supposed to have laid its eggs in the eggs of the
asparagus beetle or in the larva, and by the destruction of large num-
bers of them, materially to have checked the depredations of the in-
sect (American Entomologist, i, 115). I do not find any particular ac-
count of this valuable parasite, which seems, very strangely, not to
have received scientific attention.

Its Extension into New Jersey.
For some following years, less was heard of these injuries on Long
Island, which may in great part have resulted from an experience
gained in methods for their prevention.* In tiie year 1868 it was no-
ticed in New Jersey, where it has since
proved very destructive. In the second
year of its operations at Burlington, N. J.,
one-fourth of the asparagus crop was de-
stroyed ; in several instances, entire beds
were ruined in the third year of the attack-
It has also been very destructive in Essex
county, in the same State. The present
Fig. to.— The Asparagus beetle, year complaints havo reached me, from

Crioceris asparagi, its eggs and ,, , ,T T « ,. , ,.~, ,,

larva in natural size: also, tbe Camden, N. J., of the great difficulty en-
^^^(A^Rteh-f countered in efforts to check the increase
(Country Gentleman, for April 14, 1881).

Its Description.
TJie egg. — The eggs of the beetle are of the size and form shown at
the middle of Fig. 70. At the right, they are given in enlargement.

*In 1878, it was reported as very serious in Suffolk county, in tlie vicinity of Quogue,
near the eastern end of Long Island (Kejjort of the Entomologist of the Department of Agri-
culture for the year 1878, p. 3).

31

242

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Their color is blackish-brown. They are placed on end on the young
plant, usually in rows of from two to seven. When the plants are
grown, the eggs are deposited on the leaves near the end of the
delicate branches.

Tlw larva. — The young larva and the mature form are represented
upon the upper portion of the stem, and on the left in the figure, it is
given enlarged. Its greatest length is about one-fourth of an inch.
" It is of an obscure olive or dull ash-gray color, often with a blackish
stripe along the middle of the back. It is soft and of a flesh-like con-
sistency, about three times as long as thick, thickest back of the mid-
dle, with the body much wrinkled transversely. The head is black
and shining, and the neck, which is thicker than the head, has two
shining black spots above. Three pairs of legs are placed anteriorly
upon the breast, and are of the same shining black color with the head.
As will be seen when it is crawling, the larva clings also with the tip
end of the body ; and all along its under side may then be seen two
rovvs of small tubercles, slightly projecting from the surface, which
serve as prolegs in addition to the tip of its body. Above these tuber-
cles on each side is a row of elevated shining dots like warts, above
which the breathing pores appear like a row of minute black dots."
(Fitch.)

TJ/e beetle. — The beetle is a very pretty insect in its trim form, con-
trasting colors of yellow, red and shining-black, and its conspicuous
ornamentation. Its average length is a little less than one-fourth of
an inch. The head is black, with the first three
joints of the short antennas smaller and differently
colored from the remainder. The finely punctured
thorax is tawny- red, marked more or less, dis-
tinctly on its crown with two black spots. The
wing-covers are punctured in rows, and usually ap-
pear of a lemon color, broken into three spots on
each, as in the accompanying figure, by a black
stripe along their junction, a black transverse
band a little behind their middle, and an inter-
rupted one near their tips. Outwardly the wing
covers are bordered with orange. The body be-
neath and the legs are shining black, the latter
i sometimes showing a yellowish band upon them.
Examples having the wing-covers marked as above,
gus beetle (the "doss- g^o-crest the representation of a black cross upon

bearer" form), its larva, .,,.,., ... •• i

and its eggs upouayoung the back, for which reason it is sometimes known
in England as the "cross-bearer."

plant.

THE iSPABAGUS beetle: its description. "243

In some of the beetles, the wing-covers may be described as blue-
black, with an orange margin on the sides and at the tip, and above
with six small yellow spots. Fig. 72 from
examples in my collection, received from a
market in New York city, is the variety
which Dr. Fitch seems to have had before him
for his careful description. " Along the
middle of each wing-cover is a row of three
lemon-yellow spots. The anterior one of
these is placed upon the base of the wing
cover, and is usually egg-shaped with its
pointed cud directed backward. The middle
spot is placed at a third of the distance from ( ^Vet^d &£?.
the base to the tip of the wing-cover. It is enlarged about six diami u

. . ° with further enlargement or an-

transverse, being a third more broad than tenna and front tarsus.

long, and is thicker toward its inner end, which terminates at the
third row of punctures from the suture, its opposite or outer end be-
ing confluent with the orange border. The hind spot is placed nearer
to the middle spot than to the widened orange tip of the wing-cover.
It is similar in most respects to the middle spot, but is frequently
smaller and placed somewhat obliquely, its inner end inclining back-
ward, and its outer end uniting with the orange border by a narrow
neck."

The above variety would hardly be recognized as identical with the
form usually figured. The elytra! spots have been described in general
terms as very variable in shape and size. Fitch notes their great
variation. It is interesting to find that such marked variation in in-
dividuals can co-exist with such permanency of feature, that the pat-
tern so minutely described by Dr. Fitch is exactly that shown by the
example figured from my collection.

Its Family Relations.
The family of Chrysomelidoe, to which the asparagus beetle belongs,
is a very extensive one, and is estimated by Dr. Packard to contain
from S,000 to 10,000 species.* The Crotch Check List records the
names of nearly 500 North American species. In appearance, these
insects are of rather small size, oval or oblong in form, often quite con-
vex above, with prominent eyes, short antennae, a narrow cylindrical
thorax generally, and often with the hind thighs much thickened. The
family was formerly more restricted than at present — westwood and
others recognizing distinct families of Crioceridce, Cassididce and
Galerucidm, which more recently, together with other groups, which

*Guide to the Study of Insects, 1889, p. 501.

244 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

had been regarded as of family value, hare been united by Dr. Le
Conte, Dr. Horn, and others, as the Ghrysomelidw, with ten sub-
families, of which the Criocerides form one. Many of the members of
this family as now constituted, are very destructive to our crops and
especially to the products of the garden, in both their larval and per-
fect stages, by feeding on the leaves; the larva? of some destroy plants
by boring into the roots. We may cite as familiarly known represen-
tatives, the three-lined leaf-beetle, Lema trilineata (Oliv.); the striped
cucumber beetle, Didbrotica vittata (Fabr.); the cucumber flea-beetle,
Epitrix cucumeris (Harris) ; the grape-vine flea-beetle, Graptodera
clialylea (111.) ; the turnip flea-beetle, Phyllotreta striolata (Fabr.) ;
y.nd the Colorado potato-beetle, Doryphora 10-Uneuta (Say).

Recent Introduction of another Asparagus Beetle.
The C. asparagi has for a long time remained the only representa-
tive of the genus Crioceris, in the United States. Eecently, however,
a second species has been introduced, which, it is feared, may prove
more injurious to asparagus than its naturalized congenor. We quote
from the American Naturalist, for February, 1883 : —

" Mr. Otto Lugger, of Baltimore, Md., has already recorded the re-
cent introduction from Europe of a second asparagus beetle, the Crio-
ceris 12-punvtafa Linn., which in Europe occurs commonly wherever
asparagus is cultivated, without, however, doing serious injury. Mr.
Luggar found it first in the summer of 1881, near Baltimore, in small
numbers and quite local, but it has recently proved even more trouble-
some than C. asparagi. From the latter species this new enemy
may at once be distinguished by its less elongate form, and by the
bright orange-red of the upper surface, each elytron being marked
with six small black dots."

Miss Ormerod remarks of this species that it is seldom found in
England.

Natural History.
The history of C. asparagi is, in brief, as follows : The beetles des-
tined to continue the species, survive the winter in dry, sheltered
places, as beneath bark, in crevices of wood, and under the clapboards
of buildings. Simultaneously with the appearance of the asparagus
shoots in early spring, they emerge from their winter quarters, and com-
mence to feed upon the tips of the plants. The sexes pair, and the fe-
male deposits ner eggs upon any portion of the exposed shoots. The eggs
hatch in an average period of eight days. The larvse eat voraciously
aud grow rapidly, so that they complete their growth in about twelve
days. They then leave the plants and enter the earth for a short dis-

THE ASPARAGUS BEETLE ! REMEDIES AND PREVENTIVES. 245

tance or merely conceal themselves beneath dead leaves or other ma-
terial on the surface. Constructing a slightcocoon, they undergo their
transformation, and remain in their pupal state for about ten days.
Thirty days complete the cycle from the egg to the perfect insect. Al-
most as soon as the beetles emerge, they pair, as the sexual instinct is
strongly developed in them, as is shown in the frequency in which they
come under our observation mated. The eggs are then deposited, and
the beetles continue to feed upon the plants, eating holes into the bark
of the more tender branches for several days: one was found by Dr.
Fitch to feed for a fortnight in confinement. A second brood results
from these, appearing about the first of July, followed by a third,
probably in August. Hence we have the larva- and the beetles with us,
in their successive broods, through the spring and summer, into Sep-
tember.

Remedies and Preventives.

Hand-picking and beating. — Although this beetle has been known
for nearly a century in Europe as a serious asparagus pest, yet no other
remedies for its injuries, until very recently, have been suggested, so
far as we know, except that given by Kollar, who states that " the
only means of destroying these insects is picking off and killing the
beetles and larva?," and by later writers, to shake them off into a pan of
water, when they ma)r be crushed under foot, or killed by pouring
boiling water upon them. These methods would obviously be inef-
fectual for the destruction of the hosts that concentrate in our large
plantations of this highly prized esculent on the sea-board, sometimes
twenty acres in extent, or in the even larger plantations now cultivated
in England.

Fowls for hunting them. — The only recommendation that Dr. Fitch,
at the time of his writing, was able to make, was to turn in a flock of
fowls and permit them to range over the plantation. They pursue
with avidity the beetles, which are evidently attractive morsels to them,
and they do not molest the plants — the asparagus being an exception
to their fondness for mauy of the garden vegetables.

Lime dusting. — Mr. A. S. Fuller, of Kidgewood, X. J., has furnished
to tiic American Entomologist, for January, lS80,a method for destroy-
ing this pest, which, as it presents the result of his personal experience,
seems to be all that is needed for the purpose. Shortly after its appear-
ance on Long Island, it was discovered, according to Mr. Fuller, that
freshly-slacked lime, scattered over the plants, would instantly kill

*The lareest cultivator in Deptford has eighty acres entirely laid out in asparagus beds.
— Lib. Entertain. Knowl., Veg. Subst., p. 276.

240 FIRST ANNUAL KKPOKT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

every larva that it touched. The lime may be conveniently applied
by using an old broom for a duster, or a Paris green sifter. With a
pail full of dry lime, a man could in a short time dust an acre of as-
paragus. " The lime is best applied in the moruing while the dew is
on, for then a portion will adhere to the plants as well as the grubs,
and during the day or clays following it will be constantly dropping
down or blowing about among the leaves and branches, thereby mak-
ing the escape of any of the larva? all the more uncertain . * * *

* * * For the past sixteen years, I have used lime as described,
upon my asparagus beds, to keep the insect in question in check, and
it has done it so effectually that about one application every alternate
season has been sufficient " (Fuller). Not only is lime cheap and readily
procurable everywhere, but it is also of benefit to the asparagus roots.
It has also the additional merit as an insecticide, that it can be used
upon the young plants while they are being cut for market, for the
destruction of the first brood of larva?, while Paris green or London
purple may not safely be used.

Cutting away the young seedlings. — The Long Island gardeners have
found great relief from the excessive ravages of this insect by cutting
down in the spring at the time when the beetle is ready to deposit its
eggs, all the young seedlings which are usually selected foroviposition
as well as for food, and thus forcing the beetles to deposit their eggs
upon the new shoots. These being cut for market almost daily do not
permit the eggs to hatch, and by this means, the greater portion of
what would be the second brood is destroyed.

Removing the seed-stems. — It has also been recommended to cut
down all the seed-stems as soon as the asparagus season is over, and to
repeat the process once or twice during the season, leaving the beds
bare and smooth. It is difficult to see how this entire destruction of the
leaves of the plant can fail of proving injurious to it, the action of leaves
being deemed essential to the proper development ; yet Mr. H. H.
Sargent, in a communication to the Gardeners' Monthly, states that
the earliest, best, and largest asparagus in his neighborhood was grown
by this method of treatment, which had been continued for five suc-
cessive years {Country Gentleman, Aug. 15, 1872).

As, however, the asparagus plant occurs in a wild state along the
roadsides and in fields and woods upon Long Island, and presumably
in New Jersey and other localities where it has been for some time
cultivated, the above method could only serve to alleviate the evil, for
a sufficient supply of food would thus be furnished the insect for its
propagation and subsequent colonization upon cultivated tracts.

THE PUNCTURED CLOVER-LEAF WEEVIL. 247

Pliytonomus punotatna (Fabr.).
The Punctured Clover-leaf Weevil.

(Ord. COLEOPTERA: Fam. CURCULIONIDiE.)
Fabr.: "Syst. Ent.,1755, p 1D0, no. 119; Sp. Ins., 1781, i, p. 190, no. 166; Mant.

Ins., 1787, i, p. 117, no. 281."
Ouvieh : lnEoc. Method., v, 1790,p..r>41,iio. 315(descript. as Curculio punctatus).
Kn.KY : in Am<r. Xiit., xv., 1881, p. 751 (discovery); Id., p. 913 (congeners, habits,
eggs and larva) ; Id., xvi,1882, p. 248 (P. opiums is same) ; in Ann. Kept.
Dept Agricul. for 1881, pp. 171-179, pi. 10, f. 1 (life-history, early stages,
remedies, etc.).
Lintneu : in Klmira Husbandman for Sept. 14, 18$1; in Count. Gent., xlvi, 1881,

p. 647 (introduction, description, etc-).
Le CONTE : in Proe. Amer. Phil. Soc, xv, 1870, p. 124 (PA. opimus); In Monthly
Proceed. Ent. Sect. Acad. N. S. Phila., Oct. 1881, p. xxxvi (identical with
P. opimus, Lee).
This species is a late addition to our list of insect pests. It is an
European species first described by Goeffrey in 17<i2, but without
specific name ; in 1775 it was again described by Fabricius as Curculio
punctatus. The first public notice of its occurrence in this country
was given by Professor Eiley, in a verbal communication made at the
meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science,
held at Cincinnati, in August, 1881. While en route to the meeting,
he had witnessed its operations in Yates county, in this State, where
it was found feeding upon the leaves of clover, to which it was said to
be destructive, both the larva- and the perfect insects combining in the
attack. The extent of its depredations or its abundance was not given.
The interesting fact was stated that this newly-imported European
beetle had first made its appearance in the locality where the clover-
root borer, Hylastes trifolii, also introduced from Europe, was dis-
covered in the autumn of 1878. It was deemed probable that the two
species were brought over at the same time, but that the former, from
its less rapid multiplication, had hitherto escaped observation.
Description of the Beetle.
The beetle measures over four-tenths of an inch in length, is of an oval
form, and of a brown color, which is paler over four
rows of punctures on the sides, and sometimes upon the
sutural line. The beak is rather short, broad and blunt.
The thorax is smooth, elevated, traversed by three pale
lines ; both it and the wing-covers are clothed with
short, yellowish-brown hairs, and upon the ridges of the
latter are arranged a number of black scale tufts. The
Fig 73 —The prominent feature of the beetle, giving to it its specific
punctured clover- name js the series of close punctures arranged in ten

leaf weevil. Phy- ' r °

tonobds iixcTA- deeply impressed lines upon each wing-cover.

natural size.

248 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

The Cocoon.

The singular net-work cocoon constructed by the larva for its trans,
formations, resembling some of those made by the caterpillars of
moths, is shown in Fig. 74 at a, and at b in enlargement, ^
nearly double its natural size. These peculiar open-
work cocoons are made, it is believed, by all the species
of the genus. They are composed of loose threads per-
mitting the larva or pupa to be seen through the meshes,
and, according to Westwood, they are attached to the
underside of various leaves.* Professor Popence, in his
List of Kansas Coleoptera,\ gives this account of the co-
coon of an allied species, Phytonomus eximius Lea,
which is found on leaves of Rumex Brittannica : " The
pupal stage is passed in a cocoon spun by the larva, on
the leaf-surface, usually next to a rib. The cocoon is FlG- 74-Coeoon
formed of yellow-brown threads, loosely interwoven, so clover-leaf0 wee-
that the fabric resembles net-work. It is broad oval in Jk'^mdat* 'en'
outline. The pupa within is very nervous, and twists larSed tosh("vits
around rapidly when the leaf is touched." Phytonomus ta^Ata?BU
comptus (Say) spins a similar cocoon. ley-)

These net-work cocoons are not confined to the genus Phytonomus,
for they are known to be made by Gurculio pimpineUce, of Europe, and
also by Cionus scrophutaria (Linn.), according to Westwood, occur-
ring in both Europe and America.]:

Not Previously Known as a Clover-insect.
In Europe, where the genus is more numerously represented than in
this country, two species, viz.: P. nigrirostris (Fabr.),§ and P. meles
var. trifolii, are recorded by European authors as preying upon clover,
but no mention is made of P. punctatus as attacking that plant. Dr.
Hagen, as the result of an extended examination, informs me that he
finds it not mentioned by any writer as injurious, nor any thing re-
corded of its history or food-plant, and that certainly up to 1871 the
larva was unknown. In a list of known larvae of Coleoptera published
by Mr. Rupertsberger, in 1879, among fifteen species of ffypera, un-
der which genus Phytonomus punctatus was formerly arranged,' the

*Mr. J. A. Osborne has found the cocoons of P. (Hypera) rumicis as often on the upper
as on the lower side of the leaf (Entomologist's Magazine, 1879, xvi, p. 16).

t Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, v, 1877, pp. 21-40.

* Westwood : Introduc. Mod. Classif. /needs, i, 1839, p. 343. Mr. Osborne, however,
states (loc. cit. p. 18), that all the cocoons of C. terophularias seen by him were close and
membranous, thick and tough. They are sparsely covered in the middle region with raised
whitish " goose-skin " points, which appear to be produced by the subsequent filling up of
small openings left in the original making of the cocoon.

§Occurs also, although rarely, in the United States, from Canada and Massachusetts west-
ward to Michigan. (Riley.)

PUXCTUKED CLOVEU-LEAF WEEVIL: ITS FIHST XOTICE. 249

species is included, but no citation is given. Dr. Lc Conte, whom I ad-
dressed for information, informs me that having gone nearly over the
bibliography of the species, he finds no reference to its habits, except
that it occurs abundantly in dry, sandy places. The insect, therefore,
furnishes another illustration of a change in habits, unfortunate to us,
which lias frequently been found to attend the introduction of Euro-
pean insects into our country, whereby species, harmless in their na-
tive home, become injurious here, or if injurious there, are much
more destructive when brought hither, freed from their former enemies,
and with new and more favorable surroundings.

Its First Notice.

In the American Naturalist for November, 18S1, Professor Eiley has
given an account of the operations of this insect in Yates county. It
was first noticed in the latter part of April, in small patches in a clover
field. By the end of July, the entire Held had become badly infested,
and on one portion of about two acres scarcely a whole leaf re-
mained. Other fields in the vicinity were also attacked. The beetles
were seldom seen, as they fell from the leaves as they were ap-
proached, after the habit of many of the Curcul ion idee, and their
color hardly permitted them to be recognized when on the ground.
When not feeding, they hid just beneath the surface of the ground.
During August and September, numerous eggs were laid by the beetles,
some of them placed externally upon the plants, but the larger propor-
tion were thrust into the old and hollow stems. A few of the larva?
which hatched from the eggs upon the plants, were nearly full-grown
early in October, while those placed within the stalks, seemed, at that
time, to be preparing for hibernation.

Accompanying the above statement of the habits of the insect is the
following brief description of the egg and of the larva : —

The egg is elongate-oval, about twice as long as wide, pale yellow, and smooth
when first laid, but becoming greenish-yellow, and roughened with hexagonal
depressions before hatching. The average length is 1mm., and in most cases the
larva has hatched in about one week from the time the egg was laid. The young
larva is pale, with a dark head, but subsequently becomes greenish with a dis
tinct whitish medio-dorsal line relieved by darker Bhades each side. The body is
deeply wrinkled with prominent substigmatal and ventral swellings, the latter so
well developed and so extensile that they perform the functions of prolegs giv-
ing the larva its strong resemblance to those of the Tenthredinina, and enabling
it to easily crawl or clasp the edge of a leaf. When at rest it clings sideways and
in a curved position to the leaf, usually on the underside, grasping the leaf hairs
between the ventral swellings but especially in the transverse fold of the anus,
by which it can hold and swing the whole body about as Syrphid larva? are known
to do. The surface of the body is sparsely beset with short stiff hairs, varying in
number at different stages of growth. The largest specimen, evidently about full-
grown, has up to this writing (October 3d), experieuced three molts.

250

FIRST AXXl'AL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Still later {Rept. Commit. AgricuL, for the years 1881 and 1SS2),
Professor Riley has published a detailed account of this insect — of its
discovery and distribution in this country, its life-history, its natural
enemies, description of its several stages, etc., to which the reader is
referred for many interesting particulars. The excellent illustration
accompanying the same (from which Fig. 74 was taken) is here pre-
sented (Fig. 75), by permission of the Department of Agriculture, to

j^^

Fig. 75. — The punctured clnverdeaf weevil, Phttonomiis pcnctatds; a, the egg, en-
larged, with natural size beside it; b, A, b, b, the larva at different stages of growth, feed-
ing; c. the young larva; d, its head from beneath, and e, its jaw, enlarged ; /', the cocoon
in natural size, and meshes of the same enlarged at </,' /(, the pupa; i, the beetle in natural
size; j, side view of the beetle, and k, dorsal view of the same, enlarged from accompany-
ing hairlines ; I and in, foot and antenna of the beetle, enlarged.

illustrate the earlier stages of the insect, and the character of its dep-
redations. Its life-history, as presented, may be condensed as fol-
lows : —

Life-history of the Species.
The eggs are deposited during the latter part of summer, by the
beetles which may be seen in July and August. The larva? from them
appear in September, and changing to pupa? in October, emerge as
beetles in November. Some of them lay their eggs, from which the
larva? hatch and hibernate while quite small, within the old clover
stems. Others of the beetles hibernate without oviposition, and lay

PUNCTl'KED CLOVER-LEA I'- WEEVIL: LIFE-H ISTn I; V. 251

their eggs the following spring. The young larva1 are seen as early as
April feeding upon the clover, but it is not before the latter part of
May and in June that they have attained a sufficient size to render
them very injurious and their depredations noticeable. At first, they
feed among the folded young leaves or attached to the under side of a
leaf ; later they fasten to its edge, into which they eat irregular
patches. The older larva; are difficult to observe while feeding, as they
are quite timid, and drop to the ground when approached. The feed-
ing is done during the night, the day being passed in concealment
among the roots and old stalks, or other shelter found upon the sur-
face of the ground After they have, with their increase of size, un-
dergone three moltings, they spin up in their cocoons, placed usually
a little beneath the surface of the ground. The larva remains un-
changed within the cocoon for a few days, when it transforms to a
pupa. About three weeks later, somewhere about the first of July,
the beetle emerges.

From observations made at the Department of Agriculture at Wash-
ington, upon the insect, in confinement, during the autumn, the several
periods of its different stages were found to average as follows : The
egg stage, ten and a half days ; first larval stage, nine days ; second
larval stage, eight and one-half days; third larval stage, nine days ;
fourth larval stage (from third molting to spinning of cocoon), twenty-
five days ; larva unchanged in cocoon, nine days ; pupal state, thirty
days. The entire time from the egg to the perfect insect, was one hun-
dred and one days, or about three and one-third months.

During the summer, with its higher temperature, the development
is doubtless considerably more rapid, as beetles were observed to
emerge during the last days of June, from cocoons which had been
spun about ten days previous.

Possibly not Lately Imported.

Very lately, it has been discovered by Dr. Le Conte, that a beetle
which had been given to him by Dr. Melsheimer, twenty-five or thirty
years ago, and which he had described in 1876 as Phytonomus opimus,
is referable to Ph. pundatus, it being a variety in which the wing-
covers are almost entirely gray — identical with asimilar variety which
i3 also associated with the typical form in Europe. A second one had
also many years ago beeu received by Dr. Le Conte, from Canada. We
give the description of Dr. Le Conte : —

Robust, black, densely finely punctured, and covered with gray scales, having
a metallic lustre, sparsely and indistinctly pubescent. Beak one-half longer than
the head, stout, curved, antennal grooves deep, suddenly flexed downward : there
is a small oblique groove each side near the tip, a short nasal furrow, and another
between the eyes which are trausverse. The funiculus of the antenna; has the

252 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

first joint nearly as long as the second, which is nearly equal to the three follow
ing united. Prothorax subquadrate, a little wider than long, rounded on the sides
in front, and feebly constricted ; disc very obsoletely channeled. Elytra much
wider than the prothorax, one-half wider than long, convex, humeri prominent,
stri;e with large shallow punctures, interspaces somewhat convex, first, third and
fifth a little more prominent. Tibiae not mucronate, not even the front pair. Length
7.6 mm.; .3 inch.

One specimen from Pennsylvania given me by Dr. Melsheimer, under the name
adopted ; another from Canada.

From the above facts, it would naturally be inferred that the species
is not, as it was at first believed to be, a recent importation, but had
simply been overlooked by collectors. But as so many years had passed
without the occurrence of a third example, and as all at once it is dis-
covered so abundant in a certain locality, it has been suggested that
both the examples may have been obtained as cabinet specimens in ex-
changes with Europe and have become accidentally introduced among
American species before they came into Dr. Le Conte's hands.

Distribution.

This destructive beetle has hitherto been recorded, so far as known
to me, only in Yates county, K Y., where it was first observed, and
thence southwardly, into Schuyler county, near Watkins.* But the
present summer (of 18S2f), it has been heard of, in great numbers-, in
Wayne county, N. Y. Under date of July 31st, some insects were
sent to me for identification, by Mr. George C. Watson, of Clyde,
which were found to be this clover-weevil. It was stated in the letter
accompanying them, that when first noticed, the larvae and the beetles
were feeding together, and that entire fields of clover had been de-
stroyed by them since the removal of the hayscrop. As soon as this
was removed, the insects ate every young leaf, so that the plants were
apparently dead. After stripping the clover fields of the second crop,
they migrated to adjoining wheat-stubble fields that had been seeded
to clover in the spring, and consumed every bit of clover as they passed
along. At the time of writiug, their numbers appeared to be greatly
diminished, and for the preceding two weeks, no larva? had been ob-
served.

The locality of the above attack, Clyde, Wayne county, is forty miles
north of the locality in Yates county, where the beetle was first ob-
served, and fifty miles north of the extreme southern point in the State
which it appears to have reached. In Ontario county, intermediate to

* Report Commit. Agriculture lot 18S1 and 18S2, p. 173 (Schwarz).

+Tlie long delay (of more than a year) in the printing of this report has made it desirable
to incorporate with it, in this and several other instances, items of information not belong-
ing to the period for which the report is made, but of more value in their present con-
nection than if postponed for another year.

PUXCTU11EI) CLOVER-LEAF WEEVIL: REMEDIES, ETC. 253

Yates and Wayne counties, its presence is not reported, and it is
probable that it does not occur there, at least to any noticeable extent,
for upon examples having been communicated to Mr. Robert J. Swan,
of Geneva, with an inquiry of their presence, answer was returned that
they had not been seen by him in the county, nor by Dr. Sturtevent,
Director of the X. Y. Agricultural Experiment Station, at Geneva.

Should the insect continue to extend itself over the clover fields of
Central New York, with the rapidity of multiplication which it has
shown in the two localities where it has planted itself, it cannot fail of
proving a very injurious pest.

A single example of the species was taken by me in Bennington,
Vermont (five miles beyond the line of Rensselaer county, N. Y.),
about the middle of August. It was not recognized at the time of its
capture, nor until some weeks thereafter upon the examination of some
Coleoptera which had been set aside ; and after this interval the mode
of its occurrence could not be recalled. It certainly was not found
upon clover.

Remedies.
As the larva? will be found most numerous in the clover fields in the
month of May, it has been recommended as the best means of lessening
their injuries, that the clover should be heavily rolled at that time.
Plowing under badly infested fields at this time would doubtless be
still more effectual. The species seems to hibernate in the young larva;
state, and if it should be found practicable to burn the stubble during
the late autumn or early spring, its numbers would be materially re-
duced ; or the same result might possibly be attained by thorough
rolling, if the nature of the surface permitted recourse to this means.

Sphenoplioriis seulptilis Uhler.
Tlie Sculptured Corn-Ciirctdio.

(Ord. COLEOPTERA ■ Fam. CURCULIONIDiE.)
S. seulptilis Uhler : in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1855, p. 416.
5. venatus (Say), Fitch : in Count. Gent., v. 1855, p 373, and in Cultivator for

July, 1855, 3d Ser., iii, p. 221 ; in Count. Gent., x, 1857, p. 91 ; and in

Cultivator, 3d Ser.. v. Sept., 1857, p. 273 (an erroneous determination).
8. venatus. Geddes : in Trans. N. Y. St. Agricul. Soc. for 1859. six, I860, p.

331 (determination after Fitch).
S. zem. Walsh : in Pract. Entomol., ii, 1867, pp. 117, 119.
S. teas. Glover : in Rept. Commis. Agricul. for 1870, (1871), p. 68.
S. zece. Packard: Inj. Ins. New and Little Known, 1870, pp. 21, 22, pi. 1, f. 11;

in Hayden's Ninth Ann. Rept. U. S. G.-G. Surv. Terr., for 1875, (1877),

pp. 718, 719.

25-t FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOIIOLOGIST-

S. zee?. Riley : Third Kept. Ins. Mo., 1871. p. 59, f. 22.

S. zeas. Hokn ; in Proc Ainer Philosopb. Soc , xiii, 1873, p 423, and on p. 424 as

8. sculptilis.
S. sculptilis Le Conte : in Proc. Ainer. Philosoph. Soc, sv, 1S76, p. 425.
S. sculptilis. Snow, in Trans. Kaus. Acad. Sci., v, 1877, p. 39.
8. zeee. Lintner : in Count. Gent. , xliv, 1879 p. 439 , in 39th Ann. Rept. N. Y.

St. Agncul. Soc. for 1879, (1880), pp. 4G-48. figs, a b. c.
8. zem. Comstock : in Ann. Rept Commis. Agricul for 1879, (1880), p 248- Id

for 1S80, (1881). pp. 272. 273.
S. zem. Harrington ■ in Ann. Rept. Ent. Soc. Ontario for 1880, (1881), p. 56,

f. 42.
S. sculptilis. Austin : Supp. to C'h List Coleop. N Ainer , 1880. p. 54. no. 9437.
S. sculptilis. Riley in Ainer. Naturalist, sv, 18S1. p 915; in Rept Commis.

Agriculture for 1881 and 1882, (1882), p. 139.

During the latter part of June, a number of snout-beetles (Curcu-
Itonitke) were sent to me from Bordentown, New Jersey, with the
statement that they were proving a serious annoyance to corn fields m
that vicinity. Their operations were conducted in secret, being below
the surface of the ground. Upon removing some of the earth from
around the young shoots of corn whicn were wilting and dying, from
three to five of the beetles would be found, it was stated, as the cause
of the injury, clinging to the shoots that they had punctured with
their beaks, and from which they were extracting the juices. They
were regarded as a greater evil than the common cut-worms, as they
continued their ravages later, even until after the middle of June.

Different Names of the Insect.

The beetles, upon examination, were found to be a species that had
been brought to notice several years ago by Mr. B. D. Walsh.* as a
corn depredator, and under the belief that it was not previously known,
it was named from its food-plant and described, by him in the Practi-
cal Entomologist, as above cited, as Sp/ienophurui zew ; but after it had
been noticed by several writers under this name, as in the above refer-
ences, it was discovered that it had been previously described by Mr.
P. R. Uhler, under the name of Sphenoplwrus sculptilis, by which
designation it is now known.

Examples of the species are in the collection of the N. Y. State
Agricultural Society, placed therein and labeled by Dr. Fitch, probably
about twenty-five years ago, as " Spkenopho7-us venata — the hunter
weevil." As the examples are unmistakably identical with 8. sculptilis,
their naming must be regarded as an erroneous identification with the
S. venatus of Say, which Dr. Horn regards as synonymous with 8.
placidus, S. rectus and S. immunis. These four forms were all de-

*Later, examples identical with them aud baring an earlier history were fouua by me in
the State Agricultural Society collection, as nieutioued.

THE SCULPTURED CORX-CURCULIO : ITS DESCRIPTION". 255

scribed at the same time by Say, with S. venatus first in order ; but as
the insect had been more widely distributed in entomological collec-
tions as 5. placidus, it has been thought best to retain that name for
the species. It belongs to the same group of Sphenophorits with <?.

sculpt ilix, and in some of its varying forms which have given rise to its
several synonyms, it so closely resembles that species, that the mis-
taken identification above noticed might easily have been made.

Description of the Beetle.
The accompanying figures of the insect, together with the following
description (mainly from Walsh), will serve for the identification of
the beetle: Its body is long, subcylindncal, about three-tenths of an
inch in length ; the snout or beak is nearly one-
third as long as the body, of the thickness of a
stout horse-hair, quite curved, slightly com-
pressed, minutely punctured, with the tip seen
from above dilated slightly and triangular. The
head is black, finely punctured, with a large di-
lated puncture or a small oval pit between the

Fig 76.- The sculptured ' ., ii.ii ,

corn corculio, Spiieso- eyes. 1 lie thorax is subtriangular, having be-

nomuS57de^ews™d ^e tllc milldle (°» «« prothorax) a smooth
Urged: <•. a row of pmic diamond-shaped spot, on each side of which is

tuves adtlitiuiKillv eularged ...

another smooth spot of irregular shape, which,
with two longer diverging spots behind, form an inverted Y on eacn
side ; the thorax elsewhere is covered with large punctures. The wing-
covers are marked with rows of larger punctures placed wide apart in
the grooves, represented in enlargement ate in Fig. 7G ; on the smooth
places between the stria? is a row of more or less crowded punctures;
on their base, near the outer edge, is a small, elongate-oval smooth
spot or tubercle, and a larger one near the tip. On the tip of the ab-
domen beyond the wing-covers, are two short rows of stiff, fine tawny
hairs. The legs are black, with the tarsi (feet) reddish-piceous. Be-
neath, the body is black and polished, and is marked with close
punctures as large as those of the thorax.

We have no knowledge of the earlier stages of this insect.

Earliest Notices of Injuries.
Under date of May 27, 1855, a gentleman from Solsville, Madison
county, N. Y., sent to the Country Gentleman for examination and
name, specimens of beetles, stating that they were new to him and were
committing great, depredations upon the young corn. Two acres had
been nearly destroyed in four days They commenced at the top of
the stalk or leaf, and ate it to the ground, and sometimes to the ker-
nel. Often fiom three to six were found in a hill.

25G FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Dr. Fitch, to whom the specimens were referred, in a reply sent to
the Country Gentleman, as above cited, determined them as the species
described by Mr. Say, in a tract published at New Harmony, Iud., in
1831, under the specific name of venatus. Dr. Fitcli placed it in the
genus Sphenophorus of Schonherr, the term, meaning wedge-carrier,
being drawn from the shape of the body of these insects, like two
wedges having their heads placed together. His attention had been
called to the injuries of this insect upon young corn in Washington
county, N. Y., in the middle of June of the year 1847. Upon exami-
nation, he found it engaged in its nefarious work in the corn-fields of
his neighborhood, where he continued to notice its operations until
into the month of July. It proved to be quite a common insect in this
locality, for he had frequently found it around the edges of stones in
pastures, under the fallen leaves of groves, and among the dirt in
gardens, from the month of March until July.

Underdateof July 24, 1857, Dr. Fitch communicated to the Country
Gentleman that a gentleman from Bainbridge, Chenango county, N.
Y., sent the beetle to him with the following statement : —

It commences its attack when the blades of corn are only two or three inches
long, and before they have unrolled, gnawing holes into them which are scarcely
noticed except upon a particular examination, until after the leaves are unrolled
and spread apart, when these holes become very obvious and are then mostly long
and narrow, having become elongated by the lengthening of the leaf as it grows.

In a field of seven acres plauted May 27th and May 28th, there was
not a hill that had escaped these insects; aud an adjoining field,
planted a week earlier, was still more seriously injured, whilst a third
field, planted a week later, wholly escaped them.

In the Survey of Onondaga county by Mr. George Geddes (Trans.
N. T. State Agricul. Soc. for 1859, xix, 18G0, pp. 219-352, the follow-
ing notice of the species occurs (page 331) : —

A new enemy to young corn has appeared here within a few years, the Spheno-
phorus venatus of Say, or the Hunter weevil. This insect eats the leaves of the
youug plants, aud in some cases it has materially injured the crop. This new
acquaintance may prove a formidable enemy.

In 1S61, it was again reported from Onondaga county, from the
town of Skaneateles, in a communication dated July 1st, as follows:—
For the first time we are having the corn cut off by this ravenous bug. They
are spreading rapidly, and their destructive propensities are about as marked as
that of the locust. They first attack the root, girdling it above the seed and up-
per (lower V) roots. This causes the blade to wilt as if eaten by the cut- worm.
They then feed on the stalk.

The above are the only notices that we have found of the beetle at
this early period. It is strange that although its injuries received the

SCULPTURED CORN-CURCULIO : ITS DEPREDATIONS. 257

attention of Dr. Fitch, and that two communications, at least, were
made by him upon it, yet not the slightest reference is made to it in
any of his Annual Reports.

It is also worthy of note, that the injuries to corn, as above given,
ditler materially from those published later, and hereafter to be men-
tioned : in the former, the beetles are said to have eaten large portions
of the young leaves or to have gnawed holes into them ; in the latter,
simply to have pierced or punctured the stalks.

Later Depredations.

It will be observed that nearly all the injuries from this beetle, and
especially those that have been the most severe, are recorded from the
State of New York, and from contiguous territory in its central por-
tion, viz., in the counties of Ontario, Tioga, Chenango, Madison and
Onondaga.

Subsequent to 1861, it seems not to have been observed during the
ensuing five years. In 1807, some examples were received by Mr.
Walsh, from Onondaga county, N. Y., where it was "making sad
havoc with a corn-field, destroying whole fields in some instances."
Later in the same year, Mr. Walsh received other specimens from
Tioga county, N. Y., with the statement that they were depredating
on young corn, and that the sap flowing from the wounds made by
them attracted myriads of ants, whence some had erroneously sup-
posed that they were the authors of the mischief. The beetles were
noticed upon young corn for the first time, in 1866, when they were
even more injurious than in 1867, in which year some fields of corn
near the Susquehanna river were nearly ruined by them. They wero
also" quite abundant and destructive at Geneva, Ontario county, N. Y.
during the above years, having increased to such an extent the second
year that from six to twelve of the beetles could lie taken from each
hill (Rural New Yorker, June 2'.), 1867). At Concord, Pa., they were
reported as destroying young shoots of corn by puncturing them with
their proboscis. They were found near the top of the ground. Most
of the corn attacked, died, and that which survived, as the leaves un-
folded, showed the punctures, which looked like shot-holes (Practical
Entomologist, ii, 1867, p. 117).

Dr. Packard (Injurious Insects, etc., for 1870, p. 21), quotes from a
correspondent in Tioga county, N. Y., under date of June 14, 1869,
the following : —

This is the fourth year that they have infested the newly planted corn in this
vicinity. The enclosed specimens were taken on the 11th instant. I presume
that they have been in every hill in my field. They pierce the young corn in nu-
merous places, so that each blade has from one to sis or eight holes of the size of
33

258 FIRST ANNUAL UEI'OIST OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

a pio, or larger, audi found a number last Friday about an inch under ground,
hanging to young stalks with much tenacity. When very numerous, every stalk
is killed. Some fields two or three years ago were wholly destroyed by this insect.

Subsequently, less has been heard of the ravages of this insect, and
it is probable that the conditions have not continued so favorable for
its multiplication. Specimens were sent to me for identification from
Chesterfield, Essex county, N. Y., under date of May 30, 1879, with
the statement that they were proving quite injurious to young corn,
operating in the manner as above stated.

Geographical Distribution.
Dr. Packard records its occurrence at Hyannis, Mass., June 25, but
not as committing serious depredations. It extends westwardly into
Kansas (Snow). It is common in Illinois and Missouri, and has been
received at the Department of Agriculture at Washington, from Florida
and Alabama (Riley). Walsh gives its habitat as " Middle States,
Ueorgia and Kansas," and Uhler, in its original description, "Western
and Southern States."

Thought to Live iu Decaying Wood.

Mr. Walsh had often met with the beetle near Rock Island, 111., in
company with several other species of the same genus, in decayed logs,
floating in sloughs, and on one occasion he had found it absolutely
swarming, in company with five or six other species of the genus, on
the lake-beach at Chicago, close to the wood piers at the mouth of the
harbor. From its occurring so abundantly in the above situations and
from the other localities in the State of New York and elsewhere,
where its depredations had been reported, nearly all of which'were
near lakes and rivers or other bodies of water, Mr. Walsh felt assured
that its larva? fed on moist wood, situated in places where it was con-
tinually washed by water, and that its great numbers upon the beach
at Chicago was explicable by the larvae having lived upon the decay-
ing and moist wood of the large piers iu the vicinity. He was " per-
suaded that this snout-beetle can only annoy the farmers in such situa-
tions where there is a large accumulation of decaying drift-wood, etc.,
iu wet places, or at all events, a few miles from such situations." Prof.
Riley {Third Missouri Report, p. 59) expresses the same opinion,
based upon his belief that " the larva breeds in rotting and moist wood."

I can see no reason for supposing that the larva of this species should
so far depart from what is known of the habits of the family, as to feed
upon decaying wood. Westwood says of the Curculionidce, " these
insects are entirely herbivorous, some feeding upon leaves, others upon
seeds, and some upon the stems of vegetables." Riley asserts (Tliird

SCULPTURED CORN CURCULIO : ORIGINAL FOOD-PLANT. 259

Missouri Report, p. 10), of the members of the same family, " with the
exception of an European species [Anthribus varius) who.se larva was
found by Ratzeburg to destroy bark-lice, they are all vegetarians, the
larva' inhabiting either the roots, stems, leaves or fruits of plants, and
the beetles feeding on the same."

Wild Grass Probably its Original Food-plant.

A far more plausible explanation of the presence of the beetles upon
floating wood in sloughs, swamps, lake-shores and near rivers may be
offered in the supposition that the natural food of this species, in both
the larval and perfect stages, is found within the stems of the coarse
aquatic and swamp grasses that are natural to such localities, and that
the beetles, upon emerging from their pupation within the grasses, had
siniplv gathered upon the timber for convenient resting-places.

It is quite probable that the original food-plant of 8. sculptilis was
one or more of the following grasses : Indian rice (Zizania nquaticct),
growing on the banks and in the shallows of rivers, and abounding
in the Cayuga marshes of New York" and banks of the Hudson and
Susquehanna rivers ; fresh-water cord-grass {Spar Una cynosuroides),
occurring on lake shores and river banks; blue joint-grass (Calama-
grostis Canadensis), common in wet meadows in Central New York
and elsewhere; reed-grass (Pkragmites communis), having the same
habitat and commou in the Cayuga marshes; and (Tripsacam dacty-
Joides), occurring in the Western States and probably common on the
shore of Lake Michigan near Chicago, and found elsewhere in the
West and South on lakes and rivers.

Although it would seem that the supply of these wild grasses could
never fail of sufficing for the food of this and other curculios,f yet
conditions might exist in certain years and in particular districts, as
in this State in 1SG6— 1868, when they would not be available for the
deposit of the eggs and subsequent feeding. For example : It appears
to be the habit of <b'. sculptilis to make its attack upon corn just at or
below the surface of the ground. If unusual freshets or a very raiuy
spring should flood the marsh, river and lake-shore grasses, the beetle
would be effectually excluded from its place of egg -deposit, just as the
peach-tree borer, JEijcria exitiosa Say, is prevented from laying its
eggs by a mound of earth of a few inches in height placed around the
base of the tree. Compelled to seek other grasses for oviposition, it
would naturally be attracted to Indian corn if growing in the vicinity

' *Tioga county, New York, where the depredations of this insect hare been unusually
severe, has the Susquehanna river on its southern border, and the lakes of Central New
York and these marshes to the northward.

+ Dr. Le Conte informs me that be has found different species associated in feeding on
the roots of a grass growing in sand hills near the ocean beach.

260 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

— one of the grasses, and the one which, from the rich nutriment that
it affords, might be expected to be chosen in preference to all others,
when selection is to be made.

Food-plants of Allied Species.
The larvaa of many species of the CiirailionidcB are known to live
within the stems of growing plants — some within aquatic plants:
the habitat is so common that the species need not be enumerated in
illustration. On two occasions, Lixus rubellus Rand., was observed in
large numbers, in the month of September and later, in a pond in
Massachusetts, clinging to the flowers and leaves of Polygonum amphi-
bium, under conditions which rendered it probable that the larva? had
lived in the submerged stems of that plant. Some of the beetles which
were upon the wing, alighted upon the boat of the narrator of the
above occurrence, as a resting-place, it may be presumed, in the absence
of other floating wood.

Habits of an Allied Species.

Of another species of the genus — Lixus concavus Say, its opera-
tions upon its food-plant are so much like those of S. sculptilis upon
corn, and, we believe, indicative of what is to be hereafter learned of
the method of egg-deposit of the latter, that we transcribe the ac-
count : —

Lixus cnncavus Say, was found on the rhubarb or pie-plant, at Washington, in
the act of boring into the stalk of the leaves and depositing its eggs in the holes
thus made. On examining the plant, many of the leaves were found to be yellow
and faded. These injured leaves mostly contained eggs, and although no larvfe
were found at the time, it is highly probable that the larva of this insect causes
considerable injury to the plants thus perforated, as an allied European species,
Lixus paraplecticus is stated to reside in the stems- of Slum or water-parsnip.
(Glover : Rept. Commis. Agricul. for 1870, p. 71.)

Spkenophorus Larvae Living in Corn.

Mr. Glover (ibid., p. 68) mentions a Spkenophorus, sent to the
Agricultural Department several year3 previous, from South Carolina,
under the local name of " bill-bug." It was not scientifically deter-
mined, and although a corn depredator, it is not probable that it was
this species, for in another notice by him of the " bill-bug or corn-
bug " in the Report of the Commissioner of Patents for 1854 — Agri-
culture, p. 67, which undoubtedly is an earlier notice of the same ex-
amples, the color of the beetle is given as " reddish-brown or reddish-
black," which would not apply to S. sculptilis; moreover the figures
given in plate 4, while approximately representing this species, do not
show the quite enlarged terminal joints of the antennas which charac-

Sl'HENOl'UOKl'S LAKV.S LIVING IN COKN. 261

terize it. The gentleman (Senator Evans), sending the beetles to tlie
Department at Washington, gave the following statement of them : —

The perfect insect eats into the stalk of com, either below or just at the sur-
face of the ground, when it deposits its egg. After chaugiug into a grub, the
I OBect remains in the stalk, favouring the substance, until it transforms into the
papa state, which occurs i" the same cavity in the stalk occupied by the grub. It
makes iis appearance the (allowing spring in the perfect state, agaiu to deposit its

eggs at the- foot of the young corn plants. These Insects destroy the main stem,
<.r shoots, thus causing suckers to Spring up. which usually produce no grain, or,
if any, of very inferior quality to that Ol the general yield. Swamp lauds or low
grouuds are the places most generally attacked.

Mr. Glover further states that General Fitzpatrick, of Alabama, and
Colonel Pitchlynn, Chief of the Choctaw nation, both corroborate the
above statement of the habits of the species, and represent it as very
destructive in Alabama, and on the I\ed river, in Arkansas, but that
the planters have greatly diminished its numbers by pulling up the roots
of the corn after the crop has been housed, piling them up in heaps
and burning the whole mass.

Similar additional testimony of the presence of the curculio larva in
the stems of corn, is given by Mr. Glover {ibid., p. 08) : " A black
curculio with curiously sculptured thorax, Sphowphorus caryoms
(Oliv.), was sent from New Jersey, where it was said to be very de-
structive to young plants of maize in the field. It destroys them by
piercing the stems, in which the' larva lives and feeds."

A Species Breeding in Corn.
If the above statements of the larva? of species of Sphenophoms liv-
ing within the stalks of corn, from having been made by other than
entomologists were not entitled to full credence, we have, quite re-
cently, the unqualified confirmation of the statements, in the testi-
mony of a skillful entomologist, Mr. L. 0. Howard, of the Department
of Agriculture. One of the larger curculios, Sphenophorun robustus
Horn, was reported as doing considerable injury to corn in South
Carolina, last year.* Mr. Howard having been sent from the Depart-
ment to study its habits, found as follows : —

It actually breeds in com. Ou the plantations along the bottom-lands of the
Congaree and neighboring streams, as soou as the corn appears in the spring it is
attacked by numbers of the adult beetles. Stationing themselves at the bas? of
the Stalk, and also burrowing slightly under the surface of the earth, they pierce
the stalk and kill many plants outright, leaving others to grow up dwarfed and
distorted. The whole field has frequently to be plowed over and replanted. The
eggs are probably laid at this time or a little later, at or near the surface of the
grouud. The young larva, hatching, works downwards, and may be found at al-

*Sj)henoj>/iorus pertinax Oliv., also injures cum, in the South (Hum J, aud H. jmrvulus
Gylk, in Missouri (Riley),

262 FIRST ANNUAL KEPOKT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

most any age in the tn.p-rnot. A few individuals work upwards into the first sec-
tion of the stalk, but only, it would seetu, after having; consumed all available
pith below ground. At full growth, the larva will have consumed the pith of the
stalk for from four to five inches, dwarfing the stalk, preventing the make of the
ear, and causing the lower leaves to turn brown and wither. The larva has the
general characters of other described larva? of the genus. The pupae are found in
cavities opposite the first suckers, surrounded by excrement compactly pressed so
as to form a sort of cell. The beetles make their appearance in the fall (one
specimen issued as early as August 30) and hibernate as adults mainly in the
stalks (Riley: American Naturalist, xv, 1881, p. 915).

S. sculptilis has Probably Similar Habits.
In view of the above history, it would seem that there can be no
longer any doubt of the breeding-place of S. sculptilis. Its habits and
transformations will have to be those of 8. robustus, and as soon ;is
opportunity offers for the examination, it may confidently be expected
to be discovered placing its eggs in the punctures made by its beak, or
that the larva will be found within the roots during the summer, after
the injuries of the imago in wounding the young shoots and causing
a flow of the young sap, have ceased. Its smaller size (0.30-0.36 inch),
compared with that of <!?. robustus (0.48-0.56 inch), might permit of
its occupancy of our northern corn without the tangible evidence of
its presence as is given in the dwarfed canes and blighted ears of the
Southern fields.

The Larvae Should be Sought for in Corn.

It is important that the life-history of this species should be satis-
factorily completed, by the establishment, through actual observation,
of the above habits, which, in consideration of reasons presented, we
have deemed it safe to assign to it ; and it will not be difficult to do
so. Stalks of corn, where the operations of the beetles have been ob-
served in the spring, should be examined after. the removal of the corn
in the autumn, for the detection of the pupae, which could easily be
found if therein, within their burrows, readily disclosed by sections of
the stalks near the roots. If young shoots pierced by the beaks of the
beetles in early spring, were carefully examined,* the eggs, if present,
should be discoverable at the bottom of the punctures— the wounds,
which alone have hitherto attracted attention, being made perhaps
quite as much for the deposit of the eggs, as for the extraction of the
sap.

The Injuries Perhaps Underestimated.

Although this corn-curculio has not been generally recognized as a
serious pest, and may not be injurious over a wide extent of territory,
yet, as it has an extensive distribution, extending from the Atlantic
to the States beyond the Mississippi, it is not improbable that it may

*I would be glad to have some of the punctured shoots sent to me for examination.

THE 6CULFTURBD C0RN-CURCUL10: REMEDIES. 263

be the unsuspected cause of much of the injury to young corn which
i charged to cut-worms anil other insects. When, therefore, the
young shoots are observed to lie injured from some not apparent Cause,
search should be made for this beetle beneath the ground, where, if
present. by carefully removing the surface soil, it will be found, near
to, or with its beak inserted in, the plant

Remedies.

Presuming that the history of the species is now substantially known,
the following recommendations may be made for the arrest of its in-
juries : —

First, For the destruction of the beetle : Where it is known to occur
in a Geld, it is probable that a handful of sand, well moistened with
kerosene oil and dropped around and among the shoots of a hill, will,
as the oil is carried into the soil by rains, kill the beetles. If, upon
examination, this should be found ineffectual, then the soil should be
carefully removed by hand from the hills showing the attack, and the
beetles collected and destroyed.

Second, For destroying the eggs and young larva •: If eggs be dis-
covered in the punctures made by the beetle, then, just as soon as the
effect of the attack is observed, the shoots should be pulled up.
Their speedy drying, under exposure to the sun, would probably be
fatal to the contained eggs or young larva?, but it might be more pru-
dent to collect them and carry them from the field.

Third, For destroying the pupa: If this precaution should be neg-
lected and the insect be found pupating in the stalks in the autumn, then
by cutting off so much of the base of the stalks as may be found to
harbor them, and burning them, as was done with the Sphenophorus
occurring in Alabama and Arkansas (ante, p. 201), all the contained
pupse may be destroyed. Unless the species breeds also in some other
plant, this method .would effectually arrest its spread. Mr. Glover sug-
gested that the roots arid stalks might be gathered in heaps, and quick-
lime applied in layers to them, which would kill the pupa? while the
material would be particularly useful, upon its decomposition, as a
manure where lime is needed for the soil.

INJURIOUS HEMIPTEROUS INSECTS.

Miirgantia liistriouica (Habu).
The Harlequin Cabbage-Bug.

