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Pie ; vie i ay Pa _ ] eek “Pee a mip OY . Ve ies at ee ¥ i Pn =. ae ie - ain ade Ga al 4 handy ~~. ‘ = i ae 7 P 7 - , + eons =o 7 we, > rhe, » 7 a oe 4)! oe a nf / : ay) a if a Arh eee Wo a ee , i ni i, i) baie i FP Rr OL Se og os i e ne) TMM ORD MT Sp AMM TANT eA Ln. iit iy. ; ae) f q Tas i ay Shea { Way Mey ae i ie Vina init oat ‘i P ey! At eG. Ae - Pet 4 ’ vA ’ uy) : pai i, ‘git fa iy a ee hd ie ig SH ee Bis Mai aM cite i an Hal hte | en outta vt hi ile ay He ue Ene ae nh iy) At lint a on ni Mi Mi hi Mid 17 4 aut : py S yin na im a as can ALY (i i ve Me 4 ie a ‘i yy ne Key i ene qt — | re a 4M : H me iv Hy hy ae ae dant hi) ie a fh ty, ns ae | mA aan ae ms I Dap 4 ae DY Hi ie ] : a 1 ip ' in bi we oe + ms hee f ie, “yet bite Abn A ve ; ne eo Ma a fae iy | hh y bay . oe a vy hon: j ‘ ig ae ain % AY iy a Nie ihe ze ae fee ae sy bi ml yin Mi ou Peed Ney Me reo x a, tA Nu wa: ‘ ey Doad tA ee fay) Way hl ie en ney ry) Vi ve i ah a) Wily Wie seh Diy ies ‘i mi ai ni 2 Mee i ey it uti i ep a A) . abd ee A “i a a ht! oe My f i os) yi ere ae My! ees ear ‘hs hey i te on - uy " iv i need 1) ne: a ent bi re 1 ia ae} iy 3) eeu ihe lie Hy I bey Gann Ad: an Ol i hi 7 Tee aN ny ul i ; i i eek ni) cn a PAO Gen) A eat en aR i ee Re im ed vy Seman mag Nise, Ma oi Rin hy 7 nA 7 iP ny le ly aby ie : 7 Si! | ate at) ft Pea ite y i] ve oy iit x, ~) ie ; rap, Uae in wv in an ee i) Va Ay ee eo, ee nt os ore hi i ‘: at ‘ mh en teh Ble Hs ii sii y - is 4 wee al, oD ie “ : oe \ i iy ¥ iy ny ee hie Vita is Pi . i ye 7 a As Sy : ie Paw: a“ ru Via i, ao re aa bis yy Di ian! Det me ; Ni " , ; » : * Yio Ry faale fir “yy. toe a) ON at ‘ ' o ia way f r ae 7 ne an ii fies i, ; a ai ; i‘ it mu ‘ Dae ae 4 ny. ak ; oe Aa ea ea i ae + a iW e Sy : mts : as i" ‘VD , iy Pane, ee ae My A can atta ed ‘ c fh Milk Me ty of vii ana eo ve td i iv ae le & Sait mi oo ni SOLA ae y 7 ee ue oy hannah at ny ny Ria aye ar va > Dia 9 Rare : ts 8 ven PIU A Lea! ot c(h J , : } ; Cri Tue) eae ron i) = ; if ; %, i‘ ‘ th ; i , i a Be i lahat Rhone ra anes ae ue 4 ; Rete cir » fi ra i, iP i i i ve a ea i ; ‘ ou ih ate A i os ¢ pia Sis vel; ava ie ‘a ra i 1 lf : a ae : TU MRC) ante 28 Per)? a | j } i i Wh ! Mts ny nn) ie a oon v on ba coe iy ar) ray i We i Ateg if Bi gy Pa (ele Ag AA erly MTs vei ; ih, Mf a hee, 7 i ag il i, ai; i Ee Ri iy ry ps neue en ie Ma A ae 7 7 ge) ne ; env), Rk ee ya a a ae Giaenudian . 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Ny Bia a). i iy rn Vis eee He can) ma a en : vt nm ; 7m og Py Wi : Pia) ii ee Mi, en ii a ae ie , oe ‘el Pine . i ayn ay no a NG ; oe yi vt iin ; i) a : ey AN re 4 iver sf in he ite oa uf ite ie Py i oh Ne Taek i aa in KS Oa ish ny ba i" oy 7) ne rr ie ate Ba PAR i ave y eo Me et : Ped ; wn COT RTE OF a PONTIAS Selo aa a aa vt fo tiie aay a ae me ee ade i nae ates: ci Meng |) GN ME aE ay Baik uh z me Mate aw ne Mae no Dent ae oie nit ON ‘a Paik Ce) peu Ty lat 4A! oir oy s Te eat i re we Bip f ay way la DA Ps ae : py oe a yay mae (0 5 i iy LUAaNoE i eke ay Cn ay i ae oe ie aiee . a 1s : aes “ i, a, - a 1: it a ri, Ma i ene m i on un ’ a i Aye Vi yi a a : a ’ Aya 1" va ’ hd a a : i 4g) oe oF a Are a Pl ve a ae a 4 i Ne a ¥ a i. i rie t Yeuled cy on eek: tan a) rite ; re ie entry hay rina f ea ie! eet te rien ; ve i an fs ; naa Rt eaten niet se A Hoa) . ne nn bok : ' iin bly ii Py oy ‘ iy ; a e fl a an ee 7 Wen ND iy) } a bites Ge tay 4 hi 7 a vee ie Ne TAs Thy ha ei Le ve a Mi ui i i iy i “ er | t bn a, ie I tol f meh navy ae | n we hae ae i, ¥ oly rs eh fy oh ne ye " tc i AY ie i iy tal Neder at BPRS ieee ah Fe! Re eat oc eanhi shows Nd), PME He) Ith ly ta ‘ he ae es ae ous has ty ah bie Tage is ae at) = ee oe 1 ee, ne Ie than amen aera Bee ane ne ae : Say et 7 lia pi x SOA hi) aa a, ae r By ew Yc ye ERT EE yes ' iy" AD i rt ae * bins i hpi Me arta oe ue * ty, A Re) en "1 4 tas ina te McA, baat +n Aa ; i Vey piety a Te vee me oe 2 fo. y bale BOE Sieh em ae fer ‘ye, UN this ig iy ep i i, : ai aM iM i ; Ait : ny wa Ars Bhan a ei Aa ae seats tua 7 wh i itr ee He ak Mia ie ; i ae ee et ie 7 A i> ie vn : Tin ie fs x aa y We a ay mi A Wy | : f iw a ae an pacts i; ae . ne 44 ek Ww he oes ; wi Di, i a a - (7 Dat vay : rh vr Ms) a, Ap ie ss Be > 2 | ‘ he i ry) mh re ras aa) Hl td i eee ay Ma hs Sans nat fi Ca } nat if hy i ry : {fea Pret, ee ee 1 Many bet ey dein DOF by MWg SO) ae ee rien et Maia ic et, Mah itis aN i D Ta a a ( nay As en oy 14 ies waa \ Nplate: AR v ; fae i oy Ly ih nat Dai AS fi bi : ; rake Gn ‘ ay) Ve a ei Sees mage ‘ a i i a gh: * par ie A Gace ae v y is i a! 7 7 et Sell ae 7 ean ee an ee oi) ae : a ih had oie na i a vi Fe i : ra oA i ee ro) VOM fae ne may (se ae at aati Pu aL ik i ver) ny hie Beh we nee ana ‘ an ? a cr an a i ed Ree ; a 1 Pe nA aie Aa 1g : is } 4 Pas Pa 7 ie eh | Has h at Soe a) ha a) AR in i oe i : re an ¥, ian ond V ky ; i) > ; : oi ‘ my , ng Mae vi a : an ont ry s _ 1 ne ee a » % ae 7 7 ca ; i ih , on) nn tb tM mt ae ut iN i We if ish ue i . ee ane ie . i es ry hi ‘# ay We a oh Rare vue Wee 1a a) 1 Aa ’ ae 3 itor Ai Ms ay ne nities ae ‘ vy oy ll : , * 7 D a ‘i an t Yi > - fa Ay: i wy i a j i ; ibs a eh a i: HY ; ws utes ry 7 Ls mae wf ee ~ Lah a hat M4 os mee ‘ sia i ‘ hey vu hal mite Se rit lit m ¥ i Ti a (eis ai aia: ; he : halt Gi. a ve aii upp ae cHtea air aeye yea oie ae 3 men Ah Pic ae any ie aS Li Bese ee ay ec ae ene Pe a eee hn ag 4 iy bah i i i] a i ninN ae Aas He 7 eh, Own te " A i BBR fr eid oe ia bes aes er iy ae Mae Rane “i ai np eee i ie os fie : ie i a TS eT ene Li ee) ia Mm en Wi a Bie BiH Me ar He, iu Ne eu Ar A hie ’ rl "T t ) ke I y) Nhe ae 1 N i i MY oan a rene e es c he, a " im 7 Mii o he o oy y - ft i “ et ed hen abe i ae ee AN Ra iar ed ae ih i , hia): A a iG 7 Uh eaalin atti dag oe ipl y i i Mie : - aay i aha Cn ae = ae i) ae ns iy AAW; Nur tn | ry Ait eda eee a ic bs bin ny. od } 7 a We Pas é ' oy Mi i ve i ~ ii a we Hist ; ve eu t an i iy ni ill bau j Ly a ui i) oa (gat rae an pa coe ie i a \ aN WN ’ sh We i ve oh re XI: er Aa ae ne ae ae: Hy ae ' a an i 4 ry as : ¥ , ; i aay i a | er an taenn ce ; Se Aaa an i iy ae DRS ip pie ca wine ne a : OF abit Pay Bale EAN) oe a sa x Wo pt wR iy ( ‘wit ah Ray ae Aa he oH) he Nn vi o i AR i ie a, nee fh Acie Wea ti f i hy mi bi nat it) a 1 i il a f my i a mae f a Arp Os 4 Ah 4 hi in iS Ai Wie . 4 | wa iH h 7 i ee i ath id) f Bt AN Ton is i Ne tanh i a ite ae vn ay pet ak al ne a oh, hans " ane NAAN Fa i ih) Wane) il ae ny D) AN hantlhe 7 ee \ a ee os ee ae i hy mee ; i nn ee %, SiN i i Mi ie i i it, ie 5 y \ ui ty yy Hs | i a u ht iy : i if is ’ i ad f Ane a hla Mi re a tir iD yi) ae al uy ie Be Me ak i) hi hy , niet . : : ny oS Oa i, ot: 4 at nn Panty, ti vi i Nt y ih Hl ey : Ais mann Aten ran i va Vd he rn bY aa He i) vt, cyt ‘ Or? ae ana na yes WX we TO lit yal ee a RAN y Hs NG Pre) 4 Ets Praal yeh eae = Pe aa 1 ee ay CED fo ee a | ty ee i Rus Aas, eh ih a 7 all ns) ay Pee : i th aa ar a Fs » iy a - 4 ; , i. i i] aon) _ a) : r i ' ye us 4 a a a tt i ae oh. - we 1 : » 7 . 7 = ome a4 7 Le pO a : Wise 4 whi i J Teh te : Pa Tank | mt 7, 7) am Es = A ” Mee > CNR | 8 ‘sr (gE | a) | ar x } +1, a. , Me PM Pay eee peer tre Ri ee ee a A ae 1 Tail? ne Ue 1*°ae U iy ve ei uae "y NV ah ee) fas a a i HAN || fiat il ,, a a i MS ue wt - hid Ni Hy We), F He hin ia ave i yh i igh it mana i i ee ya wy iy i a tas ne a Hi ii nt as ny nny on ie mt i tA et : nN oe he ae ee Ae aa iy hing hin ae ce ie hon f a f i) nl oy Chen : ne by ic ee ier ) i 1 Pa Ai ih He Gi Pa fh ie VEY ni i vi 6 ‘ees vane ‘ . hy - \ a ne Ul oa : iy . ao - a Ne a i me G i 1 . eee ah AV hth i th a nae it a ie An vie ‘ig ni vi a A 1 i) NOMS U Pan R HY ae PVN Hj! uh ; “ tf eel hp \ Mh heat uy in HG at ; Cuneta ae i y aa i : Bi a i it : t , ‘ne Oo ha fs Ie aan Di iis unt ye ae a . He ae ee nea ae Le ch a ' mo a ay ye ae a +, re ie Ay cs Mm i aN MG ee i i 7 sas Maen nt Wt ae a Le ii AW val WE ig gy Kiba art mr | ‘ie ra iN a wi i GNM Mich ae A Py bent a 7 Hy ue Tes i aa she ii oon ite ae i a Fa “a ‘s ? * ; i a Ay om anes 7 an eh, Bi vs ” a or ik en in ni oii ie aii eo Bae wo ales i We Hi hy Ari, ae } i | Ay i bo “ vs Ay "i i‘ My Ms vey ot a i af i i “ aly i iy nm va he aly As ie | aN ae Cn f an ba a ta ie Ml a) ‘ae bt iy! ah ae). hi q Oyen Ms Ashi Tah i ie hah J " ii) - . u NK u ci ! M anal iA i bil Prey 4 min i iii Me pan en ant i. ean ik nee ae ule ae ae ae 7 Vi oh i iM a" \ ai a ae yr nay i TA eta? Ay ee ; ng on ,, in aN i a Oe in Ali i ae i a . i bi nage y i nuh : ae | | ee im Misi a “ ny ls Pie vaMe es ; i i a te iy My n in nu wi Le he i ty ih , ni ea Mi oi a ik ae iN ce ann a oH on ue is Ain fy 7 my in ir re i ear on ae i Ap Mal Naairealt 4 wih : uf ae mn rs i i % ti, i CS i “ oh a a r A ie a ny a ) . Me Ne Hi : ne i : y “ah ied Ni Mt na nt uy ne i wn han i i ; ‘y Mi i a ha % \, ang ie i ‘an in af a bly ie ull iy Wa : iy! aN thy o j Wy ri fi.) A , mm i } i) Ni I! henry oul i a Mae : ve i" . . i : i ey a oe my a Lie "i Ne ae F ae i i Mar Vey ches He My it a ri if if p, na ee ok ie | ny ee ify yaa ‘i iy } | i s ie a ys me pn het MH - 1 a i: 6 i mi ws me Mle ‘ ne iy ‘ iy) j q a r i ni i fy ne ‘ vee a mi kth uM, Ne it ae i ie hae uy a , i nl i vii, ai : nin nh i hie aie ae ay 4 Pe a ; nen i fyi itl \ te fi a oe NG i Ma iy ay Ba yj nM ey Near evo Lian Th» LN il! \ a a " a he i a | ro) . on Nit Mia 1 Dany vit He i] Sl iylal aed } Wh ny ) Ne { ‘ Nea ny in a ey Ka Nai ; hey ae . ie i m ni i i } f, Was Ly aed i i 1 mi vp ma i) ui mi) My iin My 1 iM nA slat ih ay en iy iy f ee ee ean WA ith f iy ‘ Mi ah ne ia } as uM i uy a He ta 4G NG "ig eo Ne i vi if ae \ Wl ne} Fan i) a : j , he i - he fy i Mp ey of ay, ie a ya i Cr - t a at ‘ah a ‘Wi ae The Mt i ne Me Nh ih i, ai i, ty ine oh ny ips ai) We a zi a nN a) hs ak oS ih f a ‘a mn Ne an NY Aut a an Mi oe Tee: es Da ping y i mn ie i o ie ‘ ie uu he AT cea ; BaF Sint - ne y' a a ‘i a iy mi 5 =e ae yy 7 , Ny i i - i) Oe ei wie of he ine ra My shoe Ph ai ite if iy ire , , ae ane Hh 1 On Mh Na nn ny CY | hi Mh ie — Nie 0) “a> ANT he uae. ia at Dy ii oy, ca 4 7 4 y be cue ue man Mi . Ze, rt ‘ hy ue AN be re cn te ‘ iy ae cn a sy wn : te a ) 7 rf a Dre nm ee Men ; ma: Pe Rea. a, ae hi ru : ape A ~ iG aA rs : De Vey iy id ) a lay rte ’ hea) v7 ais ; yar ee my: he ae ne. Aare 7 Cee ae teen ce Xf ee | it : AR An eee in Wind ie r a pe Sig me we ] a ir er rd oy nae 1h a Fiat iy ie yi i Ae ee ae or ae ot eee Phi ny 7, a Ve Dias Dh iy Tae Se art t ya ee tho Thy) are REPORT AA TRA ON TUE INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS, COMPRISING THE MOLLUSCA, CRUSTACEA, ANNELIDA, AND RADIATA. PUBLISHED AGREEABLY TO AN ORDER OF THE LEGISLATURE, BY THE COMMISSIONERS ON THE ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL SURVEY OF THE STATE, OA (Nal; GO \aoeeee Al SE tia fs o@h ig) S r 2 yo ‘As j a ae aes : T, A . a i Pu Sm), - AMBRIDGE: LZAIAN FOLSOM, WELLS, AND THURSTON, PRINTERS TO THE UNIVERSITY. 1841. COW TE NTs. INTRODUCTION . Mo.uuvusca CRUSTACEA ANNELIDA RaDIATA . Noxious AND VALUABLE ANIMALS INDEX List oF FicuRrEs To Georce B. Emerson, Esq., Chairman of the Commissioners for the Zoological Survey of the State : Dear Sir, Iam happy to inform you that I have brought to a close my re- searches concerning those departments of the Zoology of the Siate, which were assigned to me; and I herewith forward to you such portion of, my Report as I have found time to copy. ‘The prepara- tion and engraving of the figures with which I have been instructed to illustrate the work, will, however, necessarily cause considerable delay before it can be issued from the press. Appointed, as I suppose myself to have been, under that section of the Constitution, which enjoins it upon the Legislature to encour- age the arts and sciences, and to promote, among other things, “q natural history of the country,’ 1 have ventured to make my Report mainly of a scientific character. It was the only way in which my labors could prove of much practical value, inasmuch as very few of the objects, belonging to the portion of the animal kingdom to which my attention has been given, are of much gen- eral interest, or of much importance in an economical point of view. I could not but suppose, that an effort to contribute something towards that branch of science, which we have hitherto received entirely at the hands of other States and other lands, would be desired and approved ; and that Massachusetts, which first set the example in those investigations of territorial natural resources, which have since been undertaken by almost every State in the Union, would not desire to be behind any of the States in this respect. I have, there- fore, undertaken to present something more than a mere array of names in the form of a catalogue. As I could not extend my plan, fully, to all the objects assigned me, I have selected the SuEtts, on which to bestow my chief atten- tion. These I have endeavoured to describe and figure in such a vi INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. manner, that the Report might be used as a school-manual for the study of the Conchology of New England. Such a work is greatly in demand, and nothing of the kind is in existence. I have also given a Catalogue of the Crustacea and Radiata which have been noticed in the State ; and also such information as I have been able to obtain concerning their economical uses and value. A few of the objects noticed in the Report, have been obtained from fishes, and, perhaps, do not strictly belong to the waters of Massachusetts. In addition to the Report, I have made a collection of all the objects noticed in it. This collection is now deposited in the rooms of the Boston Society of Natural History. It is desirable that it should be preserved entire, for future reference. ‘To this Collection and to the Cabinet of the Natural History Society, the numbers in the Report refer. Very respectfully, yours, &c., AUGUSTUS A. GOULD. Boston, March 16, 1840. A REPORT ON THE INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS, COMPRISING THE MOLLUSCA, CRUSTACEA, ANNELIDA, AND RADIATA. BY AUGUSTUS A: GOULD, M.D. f 7 - . _ e 7 : a 7 ; : ac ae . » | 7 a be > es _ pe _ — _--s 04" : "land - + a 7 we : se © a, “; ’ 7 ie Vis? : ® oe 7 ‘ - ‘ e : id be ms ‘ i“. @ - Py ; a 2 7 ; - le »1@ . 7 = : - - » ‘ * a " 8 4. ° ~ * = * * Die ie ve | ae i ‘ 7 _ | . " - ® ® - bd Py ; * es : 7 co] te 7 4 r] ° ‘ 7 > a ' . bi CA Cad et 7 ° ’ — on ® oe _. ' - - 2. ° - * : Phd : ) e pa oo nF “s 4° . _ 7 Toy : _ re 2 Fs _ - ia ¥ 6 Ss 2 7 s * * i S INTRODUCTION. Ir seems requisite for a clear apprehension of the following pages, and for the forming of a just estimate of the authority to which they may be entitled, that a few expositions should be here given. No attempt has hitherto been made to give an account of all the shells of any particular region on this continent. No book exists in which we may find descriptions of any considerable proportion of the whole number of the shells of the United States. They are scattered through many volumes and periodicals, such as trav- els, scientific journals, magazines, newspapers, &c. ‘The works of Say and Conrad are beautiful and accurate, as far as they go 3 and the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadel- phia does indeed contain descriptions of very many shells, scat- tered through its volumes ; but being unaccompanied by figures, it is difficult oftentimes to identify the shell intended. Moreover, all these works are rare and expensive ; and it is very difficult for any one to collect together all the books requisite for the study of the conchology of any one district of our country. Through public libraries, however, and the liberality of individuals, I have had access to every publication of which I have any knowledge, that would be likely to aid me in my undertaking. The references to descriptions and figures which I have made, will show to what an extent these works have been consulted. ‘They are not simply quoted from some other authority, but almost every one of them has been actually inspected. For the purpose of ascertaining the arrangement which recent important progress in the study of the Mollusca would indicate, x INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. and for ascertaining also what shells are common to the two At- lantic shores, I opened a correspondence, for information and exchanges, with several distinguished European conchologists, among whom I may mention Mr. G. B. Sowerby, of London, and Dr. Lovén, of Stockholm. The former is well known as one of the most distinguished conchologists now living. To him I sent every doubtful species, and such as I apprehended might be identical with European species. Upon these he remarked at length, and, whenever the species proved to be European also, sent me European specimens for comparison, as well as such other species as I had a particular desire to see. For the very obliging and courteous manner in which he has thus assisted me in solving my numerous doubts, I cannot express my obligations too fully. With Dr. Lovén, who has for many years been exploring the seas of the north of Europe, and has examined the standard cabi- nets of England, France, and Sweden, I have also exchanged specimens. Hence I have obtained additional evidence of the identity of many of the species inhabiting the American and Euro- pean shores of the Northern Atlantic. I have pursued the same course with American conchologists, in order to ascertain with certainty whether the shells of this State are identical with those described by authors as found in other and even very distant regions. I may here acknowledge my ob- ligations in this respect to Dr. J. W. Mighels, of Portland, Prof. Adams, of Middlebury College, Prof. Benedict, of Vermont University, Dr. J. C. Jay, of New York, Mr. T. A. Conrad, of Philadelphia, Mr. 8. S. Haldeman, of Marietta, Pa., Dr. E. Foreman, of Baltimore, Mr. J. G. Anthony, of Cincinnati, and the late Dr. Ward, of Roscoe, Ohio. Wishing for every possible confirmation that the names I had used were applied to the same shells that Mr. Say applied them to, I visited the cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences, at Philadelphia, where authentic specimens of most of the species described by Mr. Say are deposited, and which is, in other re- spects, a most valuable cabinet to the American naturalist, as it 1s the most ancient. INTRODUCTION. Xl Living in a maritime city, and pursuing a profession which ad- mits of but the occasional absence of an hour or two, my opportu- nities for exploring and collecting have been very limited. | have been dependent upon others, less confined than myself, for speci- mens, and to them am I indebted for most of the new and rare species which I have examined. I have experienced a liberality and codperation from them, without which I could have done little. I would especially acknowledge the liberality of Col. J. G. Totten, U. 8. Engineers, for a choice collection of shells dredged by him in the harbour of Provincetown, and for unlimited per- mission to select specimens from his extremely perfect cabinet of American shells. Dr. L. M. Yale, of Martha’s Vineyard, has supplied me abundantly with the shells and crustacea found at that island, with much information concerning them. Prof. C. B. Adams has contributed the numerous new species found by him in the vicinity of New Bedford. From Dr. J. B. Forsyth, of Sandwich, I have received shells of that vicinity. Mr. J. P. Couthouy, besides contributing numerous species, directed atten- tion to the examination of the entrails of fishes, especially of the haddock, as an effectual and easy mode of acquiring the deep- water shells, which the fishes swallow for nourishment. ‘To the cabinets of Rev. F. W. P. Greenwood, Dr. Seth Bass, and Dr. D. H. Storer, Mr. T. J. Whittemore, G. B. Emerson, Esq., and Amos Binney, Esq., 1 have had free access, and the liberty of employing choice specimens for descriptions and figures. On the last-named gentleman I have been mainly dependent for books ; and without the use of his extensive library of works on Natural History, I could not have proceeded with any degree of assurance or satisfaction. Every species described, and indeed almost every species men- tioned, has passed under my own eye. The descriptions of spe- cies previously known have been written anew ; partly, that they might be more minute in particulars, and partly, with the hope of using language somewhat less technical than is ordinarily employed by scientific men. ‘Technical terms cannot be wholly avoided ; and wherever they are dispensed with for the sake of intelligibility, it is at the expense of precision. xi INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. A conviction that the value of the work would be greatly en- hanced by figures of such objects as have not been represented, or only in works which can rarely be seen, has induced me to avail myself of the permission given to add the desirable plates. The figures have all been drawn by my own hand, from nature. The engravings are not highly finished, but are sufficiently char- acteristic. Having often been embarrassed by an uncertainty as to the true pronunciation of scientific names, and finding a great diversity of modes practised among naturalists, I have attempted to remove the difficulty, and have aflixed the proper accents to every name. In this labor I have-been greatly aided by the classic accuracy of Mr. C. Folsom, the conductor of the University Press, Cam- bridge. It is necessary to advert briefly, also, to the position in which a shell should be held when comparing it with a description. ‘The shell is supposed to be examined in the same attitude which it assumes when its animal is in motion. In the bivalve shells the beaks are at the summit, usually over, and always near the hinge, and always directed inwards and forwards ; opposite to the beaks is the base ; the height of the shell will of course be a line perpen- dicular from the beaks to the base, or more properly, a line par- allel to this, where the greatest altitude is found. ‘The anterior end is usually shorter and more exactly rounded than the poste- rior or hinder end, which is also higher and more gaping than the anterior. When the palleal impression has a nook or sinus, this always opens backwards. ‘The breadth will measure the greatest distance between the sides of the two valves. If we take a uni- valve shell and apply its aperture to the table, we shall have nearly the position in which the animal carries it. The point of the spire will then be directed backwards and upwards, and the oppo- site extremity will be the front. The terms front, anterior, and posterior, as now used, correspond to the terms base, lower, and upper, of most books. The latter terms I have occasionally em- ployed, when | thought they would convey most definite ideas ; but they are less proper, and are always to be considered as sy- nonymous with the former. Imagining the shell, then, to be car- INTRODUCTION. Xlil ried forward in its true position by the animal, the terms right and left are to be applied as they would be to any other animal. In addition to the usual measurements, | have adopted another, for the univalve shells, which I call ‘‘ divergence.”’ It was first employed by Professor Adams, under the name of ‘‘ apicial an- gle,”’ that is, the angle which would embrace the spire lengthwise ; in other words, it measures the tapering of the spire. The extent and difficulty of this work have very far exceeded my expectations. ‘The unsettled state of our nomenclature, — the scattered state of the materials of which it must be construct- ed, have raised almost interminable doubts and difficulties. It is the first work of the kind attempted in this country ; and it were _ presumptuous to hope that it is free from error. It is not a diffi- cult thing to settle, satisfactorily, the proper genera and species of nine tenths of the shells and other objects we may find. But when an attempt is made to give the whole, the other tithe will re- quire an equal amount of study, and, after disposing of it in the best way we can, we must leave it, mortified that we have per- haps settled nothing, but have merely given an opinion. It is easy enough to see errors and difficulties in these cases, but it is not so easy to adjust them. Corrections and remarks relating to the facts or opinions given in the Report are respectfully solicited. INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. MOLLUSCA. Tue Mollusca* are animals of a gelatinous or semi-fibrous structure, having no solid frame-work or skeleton, and being without jointed limbs. They reside both on land and in fresh and salt water. The variety in their structure, to adapt them to this diversity of habit, is very great; and their digestive and generative organs are as much varied to constitute them carnivorous and her- bivorous, oviparous and viviparous, as they are in the higher or- ders of animals. Though none of the molluscous or soft animals have any thing like a skeleton, and some of them have nothing solid in any way attached to them, yet the great majority have the power of secret- ing a solid structure which serves them as a habitation and a pro- tection. These last animals are called testaceous mollusca, or TesTacea, and their habitations we call SHELLS. The arrangement and study of these marble dwellings, so beau- tiful in their models, so inimitable in their external sculpture and coloring, and oftentimes having their interior lined with pearl, constitutes the science of ConcnoLocy. This science is or- dinarily understood to embrace the study of the shells only, with- out reference to the structure and habits of their occupants. This, it will be at once seen, is altogether unphilosophical, — as much so as it would be to characterize any people with whom we * The term is here used in the broad sense in which Cuvier employed it, and includes the animals embraced by Blainville in his type MaLacozoAnria. 1 2 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. had no previous acquaintance, by the style of their architecture, instead of making our observations, directly, upon the people themselves. The true way is to unite the study of the animal and its shell ; and, while we base the more general classification upon the struc- ture of the former, we may characterize the species by their less destructible habitation, the shell. ‘The science thus extended, has received the appropriate name, MaLacouoey. As our observations are to embrace only a limited district, in which many whole families of Mollusca are yet undiscovered, and, indeed, are not likely to be found, and as detailed descriptions of all the animals would be alike tedious and unprofitable to those for whose benefit this Commission was intended, I shall incline to the old plan, and confine myself principally to the shells. And while the arrangement will be such as is actually indicated by the struc- ture of the animals, so far as it has been ascertained, no allusion will be made to them, unless materially to assist in the recognition of species, or when, from their economical importance, some knowledge of them is desirable. The naked Mollusca, as I before observed, are not numerous, at least, they are not so with us. They are found both on land and in water, and seem to occupy analogous positions in the dif- ferent elements. ‘Those found on land resemble the animals of the snail-shell, and are ordinarily supposed to be those animals, taking a stroll from their domicils. ‘They are commonly called slugs ; but their counterparts of the sea cannot with propriety be called sea-slugs, inasmuch as that appellation is given to a very different group of animals. As the species of naked Mollusca which have as yet been found with us are few, it may be as well to enumerate them here, separ- ate from the ‘l'estacea, though their position in a natural arrange- ment would be very different. They all belong to that division of mollusks, which, in progres- sion, glide along upon a lengthened foot extending under the body (Gasterépoda}, and with which we are familiar in any of our snails, or the common periwinkles of our sea-coast. Those which are terrestrial seem all of them to belong to the genus Limax. ‘They have an elongated, tapering form, the head MOLLUSCA. LIMAX. 3 presenting two long and two short tentacula, the surface somewhat granular or regularly wrinkled ; and on the back is a shield-like mantle, on the right side of which we see a notch opening into the respiratory cavity. They are found under decaying logs, and under bits of wood or stones in damp places, where they feed upon the decaying vegetable matter to which they have direct access. They can scarcely be said to be destitute of a shell; for they have a minute, thin, nail-like shell, concealed under the front part of the mantle. ; I have observed two species, neither of which has been de- scribed, so far as I have been able to ascertain. One of them may be called | Limax togata. It is two inches or more in length, and the shield extends quite back to the extremity of the animal, envel- oping the whole animal except the head ; the respiratory notch is near the front ; the surface of the shield is neither granulated nor folded, but exhibits a uniform, rough appearance, somewhat like deer-skin ; its margin is light fawn-color, the back is a dark pur- plish slate-color, and the sides are mottled with the two colors ; the foot is wrinkled across, and is of a darker tint than the sides. It is very commonly found in woods, on turning over prostrate logs. ; It is very probable that the great developement of the shield, and its peculiar surface, with other peculiarities, which the con- tracted state of my specimens will not allow me to perceive, may entitle this animal to be regarded as a new genus. ‘The L. Caro- liniénsis, Bosc, is an allied species. Férussac coincides with the above opinion. Limax tunicata. This is a smaller, sub-cylindrical species, about ;, of an inch in length, when extended, and about 4; in width. The color varies from dark drab to dusky brown, and almost to black. The shield is short, rounded behind, its surface with conspicuous, interrupted, concentric wrinkles, the respira- tory notch rather behind its middle. ‘The neck is smooth, with an elevated, central line. The back behind the shield is marked with broken wrinkles, arranged lengthwise. ‘The upper tentacula are granulated and black at their tips. oot very narrow. 4 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. It is found in rich grounds under stones and pieces of wood, where it may be sheltered from the sun ; and I do not recollect ever to have found one except in company of what are vulgarly called sow-bugs (Porcéllio). It is a true Limax, and may be the L. agréstis of Europe. The aquatic species are much more numerous, and are found in every sea. ‘They are all remarkable for the peculiar arrange- ment of their branchie or respiratory organs. ‘These are ex- posed on the exterior of the body (Nudibranchiata, Cuv.) in the form of little tubercles, filaments, plumy tufts, or branched leafets ; and the great diversity of their shape, arrangement, and coloring, constitutes the principal ornaments and most obvious character- istics of the animals. They have four tentacula or feelers, two of which are in the neighbourhood of the mouth, and are not con- spicuous, and the other two placed at some distance behind the head, capable of being withdrawn out of sight, and presenting a laminated structure when extended. ‘They crawl upon the bottom of the sea, or the roots of marine plants on which they feed. ‘They are arranged under different genera according to the dis- position of their branchie and tentacula. In Doris, the branchie have an arborescent appearance, are capable of being retracted, are seated on the middle line of the back behind the centre, and are arranged about the anal orifice in a circular manner (Cyclobranchiata, Blamv.). But one species has as yet been observed, and of this I have been unable to find any description. I have, therefore, ventured to describe it under the name of Doris illuminata. Animal prismatic, somewhat four-sided, the back arched ; color a pearly white, or light dove-color, dotted with greenish ; front of the foot slightly dilated at angles ; upper lip full and strongly pursed ; a line of six tubercles on each side diverges from the front to each side of the tentacula, making the back, at this part, of a four-sided form ; between these and the branchial tuft are four more tubercles on each side, in parallel lines, and then follow two on each side much longer than the rest, of a somewhat club-shaped form, followed by a few smaller ones to- wards the tail ; sides and back dotted by several small tubercles ; MOLLUSCA. TRITONIA. 5 branchie fringed, arranged in a semicircle. All the tubercles, the tentacula, and the branchie are tipped with a bright sulphur- yellow color. Length 2 and breadth } of an inch. Found in the Bathing-house at Craigie’s Bridge, Boston. Another family of the Nudibranchiata have the branchie dis- posed in numerous tufts along the sides and back (Polybranchiata, Blainv.), and they are not capable of being entirely retracted. The anal orifice also is found on the right side. Those which have the branchie arborescent, and the tentacula about the mouth somewhat fringed, constitute the genus 'TRITONIA. We have one species of this genus. Trito6nta arboréscens, Cuv.; Mém. du Mus., vi. 28, pl. 1, f. 8-10. Doris arboréscens, Mit. and Fazer. Tritonia Rey- noldsii, CoutHouy ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., i. 74, pl. 2, f. 1-4. Mr. Couthouy found them about the bathing-houses and timber- docks in Charles River, of singular size and beauty ; and his de- scription and the figures illustrating it, are such as to give us an idea of the animal to the life. He found that the specimens he observed differed in some respects from the details given by Cuvier of T. arboréscens ; and therefore he instituted a new spe- cific name. But, making allowances for the distortion of Cuvier’s specimens, which had doubtless been immersed. in spirits, and adding the assurance of Dr. Loven, that the living 'T. arboréscens corresponds exactly with Couthouy’s description and figures, we have reason to conclude, that the animal observed by the two naturalists is the same. Nothing can be more singular than this slug-like animal, mottled with brown and white, overspread with numerous wart-like ex- crescences, and apparently bearing some fifteen or twenty widely and numerously branched plants, which are the branchie. There are six pairs of these, including the tentacula, besides the three pairs about the mouth. Genus Eoxts, has two or three pairs of simple tentacula, one of which is in the vicinity of the mouth ; and the branchie, in the 6 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. form of elongated papille, arranged in rows along the sides or on the back. Mr. Couthouy ventures the conjecture, that these papille are not the real respiratory organs, because he has seen that the ani- mal will voluntarily throw them off, from slight causes, or that it may be forcibly deprived of them without material injury ; which, he justly remarks, would not be likely to be the case, were they organs of so much importance as the branchie. He is dis- posed to regard them as merely subsidiary to the function of res- piration. He has described and figured the following species. Eoxts Bostoniénsis. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 67, ple, f. 1. Body an inch or more in length, foot large, tapering to a point behind, color faint brownish-white ; tentacula four, cylin- drical, rather long; branchie numerous, purplish-brown tipped with white, disposed in four or five clusters of 12 or 15 filaments each, on each side. This is probably E. rufibranchialis, Jounsron, Mag. Nat. Hist., v. 428, f. 85, and Annals of Nat. Hist., i. 121. He states the number of clusters in his species to be variable, and more or less definite, and that the color varies, being reddish- brown, rose-color, scarlet, &c. Eouts salmonacea, CoutHouy. