i es mt a os
I 7 :
eet
wy Py
on ae
ae co i, My Wie A? ma
ru
‘ in
ate
7
1" hs on
mk: ; ¥
; "0 n, a i=
ay , - b 7
RD aot. a ' “i
it a 3 at a iu
pga res os ea
. ai i : qi 7 - 7 Nee ar . 4 : pit i ~~
a oe eG s. TX
on ere ae a » ey it ; i,
4 mr eu
ine
Ran
oy
ah tbs if m Bi
i i
a
on
Foye ee Le a
ry ay ee
ia : 7 ine”)! vl ah
TVA } ; Te ©
TO. a ae seo ase| av vea 7 a sige NM ‘er wy
eae fan rn ms Lalo .,| tae Bla ae
as if) oka ie i) o y Dy : 2 7 ’ _ a : =F ey *t ie he % ie te 7
BP a tanta any. a a
OAs : - hh poe
. >> 4 : \ : Pn : yy ra
a — oe a eid os 7 :
; os Ce 3 7 ;
Fag ee eae) sae PY? oe fis Pe hae oF
ay Ot adie i a < ; Pts Vranas ie Sh
a ' ay oe 7 ee, ¥ Leh ee er. : r ed, vi a. As aor eed i ;
ee ee : : : an : ‘1 : men
poe _ ! — y ‘ 7 iz rae “- of a dP ™ “We is - ia bs ‘
- 7 7 - : ; 7” ry. 1 nie ei
Le _ ot - — 7 a — Eat oh iad
i a wy = 7 “ry ee rai. i Le ies: le?
7 = 7 ¥ aay tb ie — eu ; vee, 7 7
5 nl 7 . mend O04, 1
7 a _ - i if 7 rt) fl q . = ey 7 S| ven os
a ed - A i 4 ee yal fin ap
7 7 Mis :
r Ves Ds ne _ ws mi - pe wt i Mies
: - = ee
7 a are Ma 2oi: 7 sersccianigy Oia pee, Oa
> } hit Ae = : : cvee = Ob? ae oe
Fo tee a ie i” we eh Al ee 7 x Va eve ae es Tai
7 , , DS Fae - i :
7 i v4 } oe Ge > _ ae : vues ade
a ic ally et iv = ° i= i 7) ' = Pia)
y ; ys "0 a * 1 7 7 ~~
Lawl ae 1 = —aae 0
TC 7 = ’
1 mat ae ot te
ees at 0¢ 8 oT -
try ine _ ii en 7
San » a ¢ oe ieee = '
Th \ eerie es i ? T =
es ie : he 5
J
: 7 :
oe =
oc ears
oak —
- i) a
a,
. = . -
; a= ; : cP ae
ott Pia 7 : ie! aI > = : a) 7 ' a L¢ = “le
om eee, - or i ae 8 oe See
ai oy a) a 7 - oe fi reg phy
Hy ee i ane 1 a ne x os a’ ee ey nn ore ea ry.
a Pit H ; 7 i -e a Aaj 5 a atiliae! Pie ; vie i ay
Pa _ ] eek “Pee a mip OY . Ve ies at
ee ¥ i Pn =. ae ie - ain ade Ga al 4 handy ~~.
‘ = i ae 7 P 7 - , + eons =o 7
we, > rhe, » 7 a oe 4)! oe a nf / :
ay) a if a Arh eee Wo a ee
, i ni i, i) baie i FP Rr OL Se og
os i e ne) TMM ORD MT Sp AMM TANT eA
Ln. iit iy. ; ae) f q Tas i ay Shea { Way Mey ae i ie Vina init oat ‘i P
ey! At eG. Ae - Pet 4 ’ vA ’ uy) : pai i, ‘git fa iy
a ee hd ie ig SH ee Bis Mai aM cite i an Hal hte
| en outta vt hi ile ay He ue Ene ae nh iy) At lint a on ni Mi Mi hi Mid 17 4
aut : py
S yin na im
a as can ALY (i i ve Me 4 ie a ‘i yy ne Key i ene qt —
| re a 4M : H me iv Hy hy ae ae dant hi) ie a fh ty, ns
ae | mA aan ae ms I Dap 4 ae DY Hi ie ] :
a 1 ip ' in bi we oe + ms hee f ie, “yet bite Abn A ve ; ne eo Ma a fae iy
| hh y bay . oe a vy hon: j ‘ ig ae ain % AY iy
a Nie ihe ze ae fee ae sy bi ml yin Mi ou
Peed Ney Me reo x a, tA Nu wa:
‘ ey
Doad tA ee fay) Way hl ie en ney
ry) Vi ve i ah a) Wily Wie seh Diy ies ‘i mi ai ni
2 Mee i ey it uti i ep a A) . abd ee A “i a a ht! oe My f i os) yi
ere ae My! ees ear ‘hs hey i te on - uy " iv i need 1) ne: a ent bi re
1 ia ae} iy 3) eeu ihe lie Hy I bey Gann Ad: an Ol i hi 7 Tee aN ny ul i ; i i eek ni)
cn a PAO Gen) A eat en aR
i ee
Re im ed vy Seman mag Nise, Ma oi Rin
hy 7 nA 7 iP ny le ly aby ie : 7 Si! | ate at) ft Pea ite y i] ve oy iit x, ~) ie ;
rap, Uae in wv in an ee i) Va Ay ee eo, ee nt os ore hi i
‘: at ‘ mh
en teh Ble Hs ii sii y - is 4 wee al, oD ie “ : oe \ i iy ¥ iy
ny ee hie Vita is Pi . i ye 7 a As Sy : ie Paw: a“ ru Via i, ao re
aa bis yy Di ian! Det me ; Ni " ,
; » : * Yio Ry faale fir “yy. toe a) ON at ‘
' o ia way f r ae 7 ne an ii fies
i, ; a ai ; i‘ it mu ‘ Dae ae 4 ny. ak ; oe Aa
ea ea i ae + a
iW e
Sy :
mts : as i" ‘VD ,
iy Pane,
ee ae My A can atta ed
‘ c fh Milk Me ty of vii ana eo ve td
i
iv ae le & Sait mi
oo ni SOLA ae y 7 ee ue oy hannah at ny ny Ria aye
ar va > Dia 9 Rare : ts 8 ven PIU A
Lea! ot c(h J , : } ; Cri Tue) eae ron i) = ;
if ; %, i‘ ‘ th ; i , i a Be i lahat Rhone ra anes ae ue 4
; Rete cir » fi ra i, iP i i i ve a ea i ; ‘
ou ih ate A i os ¢ pia Sis vel; ava ie ‘a ra i
1 lf : a ae : TU MRC) ante 28 Per)? a | j
} i i Wh ! Mts ny nn) ie a oon v on ba coe iy ar) ray i We
i Ateg if Bi gy Pa (ele Ag AA erly MTs
vei ; ih, Mf a hee, 7 i ag il i, ai; i Ee Ri iy ry ps neue
en ie Ma A ae 7 7 ge)
ne ; env), Rk ee ya a a
ae Giaenudian . Hd
pitied
: iN ait
ptm, 0 ie ty Ven 7 a ee
i ‘a
ave diy tenth
i ; ny ay Ce
a yi a |
eng ‘A
sien
vii
SL ight ih Ail ei
Apr
Pe igh .
we i iy i“ a Uehiatt of z ot ia) 7
; wr a mi tt ' : Lia leat ie i iy iy a : 4 a
ma i Oh arate rs a pee ey
Pane 4, Pome mk ay! ae ae ih oe ia
EM rigs “vay q Mm) ‘ ; " , an, pat
4 ' ne ae wi EME ite i re pe ‘e iy Ph ai att : in uh De hy j i, f aah
a ere a nee Par eo.
¥ ‘dl ee a ify owugins ye AY es Me ‘tt ce :
i ae bi am i ae ih oo) ar Tae : tee era rf Hi mit? n
“er Genoa th a a an . Pie . an
i ‘a ite a pea om ay i a a Wy it bee : 7 ae Ay my ait , Hit, ce a, a ieee pats tony
es hie "1 ms rh AG en ca as ce th ent id ny hi Bhi Ail My i Canny a ts fe
; ay . 7 yes te a Phas ih iat Lat ta ul toe
j uf . a i - Pain ih in a ey ig " ie i Wy Ki Din i oh ae an, ee ie a
; iy at velyp yi Ne yeh Va ye ‘A a r i hall i i ee, ‘i ey Leen a ae
fal Fs, 4 wy as or) eu had \ a: Re a er lh fer 8) a0
eee ae aa h 7 ios ne We tes Mist an nv Ati 4 iver TA GP Rah Pace
4) aD an I hel ni uy, fa , aH % ye Bhi 5) yA signi fl Qua ray | ays MG
emt.
M5,
:
awry Tn ae : ae ne
th Nie oh yi nies Jee h a ig ay YT
i a oe oes i Cea ul es ‘ ages a i : i Pe a if abe i we i ane Ke
Al aay Me ie aN; si ef fe ks uae) Lt a on haa My, iD, . wire a) +) Mai
: 4
ee Tha: Bain ban
Wi jae nies Aap
a hee a
Male
at
i ' iy Nine 4A iW At et, Hid, aed fl
ee ke
i; as is pats ly tA en whe Pa PAE rahe, Ny vai Tia ore hae
i.) a We iin! p TA ni Tana, Fee eee iy i hee a yrerihbst) Fut At ah ea : BA,
“TRC. he
PN int
ae
ri) by ee fh ¥ mini vay i Ei) ty ee ee iv ,
| oan ee, is. ts en tn
a en ee a ay et
Oh LAY os i ae hes ie Mt: 0 neue! ee aye a eae i are ran
i
+ALL a nN,
aa, hee ny man a i Mt gu my
u war a AWD pel Whe a a mi : ‘ tae fa iP i ioe rer a a a ee
a ie ee ee aint re H i as Bey gt 4 i oe re Oe
sis _ oa rei ihe oo Ki Be D Pe rae? Hea om Hy ae eae: ve
il fay te Wl aA Al i rag eo rig aes wea ne mis
ae a niin ie ans anne ce
; ny. Ny Bia a). i iy rn Vis eee He can) ma
a en : vt nm ; 7m og Py Wi
: Pia) ii ee Mi, en ii a ae ie , oe ‘el Pine . i ayn ay no
a NG ; oe yi vt iin ; i) a : ey AN re 4 iver sf in he ite oa uf ite ie
Py i oh Ne Taek i aa in KS Oa ish ny ba i" oy 7) ne rr ie ate Ba PAR i ave y eo
Me et : Ped ; wn COT RTE OF a PONTIAS Selo aa a aa vt
fo tiie aay a ae me ee ade i nae ates:
ci Meng |) GN ME aE ay Baik uh z me Mate aw ne Mae no Dent ae oie nit ON ‘a Paik Ce)
peu Ty lat 4A! oir oy s Te eat i re we Bip f ay way la DA
Ps ae
: py oe
a
yay
mae (0
5
i iy LUAaNoE i eke ay Cn ay i ae oe ie aiee . a 1s
: aes “
i, a, - a 1: it a ri, Ma i ene m
i on un ’ a i Aye Vi yi a a : a ’ Aya 1" va ’
hd a a : i 4g) oe oF a Are a Pl ve a ae a 4 i Ne a
¥ a i. i rie t Yeuled
cy on eek:
tan
a) rite
; re ie entry hay rina f
ea ie! eet te rien ; ve i an fs ;
naa Rt eaten niet se
A Hoa) . ne nn
bok : ' iin bly ii Py oy ‘ iy ; a e fl a an
ee 7 Wen ND iy) } a bites Ge tay
4 hi 7 a vee ie Ne TAs Thy ha ei Le ve a Mi ui i i iy i “
er |
t bn a, ie I tol f meh navy ae | n we hae ae
i, ¥ oly rs eh fy oh ne ye " tc i AY ie i iy tal Neder at
BPRS ieee ah Fe! Re eat oc eanhi shows Nd), PME He) Ith ly
ta ‘ he ae es ae ous has ty ah bie Tage is ae at) = ee oe 1
ee, ne Ie than amen aera Bee
ane ne ae : Say et 7 lia pi x SOA hi) aa a, ae r
By ew Yc ye ERT EE
yes ' iy" AD i rt ae * bins i hpi Me arta oe ue * ty, A Re) en "1 4
tas ina te McA, baat +n Aa ; i Vey piety a Te vee me oe 2 fo. y bale
BOE Sieh em ae fer ‘ye, UN this ig iy ep i i, : ai aM iM i ; Ait : ny wa Ars Bhan a
ei Aa ae seats tua 7 wh i itr ee He ak Mia ie ; i
ae ee et ie
7 A i>
ie vn : Tin ie fs x aa y We a ay mi A Wy |
: f iw a ae
an pacts i; ae . ne 44 ek Ww he oes ;
wi Di, i a a - (7 Dat vay : rh vr Ms) a, Ap ie ss Be > 2
| ‘ he i ry) mh re ras aa) Hl td i eee ay Ma
hs Sans nat fi Ca } nat if hy i ry :
{fea Pret, ee ee 1 Many bet
ey dein DOF by MWg SO) ae ee
rien et Maia ic et, Mah itis aN
i D
Ta a a ( nay As en oy
14 ies waa \ Nplate: AR v
; fae i oy Ly ih nat Dai AS fi bi
: ; rake Gn ‘ ay)
Ve a ei Sees mage
‘ a i i a gh: * par ie A Gace ae v
y is i a! 7 7 et Sell ae 7 ean ee
an ee oi) ae : a ih had oie na i a vi Fe
i : ra oA i ee ro) VOM fae ne may (se
ae at aati Pu aL ik i ver) ny hie Beh we nee ana ‘ an
?
a
cr an a i ed Ree ; a 1 Pe nA aie Aa 1g : is } 4 Pas
Pa 7 ie eh | Has h at Soe a) ha a) AR in i oe i : re
an ¥, ian ond
V ky ; i) > ; : oi ‘ my , ng Mae vi a : an ont
ry s _ 1 ne ee a » % ae 7 7 ca ; i ih , on) nn tb tM mt ae ut iN i We if ish ue i
. ee ane ie . i es ry hi ‘# ay We a oh Rare vue Wee
1a a) 1 Aa ’
ae 3 itor Ai Ms ay ne nities ae
‘ vy oy ll : , * 7 D a ‘i an t Yi
> - fa Ay: i wy i a j i ; ibs a eh a i: HY ; ws utes ry 7 Ls mae wf ee
~ Lah a hat M4
os mee ‘ sia i ‘
hey
vu
hal mite Se rit lit m ¥ i Ti a (eis
ai aia: ; he : halt Gi. a ve aii upp ae cHtea
air aeye yea oie ae 3 men Ah Pic ae any ie aS Li
Bese ee ay ec ae ene Pe a eee hn ag
4 iy bah
i
i i]
a
i
ninN ae Aas He 7 eh, Own te " A i
BBR fr eid oe ia bes aes
er iy ae Mae Rane “i ai np eee i
ie os fie : ie i a TS eT ene Li
ee) ia Mm en Wi a Bie BiH Me ar He, iu Ne eu Ar A hie
’ rl "T t ) ke I y) Nhe ae 1 N i i MY
oan a rene e es c he, a " im 7 Mii o he o oy y -
ft i “ et ed hen abe i
ae ee AN Ra iar ed ae ih i
, hia): A a iG 7 Uh eaalin atti dag
oe ipl y i i Mie : - aay i aha Cn ae = ae
i) ae ns iy AAW; Nur tn | ry Ait eda eee
a ic bs bin ny. od } 7 a We Pas
é ' oy Mi i ve i ~ ii a we
Hist ; ve eu t
an
i iy ni ill bau j Ly
a ui i) oa
(gat rae an
pa coe ie
i a \ aN WN ’ sh We
i ve oh re XI:
er Aa ae ne ae ae:
Hy ae '
a an i 4 ry as : ¥ , ;
i aay i a |
er an taenn ce ;
Se Aaa an i iy
ae DRS
ip pie ca wine ne a
: OF abit Pay Bale EAN) oe a sa x Wo pt wR iy ( ‘wit
ah Ray ae Aa he oH) he Nn vi o i AR i ie a,
nee fh Acie Wea ti f i hy mi bi nat it) a 1 i il a f my i a mae f a Arp
Os 4 Ah 4 hi in iS Ai Wie .
4 | wa iH h 7 i ee
i ath id) f Bt AN Ton is i Ne tanh
i a ite ae vn ay pet ak al ne a oh, hans
" ane NAAN Fa
i ih) Wane) il ae
ny D) AN hantlhe
7 ee \ a ee os ee ae
i hy mee ; i nn ee %, SiN i i Mi ie i i it, ie
5 y \ ui ty yy
Hs | i a u ht iy : i if is ’ i ad
f Ane a hla Mi re a tir iD yi) ae al uy ie Be Me ak i) hi hy , niet . : : ny oS Oa i, ot: 4
at nn Panty, ti vi i Nt y ih Hl ey : Ais mann Aten ran i va Vd he rn bY aa He i) vt, cyt
‘ Or? ae ana na yes WX we TO lit yal ee a RAN y Hs NG Pre) 4
Ets Praal yeh eae =
Pe aa 1 ee
ay CED fo ee a | ty ee
i Rus Aas, eh ih a
7 all ns) ay
Pee :
i
th
aa
ar
a Fs
»
iy
a
-
4
;
,
i.
i
i]
aon)
_
a)
:
r
i
'
ye us 4 a a a
tt
i ae oh.
- we 1 : » 7
. 7 = ome a4
7 Le pO a
: Wise 4 whi i J
Teh te : Pa
Tank | mt 7,
7) am Es
= A ” Mee >
CNR | 8
‘sr (gE | a)
| ar x } +1, a. ,
Me PM Pay eee peer tre
Ri ee ee
a A ae 1 Tail? ne Ue 1*°ae U iy
ve ei uae "y NV ah ee) fas a a
i HAN || fiat il ,, a a i MS ue wt -
hid Ni Hy We), F He hin ia ave i yh i igh
it mana i
i ee ya wy iy i a tas ne a
Hi ii
nt as ny nny on ie
mt i tA et : nN oe he ae
ee Ae aa iy hing hin ae
ce ie
hon f
a
f
i)
nl oy
Chen
: ne by ic ee ier ) i 1
Pa Ai
ih He Gi Pa fh ie
VEY ni
i vi 6 ‘ees
vane
‘ . hy -
\ a ne Ul oa
: iy . ao - a
Ne a i me
G i 1 .
eee
ah
AV hth i th
a nae it a ie An vie ‘ig ni vi a A
1
i)
NOMS U Pan R
HY ae PVN Hj! uh ; “
tf eel hp
\ Mh heat uy in HG at ;
Cuneta ae i y aa i : Bi
a i it : t ,
‘ne Oo ha fs Ie aan Di iis unt
ye ae a . He ae ee nea
ae Le ch a ' mo a ay ye ae a +, re ie Ay cs Mm i aN MG ee i i
7 sas Maen nt Wt ae a Le ii AW val WE ig gy Kiba art
mr | ‘ie ra iN a wi i GNM Mich ae A Py bent a 7 Hy ue Tes
i aa she ii oon ite ae i a Fa “a ‘s ? * ; i a
Ay om anes 7 an eh, Bi vs ” a or ik en in ni
oii ie aii eo Bae wo
ales i We Hi hy Ari,
ae } i | Ay i bo “ vs Ay "i i‘ My Ms vey ot a i af
i i “ aly i iy nm va he aly As ie | aN ae Cn f
an ba a ta ie Ml a) ‘ae
bt iy! ah ae). hi q Oyen Ms Ashi Tah i ie hah J " ii) - . u NK u ci
! M anal iA i bil Prey 4 min i iii Me pan en
ant i. ean ik nee ae ule ae ae ae 7
Vi oh i iM a" \ ai a ae yr nay i TA eta?
Ay ee
; ng on ,, in aN i
a Oe
in Ali i ae
i a . i bi nage y i nuh :
ae | |
ee im Misi a “ ny ls
Pie vaMe es ; i i
a te iy My n in nu wi Le he i ty ih ,
ni ea Mi oi a ik ae iN
ce ann a oH on ue is Ain fy 7
my in ir re i ear on ae i Ap Mal Naairealt 4 wih : uf ae mn rs i
i % ti, i CS i “ oh a a r A ie a ny a ) .
Me Ne Hi : ne i : y “ah ied Ni Mt na
nt uy ne i wn han i i
; ‘y Mi i a ha %
\, ang ie i ‘an in af
a bly ie ull iy Wa :
iy! aN thy o j Wy ri fi.) A ,
mm i } i) Ni I! henry oul i a Mae
: ve i" . . i : i ey a oe my a Lie "i Ne
ae F ae i i Mar Vey ches He My it a ri if if p, na
ee ok ie
| ny ee ify yaa ‘i iy } |
i s ie a ys me pn het MH -
1 a i: 6 i
mi
ws me Mle ‘
ne iy ‘ iy) j
q a r i ni i
fy ne ‘
vee a mi kth uM, Ne it
ae i ie
hae uy a , i
nl i vii, ai : nin nh i hie aie
ae ay 4
Pe a ; nen i
fyi itl \ te fi
a oe NG i Ma iy
ay Ba yj
nM ey
Near evo Lian Th» LN
il! \
a a " a he
i
a | ro) .
on
Nit
Mia 1
Dany vit He i]
Sl iylal aed } Wh ny ) Ne { ‘
Nea ny in a ey Ka Nai ; hey
ae . ie i m ni i i } f, Was
Ly aed
i
i 1
mi vp ma i) ui
mi) My iin My 1 iM nA
slat ih ay en iy iy f ee ee
ean WA ith
f iy ‘ Mi ah ne ia } as uM i uy a
He ta
4G NG "ig
eo Ne
i vi if
ae \ Wl ne} Fan
i) a
: j , he i
- he fy i Mp ey of ay, ie
a ya i Cr -
t a at ‘ah
a ‘Wi
ae
The Mt
i ne Me Nh ih i, ai i,
ty ine oh ny ips ai) We
a zi a nN a) hs
ak
oS
ih f a
‘a mn Ne an NY
Aut a an Mi oe
Tee: es
Da
ping
y i
mn ie
i o
ie ‘
ie uu
he AT
cea
; BaF Sint - ne
y' a a ‘i
a iy mi
5 =e
ae
yy 7 ,
Ny i
i -
i) Oe ei
wie
of he
ine
ra
My
shoe
Ph ai
ite if
iy ire ,
, ae ane Hh 1 On Mh
Na nn ny
CY |
hi
Mh ie
— Nie 0) “a> ANT he
uae. ia
at Dy ii oy, ca 4 7
4 y be cue ue
man Mi . Ze, rt ‘
hy ue AN
be re
cn te ‘ iy
ae
cn
a sy wn
: te
a ) 7 rf a
Dre nm
ee Men
; ma:
Pe
Rea.
a, ae
hi ru : ape A
~ iG aA
rs : De Vey
iy id )
a lay rte ’
hea) v7
ais ; yar ee
my:
he ae
ne.
Aare 7 Cee ae teen
ce Xf ee
| it : AR An eee in
Wind ie r a pe Sig me
we ] a
ir er rd oy
nae 1h a
Fiat
iy
ie
yi i Ae ee
ae or
ae ot eee
Phi ny
7, a Ve
Dias Dh iy
Tae Se art
t ya ee tho
Thy)
are
REPORT
AA TRA ON TUE
INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS,
COMPRISING THE
MOLLUSCA, CRUSTACEA, ANNELIDA, AND RADIATA.
PUBLISHED AGREEABLY TO AN ORDER OF
THE LEGISLATURE,
BY THE COMMISSIONERS ON THE ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL SURVEY
OF THE STATE,
OA (Nal;
GO \aoeeee Al SE tia
fs o@h ig)
S r 2 yo ‘As j
a ae aes : T,
A . a i Pu
Sm), - AMBRIDGE:
LZAIAN
FOLSOM, WELLS, AND THURSTON,
PRINTERS TO THE UNIVERSITY.
1841.
COW TE NTs.
INTRODUCTION .
Mo.uuvusca
CRUSTACEA
ANNELIDA
RaDIATA .
Noxious AND VALUABLE ANIMALS
INDEX
List oF FicuRrEs
To Georce B. Emerson, Esq.,
Chairman of the Commissioners
for the Zoological Survey of the State :
Dear Sir,
Iam happy to inform you that I have brought to a close my re-
searches concerning those departments of the Zoology of the Siate,
which were assigned to me; and I herewith forward to you such
portion of, my Report as I have found time to copy. ‘The prepara-
tion and engraving of the figures with which I have been instructed
to illustrate the work, will, however, necessarily cause considerable
delay before it can be issued from the press.
Appointed, as I suppose myself to have been, under that section
of the Constitution, which enjoins it upon the Legislature to encour-
age the arts and sciences, and to promote, among other things,
“q natural history of the country,’ 1 have ventured to make my
Report mainly of a scientific character. It was the only way in
which my labors could prove of much practical value, inasmuch
as very few of the objects, belonging to the portion of the animal
kingdom to which my attention has been given, are of much gen-
eral interest, or of much importance in an economical point of view.
I could not but suppose, that an effort to contribute something towards
that branch of science, which we have hitherto received entirely at
the hands of other States and other lands, would be desired and
approved ; and that Massachusetts, which first set the example in
those investigations of territorial natural resources, which have since
been undertaken by almost every State in the Union, would not
desire to be behind any of the States in this respect. I have, there-
fore, undertaken to present something more than a mere array of
names in the form of a catalogue.
As I could not extend my plan, fully, to all the objects assigned
me, I have selected the SuEtts, on which to bestow my chief atten-
tion. These I have endeavoured to describe and figure in such a
vi INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
manner, that the Report might be used as a school-manual for the
study of the Conchology of New England. Such a work is greatly
in demand, and nothing of the kind is in existence.
I have also given a Catalogue of the Crustacea and Radiata which
have been noticed in the State ; and also such information as I have
been able to obtain concerning their economical uses and value.
A few of the objects noticed in the Report, have been obtained
from fishes, and, perhaps, do not strictly belong to the waters of
Massachusetts.
In addition to the Report, I have made a collection of all the
objects noticed in it. This collection is now deposited in the rooms
of the Boston Society of Natural History. It is desirable that it
should be preserved entire, for future reference. ‘To this Collection
and to the Cabinet of the Natural History Society, the numbers in
the Report refer.
Very respectfully, yours, &c.,
AUGUSTUS A. GOULD.
Boston, March 16, 1840.
A
REPORT
ON THE
INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS,
COMPRISING THE
MOLLUSCA, CRUSTACEA, ANNELIDA, AND RADIATA.
BY
AUGUSTUS A: GOULD, M.D.
f 7 -
. _ e 7 : a 7 ; :
ac
ae . » | 7
a be > es _ pe _
—
_--s 04" :
"land - + a 7 we
: se © a, “; ’ 7
ie Vis? : ®
oe 7
‘ - ‘
e : id be
ms ‘ i“.
@ - Py ; a
2 7 ; - le »1@ . 7
= : - - »
‘ * a
" 8 4. ° ~ * = * *
Die ie ve | ae
i ‘ 7 _
| . "
- ® ® -
bd Py ; * es : 7
co] te 7 4 r] ° ‘ 7 > a '
. bi CA Cad et
7 ° ’ — on ®
oe
_. ' - - 2. °
- * :
Phd : ) e
pa oo nF
“s 4°
.
_
7 Toy
: _ re
2 Fs
_ -
ia ¥ 6
Ss 2
7 s * *
i S
INTRODUCTION.
Ir seems requisite for a clear apprehension of the following
pages, and for the forming of a just estimate of the authority to
which they may be entitled, that a few expositions should be here
given.
No attempt has hitherto been made to give an account of all the
shells of any particular region on this continent. No book exists
in which we may find descriptions of any considerable proportion
of the whole number of the shells of the United States. They
are scattered through many volumes and periodicals, such as trav-
els, scientific journals, magazines, newspapers, &c. ‘The works
of Say and Conrad are beautiful and accurate, as far as they go 3
and the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadel-
phia does indeed contain descriptions of very many shells, scat-
tered through its volumes ; but being unaccompanied by figures,
it is difficult oftentimes to identify the shell intended. Moreover,
all these works are rare and expensive ; and it is very difficult for
any one to collect together all the books requisite for the study of
the conchology of any one district of our country. Through
public libraries, however, and the liberality of individuals, I have
had access to every publication of which I have any knowledge,
that would be likely to aid me in my undertaking. The references
to descriptions and figures which I have made, will show to what
an extent these works have been consulted. ‘They are not simply
quoted from some other authority, but almost every one of them
has been actually inspected.
For the purpose of ascertaining the arrangement which recent
important progress in the study of the Mollusca would indicate,
x INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
and for ascertaining also what shells are common to the two At-
lantic shores, I opened a correspondence, for information and
exchanges, with several distinguished European conchologists,
among whom I may mention Mr. G. B. Sowerby, of London,
and Dr. Lovén, of Stockholm. The former is well known as
one of the most distinguished conchologists now living. To him
I sent every doubtful species, and such as I apprehended might
be identical with European species. Upon these he remarked at
length, and, whenever the species proved to be European also,
sent me European specimens for comparison, as well as such
other species as I had a particular desire to see. For the very
obliging and courteous manner in which he has thus assisted me
in solving my numerous doubts, I cannot express my obligations
too fully.
With Dr. Lovén, who has for many years been exploring the
seas of the north of Europe, and has examined the standard cabi-
nets of England, France, and Sweden, I have also exchanged
specimens. Hence I have obtained additional evidence of the
identity of many of the species inhabiting the American and Euro-
pean shores of the Northern Atlantic.
I have pursued the same course with American conchologists,
in order to ascertain with certainty whether the shells of this State
are identical with those described by authors as found in other
and even very distant regions. I may here acknowledge my ob-
ligations in this respect to Dr. J. W. Mighels, of Portland, Prof.
Adams, of Middlebury College, Prof. Benedict, of Vermont
University, Dr. J. C. Jay, of New York, Mr. T. A. Conrad, of
Philadelphia, Mr. 8. S. Haldeman, of Marietta, Pa., Dr. E.
Foreman, of Baltimore, Mr. J. G. Anthony, of Cincinnati, and
the late Dr. Ward, of Roscoe, Ohio.
Wishing for every possible confirmation that the names I had
used were applied to the same shells that Mr. Say applied them
to, I visited the cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences, at
Philadelphia, where authentic specimens of most of the species
described by Mr. Say are deposited, and which is, in other re-
spects, a most valuable cabinet to the American naturalist, as it 1s
the most ancient.
INTRODUCTION. Xl
Living in a maritime city, and pursuing a profession which ad-
mits of but the occasional absence of an hour or two, my opportu-
nities for exploring and collecting have been very limited. | have
been dependent upon others, less confined than myself, for speci-
mens, and to them am I indebted for most of the new and rare
species which I have examined. I have experienced a liberality
and codperation from them, without which I could have done
little.
I would especially acknowledge the liberality of Col. J. G.
Totten, U. 8. Engineers, for a choice collection of shells dredged
by him in the harbour of Provincetown, and for unlimited per-
mission to select specimens from his extremely perfect cabinet of
American shells. Dr. L. M. Yale, of Martha’s Vineyard, has
supplied me abundantly with the shells and crustacea found at that
island, with much information concerning them. Prof. C. B.
Adams has contributed the numerous new species found by him
in the vicinity of New Bedford. From Dr. J. B. Forsyth, of
Sandwich, I have received shells of that vicinity. Mr. J. P.
Couthouy, besides contributing numerous species, directed atten-
tion to the examination of the entrails of fishes, especially of the
haddock, as an effectual and easy mode of acquiring the deep-
water shells, which the fishes swallow for nourishment. ‘To the
cabinets of Rev. F. W. P. Greenwood, Dr. Seth Bass, and Dr.
D. H. Storer, Mr. T. J. Whittemore, G. B. Emerson, Esq.,
and Amos Binney, Esq., 1 have had free access, and the liberty
of employing choice specimens for descriptions and figures. On
the last-named gentleman I have been mainly dependent for books ;
and without the use of his extensive library of works on Natural
History, I could not have proceeded with any degree of assurance
or satisfaction.
Every species described, and indeed almost every species men-
tioned, has passed under my own eye. The descriptions of spe-
cies previously known have been written anew ; partly, that they
might be more minute in particulars, and partly, with the hope of
using language somewhat less technical than is ordinarily employed
by scientific men. ‘Technical terms cannot be wholly avoided ;
and wherever they are dispensed with for the sake of intelligibility,
it is at the expense of precision.
xi INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
A conviction that the value of the work would be greatly en-
hanced by figures of such objects as have not been represented,
or only in works which can rarely be seen, has induced me to
avail myself of the permission given to add the desirable plates.
The figures have all been drawn by my own hand, from nature.
The engravings are not highly finished, but are sufficiently char-
acteristic.
Having often been embarrassed by an uncertainty as to the
true pronunciation of scientific names, and finding a great diversity
of modes practised among naturalists, I have attempted to remove
the difficulty, and have aflixed the proper accents to every name.
In this labor I have-been greatly aided by the classic accuracy of
Mr. C. Folsom, the conductor of the University Press, Cam-
bridge.
It is necessary to advert briefly, also, to the position in which
a shell should be held when comparing it with a description. ‘The
shell is supposed to be examined in the same attitude which it
assumes when its animal is in motion. In the bivalve shells the
beaks are at the summit, usually over, and always near the hinge,
and always directed inwards and forwards ; opposite to the beaks
is the base ; the height of the shell will of course be a line perpen-
dicular from the beaks to the base, or more properly, a line par-
allel to this, where the greatest altitude is found. ‘The anterior
end is usually shorter and more exactly rounded than the poste-
rior or hinder end, which is also higher and more gaping than the
anterior. When the palleal impression has a nook or sinus, this
always opens backwards. ‘The breadth will measure the greatest
distance between the sides of the two valves. If we take a uni-
valve shell and apply its aperture to the table, we shall have nearly
the position in which the animal carries it. The point of the
spire will then be directed backwards and upwards, and the oppo-
site extremity will be the front. The terms front, anterior, and
posterior, as now used, correspond to the terms base, lower, and
upper, of most books. The latter terms I have occasionally em-
ployed, when | thought they would convey most definite ideas ;
but they are less proper, and are always to be considered as sy-
nonymous with the former. Imagining the shell, then, to be car-
INTRODUCTION. Xlil
ried forward in its true position by the animal, the terms right and
left are to be applied as they would be to any other animal.
In addition to the usual measurements, | have adopted another,
for the univalve shells, which I call ‘‘ divergence.”’ It was first
employed by Professor Adams, under the name of ‘‘ apicial an-
gle,”’ that is, the angle which would embrace the spire lengthwise ;
in other words, it measures the tapering of the spire.
The extent and difficulty of this work have very far exceeded
my expectations. ‘The unsettled state of our nomenclature, —
the scattered state of the materials of which it must be construct-
ed, have raised almost interminable doubts and difficulties. It is
the first work of the kind attempted in this country ; and it were
_ presumptuous to hope that it is free from error. It is not a diffi-
cult thing to settle, satisfactorily, the proper genera and species
of nine tenths of the shells and other objects we may find. But
when an attempt is made to give the whole, the other tithe will re-
quire an equal amount of study, and, after disposing of it in the
best way we can, we must leave it, mortified that we have per-
haps settled nothing, but have merely given an opinion. It is easy
enough to see errors and difficulties in these cases, but it is not so
easy to adjust them.
Corrections and remarks relating to the facts or opinions given
in the Report are respectfully solicited.
INVERTEBRATA
OF
MASSACHUSETTS.
MOLLUSCA.
Tue Mollusca* are animals of a gelatinous or semi-fibrous
structure, having no solid frame-work or skeleton, and being
without jointed limbs. They reside both on land and in fresh and
salt water. The variety in their structure, to adapt them to this
diversity of habit, is very great; and their digestive and generative
organs are as much varied to constitute them carnivorous and her-
bivorous, oviparous and viviparous, as they are in the higher or-
ders of animals.
Though none of the molluscous or soft animals have any thing
like a skeleton, and some of them have nothing solid in any way
attached to them, yet the great majority have the power of secret-
ing a solid structure which serves them as a habitation and a pro-
tection. These last animals are called testaceous mollusca, or
TesTacea, and their habitations we call SHELLS.
The arrangement and study of these marble dwellings, so beau-
tiful in their models, so inimitable in their external sculpture and
coloring, and oftentimes having their interior lined with pearl,
constitutes the science of ConcnoLocy. This science is or-
dinarily understood to embrace the study of the shells only, with-
out reference to the structure and habits of their occupants.
This, it will be at once seen, is altogether unphilosophical, — as
much so as it would be to characterize any people with whom we
* The term is here used in the broad sense in which Cuvier employed it, and
includes the animals embraced by Blainville in his type MaLacozoAnria.
1
2 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
had no previous acquaintance, by the style of their architecture,
instead of making our observations, directly, upon the people
themselves.
The true way is to unite the study of the animal and its shell ;
and, while we base the more general classification upon the struc-
ture of the former, we may characterize the species by their less
destructible habitation, the shell. ‘The science thus extended,
has received the appropriate name, MaLacouoey.
As our observations are to embrace only a limited district, in
which many whole families of Mollusca are yet undiscovered, and,
indeed, are not likely to be found, and as detailed descriptions of
all the animals would be alike tedious and unprofitable to those for
whose benefit this Commission was intended, I shall incline to the
old plan, and confine myself principally to the shells. And while
the arrangement will be such as is actually indicated by the struc-
ture of the animals, so far as it has been ascertained, no allusion
will be made to them, unless materially to assist in the recognition
of species, or when, from their economical importance, some
knowledge of them is desirable.
The naked Mollusca, as I before observed, are not numerous,
at least, they are not so with us. They are found both on land
and in water, and seem to occupy analogous positions in the dif-
ferent elements. ‘Those found on land resemble the animals of
the snail-shell, and are ordinarily supposed to be those animals,
taking a stroll from their domicils. ‘They are commonly called
slugs ; but their counterparts of the sea cannot with propriety be
called sea-slugs, inasmuch as that appellation is given to a very
different group of animals.
As the species of naked Mollusca which have as yet been found
with us are few, it may be as well to enumerate them here, separ-
ate from the ‘l'estacea, though their position in a natural arrange-
ment would be very different.
They all belong to that division of mollusks, which, in progres-
sion, glide along upon a lengthened foot extending under the body
(Gasterépoda}, and with which we are familiar in any of our
snails, or the common periwinkles of our sea-coast.
Those which are terrestrial seem all of them to belong to the
genus Limax. ‘They have an elongated, tapering form, the head
MOLLUSCA. LIMAX. 3
presenting two long and two short tentacula, the surface somewhat
granular or regularly wrinkled ; and on the back is a shield-like
mantle, on the right side of which we see a notch opening into the
respiratory cavity. They are found under decaying logs, and under
bits of wood or stones in damp places, where they feed upon the
decaying vegetable matter to which they have direct access.
They can scarcely be said to be destitute of a shell; for they
have a minute, thin, nail-like shell, concealed under the front part
of the mantle. ;
I have observed two species, neither of which has been de-
scribed, so far as I have been able to ascertain. One of them
may be called |
Limax togata. It is two inches or more in length, and the
shield extends quite back to the extremity of the animal, envel-
oping the whole animal except the head ; the respiratory notch is
near the front ; the surface of the shield is neither granulated nor
folded, but exhibits a uniform, rough appearance, somewhat like
deer-skin ; its margin is light fawn-color, the back is a dark pur-
plish slate-color, and the sides are mottled with the two colors ;
the foot is wrinkled across, and is of a darker tint than the sides.
It is very commonly found in woods, on turning over prostrate
logs. ;
It is very probable that the great developement of the shield,
and its peculiar surface, with other peculiarities, which the con-
tracted state of my specimens will not allow me to perceive, may
entitle this animal to be regarded as a new genus. ‘The L. Caro-
liniénsis, Bosc, is an allied species. Férussac coincides with
the above opinion.
Limax tunicata. This is a smaller, sub-cylindrical species,
about ;, of an inch in length, when extended, and about 4;
in width. The color varies from dark drab to dusky brown, and
almost to black. The shield is short, rounded behind, its surface
with conspicuous, interrupted, concentric wrinkles, the respira-
tory notch rather behind its middle. ‘The neck is smooth, with
an elevated, central line. The back behind the shield is marked
with broken wrinkles, arranged lengthwise. ‘The upper tentacula
are granulated and black at their tips. oot very narrow.
4 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
It is found in rich grounds under stones and pieces of wood,
where it may be sheltered from the sun ; and I do not recollect
ever to have found one except in company of what are vulgarly
called sow-bugs (Porcéllio). It is a true Limax, and may be the
L. agréstis of Europe.
The aquatic species are much more numerous, and are found
in every sea. ‘They are all remarkable for the peculiar arrange-
ment of their branchie or respiratory organs. ‘These are ex-
posed on the exterior of the body (Nudibranchiata, Cuv.) in the
form of little tubercles, filaments, plumy tufts, or branched leafets ;
and the great diversity of their shape, arrangement, and coloring,
constitutes the principal ornaments and most obvious character-
istics of the animals. They have four tentacula or feelers, two
of which are in the neighbourhood of the mouth, and are not con-
spicuous, and the other two placed at some distance behind the
head, capable of being withdrawn out of sight, and presenting a
laminated structure when extended. ‘They crawl upon the bottom
of the sea, or the roots of marine plants on which they feed.
‘They are arranged under different genera according to the dis-
position of their branchie and tentacula.
In Doris, the branchie have an arborescent appearance, are
capable of being retracted, are seated on the middle line of the
back behind the centre, and are arranged about the anal orifice in
a circular manner (Cyclobranchiata, Blamv.). But one species
has as yet been observed, and of this I have been unable to find
any description. I have, therefore, ventured to describe it under
the name of
Doris illuminata. Animal prismatic, somewhat four-sided,
the back arched ; color a pearly white, or light dove-color, dotted
with greenish ; front of the foot slightly dilated at angles ; upper
lip full and strongly pursed ; a line of six tubercles on each side
diverges from the front to each side of the tentacula, making the
back, at this part, of a four-sided form ; between these and the
branchial tuft are four more tubercles on each side, in parallel lines,
and then follow two on each side much longer than the rest, of a
somewhat club-shaped form, followed by a few smaller ones to-
wards the tail ; sides and back dotted by several small tubercles ;
MOLLUSCA. TRITONIA. 5
branchie fringed, arranged in a semicircle. All the tubercles,
the tentacula, and the branchie are tipped with a bright sulphur-
yellow color. Length 2 and breadth } of an inch. Found in
the Bathing-house at Craigie’s Bridge, Boston.
Another family of the Nudibranchiata have the branchie dis-
posed in numerous tufts along the sides and back (Polybranchiata,
Blainv.), and they are not capable of being entirely retracted.
The anal orifice also is found on the right side.
Those which have the branchie arborescent, and the tentacula
about the mouth somewhat fringed, constitute the genus 'TRITONIA.
We have one species of this genus.
Trito6nta arboréscens, Cuv.; Mém. du Mus., vi. 28, pl. 1,
f. 8-10. Doris arboréscens, Mit. and Fazer. Tritonia Rey-
noldsii, CoutHouy ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., i. 74, pl. 2,
f. 1-4.
Mr. Couthouy found them about the bathing-houses and timber-
docks in Charles River, of singular size and beauty ; and his de-
scription and the figures illustrating it, are such as to give us an
idea of the animal to the life. He found that the specimens
he observed differed in some respects from the details given by
Cuvier of T. arboréscens ; and therefore he instituted a new spe-
cific name. But, making allowances for the distortion of Cuvier’s
specimens, which had doubtless been immersed. in spirits, and
adding the assurance of Dr. Loven, that the living 'T. arboréscens
corresponds exactly with Couthouy’s description and figures, we
have reason to conclude, that the animal observed by the two
naturalists is the same.
Nothing can be more singular than this slug-like animal, mottled
with brown and white, overspread with numerous wart-like ex-
crescences, and apparently bearing some fifteen or twenty widely
and numerously branched plants, which are the branchie. There
are six pairs of these, including the tentacula, besides the three
pairs about the mouth.
Genus Eoxts, has two or three pairs of simple tentacula, one
of which is in the vicinity of the mouth ; and the branchie, in the
6 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
form of elongated papille, arranged in rows along the sides or
on the back.
Mr. Couthouy ventures the conjecture, that these papille are
not the real respiratory organs, because he has seen that the ani-
mal will voluntarily throw them off, from slight causes, or that
it may be forcibly deprived of them without material injury ;
which, he justly remarks, would not be likely to be the case, were
they organs of so much importance as the branchie. He is dis-
posed to regard them as merely subsidiary to the function of res-
piration. He has described and figured the following species.
Eoxts Bostoniénsis. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 67, ple,
f. 1. Body an inch or more in length, foot large, tapering to a
point behind, color faint brownish-white ; tentacula four, cylin-
drical, rather long; branchie numerous, purplish-brown tipped
with white, disposed in four or five clusters of 12 or 15 filaments
each, on each side.
This is probably E. rufibranchialis, Jounsron, Mag. Nat.
Hist., v. 428, f. 85, and Annals of Nat. Hist., i. 121. He
states the number of clusters in his species to be variable, and
more or less definite, and that the color varies, being reddish-
brown, rose-color, scarlet, &c.
Eouts salmonacea, CoutHouy. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii.
68, pl. 1, f.2. Body oblong-ovate, an inch or more in length, pale
straw-color ; tentacula four, rather short and blunt, the -upper
ones minutely serrated at the sides ; branchial filaments about 100,
flattened at their sides, disposed in lines along the back, of a
beautiful salmon-color.
Eouts divérsa, CoutHouy. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 187,
pl. 4, f. 14. Size and shape about the same as the preceding ;
color a pale yellow, tinted red ; lower tentacula long and slender,
upper ones short, smooth, rounded, somewhat behind the first ;
branchial appendages about 90, slender, color orange, disposed in
double rows along the back, with intermediate shorter ones.
Differs from the last in the form and position of the tentacula,
the color of the branchiw, &c.; but it may possibly prove the
same.
MOLLUSCA. EOLIS. 7
Eours gymnota, Coutnouy. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 69,
pl. 1, f. 3. Nearly an inch long, slender, whitish ; tentacula four,
the inferior pair smooth and round, the superior rather shorter,
compressed and minutely serrated at their sides ; branchial ap-
pendages reddish-brown, disposed in seven remote clusters of five
each, along each side of the back, those of the second and third
pairs longest ; back otherwise naked.
There are also a few animals whose organization brings them
into a different class (2nnélida), which form for themselves a solid
covering. As they are usually included in systems of Concholo-
gy, it may be well to introduce them here.
These coverings are sometimes composed of clay, sometimes
of agglutinated particles of sand, and some are calcareous secre-
tions, like the usual material of shells. They are all of a tubular
form, tapering posteriorly, and hence the animals which construct
them are called Tubicole.
Pectina ria Bélgica, Lam. (Amphitrite auricoma, Mutt.),
State Coll., No. 266, has a conical tube, a little curved, about two
inches long, and a fourth of an inch in diameter at the larger end.
It is composed entirely of grains of sand, cemented together by a
glutinous secretion of the animal, in a single layer, and in regular
order. Of course the tube is very fragile. The animal appears at
its aperture, bearing on its head two tufts of short, golden plumes.
It is not unfrequently found thrown upon the sandy shores of
Cape Cod and the neighbouring islands. (Fieure 1.)
From the stomachs of fishes I have taken specimens of Pecti-
naria which may belong to a different species. They are com-
posed of very fine -grains of sand, are not easily crushed, not
more than an inch in length, and quite as much curved as the
horns of cattle usually are. State Coll., No. 270. (Figure 2.)
Ampuirrrre ventilabrum, Lam. (Sabella penicillus, Lin.),
State Coll., No. 259, has a long tube, more or less contorted, com-
posed of clay. The animal, when protruded, exhibits two beautiful
tufts of long, finely feathered branchie. It is very common on the
under side of logs which have lain for some time in the timber-
8 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
docks, and adheres by one side throughout nearly its whole length.
It is also found upon stones drawn up from the bottom of the
sea. It is well figured by Ellis, Corallines, pl. 34.
The family Serpulea, Lam., have solid, calcareous tubes, more
or less coiled, much in the manner of serpents ; thus approach-
ing, in form, the regular shells.
Genus SPIRORBIS, Lam.
Tube snail-like, flattened beneath and adhering.