(Ord. HEMIPTERA : Subord. HETEROPTERA : Fam. CYDNID-iE.)
Hahn : " Wauzenartigen Insecten, ii, 183, p. 116, f. 196."
Stal : " Enumeratio Hemipt., ii, p. 37, no. 4."

Walsh : in Pract. Entomol., i, 1866, p. 110; in Prairie Farmer, xviii, 1866, p. 152.
Lincecum : in Pract. Entomol., i, 1866, p. 110 (history, habits, etc.).
Glover : in Rept. Commis. Agricul. for 1867. (1868), p. 71 (fig-, and brief notice);

Id. for 1870, p. 90 ; Id. for 1871, p. 84, f. 18 ; Id. for 1875, p. 16, f. 3 (nat.

history, remedies, etc.); lb., p. 137 (remedies); MS. Notes Journ.-Hemip ,

p. 68, pi. 2, f . 22 (references, localities, habits, etc.) — Prec. as Strachia

hutrionicha.
Riley ; in Amer. Entomol., ii, 1870, pp. 79, 80, 154, 155, 177; Fourth Ann. Rept.

Ins. Mo., 1872, pp. 35-38, f. 17 (history, ravages, eggs, etc.).
Bethune ; in Rept. Ent. Soc. Ontario for 1871, (1872), p 87.
Lintner : in Count. Gent, xl, 1875. p. 392 (remedies) ; Id., xli, 1876, p. 565 ; Id.,

xliii, 1878, p. 616 (remedies, etc.) ; Id., xlv, 1880. p. 679 (description,

history, remedies, etc.).
Uhleu ; in Bull. U. S. G.-G. Surv. Terr., i, 1876, p. 290, (p. 24 of sep. pag.), pi.

19, f. 9 ; Id., iii, 1877, p. 404.
Packard ; in Hayden's Ninth Ann. Rept. U. S. G.-G. Surv. Terr., 1877, p. 755-

757, f. 27 (habits, description, distribuiiou, etc.).
Thomas : Sixth Rept. Ins. 111., [1877J, pp. 59,60 (brief general notice).

A Southern Insect.

The Harlequin Cabbage-bug is a southern insect, the first informa-
tion of which came from Texas in the year 1866, when it destroyed all
the cruciferous plants in a number of gardens. Since that time, it has
gradually worked its way northward. Although no complaints have
yet been received of its ravages in the State of New York, it has prob-
ably at the present time, judging from its observed rate of progress,
made its appearance in the southern counties of the State. It is there-
fore important that our cabbage and turnip culturists should, in ad-
vance, inform themselves of the appearance and history of this pest,
which is steadily moving toward them, in order that those who hold
the advance ground of the invasion may interpose every possible im-
pediment in the way of its permanent occupancy and its northward
extension.

During the last two years, several statements have reached me from
localities in Virginia and Tennessee, detailing the injuries inflicted by
this bug upon cabbages, and asking for remedies against it. A- corre-
spondent from Ivy Depot, Va., under date of Sept. 24th, writes : " I

THE HARLEQUIN CABBAGE-BUG: ITS DESCRIPTION. 265

send for examination, by mail to-day, some specimens of a bug that
for the last year has utterly destroyed the cabbage crop in this section,
and this year, during the months of August and September, lias
blighted and ruined over a thousand heads of cabbage in my garden.
After the cabbages are all sucked dry, the bugs attacked my summer
turnips, and totally annihilated them. They then commenced to
suck the bunches of late grains, and the shoots on some of my late
corn, gathering in great numbers near the young silk."

Description.
The Imago. — The above insect is a true bug, of the order of Hvmip-
tera and of the sub-order of Hcteroptera. It resembles in shape the
well-known Bquash-bug, and feeds in the same manner by means of a
beak, or proboscis, bent beneath its body when not in use. It measures
(g^ three-eighths of an inch in length,
by nearly one-fourth in width. It
is conspicuously marked in shining
blue-black, dull orange and white,
as follows: The black head has two
short lines upon it of yellowish-
white ; the thorax is orange, with
a ring of black on each side, cen-
tered with a triangular orange spot,
/ 9 or with the black diminished, and

Fig 77. — The Harlequin Cabbage-bug, ,i -.i • L . j

MrR.iANTiAHisTRioMCA: a and /.. the la, v-a the ring either interrupted, or
and papa, enlarged; c, the eggs, natural size; broken into two spots. The coria-
a, side view of the eggs showing the bands ; . ,

«, end view of sauie.'showiug the lid for the CeOUS portions of the Wing-COVers
escape of the larva; f. the adult insect; o, / i ___«.__:_ • „ fu„ ir,,,.„ i„„„\

theume, with expanded wings. (Kilev.) (characterizing the Hcteroptera),

are orange, crossed obliquely by two
black bands, and their tips are black. The scutel (the large triangular
piece covering the central portion of the body), is black, with a pale
yellow spot at each anterior angle, a black terminal tip and a central
cross of orange. Beneath, the joints of the abdomen bear upon their
margin a row of triangular white spots, and intermediately there are
three rows of parti-colored spots in orange and white. The adult in-
sect is represented at/ in Fig. 77, and at g, with wings expanded as
in flight.

The Pupa. — The pupa resembles the perfect insect in marking and
coloring, but may be at once distinguished by having wiug-pads in-
stead of wings : it is shown at b.

The Larva. — The larva? are smaller, less angular, are without the
large scutel and wing-pads, and are a pale green where the more ad-
vanced forms are orange. Their general appearance is shown at a.
M

206 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

The Eggs. — The eggs are beautiful objects, and are easily recogniz-
able. They are cylindrical, with rounded extremities, placed on end,
and cemented together by their sides. They are white, tinged with
green apical Iy, with two black bands, the upper one of which is twice
as broad as the lower, and placed a little nearer to the extremity of
the egg. The apex is strikingly marked with a black crescent border-
ing the slightly depressed lid (which opens upon a hinge for the es-
cape of the larva), and occupying rather moie than one-half of its cir-
cumference. The length of the egg is about one-half greater than its
diameter, measuring 0.034 in. by 0.052 in. A cluster of the eggs,
twelve in number, was found deposited within a box containing some
of the bugs which had been sent to me for determination, from Nash-
ville, Tenn., early in September. They were arranged in three rows of
three, four and five eggs each. They are frequently found on cabbage
leaves, placed in two rows, side by side, of six each At c, in the fig-
ure, two rows of the eggs are represented in their natural size ; at d
and e, enlarged side and end views are given, showing the band and
the apical lid.

Natural History.
The history of this insect has not been very minutely worked out
The eggs are deposited upon the young plants early in spring (middle
of March or earlier, in Texas), by the individuals which have survived
the winter, hidden under rubbish piles and other retreats. They
hatch in about six days, when the young larva? produced by them com-
mence feeding on the juices of the plant by means of their sharp
pointed proboscis which they insert in the leaf. After feeding for a
while and undergoing some moltings, the precise number of which has
not been observed, with a considerable increase in size, the wing-pads
make their appearance, indicating the pupal stage. Some additional
moltings carry it through to its perfect state. Under favoring circum-
stances, the entire development of the insect, from its hatching to its
final stage, is accomplished within two weeks. Eggs are deposited for
a second brood, which are again followed by additional broods in the
Southern States — how many, it is not known, but they continue un-
til arrested by the advent of severe cold. At their extreme northern
limit; there may not be more than two broods.

Distribution.

First noticed in Texas, in 1866, as before stated, it seems, from that
time, to have been making steady progress northward. It was observed
in Missouri, in 1870, and five years later, it had reached the central
portion of the State. Piof. Thomas, as State Entomologist of Illinois,
recorded it from Jackson county, II!., — the latitude <>f the southern

THE HARLEQUIN CABBAGE-BUG : ITS DIbTIUBUTION. 267

boundary of Maryland. Uliler, in his List of Hemiptera of the Region
West of the Mississippi, gives tho following statement of its distribu-
tion : —

" It inliabits Guatemala, Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Indian Territory,
California, Nevada, Colorado, and from Delaware to Florida and
Louisiana. In the Atlantic region it seems to be steadily but Blowly ad-
vancing northward. Its introduction into Maryland has been effected
since the lato war, and now [1875], it is known as far north as the
vicinity of the Pennsylvania boundary-line in Delaware. In the Mis-
sissippi Valley it appears to be equally common, particularly in the
States of Illinois and Missouri."

Its presence in Colorado as a serious injury to the farmers, and its
occurrence at Denver, where it was observed by Prof. Uliler, proves its
capability, although a Southern species, of sustaining itself even north
of the isothermal line of 40° Fahr. Allowing it this range, will admit*
of its future extension into the Western States, at least over the
southern portions of Minnesota and Wisconsin, and eastward, entirely
over the States of New York and Vermont, the southern portions of New
Hampshire and Maine, a large portion of the Province of Ontario, up to
48° of north latitude, and the Province of Quebec southward of a
line north of the St. Lawrence River. This extension, we believe, will
be only a question of time, for its progressive march seems as steady,
although not so rapid, as was that of the Colorado potato-beetle. Its
distribution over the northern portion of the United States cannot
but operate as a serious check upon the culture of cabbage, and may
prove even more disastrous than the introduction of the cabbage but-
terfly, Picris rapa, for the ravages of this latter insect are more within
our control, and arc also limited by parasitic agency.

Injuries.
The harlequin cabbage-bug is not confined to cabbages, but feeds
also on turnips, radishes, mustard and other cruciferous plants, and
Prof. Uhler has informed me that it also attacks curcubitaceous plants.
Mr. J. W. Moore, of Johnson Town, Northampton county, Va.,* to
whom I am under obligation for information concerning this insect,
has written me that last year it entirely destroyed the cabbage crop in
his neighborhood, and that the present year, few cabbages having been
set out, it has made sad havoc with his ruta-bagas, upon which they
were still preying as late as the first of November. In only one in-
stance have we heard of its attacking other plants than those belong-
ing to the order of Crncifcrse — that noticed in the commencement of

*The valuable DOtes upon injurious insects, together with examples of rare species, from
time to time communicated to me by Mr. Moore, sbow a cultivated observation of insects
and their habits, and a highly commendable desire to aid in the advancement of economic
entomologj .

268 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

this article, where it was reported as injuring late grapes and corn.
When cabbage leaves are punctured by them, the leaf, it is said, im-
mediately wilts, as if some poison had been injected into it, and soon
becomes quite withered. Of so serious a nature is the injury, that a
half-dozen grown insects, according to Dr. Lincecum, will kill a cab-
bage in a day.

Difficult to Destroy.

This bug is among the number of those dreaded insects whose dep-
redations we know not how to prevent by any of the ordinary plant
applications. Sprinkling the plants with salt, lime, ashes, dust, soot,
etc., has been recommended, but these and all similar means prove of
very little service, as the insect easily penetrates through them into
the interior to obtain its food in the unaltered juices of the plant.
Even the popular insecticides — hellebore, pryethrum, Paris green, and
London purple, as ordinarily applied, fail to destroy them, as the fol-
lowing experiments tried by me will show : Examples of the different
stages, of larva, pupa and the perfect insect, were dropped into jars
of the four insecticides above mentioned, and rolled over and over in
the powders until thoroughly covered by them. They were then
placed in separate boxes and examined from time to time. Those from
the pyrethrum and hellebore jars showed for a few hours some diffi-
culty in locomotion ; the others appeared unaffected. The following
day they were all in full vigor, with the exception of a single pupa,
which was in a weak condition when placed in the hellebore, and its
death within a day or two thereafter may not have resulted from its
hellebore dusting. The hellebore and pyrethrum had been obtained
fresh from the druggist expressly for the experiments. There is no
reason to believe that the above substances, if applied in water to the
insects upon their food-plants, would have proved more effectual, for
as they can neither be absorbed by the leaves to any appreciable extent,
or the arsenic of the arsenical preparations taken up in the circulation
by the rootlets, the plant-juices, upon which alone the insect subsists,
cannot be affected by even such poisonous applications.

Absence of Parasites.
No parasites are known to prey upon the species, nor is there knowl-
edge of its being eaten by poultry or any bird. It is stated (Glover's
Manuscript JSiotes on the Hcmiptera, p. 4-1), that in South Carolina,
another insect, belonging to the same order of Hemiptera — Lcplo-
r/lossus phylloptts (Linn.) — has been seen in the act of destroying i t, by
impaling it upon its proboscis, and sucking its juices. Unfortunately
this fratricide — the murderer and the victim both belonging to the Pen-

THE HARLEQUIN CABBAGE-BUG ! HOW TO DESTROY. 269

tatomoidcr — has only a distribution throughout the Southern States,*
but it is not impossible that it may be discovered following its prey in
its northern extension. For a figure of the species, see Saunders' In-
sciis Injurious to Fruits p. 386, f. 396.

Means of Destruction.
Sprinkling with hot water. — In a cabbage plat of modern extent, as
in a garden, it is possible that the young bugs, while in their larval or
pupal stages, may be killed by sprinkling them with hot water of as
high a temperature as the young plants will bear, which may be ascer-
tained by experimenting first upon a few plants. The thicker encase-
ment of this insect enables it to endure a greater degree of heat than
that which has been found to be sufficient to destroy the caterpillars of
the cabbage butterfly, viz., 140° Fahr.

Trapping with cabbage leaves. — It is stated that the bugs have the
habit of forsaking the plants on cold nights and hiding under leaves or
sticks lying on the ground, and that advantage can be taken of this
habit by providing them with an attractive shelter of cabbage leaves,
placed between the rows, which may be lifted early in the morning,
and the bugs which have sought their shelter, brushed off and de-
stroyed. Wilted cabbage leaves appear to have a special attraction for
them.

Burning rubbish piles. — It has also been recommended that, in the
autumn, the waste leaves, weeds, stalks, etc., be collected in piles, to
which the bugs may retire for hibernation as winter approaches. These
should be examined occasionally, as soon as the nights become cold,
and if many are found hidden beneath them, the piles are to be burned,
and by this means the spring broods may be materially diminished.

Destroying the first broods. — Unquestionably the most reliable method
of controlling this insect is to destroy the first brood. The eggs, from
their being deposited in clusters, may be easily discovered on the
young plants, if search be made for them, and destroyed. An easier
method, however, involving le3S time and labor, is to destroy the young
insects, by passing between the rows of the young plants every two or
three days, and by a single tap with a stick knocking them into a ves-
sel containing some kerosene oil. If, before striking the plant, it is in-
clined over the vessel (the insect quickly drops to the ground when
disturbed), very few need escape. With the first brood thus disposed
of, the subsequent depredations cannot be serious. Neglected gardens
in the vicinity may send out individuals to lay the eggs for later broods,
but their comparatively small number would allow of their being easily
controlled.

♦Uhler's LUt of Hemiptera, p. 32 of separate pagination, where also three congeneric
species arc given, which are also southern and western forms.

270 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Hand-picking. — That the collection of the bugs for destruction,
either by the method above given, or by the more tedious one of hand-
picking is practicable and successful, is shown by the statement of Dr.
Lincecum, of Texas (loc. cit.). "By the first of April I discovered
that the insects had commenced on my radishes and cabbages, and I
began picking them off by hand and tramping them under foot. By
that means I have preserved my four hundred and thirty-four cab-
bages, but I have visited every one of them daily for four months, find-
ing on them from thirty-five to sixty full-grown insects every day. Al-
though many have hatched in my garden the present season, I have
suffered none to come to maturity, and the daily supplies of grown in-
sects that I have been blessed with are emigrants from other gardens."
Another gentleman from the same State, in the latter part of February,
1870, gathered and destroyed, within a few days, forty-seven thousand
of the bugs.

Miss Ormerod's Suggestions.
From a statement in the Fourth Missouri Entomological Keport, p.
38, that "the cabbage-grower in Europe is pestered with a bug
(Strachia ornata Linn.), which bears a general resemblance to our in-
sect in color and ornamentation," I endeavored to obtain some infor-
mation of the nature of its injuries, and the means used abroad for its
destruction. In a letter from Miss Ormerod, in reply to my inquiries,
she expresses regret at not being able to find any notice of its injuries
except a brief note of Dr. Taschenburg (merely stating that it feeds on
cabbage, has an extensive distribution, but is found in too small num-
bers to be regarded as injurious), or any published suggestion of
remedies. In the absence of such publication she has very kindly com-
municated to me her ideas of what would prove serviceable in similar
cases, in England, as follows : —

Noting that " the individuals which have survived the winter hidden
under rubbish piles and other retreats," are the originators of the first
attack of the year, I would advise as far as possible clearing all un-
necessary rubbish away. I do not know how you manage in America,
but here there is often a great deal of needless rubbish left about
in gardens, and on the ground around wood-stacks, hay-stacks and the
like, and the remains are left of such stacks to afford shelter to
every kind of insect vermin. I would gather these up and burn them
on the spots where they are, if possible.

When cabbage ground has been infested during summer I would
trench, — -I mean dig, turning the top portion of the ground to the
bottom, so that the " bugs" may be buried so deeply that they cannot
come up again : I should think that one spade deep would be enough,
but two spades or as gardeners here call it, two " spits" deep, is a very
thorough application.

Gas-lime applied fresh from the works is a most excellent means of
killing every thing it touches, insect or plant, and I look on a

THE HARLEQUIN CABBAGE-BUG ! FOUR-LINED LEAF-BUG. 271

dressing of this laid on the surface of the ground when the crop is

cleared iilf as a most useful treatment. Of course, until atmospheric
action has converted the poisonous matter into sulphate of lime, it is
hurtful to a serious extent to the crop, hut if it can be laid on bare
ground and so left till purified it does good by killing the insects first,
and as a good manure afterward.

If objected to in this form, I should think that it might be very
serviceable if thrown as a dressing, after about three months' exposure
to the air, amongst the infested plants. 1 tlnd this form of application
very serviceable both against, slugs and cabbage-moth caterpillars,
(••surface" caterpillars as we call them). There is enough sceut of
sulphur still remaining to make the application very unpleasant to
these '• pests," and at this stage the gas-lime has become a safe manure.

Paraffin is being found useful here either mixed with water, or as a dry
dressing in sand or ashes, dust enough paraffin to moisten the sand,
not clog it, and a very small quantity of this placed around the infested
plants has been found serviceable.

I think that these two remedies might be of use from their scent
pervading the air, and also as they would make the ground a very un-
pleasant nightly resort or temporary shelter.

PcBeiloeapsns lineatus (Fabr.).

The Four-Lined Leaf-Bug.

(Ord. HEMIPTERA: Subord. HETEROPTERA : Fam. PHYTOCORIDiE.)
Lyga US lineatus Fabk. : " Ent. Syst. Suppl , 1798, p. 541, no. 324 ; Syst. Kliyng.,

1801, p. 234, no. 152."
Capsus 4-mttatus Say i Heterop. Hemip., 1832, p. 20 ; in Trans. N. Y. St. Agricul.

Soc. for 1857 xvii, 1858, p. 784 (description).
Phytoeoris Oellus Emmons : Nat. Hist. N. Y.-Agricul., v. 1851, expl. pi. 30, f. 1.
Capsus 4 riltatus. Wlsh.-Ril.: in Amer. Entomol., i, 1869, p. 246 (brief notice).
Capsus qnadrivittatus. Pack. ; Guide Stud. Ins., 1869, p. 550 (mention).
Phytoeoris lineatus Fitch : Thirteenth Kept., in Trans. N. Y. St. Agricul. Soc.

for 1869, xxix, 1870, pp. 513-522 (general account).
Capsus (P/ii/t.) quadrieittatus. Le Baron : First Ann. Rept. Ins. 111., 1871, p. 61

(habits and description).
Capsus (Phyt.) quadrimttatus. Saunders: in Rept. Ent. Soc. Ontario for 1871,

(1872), p. 40 (food-plants and brief notice).
Lygus lineatus. Glovek: in Rept. Coramis. Agricul. for 1875, (1876), p. 125, f. 33.

(brief mention); MS. Notes Journ.-Hemipt., 1876, p. 46, pi. 1, f. 9 (habits.

aud food-plants).
Lyjus lineatus. Uhler : in Bull. U. S. G.-G. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, p. 506 (distri-
bution) , Paeiloeapsus lineatus, in lit., April, 1883.
Paeciloeapsus lineatus. Saunders : Insects Injurious to Fruits, 1883, pp. 350-51,

f. 364 (injurious to red currant).

Attack upon a Currant Bush.
During the month of June, this species was very numerous upon a
black currant btish (Ribe* nigrum) in my gardeu. Attention was first

272 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

called to it by the curling of the leaves, suggesting at first, as the prob-
able cause, a serious attack by the currant Aphis, Aphis ribes Linn. Ex-
amination showed that instead of the characteristic bulges and blister-
like elevations and brownish-red color caused by the Aphis, the leaves
were more irregularly curled, and were dotted, often very closely, with
small round spots, looking as if the surface had been eaten away.
When, however, the real author of the injuries was detected, and its
operations observed, it could be seen that the appearance produced
was the result of the extraction of the parenchymal matter by means
of the insect's proboscis through the puncture marking the center of
each spot. If the leaf was held up to the light, a day or two after its
becoming scarred, the spots were semi-transparent ; later, they became
partially opaque and presented a dull yellowish appearance.

The tender, terminal leaves of the bush were the first to be attacked.
As they became thickly sprinkled with the spots, they dried and
crumpled, and no longer giving sustenance to the bugs, they were
deserted for the leaves next below on the stem. Leaf after leaf was
thus attacked and injured, until a leaf entirely free from injury could,
with difficulty, be found upon the entire bush — a large one —
its branches spreading eight feet in extent. Only the more tender
leaves toward the tips of the twigs died from their injuries, while the
older and larger ones showed different degrees of drying, discoloration,
and distortion.

First Notice of Attack.
The commencement of the attack of the insect was unnoticed, for it was
then in its larval state, and its injuries were so inconsiderable as not
to attract attention. It probably commenced its operations in the early
part of May. They were first observed by me about the 10th of June.
At this time, all, or nearly all, were in their pupal state: none had
reached their final stage. Several of the pupa; which I had collected
and confined in a glass jar with leaves to feed upon, changed to their
perfect winged form on the 13th of June. The pupa? continued to be
found upon the leaves until the 20th of the month, by which time, all
had completed their transformations.

The Perfect Insect.
The insect is represented in Pig. 78. A careful description of it was
made by me for publication — not recalling at the time, that one had
already been presented by Dr. Fitch, in his 13th Report on the Insects
of the State of New York. On comparing numerous examples of the
insect with his detailed description, it was found to be so remarkably
exact and so elaborately complete, as to render it decidely preferable
to my own. As its publication is confined to the volume in which it

THB KOI K-USKH LBAF-BUO ; lis DESCRIPTION. 273

was given,* and as there are many who may not have convenient ac-
cess bo the volume, it is herewith reproduced : —

" This bug is of an oval form, more than twice as long as wide, flat-
tened, moderately oonves both on the back and <>n the under side, with
the surface on the upper side smooth and shining

and deal it ttte Of any hairiness.

The head is Bmall, more broad than the an-
terior end of ilic thorax, but scarcely half as wide
as its broadest, part, four limes as broad as long.
Viewed in front it is triangular. In the male it
is orange-red, in the female orange-yellow. The
nose is represented by an elevated oblong black
spot, to the lower end of which the Leak or
ttweetim rank is joined. This reaches slightly beyond

the base of the first pair of legs. It is tapering, four-jointed, orange-
yellow, the tirsi joint black in front, the second joint black on the sides,
and the last half of the fourth joint black. The eyes occupy the outer
corners of the head, and are smallish, protuberant, oval, and blackish-
brown. The antenna almost equal the body in length. They are
slender, tapering, bearded with fine, short, inclined hairs, black, with
their basal part pale yellow. They are four-jointed, the first joint
thickest and slightly longer than the width of the head, thicker toward
its tip, its surface glossy and uneven ; second joint more slender than
the first and double its length, scarcely thicker in and beyond its mid-
dle than toward its base; third and fourth joints quite slender and
thread-like, the third rather longer than the first, the fourth but half
the length of the third.

•■ The thorax is more broad than long, its sides straight and strongly
converging, its base twice as broad as its apex, the basal edge straight
in the middle and curving forward on each side with the outer corners
bluntly rounded ; the apex margined by a roundly elevated line of a
lemon-yellow color, the surface convex and inclining obliquely down-
ward and forward. Across its anterior third it is roundly elevated,
smooth and polished, and of the same color as the head, this elevation
having on its anterior face near its middle two shallow punctures, and
commonly a similar puncture on each shoulder: and in the middle of
its hind edge is a slight depression in which two shallow punctures
close together may usually be seen. The remainder of the surface is
minutely punctured and lemon-yellow, with four black stripes, which
are larger in the males, the middle ones often as broad as long, more
broad than the space between them, widening backward and almost
twice as broad at their hind as at their fore ends, with their hind ends

*Tran*. X T. St. Agnail. Soc. for 1869, xxix, 1S70, pp. 517 518

35

274 FIUST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

slenderly separated from the hind edge ; the outer stripes slender and
more than four times as long as broad, separated from the outer edge
by a slender yellow line, and the space between them and the inner
stripes nearly as wide as that between the latter. The scutel is large,
triangular, lemon-yellow, sometimes orange in the males, its outer
angles black, this color thus connecting the middle stripes of the
thorax with those of the wing covers.

"The wing-covers at their base equal the thorax in width, and be-
come slightly wider across the middle. They are of a leathery texture
with the hind ends thin and membranous. The leathery portion is
bright lemon-yellow, minutely and irregularly punctured, ending in a
triangular piece which is separated by a transverse suture. On each
wing-cover are two black stripes, continuous with those upon the
thorax. Outer stripe commencing as a slender point on the anterior
edge of the outer margin, gradually widening and receding nearly half
its width from the margin as it extends backward, its rounded hind
end commouly touching the transverse suture, and beyond this is a
large black dot, upon the triangular piece slightly forward of its
center. The inner stripe is usually broader than it is on the thorax,
as is also the space between it and the ouler stripe, whilst between it
and its fellow the space is narrower here than on the thorax and scutel.
The membranous ends of the wing-covers are black and united with
the hind ends of the middle stripes, and the outer end of their curved
vein is pale yellowish in the females. The wings are smoky black and
translucent, with opake black veins.

" The under aide is orange-yellow, in the male red, and without spots
or marks in some specimens, whilst others have a black dot on each
side of the breast, a black spot on the end of the body, and sometimes,
forward of this spot is a short band on each segment.

" The legs are long and slender, the hind pair much longer thau the
others and their thighs thicker. They are dull yellowish-white, trans-
lucent and glossy. The thighs are long, cylindrical and bearded with
fine short hairs and along their under sides a few longer ones. Toward
their tips are two black bands which are sometimes united more or
less, the upper band commonly broader, and on the four forward legs
both bands extending but half way round. The trochanters or
small smooth lobes on the base of the thighs are frequently
black, and the fore thighs sometimes have an oblong black spot or
cloud immediately below the trochanters. Hind thighs usually with a
black line on their outer side, extending their whole length above the
bands. The shanks are a thir.d longer and much more slender than
the thighs, cylindrical, bearded with small black spines, their tips

THE FOUR-LINED LEAF-BUG ! PUPA AND PUPAL CHANGE. 275

black, ami a short black line on llieir outer side below the kuee. The
feet are more slender than the shanks and are three-jointed, the two
first joints a little longer than thick, the last joint nearly as long as
both the preceding, and black except at its base, with a pair of brown
claws at its tip.

•• Varieties, a. The outer black stripe on the thorax wantiug.

'• b. The black dot at the end of the outer stripe on the wing-covers
wanting.

" c. The black bands above the knees wholly wanting, or replaced
by one or two dots on the outer and inner sides of the hind pair."

The Pupa.
The pupa?, as in most of the Hcniiptera, are equally active with the
perfect insects (imagines), and feed in company with them, yet they
are easily to be distinguished. They are much smaller in size. While
the latter measure (average of ten examples) 0.27 in. in length, and
0.] in. in width, the former average 0.16 in. long by 0.08 in. broad.
They may at once be recognized by their wing-sheaths in the place of
wings, which are black, with the exception of a pale yellow longitudinal
stripe on their outer half, and reach only about one-half the length of
bdomen. The abdomen is black above on all of the eight seg-
ments visible, except on their posterior and lateral margins ; beneath
it is orange, with a central black streak on the last segment. The legs
are pale; the femora (thighs) are blackish at the base, with three
narrow black bands near their tip ; the tibiae (shanks) are also black-
ish at their base, and under alens. numerous minute black spines may
be seen ; the tarsi (feet) are black at the base and tip.

Transformation.

The change from the pupa to the perfect insect was made in so short
a time, that although more than a hundred examples underwent their
transformation in a glass jar upon my table where they were frequently
examined, yet in only one instance was the operation detected. It
proved so interesting, particularly in the attendant gradual change of
color, that it was watched, and the following notes thereof taken : —

When first discovered, the pupal integument had split upon the
back and separated so as to show the larger part of the thorax of the
inclosed insect, the basal portion of the wings and the intermediate
scutellum ( V ). The characteristic and conspicuous black marks per-
taining to maturity were entirely absent — the only shades observable
being orange, yellow and white ; the thorax was pale yellow, the
scutellum light yellow with its lateral angles orange ; the wings were
white. In this condition the insect rested for a few minutes, with the

276 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

terminal half of its wings still encased in their sheaths, and with no
movement other than a tremulous motion of the feet. It then turned
itself around for a few times and moved several steps over the leaf,
when it took position with its head directed downward, its front pair
of legs holding to the leaf and the others detached. Slowly the
abdomen was withdrawn from its encasement and the colorless wings
from their sheaths. Soon the yellow stripes of the wings began to
appear and insensibly to deepen. As yet there was no indication of
the black stripes traversing the thorax and wings, or of the black of
the membranaceous wing-tips.

In twenty-five minutes from the observed commencement of the
transformation (at 1 o'clock as noted), the wing-tips had fully ex-
panded. The time occupied in the disengagement from the pupal case
was not noted ; it could not have varied much from five minutes. At
1 h. 15 m., there were indications of the black stripes in a duskiness
of color. At 1 h. 40 m., the lines had deepened to a leaden hue and
the antennae were dark. At 2 o'clock, all the stripes, the small spot
toward the wing-tip, and the tip, had become blackish, and the bands
on the legs were showing. When next observed, at 3 o'clock, the
stripes were glossy jet black, and the mature coloring throughout had
been assumed.

While change of color frequently attends insect moltings, and usually
to a greater or less degree the larval molts of the Lepidoptera, it is rare
that so marked a change as that above noted, ranging from white to
black, can be observed, and in so brief a time.*

Continuation of the Attack.

The latter part of June (29th), the insects were still quite destruct-
ive in my garden, and had injured and disfigured a large number of
plants, although effort had been made to check their depredations by
daily killing numbers of them by hand. On July 16th, they were ob-
served feeding on geraniums, the foliage of which they were rapidly
destroying by the infliction of hundreds of unsightly and devitalizing
blotches upon each leaf. The latest period of their continuance, ow-
ing to my subsequent absence from home for several weeks, was not
ascertained

Life-History Incomplete.

It will be seen from the above account that our knowledge of the

*A thorough discussion of color in insects — its nature, source, production, kinds,
changes, mimicry, etc., and also of pattern- — its origin, cause, purpose and variability —
presenting the most advanced knowledge upon these interesting points — may be found in a
paper " On the Color and Pattern of Insects " by Dr. H. A. Hagen, published in the Pro-
ceedings of tlte American Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. xvii (N. S. ix), 1SS2, pp. 234-
267.

Tin: i'ouk-Linki) LEAF-BUG: its pood-plants. 277

life-history of this noxious insect is still incomplete. Dr. Fitch states
that they pair about the middle of Juno, when they lay a crop of eggs
from which another generation completes its growth before the end of
the season. The oviposit ion has not been observed. Dr. Le Baron
(/or. rit.) states that it deposits about twenty eggs, which are oblong,
snbcylindrical, flask-shaped, pale with white tips. It is believed to hi-
bernate in its perfect stage, under decaying weeds, in crevices, etc., and
to come forth in early spring to deposit its eggs on the stems of the
plants which are the most attractive to it.

Food-Plants.

Its first appearance in my garden was upon the hlack currant, as
stated, from whence it seemed to spread to the surrounding vegetation,
as i lie morning-glory, phlox, chrysanthemum, pinks, geraniums, day-
lily. London-pride, sweet-pea, pig-weed, plantain and clover. Dr.
Fitch records it also on red currant, raspberry, bittersweet, wiegelia,
burning-bush, sumach, dahlia, snapdragon, soapwort and tansy. In
addition to the above, Dr. Le Baron records it as very injurious to
parsnips ; Mr. Win. Saunders, as occurring on mint and Dentzia; and
Dr. I>. N. De Tarr has noted its occurrence the present year in his
garden, in Albany, in addition to several of the preceding, on lettuce,
common pea, radish, squash, cucumber and gooseberry.

Very Injurious to Dahlias.
It would seem from the above extended list of food-plants, to be a
very general feeder on garden products, and it is certainly at times
very injurious to several of them. Dr. Fitch has given the following
account of its injuries to one of its favorite food-plants :* "In the year
1S58, I learned from A. F. Chatfield, the florist in Albany, that upon
all his dahlia plants that year, when the first flower-bud put out, these
bugs assembled upon it, puncturing and poisoning it so that it
withered. Two or three new flower-stalks would then shoot forth from
the base of this one, the buds of which would be attacked and destroyed
in the same manner. Others would then put out from the bases of
these, to share the same fate. Thus it went on, the whole season
through. An enormously broad mass of leaves and stalks, fully three
feet in diameter, thus grew from each of the dahlia roots in his garden,
without a single flower from all the multitude of flower buds which
had thus been developed. D. S. Heffron, of Utica, informed me that
in the summer of 1864, these prettily striped yellow bugs so infested
his dahlias that only three or four little imperfect flowers were pro-
duced. And in all the gardens in and around Utica that year, the

♦Thirteenth Report, in Trans. N. Y. StqU Agricul. Sue. for 1S69, xxix, 1870, p. 514.

278 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

flower-buds were so universally killed by this insect that no dahlias
were there to be had."

Destructive to Rose-buds.
Dr. Fitch also states that he has met with this insect, puncturing
the flower-buds of the rose and causing them to perish. This may be
the explanation of the destruction annually in my garden of a large
proportion of the buds upon several of my rose-bushes, for which I
have been unable to discover any cause. Shortly after the formation
of the earliest buds, a large number have been observed to turn black,
and their stems for about an inch downward, also to blacken. The
buds soon shrivel, dry up, and bend over toward the black shriveled
stem. I have repeatedly cut open the buds and stems thus affected,
and carefully examined them, without being able to find either egg or
insect within them. For successive years, upon detecting this attack,
I have also cut off the buds at some distance below the affected part of
the stem, and inclosed them in jars, in the hope of obtaining from them
the insect depredator, but without success.

Energy of Attack.
The attacks of this insect appear to be characterized, when it has
attained its adult stage, by a peculiar energy or vigor through which
injuries are inflicted which apparently exceed the ability of the com-
paratively few depredators observed in the work. While very rarely
are more than two or three of the bugs seen upon a leaf, yet were its
entire surface covered by them, the destruction could not be more com-
plete. In illustration of this, the following statement of their oper-
ations upon a day-lily, as observed by me, may be of interest. They
manifested an especial fondness for the tender and succulent leaves of
some clusters of this plant growing in my garden, and almost before
the attack upon it was observed, the foliage had been entirely destroyed.
A leaf which was picked for preservation as illustrative of its work,
measuring six inches in length by four broad, had, by count, between
two of its veins, selected as offering an average amount of injury, one
hundred and seventy-one of its characteristic markings — -rounded,
transparent or translucent spots, as the parenchymal matter had been
more or less completely removed, varying from one-twentieth to one-
tenth of an inch in diameter. As there were eighteen of these intra-
nervular spaces, there is obtained for the entire number of these
spots upon the leaf, three thousand and seventy-eight.

Distribution.

Unfortunately, this insect has an extensive distribution, and occurs

FOUR-LINED LEAF-BUG: REMEDIES AXli PREVENTIVES. 279

over a large portion of the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains.
Say, when describing it fifty years ago, records it from the North West,
Territory, Missouri, Indiana, Pennsylvania and Georgia. TJhler men-
tions it as occurring in many parts of the North West on the eastern
side of the Rocky Mountains. It is also recorded from Ohio (Riley),
Illinois (Le Baron), Maryland (Glover), and from Ontario (Saunders).

Remedies and Preventives.

Futility of poisonous and other applications. — This yellow-lined leaf-
bug being a member of the order of Ilemiptera, and one of the true
bugs, obtains its food, not by means of biting jaws and mastication of
the leaves, but by the aid of a proboscis or sucking beak which it in-
serts in the tissues of stalks, stem, leaf or bud, and draws thence the
juices upon which it alone subsists. It is evident, therefore, that these
insects, living as they do upon I he sap of plants, may not be destroyed
by means of poisons applied to the surface of the stems and leaves.
The delicately pointed sucker would penetrate the poison even when
thickly coating the leaf, without imbibing any portion of it.

It has been thought that they could be kept from plants through
applications which would be disagreeable to them, as dust, lime, ashes,
soot, soap-suds, tobacco-water, carbolic-acid washes, etc. None of
these, however, have, on trial, been found effectual. Cresylic-acid soap
has been recommended for this purpose,* but as a series of experiments
made with this material, of the extreme strength of one pound to five
gallons of water, to prevent the injuries of another destructive bug of
an allied genus, viz., Lygus lineolaris Beauv.,f proved entirely unsatis-
factory, there is no reason to believe that it will be found to be of any
value as against Pmcilocapsus lineatus.

Burning garden rubbish. — The following will be found serviceable
means for arresting the depredations of this species, and the best that
we are prepared to offer. The female passes the winter in sheltered
places, and probably, judging from allied species, to a large extent, in
decaving vegetable matter lying upon the ground : the twisted folds of
dead leaves would seem to offer an excellent retreat for them. If,
therefore, at the close of the season, all the dead leaves, vines, plants,
bits of wood, and like worthless rubbish, be collected in piles and
burned, not only will the garden be placed in suitable order for the
opening of the ensuing spring, but the natural retreats of this bug, and
of a number of other injurious insects of similar habits of hibernation
will be broken up, and many will be burned in their hiding places. Clean
culture and an annual autumnal cleaning up and destruction of all

rican Entomologist, i, 1869, p. 246.

tW. ii, 1870, p. 293.

280 FIUST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

worthless vegetable matter, cannot be too highly recommended, as aids
in freeing the garden and field from the onerous tax of insect depre-
dation.

Destroying the insect before oviposition. — As soon as the leaves of the
currants, roses and other early shrubs commence to unfold in the
spring — in all gardens where this insect abounded the previous year,
watch should be kept for its first coming abroad from its winter quar-
ters. Nearly all the individuals will be females, with their abdomen
swollen with their burden of eggs ready to be deposited. They will be
found sluggish in their movements, and their conspicuous coloring and
marking render them easy to be seen. As an incentive to watchful-
ness now, it need only to be borne in mind, that for every one captured
and killed before oviposition, there will be at least a score less of inde-
fatigable depredators upon the choicest products of the garden through-
out the early summer months, and hundreds less of the augmented
later brood.

The "■jarring " method and its success. — Later, when the larva
(distinguished by the absence of wing-pads) and pupa; have collected
at the tips and on the tenderleavesof the plants, they should besought
for on the under side of the leaves where they hide. When occurring
in such numbers that hand-picking becomes too laborious, they may
be shaken in a pan of water and kerosene, and killed. This should be
done in the cool of the morning, while they are comparatively inactive,
and not so ready to fall to the ground at the slightest disturbance. It
is important also, that as many as possible be destroyed while yet in
the larval and pupal stages, during May and early June, for with the
acquirement of wings they become more active, show increased timidity,
and are more ready to drop from the leaves. Though for the most
part, they seek safety in hiding, yet occasionally they resort to flight.

That the injuries of this insect are largely to be prevented by the
methods above given, is evident from a statement made in the Ameri-
can Entomologist (vol. ii, 1870, p. 293), of the success that attended
the efforts to preserve a pear orchard from the threatened destruction
of its blossom buds by Lygus lineolaris — a species almost identical in
habits to P. lineatus, but more numerous and of greater destructive-
ness. A gentleman had made various applications to his trees, and
among them, cresylic soap, but without avail. "Not discouraged by
this want of success, Mr. A. afterward went over all his pear trees,
about two thousand in number, with a basin of soap-suds early in the
morning, and shaking each branch, caused the bugs to fall into the
water. It took about three hours' time of three men, and by com-
mencing early they were enabled to get through before it became warm

THE TWO-MA KKF.P TKKK-HOFPER : ITS SYNONYMY, KTC. 281

enough for the bugs to beoome active. After pursuing this course for
three successive mornings, during which time many thousands were
hilled, he hud the satisfaction of seeing his trees unmolested, and thus
Bared." »

" Encheiiopa binotata (Say).
The Two-Marked Tree-Hopper.

(Ord. HEMIPTERA : Subord. HOMOPTERA : Fam. MEMBRACID./E).

raeit binotata Say : in Long's Expedition to Si. Peter's River, 1834, pp. 801,
BOS American Entomology (lie Conte edit.), 1809, i, p. 201.

Harris: Treat, Ins n. Eng., 1852, p. 195; Ins. tnj, v"eg.,
1862, p, 224.
iphyllum binotatwn Finn : in Fourth Auu. Kept. St. Cab. Nat. Hist., 1851,
' p. 47.

yhyUum binotata. Emmons; Nat Hist. N.Y.,- Agricul., v, 1854, pi. 18,f. 17;
Ttulia binotata, lb., p. 156.

PITCH ; in Trans. X. Y. St. Agricul. Soc for 1856, xvi, 1856,
]>. 464: Third. Rept. Ins. X. Y., 1859, p. 140,'no. 190 (generic criticism).
BntinofihyUvm binotatwn. Wi.su. -Rn.. : in Amer. Entomol., i, 1809, p. 248 (food
|ilants and habits).

inotata. <iLOVf.it: in Ann. Rept. Commis. Agricul. for
1876, p. 28, f. 11 (description aud habits).
BnehophyOum binotatum. Lthtner: in Count. Gent., xlv, 18S0, p. 711, c. 1, 2

(egg-coverin<r, food-plant, and remedies).
Ene7lophyUum binotatum. RrLET : in Amer. Entomol., ill, 1880, p. 204 (secretion,
eggs, etc.) ; in Amer. Nat., xv, 1881, p. 574 (egg-covering).

inotata. Saunders: Insects Injurious to Fruits, 1883, p. 242 (on
grape-vines).

The Insect Infests a Bitter-sweet.

In September, a communication was received from Miss A. Goodrich,
of Utica, N. Y.. stating that a vine of Celastrus scandens (bitter-sweet)
running over Iter front door, was infested with some enemy that w;ts
seriously injuring it. Specimens of the insect and of the infested vine
were inclosed, and my attention was called to a white substance upon
the bark, beneath which, it was stated, numerous minute creatures
were imbedded. What was the insect, it was asked, and was the white
substance a web deposited by it, and could the pest be driven away,
or must the vine be destroyed.

The insect was one of our tree-hoppers, commonly known as " the
two-marked tree-hopper " from the two yellow spots upon the ridge of
its back, and scientifically, as Enchenopa binotata (Say).

There are a number of species of these hoppers, possessing the same
habit of puncturing the leaves and the tender portions of various vines
36

282

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

and fruit-trees. From the injuries that they inflict, and the difficulty
of preventing them, they are among the greatest pests of gardeners.

r

Description of the Insect.

Of this particular species, Dr. Harris gives the following account :
" There is a little tree-hopper, which is found during the months of
July and August on the wax-work, or Celastrus scandens, accompanied
usually by its young. When fully grown, it is nearly three-tenths of
an inch in length, including the horn of the thorax ; it is of a dusky-
brown color, with two yellowish-spots
on the ridge of the back ; and the
first four shanks are exceedingly broad
and flat. It is the two-spotted tree-
hopper, Membracis binotata of Say.
When seen sideways it presents a pro-
file much like that of a bird, the head
and neck of which are represented by
the curved projecting horn of the thorax ; and a group of these little
tree-hoppers, of various sizes, clustered together on a stem of the wax-
work, may be likened to a flock of old and young partridges. They
appear to pass through all their transformations on the plant, are fond
of society, and sit close together, with their heads all in the same di-
rection." Fig. 79 represents the insect so faithfully, that by its aid, it
may be readily recognized.

Fig. 79.— The two-spotted tree-hopper,
E.vchenopa binotata — side and dorsal
views.

Say's Original Description.

The species was originally described by Say in a Zoological Report,
contributed by him to the Narrative of the Long Expedition to the
source of St. Peter's River. From the volume in the N. Y. State
Library (now quite rare) we transcribe the title,* and the original
description : —

Membracis binotata.

Thorax with a compressed horn extending above the head, and two spots on the
back.

Inhabits the United States.
Body fuscous, punctured ; head longer than broad, rounded at tip, minutely

♦Narrative | of | an Expedition | to the | Source of St. Peter's River, | Lake Winnepeek,
Lake of the Woods, | &c. Ac. | Performed in the year 1823, | by order of | the Hon. J. C.
Colhoun, Secretary of War, | under the command of | Stephen H Long, Major, V. S. T.
E. | Compiled from the Notes of Major Long, Messrs. Say, | Keating and Colhoun, | by
Wm. H. Keating, A. M., &c. | In two volumes. | Philadelphia: 1824. |

Appendix to vol. II, Part I. Natural History. § Zoology, by Thomas Say [pp. 253-400].

TWO-HARKED I 1:1:1 -lIOl'l'F.K : ITS EGG-COVERINGS.

283

punctured ; thorax with n projecting horn before, which rises above the line of
the back, compressed, carinated above, each side, and beneath, and Incurved to-
ward the tip; between the lateral ami inferior carinas are' three elevated tinea
converging toward the eye; superior carina of the horn continued upon the back
to the tip ; Intend carina of the horn continued upon the side to the middle of the
thoracic edge ; carina of the back slightly undulated, with two yellowish Bpota,
of which one is on the middle and the other near the tip smaller and placed nearer
to the anterior one than its own length; tip acme; anterior and vntfrmediati
lilated, foliaceous; posterior tibia with two seriated lines behind; liemdytra
■ . much longer than the abdomen ; wings hardly longer than the abdomen.

Length, including the horn, seven-twentieths ; exclusive of the horn, more than
one-lifth of an inch.

The eves are nearly equidistant between the tip of the born and of the heme-
lytra'. It very closely resembles the laneedata Fabr., an inhabitant of South
America, of which it may possibly prove to be a variety.

The Egg-coverings Described.
The pieces of bittor-sweet accompanying the insects received from

Utica were nearly covered, on one side with small, white masses,
which at a cursory glance might be mistaken for some Coccus insect
covered with its 1'annose secretion. Their appearance is
shown in Fig. 80. They are about one-eighth of an inch
long by one-tenth broad, attached to the vine by their great-
est diameter, and curving npward from it to a height at the
summit equal to about one-half their breadth. When touched
by the linger, they are found to be quite adhesive and appar-
ently waxy, as portions may be drawn away in long threads.
Examined carefully, they show something like a lamellose
structure, with the layers, ten to fifteen in number, curving
slightly toward the anterior and larger end of the mass. If
examined more critically under a lens, these apparent lamel-
la1 render themselves into what might be called threads, which
alternate at their meeting on the summit from the
S- opposite sides, after the manner of a braid, as shown
in Fig. 81, which presents an enlarged view of one
marked of the masses. In some of them, the threads are
treehpP" not confluent throughout, but spaces occur between
chbnopa them, through which the bark may be seen. A sec-
on bitter- tion of the mass discloses an interesting structure of

Fig. SI.—
Egg -cover-
i n g ; e a-

Sonie of these peculiar masses were sent by me to Professor t i, rf t. di-
Riley, who identified them as the egg-coverings of the insect ameters-
above described, and subsequently gave a brief notice of them in the
American Entomologist of October, 1SS0 (vol. iii, p. 254).

*rus) and connected ribs.

284 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Nature of the Egg-covering.

The egg-covering of this insect is, in all probability, a special secre-
tion, deposited and arranged in such manner as may best serve for a
protective covering to the eggs. The insect has not, to our knowledge,
been observed in the act of constructing it, nor are similar coverings,
so far as we know, provided by other members of the Membracidie for
a like purpose, such as the Buffalo tree-hopper — Cercsa bubalus
(Fabr.), the one-striped tree-hopper — Thelia univittata (Harr.), the
thorn-bush tree-hopper — Thelia cratmgi Fitch, the unadorned tree-
hopper — Smilia inomata (Say), or the unarmed tree-hopper — Sticto-
cephahts inermis (Fabr.), — all common species in the State of New
York. The egg-deposits of some of these have been described, but no
mention is made of any covering protecting them.

The appearance and touch of the egg-covering of E. binotata are so
decidedly waxy, that it was but natural to believe that such was their
character, for many of the insects belonging to the order of Hemiptera
are known to secrete wax to such an extent that it is collected and
utilized. Of the Fulgoridw — a family next in place to the Membra-
cidce, Westwood says: "The species of this family emit the white waxy
secretion in some cases to a remarkable extent. It is either cottony,
or arranged in lamellae, and is evidently analogous to the wax secre-
tion of bees " {Introduc. Class. Insects, ii, p. 429). Some of the Coccidm
— an allied family — are also wax secretors. One of the species pro-
duces, from numerous secretory sacs or follicles, lodged just beneath
the skin of the abdomen, the important article of commerce known as
" Chinese wax," " vegetable wax," " vegetable spermaceti," or " pela."
In the American Naturalist, v, 1871, pp. 683-685, maybe found an in-
teresting account of its production.

The material of the egg-covering of the two-marked tree-hopper* is
found not to be of a waxy nature. Some pieces of the Celastrus vine
bearing the masses were submitted to Dr. Hagen, and he has given
me the result of his examination as follows : "The curious white cover
consists of strings about 0.20 mm thick, which are composed of small
bubbles or cells of about 0.016 mm diameter. A portion placed on a
slide and brought over a lamp did not melt, but grew black, like coal,
proving it not to be wax. When boiled with water it assumed a milky
appearance, and the bubbles or cells disappeared. It is therefore simi-

*The " two-marked tree-hopper," as designated by Dr. Fitch, is preferable for the com-
mon name of this insect, that it may not be confounded with the two-spotted tree-hopper,
Thelia bimaculata Fabr.

TWO-MARKED TKEE-IIOPPEK ! ITS EQG-COVBBINGS. 285

lar to the froth of Cicada spumaria,* dried. Each string is apparently

hud separately by the insect from an apparatus near the tip of the abdo-
men. It is surely albuminous."

The above examination shows the material to be similar to that
secreted by the Cercopida (next to the Membracidm in a natural order)
or frog-spittle insects for the shelter of their larval and the pupal
forms, which may often be seen on pines, willows, grasses, and various
weeds, looking exactly like masses of spittle adhering to the plants.
Of these strangely housed insects which may often be met with in the
State of Xew York, are Aphrophora parellela Say, A. Haratogensis
Fitch, .1. quadrangularis Say, Clasioptera Proteus Fitch, ami ft /<>-
haxa Filch. t

Egg-Coverings Mistaken for Insects.

The general resemblance of the egg-coverings to some of the Coccus
insects has been mentioned (ante, page 283), and it has lately been dis-
covered that the mistake was actually made of naming two species of
insects from the coverings occurring on two species of plants.

In the American Naturalist for 1881, at page 574, is this statement
from Professor Riley : " In hastily looking over the collection of the
late Dr. Fitch recently, we were somewhat amused to recognize the
white and ribbed waxy material covering the egg-punctures of En-
chophyllum oinotatum labeled as Dortkesia viburni and D. celastri.
This covering does bear a superficial resemblance to the exudations of
Dortkesia, though a glance suffices to show that it has no structure
connected with it."

The above statement leaves in doubt the actual labeling of the speci-
mens by Dr. Fitch, and all who know the extremely careful and accu-
rate habits of observation that characterized the distinguished ento-
mologist, would incline to the belief that what seemed a grave blunder,
would, if farther examination were made, resolve itself into a mistake
of some less scientific person through whose hands the collections had
passed. Iffy attention being specially called to the matter, search was
made of the writings of Dr. Fitch, outside of his regular reports, where
perhaps the descriptions of the " Dorthesias " might be found, but
they were nowhere to be discovered. Later, however, among the col-
lections of the X. Y. State Agricultural Society, arranged by Dr. Fitch,
evidence was found which Bhowed conclusively that the blunder had

da spvmariaot Linnaeus, now known as Philatnrui spumaria, was originally de-
scribed fi om Northern Europe, but it is now known to inhabit also England, Germany and

Switzerland. In tliis country it is found in one or other of its numerous varieties in Ctah,
Dakota, Sitka, Lake Winnipeg, and, on the eastern side of tlie coutinent, in iNova Scotia,
Canada, Maine and N'ew York. (Uhler )

+For an interesting account of some of the "spittle-insects," see the American Ento-
mologist, i, 1S60, p. 22S.

286 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

indeed been made, and incidentally, that " we are all liable to mis-
takes."

In one of the wall-cases of the collection is a branch of Viburnum
which bears upon one side, numerous closely compacted and overlap-
lung egg-coverings of E. binotata, and in the same case was a loose
Libel (the material in the case had been repeatedly handled since its
first arrangement, and very little of it ever had the labels attached),
written by Dr. Fitch as follows : "Osier Dorth esia {Dorthesia Viburni),
A scale-insect, resembling white wax, upon limbs of the Osier ( Vibur-
num lentago)." In the same case is a branching specimen of about
eighteen inches in length, of the bitter-sweet (Celastrus soandens),
upon which are numerous egg-coverings, but fewer than on the Vibur-
num. Near it was another label, also by Dr. Fitch, with this inscrip-
tion : "Dorthesia Solani. A wax-like scale insect which blights the
Bitter-sweet {Solanum dulcamera)." Did Dr. Fitch subsequently dis-
cover that the particular bitter-sweet upon which these forms occurred
was not the Solanum, but the Celastrus, and did he then change the
specific name to Celastri, on other specimens labeled by him ? There
is no Solanum in the case, and the labels, beyond question, referred to
the two above-named specimens.