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 68, pl. 1, f.2. Body oblong-ovate, an inch or more in length, pale straw-color ; tentacula four, rather short and blunt, the -upper ones minutely serrated at the sides ; branchial filaments about 100, flattened at their sides, disposed in lines along the back, of a beautiful salmon-color. Eouts divérsa, CoutHouy. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 187, pl. 4, f. 14. Size and shape about the same as the preceding ; color a pale yellow, tinted red ; lower tentacula long and slender, upper ones short, smooth, rounded, somewhat behind the first ; branchial appendages about 90, slender, color orange, disposed in double rows along the back, with intermediate shorter ones. Differs from the last in the form and position of the tentacula, the color of the branchiw, &c.; but it may possibly prove the same. MOLLUSCA. EOLIS. 7 Eours gymnota, Coutnouy. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 69, pl. 1, f. 3. Nearly an inch long, slender, whitish ; tentacula four, the inferior pair smooth and round, the superior rather shorter, compressed and minutely serrated at their sides ; branchial ap- pendages reddish-brown, disposed in seven remote clusters of five each, along each side of the back, those of the second and third pairs longest ; back otherwise naked. There are also a few animals whose organization brings them into a different class (2nnélida), which form for themselves a solid covering. As they are usually included in systems of Concholo- gy, it may be well to introduce them here. These coverings are sometimes composed of clay, sometimes of agglutinated particles of sand, and some are calcareous secre- tions, like the usual material of shells. They are all of a tubular form, tapering posteriorly, and hence the animals which construct them are called Tubicole. Pectina ria Bélgica, Lam. (Amphitrite auricoma, Mutt.), State Coll., No. 266, has a conical tube, a little curved, about two inches long, and a fourth of an inch in diameter at the larger end. It is composed entirely of grains of sand, cemented together by a glutinous secretion of the animal, in a single layer, and in regular order. Of course the tube is very fragile. The animal appears at its aperture, bearing on its head two tufts of short, golden plumes. It is not unfrequently found thrown upon the sandy shores of Cape Cod and the neighbouring islands. (Fieure 1.) From the stomachs of fishes I have taken specimens of Pecti- naria which may belong to a different species. They are com- posed of very fine -grains of sand, are not easily crushed, not more than an inch in length, and quite as much curved as the horns of cattle usually are. State Coll., No. 270. (Figure 2.) Ampuirrrre ventilabrum, Lam. (Sabella penicillus, Lin.), State Coll., No. 259, has a long tube, more or less contorted, com- posed of clay. The animal, when protruded, exhibits two beautiful tufts of long, finely feathered branchie. It is very common on the under side of logs which have lain for some time in the timber- 8 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. docks, and adheres by one side throughout nearly its whole length. It is also found upon stones drawn up from the bottom of the sea. It is well figured by Ellis, Corallines, pl. 34. The family Serpulea, Lam., have solid, calcareous tubes, more or less coiled, much in the manner of serpents ; thus approach- ing, in form, the regular shells. Genus SPIRORBIS, Lam. Tube snail-like, flattened beneath and adhering. These are minute tubes, coiled up spirally, found adhering, in large numbers, to marine plants, and sometimes shells, which are thrown up from deep water. ‘They are usually white, so as to appear like dead and bleached shells. ‘They adhere by their tips, and, as they are presented to the eye, most of them appear dextral ; but if we consider that we actually look at the base of the shell, we perceive that they are in truth reversed. SPIRORBIS NAUTILOIDES, Lam. State Coll., No. 262. Soc. Cab., No. 2312. Shell about one tenth of an inch in diameter, white and smooth, or slightly wrinkled, consisting of three or four whorls, each in- cluding the preceding one ; and, as each rises higher than the other, they form a tunnel-shaped umbilicus, exhibiting a portion of each volution; the suture is indistinct, and the whorls seem con- solidated ; the outer whorl is flattened out into a broad, spreading base, where it is attached, thus increasing the diameter of the shell at this part by nearly one half. Aperture circular. Found on sea-weed, shells, crabs, &c. It is the Sérpula spi- rérbis of Linneus. (FieureE 3.) SprrORBIS sPIRILLUM, Lam. State Coll., No. 261. Soc. Cab., No. 2313. This shell is of about the same size as the preceding ; and is distinguished from it by its more cylindrical structure, the much greater distinctness of the whorls in the umbilical concavity, a more MOLLUSCA. SERPULA, 9 glossy surface, and above all, by the absence of any flattening of the outer whorl where it rests upon its residence. The whorls are so loosely connected as sometimes to be entirely distinct ; and the aperture frequently looks directly upward. Aperture cir- cular. This species is more common than the preceding, and is found grouped in a similar manner upon fuci, stones, &c. It is the Sérpula spirillum of Linneus. SPIRORBIS SINISTRORSA. State Coll., No. 263. Soc. Cab., No. 2314. A third species, which I take to be the one above named, I have seen only upon stones and shells drawn up by fishing lines at St. George’s Bank. It is a smooth, glistening, translucent shell, with three or four whorls, turning in opposition to the sun. The whorls are nearly distinct from each other, not always preserving a regular spiral, but occasionally stretching out for some distance in a straight direction ; one whorl generally lies upon another, so that the outer whorl seldom touches the object on which the shell rests. Diameter about } inch. It was first described by Mon- tagu, under the name of Sérpula sinistrérsa. (Figure 4.) GENUS SERPULA, Lin. Tubes solid, calcareous, irregularly coiled, solitary or in groups, permanently adherent ; aperture terminal, rounded, simple. It is probable that several species of this genus live on our coast. They attach themselves to stones, pieces of wood, and shells of the mollusca and crustacea ; and such of them as we meet with are generally thrown up from the deep by violent storms, or conveyed from warm climates on the bottoms of vessels. They grow to a much larger size than Spirdrbis, and are chiefly distinguished by not observing any regularity in the arrangement of their convolutions. I am not certain that we have more than one species habitually living on our coast. (o) ~ 10 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. ’ SERPULA VERMICULARIS. Lin., &c. State Coll., No. 260. Soc. Cab., No. 851. Shell cylindric, the tube gradually enlarging, white, somewhat wrinkled circularly, usually adhering throughout its whole length, but observing no particular mode of convolution ; when arrived at a large size, the aperture is of the magnitude of a goose’s quill. We may now proceed to describe the testaceous mollusca of this State, in their natural order, so far as that order is yet de- termined. They may be arranged, in the first place, under three grand di- visions, based principally upon their most conspicuous external organs, those which are employed in progression or in procuring their food. A. Tentacular branchie fringed and coiled, used for prehension ; shells multivalve, Crrri’pepEs, Lam. B. Inhabiting bivalve shells, Concur’Fera,* Lam. C. Having a foot beneath them adapted to creeping; shells mostly univalve, GAsTERO’PopA, Cuy. It will not be necessary to enter into an exposition of all the families and further sub-divisions which may, or might, have been instituted. The object is to render the matter as available as possible to beginners in science, or to the general reader. * 'The more comprehensive and more approved term AcEpuata is here avoided, in order to exclude the Ascidiens of Lamarck, which are true headless mollusks, but without shells. MOLLUSCA. . 11 Crass CIRRIPEDES, Lam. The Cirripedes are so called from their arms or tentacles, which are curled up like a lock of hair, and with which they seize their prey. It is the group of animals which inhabit the shells commonly called barnacles. These shells are all fixed, either directly or indirectly to some foreign body. 'l’o compensate for this relative immobility, they usually attach themselves to locomotive or floating objects, such as drift wood, vessels’ bottoms, fishes, lobsters, &c. Many of them are, therefore, extensive voyagers, and hail from no particu- lar sea. During the last summer, two vessels lay side by side at one of our wharves, one from India, the other from Sweden, and their bottoms were occupied by similar species of barnacles. In long voyages, especially in warm climates, and still more cer- tainly where vessels are not sheathed with copper, the barnacles adhere in incredible numbers, and grow to such a size, as materially to impede the course of the vessel. Conveyed in this way, they are brought in contact with their food, and are seen in every port. Other barnacles adhere to stones, piles, and similar immovable objects, and are entirely dependent for their food upon such ob- jects as the passing current brings within the reach of their arms. They have several pairs of arms or tentacles, which they can coil up within their shell, or protrude, at pleas- ure. Each of the arms is double, and their edges are garnished with a kind of fringe, so that they appear somewhat like small feathers. When covered by water, for they are sometimes left by the tide, their arms are in constant motion, and re- re 7 mind one of the spread human hand grasp- Wie ing at something in space, a musquito, for ial Ys instance. ‘This grasping motion is regular, at the rate of 80 or 100 times in a minute. Nature has also provided that these sedentary animals may be widely diffused. Eggs are discharged by the parent in great num- bers, which soon produce little animals very different in shape 12 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. from their parents. These float about in the sea in countless numbers, until they come in contact with some substantial resi- dence, to which they unceremoniously affix themselves, and then assume the shape and habit of the parent. The obstruction they cause to vessels is the only material harm they do ; while, on the other hand, they afford no little protec- tion to wharves, the piles of bridges, and other submerged wood- en structures, by encasing them with a bony crust. Only two or three species permanently inhabit our shores ; but as they are constantly seen and collected at all our wharves and ship-yards, I have thought proper to regard them as denizens. The Cirripedes are naturally divided into two groups ; those which are sessile (sesstlia), or seated firmly and directly upon their station, and those which are mounted upon a stem or stalk ( pedunculata) . t SESSILIA. Shells sessile. / Genus CORONULA, Lam. Shell of five consolidated pieces, conoid, truncated at its extrem- uty; walls very thick, interiorly excavated into radiating cells ; operculum of four valves. Shells belonging to this genus live attached to the skin or shell of some marine animal. ‘T'wo or three species of them live, partially imbedded, in the skin of the whale. This monster of the deep is not unfrequently taken in the vicinity of Cape Cod and Cape Ann, and one species of barnacle has been found upon him. CoRONULA DIADEMA. Shell globose-conical, truncated at tip; surface exhibiting six triangles, each of which has four ribs, marked across with beaded strie. State Coll., No. 255. Soc. Cab., No. 2075. Lepas diadéma, Liy., Monracu ; Test. Brit.13. Woop ; Index, pl. 1, f.2. Bory; Mus.,t.1,f.5,6. Guarr.;t.106,f. A. Phil. Trans. 1758, t. 34, f. 1. Caemn.; Conch., viii. t. 99, f. 843, 844. Lister ; Conch., t. 445, f. 288. Donovan; Brit. Shells, ii. t. 56, f. 1, 2. CIRRIPEDES. MOLLUSCA. BALANUS. 13 Balanus diadéma, Brua. ; Encyc. Méth., pl. 165, f. 13, 14. Corénula diadéma, Lam. ; An. sans Vert., v. 652. Leacu; Encyc. Brit. Suppl., iii. 171. Brarnv.; Dict. des Sc. Nat., x. and xxxii. pl.117,f.4. Sowrersy; Genera, f.1. Burmeister; WVaturgesch. der Rankenfiisse, 34, pl. 2, f. 1-14. Poly'lepas diadéma, Gray; Annals of Philos., x. 105. Diadéma vulgaris, ScaumacuErR ; Nouv. Syst. des Vers, 91. Shell usually cylindrical, with a conical summit, truncated at tip, sometimes of an inflated or globose-conical form. ‘The sur- face is divided into twelve triangular compartments, six with the apex downwards which are depressed, plain, and faintly striated across ; and six with the apex upwards, each of which has four rounded ribs, marked across with beaded folds or wrinkles ; orifice one third, or more, of the diameter of the base, mostly closed by a membrane, through a fissure in which, closed by two valves, the arms are protruded. Beneath, arranged in six compartments, each of which is excavated into three cells with a small, interme- diate one at the circumference. Diameter 11 to 2 inches, height an inch or more. It is distinguished from C. balendris by its more erect and elongated form, its larger orifice, and the beaded wrinkles of the surface. GENUS BALANUS, Lam. The Balani or Sea-acorns are immovable in all their external parts, and attach themselves generally to inanimate bodies, either fixed or floating, though they are occasionally found attached to lobsters, shells, corals, &c. BALANUS TINTINNABULUM. Shell purplish, conical, the six triangles with irregular, unequal ribs, the intervening spaces sculptured across with distinct lines ; operculum rostrated behind. State Coll., No. 250. Soc. Cab., No. 2076. Lepas tintinndbulum, Lin.; Syst. Nat., 1108. Cuxrmn.; Conch., viii. t. 97, f. 828, 829, 830. Guaxr.; Conch., t.106,f.H. Rumpnivus; Mus., t. 41, f. A. Kyorr; Vergn.v. t. 30, f. 1. Woon; Indez, pl. 1, f.5. Gen. Conch., t. 6,f. 1. Balanus tintinnabulum, Lam. ; An. sans Vert., v. 658. Bruc.; Encyc. Méth., pl. 164, f. 5. Sowrrsy; Genera, fig. 1. Scuumacner; Essai, §c., 90. Ran- ZANIL; Memorie, &c., 33, pl. 2,f.2-4 Gray; Annals of Philos., x. 104. Shell conical, the sides more or less inclined, and sometimes a little turgid ; color violaceous. Surface having the raised tri- 14 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. angles grooved lengthwise, so as to form numerous unequal, irreg- ular ribs; and these are crossed by distant, circular threads, which probably indicate the stages of growth; the depressed areas are plain and glistening, marked across by regular, deeply sculptured lines. Aperture sub-triangular. ‘Two anterior valves of the operculum deeply grooved or plaited ; the two posterior, on each side, rising considerably above them and curving forwards, resemble the beak of a bird of prey; at their sides slightly grooved. Diameter at base 1 inch; height 14 inches. This species probably does not breed in our climate, but is one of the most common shells found on vessels arriving from warmer regions. There are some other species, similar to this, which are occasional- ly, but less frequently, observed. B. tulipa is principally distinguished by its more rosy tint; the raised areas are distinctly marked across, but scarcely at all lengthwise, and the depressed areas are nearly smooth. B. gigas and sulcdta are also closely allied. BALANUS GENICULA'TUS. Shell conical, white, the prominent triangles with 8 or 10 usually alternately larger and smaller ribs, rendered rough by coarse lines of growth ; valves of operculum coarsely striated. Ficure 9. State Coll., No. 254. Soc. Cab., No. 2310. Balanus geniculatus, Conrap; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., vi. 265, pl. 11, f. 16. Shell regularly conical, dirty greenish-white ; much like B. tin- tinnabulum in its exterior, but broader at base in proportion to its height, and never inflated ; the elevated triangles on each side of the posterior one are very small, with only two or three ribs ; the others are sub-equal, and have 8 or 10 ribs; these are much raised, but usually alternately larger and smaller, somewhat compressed at the sides, and their edges rendered nodulous by the conspicuous, rather distant lines of growth, which cross them. ‘The depressed areas are faintly marked with minute, crowded cross lines. Diameter of the aperture about half that of the base. Operculum having the anterior valves wrought into coarsely plaited ridges, which incline over each other, and which CIRRIPEDES. MOLLUSCA. BALANUS. 15 are crossed by very fine radiating lines. Diameter at base 1 to 14 inches, height two thirds of the diameter. Found almost invariably attached to Pecten Magellanicus, on ‘which it is occasionally drawn up by our fishermen ; and is abun- dant along the eastern coast of Maine, and at the Bank fishing- grounds. This shell, like its co-species, is subject to many varieties; and some of them approach so nearly to some of the figures and descrip- tions of B. Scdticus and B. communis of the North of Europe, that it is really difficult to decide upon its title to a distinct appellation. In this case it seems proper, for the present, to retain the name which Mr. Conrad undoubtedly applied to this shell. The number of ribs varies, as do the elevations upon them; which last are usually two, however, as Mr. Conrad observes. BALANUS EBURNEUS. Shell white, smooth, obliquely conical, the raised triangles with lanceolate points, all inclined backwards, within regularly grooved ; operculum with the two anterior valves decussated at base, not beaked. Ficure 6. State Coll., No. 253. Soc. Cab., No. 3418. Shell white, smooth, hinge obliquely conical, circular at base, inclining backwards ; the raised portions are smooth, or very faintly wrinkled lengthwise ; they all terminate in sharp, lance- pointed summits, all of which point backwards, and the last one curves over so much as to form a prominent beak. ‘The interme- diate, depressed spaces are small and usually plain, but in very old specimens they are crossed by crowded, rasp-like lines. In- terior regularly and firmly grooved up and down, and the walls with a single series of pores, equal in number to the grooves. Aperture constantly ovate-triangular, rounded in front, acutely angular behind, moderately large. Operculum has the two anterior valves checked with transverse and longitudinal lines, which are well defined at base, but almost disappear at tip ; they are coarsely toothed at their adjacent edges ; the posterior valves very slightly grooved across. ‘The tips of all four valves meet and form an accurate pyramidal summit. Diameter at base 4 inch, height 3 inch. 16 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. Adheres in clusters to floating wood, to shells, crustacea, &c. It may be obtained almost any time at a lobster-stand. It often attains a much larger size. It differs from all other described species in having its surface en- tirely without ribs. In its earliest stages, B. ovuldris is also smooth, and similar in shape to the young of this species; but even then, this shell exhibits its triangular aperture, while the other is diamond- shaped. B. ovuldris and B. levis of Lamarck, though both described as smooth, are both said to have delicate ribs. The first is also de- scribed as cylindrical; while the second is said to have a contracted aperture. Mr. Sowerby states that he is unacquainted with it. It appears not to be an uncommon or a local species, as | have taken it from the bottom of a ship of war from the West India station. BALANUS RUGO SUS. Shell white, sub-cylindrical, valves raised into angular points ; without, coarsely and irregularly ribbed ; aperture large, rhomboid- al ; operculum nearly smooth, with acute, curved, slightly diverging points. Ficure 10. State Coll., No. 289. Soc. Cab., No. 2311. Lepas borealis, Donovan ; Brit. Shells, v. pl. 160. Lepas rugosa, Woop; Gen. Conch., 41, pl. 6, f. 4. Balanus rugosus, Monracu ; Test. Brit.,8. Dituwyn ; Catal., 17. Shell white, erect, cylindrical,.or somewhat conical, but usually as broad at summit as at base, and its height frequently exceeding its diameter. Summits of the valves rising into acute, spreading points, the posterior one folded and curved into a beak ; exterior very rough, with coarse, unequal, flexuous folds or ribs ; the de- pressed areas small, smooth, and shining. Interior slightly grooved at base, otherwise smooth. Aperture large, diamond-shaped ; valves of the operculum rising into acute, diverging points ; the separated portions distinctly striated from before backwards ; surface smooth, or delicately wrinkled from side to side, margins direct. Diameter of base sometimes 2 inch. Of these I found fine specimens on a pine log lying upon the beach at East Boston. But they are usually obtained further northward, seated upon Pecten Islandicus, Fusus Islandicus, &c. CIRRIPEDES. * MOLLUSCA. BALANUS. 17 This, like the following species, may be only one of the Protean forms of Lepas balandides of Linneus. In a shell of so anomalous a character, I have chosen to abide by what is certain; and I think it is certain, that the shell before me is the same as the shells of Montagu and Donovan. It accords exactly with the description by the former, and the figures by the latter. It attains a much larger size than the next species, and may be easily distinguished from it, under any disguise, by its simple opercular valves, and their acute, diverging points. The exterior is more rugged than that of any other species I - have seen. BALANUS OVULA'RIS. Shell small, white, variable in shape, more or less furrowed ex- ternally ; aperture rhomboidal ; opercular valves obsoletely striated, the anterior ones shortest and acute, the posterior ones deeply notched near the obtuse summit. FieurRE 7. State Coll., No. 252. Soc. Cab., No. 2080. Balanus ovuliris, Lam. ; An. suns Vert., v. 660. Lepas balandides, Lin.; Syst. Nat., 1108. Lepas balanus, Woop ; Gen. Conch., pl. 7, f. 3. Index, pl. 1, f. 11. Under this name I would notice our most common barnacle. The few characters given to the species by Lamarck would apply to this shell with less reservation than any other description I have seen. It is found, of all shapes and ages, crowded together upon every rock or wooden fixture between high and low water mark ; and it is for the most part confined to stations where it is half the time left by the tide, while the preceding species seems to frequent the deep water. In shape it is very various. Sometimes it has a low, conical form, its height being less than half of its base ; again, its height is three or four times as great as the diameter of its base, and its summit broader than its base. In its early stages it is smooth, so that the valves are always plain at their summits 5; but soon the base becomes scolloped by four or five grooves on each valve, and these grooves then continue on all the subsequent growth of the shell. The summit is usually even, as if all the points of the valves had been clipped off ; but in an exuberant growth they are elevated in the form of thin, blunt plates. The aperture is dia- 3 18 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. mond-shaped, moderately large. In such a diversity of external character, we must look chiefly to the opercular valves for any constancy of form. ‘These are smooth or faintly marked across with fine lines, that appear as if they were about to be effaced. The two front valves are regularly pointed by the junction of their boundary lines ; they are united by a simple suture, and a profile view shows them to be a little gibbous or keeled at the suture, just before their summits. The other valves are blunt at tip, and are deeply grooved, each side, for the reception of the outer edge of the anterior valves, so as to exhibit a deep notch just below their summit. ‘This notch is the most obvious dis- tinctive character of the species, together with the circumstance, that the tips present no prominent points, and do not diverge. Interior smooth and plain, except that there is a fold answering to each external depressed area. Compared with B. rugosus, its exterior is much less rugged, it never attains so large a size, its summit is more simple, and its shape more variable. From this, and from specimens of B. ba- landides sent me from England, it differs especially in the sum- mits of the valves. ‘hese are better indicated by figures than by description. BALANUS ELONGATUS. Shell white, very much elongated, increasing in width towards the summit ; opercular valves as in B. ovularis. Lepas elongata, Liy., GME. ; 3213. Cuemn.; Conch., viii. t. 98, f.838. Pannanr ; Brit. Zool., iv. t. 37, f. A. 5. Balanus clavatus, Purrenry; Dorset Catal., t. 1,f.6. Monracu; Test. Brit., 10. Woop; Index, pl. 1,f.13. Gen. Conch., t. 7, f. 1. Balanus fistuldsus, Brue.; Encyc. Méth., 166, t. 164, f. 7, 8. Lam.; An. sans Vert., v. 665. Fieure 8. State Coll., No. 251. Soc. Cab., No. 2081. The shells to which the above names have been applied, and which have attracted considerable attention, seem, after all, not to be entitled to the rank of species. They are now regarded as elongated varieties of other species, having assumed their pe- culiar shape from the circumstance of their being so crowded as to oblige them to make all their growth in one direction. That this CIRRIPEDES. MOLLUSCA. ANATIFA. 19 is in all cases the true explanation, I am not disposed to admit. The largest specimens I have seen were found in a protected situation, under a bridge on the Dorchester turnpike road, and they were so situated as to have full scope for growth in any direction. They were often solitary, and an examination of the space around them forbade the suspicion that they had ever been group- ed. Under the wharves at Provincetown, I have noticed them so crowded as to justify the explanation. Certain it is, however, that the opercular valves, the most important and most constant por- tions, differ in no respect from the depressed conical specimens. All the elongated specimens of our coast have the valves of B. ovularis. The exterior of the shell is the same also, if we make allowance for the peculiarity of form. We should, there- fore, consider it as an accidental, or rapidly developed, form of some other species. tt PEDUNCULATA. Shells pedunculated. Genus ANATIFA, Lamarck. Shell sub-triangular, compressed, composed of five wnequal valves united by cartilage, and scated on a fleshy stalk. The shells of this genus are the true barnacles. 'They do not seem to have a fixed abode anywhere on our coast ; yet they are at all times found among us, either in the character of visiters or emigrants. ‘The shells vary so much with age, that it is not always easy to define the limits of species, or to refer a shell to its true species. More species exist in books than in nature. The animal, when seen alive, in most cases, removes all uncertain- ty. These shells, though everywhere common, seem to be re- garded everywhere as strangers. ‘They are Jews among other shells. Hence they seem to have been but little studied. ANATIFA LEVIS. Shell slightly wrinkled by the lines of growth, crossed by very faint, radiating lines ; valve at the back broad, flat, and smooth ; cartilages and stalk at base of shell orange ; animal light-colored. Woop-cvt, (see p. 11.) State Coll., No. 248. Soc. Cab., No. 2083. Lepas anatifera, Lin.; Syst., 1109. Cyemy.; Conch., viii. 340, t. 100, f. 853. Pennant; Brit. Zool., pl. 38,f.9. Extis; Phil. Trans. 1758, vol. 50, pl. 34, 20 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. f. 5. Donovan; Brit. Shells, pl. 7. Woop; Gen. Conch., pl. 11. Cuvier; Régne Anim., iii. 176. Aniatifa levis, Brue.; Encyc. Méth., 166, f. 1. Lam.; dn. sans Vert., v. 675. Scuumacuer; Nouveau Syst., §c., 97. Anatifa vulgaris, Gray ; Annals of Philos., x. 100. Pentelasmis anatifera, Lracu ; Encyc. Brit., Suppl., iii.170. Sowrrpy; Genera, * Sf ty 2. Pentélepas levis, BLainviLLe; Malacol., pl. 4, f. 3. Pollicipes levis, GuERin ; Iconog., Mollusques, pl. 37, f. 1. Lepas anatifera, Turron ; Conch. Dict., 71. Shell bluish-white, the lower valves triangular, rather obtuse at summit, wrinkled by the lines of growth, and with very faint ra- diating lines from the anterior basal angle ; upper valves triangular, narrow, pointing downwards, tip blunted, and leaving quite a large space occupied only by membrane ; very near the apex is a dis- tinct angle at the back ; apex rounded ; back valve rather broad, not much compressed, sometimes grooved lengthwise. Cartilage of the living shell of an orange-color, as is also a portion of the stalk adjoining the shell. Stalk of a light fawn-color. Cirri or arms light flesh-color. Length of shell about 1 inch, of the stalk from 1 to 6 inches. Found on the bottoms of vessels, and on drift wood. The orange ring at the base of the shell, and also the cartilages, the light-colored cirri, the large space following the lower point of the upper valves, the posterior angle of the upper valves being very near the summit, and the broad back, are the peculiar marks of this species. ANATIFA STRIATA. Valves with radiating strie ; posterior angle of upper valves somewhat remote from apex ; back valve compressed ; animal dark slate-color. State Coll., No. 249. Soc. Cab., No. 2084. Lepas anserifera, Lix.; Syst., 1109. Lisrer; Conch., pl. 440, f. 283. Dono- van; Brit. Shells, pl. 166, f. 2. Woop; Gen. Conch., pl. 10, f. 5. Turron; Conch. Dict, 72. Guart.; Test., t. 106, f. 2,3. Cremn. ; Conch., viii. t. 100, f. 856. Anatifa striata, Bruc.; Dict., No. 4, Encyc. Méth., pl. 166, f.2. Lam.; An. sans Vert., v. 676. Pentelasmis striata, Lracu ; Cirrhip. campy. CIRRIPEDES. MOLLUSCA. ANATIFA. Q1 Very similar to the preceding. Its angles are everywhere more pointed ; the surface is marked with radiating lines proceed- ing from the anterior-inferior and posterior-superior angles ; this latter angle is at some distance from the summit, and the interven- ing space is often emarginate ; sometimes a range of five or six impressed, blackish dots runs from the angle of the base across the side valves ; the back valve is compressed throughout its whole length, so as to form a sharp edge, which is often more or less toothed. The margins are faintly tipped with orange, but not broadly, as in the last species. ‘The animal is dark-brown, and does not attain to a great length. The cirri are of a dark slate- color. Size same as A. levis. Such are characters of two species of shells, which I found in great numbers and perfection on a Swedish vessel. I believe them to be the true Lepas analifera and anserifera of Linneus. [am not a little in- clined to think that the A. séridta of modern authors is a different spe- cies, of which L. sulcdta of Montagu is the young, and with which L. anserifera is not synonymous. The difference in the marking of the surface is not very remarkable, but the color of the stem and of the cirri is decisive. ‘The back valve of A. striata is either sharp or broken into teeth, passing imperceptibly into the next species, which is principally characterized by the sharp serratures along the back. ANATIFA DENTATA. Surface distinctly striated in a radiated manner ; carinated near the anterior margin ; posterior valve compressed to a sharp edge, which is sharply serrate. Fieure 11. State Coll., No. 256. Soc. Cab., No. 2085. Lepas dentata, Woop ; Gen. Conch., 67. Dituwyn; Catal., 32. Lepas serrata, Soranper; Mss. Anatifa dentata, Bruc.; Encyc. Méth., 63, t.166,f£.6. Lam.; An. sans Vert., v. 676. Shell rather shorter and less compressed than the preceding ; the lines of growth and radiating lines are quite distinct; a very decided angular line or caria passes from the anterior base di- rectly towards the summit, at a little distance from the margin ; the summit is broadly truncated almost directly across ; the dor- sal valve is compressed so as to form a prominent, sharp edge, which at every age presents ten or twelve teeth like those of a saw ; this valve is very distinctly furrowed lengthwise. 22 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. / Genus CINERAS, Leacu. This curious genus, with the next, is very singular in its ap- pearance, and very easily recognised. It has the general form, structure, and habits of ANAtira, but the exterior is almost entirely of a leathery texture, with only a few bony pieces at the back and about the aperture. None of them are permanent residents in our seas, but may be always found on foul-bottomed vessels, or attached to tardy-moving fishes. ‘The two genera CineRas and O rron, are almost always found in company, and are united in the genus GyMNOLEPAS by Blainville. ‘They are not unfrequently called ‘‘ the naked Cirripedes.”’ CiNERAS VITTA'TA. : Covering leathery, angular at summit, with five, narrow, remote valves ; color whitish, with three black stripes down each side. State Coll., No. 257. Soc. Cab., No. 2089. Lepas coriacea, Pott; Test., i. tab. 6, f. 20. Lepas membranacea, Monracu ; Lin. Trans., ii. 182, pl. 12, f. 2. Lepas vittata, Sonanper; Mss. Woop; Gen. Conch., 69, pl. 12, f. 2,3. Index, pl..2, f. 43. Senoclita fasciata, ScuumacnerR; p. 98. Gray; Annals of Philos., x. 100. Cineras vittata, Leacu ; Encyc. Brit., Suppl., iii. 170, pl. 57. Sowrrsy; Genera. Lam.; An. sans Vert., v. 684. Gymndlepas Cranchii, Buainvitie ; Malacol., pl. 84, f. 2. The exterior is of a leathery consistence, like the stem. There is no distinct line of division between the pedicle and the body, but the stem gradually dilates. The summit is obliquely truncate, somewhat concave, and margined on each side by a bony forma- tion. ‘The aperture is also margined by two pointed pieces, and a fifth piece runs down the back. Color white, with three black stripes on each side, the two posterior ones uniting to form one on the stem. ‘Tentacula of the color of the stripes. Length, in- cluding pedicle, often 2 inches. Found on the bottoms of vessels, and also on some of the large sluggish fishes, as the Orthagoriscus mola. CIRRIPEDES. MOLLUSCA. OTION. 23 O'r1on CUVIE RI. Body hood-shaped, surmounted by two ear-shaped processes or tubes inclined backwards ; a small, crescent-shaped valve on each side of the aperture ; color livid-brown. State Coll., No. 258. Soc. Cab., No. 2088. Lepas aurita, Lin.; Syst. Vat., p.1110. Exxis; Philos. Trans., 1758, t. 34, f. 1. Broua.; Dict., p. 66. Marrin1; Conch., viii. 345, t. 100, f. 857, 858. Woon; Gen. Conch., 70, t. 12, f. 4. Index, pl. 2, f. 45. Lepas leporina, Porr; Test., t. 6, f. 51. Malacotta bivalvis, ScHumacuER; 38. O\tion Cuviéri, Leacu ; Cirrip., Encyc. Brit., Suppl., 170, pl. 57, f. 3. Lam. ; An. sans Vert.,v. 6085. Sowrrsy; Genera, pl.1-4. Gray; Annals of Philos., v. 10, 100. Gymnélepas Cuviéri, Buatnvitte ; Malacol., pl. 84, f. 1. The tunic or covering of this animal is a smooth, leathery mem- brane, of a livid or leaden-brown hue, appearing glossy when fresh. The pedicle is rather long, and its limit of union with the body is marked by a well-defined constriction. ‘The body is hood- shaped or helmet-shaped, surmounted by two hollow appendages, somewhat resembling the ears of animals, open at their extremities, inclining backwards. The aperture is large and gaping. It is fortified by a small, crescent-shaped valve on each side at its base. Vestiges of rudimentary valves are also to be seen at the summit. Cirri of the same color as the tunic. Length from 2 to 4 inches, of which the pedicle constitutes nearly two thirds. Found on vessels’ bottoms and in other situations, in company with CinERAS viltata. 