These are minute tubes, coiled up spirally, found adhering, in
large numbers, to marine plants, and sometimes shells, which are
thrown up from deep water. ‘They are usually white, so as to
appear like dead and bleached shells. ‘They adhere by their tips,
and, as they are presented to the eye, most of them appear
dextral ; but if we consider that we actually look at the base of
the shell, we perceive that they are in truth reversed.
SPIRORBIS NAUTILOIDES, Lam.
State Coll., No. 262. Soc. Cab., No. 2312.
Shell about one tenth of an inch in diameter, white and smooth,
or slightly wrinkled, consisting of three or four whorls, each in-
cluding the preceding one ; and, as each rises higher than the other,
they form a tunnel-shaped umbilicus, exhibiting a portion of each
volution; the suture is indistinct, and the whorls seem con-
solidated ; the outer whorl is flattened out into a broad, spreading
base, where it is attached, thus increasing the diameter of the
shell at this part by nearly one half. Aperture circular.
Found on sea-weed, shells, crabs, &c. It is the Sérpula spi-
rérbis of Linneus. (FieureE 3.)
SprrORBIS sPIRILLUM, Lam.
State Coll., No. 261. Soc. Cab., No. 2313.
This shell is of about the same size as the preceding ; and is
distinguished from it by its more cylindrical structure, the much
greater distinctness of the whorls in the umbilical concavity, a more
MOLLUSCA. SERPULA, 9
glossy surface, and above all, by the absence of any flattening of
the outer whorl where it rests upon its residence. The whorls
are so loosely connected as sometimes to be entirely distinct ; and
the aperture frequently looks directly upward. Aperture cir-
cular.
This species is more common than the preceding, and is found
grouped in a similar manner upon fuci, stones, &c. It is the
Sérpula spirillum of Linneus.
SPIRORBIS SINISTRORSA.
State Coll., No. 263. Soc. Cab., No. 2314.
A third species, which I take to be the one above named, I
have seen only upon stones and shells drawn up by fishing lines at
St. George’s Bank. It is a smooth, glistening, translucent shell,
with three or four whorls, turning in opposition to the sun. The
whorls are nearly distinct from each other, not always preserving
a regular spiral, but occasionally stretching out for some distance
in a straight direction ; one whorl generally lies upon another, so
that the outer whorl seldom touches the object on which the shell
rests. Diameter about } inch. It was first described by Mon-
tagu, under the name of Sérpula sinistrérsa. (Figure 4.)
GENUS SERPULA, Lin.
Tubes solid, calcareous, irregularly coiled, solitary or in groups,
permanently adherent ; aperture terminal, rounded, simple.
It is probable that several species of this genus live on our
coast. They attach themselves to stones, pieces of wood, and
shells of the mollusca and crustacea ; and such of them as we
meet with are generally thrown up from the deep by violent
storms, or conveyed from warm climates on the bottoms of vessels.
They grow to a much larger size than Spirdrbis, and are chiefly
distinguished by not observing any regularity in the arrangement
of their convolutions. I am not certain that we have more than
one species habitually living on our coast.
(o)
~
10 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
’ SERPULA VERMICULARIS. Lin., &c.
State Coll., No. 260. Soc. Cab., No. 851.
Shell cylindric, the tube gradually enlarging, white, somewhat
wrinkled circularly, usually adhering throughout its whole length,
but observing no particular mode of convolution ; when arrived
at a large size, the aperture is of the magnitude of a goose’s
quill.
We may now proceed to describe the testaceous mollusca of
this State, in their natural order, so far as that order is yet de-
termined.
They may be arranged, in the first place, under three grand di-
visions, based principally upon their most conspicuous external
organs, those which are employed in progression or in procuring
their food.
A. Tentacular branchie fringed and coiled, used for prehension ;
shells multivalve, Crrri’pepEs, Lam.
B. Inhabiting bivalve shells, Concur’Fera,* Lam.
C. Having a foot beneath them adapted to creeping; shells mostly
univalve, GAsTERO’PopA, Cuy.
It will not be necessary to enter into an exposition of all the
families and further sub-divisions which may, or might, have been
instituted. The object is to render the matter as available as
possible to beginners in science, or to the general reader.
* 'The more comprehensive and more approved term AcEpuata is here avoided,
in order to exclude the Ascidiens of Lamarck, which are true headless mollusks,
but without shells.
MOLLUSCA. . 11
Crass CIRRIPEDES, Lam.
The Cirripedes are so called from their arms or tentacles,
which are curled up like a lock of hair, and with which they seize
their prey. It is the group of animals which inhabit the shells
commonly called barnacles.
These shells are all fixed, either directly or indirectly to some
foreign body. 'l’o compensate for this relative immobility, they
usually attach themselves to locomotive or floating objects, such
as drift wood, vessels’ bottoms, fishes, lobsters, &c. Many of
them are, therefore, extensive voyagers, and hail from no particu-
lar sea. During the last summer, two vessels lay side by side at
one of our wharves, one from India, the other from Sweden, and
their bottoms were occupied by similar species of barnacles.
In long voyages, especially in warm climates, and still more cer-
tainly where vessels are not sheathed with copper, the barnacles
adhere in incredible numbers, and grow to such a size, as materially
to impede the course of the vessel. Conveyed in this way, they
are brought in contact with their food, and are seen in every port.
Other barnacles adhere to stones, piles, and similar immovable
objects, and are entirely dependent for their food upon such ob-
jects as the passing current brings within the reach of their arms.
They have several pairs of arms or tentacles, which they can coil
up within their shell, or protrude, at pleas-
ure. Each of the arms is double, and
their edges are garnished with a kind of
fringe, so that they appear somewhat like
small feathers. When covered by water,
for they are sometimes left by the tide,
their arms are in constant motion, and re- re 7
mind one of the spread human hand grasp- Wie
ing at something in space, a musquito, for ial Ys
instance. ‘This grasping motion is regular,
at the rate of 80 or 100 times in a minute.
Nature has also provided that these sedentary animals may be
widely diffused. Eggs are discharged by the parent in great num-
bers, which soon produce little animals very different in shape
12 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
from their parents. These float about in the sea in countless
numbers, until they come in contact with some substantial resi-
dence, to which they unceremoniously affix themselves, and then
assume the shape and habit of the parent.
The obstruction they cause to vessels is the only material harm
they do ; while, on the other hand, they afford no little protec-
tion to wharves, the piles of bridges, and other submerged wood-
en structures, by encasing them with a bony crust.
Only two or three species permanently inhabit our shores ; but
as they are constantly seen and collected at all our wharves and
ship-yards, I have thought proper to regard them as denizens.
The Cirripedes are naturally divided into two groups ; those
which are sessile (sesstlia), or seated firmly and directly upon
their station, and those which are mounted upon a stem or stalk
( pedunculata) .
t SESSILIA. Shells sessile.
/
Genus CORONULA, Lam.
Shell of five consolidated pieces, conoid, truncated at its extrem-
uty; walls very thick, interiorly excavated into radiating cells ;
operculum of four valves.
Shells belonging to this genus live attached to the skin or shell
of some marine animal. ‘T'wo or three species of them live,
partially imbedded, in the skin of the whale. This monster of
the deep is not unfrequently taken in the vicinity of Cape Cod and
Cape Ann, and one species of barnacle has been found upon him.
CoRONULA DIADEMA.
Shell globose-conical, truncated at tip; surface exhibiting six
triangles, each of which has four ribs, marked across with beaded
strie.
State Coll., No. 255. Soc. Cab., No. 2075.
Lepas diadéma, Liy., Monracu ; Test. Brit.13. Woop ; Index, pl. 1, f.2. Bory;
Mus.,t.1,f.5,6. Guarr.;t.106,f. A. Phil. Trans. 1758, t. 34, f. 1. Caemn.;
Conch., viii. t. 99, f. 843, 844. Lister ; Conch., t. 445, f. 288. Donovan; Brit.
Shells, ii. t. 56, f. 1, 2.
CIRRIPEDES. MOLLUSCA. BALANUS. 13
Balanus diadéma, Brua. ; Encyc. Méth., pl. 165, f. 13, 14.
Corénula diadéma, Lam. ; An. sans Vert., v. 652. Leacu; Encyc. Brit. Suppl., iii.
171. Brarnv.; Dict. des Sc. Nat., x. and xxxii. pl.117,f.4. Sowrersy; Genera,
f.1. Burmeister; WVaturgesch. der Rankenfiisse, 34, pl. 2, f. 1-14.
Poly'lepas diadéma, Gray; Annals of Philos., x. 105.
Diadéma vulgaris, ScaumacuErR ; Nouv. Syst. des Vers, 91.
Shell usually cylindrical, with a conical summit, truncated at
tip, sometimes of an inflated or globose-conical form. ‘The sur-
face is divided into twelve triangular compartments, six with the
apex downwards which are depressed, plain, and faintly striated
across ; and six with the apex upwards, each of which has four
rounded ribs, marked across with beaded folds or wrinkles ; orifice
one third, or more, of the diameter of the base, mostly closed by a
membrane, through a fissure in which, closed by two valves, the
arms are protruded. Beneath, arranged in six compartments,
each of which is excavated into three cells with a small, interme-
diate one at the circumference. Diameter 11 to 2 inches, height
an inch or more.
It is distinguished from C. balendris by its more erect and elongated
form, its larger orifice, and the beaded wrinkles of the surface.
GENUS BALANUS, Lam.
The Balani or Sea-acorns are immovable in all their external
parts, and attach themselves generally to inanimate bodies, either
fixed or floating, though they are occasionally found attached to
lobsters, shells, corals, &c.
BALANUS TINTINNABULUM.
Shell purplish, conical, the six triangles with irregular, unequal
ribs, the intervening spaces sculptured across with distinct lines ;
operculum rostrated behind.
State Coll., No. 250. Soc. Cab., No. 2076.
Lepas tintinndbulum, Lin.; Syst. Nat., 1108. Cuxrmn.; Conch., viii. t. 97,
f. 828, 829, 830. Guaxr.; Conch., t.106,f.H. Rumpnivus; Mus., t. 41, f. A.
Kyorr; Vergn.v. t. 30, f. 1. Woon; Indez, pl. 1, f.5. Gen. Conch., t. 6,f. 1.
Balanus tintinnabulum, Lam. ; An. sans Vert., v. 658. Bruc.; Encyc. Méth., pl.
164, f. 5. Sowrrsy; Genera, fig. 1. Scuumacner; Essai, §c., 90. Ran-
ZANIL; Memorie, &c., 33, pl. 2,f.2-4 Gray; Annals of Philos., x. 104.
Shell conical, the sides more or less inclined, and sometimes
a little turgid ; color violaceous. Surface having the raised tri-
14 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
angles grooved lengthwise, so as to form numerous unequal, irreg-
ular ribs; and these are crossed by distant, circular threads,
which probably indicate the stages of growth; the depressed
areas are plain and glistening, marked across by regular, deeply
sculptured lines. Aperture sub-triangular. ‘Two anterior valves
of the operculum deeply grooved or plaited ; the two posterior,
on each side, rising considerably above them and curving forwards,
resemble the beak of a bird of prey; at their sides slightly
grooved. Diameter at base 1 inch; height 14 inches.
This species probably does not breed in our climate, but is one
of the most common shells found on vessels arriving from warmer
regions.
There are some other species, similar to this, which are occasional-
ly, but less frequently, observed. B. tulipa is principally distinguished
by its more rosy tint; the raised areas are distinctly marked across,
but scarcely at all lengthwise, and the depressed areas are nearly
smooth. B. gigas and sulcdta are also closely allied.
BALANUS GENICULA'TUS.
Shell conical, white, the prominent triangles with 8 or 10 usually
alternately larger and smaller ribs, rendered rough by coarse lines
of growth ; valves of operculum coarsely striated.
Ficure 9.
State Coll., No. 254. Soc. Cab., No. 2310.
Balanus geniculatus, Conrap; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., vi. 265, pl. 11, f. 16.
Shell regularly conical, dirty greenish-white ; much like B. tin-
tinnabulum in its exterior, but broader at base in proportion to
its height, and never inflated ; the elevated triangles on each
side of the posterior one are very small, with only two or three
ribs ; the others are sub-equal, and have 8 or 10 ribs; these
are much raised, but usually alternately larger and smaller,
somewhat compressed at the sides, and their edges rendered
nodulous by the conspicuous, rather distant lines of growth, which
cross them. ‘The depressed areas are faintly marked with minute,
crowded cross lines. Diameter of the aperture about half that
of the base. Operculum having the anterior valves wrought into
coarsely plaited ridges, which incline over each other, and which
CIRRIPEDES. MOLLUSCA. BALANUS. 15
are crossed by very fine radiating lines. Diameter at base 1 to
14 inches, height two thirds of the diameter.
Found almost invariably attached to Pecten Magellanicus, on
‘which it is occasionally drawn up by our fishermen ; and is abun-
dant along the eastern coast of Maine, and at the Bank fishing-
grounds.
This shell, like its co-species, is subject to many varieties; and
some of them approach so nearly to some of the figures and descrip-
tions of B. Scdticus and B. communis of the North of Europe, that it is
really difficult to decide upon its title to a distinct appellation. In this
case it seems proper, for the present, to retain the name which Mr.
Conrad undoubtedly applied to this shell. The number of ribs varies,
as do the elevations upon them; which last are usually two, however,
as Mr. Conrad observes.
BALANUS EBURNEUS.
Shell white, smooth, obliquely conical, the raised triangles with
lanceolate points, all inclined backwards, within regularly grooved ;
operculum with the two anterior valves decussated at base, not
beaked.
Ficure 6.
State Coll., No. 253. Soc. Cab., No. 3418.
Shell white, smooth, hinge obliquely conical, circular at base,
inclining backwards ; the raised portions are smooth, or very
faintly wrinkled lengthwise ; they all terminate in sharp, lance-
pointed summits, all of which point backwards, and the last one
curves over so much as to form a prominent beak. ‘The interme-
diate, depressed spaces are small and usually plain, but in very
old specimens they are crossed by crowded, rasp-like lines. In-
terior regularly and firmly grooved up and down, and the walls
with a single series of pores, equal in number to the grooves.
Aperture constantly ovate-triangular, rounded in front, acutely
angular behind, moderately large. Operculum has the two
anterior valves checked with transverse and longitudinal lines,
which are well defined at base, but almost disappear at tip ; they
are coarsely toothed at their adjacent edges ; the posterior valves
very slightly grooved across. ‘The tips of all four valves meet
and form an accurate pyramidal summit. Diameter at base 4
inch, height 3 inch.
16 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Adheres in clusters to floating wood, to shells, crustacea, &c.
It may be obtained almost any time at a lobster-stand. It often
attains a much larger size.
It differs from all other described species in having its surface en-
tirely without ribs. In its earliest stages, B. ovuldris is also smooth,
and similar in shape to the young of this species; but even then, this
shell exhibits its triangular aperture, while the other is diamond-
shaped. B. ovuldris and B. levis of Lamarck, though both described
as smooth, are both said to have delicate ribs. The first is also de-
scribed as cylindrical; while the second is said to have a contracted
aperture. Mr. Sowerby states that he is unacquainted with it. It
appears not to be an uncommon or a local species, as | have taken it
from the bottom of a ship of war from the West India station.
BALANUS RUGO SUS.
Shell white, sub-cylindrical, valves raised into angular points ;
without, coarsely and irregularly ribbed ; aperture large, rhomboid-
al ; operculum nearly smooth, with acute, curved, slightly diverging
points.
Ficure 10.
State Coll., No. 289. Soc. Cab., No. 2311.
Lepas borealis, Donovan ; Brit. Shells, v. pl. 160.
Lepas rugosa, Woop; Gen. Conch., 41, pl. 6, f. 4.
Balanus rugosus, Monracu ; Test. Brit.,8. Dituwyn ; Catal., 17.
Shell white, erect, cylindrical,.or somewhat conical, but usually
as broad at summit as at base, and its height frequently exceeding
its diameter. Summits of the valves rising into acute, spreading
points, the posterior one folded and curved into a beak ; exterior
very rough, with coarse, unequal, flexuous folds or ribs ; the de-
pressed areas small, smooth, and shining. Interior slightly grooved
at base, otherwise smooth. Aperture large, diamond-shaped ;
valves of the operculum rising into acute, diverging points ; the
separated portions distinctly striated from before backwards ;
surface smooth, or delicately wrinkled from side to side, margins
direct. Diameter of base sometimes 2 inch.
Of these I found fine specimens on a pine log lying upon the
beach at East Boston. But they are usually obtained further
northward, seated upon Pecten Islandicus, Fusus Islandicus, &c.
CIRRIPEDES. * MOLLUSCA. BALANUS. 17
This, like the following species, may be only one of the Protean
forms of Lepas balandides of Linneus. In a shell of so anomalous
a character, I have chosen to abide by what is certain; and I think it
is certain, that the shell before me is the same as the shells of
Montagu and Donovan. It accords exactly with the description by the
former, and the figures by the latter. It attains a much larger size
than the next species, and may be easily distinguished from it, under
any disguise, by its simple opercular valves, and their acute, diverging
points. The exterior is more rugged than that of any other species I
- have seen.
BALANUS OVULA'RIS.
Shell small, white, variable in shape, more or less furrowed ex-
ternally ; aperture rhomboidal ; opercular valves obsoletely striated,
the anterior ones shortest and acute, the posterior ones deeply notched
near the obtuse summit.
FieurRE 7.
State Coll., No. 252. Soc. Cab., No. 2080.
Balanus ovuliris, Lam. ; An. suns Vert., v. 660.
Lepas balandides, Lin.; Syst. Nat., 1108.
Lepas balanus, Woop ; Gen. Conch., pl. 7, f. 3. Index, pl. 1, f. 11.
Under this name I would notice our most common barnacle.
The few characters given to the species by Lamarck would apply
to this shell with less reservation than any other description I
have seen. It is found, of all shapes and ages, crowded together
upon every rock or wooden fixture between high and low water
mark ; and it is for the most part confined to stations where it is
half the time left by the tide, while the preceding species seems
to frequent the deep water.
In shape it is very various. Sometimes it has a low, conical
form, its height being less than half of its base ; again, its height
is three or four times as great as the diameter of its base, and its
summit broader than its base. In its early stages it is smooth, so
that the valves are always plain at their summits 5; but soon the
base becomes scolloped by four or five grooves on each valve, and
these grooves then continue on all the subsequent growth of the
shell. The summit is usually even, as if all the points of the
valves had been clipped off ; but in an exuberant growth they are
elevated in the form of thin, blunt plates. The aperture is dia-
3
18 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
mond-shaped, moderately large. In such a diversity of external
character, we must look chiefly to the opercular valves for any
constancy of form. ‘These are smooth or faintly marked across
with fine lines, that appear as if they were about to be effaced.
The two front valves are regularly pointed by the junction of
their boundary lines ; they are united by a simple suture, and a
profile view shows them to be a little gibbous or keeled at the
suture, just before their summits. The other valves are blunt at
tip, and are deeply grooved, each side, for the reception of the
outer edge of the anterior valves, so as to exhibit a deep notch
just below their summit. ‘This notch is the most obvious dis-
tinctive character of the species, together with the circumstance,
that the tips present no prominent points, and do not diverge.
Interior smooth and plain, except that there is a fold answering to
each external depressed area.
Compared with B. rugosus, its exterior is much less rugged, it
never attains so large a size, its summit is more simple, and its
shape more variable. From this, and from specimens of B. ba-
landides sent me from England, it differs especially in the sum-
mits of the valves. ‘hese are better indicated by figures than
by description.
BALANUS ELONGATUS.
Shell white, very much elongated, increasing in width towards
the summit ; opercular valves as in B. ovularis.
Lepas elongata, Liy., GME. ; 3213. Cuemn.; Conch., viii. t. 98, f.838. Pannanr ;
Brit. Zool., iv. t. 37, f. A. 5.
Balanus clavatus, Purrenry; Dorset Catal., t. 1,f.6. Monracu; Test. Brit.,
10. Woop; Index, pl. 1,f.13. Gen. Conch., t. 7, f. 1.
Balanus fistuldsus, Brue.; Encyc. Méth., 166, t. 164, f. 7, 8. Lam.; An. sans
Vert., v. 665.
Fieure 8.
State Coll., No. 251. Soc. Cab., No. 2081.
The shells to which the above names have been applied, and
which have attracted considerable attention, seem, after all, not
to be entitled to the rank of species. They are now regarded
as elongated varieties of other species, having assumed their pe-
culiar shape from the circumstance of their being so crowded as to
oblige them to make all their growth in one direction. That this
CIRRIPEDES. MOLLUSCA. ANATIFA. 19
is in all cases the true explanation, I am not disposed to admit.
The largest specimens I have seen were found in a protected
situation, under a bridge on the Dorchester turnpike road, and they
were so situated as to have full scope for growth in any direction.
They were often solitary, and an examination of the space
around them forbade the suspicion that they had ever been group-
ed. Under the wharves at Provincetown, I have noticed them so
crowded as to justify the explanation. Certain it is, however, that
the opercular valves, the most important and most constant por-
tions, differ in no respect from the depressed conical specimens.
All the elongated specimens of our coast have the valves of
B. ovularis. The exterior of the shell is the same also, if we
make allowance for the peculiarity of form. We should, there-
fore, consider it as an accidental, or rapidly developed, form of
some other species.
tt PEDUNCULATA. Shells pedunculated.
Genus ANATIFA, Lamarck.
Shell sub-triangular, compressed, composed of five wnequal valves
united by cartilage, and scated on a fleshy stalk.
The shells of this genus are the true barnacles. 'They do not
seem to have a fixed abode anywhere on our coast ; yet they are
at all times found among us, either in the character of visiters or
emigrants. ‘The shells vary so much with age, that it is not
always easy to define the limits of species, or to refer a shell to
its true species. More species exist in books than in nature.
The animal, when seen alive, in most cases, removes all uncertain-
ty. These shells, though everywhere common, seem to be re-
garded everywhere as strangers. ‘They are Jews among other
shells. Hence they seem to have been but little studied.
ANATIFA LEVIS.
Shell slightly wrinkled by the lines of growth, crossed by very
faint, radiating lines ; valve at the back broad, flat, and smooth ;
cartilages and stalk at base of shell orange ; animal light-colored.
Woop-cvt, (see p. 11.)
State Coll., No. 248. Soc. Cab., No. 2083.
Lepas anatifera, Lin.; Syst., 1109. Cyemy.; Conch., viii. 340, t. 100, f. 853.
Pennant; Brit. Zool., pl. 38,f.9. Extis; Phil. Trans. 1758, vol. 50, pl. 34,
20 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
f. 5. Donovan; Brit. Shells, pl. 7. Woop; Gen. Conch., pl. 11. Cuvier;
Régne Anim., iii. 176.
Aniatifa levis, Brue.; Encyc. Méth., 166, f. 1. Lam.; dn. sans Vert., v.
675. Scuumacuer; Nouveau Syst., §c., 97.
Anatifa vulgaris, Gray ; Annals of Philos., x. 100.
Pentelasmis anatifera, Lracu ; Encyc. Brit., Suppl., iii.170. Sowrrpy; Genera,
* Sf ty 2.
Pentélepas levis, BLainviLLe; Malacol., pl. 4, f. 3.
Pollicipes levis, GuERin ; Iconog., Mollusques, pl. 37, f. 1.
Lepas anatifera, Turron ; Conch. Dict., 71.
Shell bluish-white, the lower valves triangular, rather obtuse at
summit, wrinkled by the lines of growth, and with very faint ra-
diating lines from the anterior basal angle ; upper valves triangular,
narrow, pointing downwards, tip blunted, and leaving quite a large
space occupied only by membrane ; very near the apex is a dis-
tinct angle at the back ; apex rounded ; back valve rather broad,
not much compressed, sometimes grooved lengthwise. Cartilage
of the living shell of an orange-color, as is also a portion of the
stalk adjoining the shell. Stalk of a light fawn-color. Cirri or
arms light flesh-color. Length of shell about 1 inch, of the stalk
from 1 to 6 inches.
Found on the bottoms of vessels, and on drift wood.
The orange ring at the base of the shell, and also the cartilages,
the light-colored cirri, the large space following the lower point of
the upper valves, the posterior angle of the upper valves being very
near the summit, and the broad back, are the peculiar marks of this
species.
ANATIFA STRIATA.
Valves with radiating strie ; posterior angle of upper valves
somewhat remote from apex ; back valve compressed ; animal dark
slate-color.
State Coll., No. 249. Soc. Cab., No. 2084.
Lepas anserifera, Lix.; Syst., 1109. Lisrer; Conch., pl. 440, f. 283. Dono-
van; Brit. Shells, pl. 166, f. 2. Woop; Gen. Conch., pl. 10, f. 5. Turron;
Conch. Dict, 72. Guart.; Test., t. 106, f. 2,3. Cremn. ; Conch., viii. t. 100,
f. 856.
Anatifa striata, Bruc.; Dict., No. 4, Encyc. Méth., pl. 166, f.2. Lam.; An. sans
Vert., v. 676.
Pentelasmis striata, Lracu ; Cirrhip. campy.
CIRRIPEDES. MOLLUSCA. ANATIFA. Q1
Very similar to the preceding. Its angles are everywhere
more pointed ; the surface is marked with radiating lines proceed-
ing from the anterior-inferior and posterior-superior angles ; this
latter angle is at some distance from the summit, and the interven-
ing space is often emarginate ; sometimes a range of five or six
impressed, blackish dots runs from the angle of the base across the
side valves ; the back valve is compressed throughout its whole
length, so as to form a sharp edge, which is often more or less
toothed. The margins are faintly tipped with orange, but not
broadly, as in the last species. ‘The animal is dark-brown, and
does not attain to a great length. The cirri are of a dark slate-
color. Size same as A. levis.
Such are characters of two species of shells, which I found in great
numbers and perfection on a Swedish vessel. I believe them to be the
true Lepas analifera and anserifera of Linneus. [am not a little in-
clined to think that the A. séridta of modern authors is a different spe-
cies, of which L. sulcdta of Montagu is the young, and with which L.
anserifera is not synonymous. The difference in the marking of the
surface is not very remarkable, but the color of the stem and of the
cirri is decisive. ‘The back valve of A. striata is either sharp or
broken into teeth, passing imperceptibly into the next species, which
is principally characterized by the sharp serratures along the back.
ANATIFA DENTATA.
Surface distinctly striated in a radiated manner ; carinated near
the anterior margin ; posterior valve compressed to a sharp edge,
which is sharply serrate.
Fieure 11.
State Coll., No. 256. Soc. Cab., No. 2085.
Lepas dentata, Woop ; Gen. Conch., 67. Dituwyn; Catal., 32.
Lepas serrata, Soranper; Mss.
Anatifa dentata, Bruc.; Encyc. Méth., 63, t.166,f£.6. Lam.; An. sans Vert., v. 676.
Shell rather shorter and less compressed than the preceding ;
the lines of growth and radiating lines are quite distinct; a very
decided angular line or caria passes from the anterior base di-
rectly towards the summit, at a little distance from the margin ;
the summit is broadly truncated almost directly across ; the dor-
sal valve is compressed so as to form a prominent, sharp edge,
which at every age presents ten or twelve teeth like those of a
saw ; this valve is very distinctly furrowed lengthwise.
22 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
/
Genus CINERAS, Leacu.
This curious genus, with the next, is very singular in its ap-
pearance, and very easily recognised. It has the general form,
structure, and habits of ANAtira, but the exterior is almost entirely
of a leathery texture, with only a few bony pieces at the back
and about the aperture. None of them are permanent residents
in our seas, but may be always found on foul-bottomed vessels,
or attached to tardy-moving fishes. ‘The two genera CineRas and
O rron, are almost always found in company, and are united in the
genus GyMNOLEPAS by Blainville. ‘They are not unfrequently
called ‘‘ the naked Cirripedes.”’
CiNERAS VITTA'TA. :
Covering leathery, angular at summit, with five, narrow, remote
valves ; color whitish, with three black stripes down each side.
State Coll., No. 257. Soc. Cab., No. 2089.
Lepas coriacea, Pott; Test., i. tab. 6, f. 20.
Lepas membranacea, Monracu ; Lin. Trans., ii. 182, pl. 12, f. 2.
Lepas vittata, Sonanper; Mss. Woop; Gen. Conch., 69, pl. 12, f. 2,3. Index,
pl..2, f. 43.
Senoclita fasciata, ScuumacnerR; p. 98. Gray; Annals of Philos., x. 100.
Cineras vittata, Leacu ; Encyc. Brit., Suppl., iii. 170, pl. 57. Sowrrsy; Genera.
Lam.; An. sans Vert., v. 684.
Gymndlepas Cranchii, Buainvitie ; Malacol., pl. 84, f. 2.
The exterior is of a leathery consistence, like the stem. There
is no distinct line of division between the pedicle and the body,
but the stem gradually dilates. The summit is obliquely truncate,
somewhat concave, and margined on each side by a bony forma-
tion. ‘The aperture is also margined by two pointed pieces, and
a fifth piece runs down the back. Color white, with three black
stripes on each side, the two posterior ones uniting to form one
on the stem. ‘Tentacula of the color of the stripes. Length, in-
cluding pedicle, often 2 inches.
Found on the bottoms of vessels, and also on some of the large
sluggish fishes, as the Orthagoriscus mola.
CIRRIPEDES. MOLLUSCA. OTION. 23
O'r1on CUVIE RI.
Body hood-shaped, surmounted by two ear-shaped processes or
tubes inclined backwards ; a small, crescent-shaped valve on each
side of the aperture ; color livid-brown.
State Coll., No. 258. Soc. Cab., No. 2088.
Lepas aurita, Lin.; Syst. Vat., p.1110. Exxis; Philos. Trans., 1758, t. 34, f. 1.
Broua.; Dict., p. 66. Marrin1; Conch., viii. 345, t. 100, f. 857, 858. Woon;
Gen. Conch., 70, t. 12, f. 4. Index, pl. 2, f. 45.
Lepas leporina, Porr; Test., t. 6, f. 51.
Malacotta bivalvis, ScHumacuER; 38.
O\tion Cuviéri, Leacu ; Cirrip., Encyc. Brit., Suppl., 170, pl. 57, f. 3. Lam. ;
An. sans Vert.,v. 6085. Sowrrsy; Genera, pl.1-4. Gray; Annals of Philos.,
v. 10, 100.
Gymnélepas Cuviéri, Buatnvitte ; Malacol., pl. 84, f. 1.
The tunic or covering of this animal is a smooth, leathery mem-
brane, of a livid or leaden-brown hue, appearing glossy when
fresh. The pedicle is rather long, and its limit of union with the
body is marked by a well-defined constriction. ‘The body is hood-
shaped or helmet-shaped, surmounted by two hollow appendages,
somewhat resembling the ears of animals, open at their extremities,
inclining backwards. The aperture is large and gaping. It is
fortified by a small, crescent-shaped valve on each side at its base.
Vestiges of rudimentary valves are also to be seen at the summit.
Cirri of the same color as the tunic. Length from 2 to 4
inches, of which the pedicle constitutes nearly two thirds.
Found on vessels’ bottoms and in other situations, in company
with CinERAS viltata.
24 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Crass CONCHIFERA.
This division includes all the mollusca which are inclosed in
two shells (bivalve), united together at the back by a hinge, like
the clam, oyster, mussel, &c. Sometimes the hinge has teeth
shutting by the side of each other, and acting much like the com-
mon butt-hinge. Sometimes there are small additional bony
pieces attached about the hinge, serving to strengthen it ; and
in such cases the shell is said to be many-valved (mullivalve).
The animal has no proper head, and its conspicuous parts are,
First, its mantle, which lines all the interior of the shell, and incloses
the other parts of the animal. Its edges are more or less fringed,
and are either free, partly united, or entirely so, excepting a passage
for the foot before, and for the siphons behind. Second, a mus-
cular mass, usually called the foot, which may be protruded from
the shell, and serves as the organ of motion. Third, the respira-
tory organs, or branchia, arranged somewhat like ruffies behind the
foot, enveloping the abdominal mass. Fourth, the siphons, which
are the openings for the passage of excrement, and for the admis-
sion of water to the branchie ; sometimes they are very long, and
their tips are usually fringed. There are also two thin, elongated
strips on each side, attached to the mouth and passing back over
the sides of the foot, which are supposed to be the principal or-
gans for the detection and selection of food, and are called palpi.
This representation of
the animal of Macn#ra
nitida may serve to ex-
emplify the parts above- *
mentioned.
The valves are kept closed by strong muscles, which pass from
one valve to the other. When these are relaxed, the valves are
thrown open by the elastic nature of the cartilage or ligament at
the hinge. The uniting substance is called cartilage when it is
placed between the edges of the valves, and ligament when it is
situated externally. .
The interior of the shell exhibits the indentations and lines
MOLLUSCA. 25
where the muscles and mantle or pallium are attached ; and are
called the muscular and palleal impressions. 'The latter usually
turns inward towards the centre of the shell, and then outwards,
forming a notch or sinus, more or less deep, at one end of the
shell ; this is always the hinder end.
There is sometimes only one muscular impression, but gen-
erally there are two, in each valve. ‘These serve as permanent
marks by which to divide the conchs into two groups, the Uni-
musculdsa and Bimusculcsa.
The following synopsis may enable one to form a near approxi-
mation to the genus of any of our bivalve shells. It has been
drawn up without any reference to a natural arrangement, and
merely to aid the student, by grouping the shells in an artificial
manner, to come more easily at their true place and name.
I. Shell transverse or rounded, with two muscular impressions. BimuscuLosa.
i. Shell gaping.
1. gaping at base and ends, hinge toothless.
* united by additional valves, Pholas.
** united by ligament, Panope\a, Glycy!meris, Terédo.
2. gaping at the ends only, and with hinge (cardinal) teeth.
* Cardinal teeth simple, Solen, Solectirtus, Solemy\a, Mache\ra.
** Cardinal teeth spoon-shaped.
t without lateral teeth, Mya, Anatina, Montacita, Cochlodésma,
Osteodesma.
tt with lateral teeth, Mactra, Mesodésma, Cumingia, Keéllia.
ii, Shell closed.
1. inequivalve, Cérbula, Pandora, Thracia.
2. equivalve.
* inhabiting the sea.
+ teeth rounded, ascending, Saxicava, Petricola.
1t teeth compressed. ;
§ sub-parallel, Psammobia, Tellina, Lucina.
§§ diverging.
a. without lateral teeth, Cyprina, Cytheréa, Venus,
Astarte.
b. with lateral teeth, Cardiwm, Cardita.
** inhabiting fresh water, U\nio, Aldsmodon, A'nodon, Cyclas.
Il. Shell fan-shaped or irregular, with one muscular impression. UnimuscuLosa.
i. united by an external ligament, Modiola, Mytilus.
il. united by an internal cartilage.
1. shell regular, Pecten.
2. shell irregular.
* entire, O!strea.
** valve perforated, Andmia, Terebratula.
|
4
26 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
\
Famity TUBICOLARIA, Lam.
Shells inclosed in, or attached to, a shelly tube.
Genus TEREDO, Li.
Valves equal, largely open above and below, placed at the larger
extremity of a tube open at both ends.
TEREDO NAVALIS.
Shell very widely gaping each side, and seated at the end of a
flecuous, calcareous tube.
State Coll., No. 237. Soc. Cab., No. 2315.
Terédo navalis, Lin. ; Syst. Vat., 1267. Brainvitie ; Malacol., pl. 81, f.6. Sow-
ERBY; Genera. Brouc.; Encyc. Méth., pl. 167, f. 1-5.
This is the curious shell which is so remarkable for perforating
holes in timber, giving it a honey-comb appearance. ‘These
holes are lined with their solid white tubes, at the bottom of which
the shell is found. The shell itself is small, the two valves
touching each other at only two points, and so much arched that
when in position they form a mere ring.
It is occasionally found in ship-timber, especially where it has
been exposed to a tropical sea, and is familiarly known by the
name of the ship-worm.
Fami.y PHOLADARIA, Lam.
Shell without a tubular sheath ; hinge aided by accessory valves, or very
widely gaping anteriorly.
Genus PHOLAS, Lin.
Shell transverse, gaping at both sides ; hinge margin rolled out-
wards and toothless ; a rib-like tooth arises from the cavity of the
beaks, and shoots nearly across the shell.
Shells of this genus are generally found in logs of wood, in
stones, or hard clay, which they have perforated ; and they have
one or more additional bony pieces on the back of the hinge.
PHOLADARIA. MOLLUSCA. PHOLAS. 27
PHOoLAS COSTA'TA.
Shell large, oblong-ovate, white, covered with radiating, toothed
ribs.
State Coll., No. 246. Soc. Cab., No. 1702.
Pholas costatus, Lin.; Syst. Wat., 1111. Lister; Conch., pl. 434. Guatr.;
Test., t. 105, f. G. Cuemn.; Conch., viii. t. 101, f. 863. Bruc.; Encye.
Méth., pl. 169, f.1,2. Brainvitte; Malacol., pl. 99,f.6. Sowrersy; Genera,
No. 23, pl. 1. Lam.; An. sans Vert., vi. 45. Woop; Gen. Conch., pl. 15,
i152. Index, pl..2; t. 4:
Shell large, thin, inflated, oblong-ovate, rounded before and
narrowed behind, white, covered with radiating ribs, the coarse
lines of growth rising over them in an undulating manner, so as to
produce tooth-like elevations upon them, at regular intervals ; the
interior is marked with corresponding indentations. Length 6
inches, height 2 inches.
This well known species is admitted into our catalogue from the
fact, that Professor Adams has lately discovered an extensive bed of
dead shells at New Bedford. It probably is not to be found in a liv-
ing state in our waters. Indeed, 1 am not aware that it is found living
on the shores of any of the Middle or Eastern States. It is found, in
the above locality, of all sizes and ages, its most delicate portions
entire, forbidding the idea that these shells were transported by any
means from some distant locality. It is certainly remarkable, that a
large shell should have been abundant at no very distant period, which
cannot now be found living within one or two thousand miles. Some-
thing of the same kind is said to belong to the history of the oyster
about Cape Cod.
PHOLAS CRISPATA.
Valves touching at the middle of the base, and widely gaping at
both sides ; a furrow passes from the beaks across the middle, in
front of which are radiating, toothed ribs.
State Coll., No. 247. Soc. Cab., No. 2316.
Pholas crispata, Lin.; Syst. Nat., p. 1111. Gmevin; Syst., p. 3216. PENNANT;
Brit, Zool., iv. 157, t. 43, f.2. Montacu; Test. Brit., 23. Donovan; Brit.
Shells, ii. pl. 62,69. Cuemn.; viii. 369, t. 102, f. 872-874. Turton; Brit.
Biv., 6. Conch. Dict., 146. Lin. Trans., viii. 32. Hurcu., Dorset Catal.,
/
28 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
27,t.3, f. 4. Woop; Gen. Conch., 81, pl. 15, f. 3-5. Indez, pl. 2, f. 5.
Dittwyy ; Catal., 40. Desuayes; Encye. Méth, Vers, iii. 754, pl. 169,
f. 5, 7. Lam.; An. sans Vert., vi. 46. Scuroer.; Einl. in Conch, iii.
541, No. 6.
Pholas bifrons, Da Cosra ; Brit. Conch., 243, t. 16, f. 4.
Pholas latus, Lisrer ; Conch., t. 436, f. 279, and Append., t. 10, f. 3.
Shell oblong-oval, thick and strong, rounded posteriorly, nar-
rowed anteriorly into a sort of beak ; widely gaping at both ends,
the valves touching each other only at two points, viz. the hinge,
and the middle of the base. Exterior surface marked with
numerous coarse, concentric ridges, which become lamellar on
the anterior half; the lamine are strongly toothed on their free
edge, and the teeth are disposed in radiating series. ‘The valves
are divided into two nearly equal portions by a broad channel
running from the beaks to the middle of the base. Interior
smooth, showing the external furrow, the upper and anterior edge
turned outwards so as to present large, smooth callosities over
the beaks. ‘The process from within the cavity of the beaks is
large, narrow, and a little flattened at the tip. Length 2 inches,
height 14 inch.
A very perfect specimen of this shell is in the cabinet of Dr. S. Bass,
which was found at Phillips’s Beach. Young specimens were found in
hard clay at Phillips’s Beach by Mr. Joseph True. They differ princi-
pally in gaping only anteriorly. Full grown valves are occasionally
thrown up on all our beaches ; but it is more common at the South, as
along the shores of New Jersey. When alive, a membranous expan-
sion covers the superior border of the shell.
FAMILY SOLENACEA, Lam.
Shell transversely elongated, without accessory pieces, and gaping only at
the ends.
Genus SOLEN, Lin.
Shell equivalve, elongated, sides nearly parallel, gaping at both
ends ; beaks very small, terminal; cardinal teeth small, rounded,
variable.
SoLEN ENSIS.
Shell six times as long as high, curved, front and back parallel,
smooth, yellowish-green ; hinge with one tooth and a sharp lateral
SOLENACEA. MOLLUSCA. SOLECURTUS, 29
plate of one valve entering between two teeth and a double plate of
the other.
State Coll., No. 241. Soc. Cab., No. 1709.
Solen ensis, Lix.; Syst. Nat.,1114. Pennant; Brit. Zool., t. 45, f. 22. Cuemn.}
Conch., vi. t. 4, f.30. Monracu; Test. Brit., 48. Brue.; Encyc. Méth., pl.
223, f. 2, 3. Turron; Conch Dict., 160. Brit. Biv., p.83. Woon; Gen.
Conch., pl. 28, f. 1, 2. Index, pl. 3, f. 6. Lam.; sn. sans Vert., vi. 55.
Conran ; Marine Conch., pl.5,f. 1. Donovan; Brit. Shells, pl. 50. Maron
and Racxetr; Lin. Trans., viii. 44.
Solen curvus, Lister; Conch, t. 411, f. 257.
Shell scabbard-shaped ; about six times as long as high, the
ends rounded, the front and back nearly parallel, white within, and
covered without by a glossy, yellowish or brownish-green epider-
mis, which folds over the sharp edge of the shell. On the sur-
face is a triangle of lines marking the termination of the longer
side at the successive stages of growth ; hinge at one end; on
one valve is a single tooth from which a rib or plate extends to
the ligament ; on the other valve are two teeth, and a double
plate receiving those of the opposite valve between them ; the
terminations of the two ribs rise up in a curved manner and cross
each other like teeth, when not broken off, as they usually are.
Length of a good specimen 6 inches, height 1 inch.
This well-known shell is found on both shores of the Atlantic.
It lives on sandy beaches near low-water mark, as at Chelsea, Na-
hant, and Nantasket beaches, and about Newburyport, Nantucket,
&c. It is displaced by heavy storms, and thrown up by the tide.
It may often be seen projecting a little above the level of the sand,
but, if touched or disturbed, it descends with astonishing rapidity
and force, muchto the amazement of him who may lay hold of it,
thinking to make an easy capture.
The animal is cylindrical, too long for the shell, and is often used
as an article of food under the name of long clam, razor-fish, knife-
handle, &c. ‘These names are enough to suggest an idea of the
shell to any one who is not already familiar with it.
GENUS SOLECURTUS, Biarnv.
Shell transverse, elongated, equivalve, the beaks small, sub-
central, margins nearly parallel, ends abruplly rounded ; hinge
30 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. .
with two or three cardinal teeth in each valve ; ligament prominent,
seated on thick callosities ; palleal impression with a very deep
sinus.
The above generic definition will include all the shells originally
embraced in the genus by Blainville, except those of his first di-
vision, — ‘¢ shells compressed, thin, with an interior rib passing
from the beaks to the basal margin.”? An acquaintance with the
animal has shown the necessity of subdividing his genus. Mr.
Sowerby proposes to limit it to the species having the interior
bar. But Deshayes, in his edition of Lamarck, has already limit-
ed the genus to shells of a different type ; and it would, therefore,
seem most proper that any new name which may be given should
be applied to other forms. I have, therefore, separated those
with the interior bar and other peculiarities for a new genus.
If we adopt Deshayes’ modification of the genus, so that it shall
include only such as are transversely oblong-oval, covered with
obliquely undulating strie, the hinge central, &c., we shall still
have another group left, of shells equally distinct in character by
their sub-cylindrical, somewhat arched form, compressed at base,
the extremities abruptly and usually obliquely rounded, the beaks
near the posterior end, the parallel sinus very deep, &c., answer-
ing, in fact, to Mr. Conrad’s sub-genus Cutrettus. This would,
of course, assume the rank of a genus in case the correctness of
the above views should be acknowledged.
Deshayes says, that the animal of S. Caribéus, legumen, &c.,
approaches closely to that of the true Solen. But, as the genus
Solen now admits only shells with terminal beaks, they must still
be arranged under Solecurtus.
Soxecu/rtus (Cultéllus) Carizx vs.
Shell sub-cylindrical, thick, rownded posteriorly, obliquely trun-
cated anteriorly ; beaks nearest the posterior extremity.
State Coll., No. 224. Soc. Cab., No. 14.
Lister ; Conch., t. 421. f. 265.
Solen Guineénsis, Cuemn.; Conch., xi. t. 198, f. 1937. Dittwyn; Catal., 62,
No. 13. Brue.; Encyc. Méth., pl. 225. f. 1.
Solen Caribe'us, Lam.; 4n. sans Vert., vi. 58.
Solecu’rtus Caribe‘us, Conran ; Amer. Mar. Conch., 4, f. 3.
SOLENACEA. MOLLUSCA. sOLECURTUS. 31
Shell oblong, transverse, very slightly curved, thick and strong,
the upper and lower margins nearly parallel; beaks obtuse and
slightly elevated, nearest the posterior end; this side is narrow-
est, rounded at the extremity, and having an obtuse ridge running
obliquely backwards from the beaks ; anterior extremity ob-
liquely truncated or abruptly rounded ; basal margin somewhat
compressed ; surface coarsely wrinkled by the stages of growth,
and on its disc are a few short, deep, straight scratches from the
beaks towards the base ; the whole covered bya dense and strong
yellowish epidermis, which folds over the edge. Hinge with two
awl-shaped cardinal teeth in each valve, curved, ascending :
behind them is a thick rounded callus, on which the ligament is
fixed. Interior white, thickened ; palleal impression with a sinus
which passes beyond the beaks. Length 4 inches, height “14
inch, breadth 1 inch.
Found in Buzzard’s Bay, at New Bedford and in its vicinity,
occasionally, which seems to be its northern limit.
It cannot be mistaken for any other of our shells.
SoLecu’/rtus (Cultéllus) rra’GILis.
Shell transversely oblong-ovate, arcuated, equilateral, with a red-
dish stripe from the beaks passing a little backwards, designating
the place of an obsolete rib within ; epidermis yellowish.
State,Coll.,. No. 242: Soe» Cab., No. 2317.
Solen fragilis, Purrenry ; Dorset Catal., 28. pl. 4, f.5. Monracu ; Test. Brit.,
51. Suppl., 26. Pennant; Brit. Zool.,iv. 174. Woop; Gen. Conch., 126. pl.
29, f. 4, 5. Index, pl. 3. f. 11. Dittwyn; Catal., 65. FrLemine; Brit.
Anim., 460.
Solecartus fragilis, Conrap ; Amer. Mar. Conch., 19, pl. 4, f. 1.
Solen centralis, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, ii. 316.
Psammobia teniata, Turron ; Brit. Biv., 85, pl. 8, f. 5.
Shell small and delicate, much broader than high, sub-oval ;
beaks not prominent, nearly central ; the upper and lower margins
curved, nearly parallel, the posterior end being, however, some-
what more sharply rounded than the anterior ; when viewed at
the back, the shell has a peculiar compressed appearance. Sur-
face smooth at the central region, and somewhat wrinkled at the
ends ; with a remarkable band of reddish purple passing from the
32 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
beaks across the shell, growing wider and fainter in its progress 5
some fainter and broader radiations may also be seen in old shells, |
when the epidermis is removed. [Epidermis straw-colored, or
becoming fawn-colored, slightly wrinkled posteriorly. Within,
livid, smooth, and shining, becoming thickened by age. The red
stripe is visible within, and covered by a faint, rib-like thickening.
Hinge of two large, ascending teeth on each valve, one of
which, on the left valve, grows broad and is emarginate at tip.
Length 12 inch, height t inch, width ,% inch.
This, like the preceding species, is occasionally found at New Bed-
ford, and other places in Buzzard’s Bay. It is rather common about
Rhode Island. [I have never met with a specimen north of Cape Cod;
though, if our shell be identical with the 8. fragilis of British writers, it
is found on the Canada coasts. It differs from the fragile specimens
known in British Cabinets, simply in growing to a much larger size,
and becoming thick and strong.