There is every probability that the Dorthesia species of Dr. Fitch
are but manuscript names, and this may be offered in palliation of the
blunder, for it may be inferred that but a cursory examination was
given them when named. Such an examination as would have been
required for published description, could hardly have failed of disclos-
ing their unorganized nature. The labeled specimens were placed in
the Agricultural Society collection in or about the year 1868.

In Fig. 82 (after Westwood), Dorthesia cataphracta, of Europe, is
given. A comparison of it with that of the egg-covering of E. bino-
tata (see Fig. 81), will show the general resemblance that
they bear to one another. Comparison may also be made
with the figure of a native species of Dorthesia (undeter-
mined) occurring on the burdock {Arctium lappa), accord-
ing to Professor Comstock, in the Report of the Commis-
sioner of Agriculture for 1880, plate ix, fig. 3.

Eggs of the Insect.
Upon removing one of the egg-covers, a scar in the bark will show
where the insect has, by means of its ovipositor, inserted its eggs. At
first, the puncture thus made closes upon itself, so as to be scarcely
noticeable, but later, the rupture of the circulatory vessels and an in-
crease in the size of the eggs produces a scar which may readily be
seen upon raising the covering. Upon carefully removing the bark

TWO-MARKED TREE-HOPPJSB : EGGS AND FOOD-PLANTS. 287

and portions of the adjacent tender wood, the eggs are disclosed. The;
will be found arranged after the same manner as in Cicada,
inserted through a single opening, in two parallel series,
separated by a small interval. There are in each row from
six to twelve eggs, partly overlapping one another as in
Fig. 83 ''. They arc elongate, almost cylindrical, of a deli,
cate green color, pointed at the more deeply buried end,

and rounded and of a yellowish tint at the opposite end :
their form is shown at 6. They arc <>f so tender a character
that it is hardly possible to remove them, or even to un-
cover them for examination without injury. Dr. Bagen
has examined them microscopically, and has written me as
follows of them, under date of October 28th : —
i 'the 1 find the eggs to measure, in length

Two -spotted o.42 — 0.5mm, in breadth 0.1— 0.11mm.
.'ij;," The chorion is very finely trans

briated,asat<i (Fig. 84). The contents

iSlveir sbane "' llu' °SS :11V 'lu'l"-ed by a particular

as seen in sec- membrane />. Near the tip arc three

''""■ small slits, c, probably the micropyle.

The chorion is hard and easily broken. The Fio. 84.— Struct

contents of the egg are greenish-yellow ; the cells ^tffe-hopper "'""

very fine.

Food-plants.
The insect occurs upon many plants in addition to the bitter-sweet.
Dr. Fitch {Ath Rept. State Cabinet, sup. cit.) includes it among the
- affecting the butternut, upon which it may always be found
during the latter part of summer, and further states that it is common
on numerous plants and trees. According to the American Entomolo-
gist, i, p. 248, it punctures tender grape stems and causes them to
wilt : and occurs quite commonly on the red-bud (Cercis Canadensis),
and on the hop-tree or tree-trefoil (Pteha trifoliata) — the latter its
favorite home. Mr. Glover (Rept. Commis, Agricul. for 1870), reports
it as puncturing the leaves of the butternut and locust. In Maryland,
it is of common occurrence on the locust. Mr. Uhler has informed
me that it is known to oviposit in Eupatorium,

Natural History.
The history of the insect is still incomplete. The young larvre
have been found by Professor Riley on the 10th of May. After
passing their first and third molts [second not mentioned] on May
ISth and June 5th, they chauged to perfect insects on June
12th. The larvae are described as being without the horn-like

* Amtrir-tn Entomologist, iii, 1SS0, p. 254.

288 FIRST AXJfUAl REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

projection of the thorax seen in the adult, and they appear to
lack, in this stage, the ability to hop which they display later, and
from which they derive their common name of " tree-hoppers."

The time of oviposition is not known. It is probably not prior to
the middle of August in the State of New York, for upon the 8th
of that month, I have observed the mature insect abundantly upon
locust,* when none of the egg-coverings were discoverable. It may
be presumed to occur during the latter half of August, for Miss Good-
rich, in reply to special inquiries made, has informed me that the
coverings with the eggs in the wood beneath them were first observed
by her in the early part of September, upon her return to her home
after an absence of most of the summer. From their fresh appear-
ance at this time, it was quite probable that they had been quite recently
placed. Her attention was drawn to them by "the extreme beauty of.
the web-like shields of purest white threads. Later [in October], the
thread-like appearance was lost, as if by a running together of the
threads."

Remedies and Preventives.

It is difficult to save from destruction a vine which has become so
badly infested by this insect as the one from which the specimens were
sent to me. Whenever it is evident from the numerous egg-coverings
that large numbers of the eggs have been deposited, the portions most
badly infested should be cut away and burned, during the autumn.
The larvae which emerge from the portion of the vine remaining, in the
spring, may probably be destroyed by showering them with hot water,
if care be taken to apply the water upon the sides of the vine where
the insects are resting. If one prefers to incur the risk of an increase
of the depredators, rather than sacrifice a large portion of the vine, the
experiment might be tried as soon as convenient after the dis-
covery of the coverings, of removing them by means of a stiff bristle-
brush or otherwise. If, as there is reason to believe, the coverings are
essential to the preservation and development of the eggs (perhaps ex-
ceptionally tender) then their removal, by the consequent exposure
would result in the destruction of the eggs.

The insects, when they have matured and acquired wings, may be
driven away before their oviposition, to other food-plants where they
will prove less obnoxious, by frequently shaking the vine and not per-
mitting them to become domesticated. They are timid creatures and
easily frightened from their haunts.

*These individuals have beeu pronounced by Professor Uhler as a form of E. binotata,
although differing in several particulars from examples taken upon the Celastrus, as iu
their smaller size, the larger yellow spots upon the ridge of the thorax, the anterior tip of
the thorax but slightly enlarged and expanded laterally (not suggesting the head of a bird I,
and less curved downward toward the head.

APPENDIX.

37

(A.)

ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS OF Dr. ASA FITCH.

Upon the resumption of economic investigations of the Insects of the
Mair of New York under legislative authority and direction, after an
interval of ten years, and upon the appearance of the first of the series
of annual reports upon such investigations directed to be made, it
seems proper that the labors of the distinguished entomologist by
whom the preceding investigations were so ably conducted during a
long term of years, should be referred to, and some desirable informa-
tion in regard thereto communicated.

Aa the entomological reports of Dr. Fitch during the years 1855-
1872 constituted the first series of the kind published in this country
— followed by those of Messrs. Walsh, Rile}', Packard, Le Baron,
Thomas and Comstock- — it should be of interest to recall, after the
lapse of more than a quarter of a century, the circumstances under
which they had their origin, the results that they were expected to ac-
complish, and the character of the investigations which they were di-
rected to embrace.

We accordingly extract from the Transactions of the N. Y. State
Agricultural Society for the year 1854, that portion of the prefatory
matter to the [First] "Report on the Noxious, Beneficial and other
Insects of the State of New York," contained in pages 700-703, under
the following title :* •

ENTOMOLOGICAL SURVEY.

At a meeting of the Executive Committee of the New York State Agricultural
Society, held at- the Astor House, in the city of New York, on May 4, 1854,

Mr. Johnson stated to the Board that the Legislature had made an appropria-
tion of $1,000 for an examination of insects, especially of those injurious to
vegetation, and authorizing the appointment of a suitable person to perform the
work.

On motion of Mr. Johnson, it was

Resolved, That Asa Fitch, M. D., of Washington county, be appointed to per-
form the work, and that he be furnished with such accommodations as he may
desire, in the rooms appointed for the laboratory, in charge of the Society, and

*Tlus does not appear in the separate editions of tbe Report subsequently published.

292 FIRST ANNUAL KEPOKT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

that the President and Mr. Johnson, Corresponding Secretary, be a committee
to prepare instructions for said entomological examinations.

The following instructions to the Entomologist were prepared by the com-
mittee and delivered to Dr. Fitch: —

ENTOMOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS.

The Legislature, at its last session, having appropriated the sum of f 1,000, to
be expended by the Society in an examination of the Insects of the State, es-
pecially those injurious to vegetation ; the Executive Committee having ap-
pointed Asa Fitch, M. D., of Salem, Washington county, to make the examina-
tion, the following regulations for the guidance of the examiner were prepared
by William Kelly, President, and B. P. Johnson, Secretary of the Society, the
committee appointed for the purpose.

As our State has had a thorough examination made of all branches of its Na-
tural History, except its Insects, it is of the highest importance that the remain-
ing branch — not less in importance than the others — should receive attention.
The committee feel assured that in the selection of Dr. Fitch they have secured
a person every way competent to discharge the duties imposed in a manner
creditable to the Society and the State.

In carrying out this examination it is desirable that equal prominence be given
to economical as well as to scientific entomology, that being the part of this science
which is specially important to the community at large. It has been objected to
the volumes of the Natural History of the State, that they are too purely scien-
tific in their character to be of special value to the great mass of our citizens, and
in the work now to be performed it is obvious that it will be of very little con-
sequence to know that a particular kind of moth or fly is an inhabitant of this
State, unless we are also informed of its history and habits, and whether it is a
depredator upon any substance which is of value to man. The habits and in-
stincts of our insects are a proper subject of inquiry as much as their names and
the marks by which they are distinguished from each other. The whole histor}-
of every noxious species should at least be traced out as fully as circumstances
will permit.

The examiner is therefore directed, in the first place, to make for the present
season, the insects which infest our fruit-trees the leading object of examina-
tion. Those infesting our forest-trees, our grain and other crops, our garden
vegetables, our animals, etc., will remain to be particularly studied hereafter.
The examiner is desired in his examinations to search out every insect which is
a depredator upon our apple, plum, pear, cherry, peach, and other fruit-trees,
and study out all the facts in the history of each species, both in its larva and in
its perfect state, as far as he shall have opportunity to do it. In this way a broad
foundation will be laid to which additions can be made, which iuture observa-
tions may show to be necessary.

Should any important insect depredator appear the present season in any other
situation than upon the fruit-trees, the opportunity for studying it should not be
neglected, for the same species may not appear again in many years under cir-
cumstances as favorable for becoming acquainted with its real history.

Secondly : What time is not necessarily occupied in examining the insects in-

ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS OF DR. FITCH. 293

festing our fruit-trees should be devoted to collecting and classifying the insects
of the State, and to naming and describing such species as have not been de-

A report to be prepared at the end of the season, to be submitted to the Legis-
. showing what has been accomplished during the season, to be divided
wo pans. The Brst, upon i ntomology, giving an account of

lal has been ascertained the insects infesting our fruit-trees, and

any other injurious species that may have been obtained. The second, upon
scientific entomology, giving a systemal e of all the in-

sects of the State, so far as they are known, with a brief description of such new
and uodescribed .-is may be discovi

work should be pursued with a view of eventually securing to the State
as full and complete accounts of all the insects of this State as far as to place this
important science (which is at the present so greatly in the background, and so
partially and imperfectly explored upon this side of the Atlantic) in as perfect a
position and as favorable a situation for being acquired as its nature will admit
of. Should there be time, in addition to the above, to perform other labor, it is
desired.

Hardly: That a commencement should be made in writing out full descriptions
of the species pertaining to some particular order, with observations upon the
time of appearing, habits, etc, with a view of future publication, so as to secure
a complete account of all the insects of the State pertaining to that order.

Lastly: Suits of specimens to fully illustrate both the economical and scientific
entomology of the State should be gathered in connection with the other parts
of this work, to be placed in the Cabinet of Natural History ; and in the Agri-
cultural Museum, specimens of the wood, leaves, and fruits, and other substances
depredated upon by each and every species of our noxious insects, showing the
galls or other excrescences which they occasion, the holes or burrows which they
excavate, the webs or other coverings for themselves which they construct, with
preserved specimens of the worms, caterpillars, etc., by which each of these de-
formities is produced.

Such further examinations as Dr. Fitch may deem necessary to carry out fully
the objects desired to be accomplished, as from time to time may be deemed ad-
visable, the committee desire may be made.

[Signed] WILLIAM KELLY,

B. F. JOHNSON,

Committee.

Under the above appointment and instructions, Dr. Fitch presented
to the State Agricultural Society, his First Report on the Noxious,
Beneficial and Other Insects of the State of New York, bearing date of
March 14, 1S55. It was published in the Volume of the Society's
Transactions for 1854, in the year 1855. The Keport having received
the approbation and high commendation of a committee of the State
Agricultural Society, and also a select committee of the Legislature to
whom it was referred (see Trans. N Y. S. A. S. for 1854, pp. 693-700),
the continuance of the appropriation for carrying on the Entomo-
logical work was asked of the Legislature. It was granted, and an-

294

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

mial appropriations were made thereafter, for several successive years,
and until the infirmities of an advanced age no longer permitted Dr.
Fitch to continue his valued investigations.

The Fitch Reports, which have been universally held in high esti-
mation both at home and abroad by entomologists, agriculturists, and
many others, are fourteen in number. They are published in the
Transactions of the State Agricultural Society, as follows : —

Transactions N.

T. St. Agricultural

Society.

NUMBER OF REPORT.

Volume

For the
Year

Publish-
ed in

Current
Pages

No. of
Pages.

xiv

xvi

xvii
xviii

XX

xxi

xxii

xxiii

xxiv

xxvi

xxvii

xxix

XXX

1854
1855
18513
1857
1S58
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1866
1867
1869
1870

1S55
1856
1856
1858
1S59
1861
1862
1863
1864
186S
1867
186S
1S70
1872

705-880
409-559
315-490
687-753
7S1-854
745-86S
813-859
657-691
77S-823
433-461
487-543
Ks'.i-'.i52
495-566
355-381

176

151

Third

176

67

Fifth

74

47

35

46

29

57

44

27

Of the above reports, the twelfth, thirteenth and fourteenth have
only been published as above stated : the others have appeared sepa-
rately, as follows : —

First Report | on the | Noxious, Beneficial and Other Insects, | of
the | State of New York, | made to the State Agricultural Society,
pursuant to an Appropriation | for this Purpose from the Legislature
of the. State. | — | By Asa Fitch, M. D., | Entomologist of the N. Y.
State Agricultural Society ; Member of the | Entomological Society of
France, of Pennsylvania, etc. | — | Albany : | C. Van Benthuysen,
Printer to the Legislature. | No. 407 Broadway. | 1855. | Pamph.,
8vo., pp. 180, including Index. Title-page cover, and title-page. A
few copies were bound in cloth.

♦Appended to this Report, on pp. 755-812, Dr. Fitch has republished the following rare
tract: " Descriptions of New Species of Heteropterous Hemiptera of North America, by
Thomas Say. New Harmony, Indiana. December, 1831." Of this publication, only two
copies were known to be extant. It was here reproduced from a transcript which Dr. Fitch
had made of one of the two copies, which was in the possession of Dr. Harris. It contains
143 species.

ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS OF DR. FITCH. 295

This Report is mainly devoted ( 1 4~> pages) to the insects injurious to fruit-trees,
viz., the Apple, the Pear, the Peach, the Plum (1 species of insect), the Cherry,
and the Srape-vine. It also notices [needs infesting the Hickory, the Pine
eies of Insect), the Cabbage and the Gooseberry (each 1 species).

First and Second Report | on the | Noxious, | Beneficial and Other |
Insects; | of the | State of New York. \ .Made to the State Agricul-
tural Society, pursuant to an | appropriation for litis purpose from the
| Legislature of the State | — | By Asa Pitch, M. !>., | Entomologist
of the N. Y. State Agricultural Society : Member of the | Entomo-
logical Society of France, of Pennsylvania, etc. | — | Albany : | C.
Van Bcnthuysen, Printer to the Legislature. | No. 407 Broadway. |
1856. | Cloth, 8to., pp. 336 including Index. Plates 1-4, and 37
wood-cuts not numbered in the text.

This Report treats of Insects injurious to the Apple-tree (in 75 pages); to For-
est-trees in 01 pages), viz., the Pine, Larch, Maple, and Poplar; and to Field
crops, viz.. Wheat, Corn, and Sops,

Third, Fourth, and Fifth Reports | [same as preceding to] | C. Van
Benthuysen, Printer. | No. 4t>7 Broadway. [ 1S5'J. | cloth, Svo., sepa-
rately paged: Third Report, pp. i-vii + 3-172, plates 1-4, 1 wood-
cut: Fourth Report, pp. 1-67, 4 wood-cuts in text : Fifth Report,
pp. 1-74, 9 wood-cuts in text. Index of 11 pages (unpaged) to the 3
reports, referring to the 360 sections contained therein.

The Third Keport notices the Insects of our Fruit-trees (56 species of apple
insects), including the nut-trees, and, in a supplement, a few miscellaneous in-
sects : The Fourth Report, Insects injurious to Evergreen Forest-trees ; and the
Fifth Report, the Insects of Deciduous Forest-trees.

Sixth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth j Reports | on the [ Noxious,
Beneficial and other Insects, | of the | State of New York. | Made to
the State Agricultural Society, pursuant | to an Annual Appropria-
tion for this purpose | from the Legislature of the State. | — I By Asa
Fitch, M. D., | Entomologist of the N. Y. State Agricultural Society;
| Member of the Entomological Society of France, | of Philadelphia,
the Albany Institute, etc. | — | Albany : | Van Benthuysen's Steam
Printing House. | 1865. | Cloth, 8vo., pp. 260, plates 1-4,4 wood-cuts.

The Sixth and Seventh Reports are devoted to Insects infesting Grain crops
(90 pages upon the wheat-midge) ; the Eighth and Ninth to Insects infesting
Gardens.

[Ninth] Report of Dr. Fitch on the Noxious and other Insects det-
rimental to Agriculture. Also an address delivered before the N. Y.
Agricultural Society. Albany: C. Wendell, Legislative Printer. 1865.
Pamphlet, 8vo., pp. 56, with index.

The address is upon the Hop-Aphis, referred to on page 320. The Pamphlet
is not now accessible to me, and therefore the above is the only reference to it that
may be made at present.

296 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Tenth and Eleventh | Reports [ [same as preceding to] Van Ben-
thuysen & Sons' Steam Printing House. | 1867. | Pamph., Svo., pp.
90, including Index (the Tenth Report occupies 29 pages), 18 figs. :
cover with half-title, viz., Tenth and Eleventh Reports | of the | Nox-
ious, Beneficial aud other Insects. | By Asa Fitch, M. D. |

The Tenth Report contains notices of "Insects infesting Gardens" — Nos. 14-
18, viz., the cucumber-beetle, the three-lined potato-beetle, the hop-aphis, the
barberry-aphis, and the flattened centipede.

The Eleventh Report contains the onion-fly, Anthomyia ceparum Linn., the
punctured flea-beetle, Psylliodes punctulata Mels., the cabbage-fly, Antho-
myia brassicce Bouche, the radish.fly, Anthomyia raphani Harris, the cabbage-
Aphis, Aphis brassicm Linn., an extended notice of wire-worms, and notices of a
few other insects.

The Reports of Dr. Fitch should be, and are we believe, regarded
as indispensable to the library of every American entomologist. In-
quiries are frequently made of where and how they are to be procured,
for unfortunately, complete series are but rarely to be met with. It
will, therefore, be of service to make the following statement in rela-
tion to them, referring to the table of their publication given upon
page 294.

Two or three of the bound volumes originally published, — the one
containing the first and second reports, and the one containing the
sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth — may be obtained, by purchase, by
addressing the Secretary of the State Agricultural Society, at Albany,
Mr. T. L. Harison. The third report is only to be had at second
hand as it may by chance be met with. Of the remaining ones of
the series, viz., the fourth, fifth, and tenth to fourteenth inclusive, copies
(of some of them only a few), in the volumes of the Transactions of the
Society in which they were published (see table), are still in possession
of the Society, and may probably be procured from the Secretary
through purchase or exchange.

In consideration of the value of these reports and their increasing
rarity, provision was made, in 1873, through an appropriation of the
Legislature of the State, for their revision and republication.*

The revision was completed by Dr. Fitch and presented to the Legis-
lature, and a resolution for printing two thousand copies under the
direction of the Board of Regents of the University was passed by the
Assembly,f but for some reason (it is believed from political considera-
tions), it failed to receive the concurrence of the Senate.

♦Chapter 760 of the Laws of 1873 (page 1147) appropriates fifteen hundred dollars to
Dr. Fitch " for revising and completing for publication his survey of the noxious and other
insects of the State."

+See Journal of the Assembly for 1875, April 16th, p. 864.

ENTOMOLOGICAL PAPERS OF I)K. PITOH. 297

When a lew years ago, it was proposed to make another effort for
the publication, the manuscript could hot be found, uor has the
search subsequently made for it been successful: it is feared that, not
having been properly eared for at the time, and through ignorance ol
its value, ii was destroyed. As it should have been deposited in the
State Library, it is still hoped that it may be brought to light in the
removal of the greatly overcrowded material of the Library to the
quarters bring prepared for it in the .New Capitol. As a possible aid
to its discovery, the above somewhat circumstantial statement is
made.

Miscellaneous Entomological Papers of Dr. Fitch.
In addition to the Annual Reports made to the N. Y. State Agricul-
tural Society, as noticed in the preceding pages, the following ento-
mological papers have been contributed by Dr. Fitch to the Trans-
actions of the Agricultural Society, the Quarterly Journal of Agricul-
ture and Sci&nce, the Country Gentleman, the Cultivator, and to other
agricultural am! scientific publications. It has not been possible to
complete the list. Additions to it may appear hereafter.

1845. Insects Injurious to Vegetation. — No. 1. (American Quarterly
Journal of Agriculture and Science, i, 18-15, pp. 250-254,
pi. 3.)

Describes and figures (in colors) the following species of Coleoptera:
Saperda [Oberea] tripunrtata, 8 bitiittata, 8. calcarata, Clytun [Glyco.
bius\ speciosus, C. [Cyllenc] pictus, C. [Neoclytus\ caprea, Desmocerus
palUatus, and Purpuricenus [humeralis].

1845. Insects Injurious to Vegetation. — No. 2. Insects of the genus
Cecidomyia. including the Hessian Fly and Wheat Fly. (lb.,
pp. 255-269. )

Gives general characters of the order of Diptera and of the family of
Tipulidm, with the generic features, habits, and foreign and American
species of the genus Cecidomyia ; together with a detailed description
of Cecidomyia solicit, its galls, habits, enemies and destroyers, illus-
trated by a steel plate of eight colored figures.

1845. Insects Injurious to Vegetation. — No. 3. The Wheat Fly.

(Id., ii, 1845, pp. 233-204.)

Discusses the insect under the following heads : Its foreign history,
its domestic history, its habits, its natural enemies, artificial means
for arresting its ravages, description of the clear-winged wheat-fly
(Cecidomyia tritici), the spotted-winged wheat-fly (C. caliptera), and,
species resembling the wheat-flies, C. thoi-acica and C. togata.

1846. On the Wheat Fly and Chinch Bug. (Ohio Cultivator, Feb-

ruary 1, 1846.)

Cited from the catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at
Cambridge.
38

298 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

1846. The Wheat Fly. (Transactions of the N. Y. State Agricultural
Society, for 1845, v, 1846, pp. 255-290, 1 pi.)

As stated in a foot-note : " This essay originally appeared in the
Quarterly Journal of Agriculture and Science, vol. ii, no. 2 ; to the
editors of which acknowledgments are due for the illustration with
which it is accompanied. The essay has been revised, and new para-
graphs added by the author."

Also published separate ; second edition, Albany, 1846, pp. 38, pi. 1.

1846. Insects Injurious to Vegetation. No. 4. The Hessian Fly.

(American Quarterly Journal of Agriculture and Science,
October, 1846, iv, pp. 244-264.)

Treats of the species under the following heads : Its introduction into
America — Its civil history and bibliography — Its name and synonyms.

1847. Insects Injurious to Vegetation. No. 5. The Hessian Fly —

continued. (Id., for January, 1847, v, pp. 1-27.)

Treats of its character, transformations and habits — Its parasites —
Remedies — and concludes with a summary of the preceding history.

1847. Winter Insects of Eastern New York. (Id., for May, 1847, v,
pp. 274-284.)

Describes the following new species of Neuroptera and Diptera : 1.
Boreus nivoriundus, the snow-born Boreus. 2. Boreus brumalis, the
mid-winter Boreus. 3. Perla nivicola* the small snow-fly. 4. Neni-
oura nivalis, the large snow-fly or the shad-fly. 5. Culex hyemalis, the
winter musketoe [corrected in MS. note to Anopheles hyemalis].] 0.
Chironomus nivoriundus, the snow-born midge. 7. Trichocera bru-
malis, the mid-winter Trichocera. 8. Podura nivicola, the snow-flea.

1847. List of Noxious Insects. (Id., for September 1847, vi, pp. 145-
152.)

Classified under nine headings : 1. Infesting Grain, 28 species are
named. 2. Infesting Meadows and Pastures, 23 species. 3. Infesting
Garden Vegetables, 3S species : some English species are included in
the preceding. 4 to 9. Infesting Flowers, Orchards, Forest-trees, Do-
mestic Animals, Dwellings, and attacking Man ; no species are men-
tioned. As infesting " old books, herbaria, cases of insects, old furni-
ture, etc.," Atropos puUatorius (Linn.) Leach, the book-louse, is de-
scribed (page 150). As occurring " on wheat-heads, straw, grain and
flour in the field, barn and mill," Psocus tritici, the wheat-louse, is de-
scribed (page 151). As occurring " in forests on the surface of melt-
ing snow, buckets of maple sap, and pools of water," Podura nivicola is
redescribed. As occurring on grape-vines, sucking their juice, Otio-
cerus Coquebertii Kirby, is described.

1847. The Hessian Fly : its History, Character, Transformations and
Habits. (Transactions N. Y. State Agricultural Society, for
1846, vi, 1847, pp. 310-373, 1 pi. [7].)

Originally published in the American Journal of Agriculture and
Science, vols, iv, v, and now revised by the author.

*Is Capnia pygmea Burm.

+Is Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say.

ENTOMOLOGICAL PAPEB8 OF DK. FITCH. 299

This essay contains many details of history and habits, which are not
repeated in the notice in the & tenth Report on the Insects of N. T. (pp.
134-144 of 6th-9th Reports, 1805.) Remedial measures are discussed at
length, under the following heads: 1. A Rich Boll. 2. A Late Sow-
ing. 3. Grazing. 4. Tin' Roller. ">. Mowing. •;. Ply-proof Wheat.
7. Steeps for the Seed, 8. Oats as a Decoy. 9. Wheat as a Decoy.
10. Deeply Covering the Seed. 11. Procuring Seed from Uninfested
Districts. 12. Sun-drying the Seed. I::. Drawing Elder Bushes over

the Young Plants. 11. Sprinkling Fine Salt, Ashes, or Caustic Lime
over the Young Plants, 16. Burning and Plowing up the Infested

Stuhble.

The above was also printed separately, in a pamphietj 8vo., Albany,
1846, pp. 63, 1 plate ; and also, Albany, 1847, pp. GO, 1 plate.

1847. The Grain-moth — Tinea granella. (The Cultivator, New
Series — vol. iv, January, 1S4;. pp. 13,14 — 54cm.)

Gives a general account of the species (description, habits, transfor-
mations, and remedies), with critical remarks upon the Angoumois

moth, Anaeamptist eerealeUa.
1S4S. The Currant-Moth, Abraxas.' Ribearia. (Transactions of the
New York State Agricultural Society, for 1847, vii, L848, pp.
461-469, 1 pi., 11 figs.)

Gives a popular description of the larva, with an account of its habits
and transformations, the nature and extent of its injuries, and reme-
dies useful against it. The insect is also scientifically described in its
larval, pupal and perfect stages, under the above name, being doubt-
fully referred to the genus Abraxas. In the plate, the three Btages are
represented, with some structural enlargements.

1849. Catalogue of the Insects in the State Cabinet of Natural His-

tory. December 1. 1S4S. (Second Annual Report on the State
Cabinet of Natural History. 1849, pp. 25-39.)

Gives a classified list of 608 examples, representing 358 species, of
which S3 species are Lepidoptera, 30 Neuroptera, and the remainder
Coleoptera. [This collection is no longer in existence, having been de-
stroyed by AnthrentlS oarius during the subsequent twenty years.]

1850. [Insects infesting Sheep and other Domestic Animals], con-

tained in •• .V Historical, Topographical and Agricultural
Survey of the county of Washington." (Transactions of the
N. Y. State Agricultural Society, for 1849, ix, 1850, pp. 753-
944.)

Notices, popularly, the following insects, in pp. 797-804 : The sheep-
tick, Melopluigus ovinus ; Ornithomyia avicidaria, infesting owls; the
CEstridcE — the bot-flies of the horse, (Estrus c-qui and QZslrus nasalis
(p. 799) ; the gad-fly of cattle, Hypoderma bovis ; the sheep gad-fly,
Cephalemyia oris (p. 800) ; sheep maggots, Lucilia Caesar (p. 801),
Lucilia cadaverina, CaUipJiora vomitoria (p. 802), and Cattiphora fulvi-
barbis ; Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans (p. 803) ; also remedies
and preventives for sheep maggots (p. 804)

300 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

1851. Catalogue with Keferences and Descriptions of the [New York]
Insects [of the suborder Homoptera] collected and arranged
for the State Cabinet of Natural History. (Fourth Annual
Report on the State Cabinet of Natural History, 1851, pp
43-69. )

The catalogue embraces all of the New York Homoptera known to
Dr. Fitch, represented in 266 examples. It contains notes upon 138
species, of which 82 are described as new, occurring in the several
families as follows . In the Cicadidw, 4 species are noticed; Fulgorida,
14 species, of which 6 are new ; Membracidm, 31 species, of which 14
are new ; Cercopidm, 8 species — 4 new ; Tettigoniidat , 46 species —-32
new ; Psyllida?, 6 species — all new; Aphidce, 26 species — 18 new ; Coc-
cida, 3 species — 2 new. The following 6 genera are proposed and de-
scribed : Carynota, Cyrtoisa [error for Cyrtosia], Telamone, Heleochara,
Frythroneura, and Empoa.

1851. Wheat Insects — Joint- Worm. (The Cultivator, New Series,

viii, October, 1851, pp. 321-324. )

Injuries of the joint- worm as related by a correspondent : A species
of fOapsus observed upon the wheat : The "joint-worm "described and
critically compared with the Hessian-fly worm, and with Miss Morris'
wheat-midge (an undetermined species), and is found to be different
from these or any known species.

1852. Cantharis vittata. (Journal N. Y. State Agricultural Society,

for October, 1852, iii, p. 55 — IS cm.)

Notes upon the striped blistering-fly, Cantharis vittata, which had en-
tirely destroyed some potato vines near Albany. Remarks upon their
blistering properties, with directions for collecting and preparing them
for use.

1854. Apple-tree Pests — ■ Schonherr's Weevil and the Orchard Moth.
(Trans. N. Y. State Agricultural Society, for 1853, xiii, 1854,
pp. 178-187.)

Account of Pachyrhynchus Schonherri of Kirby, identical with Cur-
culio Noveboracensis of Forster, eating the buds and young twigs of
apple-trees in Michigan ; also, of a caterpillar stripping all the leaves
from the orchards in Washington county, N. Y., which is named as
Argyrolcpia pomoriana n. sp. An allied species is described and named
as Argyrolepia sylmticana, or the Forest-moth. In a postscript to the
above, which had been published in the Salem Press of July 12th, Dr.
Fitch corrects an error iu relation to the orchard moth, and now names
it Chmtochilus pometellus. Dr. Harris having meantime published a
description of it as lihmosia pometetta, in a newspaper dated the 19th
of July. Dr. Fitch also describes and names an associated species as
Chmtoehilus contubernalettus .

Appended to the above, are two letters from Dr. Harris, in which he
notices the Michigan weevil as lthycerus Noveboracensis [its present
name], and the " Palmer-worm" or Rhinosia pometella, (pp. 188-192).
[Dr. Fitch was the first to describe the larva of this insect, while at the

ENTOMOLOGICAL PAPISM OF I)K. FITCH. 301

same time ho named (as Argyrolepia pomoriana) a moth as its parent
which was quite a different insect, belonging to a different family.]

1854. Insects of Algiers from (In- .Museum of Natural History of Pari*-,

confided to Asa Fitch, 11. D., for the Agricultural Society of
New York [13(5 named species as per list sent].

Remarks upon the Insects named in the above List, by Asa
Fitch. (Id., for 1853, xiii, 1854, pp. 369-379.)

In this paper Dr. Fitch, in remarking upon Colias Edusa, one of the
species received, indicates as New York insects, Colitis Philodicc
Godart, Colias Chrysothmw Boiad., Colias Phieomone Boisd., Colin*
nastes Hoisd OotitU 8antei n. sp., and Colin* Bdusa. In the notices of
the Coleoptera he gives several instances of retarded development
among the BvpTtstidm.

1855. [Entomology. No. I.] — Osage Orange Insect. (The Country

Gentleman, for Jan. IS, 1855, v, p. 38 — 77 centimeters.)

The Osage-orange has been highly esteemed and extensively used in
Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa, as a hedge-plant, from its adaptation to
the climate and its freedom from insectattack. White-ants have been
reported as injurious to it, but it is probable that they only attack the
roots after they are dead.

The insect now sent by Mr. Robert W. Kennimtt, as occurring on an
Osage-orange hedge in Granville, Ohio, is a species of Lecanium, fir
which if new, Mr. K. had proposed the name of CoCCUS machlTa ["from
the generic name of the plant, Madura auriuntii:a\. It is probably
identical with the fig-tree bark-louse, L. cartas of FabriciuSj but if
new, it should bear the name of L. macluriv. Dr. Fitch figures the
scales and describes them, and gives their natural history, drawn from
allied species. The proper remedies would be to remove the scales and
scrape the branches with a wooden-bladed knife, subsequently wash-
ing with gas-tar water or fish-oil ; or, if these are not convenient, then
with strong soap-suds, at intervals of a few days, two or three times.
For this, the spring of the year would be the best time. The trunk and
limbs, as a protection from future attack might be whitewashed, or
coated over with clay dissolved in water to the consistency of thick
paint.

[No notice of this Osage-orange depredator, as such, at least, appears
in the New York Reports. It is probably the same insect subse-
quently described (in 18G0) by Dr. Fitch as Lecanium acericorticis, from
maples in Albany, and identical with the Lecanium maclurm of Walsh
and Riley (Amer. Entomol., i, 1868, p, 14), and with the species de-
scribed by Rathvon (Pennsylvania Farm Journal, iv, August, 1854, pp.
256-258) as Coccus inrmmerabilis, now known as Pnlvinaria innumera-
bilis tRathvon).]

1855. [Entomology. No. II.] — The Hunter Weevil. (The Country
Gentleman, June 14, 1855, v, p. 373—56 cm.= 2 cols. The
Cultivator, July, 1855, Third Series, iii, p. .,'.) 1 — 40 cm.)

Gives the characters of weevils, to which this insect belongs. It is
identified as the Sphenophorus renatu-s of Say, described in 1831, and the

302 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

meaning of the scientific name is given. It is a common species and
had been observed since 1847 by Dr. Fitch, eating the leaves of corn,
and hiding under leaves and in other localities. [See Sphenopltorus
sculptilis, page 264, ante.]

1855. [Entomology. No. III.]— The Chinch Bug. (The Cultivator,
August, 1855, Third Series, iii, p. 238 — 37 cm.)

In reply to a communication from a correspondent in Indiana, giving
an extended account of the operations of the insect in corn and wheat-
fields, it is identified as the chinch-bug, and speculations upon the
origin of the name are offered. Originally described by Say as Lygmus
leucopteriis, it is referred by Dr. Fitch to the genus Micropui of Spinola.
Micropus tjpinoke Signoret, had recently been discovered and described,
from the environs of Paris.

1855. Entomology. No. IV.— The Apple Plant-Louse. (The Country
Gentleman, July 19, 1855, vi, p. 48 — 84 cm. The Culti-
vator, Sept. 1855, Third Series, iii, pp. 278, 279 — 80 cm.)

Gives directions for communicating specimens of insects. Six species
of apple plant-lice and bark-lice known, two of which are undescribed.
The Apple plant-louse examined, is identical with the Aphis mali of
Europe. Their description, natural history, secretion of honey-dew,
their enemies, and remedies ; of the latter are soap-suds, tobacco water,
and smoke ; the " Parapetticoat " of Dr. Lindley described.

1855. Entomology. No. V. — Insects which destroy Plant-Lice.
(The Country Gentleman, Sept. 6, 1855, vi, p. 158 — 84cm.)
Compares the offensive smell of a tree badly infested with the lice,
to that of stale fish : Remarks upon the rapid multiplication of the
aphides : The lady-bugs make the greatest havoc among them, and
their method of attack and their general habits are given : A general
account is given of the Aphis-lion — the larva of the lace-wing fly, of the
family of Hemerobiidce , which also destroys large numbers of plant-lice.

1855. Entomology. No. V, contin. — Insects which destroy Plant-
Lice. (The Country Gentleman, Sept. 13, 1855, vi, pp. 174,
175 — 55 cm.)

The Syrphus fly is mentioned as the third enemy of plant-lice, and
its habits narrated. They are also liable to the attack of one of the
lchneumonidm, of the genus Aphidius. The manner of oviposition, and
the development of the insect within the aphis is detailed. Gathering
these plant-lice enemies by a beating net, from hedges and forests, and
transferring them to infested trees, is recommended.

1855. Entomology. No. VI. — Gaylord's "Wheat-Caterpillar. (The
Country Gentleman, Nov. 22, 1855, vi, p. 331 — 37 cm. The
Cultivator, January, 1856, Third Series, iv, p. 19 — 28 cm.)

The caterpillar feeds on kernels of wheat, when in the milk and ripe:
they are described — habits are given — have long been known in
Western New York, but the perfect insect is unknown. It is believed
to belong to the Piatyptericicke. Mr. Gaylord describes the caterpillar
in Trans. N. Y. St. Agrictil. Soc, iii, p. 147. See also Cultivator, 1839,

ENTOMOLOGICAL PAPERS OF DK. FITCH. 303

vi, pp. 21 and 43. Differs from Dr. Harris' wheat caterpillars (Treatise,
p. 354).

1855. Entomology. No. VII.— The Wheat Thripa and Three-

banded Thrips. (The Country Gentleman, Dec. 13,1855, vi,
p. 385 — 84 cm.)

Specimens sent from Geneva, Wisconsin, as injuring the blossoinsof
wheat and clover early in July ; characters of the ThripididiB given; their
numerous food-plants ; ahundance, habits and injuries of the grain
Thrips. Thripa <•< rtalium, in England. The several stages of the Wis-
consin Bpecies an- described, and it is named Thrips tritici. A species
common upon wheal in Washington county, N. Y., on the 1st of June,
is described, and named Coieothlipn trifasdata. It had been seen upon
flowers of tansy [Tatitirtlum VUlgare] the last of July.

1856. Entomology. No. VIII. — Cut- Worms. (Country Gentle-

man, March 6, 1856, vii, pp. 154, 155 ; continued in no. for
March 15. id., p. 171 — 104 cm. The Cultivator, April,
1856, Third Series, iv, pp. 115, 116 — 78 cm.)

In reply to inquiries, states that cutworms appear to occur in all
soils. Their " biography " is given, and five different kinds are de-
scribed, which have not been reared to the perfect state, so that their
species are unknown. Two of our most common cut-worm moths, viz.,
Agrotis svbgothiea Haworth.aud Agrotit <>< Mutator Brace, aredescribcd;
and methods of subduing cut-worm ravages are given.

1856. Entomology. No. IX. — The American Vaporer Moth. (The
Country Gentleman, April 3, 1856, vii, pp. 217, 218; contin.
in no. for April 10, id., p. 235 — 106 cm. The Cultivator,
.May. 1856, Third Series, iv, pp. 154-156 — 80 cm.)

Discourses of the great beauty of the caterpillar, and describes the
insect iu its several stages (egg to imago). Describes its two principal
parasites, viz., Trichogramma ? orgyimu. sp. , and T. ? fraternan. sp.
Some of its ravages are mentioned, and for their prevention, destruc-
tion of its eggs is recommended.

1S56. Entomology. No. X. — Borer in Apple Trees — The Bu-
prestis. (The Country Gentleman, July 10, 1856, viii, p. 27
— TO cm. The Cultivator, August, 1856, Third Series, iv, pp.
240, 241—51 cm.)

Gives a statement of the operations upon apple-trees of some unde-
termined Buprestidae, with a general account of the thick-legged Bu-
prestis, Chryiobothris femorata, and method for preventing its ravages
by the use of soft soap.

1856. Entomology. No. XII.— The Rose-Bug. (The Country
Gentleman, July 31, 1856, viii, p. 75 — 70 cm. The Culti-
vator, Sept. 1856, Third Series, iv, pp. 270, 271 — 54 cm.)

Erroneously reported as poisonous to fowls. Its favorite food-plants
are mentioned, with description of the beetle, the natural history of the

304 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

insect, and its natural enemies. Remedies and preventives for its
ravages, and State bounties for its collection and destruction recom-
mended.

1856. The Joint- Worm in Barley. (Journal N. Y. State Agricul-

tural Society, for December, 1850, vii, p. 76 — 13 cm.)

Insects destructive to Barley, in Cazenovia, N. Y. , identified as Eury-
loma hordei, for the first time noticed in this State.

1857. Entomology. No. XIII. — The Prickly Leptostylus — a Worm

under the bark of Apple-Trees. (The Country Gentleman,
Jan. 29, 1857, ix, p. 78 — 77 cm. The Cultivator, March,
1857, Third Series, v, pp. 77, 7S — 58 cm.)

Account of its operations as observed by Mr. Clark, in Wisconsin.
Identified as the Leptostylus aculiferus of Say and described by Dr.
Fitch. Repeated applications of soap recommended for its prevention,
and suggestions made for its detection in its retreat.

1857. Entomology. No. XIV. — Insects Imbedded in the Interior
of Wood. (The Country Gentleman, March 26, 1S57, ix, pp.
201, 202 — 68 cm. The Cultivator, May, 1857, Third
Series, v, pp. 138, 139 — 46 cm.)

Remarks upon the importance of accompanying requests for infor-
mation upon insects submitted, with the statement of what is known
of them. Description of the Pigeon Tremex, Tremex Columba Linn.,
in its larval and pupal stages: mention of the trees which it infests
and the decay that results. No method known by which we may de-
stroy the larvae. Many are killed by a parasite. Attack upon a tree
may be arrested by a thick straw encasement preventing egg-deposit.

1857. Entomology. No. XV. — Grasshoppers. (The Country Gentle-
man, July 16, 1857, x, pp. 42, 43 — 96 cm. The Cultiva.
tor, August, 1857, Third Series, v, pp. 245, 246 — cm. 70.)

Inquiries from Scott county, Minn., in relation to a grasshopper
which came from the Northwest by millions, and were in June of the
following year, consuming every green thing [evidently Caloptenus
spretus}. Dr. Fitch presents a picture of locust visitations and devas-
tations in the old world. The immature species sent to him cannot be
named, although evidently not the Acridium femur-rubrum, which
species is sometimes gregarious and migratory, and approaches the
locust of the east in its ravages. Our knowledge of the means of
controlling locust ravages is better than of any other insect, from the
study given it from the earliest times. It is by collecting and destroy-
ing the eggs and young insects. The extent to which this has been
done in Europe, China and elsewhere, is stated, and also how it may
best be done.

1857. Weevil in Seeds from the Patent Office. (Journal N. Y. State
Agricultural Society, for July, 1857, Viii, p. 29 — 11 cm.)

Insects discovered in a package of Patent Office seed, labeled " Spring
Barley from Italy," found to be the grain-weevil, Calandra granaria

ENTOMOLOGICAL PAPKB8 OJ DR. FITCH. 305

of I.inmcus. The same insect litis been very destructive to seeds in
the collections of the State Agricultural Society. Dr. Pitch remarks .
" Schcanherr has given the generic ;his species and

its kindred, bu1 as the larva of this Insect as own in

Europe bj the popular name Calandrt from which Clairville derived
the name of his genus Calandra, of which genus this Insect must be
considered the true type, we regard the name proposed by Schcenherr
to be illegitimate nnd untenable.''

1857. TheMayBeetla (Th Fanner, for August, 1857,

xviii, v i Ser., pp. 239 -241.) .

After remarks upon the Importance of ascertaining the correct scien-
tific name of an insect, a severe criticism Is made upon " the disin-
genuous ets Dr. Harris," that lie had proposed the genus
PfyUop7iaga for this insect iii lS'ji;. Before its publication in i^'JT,
LoahnotU nut had been designated for it by Rev. .Mr. Hope. It had long
been known under the specific name of gutrdtm, hat this must give
way toftttea of Frohlich, under which it was described in 1793. The
eeding destruc the beetle, at times, is stated.it having
entirely stripped cherry and plum trees of their leaves. The lame,
usually solitary, sometimes liecome gregarious, when their injuries are
intensified. The insect's life-history is not known, but is believed to be
analogous to that . 'nailer of Europe. For the destruction
of the grabs, when they abound in grass-lauds, the fields should be
fenced, and swine turned in to root them out. For destroy in
beetles, trees where they collect should be shaken for them. Some
trees which gave the first night two pailfuls, gave tbe lifth night but
two beetles.

1857. Entomology. No. XVI. — The Hunter Weevil in Young
Corn. — Beetles upon, and Worms in, Potato Vines. — Goose-
berry Insects. (The Country Gentleman, August 6, HS57, x.
p. 91 — 35 cm. The Cultivator, September, 1S57, Third
Series, v. p. 273 — 34 cm.)

In reply to inquiries made from Bainbridge, N. Y., of "a new corn
insect," and telling of its injuries to tbe young blades of corn, the in-
sect is identified as SpJwnophoru* venatiu Say, and the recommendation
made tbat children should be employed to collect and kill tbe beetles.
The potato beetle is recognized as the black blistering-beetle, Cantharis
atrata, and tbe borer in the vine as an unknown species of Oortyna
fnow known to be Gortyna nitela Guen.]. The larva infesting goose-
berries in Ashfield, Mass., is not identified.

1857. Wheat-Midge. (Journal X. Y. State Agricultural Society, for

November, 1857, viii, pp. GT, 08 — 27 cm.)

Dr. Fitch's determination of the wheat-midge as identical with tbe
Cecidotnyvi tritki, of Europe, had been dissented from by M. Amyot, of
Paris, but was subsequently accepted by the French Entomologists. Not
being accompanied in this country with any parasite, the measures are
stated which have been taken for the importation of its European
parasite.
39

306 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

1858. Entomology. No. XVI, bis. — Experiments. Soap on Apple-
Trees. — Powdered Charcoal on Cucumber Plants. (The Culti-
vator, August, 1858, Third Series, vi, pp. 238, 239 — 43 cm.)
Abraxas? ribearia identified, as sent from Ilion, N. Y., and reference
made to its description in Trans. N. Y. St. Agricul. Society for 1847, p.
461 ; band-picking recommended for its destruction. The efficacy of
the soap protection of apple-trees from the borer, Saperda Mvittata, hav-
ing been questioned, Dr. Fitch experimented with it, with the follow-
ing results : in twelve trees not soaped, twenty-four borers bad been
discovered during the year, while in twenty-two soaped irees, not one
borer could be detected . Powdered charcoal failed to protect from the
cucumber-beetle, while boxes open at top and bottom gave effectual
protection, as also against "the cut-worm, the large stinking squash-
bug, and all ['?] other insect depredators."

1858. Entomology. No. XVII — The Pall Web- Worm. (The

Cultivator, November, 1858, Third Series, vi, pp. 341, 342 —
55 cm.)

The insect was extremely abundant the present year. Its scientific
name in both genus and species, means " the weaver." The moth is
briefly described, its natural history given, together with its larval
habits and the construction of its web. It prefers for food the ash.aud
next in order, cherry, walnut, plum, apple and willow. There are
two other Ermine moths. While Hyphantria textor is spotless, H.
punctata n. sp., has a black dot on the center of each front wing
(Trans. N. Y. St. Agricul. Soc, for 1856, p. 383), and H. cunea, of
Drury, has numerous small black spots on the front wings.

1S58. Wheat-Midge. (Transactions N. Y. State Agricultural Society,
for 1857, xvii, 1858, pp. 319, 320.)

Extract from a letter of Dr. Fitch, narrating a comparison made by
the distinguished French entomologist, M. Amyot, of our wbeat-midge
with the Cecidomyia tritici of Europe, and the pronounced identity of the
two. Also, absence of any wheat-midge parasites in this country, and
steps taken for their importation from Europe.

1S58. Say's Heteropterous Hemiptera. (Transactions N. Y. State
Agricultural Society, for 1857, xvii, 1858, p. 754.)

Preface to description of new species of Heteropterous Hemiptera of
New York, by Thomas Say, New Harmony, Indiana. December,
1831 (lb., pp. 755-812). Printed from a transcript copy made by Dr.
Fitch from one of the two copies known to be extant.

1859. Entomology. No. XVIII. —The Golden Tortoise Beetle.

(The Country Gentleman, Jan. 20, 1859, xiii, p. 50 — 66 cm.)

Gives its operations on convolvulus and other food-plants, characters
of the family of tortoise-beetles or Cassididce, and generic distinctions.
Describes, with figures, this species, Coptocycla aurichalcea, of which C.
punctata, although an older name, should be regarded as a synonym,
for reasons given.

ENTOMOLOGICAL PAPBBS OF DIt. FITCH. 307

L869. A New Barley Insect. (Journal N. Y. State Agricultural
Society, for April. 1869, X, pp. 114, 115 — 25 cm.)

From' infested barley-straw sent from Caaenovia, N. Y., sixty Bies
were obtained which are of a different species from tlie Eurytoma hor-
dci of Or. Harris. The name Pteromalus? tritici is proposed for it.

1859. A New Barley Insect. (The Country Gentleman, April 21,
1859, riii, p. 250 — 20 cm.)

From some barley joints, received from Cazenovia, N. T., sixty ex-
iimplt's of I'ltiih-idiihr were bred, of one species, one-fourthof wbich
wire males, and no parasites among them. They are found to be quite
uniform, ami different from the Massachusetts barley -fly, and both species
different from the Virginia joint-worm. They are the only insects of
the family yet discovered which feed on vegetation, all the other species
being parasitic on other insects They appear to be more nearly
allied to Pteromahu than to Eurytoma, wbere placed by Dr. Harris.

The distinctive features of the three species, viz., the black -legged
or Massachtisc its Barley-fly (Ptcromnlusf Imrihi Harris), the joint-
worm fly (herein named Ptcromalusf tritici), and the yellow-legged
Barley-fly (Pteroma vpt*)t are briefly given, in advance of

publication iu next Annual Keport.

1859. The Thousand-Legged Worm. (The Oouutry Gentleman, July
14, 1859, xiv, p. 27 — 10 cm.)

Reply to an inquiry, from Armstrong county. Pa., of a worm killing
the young cucumber, radish, beaus, onions, and the large strawberry :
the latter, when near ripe, often contains fifty of them. They had been
destroyed by hot water after drawing them by thousands beneath
boards laid on the walks in the evening. Dr. Fitch could not deter-
mine the species, not having studied the group. They belonged to the
genus Julus, and are usually regarded as inoffensive, living only on de-
caying matter, as Julus Americnnus Beauv., our largest species, often
found in old rotten logs. Hardly a bucket of water bad been drawn
from Dr. Fitch's well during the season tbat did not have one or two
of these worms in it, which had crawled from their retreats among t'be
stones, and fallen in. When discovered in garden vegetables, they are
probably attracted by decay or putrefaction following some insect at-
tack. The strawberries may have been first eaten by ants or other
insects.
1859. Entomology. No. XIX. — Beetles Infesting Grape-vines.
(The Country Gentleman, Sept. 15,1859, xiv, p. 171 — 56 cm.)
\a reply to inquiries from Westfield, N. Y., describes and figures the
spotted Peliduota (Pelidnota punctata); describes the Ligbt-loving An-
omala (Anomala lucicola) with its varieties, viz , the Gloomy Anomala
(marens Fabr.), the Spotted-necked Anomala (maculicollis), the true
Light-loving Anomala (lucicola Fabr.), and the Black Anomala (atrata
Fabr.i ; notices briefly the Rose-bug (Macrodactylu* subspinosus), and
cites the conflicting evidences tbat fowls do and do not eat it ; gives
the natural history of the grape-vine flea-beetle (llaltica chcUybea), and
recommends as a remedy, tbat the beetles be searched for in their re-
treats and destroyed early in the spring.

308 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

1859. Entomology. No. XX.— The Parasitic Destroyer of the
Curculio. (The Country Gentleman, Oct. 6, 1859, xiv, p.
221 — 60 cm.)

The Curculio regarded as our most injurious insect; at first, in 1746,
it seemed confined to nectarines, later it attacked the plums, and still
later, apples and cherries. A parasite had lately been received from
St. Catharines, Canada West, with its history as observed. It is an
internal parasite, and of this class, the " four very extensive families
named Ichneumon, Bracon, Chalets and Proctotrupes " are compared
by their venation and other features, with a figure of the wing of the
curculio parasite in illustration. The new parasite belongs to the
Bracon family, and is shown to be a Sigalphus, and the specific name
of curculionis is deemed an appropriate one. Itsdescription with figure
is given, together with its habits and operations as drawn from those of
allied known species. The black-knot, in which this parasite is bred,
is a vegetable fungus analogous to the smut on corn.

1859. Maple Leaf-Cutter. (The Country Gentleman, lb., p. 225 —

11 cm.)

In reply to inquiries made of some insects sent from North Claren-
don, Vt., the examples are identified as Ornix acerifnliella Fitch, de-
scribed in the Second Report on N. Y. Insects (pp. 269-273 of 1st and
2d Reports). [The species has been subsequently referred to the genus
Incurveiria of Haworth. Lord Walsingham thinks that Tinea iridella
Chambers (Canad. Ent., 1873, v, p. 86), may be the same insect.]