24 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. Crass CONCHIFERA. This division includes all the mollusca which are inclosed in two shells (bivalve), united together at the back by a hinge, like the clam, oyster, mussel, &c. Sometimes the hinge has teeth shutting by the side of each other, and acting much like the com- mon butt-hinge. Sometimes there are small additional bony pieces attached about the hinge, serving to strengthen it ; and in such cases the shell is said to be many-valved (mullivalve). The animal has no proper head, and its conspicuous parts are, First, its mantle, which lines all the interior of the shell, and incloses the other parts of the animal. Its edges are more or less fringed, and are either free, partly united, or entirely so, excepting a passage for the foot before, and for the siphons behind. Second, a mus- cular mass, usually called the foot, which may be protruded from the shell, and serves as the organ of motion. Third, the respira- tory organs, or branchia, arranged somewhat like ruffies behind the foot, enveloping the abdominal mass. Fourth, the siphons, which are the openings for the passage of excrement, and for the admis- sion of water to the branchie ; sometimes they are very long, and their tips are usually fringed. There are also two thin, elongated strips on each side, attached to the mouth and passing back over the sides of the foot, which are supposed to be the principal or- gans for the detection and selection of food, and are called palpi. This representation of the animal of Macn#ra nitida may serve to ex- emplify the parts above- * mentioned. The valves are kept closed by strong muscles, which pass from one valve to the other. When these are relaxed, the valves are thrown open by the elastic nature of the cartilage or ligament at the hinge. The uniting substance is called cartilage when it is placed between the edges of the valves, and ligament when it is situated externally. . The interior of the shell exhibits the indentations and lines MOLLUSCA. 25 where the muscles and mantle or pallium are attached ; and are called the muscular and palleal impressions. 'The latter usually turns inward towards the centre of the shell, and then outwards, forming a notch or sinus, more or less deep, at one end of the shell ; this is always the hinder end. There is sometimes only one muscular impression, but gen- erally there are two, in each valve. ‘These serve as permanent marks by which to divide the conchs into two groups, the Uni- musculdsa and Bimusculcsa. The following synopsis may enable one to form a near approxi- mation to the genus of any of our bivalve shells. It has been drawn up without any reference to a natural arrangement, and merely to aid the student, by grouping the shells in an artificial manner, to come more easily at their true place and name. I. Shell transverse or rounded, with two muscular impressions. BimuscuLosa. i. Shell gaping. 1. gaping at base and ends, hinge toothless. * united by additional valves, Pholas. ** united by ligament, Panope\a, Glycy!meris, Terédo. 2. gaping at the ends only, and with hinge (cardinal) teeth. * Cardinal teeth simple, Solen, Solectirtus, Solemy\a, Mache\ra. ** Cardinal teeth spoon-shaped. t without lateral teeth, Mya, Anatina, Montacita, Cochlodésma, Osteodesma. tt with lateral teeth, Mactra, Mesodésma, Cumingia, Keéllia. ii, Shell closed. 1. inequivalve, Cérbula, Pandora, Thracia. 2. equivalve. * inhabiting the sea. + teeth rounded, ascending, Saxicava, Petricola. 1t teeth compressed. ; § sub-parallel, Psammobia, Tellina, Lucina. §§ diverging. a. without lateral teeth, Cyprina, Cytheréa, Venus, Astarte. b. with lateral teeth, Cardiwm, Cardita. ** inhabiting fresh water, U\nio, Aldsmodon, A'nodon, Cyclas. Il. Shell fan-shaped or irregular, with one muscular impression. UnimuscuLosa. i. united by an external ligament, Modiola, Mytilus. il. united by an internal cartilage. 1. shell regular, Pecten. 2. shell irregular. * entire, O!strea. ** valve perforated, Andmia, Terebratula. | 4 26 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. \ Famity TUBICOLARIA, Lam. Shells inclosed in, or attached to, a shelly tube. Genus TEREDO, Li. Valves equal, largely open above and below, placed at the larger extremity of a tube open at both ends. TEREDO NAVALIS. Shell very widely gaping each side, and seated at the end of a flecuous, calcareous tube. State Coll., No. 237. Soc. Cab., No. 2315. Terédo navalis, Lin. ; Syst. Vat., 1267. Brainvitie ; Malacol., pl. 81, f.6. Sow- ERBY; Genera. Brouc.; Encyc. Méth., pl. 167, f. 1-5. This is the curious shell which is so remarkable for perforating holes in timber, giving it a honey-comb appearance. ‘These holes are lined with their solid white tubes, at the bottom of which the shell is found. The shell itself is small, the two valves touching each other at only two points, and so much arched that when in position they form a mere ring. It is occasionally found in ship-timber, especially where it has been exposed to a tropical sea, and is familiarly known by the name of the ship-worm. Fami.y PHOLADARIA, Lam. Shell without a tubular sheath ; hinge aided by accessory valves, or very widely gaping anteriorly. Genus PHOLAS, Lin. Shell transverse, gaping at both sides ; hinge margin rolled out- wards and toothless ; a rib-like tooth arises from the cavity of the beaks, and shoots nearly across the shell. Shells of this genus are generally found in logs of wood, in stones, or hard clay, which they have perforated ; and they have one or more additional bony pieces on the back of the hinge. PHOLADARIA. MOLLUSCA. PHOLAS. 27 PHOoLAS COSTA'TA. Shell large, oblong-ovate, white, covered with radiating, toothed ribs. State Coll., No. 246. Soc. Cab., No. 1702. Pholas costatus, Lin.; Syst. Wat., 1111. Lister; Conch., pl. 434. Guatr.; Test., t. 105, f. G. Cuemn.; Conch., viii. t. 101, f. 863. Bruc.; Encye. Méth., pl. 169, f.1,2. Brainvitte; Malacol., pl. 99,f.6. Sowrersy; Genera, No. 23, pl. 1. Lam.; An. sans Vert., vi. 45. Woop; Gen. Conch., pl. 15, i152. Index, pl..2; t. 4: Shell large, thin, inflated, oblong-ovate, rounded before and narrowed behind, white, covered with radiating ribs, the coarse lines of growth rising over them in an undulating manner, so as to produce tooth-like elevations upon them, at regular intervals ; the interior is marked with corresponding indentations. Length 6 inches, height 2 inches. This well known species is admitted into our catalogue from the fact, that Professor Adams has lately discovered an extensive bed of dead shells at New Bedford. It probably is not to be found in a liv- ing state in our waters. Indeed, 1 am not aware that it is found living on the shores of any of the Middle or Eastern States. It is found, in the above locality, of all sizes and ages, its most delicate portions entire, forbidding the idea that these shells were transported by any means from some distant locality. It is certainly remarkable, that a large shell should have been abundant at no very distant period, which cannot now be found living within one or two thousand miles. Some- thing of the same kind is said to belong to the history of the oyster about Cape Cod. PHOLAS CRISPATA. Valves touching at the middle of the base, and widely gaping at both sides ; a furrow passes from the beaks across the middle, in front of which are radiating, toothed ribs. State Coll., No. 247. Soc. Cab., No. 2316. Pholas crispata, Lin.; Syst. Nat., p. 1111. Gmevin; Syst., p. 3216. PENNANT; Brit, Zool., iv. 157, t. 43, f.2. Montacu; Test. Brit., 23. Donovan; Brit. Shells, ii. pl. 62,69. Cuemn.; viii. 369, t. 102, f. 872-874. Turton; Brit. Biv., 6. Conch. Dict., 146. Lin. Trans., viii. 32. Hurcu., Dorset Catal., / 28 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. 27,t.3, f. 4. Woop; Gen. Conch., 81, pl. 15, f. 3-5. Indez, pl. 2, f. 5. Dittwyy ; Catal., 40. Desuayes; Encye. Méth, Vers, iii. 754, pl. 169, f. 5, 7. Lam.; An. sans Vert., vi. 46. Scuroer.; Einl. in Conch, iii. 541, No. 6. Pholas bifrons, Da Cosra ; Brit. Conch., 243, t. 16, f. 4. Pholas latus, Lisrer ; Conch., t. 436, f. 279, and Append., t. 10, f. 3. Shell oblong-oval, thick and strong, rounded posteriorly, nar- rowed anteriorly into a sort of beak ; widely gaping at both ends, the valves touching each other only at two points, viz. the hinge, and the middle of the base. Exterior surface marked with numerous coarse, concentric ridges, which become lamellar on the anterior half; the lamine are strongly toothed on their free edge, and the teeth are disposed in radiating series. ‘The valves are divided into two nearly equal portions by a broad channel running from the beaks to the middle of the base. Interior smooth, showing the external furrow, the upper and anterior edge turned outwards so as to present large, smooth callosities over the beaks. ‘The process from within the cavity of the beaks is large, narrow, and a little flattened at the tip. Length 2 inches, height 14 inch. A very perfect specimen of this shell is in the cabinet of Dr. S. Bass, which was found at Phillips’s Beach. Young specimens were found in hard clay at Phillips’s Beach by Mr. Joseph True. They differ princi- pally in gaping only anteriorly. Full grown valves are occasionally thrown up on all our beaches ; but it is more common at the South, as along the shores of New Jersey. When alive, a membranous expan- sion covers the superior border of the shell. FAMILY SOLENACEA, Lam. Shell transversely elongated, without accessory pieces, and gaping only at the ends. Genus SOLEN, Lin. Shell equivalve, elongated, sides nearly parallel, gaping at both ends ; beaks very small, terminal; cardinal teeth small, rounded, variable. SoLEN ENSIS. Shell six times as long as high, curved, front and back parallel, smooth, yellowish-green ; hinge with one tooth and a sharp lateral SOLENACEA. MOLLUSCA. SOLECURTUS, 29 plate of one valve entering between two teeth and a double plate of the other. State Coll., No. 241. Soc. Cab., No. 1709. Solen ensis, Lix.; Syst. Nat.,1114. Pennant; Brit. Zool., t. 45, f. 22. Cuemn.} Conch., vi. t. 4, f.30. Monracu; Test. Brit., 48. Brue.; Encyc. Méth., pl. 223, f. 2, 3. Turron; Conch Dict., 160. Brit. Biv., p.83. Woon; Gen. Conch., pl. 28, f. 1, 2. Index, pl. 3, f. 6. Lam.; sn. sans Vert., vi. 55. Conran ; Marine Conch., pl.5,f. 1. Donovan; Brit. Shells, pl. 50. Maron and Racxetr; Lin. Trans., viii. 44. Solen curvus, Lister; Conch, t. 411, f. 257. Shell scabbard-shaped ; about six times as long as high, the ends rounded, the front and back nearly parallel, white within, and covered without by a glossy, yellowish or brownish-green epider- mis, which folds over the sharp edge of the shell. On the sur- face is a triangle of lines marking the termination of the longer side at the successive stages of growth ; hinge at one end; on one valve is a single tooth from which a rib or plate extends to the ligament ; on the other valve are two teeth, and a double plate receiving those of the opposite valve between them ; the terminations of the two ribs rise up in a curved manner and cross each other like teeth, when not broken off, as they usually are. Length of a good specimen 6 inches, height 1 inch. This well-known shell is found on both shores of the Atlantic. It lives on sandy beaches near low-water mark, as at Chelsea, Na- hant, and Nantasket beaches, and about Newburyport, Nantucket, &c. It is displaced by heavy storms, and thrown up by the tide. It may often be seen projecting a little above the level of the sand, but, if touched or disturbed, it descends with astonishing rapidity and force, muchto the amazement of him who may lay hold of it, thinking to make an easy capture. The animal is cylindrical, too long for the shell, and is often used as an article of food under the name of long clam, razor-fish, knife- handle, &c. ‘These names are enough to suggest an idea of the shell to any one who is not already familiar with it. GENUS SOLECURTUS, Biarnv. Shell transverse, elongated, equivalve, the beaks small, sub- central, margins nearly parallel, ends abruplly rounded ; hinge 30 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. . with two or three cardinal teeth in each valve ; ligament prominent, seated on thick callosities ; palleal impression with a very deep sinus. The above generic definition will include all the shells originally embraced in the genus by Blainville, except those of his first di- vision, — ‘¢ shells compressed, thin, with an interior rib passing from the beaks to the basal margin.”? An acquaintance with the animal has shown the necessity of subdividing his genus. Mr. Sowerby proposes to limit it to the species having the interior bar. But Deshayes, in his edition of Lamarck, has already limit- ed the genus to shells of a different type ; and it would, therefore, seem most proper that any new name which may be given should be applied to other forms. I have, therefore, separated those with the interior bar and other peculiarities for a new genus. If we adopt Deshayes’ modification of the genus, so that it shall include only such as are transversely oblong-oval, covered with obliquely undulating strie, the hinge central, &c., we shall still have another group left, of shells equally distinct in character by their sub-cylindrical, somewhat arched form, compressed at base, the extremities abruptly and usually obliquely rounded, the beaks near the posterior end, the parallel sinus very deep, &c., answer- ing, in fact, to Mr. Conrad’s sub-genus Cutrettus. This would, of course, assume the rank of a genus in case the correctness of the above views should be acknowledged. Deshayes says, that the animal of S. Caribéus, legumen, &c., approaches closely to that of the true Solen. But, as the genus Solen now admits only shells with terminal beaks, they must still be arranged under Solecurtus. Soxecu/rtus (Cultéllus) Carizx vs. Shell sub-cylindrical, thick, rownded posteriorly, obliquely trun- cated anteriorly ; beaks nearest the posterior extremity. State Coll., No. 224. Soc. Cab., No. 14. Lister ; Conch., t. 421. f. 265. Solen Guineénsis, Cuemn.; Conch., xi. t. 198, f. 1937. Dittwyn; Catal., 62, No. 13. Brue.; Encyc. Méth., pl. 225. f. 1. Solen Caribe'us, Lam.; 4n. sans Vert., vi. 58. Solecu’rtus Caribe‘us, Conran ; Amer. Mar. Conch., 4, f. 3. SOLENACEA. MOLLUSCA. sOLECURTUS. 31 Shell oblong, transverse, very slightly curved, thick and strong, the upper and lower margins nearly parallel; beaks obtuse and slightly elevated, nearest the posterior end; this side is narrow- est, rounded at the extremity, and having an obtuse ridge running obliquely backwards from the beaks ; anterior extremity ob- liquely truncated or abruptly rounded ; basal margin somewhat compressed ; surface coarsely wrinkled by the stages of growth, and on its disc are a few short, deep, straight scratches from the beaks towards the base ; the whole covered bya dense and strong yellowish epidermis, which folds over the edge. Hinge with two awl-shaped cardinal teeth in each valve, curved, ascending : behind them is a thick rounded callus, on which the ligament is fixed. Interior white, thickened ; palleal impression with a sinus which passes beyond the beaks. Length 4 inches, height “14 inch, breadth 1 inch. Found in Buzzard’s Bay, at New Bedford and in its vicinity, occasionally, which seems to be its northern limit. It cannot be mistaken for any other of our shells. SoLecu’/rtus (Cultéllus) rra’GILis. Shell transversely oblong-ovate, arcuated, equilateral, with a red- dish stripe from the beaks passing a little backwards, designating the place of an obsolete rib within ; epidermis yellowish. State,Coll.,. No. 242: Soe» Cab., No. 2317. Solen fragilis, Purrenry ; Dorset Catal., 28. pl. 4, f.5. Monracu ; Test. Brit., 51. Suppl., 26. Pennant; Brit. Zool.,iv. 174. Woop; Gen. Conch., 126. pl. 29, f. 4, 5. Index, pl. 3. f. 11. Dittwyn; Catal., 65. FrLemine; Brit. Anim., 460. Solecartus fragilis, Conrap ; Amer. Mar. Conch., 19, pl. 4, f. 1. Solen centralis, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, ii. 316. Psammobia teniata, Turron ; Brit. Biv., 85, pl. 8, f. 5. Shell small and delicate, much broader than high, sub-oval ; beaks not prominent, nearly central ; the upper and lower margins curved, nearly parallel, the posterior end being, however, some- what more sharply rounded than the anterior ; when viewed at the back, the shell has a peculiar compressed appearance. Sur- face smooth at the central region, and somewhat wrinkled at the ends ; with a remarkable band of reddish purple passing from the 32 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. beaks across the shell, growing wider and fainter in its progress 5 some fainter and broader radiations may also be seen in old shells, | when the epidermis is removed. [Epidermis straw-colored, or becoming fawn-colored, slightly wrinkled posteriorly. Within, livid, smooth, and shining, becoming thickened by age. The red stripe is visible within, and covered by a faint, rib-like thickening. Hinge of two large, ascending teeth on each valve, one of which, on the left valve, grows broad and is emarginate at tip. Length 12 inch, height t inch, width ,% inch. This, like the preceding species, is occasionally found at New Bed- ford, and other places in Buzzard’s Bay. It is rather common about Rhode Island. [I have never met with a specimen north of Cape Cod; though, if our shell be identical with the 8. fragilis of British writers, it is found on the Canada coasts. It differs from the fragile specimens known in British Cabinets, simply in growing to a much larger size, and becoming thick and strong. Genus MACHERA, Goutp. Shell transversely oblong-oval, compressed, inequilateral, mod- erately gaping ; beaks minute. Hinge with three diverging car- dinal teeth in the left valve, the middle one bifid, the third one compressed, delicate, taking the direction of the margin, or obso- lete ; on the right valve two, entering between those of the opposite valve. Within, usually crossed by a strong, longitudinal rib. Muscular impressions joined by a deeply sinuous palleal line. Ligament prominent. Animal not much larger than the shell ; lobes of the mantle united for about half their length, the whole of their margin pecti- nated with fleshy teeth from near the siphon to the hinge, except where they pass over the foot; similar bodies are also found along their inner sub-margin, near the siphon. Labial palpi long, extending quite across the foot, pointed. Branchiew extending to the opening of the siphon and embracing about half the breadth of the foot. Foot hatchet-shaped, dilating towards its extremity, which is obliquely truncated. Siphons united to their tips, which have scattered hairs. (Woop-cut of M. costata, see page 24.) The above is the description of the animal of M. costata. It SOLENACEA. ° MOLLUSCA. SOLECURTUS. 33 differs from Deshayes’ description of the animal of SoLecu/rrus strigilldtus, in some obvious particulars. He makes no mention of the fringe of fleshy teeth along the margin of the mantle, which are so remarkable, and which are probably retractile. The bran- chie do not enter the siphon ; —the foot is not tongue-shaped, but somewhat club-shaped, and bent at a right angle within the shell ; and the siphons are united entirely to their extremities, though the branchial is slightly more elongated than the anal siphon. This genus embraces, besides the two species here described, the Solen radidtus, Lin., (Solectrtus licidus, Conrad,) SoLeN maximus, Woon, (Solectrtus Nuttalliz, Conrad,) SoLen injlécus, Woon, and S. pellictdus of Europe. ‘These accord with our shells in all respects, except that the third tooth of the left valve in some of them, is replaced by a marginal elevation simply. They differ in their ovate and compressed form from SoLe- cu’rtus, and especially do they differ from sub-genus CuL- TE/LLUs by having the beaks placed anteriorly. ‘The sinus of the palleal impression usually extends about half way to the hinge. MacuH# Ra NI'TIDA. ‘ Shell slightly recurved, thick, white, undulated by the lines of growth, covered with a strong, greenish-yellow, shining epidermis, corrugated at the posterior extremity. Fieures 25, 26. State Coll., No. 240. Soc. Cab., No. 1717. Shell thick, white, oblong-ovate, beaks small, situated at the anterior fifth of the shell, narrowed behind, rounded at both ex- tremities ; the posterior hinge margin is straight and somewhat compressed, and the basal margin being at the same time regularly curved gives the shell a somewhat recurved aspect. Epidermis thick, shining, as if varnished, of a dusky greenish-yellow or dark- gamboge color, wrinkled obliquely at the posterior extremity, and projecting beyond and folding around the edge of the shell. Lines of growth broadly and prominently rounded, giving a wavy appearance. Within white and strengthened by a prominent rib, which, extending from the beaks, inclining very slightly backwards, and expanding, loses itself in the shell about half way across the 5 34 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. valve. Hinge having the teeth seated upon the base of the rib ; in the left valve three ; the first strong, ascending and curved, the second still stronger and widely branched, one branch being erect, the other nearly prostrate, the third very much compressed, delicate, at right angles with the first and directed parallel to the margin, just under the ligament; on the other valve two teeth, the first prominent, a little oblique, the other very thin and oblique, entering between the middle and last tooth of the opposite valve. Ligament quite protuberant. Height 11 inch, length 24 inches, width 2 inch. Not unfrequently taken from the stomachs of cod-fish caught on the Banks, and sometimes off our shores. This species differs from all its co-species by the inclination of the rib towards the longer side of the shell, and also by its apparent back- ward curvature. It is, however, very closely allied to the shells figured by Wood and Conrad. It is very rare to find all the teeth entire. The two thin teeth next the ligament are almost always broken; but a careful examination will discover their vestiges; and they never seem to be obsolete. The erect tooth of the left valve is not unfrequently broken, and per- haps one of the branches of the bifurcated tooth. The large tooth of the right valve is most constant. MacHa@’RA COSTA'TA. Shell thin, smooth, shining; epidermis greenish, zoned and radiated with livid-violaceous ; internal rib inclining forward. Fieure, see Wood-cut, page 24. State Coll., No. 239. Soc. Cab., No. 1716. Solen costatus, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 315. Soleciirtus costatus, Say ; Amer. Conch., pl. 18. Conrav; Amer. Mar. Conch., Q1, pl. 4, f. 2. Shell ovate-elliptical, thin, fragile, smooth, and diaphanous ; beaks very minute, placed at the anterior fourth of the shell ; pos- terior side very little pointed, its upper margin compressed and somewhat crested ; basal margin sometimes a little contracted ; elsewhere regularly arcuated. Epidermis very smooth and shin- ing, of a light yellowish-green color blended with livid-violaceous SOLENACEA. MOLLUSCA. SOLEMYA. 35 in such a manner as to form three radiated compartments of each color. There are minute wrinkles about the posterior extremity, and minute series of them across the middle of the shell, arranged so as to appear like radiating lines. Within livid, and somewhat iridescent. Rib white, inclining backwards, and extending about two thirds across the valves. ‘Teeth as in the preceding species, excepting that the branch of the bifurcated tooth is less prostrate. The same remark as to their deficiencies applies to this species as to the other. Height 2 inch, length 7, inch, width ,8, inch. Found abundantly upon every sandy beach, and probably inhabits the sand in shallow water. It is one of our most beauti- ful shells. It is much more delicate and smaller than M. nitidus. The radiations of color are evident, but have no very distinct dividing lines ; a whitish, narrow ray, running obliquely backwards, and another answering to the interior rib, are generally conspicu- ous. The colors are also arranged in zones, as well as rays. Genus SOLEMYA, Lam. Shell equivalve, inequilateral, transverse ; epidermis thick and shining, projecting far beyond the margin; beaks inconspicuous ; hinge margin widened and excavated to form a receptacle for a cartilage, usually resting on a rib-like support. SoLEMYA VELUM. Shell oblong, very thin and fragile ; epidermis pale yellowish- brown, marked with radiating lines; within purplish-white ; car- tilage-support arched, the points directed across the shell. State Coll., No. 222. Soc. Cab., No., 1738. Solemy'‘a velum, Say ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 317. Shell remarkably thin and fragile, transversely oblong, rather broadest behind ; very inequilateral, upper and lower margins nearly parallel, ends rounded ; beaks in no degree elevated, but having a slight pit in front of them; surface of the valves radiated with about fifteen slightly impressed, double lines, most conspicu- ous posteriorly, and most widely separated across the middle ; short end distinctly wrinkled by the lines of growth ; epidermis light yellowish-brown or chestnut-color, firm, elastic, glossy, at 36 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. the hinge margin connecting the valves together for nearly their whole length, and elsewhere projecting far beyond the margin of the calcareous portion, and slit at each of the radiating lines, whence the edges have a ragged, fringed appearance, the angles of the lobes rounded ; hinge toothless, consisting of a large triangular re- ceptacle for the cartilage, in each valve, resting on, and partly inclosed by, a whitish bony support, arched beneath, the legs of the arch partly inclosing the anterior muscular impression, and the hinder branch directed nearly across the shell. Length 1 inch, height 3 inch, breadth 3; inch. Found upon Chelsea, Nahant, Nantasket, and other sandy beaches, generally in the early months, and some years in great abundance. At Dartmouth harbour, Professor Adams found them in mud, far beyond low-water mark. It is an exceedingly delicate and curious shell ; its epidermis, hang- ing over the edges like a veil, at once distinguishing it. ‘The dimen- sions, given above, include the epidermis, and are those of a shell of the largest size. In the younger stages the border of the epidermis is entire. ‘The bony substance of the valves is so thin, that the lighter- colored radiations are quite obvious within. Its special distinguishing marks will be more particularly pointed out in the description of the next species. SoLEMYA BOREALIS. Shell fragile, oblong ; epidermis dark-brown, with fifteen to twenty lighter radiating lines; within grayish-blue ; cartilage- support forked, the hinder branch directed obliquely forwards. State Coll., No. 221. Soc. Cab., No. 1739. Solemy'a borealis, Torren ; Stlliman’s Journ., xxvi. 366, fig. 1. Solemy‘a velum, Conrap; Amer. Mar. Conch., pl. 66, f. 16. This shell would be described in terms so similar to those em- ployed for the preceding species, that a notice of those points in which they differ will be the best description. It greatly excels in size, — the smallest that has been noticed exceeding the largest 8. velum. The valves are less convex, and very much more solid, and their color within is always a grayish-blue or lead-color ; the basal margin is a little arched up- wards ; the ends are a little scolloped, there being a slight pro- SOLENACEA. MOLLUSCA. PANOPMA, 37 jection corresponding to each fissure of the epidermis ; the cartilage-support instead of being arched is forked, and the hinder branch is directed obliquely forwards, extending half way to the anterior margin; the epidermis is always of a very dark brown or tar-color, marked with fifteen to twenty radiating lines ; the projecting margin is slashed as in the other species, but the angles of the lobes are not rounded, their edges have a thinned, crimped margin, and are usually rolled back. Chelsea Beach is the only locality in Massachusetts, that I know of, where this species has been found. inches. Brought from St. George’s and Grand Banks. I am not aware that it has actually been found in the waters of this State. The obvious distinguishing marks between this shell and the preced- ing are, in M. Jauresit the coarse, rough exterior, its longer and un- MACTRACEA. MOLLUSCA. MONTACUTA. 59 cut posterior side; its very peculiar outline when viewed with the beaks presenting, on account of its thickness anteriorly; and its strong, curved, nearly smooth lateral teeth. .Y GENUS MONTACUTA, TurRTOoN. Shell ovate or oblong, equivalve, inequilateral, nearly closed ; hinge with two teeth in each valve, and a cavity between them ; lateral teeth none. This genus with the following, seems to have been adopted by several distinguished conchologists. There appears, however, no very good grounds for separating them. The genus Tellimy a of Brown, which comprehends them both, may yet supersede them. Fleming conjectures that they are merely the fry of Wya and Lu- traria; but in this I think he is in error. None of the shells found on our coasts could ever have originated from such forms. Montacita would probably come under Ungulina, and Keéllia un- der Erycina, of Lamarck. ; MonTACUTA BIDENTA'TA. Shell minute, white, ovate-triangular ; surface roughened with loose lines of growth, beaks pointed ; tooth on the shorter side oblique and excavated for the reception of the ligament. State Coll., No. 215. Soc. Cab., No. 2320. Mya bidentata, Montacu; Test. Brit., 44, t. 26, f. 5. Maron and Racxerr; Lin. Trans., viii. 41. Pennant; Brit. Zool., iv. 166. Woon; Gen. Conch., 99. Index, pl. 3, f. 16. Dittwyn; Catal.,45. Turron; Conch. Dict., 102. Brit. Biv., 60. Shell minute, fragile, white within and without, ovate-triangu- lar, inequilateral, rather convex ; beaks nearest the broader end, acute and prominent, pointing to the longer end; upper margin sloping rapidly from the beaks, ends regularly and bluntly rounded, base scarcely curved; surface shining, but rendered somewhat scabrous or rough by numerous, loosely cohering edges of the stages of growth; its only variation in color consisting in the opacity or transparency of its substance. Within, polished, and 60 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. destitute of any apparent muscular or palleal impressions except in very old specimens, but faintly marked with radiating lines. Hinge consisting of two teeth diverging from the beaks, so as to leave a triangular vacancy between them; one of them considerably elevated, and more so in one valve than in the other, while that on the shorter side scarcely rises, at its tip, above the edge of the valve, and its inner surface is excavated and receives the ligament. Length nearly 3 inch, height 2 inch, breadth >, inch. Found by Mr. C. F. Shiverick, in New Bedford harbour. Only a few specimens have, as yet, been obtained. It is very difficult to refer, with certainty, so small a shell to any described species or even genus. However, by means of specimens of M. substridta furnished me by Dr. Lovén, I have become fully satisfied as to the genus. It seems also to accord sufficiently well with the M. bidentdta to warrant us in designating it as that species. It is probably a borer like its European co-species, and may, most likely, be found abundantly in the antiquated surfaces of old and thick oyster shells. GENus KELLIA, Turron. Shell somewhat globular, equivalve, closed; hinge with two ap- proximate teeth, and a remote lateral tooth in one valve, and a concave tooth and remote lateral one in the other. KELLIA RUBRA. Shell sub-oval, white, with a thin, purplish epidermis ; beaks prominent. Figure 23. State Coll., No. 216. Soc. Cab., No. 2321. Cardium rubrum, Montacu ; Brit. Shells, 83, t. 27, f.4. Pennant; Brit. Zool., iv. 189. Woop; Gen. Conch., 213. Dituwyn; Catal., 131. Cardium leve, Warker; Test. Minut., 24. Tellina rubra, Turton; Conch. Dict., 168. Kéllia rubra, Turron; Brit. Biv., 58. Fremine; Brit. Anim., 430. Shell minute, rather thick, sub-oval, very inequilateral, rather compressed ; beaks rather prominent, and in contact, having before them a deeply excavated, elongated, smooth areola ; ends LITHOPHAGIDE. MOLLUSCA. SAXICAVA. 61 broadly rounded, especially the posterior tip ; basal margin scarce- Jy curved and nearly parallel with the superior margin ; surface marked with the lines of growth, eroded at the beaks, and covered with a purplish or dirty-brown rather thick epidermis. Within white and glossy ; two muscular impressions and the palleal line directly connecting them, without any sinus, quite perceptible. Hinge consists, in the right valve, of a narrow, erect, central tooth, and an imperfect one each side, slightly detached from the edge of the valve ; in the left valve, of a well-defined tooth on each side, barely separated from the edge of the valve, leaving a tri- angular vacancy between them to receive the central tooth of the opposite valve. Length } inch, height } inch, breadth ;', inch. Several specimens of this minute shell were found by Mr. C. F. Shiverick in the harbour of New Bedford. I have also found it about the roots of sea-weed, which seems to be its proper station. The arrangement of the teeth does not seem to be well expressed in the generic description ; but as they accord precisely with those of a specimen of K. sub-orbicularis sent me by Dr. Lovén, I do not hesitate to place our shell under the genus. I cannot find that it dif- fers essentially from the foreign K. rubra, except that its color does not appear to be of so bright a red as Montagu’s figure. Famity LITHOPHAGID A, Lam. Shell burrowing, but without a tube or accessory valves, more or less gap- ing ; ligament external. Genus SAXICAVA, Lam. Shell transverse, inequilateral, gaping posteriorly and above ; hinge nearly toothless. SAXiCAVA DISTORTA. Shell oblong, inequivalve, rounded before, and generally trun- cated behind, and with a prominent ridge running from the beaks to the lower posterior angle ; surface rough and irregular. Fieure 40. State Coll., No. 243. Soc. Cab., No. 1751. 62 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. Saxicava distérta, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 318. My’tilus rugosus, Lin., &c. Shell oblong-oval, coarse, white, very irregular in shape ; in- equivalve, the right valve projecting over the left except at the shorter end ; inequilateral, the anterior side rounded and generally of about one half the length of the other side, but the beaks are sometimes nearly terminal ; the posterior end is most frequently truncated, but at other times rounded ; gaping ; beaks rather prominent, from which two ridges or elevated lines run back- wards, one near the margin, and the other to the lower angle, giv- ing the included surface a lozenge shape. In some shells these lines are very distinct, and they are armed with a series of elevated, arched scales or spines 3 the basal margin is usually con- tracted at the middle, and slightly arched upwards ; surface coarse- ly marked with the lines of growth, and irregularly undulated ; epidermis thin, dingy-yellow. Ligament aided by the mantle, which adheres all along the back. ‘Teeth for the most part want- ing ; when not wanting, a single rudimentary tooth in one valve is received into a pit in the opposite valve ; muscular impressions obscure. Length 1 inch, height 2 inch, breadth 2 inch. Found adhering to marine objects. ‘They may almost always be found among the roots of fuci, which are thrown up by storms, adhering to stones, shells, &c. ‘The best I have ever obtained were taken from a log drawn out of one of our timber docks, to which they were adhering by a silken byssus issuing from the middle of the base. The foot of the animal is of a bright orange-color. This shell is a perfect Proteus, of which no description can be given that is not liable to mislead. I think there can be little doubt, that the same shell exists on the European shores, and that it has been already described under at least one name. But, as I have not the means of arriving at certainty on this point, I have chosen, until better satisfied, and as it will introduce no new name, to retain that which Mr. Say applied to it. In the first place, it would come under the genus Byssomy’ a, on ac- count of its being furnished with a byssus. But the majority of the best modern conchologists regard this circumstance as of little im- portance, and consequently reject the genus. Some specimens cor- LITHOPHAGID. MOLLUSCA. PETRICOLA. 