Genus MACHERA, Goutp.
Shell transversely oblong-oval, compressed, inequilateral, mod-
erately gaping ; beaks minute. Hinge with three diverging car-
dinal teeth in the left valve, the middle one bifid, the third one
compressed, delicate, taking the direction of the margin, or obso-
lete ; on the right valve two, entering between those of the opposite
valve. Within, usually crossed by a strong, longitudinal rib.
Muscular impressions joined by a deeply sinuous palleal line.
Ligament prominent.
Animal not much larger than the shell ; lobes of the mantle
united for about half their length, the whole of their margin pecti-
nated with fleshy teeth from near the siphon to the hinge, except
where they pass over the foot; similar bodies are also found
along their inner sub-margin, near the siphon. Labial palpi long,
extending quite across the foot, pointed. Branchiew extending to
the opening of the siphon and embracing about half the breadth
of the foot. Foot hatchet-shaped, dilating towards its extremity,
which is obliquely truncated. Siphons united to their tips, which
have scattered hairs. (Woop-cut of M. costata, see page 24.)
The above is the description of the animal of M. costata. It
SOLENACEA. ° MOLLUSCA. SOLECURTUS. 33
differs from Deshayes’ description of the animal of SoLecu/rrus
strigilldtus, in some obvious particulars. He makes no mention
of the fringe of fleshy teeth along the margin of the mantle, which
are so remarkable, and which are probably retractile. The bran-
chie do not enter the siphon ; —the foot is not tongue-shaped, but
somewhat club-shaped, and bent at a right angle within the shell ;
and the siphons are united entirely to their extremities, though
the branchial is slightly more elongated than the anal siphon.
This genus embraces, besides the two species here described,
the Solen radidtus, Lin., (Solectrtus licidus, Conrad,) SoLeN
maximus, Woon, (Solectrtus Nuttalliz, Conrad,) SoLen injlécus,
Woon, and S. pellictdus of Europe. ‘These accord with our
shells in all respects, except that the third tooth of the left valve
in some of them, is replaced by a marginal elevation simply.
They differ in their ovate and compressed form from SoLe-
cu’rtus, and especially do they differ from sub-genus CuL-
TE/LLUs by having the beaks placed anteriorly. ‘The sinus of the
palleal impression usually extends about half way to the hinge.
MacuH# Ra NI'TIDA.
‘
Shell slightly recurved, thick, white, undulated by the lines of
growth, covered with a strong, greenish-yellow, shining epidermis,
corrugated at the posterior extremity.
Fieures 25, 26.
State Coll., No. 240. Soc. Cab., No. 1717.
Shell thick, white, oblong-ovate, beaks small, situated at the
anterior fifth of the shell, narrowed behind, rounded at both ex-
tremities ; the posterior hinge margin is straight and somewhat
compressed, and the basal margin being at the same time regularly
curved gives the shell a somewhat recurved aspect. Epidermis
thick, shining, as if varnished, of a dusky greenish-yellow or dark-
gamboge color, wrinkled obliquely at the posterior extremity, and
projecting beyond and folding around the edge of the shell.
Lines of growth broadly and prominently rounded, giving a wavy
appearance. Within white and strengthened by a prominent rib,
which, extending from the beaks, inclining very slightly backwards,
and expanding, loses itself in the shell about half way across the
5
34 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
valve. Hinge having the teeth seated upon the base of the rib ;
in the left valve three ; the first strong, ascending and curved, the
second still stronger and widely branched, one branch being erect,
the other nearly prostrate, the third very much compressed,
delicate, at right angles with the first and directed parallel to the
margin, just under the ligament; on the other valve two teeth, the
first prominent, a little oblique, the other very thin and oblique,
entering between the middle and last tooth of the opposite valve.
Ligament quite protuberant. Height 11 inch, length 24 inches,
width 2 inch.
Not unfrequently taken from the stomachs of cod-fish caught on
the Banks, and sometimes off our shores.
This species differs from all its co-species by the inclination of the
rib towards the longer side of the shell, and also by its apparent back-
ward curvature. It is, however, very closely allied to the shells
figured by Wood and Conrad.
It is very rare to find all the teeth entire. The two thin teeth next
the ligament are almost always broken; but a careful examination
will discover their vestiges; and they never seem to be obsolete.
The erect tooth of the left valve is not unfrequently broken, and per-
haps one of the branches of the bifurcated tooth. The large tooth of
the right valve is most constant.
MacHa@’RA COSTA'TA.
Shell thin, smooth, shining; epidermis greenish, zoned and
radiated with livid-violaceous ; internal rib inclining forward.
Fieure, see Wood-cut, page 24.
State Coll., No. 239. Soc. Cab., No. 1716.
Solen costatus, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 315.
Soleciirtus costatus, Say ; Amer. Conch., pl. 18. Conrav; Amer. Mar. Conch.,
Q1, pl. 4, f. 2.
Shell ovate-elliptical, thin, fragile, smooth, and diaphanous ;
beaks very minute, placed at the anterior fourth of the shell ; pos-
terior side very little pointed, its upper margin compressed and
somewhat crested ; basal margin sometimes a little contracted ;
elsewhere regularly arcuated. Epidermis very smooth and shin-
ing, of a light yellowish-green color blended with livid-violaceous
SOLENACEA. MOLLUSCA. SOLEMYA. 35
in such a manner as to form three radiated compartments of each
color. There are minute wrinkles about the posterior extremity,
and minute series of them across the middle of the shell, arranged
so as to appear like radiating lines. Within livid, and somewhat
iridescent. Rib white, inclining backwards, and extending about
two thirds across the valves. ‘Teeth as in the preceding species,
excepting that the branch of the bifurcated tooth is less prostrate.
The same remark as to their deficiencies applies to this species as
to the other. Height 2 inch, length 7, inch, width ,8, inch.
Found abundantly upon every sandy beach, and probably
inhabits the sand in shallow water. It is one of our most beauti-
ful shells. It is much more delicate and smaller than M. nitidus.
The radiations of color are evident, but have no very distinct
dividing lines ; a whitish, narrow ray, running obliquely backwards,
and another answering to the interior rib, are generally conspicu-
ous. The colors are also arranged in zones, as well as rays.
Genus SOLEMYA, Lam.
Shell equivalve, inequilateral, transverse ; epidermis thick and
shining, projecting far beyond the margin; beaks inconspicuous ;
hinge margin widened and excavated to form a receptacle for a
cartilage, usually resting on a rib-like support.
SoLEMYA VELUM.
Shell oblong, very thin and fragile ; epidermis pale yellowish-
brown, marked with radiating lines; within purplish-white ; car-
tilage-support arched, the points directed across the shell.
State Coll., No. 222. Soc. Cab., No., 1738.
Solemy'‘a velum, Say ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 317.
Shell remarkably thin and fragile, transversely oblong, rather
broadest behind ; very inequilateral, upper and lower margins
nearly parallel, ends rounded ; beaks in no degree elevated, but
having a slight pit in front of them; surface of the valves radiated
with about fifteen slightly impressed, double lines, most conspicu-
ous posteriorly, and most widely separated across the middle ;
short end distinctly wrinkled by the lines of growth ; epidermis
light yellowish-brown or chestnut-color, firm, elastic, glossy, at
36 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
the hinge margin connecting the valves together for nearly their
whole length, and elsewhere projecting far beyond the margin of the
calcareous portion, and slit at each of the radiating lines, whence
the edges have a ragged, fringed appearance, the angles of the
lobes rounded ; hinge toothless, consisting of a large triangular re-
ceptacle for the cartilage, in each valve, resting on, and partly
inclosed by, a whitish bony support, arched beneath, the legs of
the arch partly inclosing the anterior muscular impression, and the
hinder branch directed nearly across the shell. Length 1 inch,
height 3 inch, breadth 3; inch.
Found upon Chelsea, Nahant, Nantasket, and other sandy
beaches, generally in the early months, and some years in great
abundance. At Dartmouth harbour, Professor Adams found them
in mud, far beyond low-water mark.
It is an exceedingly delicate and curious shell ; its epidermis, hang-
ing over the edges like a veil, at once distinguishing it. ‘The dimen-
sions, given above, include the epidermis, and are those of a shell of
the largest size. In the younger stages the border of the epidermis
is entire. ‘The bony substance of the valves is so thin, that the lighter-
colored radiations are quite obvious within.
Its special distinguishing marks will be more particularly pointed
out in the description of the next species.
SoLEMYA BOREALIS.
Shell fragile, oblong ; epidermis dark-brown, with fifteen to
twenty lighter radiating lines; within grayish-blue ; cartilage-
support forked, the hinder branch directed obliquely forwards.
State Coll., No. 221. Soc. Cab., No. 1739.
Solemy'a borealis, Torren ; Stlliman’s Journ., xxvi. 366, fig. 1.
Solemy‘a velum, Conrap; Amer. Mar. Conch., pl. 66, f. 16.
This shell would be described in terms so similar to those em-
ployed for the preceding species, that a notice of those points in
which they differ will be the best description.
It greatly excels in size, — the smallest that has been noticed
exceeding the largest 8. velum. The valves are less convex,
and very much more solid, and their color within is always a
grayish-blue or lead-color ; the basal margin is a little arched up-
wards ; the ends are a little scolloped, there being a slight pro-
SOLENACEA. MOLLUSCA. PANOPMA, 37
jection corresponding to each fissure of the epidermis ; the
cartilage-support instead of being arched is forked, and the hinder
branch is directed obliquely forwards, extending half way to the
anterior margin; the epidermis is always of a very dark brown
or tar-color, marked with fifteen to twenty radiating lines ; the
projecting margin is slashed as in the other species, but the angles
of the lobes are not rounded, their edges have a thinned, crimped
margin, and are usually rolled back.
Chelsea Beach is the only locality in Massachusetts, that I know of,
where this species has been found. inches.
Brought from St. George’s and Grand Banks. I am not aware
that it has actually been found in the waters of this State.
The obvious distinguishing marks between this shell and the preced-
ing are, in M. Jauresit the coarse, rough exterior, its longer and un-
MACTRACEA. MOLLUSCA. MONTACUTA. 59
cut posterior side; its very peculiar outline when viewed with the
beaks presenting, on account of its thickness anteriorly; and its
strong, curved, nearly smooth lateral teeth.
.Y
GENUS MONTACUTA, TurRTOoN.
Shell ovate or oblong, equivalve, inequilateral, nearly closed ;
hinge with two teeth in each valve, and a cavity between them ;
lateral teeth none.
This genus with the following, seems to have been adopted by
several distinguished conchologists. There appears, however, no
very good grounds for separating them. The genus Tellimy a of
Brown, which comprehends them both, may yet supersede them.
Fleming conjectures that they are merely the fry of Wya and Lu-
traria; but in this I think he is in error. None of the shells
found on our coasts could ever have originated from such forms.
Montacita would probably come under Ungulina, and Keéllia un-
der Erycina, of Lamarck. ;
MonTACUTA BIDENTA'TA.
Shell minute, white, ovate-triangular ; surface roughened with
loose lines of growth, beaks pointed ; tooth on the shorter side oblique
and excavated for the reception of the ligament.
State Coll., No. 215. Soc. Cab., No. 2320.
Mya bidentata, Montacu; Test. Brit., 44, t. 26, f. 5. Maron and Racxerr;
Lin. Trans., viii. 41. Pennant; Brit. Zool., iv. 166. Woon; Gen. Conch.,
99. Index, pl. 3, f. 16. Dittwyn; Catal.,45. Turron; Conch. Dict., 102.
Brit. Biv., 60.
Shell minute, fragile, white within and without, ovate-triangu-
lar, inequilateral, rather convex ; beaks nearest the broader end,
acute and prominent, pointing to the longer end; upper margin
sloping rapidly from the beaks, ends regularly and bluntly rounded,
base scarcely curved; surface shining, but rendered somewhat
scabrous or rough by numerous, loosely cohering edges of the
stages of growth; its only variation in color consisting in the
opacity or transparency of its substance. Within, polished, and
60 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
destitute of any apparent muscular or palleal impressions except in
very old specimens, but faintly marked with radiating lines. Hinge
consisting of two teeth diverging from the beaks, so as to leave a
triangular vacancy between them; one of them considerably
elevated, and more so in one valve than in the other, while that on
the shorter side scarcely rises, at its tip, above the edge of the
valve, and its inner surface is excavated and receives the ligament.
Length nearly 3 inch, height 2 inch, breadth >, inch.
Found by Mr. C. F. Shiverick, in New Bedford harbour.
Only a few specimens have, as yet, been obtained.
It is very difficult to refer, with certainty, so small a shell to any
described species or even genus. However, by means of specimens
of M. substridta furnished me by Dr. Lovén, I have become fully
satisfied as to the genus. It seems also to accord sufficiently well with
the M. bidentdta to warrant us in designating it as that species. It is
probably a borer like its European co-species, and may, most likely,
be found abundantly in the antiquated surfaces of old and thick oyster
shells.
GENus KELLIA, Turron.
Shell somewhat globular, equivalve, closed; hinge with two ap-
proximate teeth, and a remote lateral tooth in one valve, and a
concave tooth and remote lateral one in the other.
KELLIA RUBRA.
Shell sub-oval, white, with a thin, purplish epidermis ; beaks
prominent.
Figure 23.
State Coll., No. 216. Soc. Cab., No. 2321.
Cardium rubrum, Montacu ; Brit. Shells, 83, t. 27, f.4. Pennant; Brit. Zool.,
iv. 189. Woop; Gen. Conch., 213. Dituwyn; Catal., 131.
Cardium leve, Warker; Test. Minut., 24.
Tellina rubra, Turton; Conch. Dict., 168.
Kéllia rubra, Turron; Brit. Biv., 58. Fremine; Brit. Anim., 430.
Shell minute, rather thick, sub-oval, very inequilateral, rather
compressed ; beaks rather prominent, and in contact, having
before them a deeply excavated, elongated, smooth areola ; ends
LITHOPHAGIDE. MOLLUSCA. SAXICAVA. 61
broadly rounded, especially the posterior tip ; basal margin scarce-
Jy curved and nearly parallel with the superior margin ; surface
marked with the lines of growth, eroded at the beaks, and covered
with a purplish or dirty-brown rather thick epidermis. Within
white and glossy ; two muscular impressions and the palleal line
directly connecting them, without any sinus, quite perceptible.
Hinge consists, in the right valve, of a narrow, erect, central tooth,
and an imperfect one each side, slightly detached from the edge
of the valve ; in the left valve, of a well-defined tooth on each
side, barely separated from the edge of the valve, leaving a tri-
angular vacancy between them to receive the central tooth of the
opposite valve. Length } inch, height } inch, breadth ;', inch.
Several specimens of this minute shell were found by Mr. C.
F. Shiverick in the harbour of New Bedford. I have also found
it about the roots of sea-weed, which seems to be its proper
station.
The arrangement of the teeth does not seem to be well expressed
in the generic description ; but as they accord precisely with those of
a specimen of K. sub-orbicularis sent me by Dr. Lovén, I do not
hesitate to place our shell under the genus. I cannot find that it dif-
fers essentially from the foreign K. rubra, except that its color does
not appear to be of so bright a red as Montagu’s figure.
Famity LITHOPHAGID A, Lam.
Shell burrowing, but without a tube or accessory valves, more or less gap-
ing ; ligament external.
Genus SAXICAVA, Lam.
Shell transverse, inequilateral, gaping posteriorly and above ;
hinge nearly toothless.
SAXiCAVA DISTORTA.
Shell oblong, inequivalve, rounded before, and generally trun-
cated behind, and with a prominent ridge running from the beaks
to the lower posterior angle ; surface rough and irregular.
Fieure 40.
State Coll., No. 243. Soc. Cab., No. 1751.
62 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Saxicava distérta, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 318.
My’tilus rugosus, Lin., &c.
Shell oblong-oval, coarse, white, very irregular in shape ; in-
equivalve, the right valve projecting over the left except at the
shorter end ; inequilateral, the anterior side rounded and generally
of about one half the length of the other side, but the beaks are
sometimes nearly terminal ; the posterior end is most frequently
truncated, but at other times rounded ; gaping ; beaks rather
prominent, from which two ridges or elevated lines run back-
wards, one near the margin, and the other to the lower angle, giv-
ing the included surface a lozenge shape. In some shells these
lines are very distinct, and they are armed with a series of
elevated, arched scales or spines 3 the basal margin is usually con-
tracted at the middle, and slightly arched upwards ; surface coarse-
ly marked with the lines of growth, and irregularly undulated ;
epidermis thin, dingy-yellow. Ligament aided by the mantle,
which adheres all along the back. ‘Teeth for the most part want-
ing ; when not wanting, a single rudimentary tooth in one valve is
received into a pit in the opposite valve ; muscular impressions
obscure. Length 1 inch, height 2 inch, breadth 2 inch.
Found adhering to marine objects. ‘They may almost always
be found among the roots of fuci, which are thrown up by storms,
adhering to stones, shells, &c. ‘The best I have ever obtained
were taken from a log drawn out of one of our timber docks, to
which they were adhering by a silken byssus issuing from the
middle of the base.
The foot of the animal is of a bright orange-color.
This shell is a perfect Proteus, of which no description can be given
that is not liable to mislead. I think there can be little doubt, that the
same shell exists on the European shores, and that it has been already
described under at least one name. But, as I have not the means of
arriving at certainty on this point, I have chosen, until better satisfied,
and as it will introduce no new name, to retain that which Mr. Say
applied to it.
In the first place, it would come under the genus Byssomy’ a, on ac-
count of its being furnished with a byssus. But the majority of the
best modern conchologists regard this circumstance as of little im-
portance, and consequently reject the genus. Some specimens cor-
LITHOPHAGID. MOLLUSCA. PETRICOLA. 63
respond well with the description of S. phéladis, Lam., the Mya
byssifera of apr. These are found in places where their regular
growth is unobstructed. Other specimens, and especially adult ones,
seem not to vary from 8S. rugdsa. Nothing could apply better to our
shell, than Turton’s description of Mytilus rugosus, in his ‘Con-
chological Dictionary.” But our shell is less likely to belong to this
than to 8. phéladis, inasmuch as, besides the presence of a byssus, our
shell is not a borer like 8. rugosa ; indeed, there are no rocks on our
coast of a calcareous nature. e
Again, there are small specimens in which the two lines or ridges
along the posterior slope, armed with spines, are very conspicuous,
corresponding to the S. rhombéides of Deshayes, the My'tilus preci-
sus of Montagu, and doubtless the Hiatélla arctica of Lamarck,
(Solen minitus, Lin.)
Now all these varieties are found living promiscuously together ;
and, as their shape is known to be greatly modified by the circum-
stances under which they are developed, the rational conclusion is,
that they all pertain to the same species ; and the probability is, that
they are identical with the European shell; but under what name to
place them, and whether under one or more, it is now impossible to say.
-“
GENUS PETRICOLA, Lam.
Shell transverse, inequilateral, rounded before, narrowed posteri-
orly ; hinge almost toothless ; ligament exterior.
PETRICOLA PHOLADIFORMIS.
Shell ovate-cylindrical, chalky-white, very inequilateral, acutely
rounded before, covered with elevated radiating lines and ribs ; an
ovate areola before the beaks ; teeth two in each valve, one in the
left valve deeply cleft.
State Coll., No. 244. Soc. Cab., No. 1746.
Petricola pholadiférmis, Lam.; @n. sans Vert., vi. 159. Drsnayes ; Encyc. Méth.,
Vers, iii. 747. Sowersy; Genera, Petricola, f. 1,2. Say; Amer. Conch., pl.
60, f. 1. Conrap; Amer. Mar. Conch., pl. 7.
Petricola fornicata, Say; Journ. Acad, Nat. Sc., ii. 319. Russeti; Essex Co.
Soc. Journ., i. 55,
Shell much elongated, ovate-cylindrical, chalky-white within
and without ; equivalve, very inequilateral, the anterior portion
64 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
very short, and acutely rounded ; posteriorly very little narrowed,
the hinge and basal margins nearly parallel, and the extremity
bluntly rounded and a little gaping ; beaks elevated, and inclined
forwards ; in front of them is a sharply ovate lunule, distinctly
defined, and marked only by the lines of growth ; behind them is
a projecting ligament of considerable length ; surface coarsely
marked by the stages of growth, and covered with elevated, ra-
diating lines, various in size and distance ; at the posterior hinge
margin they are crowded and very faint, while anteriorly they are
Jarge and distant ; about seven or eight of them are more prom-
inent than the rest, and the lines of growth rise upon them into
vaulted, tooth-like scales ; hinge margin very narrow ; teeth two
in each valve, seeming to arise out of the cavity of the beaks,
and curving upwards ; in the right valve one tooth is prominent
and furrowed ; the other, arising a little before it, and a little
deeper within the shell, is quite short ; in the left valve is one
large, prominent tooth, so deeply divided as to resemble two,
and directly behind it, diverging widely in the direction of the
margin, is a thin, much less elevated tooth. Muscular impres-
sions faint, connected by a very deeply notched palleal impres-
sion ; furrows within answer to the ribs without. Length 14
inch, height {4 inch, breadth 2 inch.
Found on various parts of our coast; at Chelsea and Nahant
beaches it is found abundantly, imbedded in jutting fragments of a
marsh which once existed there, but which has been washed away
by inroads of the sea, and now only an occasional remnant lifts its
head above the surrounding sand. Also in great quantities boring
into the hard blue clay, at low-water mark, on Phillips’s Beach.
Deshayes remarks, that this is a very extraordinary shell on ac-
count of its exterior aspect, which would lead one to mistake it for a
small Pholas. ‘To any one who has seen a Pholas, the resemblance
is striking; but the want of any wide gaping, and the articulated
hinge, at once correct the first impression.
The teeth are so long and slender, that it is a rare thing to find a
specimen in which some of them are not fractured. .
The animal, according to the observations of the Rey. J. L.
Russell, has two tubes or siphons extending from the longer end, the
orifice of the one for imbibing water fringed with a circle of feathery
NYMPHACEA. MOLLUSCA. saneuinotaRia. 65
hairs, consisting of four large and four small ones; and the same
number of short, obtuse points, without fringe, surround the orifice of
the other tube.
PETRICOLA DACTYLUS.
Shell elongated-ovate, chalky-white, very inequilateral, covered
with radiating lines and ribs ; no areola before the beaks ; teeth, two
in the right, and three in the left valve.
Figure 41.
State Coll., No. 245. Soc. Cab., No. 2327.
Petricola dactylus, Sowrersy ; Genera, Petricola, f.3. Say; Amer. Conch., pl.
60, f. 2.
This shell very closely resembles the preceding, and will be
best described by a comparison with it. It has a more ovate
form, the basal margin being considerably arcuated ; the anterior
extremity is broader, and obtusely rounded; there is no marked
areola before the beaks, but a deep depression under them ; the
ligament is longer ; the radiating lines are more numerous, the rib-
like anterior ones are more numerous (about sixteen), less ele-
vated, and the lines of growth merely undulate over them without
being raised into vaulted scales ; in the right valve are two teeth
similar to those in P. pholadiformis, but shorter and grooved ; in
the left valve, instead of the large, cleft tooth, we have two teeth,
the division between them answering to the cleft in the other
species ; the large middle tooth is folded, and the posterior one is
very slender. Length 12 inch, height ? inch, breadth $3 inch.
Sent to me by Dr. L. M. Yale from Martha’s Vineyard.
It is a proportionally shorter and broader shell ; but its most obvious
mark of distinction is the want of an areola before the beaks.
Famity NYMPHACEA, Lam.
Not more than two cardinal teeth on the same valve ; nymphe, in general
externally prominent, and covered by the ligament.
Genus SANGUINOLARIA, Lam.
Shell equivalve, inequilateral, sub-ovate, compressed, rounded
anteriorly, sub-rostrate posteriorly, slightly gaping at sides ; hinge
9
66 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
with two small cardinal teeth in each valve ; palleal impression with
a deep sinus.
SANGUINOLA RIA FUSCA.
Shell compressed, ovate-orbicular, sub-equilateral, rounded be-
fore and somewhat pointed behind ; white, covered with a dusky
epidermis ; teeth two in each valve, the largest of which is grooved.
Fieure 42.
State Coll., No. 212. Soc. Cab., No. 1754.
Psammobia fusca, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., v. 220.
Sanguinolaria fusca, Conran ; Amer. Mar. Conch., 34, pl. 7, f. 1.
Tellina inconspicua? Sowersy ; Zool. Journ., iv. 359.
Tellina Grénlandica, Becx.
Tellina Balthica, Lin.
Shell thin, white, compressed, ovate-orbicular, nearly equi-
lateral, height nearly equal to length, rounded before, somewhat
narrowed and pointed behind ; beaks minute ; an imperfect ridge
or fold runs from the beaks to the posterior termination ; surface
finely wrinkled by the lines of growth, covered by a whitish or
dusky epidermis ; ligament exterior ; two unequal, parallel teeth
in each valve, the large one opposing the small one in the other
valve, and deeply groved or cleft ; muscular impressions distinct.
Length qo Inch, height 7% inch, breadth 35 inch.
This is one of our most abundant bivalve shells. It is thrown up
on every beach, and appears to live everywhere in shallow, still water.
Multitudes appear in the mud which is obtained about Boston at low
tide for raising wharves, extending the land, &c.
Its varieties in size, strength, and color, are very great. In muddy
bays they grow to a large size, are thick, and of a bluish or sometimes
a rusty color, and are covered with a firm, dark epidermis. In clean,
sandy localities they are very delicate and thin, pure white, or some-
times of a delicate rose-color or lemon-color, and the epidermis is
very slight. .
All recent authors, except Deshayes, agree in calling this a San-
guinolaria.
It is undoubtedly identical with Tellina Gronldndica of Beck; and
it certainly is very like, if not identical with, Sowerby’s 'T. inconspicua,
published in the ‘ Zoological Journal.” ‘The young, delicate, white,
or rose-tinted ones accord in every respect with T, Balthica.
NYMPHACEA, MOLLUSCA. TELLINA. 67
SANGUINOLA RIA SORDIDA.
Shell sub-oval, thin, white, covered with a dusky epidermis ; an-
terior side semi-oval, and longest, posterior termination somewhat
angular ; hinge teeth, two in each valve, one of which is cleft.
State Coll., No. 209. Soc. Cab., No. 2329.
Tellina sérdida, Cournouy; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 59, pl. 3, f. 11.
Shell sub-oval, compressed, thin and brittle, slightly gaping, in-
equilateral, the anterior side being longest and semi-oval ; behind
the beaks the margin declines rapidly in nearly a straight line,
forming a rounded angle as it joins the base, and bordered by a
faint, roughened wave ; surface somewhat undulated by the lines
of growth, especially on the anterior slope, and covered by a thin,
dusky or dirty-white epidermis ; beaks minute ; cardinal teeth two
in each valve, a large one which is cleft, and a very delicate one
which is seldom entire ; lateral teeth wanting, or consisting of a
feeble compression and elevation of the posterior hinge margin ;
sinus of the palleal impression nearly reaching the anterior muscu-
lar impression ; interior bluish-white. Length % inch, height
<5 inch, breadth 3 inch.
Found in considerable numbers, and in a fresh state, in fish caught
off Nahant.
It is quite clear that this shell belongs to the same genus as Say’s
Psammobia fusca. 'The hinge is precisely the same, and _ the
slight wave along the posterior margin is no more conspicuous than in
that shell. Its habit and general aspect are also the same.
Genus TELLINA, Lin.
Shell transverse, sub-equivalve, compressed, angular, and some-
what rostrated at the posterior end, where there is an irregular, wave-
like fold ; two small cardinal teeth, and generally two lateral teeth
im each valve.
TELLINA TENTA.
Shell white, oval, behind shortest, narrowed, very much warped
and widely gaping ; lines of growth very fine ; within polished, and
with numerous, fine, radiating lines.
68 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Figure 43.
State Coll., No. 210. Soc. Cab., No. 2328.
Tellina tenta, Say ; Amer. Conch., pl. 65, f. 3.
Shell small, thin, white, oval ; beaks pointed, moderately prom-
inent behind the middle ; posterior side narrowed, the point slight-
ly truncated, the posterior hinge margin curvilinear ; valves very
convex, the left one most so, widely gaping, and very far bent to
the right ; posterior fold distinct on the right valve ; outer surface
shining, but not polished, minutely wrinkled by the lines of growth,
and with a few fine, radiating lines across the middle ; inner sur-
face polished, white, tinted with yellow, and covered with radi-
ating lines, which produce a finely indented margin. Hinge very
delicate, with two diverging cardinal teeth on the right valve, and
a single one on the left ; a posterior lateral tooth on the right
valve, and a corresponding groove on the left ; ligament minute,
prominent ; muscular and palleal impressions distinct. Length
2 inch, height 2 inch, breadth + inch.
Found by Professor Adams in 1838 in Dartmouth harbour ; -
and in 1839 he obtained numerous single valves in mud dredged
up in New Bedford harbour. Mr. Say received it from South
Carolina.
This is a distinctly characterized, true Tellina, and differs from all
others of our shores. It is larger than T. ténera, and has not its
polished surface. It differs from others principally in its less trian-
gular, strongly warped, and widely gaping posterior portion, and the
radiating lines within.
TELLINA TE/NERA.
Shell oblong sub-oval, thin, white, iridescent, delicately marked
by the lines of growth ; inequilateral, shortest and pointed behind ;
posterior lateral tooth obsolete.
Fieure 44.
State Coll., No. 211. Soc. Cab., No. 1783.
Tellina ténera, Sav; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 303.
Shell small, thin, and delicate, transversely sub-oval, or, if we
regard the posterior portion, sub-triangular ; slightly longest and
NYMPHACEA. MOLLUSCA. LUCINA. 69
semi-oval before the beaks ; the posterior slope sudden and nearly
straight, forming a blunted angle by its junction with the base ;
marginal fold well marked ; surface regularly and delicately mark-
ed by sharp lines of growth ; color white, or slightly tinged with
rose-color, and iridescent ; ligament short and prominent ; cardi-
nal teeth two in each valve, the posterior one of the left valve
rudimentary, the principal one in each valve grooved ; lateral
tooth on the longer side distinct ; that on the shorter side, just
behind the ligament, scarcely perceptible ; sinus of the palleal
impression nearly reaching the anterior palleal impression. Length
34 inch, height . inch, breadth 3, inch.
Found abundantly cast upon all our sandy beaches, and prob-
ably lives not far from low-water mark.
It isa very pretty little species, its beauties becoming developed by
examination. There are two other species closely allied to it; the T.
polita, which is a somewhat larger and stronger shell, its posterior
angle more prolonged and sharper, and its surface smooth, glossy,
porcelain-white ; also T. iris, of about the same size, solidity, and
color, but its surface is marked by oblique grooved lines which at
once distinguish it. This is not found on our shores, nor am I cer-
tain that T. polita has been. It is not likely to be confounded with
any other shell.
Genus LUCINA, Barve.
Shell rounded, beaks small ; two diverging cardinal teeth, one
of which is bifid, and usually two lateral teeth, one of them near the
cardinal teeth, in each valve ; there 1s sometimes a posterior angle,
but never a fold, as in Tellina; palleal impression without a
sinus.
LucrNa RA/DULA.
\
Shell orbicular, compressed ; surface with numerous concentric,
laminated strie ; lunule depressed, lanceolate ; lateral teeth wanting.
State Coll.; No. 213. Soc. Cab., No. 2330.
Tellina radula, Monracu; Test. Brit., 68, pl. 2,f.2. Pennant; Brit. Zool., iv.
181. Racxkett; Lin. Trans., viii. 54. Woon; Gen. Conch., 183, pl. 42,
f.4,5. Turron; Brit. Biv.,116. Conch. Dict., 175. Curmy.; Conch., vii. 16,
70 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
t. 38, f. 399. Desnayes; Encyc. Méth., Vers., ii. 379. Lam.; An. sans Vert.,
vi. 225,
Venus borealis, Donovan; Brit. Shells, iv. pl. 130.
Venus sptiria, Dinnwyn; Catal., 194. Gmexin; Syst., 3284.
Pectiinculus subfascus, Lisrrr : Conch., t. 293, f. 129.
Shell white, thick, orbicular, regularly but moderately convex ;
hinge margin straight ; beaks small, pointed, slightly prominent,
inclining forwards over a small, indented, smooth, lanceolate
lunule ; on each side of the hinge runs a shallow furrow, which,
terminating in the margin, causes a slight undulation. Surface
covered with fine concentric, lamellar ridges, in the intervals of
which are often seen minute, radiating lines ; interior chalky-
white, except around the margin, where it is polished; with
radiating lines, most apparent near the margin. Hinge straight,
without lateral teeth, and with a single cardinal tooth in the left
valve, and two small, diverging ones in the right. Anterior mus-
cular impression very narrow, and directed obliquely to the
centre of the valves. Juength 13 inch, height the same, breadth
z°5 Inch.
This must be considered a rare shell, and an inhabitant of deep
water. Recueil d Obs. de Zool., §c., par Humb. et Bonpl., ii.
233. pl. 53, f.3. Lister; Conch., t. 15], f. 6.
Shell slender, oblong-lanceolate, very inequilateral ; beaks,
small, pointed, and slightly elevated ; hinge margin straight to
more than half the distance from the beaks to the posterior end,
when it suddenly declines and continues straight to the point ;
lower margin nearly parallel with the upper, though somewhat
rounded at the middle, and towards the end turns rapidly upward
towards the point, which is considerably produced, so as to form
a sort of snout. An angular ridge passes backwards from the
beaks to the tip, above which the shell is very much compressed ;
two or more radiating furrows are usually seen traversing this por-
tion. Surface rather smooth, not much wrinkled by the lines of
growth. Epidermis somewhat glossy, of a dark olive-green
color, which in old shells becomes quite dusky, with darker and
lighter zones alternating, and delicate, rather obscure rays of
dusky. Within, silvery white, iridescent, and oftentimes with
shades of bluish or salmon-color. Hinge with the cardinal teeth
rather delicate, compressed, and directed obliquely forwards, so
as to look to the middle of the front. Cavity of the beaks small.
Length 3 inches, height 11 inch, breadth 4 inch. _
This species is rather rare. I have found it in Fresh Pond,
Cambridge, and have received it from the ponds in Plymouth.
110 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Mr. 'T. J. Whittemore found several good specimens in the Mid-
dlesex Canal, not far from Charlestown. It is more common
in the Middle States.
It is not difficult to distinguish this from any of the species found in
Massachusetts. ‘The prolongation of the posterior extremity, which is
made more conspicuous by a contraction of the basal margin just be-
fore the tip, and its compressed and oblique teeth, are well marked
characteristics. But it is not so easy to distinguish smaller specimens of
this, from those of U. rectus and U. gibbosus, as the general form is the
same, and the prolongation of the tip in them is not very remarkable.
: ‘
UNIO RADIATUS.
Shell transversely oblong-ovate, broadest and angular behind,
inequilateral ; epidermis wrinkled, brownish-olive, zoned and
rayed with dusky-green; within bluish-white ; cardinal teeth
strong, erect, pyramidal.
Figure 73.
State Coll., No. 175. Soc. Cab., No. 2145.
Mya radiata, Gmevin; Syst., 3220. Dittwyn; Catal., i. 51. Woon; Gen.
Conch., 109.
Unio radiata, Lam.; An. sans Vert., vi. 535. Desu.; Encyc. Méth., Vers, ii. 581.
Usnio radidtus, Barnes; Silliman’s Journ., vi. 265, (young caridsus.) Hi-
pRETH ; Silliman’s Journ., xiv. Lea; Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., iii. 415, vi.
127, pl. 15, f. 48,49. (animal.) Synops. Naiad., 25. Conran; Unidnida, 24,
pl. 10, f. 2.
U'nio Virginiana, Lam.; 4n. sans Vert., vi. 544,
Mya oblongata, Woop ; Suppl., pl. v, f. 2.
Shell oblong ovate, broadest and angular behind, beaks near
the front, little elevated ; epidermis loosely and delicately wrin-
kled concentrically, olivaceous, with numerous rays of dusky-
green ; sometimes the wrinkles are also disposed in a radiated
manner. Hinge margin a little angular at the beaks ; anterior
extremity narrow, about one fourth the length of the shell, regu-
larly rounded, but the hinge margin turns downwards with a very
abrupt curve ; posterior side angular above, rounded at tip ; hinge
margin very little compressed ; basal margin regularly curved.
Interior white, iridescent posteriorly, with sometimes bluish or
NAIADES. MOLLUSCA. unio. Il!
flesh-colored tints. Cardinal teeth erect, triangular, pyramidal,
strengthened by a stout rib behind the anterior muscular impres-
sion. Length 3 inches, height 15%, inch, breadth 11 inch.
This is one of our common species, and is to be found in most
of the large streams and ponds. It is also one of the shells con-
fined to the eastern slope of the range of Alleghanies.
It exhibits but little variation in form, except the usual one, that
those inhabited by the female are broader behind than those inhabited
by the male.
No species is now better established than the one above described,
though there is good reason to believe that the U. radidtus of Barnes,
Dillwyn, Wood, and perhaps Say, was the young of either U. caridsus
or U. ochraceus, or both. It is most likely to be confounded with U.
siliquéideus ; but that shell has the epidermis lighter colored, very
closely adhering, and perfectly smooth and glossy; the teeth also are
more compressed and more oblique. Mr. Barnes observes of it that,
‘** amidst a variety almost infinite, like that of the human countenance,
there is still a characteristic identity of this species, which can scarcely
be mistaken by an experienced observer. One variety of radidtus
approaches nearest to this species, but the least appearance of rays
forbids its association.”” This last remark is far from being just.
\
UNIO CARIO'SUS.
Shell ovate, inflated, not very thick, inequilateral, beaks rather
prominent ; epidermis yellowish-olive, usually radiated with dark-
green; within usually bluish-white ; tecth compressed, oblique.
Ricurn,, 72.
State Coll., No. 179. Soc. Cab., No. 2354.
U\nio caridsus, Say; Wich. Encyc. (Amer. ed.) iv. pl. 3, f.2. Barnes; Silli-
man's Journ.,vi. 271. Lea; Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., (New Series,) vi. 126, pl.
15, f. 45. (animal). Synops. Naiad., 23.
Unio caridsa, Lam; An. sans Vert., vi. 545.
Utnio ovata, Vatenc.; Recueil d’ Obs. de Zool. par Humb. et Bonpl., ii. 226, pl.
50, f. 1.
Unio caridsus, Conrap; Unionidae, 40, pl. 19.
Musculus latior subfuscus, ceruleis lineis radiatus, Lister ; Conch., 152, f. 7.
Shell very variable in form, ovate, or rounded, moderately
112 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
thick, inflated ; beaks placed at the anterior third, rather promi-
nent, usually very much eroded ; hinge margin straight, ascending
from before backwards ; anterior end narrow, regularly rounded ;
posterior end regularly curved above and below, and in the male
terminating in a distinct angle, but in the female very broadly
rounded; a sharp ridge usually passes from the beaks towards the
posterior tip. Surface considerably undulated by the lines of
growth ; epidermis smooth, shining, and sometimes with rays of
minute wrinkles ; color dull greenish-yellow or light olive, usually
with rays of bright, dark-green, especially along the upper poste-
rior margin. Interior bluish-white, with sometimes a flesh-colored
tint. Cardinal teeth compressed and oblique ; lateral tooth rather
short; cavity of the beaks rather large. Length 3 inches, height
of male 12 inch, of female 2} inches, breadth 1} inch.
Found in the Connecticut river and its tributaries, and in ponds
in Plymouth County.
It is very difficult to fix upon characters which shall indicate this
shell, its variation in shape is so great. When young, it is thin and
beautifully radiated, and not easily distinguished from the young of
U. ochraceus ; and at maturity, no species presents a greater contrast
between the male and female than this. As found in this region it is
quite thin, and radiated only along the posterior margin; but in the
waters south of New England, it becomes larger and more solid.
\
UNIO OCHRA'CEUS.
Shell oblong, sub-ovate, inflated, thin, inequilateral angular
behind ; epidermis loosely wrinkled posteriorly, yellowish-green,
jinely radiated with olive; cardinal teeth compressed, nearly
parallel with the margin ; within salmon or rose-colored.
Figure 74.
State Coll., No. 174. Soc. Cab., 2203.
Unio ochraceus, Say; Wich. Encyc. (Amer. ed.) iv. pl. 2, f. 8. Lea; Trans. Amer.
Phil. Soc., (New Series,) vi. 126. pl. 15, f. 44. (animal). Synops. Naiad., 23.
Conrap; Unionidae, 37, pl. 17, f. 2.
Symphynota ochracea, Lra; Trans Amer. Phil. Soc., (New Series,) iii. 69.
NAIADES. f MOLLUSCA. ALASMODON. 113
Shell transversely oblong, sub-ovate, thin, translucent, very
much inflated ; beaks more than one third from the front, ele-
vated, inclined forwards and touching at the points ; hinge margin
straight, ending in an angle both anteriorly and posteriorly ; an-
terior end narrowest, compressed, especially above, rounded, and
widely gaping ; posterior end having its point angular in conse-
quence of a sharply angular ridge which passes from the beaks
and terminates there, and encloses a broad, depressed space, with
the margins compressed into a keel; base regularly rounded.
Surface tolerably regular; epidermis lying in fine loose folds
about the posterior end, color olivaceous, rather yellowish in
shells of the ordinary size, and finely radiated and zoned with
dark-olive over every part of the shell. Interior a very delicate
rose-color, or deep salmon-color, tinted with rose-red. Cardinal
teeth compressed, striated, directed forwards, and nearly parallel
with the hinge margin ; lateral teeth short ; cavity of the beaks
capacious. Length 23 inches, height 2 inches, breadth 1} inch.
Some specimens are found much larger. I have one, from
Pennsylvania, which measures 4; 22 ; 13. Such shells become
much thickened and proportionally elongated posteriorly ; they lose
the radiations of the epidermis, which is of a dark olive-color. I
do not know that any such shells have been found in Massa-
chusetts.
This shell is very rare, and I do not know of its having been
found anywhere except in the Plymouth ponds. When young, it is
scarcely to be distinguished from U. caricsus ; but it is more in-
flated, and the radiations of the epidermis are finer, and cover
more of the shell; it is not so glossy, and its interior is more
colored..
Grxus ALASMODON, Say.
Shell transverse, inequilateral ; hinge like that of Unio, ex-
cept that it is destitute of a lateral tooth.
ALA’/SMODON ARCUATA.
Shell more or less kidney-shaped, very inequilateral, thick,
15
114 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
beaks not prominent; epidermis pitchy-black ; within bluish-
white ; teeth erect, conical, grooved.
Figure 75.
State Coll., No. 172.. Soc. Cab., No. 2175.
Alasmodénta arcuata, Barnes; Silliman’s Journ., vi. 277, pl. 12, f. 20.
Mya margaritifera? Lin.; Dintwyn; Woop; &c.
5 ’ re )
Margaritana margaritifera, Lea; Trans Amer. Philos. Soc., vi. 135.
eS 5 ? ey b)
Shell transversely much elongated, ovate or kidney-shaped, |
thick and strong; beaks within the anterior fourth, scarcely rising
above the line of the hinge, very much eroded ; hinge and basal
margins usually curved, nearly parallel ; nearly as broad before as
behind the hinge, and rounded ; more pointed behind, and the tip
appears as if slightly truncated ; surface somewhat waved by the
lines of growth; epidermis close and smooth upon the disk,
loosely wrinkled towards the margin and posteriorly, color pitchy-
black. Within smooth, bluish-white, and sometimes tinted flesh-
color at the centre ; nacre not extending to the margin, leaving a
greenish border. Cardinal teeth two in the left valve, erect, strong,
pyramidal, the posterior one deeply grooved in front, so as to
form four or five denticles along its edge ; one on the right valve,
long, erect, a little twisted, deeply grooved along its front, and
with a pit each side, at base; cavity of the beaks shallow.
Length 44 inches, height 2 inches, breadth 1} inch.
Found in most running streams in the interior; I have never
found it near the sea-board.
It isa very common shell, and is at once known by its curved form,
dark color, and the want of a lateral tooth. It is the largest fresh-
water mussel we have.
Mr. Lea regards our shell as identical with the European Mya mar-
garitifera of the older authors, the Unio elongata of Lamarck, &c ;
but the shells which I have had an opportunity of examining present
some constant differences. The foreign shell is shorter, the beaks
more nearly central and more elevated, and the portion of the in- |
terior, within the palleal impression, is minutely granulated; and, as
my foreign specimens agree accurately with the figures of Chemnitz
and ‘Turton, | am induced to think there may be a constant difference.
The intervention of an ocean would strengthen the supposition. I
-
NAIADES. MOLLUSCA. ALASMODON. 115
have, therefore, felt disposed to retain the very appropriate name of
Barnes, until more fully satisfied. The European shell is the famous
river pearl-mussel, in which pearls of considerable beauty are occa-
sionally found. But, as far as I have observed, they are not oftener
found in our Alasmodon than in other species of fresh-water mus-
sels.
ALA’SMODON UNDULA\ITA.
Shell transversely-ovate, inequilateral, angular behind; beaks
tumid, elevated, undulated; epidermis dark-green, obscurely
rayed ; one cardinal tooth in each valve, supported by a strong
internal rib.
Ficure 76.
State Coll., No. 177. Soc. Cab., No. 2174.
U\nio undulata, Say; Nicholson’s Encyc., (Amer. ed.), iv. pl. 3, f. 3.
Alasmodénta undulata, Barnes; Stlliman’s Journ., vi. 279.
Mya undulata, Woop ; Suppl., pl. 1, f. 5.
Margaritana undulita, Lea; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., (New Series,) vi. 135.
Synops. Naiad., 44.
U\nio hians, Varenc.; Recuezl d’ Obs. de Zool., par Humb. et Bonpl. ii. 235, pl.
Bd, £. 2.
Alasmodon undulata, Swarnson ; Lardner’s Cab. Cyclop., exxiii. 288, f. 61.
Shell transversely-ovate, strong, much inflated, widely gaping ;
beaks at the anterior third, very prominent, tumid, with three or
four large, concentric, oblique undulations upon them ; anterior
and basal margins broadly and regularly curved, with a very
slightly lobed appearance in front of the beaks; posterior margin
angular behind the ligament, and pointed at tip, rapidly narrowed ;
ligamentary area imperfectly marked by an ill-defined ridge,
which is usually wrinkled in the direction of its course; margin
compressed. Surface a good deal undulated by the stages of
growth; epidermis shining, of a dark olive-color, everywhere
rayed with fine lines, alternately yellowish and dark, which are
not very conspicuous unless held up to transmitted light. Within,
the anterior half is thickened, opaque, and the color white; the
posterior half is translucent, thin, of a silvery lustre, exhibiting
the exterior radiations. Hinge supported on a very strong rib,
116 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
tooth of the right valve erect, conical, striated above ; tooth of
the left valve erect, produced backwards in a triangular manner,
under the ligament, with a pit in front of it; cavity of the beaks
very deep and capacious. Length 2 inches, height 12 inch,
breadth 1 inch.
Found in Blackstone River and its tributaries, and in Plymouth
county.
It is easily known by its short, tumid appearance, the undulations
on the beaks, and the peculiar hinge.
ALASMODON MARGINA'TA.
Shell transversely-ovate, wedge-shaped, inequilateral ; beaks
prominent ; surface obliquely wrinkled posteriorly ; epidermis
olivaceous, imperfectly radiated with dark green ; tooth small,
compressed, looking forwards ; nacre bluish-white, with a chalky-
white margin.
FIGuRE 77.
State Coll., No. 173. Soc. Cab., No. 2171.
Alasmodénta marginata, Say ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 459. Barnes ; Silliman’s
~
Journ., vi. 279.
Unio varicosa, Lam. ; An. sans Vert., vi. 543.
Alasmodonta truncata? Say.
Margaritana marginata, Lea; Trans. 4mer. Philos. Soc., (New Series,) vi. 135.
Mya ruguldsa, Woon ; Index, Suppl., pl. 1, f. 7.