1860. Address, on our most Pernicious Insects, delivered at the An-

nual Meeting [of the State Agricultural Society], February,
1859. (Transactions N. Y. State Agricultural Society, for
1859, xix, 1860, pp. 5S8-598.)

Treats of five species of wheat insects, viz., the Wheat-midge, Grain
weevil, Hessian fly, Joint-worm, and Chinch-bug ; and four of fruit
trees, viz., the moth of the apple-tree caterpillar, the apple-tree
borer, the peach-tree borer, and the Curculio.

1860. Address of Asa Fitch, M. D., Entomologist of the Society, on
the Curculio and Black Knot on Plum Trees. (Transactions
N. Y. State Agricultural Society, for 1859, xix, 1860, pp. 599-
612.)

The Curculio thought to be our most injurious insect. It was first
noticed near Philadelphia, in 1746, but we are still ignorant of its life
for three-fourths of the year. The beetle is described, and its earliest
appearance abroad said to vary from 1st of April to middle of May. It
continues until late in autumn. An account of the nature of its in-
juries in various fruits is given. A new brood appears in July, some
of which oviposit in the black-knot. The excrescence is described ;
on its surface the fungus, Spheeria morbosa, is always found. But the
black-knot itself, is not a fungus, nor is it produced by insect attack.
Later, it is believed that the curculio oviposits in the bark of plum-
trees and butternut-trees Its only known parasite, Sigalphus cureu-

ENTOMOLOGICAL PAPERS OF DR. FITCH, 309

fonts, had recently been discovered and described. For remedies, the
jarring method was not sufficient, Showering, at first appearance of
the curcalio, with whale-oil soap ami tobacco -water is recommended.
Plum-trees bordering water-courses have escaped attack,

18G0. The most Pernicious Species | of | United States Insects, | and
| the Curculio, | two Addresses delivered at the Annual
Meetings of | the New York State Agricultural Society, | A.
D., L859 ami 1860 | — | by Asa Fitch, M. D., | Entomologist
of the Sooiety . | — j Albany. | Printed by C. Van Ben thuysen.
I860. | Pamph. with half title cover, pp.28.

Published as a separate of the two preceding papers,
I860. Ravages of Insects on Forest and Fruit Trees — Remedy.
(Transactions N. Y. State Agricultural Society for 1859, xix,
1860, jip. 775,776.)

Notice of a Scale-insect infesting trees in Albany, believed to be a
new species and named by Dr. Fitch as Lecanium acericorlici.t. [This
species is now accepted as identical with Puivinaria iriiiunierabilis
(Rathvon), for an admirable article upon which by the late J. Duncan
Putnam, see the Proceedings of Vie Davenport Aeach my of Natural
v.v, ii, 18S0, pp. 295-347, pi. xii, xiii.]

1860. Entomology. No. XXI. — Locust Leaf-miners. (The Country
Gentleman, February 2, 1860, xv, p. S2 — 40 cm.)

Describes and figures the mines in locust leaves sent from Plymouth,
Md., which are large and irregular, and have only the upper layer of
the parenchyma eaten. Such mines had not been seen by Dr. Fitch
and the insect therefore could not be determined. The eggs had been
placed on the underside of the leaf, in the angles where the principal
veins branch from the midvein. At first the young larva feeds on the
lower parenchyma, which it deserts for the upper layer, the excavated
portion below showing subsequently as a small brown spot on the lower
surface of the leaf. It probably leaves the leaf for its final transfor-
mation. It may possibly be the Locust Hispa, Anoplites Scutellaria, of
whose operations no account had been given. It cannot be the Flat-
tened locust leaf-miuer, Anacampsis Rohiniella, or the slender locust
leaf-miner, Argyromiges Pseudacacielia [both of Fitch], which, al-
though they form a similar white blister-like spot on the surface of
a leaf, yet it is always on the lower surface, it being the lower layer
of the parenchyma which their larva? eat.

1860. The Entomologist. No. XXII. — The Seven teen- Year Cicada.
(The Country Gentleman, March 29, 1860, xv, p. 210—50 cm.)

Newspapers are announcing the coming of the 17-year locust the
present year. The name of locusts and grasshoppers are synonymous.
Their multiplication and ravages, at times, were well known. The
name of locust had probably been given to the 17-year cicada by the
first European settlers, when they were alarmed by their numbers and
noise when seen for the first time. The name of locust, as applied to
them, should be discarded for that of cicada, but the desirable change

310 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

may not be accepted, so long as the wheat-midge continues to be called
the " weevil." The protracted larval stage of the cicada is most re-
markable. Linnasus, with his usual felicity in application of names,
should have designated it as Cicada Methuselah. The regularity of its
almost simultaneous appearance is also remarkable. It is desirable
that the geographical extension of the coming brood should be ascer-
tained, so that its future visitations may be definitely predicted. The
time of appearance of other broods is mentioned, and reference is made
for further information of the species to the Transactions of the N. Y.
State Agricultural Society for 1854, p. 72.

1860. The Hunter Weevil. (The Country Gentleman, June 14,
1860, xv, p. 384 — 8 cm.)

Identification of the species (Sphenophorus venatus Say), from Onon
daga county, N. Y. , and pronounced identical with the " bill-bug or
the corn-bug," of the Patent Office Report for 1854.

1860. Kavages of Insects on Forest and Fruit Trees — Kemedy.
(Journal N. Y. State Agricultural Society, for July, I860,
si, No. 3, pp. 21, 22 — 22 cm.)

In a letter to Hon. B. P. Johnson, Dr. Fitch remarks upon a species
of scale-insect depredating upon the trees in the parks and gardens in
Albany, giving its natural history, and suggesting oil or grease as the
best remedy to be used against it. He compares it with the Lecanium
aceris of Europe, and as it seems to differ from that species, he had
given it in his manuscripts the name of Lecanium acericorticis, or the
maple-bark scale-insect. [Is Pulvinaria innumerabilis (Rathvon).]

1860. The Entomologist. No. XXIIL— The Striped Flea-beetle.
(The Country Gentleman, July 12, 1860, xvi, p. 36 —40 cm.)

Insects sent from Solsville, Madison county, N. Y., as attacking
beans under ground, when well-sprouted and within a half-inch of the
surface, boring minute holes on the inner side of each half of the bean
Btunting it and causing it to turn black — are recognized as the striped
flea-beetle, Haltica (Phyllotreta) striolata of Illiger. Its favorite food is
mustard, but it is very fond of young cabbage plants, the cultivation
of which it sometimes arrests in the vicinity of New York. Its under-
ground habit of feeding seems to be unusual to it. The insect is
described and its somewhat confused synonymy given. Dusting with
lime, ashes, soot, etc., is recommended for arresting its ravages, as
also, frequently driving them from the plants, as they are timid insects.

1860. The Entomologist. No. XXIV.— The Pear-blight Beetle.
(The Country Gentleman, November 8, 1860, xvi, p. 302 —
44 cm. )

The insect is sent from Southampton county, Pa. , as having destroyed
a number of apple-trees. It attacks also the plum and apricot. It is
the Scolytus pyri of Professor Peck [now known as Xyleborus pyri],
and a description is given of it, with a statement of its habits. In the
middle of summer, twigs are seen to wither. On examination, a small
perforation like a pin-hole may be seen at several of the buds, upon

ENTOMOLOGICAL PAPERS OP DR. FITCH. 311

the bark. From these the burrows proceed, extending upward into the
pith. Tlie bet-tie also infests the trunks of trees, probably in its first
brood. The remedy for the twig-blight is found in cutting off the
blighted twigs as soon as observed, and burning them. For the attack
upon the trunk, no remedy is known.

L861. The Entomologist. No. XXV.— The Qniuce Tingis. (The
Country Gentleman, February It, 1861, xvii, p. 25 — 45 cm.)

Inserts sent from Leominster, Mass., with account of serious injuries
to quince trees for the past three years, from July until late in the au-
tumn. Tin- eggs are laid ami the inseets work on the underside of the
leaves, causing them to color and shrivel as if scorched by fire. The
general appearance of the Tinffida of the Hemiptera, to which the in-
sect belongs, is described, looking like little drops of dried froth made
up of numerous air-bubbles. This species is similar to Tingitpffri, of
Europe, and is almost identical with Timjis areuata of Say. Dr. Fitch
had describee! a form found on butternut leaves as T.juglandU, but he
has Bince come to the conclusion that it is but a straight wing-margined
form of T. areucUa. The quince form is described and figured, and
compared with T. arouata, and is named Tingii cydonim. Its young
form is also described. No remedy is known for its injuries. For
destruction of noxious insects, the Hydropult, made by the American
Hydropult Co. of New York, is highly recommended. By means of
this, a number of alkaline washes and bitter infusions may be con-
veniently showered, and often with great success. [No notice of this
species appears in Dr. Fitch's Annual Reports.J

1861. The Entomologist. No. XXVL— The Wheat-Midge. (The
Country Gentleman, April 1, 1861. xvii, p. 226 — 39 cm.)

For about thirty years, the midge has existed in the State of New
York, as a formidable wheat pest. Last summer it was remarkably
diminished or wholly extinct. Two species occur together in our wheat
fields, the 0. Iritici and C. cerealis of similar habits, but the last is
much the more rare. The habits and transformations are given. The
C. Iritici may be readily recognized when it enters our windows at-
tracted by lights on warm and sultry evenings in June, by the bright
yellow color of its body unlike any other minute fly that occurs in the
same situation. They usually appear in the wheat-fields in New York,
about the 15th of June. A guide for looking for them in other locali-
ties would be, at the time when the first solitary fire-flies are seen
abroad, and when the white flowers of the locust-trees commence to
fade and drop to the ground.

1861. The Entomologist. Xo. XXVII. — Disappearance of the
Wheat- Midge. (The Country Gentleman, May 2, 1861, xvii,
p. 290—36 cm.)

In 1859, the wheat in Central New York was reported as not injured
by the midge. The following year, the insects were abundant about
lamps in AVashington county (Eastern New York), during the middle
of June, but in July, no larvae could be found in wheat-heads in a cir-
cuit of several miles. The same exemption from attack was found

312 FIRST ANNUAL KEPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

upon examination in the wheat in adjoining counties in Vermont. In
Canada West, the wheat was also uninjured the preceding year. In
Western New York, the insect continues to be as common as hereto-
fore. It appears then, that over a large extent of country, its injuries
have greatly diminished, and in some places entirely ceased. Wheat
may again be sown with every prospect of abundant return. The
midge may again increase and become as great a pest as before, yet it
seems more probable that its greatest injuries have passed, and that
they will never again be repeated to the same extent, in this country.

1861. The Entomologist. No. XXVIII.— The Apple-tree Borer.
(The Country Gentleman, June (5, 18G1, xvii, p. 370 — 18 cm.)

In reply to inquiries made from Kansas of a borer injuring the young
limbs of apple-trees in the manner detailed, the insect is identified as
the Bostrichus bicaudatus of Say [now known as Ampldcerus bicauda-
tus]. A description is given of it, and it is represented as common in
the orchards of Michigan and Illinois, ranging from Pennsylvania to
Mississippi, but not known to occur in New York or New England.
Directions are given how to discover its attack, and for destroying it
by cutting off and burning the infested twigs, or, when it enters at a
fork of the limbs as stated in the inquiry, by thrusting in a wire until
the beetle is reached and killed.

1861. The Army- Worm and Cut-Worm. (The Country Gentleman,
July 4, 1861, xviii, p. 18 —20 cm.)

The Cut-worms that sever the young cabbages, leaves, etc., so well
known to all gardeners, are the progeny of the dark-colored " millers "
that enter our houses on summer evenings, of which there are many
species belonging to the genus Agroitis [Agrotis], of the Noctuidm.

The Army-worm Dr. Fitch supposes to be "one of our common cut-
worms multiplied to excess and having become gregarious and migra-
tory like the locust." Specimens of the worms had been sent from
Illinois which resembled the cut-worm except in its brighter colors, the
result perhaps of its greater exposure to light. The moths had been
received from Maryland, but in too poor a condition- for identification,
and its species was therefore at the present unknown . The " black
worm " which had been so remarkably destructive over large districts,
at intervals, in New England (several instances cited), are believed to
have been traveling swarms of one of our common cut- worms.

1861. The Entomologist. No. XXIX.— The Army- Worm Moth.
(The Country Gentleman, July 25, 1861, xviii, p. 66 — 49 cm.)
Dr. Fitch tells the story of. his specific identification of the army-
worm moth, which is of sufficient interest to justify its quotation. A
specimen of the army-worm and the moth bred from it, had been sent
to him from a correspondent in Illinois, in a tin tube of alcohol, the
moth proving when extracted to be " a soft, shapeless black mass. On
carefully disentangling and spreading its wings, and drying it, my
first step was to compare it with the broken and effaced specimens re-
ceived last year from Maryland. I hereupon saw that the Army- worm
in Maryland last year and that now in Illinois were undoubtedly one

BNTOMOLOGIOAI I'APKUs OP DE. PITCH. 313

and the same insect. And dow, by :i searching look from one to the
other of these soiled mill iniprrfi-rt specimens 1 was able to gather
from them certaio marks by which 1 thought I could recognise this
Insect it I chanced to have any other specimens of it in my collections,
fjpon looking over the moths of the cut-worms, I find nothing like this
among them. Turning then to another group, lo, here I have it ' — two
perfect specimens received a few years since in a line collection from
Professor D. S. Sheldon .if [owa College. Lout T)n! The riddle is
now read. What for nearly a score "f years I have been so anxious to

obtain, 1 now have ! 1 Know what the ninth of this Army worm now is I

And in tin' fulness of my joy hereupon, I thank you, Prof. Sheldon,
and you Dr. Bartlett, and Dr. Jenkins, each and all, thai you have col-
lectively furnished me with such clues as have enabled me to make
this discovery ."

The above is followed by the history of the species — its naming by
Ilaworth and renaming by UuemSe, as given in the New York Reports
(6th— 9th, pp. 128, 134), and a description of the moth, as reproduced in

p. 135, toe. dt.

1861. The Hunter Weevil. (The Country Gentleman, August 1,
1861, xviii, p, so — ? cm.)

Identification of tho species sent from Skaneateles, N Y , together
with statement of its ravages.

1861. The Grain Aphis. (The Country Gentleman, August 8, 1861,
xviii, p. 96 — 11 cm.)

Numerous examples of the insect from various parts of New York,
Connecticut and Massachusetts had been received for name, at the
office of the Country Gentleman, in reply to which a letter of Dr. Fitch
to Mr. B. P. Johnson, is published.

The insect is identified as Aphis an im Fabr., or Aphis granaria of
Kirby and Curtis. Early in the season it attacks wheat, rye and bar-
ley, and as these grains harden, it deserts them for the oats, which it in
jures more severely. Its manner of attack is noticed Various species of
Ichneumon flies, Syrphus flies, and Lady-bugs have attacked it strongly,
and will probably subdue it. Chloride of lime dusted over the plants
might disengage a gas which would destroy them, and experiment
with it is asked for.

1861. The Entomologist. No. XXX.— The Grain Aphis. (The
Country Gentleman, August 15, 1861, xviii, p. 114 — 74 cm.)

First became numerous a year ago — observations upon it the present
season — its identification as Aphis avewe of Fabr.. A granaria of
Kirby and Curtis — its habits — a parasitic attack upon it, and other
insect enemies, — all of which is reproduced, with additional matter, in
the Fitch Reports, 6th-9th, pp. 91-100. Following the above, is a note
upon the wheat-midge, representing it as again injurious in Washing-
ton county, although no larva? were to be found in the wheat the pre-
ceding year, whence it appears that the insect has some other place in
which to breed : recommends the importation of its natural parasites.
40

314 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

1861. The Grain Aphis. (The New York Observer, of October 17,
1861.)

Referred to in Dr. Fitch's 6t7i-9th Septs. Ins. _ZV. T. , p. 91, but has
not been seen by me.

1861. Snapping Beetle — Blight on Apple-Trees. (The Country
Gentleman, August 22, 1861, xviii, p. 130 — 15 cm.)

A correspondent from Plattsburg, N. Y., whose trees are dying from
the scaling off of the bark, sends a beetle supposed to occasion the
trouble.

The beetle proves to be one of the ElfUeridm — species unknown.
The injury results from some other cause, perhaps is of the same nature
as the " fire-blight " of the pear-tree.

1861. An Important Caution. (The Country Gentleman, Septem-

ber 5, 1861, xviii, p. 161 — 11 cm.)

Where a grain-field has been infested with the Grain aphis, no ani-
mal should be pastured on the stubble of that field for three weeks
after the harvest. The Lady-bugs which have gathered there to feed
upon the aphis secrete a yellow acid juice from their joints, which is
believed to be poisonous to animals eating many of the beetles. Some
hogs having been turned into an oat-field the third day after its cut-
ting, one became enormously swollen and died about noon, and others
of them were seriously affected. A span of horses also became swol-
len upon being turned into an oat-field.

1S62. Insects the past Year [1861]. (Transactions N. Y. State Agri-
cultural Society, for 1861, xxi, 1862, pp. 27-31.)

Brief notice of insects studied during the year, viz., Grain-aphis,
Army-worm and Wheat-midge. Remarks upon the great fecundity of
the Aphis, the descendents of a single individual in twenty days
amounting to upwards of two millions. The Army-worm determined
for the first time. Number of parasites upon the Wheat-midge in
Europe.

1862. The Entomologist. Entomological Events of the past Year.

(Country Gentleman, for February 20, 1862, xix, p. 124— 54
cm.)

Read as a letter, at the winter meeting of the N. T. State Agricul-
tural Society, in February, 1862. Gives the observations and studies
of Dr. Fitch during the preceding year, upon the Grain Aphis, the
Army -worm and the Wheat-midge.

1862. The Entomologist. No. XXXI. — Insect Tumors and Wounds
in Kaspberry Stalks. (Country Gentleman, for May 22, 1862,
xix, p. 335 — -52 cm.)

Infested galls upon wild raspberry, Rubus strigosus, from Lockport,
N. Y., and identical ones upon the Antwerp variety of raspberry, Rubus
Idosus, from Poughkeepsie, N. Y., gave some gall insects which were
apparently an undescribed species of the family Gyniphidae and of the

ENTOMOLOGICAL PAPERS OF DR. FITCH. 315

genus Fiffites. They are accordingly named Figites ntlma-caulU, or the
raspberry-stalk gall-bee. The insect and its habits are described, to-
gether with its gall.

Some raspberry canes were received, showing a row of small holes
bored into them for the reception of small, shining white eggs, causing
the canes to crack open and show the pith, I>r. Fitch had seen the same
in wild raspberry, also in willow, and in cherry. In 1858, the apple-
twigs in some orchards in Akron, O., wire extensively injured in the
same manner. Watch was set for the depredator — it was caught in
the act — sent to Vr. l<\, and by him identilied as the Buffalo tree-hop.
per, Ceresa bubalus Fabr.

[Professor Riley, in his Fifth Hipnrt on tin Truteti of Missouri, p.
121, states that the above punctures are the work of another inBect,
viz., the Snowy cricket, (Kuinthus niveau Harris. The punptures made
by 0. bubalus are different, as figured (loc. cit., fig. 50) and described.]

1862. The Buffalo Tree-IIopper. (The American Agriculturist, for
June. 1862, xxi, p. 172.)

Communicates a portion of the matter relating to this insect con-
tained in the 12th Report on the Insects of N. Y. (Trans. N. Y. St.
/, xxvii, 18GT, pp. 889-893).

1862. The Entomologist. No. XXXII. — The Asparagus Beetle.
(The Country Gentleman, for July 31, 1862, xx, pp. 81, 82
— 73 cm.)

The Asparagus plant grows wild in Europe, Africa and the West
Indies. Since first introduced in this country, perhaps two hundred
years ago, it has been exempt from the insects that attack it in Europe,
until the present time, when its principal European pest, the Crioceris
asparagi. has been discovered in Queens ccunty, on Long Island. The
beetle and its larva are described and figures presented of them.
In considering the means of combatting the insect, the fact ia stated
that the long experience with it in Europe had given no better
method than that of hand-picking ; it is therefore probable that the
same method will have to be employed here. This need not be re.
garded as an irksome and endless task — it may become a pleasant
pastime. It is believed to be possible to exterminate it, by diligently
collecting it by hand from the few plants that it may be necessary to
grow, and cutting down all others during two or three months, com-
mencing early in June. An organized effort for its prompt extermina-
tion through Horticultural and Agricultural Societies, and the appoint-
ment of efficient town committees, is recommended

1862. The Entomologist. No. XXXIII.— The Maple Psocus.
(The Country Gentleman, September 4, 1S62, xx, p. 162 —
35 cm.)

Insects received from Prospect H'll, N. Y., where on August 11th,
they were infesting fruit and ornamental trees. Their first appearance,
in a wingless state, was about the 1st of August ; later (when sent)
they were winged. They were said to be remarkably timid creatures.

316 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

occurring on the shady side of the branches, from which they sucked
the sap.

The same species had been observed by Dr. Fitch, July 29, 1854, on
maple, and on the shad-bush (Amclanchier botryapium) [A. Canadensis
var. botryapium]. It belongs to the Psocidm, of which the " book-
louse " is a familiar example — called also, " dust-louse," from its be-
ing at times found abundantly in the sweepings of neglected chambers,
— known from its clicking call to its mate, as the death-watch [is
Olothilla pulsatoria]. It eats dried plants and insects — is readily de-
stroyed by camphor.

The Maple Psocus is the largest of our species. Dr. Fitch had pre-
viously given it the MS. name of Psocus aceris, and it is now described.
[It is the Psocus venosus of Burmeister : see Hagen's Neuroptera of
North America, 1861, p. 10.]

1863. A brief account | of the most important | Injurious Insects |
of the | United States | — | By Asa Fitch, M. D. | New
York State Entomologist. | — ■ ] Albany: | Luther Tucker &
Son, 395 Broadway. | 1863. | Pamph., 12 mo. pp. vi (includ-
ing title-page, cover and index of subjects and illustrations)
+ 293-321, from the Illustrated Annual of Rural Affairs.

Contains general remarks upon insects, describes their several stages,
gives their divisions iuto orders and mentions other groups. Among
their economic divisions are noticed (often at considerable extent) : I.
Insects injurious to fruit-trees ; of which are these : the curculio, ap-
ple-tree caterpillar, fall web-worm, apple-tree borer, peach-tree borer,
and apple bark-louse. II. Insects injurious to grain crops • among
which are the wheat-midge, Hessian-fly, four species of Eurytoma,
chinch-bug, Angoumois moth (Butalis cerealella), grain-aphis (Aphis
avence Fabr.), graiu-weevil (Oalandra granaria Linn.), and cut- worms.
III. Insects injurious to gardens, as, the cucumber-bug, squash-bug,
flea beetle, rose-bug, and asparagus beetle. The above insects are illus-
trated in thirtj'-four figures.

1863. Insects. — The Grain Aphis, Wheat Midge, etc. (Transactions
N.Y. St. Agricultural Society, for 1862, xxii, 1863, pp. 32-38.)

An essay read by Dr. Fitch at the Rochester State Fair, evening
meeting, October 1st, 1802.

The Grain Aphis has existed in Europe from time immemorial. It
was named and described by Linnaeus eighty-one years ago, as Aphis
avence. European accounts of it are meager and imperfect, but its
history had been completed by Dr. Fitch recently. Its sudden irrup-
tion last year in New York aud New England was our first observation
of it. This year it extended westward over Canada into Michigan. It
had probably existed iu this country in limited numbers for many
years, having been observed on wheat seventeen years ago. No aphis
had hitherto shown such a sudden excessive multiplication. During
the last of June two great changes occur : the scattered individuals on
leaves and stalks congregate on the heads, and change from grass-green
to yellow .

ENTOMOLOGICAL PAPERS OF DR. FITCH. 317

This species is an exception to the ordinary generation ot aphides,
in that it deposits no egg in the autumn, luit hibernates beneath the
snow. No eggs have been observed, nor males — it apparently pro-
duces young indefinitely, The winged forms produce two young in a

night — the wingless, four : these last bring forth young in three days.
Various insects thai prey upon them are noticed,

[The above (except the assembling and change of color) is additional
to the account given in 6th -8th Repte. insects X. V , pp. '.H-U8.J

Remarks upon the Wheat-midge and other insects were mad.' in a
general discussion following the essay.

18G3. Locust-Tree Borer. (Transactions N. Y. State Agricultural
Society, for 1863, xxii, 18(13, p. 88.)

Notices the occasional attack of the Glyiua robinia \Qyttme robinfa]
upon the honey-locust, GHe&ttaMa tri'irant/n/n, as well as upon the com-
mon locust ; also, ci.nHi-ha Latreittana [< Char p. J as a
rare species.

18G3. The May-Beetle. Worm on Grape-Vines. (The Country
Gentleman, for June 18, 18(13, xxi, p. 300 — 13 cm.)

Identification of the May-beetle, Laehnoittrna fllSCO, as injuring
cherry-trees, after dark, at Bailey's Cross Roads, Va., occasionally
stripping them, and also plum-trees, of all their leaves. Shaking upon
sheets, killing with boiling water, anil feeding to swine or poultry,
recommended as the best remedies.

rginica identified, as feeding on the young tender leaves
at the extremity of the shoots of grape-vines, in Wist Haven, Conn,
The insect is briefly described, and hand-picking recommended as the
best remedy for it.

1863. A Grape-Vine Beetle and Rose Bug. (The Country Gentle-
man, for July -23, 1S63, xxii, p. 65 — 20 cm.)

The Grape-vine flea-beetle, HaUioa chalyhea 111. [Graptodera chaly-
&«*], attacks the eye or bud when it. first begins to swell, in Cumber-
land, Md. It had been very abundaut and injurious in the same man-
ner, in different parts of New York, the past and present year.

The Rose-bug attacked the grape blossoms and continued to destroy
the grapes until about half-grown. In Saratoga county they had de-
stroyed the young plants of Indian corn, and stripped the leaves and
fruit from grape-vines in some gardens at Saratoga Springs. For full
account of this insect, reference is made to Trans. N. Y. State Agri-
cultural Society for 1855, pp. 477— 184, and for notices, Country Gentle-
man, 1S5G, viii, p. 75, and in August, 1859.

18G4. Aphis on Apple-tree buds. (The Country Gentlemau, for
June 2, 1864, xxiii, p. 351 — 10 cm.)

Aphis iiniH received from Mr. J. J. Thomas, who finds the opening
flower-buds of his apple-trees in the early part of May, thronged with
the insects nestling close down among the pubescence. The insects are
the young of the apple-tree aphis hatched from eggs which had been
deposited late in the autumn in the crevices beneath the bark. They

318 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

hatch just as the buds begin to swell", when they crowd to them, where
they are nourished until the leaves become sufficiently developed for
their sustenance.

1864. The Hunter. Weevil. (The Country Gentleman, for June 16,
1864, xxiii, p. 3S4 — 6 cm.)

Received from Dutchess county, N. T., where they were drawing
the juices from young corn beneath the ground. Identified as Spheno-
phorus venatus Say, and references made to previous notices in the
Country Gentleman.

1864. The Entomologist. No. XXXIV.— The Buffalo Tree-hop-
per. (The Country Gentleman, for June 16, 1864, xxiii, p.
386 — 63 cm.)

Describes the punctures made in raspberry twigs and the eggs de-
posited in the pith, in straight rows of from one and a half to three
inches long, which had been identified by Mr. Howe, of Akron, 0., as
made by the above-named insect, Geresa bubalus.

A punctured twig, in part, in section, to show the eggs, is figured,
together with the insect, which is described. The punctures in the
raspberry twig may have been made by another species of Ceresa of
similar habits," for it is only in the apple-tree that the G. bubalus has
been actually seen in the act of depositing its eggs." About 100 similar
punctures in two rows, of 3% and \)i inches each, probably the work of
one insect, had been seen by Dr. Fitch in an elder-stalk. The oviposi-
tion of the insect is described, also the hatching of the eggs, and the
young insects. Shaking the trees or shrubs that the insect infests, to
drive it away, is recommended.

1864. The Five-marked Coccinella, destroying Plant-Lice. (The
Country Gentleman, for July 21, 1864, xxiv, p. 47 — 19 cm.)
A gentleman writing from L'Original, C. W., states that upon a
cherry-tree infested with plant-lice, he discovered numerous larger in-
sects, which, in the belief that they were a greater pest, he endeavored
to destroy by beating from the tree and killing, but their large number
compelled him to abandon the task. The next day, on examining the
trees again, he found that the plant-lice had nearly disappeared, and
the other insect was busily feeding upon them. Two examples were
sent to Dr. Fitch for determination. One had eaten the other when
received, and the survivor, having undergone its transformation to the
perfect state, proved to be Coccinella 5-notata of Kirby.

1864. The Entomologist. No. XXXV.— The Nebraska Bee-killer.

(The Country Gentleman, for July 28, 1864, xxiv, p. 63 —
84 cm. )

Received from Otoe county, Nebraska, where it is " very destructive
to the honey-bee, killing a great number of them, and also of the rose-
bugs." It is briefly characterized as a dipterous insect of the genus
Trupanea of Macquart, and as it differs from the half-dozen known
United States species, it is named from its habits, T. apivora [now
placed in the genus Promachus]. A minute description of the fly is

ENTOMOLOGICAL PAPERS 01 DE. FITCH. 319

given, with mention of the habita of the AtUUIa, to which this fly be-
lungs. The observation, upon a single occasion, ten years previous, in
the month of October by Dr. Fitch, of Erax rvfibarbit Is narrated —
never since met with by him. The piping noise of these flies, like thatof
the bumble-bee when Inclosed in a net, is mentioned, and also, their
1, carrion-like odor. Aiter the four Nebraska specimens bad "been
dead a fortnight, and freely exposed to the air the latter half of the

time, the disgusting scent still remained, and so powerful was it that

on two occasions, nausea was produced" by their presenc i a table.

This odor may perhaps only attach to them at their period of sexual
intercourse. [Tin bo published in the Eighth Report on

the Insects of N. V. [6th-0th Reports, 1805, pp. 351-355), together

with additional observations upon the habits of the in.-ect in destroy-
ing bees and other insects. ]

ls»;-i. A Unrious Insect. (The Country Gentleman, for August 5,
1864, xxiv, p. 79 — 20 cm.)

The two-spotted tree-hopper, Enchenopa binotata, received from
Council Bluffs, Iowa, as infesting bittersweet. When confined in a

glass vessel, it was said to spring against the sides with such violence
as to break off its head [the tip of its thorax]. I>r. Fitch states that it
is often found in New York on butternut and on dogwood.

L865. The Entomologist. No. XXXVI. — The Aphis on Hops.
(The Country Gentleman, for April 27, 1SG5, xxv, p. 274 —
56 cm.)

This aphis was first observed in this country two years ago, and
since its first detection, has been very destructive — at times destroy-
ing entire yards. Newspapers are mentioning three bop maladies,
viz., the plant-louse, the honey-dew, and the black-blight, but these
are but forms of the same thing. Tlte connection of the last two with
the aphis is shown. The insect proves to be the same as the long-
known and destructive Aphis humuli, of Europe. The excessive
number of plant-lice in some years is subdued by numerous preda-
ceous and parasitic destroyers, which at the present time are very
abundant. Soap applications will kill the young of the hop-louse. All
can be killed by tobacco-smoke, which is unfailing. Perhaps it could
be employed by confining it in a large cloth thrown over the vines.

1SC5. riant Lice — The Hop-Aphis. (The Country Gentleman, for
list 3, 1865, xxvi, p. 82 — 27 cm.)
In reply to inquiries of the winter retreat of this insect, it is stated :
Host of the plant-lice, at the end of the season, become oviparous, and
deposit their eggs under the loose bark or other shelters of the vegeta-
tion upon which they feed. If the hop-aphis oviposited upon the
vines, the eggs would be killed when the vines are destroyed in the
autumn. This point in its history has not been fully given by the Eng-
lish writers who have treated of it, during the many years that it has
engaged their attention. In Morton's Encyclopedia of Agriculture, ii,
55, Dr. Plomley makes the statement, " as the result of his personal
observation, that the hop-fly in May proceeds originally from sloe buslies.

320 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

He also positively asserts that the autumn generation deposit their
eggs in sloe bushes, whence their progeny emerge into the hop grounds
in the following season." This statement is corroborated by the fact,
that from another species of wild plum. Primus mahaleb, M. Fons-
colomb described a new species of aphis, as Aphis pruni-mahaleb, which
subsequent researches showed to be identical with the hop-aphis. Dr.
Fitch is of the opinion, that after the death of the small and wingless
lice with the death of the vines, the winged ones fly away to the
nearest plum-trees, where they sustain themselves upon the leaves un-
til they have deposited their eggs, destined, if not previously de-
stroyed, to hatch the following spring.

1805. Entomological Correspondence. (The Country Gentleman, for
September 21, 18G5, xxvi, pp. 190, 191 — 70 cm.)

The Yellow-necked Apple-tree Worm, occurring in Lockport, N. Y.,
about the 1st of August, upon hundreds of young apple-trees,' some of
which they stripped of their leaves, is briefly described, together with
the moth that it produces, viz., Datana ministra (Drury). Reference
for a full account is made to Trans. N. Y. State Agricultural Society
for 1855, p. 467. The best remedy is to sever the twig with the con-
gregated caterpillars and drop them in a fire.

Locust Hispa. Received from Locust Bay, L. I. The beetle, Anop-
■ litis Scutellaria Olivier [now Odontota Scutellaria'], is briefly described
and its natural history given. It is represented as very numerous at
Glen Cove, where the trees ravaged by it look as if burned by fire.
The insect has not been observed in the interior of the State.

Black Prickly Worms eating the Leaves of Canada Thistles are identi-
fied as Cynthia cardui. It is parasitized by Danchus fugitivus Say*
Some notes upon the butterfly are given. [For accounts of thistles and
briars completely stripped by these caterpillars, see Count. Gent, of
Sept. 7, 1865, p. 155, and id. for Oct. 5, 1865, p. 219.]

1S65. Address delivered before the Annual Meeting of the State
Agricultural Society, Albany, February 8, 1865. (Trans-
actions N. Y. State Agricultural Society, for 1864, xxiv,
1865, pp. 111-116.)

Attack of the hop plant-louse, the previous year in New York ; na-
ture of the attack, producing " honey-dew " and " black-blight " : the
insect identified with the Aphis hurnuli, of Europe ; its enemies ; reme-
dies considered ; soap-suds not reliable ; tobacco-smoke recommended.

1866. Joint-Worm in Wheat on Long Island. (The Country Gentle-
man, for July 19, 1S66, xxviii, p. 49 — 20 cm.)

The larva? reported as infesting the joints of wheat, at Glen Cove, L.
I., are probably the joint-worm, Eurytoma tritici, noticed in the Culti-
vator, October, 1851, viii, p. 822, and in Trans. N. Y. St. Agr. Soc. for
1861, pp. 830-841. As they are chiefly lodged at the lower joint, if
the wheat is cut above this point, the stubble may be turned under,
burying the insects while in their larval state so deeply that they
will be destroyed.

* Limneria fugitiva (Say). For other Lepidoptera (six species of moths) upon which it
is parasitic, see Fourth Report on the Insects of Missouri, 1872, p. 41.

ENTOMOLOGICAL PAPERS OF DR. FITCH. 321

1866. Beetle on the Grape. (The Country Gentleman, for August
30, 1866, xxviii, p. 112 — 11 cm.)

The Brown Colaspis, Colaspii brunnea Fabr., received from Walpolc,
Mass., destroying grapevines, July 21. Dr. Fitch had frequently col-
lected it from the wild grapevine, the cinquefoil or Potentilla, and
some other plants, but not from the cultivated grape before the present
year. Dusting with ashes, soot, or some other powder, should prevent
its ravages.

1S66. Insects which Injure Grain Crops. — I. The Wheat-Mklge.
(The Country Gentleman, for November 8, 1866, xxviii, p.
306 — 68 cm.)

Gives an account of Ctcidomyia trifici, and refers to C. gramini*
Fitch and ('. inimica Fitch, which are treated of more fully in the first
90 pages of the Sixth Report on Noxious Insects. Eight figures are
given in illustration, similar to those of the Report cited.

1866. Insects which Injure Grain Crops. — II. The Hessian Fly.
(The Country Gentleman, for November 29, 1866, xxviii, p.
351— 60 cm.)

Gives au account of the Hessian fly, Cccidomyin destructor Say, illus-
trated with figures of the fly, diseased and healthy wheat-plants, the
larva and pupa, lower joint of a diseased wheat straw, and one with
sheath torn off showing the worms. Notices also two parasites upon
the Hessian fly, viz., Scmiotcllus destructor of Say, and another observed
by Mr. Herrick, of Tale College, inserting four or five of its eggs in a
single egg of the Hessian fly. This species Dr. Fitch proposes to
designate as Platygaster llerrickii. [Prof. Cook has observed a similar
egg-parasite of the Hessian fly (perhaps the same as the above), which
Dr. Packard refers, with doubt, to Platygaster error Fitch (Bull. No. 4,
V. S. Entomolog. Commit , 1880, p. 21, f. 1).]

1866. Ants Enemies to Cut-Worms. (Transactions N. Y. State

Agricultural Society, for 1865, xxv, 1866, p. 133.)

Reply to letter of W. C. Watson, narrating au attack of a black ant
upon a cut-worm. Similar attacks observed by Dr. Fitch and explana-
tion offered : also, injuries of the little yellow ant (Myrmica molesta) to
corn and other vegetation.

1867. Currant Borers. (The Country Gentleman, for June 13, 1867,

xxix, p. 386 — 11 cm.)

Brief notice of the operations of the American currant-borer, Pseno-
ccrus supernotatxis (Say), in the pith of a currant stalk, and reference
for figure and a full account of it, to the 3d Report on the Noxious In-
sects of the State, in Trans. If. T. State Agr. Soc. for 1856, pp. 416-423.

1868. Excrescences upon Grape Leaves. (The Country Gentleman,

for August 20, 1868, xxxii, p. 127 — 11 cm.)

Treats of four grape-leaf galls that had come under observation. The
first had been described in Trans. N. Y. State Agr. Soc. for 1854, p.
41

322 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

862, as Pemphigus vitifolice. The second, not named, were rough
water-like galls, size of musket shot of different sizes, upon the under
Bide of leaves, in July and August, opening upon the upper side, and
occupied by small oval lice of a dull yellow color. The third, observed
the middle of August, smooth, succulent, greenish-yellow, size of large
and small musket shot, growing in the leaf, and bulging out equally
on both sides, having no opening, but an internal cavity in which no
insect could at the time be perceived. It occurred on the wild grape,
Yitis labrusca. The fourth had not previously been seen, and was
probably new. They were thorn-like, growing on the under side of the
leaves in July, straw-colored, of a regular conical form, projectingout-
ward at a right angle from the surface, which they covered entirely;
four times as long as thick, from three to four-tenths of an inch long,
of a dry, firm texture, and fluted or ribbed lengthwise. Opposite their
base, on the upper side of the leaf was a small pit. They contained a
small yellow maggot, the description of which is given, and which is
apparently a species of Cecidomyia.

18G9. A Curious Water Insect. (The Country Gentleman, for Feb-
ruary 25, 1869, xxxiii, p. 154—23 cm.)

The larva of the insect captured from under ice a foot thick, identi-
fied as JE&chna heros Fabr., with larval description and habits.

1869. Garden Insects. (Illustrated Annual Eegister of Kural Affairs,
1869, v, pp. 91-104, figs. 1-16.)

Notices, among others, the following insects: The onion-fly (Anthomyia
ceparum), pp. 91-96 ; the striped blister-beetle (Cantharis vittata); the
radish and cabbage flies (Anthomyia raphani and A. brassicce); centi-
pedes, cut-worms, and the flea-beetles ; the garden flea (Smyiithurus
liorlensis) ; the cabbage-moth (Cerostoma brassiceUa) [is Plutella crucif-
erarum of Zeller], and the cabbage butterfly (Pieris oleracea).

1869. Garden Insects. 2d Article, (lb., pp. 197-212, figs. 1-22.)

Notices additional garden pests, of which the principal are the fol-
lowing • The cabbage aphis, pp. 19S, 199 ; the cucumber beetle, pp.
200, 201; the squash-bug; squash Coccinella (C. borealis); the asparagus
beetle, pp. 204, 205 ; the tomato-worm (S. quinquemaculata), pp. 205,
20G ; the Southern tobacco-worm (S. Carolina); the 10-lined potato-
beetle {Doryphora W-Uneata), pp. 207, 208 ; the 3-lined potato-beetle
(Criocuris trilineata) ; the striped blistering-fly, and wire-worms, pp.
210,211.

Notice of the Entomological Labors of Dr, Fitch.

The following notice of the labors and writings of Dr. Fitch is ex-
tracted from a "Report on some Injurious Insects of the Year 1879,"
presented by me to the State Agricultural Society at its Annual Meet-
ing, January 21, 1880.

It seems eminently fitting that in connection with the preceding notes upon
the economic relations of some of our insects, reference should be made to one

ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORS OF DK. FITCH. 323

who labored long and successfully in the department of Economic Entomology
— whose contributions therein gave him an exalted name among entomologists,
and to whose enthusiastic, long-continued and valuable labors that branch of
natural science is largely indebted for the honorable position it now holds in
our country.

Dr. Asa Fitch died at his residence at Salem, Washington county, N. Y., on
of April 1879, at the age of 70 years. His entomological studies com-
menced about the year 18 K), at which time he prescribed for himself such an ad-
mirable plan for the direction of his future labors ID the field of Entomology, that
we will be pardoned for quoting it at length. He wrote thus: —

" I have undertaken a very great work, and have laid for myself a task both
hard in the plan and difficult in the execution. To unite in one very limited
body the most essential facts of the history of insects , to class them with pre-
cision and accuracy in a natural series; to delineate the chief traits in their
physiognomy ; to trace in a laconic and strict manner their distinctive characters,
and follow a course which shall correspond with the progress of the science and
i merit men who have contributed to its advancement ; to single out. the
use ful and obnoxious species, those which from their manner of living excite
our curiosity ; to mark the thousand sources where the authors of the original
knowledge may be consulted ; to render to Entomology that amiable simplicity
which she has had in the times of Linnaeus, of Geoffrey, and of the first pro-
ductions of Fabricius, and yet present her as she is to-day, with all the richness
which she has acquired from observation, but without surcharging her with it;
to conform her, in one word, to the model which I have under my eyes, the
work of Cuvier — such is the end which I have taken upon myself to attain."

During the years 1S45 to 1861, Dr. Fitch contributed a series of valuable
papers on Winter Insect* and others, to Emmons' Quarterly Journal of Agricul-
ture and Science. In I860, he prepared a descriptive catalogue of the United
States insects of the suborder of Homoptera, which was published the following
year in the Fourth Annual Report of the X. Y. Stute Cabinet of Natural History.
These now scarcely accessible papers richly merit republication.

In the year 1854, his connection with this Society was commenced, in his
selection by the Executive Committee of the Society to examine and report upon
the Noxious, Beneficial, and other Insects of the State of New York, under an
appropriation by the Legislature for that purpose. His first Report was presented
under date of March 14, 1855. Under the continuation of the annual appro-
priations for the purpose, subsequent Reports were annually presented with the
il ion of three intervals of a year each — to the number of fourteen — the
last one published in the Transactions of the Society for the year 1870. In 1872,
by an act of the Legislature, the office of State Entomologist was abolished —
the impaired health of Dr. Fitch not permitting him longer to discharge the
duties of the position.

The series of the Fitch Reports is regarded by entomologists, and others who
are prepared to appreciate their merit, as very valuable contributions to science.
They are characterized by an untiring zeal, minuteness of observation, fulness
of detail, faithfulness of delineation and dignity of expression. They consist
largely of the results of original research ; and so highly were these researches

324 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

estimated abroad, that he was elected to membership in the Entomological
Societies of France and of Russia, and a gold medal was bestowed upon him by the
Central Agricultural Society of France, in appreciation of his services to science. [*]
Among his foreign correspondents he numbered Westwood and Curtis of Lon-
don, Andrew Murray of Edinburgh, Dr. Gerstacker of Berlin, Dr. Signoret and
M. Selys de Longchamps of Paris, and many others of the most eminent entomol-
ogists of Europe.

It may properly be claimed that the New York Reports led the way for simi-
lar investigations in other States of the Union, and to the interest which they
aroused, we are indebted for the valuable series of Riley's Reports on the
Insects of Missouri — nine in number, and comprising over 1,800 pages and
numerous illustrations of a high order, — the Reports of the State Entomologists
of Illinois, and others.

[*The medal was awarded to Dr. Fitch, in the year 185S, after the publication of his First
and Second Reports, in consideration of their value to Agriculture. The following descrip-
tion of the medal and translation of the Report accompanying it, is extracted from the
New York State Agricultural Society's Transactions for the year 1858 :

The medal weighs an ounce, nearly — bears on the obverse side the portrait of the
Father of French Agriculture, surrounded with the inscription, " Olivier de Serres, N.
en 1539, M. 2, jt 1619;" on the reverse an agricultural wreath, around which are the words,
"Societe Imteriale et Centrale d' Agriculture ;" and on its inside, "A Mr. Asa
Fitch, a Albany, State of New York, 1858."

The following is the Report :

[Translation.]

Imperial Central Societv of Agriculture, Paris — Report.

The Society has lately received, through Mr. Vattemare, an important work, by Mr. Asa
Fitch, of the State of New York, on Insects which are injurious in Agriculture, and it has
charged the section of Natural History to make a report to the Society upon it.

The work is composed of two reports, addressed to the Agricultural Society of New
York, and published by the Legislative Assembly of the State. It treats principally of the
insects which attack fruit trees, and contains a large number of observations, accurately
made, relative to the habits of these animals, and also very judicious application of these
facts to the treatment of plants infested by them. On account of the peculiarity of these
investigations, which embrace a multitude of minute and often isolated details, it would be
difficult in this report to present an analysis of the work of Mr. Fitch, but we believe it to
be our duty to recommend it to the attention of Naturalists, who are engaged in the study
of the relations of Entomology to Agriculture. The larger part of the facts mentioned by
the author belongs to the history of varieties which are only found in America, and con-
sequently do not directly interest French Agriculture ; still there will be found many ob-
servations from which Entomologists of every country will be able to profit, and we think
that it is the duty of the Imperial Central Society of Agriculture to encourage all good
works undertaken in such a useful direction. ,

The section has the honor, therefore, to propose to the Society to award to Mr. Asa
Fitch a Gold Medal, with the bust of Olivier de Serres, in acknowledgment of his work.
[Signed] A. VALENCIENNES,

GUERIN MENEVILLE,
MILNE EDWARDS,

Committee.
The resolution proposed was adopted at the meeting of April 14, 1858. A true copy.
Signed : For the Permanent Secretary :

The Recording Secretary, F. De Lagaiide.]

ENTOMOLOGICAL LABORS OF DR. FITCH. 325

The labors of Dr. Fitch will long be held in grateful remembrance, and the
New York State Agricultural Society may justly lay claim to having, by its
action in connection therewith, done very much toward the promotion of Ento-
mological research, not only within the immediate sphere of its labors, but
throughout the Union, and to science at large — coextensive with the civilized
world.

(B.)

INSECT DEPREDATORS UPON THE APPLE-TREE.

The following are all the United States species (one hundred and
seventy-six in number) that are known to me, or have been reported
upon accepted authority, as depredating upon the Apple-tree. The list
will, without doubt, be largely extended ; it is published at this time
to serve as the basis for future additions. An entire exploration of
our entomological literature might add nearly or quite fifty species,
and careful observation would unquestionably give us no inconsiderable
number which have not yet been recognized as apple insects.

It is hardly necessary to state that not all the species here recorded
are to be included among those injurious to the apple-tree, but as each
one is known to make it, at times, its food-plant from choice (many
others will feed upon it in confinement),* the least harmful among
them may at any time, through such sudden and inexplicable multi-
plication as is often witnessed in the insect world, become seriously
injurious.

The authority for including the species in the list is given in each
instance. For the convenience of those who may be willing to scruti-
nize the list with a view of supplying omissions, the species have been
grouped under their several orders, and for the most part, in their
latest systematic arrangement.

Lepidoptera.
Diurnals.

Papilio Turnus Linn. Turnus swallow-tail Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 268.

Limenitis disippus Godt. Disippus butterfly Scudd., Bui. Buff. Soc, ii, 250.

Limenitis Ursula (Fabr.). Ursula butterfiy Riley, Amer. Ent., ii, 276.

Theola strigosa Harris. Streaked Thecla Scudd., Bui. Buff. Soc, iii, 111.

Sphingidce.

Deilephila lineata (Fabr.). White-lined Sphinx Riley, Amer. Eot., i, 206.

Snierinthus excaecatus (Sm.-Abb.). Blind-eyed Sphinx... Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 327.

Sphinx drupiferarum (Sm.-Abb. ). Plum Sphinx Lintner, Proc. E. S. Ph., iii, 658.

Sphinx Gordius Cram. Apple Sphinx Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 328.

*Mr. R. Thaxter has found that nearly all of the Scopelosoma larvae, and many others of
Noctuid genera, will eat the leaves.

328 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Bombycidce.

Spilosoma Virginica (Fabe.). Virginia ermine-moth Walsh, Pract. Ent., ii, 103.

Hyphantria textor Harris. The Wearer Fitch, N. Y. Rept., iii, 19.

Halisidota carys (Harris). Hickory tussock-moth Id., ib., 19.

Halisidota maculata (Harris). Spotted tussock-moth Thaxter, in lit.

Orgyialeucostigma(SM.-ABB.) White-marked tussock-moth. Harris, Ins. Inj. Yeg., 366.

Parorgyia parallela Gr.-Rob Coquillet, 111. Rept., x, 166.

Lagoa opercularis (Sm.-Abb.) Walsh, Amer. Ent., ii, 29.

Euclea querceti Her.-Sch Thaxter, in lit.

Parasa chloris (Her.-Sch.). Green hag-moth Riley, Amer. Ent., ii, 307.

Empretia stimulea Clem. Saddle-back caterpillar Id., ib., i, 40.

Phobetron pith ecium (Sm.-Abb.). Hag-moth Id., ib., ii, 340.

Limacodes scapha Harris. Skiff Limacodes Thaxter, in lit.

Lithacodes fasciola Her.-Sch. Banded Lit hacodes Id. ib.

Thyridopteryx ephemencformis (Haw.). Bag-worm Riley, Amer. Ent., ii, 38.

Datanaministra(DRURv). Yellow-necked apple-tree worm. Fitch, N. Y. Repts., i-ii, 235.

Datana integerrima Gr.-Rob Gr.-Rob., Proc. E. S. Ph., vi, 12.

<Edemasiaconcinna(S.-A.). Red-humped ap-tr. caterpillar Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 425.

(Edemasia eximia Grote Thaxter, in lit.

Ccelodasys unicornis (Sm.-Abb.). Unicorn prominent... Harris, Ins. Inj. Yeg., 424.

CallosamiaPromethea(LiNN.). Promethea moth Jlinot, Canad. Ent., ii. 100

Samia Cecropia (Linn.). Cecropia Emperor moth Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 388.

Hemileuca Maia(DRURY). Maia moth Marten, 111. Rept. x, 128.

Hyperchiria Io (Fabr.). Io Emperor moth Saunders, Ins. Inj. Fr., 139.

Clisiocampa Americana Harr. Apple-tree tent-caterpillar. Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 373.

Clisiocampa sylvatica Harr. Forest tent-caterpillar Id., ib., 375.

Clisiocampa sp.? (An Oregon apple-tree caterpillar) Stretch, Papilio, iii, 19.

Clisiocampa sp.? (Associated with prec.) Id., ib., 20.

Gastropacha Americana Harr. American lappet-moth. . . Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 377.
Tolype velleda (Stoll). Velleda lappet-moth Id., ib., 379.

NoctuidcB.

Acronycta occidentalis Gr.-Rob Lintner, Ent. Contrib., i, 62.

Acronycta morula Gr.-Rob Id. ib. ii 137.

Acronycta luteicoma Gr.-Rob Thaxter, Papilio, iii, 17.

Acronycta Radcliffei Harvey Id. ib.

Acronycta clarescens Guen Id., ib.

Agrotis clandestina Harr. W-marked cut-worm Riley, Mo. Rept., i, 79.

Agrotis messoria Harr. Dark-sided out-worm Id., ib., 74.

Agrotis Cochranii Riley.* Cochran's cut-worm Id., ib., 74.

Agrotis scandens Riley-. Climbing cut-worm Id., ib., 76.

Agrotis saucia (Hubn.). Variegated cut-worm Id., ib., 72.

Mamestra assimilis Morr Thaxter, in lit.

Laphygma frugiperda Glex. Fall army-worm Riley, Amer. Ent., ii, 364.

AmphipyrapyramidoidesGuEN. Pyramidal grape-vine cat. Guenee, Noct., iii, 398.

Orthosia instabilis Schiff. Unstable drab-moth Fitch, N. Y. Rept., iii, 25.

Xylma Bethunei GR.-Rob. Bethune's Xylina Thaxter, in lit.

Xylina antennata Walk. Ash-grey pinion Riley, Mo. Rept., iii, 185.

Nolophana malana (Fitch). Shoulder-striped Tortrix.... Fitch, N. Y. Repts., i-ii, 241.

Aletia argillacea Hubn. Cotton-moth Amer. Entomol., iii, 68.

Catocala grynea Cramer Coquillet, 111. Rept., x, 184.

*Now regarded by Riley, as identical with A. messoria.

INSECT DEPREDATORS UPON THE APPLE-TREE. 329

Geometridm.

Ennomos subsignaria Hubs. Snow-white limlen~moth* . . Dodge, Cnnad. Ent., xiv, 80.

Euymene Kentiingaria Uhote Thaxter, hi lit.

ia restaliataQuBN. Vestal Coryoia Perkins, Prof. <;. II., in lit.