63 respond well with the description of S. phéladis, Lam., the Mya byssifera of apr. These are found in places where their regular growth is unobstructed. Other specimens, and especially adult ones, seem not to vary from 8S. rugdsa. Nothing could apply better to our shell, than Turton’s description of Mytilus rugosus, in his ‘Con- chological Dictionary.” But our shell is less likely to belong to this than to 8. phéladis, inasmuch as, besides the presence of a byssus, our shell is not a borer like 8. rugosa ; indeed, there are no rocks on our coast of a calcareous nature. e Again, there are small specimens in which the two lines or ridges along the posterior slope, armed with spines, are very conspicuous, corresponding to the S. rhombéides of Deshayes, the My'tilus preci- sus of Montagu, and doubtless the Hiatélla arctica of Lamarck, (Solen minitus, Lin.) Now all these varieties are found living promiscuously together ; and, as their shape is known to be greatly modified by the circum- stances under which they are developed, the rational conclusion is, that they all pertain to the same species ; and the probability is, that they are identical with the European shell; but under what name to place them, and whether under one or more, it is now impossible to say. -“ GENUS PETRICOLA, Lam. Shell transverse, inequilateral, rounded before, narrowed posteri- orly ; hinge almost toothless ; ligament exterior. PETRICOLA PHOLADIFORMIS. Shell ovate-cylindrical, chalky-white, very inequilateral, acutely rounded before, covered with elevated radiating lines and ribs ; an ovate areola before the beaks ; teeth two in each valve, one in the left valve deeply cleft. State Coll., No. 244. Soc. Cab., No. 1746. Petricola pholadiférmis, Lam.; @n. sans Vert., vi. 159. Drsnayes ; Encyc. Méth., Vers, iii. 747. Sowersy; Genera, Petricola, f. 1,2. Say; Amer. Conch., pl. 60, f. 1. Conrap; Amer. Mar. Conch., pl. 7. Petricola fornicata, Say; Journ. Acad, Nat. Sc., ii. 319. Russeti; Essex Co. Soc. Journ., i. 55, Shell much elongated, ovate-cylindrical, chalky-white within and without ; equivalve, very inequilateral, the anterior portion 64 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. very short, and acutely rounded ; posteriorly very little narrowed, the hinge and basal margins nearly parallel, and the extremity bluntly rounded and a little gaping ; beaks elevated, and inclined forwards ; in front of them is a sharply ovate lunule, distinctly defined, and marked only by the lines of growth ; behind them is a projecting ligament of considerable length ; surface coarsely marked by the stages of growth, and covered with elevated, ra- diating lines, various in size and distance ; at the posterior hinge margin they are crowded and very faint, while anteriorly they are Jarge and distant ; about seven or eight of them are more prom- inent than the rest, and the lines of growth rise upon them into vaulted, tooth-like scales ; hinge margin very narrow ; teeth two in each valve, seeming to arise out of the cavity of the beaks, and curving upwards ; in the right valve one tooth is prominent and furrowed ; the other, arising a little before it, and a little deeper within the shell, is quite short ; in the left valve is one large, prominent tooth, so deeply divided as to resemble two, and directly behind it, diverging widely in the direction of the margin, is a thin, much less elevated tooth. Muscular impres- sions faint, connected by a very deeply notched palleal impres- sion ; furrows within answer to the ribs without. Length 14 inch, height {4 inch, breadth 2 inch. Found on various parts of our coast; at Chelsea and Nahant beaches it is found abundantly, imbedded in jutting fragments of a marsh which once existed there, but which has been washed away by inroads of the sea, and now only an occasional remnant lifts its head above the surrounding sand. Also in great quantities boring into the hard blue clay, at low-water mark, on Phillips’s Beach. Deshayes remarks, that this is a very extraordinary shell on ac- count of its exterior aspect, which would lead one to mistake it for a small Pholas. ‘To any one who has seen a Pholas, the resemblance is striking; but the want of any wide gaping, and the articulated hinge, at once correct the first impression. The teeth are so long and slender, that it is a rare thing to find a specimen in which some of them are not fractured. . The animal, according to the observations of the Rey. J. L. Russell, has two tubes or siphons extending from the longer end, the orifice of the one for imbibing water fringed with a circle of feathery NYMPHACEA. MOLLUSCA. saneuinotaRia. 65 hairs, consisting of four large and four small ones; and the same number of short, obtuse points, without fringe, surround the orifice of the other tube. PETRICOLA DACTYLUS. Shell elongated-ovate, chalky-white, very inequilateral, covered with radiating lines and ribs ; no areola before the beaks ; teeth, two in the right, and three in the left valve. Figure 41. State Coll., No. 245. Soc. Cab., No. 2327. Petricola dactylus, Sowrersy ; Genera, Petricola, f.3. Say; Amer. Conch., pl. 60, f. 2. This shell very closely resembles the preceding, and will be best described by a comparison with it. It has a more ovate form, the basal margin being considerably arcuated ; the anterior extremity is broader, and obtusely rounded; there is no marked areola before the beaks, but a deep depression under them ; the ligament is longer ; the radiating lines are more numerous, the rib- like anterior ones are more numerous (about sixteen), less ele- vated, and the lines of growth merely undulate over them without being raised into vaulted scales ; in the right valve are two teeth similar to those in P. pholadiformis, but shorter and grooved ; in the left valve, instead of the large, cleft tooth, we have two teeth, the division between them answering to the cleft in the other species ; the large middle tooth is folded, and the posterior one is very slender. Length 12 inch, height ? inch, breadth $3 inch. Sent to me by Dr. L. M. Yale from Martha’s Vineyard. It is a proportionally shorter and broader shell ; but its most obvious mark of distinction is the want of an areola before the beaks. Famity NYMPHACEA, Lam. Not more than two cardinal teeth on the same valve ; nymphe, in general externally prominent, and covered by the ligament. Genus SANGUINOLARIA, Lam. Shell equivalve, inequilateral, sub-ovate, compressed, rounded anteriorly, sub-rostrate posteriorly, slightly gaping at sides ; hinge 9 66 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. with two small cardinal teeth in each valve ; palleal impression with a deep sinus. SANGUINOLA RIA FUSCA. Shell compressed, ovate-orbicular, sub-equilateral, rounded be- fore and somewhat pointed behind ; white, covered with a dusky epidermis ; teeth two in each valve, the largest of which is grooved. Fieure 42. State Coll., No. 212. Soc. Cab., No. 1754. Psammobia fusca, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., v. 220. Sanguinolaria fusca, Conran ; Amer. Mar. Conch., 34, pl. 7, f. 1. Tellina inconspicua? Sowersy ; Zool. Journ., iv. 359. Tellina Grénlandica, Becx. Tellina Balthica, Lin. Shell thin, white, compressed, ovate-orbicular, nearly equi- lateral, height nearly equal to length, rounded before, somewhat narrowed and pointed behind ; beaks minute ; an imperfect ridge or fold runs from the beaks to the posterior termination ; surface finely wrinkled by the lines of growth, covered by a whitish or dusky epidermis ; ligament exterior ; two unequal, parallel teeth in each valve, the large one opposing the small one in the other valve, and deeply groved or cleft ; muscular impressions distinct. Length qo Inch, height 7% inch, breadth 35 inch. This is one of our most abundant bivalve shells. It is thrown up on every beach, and appears to live everywhere in shallow, still water. Multitudes appear in the mud which is obtained about Boston at low tide for raising wharves, extending the land, &c. Its varieties in size, strength, and color, are very great. In muddy bays they grow to a large size, are thick, and of a bluish or sometimes a rusty color, and are covered with a firm, dark epidermis. In clean, sandy localities they are very delicate and thin, pure white, or some- times of a delicate rose-color or lemon-color, and the epidermis is very slight. . All recent authors, except Deshayes, agree in calling this a San- guinolaria. It is undoubtedly identical with Tellina Gronldndica of Beck; and it certainly is very like, if not identical with, Sowerby’s 'T. inconspicua, published in the ‘ Zoological Journal.” ‘The young, delicate, white, or rose-tinted ones accord in every respect with T, Balthica. NYMPHACEA, MOLLUSCA. TELLINA. 67 SANGUINOLA RIA SORDIDA. Shell sub-oval, thin, white, covered with a dusky epidermis ; an- terior side semi-oval, and longest, posterior termination somewhat angular ; hinge teeth, two in each valve, one of which is cleft. State Coll., No. 209. Soc. Cab., No. 2329. Tellina sérdida, Cournouy; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 59, pl. 3, f. 11. Shell sub-oval, compressed, thin and brittle, slightly gaping, in- equilateral, the anterior side being longest and semi-oval ; behind the beaks the margin declines rapidly in nearly a straight line, forming a rounded angle as it joins the base, and bordered by a faint, roughened wave ; surface somewhat undulated by the lines of growth, especially on the anterior slope, and covered by a thin, dusky or dirty-white epidermis ; beaks minute ; cardinal teeth two in each valve, a large one which is cleft, and a very delicate one which is seldom entire ; lateral teeth wanting, or consisting of a feeble compression and elevation of the posterior hinge margin ; sinus of the palleal impression nearly reaching the anterior muscu- lar impression ; interior bluish-white. Length % inch, height <5 inch, breadth 3 inch. Found in considerable numbers, and in a fresh state, in fish caught off Nahant. It is quite clear that this shell belongs to the same genus as Say’s Psammobia fusca. 'The hinge is precisely the same, and _ the slight wave along the posterior margin is no more conspicuous than in that shell. Its habit and general aspect are also the same. Genus TELLINA, Lin. Shell transverse, sub-equivalve, compressed, angular, and some- what rostrated at the posterior end, where there is an irregular, wave- like fold ; two small cardinal teeth, and generally two lateral teeth im each valve. TELLINA TENTA. Shell white, oval, behind shortest, narrowed, very much warped and widely gaping ; lines of growth very fine ; within polished, and with numerous, fine, radiating lines. 68 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. Figure 43. State Coll., No. 210. Soc. Cab., No. 2328. Tellina tenta, Say ; Amer. Conch., pl. 65, f. 3. Shell small, thin, white, oval ; beaks pointed, moderately prom- inent behind the middle ; posterior side narrowed, the point slight- ly truncated, the posterior hinge margin curvilinear ; valves very convex, the left one most so, widely gaping, and very far bent to the right ; posterior fold distinct on the right valve ; outer surface shining, but not polished, minutely wrinkled by the lines of growth, and with a few fine, radiating lines across the middle ; inner sur- face polished, white, tinted with yellow, and covered with radi- ating lines, which produce a finely indented margin. Hinge very delicate, with two diverging cardinal teeth on the right valve, and a single one on the left ; a posterior lateral tooth on the right valve, and a corresponding groove on the left ; ligament minute, prominent ; muscular and palleal impressions distinct. Length 2 inch, height 2 inch, breadth + inch. Found by Professor Adams in 1838 in Dartmouth harbour ; - and in 1839 he obtained numerous single valves in mud dredged up in New Bedford harbour. Mr. Say received it from South Carolina. This is a distinctly characterized, true Tellina, and differs from all others of our shores. It is larger than T. ténera, and has not its polished surface. It differs from others principally in its less trian- gular, strongly warped, and widely gaping posterior portion, and the radiating lines within. TELLINA TE/NERA. Shell oblong sub-oval, thin, white, iridescent, delicately marked by the lines of growth ; inequilateral, shortest and pointed behind ; posterior lateral tooth obsolete. Fieure 44. State Coll., No. 211. Soc. Cab., No. 1783. Tellina ténera, Sav; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 303. Shell small, thin, and delicate, transversely sub-oval, or, if we regard the posterior portion, sub-triangular ; slightly longest and NYMPHACEA. MOLLUSCA. LUCINA. 69 semi-oval before the beaks ; the posterior slope sudden and nearly straight, forming a blunted angle by its junction with the base ; marginal fold well marked ; surface regularly and delicately mark- ed by sharp lines of growth ; color white, or slightly tinged with rose-color, and iridescent ; ligament short and prominent ; cardi- nal teeth two in each valve, the posterior one of the left valve rudimentary, the principal one in each valve grooved ; lateral tooth on the longer side distinct ; that on the shorter side, just behind the ligament, scarcely perceptible ; sinus of the palleal impression nearly reaching the anterior palleal impression. Length 34 inch, height . inch, breadth 3, inch. Found abundantly cast upon all our sandy beaches, and prob- ably lives not far from low-water mark. It isa very pretty little species, its beauties becoming developed by examination. There are two other species closely allied to it; the T. polita, which is a somewhat larger and stronger shell, its posterior angle more prolonged and sharper, and its surface smooth, glossy, porcelain-white ; also T. iris, of about the same size, solidity, and color, but its surface is marked by oblique grooved lines which at once distinguish it. This is not found on our shores, nor am I cer- tain that T. polita has been. It is not likely to be confounded with any other shell. Genus LUCINA, Barve. Shell rounded, beaks small ; two diverging cardinal teeth, one of which is bifid, and usually two lateral teeth, one of them near the cardinal teeth, in each valve ; there 1s sometimes a posterior angle, but never a fold, as in Tellina; palleal impression without a sinus. LucrNa RA/DULA. \ Shell orbicular, compressed ; surface with numerous concentric, laminated strie ; lunule depressed, lanceolate ; lateral teeth wanting. State Coll.; No. 213. Soc. Cab., No. 2330. Tellina radula, Monracu; Test. Brit., 68, pl. 2,f.2. Pennant; Brit. Zool., iv. 181. Racxkett; Lin. Trans., viii. 54. Woon; Gen. Conch., 183, pl. 42, f.4,5. Turron; Brit. Biv.,116. Conch. Dict., 175. Curmy.; Conch., vii. 16, 70 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. t. 38, f. 399. Desnayes; Encyc. Méth., Vers., ii. 379. Lam.; An. sans Vert., vi. 225, Venus borealis, Donovan; Brit. Shells, iv. pl. 130. Venus sptiria, Dinnwyn; Catal., 194. Gmexin; Syst., 3284. Pectiinculus subfascus, Lisrrr : Conch., t. 293, f. 129. Shell white, thick, orbicular, regularly but moderately convex ; hinge margin straight ; beaks small, pointed, slightly prominent, inclining forwards over a small, indented, smooth, lanceolate lunule ; on each side of the hinge runs a shallow furrow, which, terminating in the margin, causes a slight undulation. Surface covered with fine concentric, lamellar ridges, in the intervals of which are often seen minute, radiating lines ; interior chalky- white, except around the margin, where it is polished; with radiating lines, most apparent near the margin. Hinge straight, without lateral teeth, and with a single cardinal tooth in the left valve, and two small, diverging ones in the right. Anterior mus- cular impression very narrow, and directed obliquely to the centre of the valves. Juength 13 inch, height the same, breadth z°5 Inch. This must be considered a rare shell, and an inhabitant of deep water. Recueil d Obs. de Zool., §c., par Humb. et Bonpl., ii. 233. pl. 53, f.3. Lister; Conch., t. 15], f. 6. Shell slender, oblong-lanceolate, very inequilateral ; beaks, small, pointed, and slightly elevated ; hinge margin straight to more than half the distance from the beaks to the posterior end, when it suddenly declines and continues straight to the point ; lower margin nearly parallel with the upper, though somewhat rounded at the middle, and towards the end turns rapidly upward towards the point, which is considerably produced, so as to form a sort of snout. An angular ridge passes backwards from the beaks to the tip, above which the shell is very much compressed ; two or more radiating furrows are usually seen traversing this por- tion. Surface rather smooth, not much wrinkled by the lines of growth. Epidermis somewhat glossy, of a dark olive-green color, which in old shells becomes quite dusky, with darker and lighter zones alternating, and delicate, rather obscure rays of dusky. Within, silvery white, iridescent, and oftentimes with shades of bluish or salmon-color. Hinge with the cardinal teeth rather delicate, compressed, and directed obliquely forwards, so as to look to the middle of the front. Cavity of the beaks small. Length 3 inches, height 11 inch, breadth 4 inch. _ This species is rather rare. I have found it in Fresh Pond, Cambridge, and have received it from the ponds in Plymouth. 110 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. Mr. 'T. J. Whittemore found several good specimens in the Mid- dlesex Canal, not far from Charlestown. It is more common in the Middle States. It is not difficult to distinguish this from any of the species found in Massachusetts. ‘The prolongation of the posterior extremity, which is made more conspicuous by a contraction of the basal margin just be- fore the tip, and its compressed and oblique teeth, are well marked characteristics. But it is not so easy to distinguish smaller specimens of this, from those of U. rectus and U. gibbosus, as the general form is the same, and the prolongation of the tip in them is not very remarkable. : ‘ UNIO RADIATUS. Shell transversely oblong-ovate, broadest and angular behind, inequilateral ; epidermis wrinkled, brownish-olive, zoned and rayed with dusky-green; within bluish-white ; cardinal teeth strong, erect, pyramidal. Figure 73. State Coll., No. 175. Soc. Cab., No. 2145. Mya radiata, Gmevin; Syst., 3220. Dittwyn; Catal., i. 51. Woon; Gen. Conch., 109. Unio radiata, Lam.; An. sans Vert., vi. 535. Desu.; Encyc. Méth., Vers, ii. 581. Usnio radidtus, Barnes; Silliman’s Journ., vi. 265, (young caridsus.) Hi- pRETH ; Silliman’s Journ., xiv. Lea; Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., iii. 415, vi. 127, pl. 15, f. 48,49. (animal.) Synops. Naiad., 25. Conran; Unidnida, 24, pl. 10, f. 2. U'nio Virginiana, Lam.; 4n. sans Vert., vi. 544, Mya oblongata, Woop ; Suppl., pl. v, f. 2. Shell oblong ovate, broadest and angular behind, beaks near the front, little elevated ; epidermis loosely and delicately wrin- kled concentrically, olivaceous, with numerous rays of dusky- green ; sometimes the wrinkles are also disposed in a radiated manner. Hinge margin a little angular at the beaks ; anterior extremity narrow, about one fourth the length of the shell, regu- larly rounded, but the hinge margin turns downwards with a very abrupt curve ; posterior side angular above, rounded at tip ; hinge margin very little compressed ; basal margin regularly curved. Interior white, iridescent posteriorly, with sometimes bluish or NAIADES. MOLLUSCA. unio. Il! flesh-colored tints. Cardinal teeth erect, triangular, pyramidal, strengthened by a stout rib behind the anterior muscular impres- sion. Length 3 inches, height 15%, inch, breadth 11 inch. This is one of our common species, and is to be found in most of the large streams and ponds. It is also one of the shells con- fined to the eastern slope of the range of Alleghanies. It exhibits but little variation in form, except the usual one, that those inhabited by the female are broader behind than those inhabited by the male. No species is now better established than the one above described, though there is good reason to believe that the U. radidtus of Barnes, Dillwyn, Wood, and perhaps Say, was the young of either U. caridsus or U. ochraceus, or both. It is most likely to be confounded with U. siliquéideus ; but that shell has the epidermis lighter colored, very closely adhering, and perfectly smooth and glossy; the teeth also are more compressed and more oblique. Mr. Barnes observes of it that, ‘** amidst a variety almost infinite, like that of the human countenance, there is still a characteristic identity of this species, which can scarcely be mistaken by an experienced observer. One variety of radidtus approaches nearest to this species, but the least appearance of rays forbids its association.”” This last remark is far from being just. \ UNIO CARIO'SUS. Shell ovate, inflated, not very thick, inequilateral, beaks rather prominent ; epidermis yellowish-olive, usually radiated with dark- green; within usually bluish-white ; tecth compressed, oblique. Ricurn,, 72. State Coll., No. 179. Soc. Cab., No. 2354. U\nio caridsus, Say; Wich. Encyc. (Amer. ed.) iv. pl. 3, f.2. Barnes; Silli- man's Journ.,vi. 271. Lea; Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., (New Series,) vi. 126, pl. 15, f. 45. (animal). Synops. Naiad., 23. Unio caridsa, Lam; An. sans Vert., vi. 545. Utnio ovata, Vatenc.; Recueil d’ Obs. de Zool. par Humb. et Bonpl., ii. 226, pl. 50, f. 1. Unio caridsus, Conrap; Unionidae, 40, pl. 19. Musculus latior subfuscus, ceruleis lineis radiatus, Lister ; Conch., 152, f. 7. Shell very variable in form, ovate, or rounded, moderately 112 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. thick, inflated ; beaks placed at the anterior third, rather promi- nent, usually very much eroded ; hinge margin straight, ascending from before backwards ; anterior end narrow, regularly rounded ; posterior end regularly curved above and below, and in the male terminating in a distinct angle, but in the female very broadly rounded; a sharp ridge usually passes from the beaks towards the posterior tip. Surface considerably undulated by the lines of growth ; epidermis smooth, shining, and sometimes with rays of minute wrinkles ; color dull greenish-yellow or light olive, usually with rays of bright, dark-green, especially along the upper poste- rior margin. Interior bluish-white, with sometimes a flesh-colored tint. Cardinal teeth compressed and oblique ; lateral tooth rather short; cavity of the beaks rather large. Length 3 inches, height of male 12 inch, of female 2} inches, breadth 1} inch. Found in the Connecticut river and its tributaries, and in ponds in Plymouth County. It is very difficult to fix upon characters which shall indicate this shell, its variation in shape is so great. When young, it is thin and beautifully radiated, and not easily distinguished from the young of U. ochraceus ; and at maturity, no species presents a greater contrast between the male and female than this. As found in this region it is quite thin, and radiated only along the posterior margin; but in the waters south of New England, it becomes larger and more solid. \ UNIO OCHRA'CEUS. Shell oblong, sub-ovate, inflated, thin, inequilateral angular behind ; epidermis loosely wrinkled posteriorly, yellowish-green, jinely radiated with olive; cardinal teeth compressed, nearly parallel with the margin ; within salmon or rose-colored. Figure 74. State Coll., No. 174. Soc. Cab., 2203. Unio ochraceus, Say; Wich. Encyc. (Amer. ed.) iv. pl. 2, f. 8. Lea; Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., (New Series,) vi. 126. pl. 15, f. 44. (animal). Synops. Naiad., 23. Conrap; Unionidae, 37, pl. 17, f. 2. Symphynota ochracea, Lra; Trans Amer. Phil. Soc., (New Series,) iii. 69. NAIADES. f MOLLUSCA. ALASMODON. 113 Shell transversely oblong, sub-ovate, thin, translucent, very much inflated ; beaks more than one third from the front, ele- vated, inclined forwards and touching at the points ; hinge margin straight, ending in an angle both anteriorly and posteriorly ; an- terior end narrowest, compressed, especially above, rounded, and widely gaping ; posterior end having its point angular in conse- quence of a sharply angular ridge which passes from the beaks and terminates there, and encloses a broad, depressed space, with the margins compressed into a keel; base regularly rounded. Surface tolerably regular; epidermis lying in fine loose folds about the posterior end, color olivaceous, rather yellowish in shells of the ordinary size, and finely radiated and zoned with dark-olive over every part of the shell. Interior a very delicate rose-color, or deep salmon-color, tinted with rose-red. Cardinal teeth compressed, striated, directed forwards, and nearly parallel with the hinge margin ; lateral teeth short ; cavity of the beaks capacious. Length 23 inches, height 2 inches, breadth 1} inch. Some specimens are found much larger. I have one, from Pennsylvania, which measures 4; 22 ; 13. Such shells become much thickened and proportionally elongated posteriorly ; they lose the radiations of the epidermis, which is of a dark olive-color. I do not know that any such shells have been found in Massa- chusetts. This shell is very rare, and I do not know of its having been found anywhere except in the Plymouth ponds. When young, it is scarcely to be distinguished from U. caricsus ; but it is more in- flated, and the radiations of the epidermis are finer, and cover more of the shell; it is not so glossy, and its interior is more colored.. Grxus ALASMODON, Say. Shell transverse, inequilateral ; hinge like that of Unio, ex- cept that it is destitute of a lateral tooth. ALA’/SMODON ARCUATA. Shell more or less kidney-shaped, very inequilateral, thick, 15 114 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. beaks not prominent; epidermis pitchy-black ; within bluish- white ; teeth erect, conical, grooved. Figure 75. State Coll., No. 172.. Soc. Cab., No. 2175. Alasmodénta arcuata, Barnes; Silliman’s Journ., vi. 277, pl. 12, f. 20. Mya margaritifera? Lin.; Dintwyn; Woop; &c. 5 ’ re ) Margaritana margaritifera, Lea; Trans Amer. Philos. Soc., vi. 135. eS 5 ? ey b) Shell transversely much elongated, ovate or kidney-shaped, | thick and strong; beaks within the anterior fourth, scarcely rising above the line of the hinge, very much eroded ; hinge and basal margins usually curved, nearly parallel ; nearly as broad before as behind the hinge, and rounded ; more pointed behind, and the tip appears as if slightly truncated ; surface somewhat waved by the lines of growth; epidermis close and smooth upon the disk, loosely wrinkled towards the margin and posteriorly, color pitchy- black. Within smooth, bluish-white, and sometimes tinted flesh- color at the centre ; nacre not extending to the margin, leaving a greenish border. Cardinal teeth two in the left valve, erect, strong, pyramidal, the posterior one deeply grooved in front, so as to form four or five denticles along its edge ; one on the right valve, long, erect, a little twisted, deeply grooved along its front, and with a pit each side, at base; cavity of the beaks shallow. Length 44 inches, height 2 inches, breadth 1} inch. Found in most running streams in the interior; I have never found it near the sea-board. It isa very common shell, and is at once known by its curved form, dark color, and the want of a lateral tooth. It is the largest fresh- water mussel we have. Mr. Lea regards our shell as identical with the European Mya mar- garitifera of the older authors, the Unio elongata of Lamarck, &c ; but the shells which I have had an opportunity of examining present some constant differences. The foreign shell is shorter, the beaks more nearly central and more elevated, and the portion of the in- | terior, within the palleal impression, is minutely granulated; and, as my foreign specimens agree accurately with the figures of Chemnitz and ‘Turton, | am induced to think there may be a constant difference. The intervention of an ocean would strengthen the supposition. I - NAIADES. MOLLUSCA. ALASMODON. 115 have, therefore, felt disposed to retain the very appropriate name of Barnes, until more fully satisfied. The European shell is the famous river pearl-mussel, in which pearls of considerable beauty are occa- sionally found. But, as far as I have observed, they are not oftener found in our Alasmodon than in other species of fresh-water mus- sels. ALA’SMODON UNDULA\ITA. Shell transversely-ovate, inequilateral, angular behind; beaks tumid, elevated, undulated; epidermis dark-green, obscurely rayed ; one cardinal tooth in each valve, supported by a strong internal rib. Ficure 76. State Coll., No. 177. Soc. Cab., No. 2174. U\nio undulata, Say; Nicholson’s Encyc., (Amer. ed.), iv. pl. 3, f. 3. Alasmodénta undulata, Barnes; Stlliman’s Journ., vi. 279. Mya undulata, Woop ; Suppl., pl. 1, f. 5. Margaritana undulita, Lea; Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., (New Series,) vi. 135. Synops. Naiad., 44. U\nio hians, Varenc.; Recuezl d’ Obs. de Zool., par Humb. et Bonpl. ii. 235, pl. Bd, £. 2. Alasmodon undulata, Swarnson ; Lardner’s Cab. Cyclop., exxiii. 288, f. 61. Shell transversely-ovate, strong, much inflated, widely gaping ; beaks at the anterior third, very prominent, tumid, with three or four large, concentric, oblique undulations upon them ; anterior and basal margins broadly and regularly curved, with a very slightly lobed appearance in front of the beaks; posterior margin angular behind the ligament, and pointed at tip, rapidly narrowed ; ligamentary area imperfectly marked by an ill-defined ridge, which is usually wrinkled in the direction of its course; margin compressed. Surface a good deal undulated by the stages of growth; epidermis shining, of a dark olive-color, everywhere rayed with fine lines, alternately yellowish and dark, which are not very conspicuous unless held up to transmitted light. Within, the anterior half is thickened, opaque, and the color white; the posterior half is translucent, thin, of a silvery lustre, exhibiting the exterior radiations. Hinge supported on a very strong rib, 116 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. tooth of the right valve erect, conical, striated above ; tooth of the left valve erect, produced backwards in a triangular manner, under the ligament, with a pit in front of it; cavity of the beaks very deep and capacious. Length 2 inches, height 12 inch, breadth 1 inch. Found in Blackstone River and its tributaries, and in Plymouth county. It is easily known by its short, tumid appearance, the undulations on the beaks, and the peculiar hinge. ALASMODON MARGINA'TA. Shell transversely-ovate, wedge-shaped, inequilateral ; beaks prominent ; surface obliquely wrinkled posteriorly ; epidermis olivaceous, imperfectly radiated with dark green ; tooth small, compressed, looking forwards ; nacre bluish-white, with a chalky- white margin. FIGuRE 77. State Coll., No. 173. Soc. Cab., No. 2171. Alasmodénta marginata, Say ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 459. Barnes ; Silliman’s ~ Journ., vi. 279. Unio varicosa, Lam. ; An. sans Vert., vi. 543. Alasmodonta truncata? Say. Margaritana marginata, Lea; Trans. 4mer. Philos. Soc., (New Series,) vi. 135. Mya ruguldsa, Woon ; Index, Suppl., pl. 1, f. 7. Shell ovate, thin, widely gaping behind, wedge-shaped from before backwards ; beaks at the anterior third, rather small, but elevated, and having three or four small undulations ; anteriorly low and rounded, but increases rapidly in height ; the posterior hinge margin suddenly declines to form a rounded tip ; ridge from the beaks elevated and well defined, above which the shell exhibits coarse, rounded wrinkles, running obliquely upwards and out- wards ; epidermis shining, olive-green, somewhat mottled with dark and light shades, and with obscure, broken, radiating lines ; within bluish-white, with shades of green, the margin chalky- white. Hinge delicate, the teeth, one in each valve, small, com- pressed, directed along the hinge margin so as almost to coincide with it ; sometimes the teeth are only rudimentary ; cavity of the NAIADES. MOLLUSCA. ANODON. 117 beaks rather deep, not very capacious. Length 2 inches, greatest height 145 inch, breadth 35 inch. Found in the Blackstone River and its tributaries, and in Shaw- shin River, Andover. I have also received very beautiful speci- mens from a pond in West Brookfield. It not common, and may be readily distinguished from our other species by its wedge-like form, when seen from above, by the remark- able series of oblique wrinkles along the posterior slope, and by its delicate teeth, which, in fact, sometimes wholly disappear. In the character of its wrinkles it is much like A. rugésa. It is more elongated than A. wnduldta, and has its greatest height at the posterior termination of the hinge, instead of opposite the beaks, as in that shell. Mr. Lea regards our shell as being the same as the western shell named A. truncata by Say. Some of our specimens approach them very closely, but ours is in general a less inflated, less angular shell. GENUS ANODON, Broa. Shell transversely elongated, inequilateral, thin ; hinge toothless. / ANODON FLUVIATILIS. Shell thin, inflated, transversely sub-oval, hinge margin straight, crested behind ; beaks moderately elevated, epidermis deep grass-green, obscurely rayed, darker above the posterior ridge ; within white, tinted lilac. Freure 80. State Coll., No. 171. Soc. Cab., No. 2181. Anodoénta cataracta, Say ; Nicholson’s Encyc., (Amer. ed.), iv. pl. 3, f. 4. Mytilus fluviatilis, Dittpwyn ; Catal. Anodonta fluviatilis, Lea; Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., (New Series,) vi. 138. Synops. Naiad., 51. Mytilus illitus, SoranpER; Portland Catal., 163. Lister; Conch., t. 157, f. 12. Shell transversely sub-oval, sub-cylindrical, thin, fragile, in- flated ; beaks at the anterior two fifths of the shell, tumid, some- what elevated, and minutely undulated at tip. Hinge margin straight ; anterior imperfectly angular above, nearly as high as be- 118 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. hind the beaks ; upper posterior margin forming an obtuse angle at the termination of the ligament, and declining in a straight line to form a somewhat produced, blunted point ; this margin is com- pressed into a sort of crest ; basal margin a good deal curved ; surface undulated somewhat irregularly by the lines of growth ; epidermis smooth and close except at the upper and posterior portion, where it is loosely wrinkled; a few radiating series of wrinkles may also be seen ; color a deep grass-green, becoming dusky behind and above, and obscurely radiated. Nacre silvery, or tinged with bluish or yellowish, margin greenish ; cavity of the beaks not deep, large ; hinge edge very thin, rounded, scarcely curved. Length 43 inches, height 2% inches, breadth 13 inch. Inhabits ponds in the western and central parts of this State, and is seldom found in any other part. Professor Adams, however, assures me he has found it at Falmouth, and I have collected a few specimens from clay-pits near Winter Hill, in Charlestown. It greatly resembles the A. cy’gnea of Europe, and is chiefly dis- tinguished by the latter having the beaks less central, and not at all elevated. From the next species the most obvious distinctions are, the bright green-color, together with the thinness of the shell. It is very difficult, if not impossible, to draw the line between our shell and some of the species of the Western waters. ‘They seem, most of them, to be mere variations in size. / ANODON IMPLICATA. Shell transversely-oblong, sub-oval, variable in proportions, thick and strong ; exterior coarse ; epidermis yellowish-olive ; nacre jlesh-colored. Ficure 78. State Coll., No. 169. Soc. Cab., No. 2192. Anodonta implicata, Say ; New Harmony Disseminator. Anodénta Newtoniénsis? Lea; Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., (New Series,) vi. 79, pl. 21, f. 66. Anodénta marginata? Say ; (young) WVicholson’s Encyc., (Amer. ed.), iv. pl. 3, f. 5. Shell transversely-oblong, sub-oval, almost as broad as high, sub-cylindrical, thick, opaque, strong, and heavy ; beaks removed about two fifths the length of the shell from the anterior end, rather elevated, obtuse ; breadth of shell greatest behind the NAIADES. MOLLUSCA. ANODON. 