Shell ovate, thin, widely gaping behind, wedge-shaped from
before backwards ; beaks at the anterior third, rather small, but
elevated, and having three or four small undulations ; anteriorly
low and rounded, but increases rapidly in height ; the posterior
hinge margin suddenly declines to form a rounded tip ; ridge from
the beaks elevated and well defined, above which the shell exhibits
coarse, rounded wrinkles, running obliquely upwards and out-
wards ; epidermis shining, olive-green, somewhat mottled with
dark and light shades, and with obscure, broken, radiating lines ;
within bluish-white, with shades of green, the margin chalky-
white. Hinge delicate, the teeth, one in each valve, small, com-
pressed, directed along the hinge margin so as almost to coincide
with it ; sometimes the teeth are only rudimentary ; cavity of the
NAIADES. MOLLUSCA. ANODON. 117
beaks rather deep, not very capacious. Length 2 inches, greatest
height 145 inch, breadth 35 inch.
Found in the Blackstone River and its tributaries, and in Shaw-
shin River, Andover. I have also received very beautiful speci-
mens from a pond in West Brookfield.
It not common, and may be readily distinguished from our other
species by its wedge-like form, when seen from above, by the remark-
able series of oblique wrinkles along the posterior slope, and by its
delicate teeth, which, in fact, sometimes wholly disappear. In the
character of its wrinkles it is much like A. rugésa. It is more
elongated than A. wnduldta, and has its greatest height at the posterior
termination of the hinge, instead of opposite the beaks, as in that shell.
Mr. Lea regards our shell as being the same as the western shell
named A. truncata by Say. Some of our specimens approach
them very closely, but ours is in general a less inflated, less angular
shell.
GENUS ANODON, Broa.
Shell transversely elongated, inequilateral, thin ; hinge toothless.
/
ANODON FLUVIATILIS.
Shell thin, inflated, transversely sub-oval, hinge margin
straight, crested behind ; beaks moderately elevated, epidermis deep
grass-green, obscurely rayed, darker above the posterior ridge ;
within white, tinted lilac.
Freure 80.
State Coll., No. 171. Soc. Cab., No. 2181.
Anodoénta cataracta, Say ; Nicholson’s Encyc., (Amer. ed.), iv. pl. 3, f. 4.
Mytilus fluviatilis, Dittpwyn ; Catal.
Anodonta fluviatilis, Lea; Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., (New Series,) vi. 138.
Synops. Naiad., 51.
Mytilus illitus, SoranpER; Portland Catal., 163.
Lister; Conch., t. 157, f. 12.
Shell transversely sub-oval, sub-cylindrical, thin, fragile, in-
flated ; beaks at the anterior two fifths of the shell, tumid, some-
what elevated, and minutely undulated at tip. Hinge margin
straight ; anterior imperfectly angular above, nearly as high as be-
118 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
hind the beaks ; upper posterior margin forming an obtuse angle
at the termination of the ligament, and declining in a straight line
to form a somewhat produced, blunted point ; this margin is com-
pressed into a sort of crest ; basal margin a good deal curved ;
surface undulated somewhat irregularly by the lines of growth ;
epidermis smooth and close except at the upper and posterior
portion, where it is loosely wrinkled; a few radiating series of
wrinkles may also be seen ; color a deep grass-green, becoming
dusky behind and above, and obscurely radiated. Nacre silvery,
or tinged with bluish or yellowish, margin greenish ; cavity of the
beaks not deep, large ; hinge edge very thin, rounded, scarcely
curved. Length 43 inches, height 2% inches, breadth 13 inch.
Inhabits ponds in the western and central parts of this State,
and is seldom found in any other part. Professor Adams, however,
assures me he has found it at Falmouth, and I have collected a
few specimens from clay-pits near Winter Hill, in Charlestown.
It greatly resembles the A. cy’gnea of Europe, and is chiefly dis-
tinguished by the latter having the beaks less central, and not at all
elevated. From the next species the most obvious distinctions are,
the bright green-color, together with the thinness of the shell. It is
very difficult, if not impossible, to draw the line between our shell
and some of the species of the Western waters. ‘They seem, most of
them, to be mere variations in size.
/
ANODON IMPLICATA.
Shell transversely-oblong, sub-oval, variable in proportions, thick
and strong ; exterior coarse ; epidermis yellowish-olive ; nacre
jlesh-colored.
Ficure 78.
State Coll., No. 169. Soc. Cab., No. 2192.
Anodonta implicata, Say ; New Harmony Disseminator.
Anodénta Newtoniénsis? Lea; Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., (New Series,) vi. 79,
pl. 21, f. 66.
Anodénta marginata? Say ; (young) WVicholson’s Encyc., (Amer. ed.), iv. pl. 3, f. 5.
Shell transversely-oblong, sub-oval, almost as broad as high,
sub-cylindrical, thick, opaque, strong, and heavy ; beaks removed
about two fifths the length of the shell from the anterior end,
rather elevated, obtuse ; breadth of shell greatest behind the
NAIADES. MOLLUSCA. ANODON. 119
middle ; hinge margin a little curved, forming an angle at both its
terminations ; the backward slope from this angle is usually a little
curved, and the posterior tip is rather blunt and somewhat trun-
cated ; the ridge from the beaks to this tip is very prominent,
generally bluntly rounded, but sometimes quite abrupt ; the space
above it is rough, but is little compressed, except in young
specimens ; three or four coarse lines often run along this space
in the direction of the ridge ; basal margin very gently curved in
young specimens, nearly parallel with the hinge margin in the
middle-aged, and deeply contracted or arched in old shells. Sur-
face rough, with coarse and irregular lines of growth ; epidermis
yellowish-olive, darker above and behind, and with dusky-brown
zones ; young shells are of a delicate grass-green, slightly rayed.
Interior silvery till after the middle age, when it becomes of a
delicate flesh-color or salmon-color. Length 4 inches, height 2}
inches, breadth 1,7, inch. Of another specimen 43 inches, 2,’
inches, 14% inch ; of another 3 inches, 14% inch, 175 inch.
Inhabits ponds in Essex and Middlesex counties, and is also
found in Maine; whether it occurs southward or not is un-
certain. A Pennsylvania shell, which Mr. Lea describes under
the name of A. Newtoniénsis, is so much like some varieties of
this shell as to render it probable that they are the same, and that
it is found throughout a wide southern range.
The above is the description of a characteristic specimen of a shell
which probably varies more in its form, color, and weight, than any
other Anodon. It is undoubtedly the A. implicdta ot Say, for it ac-
cords well with his description, and was received from a region where
no other species is found. In their younger stages it is difficult to
distinguish them from A. fluviatilis ; but the great thickening near the
margin, which the adult undergoes, and its light-yellowish epidermis,
render them entirely dissimilar. I have specimens in which portions of
the valves are three tenths of an inch thick. At the middle age, some
specimens so much resemble very old ones of U'nio radiatus, that it is
impossible to name them without examining the hinge. In the young,
the beaks are delicately undulated, the hinge margin is compressed
and connate, and the angle at its posterior termination is very decided.
Some specimens, of a middle size, lose all their angles, and the upper
and lower margins are similarly curved. Some have a dark tar-
colored epidermis; these are generally very broad in proportion to
their height.
120 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
fi
ANODON UNDULA'TA.
Shell transversely ovate, rather thick ; beaks prominent, epider-
mis dark-brown, radiated, coarsely wrinkled ; hinge margin wndu-
lated, and with the vestige of a tooth.
Figure 79.
State Coll., No. 170. Soc. Cab., No. 2191.
Anodonta undulata, Say; .Vicholson’s Encyc., (Amer. ed.), iv. pl. 3, f.6. Lea;
Synops. Naiad., 50.
Anodon rugésus, Swainson; Zool. Iilustr., pl. 96.
Shell oblong-ovate, thick and strong ; beaks sub-central,
elevated, the points in contact, and when not eroded they exhibit
four or five small undulations upon them ; before them is a spear-
shaped pit or areola, not covered by the epidermis ; behind them
the margin is slightly compressed, and has two or three coarse,
sub-marginal furrows ; no distinct angle at the termination of the
ligament ; posterior end somewhat bluntly rounded ; anterior end
compressed, sharply rounded ; basal margin regularly curved ;
epidermis dark-brown, radiated in most specimens, smooth, and
closely adhering towards the beaks, but lying in numerous, rather
loose folds near the margin ; interior inclined to salmon-color, and
granulated centrally, bluish-white outside of the palleal impression,
with a broad margin of olive-color. Hinge margin waved under
the beaks, compressed on the right valve so as to form something
like an elongated cardinal tooth, which is received into a corre-
sponding recess in the left valve. Length 33 inches, height 2
inches, breadth 13 inch.
Found in the Blackstone River and its tributaries, of large size
and great perfection.
It is impossible to be certain that this is A. unduldta of Say, on
account of the small size of the specimen he described ; but it seems
to be the shell which Mr. Lea regards as such. It seems to be a
different thing from the shell described by Hildreth under that name.
I apprehend that it is the same as A. edéntula, Say, and A. areoldtus,
Swainson. If there be any diflerence among them, it is, that our shell
is less compressed, less radiated, and less fragile than A. edéntula.
The hinge is the same, and the areola before the beaks is produced
by a wave-like digression of the right valve to form a peculiar tooth.
The young shells are thin, and much more radiated than the old ones,
MYTILACEA. MOLLUSCA. MYTILUS. 121
and the size of adults is seldom more than two thirds of the dimen-
sions above given. It is one of the connecting links between ALAs-
MoDON and ANODON.
Famuy MYTILACEA, Lam.
Hinge with the igament marginal, partly included, linear, extending along
a great part of the posterior border. Shell rarely foliated ; adheres by a
byssus.
Geyus MYTILUS, Liv.
Shell elongated, sub-triangular ; beaks terminal, pointed,
straight ; hinge generally toothless ; muscular impression elongated,
club-shaped.
My’rILus EDULIs.
Shell ovate-triangular, beaks terminal and pointed, basal margin
straight, ligament margin straight ; posteriorly widened and round-
ed ; hinge with a few denticulations ; epidermis dark-bluish, shell
violet beneath.
Fieure 82.
State Coll., No. 156. Soc. Cab., No. 1987.
My’tilus edulis, Lin.; Syst. Nat., 1157. Gein; Syst., 3353. Turton; Liv. ;
iv. 291. CHemn.; Conch., viii. 169, t. 84, f. 750. Pennant; Brit. Zool., iv.
236, t. 66, f.2. Monracu; Test. Brit., 159. Lin. Trans., vi. t. 18, f. 13, 14.
Dittwyn ; Catal., 309. Turron; Conch. Dict., 109. Brit. Biv., 196.
Desuayes; Encyc. Méth., Vers, ii. 562, pl. 218, f. 2. Knorr; Vergn., iv. pl.
15, f.4. Lam.; An. sans Vert., vii. 47. Guart.; Test.,t.91,f. E. Donovan ;
Brit. Shells, t. 128. Woop; Indez, pl. 12, f. 21. Fremine ; Brit. dnim., 411.
My'tilus vulgaris, Da Costa ; Brit, Conch., 216, t. 15, f. 5.
Masculus subcertleus; Lister; Conch., t. 362, f. 200.
My'tilus borealis, Lam.; An. sans Vert., vii. 46.
Shell triangular-ovate, solid, coarse, shining ; beaks pointed,
placed at one end, and slightly diverging ; basal or anterior margin
generally straight, sometimes slightly convex, and sometimes ex-
cavated ; hinge margin rising in a straight line unites with the
upper or posterior margin by a somewhat abrupt curve ; this mar-
gin takes a direction parallel to the base, for a short distance, and
then the two unite by a regular curve ; an abrupt ridge passes
from the beaks to the lower and hinder angle, above which the
shell gradually slopes to a sharp edge, and below which it bends
so abruptly as to present a broad, flattened space, in the centre of
16
122 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
which is a slight fissure for the passage of a byssus. The shell
itself is of a violet-color ; the epidermis is usually of a dark,
shining blue-black. Within, the shell is white and silvery in the
centre, but all the margin is a dark-violet or blue-black. Under
the beaks are about four thin, oblique denticulations, quite distinct
when the overlapping epidermis is removed. Length 2;5 inches,
height 14% inch, breadth 1 inch.
Variety pellucidus. Shell smooth, thin, transparent, radiated
with blue and horn-color ; beaks with two or three teeth.
My/tilus pellucidus, Pennant; Brit. Zool., iv. 237, pl. 66, f.3. Monracu; Test.
Brit., 160. Maron and Rackett; Lin Trans., viii.107. Dittwyn; Catal.,
310. Turron; Conch. Dict., 11U. Lin Syst., iv. 292. Brit. Biv., 197, pl.
15, f.1. Curmn.; Conch., viii. 84, f.751. Donovan; Brit. Shells, 81. Woov;
Index, pl. 12, f. 22.
This beautiful variety has been regarded by many concholo-
gists, such as those named above, as a distinct species, while
others, with more apparent propriety, consider it as a variety,
depending chiefly on age, of the true M. edulis. None of the
specific marks given to it seem to be constant. Radiations ap-
pear in the solid old shell, as well as in the thin ones ; and, on
the other hand, the thin ones are often without radiations. Tur-
ton thinks it may always be distinguished ‘‘ by having only two or
three tuburcular teeth under the beaks.”’ But this does not ac-
cord with my observations.
The shell is subject to many distortions from accident, and from the
form of the bodies on which it grows, or of cavities in which it be-
comes wedged. Hence, probably, arises that curved form which
takes the name of M. incurvdtus.
This Mussel is one of the most common and best known of all our
shells. It is very extensively distributed throughout all northern seas.
It is abundant on the coasts of England, France, Norway, and Russia,
where it is extensively used as food, as its name imports, and also for
manure. In this country it has, as yet, been put to no economical
use, though I am assured by a friend of acknowledged good taste, that
when cooked it is more palatable than the common clam. Unlike
the Modiola modtolus, it appears to inhabit shallow waters, in positions
where it is left uncovered at the recess of the tide. It attaches itself
by its byssus to rocks and timbers, and may be thus seen under
MYTILACEA. MOLLUSCA. MODIOLA. 123
bridges and other submerged structures, in shallow inlets with a
pebbly bottom, and especially on rocks not far from high-water mark,
clinging in immense crowds of all sizes, colors, and figures ; some
beautifully radiated, some dark blue-black, and others light horn-color ;
some beautifully smooth, regular, and glistening, others distorted, rough,
and dingy ; the whole surface of the young shell is beset with a bristly
beard. While, like the M. plicdtula, it clusters about the shore, it does
not, like that, bury itself in the mud, but is always exposed and at-
tached to some solid body. It is common to find it wedged in among
the rocks and crevices of such shores as Nahant and Cape Ann.
\
Genus MODIOLA, Lam.
Shell oblique, wedge-shaped ; beaks very near the anterior end ;
hinge as in Mytilus ; impression of the mantle irregular.
MoproLa MODI OLUs.
Shell oblong-ovate, gradually widening from before backwards ;
hinge margin ascending, straight for about half the length of the
shell ; beaks tumid, obtusely angular ; epidermis dark chestnul-
color.
State Coll., No. 162. Soc. Cab., No. 1973.
My’tilus modiolus, Lin.; Syst. Wat., 1158. Pennant; Brit. Zool., iv. 239, t. 69.
Monracu; Test. Brit., 163. CHemn.; Conch., vili. 178, t. 85, f. 759. Knorr ;
Vergn., iv. t. 15, f. 3. Lister; Conch., t. 1057, f.5. Dittwyn; Catal., i.
314. Woop; Index, pl. 12, f. 31. Lin. Trans., vill. 107. Donovan; Brit.
Shells, pl. 23.
Modiola modiolus, Turton; Brit. Biv., 199, pl. 15, f. 3 (young). Conch.
Dict., 111.
My’tilus Papuanus, Desuayes ; Encyc. Méth., Vers, ii. 564, pl. 219, f. 1.
Modiola Papuana, Lam.; An. sans Vert., vii. 17. Buainy.; Malacol., pl. 64, f. 3.
Modiola vulgaris, FLemine ; Brit. Anim., 412.
My/tilus barbatus, Lin.; Syst. Nat., 1156. Donovan; Brit. Shells, pl. 70.
Monrtacu; Test. Brit.,161. Prnnant; Brit. Zool., iv. 238, pl. 67, f. 2.
Shell large, thick, coarse and solid, ovate-oblong ; beaks placed
at one side, points inclined outwards, and projecting nearly as far
as the anterior extremity, which is very short and narrow ; the
upper edge is ascending, and straight about one half the length of
the shell, when it curves gently downwards to the posterior ex-
tremity, which is obtusely rounded ; the basal margin is somewhat
arched upwards, and at the arched portion the shell is gaping for
4
124 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
the passage of the byssus. From the beaks a very convex, broad
ridge runs diagonally across the shell ; above this the shell is com-
pressed, and along its lower and anterior side is a broad depression
or constriction, terminating at the lower margin where the shell
gapes. Surface roughly marked by the lines of growth, and by a
few faint, radiating lines ; epidermis thick and leathery, folding
over the margin, of a chestnut or pitchy-brown color, smooth,
glossy, and with radiating wrinkles before the ridge where it Is
generally darker colored, while the ridge is lighter colored.
The groove for the ligament is long and deep, resting upon a
prominent rib. Interior pearly, of a somewhat livid color ; mus-
cular impressions large and deep ; byssus colored like the epider-
mis. Length 43 inches, height 2} inches, breadth 2 inches.
Inhabits deep water, and is thrown up on every shore exposed
to the open sea. It probably dwells upon a rocky or pebbly
bottom, as its byssus would find no attachment in mere sandy or
muddy regions.
This shell is well known on account of its size and universal dis-
tribution along our coast. It often attains to a great size, and is not
unfrequently seen six inches in length. Specimens are rarely found
which are not in some way distorted. Hence the shells assume a
great variety of form. The distortion seems to depend upon two
causes ; first, the body to which they are attached by the byssus, which
may modify the form of the basal margin, rendering it more or less
arched; and second, the frequent injuries sustained by being dashed
about by storms among the rocks which they inhabit. They are the
more lable to accidents of this kind, in consequence of their affording
attachment to the Laminaria, and other large sea-weeds, which, being
acted upon by the violence of the waves, tear the shells from their
resting places, and they are thus dragged great distances. In fact, it
is not usual to find a specimen on the beach without some parasite
attached. A common deformity occurs at the posterior or broader
end, by what would seem to be an arrest of developement. The
growth does not go on in this direction, the successive layers extending
very little beyond each other, and thus we have a broad, blunt ter-
mination.
The M. umbilicdtus of Pennant can be nothing more than a dis-
torted variety from some injury to the lower margin, nearly under the
beaks, or from adhesion to some small convex body, causing great
contraction at this part, as may be frequently noticed.
MYTILACEA. MOLLUSCA. MODIOLA. 125
In young and entire shells the hinge margin rises in a straight line
to a considerable height, and then slopes downwards, suddenly form-
ing a conspicuous angle ; but in older shells the angle disappears in a
great measure, and the whole superior outline is regularly curved.
When young, the epidermis seems to be prolonged at the lines of
growth, into fringe-like shreds. Specimens thus clothed, are generally
allowed to be the My'tilus barbatus of Pennant. M. Gibdsii is said
to differ in having these shreds serrated or gashed along one edge. |
cannot but strongly suspect, though I cannot demonstrate it, that this
apparent extension of the epidermis is a parasitic vegetable ; and that
M. Gibbsii is not, in reality, a different shell, but has a different
vegetable growing upon it.
Old shells are also encrusted with various species of Madrepore,
Cordllina, and Flustra.
In young shells there is usually a broad, waxen-yellow radiation
from the beak along the front side of the elevated ridge ; and this re-
gion, in fact, always has a lighter color than other parts of the shell.
Deshayes thinks it is now impossible to say what was the true
My'tilus modiolus of Linnsus, and therefore approves the course of
Lamarck in dropping the name altogether, and assuming a new one.
I cannot see any reason to doubt that the shell under consideration
was the M. modiolus of Linnzus, while there is ground to question
whether the shell which Lamarck had in view, when he applied the
name Papudna, the name now universally applied to our shell, was in
reality identical with our species. I have seen several specimens of
the East Indian shell, and, though very closely allied, it seems to differ
in many particulars when the two shells are placed side by side. Dr.
Lovén has lately assured me that this is the true M. modiolus, and
repeats my conjectures as to the distinctness of the real M. Papudna.
The animal is of a dark orange, or red-ochreous color, perhaps
a little tinted with brown. It is not used for food with us, though there
seems to be no reason why it should not be as palatable as most of
the shell-fish that are eaten.
MoproLa PLICATULA.
Shell oblong, falciform, widening posteriorly ; surface traversed
by numerous radiating ribs, occasionally branching ; epidermis
glossy, green and yellow.
Ficure Sl.
126 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
State Coll., No. 161. Soc. Cab., No. 1977.
My’tilus demissus, Ditpwyn ; Catal.,i. 314. Woon; Indez, pl. 12, f. 30.
Modiola plicatula, Lam.; An. sans Vert., vii. 22.
My’tilus plicatulus, Desuayes ; Encyc. Méth., Vers, ii. 368, pl. 220,f.5. Sowrr-
BY; Genera, f. 7.
Modiola semi-costata, Conrap; Journ. Acad. Wut. Sc., vii. 244, pl. 20, f. 7.
Lister; Conch., pl. 3538, f. 196.
Shell transversely oblong-ovate, much elongated, narrow before
and widening backwards, somewhat falciform or arched ; beaks
moderately prominent, not curving outwards, and nearly in con-
tact, very near the anterior extremity, which is small and rounded,
and the shell is much compressed at this part; the lower margin
is generally curved or arched upwards, and gaping before the
middle for the passage of the byssus ; hinge margin straight, and
ascending for about two thirds the length of the shell so as to give
it additional height, then, by a regular downward curve, it produces
an obliquely rounded termination to the shell ; a broad, elevated
ridge crosses obliquely from the beaks to this termination, above
which the shell is compressed ; surface ornamented with numer-
ous radiating, somewhat undulating, occasionally branching ribs,
most conspicuous above and behind, very fine on the anterior
third. Shell silvery-white, rather brittle, covered with a thin,
varnished epidermis, variegated with yellow, green, and scorched
colors, usually arranged in zones ; stages of growth conspicuous ;
within silvery-white, the muscular impressions and margins of a
livid color ; margin of the posterior half and anterior side cren-
ulated by the ribs. Length 3 inches, height 1,%, inch, breadth
77> inch.
Inhabits the tide waters of small streams where there is some
admixture of fresh water ; and also the drains in salt marshes.
In these localities they are found crowded in among the stones of
the bed of the stream, or imbedded in the peat-like soil of the
banks, near high-water mark. In this position, with the upper
posterior portion slightly exposed, they crowd in such numbers
as to form a complete stratum of six to twelve inches in thickness.
A great portion of the time they are, of course, out of water ;
but they retain enough to serve the demands of their economy
during the recess of the tide, and eject it when any disturbance
prompts them to close their shell.
MYTILACEA. MOLLUSCA. MODIOLA. 127
This species seems to be subject to little variety. Sometimes,
however, we find the lower margin nearly straight. In this case the
upper margin is nearly parallel to the lower, so that the shell increases
but little in height; and in such shells the beaks appear much more
prominent than in ordinary specimens.
The principal variations seem to consist in the coloring, which is
made up of various shades from bright-yellow, passing through horn-
color and chestnut to dark bronze-green, and arranged in various
modes and in various proportions. What Mr. Conrad regards as a
distinct species under the name semt-costdta, certainly can be nothing
more than a variety of this shell.
Moproua PECTINULA.
Shell obovate, ventricose, with about forty equal, radiating
ribs ; beaks prominent, projecting as far as the anterior margin ;
epidermis brownish yellow.
Fieure 85.
State Coll., No. 159. Soc. Cab., No. 2342.
Shell small, strong, of a strictly ovate form, excepting that a
very short portion of the hinge margin is straight ; broadly round-
ed at both extremities, but most so behind 5 valves convex, with-
out any marked ridge passing from the beaks, and very little com-
pression at the hinge margin ; beaks rather prominent, blunt, and
in contact with each other, reaching forward as far as the anterior
extremity ; surface covered with about forty equal, rounded,
radiating ribs ; epidermis a dark gamboge-yellow ; lines of growth
minute ; within pearly, of a livid or leaden color ; entire
margin crenulated by the ribs ; cavity of the beaks considerable.
Length 75 inch, height $ inch, breadth 3% inch.
inhabits St. George’s Bank.
This very strongly marked species seems to have been hitherto
undescribed. It is closely allied to M. discrepans, but is smaller,
stronger, lighter-colored, and entirely covered with ribs. Of five or
six specimens which I have seen, all apparently mature shells, the
largest was of the size given above. M. arctica, Leach, is a smaller
and more rounded shell, and the ribs are much more numerous.
128 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Moproua NEXA.
Shell ovate, ferruginous, beaks prominent, and placed considera-
bly behind the anterior extremity ; minutely reticulated with fine,
corrugated, concentric, and radiating lines.
Figure 86.
State Coll., No. 154.
Shell small, thin, long-ovate, largest behind, slightly produced
at the posterior extremity ; basal edge less curved than the su-
perior edge, which is moderately compressed ; beaks prominent,
pointed, directed forwards, scarcely touching each other, placed
unusually far from the anterior extremity ; a rather sharp ridge
passes from the beaks diagonally across the shell, but loses itself
about half way across. Surface very beautifully sculptured with
a net-work of very minute, crowded lines of growth, and very
numerous, fine, indented radiating lines or ridges, which are obso-
lete along two thirds of the base, and most conspicuous behind,
where a very fine line divides into two each ridge, going to the
extreme posterior portion ; while above these, on the compressed
portion, a beautiful lace-work of hexagonal indentations is formed.
The portion in front of the beaks is conspicuously radiated.
Epidermis a rusty-brown, with shades of olive, glossy ; interior
livid, with a pearly or silvery lustre, and with minute, radiating
lines 3 cavity of the beaks large ; margin simple. Length 7%
inch, height so inch, breadth 2% inch.
This new and beautiful shell was taken by dredging in the har-
bour of Provincetown, by Colonel ‘Totten, where he obtained
several living specimens.
It is allied to M. discors and M. discrepans by its outline, and by
the triangular portion across the disk nearly destitute of radiating
lines. But it is more compressed than either of those shells, less in-
equilateral, and its sculpture far more beautiful. The radiating lines
seem all to have indentations or punctures like the wing-covers of
many large beetles (Caérabi). ‘The honey-comb arrangement near the
hinge margin is very beautiful. Dr. Lovén has sent me the shell,
from Sweden, as the true M. discrepans of Montagu and Turton ; but
in this he is at variance with the opinions and figures of all other authors.
MYTILACEA. ; MOLLUSCA. MODIOLA. 129
Mopr‘oLA DI‘SCREPANS.
Shell sub-oval, broadest behind ; beaks nearly terminal: hinder
extremity somewhat lobed; surface divided into three compart-
ments, of which the anterior is marked by about eight, and the
posterior by numerous radiating lines, epidermis olivaceous.
Fieure 83.
State Coll., No. 157. Soc. Cab., No. 2345.
My'tilus discrepans, Montacu ; Test. Brit., p. 169, and Suppl., 65. pl. 26, f. 4.
Maron and Racketr; Lin. Trans., viii. pl. 3, 1.9. Pennant; Brit. Zool., iv.
241. Dituwyn; Catal., 319. Turton; Brit. Biv., 202. Conch. Dict., 112.
Fremine ; Brit. Anim., 413. Woop; Indez, pl. 12, f. 38.
My'tilus discors, O. Fasr.; Fauna Grenl., 191. Curmn.; Conch., viii. 191,
t. 86, f. 767. (var.)
Modiola levigata, (var.) Gray; Appendix to Parry’s 2d Voyage.
Shell somewhat oval, rather oblique, highest about the middle,
rounded before, base slightly curved, hinge margin straight and
then curving obliquely downward ; beaks near the anterior end,
prominent, and rounded; valves moderately convex ; surface
coarsely marked by the lines of growth, and divided into three
fan-shaped compartments, of which the foremost one is marked
by about eight small, rounded, rib-like ridges, the spaces between
them being flat, the hinder one by numerous similar ridges, and
the central one is plain, or with very minute radiating lines ; the
limits between the posterior and middle compartments are desig-
nated by an elevated ridge passing from the beaks, and here the
basal margin of the posterior compartments projects abruptly be-
yond that of the middle one, so that the rounded point of the shell
forms a projecting lobe. [Epidermis olive-green with dark chest-
nut-colored shades, folding over the edge. Interior of a brilliant
silvery lustre ; edge of the two extreme compartments crenulated,
and very strongly near the ligament ; a few folds on the edge, not
corresponding to the external ridges, are found just in front of the
ligament. Length ! inch, height 12 inch, breadth ‘, inch.
Found on Chelsea Beach, and in fishes’ maws. Larger speci-
mens are brought from the Newfoundland Banks. I have two
specimens which measure 14 inch in length, 2 inch in breadth.
17
130 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
This species, with M. discors, is common to the northern coasts of
Europe and America, and they are distinguished from all others by the
three compartments into which their surface is divided. The distinc-
tive marks between them are particularly pointed out under M. discors.
The epidermis becomes nearly black by age.
Mopt1'oLa DISCORsS.
Sheil oval, tumid, upper edge somewhat compressed and arching,
posterior tip somewhat produced and pointed ; beaks large, nearly
terminal; surface with about sixteen ribs at the anterior third and
very numerous unes at the posterior third.
Ficure 64.
State Coll., No. 158. Soc. Cab., No. 2344.
My’tilus discors, Lin ; Syst. Vat., 1159. Cruemn.; Conch., viii. 191, t. 86, f. 764.
Monracu; Test. Brit., 167. Pennant; Brit. Zool., iv. 240. Matron and
Racxertt; Lin. Trans., viii. 111. t.3,f.5. Donovan; Brit. Shells, pl. 25, f. 1.
Dittwyy; Catal., 319. Turron; Conch. Dict., 112. Woon; Indez, pl.
12, f. 39.
Modiola discrepans, Lam.; An. sans Vert., vii. 23. Desuayes; Encyc. Meéth.,
Vers, ii. 567.
Modiola discors, Fremine ; Brit. Anim., 413.
Shell irregularly oval, tumid, heart-shaped when viewed in
front, bluntly rounded before ; hinge margin somewhat ascending
and a little compressed; at the termination of the ligament the
margin gradually curves downwards, so that the shell is terminated
behind by a lobular, somewhat pointed tip on a level with the
base ; basal margin an undulating curve, nearly parallel with the
upper margin; beaks large and prominent, not in contact, over-
hanging the anterior extremity ; surface as in M. discrepans ; but
there are sixteen or more ribs in the anterior compartment, those
in the posterior compartment are more crowded, more distinct,
the intervening spaces rounded ; and when viewed under the mi-
croscope, the whole surface is found to be covered with minute
wrinkles of the epidermis crossing the ribs and the spaces be-
tween them, and also the middle compartment ; epidermis green-
ish-yellow with clouds of olive. Within silvery, margin crenu-
lated by the ribs, and with three or four teeth before the beaks.
MYTILACEA. MOLLUSCA. MopioLa. 131
Byssus very long. Length 4 inch, height =, inch, breadth 3,
inch.
Found adhering to the stalks of sea-weed (Laminaria), cast
upon the sea beach.
The most obvious distinctive marks between this shell and M. diés-
crepans are, the more numerous anterior ribs, and the concentrically
corrugated epidermis. The shell is proportionally broader, the tip is
more pointed, more depressed, and forms a projecting lobe much like
that shell; and the ribs are more decided. The shell is much smaller
and very much more rare. This is not M. discors of Lamarck, an
East Indian species. The M. discors of Turton (Brit. Biv., pl. 15,
f. 4.) seems to be a still different species, and I have received it from
Dr. Lovén under the name of M. marmordata, Forbes.
Mopr'oLa g@Lua’NDULA.
Shell obliquely rounded-oval, regularly convex ; beaks small,
separate ; surface with minute lines of growth, crossed by minute
and crowded radiating lines; epidermis brownish-yellow ; margin
crenulated.
Fieure 87.
State Coll., No. 160. Soc. Cab., No. 2346.
Modiola glandula, Torrey ; Silliman’s Journ., xxvi. 367, f. 3,e, f, g.
Shell small, thin, rounded-oval, rather inflated, convexity
regular; beaks small, rather prominent, curving, not in contact,
placed at about half the height of the shell ; anterior portion slightly
depending, base nearly straight, and the rest of the margin regu-
larly rounded ; surface with minute lines of growth, crossed by
very small, rounded, radiating ribs, about equal in size on all parts
of the shell, the number increasing as the spaces between them
widen ; epidermis thin, brownish-yellow ; within white, somewhat
pearly ; edges sharp and minutely crenulated, except the short
portion occupied by the ligament. Length ,% inch, height 2,
inch, breadth ;3, inch.
This very pretty and singularly shaped Modiola was first found
by Colonel Totten, in Provincetown harbour. It is one of the
132 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
most common shells found in the stomachs of fishes caught in
Massachusetts Bay. The shell is not often so large as above
mentioned.
its rounded-oval and regularly convex form, with its radiating lines,
forbid that it should be confounded with any other shell except an En-
glish species, the Crenélla elliptica of Brown, (Conch. Illust. of Great
Brit., §c. pl. 31, f. 12 to 14,) the My'tilus decussdtus of Montagu.
For my own part, in comparing a small specimen of this shell with
one of ours of a similar size, | must confess I can discover no differ-
ence, though Mr. Sowerby supposes they are distinct. In giving the
dimensions I have supposed the shell to be placed in the ordinary po-
sition of other species, with the beaks placed laterally.
Famity PECTENIDES, Lam.
Ligament interior or half interior. Shell in general regular, compact, not
foliated.
Genus PECTEN, Turron.
Shell rounded, inequivalve, eared ; superior margin straight ;
beaks contiguous. Hinge toothless, with a triangular internal
pit for the cartilage.
Precten MAGELLA‘NICUS.
Shell orbicular, inequivalve, upper valve more convex than the
lower ; exterior surface everywhere marked with closely arranged
radiating lines; interior surface without ribs; ears small and
equal.
State Coll., No. 152. Soc. Cab., No. 2028.
O’strea Magellanica, Gmexin ; 3317, No. 9. Cnemn.; Conch., vii. t. 62, f. 597.
Dititwyn ; Catal., 250.
Pecten Magellanicus, Lam. ; 4n. sans Vert., vii. 134. Dresuayres; Encyc. Méth.,
Vers, iii. 718, pl. 208, f.5. Conrap; mer. Mar. Conch., pl. i, f. L.
Shell orbicular, rather higher than long, thin and translucent
when young, thick, strong, and opaque when mature, equilateral,
inequivalve, the lower valve being nearly flat, and not attaining
the edge of the upper valve by an eighth of an inch or more ;
PECTENIDES. MOLLUSCA. PECTEN. 133
upper valve moderately convex ; valves widely gaping near the
hinge, surface everywhere sculptured with radiating, punctured
lines, or grooves, about half as wide as the spaces between them,
somewhat zigzag in their course; these lines are crossed by
closely arranged lines of growth, which, on the convex valve, are
scolloped or vaulted over the radiating lines; flattened valve
white, convex valve dingy reddish-brown, or flesh-colored. Hinge
margin narrow, straight, ears equal, the notch in the Jower valve
rounded, and shallow. Interior white, smooth, glossy, with
minute radiating lines not corresponding to the exterior grooves.
Length 5 inches, height 5! inches, breadth 14 inch.
This shell is not common on the Massachusetts shore; bui single
valves, of a very large size and very solid, are occasionally thrown up,
and smaller ones are found in the stomachs of fishes. Its proper habitat
is farther north, and along the eastern part of the coast of Maine it is
found abundantly in its greatest perfection. [t does occasionally pass
to the south of Cape Cod, (the usual terminus for northern species)
for I have a fine specimen which was drawn up alive, by a hook, off
Block Island.
The general aspect of the lower valve is smooth; nor do we see
any thing like ribs on the upper surface.
Pecten I[sua/NpDICcUS.
Shell sub-orbicular, reddish or orange-brown ; ears unequal ;
surface covered with small, crowded, irregularly disposed, scaly,
radiating ribs, whach re-appear within.
Ficure 89.
State Coll., No. 151. Soc. Cab., No. 2039.
O’strea Islandica, Mutter; Zool. Dan., Prod., No. 2990. Lin.; Iter Westrogoth.,
200, t.5, f. 7. Gmenin; 3326. No. 55. Suaw; Zool. Misc., xxiii. t. 978, 987.
Faser.; Fauna Grenl., 415. Knorr; Deélices, §-c., t. i. pl. B. £.3,4. Lisrer;
Conch., t. 1057, f. 4. Guarr.; Test.,t. 73, f.R. Sepa; Mus., ii. t. 87, f. 7.
Pecten Islindicus, Cuemn.; Conch., vii. t. 65, f. 615, 616. Turron; Conch.
Dict., 258. Brit. Biv., 216. DesnHayes; Encyc. Méth., Vers, iii. 724. Frem-
ING; Brit. Anim., 385, pl. 212, f.1. Lam.; An. sans Vert., vii. 145. Say;
Amer. Conch., pl. 56.
O/strea cinnabarina, Born ; Mus., 103. Dituwyn ; Catal., 256, No. 20. Scunoer. ;
Einl., iii. 326, No. 9.
Pecten Pealii, Conrap ; 4mer. Mar. Conch., 12, pl. 2, f. 2.
134 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Shell sub-orbicular, or broadly ob-ovate, equal, the upper
valve slightly more convex than the lower, covered with an in-
definite number, fifty to a hundred, of narrow, unequal, crowded,
irregularly disposed, radiating ridges, bearing a multitude of erect,
vaulted scales ; their ridges are grouped, so as to form a number
of unequal ribs, which are better defined on the interior of the
shell. Kars unequal ; posterior one shortest, and its angle slightly
obtuse, alike in both valves, and covered with scaly, radiating
ridges ; the anterior ear of the right valve is more deeply notched
than that of the left, and has five radiating ribs, occupying about two
thirds of its surface. Valves closed except at the notch ; color
passing from light-orange to dark reddish-brown ; the upper valves
usually zoned, or blotched, with deeper colors, and the lower
valve much the lightest. ‘The margin jagged by the elevated
lines, all but the notch of the right valve, which is plain, except-
ing that there are five or six minute teeth in the angle. Interior
white and glossy, the left valve usually having a large roseate spot
near the beaks. Length 3 inches, height 33 inches, breadth 1
inch.
Occasionally found, of a small size, in the stomachs of fishes.
Its proper residence, however, seems to be the Newfoundland
Banks, where it is a favorite food of fishes.
In a young state the vaulted scales do not appear; but the inter-
stices between the ribs are filled with a beautiful lozenge-shaped or
tile-work sculpture, which may usually be seen near the beaks in
adult specimens. The coloring varies greatly, and has given rise to
two or three synonyms.
PECTEN CONCE'NTRICUS.
Shell orbicular, ears sub-equal, valves convex, nearly closed,
with about twenty rounded ribs.
Fieure 88.
State Coll., No. 150. Soc. Cab., No. 2036.
Pecten concéntricus, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., it. 259. Conrap; mer.
Mar. Conch., pl. 1, f. 2.
Shell nearly round, rather strong; valves convex, the lower
very little less so than the upper one, with about twenty elevated,
OSTRACEA. MOLLUSCA. OSTREA. 135
rounded ribs, the depressed spaces being similarly rounded, and
about equal to the ribs in width ; loosely wrinkled concentrically
by fine lines of growth. Usual color a dusky or blackish horn-
color, with alternately darker and lighter zones. Ears two thirds
of the length of the shell, nearly equal, and crossed with small,
radiating ridges ; notch in the convex valve deep, and forming an
acute angle, or narrow slit. Interior shining, grooved to corre-
spond with the exterior ribs, the intervening spaces flat ; color
white, generally tinged with purple-brown about the hinge, and
around the margin, sometimes altogether of that color. Liga-
mentary pit small and shallow. Length 22 inches, height 2} in-
ches, breadth 1 inch.
The scollop-shell is found abundantly about the extremity of
Cape Cod, though it does not extend far along its inner shore.
It is common along all its outer shore, at Nantucket, Martha’s
Vineyard, &c., and, according to Mr. Say, is one of the most
common shells along the shores of New Jersey.
It is subject to great variation in coloring. The flatter valve is often
white, and always of a lighter color than the other valve. Sometimes
both valves are white, orange, ochreous, reddish, or purplish, and
sometimes they are zoned or mottled with two or more of these colors.
In consequence of which they are very pleasing to the eye, and are
extensively employed in the manufacture of card-racks, pincush-
ions, &e.
Famity OSTRACEA, Lam.
Shell irregular, foliated, sometimes paper-like ; ligament internal or partly
internal.
GENUS OSTREA, Lin.
Shell very irregular, inequivalve, the larger one adhering, the
smaller moving forwards as the shell advances in age, and leaving
a lengthening groove for the ligament exposed along the beak of
the adhering valve.
The Oyster varies in surface and shape so much, according to
the position in which it lies during growth, that it is not only im-
possible to give any description which shall delineate the various
136 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
transformations it may undergo, but it is also very difficult to de-
signate the limits of species. Lamarck indicates three species
belonging to this coast ; but it is very doubtful whether, in re-
ality, there are even two.
{t is also a question on which there are various opinions,
wheiher the oyster was indigenous in Massachusetts Bay ; or
wheiber all which grow in the various oyster-beds owe their
parentage to inhabitants of the Delaware, Chesapeake, and Oyster
Bays, &c. That they now grow spontaneously, and, for aught
we can learn, always have grown so, on the south shore, there is
no reason io doubt. And that they are occasionally found of
patriarchal appearance, in all parts of our Bay, is certainly true.
Bui the question is, whether these places are their natural habitat,
or whether they have been accidentally dropped where they were
found. Many incline to this latter opinion, especially the younger
oyster-men, and some scientific gentlemen. But the old settlers
of Cape Cod are of a different opinion. They say that Well-
fleet, where the southern oysters are planted for Boston use, was
originally called Billingsgate, on account of the abundance of fish,
and especially of oysters, found there ; that they continued to be
abundant until about the year 1780, when from some cause they
all died ; and, to this day, immense beds are shown there, of
shells of native oysters which perished at that time. ‘They say,
ihat, before that time, no such thing was thought of, as bringing
oysters from the south.
O’sTREA VIRGINIANA,
Stell elongated, narrow: beaks pointed, not much curved ;
ligamentary eminence of the upper valve extending back to the
apex.
State Coll., No. 148. Soc. Cab., No. 2350.
O’strea Virginiana, Lisrrer ; Conch., 1. 200, f. 34. Favanne; Conch., pl. 41, f. C.
2. Kurein; Tentam., 122. Sowerty; Genera of Shells, f. 2.
O’strea Virginica, Gmetin; Syst., 3336. No. 113. Dintwyn; Catal., i. 277.
Lam.; An. sans Vert., vii. 225. Woon; JIndez, pl. 11, f. 68. Dersnayes ;
Encyc. Meéth., Vers, ii. pl. 179, 1 and 2.
Grand Huitre de la Virginie, Davita; Catal., 290, No. 613.
Virginia Rock-oyster, Petiver; Gazophyl., t. 105, f. 3.
OSTRACEA. MOLLUSCA. OSTREA. 137
O'strea rostrata maxima, Cuemn.3; Conch., viii. 38, t. 73, f. 677.
O/strea elongata, SoranpER; Mss.
O’strea Canadénsis, Lam.; An. sans Vert., vii. 226.
Shell narrow, elongated, gradually widening, moderately curv-
ed, for the most part with a long and pointed beak at the apex,
and rounded at the other extremity. Upper valve the smallest,
flattest and smoothest, surface, when not worn, presenting every-
where leaf-like scales, of a somewhat leaden-color. ‘The hinge
presents the usual channel in the beak of the lower valve, longer
or shorter according to the age of the shell, and marked with lines
exhibiting the successive removes of the cartilage ; and in the up-
per valve we have the corresponding elevation, which is also con-
tinued back to the point of the shell. The muscular impression
is nearly central, of a dark-chestnut, or sometimes dark violet-
color. It often measures 12 or 15 inches in length, but seldom
more than 3 inches in breadth.
This is the common oyster of the Chesapeake Bay. It is oc-
casionally found in the vicinity of Boston, and also about Prince
Edwards’ Island, at the mouth of the St. Lawrence. Its dis-
tinctive characters are its narrow, elongated form, and the length-
ened, pyramidal hinge ridge along the beak of the upper valve.
The O. Canadénsis is either a variety of this, or the next species,
most likely of this.
O’sTREA BOREA'LIS.
Shell somewhat rounded, curved, scaly, greenish ; beaks rather
short, considerably curved ; hinge having the furrow in the lower
valve from the apex, but having im the opposite valve merely a
transverse ridge, not extended backwards.
State Coll., No. 149. Soc. Cab., No. 2055.
O/strea borealis, Lam.; An. sans Vert., vil. 220.
O’strea Canadénsis, Brug. ; Encyc. Méth., pl. 180, f. 1 to 3.
O’strea edulis, Lin ; &c.
Shell somewhat obliquely rounded-ovate, usually curved, up-
per valve smallest, flattest ; the beaks are never greatly prolong-
ed, more curved than in O. Virginica. The surface is very
irregular, displaying loosely arranged flakes of a greenish-color ;
18
138 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
the margins are generally more or less plaited or scolloped, en-
tirely bony in the lower valve, but membranous and somewhat
flexible in the upper one. 'The hinge differs from the preceding in
having the beaks less prolonged, and the upper valve, instead of
having a lengthened, pyramidal ridge extending backwards to the
apex, has only a transverse ridge, abrupt behind, and sloping into
the shell, like a mere partition, behind which the cartilage is at-
tached. ‘The muscular impression is also dark-violet. Interior,
either chalky or greenish-white.
This species also grows to a great size. A specimen before
me measures a foot in length, and 6 inches in breadth. A com-
mon size is five and six inches in length.
This is the common New York oyster, and, although they are
said to have been once abundant in various parts of Massachusetts
Bay, especially within Cape Cod, yet the Boston market is now
chiefly dependent for its supply on the oyster-beds in the vicinity
of New York and in the Chesapeake. In those parts of Buzzard’s
’ Bay which border upon Sandwich, the native oyster is. still
found in great abundance.
The oystermen maintain that our shell is identical with the Kn-
glish O. edilis ; and there are certainly forms in which the Ameri-
can and European specimens could not be distinguished.
GENUS ANOMIA, Lam.
Shell irregular, inequivalve, one valve convex, the other flattened
or concave, perforated near the beak for the passage of a muscle,
by which it adheres.
ANOMIA EPHIPPIUM.
Shell rounded, margin irregular ; surface scaly, variously
wrinkled and undulated ; beaks pointed, not quite reaching the
margin ; aperture ovate.
State Coll., No. 146. Soc. Cab., No. 2060. .
Ostreum parvum, Lister; Conch., t. 204.
Anomia ephippium, Lry.; Syst. Nat., 1150. -GMein 3; Syst., 3340, No.3. Guatr.;
Test., t. 97, f. B. D’Arcenv.; Conch.,t.19,f.C. Pennant; Brit. Zool., iv.
t. 62, f. 70. CHemn. ; Conch., viii. t. 76, f. 692, 693. Monracu; Test. Brit.,
155. Woop; Lin. Trans., vi. pl. 18, f. 11,12. Maron and Racxert; Lin.
OSTRACEA. MOLLUSCA. ANOMIA. 139
Trans., viii. 102. Donovan; Brit. Shells, t.1, pl. 26. Born; Mus., p. 117.
Scuroet.; Einl. in Conch., iii. 383. Por1; Test., ii. 186, pl. 30, f. 9, 11.
Da Costa; Brit. Conch., 165, pl. 11, f.3. Favanne; Conch., pl. 41, f. B. Diti-
wyn; Catal., i. 286, No. 3. Brainv.; Malacol., pl. 59, f. 3. Sowxrsy;
Genera, f. 1, 2, 3. Turron; Brit. Biv., 227. Conch. Dict.,2. Lam.; An.
sans Vert., vii. 273. Fremine; Brit. Anim., 395.
Shell generally rounded, but often produced at one side or at
8 y ? i
base so as to assume an oval form; its margins more or less
jagged, and its surface scaly from the loose edges of the lines of
growth, and variously distorted, undulated, and plaited, according
to the objects to which it adheres. Lower valve flat, its aperture
ovate, reaching the margin by a fissure. Upper valve slightly
convex, little elevated about the beak, which is small, acute, not
quite reaching the margin. Substance of the shell pearly, or like
talc, of a greenish tinge, reflecting golden and silvery hues ; within
smooth, the muscular impressions opake white. Usually about
an inch in diameter, but growing to three times that size.