Bybemia tiliaria Hunt. Linu-tree tvinter-motU Harris, Ins. lnj. Veg., 478.

ilia? cinctaria Fbbmgh. BomUd PhigaUa French, III. Rept, vii, 241.

sjusopteryx rernataPscE. Spring oanktr-toorm Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 468.

Anisopteiyx pometaria Hark. Autumn canker-worm Id., ib., 468.

Tortricidm.

Teras Cinderella (Kiley |, Orttn appU-U af-tyer Riley, Mo. Rept., iv, 46.

Teras inalivurana (l.K BABON Uaffoldtr.. Lie llai , III. Kept., i, 20.

Cacrecia rosaccana (Harr.). Oblique-banded leaf -roller.. Harris, Ins. lnj. Veg., 480.

ia argyrospUa (Walk.) Riley, Trans. Am. B. S., x, 18.

Lophoderus triferana (Walk.) Mortfeldt, ib., 15.

Eccopsis malana FxRKALD. Apj'le-l'iiJ worm Coipiillet, ib., ~2.

• Clbh.). Ktatttrawbtrry-ltafrolUr IH,, Papilio, iii, 102.

Tmetoccra oceliana (Sciiiff.). Kye-spott,,l Innl-muth Harris, Ins. lnj. Veg., 482.

Qrapbolitha prunirora (Walsh). Plum moth Kiley, Mo. Rept., iii, 6.

Phoxopteris nnbeoulana (Clbu.). AppU-lmffoldtr Riley, Agr. Rept. for 1878, 239.

t'arpocapsa pomonella (Linn.). Codling-math Linnajos, Syst. Nat., x, 538.

PyralidcB.

Eurycreon rnntalis tii IN. I'yralid web-caterpillar Popenoe, Kan. R. B. A. ,1880,100.

lVnipelia llammondi Rilev. Apple-leaf skeletonizer Riley, Mo. Rept., iv, 44.

Pbycis indigenella (Zelleri. Ltaf-cnmpltr Id., ib., 88;asi%y-

ritn inlntlo Walsb.

Tintfdm.

Ypsolophna pomotellus (Harris). Palmer-worm Fitcb, N. Y. Repts., i-ii, 221.

Ypsolophus contubernalallus (Fitch). Comrade palmer-
worm Id., ib., 233.

Ypsolophus malifoliellus (Fitch). Many-striped palmer-
worm Id., ib., 231.

Coleophora malivorella Riley. Apple-tree case-bearer ... . Riley, Agr. Rept. for 1878, 253.

*This name is proposed in consideration of the preference which the caterpillar shows
for the Linden (even above the Elm), as was seen in its devastations of the Lindens in New
York city and Brooklyn during at least twenty-five years preceding 1S61, when as a means
of arresting the nuisance the following resolution was presented to the Common Council
of Brooklyn : —

" Resolved, That the owners of property having Linden trees on the streets are hereby
ordered to remove them within ten days after the passage of this ordinance, aud failing to
do so, shall be liable to a fine of five dollars for each tree left on the streets, after that date.
The street commissioner is hereby directed to remove all trees of that species that may be
left on the streets after that date."

The resolution was referred to the Health Committee and Health Officer of the Common
Council, who presented a report (of which 1,000 copies were printed), entitled, Report |
on the | Measure Worm, I or the | Geometra niveosericearia [Jones], | which | infest the
trees of Brooklyn; | suggesting j remedies for their extermination. | By Joseph B. Jones',
M. D., ; Health Officer. | Health Department, June 1, 1861. J [Seal of City] | Brooklyn :
1 1861. | 8 vo., pp.19.

As the caterpillars were found by the investigations of the above Committee, aided by a
Committee of the Brooklyn Sanitary Association, and a Committee appointed at a public
meeting of the citizens, to feed upon other shade-trees, several remedies for the nuisance
were recommended, in lieu of the measure proposed in the above resolution.
42

330 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Lithocolletis pomifoliella Zell.* Thorn-apple leaf-miner. Clem., P. A.N. S. Ph., 1860, 208.

Tischeria malifoliella Clem. Apple-leaf miner ... Id., ib., 208.

Aspidiscasplendoriferella Clem. Resplendent shield-bearer. Comstock, Agr. R. for 1879,210.

Ornix prunivorella Chamb. Wild-cherry leaf miner Chambers, Can. Ent., v, 50.

Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clem. Apple-leaf Bucculatrix . . Clem., P. A. N. S. Ph. ,1860,211.
Micropteryx pomivorella Pack. Apple Micropteryx Packard, Inj. Ins., etc., 1870, 6.

Hymenoptera.

Formica Noveboracensis Fitch, yew York ant Fitch, N. Y. Reports, i-ii, 63.

Vespa maculata Linn. White-faced hornet Authors.

Vespa vulgaris Linn. Yellow jacket Id.

Polistes fuscata Fabr. The common wasp Id.

Tremex columba Linn. Pigeon Tremex Amer. Entom., ii, 128.

Diptera.

Sciara mali (Fitch). The Apple midge Fitch, N. V. Reports, i-ii, 252.

Trypeta (Rhagolites) pomonella Walsh. Apple maggot . . Walsh, Rept. Act. S. E., p. 29.

Drosophila ampelophila Loew. Pickled-fruit fly Comstock, A. Rep. for 1881, 199.

Drosopbila amoena Loew. Pretty pomace fly Id., ib., 201.

Coleoptera.

Silvanus Surinamensis (Linn.). Grain Silvanus Glover, Agr. Rept. for 1S70, 66.

Trogosita nana (Melsh.). Dwarf Trogosita Riley, Mo. Rept., iii, 6.

Ips fasciatus Oliv. Banded Ips Thomas, 111. Rept., vi, 91.

Lucanus dama Thunb. Stag beetle Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 45.

Serica iricolor (Sat). Iridescent Serica Glover, Agr. Rept. for 1868, 87.

Macrodactylus subspinosus(FABR.). Pose beetle Harris, Ins. Idj. Veg., 36.

Lachnosterna fusca (Frohl.). Maybeetle Glover, Agr. Rept. for 1868,104.

Lachnosterna sororia Lec. = (L. micans.), ...". Id., ib.

Lachnosterna fraterna (Harris). June beetle Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 32.

Lachnosterna hirticula (Knoch). Hairy May beetle Glover, Agr. Rept. for 1868, 88.

Lachnosterna crenulata (Frohl.) Id., ib.

Lachnosterna tristis (Fabr.).=(Z. pilosicollisKaoch).... Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 33.

Macronoxia variolosa (Hentz). Scarred Melolontha Id., ib., 33.

Euphoria melancholica (G.-P.). Melancholy chafer Amer. Entomol., ii, 61.

Euphoria Inda (Linn.). Indian Cetonia Riley, Mo. Rept., iii, 6.

Osmodermaeremicola (Knoch). Hermit Osmoderma Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 42.

Osmoderma scabra (Beauv.). Rough Osmoderma Glover, Agr. Rept. for 1868, 90.

Dicerca divaricata (Sat). Divaricated Buprestis Id., ib., 91.

Chrysobothris femorata (Fabr.). Flat-header ap.-tr. borer Fitch, N. Y. Rept., i, 25.

Alaus oculatus (Linn.). Eyed Alans Id., ib., iii, 11.

Alaus myops (Fabr.). Blind Alaus Id., ib.f iii, 12.

Melanotus incertus (Lec). Uncertain snapping -beetle. .. . Riley, Mo. Rept., iii, 6.
Melanotus communis (Gyll.). Common snapping -beetle. Id., ib., 6.

Sinoxylon basilare (Sat). Red-shouldered Sinoxylon ... . Id., ib., iv, 54.

Amphicerus bicaudatus (Say). Apple-twig borer Fitch, N. Y. Rept., iii, 12.

Poly caon conf ertus Lec Riley, Amer. Nat., xvi, 747.

Prionus laticollis (Drcrt). Broad-necked Prionus Amer. Entomol., i, 233.

Prionus imbricornis (Linn.). Tile-horned Prionus Riley, Mo. Rept., iii, 6.

Chion garganicus (Fabr.) Fitch, N. Y. Rept., iii, 8.+

Chion cinctus (Drurt). Banded Chion Id., ib.

Elaphidion villosum (Fabr.). Apple-tree pruner Riley, Amer. Ent., iii, 239.

Elaphidion parallelum Newm. Parallel Elaphidion Id., ib.

* Lithocolletis cratcegella Clem., is, according to Lord Walsingham (Trans. Amer. Ento-
molog. Soc, lx, 1882, p. 202), identical with this well-known European species.
+ As Cerasphorus balteatus De Geer.

INSECT DEPREDATORS UPON THE APPLE-TREE. 331

Psenocerus aupernotatus i Sav) Packard, Guide St. Ins., 500.

LeptostyUis aoalifer (Sat), friokly Ltptot&yUu Fitch, X. V. Kept., iii, 8,

Sternidius alpha iSavi Riley, Amer. Ent., iii, 270.

Liopus facetns S , Pilch, X. V. Kept., i' ., 6

Hyperplatya maeulatua Bald Riley, Amer. Ent., iii, 271.

Onciderea oingulatus (Sat). Tiri>j-<jirdUr 1*1.. ib.

Saperda Candida Fabii. Itound-headed ap.-tr. tionr Harris, Ins. Inj. Teg., 107.

Saperdn cretata Maw* Oaborn, Amer. Nat., nv, 844.

Glyptoscelis cryptioua (Sat). Cloaked ■ Pitch, X. V. Kept., iii, 18.

Diabrotica vittuta (Fabr,). Striped rucumber-beetle Riley, Ho. Sept., iii, 6.

Odontota rosea (Wbbbr). Roty Bi&pa Harris, Ins. Iuj. Teg., 180.

HrmenoroB obsoarue (Sai Lintner, Count.-Geut., 1888, 606.

Maorobasis onicolor (Kibbt). Ath-grty btieitr-butl Glover, Ag. Kept. lor 1868,105.*

Pomphopoja rhim(Sat). /; Riley, Mo. Rep t., iii, 6.

Bpienrns imbrioatus (Sat). fmbrieaUd movi-btttU Glover, Ag. Kept, for 1870, 71.

Ithyoerns N..V. boraoensis I Fobsi .). \ ! ... Fitch, N. Y. Rept., iii, 18.

AnthoDKimis orattegi Walsh. Thorn ourculio Riley, Amer. Ent., ii, 308.

AnthoDomus qusdrigibbua Sat. AppU cureulio Walsh, Amer. lint., i, 36.

mIus neDophar (Hbbbst). Plum mrovlio Harris, Ins. Inj. Teg., 76.

Ifonsrthrtun mali (Frrca). Apple bark beetle Fitch. X. V. Kept., iii, 8.

Xyleboms pyri ( Peck). j'nir-blight beeflt Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 90.

Hemiptera.

Heteroptera. f

Nysiua destructor Riley. False chinch-lug Riley, Mo. Rept., v, 112.

Lygus lineolans (Beauv.). Little-lined plant-bug Id., ib., ii, 114.J

Homoptera.

Cicada tihicen Lixn. Dog-day Cicada Uhler, in lit.

,' Cicada septendecini Linn. Seventeen-year locust Fitch, N. Y. Rept., i, 45.

Cicada tredecim Riley. Thirteen-year locust Riley, Mo. Rept., iii, 6.

OCeresa bubalus (Fabr.). Buffalo tree-hopper Id., ib., v, 122.

t^Ceresa taurina Fitch. Calf tree-hopper Fitch, N. Y. Rept., iii, 17.

CJassus irroratus Say Uhler, in lit.

Psylla pyrisuga Fohst. Pear-tree Psylla Glover, Agr. Rept. for 1876, 33.

Aphis mali Fabr. Apple-trie Aphis Fitch, X. Y. Rept., i, 49.

Aphis malifolire Fitch. Apple-leaf Aphis Id., ib., i, 56.

Schizoneura lanigera Hai'S. § Apple-root plant-louse Id., ib., i, 5.

Callipterus mucidus Fitch. Mouldy Aphis Id., ib., iii, 16.

Aleurodea sp Walsh, Pract. Ent., ii, 58.

Chionaspis furfurus (Fitch\| Scurfy bark-louse Id., ib., 31.

Diaspisostrea;formis (Curtis). 7 ttVcKfarWIWoivse (Fitch) Comstock, A. R. for 1880, 812.

Mytilaspis pomicorticis Riley.** Apple bark-louse Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 252.

*As Macrobasis Fabricii.

tDr. Fitch, in his Third-Fifth Reports, pp. 17 and 18, nos. 24 and 26, includes among
insects affecting the leaves of apple-trees Arma grandis [now Podisus cynicus (Say)], and
Arma spinosa \Podisus spinosus], but these are now regarded as cannibals and not vege-
table feeders. Sinea diadema (Fabr.) and Alilyas cinctus (Fabr.), which have alao been
recorded among apple-tree insects, also subsist on the juices of other insects.

JAs Capsus oblineatus Say.

§As Pemphigus pyri Fitch.

[Aspidiotus IJarrisii Walsh.

% Aspidiotus circularis Fitch.

** Aspidiotus conchiformis, of Authors.

332 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

Aspidiotus perniciosus Comstock. T?te pernicious scale . . Comstock, sup. tit., 304.

Lecanium ole<e Bernard. Black scale of California Id., ib., 336.

Thrips sp ? Osborn, Psyche, iii, 369.

Phteothrips mali Fitch. Apple thrips Fitch, N. Y. Rept., i, 102.

Heliothrips hremorrhoidalis Bouche Pergande, Psyche, iii, 381.

Orthoptera.

CEcanthns niveus Harris. White jtoicer-cricket Riley, Mo. Rept., v, 120.

Caloptenus femur-rubrum Harris. Bed-legged grasshopper LT. S. Ent. Com. Rept., i, 445.

Caloptenus spretus Uhler. Bocky Mountain locust Id., ib., 253.

Caloptenus atlanis Riley. Atlanis grasshopper Id., ib., 445.

Camnula pellucida Scddd Id., ib.

(C.)

DESCRIPTIONS AND NOTES OF LEPIDOPTERA.

The following papers upon Lepidoptera have already been published
in Scientific Journals. They are republished here for convenience of
reference, aud as being a portion of the work of the J-lntomologist
during the period for which his Report is made.

, 1SS1, i, pp. 6U-74.]

ON SOME SPECIES OF XISONIADES.

Mr. Wm. TI. Edwards has submitted to me tor examination some examples of
inch prove to be undescribed species. They are the following: —

NlBONIADSS N.KVirs n. sp.

Size somewhat less than X. Jwoenaiit and Ni j'uncralis. Wings fuscous, almost
black, with a purple reflection.

Primaries with four minute, subquadrangular, white, costo-apical, hyaline
..I' which the fourth (from costa) may be obsolete ; a similar spot in cell
'■',. and none in the discal cell. An irregular umber-brown spot centers on the
discal cross-vein, and at about the middle of cell 1 b (the submedian interspace)
is another, showing more distinctly in the ? . The subterminal row of obscure,
rounded, intranervular fuscous spots rest on a dark umber-brown ground. All
the markings are nearly lost in the dark ground ; those best defined are two con-
fluent trapezoidal spots in cell 1 b, forming the inner termination of the trans-
verse row of spots, aud defined without and within \>y a W in umber-brown.
The spots of the transverse row are not of the ordinary sagittate form.

Secondaries dark brown, showing faintly the two rows of intranervular paler
brown spots, more distinct in the $ . Cilia dark brown, lighter upon their outer
half in one $ , and quite pale, approaching whitish in the $ .

Beneath, paler"brown, and showing more or less distinctly the two ordinary
lines toward the margin of pale brown spots, and in one $ example, a white
spot in the discal cell, not seen on the upper surface. Head and palpi con-
colorous with the thorax, abdomen, and legs.

Expanse of wings : £ 1.45 to 1.65 in.; ? 1.65 to 1.70 in.

Described from 3 $ 's, collected at Indian River, Florida.

This species is allied to N. funeralis Scudd.-Burg. Its markings are similar in
form and arrangement and nearly as inconspicuous, and the pale fringe of the
secondaries in one example shows a tendency toward the white fringe of that
species. Its wings are not quite so pointed. The examples before me show

334 FIRST ANJfUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

none of the bluish hairs which sprinkle the primaries of JV. funeralis and are
still more numerous in JV. Jwoenalis Fabr. and JV. Propertius Scudd.-Burg.

This may possibly be the JV. Terentius of Scudd.-Burg., based upon the genital
armature ; but as the differences presented between the genitalia of this species,
which have been carefully observed, and those of JV. Terentius as described and
illustrated, are greater -than those which have served to separate other of. the
genitalic species, it would not be proper to accept the two as identical.

NlSONIADES PETRONIUS 11. sp.

In ornamentation and general character, allied to JV. Propertius Scudd.-Burg.,
resembling it in the quite oblique line of subsagittate black spots crossing the
nervules. The black markings of the wings are more strongly contrasted with
the dark brown ground than in JV. funeralis or JV Ncevivs, but less so than in JV
Propertius and JV. Jueenalis — about equal to JV Persius. The white hyaline
spots of the primaries are of medium size — smaller than in the average of JV.
Jwoenalis ; that in the discal cell is small ; that in cell 3 on the transverse line
of sagittate spots is crescentic, concave toward the base ; below the latter, in
cell 2. a smaller white spot, wanting in one example.

Beneath, reddish-brown, especially the secondaries, which show two rows of
pale-brown submarginal spots which become obsolete before reaching the front
margin of the wing, and wholly want the white spots in cells 6 and 7 which
characterize JV Jwoenalis* and JV. Propertius. The white spots of the primaries'
are larger than above.

Head: above the eyes and just behind the "locklet " are a few white scales;
behind and beneath the eyes are some pale yellow-brown scales, and similar
colored hairs compose most of the palpal covering, quite in contrast with the
dark-brown color of the legs, thorax and abdomen.

A single ? , accompanying the examples submitted to me, I refer, somewhat
doubtfully to this species, from general markings and the pale-colored palpi-
The transverse row of ellipsoidal black spots, and those of the medial and basal
regions, are conspicuously outlined on a somewhat pale umber-brown ground —
the contrast about that presented in JV Martialis ? . An oval white spot in
cell 2 accompanies the round one in cell 3. The costo-apical white spot in cell
9 is wanting.

Expanse of wings : $ , 1.90 to 2 in. ; ? $ , 1.80 in.
Described from 4 $ 's and 1 ? , from Indian River, Florida.

This is the largest species known to us in the genus. ' It is separable from JV.
Jwoenalis and JV. Propertius by its darker color, less distinct ornamentation, less
rounded wings, and absence of the white spots of secondaries in cells 6 and 7.
From JV. Noevius with which it is associated, it is distinguished by its large size,
more distinct markings, and the contrasting lighter shade of the palpi.

The genitalia of this species resemble those given for JV. Horatius and JV Vir.
gttius, named from their genital armature, by Scudder and Burgess, but I am un-
able to refer it to either. Examples from Florida, which Mr. Scudder has
kindly permitted me to examine, and labeled by him as JV. Horatius, have the
white hyaline spots of the primaries larger than in the above species, and, ac-

* In 45 examples of JV. Juvenilis before me, these white spots are a prominent feature.
In one example the spots each occupy the entire breadth of the cell.

OS SOME SPECIES OP NI80HIADE8. 335

cording to notes made at the time of their examination, "larger than in any of the
Jf, Jiirciialix in my collection, except in a single example taken at Center, in
which they are about the same in size and similar in form."

Nisoniades PnoPER'nus Scudd.-Burg.

Several years ago, through the kindness of Mr. Scudder, I was permitted to
examine the species of the Hitoniadea in his collection, including several of his

types. Among them were eight examples, bearing his label of PtOp«rtM», from
the following localities: two from Mokiah Pass, Palmer collection; one from
Sierra Nevada; four from California; one from Juniper Mountains.

The following notes upon this species were made by me at the time, upon
comparison of the material with the examples .if N. Juvenalis in my own col-
lection.

Size of X. Jvvendlis; the primaries more pointed; the suhmarginal row of
sagittate and black spots is more oblique, being more drawn inwardly toward
the base as it approaches the internal margin, whence it follows that, while in
Jwmalis, of the two subelliptical whitish spots in cell 1 b, the lower one is as
near to the outer margin as that in cell 3, in this species it is always further re-
moved. The hyaline spot in the discal cell is smaller than in W. Juvenalie and is much
less conspicuous underneath. Of the four costo-apical hyaline spots, 1, 3 and
4 are in line, or 3 is somewhat nearer to the base of the wing; 2 is nearer the
apex and is elongated. The thorax and abdomen are fuscous, instead of umber-
brown. In general color it is darker, mure approaching X. Persius — the black
spots not offering so strong a contract with the ground as in X. Juvenalis ; the
primaries are nearly covered with bluish hairs, which is perhaps the best char-
acteristic feature of the species.

It is very doubtful if the genitalicform, X. TihnUux of Scudd.-Burg., can be
separated from N. PropertilU.

This species has also been received from Utah and Arizona. I have also in my
collection, examples received from Mr. Henry Edwards (No. 7C), from Havilah,
California, and Vancouver Island.

Xisoniaoks Icewjs Lintn.

Mr. W. H. Edwards has allowed me to examine two examples of this species,
which he had obtained from the Western collections of Mr. Morrison in 1880,
taken in Washington Territory. This extreme western locality for this insect is
an interesting addition to our knowledge of its distribution. Mr. Scudder in his
Systematic Revision of American Butterflies (1872), gives as its distribution,
Canada to West Virginia; Atlantic Coast to Michigan. In the Edwards' Caia-
f the Diurnals of North America (1877), its habitat is given as New Eng-
land, Middle States and Illinois. Subsequently (my Entomolog. Contrib., No.
IV. 1878), I identified it among some Colorado collections of Mr. Morrison.
These western examples do not differ in size or in any particular feature from
our eastern forms. The examples before me are without date of collection. They
are in fresh condition, and are rather more strongly marked with white scales
toward the costal and outer margins of the primaries than those ordinarily met
with in the Middle and Eastern States.

An interesting feature of this species, observed by Dr. Speyer, is noticed in his
valuable paper on the Genera of the Hesperida> of the European FaunaU Region

330 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

(Canad. Entomol., x, p. 169). It is the presence of a long and thick tuft of hairs
on the posterior tibise. This is not found in N. Brizo Boisd.-Lec. — a species so
closely allied to N. Icelus that some writers have questioned their specific dif-
ference. It has been observed in but one other species of Nisoniades, viz., N.
Persius Scudd. It also characterizes the Hesperidean genus Daimia of Murray,
of which the European D. Tethys Men. is the type and sole species, and Scelo-
thn'.r of Ramb. — united with Pyre/us H. by Dr. Speyer in his last Revision of
the European Hesperida? (1S78), as Group II, having maculatus Brem, as the
type of the group. This tuft or hair-pencil differs in the several species. In N.
Icelus it is produced from the femoral joint of the tibia, and is widely spread
apart in the examples before me. la length it exceeds the tibia by nearly one-
hall. Like the costal-fold, it is probably confined to the $ sex.

A revision of the proof of this paper has enabled me to add the following :
Since the above was written, an examination of the Nisoniades in m}' collection
has shown the presence of the tibial hair-pencil also in the males of N. funeralis
Boisd., N. Nwvius Lintn., and N. Lncilius Lintn. I cannot detect it in any
other than the above-mentioned five species. In the genus Pyrgus, I find it in
P. centaureie Ramb., P. scriptures. Boisd., P. Xanthus Edw., P. Peireius Edw.,
and P. ericetorum Boisd. It is not present in P. tessellata Scudd. Of P. Oceanus
Edw., P. Picara Edw., P. Plnletas Edw., and P. ccespitalis* Boisd., I possess
no examples for examination. It exists also in Achlyodcs Thraso Hiibn.

Nisoniades Somnus n. sp.

Belongs to the N. Icelus and N. Brizo group ; size of the former — its wings
somewhat narrower and more extended apically.

Male, dark brown in color, approaching N. Persius. Primaries, without the
ante-apical white spot above, and the large patch of bluish-white scales resting
on the discal cross-vein of N. Icelus. The black transverse bands are of the posi-
tion and character of those of N. Icelus, but are almost lost in the ground color.
Secondaries, nearly as dark as the primaries, showing indistinctly the two rows
of pale brown spots.

Beneath, wings bronze by reflection. The primaries have a short costo-apical
white streak in cell 8, and a minute white dot in cell 9 (N. Icelus has usually a
subquadrangular white spot in cells 6, 7 and 8 each, and occasionally the spots
form a continuous line nearly across the wing, from 2 to 8 inclusive) ; an in-
tranervular series of pale streaks, and on the secondaries, the two rows of yel-
low-brown spots are distinct.

Female, paler brown than the male. The two transverse bands of primaries
are quite distinct, and between them, on the discal cross-vein, is a conspicuous
patch of whitish scales ; no white ante-apical spots; upon the margin, a row of
rounded brown spots, separated from the contiguous band, by whitish scales.
The bands are broader than in N. Icelus, and are almost drawn together on vein
2 ; the connected series of spots composing each, are shaped much as in N. Iceht.3,
are heavily bordered with black, and bear bluish scales. Secondaries, with a
geminate discal mark, a submarginal row of yellowish spots much bent inwardly
opposite the cell, and a marginal row of small, linear, whitish spots.

Beneath, wings with a strong bronze reflection. The secondaries have the
two rows of spots of the upper surface repeated ; the primaries have a marginal
* Erroneously given as C&spitatis in Edwards' Catalogue.

ON SOME 6PEOIE8 OF K1SONIADES. 337

row of linear whitish spots, a regularly curved submarginal row of eight oblo
yellowish spots, and a single white ante-apical spot in cell 8.

The antenna*, in (his species, are delicately annulated with white. The palpi
arc shorter than in X Teehu, shaggy, some of the hairs of the second joint ex-
tending to the tip of the third. The tibite of the posterior pair of 1
without the pencil of hairs characterizing N. Tcelva.

The last-mentioned feature separates, beyond questii i ies from 2V.

It may also be distinguished by the darker and more uniform color of
the male, the transverse bands hardly separable from the ground color, the ab-
1 an ante-apical white spot ami of the discal patch of bluish scales.
The female resembles .V. Brieo, but the inner margin of the outer band is much
more irregular than in that species, and the submarginal row of spots on the
primaries beneath, takes the place in prominence, of a different series seen in
X. Brieo, of which only the costal one is here represented.

Expanse of wings : '. I 1.46 inch.

Described from 1 S and 1 ? , in the collection of Mr. W. II. Edwards, re-
ceived from Indian River, 1"

The relationship of this species suggests the mythological name given it.
Brizo was worshiped as the goddess 'of sleep. Icelds was regarded a the
inspirer of dreams in mortals, and was the son of SoMNUS, the god of sleep (see
\ ! - 1/ s, \ a. Hut., is;:: p. 16

Eudamis Proteis (Linn.).

Quite an interesting addition to the list of Hesperidte occurring in the Stale
>>f New York, is the above species.

Two examples of it, one of which J have been permitted to see. were captured
by Mr. S. Lowell Elliot, of New York city, about the middle of August of last
year, in the Central Park Gardens, east of the Mt. St. Vincent Art Gallery.
upon the flowers of Salvia splendent. Other examples of it, as Mr. Elliot in-
forms me, were seen by him, which he was unable to capture, for as soon as
they alighted they were attacked by Evdamus THtyrus, which swarmed around
and seemed to recognize the Proteus as strangers and intruders.

The species was not observed about other flowers, but were seen hovering
around the Salvia for three consecutive days, when a cold rain storm ensuing
and continuing for several days, terminated their visits.

Mr. Scudder reports the species from " Eastern N. America, as far north as Con-
necticut," fait we have not been able to verify its collection in that State. We
believe that these are its first captures within the State of New York.

Eudami s Nevada Scudd.

From an example received from Mr. Henry Edwards (No. 2509, Summit Sier.
New. Cal. I. and from an additional example collected by Mr. Nash, of Ithaca.
X. Y.. in Colorado. I find that the above form is a valid species, quite easily to be
separated from E. Pylades, of which, at the time of the publication of the
Edwards' Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of America: Div/mals, it was believed
to be a dwarfed variety.

338 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

[From the Canadian Entomologist, April, 1881, xiii, pp. 63-65.]
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF EUDAMUS.

Eudamds Electra, n. sp.

Size of small Nisoniades Juvenalis. Primaries narrower than in Eudamus
Pylades Scudder ? , more rounded on the costa, and more oblique on the hind
margin. Secondaries rounded, not prolonged at the anal angle as in E. Pylades,
nor excavated opposite the celt as in most of the Nisoniades.

General color dark brown, approaching that of E. Pylades ; the fringe con-
colorous with the terminal portion of the wings, a little paler at their tips.

Primaries with eleven transparent white spots, upon which an ordinary lens
shows regular rows of small black scales — the spots, as follows : Near the end
of the cell (apparently open) are two spots, separated by the cellular fold and
extending to the enclosing veins (subdorsal and median) — the upper one twice
as large as the lower and prolonged backward superiorly in one or two teeth —
the lower one subtriangular in shape; above and in line with these two, in cell
10, is a small elongated spot — the smallest on the wing, while beneath them and
in range, in cell 2, extending from vein 2 to vein 3, is the largest spot on the
wing, enlarged superiorly and excavated inwardly. Outside of this discal band
of four spots, are seven others, bordered by dark brown, and arranged in an ir-
regular curve, as follows : in cells 9, 8 and 7, three costo-apical spots, oblique
to the costa ; outside of these, in cell G, a spot ; in cell 5, still nearer the margin,
another; in cell 4, a little farther removed from the margin, another — these last
three subtriangular in shape ; in cell 3, extending from vein to vein, a subquad-
rate spot, placed farther from the margin, about equidistant with the lower
costo-apical spot; these seven spots, commencing at the costa and omitting the
fifth, show a regular increase in size. ^Outside of these transparent spots, is a
series of obscure dark brown intranervular subterminal spots which merge into
the dark brown shade of the margin. Inside of these spots, the wing shows by
oblique light a purplish reflection approaching a grape bloom but more vivid,
with the exception of the internal margin and two brown bands of the color of
the outer margin and posterior wings; the bands extend from the subcostal to
the internal vein; the outer and broader embraces the discal band of transparent
spots in its outer margin, and the other crosses the median vein at its inter-
section by vein 2 ; a brown shade rests also on the base of the wing.

Secondaries traversed at about their outer third by a narrow obscure brown
band, inside of which the wing is dark brown ; outside of this band, the subter-
minal series of brown spots of the primaries is continued.

Beneath, the purplish reflection of the upper surface appears only at the tip of
the wing — the median and basal portions being d/irk brown, concolorous with
the secondaries inside of the paler brown band ; the obscure intranervular brown
spots of the upper surface are repeated, and continued on the secondaries ; the
transparent spots are without the lines of brown scales.

The costal vein of the primaries intersects the costa nearly opposite the end of
the cell ; vein 8 reaches the margin at the extreme apex — not below it.

Antennae about one-half the length of the anterior wings, dark reddish-brown,
marked inwardly with white at the joints, expanding rapidly into the club (the
terminal half of the club lost).

ON THE MFH DURATION OB I HE HETEROCERA. 339

Palpi in length about equal to the diameter of the eyes, clothed with thick,
bristly, dark brovvu hairs, some of which are white tipped; apical joint short,
conical, projecting a little beyond the hairs.

Locklet black, curving about half- way over the eyes. Front of head dark brown.

Thorax above and beneath clothed with long brown hairs, concolorous with
the posterior wings.

Abdomen darker brown, reaching only to the pale band of the hind wings.

• | the posterior pair nave Che lemur and tibia of the same
length, bearing brown hairs which nearly equal them in length , tibia armed
with two pairs of spurs; tarsi twice as long as the tibia-, moderately spinose.

Expanse of wings, 1.C5 in. ; length of body 0.

Described from a single female received from Mr. W, II. Edwards. The
specimen was captured in Hamilton, Ontario, by Mr. .1. Alston Moffat, in 1877,
in company with another like it, which escaped capture.

In the Hesp&rida the antenna! club affords excellent generic features. It is
unfortunate that in this unique specimen, the half of one antenna and the ter-
minal half of the club of the other, have been lost. It being also of the female
sex, we are without knowledge of the presence of acostal fold in this species. In
the absence of these characters, it is referred, with some doubt, to the genus
Wudamus, in which Dr. Herrich-Sclueffer, Dr. Speyerand others arrange species
with rounded hind wings and those in which they are greatly prolonged. Of
the three groups in which Dr. Speyer has divided the genus, viz., *Hind wings
on Bubmedian uervure little or not at all produced, — **Prolonged in a lobe, —
***Caudated, — E. Electro, falls in the first group.

The detection of the above species is a very interesting discovery for this por-
tion of the United States.

[Prom the Canadian Entomologist, November, 1881, xiii.pp. 218-230.]

ON THE LIFE DURATION OP THE HETEROCERA (MOTHS).

Read before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at its Cincinnati
Meeting, August, 1881.

I have been requested by Mr. Edwards, who has presented to the Association
an interesting and valuable paper, "On the Length of Life of Butterflies,'' to
supplement it with some remarks on the Life Duration qf the Helerocera.

The period of time passed by insects in their perfect stage is an item in their
history to which, so far as I know, very little attention has been paid. It has
not hitherto been made a special subject of inquiry. When we seek to answer
the question, we find that very few of our published observations bear upon it.
The little that is known upon this point, in the Heterocera, would not authorize
the presentation of these notes before this body, were it not that a confession
of our ignorance should, and I hope may, serve as an incentive to the exami-
nation of the interesting question.

It must prove a difficult field of investigation. Observations made upon species
in confinement, deprived of food and subjected to other unnatural conditions,

340 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

would give only approximate results. Even here we find our knowledge ex-
tremely limited. Outside of the Sphingidce and the Bombycida; scarcely any
thing has been done by our Lepidopterists in rearing entire broods of species.
In these two families the eggs can be easily obtained, either by the "sembling"
method (attraction of the male by a newly-emerged female) or by simply pin-
ning out of doors a captured female. Several species of the PAahmidce are
quite prompt in extruding their eggs upon beingpinned, even after having been
temporarily subjected to anaesthetic influence. But in the extensive family of
Noduidce — with the winged forms of which we are so familiar, and of which
our knowledge, therefore, should be the more complete — it is difficult to obtain
the eggs under the restraint of confinement. I have never carried an oviposition
of a single Noctuid to the perfect stage, nor can I recall a published record of its
having been done. Further, in illustration of the veil that still hides portions
of the life-histories of these forms which rarely obtrude themselves upon our
sight except under cover of the night, it may be mentioned that during the
thirty years in which my studies have engaged me to a greater or less extent in
the rearing of Lepidoptera, I do not recall an instance where I have observed
the Noctuidce in coitu, and therefore have no personal knowledge of the time,
place, manner or duration of the initiative of Noctuid life.

It is known that in the Attaeince, among the Borabycidce, in confinement, the
lives of the moths are very brief. The sexes mate a few hours after emerging
from the pupre, and continue in copulation for twenty-four hours or more.
Oviposition may be commenced the following day, and completed within four
or five days thereafter. Perhaps a week longer will complete the life-period of
the female — extending in all to about fifteen days. The male usually dies a few
days after copulation — several days before the female.

In the Sphingidce, the lives as observed, in confinement, are longer than in the
Attaeince, but I have no records from which to give comparative duration. Our
observations upon the Phahenido; lead' us to believe that, as a general rule, their
lives are shorter than are those of the NoctuidcB.

An approximation to the life-period of the Noctuidce may be obtained from
the dates when the several species are observed abroad. The published records
of the collections made by li sugaring" will furnish convenient data for this. I
regret that at my present writing, away from books of reference, I am unable
to refer to the papers of Messrs. Thaxter, Norman, Westcott* and others.
From a paper published by myself in Entomolog. Con.trib,, iv, pp.43-51, it appears
that the period of collection (embracing probably nearly the entire life-period,
as the examples when first taken at sugar were apparently just from pupse, and
those last taken so worn as to be hardly capable of flight) of quite a number of
species was about one month. Among these may be mentioned Habrosyne
scripta, Agrolis bajn, A. subgothica, A. bicarnea, A. repentis,\ Hadena verbas-
coides, Oortyna sera, O. nictitans, Leucania pallens, L. phragmitidicola, L. lapi-
daria, L. pseudargyria,, Orthodes infirma, Orthosia heha, ticoliopteryx libatrix
and Pseudaglossa lubricalu.

If, in consideration of the condition of the moths when captured, the probable
different time of oviposition and more or less favorable exposure of eggs, we as-

i ii, pp. 34-38, 80; Canad. Entomol., vii, pp. 3, 21; Id., viii, p. 12.
•J Now ragarded as distinct from A. messoria Harris,

c\ 111 F I. UK DURATTOH OF llli: KETEROOBRA. 341

sume that the individuals of a species continue the pupa during

one-third of the above period, there will remain, asthi life duration

of these Noetui

Mr. Win. L. Devereaux, of Clyde, N. Y. , in giving the results of his collections
of Noetuiihv at sugar for two years,* states that " most of the species rem
about a month." From other data which I have consulted, I think that we shall
not be far from the truth if we adopt a- iod of the larger portion of

the \-" ' •■'■•• .1 term of three weeks.

As might be expected in s.> heterogeneous a family as the Noctuidoc — differ-
ing so -tcmiK in general character, coming forth at such different seasons of the
year, and van imbei of the broods, — the life-histories of the

groups vary to the extent of preventing generalization and necessitating specific
observations. For example, we find that thi ina, ffomoptera, and

Oatocala have their periods of apparition much extended beyond the
above noticed. In the paper by myself, above referred to (p. 51), we find thai
Xylina petulca, \ diq osita and X. Beth it net were observed for a period i
ing over forty-one fo ind fifty-one days respectively, with a possible

prolongation of the lives "I seme of their later individuals through hibernation
and reappearance in the following spring, of six additional months. Seven
species of Caiocaht give an average duration of forty-live days ; and from Mr.
eaux's observations, nine species of Cntocala give an average period of
fifty-seven days. These last may have shown a prolonged period from their
record extending over two years — one of which years, from a more favorable
season, may have included earlier dates of first appearance. It is proper to
-late that thi cies were selected from the lists, as having been ob-

served for the greatest length of time ; the larger number gave considerahly
shorter terras of apparition.

In concluding these brief notes, which are quite unsatisfactory to the writer,
and offered only in compliance with request, I would beg leave to suggest that
good service may be rendered to Entomology by the collation from published
records, and incorporation in our published lists of insects hereafter, of the
several dates of their collection or observation throughout the entire time of their
appearance. The want of such data has been felt in the attempt to answer the
question of Dr. Weismann, [t] as to the duration of life of some of our insects in
their perfect state. It would also be of service in the determination of the num-
ber of annual broods ; it would afford a knowledge of the time for guarding
against the initiative of insect attack; it would enable us in many cases to decide
upon the best time for putting in our crops ; it would enable collectors to seek
for specimens for their cabinets when they are to be found : in short, it would
furnish an essential part of the life-histories of our species. I commend it to the
attention of Entomologists.

*Canadian Entomologist, vol. xi, 1879, pp. 105-109.

[tDr. August Weismann, of Freiburg in Baden, Germany, had applied to Mr. W. H.
Edwards for this information.]

(D.)

ADDENDA.

Increased Production ob Pyrethrtjm Insect-powder; page
37, — That the promise of Mr. Milco of a great reduction in price of
the '• Bnhach " is about to be fulfilled, may be inferred from the fol-
lowing statement recently made:

Mr. G X. Milco, superintendent of the Buhach Producing and Manufacturing
Co., Stork ton, Oala . estimates this year's Pj retbrum crop of the company's farm
in Mercer county, to be at least forty tons! (American Naturalist, June, 1888,

xvii. p,

Paraffins as an Insecticide ; page 46. — An English horticultur-
ist gives the following directions for the use of paraffine, which he says
ho finds the best of all insecticides for the greenhouse: "I mix it
thus: to half a pound of soft-soap, F add one pint of hot water, stir
until the soap is thoroughly dissolved, ihen add half a pint of par-
affine and stir well : to this I add two quarts more of hot water, and
put the whole into a stone bottle and shake it well before rising.
This I always have in readiness, and for syringing or sponging we di-
lute it as may be necessary. It mixes readily with cold water, and
thus mixed may be safely applied to any plant."

1.: 'ilia sp.; page <i"i, foot-note. — The parent of the " screw-worm "
long known as a serious pest to horses and cattle in Central America,
has recently been ascertained to be Lucilia (Campsomyia) marcellaria,
Fabr. For an interesting account of its attack upon man — in several
instances proving fatal — see a paper by Prof. F. H. Snow, in Psyche,
1883, iv, pp. 27-30.

Remedy for the Cockroach; page 65. — Powdered borax has
inadvertently been given as a repellant of the cockroach and the cro-
ton-bug. It should have been included among the remedies, as it is
perhaps the most simple and effectual means for killing them that can
be employed. In a house badly infested with them, a pound of the
powder was strewn over the floors of two basement rooms, and along the
wainscoting of others. When the house was opened after having been
closed for a fortnight, thousands of the dead bodies of the two species
were scattered over the floors, and a few were still giving evidence of
life. What seemed dust upon a portion of a pantry, was found to be

344 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

myriads of the dead bodies of young individuals, apparently a few
days from the egg.

Heliothis armiger Hilbn.; page 116. — Add to the bibliography,
Walsh: in Pract. Entomol., ii, 1866, pp. 21, 22 (larval habits and de-
scription); lb., pp. 34, 112 (brief notices).

Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clem.; page 157. — In the Canadian
Enkmwlogist, vol. xiv, 1882, pp. 153-160, Mr. V. T. Chambers, in a
paper entitled " Notes on the Larva of Bucculatrix ambrosicefoliella,"
presents valuable information upon the natural history of the species,
the larval structure, and a very interesting account of the manner in
which it builds its peculiar ribbed cocoon. The details given will
probably apply, in the greater part, to its congenor, B. pomifoliella, to
which references are made in the paper.

Pupa of Meromyza Americana, page 222. — When the examples
of the transformed larvsB referred to came under my observation, the
external features of the pupa were so well-denned, that, not being re-
minded at the time of its necessarily coarctate form, the puparium
was not noticed. My attention having recently been called to this
feature of the insect, by an inquiry of Professor Forbes, I am led to
believe, from my recollection of the specimens, that the pupa; were
enveloped in a thin, transparent and closely adhering puparium.
Such puparia are recorded of species of Chlorops — nearly allied forms,
and occurring under almost identical conditions.

A Western locality for this Fly, showing for it quite an extensive
distribution throughout the United States, is that given by P. R.
Uhler, in Bull. U. S. Geolog.-Geograph. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, p. 783,
where it is stated to be "a very common species upon weeds in damp
places near Denver [Colorado], Aug. 5-18," as observed in the explora-
tions of 1875.

According to Prof. Forbes, the insect has the present season (spring
of 1883) been very destructive to winter wheat in Central and
Southern Illinois, destroying entire fields so that they were plowed up
for other crops.*

Protection of Grape-vines from the Kose-beetle; page 232.
— A writer in the Cultivator for May, 1851 (p. 174), states, that if the
vines are laid upon the ground before they put forth their leaves, and
are allowed to remain until the beetles have disappeared, or until
the grapes begin to have a sour taste, which they generally acquire
when they attain the size of large shot, they will entirely escape the
attack of the beetle. After this, the vines should be raised and at-
tached to their proper support. The writer gives minute directions
for handling the vines.

IV" Wheat Wheat-bulb-worm. By S. A. Forbes, St;ite Entomologist. Nor-

mal, III . April I

GENERAL INDEX.

\.

Ahhotii, l.opnyrus, 42.
Abia oaprifolium
abietis, Lophyros, 48.
Abraxas! ribearia, 209
Acanthia lectularia. 68.
Acarimi destroyed by keroseni
acoricorticis, I.'ccanium, 801, 809, 810
aeerifnliella, Iucurvaria, 808.

Ornix,
aceris, Lecauium, 310.

Psocus, 31G.
acoti, Drosophila, 220.
Achlyodes Thrsao

Aoidalia, Bcent-producing organs in, 72.
Acres cultivated in special crops, 11, 18.
Acridinm femur-rubrum, 304.
Acronycta clarescens, 328.

luteioom

morula, 888.

oooiden talis,

liadchll

scent-producing organs in, 71.
aculifer, Lcptostylus, 331.
acotiferus, Leptostylus
Adams, .1. lj., en the vagabond ('iambus, 127,

136, 14", 148, 147..
Adirondack collections, 107,

Surrey, T 1 1 1 H id, 160.

iEgeria exitiosa, 47, 57. 6

tipuliformis, 8.
senea, Pomphopo
.Eschna heros
Agassis, Alexander, referred to, 34.

Louis, referred t<>. 24.
Ageheus PhoBuicet
Agricultural College of Iowa, 987.

Museum of State of New fork

Agriculturists pr< ite excessive insect in-

76.
Agi iotes lineatus, 46.
Agromyza tritici, 826.
Agrotis baja, 8, 34o.

bicarnea, 340.

clandestina, 328.

c nigrum, 8.

Cochrani, 58, 328.

cupida, 58.

devastator, 303.

niessoria, 328, 340.

plecta, 8.

prasina, 8.

repentis, 340.

44

Agrotis saucia, s,

scandens, 58, 828.
species, 104.
subgothic ' '
ypsflon, 8, 58.
Alaus myops, 3-)".
oculatns, 880.
Albany Evening Journal, cited, 99, 1-7, 149.
Aloatboe, Anthomyia, 171,
Alcoholic extract of pyrethrum, 88.
Aleocliara Anthomyia;, 188.
brachypteruB, 188.
nitida, 188.
Aletia argillacea, 7, 35, f>s, 117.

eaten by Heliotbis, 180.
Aleurodes sp. 331.
Allorhina nitida, 237, 888, 289,
alpha, Sternidiua, 881.
alpinellus, Crambos, 150.
Alum water, 59, 65.
Ah pia octomaculata, 33.
Alysia mandncator, 176, 187.
ambrosisefoliella, Bucculatrix, 344.
Americana, Cimbex, 138.
Clisiocampa,
Gastropacha, 888.
Meroini
American Agriculturist, 315.
American Association for the Advancement
Of Science. 122,167, 247, 889.
Entomological Society, 22.
Entomologist, cited, ' 8, 16, 25, 84, 88,
40,44,62, 99,101,104, 110, 118, 116,
120, 122, 157, 158, 162, 171, 172, 184,
188, 190, 194, 221, 287, 284, -
289, 241, 245, 264, 271. 279,280,281,
283, 285. 287. S<'1
Entomology ( Say i, cited, 281.
Hydropult Company, 311.
Naturalist, cited, 89, 40, 65, 99, 102, 127,
149, 156, 162, 182, 211, 218, 214. 247.
249, 254, 262, 281, 284, 285, 330, 881,
343.
progress in economic entomolo
Quarterly Journal of Agriculture and Sci-
ence, cited, 13, 297(4),298l I
Americanus, Julus, 307.
American vaporer moth,
Ammoniacal liquid, 52, 59.
amcena, Drosophila, 221, 830.
Amount saved to New York by the Fitch re-
ports, 21.
ampelophila, Drosophila, 65, 216,221. 130
Amphicerus bicaudatus, 83

346

Index.

Amphipyra pyramidoides, 328.
Amyot, M., 305, 306.
Anacampsis cerealella, 299.

robiniella, 309.
Analcis fragariae, 155.
Aniline dyes, 52.
Anarsialineatella, 151-156.

pruinella, 151, 152.
Anasa tristis, 39, 63.
anatipennalla, Coleophora, 163
Anatomical investigations, 15.
Anbury, 192.

Angoumois moth, 299, 316.
angustifrons, Anthomyia, 181, 183, 184, 185.

Chortophila, 181, 184.
Animal kingdom, number of species of, 12.
Animals poisoned by Lady-bugs, 314.
Anisoptervx pometaria, 11, 57, 72, 329.

vernata, 11, 33, 57, 61, 72, 329.
Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 50.
Annotated List of British Anthomyiidae, 179.
Annual Register of Rural Affairs, 172, 322.

Reports of New York State Agricultural
Society, 111.
Anomala atrata, 307.

lucicola, 307.

maculicollis, 307.

mcerens, 307.
Anopheles quadrimaculatus, 298.

hyemalis, 298.
Anoplites scutellaris, 309, 320.
Ant attack upon a cut-worm, 321.
Antennae of insects, as organs of smell, 69.
Antennal amputation, result of, 69.
antennalis, Chlorops, 225.
Antennal sensitive bristles in insects, 69.

sensitive furrows in insects, 69.
antennata, Xylina, 137, 328.
Anthomyia Alcathoe, 171.

angustifrons, 181, 183, 184.

antiqua, 171, 179.

beta;, 204, 206.

brassicse, 47. 171, 184-191, 192, 193, 296,
322.

brassicae, of Wiedemann, 185.

calceola, 195.

ceparum, 8, 46, 171, 172, 173, 179, 180,
296, 322.

goniphora, 195.

ischiaca, 195.

lactucarum, 191.

lenis, 195.

lunatifrons, 195.

notatifrons, 195.

pluvialis, 171.

radicum, 171, 1S4, 186, 191, 194, 196, 198.

radicum v. calopteni, 181, 184.

raphani, 48, 171, 194-199, 296, 322.

ruficeps, 171, 185.

similis, 171, 202.

sulcans, 207.

timida, 195.

zeae, 199-201.
anthomyise, Aleochara, 188.
Anthomyian flies, 168-202.

characters of, 169.

derivation of name, 168.

discharged from the human stomach, 169.

extensive family of, 170.

habits of, 168.

larvre of, 168.

Mead's, R. H., studies of, 170.

neuration of, 169.

New York species of, 171.

Anthomyian flies, N.American species of,170.

preventive of, 65, 75.

resemblance of species, 172.
Anthomyians mining beet-leaves, 203-211.

compared with European species, 207.

different species, 206.

eggs described and figured, 205.

escape of flies from puparium, 204.

European beet-fly described, 206.

flies observed, 204.

habits of the larvae, 205.

injuries in Europe from, 206.

larva described and figured, 203.

larvae first observed, 203.

method of larval feeding, 203.

mines described, 205.

observations in Middleburgh, 203.

puparium described and figured, 204.

pupation; 206.

successive broods, 206.
Anthomyiidae in Cambridge Museum, 198.

notices of, 172, 181, 184, 191, 194, 199,
200, 201, 202, 207, 208, 209.

On Some Species of, 168-172.

re-arrangement of, 184.
Anthonomus crataegi, 331.

quadrigibbus, 60, 331.
Anthracine, 52, 67.
Anthreuus kept from insect cabinets, 74.

scrophulariae, 9, 59, 64.

varius, 65, 299.
Anthribus varius, 259.
Ant-lions, 79.
Ants, black, 213.

enemies to cut-worms, 321.

remedy for, 50, 62.
Ant, the large black, remedy for, 62.
Apamea, scent-producing organs in, 71.
Apatura Lycaon parasite, 86.

Herse parasite, 86.
Aphaniptera, an order named by Kirby, 79.
Aphelions mytilaspides, 61.
Aphidae, 300.
Aphididae, 4.
Aphidius, 302.
Aphids, 40, 212, 302.
Aphis avenae, 313, 316.

brassicae, 296.

cerasi, 13.

granaria, 313.

humuli, 8, 319, 320.

-lion, 302.

mali, 8, 302, 317.

malifoliae, 331.

pruni-mahaleb, 320.

ribes, 272.

species, remedy for, 49.
Aphrophora parallela, 285.

quadrangularis, 285.

Saratogensis, 285.
apivora, Promachus, 318.

Trupanea, 318.
Apple bark beetle, 331.

bark-louse, 316, 331

bud-worm, 329.

curculio, 60, 331.

Drosophilas, 218.

insects, number of, 4, 77, 327.

-maggot, 330.

Micropteryx, 330.

-midge, 219, 330.

orchard, largest in the world, 11.

orchard protected by counterodorants,77

plant-louse, 47, 302, 331.

Index.

:U7

Apple Sphinx, 827.
Thnpa, 332.
twig borer, 880.
worm, 3.5, 58, 60, 88, 819. .
Apple-leaf Aphis, 881,
Bueculatrix, 167-163,

bibliography, 157.

caterpillar of, 157.

Oirrospilus parasite oi

cocoons of, 167, 158.

Enoyrtus parasite of,

geographical distribution, 158.

habits of, 168,

moth described and figured,

number of br Is, 158.

parasitea of,

rsoeida\ characters of, 161.

reference to,
remedies [or,

several stages of, 157.
folder
miner, 830.
skeletonizer,
Apple-tree Apt

borer. 64, 808, 818, 816.
ease-bearer, L69

attacked by a parasit
bibliography, ' 03.
oases of, Ml. M.">.
caterpillars described, 168, 164,
first noticed, I*' I.
limited distribution, oi
London purple for, 167.
moth described and figured, l :8, 164
natural history of, 164.
operations in an orchard, 165.
other case-bet
Paris green for, 167.
reference to, 330.
remedies for, 166.
several stages of, 168.
when t<> use the remedies, 167.
caterpillar, 308, 316.
injuries to, 164,

insects, 3, 4, 10, 77, 157, 168, 827.
pests (Fitch), 300.
plant-louse, imported, S.
prun.-i.

tent-caterpillar, 56, 57, 328.
Aptera, an Order named by Leach, 79.
Aquaject, for applying insecticides, 30, 4'J.
Aracbnida, a division of Insecta, 78.
Arctica, Hadena, 8.
arcuata, Tingis, 311.
argillacea, Aletia, 7, 35, 58, 117.
Argyrolepia pomoriana, 300, 301.

sylvaticana, 300.
Argyromiges pseudacaciella, 309.
argyrospila, Cacoecia, 329.
Ancia f usciceps, 184.
Armagrandis, 331.

spinosa, 331.
armiger, Heliothis, 8, 116-126.
Armored scale-bug of the orange, 38.
Army-worm, 33, 133, 146, 226, 312, 314.
moth, its identification, 312.
years, 147.
Arrg'mt of the British Anthomviirta-, 179,
Ashes, 310, 321.