119 middle ; hinge margin a little curved, forming an angle at both its terminations ; the backward slope from this angle is usually a little curved, and the posterior tip is rather blunt and somewhat trun- cated ; the ridge from the beaks to this tip is very prominent, generally bluntly rounded, but sometimes quite abrupt ; the space above it is rough, but is little compressed, except in young specimens ; three or four coarse lines often run along this space in the direction of the ridge ; basal margin very gently curved in young specimens, nearly parallel with the hinge margin in the middle-aged, and deeply contracted or arched in old shells. Sur- face rough, with coarse and irregular lines of growth ; epidermis yellowish-olive, darker above and behind, and with dusky-brown zones ; young shells are of a delicate grass-green, slightly rayed. Interior silvery till after the middle age, when it becomes of a delicate flesh-color or salmon-color. Length 4 inches, height 2} inches, breadth 1,7, inch. Of another specimen 43 inches, 2,’ inches, 14% inch ; of another 3 inches, 14% inch, 175 inch. Inhabits ponds in Essex and Middlesex counties, and is also found in Maine; whether it occurs southward or not is un- certain. A Pennsylvania shell, which Mr. Lea describes under the name of A. Newtoniénsis, is so much like some varieties of this shell as to render it probable that they are the same, and that it is found throughout a wide southern range. The above is the description of a characteristic specimen of a shell which probably varies more in its form, color, and weight, than any other Anodon. It is undoubtedly the A. implicdta ot Say, for it ac- cords well with his description, and was received from a region where no other species is found. In their younger stages it is difficult to distinguish them from A. fluviatilis ; but the great thickening near the margin, which the adult undergoes, and its light-yellowish epidermis, render them entirely dissimilar. I have specimens in which portions of the valves are three tenths of an inch thick. At the middle age, some specimens so much resemble very old ones of U'nio radiatus, that it is impossible to name them without examining the hinge. In the young, the beaks are delicately undulated, the hinge margin is compressed and connate, and the angle at its posterior termination is very decided. Some specimens, of a middle size, lose all their angles, and the upper and lower margins are similarly curved. Some have a dark tar- colored epidermis; these are generally very broad in proportion to their height. 120 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. fi ANODON UNDULA'TA. Shell transversely ovate, rather thick ; beaks prominent, epider- mis dark-brown, radiated, coarsely wrinkled ; hinge margin wndu- lated, and with the vestige of a tooth. Figure 79. State Coll., No. 170. Soc. Cab., No. 2191. Anodonta undulata, Say; .Vicholson’s Encyc., (Amer. ed.), iv. pl. 3, f.6. Lea; Synops. Naiad., 50. Anodon rugésus, Swainson; Zool. Iilustr., pl. 96. Shell oblong-ovate, thick and strong ; beaks sub-central, elevated, the points in contact, and when not eroded they exhibit four or five small undulations upon them ; before them is a spear- shaped pit or areola, not covered by the epidermis ; behind them the margin is slightly compressed, and has two or three coarse, sub-marginal furrows ; no distinct angle at the termination of the ligament ; posterior end somewhat bluntly rounded ; anterior end compressed, sharply rounded ; basal margin regularly curved ; epidermis dark-brown, radiated in most specimens, smooth, and closely adhering towards the beaks, but lying in numerous, rather loose folds near the margin ; interior inclined to salmon-color, and granulated centrally, bluish-white outside of the palleal impression, with a broad margin of olive-color. Hinge margin waved under the beaks, compressed on the right valve so as to form something like an elongated cardinal tooth, which is received into a corre- sponding recess in the left valve. Length 33 inches, height 2 inches, breadth 13 inch. Found in the Blackstone River and its tributaries, of large size and great perfection. It is impossible to be certain that this is A. unduldta of Say, on account of the small size of the specimen he described ; but it seems to be the shell which Mr. Lea regards as such. It seems to be a different thing from the shell described by Hildreth under that name. I apprehend that it is the same as A. edéntula, Say, and A. areoldtus, Swainson. If there be any diflerence among them, it is, that our shell is less compressed, less radiated, and less fragile than A. edéntula. The hinge is the same, and the areola before the beaks is produced by a wave-like digression of the right valve to form a peculiar tooth. The young shells are thin, and much more radiated than the old ones, MYTILACEA. MOLLUSCA. MYTILUS. 121 and the size of adults is seldom more than two thirds of the dimen- sions above given. It is one of the connecting links between ALAs- MoDON and ANODON. Famuy MYTILACEA, Lam. Hinge with the igament marginal, partly included, linear, extending along a great part of the posterior border. Shell rarely foliated ; adheres by a byssus. Geyus MYTILUS, Liv. Shell elongated, sub-triangular ; beaks terminal, pointed, straight ; hinge generally toothless ; muscular impression elongated, club-shaped. My’rILus EDULIs. Shell ovate-triangular, beaks terminal and pointed, basal margin straight, ligament margin straight ; posteriorly widened and round- ed ; hinge with a few denticulations ; epidermis dark-bluish, shell violet beneath. Fieure 82. State Coll., No. 156. Soc. Cab., No. 1987. My’tilus edulis, Lin.; Syst. Nat., 1157. Gein; Syst., 3353. Turton; Liv. ; iv. 291. CHemn.; Conch., viii. 169, t. 84, f. 750. Pennant; Brit. Zool., iv. 236, t. 66, f.2. Monracu; Test. Brit., 159. Lin. Trans., vi. t. 18, f. 13, 14. Dittwyn ; Catal., 309. Turron; Conch. Dict., 109. Brit. Biv., 196. Desuayes; Encyc. Méth., Vers, ii. 562, pl. 218, f. 2. Knorr; Vergn., iv. pl. 15, f.4. Lam.; An. sans Vert., vii. 47. Guart.; Test.,t.91,f. E. Donovan ; Brit. Shells, t. 128. Woop; Indez, pl. 12, f. 21. Fremine ; Brit. dnim., 411. My'tilus vulgaris, Da Costa ; Brit, Conch., 216, t. 15, f. 5. Masculus subcertleus; Lister; Conch., t. 362, f. 200. My'tilus borealis, Lam.; An. sans Vert., vii. 46. Shell triangular-ovate, solid, coarse, shining ; beaks pointed, placed at one end, and slightly diverging ; basal or anterior margin generally straight, sometimes slightly convex, and sometimes ex- cavated ; hinge margin rising in a straight line unites with the upper or posterior margin by a somewhat abrupt curve ; this mar- gin takes a direction parallel to the base, for a short distance, and then the two unite by a regular curve ; an abrupt ridge passes from the beaks to the lower and hinder angle, above which the shell gradually slopes to a sharp edge, and below which it bends so abruptly as to present a broad, flattened space, in the centre of 16 122 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. which is a slight fissure for the passage of a byssus. The shell itself is of a violet-color ; the epidermis is usually of a dark, shining blue-black. Within, the shell is white and silvery in the centre, but all the margin is a dark-violet or blue-black. Under the beaks are about four thin, oblique denticulations, quite distinct when the overlapping epidermis is removed. Length 2;5 inches, height 14% inch, breadth 1 inch. Variety pellucidus. Shell smooth, thin, transparent, radiated with blue and horn-color ; beaks with two or three teeth. My/tilus pellucidus, Pennant; Brit. Zool., iv. 237, pl. 66, f.3. Monracu; Test. Brit., 160. Maron and Rackett; Lin Trans., viii.107. Dittwyn; Catal., 310. Turron; Conch. Dict., 11U. Lin Syst., iv. 292. Brit. Biv., 197, pl. 15, f.1. Curmn.; Conch., viii. 84, f.751. Donovan; Brit. Shells, 81. Woov; Index, pl. 12, f. 22. This beautiful variety has been regarded by many concholo- gists, such as those named above, as a distinct species, while others, with more apparent propriety, consider it as a variety, depending chiefly on age, of the true M. edulis. None of the specific marks given to it seem to be constant. Radiations ap- pear in the solid old shell, as well as in the thin ones ; and, on the other hand, the thin ones are often without radiations. Tur- ton thinks it may always be distinguished ‘‘ by having only two or three tuburcular teeth under the beaks.”’ But this does not ac- cord with my observations. The shell is subject to many distortions from accident, and from the form of the bodies on which it grows, or of cavities in which it be- comes wedged. Hence, probably, arises that curved form which takes the name of M. incurvdtus. This Mussel is one of the most common and best known of all our shells. It is very extensively distributed throughout all northern seas. It is abundant on the coasts of England, France, Norway, and Russia, where it is extensively used as food, as its name imports, and also for manure. In this country it has, as yet, been put to no economical use, though I am assured by a friend of acknowledged good taste, that when cooked it is more palatable than the common clam. Unlike the Modiola modtolus, it appears to inhabit shallow waters, in positions where it is left uncovered at the recess of the tide. It attaches itself by its byssus to rocks and timbers, and may be thus seen under MYTILACEA. MOLLUSCA. MODIOLA. 123 bridges and other submerged structures, in shallow inlets with a pebbly bottom, and especially on rocks not far from high-water mark, clinging in immense crowds of all sizes, colors, and figures ; some beautifully radiated, some dark blue-black, and others light horn-color ; some beautifully smooth, regular, and glistening, others distorted, rough, and dingy ; the whole surface of the young shell is beset with a bristly beard. While, like the M. plicdtula, it clusters about the shore, it does not, like that, bury itself in the mud, but is always exposed and at- tached to some solid body. It is common to find it wedged in among the rocks and crevices of such shores as Nahant and Cape Ann. \ Genus MODIOLA, Lam. Shell oblique, wedge-shaped ; beaks very near the anterior end ; hinge as in Mytilus ; impression of the mantle irregular. MoproLa MODI OLUs. Shell oblong-ovate, gradually widening from before backwards ; hinge margin ascending, straight for about half the length of the shell ; beaks tumid, obtusely angular ; epidermis dark chestnul- color. State Coll., No. 162. Soc. Cab., No. 1973. My’tilus modiolus, Lin.; Syst. Wat., 1158. Pennant; Brit. Zool., iv. 239, t. 69. Monracu; Test. Brit., 163. CHemn.; Conch., vili. 178, t. 85, f. 759. Knorr ; Vergn., iv. t. 15, f. 3. Lister; Conch., t. 1057, f.5. Dittwyn; Catal., i. 314. Woop; Index, pl. 12, f. 31. Lin. Trans., vill. 107. Donovan; Brit. Shells, pl. 23. Modiola modiolus, Turton; Brit. Biv., 199, pl. 15, f. 3 (young). Conch. Dict., 111. My’tilus Papuanus, Desuayes ; Encyc. Méth., Vers, ii. 564, pl. 219, f. 1. Modiola Papuana, Lam.; An. sans Vert., vii. 17. Buainy.; Malacol., pl. 64, f. 3. Modiola vulgaris, FLemine ; Brit. Anim., 412. My/tilus barbatus, Lin.; Syst. Nat., 1156. Donovan; Brit. Shells, pl. 70. Monrtacu; Test. Brit.,161. Prnnant; Brit. Zool., iv. 238, pl. 67, f. 2. Shell large, thick, coarse and solid, ovate-oblong ; beaks placed at one side, points inclined outwards, and projecting nearly as far as the anterior extremity, which is very short and narrow ; the upper edge is ascending, and straight about one half the length of the shell, when it curves gently downwards to the posterior ex- tremity, which is obtusely rounded ; the basal margin is somewhat arched upwards, and at the arched portion the shell is gaping for 4 124 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. the passage of the byssus. From the beaks a very convex, broad ridge runs diagonally across the shell ; above this the shell is com- pressed, and along its lower and anterior side is a broad depression or constriction, terminating at the lower margin where the shell gapes. Surface roughly marked by the lines of growth, and by a few faint, radiating lines ; epidermis thick and leathery, folding over the margin, of a chestnut or pitchy-brown color, smooth, glossy, and with radiating wrinkles before the ridge where it Is generally darker colored, while the ridge is lighter colored. The groove for the ligament is long and deep, resting upon a prominent rib. Interior pearly, of a somewhat livid color ; mus- cular impressions large and deep ; byssus colored like the epider- mis. Length 43 inches, height 2} inches, breadth 2 inches. Inhabits deep water, and is thrown up on every shore exposed to the open sea. It probably dwells upon a rocky or pebbly bottom, as its byssus would find no attachment in mere sandy or muddy regions. This shell is well known on account of its size and universal dis- tribution along our coast. It often attains to a great size, and is not unfrequently seen six inches in length. Specimens are rarely found which are not in some way distorted. Hence the shells assume a great variety of form. The distortion seems to depend upon two causes ; first, the body to which they are attached by the byssus, which may modify the form of the basal margin, rendering it more or less arched; and second, the frequent injuries sustained by being dashed about by storms among the rocks which they inhabit. They are the more lable to accidents of this kind, in consequence of their affording attachment to the Laminaria, and other large sea-weeds, which, being acted upon by the violence of the waves, tear the shells from their resting places, and they are thus dragged great distances. In fact, it is not usual to find a specimen on the beach without some parasite attached. A common deformity occurs at the posterior or broader end, by what would seem to be an arrest of developement. The growth does not go on in this direction, the successive layers extending very little beyond each other, and thus we have a broad, blunt ter- mination. The M. umbilicdtus of Pennant can be nothing more than a dis- torted variety from some injury to the lower margin, nearly under the beaks, or from adhesion to some small convex body, causing great contraction at this part, as may be frequently noticed. MYTILACEA. MOLLUSCA. MODIOLA. 125 In young and entire shells the hinge margin rises in a straight line to a considerable height, and then slopes downwards, suddenly form- ing a conspicuous angle ; but in older shells the angle disappears in a great measure, and the whole superior outline is regularly curved. When young, the epidermis seems to be prolonged at the lines of growth, into fringe-like shreds. Specimens thus clothed, are generally allowed to be the My'tilus barbatus of Pennant. M. Gibdsii is said to differ in having these shreds serrated or gashed along one edge. | cannot but strongly suspect, though I cannot demonstrate it, that this apparent extension of the epidermis is a parasitic vegetable ; and that M. Gibbsii is not, in reality, a different shell, but has a different vegetable growing upon it. Old shells are also encrusted with various species of Madrepore, Cordllina, and Flustra. In young shells there is usually a broad, waxen-yellow radiation from the beak along the front side of the elevated ridge ; and this re- gion, in fact, always has a lighter color than other parts of the shell. Deshayes thinks it is now impossible to say what was the true My'tilus modiolus of Linnsus, and therefore approves the course of Lamarck in dropping the name altogether, and assuming a new one. I cannot see any reason to doubt that the shell under consideration was the M. modiolus of Linnzus, while there is ground to question whether the shell which Lamarck had in view, when he applied the name Papudna, the name now universally applied to our shell, was in reality identical with our species. I have seen several specimens of the East Indian shell, and, though very closely allied, it seems to differ in many particulars when the two shells are placed side by side. Dr. Lovén has lately assured me that this is the true M. modiolus, and repeats my conjectures as to the distinctness of the real M. Papudna. The animal is of a dark orange, or red-ochreous color, perhaps a little tinted with brown. It is not used for food with us, though there seems to be no reason why it should not be as palatable as most of the shell-fish that are eaten. MoproLa PLICATULA. Shell oblong, falciform, widening posteriorly ; surface traversed by numerous radiating ribs, occasionally branching ; epidermis glossy, green and yellow. Ficure Sl. 126 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. State Coll., No. 161. Soc. Cab., No. 1977. My’tilus demissus, Ditpwyn ; Catal.,i. 314. Woon; Indez, pl. 12, f. 30. Modiola plicatula, Lam.; An. sans Vert., vii. 22. My’tilus plicatulus, Desuayes ; Encyc. Méth., Vers, ii. 368, pl. 220,f.5. Sowrr- BY; Genera, f. 7. Modiola semi-costata, Conrap; Journ. Acad. Wut. Sc., vii. 244, pl. 20, f. 7. Lister; Conch., pl. 3538, f. 196. Shell transversely oblong-ovate, much elongated, narrow before and widening backwards, somewhat falciform or arched ; beaks moderately prominent, not curving outwards, and nearly in con- tact, very near the anterior extremity, which is small and rounded, and the shell is much compressed at this part; the lower margin is generally curved or arched upwards, and gaping before the middle for the passage of the byssus ; hinge margin straight, and ascending for about two thirds the length of the shell so as to give it additional height, then, by a regular downward curve, it produces an obliquely rounded termination to the shell ; a broad, elevated ridge crosses obliquely from the beaks to this termination, above which the shell is compressed ; surface ornamented with numer- ous radiating, somewhat undulating, occasionally branching ribs, most conspicuous above and behind, very fine on the anterior third. Shell silvery-white, rather brittle, covered with a thin, varnished epidermis, variegated with yellow, green, and scorched colors, usually arranged in zones ; stages of growth conspicuous ; within silvery-white, the muscular impressions and margins of a livid color ; margin of the posterior half and anterior side cren- ulated by the ribs. Length 3 inches, height 1,%, inch, breadth 77> inch. Inhabits the tide waters of small streams where there is some admixture of fresh water ; and also the drains in salt marshes. In these localities they are found crowded in among the stones of the bed of the stream, or imbedded in the peat-like soil of the banks, near high-water mark. In this position, with the upper posterior portion slightly exposed, they crowd in such numbers as to form a complete stratum of six to twelve inches in thickness. A great portion of the time they are, of course, out of water ; but they retain enough to serve the demands of their economy during the recess of the tide, and eject it when any disturbance prompts them to close their shell. MYTILACEA. MOLLUSCA. MODIOLA. 127 This species seems to be subject to little variety. Sometimes, however, we find the lower margin nearly straight. In this case the upper margin is nearly parallel to the lower, so that the shell increases but little in height; and in such shells the beaks appear much more prominent than in ordinary specimens. The principal variations seem to consist in the coloring, which is made up of various shades from bright-yellow, passing through horn- color and chestnut to dark bronze-green, and arranged in various modes and in various proportions. What Mr. Conrad regards as a distinct species under the name semt-costdta, certainly can be nothing more than a variety of this shell. Moproua PECTINULA. Shell obovate, ventricose, with about forty equal, radiating ribs ; beaks prominent, projecting as far as the anterior margin ; epidermis brownish yellow. Fieure 85. State Coll., No. 159. Soc. Cab., No. 2342. Shell small, strong, of a strictly ovate form, excepting that a very short portion of the hinge margin is straight ; broadly round- ed at both extremities, but most so behind 5 valves convex, with- out any marked ridge passing from the beaks, and very little com- pression at the hinge margin ; beaks rather prominent, blunt, and in contact with each other, reaching forward as far as the anterior extremity ; surface covered with about forty equal, rounded, radiating ribs ; epidermis a dark gamboge-yellow ; lines of growth minute ; within pearly, of a livid or leaden color ; entire margin crenulated by the ribs ; cavity of the beaks considerable. Length 75 inch, height $ inch, breadth 3% inch. inhabits St. George’s Bank. This very strongly marked species seems to have been hitherto undescribed. It is closely allied to M. discrepans, but is smaller, stronger, lighter-colored, and entirely covered with ribs. Of five or six specimens which I have seen, all apparently mature shells, the largest was of the size given above. M. arctica, Leach, is a smaller and more rounded shell, and the ribs are much more numerous. 128 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. Moproua NEXA. Shell ovate, ferruginous, beaks prominent, and placed considera- bly behind the anterior extremity ; minutely reticulated with fine, corrugated, concentric, and radiating lines. Figure 86. State Coll., No. 154. Shell small, thin, long-ovate, largest behind, slightly produced at the posterior extremity ; basal edge less curved than the su- perior edge, which is moderately compressed ; beaks prominent, pointed, directed forwards, scarcely touching each other, placed unusually far from the anterior extremity ; a rather sharp ridge passes from the beaks diagonally across the shell, but loses itself about half way across. Surface very beautifully sculptured with a net-work of very minute, crowded lines of growth, and very numerous, fine, indented radiating lines or ridges, which are obso- lete along two thirds of the base, and most conspicuous behind, where a very fine line divides into two each ridge, going to the extreme posterior portion ; while above these, on the compressed portion, a beautiful lace-work of hexagonal indentations is formed. The portion in front of the beaks is conspicuously radiated. Epidermis a rusty-brown, with shades of olive, glossy ; interior livid, with a pearly or silvery lustre, and with minute, radiating lines 3 cavity of the beaks large ; margin simple. Length 7% inch, height so inch, breadth 2% inch. This new and beautiful shell was taken by dredging in the har- bour of Provincetown, by Colonel ‘Totten, where he obtained several living specimens. It is allied to M. discors and M. discrepans by its outline, and by the triangular portion across the disk nearly destitute of radiating lines. But it is more compressed than either of those shells, less in- equilateral, and its sculpture far more beautiful. The radiating lines seem all to have indentations or punctures like the wing-covers of many large beetles (Caérabi). ‘The honey-comb arrangement near the hinge margin is very beautiful. Dr. Lovén has sent me the shell, from Sweden, as the true M. discrepans of Montagu and Turton ; but in this he is at variance with the opinions and figures of all other authors. MYTILACEA. ; MOLLUSCA. MODIOLA. 129 Mopr‘oLA DI‘SCREPANS. Shell sub-oval, broadest behind ; beaks nearly terminal: hinder extremity somewhat lobed; surface divided into three compart- ments, of which the anterior is marked by about eight, and the posterior by numerous radiating lines, epidermis olivaceous. Fieure 83. State Coll., No. 157. Soc. Cab., No. 2345. My'tilus discrepans, Montacu ; Test. Brit., p. 169, and Suppl., 65. pl. 26, f. 4. Maron and Racketr; Lin. Trans., viii. pl. 3, 1.9. Pennant; Brit. Zool., iv. 241. Dituwyn; Catal., 319. Turton; Brit. Biv., 202. Conch. Dict., 112. Fremine ; Brit. Anim., 413. Woop; Indez, pl. 12, f. 38. My'tilus discors, O. Fasr.; Fauna Grenl., 191. Curmn.; Conch., viii. 191, t. 86, f. 767. (var.) Modiola levigata, (var.) Gray; Appendix to Parry’s 2d Voyage. Shell somewhat oval, rather oblique, highest about the middle, rounded before, base slightly curved, hinge margin straight and then curving obliquely downward ; beaks near the anterior end, prominent, and rounded; valves moderately convex ; surface coarsely marked by the lines of growth, and divided into three fan-shaped compartments, of which the foremost one is marked by about eight small, rounded, rib-like ridges, the spaces between them being flat, the hinder one by numerous similar ridges, and the central one is plain, or with very minute radiating lines ; the limits between the posterior and middle compartments are desig- nated by an elevated ridge passing from the beaks, and here the basal margin of the posterior compartments projects abruptly be- yond that of the middle one, so that the rounded point of the shell forms a projecting lobe. [Epidermis olive-green with dark chest- nut-colored shades, folding over the edge. Interior of a brilliant silvery lustre ; edge of the two extreme compartments crenulated, and very strongly near the ligament ; a few folds on the edge, not corresponding to the external ridges, are found just in front of the ligament. Length ! inch, height 12 inch, breadth ‘, inch. Found on Chelsea Beach, and in fishes’ maws. Larger speci- mens are brought from the Newfoundland Banks. I have two specimens which measure 14 inch in length, 2 inch in breadth. 17 130 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. This species, with M. discors, is common to the northern coasts of Europe and America, and they are distinguished from all others by the three compartments into which their surface is divided. The distinc- tive marks between them are particularly pointed out under M. discors. The epidermis becomes nearly black by age. Mopt1'oLa DISCORsS. Sheil oval, tumid, upper edge somewhat compressed and arching, posterior tip somewhat produced and pointed ; beaks large, nearly terminal; surface with about sixteen ribs at the anterior third and very numerous unes at the posterior third. Ficure 64. State Coll., No. 158. Soc. Cab., No. 2344. My’tilus discors, Lin ; Syst. Vat., 1159. Cruemn.; Conch., viii. 191, t. 86, f. 764. Monracu; Test. Brit., 167. Pennant; Brit. Zool., iv. 240. Matron and Racxertt; Lin. Trans., viii. 111. t.3,f.5. Donovan; Brit. Shells, pl. 25, f. 1. Dittwyy; Catal., 319. Turron; Conch. Dict., 112. Woon; Indez, pl. 12, f. 39. Modiola discrepans, Lam.; An. sans Vert., vii. 23. Desuayes; Encyc. Meéth., Vers, ii. 567. Modiola discors, Fremine ; Brit. Anim., 413. Shell irregularly oval, tumid, heart-shaped when viewed in front, bluntly rounded before ; hinge margin somewhat ascending and a little compressed; at the termination of the ligament the margin gradually curves downwards, so that the shell is terminated behind by a lobular, somewhat pointed tip on a level with the base ; basal margin an undulating curve, nearly parallel with the upper margin; beaks large and prominent, not in contact, over- hanging the anterior extremity ; surface as in M. discrepans ; but there are sixteen or more ribs in the anterior compartment, those in the posterior compartment are more crowded, more distinct, the intervening spaces rounded ; and when viewed under the mi- croscope, the whole surface is found to be covered with minute wrinkles of the epidermis crossing the ribs and the spaces be- tween them, and also the middle compartment ; epidermis green- ish-yellow with clouds of olive. Within silvery, margin crenu- lated by the ribs, and with three or four teeth before the beaks. MYTILACEA. MOLLUSCA. MopioLa. 131 Byssus very long. Length 4 inch, height =, inch, breadth 3, inch. Found adhering to the stalks of sea-weed (Laminaria), cast upon the sea beach. The most obvious distinctive marks between this shell and M. diés- crepans are, the more numerous anterior ribs, and the concentrically corrugated epidermis. The shell is proportionally broader, the tip is more pointed, more depressed, and forms a projecting lobe much like that shell; and the ribs are more decided. The shell is much smaller and very much more rare. This is not M. discors of Lamarck, an East Indian species. The M. discors of Turton (Brit. Biv., pl. 15, f. 4.) seems to be a still different species, and I have received it from Dr. Lovén under the name of M. marmordata, Forbes. Mopr'oLa g@Lua’NDULA. Shell obliquely rounded-oval, regularly convex ; beaks small, separate ; surface with minute lines of growth, crossed by minute and crowded radiating lines; epidermis brownish-yellow ; margin crenulated. Fieure 87. State Coll., No. 160. Soc. Cab., No. 2346. Modiola glandula, Torrey ; Silliman’s Journ., xxvi. 367, f. 3,e, f, g. Shell small, thin, rounded-oval, rather inflated, convexity regular; beaks small, rather prominent, curving, not in contact, placed at about half the height of the shell ; anterior portion slightly depending, base nearly straight, and the rest of the margin regu- larly rounded ; surface with minute lines of growth, crossed by very small, rounded, radiating ribs, about equal in size on all parts of the shell, the number increasing as the spaces between them widen ; epidermis thin, brownish-yellow ; within white, somewhat pearly ; edges sharp and minutely crenulated, except the short portion occupied by the ligament. Length ,% inch, height 2, inch, breadth ;3, inch. This very pretty and singularly shaped Modiola was first found by Colonel Totten, in Provincetown harbour. It is one of the 132 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. most common shells found in the stomachs of fishes caught in Massachusetts Bay. The shell is not often so large as above mentioned. its rounded-oval and regularly convex form, with its radiating lines, forbid that it should be confounded with any other shell except an En- glish species, the Crenélla elliptica of Brown, (Conch. Illust. of Great Brit., §c. pl. 31, f. 12 to 14,) the My'tilus decussdtus of Montagu. For my own part, in comparing a small specimen of this shell with one of ours of a similar size, | must confess I can discover no differ- ence, though Mr. Sowerby supposes they are distinct. In giving the dimensions I have supposed the shell to be placed in the ordinary po- sition of other species, with the beaks placed laterally. Famity PECTENIDES, Lam. Ligament interior or half interior. Shell in general regular, compact, not foliated. Genus PECTEN, Turron. Shell rounded, inequivalve, eared ; superior margin straight ; beaks contiguous. Hinge toothless, with a triangular internal pit for the cartilage. Precten MAGELLA‘NICUS. Shell orbicular, inequivalve, upper valve more convex than the lower ; exterior surface everywhere marked with closely arranged radiating lines; interior surface without ribs; ears small and equal. State Coll., No. 152. Soc. Cab., No. 2028. O’strea Magellanica, Gmexin ; 3317, No. 9. Cnemn.; Conch., vii. t. 62, f. 597. Dititwyn ; Catal., 250. Pecten Magellanicus, Lam. ; 4n. sans Vert., vii. 134. Dresuayres; Encyc. Méth., Vers, iii. 718, pl. 208, f.5. Conrap; mer. Mar. Conch., pl. i, f. L. Shell orbicular, rather higher than long, thin and translucent when young, thick, strong, and opaque when mature, equilateral, inequivalve, the lower valve being nearly flat, and not attaining the edge of the upper valve by an eighth of an inch or more ; PECTENIDES. MOLLUSCA. PECTEN. 133 upper valve moderately convex ; valves widely gaping near the hinge, surface everywhere sculptured with radiating, punctured lines, or grooves, about half as wide as the spaces between them, somewhat zigzag in their course; these lines are crossed by closely arranged lines of growth, which, on the convex valve, are scolloped or vaulted over the radiating lines; flattened valve white, convex valve dingy reddish-brown, or flesh-colored. Hinge margin narrow, straight, ears equal, the notch in the Jower valve rounded, and shallow. Interior white, smooth, glossy, with minute radiating lines not corresponding to the exterior grooves. Length 5 inches, height 5! inches, breadth 14 inch. This shell is not common on the Massachusetts shore; bui single valves, of a very large size and very solid, are occasionally thrown up, and smaller ones are found in the stomachs of fishes. Its proper habitat is farther north, and along the eastern part of the coast of Maine it is found abundantly in its greatest perfection. [t does occasionally pass to the south of Cape Cod, (the usual terminus for northern species) for I have a fine specimen which was drawn up alive, by a hook, off Block Island. The general aspect of the lower valve is smooth; nor do we see any thing like ribs on the upper surface. Pecten I[sua/NpDICcUS. Shell sub-orbicular, reddish or orange-brown ; ears unequal ; surface covered with small, crowded, irregularly disposed, scaly, radiating ribs, whach re-appear within. Ficure 89. State Coll., No. 151. Soc. Cab., No. 2039. O’strea Islandica, Mutter; Zool. Dan., Prod., No. 2990. Lin.; Iter Westrogoth., 200, t.5, f. 7. Gmenin; 3326. No. 55. Suaw; Zool. Misc., xxiii. t. 978, 987. Faser.; Fauna Grenl., 415. Knorr; Deélices, §-c., t. i. pl. B. £.3,4. Lisrer; Conch., t. 1057, f. 4. Guarr.; Test.,t. 73, f.R. Sepa; Mus., ii. t. 87, f. 7. Pecten Islindicus, Cuemn.; Conch., vii. t. 65, f. 615, 616. Turron; Conch. Dict., 258. Brit. Biv., 216. DesnHayes; Encyc. Méth., Vers, iii. 724. Frem- ING; Brit. Anim., 385, pl. 212, f.1. Lam.; An. sans Vert., vii. 145. Say; Amer. Conch., pl. 56. O/strea cinnabarina, Born ; Mus., 103. Dituwyn ; Catal., 256, No. 20. Scunoer. ; Einl., iii. 326, No. 9. Pecten Pealii, Conrap ; 4mer. Mar. Conch., 12, pl. 2, f. 2. 134 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. Shell sub-orbicular, or broadly ob-ovate, equal, the upper valve slightly more convex than the lower, covered with an in- definite number, fifty to a hundred, of narrow, unequal, crowded, irregularly disposed, radiating ridges, bearing a multitude of erect, vaulted scales ; their ridges are grouped, so as to form a number of unequal ribs, which are better defined on the interior of the shell. Kars unequal ; posterior one shortest, and its angle slightly obtuse, alike in both valves, and covered with scaly, radiating ridges ; the anterior ear of the right valve is more deeply notched than that of the left, and has five radiating ribs, occupying about two thirds of its surface. Valves closed except at the notch ; color passing from light-orange to dark reddish-brown ; the upper valves usually zoned, or blotched, with deeper colors, and the lower valve much the lightest. ‘The margin jagged by the elevated lines, all but the notch of the right valve, which is plain, except- ing that there are five or six minute teeth in the angle. Interior white and glossy, the left valve usually having a large roseate spot near the beaks. Length 3 inches, height 33 inches, breadth 1 inch. Occasionally found, of a small size, in the stomachs of fishes. Its proper residence, however, seems to be the Newfoundland Banks, where it is a favorite food of fishes. In a young state the vaulted scales do not appear; but the inter- stices between the ribs are filled with a beautiful lozenge-shaped or tile-work sculpture, which may usually be seen near the beaks in adult specimens. The coloring varies greatly, and has given rise to two or three synonyms. PECTEN CONCE'NTRICUS. Shell orbicular, ears sub-equal, valves convex, nearly closed, with about twenty rounded ribs. Fieure 88. State Coll., No. 150. Soc. Cab., No. 2036. Pecten concéntricus, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., it. 259. Conrap; mer. Mar. Conch., pl. 1, f. 2. Shell nearly round, rather strong; valves convex, the lower very little less so than the upper one, with about twenty elevated, OSTRACEA. MOLLUSCA. OSTREA. 