It is found in abundance in oyster beds, adhering to oysters.
At New Bedford it has been found anchored by its muscle to
pebbles.
This shell varies so much in its form, that it is very difficult to
characterize it. The most constant trait is the rugged, scaly exterior.
It not unfrequently assumes a ribbed appearance, in consequence of
having adhered to valves of Pecten concéntricus.
ANOMIA ACULEA'TA.
Shell rounded, inclined to be straight at the hinge margin ;
color dingy-white ; beaks obtuse, terminal ; upper valve covered
with fine, prickly, radiating lines ; lower valve smooth ; aperture
circular.
Ficure 90.
State Coll., No. 147. Soc. Cab., No. 2347.
Anomia aculeata, Gmetin ; Syst., 3346. Turron; Lin. Syst., iv. 285. Brit. Biv.,
233. Conch. Dict., 4. Cuemn.; Conch., viii. 92, t. 77, f. 702. Montacu;
Test. Brit. 157, t. 4, f.5. Pennanr; Brit. Zool., iv. 233. Dituwyn; Catal.,
288. Maron and Racxert; Lin. Trans., viii. 103. Woon ; Index, pl. 1], f. 3.
Shell small, rounded, the hinge margin more or less truncated
or straight, color yellowish-white ; upper valve convex, the beak
140 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
obtuse and marginal, the surface covered with minute, concave,
or prickly scales, arranged in radiating, undulated lines ; lower
valve very thin, smooth, or with a few prickles near the margin ;
aperture nearly circular ; within shining ; the convex valve ex-
hibiting the exterior ribs near the margin. Diameter about half
an inch.
Found amid the roots of fuci which are thrown up attached to
stones, shells; &c.
This shell is easily distinguished from its co-species by the scaly or
prickly radiating lines upon its upper valve. It seems never to attain
a large size.
Besides the two species before mentioned, there are probably two
others found in this State. But all species are so distorted as to ren-
der it difficult to separate them definitely.
1. Anomia ELEcrrica, Lin.— distinguished by its sulphur or golden
hue, defined edge, and very convex upper valve. It is generally much
distorted, transparent, and not so fragile as most species, not scaly.
Found among oysters.
2. Anomia squa’muLA, Lin. —a small, smooth, rounded, or oblong-
oval shell, very thin and regular, exhibiting regular concentric lines of
growth ; color whitish ; edges well defined; aperture rounded.
Found attached within old bivalve shells.
These two species, however, are not positively made out.
Famity BRACHIOPODA, Lam.
Shell adhering to marine bodies either directly or by means of a tendinous
cord; animal having a pair of fringed arms, spirally coiled when at rest.
Instead of being regarded as a family of the ConcHirera,
according to the arrangement of Lamarck, the Bracui6popa are
fully entitled to be ranked as a class. The animals are as distinct
and peculiar in their organization, as the C1rRipEDEs are. In-
stead of the back of the animal being placed against the hinge, as
in other bivalves, and the sides against each of the valves, in
these we have the back against one valve, and the belly against
the other. he pair of Jong arms, with curled fringe at their
edges, is found in no other mollusca.
BRACHIOPODA. MOLLUSCA. reEResrRatTuLa. 141
GENUS TEREBRATULA, Brue.
Shell inequivalve, one valve prolonged into a sort of beak, and
perforated at its tip for the passage of a tendinous cord by which it
affixes itself. On the interior of the smaller valve are two bony
processes.
TEREBRATULA CAPUT-SERPENTIS.
Shell obovate, whitish, upper valve truncated horizontally at the
apex ; foramen large, one side completed by the apex of the lower
valve ; surface with minute, radiating strie.
State Coll., No. 145. Soc. Cab., No. 2348.
Andmia caput-serpéntis, Lin.; Syst. JVat., 153. Born; Mus., pl. 6, f. 14.
GMELIN ; Syst., 3344, No. 21. Cuemn; Conch., t. 78, f. 712. Woop; Indez,
pi 1, £22.
Terebratula, Brue.; Encyc. Méth., pl. 246, f. 7, a, b, c,d, e, f.
Terebratula caput-serpéntis, Lam. An. sans Vert., vil. 332.
Anomia pubéscens, Dittwyn ; Catal., i. 293.
Terebratula pubéscens, Desnayrs ; Encyc. Méth., Vers, ii. 1024. Brainy. ;
Malacol., pl. 52, f.6. Sowrrsy; Genera, f. 2.
Terebratula septentrionalis, Cournovy ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 65, pl. 3, f. 18.
Shell rather thin, semi-transparent, yellowish or reddish-white,
broadly obovate ; upper valve slightly convex, narrow at the sum-
mit, and abruptly widening below ; beak slightly projecting, trun-
cated horizontally so as to form a large, semi-elliptical orifice,
completed below by the apex of the lower valve, which valve is
rounded, flattish, slightly protuberant down the middle ; both
valves covered by minute, but distinct and well-rounded radiating
ribs, which increase in number with the width of the shell ; these
are crossed by a few irregular lines of growth ; the whole covered
by a thin, silvery, fibrous epidermis. From under each tooth in
the lower valve arises a thin process curving a little inwards,
whose extremities support an oval, partially twisted ring of a
similar ribband-like structure, about an eighth of an inch in di-
ameter. Margin of the shell minutely toothed by the terminations
of the ribs. Length 3} inch, height 32 inch, breadth ;% inch.
Found in considerable numbers in the stomachs of fish, and
occasionally on the sea-beach. It has also been taken alive on
142 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
the coast of Maine. Its usual residence is in more northern
seas.
An examination of the descriptions of T. caput-serpéntis, given by
Linnzus, Muller, and Chemnitz, and a comparison of them with our
shell, had well satisfied me of their correspondence. The downy epi-
dermis is a character too singular to be often found, or to be over-
looked. This, however, is rubbed off very easily. No account of
the internal bony processes is given in any description except that by
Mr. Couthouy. These would afford the best possible specific charac-
ter, were it not that they are usually more or less broken. But I have
been relieved from all further speculation by the receipt of specimens
from Dr. Lovén, which settle the identity of our species with the Eu-
ropean caput-serpéntis. Deshayes conjectures, probably with justice,
that the Anomia aurita of Gmelin is the same thing; and also that
Anomia pubéscens of the same author and others is this shell in a
young stage, when plentifully coated with pubescence. ‘'T. costdta,
described and figured by Lowe, in the ‘* Zoological Journal,” i. 105,
pl. 5, f. 8, 9, is very closely allied; but it is a smaller, more solid
shell, with fewer ribs, and entirely different internal processes.
TEREBRATULA PSITTACEA.
Shell sub-triangular ; narrowed above, the beak produced into
w decurved horn ; surface striated, foramen triangular.
Figure 91.
State Coll., No. 144. Soc. Cab., No. 2349.
Terebratula psittacea, Gmetin; Syst., 3348. Cuemn.; Conch., viii. 78, f. 713.
Desuayes ; Encyc. Méth., Vers, iii. 1025, pl. 244, f. 3, a,b,c. Lam.; An. sans
Vert., vii. 333. Lisrer; Conch., 211,46. Dittwyn; Catal., 296. Turron;
Brit. Biv., 236. Conch. Dict., 5, f. 12 to 14.
Shell thin and fragile, brownish-black or sea-green, of an in-
flated, triangular form, one of the valves produced into a long,
pointed and strongly curved beak, something like a parrot’s beak ;
along this runs a triangular channel, (formed by the inflected mar-_
gins,) the third side of which is completed by the tip of the other
valve ; the smaller valve is obovate or fan-shaped, about two
thirds the length of the longer valve ; surface marked with con-
centric lines of growth, and with numerous, fine, diverging striae,
BRACHIOPODA. MOLLUSCA. TrEREBRATULA. 143
increasing in number as the shell widens. The interior bony pro-
cesses consist of two slender, curved, parallel! prongs arising from
the base of the teeth of the upper valve. Height } inch, length
35 inch, breadth } inch.
I have as yet met with only one specimen of this shell of the
above dimensions, which was taken from the stomach of a cod-
fish. It appears to be everywhere rare, and is probably an in-
habitant of more northern seas, especially the region of New-
foundland.
144 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Crass GASTEROPODA, Cuvier.
~The Gasteropopa form much the most numerous class of
Mollusca. They are distributed over the whole surface of the
globe, and live on the land, and in all waters. ‘They receive their
name from the peculiar conformation of their organ of progres-
sion. ‘Che under part of the belly is flattened out into a smooth,
elongated disk, and on this they glide along.
Some of them have also the power of swim-
ming at the surface of the water in an in-
verted posture. They have a distinct head,
furnished with one or two pairs of tentacula,
and almost always they have rudimentary
[Paludina decisa, Say.]
eyes situated on or near one pair of them.
The shell, almost without exception, consists of only one
piece (univalve), and is more or less revolving in a spiral coil.
Into it the animal is capable of withdrawing entirely, and is
usually provided with a horny or bony cover (operculum) at-
tached to the hinder part of the foot, which accurately closes
the aperture of the shell after the body has wholly receded.
The arrangement of the respiratory organs is various, and af-
fords good characters for distribution into families. In some of
them the respiratory orifice is at one side, under the edge of the
mantle. In others the mantle is folded so as to form a long flexi-
ble proboscis or siphon ; and the shells of these have a notch or
groove in the front of the aperture, in which the siphon lies.
All those which live on the land or in fresh water feed on de-
caying vegetables ; while a great portion of those living in the sea
feed on animal food, and devour not only dead animals, but many
of them are real cannibals, and have the power, either by their
jaws, or by the application of an acid, to perforate the shells of
their fellow testacea, without respecting even their own species,
and thus suck out the juices of the living occupant.
Not a few of them are destitute of shells, and, in fact, the
greater part of the naked mollusca belong to this class. Of the
few that have been observed in this region, some notice has
MOLLUSCA. 145
already been given. ‘These were the true Gasteropopa of La-
marck, while his Mouitsca were limited to what we have em-
braced in the present class.
The following synopsis may aid in arriving at the genera of the
testaceous coverings of such of the GasTEROPoDA, as are found
with us.
I. Aperture entire, not interrupted in front by a notch or elongated canal.
i. Shell shield-like or cup-shaped, aperture very large.
1. multivalve. Chaton.
2. univalve,
* simple. Patélla, Lottia, An'cylus.
** with a fissure at summit. Cemdria.
*** with a partial partition, parallel to the aperture. Creptdula.
ii, Shell tusk-shaped. Dentdlium.
iii, Outer whorl enveloping all the others, the spire often invisible. Bulla.
iv. Shell with an evident spire.
1. inhabiting the land and breathing air.
* sub-globular, or wheel-shaped. Helix.
‘** ovate, with an elongated spire. Pupa, Bulimus, Succinea.
2. inhabiting fresh water.
* spire wheel-shaped, evident above and beneath. Planérbis.
** spire elevated.
t aperture ovate. Limnea, Physa, Paludina, Amnicola.
tt aperture circular. Valvata.
3. inhabiting the sea.
* spire ovate-globose.
t aperture ovate.
§ pillar simple. WVdatica, Littorina, Janthina.
§ pillar with an umbilical groove. Laciina.
tt aperture circular. Margarita, Skénea.
** spire elongated.
§ pillar simple. Turritélla, Scalaria, Cingula, Py‘ramis.
§ pillar with teeth or folds. Melampus, Tornatélla,
Odostomia.
*** spire ear-shaped. Szgarétus.
**** spire irregular, lax. Vermétus.
Il. Aperture terminating in front by a notch or elongated beak.
i. With a notch.
1. pillar simple. Buccinum, Columbélla.
2. pillar plaited. Cancelldria.
ii. With a canal.
1. canal short.
* recurved. Cerithium, Fusus.
straight. Rostelliria, Trichotropis, Purpura, Pleurdtoma.
2. canal prolonged. Py'rula, Ranélla.
19
*
146 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Famity PHYLLIDIANA, Lam.
Shell not spiral, shield-shaped, composed of one or more pieces ; aperture
very large.
Genus CHITON, Liv.
Shell oval, consisting of eight arched pieces, arranged across
the body of the animal in a series overlapping each other, their
ends set in the skin, which forms a rim around them.
CHITON APICULA'TUS.
Dorsal triangles with series of elevated points ; lateral triangles
with scattered, elevated dots.
Figure 20. .
.
State Coll., No. 131. Soc. Cab., No. 740.
Chiton apiculatus, Say; Amer. Conch., No. 8.
Shell oval-oblong, convex, sub-carinated ; color grayish or
light-chestnut ; valves eight ; anterior valve crescentic, with three
or four concentric lines, and numerous, separate, elevated, equal,
sub-equidistant dots, arranged somewhat in regular lines along the
margin ; the six following valves have, on their dorsal triangles,
from twenty to thirty longitudinal series of elevated points, like
beads, somewhat converging towards the summit ; on the lateral
triangles, which are distinctly elevated above the dorsal triangles,
are scattered points like those on the anterior valve ; posterior
valve with the series of dots like the dorsal triangles, a central
tubercle, and the remainder with scattered dots like those on the
anterior valve. Margin coriaceous, with alternate stripes of white
and dusky pubescence. Length 1 inch, breadth 2 inch.
Inhabits the southeastern waters of this State, after passing
Cape Cod. I have received it from Nantucket and Martha’s
Vineyard. It is found more abundantly along the coast of New
York and New Jersey. Dr. Jay found it in great numbers at
Gardiner’s Island.
PHYLLIDIANA. MOLLUSCA. CHITON. 147
This species, so accurately described by Mr. Say from a single
specimen sent him by Dr. Ravenel of Charleston, South Carolina,
cannot be confounded with any other. The beautiful and conspicu-
ous bead-like series of dots are not found on any other described
species, though they partially and inconspicuously appear on C. cine-
reus. On account of their arrangement, I had formerly indicated the
shell under the name of C. pectindtus. The recent publication of
Mr. Say’s Manuscript has established his name. The lines of dots
are not all of equal length, and sometimes they become so blended as
to form merely an elevated line, but they are generally very definite.
I have seen some British shells labelled C. ruber, which have precisely
the same sculpture ; but they are much more elegant in marking, and
are of a bright reddish-brown or rose-color. ‘They cannot be C. ruber,
however, according to any description I have seen under that name.
CHITON MARGINA'TUS.
Shell ovate, the valves carinated across the middle, and pointed
behind ; of a dead cinereous or greenish-color, and minutely sha-
greened ; margin pulverulent.
FIGuRE 22.
State Coll., No. 167. Soc. Cab., No. 2353.
Chiton marginatus, Pennant; Brit, Zool., iv. 71, t. 36, f. 2. Lin.; Guerin ;
Syst., 3206, No. 26. Monracu; Test. Brit.,1. Punrenry; Dorset Catal., 25,
pl.1,f.2. Maron and Racxerr; Lin. Trans., viii. 21, pl. 1, f.2. Woon;
Gen. Conch., 21, pl. 3, f.4. Scurorr.; Einl. in Conch., iii. 508. D’ARGENv. ;
Conchyl., t. 25, f. M. Lam.; An. sans Vert., vii. 492. Sowrrsy; Conch.
Illust., f. 106 to 112. Fremine ; Edin. Encyc., vi. 102. Brit. Anim., 289.
Chiton cinéreus, Lowe; Zool. Journ., ii. 99, pl. 5, f. 5.
Shell small, ovate, moderately convex, with an elevated ridge
along the centre, where each of the valves projects backwards in
a minute beak, ending at the centre of the posterior valve ;
valves faintly divided into triangles ; surface otherwise apparently
smooth, but under the magnifier it is found to be beautifully sha-
greened, the granules being arranged in diamonds on every part.
Color a dead, dull ashen or greenish color, sometimes mottled.
Margin narrow, membranous, coated with a dusty pigment, which
is alternately hoary and brownish. Length 3 inch, breadth 5%;
10
inch.
148 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
A single specimen of this shell was found living, a few years
since, by Dr. Charles Pickering, at Phillips’s Beach, and is now
in the Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadel-
phia. It is a common British species.
It is an inelegant shell at first sight, its dingy, dull surface present-
ing nothing attractive. But no one can fail to admire its beautiful
sculpture when viewed under the magnifier. The serrated, reflected
margin usually mentioned in descriptions, is merely a contraction of
the margin about the ends of the valves, such as we see in many
other species.
It is allied to C. apiculdtus ; but we find the lateral triangles as
much sculptured as the dorsal in this; the dots are diamond-shaped,
and arranged in quincunx, and not bead-like, and arranged in series.
From our other species it is distinguished by its dead surface.
CHITON FULMINA TUS.
Shell ovate-oblong, brownish or yellowish-red, variegated with
angular, whitish lines, and a series of whitish points along the
posterior margin of the valves ; surface minutely granulated ;
margin pubescent.
State Coll., No. 134. Soc. Cab., No. 972.
Chiton fulminatus, Cournovy; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 80, pl. 3, f. 19.
Shell oblong-ovate, rather flat ; color varying from bright-red
to yellowish or dark reddish-brown, with numerous, fine, zigzag,
whitish lines arranged over the whole surface, and a line of
six or eight whitish spots alternating with dark-red along the
posterior edge of each valve ; valves carinated and _ slightly
beaked, their surface covered with microscopic granulations ar-
ranged in quincunx ; to the naked eye smooth and shining ; di-
vision into triangular areas very indistinct ; lines of growth very
faint. Margin narrow, coriaceous, coated with a close, short
down, alternately red and white. Within white at the edges of
the valves, deepening towards the centre toa rose-color. Length
7’; inch, breadth ,% inch.
Found in the stomachs of fishes caught off Egg Rock, Co-
hasset, &c.
PHYLLIDIANA. MOLLUSCA. CHITON. 149
This very beautifully marked species varies considerably in outline,
size, marking, and color. Some have the sides nearly parallel, and
others are decidedly ovate; some exceed an inch in length ; some
have the lines of growth deeply marked, while others are nearly
smooth ; some have a dead, ashen color, but such are apparently very
old. In some the zigzag lines and white dots are very distinct, in
others not.
This may very probably prove identical with some species of the
North of Europe ; but as it is utterly impossible to say which one, I
will not run the risk of adding further confusion to the already inex-
tricable synonymy of the Chitons, by offering any conjectures. Dr.
Loven says, “It is a very common species with us [in Sweden]. I
think it is the 8. levigdtus, Furminc.” Mr. Sowerby thinks “it would
be impossible to find a distinguishing character’? between this and C.
cinereus. In this he is certainly mistaken. It comes much nearer to
his red variety of C. marginatus ; but the granulations of the surface of
our shell are not half so distinct as in either C. marginatus or C. cineé-
reus. It is, therefore, best to use Mr. Couthouy’s name for the pres-
ent, as it is the only one to which the shell can now, or perhaps ever,
be referred with certainty.
CHITON RUBER.
Shell small, oval, elevated, carinated ; valves marked by lines
of growth; otherwise smooth, strongly beaked ; margin pulveru-
lent, red and white.
Fieure 24.
State Coll., No. 166. Soc. Cab., No. 2352.
Chiton ruber, Lowr ; Zool. Journ., ii. 101, pl. 5, f. 2. Sowrrsy; Conch. Illust.,
f. 103, 104, lower fig. Fremine; Edin. Encyc., vi. 102. Brit. Anim., 289.
Shell small, strong, nearly oval, being but slightly narrowed be-
fore, convexly elevated and traversed by an elevated ridge or keel
along the back ; valves without any appearance of granulations or
punctures under the magnifier, but marked with conspicuous
grooves, indicating the stages of growth, most marked near the
border ; otherwise perfectly smooth, shining, and polished ; pos-
terior margin strongly beaked. Color, light brick-red or flesh-
color, with occasional dashes of dark crimson across one or more
150 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
valves, sometimes arranged in stripes ; such a stripe will usually
be found at a little distance on each side of the keel, while the
keel itself has a stripe of crimson spots, occasionally replaced by a
yellow spot. It is frequently incrusted with a black foreign sub-
stance. Margin coriaceous, coated with a red and white dust ar-
ranged in alternate stripes. ‘Triangular areas generally well
marked. Interior bright rose-red, becoming fainter at the mar-
gins of the valves. Length 3 inch, breadth 8, inch.
Found adhering to stones dragged from the deep by kelp;
also in the maws of fishes.
It is not difficult to distinguish at sight well-marked individuals of
this species from those of C. fulmindtus. But there are intermediate
specimens which it is not easy to pronounce upon. In general, this
species is smaller, more solid, more convex, the valves more beaked,
lines of growth more deep, the zigzag lines never appearing, though
the posterior margin of the valve is sometimes dotted with white and
red. The impunctured or ungranulated surface, however, is the best,
as it is a constant, characteristic.
That this is the C. ruber of Lowe and Sowerby, | think there can
be no question, though it may not be C. ruber of other authors. The
figure in Pennant, “ Brit. Zool.,” pl. 36, f. 3, also represents accu-
rately most of the adult specimens, though it is quoted by authors as
C. levis, which is distinguished by its finely reticulated margin.
CuHITON ALBUS.
Shell small, elliptical, valves carinated and partially beaked,
minutely granulated ; margin beaded.
FIGcurReE 27.
State Coll., No. 133. Soc. Cab., No. 973.
Chiton albus, Monracu; Test. Brit.,4. Sowrrsy; Conch. filust., 99,99 a, 100.
Brown ; Conch. of Great Brit., &c. pl. 35, f. 2.
Chiton aselléides, Lowe; Zool. Journ., ii. 103, t. 5. f. 3. Wooo; Suppl., pl. 1,
adh
Chiton sagrinatus, Cournouy ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 82.
Shell small, elongated-oval ; covered with a bluish-black pig-
ment, which easily rubs off, and leaves the ground yellowish or
ash-colored ; surface beautifully granulated, under the microscope,
PHYLLIDIANA. MOLLUSCA. CHITON. 151
so as to resemble the finest shagreen. Valves moderately cari-
nated, and with a minute beak ; distinctly marked with lines of
growth, and a feeble diagonal ridge often divides each side into
two triangles; anterior valve crescentic, with about twelve
marginal teeth. Margin membranous, yellowish, covered with
beaded granules. Length ,; inch, breadth ,%, inch.
Found in the stomachs of fishes in considerable numbers.
This shell was first discovered on this side the Atlantic by Mr. Joseph
P. Couthouy, and supposed by him to be new. But it agrees in all
respects with Mr. Lowe’s figure and description of C. aselléides ; and
Mr. Sowerby, on an examination of our shell, accords with me in
opinion that it is that shell. Mr. Lowe subsequently states (Zool.
Journ., iii. 79.) that his species ‘is clearly identified with C. albus of
Montagu.” But, as it is only white when divested ae its pigment, the
name aselléides is much more descriptive.
The ridges, edges, and interstices of the valves usually have the pig-
ment worn off, so as to present a yellowish-color. The beaded margin
distinguishes it from all our other species; but it is rare to find the
margin unimpaired.
Cuiton EMERSONIA'NUS.
Shell ovate-oblong, white ; valves reniform, each with a central
cordiform, sculptured area, the remainder covered with a dirty mem-
brane, with two rows of hairy tufts at the margin ; anterior valve
emarginate.
Fieure 19.
State Coll., No. 182. Soc. Cab., No. 2351.
Chiton Emersonii, Cournovy ; Bost. Journ, Nat. Hist., ii. 83, pl. 3, f. 10.
Shell ovate-oblong, broadest behind ; of a light drab-color ;
valves eight, kidney-shaped, the extremities being rounded and
the posterior margin deeply arched ; posterior valve narrowed and
excavated at the tip ; on the centre of each valve is a small, heart-
shaped area, beautifully sculptured with bead-like granules, three
or four series of which are parallel to its border, and the central
ones on each side are arranged in a somewhat concentric manner 3;
the beak is elevated and pointed, and smooth or slightly striated ;
152 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
the area on the anterior valve is shaped like the valve. The re-
maining portion of the valves is smooth, with three radiating lines
passing from the beaks to the middle of each base, enclosing two
rounded, threadlike ribs. It is also covered with a thin mem-
brane, coated with a dirty, scurfy epidermis which is easily
rubbed off. Margin broad and thick, resembling macerated calf-
skin, coated like the rest of the surface, and having two ranges
of small tufts of yellowish hair, two on each of the intermediate,
and six or eight around the terminal valves. Length 4 inch,
breadth 56 inch.
Found in the stomachs of fishes taken in Massachusetts Bay.
This is a very curious shell, and, with three or four other described
species, might constitute a sub-genus. It is so rough and unseemly
that it is very likely to be rejected as some decayed specimen ; or the
discoverer would begin to clear off, as some extraneous substance,
the coating which belongs to it, and gives it a character.
The shape of the valves, the sculptured areas, and the emarginate
anterior valve, will not allow it to be confounded with any other spe-
cies. Could it be presumed that so remarkable characters as the cen-
tral areas and the anterior valve were overlooked, we might suppose
this to be the C. vestitus, Brop. and Sowersy (Zool. Journ., iii. 368.)
The areas, however, are easily defaced, and might not have attracted
notice in their specimens. In other respects their description would
apply well to our shell. The figure recently given of it, in the Ap-
pendix to Beechey’s Voyage, represents a shell proportionally much
narrower than ours.
GENUS PATELLA. Lin.
Shell low-conical, apex nearly central and inclining a little for-
wards ; aperture oblong-oval, cavity basin-shaped.
PatTe/LLA CA’NDIDA.
Shell small, white, with numerous diverging ribs, checked by
revolving lines, apex central.
State Coll., No. 124. Soc. Cab., No. 2381.
Patélla candida, Cournovuy ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 86, pl. 3. f. 17.
PHYLLIDIANA. | MOLLUSCA. LOTTIA. 153
Shell small, conical, white, oval, having numerous minute
radiating ribs, traversed by equally fine concentric lines, which
give the surface, when viewed under a magnifier, the appearance
of net-work; summit nearly central, margin slightly scolloped by
the termination of the ribs ; interior white. Length 5% inch,
height 7; inch, breadth 2 inch.
Only three specimens of this shell are yet known. The first one
found was taken by Mr. Couthouy fromthe stomach of a fish caught
off Barnstable, and was described by him. A second has since
been found by Mr. W.W. Wheildon, of Charlestown. It is at once
distinguished by its checkered or granulated surface, no other spe-
cies, yet described, having that character.
/
Genus LOTTIA, Gray.
Shell basin-shaped, apex obtuse, usually more depressed and
thinner than Patélla, and distinguished from it chiefly by its in-
habitant.
Lo’TTIA TESTUDINALIS.
Shell oblong-oval, greenish-white, for the most part with
brownish sub-dividing radiations ; centre within, dark-brown.
Frievre 12.
State Coll., No. 129. Soc. Cab., No. 767.
Patélla testudinailis, Mitier, Prodr., p. 237. Fapr.; Fauna Grenl., 385.
Lam.; An. sans Vert., vii. 543. Dituwyn; Catal., 1045. Woop; Catal., No.
63, pl. 37.
Patélla testudinaria, KarmmererR, Rudolst Conch., 12, pl. 2, f. 4, 5.
Patélla testudiniria Greenlandica, Curmn.; Conch., x. 325, pl. 168, f. 1614, 1615.
Patélla tessellata, MULLER; Zool. Dan., iii. 2868, teste Dr. Beck.
Patélla Cléalandi, Sowrrsy; Records of Lin. Soc., villi. 621. FrLemine ; Brit.
Anim., 287.
Patélla virginea, MiLieR; Zool. Dan., iii. 2867.
Patélla virginea? Guexiy.; 3711. Ditiwyn; Catal., 1052.
Patélla ame'na, Say; Journ. sicad. Nat. Sc., ii. 223.
Patelléidea ame\na, Cournovuy ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 171.
Patelléida testudinalis, Lea ; Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., (New Series,) vii. 73.
Patélla cly’peus, Brown; Conch. of Great Brit., &c., pl. 37, f. 9, 10.
Lottia Antilldrum, Sowrrsy; Conchol. Manual, f. 231.
20
154 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Shell oblong-oval, moderately elevated, thin ; apex behind the
middle, pointed, and turning forwards ; surface finely checkered
with minute radiating lines crossed by encircling lines ; general
color a greenish-white, with dark-brown stripes radiating from the
summit, and frequently dividing, before they reach the margin,
which is sharp and entire ; within, the central portion is dark-
brown, and the margin is more or less bordered or checkered
with the same color, by the exterior markings showing through.
Ordinary length 4 inch, breadth 33 inch, height } inch.
Found along our whole coast, adhering to the rocks, and is com-
mon on the northernmost shores of Europe and America.
This shell varies infinitely in its markings. ‘The general appear-
ance is as above described. Sometimes, all exterior coloring is want-
ing; and commonly, the lines are so delicate, and arranged in such a
manner, as to exhibit a kind of net-work. The largest specimens I
have seen were brought from Castine, Maine. ‘These were 14 inch
in length. There can no longer be any doubt that this is the shell
long known in the North of Europe as P. testudindlis. Specimens
sent me from Ireland, Scotland, and Norway, agree in every par-
ticular with ours. Probably the P. Antilldrum is the same, though
Mr. Sowerby does not intimate this in his correspondence,
Mr. Couthouy was the first to determine the generic place of this
shell, by an inspection of the animal.
I have employed the generic term Loérria, of Gray, as it has the
right of priority, is not an objectionable derivative, and is in general
use among all conchologists except the French. PaTeLLé1pea was
also given, as the name of a family, by Blainville. The arrangement
of the branchiz of the animal would, strictly, remove the genus from
this family.
Lortria ALVEUS.
Shell oblong-oval, compressed at the sides, thin, colored with a
net-work of white and brown.
Fieure 13.
State Coll., No. 130. Soc. Cab., No. 777.
Patélla alveus, Conran 3 Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., vi. 267, pl. 11, f. 20.
Patelloidea alveus, Cournovuy ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 177.
CIRROBRANCHIATA. MOLLUSCA. DENTALIUM. 155
Shell small, thin and fragile, elevated, compressed at the sides,
so that the margins are nearly parallel, the ends of equal breadth,
and obtusely rounded ; apex at the posterior third, pointing for-
wards ; outer surface beautifully checked with the lines of growth,
and fine, but distinct, radiating lines ; color a reddish-brown, with
oval or circular yellowish-white spots, arranged in a somewhat
regular manner, so that the whole resembles a net-work. The
thinness of the shell allows the external coloring to appear on the
inside ; edge entire. Length ,%, inch, breadth 5%, inch.
Found abundantly on the eel-grass (Zostéra marina), to whose
narrow leaves its form is exactly adapted.
In old specimens a lateral compression is very obvious, and the
sides are at least parallel, and sometimes incurved for one half the
length of the shell. The apex, when not worn off, is acute, and pro-
jects distinctly forwards. The markings usually give the shell a
checkered appearance ; but occasionally we have stripes, as in the
preceding species.
This shell is the very miniature of Patélla compréssa. Mr. Sower-
by suggests that it bears the same relation to P. testudindlis as Patélla
compréssa does to P. minidta; in other words, it is the same spe-
cies, changed in form from having adhered to a narrow sea-weed
instead of a stone. The general marking of the shell, and the cir-
cumstance of its seldom, if ever, being noticed living anywhere except
upon the narrow leaves before mentioned, render this opinion not at
all improbable.
-
Famity CIRROBRANCHIATA, Buatnv.
Animal with the branchie in the form of numerous long filaments, arising
JSrom two radical lobes placed above the neck, and enveloped, with the head, by
the mantle. Shell tubular, not spiral.
Genus DENTALIUM, Liv.
Shell tubular, elongated-conical, slightly curved, opening at each
end by a rounded orifice.
DENTALIUM DENTALE.
Shell polished, slightly curved, with eighteen or twenty faint,
unequal ribs.
156 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Ficure 5.
State Coll., No. 265. Soc. Cab., No. 2415.
Dentalium dentalis, Lin.; Syst. Nat., 1263. Born; Mus., t. 18, f. 13. Maron
and Racxetr; Lin. Trans., viii. 237. Drsuayres; Mem. de la Soc. d’ Hist.
Nat., ii. 353, pl. 16, f. 9, 10. Lam.; An. sans Vert., v. 595.
Dentalium striatum, Monracu ; Test. Brit., 495.
Deuntalium attenuatum, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., iv. 154, pl. 8, f. 3.
Shell slender and tapering, curved like an elephant’s tusk, the
tip cut off, leaving a very small opening. Surface rather glossy,
yellowish-white, marked with about twenty closely arranged, un-
equal, rib-like striw, running the whole length of the shell.
Length about an inch ; diameter at the larger end about 2 inch.
I am enabled to add this shell to our list through the kindness of my
friend W. W. Wheiidon, of Charlestown, who sent me the specimens,
accompanied by the following memoranda.
‘“<'Two specimens of Dentalium were taken from the stomachs of cod-
fish, in the Spring of 1839. They were both found to have penetrated
the entrail of the fish, and were firmly fixed there. ‘They had proba-
bly been in the fish for some length of time. Both specimens were
unfortunately eroded, one of them so much so that it is quite impossible
to determine any of its characters, except its size, its markings being
entirely obliterated. In the other specimen the strie are distinct, and
seem to conform to the D. dentalis of the coast of England. ‘Twenty
to twenty-two stri2 may be counted on its surface.”
Famity CALYPTRACEA, Lam.
Shell basin-shaped, serving as a cover to the animal ; distinguished from
the preceding family by the branchi@ being situated in a peculiar cavity upon
the back.
GENUS CEMORIA, Leacu.
Shell small, like Patélla, with the apex elevated and curved
forwards, and with a fissure just behind the apex.
Cremoria Noacuina.
Shell small, white, conical, covered with unequal, radiating
ribs ; apex curved forwards, and perforated obliquely backwards.
Figure 18.
CALYPTRACEA. MOLLUSCA. CREPIDULA. 157
State Coll., No. 114. Soc. Cab., No. 1652.
Patélla Noachina, Lix.; Mantissa, 551. Cuemn.; Conch., xi. 186, pl. 197,
f. 1927, 1928.
Patélla apertira, Montagu; Test. Brit., 491, pl. 13, f. 10. Woop; Index, pl.
38, f. 89.
Patélla fissurélla, Mitier; Zool. Dan., i. t. 24, f. 4 to 6. GmeELin; Syst.,
3728, No. 193.
Fissurélla Noachina, Lyett; Obs. sur le Soulévement de la Suede, No. 16, pl. 2,
f. 13,14. Lam.; 4n. sans Vert., vii. 604. Sowrersy; Conch. Illustr., (Fissu-
rélla) f. 15,
Puncturélla Noachina, Lowe; Zool. Journ., iii. 77.
Cemoria Flemingii, Leacu ; Sowersy ; Conch. Man., f. 244.
Sipho striata, Brown ; Conch. of Great Brit., §c., pl. 36, f. 14 to 16.
Shell bluish-white, conical, its summit pointed and turned
backwards, and the surface covered with about twenty-two ribs,
with intervening smaller ones, and wrinkled by the lines of growth.
A narrow, diamond-shaped slit is presented at the summit, which
opens in the interior by a circular aperture, towards the margin,
the course of this canal being as it were arched over by a thin
plate of the shell, when viewed within ; edge oval and scolloped
by the ribs. Length } inch, breadth } inch, height 7 inch.
This curious little shell, the only recent species of its genus
known, is frequently taken from the stomachs of fishes. It is also
an inhabitant of the northern seas of Europe, and is found in a
fossil state also.
It has been arranged under different genera, but undoubtedly has
claims to be the type of a distinct genus. Besides those mentioned
above, the genus Ri'mua of Defrance, would also probably embrace
it. But Cemoria has the priority over all those which have been
constructed, though any one of the others would seem to have been
better chosen names. Lowe remarks, that the P. apertwra of Mon-
tagu has been ascertained, almost beyond a doubt, to be nothing
more than the young of Fissurélla Greca. But his figure repre-
sents this shell.
Genus CREPIDULA, Lam.
Shell oval, arched, somewhat boat-shaped, with an imperfect
spire pressed against the margin ; cavity partially divided within
by a horizontal partition.
158 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
CREPIDULA FORNICATA.
Shell oval, apex turned to one side, and terminating in the mar-
gin ; partition appressed to one side.
Ficure 17.
State Coll., No. 123. Soc. Cab., No. 817.
Patélla fornicata, Lin. ; Syst. Nat., 1257. Marrint; Conch., i. 160, t. 13, f. 129,
130. Lister; Conch., t. 545, f. 33, 35. Knorr; Vergn., vi. t. 21, f. 3.
Crepidula fornicata, Lam.; vii. 641. Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 225.
Shell obliquely-oval, one side more oblique than the other,
apex a little prominent, turned to one side, not separate from the
body of the shell, and generally united with the margin of the
aperture ; convexity moderate, but varying according to the ob-
ject on which it is seated ; surface wrinkled by the lines of
growth, of a dirty-white color, and figured with interrupted,
waved, longitudinal lines, of a light-chestnut color, and covered
with a yellowish epidermis ; aperture obliquely sub-oval, the edge
entire and sharp, color light-brown, with darker dots and blotches ;
a ray from the apex along the middle of the shell generally lighter
than the rest ; diaphragm white, occupying about one half the
aperture, one side of it defined by a distinct line, the other, for a
considerable space, compressed against the side of the shell, and
firmly united to it, the free edge waving, one half advancing con-
siderably beyond the other, and leaving a conspicuous notch at
the side, outside the boundary line, surface in general concave,
but a narrow, arched portion traverses the middle. Length 14
inch, breadth 1! inch.
oO
Found adhering to other shells and to each other.
This is probably, what Mr. Say supposed it to be, a variety of C.
fornicata, as originally described, and is a species found in various
seas. Jt is found occasionally thrown upon the beaches near Boston
after a storm, but is not uncommon about Cape Cod, and the islands to
the southeastward. The best specimens I: have seen, were brought,
on oysters, from Prince Edward’s Island, off the mouth of the St.
Lawrence. Its shape varies according to the body on which it rests.
Four or five of different ages are frequently found riding upon each
CALYPTRACEA. MOLLUSCA. CREPIDULA. 159
other. When growing upon Pecten concéntricus it is found to have
ribs corresponding to those of the Pecten. It is a solid shell, and the
diaphragm is situated near the mouth, leaving no cavity extending
under the beak. The manner in which one edge is pressed against
the side of the shell is quite characteristic. ‘The margin of the aper-
ture is generally white, dotted with chestnut; the remainder of the
interior is more or less brown. Sometimes the attachment of the
diaphragm is bordered with reddish-brown.
CREPIDULA PLANA.
Shell ovate, flat, white ; apex acute, terminal ; diaphragm convex.
Fieure 16.
State Coll., No. 143. Soc. Cab., No. 821.
Crepidula plana, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 226. Amer. Conch., pl. 44.
Shell ovate, flat, or as often a little concave or convex, thin,
transparent, white, wrinkled with concentric lines of growth ;
apex minute, pointed, turning a little to one side, and constituting
the extreme termination of the shell ; the other extremity broader,
and regularly rounded ; interior white, of a brilliant polish, and
iridescent ; diaphragm less than half the length of the shell, con-
vex, rising to a level with the margin, free edge for the most part
straight, but having a projecting angle near one side. Length 1}
inch, breadth =. inch.
10
Found in the aperture of other shells.
This species has also been observed through a wide region. Mr.
Say noted it as far south as Florida. It does not, however, frequent
localities north of us. It is still regarded by some as a yariety of
the C. fornicdta modified by its position. But the peculiarity of form,
coloration, diaphragm, and habit of living, seem to render it sufficient-
ly distinct. When young, it is of a more rounded form, but becomes
elongated by age. It is otherwise very variable in shape, conforming
to the position it occupies in the throat of some other shell.
This is very likely to prove to be the C. unguiformis, Lam., (Pa-
télla crepidula, Lin.). In this opinion I have the concurrence of Mr.
Sowerby. Deshayes observes that he can hardly think that the shell
fioured as Calyptréa unguiformis by Broderip, in “ Trans. Zool.
Soc.,” i. pl. 29, f. 4, is the shell of Linnzeus. He says the shell of
160 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Linnzus is distinguished by a profound notch at one extremity of the
partition, and a feebler one at the other; that the shell described by
Mr. Say as Crepidula plana wants this notch, and is the shell figured
by Broderip. Now it so happens, that the only specimen which I am
certain is entire has this notch precisely as described, and the tooth-
like process which separates the large notch from the rest of the mar-
gin is such as would be likely to be broken in almost every instance.
This fact leads me to suppose, that all three of the shells in question
~ are of the same species, and should be called C. unguiférmis. If so,
its habitat is as wide as that of C. fornicdta. But as I have not yet
the means of confirming my supposition, I give Mr. Say’s name.
CREPIDULA CONVEXA.
Shell elevated, apex terminal, separated from the body of the
shell ; diaphragm convex, less than half the aperture, edge simple.
Figure 15.
State Coll., No. 122. Soc. Cab., No. 822.
Crepidula convéxa, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 227.
Shell small, opaque, very convex, obliquely ovate, one side
nearly vertical, the other sloping ; surface wrinkled, color ashen-
brown, with bands, stripes, or dots of dark reddish-brown ; apex
acute, separate from the body of the shell, turning very little to
one side, and downwards as far as the tip of the shell ; within
shining, of a uniform dark reddish-brown color ; aperture oval ;
diaphragm deeply situated, leaving a cavity extending into the
beak, convex, brown, the free edge white and simply curved.
Length 9, inch, breadth ,% inch, height 4, inch.
Found on sea-weed, and on stones among the roots of sea-weed.
It is seldom found entire. Mr. Say described from dead shells, and
had not seen its true colors. In most instances one side is nearly
upright, while the other is sloping; but sometimes the two sides are
nearly similar. The diaphragm is regularly arched, the arch termi-
nating at a regularly curved, depressed line, on one side, and here the
free edge makes a slight projection. :
This shell is easily distinguished from all our other species by its
convexity and by the color of its deeply seated diaphragm.
CALYPTRACEA. MOLLUSCA. CREPIDULA. 161
CREPIDULA GLAUCA.
Shell oval, smooth, apex separate, slightly turned to one side ;
diaphragm less than half the length of the shell, edge waved.
Figure 14.
State Coll., No. 121. Soc. Cab., No. 818.
Crepidula glauca, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 226.
Shell obliquely oval, thin, moderately convex, of a glaucous or
grayish-green color, faintly freckled with dots of darker and
lighter color ; surface nearly smooth ; the apex is pointed, pro-
jecting considerably beyond the outline of the aperture, and, turn-
ing downwards, and a little to one side, does not quite reach the
plane of the aperture ; aperture rounded oval, the margin usually
expanded ; interior a uniform, dark reddish-brown, or occasionally
mottled ; the edge is margined with yellowish-white, and dotted
with brown ; diaphragm white, running within the beak so as to
exhibit a considerable recess ; it is waved, two thirds being con-
vex, and the remainder concave ; the free margin has a concave
curve in proportion as the diaphragm is arched. Length 32 inch,
breadth ,* inch, height }; inch.
I have taken only one specimen of this shell, which I found
on a stone dragged upon Chelsea Beach by a Laminaria attached
to it. It is, however, common on the ocean shore of Rhode
Island, and'is doubtless to be found at the Elizabeth Islands, and
along the South Shore. The specimens I have received from
Colonel Totten have a peculiar figure, and from their undulated
edges I should conjecture they were taken from off the Pecten
concéentricus, which is found abundantly about Cape Cod.
It is readily distinguished from C. convéxa by its depressed and
broader figure, and white diaphragm. From small specimens of
C. fornicata it is distinguished by its projecting and central apex, and
by the constant recess under the beak. In some specimens the arch-
ing of the diaphragm is greater than in others, and then its free mar-
gin is more or less curved also. There is no decided notch at either
extremity.
21
162 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Famity BULLEANA, Lam.
Shell thin, rolled up like a scroll ; animal destitute of tentacula, and having
the branchie in a special cavity, at the posterior part of the back, covered by
the mantle.
Genus BULLA, Lin,
Shell thin, oval or cylindrical, the last whorl enclosing all the
others, seldom exhibiting any spire ; aperture narrow, nearly the
length of the shell, lip sharp.
BuLLaA INSCULPTA.
Shell oval, bluish-white, fragile, the last whorl enveloping all
ihe others, and covered with minute, regular, revolving lines, with
an imperfect opening in the region of the spire.
Figure 92.
State Coll., No. 118. Soc. Cab., No. 838.
Bulla insctlpta, Torren ; Silliman’s Journ., xxviii. 350, fig. 4.
Bulla solitaria? Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 245.
Shell oval, rather broadest before the middle, thin, pellucid,
bluish-white ; the last whorl enveloping all the others, wrinkled
lengthwise, and covered with minute, close, revolving lines ; the
region of the spire is depressed, and sometimes we find there a
very small opening ; aperture narrow behind, broad before ; outer
lip very sharp, rising in a regular curve backwards above the
summit of the shell ; as it ascends from below upon the body of
the shell, it becomes a little thickened, and forms a very slight fold
at the umbilical region ; a very thin layer of enamel is found
covering the inner margin; umbilicus none. Length 4 inch,
breadth 4 inch.
Found at Martha’s Vineyard, at New Bedford, and in the
muddy inlets in Roxbury.
The differences between B. solitdria and B. insculpta, if there be
any, must be very slight. Nor do I see that the two descriptions are
at all inconsistent with each other. Still, it is true that the shells from
Martha’s Vineyard are precisely like some from Charleston, South
BULLEANA. MOLLUSCA. BULLA. 163
Carolina, and accord with Mr. Say’s solitdria ; and those from Rox-
bury are precisely like those found by Colonel Totten at Newport,
Rhode Island, and described by him. The observable differences are,
that the first are of a more dead white, are more cylindrical, the sum-
mit has a more square appearance, the revolving lines are less distinct,
and there is always a perceptible opening in the region of the spire.
These differences may be ascribed to age or-locality. I have used
Colonel Totten’s name, since I am not sure that it is the shell intended
by Mr. Say.
BuLLA HIEMA'LIS.
Shell minute, globular, very thin, dusky, no spire perceptible,
with a small umbilicus.
Fieure 100.
State Coll., No. 119. Soc. Cab. No. 2385.
Bulla hiemalis, Cournovy; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 180, pl. 4, f. 5.
Shell globular, very thin and brittle, transparent, of a brownish
tinge, except near the tip where it is whitish ; body-whorl envel-
oping all the rest, so as to leave no perceptible spire, and marked
with the lines of growth; the aperture is narrow behind, but
greatly enlarged forwards ; the outer lip revolves, from its
junction behind, nearly a third of a revolution before it turns
forwards ; a thin plate of callus is spread over the inner margin,
and rises so as to forma small but distinct umbilicus. Length
and breadth about 5‘, inch.
Procured from cod-fish taken off Provincetown, in about thirty
fathoms water.
It is a remarkable shell, sufficiently distinguished by its globular
form, and its peculiar lip.
Butta Gov’‘tpit.
Shell ovate, white, rather opaque, composed of four whorls, the
last including all the others, and covered with minute revolving
lines ; spire nearly flat.
Figure 94.
1644 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
State Coll., No. 117. Soc. Cab., No. 2384.
Bulla Gouldii, Cournovy; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 181, pl. 4, f. 6.
Shell small, ovate, shining, of a dead white color, covered with
a yellowish epidermis ; whorls four, rounded at their upper edges,
their dividing line well marked ; the last whorl is as long as the
shell, and includes all the others; under the magnifier its surface
appears covered with revolving lines ; the whorls all rise to about
the same level, so that the summit is nearly flat; the anterior ex-
tremity is rather narrower than the posterior: the aperture is nar-
row behind, and suddenly enlarged by the curvature of the inner
margin, which is a little thickened, white, and polished. ‘The
outer lip, from its junction behind, advances a little as it tarns for-
ward by a regular curve, and, finally turning backward by a rather
sharp turn, it Joins the body of the shell with a gentle twist ; um-
bilicus none. Length 5% inches, breadth ,%, inch.
Found by Mr. Couthouy in the stomachs of fishes, taken off
Cohasset Rocks, and dredged by Col. Totten in Provincetown
harbour.
In shape it somewhat resembles B. solitaria ; but it is a smaller and
much more solid shell, and its flat summit, with the display of all its
whorls there, plainly distinguishes it. ‘The anterior extremity is also
more pointed. It is much broader and less cylindrical than B. canalicu-
lata, nor has it the conspicuous fold on the pillar, as that shell has.
BuLua DE’BILIS.