Ash-gray blister-beetle, 32, 57, 331.
Ash-gray pinion, 328.

Ashmead, M., referred tl

Asilida),

asparagi, Crioceris, B, 9, 59/ 61,

Asparagus I tie, 889—346.

allied >l>eeies, "J44.

an imported speoii

a second aaparagna beetle, 344.

attacked by a parasite, 341.

bibliography, 389.

"cross-bearer" variety

description and figure

egg described, 348.

no,, of ravages, 389.
i . 248.

Fitch notices of, 816, 816, 823.
t hunting, "J lo.

injuries from, 341,

introduction in the United States, 240.

larva described, 242.

lime-dusting rami i> I

natural history of. 343,

New Jersey distribution, 241.

not obnoxious in Europe, 9.

preventives of, 246.

remedies for, J4.">.

slow distribution of, 240.

spread over Lone; Island, 240.
Asphaltum, 53
Aspidiotus aurantii, 60,

eircolaris, 881.

conchiformis, 331 .

Harrisii, 331.

perniciosus, 332.
Aspidisca splendoriferella, 166, 330.
assimilis, Ceutorhynchus, 195

Mamestra, 828.
atlanis, Caloptenus, 882.
Atlanis grasshopper, 332.
Atomizers, 31.
atrata, Anomala, 307.
Atropos divinatorius, tin, 101.

pulsatorius, 298.
Attacinie, 340.
Attagenus megatoma, 64.
Attention given to life-histories, 22.
Attracting to food-plants of minor value, 64.

to lamps and fires, 58.

to light, the corn-worm, 126.

to odors, the cotton-worm, 125.

to poisoned sweets, 58.
Attraction of Helicouia chrysalis, 70,

of Noctuidae to baits, 70.

of Promethea moths, 70.
Audouin, on location of smelling organs, 6 I
aurantii, Aspidiotus, 60.
aurata, Cetonia, 237.
aurichalcea, Coptocycla, '33, 300.
Aussereurop. Zweifliig. Ins., cited, 211.
Austin's Supplement to Check list of Coleop-

tera, 233, 254.
Autumn canker-worm, 329.
avena?, Siphonophora, 8.
avicularia, Ornithomyia, 299.
avium, Dcrmanyssus, 62.

Bacteria in the violet Nephelodes, 105.
Bag- or basket-worm, 81-87.

arbor vita; defoliated by, 81.

arsenical insecticides for, 87.

bag described, 82.

348

Index.

Bag- or basket-worm, bibliography, 81.

Chalcis ovata, parasitic on, 86.

depredations of, on Staten Island, 81.

destroyed by six parasites, 84,

difficulty in classifying, 83.

erroneous references of, 83.

families to which referred, 83.

female moth, 82.

figures of, 82.

food-plants, 84, 328.

generic diagnosis, 84.

genus published, 83.

geographical distribution, 84.

hand-picking, the best remedy, 87.

Hemiteles ? thyridopterigis, parasitic on,
85.

larval case described, 82.

larval habits, 82.

life-history by Riley, 83.

moth described, 82.

natural enemies, 84.

original specimen of, 83.

Pinipla conquisitor, parasitic on, 85.

preference tor cedar, 84.

Pteromalus sp. V, parasitic on, 86.

remedies for, 57, 87.

Stephens, Prof., upon, 83.

Tachina sp. V, parasitic on, 87.
Baiting Noctuidaj, 70, 114.
Baits of potato for wire-worms, 63.
baja, Agrotis, 8, 340.
Banchus fugitivus, 320.
Banded Chion, 330.

Ips, 330.

Lithacodes, 328.

Phigalia, 329.
Barberry-aphis, 296.
barda, Mallota, 211, 212, 215.

Milesia, 211.
bardus, Merodon, 211.
Bark-lice, 160, 259.
Barnard, [W. S.l cited, 157, 163, 184.

on cabbage-fly parasite, 188.

on case-bearers, 166.
Barricades against migrations, 58.
Barrett, C. G., quoted, 119.
Bartlett, Dr., Insects from, 313.
basilare, Sinoxylon, 330.
Basket-worm, Paris green for, 33.

concealed life of female, 72.
Bassett, H. F., on the corn-bug, 235, 236.
Bath, N. Y., insects taken at, 90.
Beating remedy, 269.
Beautiful wood-nymph, 33.
Bed-bugs not attracted to all persons, 74.

remedy for, 62.
Bees, effect of pyrethrum on, 40.

parasites of, 79.

resemble Syrphida;, 168.

smelliug-organs in, 69.
Beitrage zur Keuntniss der nordainerikanis-
chen Nachtfalter, von Prof. P. C. Zeller,
127, 157.
bellus, Phytocoris, 271.
Bennington, Vt., beet-leaf miners at, 210.
Benson, L., referred to, 130.
Benzine, for carpet-bugs, 59.
Benzole, a coal-tar product, 67.
Berg, Prof., on carniverous caterpillars, 119.
Berliner Entomol. Zeitschr., 216.
betarum, Chortophila, 208.
Bethune, [C. J. S.], cited, 172, 227, 230, 264.

Bethunei, Xylina, 328, 341.
Bethune' s Xylina, 328, 341.
Bibliography, of birds, by Dr. Coues. 80.

of economic entomology, 20.

importance of, 80.

extent of, in report, 80.
bicarnea, Agrotis, 340.
bicaudatus, Amphicerus, 312, 330.

Bostrichus, 312.
Bill-bug, 260, 310.
bimaculata, Thelia, 284.
binotata, Enchenopa, 281-288.

Membracis, 281, 282.

Thelia, 281.
binotatum, Enchophyllum, 281, 285.
Biological collection,

made by Prof. Riley, 24.

of Department of Agriculture, 23.

of museum at Cambridge, 24.

of N. Y. State Agricultural Society, 23.
Biological collections of insects, 15.

their character and arrangement, 23, 24.
Bird-flies, 79.

-lice, 80.

mites, 62.
Birds eating Nephelodes violans, 105.

protection of certain insectiverous, 61.
Bisulphide of carbon, as an insecticide, 47,
48.

destroys the cabbage-fly, 47, 190.

method of using, 47.

not available for general use, 47.

Prof. Cook's experiments with, 47.

promises protection from egg deposit, 47,
67.

remedy for Anthomyia-, 190, 199.

used for killing the Phylloxera, 47.

useful against other insects, 47, 199.
bivittata, Saperda, 297, 306.
Black Anomala, 307.

-blight, 319, 320.

blistering beetle, 305.

fly attack, bow prevented, 74.

-knot, 308.

-legged barley-fly, 307.

scale of California, 332.

worm, 312.
Blake, C. A., naphthaline cones of, 65.
Bland, Mr., cited, 236.
Blight on apple-trees, 314.
Blind Alaus, 330.
Blind-eyed Sphinx, 327.
Blissus leucopterus, 7, 58.
Blister-beetles, ash-gray, 32, 57.

margined, 33, 57.

striped, 33, 57.
Blistering-fly, 300.
Blow-fly, 169.
Blue bird feeds on Indian Cetonia, 234.

feeds on violet Nephelodes, 102.
Blue caterpillars of the vine, 33.
Blue meat-fly, wing of, 170.
Board of Regents of the University, 29S.
Boarmia, scent-producing organs "in, 72.
Body-lice, 79.
Boisduval cited, 172.
Boll-worm, 8, 38, 117.
Bombycidai, brief life of, 340.

carnivorous, 119.

delayed pupation of, 137.

notices of, 81, 87.

of the apple-tree, 32S.

Index.

349

Book-infesting insects killed bv pyrethrum,

38.
Book-louse, 298, 816.
Book-peat, IBS.

Borax for cockroaches, 86, MS
borealis, Oornra, 187.

Borer in apple-trees. :;ip:;

Boreus brumalis, 298.
nivoriundus, 298.

Boston Cultivator, '227.

Journal of Natural History, S.V
Society of Natural History, 198, 816,

Bostrichus bicaudatus, 812.

Bot-flies, 899,

Botys species, 188.

Bou'che cited, 172, 184.

bovis, Uypoderma, 999.

Bowles, Mr., on pickled-fruit By, 816,

brachypterus, Aleochar:i

Braoon, 808.

Braconid parasite. 161.

brassica>, Anthomvia, 47, 171, 184-]

Aphis, 296.
Ptosis, 66, 161 .

brassicella, Cerostoma, 322.

Brevoortia menhaden, 75.

Briggs' (U. G.) Californian vineyard, 11.

Briue remedy, 190.

British Unseam, andesoribed insects in, 18.

Bnzo, Nisoniades, 836, 837.

Broad-neeked Prionus, 880.

Bronze colored cut-worm, 99, 102, 136.

Brooklyn Entomological Society, 22.

Brooklyn Sanitary Association, 32'.'.

Brown Colaspis, 821.

brumalis, Boreus, 298.

Trichocera, 298.
brunnea, Colaspis, 891,
bubalus, Ceresa, 284, 331.
Bucculatrix ambrosisfoliella, notes on, 344.
bucculatrix, Encyrtus, 160.
Bucculatrix. pomifoliella, 157-168, 880, 344.

pomonella, l.">7.

thuiella, 168.
Buchan & Co.'s carbolic soaps, 48, 62.
Buckler, \\\, on Crambidse, 150, 151.
Buffalo tree-hopper, 234, 315, 318, 331.
Bufo Americanus, 61.
Buhach, large production of, 34:'.

made by Mr. Milco,

Producing and Manufacturing Company,
343.

superior to the imported powder, 37.
Bulletin de la Societe des Naturalistic de
Moscou, cited, 119.

of Buffalo Society of Natural :
cited, 86, 116, 211.

of Illinois State Laboratory of N. H.,
cited, 105.

of U. S. Entomological Commission,
cited, 13, 26, 31, 40, 58, 63, 84, 85, 86,
881.
of U. S. Geolog.- Geograph. Surrey of
the Territories, cited, 4, 115, 151, 157,
163, 264, 271, 344.
Bumble-bee, 819.
Buprestidse, 301, 303.
Burgess, E., on type of Mallota barda, 215.
Burmeister, Handbuch Eutomol. by, 232.

on location of smelling organs, 69.
Burning for destroying insects, 110, 115, 263.
garden refuge," 58, 269, 270, 279.
stubble, 58, 253.

Butalis cerealella, 816.
Butterflies of the apple-tree, 327.
studied by W. H. Edwards, 22

Cabbage Aphis, 296, 322.
Cabbage-butterfly, 8, 9, 39,48, 189, 191, 194,

840,867, 322.
Cabbage-fly, 184-191.

Aleoobara parasitic upon it, 188.

44 anbury " associated with it, 185.

an European species, 184.

bibliography, 184.

cauliflowers injured by it, 186.

description of it, 186.

discovery Of its parasite, 188.

Pitch notices of, 296, 322.

habits of its parasite, 188.

larva described, 186.

operations on cabbage, 184.

original description, where, 185.

parasitized by a beetle, 187.

preventives of attaek, 190.

remedies for attack, 47, 190, 199.

resembles Anthomyia radicum, 186.

turnips injured by it, 185.
Cabbage-gall weevil, preventive of, 65.
Cabbage imported from Europe, 189.

moth, 8, 322.

worm, 59.
Caccecia argyrospila, 329.

rosaceana. 321'.
cadaverina, Lucilia, 299
Caddis-worms, 79.
Ciecelius sp., 161.
Caesar, Lucilia, 69.
ciespitalis, Pyrgus, 336.
Calandra grauaria, 304, 816.
Calandre, 305.
calcarata, Saperda, 297.
calceola, Anthomyia, 195.
calcitrans, Stomoxys, 299.
Calf tree-hopper, 331.
calidum, Calosoma, 128.
California mo vingfuraStateEntomologist, 21.
California wheat fields, immense, 12.
caliptera, Cecidomyia, 297.
Callidryas Eubule, odor of male, 72.
Calliphora f ulvibarbis, 299.

vomitoria, 69, 170, 299.
Callipterus mucidus, 331.
Callosamia Promethea, an apple insect, 328.

difference in molts of, 98.

limited flight of female, 72
Caloptenus atlanis, 332.

temur-rubrum, 7, 332.

spretus, 7, 195, 304, 332.
Calosoma calidum, 128.
Camnula pellucida, 332.
Camphor to protect woolens, 64.
Campodea fragilis, 101.

Canadian Eutoniologist.cited, 9, 10, 17, 19, 25,
40, 43, 64, 69, 86, 99, 104, 122, 127, 145, 149,
151, 157, 170, 181, 184, 191, 194, 198, 206,
207, 216, 227, 233, 237, 238, 308, 328, 329,
330, 336, 338, 339, 340, 341, 344.
Candida, Saperda, 58, 64, 831.
canicularis, Homalomyia, 168, 171.
Canker-worm, ascent of moth prevented, 64.

reference to, 57, 226.

spring, 33.

trap, 64.

treated with Paris green, 33.

350

Index.

Cannel coal, products of, 46.
Cantharis atrata, 305.
vittata, 300, 322.
Capmapygmea, 298.
caprea, Clytus, 297.
Capsus 4-vittatus, 271.
"Ill in ea tus, 331.
on wheat, 300.
quadnvittatus, 271.
cara, Catocala, 90.
Carabid beetles, 145.
Carabids, smelliug-organs of, G9.
Carabus, experiments in smell, with, 69.
Carbolic acid, as an insecticide, 47, 4S.
as a counterodoraut, 76.
crude form to be used, 48.
destroys larva:, etc., iu potted plants, 48.
employed forprotecting pickled fruit, 65.
employed for protecting radishes, 48.
"fly" on sheep cured by it, 48.
kills vermin on domestic animals, 48.
mixed with soap, 59.
obtained from coal-tar, 52.
preventive of egg-deposit, 67.
remedial uses, 190, 199.
soaps of James Buchau & Co., 48.
testimony to its value, 48.
used for destroying Phylloxera, 47.
vineyards protected by it, 48.
Carbolic-acid water to prevent Drosophila

attack, 221.
Carbolic-ointment for "fly," 48.

preventive of black-fly attack, 74.
Carbolic soaps of Buchan & Co., 48.
cardui, Cynthia, 320.
caricae, Lecanium, 301.
carneum, Pyrethrum, 36.
Carnivorous caterpillars, 119, 120.
Carpet-beetle, illustrated, 10.

not a carpet pest in Europe, 9.
preventives of, 64.
when introduced, 9.
Carpet-bug, 59.
Carpet-moth, 64.
Carpocapsa apple-worm, 219.

pomonella, references to, 8, 35, 58, 219,
_ 329.
Carriage-robes, protection of, 65.
Carrion-beetles, attracted by odors, G9.
Carrot-fly, 46, 49.
caryse, Halisidota, 328.
Carynota, 300.

caryosus, Sphenophorus, 261.
Case-bearing clothes moth, 64.

Coleophora, 166.
Cassididae, 243, 306.

Catalogue of Animals and Plants of Massa-
chusetts (Harris) cited, 195.

of Insects of New York State Cabinet N.

H., 299, 300.
of the Diurnals of North America (Ed-
wards), 335, 837.
cataphracta, Dorthesia, 286.

Gortyna, 115.
Catbird, "food of, 105.

Caterpillars, estimate of, in fifth brood, 126.
importance of attacking first brood, 126.
killed by rains, 128.
Catocala cara, 90.
concnmbens, 90.
grynea, 328.
piatrix, 90.

Catocala, scent-producing organs in 71

species, 113, 341.
Caesar, Lucilia, 299.
Cattle, remedy for vermin on, 48.
Cecidomyia caliptera, 297.
cerealis, 311.
destructor, 58, 321.
gall on grape leaves, 322.
gramiuis, 321.
mimica, 321.
leguminicola, 54.
salicis, 297.
thoracica, 297.
togata, 297.

tritlci, 297, 305, 306, 311, 321.
Cecropia Emperor moth, 328.
Cecropia, Samia, 328.

Cedar shavings for protecting woolens 64
celastri, Dorthesia, 285.
Celery-fly, 49.
cellaris, Drosophila, 220.
centaurce, Pyrgus, 836.
Center, N. Y., insects from, 107.
Centipedes, 322.

Central Agricultural Society of France 324
ceparum, Authomyia, 8.

Phorbia, 164, 171, 172, 204.
cepetorum, Phorbia, 173.
Cephaleniyia ovis, 299.
Cerambycids, smelling organs of, 69.
cerasi, Aphis, 13.
Selandria, 60.
Cerasphorus balteatus, 330.
Cercopid;e, 285, 300.
cerealella, Anacampsis, 299.

Butalis, 316.
cerealium, Thrips, 303.
Ceresa bubalus, 2S4, 315, 318, 331.

taurina, 331.
Cerostoma brassicella, 322.
Cerura borealis(? occidentalisl, 137.
Cetoniaaurata, 237.

Inda, 232-239.
Cetoniadae, 234.
Cetoniini, 234.

Ceutorhynchus assimilis, 195.
Chsetochilus coHtubernalellus, 300.

pometellus, 300.
Chalcididie, 85, 146, 156, 160, 241 307
Chalcis-fly, 61.
Chalcis ovata, 86.
Chalk, fur repelling red ants, 65.
chalybirostris, Crambus, 139.
Chambers, [V. T.], cited, 151, 157, 162, 163

330, 344.
Change of color in insect transformation, 275.
Charitonia, Heliconia, 70.
Charlevoix's original name for theskunk,75.
Cbattield, A. F., on four-lined leaf-bug, 277.
Chermes laricis, 46.
Cherry and pear slug, 60.
Cherry-tree Aphis, 13.

slug, 42.
Chickens for destroying flea-beetles, 61.
Chinch-bug, 58, 195, 297, 302, 308, 316.
Dr. Thomas' Bulletin on, 17.
losses from, 7.
Chinese wax, 284.
Chionaspis furfurus, 331.
Chion cinctus, 330.

garganicus, 330.
Chironomus nivoriundus, 13, 298.

Index.

351

Chloride of lime, as an insecticide, SIS.
Chloris, Parasa, S28.
Chlorops, 238, 'J- 1. 885, 344.

anleuiialis, 225.
lineal i

pruxiuia, 226.
iitimilionis, 226.

rulgaris, 886.
Chcurtophila anguatiirona, lfll, 184.
beta, 8i
betarun

cilicrura, 181, 184.
conform!
feaui

Booooaa, 207,

pa eggs, 177.

Methuselah, Sio.
sensorial organs

seplendeciiu, 381.

spumai

tibicen, S31.
tredecin

Cidaria, scent-producing organs in, 72.
cilicrura Phorbia, 180, 181-184.

cimbiciformis, Hallota, 811, 215.
Cincinnati Daily Gazette, cited. 127.

Journal, cited, 12,
cinctaria. Phigaliat, 889

cinctus, Chion,

Itilyas,
Cinderella, Teras
cinerariafoUum, Pyretbrum,

Epicauta, 83.

Xylina, 1S7.
cingulatus, Leistotrophus, 1S7.

Oncideres, 331.
cinnamopterus, Stapbylinus, 188.
Cionus scropbulariie, 248.
Circular bark-louse, 381.
circularis. Aspidiotus, 331.
Cirrospilus tlavicinctus, 159.
clandestiua, Agrotis, 328.
clarescens, Acronycta, 828.
Clarkson, E., referred to, 180.
Clarkson, Miss A., quoted, 100, 101, 140.
(.'lark's (Rufus) large potato field, 12.
Classification, remarks on, 78.
Clastoptera Proteus, 285.

tcstacea, 285.
clavata, Coptocycla, 33.
Clayey soil preventive of radish-flv, 199.
Claypolc, [Prof. E. W.], cited. 116, 123.
Clean culture lessens insect injury, 66.
Clear-winged wheat-flv.
Clemens, [B.], cited, f-1, 127.

description of C. vulgivagellus, 141.

on species of Tin'eide, 151, 152, 153, 157,
330(3).
Climbing out-won
(lisiocampa Americana, 56, 85, 828.

svlvatica, 828.
Cloaked Chrysomela, 831.
Close-win^s. English name for Crambid;e,140.
Clothilla pulsatoria, 162, 316.
Clover-root borer, 8, 54, 247.
Clover-seed midge, 54.
Clvtus [Cvllene] pictus, 297.

[Glyc'obius] speciosus, 297.

'•- oclytusj caprea, 887.
rohinia
0-nigrum, Agrotis, 8.
Coal tar, as an inseetieiile. 50-68.

a residual of gas manufacture, 52.

burned with sulphur for curculio, 51.

oosl of, at Albany, 58.

cost of, hi Western States. 58.

distributed bj irrigating ditches, 51.

its product

pan, tin- Etobbit

itive « > t" egg depo
quantity use. I in Hi BOta, 51.

toxic power of, 61.

traps described in D.S. Km Com. Repts.,

61.
trap used in Colorado, 61.
used against Phylloxera, 60.
used against Rocky Mi loou
utilized in England,
water, for garden insects, 51.
Coceida\in the Department of Agriculture, 88.

parasites of, !*. ISO.
in State Cabinet, 300.
secretins el wax, 884, 300.
Coccinella boreal i-.

Coccus innunierabilis, 301.

machine, 801.
Coclirani, Agrotis, 58, 328.
Cockchaffer, 305.
Cockroach, 62, 65, 343.

Cocoons of apple-leaf Bucculatrix, 157, 15S
Cocoon of Tolvpe laricis, 84
Codling-moth, 8, 35, 60, 167.
Ccelodasys unicornis, 137, 328.
I tolaspis brunnea, 321.
Coleman, M., mi rat-tailed larr:e, 213.
Coleophora anatdpennella, 163.

malivorella, 163, 329.

multipulvella, 163.
Coleopterii. insects typical of the Order, 78.

larvre of, studied, 22.

Le Baron's Report on, 17.

of the apple-tree, 330.

smelling organs of, 69.

species noticed, 227, 232, 239, 247, 253.
Coleothrips trifasciata, 303.
Colias Chrysotbeme, 301.

Edusa, 301.

nastes, 301.

l'hicomone, 301.

Philodice, 301.

santes, 801.
Collection of insects of Prof. Riley in Na-
tional Museum. 24.
Colonization of parasites, 61.
Colorado potato-beetle, 26, 39, 43, 45, 145,
889, 244, 867.

potato field, 12.
Color and Pattern in Insects (Hagen), 276.
Columba, Tremex, 330.
Common names of insects, 139, 156, 226.
communis, Melanotus, 03, 330.
Compound eyes of insects, 67.
comptus, Ph'ytonomus, 248.
Comrade palmer-worm, 829.
Comstock, Prof. J. H., biological collection
made by, 8.

cited, 8, 48, 44, 60, 85, 116, 152, 166, 209,
216, 226, 239, 254, 286, 291, 330(3), 331,

on beet-leaf miners, 210.

352

Index.

Comstock, on Drosophila species, 221.

on Heliothis armiger, 120, 121.

on peach-twig borer, 154.

Report upon Cotton Insects, 18.

soap solution for scale insects, 60.
concavus, Lixus, 260.
conchiformis, Aspidiotus, 331.
concinna, CEdemasia, 137, 328.
confertus, Polycaon, 330.
conformis, Chortophila, 209.

Musca, 209.
Congressional appropriation for entomologi-
cal work, 24.

Library, 217.
Conotrachelus nenuphar, 57, 331.
conquisitor, Pimpla, 85.
contaminellus, Crambus, 150, 151.
Contribution to a Monograph of N. A. Svr-

phid;e (Williston), 212.
Contributions to Maelurian Lyceum, cited, 84.
contubernalellus, Cluetochihis, 300.

Ypsolophus, 329.
Cook, C. E., on apple-tree case-bearer, 166.
Cook, [Prof. A. J.], on cabbage-fly remedies,
190.
•on codling-moth remedy, 167.

on London purple, 35.

references to, 39, 47, 48, 122, 184, 194,
197, 199, 228, 229, 321.

writings of, 19.
Copidosoma sp., 156.
Copperas water, 59, 201.
Coptocycla aurichalcea, 33, 57, 306.

clavata, 33, 57.

punctata, 306.
Coquebertii, Otiocerus, 298.
Coquillet, [ D.W.], cited, 116. 211, 328, 329 (2).
Corn-bug (Sphenophorus), 310.
Corn-worm, 116-126.

attracting to lamps, 126.

attracting to odors, 126.

bait for destroying, 125.

benefit of killing first brood. 126.

bibliography, 116.

boll-worm the same, 117.

broods in the South, 117.

carnivorous habit of larva, 119.

caterpillar described, 118.

corn eaten by it, figured, 123.

eggs of, 117.

feeds by day, 118.

first injuries in New York, 117.

food-plants of, 120.

geographical distribution of, 121.

hand-picking remedy, 125.

imported, 8.

increase in successive broods, 126.

injuries in New York unusual, 124.

lamps for catching, 126.

mode of attackiug corn, 122.

moth described, 118.

northern localities visited, 122.

occurrence in New York, 124.

operations of the larvas, 121.
Corrosive sublimate, for bed-bugs, 62.
Corycia vestaliata, 329.
Cossus ligniperda, 83.
Cotton-batting bands around trees, 64.
Cotton-moth, 328.
Cotton plantation, large, 12.
Cotton-worm, 35, 37, 38, 117, 226.
Coues, Dr., extended bibliograhy by, 180.

Counterodorants,

animal secretions useful for, 75.

carbolic acid and camphor used as, 74.

coal-tar distillates available for, 75.

fish manures valuable for, 75.

mention of several, 74, 75.

naphthaline, camphor, etc., used as, 74.

neutralize odors of plants, 74.

oil of tar and penny royal, used as, 74.

operation of, 74.

pig-sty drainage and manure, eificieut
as, 75.

prevent egg deposit, 74.

requisites in, 74.

result of use of, 76, 77.

skunk and other animal secretions as,

75.

Country Gentleman, cited, 12, 33, 45, 48, 51,

53, 57, 61, 62, 64, 65, 81, 99, 111, 116, 124,

127, 157, 163, 216, 221, 224, 227, 228, 232,

233, 235, 239, 241, 246, 247, 253, 254, 255,

256,264,281, 297, 301(2), 302(4), 303(7),

304(3), 305, 306, 307(3), 308(2), 30U(2),

310 3), 311(3), 312(3), 313(3), 314(4 1,

315(2), 317(3), 318(4), 319(3), 380(2),

321(5), 322, 331.

Courier and Freeman, [Potsdam, X. Y.],

cited, 127, 133.
coxendix, Oscinis, 225.
Crambidje, characteristics of, 139

of Great Britain, 150.
Crambus alpinellus, 150.

contaminellus, 150, 151.

chalybirostris, 139.

craterellus, 150.

culmellus, 141, 150, 151.

dumatellus, 150.

ericellus, 150.

exsiccatus, account of, 136 138, 14&-151.

fascilinellus, 151.

furcatellus, 150.

fuscisquamellus, 151.

geniculus, 151.

Eamellus, 150.

inquinatellus, 150.

latistrius, -150.

lithargyrellus, 150

margaritellus, 150.

myeTlus, 150.

pascuellus, 150.

perlellus, 150.

silvellus, 150.

uliginosellus, 150.

undatus, 151.

verellus, 150.

vulgivagellus, 53, 99, 100, 109, 127-149.

Warringtouellus, 150, 151.
cratsegella, Lithocolletis, 330.
crata'gi, Anthonomus, 331.

Thelia, 284.
ciaterellus, Crambus, 150.
crenulata, Lachnosterna, 330.
Cresson, [E. T.], on Pimpla, s4.
Cresvlic acid, 52.
Cresvlic-acid soap, 279, 280.
Cresylic ointment, for screw-worm, 62.
cretata, Saperda, 331.
Crickets, 40, 79.
Crioceridfe, 243.
Crioceris asparagi, 8, 9, 59, 61, 289-246, 315.

trilineata, 322.

12-punctata, 244.

Index.

353

Crotch Check List of Coleoptora, cited, 288,

Croton-bug, preventive of, 65.
for, 68.

C bugs, 79.

ii '

Crushing leaf-rollers, etc., !>v bond, B7.

crypticii

Crj ptus inquisitor, 84.

in ii tul ii -. 1 IT.
Ctenucha Latreillana, 317.

Virginic
■

Bea beetle, 38, 244.
oucumeris, Epitrix, 83, BB, 196.
Culex genus, 191.
dis, 298.
oulmellus, CrambuB, 141, 160, 161.

, il.
ii- phantria, 806.
Cunningham's [J. l>., peaeh orohard, 11.

Agrotis, 68.
Ourculio, 46, 67, 308, 809, 816.
iber, illustrated, 57.
>o\ eboracensis, 800.
pimpinellte, 248.
preventive of, 65.
punotatus, 247.
remedy Cor, 88.
Curculionidffi, 46, -24T, 249, 258, 2B . 260.
Curoulionides, smelling i
ouroulionis, Sigalphus, SOS.
Currant Aphis, 272.
Currant-borer, B, 57, 821.

Curranl worm, 8, 41, 46, 56, 59, 6
Curtis' Farm Insects, cited, 9, 172, I

1-7. 189, 191, 198, 206, 207, 287, 289.
Curtis' researches referred to, 20.
curvilineatella, LithocoUetis, 157.
Cutting "if infested t« ig
Cutting out Ihi \ .- from trees, 58.
(,'ut wo •. 108, 118, 303,

821, 322.
itimi of smelling organs, 69.
red i". 828.
Cyanide bottle, 90.

i\ donis, Tiugis, 311.

Podisus, 331.
Cyniphid;

■ oardui, 320.

:i, 300.

Daimia Tethvs, 336.

Dalmatian Insect powder. 25, 36, 37.

Dalrymple farm in Nebraska, 12.

daina, l.ucanus, 830.

Dark sided cut-worm, 328.

Datana integerrima, 328.

miniatra, 8, 57, 320.
Death-watch, 162, 316.
dcceptiva. llvlemvia. 171, 201, 226.
Deceptive wheat-fly, 201.

description of, 201.

habits of, 201.

noticed only by Dr. Fitch, 201.

supposed to produce the " weevil," 201.

tvpes in Cambridge Museum, 202.

45

Deceptive wheat-fly, when and where found,

201.
Deep cultivation to prevent onion-fly, 178.
Deep pinning for killing insects, 68, 110.
Deilepbila lineata, 119, ,

bed, 282,
D i rde, U. P., 884.
Delayed pupation of Crambos larvte, 137.

uf other Ian a . 187.
Delay in printing Report, 868.
De Longchamps, M. Selys, 884.
Densmore Apple farm, 166, 166.'
dentipes var. of M. cimbiciformis, 211.
Department of Agriculture, 19, -

143, 164, 197, 861.
Dermanj bsus avium, >">2.
Dermaptera, an Order of Leach, 79.

Dermestes kept ( insect cabinets, 74.

lie Saussure cited, IT'-'.

Described species of insects, number of, 18.
Descriptions and .Notes of Lepidoptera, 883.
lie Series, Olivier, 884.

entomological information, 21.
Desmia maculalis parasite, 86.
I tesmocerus palliatus, 297.
Destroying fallen fruit, 58.

first broods, benefit of, 269.

inseets before o\ iposition, 28';.

web-nests, 57.
destructor, Nysius, 195, 331.

Semiotellus, 321.
Desvoidy on Anthomyia, 180.
DeTarr, D. N., on four-lined leaf-bug, 277.
devastatrix, Uadena, 58.
Devereaux, W. L., on Noctuids, 341.
Diabrotica vittata, 244, 331.
diadems, Sinea, 381.
Diapheromera femorata, 111.
Diaspia ostreaaformis, 331.
Dicerca divaricata, 3S0.
Dickinson, lion. A. B., quoted, 21
Digging fur cut-worms, 58.
Diluents "f London purple, 35.

of oils, 44.

of pyrethrum, 37.
Diplosis tritici, 6, S, 138, 201.
Diptera Americas Septentrionalis Indigena,

cited, 816.
Diptera, insects embraced in the Order, 78.

of the apple-tree, 330.

smelling organs of. 09.

specially noticed, 172,181, 184,191, 194,199,
•joo, 201, 202,207, 208,209, 211, 216, 221.
Dipteres Exotiques, cited, 211.
Directions for use of London purple, 3G.

for safe use of Paris green, 31.
Discovery of Insecticides, 25.
Diseased larva; of the violet Nephelodes, 105.
Disippus butterfly. 327.
disippus, Limenitis, 327
disposita, Xylina, 341.
Distribution of pyrethrum ceed, 37.
District invaded by potato-beetle, 26.
Ditching to arrest migration, 58.
divarieata, Dicerca, 330.
Divaricated Buprestis, 330.
divinatorius, Atropos, 65.
Dodge, [C. R.J, on an apple-pest, 329.
Dodge, [J. R.J, cited, 172, 239.
Dog-day Cicada, 331.
domesticus, Psocus, 65, 162.
Donovan's insects, sale of, 83.
Dorthesia cataphracta, 286.

354

Index.

Dorthesia celastri, 285.

solum, 286.

sp. ? 286.

viburni, 285, 286.
Doryphora 10-lineata, 145, 244, 322.
Dragon flies,_79.
Drawers for insects, size of, 24.
Dried Crambus, the, 149-151.

allied species, 151.

associated with vagabond Crambus, 149.

cocoon of, 150.

distribution of, 151.

larva of, 149.

probable life-history, 150.

pupa of, 150.

pupation of, 149.

remedies for, 151.

short pupation of, 150.

two broods probable, 150.
Driving insects from plants, 310, 318.
Drosophila aceti, 220.

amoena, 221, 330.

ampelophila, 65, 216-221, 330.

cellaris, 220.

flava, 220.

funebris, 218, 228.

graminum, 218.

number of species, 218.
Drosophilas, as apple-worms, 219.

European species, 220.

food of, 220.

in cider refuse, 218.

in flour-paste, 220.

injury to an apple-crop by, 219.

in mustard pickles, 221.

in strawberries, 219.

little studied in America, 218.
Drosophilidse, 219.
drupiferarum, Sphinx, 327.
Drury's collection of insects, 83.
Dumas' experiments upon Phylloxera, 50.
dumatellus, Crambus, 150.
Dumeril, on location of smelling organs, 69.
Dusting boxes, for insecticides, 27, 41.
Dust-louse, 316.
Dwarf Trogosita, 330.

E.

Earwigs, 79.
Ear-worm, 121.
Eccopsis malana, 329.

permundana, 329.
Economic entomologists, number of, in the

United States, 15.
Economic entomology, bibliography of, in
preparation, 20.

its commencement in the United States,
15.

writings on, 15.
Economy of State entomologists, 21.
Ectobia Germanica, 62.
Edwards, H., cited, 81.

insects from, 335, 337.

on abundance of Crambus, 140.
Edwards, Milne, 324.

Edwards, W. H., insects from, 333, 335, 337,
339.

on attraction of Heliconia chrysalides,
70.

reference to, 341.

study of life-histories of butterflies, 22.
Effects of pyrethrum on insects, 39.
Egg-clusters of grape-vine Tortrix, 56.

Egg-deposit, controlled by smell, 67.

prevented by strong "odors, 67.
Egg parasites, 321.
Eggs of asparagus beetle, 241.
of beet-leaf flies, 205.
of the clover-leaf weevil, 249.
of the corn-worm, 117.
of the 4-lined leaf-bug, 277.
of the harlequin cabbage-bug, 265.
of the onion-fly, 173.
of the Rocky lit. locust destroyed, 181.
of the two-marked tree-hopper, 286.
of the vagabond Crambus, 141.
Tolype lancis, 91.
Eight-spotted Forester, 33.
Elaphidion parallelum, 330.

villosum, 330.
Elateridse, 63, 314.
Electra, Eudamus, 338.
Elipsocus sp , 161.
Elis species, 172.
Elliot, S. L., on Eudamus Proteus, 337.

on pupation of Xylina, 138.
Elmira Husbandman," 247.
Elm tree insects, 3.
Embryological investigations, 15.
Emmons, [E.], cited, 227, 233, 271.
Emphytus maculatus, 42.
Empoe, 300.
Empretia stimulea, 328.
Emulsion of kerosene and milk, 44.
Enchenopa binotata, 2S1-288, 319.
Euchophyllum binotatuni, 281, 285.
Encyclopedic Methodique, 232, 247.
Encyrtinse, 160.
Encyrtus bucculatrix, 160.
English sparrow, a nuisance, 61.

its injuries to corn, 235.
Ennomos subsignaria, 329.
Entomological Commission, reports of, 16.
Contributions (Lintner), 335, 340.
convention at Paris, 19.
Department of the Agassiz Museum, 25.
Division, Department of Agriculture, 18.
investigations of Miss Ormerod, 20.
Labors of Dr. Fitch, 322-325.

appreciation of, in France, 324.

commencement of, 323.

connected with State Agricultural

Society, 323.
correspondence with foreign ento-
mologists, 324.
election to foreign societies, 324.
estimation in which held, 324.
gold medal in appreciation of, 324.
legislative appropriation for, 323.
Kew York reports followed byothers,

324.
periodicals contributed to, 323.
plan for direction of labor, 323.
publication of reports, 323.
termination of official labors, 328.
value to science, 325.
Papers of Dr. Fitch, 297-322.
papers of Prof. A. J. Cook, 19.
publications, 2.

Reports of Dr. Fitch, 291-297.
appendix to 4th Report, 294.
appointment as entomologist, 291.
appropriation made by Legislature,

291.
catalogue of N. Y. insects to be made,
293.

I MM \.

355

I of Hr. Pitch — Con-
tinued,

ecODomio and scientific aspeots, 293.

estimation in which held, 29

first series of the kind, 291

importance of the investigation, 292

insectswbich should bofirst notioed,
292.

instructions under which made, 292.

life bis I

manuscript of revision lost, 297.

orders to be separately Btndied, 29

propriet j of present not ice, 291.

provision for their republical

publicat of first Report, 298.

repoi lallj , 298.

rei ision not published

specimens to be e tl

subjects treated of, in Rep. i ri, 296.

table of publication,

title-pages of Rep. i-xi

where they may be obtained, 296.

Reports of Fitch, 16; Harris :/,; \\ alsb,

16; Riley, 16; LeBaron, 17; Thomas,

17; Packard, I . Glover,

Society of London, 188.

Dnsvlvania, 294, 296.
Socii i- of Philadelphii

work of the Agricultural Department, 2.

Entomologists' Monthly Magazine, cited, 98,

119, 121, i 0 0, 181, 191, 207,

Bntomologiqne Sortie, cited, 172.

Entomologists ;<> Department of Agriculture,

1-.
Enumeratic Hemiptera, cited
ephemera? formis, Thi i . 328.

Ephestia interpunotella, 8.
Epicserns imbneatus, 331.
Epicauta cinerea, 33, 57.

vittata,
Epitnx cucumeris, 88, 65, 195, 2-14.
equi, CEstrus, 299.
Erax id

la, Osmoderma, 330.

ericetorum, Pyrgus, 336.
Eristalis post icatus, 21 1.

puparium of, 212.
error, Platygaater, 821.
Erythroneura, 300.
Eubule, Callidryas, 72.
Buclea querceti
Eudamus Elcctra, 338.

Nevadi

Proteus

Pylades, 337, 338.

Tityrus
Eudryas grata, 33.

Eulophua sp. parasitic on Buccnlatrix, 159.
Euphoria lu.la, 232-239, 330.

melanch

ptera, an Order of Westwood, 79.
og: ess in entomology, 20.
Eurycreon rantalis, 329.
Eurymene Keutzingaria, 329.
eurysternus, Haematopinus, 43.
Eurytoma hordei, 304, 807.

tritici,
Evans, Senator, on the bill-bug, 261
exc;ecatu3, Smerintbus, 327.

Excessn e Insect ravages in Onited States,20.

i

eximius, l'ln tonomua
Extent of insect depredation
Extermination of English sparrow recom-
mended, 61.
Extract of pyretbrum, 38.
Eyed Alau

I insects, 67.
Eye-spotted bud moth,

P.

Fabricii, tfacrobasis, 881.

Fabricins oi \ 247, 271, 823.

I il DO

iopu . ■ II
Fairweather, William, on the case-bearer,

165, 166.
Fall armj -worm, 828.

die i, on Diptera, 207, 209.
Fall-tent caterpillar, 7.7.

web-worm, 806
False chinch bug, 196, 331.
fasciatus, [ps,
fascilinellus, Crambus, 151.
fasciola, Lithacodi
fascipeunis, Callostoma.
Fauna Austriaca, Diptera, 185.

Suecica, 191.
Feather-infesting insects killed by pvre-
tliniin, 88.

(air, i bj olothes-moth, 64.
I ecundity of the Aphis, 814.
femorata, Chrysobothris, 6

Diapheromera, 111.
femur-rubrum, Caloptenus, 7,
F.-ni. .n, Loren o, relet red to, I
Fernald, [Prof. C. II. 1. on clothes-moth, 64.
Field and Fore
Figites rubus-caulis, 315.
bark-louse, 801.
Figure of lomyice, 188.*

AUtia argillacea, 7.

iftia lith atelUt, 152.
Anthomyia radicum, 192.
Anthomyia zeae, 200.
Antbrenus scrophularite, 10.
apple-leaf Bucculatrix, cocoons and

moth, 15
apple-tree case-bearer, cases, larva, pupa

and moth, 163.
aquaject Eor apprj ing mixtures, 30.
asparagus beetle, 241.

t-bearer \ ariety, 242.
six-spotted form, 243.
bag-worm in several stages, 32.
Bucculatrix pomifoliella, 158.
Caloptenus femur-rubrum, 7.
Caloptenus spretus, 7.
i i caiidum, 128.
canker-worm trap, 04.
carpet beetle, 10.

,-.,/, rpili . '...„./ i rambus, 184.

caterpillar of t?u molet Nephelodei, 10".
Cirroepiluiflavicinctus, 159.
cocoon of the corn-worm, 11B, 123.
ilgivagellus, 137.

cocoon of I'hyton us punctatus, l4s.

cocoon of Tolvpelaricis, 89.

,■.„■,„,„ ,,/ T. Caricit .</. aflat surface, 95.

Coleoplioia malivorella, 163.

corn curculio, 255.

The italics indicate the figures made for this Report.

35G

Index.

Figure of corn eaten by Anthomyije zese, 200.
corn eaten by the corn-worm, 123.
corn-worm at different stages, 123.
Crambus exsiccatus (moth), 149.
Crambus vulgvoagettw (moth), 141.

egg, larva, case, cocoon and moth,
142.
Crioceris asparagi, 241, 242, 243.
curculio-catcher, 57.
deceptive icheat-fy, 201.
Dorthesia cataphracta, 286.
dusting-box for Paris green, 27.
early stages of the onion-fly, 174.
egg-covering of Enchenopa binotata, 2S3.
eggs of an Anthomyian, 205.
eggs of Enchenopa binotata, 287.
eqgs of Tolype laricis, 90.
Enchenopa binotata, 2S2.
Encyrtus biicculatrix, 160.
Euphoria Inda, 234.
four-lined leaf-bug, 273.
Gortyna niteia, 113.
harlequin cabbage-bug, in its several

stages, 265.
heads of caterpillar of Tolupe laricis, 91,

92, 93.
Heliothis armiger in its several stages,

US.
hydrouette for applying insecticides, 29.
Hylemyia deceptwa, 201.
Indian Cetonian, 234.
Lampron-otafrigida, 145.
lantern and pan for attracting moths, 148.
larva of bent-leaf mining AnthofJiyian,

203.
locust-egg Anthomyian parasite, larva,

pupanum and fly, 182.
Macrodactylus subsjdnosus, 228.
Mallota posticata, 215.
JLrou>y~a Americana, 223.
moth of the cotton- worm, 7.
Murgautia histrionica, 265.
Nemorerea leucania;, the larva, puparium

and fly, 146.
Kephelodes violans (moth), 106.
nozzle for applying insecticides, 31.
onion (base; crowded with larva;, 176.
onion (bulb) with larva;, 176.
onion-fly, 175.

onion (young) attacked, 175.
peach-ttoig borer (math), 152.
Phorbia ceparum, 175.
Phorbia cilicrura, 182.
Phylloxera; (sexed), 4.
Phytonomus punctatus (beetle), 247.

in its several stages, 250.
Peeeilocapsus li neat us, 273.
papa-case of Tolype laricis, 95.
pupa of Crambus culgicagetlus, 138.
puparium.' of beet-leaf mining Anthom-
yian, 204.
puparium of Mallota posticata, 214.
red-legged locust, 7.
Kocky mountain locust, 7.
root-fly, 192.
rose-biig, 228.

seed-corn fly, larva and puparium, 200.
Sphenophorus sculptilis, 255.
sprinkler for Paris green water, 29
stalk-borer, moth and caterpillar, 113.
structure of egg of Enchenom binotata,

287.
Tolype laricis, female, 96.

male moth, 96.
two-spotted tree-hopper, 282.

Figure of wheat-midge in different stages, 6.
wheat-stem fty, 223.
wheat-stem maggot, larva and pupa,

wing of Chortophila bctarum, 208.

wing of Drosophila ampelophila, 216.

icing of the blue meat-fly, 170.

wing of the onion It y, 1 69.

wing of Peaomyia ricina, 209.

wings of Lampronota frtcjida, 145.
Fire-blight of the pear-tree, 314.
Fire-flies, 311.
Fir saw-fly, 42.

Fish-brine for scale-insects, 60.
Fish-oil for scale-insects, 301.
Fitch, Dr., biological collection made by, 23.

cited, 4, 6, 87, 172, 175, 197, 198, 222, 223,
227, 231, 239, 245, 253, 286, 291-325.

Entomological Reports of, 291-297.

Miscellaneous Entomological Papers of,
297-322.

Notice of Entomological Labors of, 322.

on asparagus beetle, 242, 243, 245.

on cherry -tree aphis, 13.

on 4-line'd leaf-bug, 272, 277, 278.

on hellebore, 41.

on hunter weevil, 254, 256, 257.

on larch lappet-moth, 88, 96.

on mimicry of larch-cheater, 88.

on onion-fly, 175, 176, 177.

on radish-fly, 185, 186, 196.

on wheat and barley Hies, 225.

Reports on the Insects of New York,
cited, 6, 9, 13, 21, 41, 43, 61, 87, 133
172, 175, 184, 186, 191, 193, 194, 201,
202, 219, 221, 225, 227, 235, 239, 241,
271, 272, 281, 287, 291-297, 299, 301,
308, 313, 314, 315, 317, 319, 321, 323,
324, 32S(5), 329(3), 330(8), 331(12;, 332.

writings of, 16, 293-322.
Fitchella, Lithocolletis, 156.
Fitzpatnck, General, on the bill-bug, 261.
Five-marked Coceinella, 318.
five-notata, Coceinella, 318.
Flat-flies, 171.

Flat-headed apple-tree borer, 330.
Flattened centipede, 296.

locust leaf-miner, 309.
flava, Drosophila, 220.
flavago, Gortyna, 115.
flavicmctus, Cirrospilus, 159.
Flea-beetle, cucumber, 33.
Flea-beetles, 40, 61, 65, 194, 322.
Flea family, 79.
Fleas, not attracted to all persons, 74.

remedy for, 62.
Flesh-flies attracted by odors, 69.
Flies, effect of pyrethrum on, 36, 38, 40.

repelled from stables, 45.
floccosa, Phorbia, 207.
floralis, Musca, 207, 208.
floricola, Homalomvia, 184.
Flour diluent of London purple, 35.

of Paris green, 26.

of pyrethrum, 37.
Flour-paste Drosophila, 220.
Flower-beetles, 234.
Flower-flies, 168, 211.
Fly, of sheep, 48.

Fonscolomb, M., on wild-plum Aphis, 320.
Food-plants, acuteness of insects in select-
ing, 67.
Forbes, Prof. S. A., on insects eaten by birds,
61, 99, 105, 234.

on wheat-bulb worm, 344.

Index.

357

Force-pumps for applying insecticides, 29,

80, 169, 187.
Forest-mo

tent-caterpillar,
Porficnlid
Formation of biological i

Pennsylvania

ledleai bug, 871
attack upon a ourranl bush, 871.
bibliography, 871.
bnrning rubbish a preventive, 879.
change of color in transformation, 876.
description and

destroying before opposition, 880
difficult i" prevent attack. 879.

lescribed, -77.
energy of attack, 878.

til st notice of attack, 272.
food-plants, 877.

geographical distribution, 979.

injurious to dahlias, 877.

jarring for it, and success. 2S0.

life-history incomplete, 876.

pupa described, 877.

remedies and preventives. 879.
mds injured by it, 878.
I my, 271.

transformations, 876.
four-rittatns, (lapsus, 271.
Fowls, for destroying asparagus beetle, 61,

24ft.

fragaris, Tyloderma, 155.
fraterna, Lachnosterna, 380.

Trichogramma,
French. Prof. [<"■. H.], cited npon Lepidop-
tera. '.is, 99, 104, 109,111, 115, 116, 180,
183,

investigations of, 17.

on the violet Nephelodes, 104,105,109.
frigida, Lampronota, 145.
i ■ ■ I tscinis, 986.
Frog-spitt

FrOblich cited, 988.
frugiperda, Laphygma, S28.

Limneria, 820.
fugitivns, Bancho
Fulirnridas, 284, 300.
Fuller. A. S., cited, 800, 889, 24ft.
Fultz wheat, free from Hessian fly, C>Z.

its nil:

fulvibarbis, Calliphora, 899.

fnlvipes, Pteroi

Fumea and Psyche, Thyridopteryx with, 84.

Fumes of pyrethr

funebris, Drosophila, 81C

fitneralis, Nisooiades, 333, 834, 336.

furcatellus, Crambus, 150.

ftirfurus, Chionaspis, 331.

Fnr insects killed by pyrethrum, 38.

Fur- moth, 64.

Fun lets, insect-preventive used by, 65.

fusca, Lachnosterna, 54, 57, 61, 71, -

305, 317. 330.
fuscata. Polistes, 330.
fuscisquamellus, Crambus, 151.

Gad-flv, 299.
Galenicida , 248.

Galleries, larval, of Crambidre, 151.
of the vagabond Crambus, 12'.*.

Galls upon wild raspberry, Sit.

( I amble. Dr. .Inc., ,,n [';;» Of boll-WOrm ninth,

Gardener' a Chronicle, 172, 178.
Magazine, 178, 194.
Month 1}

Garden Ilea', ::■_':.'.

vegetables, insects of. s.
Garfield, Mr., cited, 184, 194.

garganieua, ('1>

me, BS an insecticide, 52-55.

a refuse of gas-manufacture, 52.

changed by age and exposure, 55.

composition i

destructive when fresh to plants, 68, 55.

for hibernating insects, 64

for infested crops plowed under, 64.

hmv produced, 58.

insects killed bj It, 69,

length of exposure required, 55.

method of use, 58.

prevents insect attack. 65, IV,

quantity per acre used, 53.

quantity produced at Albany

used against insects Brst in England, 52.

valuable ns a fertilize!
Gas manufacture residuals, 52.
Gas-tar paper to protect from carpet-bugs, 64,

preventive of seed-corn fly, 201.

watei

Gastropacha Americana, 328.
lancis, B7.
velleda, 87.
tins water and soap-suds preventive, 194.
Gatbei inga of caterpillars, 132.
Gaylord's wheat-caterpillar, B03.
Geddes, Mr. George, on the hunter weevil,
253, 256.

-' Survey of Onondaga county, 256.
Gelechia pinifolise, 166.
Gemminger et Harold, Catalog. Coleoptera,

233.
Geuera of the Hesperidte of the European

Fauna] Region. 335.
Genesee Farmer, 305.
•rcniculus, Crambus, 151.
Geometra niveosericaria, 329.
Geometridse of the apple-tree, 329.
scent-producing organs in, 71.
Germanics, Ectobi
Gerstacker, Dr., 324.
gigantea, Smicra, 86.
Gilbert, [H. R.], cited, 87.
glabra, Oscinis, 225.
Gloomy Anomala, 307.
Glover. [T.], citations, etc., 81, 84, 116,
117. 152, 172, 191, 193, 197, 2'Jft. --7.283,
235, 239, 258, 260, 261, 263, 264, 271,
279, 281, 887, 330(8), 331(3).
Entomological Index, cited, 172.
Manuscript Notes, cited, 116,172, 184,191,
194, 198, 201, 202, 211, 212, 221, 223
964, -
medal awarded to, 19.
on the peach-twig borer, 153
writings of, 18.
Glvptosceiis crypticus, 331.
Gnats, 40, 168.

Goeffrey cited, 323.

Golden-eyed Hies. 177.
Golden tortoise-beetle, 306.
Gold medal, to C. V. Riley, 17.
to Dr. Asa Fitch, 324.'

358

Index.

Gold medal, to Townend Glover, 19.
goniphora, Anthouiyia, 195.
Goodrich, Miss A., on two-marked tree-hop-
per, 281, 288.
Gordius, Sphinx, 327.

Gorham, Dr. H.G., on Piiupla conquisitor, 85.
Gortyna cataphracta, 115.

tlavago, 115.

immanis, 115.

nebris, 115.

nictitans, 115, 340.

nitela, 110-116, 305.

purpuripennis, 115.

repeated changes in the genus, 115.

rutila, 115.

sera, 115, 340.

stramentosa, 115.
Gout in wheat, 225.

Government decree for destroying eg<*s, 56.
Grain-Aphis, 8, 313, 314, 316."

-moth, 299.

Silvanus, 330.

Thrips, 303.

-weevil, 40, 226, 304. 308, 316.
gramims, Cecidomyia, 321.
graniinum, Drosop'hila, 218.
granarius, Oscinis, 225.
grandis, Arma, 331.
grauella, Tinea, 299.
Grape-leaf galls, 321.
Grape phylloxera, 21.
Grape-vine beetle, 317.

flea-beetle, 244, 307.

insects, 3.