135 rounded ribs, the depressed spaces being similarly rounded, and about equal to the ribs in width ; loosely wrinkled concentrically by fine lines of growth. Usual color a dusky or blackish horn- color, with alternately darker and lighter zones. Ears two thirds of the length of the shell, nearly equal, and crossed with small, radiating ridges ; notch in the convex valve deep, and forming an acute angle, or narrow slit. Interior shining, grooved to corre- spond with the exterior ribs, the intervening spaces flat ; color white, generally tinged with purple-brown about the hinge, and around the margin, sometimes altogether of that color. Liga- mentary pit small and shallow. Length 22 inches, height 2} in- ches, breadth 1 inch. The scollop-shell is found abundantly about the extremity of Cape Cod, though it does not extend far along its inner shore. It is common along all its outer shore, at Nantucket, Martha’s Vineyard, &c., and, according to Mr. Say, is one of the most common shells along the shores of New Jersey. It is subject to great variation in coloring. The flatter valve is often white, and always of a lighter color than the other valve. Sometimes both valves are white, orange, ochreous, reddish, or purplish, and sometimes they are zoned or mottled with two or more of these colors. In consequence of which they are very pleasing to the eye, and are extensively employed in the manufacture of card-racks, pincush- ions, &e. Famity OSTRACEA, Lam. Shell irregular, foliated, sometimes paper-like ; ligament internal or partly internal. GENUS OSTREA, Lin. Shell very irregular, inequivalve, the larger one adhering, the smaller moving forwards as the shell advances in age, and leaving a lengthening groove for the ligament exposed along the beak of the adhering valve. The Oyster varies in surface and shape so much, according to the position in which it lies during growth, that it is not only im- possible to give any description which shall delineate the various 136 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. transformations it may undergo, but it is also very difficult to de- signate the limits of species. Lamarck indicates three species belonging to this coast ; but it is very doubtful whether, in re- ality, there are even two. {t is also a question on which there are various opinions, wheiher the oyster was indigenous in Massachusetts Bay ; or wheiber all which grow in the various oyster-beds owe their parentage to inhabitants of the Delaware, Chesapeake, and Oyster Bays, &c. That they now grow spontaneously, and, for aught we can learn, always have grown so, on the south shore, there is no reason io doubt. And that they are occasionally found of patriarchal appearance, in all parts of our Bay, is certainly true. Bui the question is, whether these places are their natural habitat, or whether they have been accidentally dropped where they were found. Many incline to this latter opinion, especially the younger oyster-men, and some scientific gentlemen. But the old settlers of Cape Cod are of a different opinion. They say that Well- fleet, where the southern oysters are planted for Boston use, was originally called Billingsgate, on account of the abundance of fish, and especially of oysters, found there ; that they continued to be abundant until about the year 1780, when from some cause they all died ; and, to this day, immense beds are shown there, of shells of native oysters which perished at that time. ‘They say, ihat, before that time, no such thing was thought of, as bringing oysters from the south. O’sTREA VIRGINIANA, Stell elongated, narrow: beaks pointed, not much curved ; ligamentary eminence of the upper valve extending back to the apex. State Coll., No. 148. Soc. Cab., No. 2350. O’strea Virginiana, Lisrrer ; Conch., 1. 200, f. 34. Favanne; Conch., pl. 41, f. C. 2. Kurein; Tentam., 122. Sowerty; Genera of Shells, f. 2. O’strea Virginica, Gmetin; Syst., 3336. No. 113. Dintwyn; Catal., i. 277. Lam.; An. sans Vert., vii. 225. Woon; JIndez, pl. 11, f. 68. Dersnayes ; Encyc. Meéth., Vers, ii. pl. 179, 1 and 2. Grand Huitre de la Virginie, Davita; Catal., 290, No. 613. Virginia Rock-oyster, Petiver; Gazophyl., t. 105, f. 3. OSTRACEA. MOLLUSCA. OSTREA. 137 O'strea rostrata maxima, Cuemn.3; Conch., viii. 38, t. 73, f. 677. O/strea elongata, SoranpER; Mss. O’strea Canadénsis, Lam.; An. sans Vert., vii. 226. Shell narrow, elongated, gradually widening, moderately curv- ed, for the most part with a long and pointed beak at the apex, and rounded at the other extremity. Upper valve the smallest, flattest and smoothest, surface, when not worn, presenting every- where leaf-like scales, of a somewhat leaden-color. ‘The hinge presents the usual channel in the beak of the lower valve, longer or shorter according to the age of the shell, and marked with lines exhibiting the successive removes of the cartilage ; and in the up- per valve we have the corresponding elevation, which is also con- tinued back to the point of the shell. The muscular impression is nearly central, of a dark-chestnut, or sometimes dark violet- color. It often measures 12 or 15 inches in length, but seldom more than 3 inches in breadth. This is the common oyster of the Chesapeake Bay. It is oc- casionally found in the vicinity of Boston, and also about Prince Edwards’ Island, at the mouth of the St. Lawrence. Its dis- tinctive characters are its narrow, elongated form, and the length- ened, pyramidal hinge ridge along the beak of the upper valve. The O. Canadénsis is either a variety of this, or the next species, most likely of this. O’sTREA BOREA'LIS. Shell somewhat rounded, curved, scaly, greenish ; beaks rather short, considerably curved ; hinge having the furrow in the lower valve from the apex, but having im the opposite valve merely a transverse ridge, not extended backwards. State Coll., No. 149. Soc. Cab., No. 2055. O/strea borealis, Lam.; An. sans Vert., vil. 220. O’strea Canadénsis, Brug. ; Encyc. Méth., pl. 180, f. 1 to 3. O’strea edulis, Lin ; &c. Shell somewhat obliquely rounded-ovate, usually curved, up- per valve smallest, flattest ; the beaks are never greatly prolong- ed, more curved than in O. Virginica. The surface is very irregular, displaying loosely arranged flakes of a greenish-color ; 18 138 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. the margins are generally more or less plaited or scolloped, en- tirely bony in the lower valve, but membranous and somewhat flexible in the upper one. 'The hinge differs from the preceding in having the beaks less prolonged, and the upper valve, instead of having a lengthened, pyramidal ridge extending backwards to the apex, has only a transverse ridge, abrupt behind, and sloping into the shell, like a mere partition, behind which the cartilage is at- tached. ‘The muscular impression is also dark-violet. Interior, either chalky or greenish-white. This species also grows to a great size. A specimen before me measures a foot in length, and 6 inches in breadth. A com- mon size is five and six inches in length. This is the common New York oyster, and, although they are said to have been once abundant in various parts of Massachusetts Bay, especially within Cape Cod, yet the Boston market is now chiefly dependent for its supply on the oyster-beds in the vicinity of New York and in the Chesapeake. In those parts of Buzzard’s ’ Bay which border upon Sandwich, the native oyster is. still found in great abundance. The oystermen maintain that our shell is identical with the Kn- glish O. edilis ; and there are certainly forms in which the Ameri- can and European specimens could not be distinguished. GENUS ANOMIA, Lam. Shell irregular, inequivalve, one valve convex, the other flattened or concave, perforated near the beak for the passage of a muscle, by which it adheres. ANOMIA EPHIPPIUM. Shell rounded, margin irregular ; surface scaly, variously wrinkled and undulated ; beaks pointed, not quite reaching the margin ; aperture ovate. State Coll., No. 146. Soc. Cab., No. 2060. . Ostreum parvum, Lister; Conch., t. 204. Anomia ephippium, Lry.; Syst. Nat., 1150. -GMein 3; Syst., 3340, No.3. Guatr.; Test., t. 97, f. B. D’Arcenv.; Conch.,t.19,f.C. Pennant; Brit. Zool., iv. t. 62, f. 70. CHemn. ; Conch., viii. t. 76, f. 692, 693. Monracu; Test. Brit., 155. Woop; Lin. Trans., vi. pl. 18, f. 11,12. Maron and Racxert; Lin. OSTRACEA. MOLLUSCA. ANOMIA. 139 Trans., viii. 102. Donovan; Brit. Shells, t.1, pl. 26. Born; Mus., p. 117. Scuroet.; Einl. in Conch., iii. 383. Por1; Test., ii. 186, pl. 30, f. 9, 11. Da Costa; Brit. Conch., 165, pl. 11, f.3. Favanne; Conch., pl. 41, f. B. Diti- wyn; Catal., i. 286, No. 3. Brainv.; Malacol., pl. 59, f. 3. Sowxrsy; Genera, f. 1, 2, 3. Turron; Brit. Biv., 227. Conch. Dict.,2. Lam.; An. sans Vert., vii. 273. Fremine; Brit. Anim., 395. Shell generally rounded, but often produced at one side or at 8 y ? i base so as to assume an oval form; its margins more or less jagged, and its surface scaly from the loose edges of the lines of growth, and variously distorted, undulated, and plaited, according to the objects to which it adheres. Lower valve flat, its aperture ovate, reaching the margin by a fissure. Upper valve slightly convex, little elevated about the beak, which is small, acute, not quite reaching the margin. Substance of the shell pearly, or like talc, of a greenish tinge, reflecting golden and silvery hues ; within smooth, the muscular impressions opake white. Usually about an inch in diameter, but growing to three times that size. It is found in abundance in oyster beds, adhering to oysters. At New Bedford it has been found anchored by its muscle to pebbles. This shell varies so much in its form, that it is very difficult to characterize it. The most constant trait is the rugged, scaly exterior. It not unfrequently assumes a ribbed appearance, in consequence of having adhered to valves of Pecten concéntricus. ANOMIA ACULEA'TA. Shell rounded, inclined to be straight at the hinge margin ; color dingy-white ; beaks obtuse, terminal ; upper valve covered with fine, prickly, radiating lines ; lower valve smooth ; aperture circular. Ficure 90. State Coll., No. 147. Soc. Cab., No. 2347. Anomia aculeata, Gmetin ; Syst., 3346. Turron; Lin. Syst., iv. 285. Brit. Biv., 233. Conch. Dict., 4. Cuemn.; Conch., viii. 92, t. 77, f. 702. Montacu; Test. Brit. 157, t. 4, f.5. Pennanr; Brit. Zool., iv. 233. Dituwyn; Catal., 288. Maron and Racxert; Lin. Trans., viii. 103. Woon ; Index, pl. 1], f. 3. Shell small, rounded, the hinge margin more or less truncated or straight, color yellowish-white ; upper valve convex, the beak 140 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. obtuse and marginal, the surface covered with minute, concave, or prickly scales, arranged in radiating, undulated lines ; lower valve very thin, smooth, or with a few prickles near the margin ; aperture nearly circular ; within shining ; the convex valve ex- hibiting the exterior ribs near the margin. Diameter about half an inch. Found amid the roots of fuci which are thrown up attached to stones, shells; &c. This shell is easily distinguished from its co-species by the scaly or prickly radiating lines upon its upper valve. It seems never to attain a large size. Besides the two species before mentioned, there are probably two others found in this State. But all species are so distorted as to ren- der it difficult to separate them definitely. 1. Anomia ELEcrrica, Lin.— distinguished by its sulphur or golden hue, defined edge, and very convex upper valve. It is generally much distorted, transparent, and not so fragile as most species, not scaly. Found among oysters. 2. Anomia squa’muLA, Lin. —a small, smooth, rounded, or oblong- oval shell, very thin and regular, exhibiting regular concentric lines of growth ; color whitish ; edges well defined; aperture rounded. Found attached within old bivalve shells. These two species, however, are not positively made out. Famity BRACHIOPODA, Lam. Shell adhering to marine bodies either directly or by means of a tendinous cord; animal having a pair of fringed arms, spirally coiled when at rest. Instead of being regarded as a family of the ConcHirera, according to the arrangement of Lamarck, the Bracui6popa are fully entitled to be ranked as a class. The animals are as distinct and peculiar in their organization, as the C1rRipEDEs are. In- stead of the back of the animal being placed against the hinge, as in other bivalves, and the sides against each of the valves, in these we have the back against one valve, and the belly against the other. he pair of Jong arms, with curled fringe at their edges, is found in no other mollusca. BRACHIOPODA. MOLLUSCA. reEResrRatTuLa. 141 GENUS TEREBRATULA, Brue. Shell inequivalve, one valve prolonged into a sort of beak, and perforated at its tip for the passage of a tendinous cord by which it affixes itself. On the interior of the smaller valve are two bony processes. TEREBRATULA CAPUT-SERPENTIS. Shell obovate, whitish, upper valve truncated horizontally at the apex ; foramen large, one side completed by the apex of the lower valve ; surface with minute, radiating strie. State Coll., No. 145. Soc. Cab., No. 2348. Andmia caput-serpéntis, Lin.; Syst. JVat., 153. Born; Mus., pl. 6, f. 14. GMELIN ; Syst., 3344, No. 21. Cuemn; Conch., t. 78, f. 712. Woop; Indez, pi 1, £22. Terebratula, Brue.; Encyc. Méth., pl. 246, f. 7, a, b, c,d, e, f. Terebratula caput-serpéntis, Lam. An. sans Vert., vil. 332. Anomia pubéscens, Dittwyn ; Catal., i. 293. Terebratula pubéscens, Desnayrs ; Encyc. Méth., Vers, ii. 1024. Brainy. ; Malacol., pl. 52, f.6. Sowrrsy; Genera, f. 2. Terebratula septentrionalis, Cournovy ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 65, pl. 3, f. 18. Shell rather thin, semi-transparent, yellowish or reddish-white, broadly obovate ; upper valve slightly convex, narrow at the sum- mit, and abruptly widening below ; beak slightly projecting, trun- cated horizontally so as to form a large, semi-elliptical orifice, completed below by the apex of the lower valve, which valve is rounded, flattish, slightly protuberant down the middle ; both valves covered by minute, but distinct and well-rounded radiating ribs, which increase in number with the width of the shell ; these are crossed by a few irregular lines of growth ; the whole covered by a thin, silvery, fibrous epidermis. From under each tooth in the lower valve arises a thin process curving a little inwards, whose extremities support an oval, partially twisted ring of a similar ribband-like structure, about an eighth of an inch in di- ameter. Margin of the shell minutely toothed by the terminations of the ribs. Length 3} inch, height 32 inch, breadth ;% inch. Found in considerable numbers in the stomachs of fish, and occasionally on the sea-beach. It has also been taken alive on 142 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. the coast of Maine. Its usual residence is in more northern seas. An examination of the descriptions of T. caput-serpéntis, given by Linnzus, Muller, and Chemnitz, and a comparison of them with our shell, had well satisfied me of their correspondence. The downy epi- dermis is a character too singular to be often found, or to be over- looked. This, however, is rubbed off very easily. No account of the internal bony processes is given in any description except that by Mr. Couthouy. These would afford the best possible specific charac- ter, were it not that they are usually more or less broken. But I have been relieved from all further speculation by the receipt of specimens from Dr. Lovén, which settle the identity of our species with the Eu- ropean caput-serpéntis. Deshayes conjectures, probably with justice, that the Anomia aurita of Gmelin is the same thing; and also that Anomia pubéscens of the same author and others is this shell in a young stage, when plentifully coated with pubescence. ‘'T. costdta, described and figured by Lowe, in the ‘* Zoological Journal,” i. 105, pl. 5, f. 8, 9, is very closely allied; but it is a smaller, more solid shell, with fewer ribs, and entirely different internal processes. TEREBRATULA PSITTACEA. Shell sub-triangular ; narrowed above, the beak produced into w decurved horn ; surface striated, foramen triangular. Figure 91. State Coll., No. 144. Soc. Cab., No. 2349. Terebratula psittacea, Gmetin; Syst., 3348. Cuemn.; Conch., viii. 78, f. 713. Desuayes ; Encyc. Méth., Vers, iii. 1025, pl. 244, f. 3, a,b,c. Lam.; An. sans Vert., vii. 333. Lisrer; Conch., 211,46. Dittwyn; Catal., 296. Turron; Brit. Biv., 236. Conch. Dict., 5, f. 12 to 14. Shell thin and fragile, brownish-black or sea-green, of an in- flated, triangular form, one of the valves produced into a long, pointed and strongly curved beak, something like a parrot’s beak ; along this runs a triangular channel, (formed by the inflected mar-_ gins,) the third side of which is completed by the tip of the other valve ; the smaller valve is obovate or fan-shaped, about two thirds the length of the longer valve ; surface marked with con- centric lines of growth, and with numerous, fine, diverging striae, BRACHIOPODA. MOLLUSCA. TrEREBRATULA. 143 increasing in number as the shell widens. The interior bony pro- cesses consist of two slender, curved, parallel! prongs arising from the base of the teeth of the upper valve. Height } inch, length 35 inch, breadth } inch. I have as yet met with only one specimen of this shell of the above dimensions, which was taken from the stomach of a cod- fish. It appears to be everywhere rare, and is probably an in- habitant of more northern seas, especially the region of New- foundland. 144 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. Crass GASTEROPODA, Cuvier. ~The Gasteropopa form much the most numerous class of Mollusca. They are distributed over the whole surface of the globe, and live on the land, and in all waters. ‘They receive their name from the peculiar conformation of their organ of progres- sion. ‘Che under part of the belly is flattened out into a smooth, elongated disk, and on this they glide along. Some of them have also the power of swim- ming at the surface of the water in an in- verted posture. They have a distinct head, furnished with one or two pairs of tentacula, and almost always they have rudimentary [Paludina decisa, Say.] eyes situated on or near one pair of them. The shell, almost without exception, consists of only one piece (univalve), and is more or less revolving in a spiral coil. Into it the animal is capable of withdrawing entirely, and is usually provided with a horny or bony cover (operculum) at- tached to the hinder part of the foot, which accurately closes the aperture of the shell after the body has wholly receded. The arrangement of the respiratory organs is various, and af- fords good characters for distribution into families. In some of them the respiratory orifice is at one side, under the edge of the mantle. In others the mantle is folded so as to form a long flexi- ble proboscis or siphon ; and the shells of these have a notch or groove in the front of the aperture, in which the siphon lies. All those which live on the land or in fresh water feed on de- caying vegetables ; while a great portion of those living in the sea feed on animal food, and devour not only dead animals, but many of them are real cannibals, and have the power, either by their jaws, or by the application of an acid, to perforate the shells of their fellow testacea, without respecting even their own species, and thus suck out the juices of the living occupant. Not a few of them are destitute of shells, and, in fact, the greater part of the naked mollusca belong to this class. Of the few that have been observed in this region, some notice has MOLLUSCA. 145 already been given. ‘These were the true Gasteropopa of La- marck, while his Mouitsca were limited to what we have em- braced in the present class. The following synopsis may aid in arriving at the genera of the testaceous coverings of such of the GasTEROPoDA, as are found with us. I. Aperture entire, not interrupted in front by a notch or elongated canal. i. Shell shield-like or cup-shaped, aperture very large. 1. multivalve. Chaton. 2. univalve, * simple. Patélla, Lottia, An'cylus. ** with a fissure at summit. Cemdria. *** with a partial partition, parallel to the aperture. Creptdula. ii, Shell tusk-shaped. Dentdlium. iii, Outer whorl enveloping all the others, the spire often invisible. Bulla. iv. Shell with an evident spire. 1. inhabiting the land and breathing air. * sub-globular, or wheel-shaped. Helix. ‘** ovate, with an elongated spire. Pupa, Bulimus, Succinea. 2. inhabiting fresh water. * spire wheel-shaped, evident above and beneath. Planérbis. ** spire elevated. t aperture ovate. Limnea, Physa, Paludina, Amnicola. tt aperture circular. Valvata. 3. inhabiting the sea. * spire ovate-globose. t aperture ovate. § pillar simple. WVdatica, Littorina, Janthina. § pillar with an umbilical groove. Laciina. tt aperture circular. Margarita, Skénea. ** spire elongated. § pillar simple. Turritélla, Scalaria, Cingula, Py‘ramis. § pillar with teeth or folds. Melampus, Tornatélla, Odostomia. *** spire ear-shaped. Szgarétus. **** spire irregular, lax. Vermétus. Il. Aperture terminating in front by a notch or elongated beak. i. With a notch. 1. pillar simple. Buccinum, Columbélla. 2. pillar plaited. Cancelldria. ii. With a canal. 1. canal short. * recurved. Cerithium, Fusus. straight. Rostelliria, Trichotropis, Purpura, Pleurdtoma. 2. canal prolonged. Py'rula, Ranélla. 19 * 146 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. Famity PHYLLIDIANA, Lam. Shell not spiral, shield-shaped, composed of one or more pieces ; aperture very large. Genus CHITON, Liv. Shell oval, consisting of eight arched pieces, arranged across the body of the animal in a series overlapping each other, their ends set in the skin, which forms a rim around them. CHITON APICULA'TUS. Dorsal triangles with series of elevated points ; lateral triangles with scattered, elevated dots. Figure 20. . . State Coll., No. 131. Soc. Cab., No. 740. Chiton apiculatus, Say; Amer. Conch., No. 8. Shell oval-oblong, convex, sub-carinated ; color grayish or light-chestnut ; valves eight ; anterior valve crescentic, with three or four concentric lines, and numerous, separate, elevated, equal, sub-equidistant dots, arranged somewhat in regular lines along the margin ; the six following valves have, on their dorsal triangles, from twenty to thirty longitudinal series of elevated points, like beads, somewhat converging towards the summit ; on the lateral triangles, which are distinctly elevated above the dorsal triangles, are scattered points like those on the anterior valve ; posterior valve with the series of dots like the dorsal triangles, a central tubercle, and the remainder with scattered dots like those on the anterior valve. Margin coriaceous, with alternate stripes of white and dusky pubescence. Length 1 inch, breadth 2 inch. Inhabits the southeastern waters of this State, after passing Cape Cod. I have received it from Nantucket and Martha’s Vineyard. It is found more abundantly along the coast of New York and New Jersey. Dr. Jay found it in great numbers at Gardiner’s Island. PHYLLIDIANA. MOLLUSCA. CHITON. 147 This species, so accurately described by Mr. Say from a single specimen sent him by Dr. Ravenel of Charleston, South Carolina, cannot be confounded with any other. The beautiful and conspicu- ous bead-like series of dots are not found on any other described species, though they partially and inconspicuously appear on C. cine- reus. On account of their arrangement, I had formerly indicated the shell under the name of C. pectindtus. The recent publication of Mr. Say’s Manuscript has established his name. The lines of dots are not all of equal length, and sometimes they become so blended as to form merely an elevated line, but they are generally very definite. I have seen some British shells labelled C. ruber, which have precisely the same sculpture ; but they are much more elegant in marking, and are of a bright reddish-brown or rose-color. ‘They cannot be C. ruber, however, according to any description I have seen under that name. CHITON MARGINA'TUS. Shell ovate, the valves carinated across the middle, and pointed behind ; of a dead cinereous or greenish-color, and minutely sha- greened ; margin pulverulent. FIGuRE 22. State Coll., No. 167. Soc. Cab., No. 2353. Chiton marginatus, Pennant; Brit, Zool., iv. 71, t. 36, f. 2. Lin.; Guerin ; Syst., 3206, No. 26. Monracu; Test. Brit.,1. Punrenry; Dorset Catal., 25, pl.1,f.2. Maron and Racxerr; Lin. Trans., viii. 21, pl. 1, f.2. Woon; Gen. Conch., 21, pl. 3, f.4. Scurorr.; Einl. in Conch., iii. 508. D’ARGENv. ; Conchyl., t. 25, f. M. Lam.; An. sans Vert., vii. 492. Sowrrsy; Conch. Illust., f. 106 to 112. Fremine ; Edin. Encyc., vi. 102. Brit. Anim., 289. Chiton cinéreus, Lowe; Zool. Journ., ii. 99, pl. 5, f. 5. Shell small, ovate, moderately convex, with an elevated ridge along the centre, where each of the valves projects backwards in a minute beak, ending at the centre of the posterior valve ; valves faintly divided into triangles ; surface otherwise apparently smooth, but under the magnifier it is found to be beautifully sha- greened, the granules being arranged in diamonds on every part. Color a dead, dull ashen or greenish color, sometimes mottled. Margin narrow, membranous, coated with a dusty pigment, which is alternately hoary and brownish. Length 3 inch, breadth 5%; 10 inch. 148 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. A single specimen of this shell was found living, a few years since, by Dr. Charles Pickering, at Phillips’s Beach, and is now in the Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadel- phia. It is a common British species. It is an inelegant shell at first sight, its dingy, dull surface present- ing nothing attractive. But no one can fail to admire its beautiful sculpture when viewed under the magnifier. The serrated, reflected margin usually mentioned in descriptions, is merely a contraction of the margin about the ends of the valves, such as we see in many other species. It is allied to C. apiculdtus ; but we find the lateral triangles as much sculptured as the dorsal in this; the dots are diamond-shaped, and arranged in quincunx, and not bead-like, and arranged in series. From our other species it is distinguished by its dead surface. CHITON FULMINA TUS. Shell ovate-oblong, brownish or yellowish-red, variegated with angular, whitish lines, and a series of whitish points along the posterior margin of the valves ; surface minutely granulated ; margin pubescent. State Coll., No. 134. Soc. Cab., No. 972. Chiton fulminatus, Cournovy; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 80, pl. 3, f. 19. Shell oblong-ovate, rather flat ; color varying from bright-red to yellowish or dark reddish-brown, with numerous, fine, zigzag, whitish lines arranged over the whole surface, and a line of six or eight whitish spots alternating with dark-red along the posterior edge of each valve ; valves carinated and _ slightly beaked, their surface covered with microscopic granulations ar- ranged in quincunx ; to the naked eye smooth and shining ; di- vision into triangular areas very indistinct ; lines of growth very faint. Margin narrow, coriaceous, coated with a close, short down, alternately red and white. Within white at the edges of the valves, deepening towards the centre toa rose-color. Length 7’; inch, breadth ,% inch. Found in the stomachs of fishes caught off Egg Rock, Co- hasset, &c. PHYLLIDIANA. MOLLUSCA. CHITON. 149 This very beautifully marked species varies considerably in outline, size, marking, and color. Some have the sides nearly parallel, and others are decidedly ovate; some exceed an inch in length ; some have the lines of growth deeply marked, while others are nearly smooth ; some have a dead, ashen color, but such are apparently very old. In some the zigzag lines and white dots are very distinct, in others not. This may very probably prove identical with some species of the North of Europe ; but as it is utterly impossible to say which one, I will not run the risk of adding further confusion to the already inex- tricable synonymy of the Chitons, by offering any conjectures. Dr. Loven says, “It is a very common species with us [in Sweden]. I think it is the 8. levigdtus, Furminc.” Mr. Sowerby thinks “it would be impossible to find a distinguishing character’? between this and C. cinereus. In this he is certainly mistaken. It comes much nearer to his red variety of C. marginatus ; but the granulations of the surface of our shell are not half so distinct as in either C. marginatus or C. cineé- reus. It is, therefore, best to use Mr. Couthouy’s name for the pres- ent, as it is the only one to which the shell can now, or perhaps ever, be referred with certainty. CHITON RUBER. Shell small, oval, elevated, carinated ; valves marked by lines of growth; otherwise smooth, strongly beaked ; margin pulveru- lent, red and white. Fieure 24. State Coll., No. 166. Soc. Cab., No. 2352. Chiton ruber, Lowr ; Zool. Journ., ii. 101, pl. 5, f. 2. Sowrrsy; Conch. Illust., f. 103, 104, lower fig. Fremine; Edin. Encyc., vi. 102. Brit. Anim., 289. Shell small, strong, nearly oval, being but slightly narrowed be- fore, convexly elevated and traversed by an elevated ridge or keel along the back ; valves without any appearance of granulations or punctures under the magnifier, but marked with conspicuous grooves, indicating the stages of growth, most marked near the border ; otherwise perfectly smooth, shining, and polished ; pos- terior margin strongly beaked. Color, light brick-red or flesh- color, with occasional dashes of dark crimson across one or more 150 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. valves, sometimes arranged in stripes ; such a stripe will usually be found at a little distance on each side of the keel, while the keel itself has a stripe of crimson spots, occasionally replaced by a yellow spot. It is frequently incrusted with a black foreign sub- stance. Margin coriaceous, coated with a red and white dust ar- ranged in alternate stripes. ‘Triangular areas generally well marked. Interior bright rose-red, becoming fainter at the mar- gins of the valves. Length 3 inch, breadth 8, inch. Found adhering to stones dragged from the deep by kelp; also in the maws of fishes. It is not difficult to distinguish at sight well-marked individuals of this species from those of C. fulmindtus. But there are intermediate specimens which it is not easy to pronounce upon. In general, this species is smaller, more solid, more convex, the valves more beaked, lines of growth more deep, the zigzag lines never appearing, though the posterior margin of the valve is sometimes dotted with white and red. The impunctured or ungranulated surface, however, is the best, as it is a constant, characteristic. That this is the C. ruber of Lowe and Sowerby, | think there can be no question, though it may not be C. ruber of other authors. The figure in Pennant, “ Brit. Zool.,” pl. 36, f. 3, also represents accu- rately most of the adult specimens, though it is quoted by authors as C. levis, which is distinguished by its finely reticulated margin. CuHITON ALBUS. Shell small, elliptical, valves carinated and partially beaked, minutely granulated ; margin beaded. FIGcurReE 27. State Coll., No. 133. Soc. Cab., No. 973. Chiton albus, Monracu; Test. Brit.,4. Sowrrsy; Conch. filust., 99,99 a, 100. Brown ; Conch. of Great Brit., &c. pl. 35, f. 2. Chiton aselléides, Lowe; Zool. Journ., ii. 103, t. 5. f. 3. Wooo; Suppl., pl. 1, adh Chiton sagrinatus, Cournouy ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 82. Shell small, elongated-oval ; covered with a bluish-black pig- ment, which easily rubs off, and leaves the ground yellowish or ash-colored ; surface beautifully granulated, under the microscope, PHYLLIDIANA. MOLLUSCA. CHITON. 151 so as to resemble the finest shagreen. Valves moderately cari- nated, and with a minute beak ; distinctly marked with lines of growth, and a feeble diagonal ridge often divides each side into two triangles; anterior valve crescentic, with about twelve marginal teeth. Margin membranous, yellowish, covered with beaded granules. Length ,; inch, breadth ,%, inch. Found in the stomachs of fishes in considerable numbers. This shell was first discovered on this side the Atlantic by Mr. Joseph P. Couthouy, and supposed by him to be new. But it agrees in all respects with Mr. Lowe’s figure and description of C. aselléides ; and Mr. Sowerby, on an examination of our shell, accords with me in opinion that it is that shell. Mr. Lowe subsequently states (Zool. Journ., iii. 79.) that his species ‘is clearly identified with C. albus of Montagu.” But, as it is only white when divested ae its pigment, the name aselléides is much more descriptive. The ridges, edges, and interstices of the valves usually have the pig- ment worn off, so as to present a yellowish-color. The beaded margin distinguishes it from all our other species; but it is rare to find the margin unimpaired. Cuiton EMERSONIA'NUS. Shell ovate-oblong, white ; valves reniform, each with a central cordiform, sculptured area, the remainder covered with a dirty mem- brane, with two rows of hairy tufts at the margin ; anterior valve emarginate. Fieure 19. State Coll., No. 182. Soc. Cab., No. 2351. Chiton Emersonii, Cournovy ; Bost. Journ, Nat. Hist., ii. 83, pl. 3, f. 10. Shell ovate-oblong, broadest behind ; of a light drab-color ; valves eight, kidney-shaped, the extremities being rounded and the posterior margin deeply arched ; posterior valve narrowed and excavated at the tip ; on the centre of each valve is a small, heart- shaped area, beautifully sculptured with bead-like granules, three or four series of which are parallel to its border, and the central ones on each side are arranged in a somewhat concentric manner 3; the beak is elevated and pointed, and smooth or slightly striated ; 152 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. the area on the anterior valve is shaped like the valve. The re- maining portion of the valves is smooth, with three radiating lines passing from the beaks to the middle of each base, enclosing two rounded, threadlike ribs. It is also covered with a thin mem- brane, coated with a dirty, scurfy epidermis which is easily rubbed off. Margin broad and thick, resembling macerated calf- skin, coated like the rest of the surface, and having two ranges of small tufts of yellowish hair, two on each of the intermediate, and six or eight around the terminal valves. Length 4 inch, breadth 56 inch. Found in the stomachs of fishes taken in Massachusetts Bay. This is a very curious shell, and, with three or four other described species, might constitute a sub-genus. It is so rough and unseemly that it is very likely to be rejected as some decayed specimen ; or the discoverer would begin to clear off, as some extraneous substance, the coating which belongs to it, and gives it a character. The shape of the valves, the sculptured areas, and the emarginate anterior valve, will not allow it to be confounded with any other spe- cies. Could it be presumed that so remarkable characters as the cen- tral areas and the anterior valve were overlooked, we might suppose this to be the C. vestitus, Brop. and Sowersy (Zool. Journ., iii. 368.) The areas, however, are easily defaced, and might not have attracted notice in their specimens. In other respects their description would apply well to our shell. The figure recently given of it, in the Ap- pendix to Beechey’s Voyage, represents a shell proportionally much narrower than ours. GENUS PATELLA. Lin. Shell low-conical, apex nearly central and inclining a little for- wards ; aperture oblong-oval, cavity basin-shaped. PatTe/LLA CA’NDIDA. Shell small, white, with numerous diverging ribs, checked by revolving lines, apex central. State Coll., No. 124. Soc. Cab., No. 2381. Patélla candida, Cournovuy ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 86, pl. 3. f. 17. PHYLLIDIANA. | MOLLUSCA. LOTTIA. 