Shell obliquely ovate, small, transparent, inflated, smooth, par-
tially umbilicated; whorls four, terminating on a level; pillar
lip terminating abruptly in front.
Figure 95.
State Coll., No. 112. Soc. Cab., No. 2388.
Bulla débilis, Gouin ; Stlliman’s Journ., xxxviili. 196.
Shell small, obliquely ovate, tumid, thin and brittle, greenish-
white ; whorls four, all rising to about the same height, division
distinct, each very convexly rounded ; last whorl the whole length
of the shell, including all the others, and partially detached from
them above ; surface without apparent marks ; aperture as long as
BULLEANA. MOLLUSCA. BULLA. 165
the shell, widening from behind forwards ; outer lip attached be-
hind, a little before the summit of the shell, it rises to a level with
the spire, and then descends in a regular, though slightly waved
curve to the front of the pillar, where it terminates quite abruptly ;
inner lip spread out in a thin enamel upon the body of the shell,
partially covering an umbilical indentation placed at about one
fourth the length of the shell. Length 4, inch, breadth } inch.
Obtained from fishes taken in Massachusetts Bay.
This shell has no marked resemblance to any other with which I
am acquainted, unless it be to B. Gouldii, of which it may possibly be
the young. It is, however, much smaller and thinner, more globular,
and its greatest breadth is before, instead of behind, the middle. The
peculiarity of the base, also, is well marked. In many respects, it has
a general resemblance to Montagu’s B. didphana, ( Test. Brit. pl. 7, f.
8,) but that has an elevated spire, and is not umbilicated. Brown
figures a shell, which he calls Diaphana pellucida, (Conch. of Great
Brit., &c., pl. 38, f. 10, 11,) which bears a still more striking resem-
blance.
These two last named species would come under the sub-genus
Aptu’stre of Blainville ; in which the whorls are all visible, but the
spire not projecting; and in which there is a thickened portion at
the anterior termination of the pillar.
BuLLA TRITI’/CEA.
Sheil cylindrical, smooth, whitish, of the size of a grain of rice,
a pit in place of the spire.
Figure 98.
State Coll., No. 116. Soc. Cab., No. 3871.
Bulla triticea, Cournouy ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 88, pl. 2, f. 8.
Shell cylindrical, polished, rather solid, of a dull white color,
and covered with a thin, rusty epidermis ; marks of growth very
delicate, and numerous minute revolving lines may be seen under
a magnifier ; a circular pit occupies the region of the spire, from
the margin of which the outer lip takes its origin, and, rising a
little, passes forward in a direction nearly parallel to the left
margin of the shell, forming a long, narrow aperture, which sud-
denly becomes double this breadth, near the front, by the curva-
ture of the inner lip ; occasionally the lip is a little waved in-
166 INVERTEBRATA OF, MASSACHUSETTS.
wards at the middle, narrowing the aperture ; at the region of the
umbilicus is a flattened, white space, thickened by enamel,
gradually disappearing within the aperture ; the whole inner mar-
gin is sometimes slightly coated with enamel. Length 2 inch,
breadth 5); inch.
Found plentifully in the maws of fishes taken in Massachusetts
Bay.
This shell is analogous to the B. cylindracea of Pennant, (Brit.
Zool., pl. 70, f. 85.) But that is a much longer shell, and decidedly
umbilicated in the region of the spire. Brown figures a shell under
the name of Volvdria alba, (Conch. of Great Brit., &c., pl. 38, f. 48,
44,) which bears a striking resemblance to this shell.
BuLLA CANALICULA'TA.
Shell nearly cylindrical, spire somewhat elevated, with a groove
on the summit of the whorls.
Ficure 97.
State Coll., No. 113. Soc. Cab., No. 2390.
Volvaria canaliculata, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., v., 211.
Bullina canaliculita, Say ; mer. Conch., pl. 39.
Shell cylindrical, white and shining, with very faint lines of
growth ; spire a little elevated, crowned with a minute but promi-
nent tip; whorls about five, the summit of each having a shallow,
rounded groove ; outer lip arching forwards ; inner lip over-
spread with a thin plate of enamel, and having a single oblique
fold near the base.
I have found only one specimen of this shell from the waters of
Massachusetts. ‘This was discovered, among other minute shells,
in sand brought from Martha’s Vineyard. Prof. Adams found
them in considerable numbers in New Bedford harbour.
I have been induced to place this species under the genus Butta, in
consequence of the remarks of M. Deshayes, in his edition of La-
marck’s work. He thinks the main character of Férussac’s genus
BuLitNa, as modified by Blainville, viz., ‘* an apparent and prominent
2
spire,’ is not of sufficient importance to constitute a genus ; and, while
Mr. Say states that the animal of Butirna differs from that of Butta
BULLEANA. MOLLUSCA. BULLA. 167
by having two distinct tentacula, Deshayes, a much later authority,
says it is perfectly well ascertained that the animals accord with each
other most accurately.
Butitna may at least be regarded as a sub-genus of Butta, to
which this species and the next will belong. At the same time, its
shape and the fold on the columella would seem to approximate it to
Voxva Rid, where Mr. Say originally placed it.
BuLLaA osBsTRICTA.
Shell oval-cylindrical, white, nearly smooth, spire somewhat
elevated, last whorl nearly as long as the shell, and slightly girt-
ed at the middle ; a fold on the pillar.
Figure 96.
State Coll., No. 118. Soc. Cab., No. 2389.
Bulla obstri/cta, Goutp ; Sélliman’s Journ., xxxvill. 196.
Shell small, cylindrical, with each extremity rounded, semi-
transparent, opaque white, or pale horn-color ; whorls five, the
last nearly involving the others, somewhat girt in at the middle,
nearly smooth, covered with a light-yellowish epidermis ; spire
obtuse, rising above the junction of the lip to about one fifth the
length of the shell ; suture deep, apparently double in old speci-
mens, or rather, a narrow and deep line revolving on the shoulder
of each whorl, near the suture, forms a sort of channel ; aperture
very narrow behind, widening before ; outer lip sharp, entire, join-
ing the preceding whorl by a gradual approach, and then turning
down the inner border in the form ofa thick, slightly attached plate
of enamel ; from the front, as it turns back, it becomes thicker and
rounded, and at the umbilical region it enters the shell and forms
a conspicuous fold. Length 7, inch, breadth 45 inch.
Found on Chelsea Beach by myself, at Provincetown by Col-
onel Totten, at New Bedford by Prof. Adams, and is not unfre-
quently taken from fishes.
The same remarks which were made under the preceding spe-
cles, as to its generic place, apply to this species.
This shell closely resembles the figures, and agrees in general with
the description, of Bulla obtusa, of Montagu; but in neither of them is
any fold at the base of the pillar noted, and our shell has a more ele-
168 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
vated spire, and wants the conspicuous lines of growth which pecu-
liarly mark the British shell. B. canaliculdta differs in its more slen-
der, cylindrical, and smooth appearance, the broad and shallow groove
of the whorls, its very acute summit, and its more slightly plaited pil-
lar-lip. In adult specimens it is easy to discriminate the two species ;
but the half grown specimens are so nearly alike, as to render it
almost impossible to separate them. Mr. Lea describes and figures a
fossil species in his ‘‘ Contributions to Geology,” under the name
of Acteaon Wetherilli, which must very closely agree with this
shell.
\
BuLua ORYZA.
Shell minute, white, glossy, sub-oval, last whorl enveloping all
the others, and marked with a few revolving lines ; summit de-
pressed, imperforate.
Figure 95.
State Coll., No. 120. Soc. Cab., No. 2387.
Bulla ory\za, Torren ; Silliman’s Journ., xxviii. 350, f.5.
Shell not very small, not very thin, translucent, white, regularly
diminishing from the middle towards each end, the tip being de-
pressed into a shallow pit, and the front being rather pointed ; last
whorl enclosing all the others ; surface marked with minute lines
of growth, a few revolving lines on the anterior portion, and a few
more obscure ones near the shoulder, none of them perceptible
without a magnifier. Aperture as long as the shell, narrow be-
hind, and widening forwards ; outer lip simple and sharp, com-
mencing beyond the axis of the shell, and rising a little, then
turns, and passes forwards by a regular curve; the left margin is
thickened, and forms a smooth, glossy pillar, which is twisted so
as to form an oblique fold ; at the base it terminates abruptly, so as
almost to form an obtuse tooth; a thick callus, commencing at
the junction of the outer lip, runs round within the whorl, giving
strength to the region of the spire. ‘'here is no umbilical open-
ing either at the tip or base. Length 5% inch, breadth ,5 inch.
Found by Professor Adams in the mud of New Bedford har-
bour. It was originally found by Colonel Totten in the harbour
of Newport. It seems not to have passed Cape Cod.
COLIMACEA, MOLL USCA. HELIX. 169
In solidity, color, polish and general shape, this is allied to B.
Gouldii; but is much smaller, and is at once distinguished by its ex-
hibiting no spire.
BuLLA LINEOLATA.
Shell minute, ovate, ferruginous ; whorls three, the last envelop-
ing all the others, and marked with numerous revolving lines ;
aperture dilated anteriorly.
Ficure 99.
State Coll., No. 115. Soc. Cab., No. 2386.
Bulla lineolata, Cournouy ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 179, pl. 3, f. 15.
Shell very small, oblong-ovate, broadest anteriorly, very thin
and fragile, covered with a thin, rust-colored epidermis ; whorls
three, forming a flattened spire, the outer one somewhat in-
flated, and delicately marked with numerous, impressed, re-
volving lines ; aperture extending the whole length of the shell,
very narrow behind, and rapidly widening forwards, so that the
lip is broadly rounded in front ; the pillar has a faint oblique fold
near the middle. Within glossy, yellowish-white. Length 3,
inch, breadth ;3, inch.
Several specimens of this very delicate and very singular shell
have been taken from the stomachs of fishes caught in the Bay.
It appears like a diminutive specimen of Bulla ligndria, but its
somewhat elevated spire is one good distinctive mark. The revolving
lines are rather distant, regularly disposed, and always conspicuous
under a magnifier.
Famity COLIMACE.A, Lam.
Animal terrestrial, breathing air, tentacula cylindrical, bearing eyes. Shell
spiral, destitute of any external prominences except ridges of increase, the outer
lip often reflected.
Genus HELIX, Liv.
Shell orbicular or sub-globular, spire not much elevated ; aper-
ture oblique, broader than long; the pillar and outer lip continu-
ous, simple or armed with teeth.
22
170 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
HELIX ALBO’/LABRIS.
Shell orbicular-conical, yellowish horn-color; whorls five or six,
convex, marked with the lines of growth, and minute revolving
lines; lip white, broadly reflected ; umbilicus closed.
Figure 101.
State Coll., No. 101. Soc. Cab., No. 1008.
Helix albélabris, Say ; Micholson’s Encyc., (Amer. ed.,) iv. pl. 1, f. 1. Long’s 2d
Expedition to St. Peter's River, ii. 258. Amer. Conch. pl. 13. Fr'russac ; Hist.
des Moll., pl. 43, f. 1 to 3. Binney; Monogr, pl. 2. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., i.
475, pl. 13.
Cochlea Virginiana, Lister ; Conch., t. 47, f. 45.
Shell orbicular, depressed-conical, thin, shining, of a yellowish-
brown or russet-color ; whorls five to six, rounded, separated by
a well-defined suture, and forming a moderately elevated spire,
regularly and distinctly wrinkled by the lines of growth, which are
crossed by very numerous, delicate, revolving hair lines, scarcely
visible without a magnifier ; aperture semi-elliptical, contracted
by the lip, which is white and very broadly reflected ; outer edge
sharp, somewhat waved, and colored orange on the back ; umbili-
cus, covered by the extremity of the lip. Diameter generally
over one inch.
The animal varies in color, sometimes being pure white,
cream-color, or grayish ; head brownish above ; tentacula dusky
at tip; eyes black ; back shagreened with glandular tubercles ;
foot rather more than twice the diameter of the shell, pointed be-
hind.
Found in large numbers in all the partially cleared forests of
New England, sheltered in the moist mould under decaying logs
and rotten stumps ;,and sometimes about stone walls and rocks in
the open fields. It is found in all the States, except, perhaps,
the southernmost.
This is our largest snail, and, though so simple in its structure and
coloring, is a pleasing shell. Its delicately striated surface, and
broad, white lip, cannot fail to gain admiration. It is subject to very
little variety, the principal variations being its want of the white re-
COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. HEnix. 171
flected lip, and an open umbilicus in its immature stages. It has
no tooth on the pillar, like H. thyrétdus, and H. zaléta, is smaller
than the former, and less globular than the latter.
The economy of these animals may be briefly stated as follows.
They subsist upon decaying leaves and vegetable fibre, under which
they usually shelter themselves. In moist weather, and after showers,
they issue from their retreats, and crawl over the leaves or up the
trunks of trees, until driven back by a change of weather. In early
spring they are often seen collected in groups on the sunny side of
rocks. In June they deposit their eggs, to the number of thirty to
eighty in the light mould by the side of rocks and logs. These are
white, opaque, and elastic; and in about twenty to thirty days the
young animal issues from them with a shell consisting of one whorl
and a half. In October they cease to feed, and select a place under
some log or stone where they may be sheltered for the winter, and
there they fix themselves, with the mouth upwards. This they close
by secreting a thin, transparent membrane, and as the weather be-
comes cold, they grow torpid, and remain in that state until the
warmth of spring excites them to break down the barrier, and enter
upon a new campaign of duty and pleasure.
HELIX THYRO‘IDUS.
Shell convex, yellowish horn-color ; whorls five, delicately
wrinkled ; aperture rounded ; lip white, widely reflected ; pillar
with a single white tooth ; umbilicus partial.
Fieure 108.
State Coll., No. 100. Soc. Cab., No. 1015.
Helix thyréidus, Say ; Nich. Encyc., (Amer. ed.,) iv. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. i. 123,
ii. 161. Amer. Conch., pl. 18, f. 2. Fe!russac; Hist. des Moll., pl. 49 A. f. 4.
Desnayes; Encyc. Méth., Vers, ii. 230. Lam.; An. sans. Vert., viii. 114.
Binney; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. pl. 18.
Cochlea umbilicata, Lister ; Conch., t. 91, f. 91.
Cochlea terrestris Virginiana, Scurort.; Einl. in Conch., ii. 192.
Mésodon leficodon, RaFINESQUE.
Shell rounded, convex, of a uniform yellowish-brown or russet-
color; whorls about five, convex, marked with delicate and
parallel lines of growth; suture distinct ; aperture broad, semi-
lunar, contracted by the lip; lip white, widely reflected, and
172 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
sometimes grooved, its exterior yellowish ; at the inner side, on
the last whorl, is a white, tooth-like tubercle, placed obliquely ;
umbilicus exhibiting only one volution, and partially covered by
the reflected lip. Diameter about three fourths of an inch.
Animal of a dirty yellowish-color, with a greyish hue in some
individuals ; tentacula darker ; eyes black ; base of the foot dirty
white ; length equal to twice the diameter of the shell.
Found in nearly all parts of this State, but by no means com-
mon. It is numerous in all the Southern and Western States.
This is a plain but pretty shell, bearing a great resemblance to H.
albélabris, yet readily distinguished from it. It is a smaller shell,
more globose ; its aperture is more oblique, and the partially closed
umbilicus and tooth on the inner lip are specially characteristic. It
varies considerably in its size, and in the degree of its convexity.
The umbilicus is sometimes entirely closed ; and in immature shells
the tooth is generally wanting. It is occasionally found reversed.
HELIX HORTE'NSIS.
Shell sub-globose, thin, smooth, greenish-yellow, or variously
banded with brown ; lip refleced, white, thickened within; umbil-
icus Closed.
State Coll., No. 102. Soc. Cab., No. 994 to 996, 1062.
Helix horténsis, Miruer; Verm., 52, No. 247. Born; Mus. t. 16, f. 18, 19.
Cuemn.; Conch., ix. t. 133, f. 1199 to 1201. Draparnaup; Moil., pl. 6, f. 6.
Fe/russac 3; Hist. des Moll., pl. 35 and 36. Lam.; An. sans Vert., vili.55, where
references to numerous other works may be seen.
Helix sub-globdsa, Binney ; Bust. Journ. Nat. Hist.,i. 485, pl. 17. Monogr., pl. 6.
Shell sub-globular, thin, smooth, and shining ; whorls four or
five, convex, with apparent lines of growth ; suture distinct ; ter-
mination of the outer whorl declining ; aperture rounded, slightly
contracted at the base by the thickening and inflection of the lip ;
lip slightly reflected, white, thickened within; base somewhat
convex, umbilicus covered ; general color greenish-yellow, more
or less dark ; sometimes plain, but generally variously banded
with dark reddish-brown. Diameter about three fourths of an
inch.
The animal has the head and neck blackish, with a slight tinge
COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. HELIX. 173
of brown; tentacula smoky ; eyes black ; base of foot inky, tip
dirty flesh-color ; respiratory orifice surrounded by a dark circle ;
length about twice the diameter of the shell.
{nhabits the sea-coast, and is common on the lower parts of
Cape Cod and Cape Ann. {[t is very abundant on Salt Island,
near Gloucester. It has been noticed in the region of Portland,
Maine, and along the banks of the St. Lawrence.
This species, so abundant in Europe, and so well known in every
cabinet, has been undoubtedly imported to this continent, and has not
as yet made great advances into the interior. The specimens first
discovered by Dr. Binney were all of the plain, greenish-yellow va-
riety ; and, though he could not fail to perceive their affinity to the H.
horténsis, he thought he discovered differences enough to entitle them
to a specific distinction, and therefore described them under the name
H. sub-globodsa. But numerous specimens have since been brought
from the same vicinity, bearing all the various zones of the European
specimens. His remarks on the manner in which the epiphragm,
which closes up the orifice in winter, is formed, are curious. Unlike
other American species, they are not found burrowing under stones
and decayed leaves, but on the ground, and crawling up the stems of
plants.
The best authorities now regard the H. horténsis of authors as
merely a variety of H. nemoralis, Lin., with a white instead of a
dark lip.
HELIX TRIDENTA'TA.
Shell depressed, yellowish horn-colored ; whorls obliquely
wrinkled ; aperture contracted, three-lobed, two teeth on the outer
lip, and a curved one on the pillar ; lip refleved, white ; umbilicus
deep.
Fieure 115.
State Coll., No. 103. Soc. Cab., No. 1019.
Helix tridentata, Say; Wich. Encyc., (Amer. ed.) iv. Fr’russac ; Hist. des Moll.,
pl. 51,3. Desnayes; Encyc. Méth., Vers, ii. 213. Lam.; An. sans Vert.,
viii. 115. Woon; Index, Suppl., pl.7,f.2. Binney; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist.,
- iil. pl. 22, F1.
Shell flattened, slightly convex above and below, yellowish
horn-colored ; whorls four and a half to six, slightly convex,
174 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
crossed obliquely with numerous fine and regular lines of growth ;
aperture contracted, rendered trilobate by the presence of two
small, pointed teeth on the outer lip ; opposite the middle lobe,
placed obliquely on the inner lip, is a thin, somewhat curved,
white tooth ; lip broad, white, partially reflected, with a constric-
tion behind it ; umbilicus not large, deep, and partly covered by
the extremity of the reflected lip. Diameter about half an inch.
Animal dark-bluish slate-color, deeper on the head, back and
tentacula ; foot nearly twice as long as the diameter of the shell.
This well-marked species is not found near the sea-coast, and
but rarely in the forests, at the western part of this State. It in-
habits all the Atlantic States, and those north of the Ohio.
It varies much in size and other respects, in different localities.
Specimens from this region have the lip narrow, the teeth small, the
aperture but slightly contracted, the spire depressed, and are of a
medium size. In Ohio it is larger, in Florida much smaller.
Dr. Binney regards the H. fallax of Say, as a variety of this species,
in which the spire is more elevated, and the parts about the aperture
greatly developed, so that the aperture is nearly closed by the teeth
and the stricture behind the lip; the upper lip-tooth has often two or
three points, and the tooth on the inner lip extends quite to the base of
the shell, so as to unite with the extremity of the lip.
The middle one of the three lobes is smallest, and their outline reg-
ularly arched, so as to resemble somewhat the ace of clubs.
HELIX MO’NODON.
Shell rather depressed, dusky horn-color, hispid; aperture
semilunar ; lip white, reflexed ; with a single elongated tooth fired
obliquely to the pillar ; umbilical region excavated.
Figure 113.
State Coll., No. 105. Soc. Cab., No. 1054.
Helix monodon, Racxert; Lin. Trans., xiii. 42, pl. 8, f. 2. Binney; Bost.
Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pl. 14, f. 1.
Shell slightly convex ; whorls five or six, narrow, diminishing
very gradually in breadth from the outer whorl to the apex, mark-
ed with very fine lines of growth, and covered with a dark russet
COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. HELIX. 175
or chestnut-colored epidermis, which is beset with very minute,
hair-like projections ; aperture contracted by a deep groove be-
hind the lip ; lip white, narrow, reflexed, a little grooved on its
face, extending on the base to the umbilicus and slightly contract-
ing it, and its outer edge not projecting beyond the surface of the
whorl ; umbilicus deep, not exhibiting all the volutions, partially
covered by the lip; base rounded, very much excavated at the
umbilical region, with a compressed, elongated white tooth at the
edge of the aperture. Greatest diameter nearly half an inch.
Animal yellowish-brown, darker on the head and tentacula.
Foot narrow, cylindrical, half as long again as the diameter of the
shell, terminating in a point. Eyes black.
Found in the middle and western parts of this State, sometimes
in forests with other species, but more commonly on the hill-side
pastures under stones, where other species rarely occur. ‘Two
individuals are commonly found together. It is also found in the
Northern and Northwestern States.
The hairy processes are most conspicuous in young shells, but are
ofien wanting at every stage of growth. ‘The oblique lines of growth
are so minute, that the shell often appears quite smooth and shining.
This species and H. fratérna of Say are very similar, if not identi-
cal. He separates his species on account of the almost invariable
closure of the umbilicus, and Dr. Binney, in his ‘* Monograph,” adopts
Mr. Say’s opinion. If they are the same, the name ménodon has the
claim to priority.
HELIX HIRSUTA.
Shell globular, hairy, chestnut-colored ; aperture very narrow ;
outer lip reflexed, having a fissure on its inner margin ; pillar lip
with along, compressed tooth ; umbilicus closed.
Fieure 116.
State Coll., No. 104. Soc. Cab., 1017.
Helix hirsuta, Say; Journ. acad. Wat. Sc., i. 17, ii. 161. Fr/russac; Hist. des
Moll., pl. 50 A.f. L to 3. Desnayes; Encyc. Méth.,Vers, ii. 253, No. 117, Lam;
Jn. sans Vert., vill. 113. Biyney; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pl. 14, f. 3.
Helix fratérna, Woon; Index, Suppl., pl. 8, f. 16.
Stenotréma convéxa, RaFrinEsQueE ;
176 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Shell nearly globular ; whorls five, rounded ; suture distinct ;
epidermis brownish, covered with numerous sharp, rigid hairs ;
aperture very narrow, almost closed by an elongated, lamelliform
tooth, situated on the pillar lip, and extending from the centre of
the base nearly to the junction of the lip with the outer whorl 5
lip narrow, very much depressed and reflected against the body
whorl, with a deep cleft or fissure near the centre of the inner
margin ; base convex ; umbilicus wholly closed. Greatest diam-
eter + inch, ordinary size less than } inch diameter.
Animal whitish, head and tentacula slate-colored ; foot slender,
semi-transparent, length less than twice the breadth of the shell ;
~ cavity of the tentacula apparent when they are drawn in, by two
dark lines, with a whiter space between.
Found to the west of Connecticut River, not common. In the
Middle and Western States it is abundant.
This very peculiar snail is at once distinguished from every other
species by the singular fissure on the inner edge of the lip. There is
sometimes a minute, tooth-like process on the inner and upper part of
the lip, which is visible only on looking into the aperture. Sometimes
its hairy vesture covers it at every part; at other times it is quite
smooth. Dr. Binney has once or twice noticed a white band on the
body whorl.
HELIX PULCHE’LLA.
Shell minute, white, depressed ; whorls four, suture deep ; aper-
ture circular, lip refleced, thickened ; umbilicus large.
Fieure 102.
State Coll., No. 41. Soc. Cab., No. 1056.
Turbo helicinus, Licutroor ; Lond. Phil. Trans. 1786.
Helix pulchélla, Mttuer; Verm. Hist., &§c. No. 232,30. Draparnaco; Hist.
§c., U2, pl. 7, f. 30 to 34. Brann; Moll., 56, t. 2, f.9. ALpEeR; Mag. Zool. and
Bot., ii. 109. Lam., An. sans Vert., viii. 76. Drsuayves; Encyc. Méth., Vers, ii.
440. Fr/russac; Hist. des Moll., No. 173. Binney; Bost. Journ. Nat. Nist.,
Ase ple Wes:
Helix paluddsa, Monracu; Test. Brit., 440. Rackxerr; Lin. Trans., viii. pl.
sya ate
Turbo paludosus, Turron ; Conch. Dict., 228.
Helix minuta, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 123.
COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. HELIX. 177
Zurama pulchélla, Leacn; Molluse., 108. Gray; Edit. of Turton’s Brit. Land.,
and Fr. Water Shells, 141.
Lucéna pulchélla, Harrmann; t. 1, f. 6.
Shell minute, semi-transparent, white, or very light horn-color,
thin, depressed ; whorls four, very minutely marked with lines of
growth, the last spreading at the mouth like a trumpet ; suture
deeply impressed ; aperture circular, the lip very nearly sur-
rounding it, much thickened, white, and reflected ; umbilicus
large, exhibiting all the volutions within. Diameter one tenth of
an inch.
Animal pale, semi-transparent.
Rather common in the vicinity of Boston, under stones in rich
soil, and about decaying stumps. It is probably abundant in all
parts of this State, and has been noticed in Ohio, and on the
‘banks of the Missouri as high up as Council Bluffs.
This very minute snail is a very beautiful shell when examined by
a magnifier. It has rather the external characters of Cycléstoma than
of Helix. It agrees with the H. pulchélla of Muller in all respects,
except that it is never supplied with the sharp, parallel ribs which are
frequently found on the foreign specimens, though by no means con-
stantly. It is thought by some to have been introduced from Europe.
But, as Dr. Binney remarks, ‘‘ it does not seem possible that so small
an animal, if naturalized since the arrival of Europeans, could have
been able to penetrate to the remote points in the interior of the con-
tinent where it is now found.”
HELIX ALTERNA'TA.
Shell orbicular, depressed, fawn-colored, barred with oblique,
zigzag lines of dusky ; whorls five or six, with prominent wrinkles
at the lines of growth ; lip simple ; umbilicus large and deep.
Figure 114.
State Coll., No. 99. Soc. Cab., No. 1045.
Helix alternata, Say ; Wicholson’s Encyc., (Amer. ed.), iv. pl. 1, f. 2. Journ. Acad.
Nat. Sc., 11.161. Ferussac ; Hist, Nat. des Moll., pl. 79, f. 8,9,10. Drsuayes;
Encyc. Méth., Vers, ii. 219. Binney; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pl. 32.
Helix scabra, Lam.; An. sans Vert., viii. 66.
Helix radiata, Gein; Syst., 3674, No. 73. Listzr; Conch., t. 70, f. 69.
23
178 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Shell orbicular, depressed, slightly convex above and below ;
general tint a light fawn-color, which, on the upper surface, al-
ternates, in about equal proportions, with oblique, zigzag bars of
dark-brown ; these bars grow narrower and lighter on the lower
surface as they converge to the umbilicus ; they are generally in-
terrupted by a light-colored zone which issues from the middle of
the inner margin of the aperture ; whorls five to six,, flattened
above, conspicuously plaited at the lines of growth so as to pro-
duce a rough surface above, but nearly smooth beneath ; the shell
has a sharp dividing line between the upper and lower surfaces in
all its earlier stages, which disappears only at maturity, forming a
circular aperture, slightly modified by the preceding whorl ; lip
simple and delicate ; umbilicus large and deep, exhibiting all the
volutions. Diameter often an inch.
Animal with the head and tentacula of a light slate-color, back
brown, remainder of the upper surface brownish-orange ; eyes black ;
base of foot drab-colored ; collar saffron. ‘Tentacula one third
of an inch long, blackish at tip. Foot not much exceeding the di-
ameter of the shell, terminating in a broad, flat, obtuse tip ; a light
marginal line runs along the foot from the head to the posterior tip.
Found everywhere in old forests and in moist situations under
decaying logs and stumps. In this State it is not often found near
the sea-coast. Dr. Yale, however, has observed numerous dead
specimens on Martha’s Vineyard.
The shell varies in being more or less depressed, and the wrinkles
more or less obylous ; sometimes no bars are observable on the lower
surface.
The animal and its tentacula are proportionally shorter than in our
other species. Its habits are gregarious, so that several are usually
found in company.
HELIX STRIATELLA.
Shell small, orbicular, depressed, rufous ; whorls six, with prom-
inent lines of growth ; aperture declining, rounded ; lip simple ;
base widely and deeply umbilicated.
Fieure 112.
State Coll., No. 98. Soc. Cab., No. 2391.
Helix striatélla, AnruHony ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 278, pl. 3, f. 2. Binney ;
Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pl. 28, f. 3.
COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. HELIX. 179
Shell small, orbicular, very much depressed, almost discoidal,
of a uniform reddish horn-color ; whorls four, flattened above
and rounded below, separated by a well-defined suture, delicately
wrinkled by the elevated and sharp lines of growth, and in all im-
mature stages presenting a sharpened or carinated edge at the
circumference ; aperture rounded, declining, somewhat broader
than high; lip simple and thin; lower surface rendered cup-
shaped by a broad and deep umbilicus, whose diameter is nearly
that of the outer volution. Diameter about one fourth of an inch.
The animal has the tentacula bluish-black ; margin, and pos-
terior part of foot, white. Foot transparent, less than twice the
diameter of the shell in length ; terminating acutely.
Found abundantly in all parts of this State, about old stumps,
and under the bark of decaying logs.
The cup-shaped base, and beautifully raised lines of growth, suf-
ficiently designate this shell. Its form is like that of H. rotundata of
Europe, which, however, is checkered by darker bars, like our H.
alternata.
This is the shell, which, till recently, has been regarded as the H.
perspectiva of Say. Several gentlemen in Ohio, where both species
are found, have for some years discriminated the two shells; and in
January, 1839, Mr. J. G. Anthony communicated to the Boston So-
ciety of Natural History a description of this species. After mature
examination, conchologists have become satisfied that the Massachu-
setts shell is the H. striatélla, and that H. perspectiva is not found in
this region. ‘The differences are, that H. striatélla is altogether a
more delicate shell in structure and marking, the number of whorls
is one less, the color is lighter, and the shell smaller; the sharp ex-
ternal edge is also more conspicuous, and, looking into the throat, we
do not find the tooth-like thickening which exists within the lower
margin of H. perspectiva. Mr. Anthony also observes, that it is found
in low lands, near running streams, and never about rotten logs, the
common residence of H. perspectiva. ‘This, however, does not accord
with its habits in Massachusetts.
HELIX LINEATA.
Shell small, discoidal, green ; whorls four, with fine, elevated,
parallel, revolving lines ; aperture narrow, semi-lunar ; lip simple ;
180 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
throat with two or more pairs of teeth ; umbilicus broad and
deep.
Figure 103.
State Coll., No. 108. Soc. Cab., No. 2393.
Helix lineata, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 18, ii. 273. Férussac; Hist. Nat.
des Moll., pl. 79, f.1. Binney ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pl. 29, f. 3.
Shell minute, discoidal, flat above, concave beneath, greenish ;
whorls about four, flat above, higher than broad, separated by a
distinctly impressed suture, covered with numerous, parallel,
raised, revolving lines; otherwise smooth ; aperture narrow,
semi-lunar ; lip simple and thin; umbilicus wide and deep, ex-
hibiting each volution to the apex. Within the aperture, on the
external wall, are placed two pairs of white, conical teeth, the
first pair in sight on looking into the aperture, the other more
remote, and seen only through the semi-transparent shell. Di-
ameter one eighth of an inch, usually less.
Animal whitish, transparent, thread-like.
Found in this, and all the other New England States, and in
Pennsylvania. It has been noticed, for the most part, under the
bark, or in the interstices, of rotten wood ; sometimes under
stones and leaves in damp places.
At first sight, one would be disposed to call this shell a Planérbis
rather than a Helix. Perhaps it is the P. parallélus, of Say. Its
wheel-shaped form, greenish color, revolving raised lines, and singular
teeth, are characters which cannot be mistaken. One pair of these
teeth may always be found and seen; and in one instance Dr. Binney
noticed even a third pair still farther within the whorl.
HELIX CELLA RIA.
Shell orbicular, depressed, thin, pellucid, glistening, smooth ;
whorls five, flattened ; aperture rounded ; lip simple ; umbilicus
deep.
Figure 104.
State Coll., No. 97. Soc. Cab., No. 1059.
Helix cellairia, MUtLter; Verm. Hist., No. 230. Cuemn.; Conch., ix. t. 127,
f. 1129, 1,2. Férussac; Hist. Nat. des Moll., No, 212. Drsuayes; Fncyc.
COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA.. | * HELIX. 181
Méth., Vers, ii. 215. Lam.; An. sans Vert., viii. 71. Binney; Bost. Journ.
Nat. Hist., iii. pl. 26, f. 2.
Helix nitida, Draparnaup ; Moll., pl. 8, f. 23 to 25.
Helix nitens, Maron and Racxetr; Lin. Trans., viii. 198, pl. 5, f.7. Brarp;
Hist. des Moll., 34, pl. 2, f. 2.
Helix glaphyra, Say ; Vicholson’s Encyc., (Amer. ed.), iv. pl. 1, f. 3.
Zonites cellarius, Gray's Turton, &c., 170, pl. 4, f. 40.
Zonites lucida, Leacu; Mss.
Shell small, orbicular, depressed, concave beneath, thin, pellu-
cid, smooth, and glistening; whorls five, slightly convex, with
minute, almost imperceptible lines of growth, otherwise highly
polished ; color light-greenish, horn-colored above, drab-colored
beneath, or milky-white. Aperture rounded, but broader than
high ; lip simple, very thin and sharp ; base elegantly rounding
into a rather large and deep umbilicus. Diameter rather less than
half an inch.
Animal has its upper surface light indigo-blue, darkest on the
head, neck, and tentacula, collar greenish, eyes black. Foot
narrow and slender, not much exceeding in length the diameter of
the shell, and terminating acutely.
Found in gardens, damp cellars, about cisterns, and similar
moist and fertile localities.
There can be no doubt that the H. glaphyra of Say is identical
with the H. celldria of Muller ; a comparison of shells of the same
size and growth showing them to be absolutely similar in every re-
spect. It was probably imported from Europe, as it may have easily
been, about water casks, green-house plants, We.
It seems as yet to be confined to the Northeastern and Middle
States. The shell which is very commonly found marked as H. gla-
phyra is the H. inornata, Say, in an immature state. This is a less
delicate shell, but in its earlier stages, when there is but a small um-
bilicus, there is no inconsiderable resemblance between the two, and
it would accord well with the description; but no one familiar with
the present species would ever mistake one for the other.
HELIX INDENTATA.
Shell orbicular, depressed, very thin and shining ; whorls four,
the external one marked with rather distant impressed lines radi-
ating from the closed umbilicus ; lip simple.
182 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Fieure 109.
State Coll., No. 106. Soc. Cab., No. 1058.
Helix indentata, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 372. Binney; Bost. Journ.
Nat. Hist., iii: pl..29,m) 1.
Shell small, orbicular, very low conical, thin, pellucid, very
light horn-color, highly polished and shining ; whorls four, slight-
ly convex, the whole spire having a conical slope from the apex
to the edge ; the outer one rapidly increasing, marked with some-
what remote, sub-equidistant impressed lines, in the direction of
the lines of growth, the intervening spaces very smooth ; suture
moderately deep ; aperture large, well rounded ; lip simple ; base
having the umbilical region deeply excavated, but not perforated,
with very few exceptions, the lip usually terminating at the cen-
tral point. Diameter one fifth of an inch, sometimes more.
Animal bluish-black upon the upper parts ; margin and pos-
terior extremity lighter.
Found in company with H. arborea and H. striatélla, about
decaying stumps and logs. At Oak Island, in Chelsea, I have
found it abundantly. It has been noticed in New Jersey, Penn-
sylvania, and Ohio.
This species is of about the same size as H. arborea. Its color is
much lighter, its apex less depressed, its whorls less in number by
one, the outer whorl increases much more rapidly, its umbilicus is
usually closed ; and, moreover, the impressed lines, which look like
water lines, or the lines on a gooseberry, apparently radiating from
the umbilicus, are entirely characteristic, and distinguish it from every
other species. They are not readily discerned without a magnifier.
HELIX ARBOREA.
Shell small, orbicular, depressed, thin, pellucid, shining ;
brownish horn-colored ; whorls four, minutely wrinkled ; aperture
rounded ; lip simple ; umbilicus open.
Fieure 110.
State Coll., No. 96. Soc. Cab., No. 1057.
Helix arborea, Say ; Nicholson’s Encyc., (Amer. ed.), iv. pl. 4, f. 4. Ferussac ;
Hist. Nat. des Moll., No. 219. Binney ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pl. 26, f. 1.
COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. HELIX. 1835
Shell small, orbicular, slightly elevated, the apex a little de-
pressed, concave beneath, brownish horn-colored, smooth, thin,
fragile, pellucid, shining ; whorls fine, slightly rounded above,
separated by a well-impressed suture, marked with very fine lines
of growth, more decidedly wrinkled at the suture ; beneath very
smooth, regularly rounding into a moderately large, deep, and
well-developed umbilicus ; aperture rounded ; lip simple and thin.
Diameter commonly one fifth of an inch, sometimes one fourth.
Animal has the head and tentacula blackish, upper parts bluish,
posterior parts whitish, transparent. Foot thim and narrow.
A very common species, always to be found about decaying
stumps, old logs, &c. It has been noticed in nearly every part
of the continent.
This shell has very little to distinguish it except its very simple
structure. It is like H. cel/dria except in its smaller size. Helix in-
dentata and gularis have both a similar size and external appearance ;
but the first is known by its distant, impressed, radiating lines, and the
second by the peculiar tooth within its aperture. I*érussac supposed
it to be a variety of H. lucida, Drap.; but our shell has the umbilical
region more excavated, and the umbilicus larger; there is also one
whorl less, in shells of the same size, so that the surface appears less
crowded. The aspect of the two shells, on comparison, is sufficiently
diverse. H. eléctrina has also one whorl less, and has a much more
polished appearance.
Occasionally, a thickening of the shell seems to take place at inter-
vals, so as to produce an opaque appearance.
HELIX ELECTRINA.
Shell small, depressed, pellucid, fragile, amber-colored ; whorls
four, conspicuously wrinkled by the lines of growth ; aperture
rounded ; lip simple ; umbilicated.
Fieuvre 111.
State Coll., No. 107. Soc. Cab., No. 2392.
In the size, depressed-conical shape of the upper surface, the
number of whorls, and the rapid enlargement of the lowest whorl,
this shell corresponds with H. indentata. It differs in its darker,
184 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
smoky horn-color, its constant umbilicus, its rather thick and
shining lip, and its whitish wrinkles, which, instead of being
remote, are crowded as in other species. From H. arbcrea it
differs in having one whorl less, the last one dilating ; its apex
not being depressed, its thinner, more shining structure, and its
somewhat smaller umbilicus. In H. arbérea the outer lip has a
flexuous curve, but is nearly a direct section of the whorl in this.
Though all of the same size and general appearance, the three
may be readily separated, when seen in company. Indeed, its
claims as a distinct species are not very obvious without viewing
the three together. It may be briefly described by saying, that it
resembles H. indentata above, and H. arborea beneath.
This shell was first discovered by Mr. 'T. J. Whittemore, about the
borders of Fresh Pond, in Cambridge, where it has since been found
abundantly by him and by myself, under fragments of board in damp
places, near the water’s edge, in company with H. chérsina and Pupa
modésta. \ have never seen it in company with either H. indentdta
or H. arborea ; and it seems to differ widely from them in its habits,
in thus preferring the vicinity, and even the intrusion, of water. Pro-
fessor Adams informs me, that he has selected numerous specimens of
this species from among small snails collected by him in Missouri.
HELIX LABYRINTHICA.
Shell minute, conic-globose ; whorls six, with conspicuous oblique
lines ; lip reflected ; aperture with one or two teeth prolonged within
ut; umbilicus minute.
Fieure 106.
State Coll., No. 109. Soc. Cab., No. 1030.
Helix labyrinthica, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 124. ficholson’s Encyc.,
(Amer. ed.), iv. Férussac; Hist. Nat. des Moll., pl. 51B. f. 1. Binney ;
Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pl. 24, f. 1.
Shell small, rounded-conical, apex obtuse ; spire elevated,
whorls six, separated by a well-marked suture, with conspicuous,
oblique lines or ridges at regular distances ; epidermis dark
brownish horn-color ; aperture small; outer lip thickened, and
somewhat reflected, often rose-colored ; inner lip with a long,
COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. HELIX. 185
raised line or tooth, which appears to revolve within the shell
parallel to the suture, and sometimes a second nearer to the base,
less conspicuous, and terminating farther within the aperture ;
beneath flat, umbilical region impressed, and the umbilicus minute.
Greatest diameter one tenth of an inch, height nearly as much.
Animal has the head slate-colored above, the tentacula quite
dark ; foot white as printing paper, linear ; space between the
four tentacula and neck lighter colored.
Found in various parts of this State, usually in the fissures of
decaying wood, or under fragments of wood in moist places, or
in beds of decaying leaves. It inhabits a wide range of territory,
having been found as far distant as Missouri. It is not frequently
found, however, on account of its minuteness, and its dusky color.
It is readily distinguished from other species by the remarkable
raised lines revolving within the aperture. Usually, but one of them
exists ; but when both are present, their parallel position gives them a
close resemblance to the track of a rail-road. The oblique plaiting of
the whorls is very conspicuous, and renders the exterior quite beauti-
ful. The outer lip in fresh specimens has a rose-colored tint. The
shell varies considerably in the elevation of the spire, being sometimes
much flattened, and again it has a pointed apex.
HELIX CHERSINA.
Shell minute, globose-conic, pellucid, very smooth and shining ;
whorls siz, suture deep ; aperture narrow ; lip simple ; umbilicus
closed.
Fieure 105.
State Coll., No. 110. Soc. Cab., No. 2394.
Helix chérsina, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 156. Binney; Bost. Journ. Nat.
Hist; Wie pimed to.
Shell minute, sub-globose-conic, thin, pellucid, very smooth
and shining, of a smoky horn-color ; whorls separated by a deep
suture, and so crowded that they appear much higher than
broad, and present an elevated, somewhat turretted spire, with a
rounded apex ; they are so smooth that scarcely any traces of
the lines of growth are visible ; aperture semi-lunar, narrow,
24
186 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
much higher than broad, of about an equal width above and
below ; lip simple ; base convex, umbilical region indented, but
closed. Diameter about one tenth of an inch, height some-
what less.
Found abundantly about the margin of Fresh Pond, under
fragments of wood, in company with Succinea ovalis, Pupa mo-
désta, &c., and also in moist beds of leaves in forests. It has
been found in Vermont, and Mr. Say originally found it in Georgia,
so that it is a widely spread species.
This is a very well marked shell, not liable to be confounded with
any other species except H. labyrinthica, which is of about the same
size and shape. But the coarsely wrinkled surface of the one, and the
polished, highly reflecting surface of the other, are distinctions which
strike the eye at once; if any thing further is needed, the parallel
ridges within the mouth of H. labyrinthica will put the question
beyond doubt. When viewed from above, its numerous, narrow,
accurately adjusted volutions render it a very beautiful object.
Genus PUPA, Lam.
Shell small, more or less cylindrical, and obtuse at tip ; aper-
ture irregular, for the most part semi-oval, and modified by teeth.
PuPA CONTRACTA.
Shell ovate-conical, whitish ; whorls fwe, convex ; aperture sub-
ovate, lip spreading ; throat armed with three teeth, and contracted,
by a large concave tooth on the transverse lip, into the form of a
horse-shoe.
Figure 117.
State Coll., No. 88. Soc. Cab., No. 2395.
Pupa contracta, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 374. Gouin; Bost. Journ. Nat.
Hist., iii. 399, pl. 3, f. 22.
Shell ovate-conical, of a waxen white-color ; whorls five, con-
vex, faintly marked by lines of growth, separated by a well-
impressed suture, and gradually tapering to a somewhat pointed
apex. Aperture irregularly ovate, about half the width of the
COLIMACEA. -MOLLUSCA. PUPA. 187
lower whorl, broadest above, and somewhat pointed in front ; lip
widely reflected, not flattened, so as to give a bell-shaped form ;
throat with three, and perhaps four teeth ; a large spoon-shaped
one, concave to the right side, seated on the transverse lip, and
greatly contracting the throat into something of a horse-shoe-
shape ; a very slight undulation near the top of the left lip; an
oblong, thin tooth, seated at the front of the pillar, so far within
as scarcely to be discerned without breaking the shell ; and a
minute tooth about the middle of the right lip ; umbilicus large
and distinct ; last whorl indented at some distance behind the
outer lip. Length ;'; inch, breadth 35 inch.
Found about old stumps, and decaying logs, usually under the
bark, and near the earth. It has been observed in most parts of
the United States.
It is readily known by its whitish, translucent appearance, by its
bell-shaped aperture, and especially by its large, spoon-shaped tooth,
which gives such a peculiar form to the throat. The teeth at the sides
may rather be regarded as inward protuberances of the margin. It
appears to be covered with a hairy or glutinous coating, which causes
dirt to adhere to it.
Pura MiLIUM.
Shell sub-oval, wrinkled, light chestnut-colored ; whorls four,
suture moderate ; aperture heart-shaped, armed with six teeth ; um-
bilicus free.
Fieure 118.
State Coll., No. 92. Soc. Cab., No. 1140.
Pupa milium, Goutp ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. 402, pl. 3, f. 23.
Shell minute, of a nearly oval form, color a light-chestnut ;
whorls four, or somewhat more, obviously wrinkled, rather con-
vex, arranged so as to form a bluntly rounded apex ; suture deep ;
aperture half the width of last whorl, heart-shaped, the apex
being its right upper angle ; the transverse margin is nearly direct,
ithe outer margin is scolloped by an indentation of the lip ; the
remainder of the margin is regularly rounded ; lip white, slightly
everted ; throat with six teeth, two of which are on the transverse
188 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
lip, equidistant ; one with a tubercle at its base, on the middle of
the left lip, and nearly at right angles with the former is the
largest ; a fourth is on the indenture of the outer lip, directed
between the two on the transverse lip, and two smaller ones,
more retired within the shell, are equidistant between the two last
mentioned ; umbilicus large and deep. Length less than ;'; inch,
breadth 5 inch.
This shell I first found in November, 1839, at Oak Island,
Chelsea, after a warm rain. Professor Adams has found it in
Vermont. It was crawling on the damp leaves, in company with
Bulimus ivbricus.
Not finding any description answering to it, I have proposed a
name. It is even more minute than P. extgua, and is not readily de-
tected. In size and outline it resembles P. vértigo, Drap., V. pusilla
of other authors; but that shell is reversed, and has a different arma-
ture. ‘The teeth are all distinct, long, compressed, and very sharp.
I have labored to make this out to be the P. ovdta of Say ; but
on the whole I think the discrepancies are too important to be recon-
ciled. That shell is described as larger, with a semi-oval aperture,
and with seven teeth, differently arranged from those of our shell.
Pura MODE’STA.
Shell ovate-conic, amber-colored ; whorls five or six, conver,
wrinkled ; aperture semi-oval, broader than long ; teeth five; wm-
bilicus distinct.
Figure 119.
State Coll., No. 90. Soc. Cab., No. 2397.
Pupa modésta, Say; Long’s Second Expedition, Append., ii. 259, pl. 15, F. 5.
Shell minute, ovate-conic, thin, amber-colored ; whorls five ;
sometimes six, minutely wrinkled, well rounded, and defined by a
deep suture, gradually diminishing to a rather acute apex ; aper-
ture about half the breadth of the last whorl, slightly oblique ;
rather broader than long ; semi-oval, but modified by an inflection
of the outer lip ; lip simple, not reflected, joining the preceding
whorl behind, by a curve ; teeth five, slender, sharp and direct, like
the teeth of a comb ; one on the middle of the transverse lip, a
still larger one at right angles on the middle of the pillar lip, a
COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. PUPA. 189
minute one at the front of the pillar, and two farther within the
shell, one opposite the tooth on the transverse lip, the other on
the indentation of the outer lip; umbilicus small, distinct.