Tortrix, 56.
Grapholitha Packardi?, 57.

prnnivora, 329.
Graptodera chalybea, 244, 317.
Grasshoppers, 79, 304, 309.
grata, Eudryas, 33.
Greasy cut-worm, 58.
Green apple-leaf-tyer, 329.
Green hag-moth, 328.

Green-house insects killed by pyrethrum, 38.
Green, Mr., cited, 154.
Green, R. C, referred to, 131.
Green rose-chafer, 237.
Grote and Robinson cited, 828.
Grote, [A. R.], on Lepidoptera, SI, S7, 107,

116, 127,140, 149, 151.
Ground beetles affected by pyrethrum, 40.
Ground pepper, to protect woolens. 64.
Grubs, 201.

Grvllotalpa, smclling-organs of, 69.
grvnea, Catocala, 328.
Guenee cited, 99, 110, 116, 313, 328.

H.

Habits of insects, 14.
Habrosyne scripta, 340.
Hadena Arctica, 8.

devastatrix, 58.

subjuncta, 58.

verbascoides, 340.
H;ematopinus eurysternus, 48.

piliferus, 48.

suis, 48.

vituli, 48.
hSBmorrhoidalis, Heliothrips, 332.
Hagen, [Dr. H. A.], biological collection ar-
ranged by, 24.

on Anthomyiidas, 191, 201, 202.

Hagen, [Dr. H. A.], on carpet-beetle, 10.

on clover-leaf weevil, 248.

on color in insects, 276.

on eggs uf 2-marked tree-hopper, 287.

on Hemiteles species, 86,

on insects discharged through the ure-
thra, 169.

on pickled-fruit fly, 216.

on Psocns, 161, 162.

on smelling organs in insects, 69.

on two marked" tree-hopper, 284.
Hag-moth, 328.
Habu cited, 264.
Hairy May-beetle, 330.
Half-hours with Insects (Packard), 18.
Halisidota can ;e, 328.

maculata, 328.
Ilaltica cnalybea, 307, 317.

(Phyllot'reta) striolata, 310.
hamellus, Crambus, 150.
Hammondi, Pempelia, 329.
Hand-picking remedy, 56, 57, 125, 231, 238,

245, 270, 315, 317.
Harison, T. L., referred to, 127, 129, 296.
Harlequin cabbage-bug, 264-271.

a Southern insect, 264.

burned in rubbish piles, 269.

description of, 265.

difficult to destroy, 268.

eggs described, 266.

first brood to be destroyed, 269-

food-plants, 267.

geographical distribution, 266.

hand-picking remedy. 270.

hot water for killing, 269.

injuries from, 267.

injurious in Virginia, 264.

insecticides that do not kill it, 39, 268.

killed by Leptoglossus, 268.

larva described, 265.

natural history, 266.

not parasitized, 268.

possible distribution, 267.

pupa described, 265.

radishes injured by, 195.

remedies suggested byMiss Ormerod,270.

transformations illustrated, 265.

trapped by cabbage leaves, etc., 63, 269.

two or more broods, 2*;*;.
Harrington, [W. H.], cited, 254.
Harris'"[Dr. T. W.] collection of insects, 215.

Entomological Correspondence, cited, 81,
110, 113, 137, 227.

Insects Injurious to Vegetation, cited,
81, 110, 172, 194, 227, 232, 281, 327(3)
328(8), 329(5), 330(6), 331|5).

Insects of .Massachusetts, cited, 172, 194,
195, 232.

Insects of New England, cited, SI, 172
194, 227, 232, 281.

on Indian Cetonia, 234, 235, 236.

on the rose-beetle, 229.

on the two-marked tree-hopper, 282.

writings of, 15.
Harrisii, Aspidiotus, 331.
Haworth cited, 81.

Head-cases of larval molts preserved, 97.
Heart-beat of caterpillar affected by pyreth-
rum, 39.
Heffron, D. S., on 4-lined leaf-bug, 277.
lleleochara, 300.

llelicouia Charitonia, attraction of chrysalis.
70. J

IXDEX.

359

Heliothis armiger, 8, 88. 116-12G.
Heliothrips bsemorrhoidal
Hellebore, as an inseotioide, 40-48.
ion i" rose bushes, 13.

directions for dusting, 42.

inserts deal i"\ able l»\ it. 42

introduced in the United Stat

liquid application of, 42.

quantity t.> be used, 42.

rciiu'.iv for the currant-worm, 41.

or purit) . 43.
used ni Srj powder, 41.

what [j

when first used as an inseotioide, 41.

where written of as un insecticide, 4o.
Helophilus tenax, 313.
Inlva, Orthosis, 340.
Hemerobiidte,
Hemileuca Mai...

Hemingway's London Purple Company, 85,
Hemiptera difficult to kill by insecbcides,379.

insects embraced in, 7'.'.

of the apple-tree, 331.

species noticed, 364, 871, B81.
Hemiteles Bessilis, 86.

Smithii, 86.

thyridopterigii
lion do on-fly, 178.

Hentz, Prof., on 37, 389.

Herbaria insects killed by pyrethrum, 83.
Hermit Osmoderma, 3:jo.
heros, I

Herpin, M., quoted, 9.
Herrich-Scbasffer, Dr.,
Herrickii, l'lai > _

Herrick, Mr., on Hessian By parasite. 881.
Herse, Apatura, 86.
Hesperid
Hessian II v, 68, 224, 294. 298, 811

iampa marina, 187.
Heteroptera, 365. 871.

an Order of Westwood, 79.

of the apple-tree, 331.
Hexopoda, a division of Insecta, 78.
Hickory tussock-moth, 328.
High C i •• of insect injury, 63.

llilixard. Prof. E. W., quoted, 38.
Hill, \V. W., cited, 107, 150.
Hind, on insects of wheat crops, cited, 321.
Hippoboscidas, a family of Dipt
hirticula, Lachnosterna, 830.
Histoire Maturelledes Insectes, 207.
History of pyrethrum, 37.
histrionics- Murgantia, 39, 63, 195, 264.

Stracl II
Homalomyia canicularis, 168, 171.

cilicrura, 184.

floricola, 184.

prostrate, 171.

scalaris, 171.

species, HJS, 171.

sp. intlet., 171.

tetracantua, 171.
Homaloptera. an Order of Leach. 79.
Homoptera, an Order of Latreille, 79.
Homoptera genua, 341.
Homoptera of the apple-tree, 331.
Honey-bee, 318.

organs of taste and smell in, 69.
Honey-dew, 808, 819, 820.
Honeysuckle saw-fly, 42.
Hop-aphis, 295, 296", 319, 820.

Hope, Kev. 1''. W., iii] inseets in the human

body, 169.
Hope, spent foi cabbage protection, 85.
Horatius, Ni tiad
11. .in, lir.. cited, 338, 214, 354, 381.

168.
hortensis, Bmynthurua, 322.
Horticulturists pr sssive insect in-

Hot wati 988, 307,

117.
Bouse Hies, reined] for,
Souse n-

M pests, pyrethrum for
House plants protected in i'\ retbrum, 40.
Howard, 1.. 0\, cited, 1 16, 387, 388, 261.
description of Encyrtus bucculatrix, Hi''.

on parasites of apple leaf llucculatrix,

161.

: Coccidse, is.
ssite of peach twig borer, 156.
Howe, Mr., on raspbei 1 ires, 818.

Httbner cited, 116.

Human Stomach ami intestines, inseets

from, 169.
bumeralis, Purpuricenus, 297.
bumuli, Aphis, 8.
Hunter weevil, 2.'.4, 256, 801, 305, 310, 313,

318.
Hunting larvse with a lantern, 58.
Husbandman, of Elmira, X. Y., cited, 127,

149.
Hvbernia tiliaiia. 7
Hydronette, 29, 42.
Hydropult, 311.
hyemaiis, Anopheles, 298.

l'ulox,298.
Hylastestrifolii, 8, 54, 247.
Hylemyia antique, 1*", 208.
deceptiva, 171, 201, 226.
similis, 202, 226.
sp. indet. 171(5).

tarsata, 171.

Hymenoptera, effects of pyrethrum on, 40.

insects comprised in, 73.

of the apple-in
Hymenorus obscurus, 331.
llvpera. 24s.
Hyperchiria Io, 72, 328.
Hyperplatya maculatus, 331
Hyphantna cunea,

punctata

textor, 806,
Hypoderma bovis, 299.

Icelus, Nisoniades, 335, 336, 337.

Ichneumon flies, 313.

Ichneumonidac, 85, 145, 302.

Ichneumons. smelling organs in, 69.

Ignorance of the insect world, 78.

Illinois Entomological Reports, 16, 17. (For

citations, see Reports on the Insects of

Illinois.)
Illustrated Annual of Rural Affairs, 316.
Illustrations of British Insects, 83.

of Insects by Glover, 18.
Tmatisma posticata. 211.
Imbricated snout-beetle, 331.
iuibricatus, Epicaerus, 331.
Prionus, 330.

360

Index.

immanis, Gortyna, 115.
Immense number of insects, 12, 13.
immunis, Sphenophorus, 254.
Importance of entomological study, 1.

of knowledge of larval stages, 22.
Imported injurious insects, 8.
incertus, Melanotus, 330.
Inchbald, Mr., cited, 207.
Increased interest in entomological investi-
gations, 21.
Incurvaria acenfoliella, 308.
lnda, Euphoria, 232-239, 330.
Indiana moving for a State entomologist, 21.
Indian Cetonia, 232-239.

allied species, 236, 237.

an apple insect, 330.

attack on corn a secondary one, 235

bibliography, 232.

collecting the larvre after rain, 238

common name of, 233.

coru-bug, alarm excited by, 233.

description -and figure of, 234.

English sparrow precedes the corn-bug,
235.

first notice of corn-bug, 235.

frass injured by an allied species, 238.
abits of allied species, 234.

hand-pickiug the beetles, 238.

injurious to apple-trees, 237.

preventives ot attack, 238.

probably injurious to roots of plants 237.

synonymy, 232.

time of appearance, 236.

unusual injury from, 235.
indigenella, Phycis, 329.
inermis, Stictocephalus, 284.
infirma, Orthodes, 340.
inimica, Cecidomyia, 321.
Injuries to the beet crop in England, 206.

to corn from the corn-worm, 121.
Injurious Coleopterous Insects, 227-263.

Dipterous Insects, 168-227.

Hemipterous Insects, 264-288.

Insects New and Little Known (Pack-
ard), cited, 17.

Lepidopterous Insects, 81-167.
innumerabilis, Coccus, 301.

Pulvinaria, 301, 309, 310.
inornata, Smilia, 284.
Inquilines, 161.
inqiuuatellus, Crambus, 150.
inquisitor, Pimpla, 84.
Insect acuteness shown in oviposition, 67.

attraction, 70-73.

collection in the National Museum, 24.

collections being made, 15.

collections, pests of, 162.

depredations, extent of, 2.

depredations increased by large crops, 10.

depredators upon the apple-tree, 321.

distribution, 2.

fecundity, 13, 14.

losses, 3, 5, 8.

oviposition by smell, 67.
Insects, aggregate annual losses from, in
the United States, 8.

complicated histories of, 14.

destroyable by Paris green, 32.

destroying plant-lice, 302.

diverse habits of, 14.

driven to wild food-plants, 76.

encouraged by plant cultivation, 3.

extermination of, not sought, 76.

Insects,imbedded in the interior of wood,304.

immense number of, 12, 13.

importation of injurious, 8.

increased destructiveuess of, 9.

infesting sheep and other domestic ani-
mals, 299.

Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees
(Packard), 18, 81, 87.

Injurious to Gardens (Kollar), 172, 174.

Injurious to Wheat Crops (Hind), 221.

introduced, why more injurious, 10.

in vegetable organisms, 2.

location of organs of smell in, 69.

necessity of knowing their habits, 14.

number of described species, 13.

number of undescribed species, 13.

of Algiers for the State Agricultural
Society, 301.

of cereals and grasses, 3.

of garden vegetables, 3. '

of the apple-tree, 3, 4, 327-332.

of the grape-vine, 3.

of the oak, elm and walnut, 3.

of the pine, 3.

of the plum, pear, peach and cherry, 3.

probable number of species, 13.

smelling organs of, 69.

undue multiplication of, 76.
Insecticidal properties of hellebore, writings
upon, 43.

properties of pyrethrum, writings upon,
40.
Insecticides, 25-55.

bisulphide of carbon, 47, 48.

carbolic acid, 47.

coal-tar, 50-52.

gas-lime, 52-55.

hellebore, 40-43.

kerosene, 43-15.

London purple, 34-36.

paratfine oil, 46, 47.

Paris green, 25-34.

pyrethrum, 36-40.

soluble phenyle, 48-50.
instabilis, Orthos'ia, 328.
Instinct of insects, 68.
iutegerrima, Datana, 328.
interpunctella, Ephestia, 8.
Io, Hvperchiria, 72, 328.
Iowa Homestead, cited, 99.

moving for a State entomologist, 21.

State Agricultural College, 69.
Ips fasciatus, 330.
iricolor, Serica, 330.
iridella. Tinea, 308.
Iridescent Serica, 330.
irritans, Pulex, 62.
irroratus, Jassus, 331.
ischiaca, Anthomyia, 195.
Isis cited, 151.
Ithycerus Noveboracensis, 300, 331.

J.

Jarring remedy, 231, 280.
Jassus irroratus, 331.
Jenkins, Dr., insects from, 313.
Jewett, Dr. H. S., on delayed pupation, 137.
Johnson, B. P., 291, 292, 293, 310, 313.
Johnson, Judge, on corn-worm, 120.
Johnson, [L.], on corn-worm, 116.
Johnston, Prof. F. W., analvsis of gas-lime,
55.

Index.

361

Joint-worm, 224. 826, 800, 804

Jones, Joseph B., Report on Measure-worm,

Journal of Academy of Natural Scii

Philadelphia, 811, 888.
Journal ofthe Assembly [N.T. ; for i
Journal of N. V. Suite Agricultural Si

iuglandis, Tingis

.lulus Amerioanus, S07.

June beetle, 830.

Juvenalis, Nisoniades, 888, 834, 88

K.

Kansas moving for a State Entomologist, 81.

Report "f Board of Agricultun
Kedzie, Prof. K. C, on r
Keppen, Fr. Th., cited
Kerosene oil deadlj to insects, 43.

difficult to emulsify, 44.

disagreeable to some insects, 46.

effioient in actio

emulsion made with milk, 44.

insects destroyed bj it. 48, 44, 269.

mites killed by it, 45,

not easy to mix with water, 44.

prejudice against its u<

preventive use, 68, 801.

remedial usi

useful in henneries, 45.
Keutiingaria, Eurymene, 829.
Kidder I Laird, agents of Sheep Dip, 89.
King, ill. S. . on the bag worm, 81.
Kirbv and Spence, Introduction to Ento-
logy, cited, 172, 178, 184,

on locatu I ms, 69.

on the cabbage-fly, 1st, 186.
he onion-fly, i72, 173.
Kellicott, I'rof. U. S., on the coin-worm,

116, 182.
Kelly, William, President State Agricultural

Society, 292,
Kennicott, R, W., on osage-orange insect,

801.
Kollar, cited, 172, 177, 186, 191, 289, 245.

Lace-wing 8y, 89, 802,
Lachnosterna, of Rev. Mr. Hope, 305.
crenulat

fraterna, 330.

fuses, 54, 57, 61, 71, 228, 238, 305, 317,

hirticula, 330.

micans

pilosicollis, 330.

quercina, 805.

sororia, 830.

tristis, 330.
lactucarum, Anthomvia, 191.
Lady-bugs. 61, 313, 314.
Lagoa operculars, 328.
Laniellicornes, 22

acute sense of smell in, 71.

smelling
Lampronota frigida, 145.
Lamps for attracting insects, 58, 125.
Lancaster wheat free from llessiau fly, 68.
lanigera, Schizoueura, 43, 331.
Lantern-flu-
Lantern for attracting moths, 148.

46

Laphygmn frugiperda, 328.
lapidai ta, Leucania, 8 W.

ppel (Tolype hiricis), 87-99.

annual broods of, 98.

ooc of, 94.

common name of, 87.
,f, 90.

geographical distribution of, 98.

larval Btages of, 91, 92, 98.

mature larva of, '.>:;.

moltings of, 9L

moth described, 96.

oviposition of, 90.

protective mimicry of, 88.

pupa of, 95.

puliation of, 95.

rantj 1

remedy for, 93.

sexual differences in moltings, 97.
Large Bnow-fly, 298.
laricis, Chermcs, 46.

Tolype, 87.
Larva of Mallola posticata described, 213.
Larva) in potted plants, remedy for, 60.

of Coleoptera studied. 22.

Larval cases Of apple tree ease-bearer, 164.

descriptions ol Polype laricia, 91—98.

habits of Qortyna species, 115.
Late sowing a preventive of Ilessian fly, 63.
latieollis, I'rionus, 330.
latistrius, Crambus, 150.
latitarsus, Anthomyia, 171.

Latielllana, Cteuueha, 317.
Latreille, on location of smelling organs, 69.
Lawford.T. \\'., wt of Soluble Phenyle, 49.
Leaf-erumpler,

LeBaron, Dr. [William], cited, 61, 110, 228,
233, 2",">. 271, -J77. 279, 291, 329.

colonization of parasites by, 61.
- of, 17.
i acericorticis, 301, 309, 310.

aceris, 810.

caricre, 301.

machine, 301.
, 332.
Le Conte, Dr. [J. L.], cited, 234, 244, 217,

249, 251, 254, 259.
t.e Contei, Lophyrus, 42.
I . i lonte's Baw-fly of the pines and fir, 42.
lectularia, Acanthia, 62.
Legislature of the State of New York, 291—

■■■■, 324.
Leistotropbus cingnlatus, 187.
Lema trihneata, 32, 244.
lenis, Anthomyia, 195.
Lepidoptera, insects embraced in, 78.

scent-producing organs in, 71.

specially noticed, 81, S7, 99, 110, 116, 127,
14;i, 151 157, 163.
Lepismatida;, 79.
Leptoglossus phyllopus, 268.
Leptostylus aculifer, 331.

aculif erus, 804.
Lesser apple-leaf folder, 329.

house-fly, 171.
Lettuce-fly, 191.
lencanise, Nemortsa, 146.
Leucania lapidaria, 340.

pallens, 84o.

phragmitidicola, 340.

pseudargyria, 340.

scent-producing organs in, 71.

unipuncta, 33, 53, 58, 100, 131, 134, 146.

362

Index.

leucopterus, Blissus, 7, 58.

leucostigma, Orgyia, 33, 61, 64, 72, 98, 328.

libatrix, Scoliopteryx, 340.

Lice on cattle, remedy for, 45.

Life-duration of the Heterocera (Moths), 389.

Life-histories of insects, 22.

Light-loving Anomala, 307.

Limacodes scapha, 328.

species, 137.
Limenitis disippus, 327.

Ursula, 327.
Lime remedy for insects, 26,59,190, 245, 310.
Lime-tree winter-moth, 329.
Limneria fugitiva, 320.
Lincecum, [Dr. &.], cited, 264, 268, 270.
Lindens devastated by a measure-worm, 329.
lineata, Chlorops, 226.

Deilephila, 119, 327.
lineatella, Anarsia, 151-156.
lineatus, Agriotes, 46.

Lygajus, 271.

Lygus, 271.

Pceeilocapsus, 271--280.
Sitones, 49.
Linen sheets for protecting woolens, 64.
lineolaris, Lygus, 279, 280, 331.
Linntfius cited, 191, 225, 232, 239, 240, 310,

323 329
Lmtu'er, [J. A.], cited, 81, 99, 111, 111!, 127,
149, 152, 157, 160, 163, 207, 216, 221, 228,
233, 239, 247, 254, 264, 281, 327, 328, 331.
Liopus facetus, 331.
Lissonota frigida, 145.

List of Dipterous Insects of British Museum,
cited, 211.

of Kansas Coleoptera (Popenoe), cited,
248.
Literature of economic entomology, 15.
Lithacodes fasciola, 328.
lithargyrellus, Crambus, 150.
Lithocolletis cratiegella, 329, 330.

curvilineatella, 157.

Fitchella, 156.

pomifoliella, 330.
Little-lined plant-bug, 331.
Little's Soluble Phenyle, 48.
Little- yellow ant, 32l"
Lixus concavus, 260.

paraplecticus, 260.

rubeilus, 260.
Lockett's (Col. B. G.) cotton plantation, 12.
Lockwood, Rev. Samuel, on fruit-fly, 217.
Locust-egg Anthomyian, 1S1-184.

bibliography, 181.

detailed description of, 183.

discovered in Western States, 181.

fly described, 183; figured, 1N2.

how it infests the eggs, 182.

larva described and figured, 181.

larva feeds also on vegetables, 184

locust-egg European parasite, 182,

names by which designated, 1S4.

proportion of eggs destroyed, 182.

synonymy of, 181, 184.
Locust Hispa, 309, 320.

leaf-miners, 309.

name of, when given to the Cicada, 309.

pyrethrum, effect on, 40.

ravages, 304.

traps used in Colorado, 51.
Locust-tree- borer, 317.
Loew, Dr., cited, 216, 217, 218.

collection of Diptera, 202.

London Gardener, quoted, 46.
London purple as an insectide, 34.

analysis of, 34.

cost of, 34.

diluents, 35.

directions for use, 36.

efficacy of, 34.

for apple orchards, 166, 167.

introduction of, 25.

method of using, 35.

preparation of, for use, 36.

proportions of the dry mixture, 36.

refuse of analine dyes, 34.

respects in which preferable to Paris
green, 34.

straining recommended, 36.

use in destroying the apple-worm, 35.
Long's Expedition to St. Peter's River, 281.
Lophoderus triferana, 329.
Lophyrus Abbotii, 42.

abietis, 42.

Le Contei, 42.
Loring, Commissioner, referred to, 37.
Loudon's Magazine of Natural History, cited,

172.
Lowell, Mr., on rose-beetle, 227, 229, 231, 232.
lubricalis, Pseudaglossa, 340.
Lucanus dama, 330.
Lucilia cadaverina, 299.

Cffisar, 69, 299.

(Campsomyia) marcellaria, 343.

sp., the serew-worm, 62.
Lucilius, Nisoniades, 336.

Lugger, Otto, on asparagus beetle, 244.

lunatifrons, Anthomyia, 195.

luteicoma, Acronycta, 328.

Luther Tucker & Son, 316.

Lycaon, Apatura, 86.

Lye of ashes preventive, 190.

Lygseus leucopterus, 302.

lineatus, 271.
Lygus lineatus, 271.

lineolaris, 279, 280, 331.
Lyonnet on location of smelling organs, 69.

M.

Macaria, scent-producing organs in, 72.
niaclune, Coccus, 301.

LecaDium, 301.
Macquart on Diptera, 180, 207, 211.
Macrobasis Fabricii, 331.

unicolor, 32, 57, 331.
Macrodactylus subspinosus, 57, 227-232, 307,

330.
Macronoxia variolosa, 330.
Macrosila q.iinquemaculata, 56, 119.
maculalis, Desmia, 86.
maculata, Halisidota, 328.

Vespa, 330.
maculatus, Emphytus, 42.

Hyperplatys, 331.

Pyrgus, 336.
maculicollis, Anomala, 307.
Maia, Hemileuca, 328.

moth, 328.
malana, Eccopsis, 329.

Nolophana, 328.
mali, Aphis, 8, 331.
malifoliie, Aphis, 331.
malifoliella, Tischeria, 330.
malifoliellus, Ypsolophus, 330.

Index.

363

mali, Molobrus,
Hon u thi in,
PhltBothrips,
Boiara, 219, 330.

Illlllivill'ill

malivorella, Coleophora, L6S li
Mallophaga, insecl embrai ad in, 80.
Mallota bi

of, 211.

bloss - frequented bj

deseribed and

habits ol allied larvto, 218.

Ian -i described, 218.

ob . v\ ed, 216.
ara within a birch-tree, 212.

pollen eaten 03 Syrphus tli'-s, 211.

puparium deseribed and figured, 215.

pupation of, 214.

nil tail larva- in an apple tree, 218.

strange location for the larva-, -jl^.

studied by Dr. Williston, 216.

i nvniv, 21 1.

Syrphid - "t\ 211.

Mallota cimbioiformis, 211, 815.

oimbicifonnis var. dentipes, ill.

posticata, 21
hi, 211,
Mamesti

assimilis, 32S.

scenl produoing organs in, 71.

trifolii, s.

itor, Alysia, 176, 187.
Mann, 1!. P., on coffee-leaf miner, 161.
Manual of Injurious Insects (Ormerod), 20.
Manuring for preventing onion-fly, 178.
Manuscript Notes from my Journal I

18.
Many-striped palmer-worm, 330.
Maple-bark Bcale-insect, 310.
Maple leaf-cutter, 808.
Maple Psocus, 315.
marcellaria, Luc-ilia, 848.
margaritellus, Crambus, 150.

I blister-beetle, 88, 57.
inarm. i, Eeterocampa, 189.
Marten, [J.], cited. 81.

on Maia moth, 828.
Mariialis, Nisoniades, 334.
Massachusetts Agricultural Repository and
Journal, 227.
barlej B

Entomological Reports, 16.
Matlicw, (i. F., Cited, 121.
Mm beetle, 228, 284, 238, 805, 317, 330.
\ln bug, 64, 57, 71.
May-flies, 79.
Mayr, I>r.. on Encyrtina

McKinstry's apple-orchard, 11.

McMuitri'e, Wo., experiments with Paris

Meade, K. 11., on species of Anthomyiidse,
' 50, 181, 1-1. 185, 191, 193,
198, 202, 207, 20
Meal-worm, 226.

Mealy bugs, 79.

Meat-fly, 169, 17".
megatonia, Attagenus, 64.
Meigen, cited, 181, 207.

cholica. Euphoria, 236, 330.
Melancholy chafer, 330.
Melanotns communis, 63, 330.

incertu-
meles var. trifolii, Phytonomus, 248.

Melittia cucurbits), 17.
Mel. ,l,,i, II. ula-, 228.
Melonhagua ovinus, 62, 209.
Melabeimer, Dr., cited, 81, 261,
Membracids, 281, 284, 800
Membra, i b notata, 281, 282.
Meneville, M. Querin, referred to

menhaden, Brei tii, 76.

mephitica, Mephii
Mephitis mephitica, 75.
Merodon bardua, 211.

■ Americana, 221-227.
Meske, [O.l, referred to, 107.

i ii. Agrotis, 828,
mioans, Lacnnosterna, 330.
Michigan Slate Agricultural College, 19, 82,

89.
Microgaster parasite of the violet Nephe-

lodes, 108, in'.
Miorolepidoptera, 162,
Mii-n,[iit-r\ \ poniivorella, 330.
Micropus Leucopterns, 302.
Spin. il..
i ' .vented by smoke, 74.

\ini u inter Boreas, 'J'.is.

Trichocera, 298.
Milco, G. N., Buhach manufactured by, 87,

343.
Milesia barda, 21 1.
Milk and kerosene emulsion, 41.
\lil\ :.~ cinctus, B81.

M -.■>. in Tuli pe laricis, 88.

Mil. ms Carolinensis, 105.

Minis made by beet-leaf flies, 205.

minisira. Da tan a, 820, 828.

Minnesota, efforts against locusts in, 51.

S.], cited, 32S.
Missouri Entomological Reports, 16.
n.ii-rens, Alinn.ala, 807.
Moffat, J. A., Cited, 116, 117. 121, 339.
Molasses mixture tor ants and roaches, 62.
molesta, Myrmica, 62, 321.
Molobrus mali, 219.
Monarlhrnni mali, 331.

Monograph of the Geometrid Moths (Pack-
ard), 18.

of the Syrphidffl (Williston), 211, 216.
Monomorium rharaonis, 62.
Monthly Reports Dept. Agricul. cited, 81.

M e, J. W.. referred to, 267.

Morris, [Dr. J. G.], cited, 81, 87.
Morris, Miss, wheat-midge of, 300.
Morrison, Mr. |H. K.], collections of, 335.
Moitnn's Encyclopedia of Agriculture, 319.
morula, Acrouycta, S2S.
Mosquito attaek, how prevented, 74.
Mosquitoes, effect of pyrethrum on, 3S, 40.

not drawn to some persons, 74.

preventing cultivation in the South, 14.
Mossbunker manure, value of, 75.
Moths attracted to light, 140.

noticed in Report, 81, 87, 99, 110, 116,
127, 149, 151, 157. 163.

number of species in Check List, 113.
Mouldy Aphis, 331.
Mounding abont trees to prevent egg-deposit,

64.
Mt. St. Vincent Art Gallery, 337.
mucidus, Callipterns, 331.
Muller, Dr., on odors in male butterflies, 172.
multipulvella, Coleophora, 163.
mundus, Cryptus, 147.
Murgantia liistrionica, 39, 63, 195, 264^271.
Murray, Audrew, 324.

304

Index.

Murtfeldt, [Miss], on apple insects, 329.

on odor in male C. tubule, 72.
Musca conformis, 209.

domestica minor, 146, 171, 223, 29D.

floralis, 207, 208.

radicum, 191, 198.
Muscidas, 169, 170.

Museum of Comparative ZoGlogv at Cam-
bridge, 24, 61, 170, 179, 181, 198, 202,
207, 216, 217, 297.

of Natural History of Buenos Ayres, 119.

of N. Y. St. Agricultural Society, 88.

pest, preventive of, 65.
Mustard water for potted-plant insects, 60.
Myeetophilidse, 219.
myellus, Crambus, 150.
myops, Alaus, 330.
Myriopoda, a division of Insecta, 78.
Myrmica molests, 62, 321.
Mytilaspis pomicorticis, 8, 11, 61, 331.

X.

Naevius, Nisoniades, 333, 334, 336.

nana, Trogosita, 330

Naphtha, 52.

Naphthaline, a coal-tar product, 67.

cones for cabinets, 65.

preventive of egg-deposit, 67.
nasalis. (Estrus, 299.
Nash, Mr. [H. W.], Eudamus Nevada from,

337.
nastes, Colias, 301.
Natural History of the State of N. Y., 227,

233, 281, 292.
Neat strawberry leaf-roller, 329.
Nebraska bee-killer, 318.
nebris, Gortyna, 115.
nebulo, Phycita, 329.

Need of more practical entomologists, 22.
Nematus ventricosus, 8, 41, 46, 56.
Nemorrea leucania\ 146.
Nemoura nivalis, 298.
nenuphar, Conotrachelus, 57, 331.
Nephelodes minians, 107, 108.

rubeolans, 107.

violans, 99-110, 136, 149.
Netting preventive, 232.
Neuration of Calliphora vomitoria, 170.

of Choi'tophila betarum, 208.

of Drosophila ampelophila, 216.

of Lampronota frigida, 145.

of Pegomia vicina, 209.

of Phorbia ceparum, 169.

of the radish-fly, 198.
Neuroptera, insects typical of the Order, 79.

of North America (Hagen), 162, 316.
Nevada, Eudamus, 337.
New Check List of American Moths (Grote),

81, 113.
New wheat insect, 344.
New York ant, 330.
New York Anthomyiidre, 171.

Entomological Reports, 16.

Homoptera, 300.

Observer, 314.

State Agricultural Society, 21, 23, 88,
127, 198, 254, 285, 291, 293, 301, 305,
308, 309, 314, 320, 322, 323, 325.

State Library, 282, 297.

State Museum Collections, 65, 293.

Weekly Tribune, quoted, 63.

weevil, 331.

nictitans, Gortyna, 115, 340.
nigrirostris, Phytonomus, 248.
nimbatana, Penthins, 57.
ni, Plusia, 189.
Nisoniades Brizo, 336, 337.

funeralis, 333, 334, 336.

Horatius, 334.

Icelus, 335, 336, 337.

Juvenalis, 333, 334, 335, 338.

Lucilius, 336.

Martialis, 334.

Na-vius, 333, 334, 336.

Persius, 334, 335, 336.

Propertius, 334, 335.

Somnus, 336.

Terentius, 334.

Tibullus, 335.

Virgilius, 334.
nitela, Gortyna, 110-116, 305.
nitida, Aleochara, 188.

Allorhina, 237, 238, 239.
nivalis, Nemoura, 298.
niveosericearia, Genmetra, 329.
niveus, CEcanthus, 315, 332.
nivicola, Perla, 298.

Podura, 298.
nivoriundus, Boreus, 298.

Chironomus, 13, 29S.
Noctuielitie and other synonymous names,

113.
Noctuidse, 35, 99, 110, 113, 116, 137, 340, 341.

attracted to baits, 70.

of the apple-tree, 328.

scent-producing organs in, 71.
Nolophaua malana, 328.
Norman, [G.], cited, 99, 107, 340.
North American Anthomyiida?, 195.
notatifrons, Anthomyia, 195.
Noveboracensis, Curcuho, 300.

Formica, 330.

Ithycerus, 300, 331.
Nozzle, a flattened, for distributing insecti-
cides, 31.
nubeculana, Phoxopteris, 329.
Number of insects, 12, 13.
Nycteribidse, a family of Diptera, 79.
Nysius destructor, 195, 331.

Oak insects, 3, 4.
Oat fields in Nebraska, 12.
Oberea tripunctata, 57.
obesa, Siphonella, 225.
oblineatus, Capsus, 331.
Oblique-banded leaf-roller, 329.
obscurus, Hymenorus, 331.
occidentalis, Acronycta, 328.

Cerura, 137.
Oceanus, Pyrgus, 336.
ocellana. Tmetocera, 329.
octomaculata, Alvpia, 33.
oculatus, Alaus, 330.
Odontota rosea, 331.

Scutellaria, 320.
Odor of Callidrvas Eubule, 72.

of Erax rufibarbis, 319.
Odors for prevention of egg-deposit, 67, 74,
75.

how they protect from insect attack, 74.
CEcanthus niveus, 315, 332.
CEdemasia concinna, 57, 137, 328.

eximea, 328.

Index.

365

(Knoctrn 1
(Estridse
(Estrua equi, 299.

aaaali
Ogdensburg Board o( Trade, 188.
Ogdensbu i al, 1ST.

Ohio Cultivator, 897.
Oil preventive, 190.
Oila aa inseoticidea, 25,
oleaa, Lai
Olivier oited, 288, 847.

Ba cingulatus, 381.
One-striped tree hopper, 984.
Onion-fly, 178-181.

in compared with European, 17'.'.

aahea aa preventive, 177.

bibliography, 172.

charcoal preventive, 177.

deep cultivation for preventive, 17--.

di scribed aa a new Bpecies,

egg deacribed, 17;.

m.-ii bv Chrysopa, 177.

I ipean injuries. 172.

European parasite, 176.

Bgare of, 176.

gas lime preventive, 177.

generic change of, 180.
itei remedy, 179.

insect enemies, 176.

introduced from Europe, 8, 172.

larva described, 174.

local in in attacks, 176.

manures for preventives, 17s.

Meade, K. H., studies of, 180.

natural history of, 17S.

paraffine-oil remedy, 48, 179.

pig-sty liquid preventive, 177.

progress of attack, 175.

pupurinm described, 174.

pupation "f, 174.

referred to, 191, 200, 822.

soot fur preventive, 178.

wing, ncuration of, 169.
onopordims, Tephritia, 49.
On some Species of Lepidoptera, 883.
Ontario Count] Times, cited, 116, 117.
operculars, Lagos

Opllion from the violet N'eplielodes, 103, 109.
opimus, Phytonomus, 247, 251.
Opposition to use of Pans green, 81.
Orchard Hill peach-orchard^ 11.
Oi ihard moth, 300.
Orcbestris rittata, 195.
Orders of insects, Greek derivation of. 7s,

79.
Orgyia antiqua, difference in molts of, 98.
. 33, 61, 64, 72, 98, 328.
Tricnogramma?, 303.
orientalia, Stylopyga, 62.
Orrnerod, [Eleanor A.], cited, 47, 48,172,177.
180, 192, 244.

Manual of Injurious Insects, bv,20,52,65,
184, 191, 239.

on harlequin cabbage-bug, 270.

on soluble pbenyle, 48.

Reports of Injurious Insects by, 43, 49,
6 I, 172, 239.

writings of, 20.
ornata, Slrachia, 270.
Ornitliomvia aviculana, 299.
Ornix ace'rifoliello, 808.

prunivorella, 830.
Orthodes infirma, 840.

(i, thoptei a in lectstj pical "i the Order, 79.

of the apple-tree, 882.

myalls ,.i Bmell
Orthosis helve, 840.

instubili

Osborne, .1. a.., cited, 287, 248.
Oaborne, Prof. II., cited 9

on sensorial organs in Pemphigus etc.,

6

mi Mi,- i n.1,1 Nenhelodes, 105

ii- I.,'. 221 '

Oscinis, 2!

coxendix, 226.

crassifemoria, 286-6.

Ini. 225.

glabra, 225.

granariua, 225.

| Illl-illls,

tteniopua, 235.
tibialis, 225.
vastator, 224.

micola, 380.
Boabra
Oaten Sacken, [Baron C. R.], on Diptera,
169, 170, 178, 179, 181, 184, 194, 200, 2m.
202, 211, 216, 217, 221, 223.
Osten Sacken's Catalogue of Diptera, cited,
I,", 1,::, 17'.i, 181, 184, 194, 200, 201, 202,
211, 212, 215, 221, 223.

ostresformis, Uiasjiis, 881.
Otiocerus Coquebertii, 298.

Our Common Insects ^Packard), 18.

ovata, Chalcis. 80.
ovinus, Melophagus, 62, 99.
ovis, Cephalemyia, 299,
Owlet-moths, 118.
Oxytelus rugosus,189.
sculpturatus, 189.
Oyster-shell bark-louse, imported, 8.

Pachyrhynchus Schonherri, 300.

Packard, Dr., [A. 8.], cited, 3, 8, 81, 87. 110,

135, 157, 162, 172,191, 195, 198,211,215,
289, 253, 258, 264, 291, 330.
Guide to the Study of Insects, by, 12,18,
81, 110, 157, 172, 194, 211, 219, 227,
233, 239, 243, 271, 331.
Injurious Insects New and Little Known,

by, 253, 257.
list of entomological publications of, 20.
on root-fly, 193.
writings of, 17.
Packard! V Grapholitha, 57.
pallens, Leuoania, 340.
paUiatus, Desmocerus, 297.
Palmer-worm, 300. 329.
Palpi of insects, as organs of smell, 69.
Paper bags to protect woolens, 64.
Paper bands, for apple-worms, 63.
Paper cylinders to protect cabbage plants,

etc., 64.
Papilio cited, 81, 87, 328(5), 329, 333.

Turnus, 887.
Paraffine naphtha, 46.

Paratfine oil, a popular iusecticide in Eng-
land, 46, 47.
degree to which it may be diluted, 46.
destroys onion-fly and carrot-fly, 46.
diluted for insecticidal uses, 46.
for onion-fly, 179.

366

Index.

Paraffine oil, larches saved by its use, 46.

method of use, 271, 343.

mixed with absorbents, 46.

mixture made with a syringe, 46.

produced from cannel "coal, 46.

uses to which applied, 46.
parallela, Aphrophora, 285.

Parorgvia, 328.
Parallel Elaphidiou, 330.
parallelum, Elaphidion, 330.
Parapettieoat, 302.
paraplecticus, Lixus, 260.
Parasa chloris, 328.
Parasite of asparagus beetle, 241.

Cynthia cardui, 320.

Desmia maculalis, 86.

onion-fly, 176.

peach-twig borer, 156.

Rocky Mountain locust eggs, 182.
Parasites, colonization of, 61.

from a single pupa, 156.

of apple-leaf Bucculatrix, 15!).

of apple-tree case-bearer, 166.

of bees, 79.

of Coccidas, 18, 160.

of Hessian-fly, 321.

of horses and hogs, 45.

of Oscinis grananus, 225.

of Thyridop tery x ephemeraef ormis, 84-87.

of violet Nephelodes, 103, 110.

of wheat-midge, 306.

transportation of, 18.
Parasitic destroyer of the Curculio, 308.
Parasitism of the Staphylinidse, 180.
Parasitized insects, distribution of, 61.
Paris green, adulterations of, 26.

appliances for use, 28.

application of dry powder, 27.

aquaject for applying, 30.

contrivance for mixing. 26.

cost of dry application, 28.

diluents for, 26.

dry application of, 26.

dusting box for, 27.

dusting machines for, 28.

first use as an insecticide, 25.

flour the best diluent of, 26.

forms in which used, 26.

hydronette for applying, 29.

improved hydronette uozzle for, 31.

insects killed by, 32, 166.

McMnrtne's experiments with, 32.

methods of application, 27.

nature and composition of, 26.

necessity for its use, 26.

not dangerous properly used, 31.

not poisonous to potatoes, 32.

plaster of Paris for diluting, 27.

proportion of diluents, '.ill, 'J7.

quantity used, 26, 32.

sprinklers for, 28.

superiority of liquid use of, 27.

wet mixtures, 27.

Whitman's Fountain pump for, 30.

why a favorite insecticide, 26.
Parker," Prof. H. W., on Heliothis armiger,

119.
Parorgyia parallela, 328.
Partridge, L. D., referred to, 132.
parvulus, Sphenophorus, 261.
pascuellus, Crambus, 150.
Passer domesticus, 61.
Passion-vine protected by pyrethrum, 40.

Patent Office Report (Agriculture), 125, 310.
Payn & Son, B., sales ot tobacco-dust, 65.
Peach orchard, largest in the world, 11.
Peach-tree borer, 47, 64, 259, 308, 316.
Peach-twig borer, 151-156.

bibliography, 151.

injurious to strawberries, 155.

larva described, 153.

larval operations of, 153.

moth described and figured, 152.

New York localities of, 155.

operations in peach-twigs. 152.

parasitic attack, 156.

peaches eaten bv, 154.

remedies, 156.

strawberry-crown borer, 155.

two broods of the insect, 154.
Pear-blight beetle, 310, 331.
Pear-tree blister beetle, 331.

Psylla, 331.
Pea-weevil, 49.

Pediculidse of domestic animals, 48.
l'egomyia, features of, 181.

genus, 211.

vicina, 209-211.
Pela, 284.

Pelidnota punctata, 307.
pellionella, Tinea, 64.
pellucida, Camnula, 332.
Pempelia Hammondi, 329.
Pemphigus pyri, 47, 331.

sensorial organs of, 69.

vitifolia;, 4, 322.
Pennsylvania Farm Journal, 301.
Pennsylvania, Formica, 62.
Pennyroyal, a preventive of insect attack, 74.
Pentatomoida.', 268-9.
Penthiua nimbatana, 57.
Pergimde, [T.], cited, 332.
Perilampus violaceous. 146.
Perkins, G. 11., cited, 329.
Perla nivicola, 298.
perlellus, Crambus, 150.
perniciosus, Aspidiotus, 332.
Peruicious scale, 332.
Persian insect powder, 25, 36.
Persius, Nisoniades, 334, 335, 836.
pertinax, Sphenophorus, 261.
petreius, Pyrgus, 336.
petulca, Xyiina, 341.
Phalamida;, 340.
Phallus impudicus, 69.
Pharaonis, Monomorium, 62.
Phigalia? cinctaria, 329.
Phiheuus spumaria, 285.
Philetas, Pyrgus, 336.
Phlaeothrips mali, 332.

Phlogophora, scent-producing organs in, 71.
Phobetron pithecium, 328.
Phorbia ceparum, 169, 171, 172-181, 204.

cepetorum, 173, 180.

cilicrura, 180, 181-184.

features of, 181.

floccosa, 207, 208.

genus, 202.
Phoxopteris nubeculana, 329.
phragmitidicola, Leucania, 340.
Phryganidae, 79.
Phycidse, 140.
Phvcis indigenella, 329.
Ph'vcita nebulo, 329.
Phyllophaga, 305.
phyllopus, Leptoglossus, 268.

Index.

367

PhyUotreta striolata, 244.
Phylloxera oarysecaulis, 4.

in Au- 1

va\ ages in Prance, 5.

for its destination, 5.
vitifoli
Phytocoridss, 871.

Phytonomus comptus,

eximius, 248.

i 11\ pera) rumicis, 848.
trifolii, 248.

Digrirostris,

pimpinellm, 248.

opiums, 247. 261.

punctata*, 247-253.
Pickled-frail fly,

apple-infesting Drosophila, 218.
attracted by fermentation, 217.
bibliography, 216.

ptionof, 216.
flour-paste Drosophila

iphical distribution, 217
, 820.
larva described, 218.
neuration "f. 216.
occurs in dec . 816.

ori:_'i" ion by Loew . 217.

pickled fruits, how attacked by, 220.
prei entii as, 65, 221.
strawberry Drosophila, 220.
pictus, Clytus,
Pieria oli

9, 89, 69, B6, 1-:'. 194, 240,267.
Pigeon Tremex, 304, 330.

Pig-sty 1>< 1 1 1 i. I for preventing onion-fly, 177.

Piuferns, Haamatopinus,
illeriana, (Enectra, 66.

PiUsbury, Governor, efforts against th

Mountain locust
pilosicolli 11a, 830.

pimpinellffi, Pbj tun. :11ms, 248.
Pimpla oonquisnti

inquisitor, B4.

plenrivinctus,
Pimplarise, 145.
Pine Baw-fly, 43.
Pine-tn
pinifolite, Gelechia, 156.

on I ; le bill-bug, 261.
pithecium, Phobetron, 828.
placidns, Sphenophorus, 254, 255.

isor, on I'll) lloxera, 4.
Planosa laricis, B7.

Plant-lice, 4,14,40, 59,61,212, 10
Plants protecl deposit by coun-

terodorants, 74.

preventive, 231.
Platygaster error, 321.

Herrickii
Platyptericidte; 302.
plecta, Agroti
plenrivinctus, Pimpla, 85.
Pledroaticti, 234.
Plomley, Dr., on hop-aphis, 819.
Plowing under infested crops, 54, 320.
Plum curculio, 831.

moth, 329.
s pear, peach and cherry insects, 3.

sphinx, 827.

Plusia brassiom, 66, 166, 189.
gamma, on clover, 119.

Plutella cruciferarum, 822.
pluvialia, Antbomyia, 171.
Podisus oynicus, 381.

spinosn
Podura niv icola, 298.
Podnridoi, 79.
Podurime, 101.
Pcacilocapsua lineatos, 83 !

' its insecticida] properties, 43.

Pollen eaten by Byrphida

Polyphylla variolosa, 64, 71.

I .tan. 1, Anisopteryx, 11, 72, 329.

Bhinosia, 800.
is, Ohsetochilus, 800.
pomicorticis, Uytilaspis, 8, 11, 61, 331.
Ila, Bnccnlatrix, 157.

I.ith Iletis, 330.

Ila, Micropterj ■•. .
Ila, Bucculatrix, 157.
Carpocapsa, 8, 35,
Trypi 1 1, 330.

pomonaua, Argj rolepia,
pomotellus, ifpsolophus, 829.

Prof. [E. A.], on Phytonomus
'. 'J Is.

luiatisma, 211.
Mallota, 211.
Potatoes nut poisoned bv Paris green, 32.
Potato field, a large, 12.'
-. 82.
Pests 1 Biley), cited, 110.
Poultry to destroy insects

vermin, remedy for, 45, 62.

.1 Entomologist, cited. HI, 81, 188,
172, 219, 253, 254, 257, 264, 32% 331i 2 i,
344.
Prairie Farmer, cited, 99, 110, 112, 121, 2G4.
prasina, Agrotis, 8.

is for use of Paris green, 81.
Pretty pomace ll ,
Prevention of egg-deposit, 66.
Preventive of Anthrenus, 64.
Anthomyian flies, 65, 75.
apple-tree borers, 64.
asparagus beetle, 246.
Attagenus, 64.
black fly, 74.
boll-worm, 126.
bronze colored cut-worm, 110.
cabbage caterpillars, 65.

cabbage-fly, 190.

cabbage-gull weevil, 65.
canker-worms, 64.
carpet-beetles, 64.
carpet-moth, 64.
clothes-moth, 64.
cockroach, 65.
croton bug, 65.
curculio, 65.
it. rmestes, 74.
flea-bcetb'-. 65.
Hessian fly, 68.
Indian Ceionia, 238.
midge, 74.
mosquito, 74.
onion-fly, 177.
peach-tree borer, 64.

368

Index.

Preventive o£ pickled-fruit fly, 65.

Psocida?, 05.

radish-fly, 198.

red ant, 65.

root-fly, 194.

rose-bug, 232.

seed-corn fly, 201.

Tinea, 64.

vagabond Crambus, 149.

violet Nephelodes, 110.

wheat-stem maggot, 227.

white-marked tussock-moth, 64.
Preventives of insect depredations, 63-65, etc.

alum water, for repelling roaches, 65.

animal secretions, 75.

ashes, 177.

attracting to food-plants of minor value,
64.

borax, for repelling roaches, etc., 65.

brine, 190.

camphor, for insect collections, 74.

camphor, for protecting woolens, 64.

canker-worm trap, 64.

carbolic acid, 65.

cedar shavings, protects woolens, 64.

chalk, repels red ants, 65.

coal-tar distillates, 75.

cotton-batting bands around trees, G4.

fish manure, 75.

gas-lime, 177.

gas-tar paper beneath carpets, 64.

ground pepper, for woolens, 64.

high culture, 63, 66.

hops, spent, for cabbage protection, 65.

late sowing for certain insects, 63.

linen sheets, for woolens, 64.

manuring, 178.

mounding around trees, 64.

naphthaline cones for cabinets, 65.

netting, 232.

oil, 190.

paper bags, for woolens, 64.

paper cylinders around cabbage plants,
etc., 64.

pennyroyal, of red ants, 65.

pig-sty drainage, 75.

printers' ink on paper, for carpets, 64.

plaster, 231.

powdered charcoal, 177.

rotation of crops, 63.

Russia leather scraps, for woolens, 64.

sassafras bark, to repel red ants, 65.

selection of seed, 63.

soft-soap wash for trees, 64.

soot, of onion-fly, 178.

spices, for woolens, 64.

spirits of turpentine for seed protection,
65.

tansy-tea on cucumber vines, 65.

tarred cloths around trees, 64.

tar-water, for fruit jars, 65.

tobacco dust, 65, 190.

tobacco water, 190, 198, 309.

wash for preserving herbaria, 65.

whale-oil soap for repelling curculio,
65.
Prickly Leptostylus, 304, 331.
Printers' ink on paper, a carpet-bug preven-
tive, 64.
Prionus imbricornis, 330.

laticollis, 830.
Privy-fly, 168, 171.
Probing burrows for grubs, 58.

Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, cited, 127, 151, 157, 161,
253, 330(3}.
American Academy of Arts and Sciences,

276.
American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, 163, 166.
American Philosophical Society, 87, 212,

247, 254.
Boston Society of Natural History, 169.
Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences,

309.
Entomological Section of Academy of

Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 247.
Entomological Society of Philadelphia,

16, 81, 87, 116, 161, 176, 236, 328.
London Entomological Societv, 71.
Western N. T. Horticultural Society, 11,
40, 60, 66, 152.
Proctotrupes, 308.
Proctotrupidie, 241.
Progress in economic entomology, 15.
Promethca, Callosamia, 328.
moth, 328.

moths, remarkablo attraction of males,
70.
Proper-tins, Nisoniades, 334, 335.
prostrata, Homalomyia, 171.
Protection from insect attack, 66-77.
Proteus, Clastoptera, 2S5.

Eudamus, 337.
proxima, Chlorops, 226.
pruinella, Anarsia, 151.
pruni-mahaleb, Aphis, 320.
prunivora, Grapliolitha, 329.
prunivorella, Ornbc, 330.
Psenocerus supernotatus, 321.
pseudacaciella, Argyromiges, 309,
Pseudagloss:i lubricalis, 340.
pseudargyria, Leucania, 340.
Psila rosie, 46, 49.
Psocidae, 65,161, 316.
Psocus aceris, 316.

domesticus, 65, 162.
• from Bucculatrix cocoons, 161.
quietus, 161.
semistriatus, 161.
tritici, 298:
venosns, 161, 31
Psvche cited, 5, 20, 23, 72, 81, 99, 119, 213,

332(2), 340, 343.
Psyche pluinifera, 83.
Psylla pvrisuga, 331.
Psvllidie, 300.
Psylliodes punctulata, 296.
Pteromalus? fulvipes, 307.
hordei, 307.

parasites on Oscinis, 225.
puparum, 86.
sp., 86.
tritici, 307.
Ptilodontinse, 137.
Pulex irritans, 62.
Pulicidffi, 79.

pulsatoria, Clothilla, 162, 316.
pulsatorius, Atropos, 298.
Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 301, 309, 310.
pumilionis, Oscinis, 225.
punctata, Coptocycla, 806.
Hyphantria, 306.
Pehdnota, 307.
punctatus, Curculio, 247.
Phytonomus, 247-253.

Index.

369

jmnetulata, Psylliodcs, 296.
Puuotured clover-leaf weevil, 247-253.

an European species. '.'47.

cocoon described and figured, 248.

deaorip i and figai i

distribution in New York, 252.

1 . -J ! ' '

lirst notice in tliis country. 217, 249.
formerly described as P. opiums, 261.
habits of the in

illustration of the species, 250.

lttrvu described, 249.

life-history, 250.

looalirj r-root borer, 247.

not injurious to clover in Europe, 248.

perhaps not lately imported, 251.

remedi

variety P, opimus described, 261,
Punctured flea-beetle, 296.
Pnnotures in raspberry canes, 815, 818.
Pupariutn of beet-leaf miners, 204.

of onion-fly described, 174.
Purpuricenus [numeralis], 297.
purpuripennis, Gortvua, 115.
Putnam, J. Duncan, 809.
pvgmea, Capnia, 298.
Pylades, EudamuB, 837, 838.
PyralididiB, 186, 140.
Pyralid web-oaterpular, 329.
Pyramidal grape-vine caterpillar, 328.
pyramidoides, Amphipyra, 828.
Pyrothrum, alcoholic extract of, 88

application in fumes, 88.

application in powder, 37.

carneum, 86.

einerariafolium, 86.

effects on insects, 89.

lirst used for field ins.

flea-beetle repelled by it, 40.

flies killed by it, 36.

grain-weevil killed by it, 40.

liyuienoptera affected by it, 40.

increased production of, 848.

insects destroyable by it. 8:'.

lately used fo'r house pests, 36.

literature of. 40.

long known; 86.

mixture improved by standing, 87.

not dangerous to breathe, 36.

roseum, 36.

seed distributed, 37.

tea or decoction, SB.

usefulness not fully known, 37.

water mixture efficient, 39.

water solution, 38.
Pyrgus ca:spitalis, 336.

centaura?, 386.

ericetorum, 336.

maculatus, 336.