153 Shell small, conical, white, oval, having numerous minute radiating ribs, traversed by equally fine concentric lines, which give the surface, when viewed under a magnifier, the appearance of net-work; summit nearly central, margin slightly scolloped by the termination of the ribs ; interior white. Length 5% inch, height 7; inch, breadth 2 inch. Only three specimens of this shell are yet known. The first one found was taken by Mr. Couthouy fromthe stomach of a fish caught off Barnstable, and was described by him. A second has since been found by Mr. W.W. Wheildon, of Charlestown. It is at once distinguished by its checkered or granulated surface, no other spe- cies, yet described, having that character. / Genus LOTTIA, Gray. Shell basin-shaped, apex obtuse, usually more depressed and thinner than Patélla, and distinguished from it chiefly by its in- habitant. Lo’TTIA TESTUDINALIS. Shell oblong-oval, greenish-white, for the most part with brownish sub-dividing radiations ; centre within, dark-brown. Frievre 12. State Coll., No. 129. Soc. Cab., No. 767. Patélla testudinailis, Mitier, Prodr., p. 237. Fapr.; Fauna Grenl., 385. Lam.; An. sans Vert., vii. 543. Dituwyn; Catal., 1045. Woop; Catal., No. 63, pl. 37. Patélla testudinaria, KarmmererR, Rudolst Conch., 12, pl. 2, f. 4, 5. Patélla testudiniria Greenlandica, Curmn.; Conch., x. 325, pl. 168, f. 1614, 1615. Patélla tessellata, MULLER; Zool. Dan., iii. 2868, teste Dr. Beck. Patélla Cléalandi, Sowrrsy; Records of Lin. Soc., villi. 621. FrLemine ; Brit. Anim., 287. Patélla virginea, MiLieR; Zool. Dan., iii. 2867. Patélla virginea? Guexiy.; 3711. Ditiwyn; Catal., 1052. Patélla ame'na, Say; Journ. sicad. Nat. Sc., ii. 223. Patelléidea ame\na, Cournovuy ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 171. Patelléida testudinalis, Lea ; Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., (New Series,) vii. 73. Patélla cly’peus, Brown; Conch. of Great Brit., &c., pl. 37, f. 9, 10. Lottia Antilldrum, Sowrrsy; Conchol. Manual, f. 231. 20 154 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. Shell oblong-oval, moderately elevated, thin ; apex behind the middle, pointed, and turning forwards ; surface finely checkered with minute radiating lines crossed by encircling lines ; general color a greenish-white, with dark-brown stripes radiating from the summit, and frequently dividing, before they reach the margin, which is sharp and entire ; within, the central portion is dark- brown, and the margin is more or less bordered or checkered with the same color, by the exterior markings showing through. Ordinary length 4 inch, breadth 33 inch, height } inch. Found along our whole coast, adhering to the rocks, and is com- mon on the northernmost shores of Europe and America. This shell varies infinitely in its markings. ‘The general appear- ance is as above described. Sometimes, all exterior coloring is want- ing; and commonly, the lines are so delicate, and arranged in such a manner, as to exhibit a kind of net-work. The largest specimens I have seen were brought from Castine, Maine. ‘These were 14 inch in length. There can no longer be any doubt that this is the shell long known in the North of Europe as P. testudindlis. Specimens sent me from Ireland, Scotland, and Norway, agree in every par- ticular with ours. Probably the P. Antilldrum is the same, though Mr. Sowerby does not intimate this in his correspondence, Mr. Couthouy was the first to determine the generic place of this shell, by an inspection of the animal. I have employed the generic term Loérria, of Gray, as it has the right of priority, is not an objectionable derivative, and is in general use among all conchologists except the French. PaTeLLé1pea was also given, as the name of a family, by Blainville. The arrangement of the branchiz of the animal would, strictly, remove the genus from this family. Lortria ALVEUS. Shell oblong-oval, compressed at the sides, thin, colored with a net-work of white and brown. Fieure 13. State Coll., No. 130. Soc. Cab., No. 777. Patélla alveus, Conran 3 Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., vi. 267, pl. 11, f. 20. Patelloidea alveus, Cournovuy ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 177. CIRROBRANCHIATA. MOLLUSCA. DENTALIUM. 155 Shell small, thin and fragile, elevated, compressed at the sides, so that the margins are nearly parallel, the ends of equal breadth, and obtusely rounded ; apex at the posterior third, pointing for- wards ; outer surface beautifully checked with the lines of growth, and fine, but distinct, radiating lines ; color a reddish-brown, with oval or circular yellowish-white spots, arranged in a somewhat regular manner, so that the whole resembles a net-work. The thinness of the shell allows the external coloring to appear on the inside ; edge entire. Length ,%, inch, breadth 5%, inch. Found abundantly on the eel-grass (Zostéra marina), to whose narrow leaves its form is exactly adapted. In old specimens a lateral compression is very obvious, and the sides are at least parallel, and sometimes incurved for one half the length of the shell. The apex, when not worn off, is acute, and pro- jects distinctly forwards. The markings usually give the shell a checkered appearance ; but occasionally we have stripes, as in the preceding species. This shell is the very miniature of Patélla compréssa. Mr. Sower- by suggests that it bears the same relation to P. testudindlis as Patélla compréssa does to P. minidta; in other words, it is the same spe- cies, changed in form from having adhered to a narrow sea-weed instead of a stone. The general marking of the shell, and the cir- cumstance of its seldom, if ever, being noticed living anywhere except upon the narrow leaves before mentioned, render this opinion not at all improbable. - Famity CIRROBRANCHIATA, Buatnv. Animal with the branchie in the form of numerous long filaments, arising JSrom two radical lobes placed above the neck, and enveloped, with the head, by the mantle. Shell tubular, not spiral. Genus DENTALIUM, Liv. Shell tubular, elongated-conical, slightly curved, opening at each end by a rounded orifice. DENTALIUM DENTALE. Shell polished, slightly curved, with eighteen or twenty faint, unequal ribs. 156 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. Ficure 5. State Coll., No. 265. Soc. Cab., No. 2415. Dentalium dentalis, Lin.; Syst. Nat., 1263. Born; Mus., t. 18, f. 13. Maron and Racxetr; Lin. Trans., viii. 237. Drsuayres; Mem. de la Soc. d’ Hist. Nat., ii. 353, pl. 16, f. 9, 10. Lam.; An. sans Vert., v. 595. Dentalium striatum, Monracu ; Test. Brit., 495. Deuntalium attenuatum, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., iv. 154, pl. 8, f. 3. Shell slender and tapering, curved like an elephant’s tusk, the tip cut off, leaving a very small opening. Surface rather glossy, yellowish-white, marked with about twenty closely arranged, un- equal, rib-like striw, running the whole length of the shell. Length about an inch ; diameter at the larger end about 2 inch. I am enabled to add this shell to our list through the kindness of my friend W. W. Wheiidon, of Charlestown, who sent me the specimens, accompanied by the following memoranda. ‘“<'Two specimens of Dentalium were taken from the stomachs of cod- fish, in the Spring of 1839. They were both found to have penetrated the entrail of the fish, and were firmly fixed there. ‘They had proba- bly been in the fish for some length of time. Both specimens were unfortunately eroded, one of them so much so that it is quite impossible to determine any of its characters, except its size, its markings being entirely obliterated. In the other specimen the strie are distinct, and seem to conform to the D. dentalis of the coast of England. ‘Twenty to twenty-two stri2 may be counted on its surface.” Famity CALYPTRACEA, Lam. Shell basin-shaped, serving as a cover to the animal ; distinguished from the preceding family by the branchi@ being situated in a peculiar cavity upon the back. GENUS CEMORIA, Leacu. Shell small, like Patélla, with the apex elevated and curved forwards, and with a fissure just behind the apex. Cremoria Noacuina. Shell small, white, conical, covered with unequal, radiating ribs ; apex curved forwards, and perforated obliquely backwards. Figure 18. CALYPTRACEA. MOLLUSCA. CREPIDULA. 157 State Coll., No. 114. Soc. Cab., No. 1652. Patélla Noachina, Lix.; Mantissa, 551. Cuemn.; Conch., xi. 186, pl. 197, f. 1927, 1928. Patélla apertira, Montagu; Test. Brit., 491, pl. 13, f. 10. Woop; Index, pl. 38, f. 89. Patélla fissurélla, Mitier; Zool. Dan., i. t. 24, f. 4 to 6. GmeELin; Syst., 3728, No. 193. Fissurélla Noachina, Lyett; Obs. sur le Soulévement de la Suede, No. 16, pl. 2, f. 13,14. Lam.; 4n. sans Vert., vii. 604. Sowrersy; Conch. Illustr., (Fissu- rélla) f. 15, Puncturélla Noachina, Lowe; Zool. Journ., iii. 77. Cemoria Flemingii, Leacu ; Sowersy ; Conch. Man., f. 244. Sipho striata, Brown ; Conch. of Great Brit., §c., pl. 36, f. 14 to 16. Shell bluish-white, conical, its summit pointed and turned backwards, and the surface covered with about twenty-two ribs, with intervening smaller ones, and wrinkled by the lines of growth. A narrow, diamond-shaped slit is presented at the summit, which opens in the interior by a circular aperture, towards the margin, the course of this canal being as it were arched over by a thin plate of the shell, when viewed within ; edge oval and scolloped by the ribs. Length } inch, breadth } inch, height 7 inch. This curious little shell, the only recent species of its genus known, is frequently taken from the stomachs of fishes. It is also an inhabitant of the northern seas of Europe, and is found in a fossil state also. It has been arranged under different genera, but undoubtedly has claims to be the type of a distinct genus. Besides those mentioned above, the genus Ri'mua of Defrance, would also probably embrace it. But Cemoria has the priority over all those which have been constructed, though any one of the others would seem to have been better chosen names. Lowe remarks, that the P. apertwra of Mon- tagu has been ascertained, almost beyond a doubt, to be nothing more than the young of Fissurélla Greca. But his figure repre- sents this shell. Genus CREPIDULA, Lam. Shell oval, arched, somewhat boat-shaped, with an imperfect spire pressed against the margin ; cavity partially divided within by a horizontal partition. 158 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. CREPIDULA FORNICATA. Shell oval, apex turned to one side, and terminating in the mar- gin ; partition appressed to one side. Ficure 17. State Coll., No. 123. Soc. Cab., No. 817. Patélla fornicata, Lin. ; Syst. Nat., 1257. Marrint; Conch., i. 160, t. 13, f. 129, 130. Lister; Conch., t. 545, f. 33, 35. Knorr; Vergn., vi. t. 21, f. 3. Crepidula fornicata, Lam.; vii. 641. Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 225. Shell obliquely-oval, one side more oblique than the other, apex a little prominent, turned to one side, not separate from the body of the shell, and generally united with the margin of the aperture ; convexity moderate, but varying according to the ob- ject on which it is seated ; surface wrinkled by the lines of growth, of a dirty-white color, and figured with interrupted, waved, longitudinal lines, of a light-chestnut color, and covered with a yellowish epidermis ; aperture obliquely sub-oval, the edge entire and sharp, color light-brown, with darker dots and blotches ; a ray from the apex along the middle of the shell generally lighter than the rest ; diaphragm white, occupying about one half the aperture, one side of it defined by a distinct line, the other, for a considerable space, compressed against the side of the shell, and firmly united to it, the free edge waving, one half advancing con- siderably beyond the other, and leaving a conspicuous notch at the side, outside the boundary line, surface in general concave, but a narrow, arched portion traverses the middle. Length 14 inch, breadth 1! inch. oO Found adhering to other shells and to each other. This is probably, what Mr. Say supposed it to be, a variety of C. fornicata, as originally described, and is a species found in various seas. Jt is found occasionally thrown upon the beaches near Boston after a storm, but is not uncommon about Cape Cod, and the islands to the southeastward. The best specimens I: have seen, were brought, on oysters, from Prince Edward’s Island, off the mouth of the St. Lawrence. Its shape varies according to the body on which it rests. Four or five of different ages are frequently found riding upon each CALYPTRACEA. MOLLUSCA. CREPIDULA. 159 other. When growing upon Pecten concéntricus it is found to have ribs corresponding to those of the Pecten. It is a solid shell, and the diaphragm is situated near the mouth, leaving no cavity extending under the beak. The manner in which one edge is pressed against the side of the shell is quite characteristic. ‘The margin of the aper- ture is generally white, dotted with chestnut; the remainder of the interior is more or less brown. Sometimes the attachment of the diaphragm is bordered with reddish-brown. CREPIDULA PLANA. Shell ovate, flat, white ; apex acute, terminal ; diaphragm convex. Fieure 16. State Coll., No. 143. Soc. Cab., No. 821. Crepidula plana, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 226. Amer. Conch., pl. 44. Shell ovate, flat, or as often a little concave or convex, thin, transparent, white, wrinkled with concentric lines of growth ; apex minute, pointed, turning a little to one side, and constituting the extreme termination of the shell ; the other extremity broader, and regularly rounded ; interior white, of a brilliant polish, and iridescent ; diaphragm less than half the length of the shell, con- vex, rising to a level with the margin, free edge for the most part straight, but having a projecting angle near one side. Length 1} inch, breadth =. inch. 10 Found in the aperture of other shells. This species has also been observed through a wide region. Mr. Say noted it as far south as Florida. It does not, however, frequent localities north of us. It is still regarded by some as a yariety of the C. fornicdta modified by its position. But the peculiarity of form, coloration, diaphragm, and habit of living, seem to render it sufficient- ly distinct. When young, it is of a more rounded form, but becomes elongated by age. It is otherwise very variable in shape, conforming to the position it occupies in the throat of some other shell. This is very likely to prove to be the C. unguiformis, Lam., (Pa- télla crepidula, Lin.). In this opinion I have the concurrence of Mr. Sowerby. Deshayes observes that he can hardly think that the shell fioured as Calyptréa unguiformis by Broderip, in “ Trans. Zool. Soc.,” i. pl. 29, f. 4, is the shell of Linnzeus. He says the shell of 160 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. Linnzus is distinguished by a profound notch at one extremity of the partition, and a feebler one at the other; that the shell described by Mr. Say as Crepidula plana wants this notch, and is the shell figured by Broderip. Now it so happens, that the only specimen which I am certain is entire has this notch precisely as described, and the tooth- like process which separates the large notch from the rest of the mar- gin is such as would be likely to be broken in almost every instance. This fact leads me to suppose, that all three of the shells in question ~ are of the same species, and should be called C. unguiférmis. If so, its habitat is as wide as that of C. fornicdta. But as I have not yet the means of confirming my supposition, I give Mr. Say’s name. CREPIDULA CONVEXA. Shell elevated, apex terminal, separated from the body of the shell ; diaphragm convex, less than half the aperture, edge simple. Figure 15. State Coll., No. 122. Soc. Cab., No. 822. Crepidula convéxa, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 227. Shell small, opaque, very convex, obliquely ovate, one side nearly vertical, the other sloping ; surface wrinkled, color ashen- brown, with bands, stripes, or dots of dark reddish-brown ; apex acute, separate from the body of the shell, turning very little to one side, and downwards as far as the tip of the shell ; within shining, of a uniform dark reddish-brown color ; aperture oval ; diaphragm deeply situated, leaving a cavity extending into the beak, convex, brown, the free edge white and simply curved. Length 9, inch, breadth ,% inch, height 4, inch. Found on sea-weed, and on stones among the roots of sea-weed. It is seldom found entire. Mr. Say described from dead shells, and had not seen its true colors. In most instances one side is nearly upright, while the other is sloping; but sometimes the two sides are nearly similar. The diaphragm is regularly arched, the arch termi- nating at a regularly curved, depressed line, on one side, and here the free edge makes a slight projection. : This shell is easily distinguished from all our other species by its convexity and by the color of its deeply seated diaphragm. CALYPTRACEA. MOLLUSCA. CREPIDULA. 161 CREPIDULA GLAUCA. Shell oval, smooth, apex separate, slightly turned to one side ; diaphragm less than half the length of the shell, edge waved. Figure 14. State Coll., No. 121. Soc. Cab., No. 818. Crepidula glauca, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 226. Shell obliquely oval, thin, moderately convex, of a glaucous or grayish-green color, faintly freckled with dots of darker and lighter color ; surface nearly smooth ; the apex is pointed, pro- jecting considerably beyond the outline of the aperture, and, turn- ing downwards, and a little to one side, does not quite reach the plane of the aperture ; aperture rounded oval, the margin usually expanded ; interior a uniform, dark reddish-brown, or occasionally mottled ; the edge is margined with yellowish-white, and dotted with brown ; diaphragm white, running within the beak so as to exhibit a considerable recess ; it is waved, two thirds being con- vex, and the remainder concave ; the free margin has a concave curve in proportion as the diaphragm is arched. Length 32 inch, breadth ,* inch, height }; inch. I have taken only one specimen of this shell, which I found on a stone dragged upon Chelsea Beach by a Laminaria attached to it. It is, however, common on the ocean shore of Rhode Island, and'is doubtless to be found at the Elizabeth Islands, and along the South Shore. The specimens I have received from Colonel Totten have a peculiar figure, and from their undulated edges I should conjecture they were taken from off the Pecten concéentricus, which is found abundantly about Cape Cod. It is readily distinguished from C. convéxa by its depressed and broader figure, and white diaphragm. From small specimens of C. fornicata it is distinguished by its projecting and central apex, and by the constant recess under the beak. In some specimens the arch- ing of the diaphragm is greater than in others, and then its free mar- gin is more or less curved also. There is no decided notch at either extremity. 21 162 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. Famity BULLEANA, Lam. Shell thin, rolled up like a scroll ; animal destitute of tentacula, and having the branchie in a special cavity, at the posterior part of the back, covered by the mantle. Genus BULLA, Lin, Shell thin, oval or cylindrical, the last whorl enclosing all the others, seldom exhibiting any spire ; aperture narrow, nearly the length of the shell, lip sharp. BuLLaA INSCULPTA. Shell oval, bluish-white, fragile, the last whorl enveloping all ihe others, and covered with minute, regular, revolving lines, with an imperfect opening in the region of the spire. Figure 92. State Coll., No. 118. Soc. Cab., No. 838. Bulla insctlpta, Torren ; Silliman’s Journ., xxviii. 350, fig. 4. Bulla solitaria? Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 245. Shell oval, rather broadest before the middle, thin, pellucid, bluish-white ; the last whorl enveloping all the others, wrinkled lengthwise, and covered with minute, close, revolving lines ; the region of the spire is depressed, and sometimes we find there a very small opening ; aperture narrow behind, broad before ; outer lip very sharp, rising in a regular curve backwards above the summit of the shell ; as it ascends from below upon the body of the shell, it becomes a little thickened, and forms a very slight fold at the umbilical region ; a very thin layer of enamel is found covering the inner margin; umbilicus none. Length 4 inch, breadth 4 inch. Found at Martha’s Vineyard, at New Bedford, and in the muddy inlets in Roxbury. The differences between B. solitdria and B. insculpta, if there be any, must be very slight. Nor do I see that the two descriptions are at all inconsistent with each other. Still, it is true that the shells from Martha’s Vineyard are precisely like some from Charleston, South BULLEANA. MOLLUSCA. BULLA. 163 Carolina, and accord with Mr. Say’s solitdria ; and those from Rox- bury are precisely like those found by Colonel Totten at Newport, Rhode Island, and described by him. The observable differences are, that the first are of a more dead white, are more cylindrical, the sum- mit has a more square appearance, the revolving lines are less distinct, and there is always a perceptible opening in the region of the spire. These differences may be ascribed to age or-locality. I have used Colonel Totten’s name, since I am not sure that it is the shell intended by Mr. Say. BuLLA HIEMA'LIS. Shell minute, globular, very thin, dusky, no spire perceptible, with a small umbilicus. Fieure 100. State Coll., No. 119. Soc. Cab. No. 2385. Bulla hiemalis, Cournovy; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 180, pl. 4, f. 5. Shell globular, very thin and brittle, transparent, of a brownish tinge, except near the tip where it is whitish ; body-whorl envel- oping all the rest, so as to leave no perceptible spire, and marked with the lines of growth; the aperture is narrow behind, but greatly enlarged forwards ; the outer lip revolves, from its junction behind, nearly a third of a revolution before it turns forwards ; a thin plate of callus is spread over the inner margin, and rises so as to forma small but distinct umbilicus. Length and breadth about 5‘, inch. Procured from cod-fish taken off Provincetown, in about thirty fathoms water. It is a remarkable shell, sufficiently distinguished by its globular form, and its peculiar lip. Butta Gov’‘tpit. Shell ovate, white, rather opaque, composed of four whorls, the last including all the others, and covered with minute revolving lines ; spire nearly flat. Figure 94. 1644 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. State Coll., No. 117. Soc. Cab., No. 2384. Bulla Gouldii, Cournovy; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 181, pl. 4, f. 6. Shell small, ovate, shining, of a dead white color, covered with a yellowish epidermis ; whorls four, rounded at their upper edges, their dividing line well marked ; the last whorl is as long as the shell, and includes all the others; under the magnifier its surface appears covered with revolving lines ; the whorls all rise to about the same level, so that the summit is nearly flat; the anterior ex- tremity is rather narrower than the posterior: the aperture is nar- row behind, and suddenly enlarged by the curvature of the inner margin, which is a little thickened, white, and polished. ‘The outer lip, from its junction behind, advances a little as it tarns for- ward by a regular curve, and, finally turning backward by a rather sharp turn, it Joins the body of the shell with a gentle twist ; um- bilicus none. Length 5% inches, breadth ,%, inch. Found by Mr. Couthouy in the stomachs of fishes, taken off Cohasset Rocks, and dredged by Col. Totten in Provincetown harbour. In shape it somewhat resembles B. solitaria ; but it is a smaller and much more solid shell, and its flat summit, with the display of all its whorls there, plainly distinguishes it. ‘The anterior extremity is also more pointed. It is much broader and less cylindrical than B. canalicu- lata, nor has it the conspicuous fold on the pillar, as that shell has. BuLua DE’BILIS. Shell obliquely ovate, small, transparent, inflated, smooth, par- tially umbilicated; whorls four, terminating on a level; pillar lip terminating abruptly in front. Figure 95. State Coll., No. 112. Soc. Cab., No. 2388. Bulla débilis, Gouin ; Stlliman’s Journ., xxxviili. 196. Shell small, obliquely ovate, tumid, thin and brittle, greenish- white ; whorls four, all rising to about the same height, division distinct, each very convexly rounded ; last whorl the whole length of the shell, including all the others, and partially detached from them above ; surface without apparent marks ; aperture as long as BULLEANA. MOLLUSCA. BULLA. 165 the shell, widening from behind forwards ; outer lip attached be- hind, a little before the summit of the shell, it rises to a level with the spire, and then descends in a regular, though slightly waved curve to the front of the pillar, where it terminates quite abruptly ; inner lip spread out in a thin enamel upon the body of the shell, partially covering an umbilical indentation placed at about one fourth the length of the shell. Length 4, inch, breadth } inch. Obtained from fishes taken in Massachusetts Bay. This shell has no marked resemblance to any other with which I am acquainted, unless it be to B. Gouldii, of which it may possibly be the young. It is, however, much smaller and thinner, more globular, and its greatest breadth is before, instead of behind, the middle. The peculiarity of the base, also, is well marked. In many respects, it has a general resemblance to Montagu’s B. didphana, ( Test. Brit. pl. 7, f. 8,) but that has an elevated spire, and is not umbilicated. Brown figures a shell, which he calls Diaphana pellucida, (Conch. of Great Brit., &c., pl. 38, f. 10, 11,) which bears a still more striking resem- blance. These two last named species would come under the sub-genus Aptu’stre of Blainville ; in which the whorls are all visible, but the spire not projecting; and in which there is a thickened portion at the anterior termination of the pillar. BuLLA TRITI’/CEA. Sheil cylindrical, smooth, whitish, of the size of a grain of rice, a pit in place of the spire. Figure 98. State Coll., No. 116. Soc. Cab., No. 3871. Bulla triticea, Cournouy ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 88, pl. 2, f. 8. Shell cylindrical, polished, rather solid, of a dull white color, and covered with a thin, rusty epidermis ; marks of growth very delicate, and numerous minute revolving lines may be seen under a magnifier ; a circular pit occupies the region of the spire, from the margin of which the outer lip takes its origin, and, rising a little, passes forward in a direction nearly parallel to the left margin of the shell, forming a long, narrow aperture, which sud- denly becomes double this breadth, near the front, by the curva- ture of the inner lip ; occasionally the lip is a little waved in- 166 INVERTEBRATA OF, MASSACHUSETTS. wards at the middle, narrowing the aperture ; at the region of the umbilicus is a flattened, white space, thickened by enamel, gradually disappearing within the aperture ; the whole inner mar- gin is sometimes slightly coated with enamel. Length 2 inch, breadth 5); inch. Found plentifully in the maws of fishes taken in Massachusetts Bay. This shell is analogous to the B. cylindracea of Pennant, (Brit. Zool., pl. 70, f. 85.) But that is a much longer shell, and decidedly umbilicated in the region of the spire. Brown figures a shell under the name of Volvdria alba, (Conch. of Great Brit., &c., pl. 38, f. 48, 44,) which bears a striking resemblance to this shell. BuLLA CANALICULA'TA. Shell nearly cylindrical, spire somewhat elevated, with a groove on the summit of the whorls. Ficure 97. State Coll., No. 113. Soc. Cab., No. 2390. Volvaria canaliculata, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., v., 211. Bullina canaliculita, Say ; mer. Conch., pl. 39. Shell cylindrical, white and shining, with very faint lines of growth ; spire a little elevated, crowned with a minute but promi- nent tip; whorls about five, the summit of each having a shallow, rounded groove ; outer lip arching forwards ; inner lip over- spread with a thin plate of enamel, and having a single oblique fold near the base. I have found only one specimen of this shell from the waters of Massachusetts. ‘This was discovered, among other minute shells, in sand brought from Martha’s Vineyard. Prof. Adams found them in considerable numbers in New Bedford harbour. I have been induced to place this species under the genus Butta, in consequence of the remarks of M. Deshayes, in his edition of La- marck’s work. He thinks the main character of Férussac’s genus BuLitNa, as modified by Blainville, viz., ‘* an apparent and prominent 2 spire,’ is not of sufficient importance to constitute a genus ; and, while Mr. Say states that the animal of Butirna differs from that of Butta BULLEANA. MOLLUSCA. BULLA. 167 by having two distinct tentacula, Deshayes, a much later authority, says it is perfectly well ascertained that the animals accord with each other most accurately. Butitna may at least be regarded as a sub-genus of Butta, to which this species and the next will belong. At the same time, its shape and the fold on the columella would seem to approximate it to Voxva Rid, where Mr. Say originally placed it. BuLLaA osBsTRICTA. Shell oval-cylindrical, white, nearly smooth, spire somewhat elevated, last whorl nearly as long as the shell, and slightly girt- ed at the middle ; a fold on the pillar. Figure 96. State Coll., No. 118. Soc. Cab., No. 2389. Bulla obstri/cta, Goutp ; Sélliman’s Journ., xxxvill. 196. Shell small, cylindrical, with each extremity rounded, semi- transparent, opaque white, or pale horn-color ; whorls five, the last nearly involving the others, somewhat girt in at the middle, nearly smooth, covered with a light-yellowish epidermis ; spire obtuse, rising above the junction of the lip to about one fifth the length of the shell ; suture deep, apparently double in old speci- mens, or rather, a narrow and deep line revolving on the shoulder of each whorl, near the suture, forms a sort of channel ; aperture very narrow behind, widening before ; outer lip sharp, entire, join- ing the preceding whorl by a gradual approach, and then turning down the inner border in the form ofa thick, slightly attached plate of enamel ; from the front, as it turns back, it becomes thicker and rounded, and at the umbilical region it enters the shell and forms a conspicuous fold. Length 7, inch, breadth 45 inch. Found on Chelsea Beach by myself, at Provincetown by Col- onel Totten, at New Bedford by Prof. Adams, and is not unfre- quently taken from fishes. The same remarks which were made under the preceding spe- cles, as to its generic place, apply to this species. This shell closely resembles the figures, and agrees in general with the description, of Bulla obtusa, of Montagu; but in neither of them is any fold at the base of the pillar noted, and our shell has a more ele- 168 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. vated spire, and wants the conspicuous lines of growth which pecu- liarly mark the British shell. B. canaliculdta differs in its more slen- der, cylindrical, and smooth appearance, the broad and shallow groove of the whorls, its very acute summit, and its more slightly plaited pil- lar-lip. In adult specimens it is easy to discriminate the two species ; but the half grown specimens are so nearly alike, as to render it almost impossible to separate them. Mr. Lea describes and figures a fossil species in his ‘‘ Contributions to Geology,” under the name of Acteaon Wetherilli, which must very closely agree with this shell. \ BuLua ORYZA. Shell minute, white, glossy, sub-oval, last whorl enveloping all the others, and marked with a few revolving lines ; summit de- pressed, imperforate. Figure 95. State Coll., No. 120. Soc. Cab., No. 2387. Bulla ory\za, Torren ; Silliman’s Journ., xxviii. 350, f.5. Shell not very small, not very thin, translucent, white, regularly diminishing from the middle towards each end, the tip being de- pressed into a shallow pit, and the front being rather pointed ; last whorl enclosing all the others ; surface marked with minute lines of growth, a few revolving lines on the anterior portion, and a few more obscure ones near the shoulder, none of them perceptible without a magnifier. Aperture as long as the shell, narrow be- hind, and widening forwards ; outer lip simple and sharp, com- mencing beyond the axis of the shell, and rising a little, then turns, and passes forwards by a regular curve; the left margin is thickened, and forms a smooth, glossy pillar, which is twisted so as to form an oblique fold ; at the base it terminates abruptly, so as almost to form an obtuse tooth; a thick callus, commencing at the junction of the outer lip, runs round within the whorl, giving strength to the region of the spire. ‘'here is no umbilical open- ing either at the tip or base. Length 5% inch, breadth ,5 inch. Found by Professor Adams in the mud of New Bedford har- bour. It was originally found by Colonel Totten in the harbour of Newport. It seems not to have passed Cape Cod. COLIMACEA, MOLL USCA. HELIX. 169 In solidity, color, polish and general shape, this is allied to B. Gouldii; but is much smaller, and is at once distinguished by its ex- hibiting no spire. BuLLA LINEOLATA. Shell minute, ovate, ferruginous ; whorls three, the last envelop- ing all the others, and marked with numerous revolving lines ; aperture dilated anteriorly. Ficure 99. State Coll., No. 115. Soc. Cab., No. 2386. Bulla lineolata, Cournouy ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. 179, pl. 3, f. 15. Shell very small, oblong-ovate, broadest anteriorly, very thin and fragile, covered with a thin, rust-colored epidermis ; whorls three, forming a flattened spire, the outer one somewhat in- flated, and delicately marked with numerous, impressed, re- volving lines ; aperture extending the whole length of the shell, very narrow behind, and rapidly widening forwards, so that the lip is broadly rounded in front ; the pillar has a faint oblique fold near the middle. Within glossy, yellowish-white. Length 3, inch, breadth ;3, inch. Several specimens of this very delicate and very singular shell have been taken from the stomachs of fishes caught in the Bay. It appears like a diminutive specimen of Bulla ligndria, but its somewhat elevated spire is one good distinctive mark. The revolving lines are rather distant, regularly disposed, and always conspicuous under a magnifier. Famity COLIMACE.A, Lam. Animal terrestrial, breathing air, tentacula cylindrical, bearing eyes. Shell spiral, destitute of any external prominences except ridges of increase, the outer lip often reflected. Genus HELIX, Liv. Shell orbicular or sub-globular, spire not much elevated ; aper- ture oblique, broader than long; the pillar and outer lip continu- ous, simple or armed with teeth. 