Length ,4, inch, breadth 5', inch.
Inhabits damp, rich places, near water, or in fertile fields under
bits of board, chips, sticks, &c. It was first noticed in this
region by Mr. TT. J. Whittemore, at Cambridge. Mr. Say
found his specimens in the North West Territory.
It is a very small, but interesting shell ; double the size, however,
of the preceding species, and of a much more conical shape. ‘Their
color is similar. In their armature the two are very different. The
pillar lip is somewhat broad and flattened.
Mr. Say describes only four teeth, but the small one at the base of
the pillar probably escaped his observation, as it would only be seen
under a high magnifier. One of the teeth on the right lip is often
wanting. I have occasionally noticed a specimen with two, and even
three, teeth upon the transverse lip.
Pupa CU’RVIDENS.
Shell elongated-ovate, obtuse at apex, smooth; whorls five ;
aperture sub-triangular, armed with nine teeth, the two largest
of which are curved ; lip white, broadly everted ; umbilicated.
Fieure 120.
State Coll., No. 89. Soc. Cab., No. 2396.
Shell minute, ovate, but much elongated ; of a spermaceti-
white color ; whorls five, convex, smooth, gradually diminishing
to an obtuse apex ; suture deeply impressed ; aperture sub-trian-
gular, with the front and outer angles rounded, and the outer lip
curved inwards, so as almost to make the aperture heart-shaped ;
the transverse margin is straight, and slightly oblique ; the inner
lip is also nearly straight, so that these two form a right angle at
their junction; lip widely reflected, flattened, white ; throat
armed with nine teeth; the longest, somewhat curving to the left,
compressed and pointed, is situated on the middle of the transverse
lip, and has a small one seated at its left side ; at the front,
nearly opposite the large tooth, almost as large and inclined to
199 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
the left also, is a quadrangular, blunt tooth, more. slightly
curved; on the left margin are three teeth, of which the up-
per one is largest, and about half the size of the basal tooth, of
a blunt quadrangular figure ; the other two are minute ; on the
outer lip are also three teeth, of which the two upper are very
small and pyramidal ; umbilicus open. Length #; inch, breadth
zp inch.
This minute species I first found under a loose stone on the
ledges at Phillips’s Point, Lynn, near the Ocean House. It was
somewhat broken, so as to give an excellent view of the teeth,
since then I have met with it not unfrequently, in damp places,
under leaves and boards, in company with P. modésta.
The shell goes on regularly narrowing both downwards and up-
wards from the middle of the lower whorl. Four of the teeth are
very small, and would scarcely be discerned without being highly
magnified, and they seem to be seated farther within the aperture ; the
small one on the transverse lip, the basal one, and the upper one on
the right lip are liable to be wanting. So far as I can ascertain, it
has not been previously described, unless several of the teeth have
been overlooked, It is nearest allied to P. pentodon.
PupPA SIMPLEX.
Shell minute, cylindrical-ovate, smooth; whorls five ; aperture
circular, toothless ; umbilicated.
Fieure 121.
State Coll., No. 93. Soc. Cab., No. 2398.
Pupa simplex, Goutp ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. 403, pl. 3, f. 21.
Shell minute, two thirds of the shell cylindrical, surmounted by
a rapidly formed, blunt apex, smooth, light chestnut-colored.
Whorls five, moderately convex, separated by a distinct suture,
quite smooth ; aperture circular, except for a small section
from the posterior portion, which is cut off by the encroachment
of the preceding whorl ; lip simple and sharp, slightly everted on
the left side, and partially hiding a small umbilicus. No trace of
a tooth has been detected in any of the specimens examined.
Length j; inch, breadth ;; inch.
COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. pupa. 191
The only locality where this has been hitherto found is a small
grove, a little northward of Fresh Pond, in Cambridge. In this
place it has been found among the moist leaves, on three succes-
sive visits in the months of May and June, in company with
Helix lineata, labyrinthica, chérsina, and indentata, and Pupa mo-
désta. None of the shells exhibit any trace of a tooth, although
their aspect, and the season of the year, indicate that they can be
none other than adult shells. Indeed, were it not for the infringe-
ment of the last whorl but one on the aperture, we might rather
refer the shell to Cycléstoma than to Pupa.
It is rather smaller than P. modésta, and about the size of P. cuirvi-
dens ; but the simplicity of the unarmed, circular aperture distinguish
it from every American species. The aperture of P. modésta, before
the developement of the teeth, is broader than long. It is the analogue
of the Vértigo edéntula of Europe.
Pupa EXI’/Gua.
Shell minute, whitish, oblong-ovate, rather pointed; whorls
five; the transverse lip very oblique, with a small fold near its
internal angle ; outer lip widely reflexed.
Fieure 122.
State Coll., No. 290. Soc. Cab., No. 2416.
Pupa exigua, Say; Journ. Acad. Wat. Sc, ii. 875. Goutp; Bost. Journ. Nat.
Hist., iii. 398, pl. 3, f. 20.
Shell elongated, pellucid, tapering somewhat to both ends, apex
not very blunt; color watery-white ; whorls five, rather convex,
very oblique; suture very distinct ; aperture obliquely oval ;
transverse lip very oblique, and having, near its inner termination,
a small, tooth-like fold; another very small, tubercular tooth is
found at the middle of the pillar ; outer lip white, widely reflect-
ed, but not flattened. Length 31, inch, breadth 7, inch.
A few specimens have been found in Cambridge, by Mr. T. J.
Whittemore, under boards, in damp places. Professor Adams
has found it in Vermont, and it is common in Ohio.
This very minute species, is principally remarkable for its long,
tapering form, large and very oblique aperture, and broadly reflected
192 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
lip. It is almost precisely like the Turbo cary'chium of Montagu ;
(Cary'chium minimum of Leach.) It is much smaller than P. cortica-
ria, and its aperture differs in having the tooth of the transverse lip
near the inner, instead of near the outer termination.
Pura FALLAX.
Shell turretted, dusky ; whorls six, smooth, convex; suture dis-
tinct ; aperture sub-oval; lip widely reflected ; umbilicus distinct.
Figure 1293.
‘
State Coll., No. 63. Soc. Cab., No. 1139.
Cyclostoma marginita, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 172.
Pupa fallax? Say; Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc., v. 121.
Shell small, turretted, regularly and not rapidly tapering to a
somewhat pointed apex; color dusky or light horn-color ;
whorls six, shining, moderately convex, very slightly and finely
wrinkled ; suture well impressed ; aperture less than one third the
length of the shell, rounded oval, somewhat irregular ; the preced-
ing whorl forms a nearly transverse boundary above, and is usually
enamelled ; the pillar lip is nearly straight, and turns abruptly at
the front, so as to form nearly a right angle ; front broadly
curved ; outer lip white, widely and equally reflected and thick-
ened ; umbilicus distinct. Length 3 inch, breadth ~y inch.
I have seen but two or three specimens of this shell which
have been found in Massachusetts, one of which was sent me by
Dr. L. M. Yale, from Martha’s Vineyard ; I have seen others
from Rhode Island. It is found abundantly in Ohio.
This shell is certainly not a Cycto'stoma, for its aperture is not cir-
cular, nor has it an operculum of any kind. It belongs to Pupa
rather than to any other existing genus, except, perhaps, the genus
Pa’rruta. If it is brought under this genus, the specific name must
be changed, as Mr. Say suggests. He described a shell from Massa-
chusetts under the name of Pupa fallax, which he says very much re-
sembled his Cycléstoma marginata, except that it was much larger.
He seemis to have re-described the same sheil, in the ‘‘ New Harmony
Disseminator,” under the name of Pupa pldcida. It may not be im-
proper, therefore, to apply the first of the above names to the shell
under consideration, while the latter is retained for the larger shell,
COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. BULIMUS. 193
which is now in the Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences at
Philadelphia, and no other specimen of which has as yet been found.
A multiplication of names will thus be avoided.
Genus BULIMUS, Barve.
Shell oblong-oval, aperture simple, rounded anteriorly, longer than broad,
vahabiting the land.
BuLrMus LU'BRICUS.
Shell small, oblong-ovate, obtuse, smooth and polished, trans-
parent, brownish horn-color ; whorls six, rounded ; aperture small,
ovate ; lip simple, thickened within.
Figure 124.
State Coll., No. 87. Soc. Cab., No. 1200.
Helix Itbrica, Mutter; Verm., 104, No. 303. CHemn.; Conch., ix. t. 135,
f. 1235. Prnnant; Brit. Zool., vi. 337, pl.85, f. 4. Monracu; Test. Brit.,
390, pl. 22, f.6. Maton and Rackert; Lin. Trans., vili. 213, t.5,f.12. Tur-
ron; Conch. Dict., 64. Lam.; An sans Vert., viii. 237.
Bulimus ldbricus, Brue.; Dict., No. 23, Brarp; 98, t. 3, f. 20. Preir.; 50,
pl. 3, f. 7. Fruemine ; Brit. Anim., 265. Draparnaup; Hist. des Moll., 75, pl.
4, f. 24.
Cionélla lubrica, Jerrr.; Lin. Trans., xvi. 347. Sowersy; Conch. Man.,
f. 285.
Achatina lubrica, Micuaup ; Compl. @ Drap.,51, No.1. Atper; Mag. of Zool.
and Bot., ii. 110.
Turbo glaber, Da Costa; Brit. Conch., 87, pl. 15, f. 18.
Cochlicopa Iubrica, Férussac ; Hist. Nat. des Moll., Tab. Syst., 55, No. 374,
Zua lubrica, Leacu; Moll., 114. Gray's Turton’s Man., 188, t. 6, f. 65; and
for numerous other references see Lamarck.
Shell small, rather larger than a grain of wheat, elongated-oval,
obtuse at apex, of a smoky horn-color, exceedingly thin and
transparent, exhibiting the pillar throughout its whole length ; sur-
face very bright and polished ; whorls five or six, rounded ; su-
ture distinct ; lower half of the last volution somewhat tapering
towards the base; aperture small, ovate, not broadly rounded at
base ; lip simple, thickened within, and of a claret tint, inner lip
a little thickened so as to give the appearance of a slight notch at
base ; umbilicus none. Length =’ inch, breadth 4 inch.
29 ,
194 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Found in woods and groves under leaves and the bark of decay-
ing stumps. On visiting Oak Island, Chelsea, after a warm rain
in October, I found the surface of the ground covered with
these shells in incalculable numbers. Hundreds might be taken
up clinging to a single fallen leaf ; as the moisture evaporated they
all disappeared beneath the leaves. Mr. Say found this shell in
the North West Territory.
The above description applies to the shell in its most perfect living
state. After death it soon becomes opaque and whitish, and the lip
loses its reddish color. Insome aspects the peculiar termination of the
pillar, gives the aperture the look of an Acnati'na; and this is evi-
dently one of the connecting links between the two genera. Indeed,
this shell, with a few others, has been set apart by Jeffreys in a new
genus, which he calls Ciong’LLa, characterized by being sub-effuse at
base, with the columella partially interrupted.
GENUS SUCCIN EA, Drap.
Shell ovate, rather lengthened, very thin; last whorl very large ; aperture
very large, ovate, rounded before, angular behind ; lip simple ; amphibious.
Succi’'NEA OVA'LIS.
Shell sub-oval, pellucid, straw-colored ; whorls three, oblique ;
aperture large, ovate.
Figure 125.
State Coll., No. 76. Soc. Cab., No. 1653.
Succinea ovalis, Say; Nicholson’s Encyc., (Amer. ed.,) Conchology. Firussac ;
Prodromus, 26, No. 8. Hist. Nat. des Moll., pl. 11 A. f. 1. DesnHayes ;
Encyc. Méth., Vers, 11. 20, No.2. Lam.; An. sans Vert., viii. 319.
‘¢ Shell sub-oval, pale-yellowish, diaphanous, very thin and fra-
gile, with nearly three oblique volutions ; body very large. Spire
small, but little prominent, somewhat obtuse ; aperture longitudi-
nally sub-ovate, large. Columella much narrowed, so as almost
to permit the view of the interior apex from the base of the shell.
Scarcely any calcareous deposit on the pillar lip.” (Say.)
Length 2; inch, breadth 2; inch, length of aperture ,%, inch, di-
vergence 56°.
COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. SUCCINEA. 195
This species is found about the margins of ponds, and low,
damp places, where the surface is always moist. It crawls over
the mud, or up the stalks of plants ; and, although it seems to be
but little incommeded by water, it cannot endure being entirely
submerged, and seems not to have the power of directing its way
in the water, though it will generally float.
The animal is larger than the shell ; its color pale, with minute
black points, which are assembled into stripes upon the neck,
and into squares, or bands, upon the sides ; the neck is granulate
above ; a black line passes each side on the neck, from the tip of
the tentacula, disappearing under the shell. The shell is so
vitreous, that all the markings of the animal and colors of the vis-
cera are seen through it, as are also the circulating vessels branch-
ing across the back, and the heart pulsating, and sending the
fluids through them.
Further particulars will be stated under the next species.
Succi/NEA CAMPE’STRIS.
Shell ovate, thin, transparent, pale-yellow ; whorls three, not
very oblique, very convex ; the last very large and turgid; suture
deep ; aperture sub-oval.
Ficure 126.
State Coll., No. 86. Soc. Cab., No. 1254.
Succinea campéstris, Say ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 281.
The general resemblance between this species and §. ovdlts, is
very great. It differs, however, in some well-marked particulars.
It attains a much larger size, is thicker and less fragile ; its color
is darker, having a somewhat smoky tinge. Its form is much
more robust, the breadth being proportionally greater ; the whorls
are much more convex and tumid, being regularly inflated, while
the upper portion of the large whorl of S. ovalis is compressed,
so that its broadest portion is somewhat below the middle. The
whorls are less oblique. The aperture is more oval, being nearly
as broadly rounded above as below. Common length 2 inch,
breadth 2 inch, divergence 80° to 90°.
It is more commonly found in moist places, but spreads itself
196 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
over rich or cultivated ground, whether lowland or upland, and
may be found in dry weather partially sheltered by sods, or lying
along by the side of stones, where it may enjoy the benefit of the
moisture condensed by these bodies.
The animal is very similar to that of S. ovalzs, but in general
the markings are darker, and the marbled appearance which its
viscera exhibit through the transparent shell, combines yellow
instead of whitish colors. Radiating lines of furrows also are
quite conspicuous on the posterior part of the foot.
It is extremely probable that this, is after all, the S. amphibia of
Europe. No distinct and constant difference can be pointed out be-
tween them. Ih specimens of the foreign shell which I have seen,
the surface may perhaps be a little more glossy, and the shell may
have somewhat more of an appearance of solidity. Like that shell,
too, it varies considerably in the prominence of its spire.
I] think there can be no doubt that our shell is the true S. campéstris
of Say, though it presents nothing which would suggest the character
of * white and vitreous lines, irregularly alternating.”
Succi/NEA AVA'RA.
Shell very thin, wrinkled, yellowish, whorls three, rounded ;
suture deep ; aperture rounded, ovate, more than half as long as the
shell.
Figure 127.
State Coll., 85. Soc. Cab., No. 1256.
Succinea avara? Say; Long’s 2d Expedition, Append., 260, pl. 15, £. 5.
Succinea verméta, Say; Vew Harmony Disseminator.
Shell rather small; very thin and fragile, of a deep straw-
color ; surface irregularly wrinkled; whorls about three and a
half, well rounded, and separated by a deep suture, the last whorl
composing the greater part of the shell, but not very broad ;
aperture in adult and elongated shells, about half as long as the
shell, but generally proportionally shorter, of a rounded form, the
curve of the outer lip, where it jos the preceding whorl, being
so great as to render the aperture nearly as broadly rounded be-
hind as in front. Length 5%, inch, breadth ,% inch, divergence
56°.
COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. AURICULA. 197
Found about the margins of muddy streams, or sheltered under
loose objects lying about moist places.
I have much hesitation in deciding upon a name for this shell. It
is quite different from any other species I am acquainted with. The
spire is longer, and acutely pointed, the body-whorl less developed,
and the aperture is shorter and more rounded ; but, although the suture
is deep, it is not so much so as to ‘ give the whorls the appearance of
being almost separated from resting on each other,” as Mr. Say re-
marks of S.verméta. In this character, individuals differ very greatly.
Some specimens with unusually lax spires may have been used by Mr.
Say in drawing up his description. But the young shells present no
prominent spire, anda large, rounded aperture, agreeing precisely
with Mr. Say’s description and figure of S. avdra; and they are also
always coated with earth adhering to a glutinous matter on the sur-
face. It seems probable that the two should form one species ;
unless they do, 1 am ata loss under which name to place our shell,
as, considering specimens of all ages and forms, it will come under
one as wellas the other. ‘The name I have chosen is to be preferred,
because it is a legitimate Latin word, while the other is not.
The animal has a dark head, and gives a dark color to the shell ;
the foot is very narrow, with a flesh-colored tint.
Genus AURICULA, Lam.
Shell oblong-ovate ; aperture long and narrow, rounded in front,
lips sharp or reflexed, disunited posteriorly ; pillar having one or
more plaits.
AURI’CULA BIDENTA'TA.
Shell ovate-conical, grey or brownish horn-color ; spire short and
obtuse, aperture narrow, two folds on the pillar.
Freure 130.
State Coll., No. 52. Soc. Cab., No. 941.
Melampus bidentatus, Say ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 245.
Auricula cornea, Desuayrs; Encyc, Méth., Vers, ii. 90. Lam.; An. sans Vert.,
viii. 339.
Shell ovate-conical, broadest at about the upper third, where
there is a faint angle, thin, translucent, of a brownish horn-color,
smooth and shining, often becoming eroded, wrinkled lengthwise,
with occasional broken revolving lines, very minute ; whorls five
198 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
or six, the lower one three fourths of the length of the shell, the
others, separated by a distinct suture, and flattened, form a short,
blunt spire ; aperture long and narrow, broadest below ; outer lip
thin and sharp, the posterior third suddenly bending inwards joins
the body of the shell by a very acute angle ; the inner lip, usually
covered with enamel, has two folds upon it, a transverse one be-
low the middle, and another formed by the outer lip as it rises and
turns within the shell ; this portion is usually white ; within the
outer lip are occasionally to be found from one to four elevated,
white, revolving ridges, not reaching the edge of the lip. Length
3 Inch, breadth |, inch, divergence 68°.
Inhabits marshes that are occasionally overflowed by the tide,
and never far below high-water mark. ‘They frequently crawl up
the stems of grasses at the margins of inlets, apparently to escape
the rising tide. In October, 1839, I observed great numbers of
them at Oak Island, a small, wooded upland spot in Chelsea, sur-
rounded by salt marsh. They were burying themselves under
the leaves, and in the loose earth at the base of rotten stumps.
This spot is now never overflowed by the tide. I have also two
specimens brought from Windsor, Vermont, which I was assured
were obtained there, living with Planorbis armigerus.
The animal is reddish-brown above, paler beneath, foot about
the length and breadth of the shell, broad before, and bluntly
pointed behind, the margins somewhat scolloped, or undulated,
and divided across at about the anterior third ; tentacula slender
and tapering, the eyes at the inside of the base ; rostrum nearly as
long as the tentacula, with an expanded lobe each side.
This shell, with its kindred species, is very peculiar in its structure
and habits. It belongs to the genus Meta’mpus of Montfort, Cono'v-
uLus of Lamarck ; but it seems to be the received opinion that there
are no characters to authorize a separation from Auri/cuLa.
The perfect shells are smooth and brown, with usually three or four
darker, narrow bands; but the shells soon become eroded, and the
surface is left rough, and of a greyish color. The ridges within the
outer lip are not seen except in aged shells.
There is an English shell named Volta bidentata, which, if it is
not a variety of V. denticuldta, would form a species under this genus.
In that case we must adopt the specific name A. cornea for our shell,
given by Deshayes.
COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. AURICULA. 199
AURI‘CULA DENTICULATA.
Shell ovate-conical, smooth, reddish horn-color ; spire elevated
and pointed ; inner lip with three teeth ; lip reflexed.
Fieure 129.
State Coll., No. 84. Soc. Cab., No. 1220.
Voluta denticulata, Montacu; Test. Brit., 234, pl. 20, f.5. Maron and Racx-
ETT; Lin. Trans,, viii. 1380. Dituwyn; Catal.,i.516. Turron; Conch. Dict.,
249. BurKkery; Zool. Journ., v. pl. 19, f. 3, (animal.)
Acteon denticulatus, FLemine ; Brit. Anim., 337.
Jaminea denticulita, LEacu; Brown ; Conch. of Great Brit., &c., pl. 51, f. 6.
Conoévulus denticulatus, Gray ; in Turten’s Manual, 225, pl. 12, f. 144.
Auricula myosotis, Jerrreys; Lin. Trans., xvi. 368. Draprarnaup; Hist. des
Moll., pl. 3, f. 16 to17. Lam.; An. sans Vert., viii. 330. Brainy.; Malacol.
pl. 37, bis, f. 6.
Cary/chium personatum, Micnaup ; Compl. & Drap.,73, pl. 15,f. 42 to 43.
Auricula personata, DesHayres; Lam.; Jn. sans Vert., viii. 334.
Shell of an elongated oval form, slightly opake, shining, horn-
color, often tinted with reddish or violet; lines of growth very
faint ; spire elevated and pointed, composed of seven or eight
slightly convex whorls, separated by a well-defined suture, which
often has a marginal line revolving near it; the lowest whorl
much larger than all the others together ; aperture ovate, broadest
below ; outer lip thin and sharp, reflexed and white, joining the
preceding whorl by a very acute angle ; on the inner lip the adult
shell has three white folds or teeth; the lower one formed by the
turning of the lip within the aperture ; the second tooth-like
and nearly transverse, thin and prominent, a little below the mid-
dle of the inner margin ; and a third, minute one, a little above;
the lower portion of the left margin expands a little, and conceals
a very minute umbilicus ; two or three teeth are also sometimes
found within the outer lip. Length 3, inch, breadth ; inch,
divergence 35°.
Found in the crevices of decaying wooden wharves, about and
below high-water mark, in shaded situations.
Animal very light drab-color, head and tentacula darker and
wrinkled ; tentacula about one tenth of an inch in length, globose
at tip, the eyes kidney-shaped, and seated on a slight enlargement
200 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
at the inner base of the tentacula ; foot about half the length
and width of the shell, rounded behind, two-lobed in front, and
transversely divided at the anterior third. Respiratory orifice far
back, on the right side.
This little shell is very readily distinguished from any other found
on our coast, and seems to be another of the connecting links between
the land and water shells, or rather, between those which breathe air,
and those which breathe water. It has, accordingly, been frequently
transferred from one genus to another, according to the conjectures
of different writers. I have arranged it where Guilding placed it
rather doubtfully, after a series of experiments as to the nature of its
respiration. Its habits certainly associate it with the preceding species.
It is widely distributed over the seas, and is doubtless conveyed to
great distances on floating pieces of decaying timber.
It varies much in its characters according to its age. Its color
varies from light horn-color to deep violet, and sometimes it becomes
opake-white. There is usually a single revolving line of rigid hairs
just before the suture. When young, it is proportionally broader, and
the lower whorl proportionally longer, has but two teeth, and the mar-
gin of the lip is not reflexed. A third, and sometimes a fourth, tooth
appears at maturity, and also some teeth or tubercles within the right
lip. This is, indeed, made a part of its character by European writers ;
but, of several specimens sent me by Mr. Sowerby, only one had them.
In fact it must be very doubtful whether the species described under
the names of bidentata, triplicata, pusillus, alba, ringens, refléva, and
perhaps Firmini, are any thing more than modifications by age, acci-
dent, and locality, of this same species.
FamiILy LIMNEANA, Lam.
Shell spiral, generally smooth externally, and having the outer margin of
the aperture always sharp, and not reflexed.
/
Genus PLANORBIS, Lam.
Shell discoidal, whorls apparent above and below, aperture
crescent-shaped, remote from the axis of the shell; operculum
wanting ; animal with thread-like tentacula.
LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. PLANORBIS. 201
PLANORBIS TRIVOLVIS.
Shell concave on both sides ; whorls four, strongly carinated on
the left side ; aperture aculely angulated by the carina, right mar-
gin eatending beyond the plane of that side.
Figure 131.
State Coll., No. 94. Soc. Cab., No. 1275.
Cochlea trium orbium, Lister; Conch., pl. 140, f. 46. Prriver; Gazophyl.,
pl. 106, f. 17.
Plandrbis trivélvis, Say ; Nicholson's Encyc., (Amer. ed.,) iv. pl. 2, f. 2. Amer.
Conch., pl. 54, f. 2.
Shell orbicular, yellowish-white, brownish, or chestnut-color ;
umbilicated on the right side, cup-shaped on the left ; on the right
side scarcely three volutions, separated by a profound suture, are
visible, as they disappear in the umbilicus, their faces, especially
those of the interior whorls, being slightly carinated ; on the left
side at least four whorls are seen, which, by their faces, form a
cup-shaped depression, scarcely distinguished by the suture,
except the last half of the outer whorl, on the whole of which a
well-marked carina revolves, forming a margin to the cup ; the
carina gives the whorl a flattened appearance on this side ; surface
covered with fine, regular, raised, transverse lines, somewhat
grooved between them ; aperture sub-ovate, inclining to the right,
its right margin more advanced than the left, broadly and regularly
rounded 3 left lip abruptly angulated where the carina terminates ;
lip usually thickened within, and of a reddish brown-color. Large
diameter ;7, inch, small diameter ;*, inch.
Animal dark-russet or dusky, covered with pale-yellowish dots.
Found in the western parts of this State in rivers and ponds.
It is widely extended over the Northern and Western States.
Planérbis corpuléntus of Say seems little else than an exuberant
growth of this shell. The following differences may be noted. elt is
at least double, often three times, the size. It is a thinner shell. On
the right side the revolutions are less compact, and exhibit a larger
portion of each whorl; on the left side the suture is more and the
carina less distinct ; the aperture is much more expanded, and projects
26
202 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
far to each side of the preceding whorl. Jnhabits the vicinity of the
Great Lakes. P. trivolvis differs from the next species by its carina,
and the position of its aperture.
PLANORBIS LENTUS.
Shell concave on both sides ; whorls four, sub-carinate on the
left side ; aperture nowhere distinctly angular, right margin in
the plane of that side.
Figure 1382.
State Coll., No. 83. Soc. Cab., No. 1270.
Planérbis lentus, Say; Amer. Conch., pl. 54, f. 1.
Shell orbicular, each whorl encircling the preceding, greenish
horn-color at the circumference, yellowish at the sides and bor-
dering the aperture ; on the right side concave, exhibiting scarcely
three rounded volutions, separated by a well-defined suture, and
disappearing in a deep umbilicus ; left side presents a shallow
cup, formed of four compact, slightly carinated whorls, dis-
tinguished by a tolerably distinct suture ; surface marked with
raised, sub-equidistant lines of growth ; aperture large, ovate, in-
clining to the right; lip on the right side slightly curved, lying in
the plane of that side of the shell ; in front, regularly and broadly
arched ; on the left side it stands out considerably beyond the
preceding whorl, and undergoes a sudden curve before its
Junction with that whorl ; the lip is sharp, very slightly spreading,
and thickened within, by dark reddish-brown callus. Greater di-
ameter ,% inch, smaller diameter 3% inch.
“Animal dark olivaceous above and below ; foot oval, about one
half the diameter of the shell in length, minutely dotted beneath,
and frosted above with amber dots ; these are abundant about the
bases of the tentacula ; edges of mouth honey-yellow ; motions
sluggish.
Found abundantly in all our ponds, small brooks, and stagnant
pools.
This is a somewhat darker shell than P. trivélvis, and is distinguish-
ed from it by its left side and its aperture. The cup of the left side
is less smooth and regular, and is not bounded by the sharp, elevated
LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. PLANORBIS. 203
line ; when this shell is laid upon its right or upper side, the lip of
that side will scarcely touch the plane on which it les, while, in P.
trivélvis, the shell would be lifted by the lip; the aperture has not the
sharp angle of the left side, produced by the termination of the carina,
but in the young stages it is difficult to distinguish the two. It is very
closely allied to P. cérneus of Europe ; but in that shell the left side
is scarcely concave, and the suture is deep ; the aperture is nearly or-
bicular, being almost equally rounded on both sides,
This shell has hitherto generally borne the name of P. trivélvis in
New England; but it is not the trivélvis of Say, and is either his
P. lentus or a new species.
PLANORBIS BICARINA TUS.
Shell deeply concave on both sides ; whorls three ; strongly cari-
nated on both sides ; aperture abruptly arched at the carina of the
left side, its lip extending far beyond the plane of the preceding
whorl.
Figure 134.
State Coll., No. 81. Soc. Cab., No. 1268.
Helix angulatus, Racxetr; Lin. Trans., xiii. 42, pl. 5, f. 1. Woon; Inder,
Suppl., pl. 7, f. 12.
Planorbis bicarinatus, Say; Vicholson’s Encyc , (Amer. ed.,) iv. pl. J, f. 4. Amer.
Conch., pl. 54, f. 3. Sowrersy; Genera.
Shell orbicular, its tube rapidly increasing, deeply excavated
on both sides, color brownish-yellow on the carina. Whorls
rather more than three, as seen on both sides, forming’ on the
right side a large and deep concavity, bounded by a sharp, raised
line or carina, and on the left side a still deeper, inversely conic
cavity, bounded by a similar carina, but of smaller circuit ; sur-
face rather smooth, with faint, irregular lines of growth, most
distinct on the right side ; aperture ovate, right side broadest,
and on the general plane of that side of the shell; left margin
strongly modified by the carina, and extending far beyond the
plane of the preceding whorl; lip slightly expanded, white ;
interior brownish, with white lines in the grooves answering to the
carina. Longest diameter § inch, shortest diameter 53, inch.
Animal light russet-color, beautifully dotted with amber ; foot
204 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
tongue-shaped, nearly as long as the diameter of the shell. The
strong angle of the aperture fully displays the respiratory opening,
which has a jagged flap, over which lies an acute groove ; move-
ments sluggish.
Inhabits still waters, not so generally pools, as the margins of
large ponds. Not very common.
This species is smaller than either of the preceding, and is at once
distinguished from them by the very obvious angularity of the whorls
on both sides, and by the very deep, conical cavity of the left side.
Sometimes a few faint revolving lines may be found on the surface.
The tentacula of the animal are usually very long, but sometimes
one or both of them seem to have been broken.
PLANORBIS CAMPANULA TUS.
Shell with the last whorl distorted, concave on both sides ; whorls
four, strongly carinate on the left, and sub-carinate on the right
side ; throat campanulate ; aperture turned to the left.
Figure 138.
State Coll., No. 79. Soc. Cab., No. 1265.
Planorbis campanulitus, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 166.
Shell discoidal, yellowish or brownish-green, lighter at the
sides ; diameter of its tube nearly twice as ereat from side to side
as in the contrary direction ; right side exhibiting scarcely more
than two whorls, which are elevated to an obtuse ridge, and form
an umbilical vortex very nearly perforating the shell ; on the right
side are four volutions, distinctly separated by the suture, which
are carinated, and form a shallow, salver-shaped depression ; the
whorls enclose each other in a very regular spiral to the last fifth
of the outer one, when there is a sudden enlargement and distor-
tion towards the left, by which a large, bell-shaped throat is
formed ; aperture also dilated, and strongly angular on the left
side ; within glazed, reflecting light-blue and brown; surface
regularly marked with fine, transverse, raised lines, and interven-
ing grooves. Greatest diameter } inch, at right angles with this
2 inch, small diameter 2 inch.
Found in the larger collections of fresh water, at Fresh Pond,
Jamaica Pond, &c.
LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. PLANORBIS. 205
This shell does not attain the size of the preceding species ; and,
when mature, its dilated throat distinguishes it from every other
known species; and the remarkable manner in which it is turned, as
it were by violence, so as to look to the left, is a still further distinc-
tion. The outer whorl is everywhere of the same breadth ; and the
immature shell, before the dilatation of the throat, may be known by
the very regular enrolment of the whorls, and the very contracted
aperture in consequence of the very unequal diameters.
PLANORBIS ARMIGERUS.
Shell flat on the right side, and concave on the left ; whorls
four, with minute revolving lines on the concave side ; throat with
five unequal teeth far within the aperture.
Fieure 138.
State Coll., No. 80. Soc. Cab., No. 1264.
Planorbis armigerus, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 164.
Shell small, brownish horn-color, or light-chestnut, orbicular ;
right side nearly plane, with only a slight central pit, showing four
rounded volutions, distinctly separated by the suture ; left side
deeply concave, exhibiting all the whorls, which on this side are
sub-carinated ; surface shining, faintly marked by the lines of
growth, and, on the left side, may be distinctly seen several
raised revolving lines on each of the whorls ; aperture slightly
inclining to the left, rounded, and very slightly modified by the
carina, very oblique ; edge of lip dark-brown; at some distance
within the throat are five white teeth, nearly closing the passage ;
a large, prominent, oblique one is situated on the side of the pre-
ceding whorl, and may always be seen ; a very small one is by
its side; opposite to them are the three others which are small.
Larger diameter ; inch, smaller diameter ;}, inch.
Animal very active, of a blue-black or slate-color ; foot long
and narrow. ‘The shell is carried inclined at an angle of 45°.
The respiratory groove is very acutely pointed.
Found abundantly in shady, stagnant pools and ditches, in which
an abundance of decaying vegetable matter is immersed.
This common shell is well marked by its external simplicity. At
the same time, the complicated armature of the aperture, so unique in
206 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
this family, would seem to entitle it to be arranged as a sub-genus.
It differs from the preceding in having the umbilicus on the left in-
stead of the right side, being its natural place. Mr. Haldeman pro-
poses to make this species the type of a sub-genus, which he calls
Planérbula.
PLANORBIS HIRSUTUS.
Shell light yellowish-brown, concave on both sides, most so on
the left; whorls three ; surface beset with revolving lines of rigid
hairs ; aperture large, very oblique.
Fieure 135.
State Coll., No. 82. Soc. Cab., No. 1278.
Planorbis hirstitus, Goup ; Stlliman’s Journ., xxxvili. 196.
Shell small, somewhat transparent, of a brownish yellow-color ;
both sides concave, the left rather more than the right, but the
concavity is there more limited by the presence of a sub-angular
ridge on the outer whorl ; whorls three, the outer one rapidly in-
creasing ; surface exhibiting traces of revolving lines when de-
nuded, but usually covered with a dark pigment or epidermis,
bristling with rigid hairs, which are arranged in close revolving
lines ; lines of growth very faint ; aperture sub-oval, oblique, its
diameter from side to side shorter than in the opposite direction ;
its plane very oblique. Long diameter ! inch, short diameter ;';
inch.
Animal has the head slate-colored above, with a darker line along
each tentaculum, not originating from the eyes ; foot chestnut-
colored.
This shell was first found by Professor C. B. Adams, in Mans-
field, from whom I received it. I have since found it in several
localities in Dorchester, Dedham, and Cambridge, adhering to
sticks in stagnant water ; and it may doubtless be found in all
similar localities.
This Planérbis, though in many respects it resembles in shape
P. defléctus, is readily distinguished from all other American species
by the revolving hairy lines. It is the analogue of the European
P. albus, from which it is difficult to designate any very characteristic
difference. It is, however, a thinner shell, the last whorl increasing
LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. PLANORBIS. 207
more rapidly; and it maintains its yellowish horn-color, whereas
P. albus assumes a spermaceti or still whiter appearance. The lines,
too, disappear more entirely when the epidermis is gone.
PLANORBIS ELEVATUS.
Shell small, whorls three or four, swelling above, with the apex
sunken, deeply concave beneath ; aperture slightly oblique.
State Coll., No. 291. Soc. Cab., No. 2417.
Plan6rbis elevatus, Apams ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pl. 3, f. 15.
Shell small, light grass-green, translucent, faintly marked with
lines of growth ; whorls three and a half or four, the tube not
rapidly enlarging, and considerably flattened ; whole shell flat, or
slightly elevated above, the tip depressed so as to form a small pit 5
below forming a deep, tunnel-shaped cavity, the whorls presenting
an obscure angle as they revolve around it ; suture deeply impress-
ed; aperture slightly oblique, its upper edge on a level with the
spire, or very slightly declining ; lower edge descending considera-
bly below the level of the under surface ; portion of the preceding
whorl embraced by the aperture constituting about one fifth of its
circuit. Breadth } inch, height ;4, inch.
10
Inhabits rivulets and pools in Norfolk and Plymouth Counties.
This shell is closely allied to P. parvus and P. hirsutus. But the
first is a more depressed, discoidal shell, its upper surface more broad-
ly and deeply concave, the lower surface very little more concave
than the upper, and the aperture much more oblique. P. hirsutus
has a still greater altitude, a very rapidly increasing tube, is deeply
concave above and below, its color is lighter, and its lines of hairs,
when present, afford a very marked distinction. It may possibly
prove to be the immature shell of some other species.
PLANORBIS DEFLECTUS.
Shell concave on the left side ; whitish horn-color ; whorls four,
compressed, sub-carinated, aperture greatly declining.
Figure 136.
State Coll., No. 168. Soc. Cab., No. 1266.
Planérbis defléctus, Say ; Long's 2d Exped., (Appendix), 261, pl. 18, f. 8.
208 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Shell small, distorted, compressed, of a light greenish-yellow
color, something like dirty, bleached wax ; right side in general
convex, but with the centre slightly indented, suture distinct ;
left or under side concave, forming an expanded umbilicus, ex-
hibiting about one half of each volution ; whorls four or five,
very much compressed, and reduced to a somewhat carinated
perimeter ; the last fourth of the outer whorl turns, somewhat
suddenly and quite remarkably, to the left, or downwards ; aper-
ture large, ovate, lip commencing below the carina, and embracing
but a very small portion of the preceding whorl ; much narrower
from side to side, its plane very oblique to the axis of the shell ;
lip simple, very slightly everted beneath ; surface finely wrinkled
by the lines of growth. Greater diameter ;3, inch, small di-
ameter ;'; inch.
‘Animal dusky above, and with a still darker line to tip of
tentacula.
Found in all our ponds, clinging to sticks, stones, &c.
It is distinguished at once, except in its very early stages, by the
remarkable manner in which a portion of the last whorl is diverted
from its regular course, downwards, if we consider the shell to be
lying on its concave face. It is almost entirely turned off from the
preceding whorls, so that the aperture comes in contact with only
about half of its lower face. When immature it may be recognised
by its light color and concave form. Scattered hairs may often be
observed upon its surface. It has a general resemblance in its struc-
ture to P. evacitus, but the constantly sharp edge of that species is a
never failing mark of distinction. I must at present regard the P.
virens of Adams (Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pl. 3, f. 16) as a variety
of this species, in which the last whorl is not remarkably diverted
from its regular course.
PLANORBIS EXACUTUS.
Shell lenticular, umbilicated ; whorls four, broader than high,
gradually thinning to a sharp edge.
Ficurm 137;
State Coll., No. 95. Soc. Cab., No. 1267.
Planorbis exacuous, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Se., ii. 166.
LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. PLANORBIS. 209
Shell lenticular, light transparent horn-color ; whorls four,
flattened so that the width of each is at least twice its depth, the
upper and lower surfaces convex, and brought to a sharp exterior
edge; the last half of the outer whorl deflected, so that the
termination of the sharp edge is on a level with the lower surface
of the preceding whorl; inner whorls slightly depressed, and
somewhat more rounded ; suture moderately impressed ; strie of
growth faint ; beneath abruptly umbilicated, displaying the edges
of all the whorls within; aperture very oblique and angular ;
edge very sharp, below rumning forwards a little along the um-
bilical edge of the preceding whorl, then crossing obliquely for-
wards and upwards, leaving a callus, it passes off again a little
below its carinated edge. Longest diameter + inch, shorter di-
ameter ;%, inch.
It is found in most brooks, ditches, and margins of ponds,
which are permanent through the summer, adhering to sticks and
stones.
This shell has a striking resemblance to the P. fontdna of Europe,
(Lightfoot, Phil. Trans., Ixxvi. pl. 2, f. 1-4. Montagu, Test. Brit.,
462, pl. 6, f. 6. Pl. nitidus, Mull., Turt., &c.,) except that the aper-
ture is entirely below the sharp edge, instead of embracing nearly an
equal portion on each side, as in that shell. It is allied to P. defléctus,
Say ; but in that the whorls are more numerous, the exterior edge
much rounded, the umbilical region broader and more shallow, and the
labrum also embraces but half of the lower surface of the preceding
whorl. Were it among the land shells it would be a most unequivocal
Caroco.ta.
I cannot but think that the name under which this shell appears in
the ‘ Journal of the Academy,” is not exactly as was intended by the
author, as it is neither a Latin word nor a Latin termination. Sup-
posing that by a typographical error, an o has taken the place of a ¢,
we have a legitimate term, and one very expressive of the form of
the shell,
PLANORBIS PARVUS.
Shell very much compressed, almost equally concave on both
sides ; whorls four ; surface nearly smooth ; aperture rounded.
Ficure 139.
210 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
State Coll., No. 77. Soc. Cab., No. 1283.
Planérbis parvus, Say ; WVicholson’s Encyc., (Amer. ed.), iv. pl. 1, f. 5.
Shell very small and compressed, discoidal, light-yellowish
horn-color ; right side nearly plane, but excavated at the centre ;
left side broadly concave ; whorls four, almost equally exhibited
on both sides, the outer one usually somewhat angulated at its cir-
cumference ; surface minutely marked by the lines of growth,
shining, clear; aperture rounded, rather longer than broad, not
inclining to either side, its plane very oblique ; lip sharp, slightly
reflected on the left side ; within bluish-white. Greatest diameter
3 inch, lesser diameter ;'; inch, but generally much smaller.
Animal whitish, dusky above, with a still darker line at tip of
tentacula.
Abundant in brooks and ponds.
This is the smallest shell of the genus which we have, unless, per-
haps, it be P. exactitus, which is commonly found of as small a size.
It is not difficult to be recognised by its regular figure, and its very thin,
compressed appearance. P. defléctus, armigerus, exacttus, and hirsu-
tus, all have marked peculiarities, which at once separate them from
this undistinguished species.
PLANORBIS DILATA TUS.
Shell small, circumference carinated, flat above, convex below,
and with a small, deep umbilicus ; whorls three ; aperture large,
expanded.
Ficure 140.
State Coll., No. 75. Soc. Cab., No. 2399.
Shell small, of a yellowish green-color, minutely wrinkled by
the lines of growth ; spire flat, composed of not more than three
whorls, separated by a well-defined suture ; the outer whorl has
a sharp margin ona level with the spire, diminishing near, but
still modifying, the aperture ; below this line the whorl is very
convexly rounded so as to encircle a small, deep, abruptly formed
umbilicus. This whorl rapidly enlarges, and terminates in a very
large, not very oblique aperture, with the lip expanded so as to
LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. PHysa. Q2l1l
make it trumpet-shaped. Largest diameter 3, inch, breadth ;'5
inch.
This curious little shell was found several years since on
the island of Nantucket, clinging to some damp moss, and was
communicated by Mr. J. M. Earle, of Worcester. Specimens
of it have also been sent to me by Professor Foreman, of Balti-
more. But its characters were not fully ascertained from these
few specimens. In July, 1840, Mr. T. J. Whittemore found it
in great numbers at Hingham, in a small pool, southeast of the
Old Colony House.
It has a miniature resemblance to P. dicarindtus as to its two sides,
but it has only a single carina, which encircles the shell, instead of one
on each side. Its large, expanded aperture, and small, deeply sunken
umbilicus, readily distinguish it from any of the small species hitherto
known. The surface is rather rough, and perhaps a little hispid
when viewed under the microscope.
The P. dens of Lea (Amer. Philos. Trans., New Series, vi. 68, pl.
23, f. 83), which he received from near Cincinnati, is probably the
same as this shell. His name, however, is pre-occupied by a fossil
species.
Genus PHYSA, Drap.
Shell reversed, oblong-ovate, spire prominent ; aperture rounded
before, narrowed and angular behind, lip sharp ; inner lip twisted.
Animal has thread-like tentacula, and the sharply lobed mantle is
turned back upon the shell.
PuysaA HETEROSTROPHA.
Shell ovate, smooth, yellowish-grecn ; whorls four, inflated,
suture distinct, surface reticulated.
Fieure 141.
State Coll., No. 73. Soc. Cab., No. 1306.
Bulla fontinalis Indie Orientalis, Cuemn. ; Conch., ix. 33, pl. 103, f. 879,880.
Céchlea neritdides, Lister ; Conch., pl. 135, f. 34.
Bulla fontinalis, var. 3. GmeExin; Syst., 3407. Scuroret; Einl. in Conch., t. 1,
201, Helix, No. 84.
Bulla crassula, Dituwyn ; Catal., t. i. 487, No. 36.
212 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Limnéa heterdstropha, Say; JVicholson'’s Encyc., (Amer. ed.), Art. Conchology,
jisloed Leo}
Physa heterédstropha, Say; Long’s 2d Exped., Append., 264. Lam.; An. sans
Vert., viii. 402.
*¢ Shell sinistral, sub-ovate ; color pale-yellow, chestnut, or
blackish ; whorls four, the first large, the others very small, ter-
minating rather abruptly in an acute apex ; aperture large, some-
what oval, three fourths the length of the shell, or rather more ;
within of a pearly lustre, often blackish ; lip a little thickened on
the inside, and tinged with dull red.” (Say, in Nich. Encyc.)
Ordinary length about 4 inch, breadth } inch, divergence 68°.
My largest specimen is 7, inch by 2 inch.
When the shell is fresh and perfectly clean, it is always of a
light greenish-yellow, and becomes a little more dusky with age.
The surface, under the magnifier, appears beautifully checkered
with minute, revolving, and longitudinal lines, which are also a
little waved. Sometimes there are one or more whitish, opake
bands, as if scratched by the mantle of the animal. ‘The thicken-
ing of the lip is found only in old specimens, and in these also
there is a broad layer of pearly enamel reflected over the columella,
which has also a very prominent fold.
The animal is olivaceous, surface very smooth and silky ; the
foot is kite-shaped, longer than the shell, terminating in an acute
point ; expansions each side of the mouth acutely angled ; ten-
tacula olivaceous above, light ferruginous beneath, long and thread-
like. The pointed lobes of the mantle are very conspicuous.
The motions of the animal are very rapid, and it seems to
move with equal facility in an inverted posture, at the surface of the
water.
The ova are excluded, enveloped in a gelatinous substance,
about twelve or fifteen in number, and of an egg-shaped form.
In about a fortnight they escape from the jelly, and move about
with great rapidity. In fact, they are seen in motion for some
time previous, apparently struggling to disengage themselves from
their nidus.
This shell is everywhere to be found. Scarcely a brook or
pool is met with but some of these shells will be found init. It
is more especially to be found in the running brooks.
LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. PHYSA. 213
The difference between this and P. fontindlis of Europe, is very
slight. The spire may be a little more prolonged and acute.
It is quite interesting to keep a number of them in a vessel of water,
and observe their motions and habits. The manner in which they
open their mouths and display the lingual organ,—the manner in
which they rise to the surface and open the air cavity, into which its
structure permits no water to enter, — and above all, the beautiful and
unaccountable manner in which it glides along, will never fail to excite
astonishment. They feed freely upon any kind of vegetable.
We have here an instance of the interminable chain of existences, and
of the subserviency of one animal to another. And it is curious, too,
that, in general, we have the power to elude or subdue animals of
greater strength and magnitude than ourselves, much better than we
can those which are inferior to us. On looking carefully about the
neck of the animal of this shell, we find him beset with numerous
little things looking like short, minute, white lines, which are, in truth,
little parasites (Gérdius inquilinus, Mull.) attached like leeches, and
which derive their nourishment from the fluids of the animal, without
his having the power to dislodge them.
Puysa ANCILLA RIA.
Shell ovate-globose, pale-yellowish ; whorls four, smooth; suture
not impressed ; aperture nearly as long as the shell.
Fieure 142.
State Coll., No. 74. Soc. Cab., No. 1308.
Physa ancillaria, Say ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 124.