Oceanus, 336.

Petreius, 836.

Philetas, 336.

Hicara, 386.

scriptural, 336.

tessellata, 336.

Xanthus, 336.
pyri, Pemphigus, 831.

Scolytus, 810.

Tingis, 311.

Xyleborus, 810, 381.
pyrisuga, Psylla, 831.
Pyrrhocoris, experiments in smell, with,

68.

4:

qundraneularis, Aphrophora, 286.
qnadrigibbus, Antiionomus, 881.
quadrtmaoulatus. Anopheles, 298.
quadrivUtatua, Gapsiu, 271.
Quassia infnaion,
querceti, Euclea, 328.
Quioklime for insects, 263.
quietus, l'sucus, 161.
Quiuce Tingis, 811.

Radcliffei, Acronycta, 328.
Radish-fly, 194-199.

a doubtful species, 198.

bibliography of, 194

carbolic acid for, 48, 99.

: ion of the insect, 196.

Fitch filed on, 206, 322.

larva described, 196.

literature of, 197.

most injurious of radish insects, 195.

natural history of, 197.

other radish insects, 195.

remedies and preventives, 198.

resemblance to the root-fly, 196.
Radish-seed weevil, 195. y

Ragonot, E. L., on Crambida), 150.
rantalis, Eurvcreon, 829.
rapie, Pieris, 8, 9, 89, 59, 86, 189, 194, 240,

267.
Raspberry slug, 42.
Raspberry-stalk gall-bee, 315.
Raspberry-twig girdler, 57.
Rathvon, [S. S.], cited, 81, 227, 301.
Rat-tail larva;, habits of, 213.
Ratzeburg referred to, 20, 259.
Reaumur quoted, 14, 69, 218.
rectus, Sphenophorus, 254.
Red ants, remedy for, 62.

preventive of, 65.
Red cedar shavings to protect woolens, 64.
Red-humped apple-tree caterpillar, 328.

prominent, 57.
Red-legged grasshopper, 332.
Red-shouldered Sinoxvlon, 330.
Red-winged black-bird, food of, 105.
Regents of the University of the State of

J»ew York, 21.
Register of Rural Affairs, 64.
Remedies for insect depredations,

alum water, 59.

amnioniacal liquid, 59.

attracting to lamps and fires, 58, 148.

attracting to poisoned sweets, 5S.

baits of potato, etc., for wire- worms, 63.

barricades against migration, 58.

beating bushes, 269.

birds, protection of, 61.

blue-vitriol water, 59.

burning garden refuse, 58, 269, 270, 279.

burning grass, 148.

burning stubble, 58, 253.

benzine for carpet-bugs, 59.

carbolic acid and soap, 59.

chickens for flea-beetles, 61.

copperas-water, 59.

corrosive sublimate for bed-bugs, 62.

cresylic ointment for screw-worm, 62.

crushing by hand, 57.

cutting offinfested twigs, 57.

370

Index.

Remedies for insect depredations — Contin.,
cutting out larv;e trom trees, 58.
deep plowing, 58.
destroying fallen fruit, 58.
destroying web-nests, 57.
digging up cut-worms, 58.
ditching for migration, 58.
extermination of English sparrow, 61.
fish-brine for scale insects, 60.
fish-oil, 301.
fowls, for asparagus beetle, 61.

fas-lime, 149.
and-picking cocoons and imagines, 57.
hand-picking eggs and larvse, 56.
hot water, 59, 179, 198, 269, 288, 307, 317.
hunting larvte with a lantern, 58.
jarring, 162.
kerosene, 162.
lady-bug colonization, 61.
lighted candle for fleas, 62.
lime, air-slacked, 59, 148.
lime-water, 59.
linseed oil, 162,
London purple, 34, 166.
molasses and London purple for ants, 62.
molasses and red lead for roaches, 62.
mustard water, 60.
packing the ground by rolling, 59.
paper bands, for apple-worm, 63.
paraffine oil, 46, 179.
parasitized insects, distribution of,^61.
Paris green, 25-34, 166.
plaster, 148.
plowing under, 149.
probing burrows for grubs, 68.
quassia infusion, 59.
road-dust, 60, 148.
rolling the ground, 148.
scraping bark, 162.
sheep-dip of Buchan & Co., 62.
sheep pasturing, 60.
sheep-wash for ticks, 62.
shelter for nocturnal feeders, 63.
skunk, protection of, for hop-grub, 61.
soap, 59, 304, 319.
soap-suds, 162, 179, 194, 301, 302.
soot dusting, 60.
sulphuric-acid water, 59.
sulphur, lard and kerosene for poultry,

62.
sulphur sifter for bird mites, 62.
sweetened sponge for ants, 62.
swine, for white grubs, etc., 61.
tarring the ground for migrants, 58.
toads in gardens, domestication of, 61.
tobacco-smoke, 60, 319, 320.
tobacco water, 59, 302.
trapping in soap-suds, for flies, 62.
tree-beating and jarring, 57.
whale-oil soap, 59.
wood-ashes, 60.
Remedy for Abbot's wbite-pine worm, 42.
acarina on hens, 45.
ants, 50, 62.
aphides, 49.
apple-curculio, 60.
apple-leaf Bucculatrix, 162.
apple-root plant-louse, 47.
apple-tree borer, 58, 312.
apple-tree tent-caterpillar, 56.
ap*ple-tree case-bearer, 166.
apple-worm, 35, 58, 60, 63.
army-worm, 36^ 53, 58'.

Remedy for ash-gray blister-beetle, 82,
67.
asparagus-beetle, 59, 61, 245.
autumn tent-caterpillar, 57.
basket-worm, 33, 67, 87.
beautiful wood-nymph, 83.
bed-bugs, 62.
bird-mites, 62.

blue caterpillars of the vine, 38.
cabbage-butterfly, 39, 52, 59.
cabbage-caterpillars, 59.
cabbage-fly, 47, 52, 192, 199.
canker-worm, 33, 57.
carpet-bug, 59.
carrot-fly, 46, 49.
celery-fly, 49, 52.
cherry and pear slug, 60.
chinch-bug, 58.
clover-leaf weevil, 258.
clover-root borer, 58.
clover-seed midge, 54.
cockroach, 62.
codling-moth, 35, 60.
Colorado potato-beetle, 26, 89, 48.
corn curculio, 263.
corn-worm, 125.
cotton-worm, 35, 58, 125.
Croton-bug, 62.
cucumber flea-beetle, 33.
curculio, 45, 51, 57, 68.
currant-borer, 57.
currant-worms, 41, 46, 56.
cut-worms, 58, 68.
dried Crambus, 151.
eight-spotted forester, 33.
fir saw-fly, 42.
flea-beetles, 45, 61.
fleas, 62.

flies in stables, 45.
"fly " in sheep, 48.
four-lined leaf-bug, 279.
garden insects, 51.
grain-weevil, 40.
grape-vine flea-beetle, 69.

f rape-vine Tortrix, 56.
arlequin cabbage-bug, ifi, 68, 269, 270.
Hessian fly, 58.
honeysuckle saw-fly, 42.
hop-vine grub, 61.
house-flies, 36, 62.
Indian Cetonia, 288.
larch aphis, 46.
larch lappet, 99.
leaf hoppers, 45.
Le Conte's saw-fly, 42.
lice in henneries, 45.
lice on cattle, 40, 45.
margined blister-beetle, 38, 57.
May-bug, 57.
mites in henneries, 45.
mites on birds, 46, 62.
onion fly, 46, 52, 178.
parasites on hogs, 45.
parasites on horses, 45.
peach-tree borer, 47, 68.
peach-twig moth, 156.
pear-slug, 42, 60.

Pea-weevil, 49.
hylloxera, 47, 50.
plant-lice, 40, 61.
radish-fly, 48, 199.
raspberry-slug, 42.
raspberry-twig girdler, 57.

Index.

371

Remedy for red ant, r.2.
red-humped promini
red scale of California, 60,
Book; Mountain locust, 50.
root.flv. 194,

UK, 46, 57, 231.
rose-leu oatorpillai

'-', 42.

« ig borer, 57.
uw-fiiea, 88, 42.
seal. 19,50.

r-woi
■beep licks, 49, I

spring canker-worm, :
orer, 47.

81.

sqoaah-bag,
sialk borer, ll~>.
Btrawberri -worm, 42.

striped buster-l tie,

striped Qoonmber-beetle, 33.
striped Bee-beetle, 59.

ticks oa sheep, 49, <;l\
tobecc
tortoise-beetles, 83, 57.

turnip ilv, 52.

two-marked tree-hopper, 288.

vagabond Crambos,

vermin on cattle, 4*.

vermin on domeetio animals, 49.

vermin od poultry, 49, <;_.

violet Nephelodes, ll".

white-grab, 64, 61.

white-marked tussock-moth, 38, 61.

wire-worms, 46, 63.

woolly apple-loose. 43.

worms in potted plants, 48.
yellow-necked apple-tree caterpillar, 57.
repentia, Agrotis, 840.

Report of Adirondack Survey, cii

imissionerof Patents, B27, 860.
on Cotton Insects, 8, 18, 40, 85, 86, 116,
■
Injurious Insects of 1878, 152.
on the Rocky Mountain Locust, 18, 193.
Reports of the Commissioner of Agriculture,
1 2, 1 s, 86, 88, 34, 40, 44, 60, 61, 63, 84, 86,
111. Hi'.. 120, 128,127,148, 11.
154, 160, 168, 16ft, 172, 191, I

187, 329(2),
. 331(4).

of Commissioners of Zoological Survey
of Stassachnsel

of Entomological Society of Ontario, 116,
127, 162, 155, 172, 21 :
264, 271.

on the Insects of Illinois, 61, 81, 99, 104,
110, 111, 112, 116, 121

24, 328(3),
, 330.

of Michigan Stare Agricultural Society,
19.

of Michigan State Board of Agriculture,
184, 194, 199, 221

of Michigan State Pomological Society,
1 9 »i4

of X. Y.' State Agricultural Society, 123,
168, 168, 221, 233.

on N. Y. State Cabinet of Natural His-
tory, 99. 281, --7, 299, •">'">. 323.

on N". Y. State Museum of Natural His-
tory, 58, 116, 887.

of I". s. Entomological Commis-
sion, 7, 11, I
198, B
of U. S. Geological aod Geographical
Survey ..| it,.
135, 172. 191, 194, 19 i
Besplend

ol Reports of Dr. In. ;
Bhinarium or no 5., 69.

Bhinosia i itell

Bhipiptera, an Order m die, 79.

ribes, Aphis, 872,

386.
Biley, I

u;>, 1 1«

160, 168, 172, 182, 191, 207, 817, 281,

5), 829(8),
830(3).
description of Cirrospilus Bavicinotos,

entomological collection of, 24.
gold medal conferred on, 17.

on eorn-curculio, 264, 258, 861, 262.
on Crambus larre, 146.

i coverings of two-marked tree-
bopper, 285.
on eggs of Crambos rolgit aj
on nemiteles thyridopl si _
on Locust-egg Anthomyian,

i rarer, 166.
on pyrethrum, .".7.
on seed-corn II \ . 200.
on violet Ncphelodes, 99, 102, 103, 104.

108, 10
Reports on the Insects of Missouri, by, 7.
I, 82, 43, 64, 81, 88
lit'., 142, 156, 157, 159, 181, 183, 184,
195, 221, 223, 227, 235, 254, 258, 264,
270, 291, 315, 320, 324, 32S(6), 329(4),
830(6), 331(6), 882.
writings and official labors of, 16.
Road dust diluent of Paris green, 26.

for cherry-slug, 60.
Robbins' coal-tar pan, 50.
Robin, food of, 105.
robinise, Clytus, 317.

Cj llene', 317.
robiniella, Anacampsis, 309.
robustus, Sphenopborns, 261, 262.
Bock] .Mountain loenst, 7, 13, 17,60, 168, 181,

Rolling the ground for destroying insects,

69, 1M, 268.
Rondani on Anthomyia, 180, 181.
Root-fly, 191-194.

associated with " anbury," 192.

bibliography, 191.

briefly noticed in the United States, 192.

described and noticed in Europe, 191.

description and figure of, 192.

larva described, 192.

not destructive in Europe, 191.

referred to, 196.

remedies and preventives, 194.

resembles the cabbage-fly, 198.

turnip-crop injured by it. 192.
rosaceana, Caccecia, 329.
rosie, I'sila, 46, 49.

Selandria, 42.
rosea, Odontota, 331.

372

Index.

Rose-beetle, 227-232.

apples eaten by it, 229, 330.

bibliography, 227.

characteristics of attack, 231.

description, 228.

eaten by poultry, 232.

food-plants, 229.

grape-vines protected from, 344.

hand-picking remedy, 232.

natural history, 231.

plaster preventive, 232.

preference for roses, 229.

protecting from, by netting, 232.

ravages in Massachusetts, 230.

sexual instinct, 231.

sudden appearance, 231.

systematic position, 228.

tansy-water preventive, 232.

why a serious pest, 228.
Rose-bug, 45, 57, 234, 303, 307, 316, 317, 318.
Rose-leaf caterpillar, 57.
Rose-slug, 42.
Rose- twig borer, 57.
roseum, Pyrethrum, 36.
Rosy Hispa, 331.

Rotation of crops, benefit of, 63, 190,
Rough Osmoderma, 330.
Round-headed apple-tree borer, 58, 331.
Rove-beetles, 189.

Royal Agricultural Society of England, 180.
rubellus, Lixus, 260.
rubi, Selandria, 42.
rubus-caulis, Figites, 315.
rufibarbis, Erax, 319.
ruficeps, Anthomyia, 171.
rugosus, Oxytelus, 189.
Rumsey & Co.'s Aquaject, 30.

Hydronette, 29.
Rupertsberger's list of Coleoptera, 248.
Rural Nebraska, cited, 12.
Rural New Yorker, cited, 158, 221, 257.
Russia leather scraps to protect woolens, 64.
Rutbeford, John, referred to, 129.
rutila, Gortyna, 115.

S.

Sackeni, Mallota, 211.
Sacktrager, 83.
Saddle-back caterpillar, 328.
Salem Press cited, 300.
Salt and lime preventive, 194.
Samia Cecropia, 72, 328.
santes, Colias, 301.
Saperda bivittata, 297, 306.

calcarata, 297.

Candida, 58, 64, 331.

cretata, 331.

[Oberea] tripunctata, 297.
Saproniyza (Chlorops) vulgaris, 225.
Saratogensis, Aphrophora, 285.
Sargent, H. H., on asparagus beetle, 246.
saucia, Agrotis, 8, 328.

Saunders, [William], cited, 127, 152, 227, 233,
277, 279.

description of Anarsia lineatella larva,
153, 155.

entomological papers of, 19.

Insects Injurious to Fruits, 269, 271, 281,
328.

on pyrethrum, 25, 37.
Saving to New York by the Fitch reports,
21.

Sawdust diluent of Pyrethrum, 37.

Saw-flies, 33, 42.

Say, [Thomas], cited, 84, 85, 211, 215, 232,

255, 256, 271, 279, 281.
Say's Heteropterous Hemiptera, 271, 294,

306.
scabra, Osmoderma, 330.
scalaris, Homalomyia, 171.
Scale-bug of the orange and lemon, 38.
Scale-insects, 43, 49, 60, 301, 309, 310.

Report on (Comstock), 18.
scandens, Agrotis, 58, 328.
scapha, Limacodes, 328.
Scarab:eid;c, 227, 232, 234.
Scarred Melolontha, 330.
Scatophaga ceparum, 173.
Scelothrix, 336.

Scent-producing organs in Lepidoptera, 71.
Schaupp, F. G., papers on Coleoptera, 22.
Schiner cited, 179, 207, 208.
Schizoneura lanigera, 43, 47, 331.
Schcenherr, 305.

Schonherri, Pachyrhynchus, 300.
Schonherr's Weevil, 300.
Schwarz, [E. A.], on clover-leaf weevil, 252.
Sciari mall, 219, 330.
Science Gossip, cited, 211.
Science, [N. Y. city], cited, 127, 149.
Scientific American, cited, 44.
Scoliopteryx libatrix, 340.
Scolytus pyri, 310.
Screw-worm, 62, 343.
scripta, Habrosyne, 340.
scriptural, Pyrgus, 336.
scrophulariie, Anthrenus, 9.

Cionus, 248.
Scudder and Burgess, 334.
Scudder, [S. H.], 327(2), 335, 337.
sculptilis, Sphenophorus, 253-263.
sculpturatus, Oxytelus, 189.
Sculptured corn-curculio, 253-263.

beetle killed by kerosene, 263.

bibliography, 253.

curcuho larvpe living in corn, 260. '

description and figure, 255.

early notices of injuries, 255.

first described by Ubler, 254.

food-plants of allied species, 260. I

geographical distribution, 258.

habits of an allied species, 260.

identified as S. venata, 254.

injuries in New York, 256.

injuries underestimated, 262.

larva probably breeds in corn, 262.

later depredations, 257.

life-history unknown, 255.

meaning of generic name, 256.

means of destroying the eggs, 263.

method of injury, 256, 257.

named S. zere by Walsh, 254.

probably lived in wild grasses, 259.

pupa;, how to destroy, 263.

received from New Jersey, 254.

synonymy, 253.

thought to live in decaying wood, 258.

wild grasses as its food-plants, 259.
Scurfy bark-louse, 331.
scutellaris, Anoplites, 309, 320.

Odontota, 320.
Secondary parasitism, 146, 161.
Seed-corn fly, 199-201.

bibliography of, 199.

corn as eaten by, 200.

Index.

3?3

Seed-corn fly, (iescripti

doubtful generic reference, 800.
larva .li— ii ill, d an.) Bgured, 800.
observed in (few Jersey, 199.
operations of,
pret entires of, 801.
pnparinm of, 200.

transformations of, 200.

Selandria

. 42.
ruin. 18.
Selection in seed may prevent insect attack,

68.
Selection of food-plants for oriposition, 67.
Sembling, 840.

Ins destraotor, 881,
ens, LSI.
Beptendeoim, Cicada, 881.
sera, Qortyna, 115, 340.
irioolor, 880.

n-\ eur Cicada, 79, 809, 831.
Sexual attraction, is Helieonia Charitonia,70.
in Polrphylla variolosa, 71.
in Saniia Cecropiu. 70.
l difference of molts in CaUosamia

in Orgyia antiqua, 98.

in Orgyia Lenooatunna, 98.

in Tolvpe laricis, 98.
Sexual union through the Bense of smell, 70.
Shade-treea defoliated bv Orc;\ ii
Shad-flj

Shaw, V. G., bag-worms received from, 85.
Sheep-dip, Buchan & Oo.'s, 88.

Little's, 19.
Sheep gad-fly, 299.

maggot

pasturing, for apple-worms, 60.

ticks, i

wash, for ticks, ti2.
Sheldon, Prof. I). S., army-worm from, 313.
[or capturing nocturnal feeders 63.
Shoulder-striped Tortri i
Sialia sialis, insects eaten
Sigalphus curculionis, 308.
t. Dr., 824.
i s, smelling-organs of, 69.
Silranus Surinamensis, 330.
silt alius, Crambne
. Similar wheat-fly, 202.

compared with the deceptive wheat-fly,
202.

description of it, 202.

ric reference doubtful, 202.

limited knowledge "f it. -J"2.

ilea the deceptive wheat-fly, 202.
similis, Anthomyia, 202.

Hylemyia, 808, 226.
Sinea diadema, 831.
Sinoxvlon basilare, 830.
Siphouella obesa, 225.

■ hora avensB, 8.
Sitones lineatus, 49.
Sitophilus, 305.
Skel. ton-bug. 111.
Skiff Limacodes, 328.
Skunk, as named by Charlevoix, To.

protection of, for hop-grub, 61.
Slade, [K.], on onion-fly, 172.
Slender locust-leaf mirier, 809.
Slugs (saw-flies), 42.
Small snow-fly, 298.

Smell, sense of, acutcness in dogs, 68.
ncutrness in man. lis.

antennal i.ristles at organs of, 69.
attracting males to hide
butterflies drawn to ohrysalidi

capability of cultivah. D

controls Oriposition in some insects. 67.

evidences ot location in antenD

tanos i" nootnrnal Inseol
in uarabua and l'\ rrhooori
locatiou of, in i

u v t.i ill., bag-worm moth, 78.
not important to some insects, 71.
organs of, in Cicada, 69.

iu Ooleoptera, '•'.'.

in Diptera, 69.

in Lepidoptera, 69.

in Orthopten

m Pemphigus. 69.
Prometheamotn,showingacutei rO

sexual union resulting from, 70.

united, perhaps, with taste, »'>'■'.

wingless moths fertilized through, 78.
Smerinthus excteeatus, 327.
Smiera gigantea, 86.
Smilia inornate, 284.
Smith, EmmaA., investigations of, 17.
■ ", 112.

Smithii, Hemiteli

Smithsonian Institution, 15. 24.

Smoke, preventive of midge attack, 74.

Smynthurus hortensis, 322.

Snapping-beetles,

Snow-born Boreus, 298.

midge, 298.
Snow-flea, 298.
Snow, G. C, referred to, 111.
Snow, Prof, F. H., on localities of moths,
lis, 99, 2.M. 268.

on sexual attraction of Phyllophaga, 71.

on the screw-worm, 343.
Snow-white linden moth, iu Brooklyn.
Snowy cricket, 315.
Soap and carbolic acid mixture, 59.
Soap-boilers' waste preventive, 194.
Soap on apple-trees, 64, 806.
Soap remedy, 304, 319.
Soap-suds, i;i4. 301, 302.

Imperials et Cehtrale d' Agriculture,
324.
Solani, Dorthesia, 286.
Soluble Phenyle, as an insecticide, 48-50.

agency for, in the United States, 19.

analysis of, 49.

ants destroyed by it, 50.

arrests attack of celery-fly, 49.

destroys aphis, 49.

directions for use, 40.

experiments of Miss Ormerod, 48.

insect attacks checked by it, 49, 221.

manufactured in Eogla

poultry vermin killed by it, 49.

prevents attack of pea-weevil, 49.

prices at which sola, 50.

properties of, 49.

scale-insects killed by it, 49.

used as a sheep-dip, 49.

vermin of animals killed by it, 49.
Solution of pyrethrum in water, 38.
Somnus, Nisoniades, 336.
Soot, 60, 810, 321.
sororia, Lachnosterna, 330.
Sorsby, Col., on baiting the corn-worm, 125.

374

Index.

Southern joint-worm, 222.

tobacco-worm, 322.
Special Commission of the Ontario Govern-
ment, on agricultural resources, 19.
Special crops grown in large areas, 10.
Species common to Europe and America,
8, 168, 170, 173, 181, 184, 191, 207.

introduced from Europe, 8, 240, 244, 247,
248.
speciosus, Clytus, 297.
Spectre insect. 111.
Speyer, Dr. A., 335, 336, 339.
Sphenophorus caryosus, 261.

immunis, 254.

parvulus, 261.

pertinax, 261.

placidus, 254, 255.

rectus, 254.

robustus, 261, 262.

sculptilis, 253-263.

venata, 254.

venatus, 253, 255, 256, 301, 305, 310, 318.

zese, 253.
Sphingida-, 119, 340.

of the apple-tree, 327.

scent-producing organs in, 71.
Sphinx Carolina, 322.

drupiferarum, 327.

Gordius, 327.

quinquemaculata, 73, 322.
Spices, for woolen protectiou, 64.
Spider-flies, 79.
Spilosoma Virginica, 328.
Spinolas, Micropus, 302.
spinosa, Arma, 331.
spinosus, Podisus, 331.

Spiracles of insects, as organs of smell, 69.
Spirits of turpentine for seed protection,

65.
Spittle-insects, 285.
splendoriferella, Aspidisca, 166, 330.
Spotted-necked Anomala, 307.
Spotted Pelidnota, 307-

tussock-moth, 328.

-winged wheat-fly, 297.
Sprague, P. S., on cabbage-fly parasite, 184,

188.
spretus, Calopteuus, 7, 332.
Spring canker-worm, 33, 61, 329.
Sprinkler for Paris green water, 28.
Sprinkling with water for drawing insects,

239.
spumaria. Cicada, 285.

Philamus, 285.
Squash-borer, 47.
Squash-bug, 39, 63, 316, 322.
Squash Coccinella, 322.
Stag beetle, 330.
Stal cited, 264.
Stalk-borer (Gortyna nitela), 110-116.

allied species, 115.

bibliography, 110.

bores in garden plants, 111.

depredations of, 112.

family habits, 113.

food-plants, 112.

generic changes, 115.

habits of allied species, 115.

injurious in a potato field, 111.

larva described, 113.

moth described, 113.

natural history of, 114.

rare in vicinity of Albany, 114.

Stalk-borer, remedies for, 115.

seldom seriously injurious, 111. -
Staphylinidse, 187. \

Staphyliuides; smelling organs of, 69.
Staphylinus cinuamopterus, 188.
State Entomologist ot Illinois, 16, 17.

Entomologist of New York, 1, 323.

Entomologist of Missouri, 16.

Horticultural Society of Iowa, 237. •
States moving for State Entomologists, 21.
Stenobothrus, smelling organs of, 69.
Stephens, [J. P.J, cited, SI, 83.
Sternidius alpha, 331.
Stictocephalus iuermis, 284.
stimulea, Empretia, 328.
Stinkhorn fungus, 69.

St. Lawrence county, Crambus caterpillars J
in, 100. '

St. Lawrence Republican cited, 99, 127, 136.
Stomoxys calcitrans, 299.
Strachia histrionica, 264.

ornata, 270.
stramentosa, Gortyna, 115.
Strawberry crop, a large, 12.

Drosophila, 219.

-root borer, 155.

-worm, 42.
Straw encasement remedy, 304.
Streaked Thecla, 327.

Strepsiptera, an Order named by Kirby, 79.
Stretch, [R. H."|, 328(2).
strigosa, Thecla, 327.
Striped blister-beetle, 33, 57, 322.

blistering-fly, 322.

cucumber-beetle, 33, 244, 331.
Striped flea-beetle, 60, 310.
Sturtevant, Dr., on clover-leaf weevil, 253.
Stylopidffi, 79.
Stylopyga orientalis, 62.
subgothica, Agrotis, 340.
subjuncta, Hadena, 58.
subsignaria, Ennomos, 329.
subsp"inosus, Macrodactylus, 57, 227, 807,

330.
Sugaring for moths, 114.
suis, Hajmatopinus, 48.
sulcaus, Anthomyia, 207.
Sulpho-carbonates for Phylloxera, 50.
Sulphuric-acid waters, on hardy plants, 59.,
Sulphur, lard, etc., for poultry, 62.
Sulphur sifter, for bird mites, 62.
superuotatus, Psenocerus, 321, S31.
Superphosphates as preventive, 190, 198.
Supposed army-worm invasion, 127.
Surface caterpillars, 271.
Suriuamensis, Sylvanus, 40, 330.
Survey of the County of Washington, 299.
Swan, Robert J., on clover-leaf weevil, 253.
Sweetened sponge, for ants, 62.
Sweets for destroying insects, 110.
Swine, for the white-grub, 61.
Swinton, A. H., on scent-producing organs

in moths, 71.
Sylvanus Surinamensis, 40. •

sylvatica, Clisiocampa, 328.
sylvaticana, Argyrolepia, 300.
S'vnopsis of American Wasps (de Saussure),

172.
Synopsis of Lepidoptera of N. A. (Morris),

81, 87.
Svrphidtc, 168, 211.
Syrphus fly, 302, 313.
Systema Antliatorum (Fabricius), 211.

Index.

375

System;! Naturae (Linmcus),191, 282, 289.

atie Revision of American Butterflies
(Soudder), 885.

Tabanus genus, 191.

Taohina, an undetermined apeoiea, 14.r>.

Tucliini.l

Tachiuaeggs on violet Xcpholod

-. 825.
Tansy ten to protect oueumber vines, 65.

water preventive, 28'.'.
Tar li.mids, 62.

Tarred cloths to proteii worms,

64.
paper us preventive of Drosophila,
Ml.
Tarring the ground for migrants, 58.
tarsata, llyKiiiyia. 171.
Tar-water, for trail jars, 65.
Tasohenburg, l>r., cited, WO.

l -J 1 .
Taste and smell perhaps united in -

sects, 69.
taurina, Ccresa, 331.
Tea or decoction of pyrethrum, 88.
Telamone, 800.

tenax. Eristalis, 919.

Belpphilus, 918.

Tenebriontdes, smelling organs of, 69.

Ten-lined pout
Tenthridinida, 42.

Tephritis onopordinis, 49.

Tephrosia. scent -producing organs in, 72.

Teras Cinderella

malivorana, 829.
Terentius. Nisoniades, 83-4.
Terminal hud-worm, 191.
tessellata, Fergus, 836.
testacea, Clastoptera, 285.
Tethys, Daimia, 336.
tetracantha, llomalomyia, 171.
Tettigoniidas, 800.
textor, li 66, 823.

Thaxter. [K.], cited, 99, 107, S27,328(10),840.

on apple-tree insects,
Thecla strigosa.
" The cut-worm.
Thelia bimaculata, 984.

biuotata, 281.

cratsgi, 284.

umvittata, 284.
Thirteen-\ ear locust, 331.
Thomas. Dr. Cyrus], cited, 104, 116, 228,
233, 237, 239, 264, 266, 291, 330.

Reports of, 17.
Thomas, J. J., aphides from, 317.
thoracica, Cecidomyia, 297.
Thorn-apple leaf-miner, 830.
Thorn-bush tree-hopper, 284.
Thorn curculio, 331.
Thonsaud-legged worm, 307.
Thraso, Pvrgus, 336.
Three-banded Thrips, 303.
Three-lined leaf-beetle, 88, 244.

potato-beetle, 296, 322.
Thripidae, 79.
Thripididte, 303.
Thrips cerealium, 303.

sp?., 332.

tritici, 303.
thuiclla, Bucculatrix, 162.

tliyridopterigis, llemiteles?, 85.
Thyridopteryx ephemenefonnis, 33,67,72,

81-87, 328.
Thysanoptera, an Order of Balid

Thvsanura, an tinier of l.utreille, 79,
Cicada, 881,

TibuUus, v
Tile-homed Prioni

timida, Anthomyia, 195.

Tinea -ranellu. 988.

iridella, 308.

pillniiiella, 84.

Tineidie, 4, 161, 162,188,
Tineina. Food-plant rs), 4.

of North America (Chambers), 81, 151,
157.
. 311.
Tingis arouata, 311.
cydoniffl, 811.
jnglandis, 311.

pyri, 811.
Tipuia genus, 191.

Tipulida, ■J'.'T.
tipuliformis, yEgeria, 8.
Tiseheria malifoliella, 380.
Tityrus, Eudamus, 887.

a ocellana, 829.
Toad, a collector of beetles, 61.
Toads in gardens, domestication of, 61.
Tobacco-dust for protecting carpets, 65.

-dust prevent! I
smoke, 60, 319, 820.
water, 59, 190, 198, 302, 809.
worm, 66.

togata, Cecidomyia, 997.

I nicis, 87-99.
velleda, 328.
Tomato sphinx, 119.

worm, 322.
Torch for attracting moths, 126.
Tortoise-beetles, 33, 57.
Tortricidsa of the apple-tre
Transactions of American Entomological So-
ciety, cited, 2l', 84, 145, 157, 168, 228,
829(3), 330.
of Entomological Society of London,

of Kansas Academy of Science, 71, 248.
of Kansas Hoard of Agricultui
of New York State Agricultural Society,
4,6, 4", 87, 172, 175, 184, 191, 194,201,
S 19, 221, 227, 2 19, 241, 25
271. 27::, 281, 291, 293, 294, 296, 297,
298(2), 299(2 i,

309, 310, 314, 315, 316, 317(2), 320(3),
321(2), 323, 324.
Trapping house-flies in soap-suds, 62.
Treat, Mrs. Mary, on the corn-worm, 116,

122.
tredecim, Cicada, 331.
Tree beating and jarring, 57.
Tree-hoppers, 79, 288, 318, 319.
Trelease, [Wm.], on corn-worm, 120.
Tremex Columb'a, 304, 330.
Trichocera brumalis, 298.
Trichogramma? fraterna, 308.

orgy he, 303.
Trichoptera, an order of Kirby, 79.
triferana, Lophoderus, 329.
trifolii, Hylastes, 8, 247.
Mamcstra, 8.

376

Index.

trilineata, Lema, 82.

Trimble, [J. P.], on radish-fly larval, 194.

tripunctata, Oberea, 67.

Saperda, 297.
tristis, Anasa, 63.

Lachnosterna, 330.
tritici, Agroniyza, 226.

Diplosis, 6, 138.

Petromalus?, 307.

Psocus, 298.

Thrips, 303.
Trogosita nana, 330.
Trupanea apivora, 318.
Trypeta (Rhagolit.es) pomonella, 330.
Turdus migratorius, 105.
Turnip flea-beetle, 244.
Turnus, Papilio, 327.
Turnus swallow-tail, 327.
Turpentine spirits, for protecting seeds, 65.
twelve-punctata, Crioceris, 244.
Twig-girdler, 331.
Two-marked tree-hopper, 281-288.

described and figured, 282.

Dortbesias of Fitch are egg-coverings of,
286.

egg-coverings described, 283.

egg-coverings mistaken for insects, 285.

eggs of the insects, 286.

food-plants, 287.

infests a bitter-sweet, 281.
' may be driven from vines, 288.

natural history of, 287.

nature of the egg-coverings, 284.

noticed by Dr. Fitch, 319.

original description of Say, 282. '

other tree-hoppers, 284.

oviposition of, 288.

remedies and preventives, 288.

removal of egg-coverings, a remedy, 288.

wax secreted by Homoptera, 284.
Two-spotted tree-hopper, 284.
Tyloderma fragariai, 155.

V.

Uhler, P. R., cited, 253, 254, 264, 267, 271,
279, 2S5, 287, 288, 331, 344.

uliginosellus, Crambus, 150.

Ulke, Mr. [H.], on the asparagus-beetle, 240.

Unadorned tree-hopper, 284.

Uncertain snapping-beetle, 330.

undatus, Crambus, 151.

Undescribed species of insects, 13.

Unequaled biological collection in the Mu-
seum at Cambridge, 24.

unicolor, Macrobasis, 32, 57, 331.

unicornis, Coilodasys, 137, 328.

Unicorn prominent, 328.

unipuncta, Leucauia, 33, 53, 58, 100, 131,
134, 146.

univittata, Thelia, 284.

Unstable drab-moth, 328.

Ursula butterfly, 327.

Ursula, Limenitis, 327.

U. S. Entomological Commission, 2, 20, 25,
31, 35, 37, 126.
National Museum, insects in, 24.

Utilization of entomological study, 15

Vagabond Crambus, 127-149.
abundance of the moths, 140.

Vagabond Crambus, alarm excited by the
attack, 138.
associated with Nephelodes violans, 149.
Calosoma calidum preying on it, 128.
caterpillar described, 134.
cessation of ravages, 186.
characteristics of attack, 131.
cocoons abundant at Watertown, 136.
cocoon described, 137.
common name of species, 139.
delayed pupation, 187.
description of the moth, 141. '
eggs described, 141.
family characteristics, 139.
first notice of occurrence, 127. ;
galleries of caterpillars, 129.

fatherings of caterpillars, 132.
illed by rains, 128.

larva) difficult to rear, 135.

larval from Potsdam, 185.

meadows infested, 130.

narrative of observation, 128. )

natural enemies, 144.

observed at Morley, 129.
at Potsdam, 130.
in Jefferson county, 135. ,
in Oswego county, 185. .

parasites, 145.

pastures denuded, 180.

present condition of pastures, 143.

preventives and remedies, 148.

probabilities of future attack, 147.'

progress of attack, 131.

pupa described, 138.

remedies, 131.

resume of life-history, 144. *

secrecy of feeding, 131.

species determined, 138.

species in doubt, 134. \

young larvai described, 142. \
Valencieunes, M. A., 324.
Van Benthuysen, C, printer to the Legisla-/

ture, 294, 295.
Vanessa, smelling organs of, 69.;
Variegated cut-worm, 328.
variolosa, Macronoxia, 330.

Polyphylla, 71.
varius, Anthrenus, 299.

Anthribus, 259.
vastator, Oscinis, 224.
Vattemare, M., 324.
Vegetable spermaceti, 284.

wax, 284.
Velleda lappet-moth, 328.
velleda, Tolype, 328.
venata, Sphenophorus, 254.
venatus, Sphenophorus, 253, 255, 258, 301,

305, 310, 318.
venosus, Psocus, 161, 316.
ventricosus, Nematus, 8.
Veratrum album, 40.

viride, 43.
verbascoides, Hadena, 340.
verellus, Crambus, 150.
Vermin on domestic animals, 48, 49.'
vernata, Anisopteryx, 11, 33, 329.
Vers k queue, 213.
Vespa maculata, 330.

vulgaris, 330.
Vespidai, resemblance in, 172.
Vestal Corycia, 329.
vestaliata, Corycia, 329.
viburni, Dorthesia, 285, 286.

Index.

377

vicina, Pegomvia, 209.

villosum, Elapliidion, 880.

Vinegar- II

Vineland Weekly, N. J., cited, 116.

Vineyards, large Californian, SI.

violaceous, Penlampus, 146.

Violet Nephelodes (N. vmlans), 99-110

Msooiated with Crambos, 99.

bibliography of, 99.

caterpillar described, 100, 102.

caterpillars in Illinois, 104.

Missmui i

St. Lawrence couuty, 100.
cut-worm, habits of, 108,
diseased tan ■
distribution of, 108.

eaten by birds,

failure to rear larva), 101.

fpograpbioa] distribution of, 108.
arVB described, 100,

Miss Clarkson on, 100, 101.

moth described, IOC.

natural history of, 108.

notes on larval occurrence, 103.

parasites of, l"l, 109.

rodurina) infesting, 101.

possibly a variety of N. miuians, 107.

preventives of, 110.

published notes on, 104.

pupa described, 108.

rarity of, usually, 107.

remedies for, 110.

worn condition of the moth, 107.
Virgilius, Nisoniades, 834.
Virginia ermine-moth, 828.
Virginica, Ctenucha, 317.

Spilosoma, 328.
vitifolue, Pemphigus, 322.

Phylloxera, 4.
vittata,' Cantharis, 800.

Diabrotica, 331.

Epicauta, S3.

Orchestris, 195.
vituli, rkematopiuus, 4S.
Vulucella, 212.

vomitoria, Calliphora, 69, 170, 299.
Voracity of Sphinx quinquemaculata, 73.
vulgaris, Chlorops, 225.

Sapromyza, 225.

Vespa, 880.

W.

Walker, IT.], cited, 211, 218.
Walking-sticks, 79, 111.
Walnut insects, 3.

Walsh, [B.D.], cited, 8, 85, 138, 180, 161,171,
172, 21V, 227, 253, 254, 25.5, 257, 25-, 2i',4,
188(2), 830, 331(3), 344. .
writings of, 16.
Walsh-Riley cited, 81, 110, 116, 227, 239, 271,

281.
Walsingham, Lord, cited, 157, 163, 808, 829,

330.
Wanzenartigen Insecten, cited, 264.
WaningtoneUns, Crambus, 150, 151.
Wash forpreserving herbaria, 65.
Wasps, effect of pyrethrum on, 40.
resemblance of Syrphidse to, 168.
smelling organs in, 69.
Watertown Daily Times, 127, 140.
Watson, George C, insects from, 252.

48

Watson, W. C, on black ant, 821.
Weaver, 328.

Weevil In seeds from the Patent Office, 804.
wrong Dame f<»r wheat-midge, 810.

Pi i id< mi (should be Wiedemann), 191.

Weismann, Dr, August
Wendell, ('., Legislative Printer, 295.
Westcott, [0. S.|, on Noctuidto, 840.
Western Diptera I Uhler), cited, 211.
Westwood, fJ. O.f, cited, 179, 173, 239,|243,
948, " .

Ilea of, referred to, 20.
Whale-oil soap, 66, 609.
Wheat-bulb worm, 844.
Wheal fields, large, 12.
Wheat By, 2;>7, 298.

Wheat insects, 800, 820.
Win st-louse, 298.

\\ heal midge, 6, 8, S, 901, 224, 295, 805, 806,
608, 810, 811, 813, 814, 316, 821.

ding "i (lew York, time of, 68. ,
Wheat-stem fly-, 226.
Wheat -stem maggot, 221-227.

bibliography of, 221.

common name of this and other inserts,
221-,.

description and figure of, 223.

difficult to control, 227.

imperfect knowledge of Oscinidac, 225.

larva described and figured, 222.

literature of, 998.

mistaken for joint-worm, 222.

nature of attack, 222.

occurrence in Missouri, 224.

preventives, 227.

pupal form of, 222.

similar Hies in Europe, 224.

time of appearance, 222.

unobserved for several years, 224.
Wheat-thrips, 803.
White-ants, 79, 301.
White-faced hornet, 330.
White dower-cricket, 332.
White grub, 54, 61.
White-lined sphinx, 119, 327.
White-marked tussock-moth, 33, 61, 64,

328.
White-pine worm, 42.
Whitmau Fountain pump, 30.
Wiedemann cited, 191, 211.
Wild-cherry leaf miner, 330.
Wild-crab, 10, 77.

Williston, S. W., cited, 212, 215, 216, 217.
Wingless female moths, 64, 72.
Winter Insects (Fitch), 298, 323.

musketoe, 298.
Wire-worms, 63, 296, 322.
Wisconsin moving for a State Entomologist,

21.
W-marked cut-worm, 328.
Wood-ashes, 26, 37, 60.
Writings of economic entomologists, 15.

Xanthus, Pvrgus, 336.
Xvleborus pvri, 310, 331.
Xvlina antennata, 137, 328.

Bethunei, 328, 341.

cinerea, 137.

disposita, 341.

petulca, 341.

378

Index.

Y.

Yellow jacket, 330.
Yellow-legged barley-fly, 307.
Yellow-necked apple-tree caterpillar, 57, 320,

328.
vpsilon, Agrotis, 8, 58.
Ypsolophus coutubernalellus, 329.

malifoliellus, 329.

pomotellus, 329.

zeae, Anthomyia, 199-201.

Sphenophorus, 253.
zeas, Anthomyia, 199, 200.
Zeller, Prof., cited, 127, 149, 151, 153, 157.
Zetterstedt, 207, 208.

Zetterstedt'sDiptera Scandinavia? cited, 179.
ZoSlog.- Botan. Society of Vienna, 194.
Zoological Magazine, 185.

INDEX TO FOOD-PLANTS.

Abia caprifolium, 42.

Ambrosia artemisisfolia, 112.

Ambrosia trifida, 115.

Amelauchicr Canadensis vur. botrvapiuiii,

816.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, 33.
amphibinm, Polygonum, 108, 104.
Apple, 3, 4, ID, if, 23, 83, 35, 4'J, 58, 01, 77,

84, 98, 155, 157, 101, 163, 213, 221, 229, 230,

237, 300, 303, 804, 300, 30S, 310, 312, 814

815, 817, 318, 320.
Apricot, E

aqnatica, Zizania, 259.
Arbor vita;, 72, 80, 81.
Arctium lappa, 209, 286.
arietinum, Cicia, 120.
artemisiaifolia, Ambrosia, 112.
Ash, 300.

Asparagus, 9, 240, 244, 245, 246.
Aster, 112.

aurantiaca, Maclura, 301.
aviculare, Polygonum, 103, 104.

B.

Barley, 225, 304, 807, 313.
Beans, 120, 229, 231, 307, 310.
Beets, 183, 203.
Birch, 212.

Bittersweet, 277, 281, 2S6, 819.
Blackberry, 215.
Black currant, 271.
Blue-joiut grass, 259.
botryapium, Amehmchier, 310.
Brittanica, Rumex, 24^.
Burdock, 115, 209, 286,
Burning-bush, 277.
Butternut, 287, 308, 819.

Cabbage, 9, 31, 39, 40, 52, 55, 58, 59, 60, 64,

65, 183, 184, 208, 264, 270, 810, 312.
Calamagrostis Canadensis, 259.
Canada thistle, 320.
Canadensis, Calamagrostis, 259.
Cercis, 287.
Sambucus, 230.
Candytuft, 60.
caprifolium, Abia, 42.
Castor-bean, 112.

Cauliflower, 21, 59, 1S4, 185, 207.

Cedar, 162.

CelastTUB scondens, 281, 286.

Cercis Canadensis, 2ST.

Ohenopodium, 112.

Cherry, 8, 13, 23, 58, 77, 84, 229, 280, 806,

808, 815, 817, 818.
Chick-pea, 120.
Choke-cherry, 84.
Chrysanthemum, 277.
Cicia arietinum, 120.
cinnamomea, Kosa, 229.
Cinnamon rose, 229.
Cinquefoil, 321.

Clover, 54, 103, 119, 248, 277, 308.
Cockle-bur, 112.
Coffee-leaf, 101.
Columbine, 115.
Common locust, 817, 320.
Common pea, 277.
communis, Phragmites, 259.
Composita;, 168, 204, 211.
Convolvulus, 300.
Cora, 7, 104, 112, 199, 229, 235, 288, 254, 260,

261, 265, 302, 305, 317, 318, 321.
Cotton, 7, 12, 35, 117, 235.
Cow-pea, 120.
Crataegus, 43.
Crucifera;, 60, 267.
Cucumber, 65, 277, 307.
Currant, 41, 56, 112, 271, 277, 321
cyuosuroides, Spartina, 259.

dactvloides, Tripsaeum, 259.
Dahlia, 112, 277.
Daisv, 230.
Day-lily, 277, 278.
Deutzia, 277.
Dogwood, 215, 319.
dulcamara, Solanum, 286.

E.

Elder, 162, 230, 318.
Elm, 3, 33, 64, 84, 98,
Eupatorium, 287.

Fir, 42.

Fresh-water cord-grass, 259.

380

•Index.

Geranium, 49, 276, 277.

glabra, Rhus, 230.

Gladiolus, 120.

Gleditschia triacanthos, 317.

Golden-rod, 118, 234.

Gooseberry, 42, 277.

Grape, 3, 4, 11, 33, 47, 56, 58, 108, 217, 229,

265, 287, 288, 307, 317, 320, 321.
Grass, 3, 33, 54, 61, 101, 103, 132, 144, 229,

259.

H.

Hearts-ease, 112.
Helianthus, 119, 211.
Hemlock, 84, 88.
Hemp, 120.
Henbane, 120.
Hickory, 112.
Honey-locust, 317.
Honeysuckle, Tartarian, 42.
Hop, 61, 319, 320.
Hop-tree, 287.
Horse-chestnut, 33, 64, 98.
Horse-weed, 115.
Hyoscyamus niger, 120.

Idreus, Rubus, 314.\
Indian rice, 259.
Ivy, 43.

June grass, 144.

labrusca, Vitis, 322.

lappa, Arctium, 209, 286.

Larch, 46, 84, 87.

Lemon, 38, 43.

lentago, Viburnum, 286.

Lettuce, 277.

Leucanthemum vulgare, 230.

Lichens, 161.

Lilac, 70. ,

Lily, 112.

Lime, 43.

Linden, 84, 329.

Locust, 84, 287, 309, 311.

London-pride, 277.

Lucerne, 121.

M.

Madura aurantiaca, 301.

mahaleb, Prunus, 320.

Maple, 84, 161, 301, 308, 310, 316.

Medicago sativa, 120.

Milk-weed, 112.

Mint, 277.

morbosa, Sphteria, 308.

Morning-glory, 277.

Mushrooms, 220.

Mustard, 60, 267, 310.

X.

Nectarine, 308.

niger, Hyoscyamus, 120.
nigrum, Ribes, 271.
Noveboracensis, Vernonia, 236.

Oak, 3, 4, 84, 111, 229, 236.

Oak galls, 161.

Oats, 7, 12, 314.

Onion, 52, 65, 172, 181, 307.

Orange, 38, 43, 49, 60.

Osage-orange, 84, 301.

P.

Parsnip, 277.

Passion-vine, 40, 70.

Peach, 3, 11, 49, 58, 112, 152, 216, 229, 235.

Pear, 3, 23, 42, 58, 84, 217, 230, 280, 314.

Peas, 32, 49, 120, 229, 231.

Pepper, 120.

Petunia, 119.

Phlox, 277.

Phragmites communis, 259.

Pie-plant, 260.

Pig-weed, 277.

Pine, 3, 42, 87, 90.

Pink, 277.

Plantain, 277.

Plum, 3, 23, 51, 65, 84, 152, 217, 229, 306, 308.

310, 311, 320.
Polygonum, 112.
"amphibium, 260.
aviculare, 103, 104.
Poplar, 84.

Potato, 7, 12, 25, 27, 32, 63, 112, 229, 300, 305.
Potentilla, 321.
Prunus mahaleb, 320.
Ptelea trifoliata, 287.
Pumpkin, 120.

Quince, 23, 84, 811.
quinquefolia, Ampelopsis, 33.

R.

Radish, 48, 60, 183, 194, 208, 267. 270, 277 307.

Rag-weed, 112.

Raspberry, 42, 217, 277, 314, 315, 318.

Red-bud, 287.

Red cedar, 84.

Red currant, 277.

Reed-grass, 259.

Rhaphanus sativus, 208.

Rhubarb, 112, 260.

Rhus glabra, 230.

typhina, 230.
Ribes nigrum, 271.
Rosacea;, 77, 229.
Rosa cinnamomea, 229.
Rose, 229, 230, 278.
Rubus Idffius, 314.

strigosus, 314.
Rumex Brittannica, 248.
Ruta-baga, 267.
Rye, 225, 31S.

S.

Salvia, 112.

splendens, 337.

Index.

381

Sambucus, 162.

Canadensis, 280.
sativa, Medioago, 120.
sativus, Baphanas,
scandens, Celaatrus, 2S1, 2S6.
Shad-bush, 816.
Sium, 260.
Sloe, 819.
Snapdragon, '.'77.
Soapwort. 277.
Solanum dulcamara, 286.
Solidago, 118,
Spartina oynoanroides, 259.
Spbaaria morboga, 808.
Spinach, 112.
Spiroa, 118,
splendens, Salvia, 337.
Spruce, -t

Squash, 120, 229, 277.
Strawberry, 12, 155. 237, 807.
Btrigoena, "Kubus, 814.
strumarium, Xunthiuin, 119.
Sumach, 230, 277.
Sweet Alyssum, 60.
Sweet-pea, 277.

Tanacetnm vulgare, 303.
Tansy, 277. 808.
Tartarian honeysuckle, 42.
Thistle, 115.

Canada, 820.
Thorn, 77.
Thuja, 162.
Tobacco, 120.

Tomato, 58, 64, 73, 112, 120.
Tree-trefoil, 887.
triacanthos. Gleditschia, 317.
tritida, Ambrosia, 115.

trifoliata, Ptelea, 287.
Tripaaoum daotyloides, 259.
Turnip, 10, 4.;, 60, 65, 185, 189, 192, 194, 220,
884, 887.

tvphinu, Khus, 280.

V.

I'mbelliferio, 168.

Vernonia Noveboracensis, 236.
Viburnum lentago, 286.
Virginia-creeper, 83.
rite, Arbor, 72, 80, 84.
Vitis labrnsea, 888,
vulgare, Lcucanthemum, 230.
vulgare, Tuuacetuui, 303.

w.

Walnut, 8, 806.

Water-parsnip, 260.

Wheat, 6, 12, 68, 112, 201, 202, 221, 223, 229,

802, 803, 811, 813, 820, 321.
Wiegelia, 277.
Wild-cherry, 88.
Wild-crab, 10, 77.
Wild-grape, 322.
Wild plum, 820.
Willow, 161, 806, 815.

X.

Xanthium strumarium, 112.

Z.
Zizauia aquatica, 259.

[Issued, October, 1S83.]

ERRATA.

Page 15, line 18, for these read those.

Page 18, line 4, for and read and.

Page 20, line 19, for Ratz- read Ratze-.

Page 25, line 5, dele 5.

Page 43, line 28, for wooly-apple louse read wooly apple-louse.

16, line 7, for ewreuHonida rend OureuUonidce.
Page 58, line 6, for Chrisobothris read ChrysoMhrU.

->?, line 38, for ii read iii.
Page 99, line 9, for Guenee read Quenee.

Page 108, line 40, and page 229, line 23, for omniverous read omnivorous.
Page 115, line 2, for Gortyra read Gortyna.
Page 126, line 4, after page insert 148.
Page 127, line 14, for Ogs. read Ogd.
Page 171, line 35, for alcathoe read Alcathoe.

., and page 200, last lines, for \ read t.
Page 191, line 9, for Weidemann read Wiedemann.
Page 199, line 37. for Antiiomyid.e read Anthomyiid^k.
Page 204, beneath left-hand figure insert a, and beneath the other, l>.
Page 248, line 10, for Popence read Popenoc.
Page 253, line 5, for Sturtevent read Sturtevant.
Page 272, line 2 from bottom, for decidely read decidedly.
Page 285, line 10, for parellela read parallela.
Page 301, line 24, for auriantica read aurantiaca.
Page 329, line 28, for contubernalallus read contubernalellus.
Page 330, line 31, for Macronoxia read Polyphylla.
Page 330, line 37, for Flat-header read Flat-headed.
Page 331, line 3, for Sternidius read Liopus.
Page 381, line 4, change to Lepturgus facetus Say. Graceful Lepturgus.