‘¢ Shell heterostrophe, sub-globose, pale-yellowish ; whorls
rather more than four, very rapidly attenuated ; spire truncated,
hardly elevated beyond the general curve of the surface ; suture
not impressed ; aperture but little shorter than the shell, dilated ;
labium a little thickened on the inner sub-margin.”? (Say.)
Length 32 inch, breadth ¥, inch, divergence 90°.
Found in Connecticut and Merrimack Rivers, Fresh Pond, &c.
Animal of a bright lemon-color.
This shell is distinguished from the preceding by its much shorter
spire, more angular outline, and especially by its suture, the margin
of one whorl being so closely and perfectly applied to the pre-
214 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
ceding as to give the appearance of a double suture. The surface
is exceedingly smooth, no revolving lines being detected by the mag-
nifier. The base of the aperture is somewhat narrowed, and pro-
longed downwards, and considerably effuse. The twisted fold of the
columella is less conspicuous than in P. heteréstropha. The shell
becomes more ponderous and yellowish by age; and the reddish rib
along the outer lip, and the enamel on the columella, much thicker.
Puysa ELONGATA.
Shell thin, slender, elongated, apex acute, pale-yellowish ; whorls
siz, polished ; suture slightly impressed ; aperture half as long as
the shell.
Fieure 143.
State Coll., No. 284. Soc. Cab., No. 1307.
Physa elongata, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sey ii. 171.
‘* Shell heterostrophe, pale-yellowish, very fragile, diaphanous,
oblong ; whorls six or seven ; spire tapering, acute at tip ; suture
slightly impressed ; aperture not dilated, attenuated above, about
half as long as the shell ; columella much narrowed near the base,
so that the view may be partially extended from the base towards
the apex.”” (Say.) Length 3 inch, breadth 1 inch, diver-
gence 34°. .
Found in stagnant waters in all the northern and western parts
of the United States. In the vicinity of Boston it is rare.
Animal dusky, the head above of an orange hue ; tentacula
rather short and blunt, lighter at tip ; respiratory groove long,
narrow and thin, movable in various directions, almost as long as
a tentacle, with two black spots like eyes near its tip.
This species is easily recognised by its slender, elongated form,
and the great proportionate length of the spire. It is in every respect
similar to P. hypnorum of Europe, unless, perhaps, its spire may be
somewhat more produced.
Tt is not very common in Massachusetts, and is seldom found as
long as the above dimensions ; while Mr. Say gives it 3% of an inch
in Illinois.
It probably belongs to the genus ArpLExus of Gray ( Turton’s Man.,
255), which he institutes upon the elongated form of the shell, the
LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. LIMNEA. 215
want of auricles at the base of the tentacula, and the simple, entire
edge of the mantle. This latter point I did not notice, when the ani-
mal was before me.
Mr. Say describes the animal as black, and spotless above and be-
low; tentacula with a white ring at base. He must have observed
them at a more advanced age than any I have seen living; or else
the species observed are different.
GENUS LIMNAA, Lam.
Shell thin, oblong or turreted, last whorl large ; aperture large,
rounded before, narrowed and acute behind, outer lip sharp, inner
lip forming a fold on the pillar, and usually spreading over it.
Animal with short, triangular tentacula.
LIMN#X’A COLUME’LLA.
Shell ovate, fragile, transparent, pale-green; whorls four, the
three upper ones minute, lines of growth distinct, undulated by
revolving lines ; aperture ample ; umbilicus minute.
Fieure 144.
State Coll., No. 68. Soc. Cab., No. 1302.
Lymne'a columélla, Say ; Nicholson’s Encyc. (Amer. ed.), iv. Journ. Acad. Nat.
SO la los
Lymne'\us navicula, Vatenc.; Recueil d' Obs. de Zool., par Humb. et Bonpl., 251.
Shell ovate, ventricose, extremely thin and fragile, transparent,
of a pale-greenish or yellowish color, the apex acutely pointed ;
whorls four, of which the last is much inflated, and composes
nearly the whole shell; the upper ones are very small, forming an
acute apex ; surface with conspicuous and nearly regular lines of
growth, minutely waved by revolving lines, some of which are
distinctly elevated ; suture slightly impressed; aperture large,
four fifths the length of the shell, generally somewhat dilated ; lip
very sharp, ending with a small curve behind; on the left margin
the edge is slightly turned over a minute umbilicus, and forms a
considerable fold; a thin, closely adhering enamel stretches
216 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
across from it to the angle of the aperture ; the inner lip is so
arched as to display a considerable portion of the interior of the
shell. Length 8, inch, breadth ;%; inch, divergence 68° ; of an-
other specimen, length 3§ inch, breadth ,'5 inch, divergence 56°.
Inhabits stagnant pools and miry places, and is common. It is
found at maturity very early in the spring.
The animal is large, semi-transparent, of a dusky or light-drab
color, dotted with silvery white. It is very sluggish in its mo-
tions. ‘The head above is slightly tinted with lilac.
This very brittle shell has rather the aspect of Succi/NEa, than of
Limnaa. It varies a good deal in form, being in some specimens
rather slender, and in others broad and distended. ‘The aperture is
usually somewhat dilated, especially at its broadly-rounded base ; but
occasionally the outer lip is pressed inwards. The surface is shining, —
and delicately corrugated by revolving lines.
Var. CuatyBea. Fig. 145. State Coll., No. 72.
The spire is more pointed, its divergence being only 50° ; the
aperture is more expanded, and the fold on the inner lip more
obvious. It is thin, but not very brittle, ringing like hard-burnt
crockery. The last whorl is partially detached from the preced-
ing one, so as to forma thread-like channel at the suture. ‘The
enamel rests loosely against the shell, and is wrinkled. ‘The ex-
terior is covered by a bluish-black pigment, not easily removed,
and the interior has a steel-blue or black-lead color.
This shell, which I found two years in succession in a muddy pool
in Cambridge, I thought was sufficiently distinct to be regarded as a
new species; and | accordingly gave its characters under the name of
Limné a chaly'bea, in Silliman’s Journal, xxxiii. 196, But as it has
not been found in any other place, am now disposed to regard it as
a strongly marked local variety of L. columélla. It is very possibly
such a shell to which Mr. Say alludes in the * Journal of the Acad-
emy of Natural Sciences,” ii. 167, as “ L. columélla, var. a. small,
black, from Cold Water Creek, Missouri.”
LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. LIMNEA. 217
LIMN#Z A MACROSTOMA.
Shell fragile, ovate, apex acute ; whorls four, lines of growth
corrugated ; aperture four fifths the length of the shell, ample, ex-
panded, umbilicus minute.
Figure 148.
State Coll., No. 138. Soc. Cab., No. 1296.
Lymnéus macroéstomus, Say; Journ. cad. Nat. Sc., ii. 170.
Limnéa acuminata, Apams ; Silliman’s Journ., xxxix. 374, (young.)
Shell fragile, pellucid, light horn-colored, ovate-conical ; last
whorl very large, moderately inflated, surmounted by three very
small, oblique ones, forming an acute apex; surface shining,
marked by fine lines of growth, which are crossed and rendered
flexuous by numerous revolving lines, faintly visible without a
magnifier ; suture distinct, the whorls approaching it by a gradual
slope ; aperture ovate, very ample, four-fifths the length of the
shell, and, when mature, broadly expanded; outer lip very sharp
and thin, broadly rounded in front, and, maintaining its sharp edge,
it rises and disappears within the shell; pillar so broadly arched
as to allow a view of much of the interior of the spire ; a minute
umbilicus is formed by a reflected scale of enamel; in mature
shells a glazing of enamel is found upon the preceding whorl as it
encroaches upon the aperture. Length 44 inch, breadth 75 inch,
divergence 73°.
Found at New Bedford by Mr. Shiverick. Much larger speci-
mens were obtained by Colonel ‘Totten, at Tiverton, Rhode
Island. Dr. Binney found it also in Vermont.
This shell is closely allied to L. columélla, and in an immature
state is not easily distinguished from it; but that shell is much
more elongated, and regularly tapering, the divergence of the spire
being not more than 60°. Such specimens Professor Adams described
as his L. acuminata. But at maturity the shell is very distinctly char-
acterized by its widely spreading outer lip, which gives great expan-
sion to the aperture, Mr. Say received it from the rice-fields of Car-
olina. It is the analogue of the L. ovatus, of Europe.
28
218 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
LIMN#’A UMBILICA TA.
Shell small, ovate ; whorls five, rounded, and marked with fine
decussating lines; suture deeply impressed ; aperture small, oval ;
no conspicuous fold on the columella ; umbilicus distinct.
Figure 149.
State Coll., No. 136. Soc. Cab., No. 2402.
Limne'‘a umbilicita, Apams; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. 325, pl. 3, f. 14, Salle-
man's Journ., Xxxix. 374.
Shell small, short-ovate, apex obtuse ; whorls five ; very con-
vex and rounded, slightly oblique, their surface reticulated with
fine lines, and modified by numerous facets or indentations, ar-
ranged in imperfect revolving series, four or five in number ; su-
ture deeply impressed ; aperture small, about half the length of
the shell, broad-oval, not expanded but rather seeming contracted 5
outer lip sharp, thickened within by a sub-marginal, pinkish-color-
ed deposit ; passing backwards on the inner side in a smooth and
rounded plate, it joins the preceding whorl at about half the height
of the aperture ; a thin glazing of enamel covers the remainder of
the inner margin. ‘There is scarcely any approach to a fold on
the pillar ; umbilicus Jarge and deep. Length 53; inch, breadth
1 inch, divergence 65°.
First collected by Mr. Shiverick, at New Bedford.
Limné a modicéllus is of about the same size and general appearance ;
but its surface is smooth, its whorls more oblique, its mouth twice as
large, and it has no conspicuous umbilicus. LL. caperdta is similar in
its form, and its small, oval aperture, but is at once recognised by the
regular revolving, hispid lines.
LIMNZEA MODICE'LLUS.
Shell ovate, thin, light-olive colored ; whorls four, convex ; su-
ture deep ; aperture rather large, ovate ; fold of columella conspic-
uous ; sub-umbilicated.
Fieure 151.
State Coll., No. 71. Soc. Cab., No. 2403.
Lymneéus modicéllus, Say ; Journ. dcad. Nat. Se., v. 122.
LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. LIMNEA. 219
Shell small and short-ovate, very thin and transparent, color a
light-olive, or sea-green ; whorls four or five, convexly rounded,
and somewhat shouldered or flattened above; surface rather
coarsely marked by the lines of growth ; anterior whorl large and
inflated, two thirds the length of the shell ; posterior whorls small ;
suture deep ; aperture rather large, somewhat more than half the
length of the shell, ovate, or nearly as broad behind as before, not
acutely rounded behind, but considerably arched ; slightly effuse
at base ; columella arched, its fold conspicuous ; inner lip reflect-
ed over a small umbilicus, and the enamel usually broadly spread
across to the posterior angle. Length 7; inch, breadth ,'5 inch,
divergence 68°.
Lives along the muddy margins of brooks.
The animal is of a dark sea-green or bottle-green color above,
dotted with amber-color ; beneath much paler. foot long, and
inclining to a point behind. In the region of the eyes, between
the tentacula, are clusters of white points, which give an appear-
ance of white eyes. The animal seems to shun immersion, being
usually found on the damp mud at the margins of ponds and
brooks. When put in a vessel of water, it soon rises above the
surface, crawls about the table, and will remain out of water two or
three days without injury. The shell is usually thickly coated
with mud.
This species is distinguished from the young of L. elddes by the
depth of the suture, and the maturity of its aperture, which is also pro-
portionally larger. It is less elongated than L. desidiosa, its suture is
deeper, its aperture rather smaller, and the color is quite different,
LIMN# A DESIDIOSA.
Shell ovate-elongate, turretted ; whorls five, convex, the upper
ones very small ; suture deep ; aperture sub-ovate, longer than the
spire; sub-umbilicated,
Fieure 150.
State Coll., No. 70. Soc. Cab., No. 1295.
Lymnéus desididsus, Say ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 169.
Limneéus desididsus, Say ; Amer. Conch., pl. 5d, f. 3.
220 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Shell ovate, thin and fragile, the spire elongated and turreted ;
color a pale, dirty yellowish-green ; whorls five, very convex, and
for the most part suddenly contracted above, so as to present a
conspicuous shoulder; the two or three uppermost whorls are
very small, and the body whorl about seven tenths the length of
the whole shell; surface generally dead, and somewhat checked
with irregular revolving and longitudinal raised lines 5 aperture
large, usually three fifths the length of the shell, oval, broadly and
sub-equally rounded both behind and before ; the lip is consider-
ably everted in front, and along the left margin, where it is not
closely appressed to the whorl, and leaves a small, but evident
umbilical opening; callus rather abundant; fold on the pillar
slight, and smoothly rounded. Length 1 inch, of aperture 3 inch,
breadth 2; inch, divergence 45°.
This species is found in most regions, about the muddy margins
of ponds and pools.
It is intermediate between L. elddes and L. modicéllus. Its spire is
proportionally more slender, its suture deeper, its aperture proportion-
ally larger and more oval, the fold of its columella much less conspic-
uous, and it is a much more fragile shell than the former. ‘The latter,
while it has the large, oval aperture, the deep suture and shouldered
whorls, is still more fragile, of a deep green-color, and is a short, in-
flated shell, with a much greater divergence of the spire, and with one
whorl more than L. desididsa. The habits of the two last are similar,
but the animal of desididsa is a much lighter green, and has not the
remarkable white dots between the tentacula.
The characters of the aperture and spire seem to be constant; that
is, the aperture is always large and broadly rounded behind; and the
spire is tapering, the two whorls at the tip seeming somewhat as if
superadded ; so that if a line should pass down one side so as to touch
all the whorls, this line would be concave. ‘The only variations I have
noticed are, that the suture is sometimes shallow, and the shoulder
nearly wanting, so as to render the spire more regularly tapering.
Mr. Say’s description is not definite, and his figure is much shorter
than the dimensions he ascribes to it. He gives its length seven tenths
of an inch, while it rarely exceeds half an inch.
LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. LIMNEA. 221
LIMN#Z'A ELODES.
Shell turretted, elongated, dull horn-colored ; whorls five, con-
ver ; suture deep; aperture sub-oval, less than half the length of
the shell, within brownish, fold of the columella profound.
Fieure 145, 146, 147.
State Coll., No. 189. Soc. Cab., No. 1301.
Lymnéus elddes, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 169. Amer. Conch., pl. 11, f. 3.
Shell tapering, elongated, turretted, thin and fragile, dull and
dingy horn-colored, inelegant ; whorls five, or a little more, the
two smallest being generally broken off; they are regularly and
largely convex, not flattened or compressed posteriorly, but the
adjacent margins of two whorls curve regularly to the deeply im-
pressed suture; the last whorl, measured upon the back, consti-
tutes from a littlke more than one half, to about two thirds the
whole length of the shell ; surface coarsely wrinkled by the lines
of growth, sometimes minutely reticulated by revolving lines, and
sometimes exhibiting small, plane facets, irregularly disposed.
Aperture generally less than, but never exceeding one half the
length of the shell ; sub-oval, rather contracted ; right lip thin,
with now and then a sub-marginal thickening, within colored red-
dish-brown ; pillar margin copiously overlaid with white enamel,
not closely appressed at the umbilical region ; fold of the pillar
large and oblique ; umbilicus for the most part closed. Length
+5 inch, breadth #4; inch, divergence 43 to 45°.
The animal is of a dusky-greenish color, similar to that of the
shell, varying like it in intensity, minutely dotted with amber-
color. oot somewhat paler, tongue-shaped, reaching about two
thirds the length of the large whorl when in motion, obtusely
rounded behind.
The animal attains maturity and dies about the end of June.
At this time the young may be seen with the old, about an eighth
of an inch in length, and these continue to grow rapidly during the
season. But after the early part of July it is rare to find an adult
shell containing a living animal. At this time the exterior of the
shell is much eroded ; in fact the animals, as they cluster together,
222 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
actually devour each other’s shells; the aperture becomes white
and somewhat chalky, and the brown, sub-marginal callus of the
outer lip is thus covered over.
The most common species found in Massachusetts, and one which
it is exceedingly difficult to describe, or to determine, if it has been al-
ready described. After much observation, and a comparison of many
individuals collected from various localities, and an exchange of speci-
mens with the most distinguished conchologists of this country, I have
come to the conclusion, that it must be regarded as the L. elodes of
Say. Its European analogue is L. palistris. The only Massachusetts
shell which bears much affinity to it, is L. desididsa, which is smaller,
has a more slender spire, and larger aperture, proportionally. But it is
closely related to L. umbrosa and L. refléva of the Western and Middle
States. The former is more solid, more corpulent, with the whorls and
aperture more oblique, and its color darker than that of our shell. The
latter has the whorls still more oblique, much less convex, forming a
much less turretted and regularly tapering spire ; the fold of the pillar
much less prominent, and the color yellowish. After all, these species
are so nearly allied, that no description, and perhaps no figure will en-
able a person to determine any one of them by itself. ‘They must be
learned by comparison, and by interchanging specimens. But the dif_i-
culty does notend here. It is no easy matter to assign the limits of the
species. No one presents a greater variety. The length of mature
shells varies from half an inch to an inch; and it is remarkable that
the largest specimens are usually the most fragile. ‘The surface
usually has an uneven, unfinished, inelegant aspect, coated with mud ;
but occasionally we find the conformation of the shell perfectly regu-
lar, the color a shining greenish horn-color, and the surface smooth
and beautifully reticulated with longitudinal and revolving lines. It is
then a very pretty, fragile shell. ‘The aperture is small in proportion
to the shell, generally rather contracted ; again, we find the lip begin-
ning to expand, and in some specimens received from Vermont, which
1 suppose to belong to this species, the lip is broadly flaring. Young
specimens might be confounded with L. wmbilicdta, L. desidiosa, L.
modicéllus, and L. caperata; but a little attention to the umbilicus,
the aperture, the color, and the revolving lines will enable us to dis-
tinguish them, respectively. The umbilicus is usually entirely ob-
structed by the overlaying callus; but in some specimens it is par-
tially open.
-
LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. ANCYLUS. 223
LIMNEA CATASCOPIUM.
Shell ovate, strong, chestnut-brown ; whorls four, wrinkled, con-
vex, the last large; suture deep ; aperture sub-oval, half the length
of the shell.
State Coll., No. 69. Soc. Cab., No. 1804.
Lymnéa catascOpium, Say; WVicholson’s Encyc. (Amer. ed.), pl. 2, f. 3.
Limnéus catascopium, Say; Amer. Conch., pl. 55, f. 2.
_Lymneéus cornea, Vatenc.; in Humbl. et Bonpl. Recueil d’Obs Sc., (teste Fé-
russac).
Shell rather large, oblong-ovate, ventricose, thick and strong ;
epidermis chestnut or brownish horn-color ; whorls four or a little
more, forming a short, pointed spire, delicately but rather regularly
wrinkled by the lines of growth, and these are rendered somewhat
corrugated by obsolete revolving lines ; last whorl constituting
nearly the whole shell, very much distended; suture deeply im-
pressed ; spire very short, acute at apex 5 aperture rather more
than half the length of the shell, sub-oval, very little narrowed be-
hind ; not dilated; right lip simple, thick and regularly curved ;
left lip having a thick, narrow layer of enamel, and a rather slight
fold midway ; umbilicus not open. Length {5 inch, breadth 4;
inch, divergence 60°.
Found in the southern parts of this State, but I have not met
with it near Boston.
Its great solidity, and its remarkably broad, corpulent aspect, ap-
proximating in character to PaLuprNa, cause it to be easily recog-
nised. Its analogue on the European continent is L. péreger, which,
however, differs from this in being a less solid shell, in having the
aperture somewhat expanded, its anterior curve broader, and the fold
of the pillar less deep. It comes nearer to L. emarginata than to any
other American species.
Genus ANCYLUS, Miu.er.
Shell boat-shaped, without a spire, apex pointed, inclining for-
wards and to one side; aperture ovate.
224 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
It is not yet satisfactorily determined under what family this genus
should be arranged. Its animal is closely allied to the Limneana,
and its natural relations are certainly stronger to this family, notwith-
standing the form of the shell, than to the Catyprra'cEa, where it
has usually been placed.
A’NCYLUS RIVULA RIS.
Shell elongated-oval, sides rectilinear, apex nearer to one side,
nearly central.
Fieure 153.
State Coll., No. 281. Soc. Cab., No. 842.
Ancylus rivularis, Say; Vicholson’s Encyc. (dmer. ed.), Art. Conchology,
Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 125.
Shell small, narrow, elongated-oval, the sides nearly parallel,
but one end is somewhat narrower than the other, and both are
regularly rounded ; apex nearly equi-distant from both extremi-
ties, nearer to, and leaning to, one side and one end ; aperture
oval ; color dark-green. Length 1 inch, breadth ;'5 inch.
Found on stones and floating leaves in rivulets and ponds.
It is closely allied to A. fluviatilis of Europe; but the apex is less
acute and more central. ‘There is another American species, the A.
tardus, Say, which has been found by Professor Adams in Vermont,
but which I have not yet found in this State. It is much more round-
ed and conical than this, and the apex is not lateral.
A'NCYLUS FUSCUS.
Shell oval, depressed, convexity regular, not compressed laterally,
curvilinear at the sides ; apex obtuse, a little to the right and rear
of the centre ; epidermis coarse, brown, surpassing the margin.
Freure 152.
State Coll., No. 283. Soc. Cab., No. 2388.
Ancylus fuscus, Apams; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 329, pl. 3, f. 17.
Shell small, very thin and pellucid, of a rounded oval form, the
) 7 | ) 9
entire outline regularly curved ; depressed and regularly convex,
8 e > 5 y
not compressed at the sides; apex slightly elevated, bluntly
PERISTOMATA. MOLLUSCA. VALVATA. 225
rounded a little behind, and to the right of the centre ; stages of
growth visible ; epidermis coarse and strong, rough, dusky yel-
lowish-brown, extending beyond the margin of the testaceous
matter, and insensibly coalescing with it on all sides, which are
inclined to turn upwards ; within glistening, polished. Length
+5 inch, height 3; inch, breadth 23, inch.
Found in a rivulet in Andover by Mr. K. Prescott, of the
Theological Seminary ; and also found by Professor Adams in
Mansfield ; and by myself, in Fresh Pond.
It differs from all other described species in its depressed form, its
obtuse apex, and its coarse epidermis projecting beyond the margin ;
and, as this extends in the direction of the plane of the object to which
it is found attached, and not in continuation of the conxex form of the
shell, the edges seem to be turned upwards.
328 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
This is vulgarly called the Sea-spider or Spider-crab, on ac-
count of its small body and long legs. It is often caught in fishing
for flounders from the bridges about Boston. I am not aware
that it is used for food. The body is somewhat heart-shaped, and
may be four inches in diameter, while the legs of the female will
span four times that extent.
GENUS PINNOTHERES, Latr.
P. o/streum. ‘* Thorax rounded before, on each side, some-
what truncate behind ; clypeus a little advanced, entire ; hand gib-
bous above, near the base of the thumb.” Say.
Pinnothéres éstreum, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 67, pl. 4, f.5. Mritye-Epw. ;
Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii. 33.
This little crab is of a rounded form, about the size of a dime,
and is very curious in its habits. It is not protected by a hard
crust, and in order to supply the want of it, the crab lives among
the oysters, and becomes a guest within the walls of their shells ;
whether a bidden and a welcome one or not, we have it not in our
power to say. The crab, however, seems not to molest the oys-
ter, and is even said to act as a monitor, to inform it when to close
its shell, so as to entrap the food on which they may both subsist.
They live peaceably together, are captured together, served up
for the table together, and are scarcely to be distinguished from
each other in the eating.
Genus HIPPA, Larr.
H. eme’rita. Body oval, convex, minutely wrinkled ; tail
lanceolate, more than half as long as the body; front with three
teeth ; eyes minute.
Cancer eméritus, Lin.
Hippa emérita, Fapr.; Suppl. Entom. Syst., 370. Larr.; Hist. Nat. des Crust.,
vi. 176, pl.52,f.1. Desm.; Consid., &c., 174, pl. 29, f. 2. Mitne-Epw.; Hist.
Nat. des Crust., ii. 209.
Hippa talpdida, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 160, 444.
This curious animal is often called the Sand-bug. I have re-
ceived it from Martha’s Vineyard, and it seems to extend from
DECAPODA. CRUSTACEA. PAGURUS. 329
that limit to the shores of South America. Mr. Say thought
there were characters belonging to those found on our coast which
would entitle them to be considered as a new species ; but I have
not found the differences he mentions to be conspicuous or con-
stant. They are of about the size and shape of the first joint of
the thumb ; and their numerous jointed, coiled antenne, and the
long, lance-shaped terminating piece of the tail are so remarkable
as to attract immediate notice.
Genus PA GURUS, Farr.
P. Bernua’rpus. Surface rough and hairy; right hand
largest.
Cancer Bernhardus, Lin.; Hersst; Cancr., ii. 14, pl. 22, f. 6.
Pagurus streblonyx, Leacu; Malacol. Podoph., Sc., pl. 26.
Pagirus Bernhardus, Fasr.; Oriv.; Larr.; Mirne-Epw.; Lam.; Desm.; Con-
sid., pl. 30, f. 2.
A’stacus Bernhardus, Decrrr; Pennant; Brit. Zool., iv. pl. 17, f. 38.
This and the two following species are known by the name of
Hermit-Crabs. The posterior portion of the body being unpro-
tected by a firm crust, the animal selects some empty shell which
will make him a good fit, and into it he retreats. This he drags
about with him, seldom venturing out of it, and retains possession
until either he outgrows it, or some of his kindred covet it and
claim it by right of the strongest, when he is obliged to go in
search of another. ‘The crab is often supposed to be the real
architect and owner of the shell ; but is never so in fact.
This species becomes larger than either of the others. It is of
a bright cherry-red color, rough and hairy ; the hand is well-pro-
portioned, and the fingers long, slender, and gracefully curved.
It occupies large specimens of Natica and Pyrula.
P. poutticaris. Finely granulated ; right hand longest ;
thumb elevated into an angle above ; hand and finger crested and
finely toothed beneath.
Pagurus pollicaris, Say ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc.,i. 162. Mitne-Epw.; Hist. Nat.
des Crust., ii. 237. Ann. des Sc. Wat., 1836, vi. 269.
This is also a large species, inhabiting the same shells as the
preceding. But its color is a pale brick-red, its surface finely
42
330 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
granulated but not hairy ; and its short, angular hand, and peculiar
thumb, which projects above into nearly a right angle, distinguish
it from all other species.
P. tonerca’reus. ‘Right hand larger and longer than the
left; wrist and hand rather long, linear, and granulate ; fingers
short, white, equal.”” Say.
Pagurus longicarpus, Say ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 165.
This is a very small species, inhabiting small specimens of
Buccinum, Natica, Purpura, &c. But it is easily distinguished
from the young of the two preceding species by its slender hand
and white fingers.
Genus HOMARUS.
H. Americanus. fostrum two or three spined, with a smaller
one each side at base, one more distant on the thorax, and usually
one beneath near the tip; wrist five spined above ; hand six or nine
spined on the inner edge.
Astacus marinus Americinus, Sepa; Thesaur., iii. pl. 17, f. 3.
Astacus marinus, Larr.; Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 165.
Womarus Americanus, Minnr-Epw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii. 384.
The common Lobster is too well known to require any com-
ments. It is found about all the islands along shore.
GENUS ASTACUS, Fase.
A. Barton. Rostrum concave, pointed ; thorax unarmed ;
hands short, destitute of spines ; fingers moderate.
Astacus Bartonii, Bosc ; Hist. des Crust., ii. 62, pl. 2, f. 1. Harnan; Med. and
Phys. Researches, 230, fig. 3. Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Se., 1. 167.
Astacus affinis, Mirne-Epw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii. 3832.
The Craw-fish or Fresh-water Lobster is a miniature of the
common lobster, two inches or somewhat more in length. It is
strictly an inhabitant of fresh water, and more especially of moun-
tain streams, where it hides under stones, &c. It is much es-
teemed, as food, by many. ‘The single, elongated point of the
DECAPODA. CRUSTACEA. CRANGON. 331
rostrum distinguishes it from other American species. Milne-
Edwards has unfortunately interchanged the names of this and
another species.
Genus CRANGON, Fasr.
C. vutearis. Rostrum not so long as the eyes, with a spine
behind it on the thorax, and another on each side ; thorax seven
spined ; anterior feet with a spine on the third joint beneath.
Cancer crangon, Sesa; Thesaur. ili. pl. 21, f.8. Lin.; Syst. Nat.
Astacus crangon, Hersst ; Cancr., ii. 75, pl. 29, f. 3.
Crangon vulgaris, Fanr.; Entom. Syst. Suppl., 410. Larr.; Crust.,{ vi. 267,
pl. 55, f. 1,2. Leacu; Malacol. Pod. Brit., p1.37 B. Mitne-Epw ; Hist. Vat.
des Crust., ii. 341.
Crangon septemspinosus, Say ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 246.
This is the common Shrimp, of which vast multitudes are used
on the coasts of England and France for food. Mr. Say thought
the number of spines on the thorax differed from that on the trans-
atlantic animal; and he therefore gave it a new name. But I
have had an opportunity of examining foreign specimens which do
not differ from ours ; neither do the best figures and descriptions.
It is more plentiful about the ocean shores than within Massa-
chusetts Bay ; and it is nowhere sufficiently abundant to make
it an object to collect it for food. It may be usually found,
however, by searching the little pools left upon the flats at low
tide.
C. poreas. Carapax spiny; the second and third pairs of
legs filiform.
Cancer boreas, Phipps’s Voyage, 194, pl. 1], f. 1.
Cancer homardides, Fasr.; Fauna Grenl., 241.
Astacus boreas, Ouiv.; Herssr; Cancr., il. 73, pl. 29, f. 2.
Crangon boreas, Lam.; An. sans Vert., v. 350. Sapine; Append. to Parry’s
Voy., 57. Mitne-Epw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust., 11. 342.
This species is larger and broader than the preceding. It is
broad about the head, marbled with scarlet, and having several
rows of spines on the thorax. I have taken several specimens
from the maws of cod-fish, but have never seen it alive.
332 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Genus PALASMON, Fasr.
P. vurea ris. ‘Rostrum acute, with eight or nine teeth above,
and three or four beneath ; fingers of the larger pair of feet shorter
than the hand.” Say.
Pale'mon vulgaris, Say ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 248. Mitne-Epw.; Hist. Nat.
des Crust., ii. 394.
This animal answers to the Prawn of Europe, and is nearly
certain to be identical with the Pale mon squilla of Europe. But
I have not yet had an opportunity of actual comparison. It is a
little larger than the shrimp, and is known by the long, upturned,
toothed rostrum. [t is less than an inch and a half in length.
Genus PANDALUS, Leacu.
P. anNuLICcO’RNIS. Antenne marked with rings alternately
white and red.
P. annulicérnis, Lracu; Malacol., §c., tab. 40. Larr.; Lam.; Desm.; Consid.
220, pl. 38, f. 2. Mitne-Epw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii. 384. Grirriru’s
Cov., (Crust.) pl. 17, f. 3.
A beautiful animal about four inches long, with very long an-
tenne, elegantly annulated with white and red, and with a long
beak like Pale'mon, from which it is distinguished by having pin-
cers on the second pair of feet only, instead of the first two pairs.
I have found it only in the stomachs of fishes.
Genus HIPPOLYTE, Farr.
H. acunea tus. Rostrum recurved, slender, spear-pointed,
serrated ; segments of the body terminating each side in a reflexed
spine.
Cancer aculedtus, Fasr.; Fauna Grenl., 239.
Alpheus aculeatus, Sanine; Append. to Parry's Voy., 237, tab. 2, f.9, 10. Ap-
pend. to Beechey’s Voy.
Hippélyte aculeatus, Mirne-Epw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii. 380.
About an inch in length, having the internal antenne very short
and many-jointed, a compressed, spear-pointed rostrum, and the
AMPHIPODA. CRUSTACEA. 333
segments on each side terminating in a long, curved spine. If
have found it, rather abundantly, in fishes.
Genus MYSIS, Larr.
M. spinuLo'sus. Tail terminated by two short spines and two
longer, ciliated plates folding inwards.
Cancer pedatus, Fasr.; Fauna Grenl. 243.
Mysis saltatorius, Lam.; An. sans Vert., v. 346.
Mysis spinulosus, Desm.; Conszd., 242.
Mysis Fabricii, Leacn; Griffith’s Cuv., xiii. (Crust.) pl. 17, f. 4.
Mysis Léachii, THompson ; Zool, Researches, i. 27.
This curious little animal may be found abundantly, in the midst
of winter, in still water along the margins of bays. Its head seems
to have a long pair of beautifully fringed shears attached in front ;
each joint is marked upon the back with a black star ; and be-
tween the legs of the females is seen a large sac, containing eggs.
Two of the antenne are very Jong ; and the whole is quite trans-
parent. It is about an inch in length.
GENUS NEBALIA, Leacu.
A single species has been observed, but the species has not
been satisfactorily made out. It is small, the body covered by a
single piece like a cuirass, the tail suddenly narrowing, long, and
terminating in two bristles. Multitudes are sometimes found in
the stomach of a single fish.
AMPHIPODA.
The Amphipoda are small Crustacea, inhabiting both fresh and
salt water, and some of them are well known to every one who is
familiar with the sea-shore, under the name of Sand-fleas, Beach-
fleas, &c. They are capable of swimming and leaping, but not —
of walking. Their feet are short and unequal, and their body is — |
usually so arched as to render it impossible to maintain themselves
334 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
erect. Some of them live almost entirely out of the water, and
may be at any time found under stones and sea-weed along the
‘sea-beach. ‘I'heir leaps are effected principally by the append-
ages to their tails, which they bend underneath them, and by sud-
den extension toss the body with surprising force. 'They depend
for subsistence on dead animal substances which the waters float
to them.
It is very difficult to make out the different species, or even to
determine the genera. ‘The species of the European side of the
Atlantic are too briefly described and too badly figured to enable
one to be certain what species are common to both shores ; so
that I am not fully satisfied with the following results.
Genus ORCHESTIA, Leacu.
O. LONGICO’RNIS. Talitrus longicérnis, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc.,
i. 384.
This appears to be the same as Cancer gammarus saltdtor of
Montagu, (Trans. Lin. Soc., ix. 94, tab. 4, f. 3,) which is given
as synonymous with Talitrus locista of Lamarck, Pennant, and
others. But it is not Gammarus locista of Montagu.
O. GryLuus. Talitrus gryllus, Bosc; Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii. 104.
Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Se., i. 386.
The following seem to be synonyms, viz.
Talitrus gamaréllus, Larr. and Lam. Orchéstia littoréa, Leacu; Trans. Lin.
Soc., xi. 806. Dursm.; Consid., &c., 261, pl. 45, f. 3.
Genus GAMMARUS, Fazr.
G. Locu’sTA, Moyracu; Lin. Trans., ix. pl. 4, f. 1. Mitne-Epw.; Ann.
des Sc. Nat., xx. 367.
This is not G. locista of Pennant, Gmelin, Pallas, and Fabri-
clus, which is a Talitrus.
G. MINUS, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 576.
Found in ditches and sluggish fresh water, adhering to sticks.
Two or three other species of OrcHE'sTIA4, and one of Am-
PHI THOE, remain undetermined.
L@MIPODA. CRUSTACEA. CAPRELLA. 335
GrEnNus HYPERIA, Latr.
H. Ganpa. GAmmarus Galba, Montacu; Lin. Trans., xi. pl. 2, f. 2.
The following are doubtless synonyms :
Oniscus medusarum, O. Fasr.; Fauna Grenl., 275. Hypéria Suéurii, Later.
Hypéria Latréillii, Minne-Epow.; Ann. des Sc. Nat., xx. 388, pl. 11, f. 1-7.
This curious animal is found in the pouches of the Meduse or
Sun-fish as they are commonly called. Whether they make this
their home, or whether they become entrapped there or not,
it would be difficult to determine. They seem, however, to be
quite at their ease in this situation.
Another animal with long, many-jointed antenne, was found in
company with the above, which belongs either to the same genus,
or to the genus HieRaco Nyx.
LOEMIPODA.
Genus CYAMUS, Lartr.
C. cETI, Larr.; Gen., i. 60. Dxzsm.; Consid., 280, pl. 46, f. 4. Ep-
warps; Amn. des Sc. Nat., 2d Series, ili. 328, pl. 64, f. 18,14. Oniscus ceti,
Liy.; Muri. Lartinda ceti, Leacn.
The whale-louse may be properly enumerated among our Crus-
tacea, as it is found on the whales which are occasionally caught
on our coast. It varies in form, according to its degree of de-
velopement.
Genus CAPRELLA, Lam.
I have observed two species of this curious genus, neither of
which can I refer to any described species. One of them is very
delicate, about half an inch long, with no spines upon any part,
that I can discover, and having its back thickly dotted with dark
green.
The other is an inch in length, entirely crimson except its black
eyes. ‘The head is blunt, the lower antenne ciliated and extend-
ing to the second segment, and the upper ones to the third seg-
336 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS.
ment ; first two segments nearly as long as the three next, and
about one third of the whole length ; on the middle of the first is
a spine ; two last segments short and heart-shaped. Hands _ hav-
ing a long curved finger ; an imperfect thumb on the second pair
of legs ; a tubercle at the base of the ovate carpus, and a small
spine at the middle. ‘This might be called C. sanguinea, from its
color, which it retains in spirits.
These curious animals are found among clusters of zoophytes
and delicate sea-weeds. ‘Their mode of walking is like that of
some caterpillars, who bring the tail forward to the head and then
thrust the body forward its whole length to prepare for another
step.
/
ISOPODA.
The animals included under this division are small, and many
of them well known. ‘They have seven pairs of legs, similar in
shape, and nearly equal in length, all of them constructed for
walking alone. ‘They live on land, and in both fresh and salt
water. ‘They may be distributed into three natural families ;—
1. Cloportide, which are terrestrial, and well known under the
names of Sow-bugs, Pill-bugs, &c. Their food is decaying vege-
table matter. 2. Cymothoade, which are parasites, and live for
the most part about the gills of fishes, from which they suck their
nourishment. 3. Idotwide, those which live in the water, but
are not parasites.
Genus ARMADILLO, Larr.
A. PILULARIS, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 432.
I have had no opportunity to compare this with any European
species. It is commonly called the Pill-bug, and is very com-
mon in gardens and cellars, under stones and boards.
Genus ONISCUS, Liv.
O. ASE LUUS, Lin.; Larr.; Desm.; Consid., 320, pl. 49, f.5. O. mura-
rius, Fasr.; Cuv. O.affinis, Say ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 430.
In all the specimens I have examined, the styles are longer
ISOPODA. CRUSTACEA. PORCELLIO. 337
than the last segment, like the European animal, a supposed varia-
tion from which, in this respect, caused Mr. Say to regard it as
distinct. But on comparison, ours corresponds with foreign speci-
mens, in every respect. This is the common Sow-bug of our
cellars and gardens.
Genus PORCELLIO.
P. NIGRA, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 432.
I think there can be little doubt that this is identical with P. sca-
ber, Latr. and Oniscus granulatus, Lam.
P. LzEvis, Larr.; Genera, i. 70. Desm.; Fie.
If the animal to which I refer is not this species, it is yet un-
described.
These two species are also called Sow-bugs. The first is
found everywhere under stones, leaves, bark, &c. ; the second I
found in a cellar.
Genus LIGIA.
One species has been observed about the timbers of a decaying
wharf. It seems to be smaller than L. ocednica. :
Guus ASELLUS.
A. vuLea‘ris? Latrr. 7 : 7 7 =
> wre ‘Lis aT co foe 7
7 ; a
yy ao x ‘Leib vies Wwe :
sbEstt) ; : i , me pt, th gael”
: : ‘ : : . 7
abe tae : AAA = 7
. fe dial
’ +e Tet
unr i ay
‘ _
-_
Figure 1 to 24
re Se
Sh
14 trould dele
4.
*
Figure 2500 33
%
is
CZ
SMI
*
7
*
— CWlerbett Sc
= ° 1 7 - > ae 7 an oe Se | oo See ae ee _—-
FUQUIC B4AlOD2
SARs
ay
adil del?
3t0 07
GUTE Dd
FUG
e
AA Goula del!
AA Gauld del?
CW Lorbett 5¢
LUGUTC 7110 7.
—— ETS
SSN
AA Gould del*
Figure 150 77
L4A.could del! GP. Storm Sc
*
i
i
»
:
]
}
,
- ao ® a -
‘ 1
~—
FLOUTE TB 10 80.
‘ \\
\
\ ‘\\\ \\\Y
" \\\"
\ \ \
i \|
reli del.
AA Ce
~
VA tronldl del!
; Vy
HANK
Wi
y)
Ay
if i
Hi
Figure dl to A
(pip
bgt f
LE Storm Se
AA trout del t
Figure 92 l0130
saa Cie, *
oF. Storm Se
Figure LA tol5T
AA Gould del!
GF. Storm Se.
AA Gon del© CN Terbett Se.
Quire 17010197
‘
#
AA. Gould del!
GF Storm Se
ty
_
,
°
.
;
Krause 198 to 204
“
fini
AN
fis Taal e
cio) ae
Avni
\'
y
AA Con del! CWLorbet Sc
® . -
** 3 .
‘ e ew 7.
' : . :
oi in «
* * ® aati ’
. 7 x ,
e : . ;
.
® fh
SN
N
®
New
x
x»
Ren
Ny
\s
Ss
©
Wd
\ AAS SON
RY \ See : = “ek .
ah a |] YN Ws (i Ae 2 PA
NY AY WARY / MES Wt z lig thee ,
Ys Oak “a SS
XS
WIorhett §
AA. Gould del CWTorhett S
-
@
a ae 3 4 a : a se
anne Pf tie “a ;
. dove”,
7 ' ” Z 7 » a
a) > i aT :
J
vel:
yi on
nas
a
i
A ” a ; v4 ay
Wh ay vy ; ; F ; ar a iy ns ie a ;
rf ‘ae : vb eal! Lae, ne + : Ve at whi i ya
aa a Heer g f ade ; on ty e oa i Wiis
“ pel : % we Hh Oe ie ve F hid a ane uy y a Ane os: 3 ay By
ig
Ae Ah
Mi He te i ue a dh
‘ Welhard ithe bi Ab
ee eee
; Pte Uae ee
SR Pe dea
ie, ae han |
NS m ie seri
Can Clicn Gn
ftw hey
m Suu)
a Md i i)
a
es i,
a b 1
y
Di
, I
mon ;
Tar a,
hy Avie
it
er liens
helt ‘ ay ib RTT thy
Non ip es 1
ue
3h dele
!
i 4s
ai
ae
Cain
SoA A
ia er
noe : 1k 7 i a ' . ACM
Dagny ue i NN
Ue Renn
; VETO
a
: Re int pieh §
Vien
mre tf,
Laren Arran asl a
avy) i i nt Tey Oa
7 : i me) ; ty aes ee A Dey tara ; ’ a a
pot is Sis MONTES i MT
Wana Cyan na
Fj f ; i :
ern ayae eae Des STA AR dae Ci » Cet Dv bred tion (YN
HN
Reruns
ADO
eau
ae
Pei a
he
|
Neng yas
BR AU ART Tea ae
aN Ve aE NA noe a Ne
| URE Cena RCL Vee an
- via : a tae. & : eyo0 Ca a
ms , , ; ae rf Ra Ve id hay 4 in ee ee fii ; ane? ph? oe 7 I
Wire, pif ha WW ca un Dre sy. ne se " yh i: O74 UT Rhy ee
hi fn enn) a. hp “I
Ad ie aa ‘a oui 7 Lae aise
: ane wn font tt
mr ne 7
Yr ht ih
Hh, aoe ‘g is a Ae hy a
7 ails Me A 7
ay of ait ‘ We
Do
: ; . nr
- Mit 71
aes re ft: itp i a Habe
ae ca! ie Day rf
: Ds
i U ; ri i Me
is
‘7 ay
NRtRe. a
es ry
bene.
oo Sh
ct Ma st
veyed LGN,
5) rae wah
ee . Ta i ? nia, a ne : i,
iad ua i fi rif me ry a :
1%
' ae ee 74 "
te ay, ae Wh ie ny as, my )
iM, rte Me ‘i
iM yeh ad
Ba ty
NV Piety bo
th
r
oe
i :
Pate meee! We eee: LN ‘ aan FP) SEIS Oa
ay aoe 0 ee ih tap
ety ea ‘, A 7 7 PA if * vet a ian te Ais. a [
ait ot) ae
ial ae ae beeen iit Rear eo!
as” \ ; Ul 7 Le ine :
ene ea Cen ae nar
ai in ee ae Ae
ee, ae
etl
1 . y* rg” - a | we © " Un
a ci fi. i mn ae
Se Lar ee
Bairen hi Haye SO _ Ae
We (eae | Wy legpe
nD Pe au ay
oe er, a
a PO ded rg :
Jap ire — ; La ‘? : Pate a ai he a
. ; ir 7 Pron rh : - 7 : Tn ji ay i ited ie feet |
ee ; ae lak j ma tag _ : Hy 7 ay in nh ary t ie 7
al) son Ls art Le 7 ee had y iy AP arnt! tu Aa
7 ron Yea! DRY Sta A Ls 2),
h i Wn Oa UY nee aa Oe Tm aC
a , ma : ‘ _ i an frais ny, ay nh, Ou ae nae
7 Lata
ae :
ion re A
ae Pais WN DB the Ce on a)
a | ee TA te od NL f hiGeenes lg iris rh
Heys nes ba, Gary ae : eee J
sna ran ee ia mi i sigh, ea
‘inlay ava fy ee Sake ys eee Z.14) oF
ey Ai ie yout MM 7 iN as ui?
anemia) cx.) bk Wea ey
ys ve ee, ny af we : ise) bal
eS Since ae
ae : CHa ee
7 oc ee paw nis on of ad
i a iia AY
r oe4 Es 7 si 7
vie i ‘ : th , a i a '
Tee Sie 1 ~ 4 ; re ah ae
RAL A Vi | os,
= To > i. Vi Sy) pte oe Me me PU eS! i a oot “4
; re eee ie 7 ; : -
i iu ry ay ie cen, Ay 1 py at ae a % Wibio': “i yy rc? - : ; if
A : ai) ceeP
ey
- pd a .
"i
oi i
a a 5) hae
| "§.
aan os a |
Ny ne a
MA hi ange
rf eo '
Au _
‘ ay At ies
; rae Mit hy ot
siete ae a he i uy ibs ‘
Y ve
Pm
eae
iti
, rk
ie ae ras ad 7 he!
i sl) aa 7 A
La, Te
. ;
54s, ay he ius
he tae
ab lg
mi
an a
o ye
ie ai
io ms
o ; v
Rea tg Fey iy
Hoe
ae
ie oe fh o _ i A iete
Sa ce ier m a ae
ier 9.
at Ihe ti
ore Bt
i hr bean
an 7 pn i}
ey sae na
n ae
AL Pre H
; ms
vil a
y aan Bi my
Vor al re
an i
‘ak oe
Paes mien ee 7
VP ia} 7 ’ fad a
; i He a o
f ao i! Ss
Pa
vl We vA a
i ae & BS oy
nye
Bea Phy
ye Avy e
ach t
iy Pt
i,
¥
ai
we
‘
PPT ee
hb ane
Vag iV
!
a
al
; si
r
it jm
¥. 1
1 CN pe
Ca
oh as
? A I
ie —_e Sot res
Ais
iy As u
ae,
a
ay hy
ry aoe
eve:
ie
/ ahi
fine,
R noe ny, se,
hea,
ee tens
i
ae)
eo ina
Re en A
didn ine
Sri
i Dy
ape
hey:
We
i
hie “0
bape
rm j
CVE
4 i; ees
ap hu ih
My
eave.
ava
ays
i
faa
een
yen
Bii% i aA
vey hie
Oy teu
DD AN Lae
aul
ate!
4
va ae
AM,
J a i
r ie
iy ahah ee
hen , 4p mo o
wie
st D
: :
a aT
Ay ia
ae ‘an Ha f Ny 4 oe MM
: - ; ey
ae ee oe his
7 ay : Pr ‘
; { an Phi Oe : 7 in
" rs iA oh av on
ay
ON LIBRARIES
TMV AMOI
3, 9088 00865 8098