22 170 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. HELIX ALBO’/LABRIS. Shell orbicular-conical, yellowish horn-color; whorls five or six, convex, marked with the lines of growth, and minute revolving lines; lip white, broadly reflected ; umbilicus closed. Figure 101. State Coll., No. 101. Soc. Cab., No. 1008. Helix albélabris, Say ; Micholson’s Encyc., (Amer. ed.,) iv. pl. 1, f. 1. Long’s 2d Expedition to St. Peter's River, ii. 258. Amer. Conch. pl. 13. Fr'russac ; Hist. des Moll., pl. 43, f. 1 to 3. Binney; Monogr, pl. 2. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., i. 475, pl. 13. Cochlea Virginiana, Lister ; Conch., t. 47, f. 45. Shell orbicular, depressed-conical, thin, shining, of a yellowish- brown or russet-color ; whorls five to six, rounded, separated by a well-defined suture, and forming a moderately elevated spire, regularly and distinctly wrinkled by the lines of growth, which are crossed by very numerous, delicate, revolving hair lines, scarcely visible without a magnifier ; aperture semi-elliptical, contracted by the lip, which is white and very broadly reflected ; outer edge sharp, somewhat waved, and colored orange on the back ; umbili- cus, covered by the extremity of the lip. Diameter generally over one inch. The animal varies in color, sometimes being pure white, cream-color, or grayish ; head brownish above ; tentacula dusky at tip; eyes black ; back shagreened with glandular tubercles ; foot rather more than twice the diameter of the shell, pointed be- hind. Found in large numbers in all the partially cleared forests of New England, sheltered in the moist mould under decaying logs and rotten stumps ;,and sometimes about stone walls and rocks in the open fields. It is found in all the States, except, perhaps, the southernmost. This is our largest snail, and, though so simple in its structure and coloring, is a pleasing shell. Its delicately striated surface, and broad, white lip, cannot fail to gain admiration. It is subject to very little variety, the principal variations being its want of the white re- COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. HEnix. 171 flected lip, and an open umbilicus in its immature stages. It has no tooth on the pillar, like H. thyrétdus, and H. zaléta, is smaller than the former, and less globular than the latter. The economy of these animals may be briefly stated as follows. They subsist upon decaying leaves and vegetable fibre, under which they usually shelter themselves. In moist weather, and after showers, they issue from their retreats, and crawl over the leaves or up the trunks of trees, until driven back by a change of weather. In early spring they are often seen collected in groups on the sunny side of rocks. In June they deposit their eggs, to the number of thirty to eighty in the light mould by the side of rocks and logs. These are white, opaque, and elastic; and in about twenty to thirty days the young animal issues from them with a shell consisting of one whorl and a half. In October they cease to feed, and select a place under some log or stone where they may be sheltered for the winter, and there they fix themselves, with the mouth upwards. This they close by secreting a thin, transparent membrane, and as the weather be- comes cold, they grow torpid, and remain in that state until the warmth of spring excites them to break down the barrier, and enter upon a new campaign of duty and pleasure. HELIX THYRO‘IDUS. Shell convex, yellowish horn-color ; whorls five, delicately wrinkled ; aperture rounded ; lip white, widely reflected ; pillar with a single white tooth ; umbilicus partial. Fieure 108. State Coll., No. 100. Soc. Cab., No. 1015. Helix thyréidus, Say ; Nich. Encyc., (Amer. ed.,) iv. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. i. 123, ii. 161. Amer. Conch., pl. 18, f. 2. Fe!russac; Hist. des Moll., pl. 49 A. f. 4. Desnayes; Encyc. Méth., Vers, ii. 230. Lam.; An. sans. Vert., viii. 114. Binney; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., ii. pl. 18. Cochlea umbilicata, Lister ; Conch., t. 91, f. 91. Cochlea terrestris Virginiana, Scurort.; Einl. in Conch., ii. 192. Mésodon leficodon, RaFINESQUE. Shell rounded, convex, of a uniform yellowish-brown or russet- color; whorls about five, convex, marked with delicate and parallel lines of growth; suture distinct ; aperture broad, semi- lunar, contracted by the lip; lip white, widely reflected, and 172 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. sometimes grooved, its exterior yellowish ; at the inner side, on the last whorl, is a white, tooth-like tubercle, placed obliquely ; umbilicus exhibiting only one volution, and partially covered by the reflected lip. Diameter about three fourths of an inch. Animal of a dirty yellowish-color, with a greyish hue in some individuals ; tentacula darker ; eyes black ; base of the foot dirty white ; length equal to twice the diameter of the shell. Found in nearly all parts of this State, but by no means com- mon. It is numerous in all the Southern and Western States. This is a plain but pretty shell, bearing a great resemblance to H. albélabris, yet readily distinguished from it. It is a smaller shell, more globose ; its aperture is more oblique, and the partially closed umbilicus and tooth on the inner lip are specially characteristic. It varies considerably in its size, and in the degree of its convexity. The umbilicus is sometimes entirely closed ; and in immature shells the tooth is generally wanting. It is occasionally found reversed. HELIX HORTE'NSIS. Shell sub-globose, thin, smooth, greenish-yellow, or variously banded with brown ; lip refleced, white, thickened within; umbil- icus Closed. State Coll., No. 102. Soc. Cab., No. 994 to 996, 1062. Helix horténsis, Miruer; Verm., 52, No. 247. Born; Mus. t. 16, f. 18, 19. Cuemn.; Conch., ix. t. 133, f. 1199 to 1201. Draparnaup; Moil., pl. 6, f. 6. Fe/russac 3; Hist. des Moll., pl. 35 and 36. Lam.; An. sans Vert., vili.55, where references to numerous other works may be seen. Helix sub-globdsa, Binney ; Bust. Journ. Nat. Hist.,i. 485, pl. 17. Monogr., pl. 6. Shell sub-globular, thin, smooth, and shining ; whorls four or five, convex, with apparent lines of growth ; suture distinct ; ter- mination of the outer whorl declining ; aperture rounded, slightly contracted at the base by the thickening and inflection of the lip ; lip slightly reflected, white, thickened within; base somewhat convex, umbilicus covered ; general color greenish-yellow, more or less dark ; sometimes plain, but generally variously banded with dark reddish-brown. Diameter about three fourths of an inch. The animal has the head and neck blackish, with a slight tinge COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. HELIX. 173 of brown; tentacula smoky ; eyes black ; base of foot inky, tip dirty flesh-color ; respiratory orifice surrounded by a dark circle ; length about twice the diameter of the shell. {nhabits the sea-coast, and is common on the lower parts of Cape Cod and Cape Ann. {[t is very abundant on Salt Island, near Gloucester. It has been noticed in the region of Portland, Maine, and along the banks of the St. Lawrence. This species, so abundant in Europe, and so well known in every cabinet, has been undoubtedly imported to this continent, and has not as yet made great advances into the interior. The specimens first discovered by Dr. Binney were all of the plain, greenish-yellow va- riety ; and, though he could not fail to perceive their affinity to the H. horténsis, he thought he discovered differences enough to entitle them to a specific distinction, and therefore described them under the name H. sub-globodsa. But numerous specimens have since been brought from the same vicinity, bearing all the various zones of the European specimens. His remarks on the manner in which the epiphragm, which closes up the orifice in winter, is formed, are curious. Unlike other American species, they are not found burrowing under stones and decayed leaves, but on the ground, and crawling up the stems of plants. The best authorities now regard the H. horténsis of authors as merely a variety of H. nemoralis, Lin., with a white instead of a dark lip. HELIX TRIDENTA'TA. Shell depressed, yellowish horn-colored ; whorls obliquely wrinkled ; aperture contracted, three-lobed, two teeth on the outer lip, and a curved one on the pillar ; lip refleved, white ; umbilicus deep. Fieure 115. State Coll., No. 103. Soc. Cab., No. 1019. Helix tridentata, Say; Wich. Encyc., (Amer. ed.) iv. Fr’russac ; Hist. des Moll., pl. 51,3. Desnayes; Encyc. Méth., Vers, ii. 213. Lam.; An. sans Vert., viii. 115. Woon; Index, Suppl., pl.7,f.2. Binney; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., - iil. pl. 22, F1. Shell flattened, slightly convex above and below, yellowish horn-colored ; whorls four and a half to six, slightly convex, 174 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. crossed obliquely with numerous fine and regular lines of growth ; aperture contracted, rendered trilobate by the presence of two small, pointed teeth on the outer lip ; opposite the middle lobe, placed obliquely on the inner lip, is a thin, somewhat curved, white tooth ; lip broad, white, partially reflected, with a constric- tion behind it ; umbilicus not large, deep, and partly covered by the extremity of the reflected lip. Diameter about half an inch. Animal dark-bluish slate-color, deeper on the head, back and tentacula ; foot nearly twice as long as the diameter of the shell. This well-marked species is not found near the sea-coast, and but rarely in the forests, at the western part of this State. It in- habits all the Atlantic States, and those north of the Ohio. It varies much in size and other respects, in different localities. Specimens from this region have the lip narrow, the teeth small, the aperture but slightly contracted, the spire depressed, and are of a medium size. In Ohio it is larger, in Florida much smaller. Dr. Binney regards the H. fallax of Say, as a variety of this species, in which the spire is more elevated, and the parts about the aperture greatly developed, so that the aperture is nearly closed by the teeth and the stricture behind the lip; the upper lip-tooth has often two or three points, and the tooth on the inner lip extends quite to the base of the shell, so as to unite with the extremity of the lip. The middle one of the three lobes is smallest, and their outline reg- ularly arched, so as to resemble somewhat the ace of clubs. HELIX MO’NODON. Shell rather depressed, dusky horn-color, hispid; aperture semilunar ; lip white, reflexed ; with a single elongated tooth fired obliquely to the pillar ; umbilical region excavated. Figure 113. State Coll., No. 105. Soc. Cab., No. 1054. Helix monodon, Racxert; Lin. Trans., xiii. 42, pl. 8, f. 2. Binney; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pl. 14, f. 1. Shell slightly convex ; whorls five or six, narrow, diminishing very gradually in breadth from the outer whorl to the apex, mark- ed with very fine lines of growth, and covered with a dark russet COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. HELIX. 175 or chestnut-colored epidermis, which is beset with very minute, hair-like projections ; aperture contracted by a deep groove be- hind the lip ; lip white, narrow, reflexed, a little grooved on its face, extending on the base to the umbilicus and slightly contract- ing it, and its outer edge not projecting beyond the surface of the whorl ; umbilicus deep, not exhibiting all the volutions, partially covered by the lip; base rounded, very much excavated at the umbilical region, with a compressed, elongated white tooth at the edge of the aperture. Greatest diameter nearly half an inch. Animal yellowish-brown, darker on the head and tentacula. Foot narrow, cylindrical, half as long again as the diameter of the shell, terminating in a point. Eyes black. Found in the middle and western parts of this State, sometimes in forests with other species, but more commonly on the hill-side pastures under stones, where other species rarely occur. ‘Two individuals are commonly found together. It is also found in the Northern and Northwestern States. The hairy processes are most conspicuous in young shells, but are ofien wanting at every stage of growth. ‘The oblique lines of growth are so minute, that the shell often appears quite smooth and shining. This species and H. fratérna of Say are very similar, if not identi- cal. He separates his species on account of the almost invariable closure of the umbilicus, and Dr. Binney, in his ‘* Monograph,” adopts Mr. Say’s opinion. If they are the same, the name ménodon has the claim to priority. HELIX HIRSUTA. Shell globular, hairy, chestnut-colored ; aperture very narrow ; outer lip reflexed, having a fissure on its inner margin ; pillar lip with along, compressed tooth ; umbilicus closed. Fieure 116. State Coll., No. 104. Soc. Cab., 1017. Helix hirsuta, Say; Journ. acad. Wat. Sc., i. 17, ii. 161. Fr/russac; Hist. des Moll., pl. 50 A.f. L to 3. Desnayes; Encyc. Méth.,Vers, ii. 253, No. 117, Lam; Jn. sans Vert., vill. 113. Biyney; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pl. 14, f. 3. Helix fratérna, Woon; Index, Suppl., pl. 8, f. 16. Stenotréma convéxa, RaFrinEsQueE ; 176 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. Shell nearly globular ; whorls five, rounded ; suture distinct ; epidermis brownish, covered with numerous sharp, rigid hairs ; aperture very narrow, almost closed by an elongated, lamelliform tooth, situated on the pillar lip, and extending from the centre of the base nearly to the junction of the lip with the outer whorl 5 lip narrow, very much depressed and reflected against the body whorl, with a deep cleft or fissure near the centre of the inner margin ; base convex ; umbilicus wholly closed. Greatest diam- eter + inch, ordinary size less than } inch diameter. Animal whitish, head and tentacula slate-colored ; foot slender, semi-transparent, length less than twice the breadth of the shell ; ~ cavity of the tentacula apparent when they are drawn in, by two dark lines, with a whiter space between. Found to the west of Connecticut River, not common. In the Middle and Western States it is abundant. This very peculiar snail is at once distinguished from every other species by the singular fissure on the inner edge of the lip. There is sometimes a minute, tooth-like process on the inner and upper part of the lip, which is visible only on looking into the aperture. Sometimes its hairy vesture covers it at every part; at other times it is quite smooth. Dr. Binney has once or twice noticed a white band on the body whorl. HELIX PULCHE’LLA. Shell minute, white, depressed ; whorls four, suture deep ; aper- ture circular, lip refleced, thickened ; umbilicus large. Fieure 102. State Coll., No. 41. Soc. Cab., No. 1056. Turbo helicinus, Licutroor ; Lond. Phil. Trans. 1786. Helix pulchélla, Mttuer; Verm. Hist., &§c. No. 232,30. Draparnaco; Hist. §c., U2, pl. 7, f. 30 to 34. Brann; Moll., 56, t. 2, f.9. ALpEeR; Mag. Zool. and Bot., ii. 109. Lam., An. sans Vert., viii. 76. Drsuayves; Encyc. Méth., Vers, ii. 440. Fr/russac; Hist. des Moll., No. 173. Binney; Bost. Journ. Nat. Nist., Ase ple Wes: Helix paluddsa, Monracu; Test. Brit., 440. Rackxerr; Lin. Trans., viii. pl. sya ate Turbo paludosus, Turron ; Conch. Dict., 228. Helix minuta, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 123. COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. HELIX. 177 Zurama pulchélla, Leacn; Molluse., 108. Gray; Edit. of Turton’s Brit. Land., and Fr. Water Shells, 141. Lucéna pulchélla, Harrmann; t. 1, f. 6. Shell minute, semi-transparent, white, or very light horn-color, thin, depressed ; whorls four, very minutely marked with lines of growth, the last spreading at the mouth like a trumpet ; suture deeply impressed ; aperture circular, the lip very nearly sur- rounding it, much thickened, white, and reflected ; umbilicus large, exhibiting all the volutions within. Diameter one tenth of an inch. Animal pale, semi-transparent. Rather common in the vicinity of Boston, under stones in rich soil, and about decaying stumps. It is probably abundant in all parts of this State, and has been noticed in Ohio, and on the ‘banks of the Missouri as high up as Council Bluffs. This very minute snail is a very beautiful shell when examined by a magnifier. It has rather the external characters of Cycléstoma than of Helix. It agrees with the H. pulchélla of Muller in all respects, except that it is never supplied with the sharp, parallel ribs which are frequently found on the foreign specimens, though by no means con- stantly. It is thought by some to have been introduced from Europe. But, as Dr. Binney remarks, ‘‘ it does not seem possible that so small an animal, if naturalized since the arrival of Europeans, could have been able to penetrate to the remote points in the interior of the con- tinent where it is now found.” HELIX ALTERNA'TA. Shell orbicular, depressed, fawn-colored, barred with oblique, zigzag lines of dusky ; whorls five or six, with prominent wrinkles at the lines of growth ; lip simple ; umbilicus large and deep. Figure 114. State Coll., No. 99. Soc. Cab., No. 1045. Helix alternata, Say ; Wicholson’s Encyc., (Amer. ed.), iv. pl. 1, f. 2. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., 11.161. Ferussac ; Hist, Nat. des Moll., pl. 79, f. 8,9,10. Drsuayes; Encyc. Méth., Vers, ii. 219. Binney; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pl. 32. Helix scabra, Lam.; An. sans Vert., viii. 66. Helix radiata, Gein; Syst., 3674, No. 73. Listzr; Conch., t. 70, f. 69. 23 178 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. Shell orbicular, depressed, slightly convex above and below ; general tint a light fawn-color, which, on the upper surface, al- ternates, in about equal proportions, with oblique, zigzag bars of dark-brown ; these bars grow narrower and lighter on the lower surface as they converge to the umbilicus ; they are generally in- terrupted by a light-colored zone which issues from the middle of the inner margin of the aperture ; whorls five to six,, flattened above, conspicuously plaited at the lines of growth so as to pro- duce a rough surface above, but nearly smooth beneath ; the shell has a sharp dividing line between the upper and lower surfaces in all its earlier stages, which disappears only at maturity, forming a circular aperture, slightly modified by the preceding whorl ; lip simple and delicate ; umbilicus large and deep, exhibiting all the volutions. Diameter often an inch. Animal with the head and tentacula of a light slate-color, back brown, remainder of the upper surface brownish-orange ; eyes black ; base of foot drab-colored ; collar saffron. ‘Tentacula one third of an inch long, blackish at tip. Foot not much exceeding the di- ameter of the shell, terminating in a broad, flat, obtuse tip ; a light marginal line runs along the foot from the head to the posterior tip. Found everywhere in old forests and in moist situations under decaying logs and stumps. In this State it is not often found near the sea-coast. Dr. Yale, however, has observed numerous dead specimens on Martha’s Vineyard. The shell varies in being more or less depressed, and the wrinkles more or less obylous ; sometimes no bars are observable on the lower surface. The animal and its tentacula are proportionally shorter than in our other species. Its habits are gregarious, so that several are usually found in company. HELIX STRIATELLA. Shell small, orbicular, depressed, rufous ; whorls six, with prom- inent lines of growth ; aperture declining, rounded ; lip simple ; base widely and deeply umbilicated. Fieure 112. State Coll., No. 98. Soc. Cab., No. 2391. Helix striatélla, AnruHony ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 278, pl. 3, f. 2. Binney ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pl. 28, f. 3. COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. HELIX. 179 Shell small, orbicular, very much depressed, almost discoidal, of a uniform reddish horn-color ; whorls four, flattened above and rounded below, separated by a well-defined suture, delicately wrinkled by the elevated and sharp lines of growth, and in all im- mature stages presenting a sharpened or carinated edge at the circumference ; aperture rounded, declining, somewhat broader than high; lip simple and thin; lower surface rendered cup- shaped by a broad and deep umbilicus, whose diameter is nearly that of the outer volution. Diameter about one fourth of an inch. The animal has the tentacula bluish-black ; margin, and pos- terior part of foot, white. Foot transparent, less than twice the diameter of the shell in length ; terminating acutely. Found abundantly in all parts of this State, about old stumps, and under the bark of decaying logs. The cup-shaped base, and beautifully raised lines of growth, suf- ficiently designate this shell. Its form is like that of H. rotundata of Europe, which, however, is checkered by darker bars, like our H. alternata. This is the shell, which, till recently, has been regarded as the H. perspectiva of Say. Several gentlemen in Ohio, where both species are found, have for some years discriminated the two shells; and in January, 1839, Mr. J. G. Anthony communicated to the Boston So- ciety of Natural History a description of this species. After mature examination, conchologists have become satisfied that the Massachu- setts shell is the H. striatélla, and that H. perspectiva is not found in this region. ‘The differences are, that H. striatélla is altogether a more delicate shell in structure and marking, the number of whorls is one less, the color is lighter, and the shell smaller; the sharp ex- ternal edge is also more conspicuous, and, looking into the throat, we do not find the tooth-like thickening which exists within the lower margin of H. perspectiva. Mr. Anthony also observes, that it is found in low lands, near running streams, and never about rotten logs, the common residence of H. perspectiva. ‘This, however, does not accord with its habits in Massachusetts. HELIX LINEATA. Shell small, discoidal, green ; whorls four, with fine, elevated, parallel, revolving lines ; aperture narrow, semi-lunar ; lip simple ; 180 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. throat with two or more pairs of teeth ; umbilicus broad and deep. Figure 103. State Coll., No. 108. Soc. Cab., No. 2393. Helix lineata, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 18, ii. 273. Férussac; Hist. Nat. des Moll., pl. 79, f.1. Binney ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pl. 29, f. 3. Shell minute, discoidal, flat above, concave beneath, greenish ; whorls about four, flat above, higher than broad, separated by a distinctly impressed suture, covered with numerous, parallel, raised, revolving lines; otherwise smooth ; aperture narrow, semi-lunar ; lip simple and thin; umbilicus wide and deep, ex- hibiting each volution to the apex. Within the aperture, on the external wall, are placed two pairs of white, conical teeth, the first pair in sight on looking into the aperture, the other more remote, and seen only through the semi-transparent shell. Di- ameter one eighth of an inch, usually less. Animal whitish, transparent, thread-like. Found in this, and all the other New England States, and in Pennsylvania. It has been noticed, for the most part, under the bark, or in the interstices, of rotten wood ; sometimes under stones and leaves in damp places. At first sight, one would be disposed to call this shell a Planérbis rather than a Helix. Perhaps it is the P. parallélus, of Say. Its wheel-shaped form, greenish color, revolving raised lines, and singular teeth, are characters which cannot be mistaken. One pair of these teeth may always be found and seen; and in one instance Dr. Binney noticed even a third pair still farther within the whorl. HELIX CELLA RIA. Shell orbicular, depressed, thin, pellucid, glistening, smooth ; whorls five, flattened ; aperture rounded ; lip simple ; umbilicus deep. Figure 104. State Coll., No. 97. Soc. Cab., No. 1059. Helix cellairia, MUtLter; Verm. Hist., No. 230. Cuemn.; Conch., ix. t. 127, f. 1129, 1,2. Férussac; Hist. Nat. des Moll., No, 212. Drsuayes; Fncyc. COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA.. | * HELIX. 181 Méth., Vers, ii. 215. Lam.; An. sans Vert., viii. 71. Binney; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pl. 26, f. 2. Helix nitida, Draparnaup ; Moll., pl. 8, f. 23 to 25. Helix nitens, Maron and Racxetr; Lin. Trans., viii. 198, pl. 5, f.7. Brarp; Hist. des Moll., 34, pl. 2, f. 2. Helix glaphyra, Say ; Vicholson’s Encyc., (Amer. ed.), iv. pl. 1, f. 3. Zonites cellarius, Gray's Turton, &c., 170, pl. 4, f. 40. Zonites lucida, Leacu; Mss. Shell small, orbicular, depressed, concave beneath, thin, pellu- cid, smooth, and glistening; whorls five, slightly convex, with minute, almost imperceptible lines of growth, otherwise highly polished ; color light-greenish, horn-colored above, drab-colored beneath, or milky-white. Aperture rounded, but broader than high ; lip simple, very thin and sharp ; base elegantly rounding into a rather large and deep umbilicus. Diameter rather less than half an inch. Animal has its upper surface light indigo-blue, darkest on the head, neck, and tentacula, collar greenish, eyes black. Foot narrow and slender, not much exceeding in length the diameter of the shell, and terminating acutely. Found in gardens, damp cellars, about cisterns, and similar moist and fertile localities. There can be no doubt that the H. glaphyra of Say is identical with the H. celldria of Muller ; a comparison of shells of the same size and growth showing them to be absolutely similar in every re- spect. It was probably imported from Europe, as it may have easily been, about water casks, green-house plants, We. It seems as yet to be confined to the Northeastern and Middle States. The shell which is very commonly found marked as H. gla- phyra is the H. inornata, Say, in an immature state. This is a less delicate shell, but in its earlier stages, when there is but a small um- bilicus, there is no inconsiderable resemblance between the two, and it would accord well with the description; but no one familiar with the present species would ever mistake one for the other. HELIX INDENTATA. Shell orbicular, depressed, very thin and shining ; whorls four, the external one marked with rather distant impressed lines radi- ating from the closed umbilicus ; lip simple. 182 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. Fieure 109. State Coll., No. 106. Soc. Cab., No. 1058. Helix indentata, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 372. Binney; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii: pl..29,m) 1. Shell small, orbicular, very low conical, thin, pellucid, very light horn-color, highly polished and shining ; whorls four, slight- ly convex, the whole spire having a conical slope from the apex to the edge ; the outer one rapidly increasing, marked with some- what remote, sub-equidistant impressed lines, in the direction of the lines of growth, the intervening spaces very smooth ; suture moderately deep ; aperture large, well rounded ; lip simple ; base having the umbilical region deeply excavated, but not perforated, with very few exceptions, the lip usually terminating at the cen- tral point. Diameter one fifth of an inch, sometimes more. Animal bluish-black upon the upper parts ; margin and pos- terior extremity lighter. Found in company with H. arborea and H. striatélla, about decaying stumps and logs. At Oak Island, in Chelsea, I have found it abundantly. It has been noticed in New Jersey, Penn- sylvania, and Ohio. This species is of about the same size as H. arborea. Its color is much lighter, its apex less depressed, its whorls less in number by one, the outer whorl increases much more rapidly, its umbilicus is usually closed ; and, moreover, the impressed lines, which look like water lines, or the lines on a gooseberry, apparently radiating from the umbilicus, are entirely characteristic, and distinguish it from every other species. They are not readily discerned without a magnifier. HELIX ARBOREA. Shell small, orbicular, depressed, thin, pellucid, shining ; brownish horn-colored ; whorls four, minutely wrinkled ; aperture rounded ; lip simple ; umbilicus open. Fieure 110. State Coll., No. 96. Soc. Cab., No. 1057. Helix arborea, Say ; Nicholson’s Encyc., (Amer. ed.), iv. pl. 4, f. 4. Ferussac ; Hist. Nat. des Moll., No. 219. Binney ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pl. 26, f. 1. COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. HELIX. 1835 Shell small, orbicular, slightly elevated, the apex a little de- pressed, concave beneath, brownish horn-colored, smooth, thin, fragile, pellucid, shining ; whorls fine, slightly rounded above, separated by a well-impressed suture, marked with very fine lines of growth, more decidedly wrinkled at the suture ; beneath very smooth, regularly rounding into a moderately large, deep, and well-developed umbilicus ; aperture rounded ; lip simple and thin. Diameter commonly one fifth of an inch, sometimes one fourth. Animal has the head and tentacula blackish, upper parts bluish, posterior parts whitish, transparent. Foot thim and narrow. A very common species, always to be found about decaying stumps, old logs, &c. It has been noticed in nearly every part of the continent. This shell has very little to distinguish it except its very simple structure. It is like H. cel/dria except in its smaller size. Helix in- dentata and gularis have both a similar size and external appearance ; but the first is known by its distant, impressed, radiating lines, and the second by the peculiar tooth within its aperture. I*érussac supposed it to be a variety of H. lucida, Drap.; but our shell has the umbilical region more excavated, and the umbilicus larger; there is also one whorl less, in shells of the same size, so that the surface appears less crowded. The aspect of the two shells, on comparison, is sufficiently diverse. H. eléctrina has also one whorl less, and has a much more polished appearance. Occasionally, a thickening of the shell seems to take place at inter- vals, so as to produce an opaque appearance. HELIX ELECTRINA. Shell small, depressed, pellucid, fragile, amber-colored ; whorls four, conspicuously wrinkled by the lines of growth ; aperture rounded ; lip simple ; umbilicated. Fieuvre 111. State Coll., No. 107. Soc. Cab., No. 2392. In the size, depressed-conical shape of the upper surface, the number of whorls, and the rapid enlargement of the lowest whorl, this shell corresponds with H. indentata. It differs in its darker, 184 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. smoky horn-color, its constant umbilicus, its rather thick and shining lip, and its whitish wrinkles, which, instead of being remote, are crowded as in other species. From H. arbcrea it differs in having one whorl less, the last one dilating ; its apex not being depressed, its thinner, more shining structure, and its somewhat smaller umbilicus. In H. arbérea the outer lip has a flexuous curve, but is nearly a direct section of the whorl in this. Though all of the same size and general appearance, the three may be readily separated, when seen in company. Indeed, its claims as a distinct species are not very obvious without viewing the three together. It may be briefly described by saying, that it resembles H. indentata above, and H. arborea beneath. This shell was first discovered by Mr. 'T. J. Whittemore, about the borders of Fresh Pond, in Cambridge, where it has since been found abundantly by him and by myself, under fragments of board in damp places, near the water’s edge, in company with H. chérsina and Pupa modésta. \ have never seen it in company with either H. indentdta or H. arborea ; and it seems to differ widely from them in its habits, in thus preferring the vicinity, and even the intrusion, of water. Pro- fessor Adams informs me, that he has selected numerous specimens of this species from among small snails collected by him in Missouri. HELIX LABYRINTHICA. Shell minute, conic-globose ; whorls six, with conspicuous oblique lines ; lip reflected ; aperture with one or two teeth prolonged within ut; umbilicus minute. Fieure 106. State Coll., No. 109. Soc. Cab., No. 1030. Helix labyrinthica, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 124. ficholson’s Encyc., (Amer. ed.), iv. Férussac; Hist. Nat. des Moll., pl. 51B. f. 1. Binney ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pl. 24, f. 1. Shell small, rounded-conical, apex obtuse ; spire elevated, whorls six, separated by a well-marked suture, with conspicuous, oblique lines or ridges at regular distances ; epidermis dark brownish horn-color ; aperture small; outer lip thickened, and somewhat reflected, often rose-colored ; inner lip with a long, COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. HELIX. 185 raised line or tooth, which appears to revolve within the shell parallel to the suture, and sometimes a second nearer to the base, less conspicuous, and terminating farther within the aperture ; beneath flat, umbilical region impressed, and the umbilicus minute. Greatest diameter one tenth of an inch, height nearly as much. Animal has the head slate-colored above, the tentacula quite dark ; foot white as printing paper, linear ; space between the four tentacula and neck lighter colored. Found in various parts of this State, usually in the fissures of decaying wood, or under fragments of wood in moist places, or in beds of decaying leaves. It inhabits a wide range of territory, having been found as far distant as Missouri. It is not frequently found, however, on account of its minuteness, and its dusky color. It is readily distinguished from other species by the remarkable raised lines revolving within the aperture. Usually, but one of them exists ; but when both are present, their parallel position gives them a close resemblance to the track of a rail-road. The oblique plaiting of the whorls is very conspicuous, and renders the exterior quite beauti- ful. The outer lip in fresh specimens has a rose-colored tint. The shell varies considerably in the elevation of the spire, being sometimes much flattened, and again it has a pointed apex. HELIX CHERSINA. Shell minute, globose-conic, pellucid, very smooth and shining ; whorls siz, suture deep ; aperture narrow ; lip simple ; umbilicus closed. Fieure 105. State Coll., No. 110. Soc. Cab., No. 2394. Helix chérsina, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 156. Binney; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist; Wie pimed to. Shell minute, sub-globose-conic, thin, pellucid, very smooth and shining, of a smoky horn-color ; whorls separated by a deep suture, and so crowded that they appear much higher than broad, and present an elevated, somewhat turretted spire, with a rounded apex ; they are so smooth that scarcely any traces of the lines of growth are visible ; aperture semi-lunar, narrow, 24 186 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. much higher than broad, of about an equal width above and below ; lip simple ; base convex, umbilical region indented, but closed. Diameter about one tenth of an inch, height some- what less. Found abundantly about the margin of Fresh Pond, under fragments of wood, in company with Succinea ovalis, Pupa mo- désta, &c., and also in moist beds of leaves in forests. It has been found in Vermont, and Mr. Say originally found it in Georgia, so that it is a widely spread species. This is a very well marked shell, not liable to be confounded with any other species except H. labyrinthica, which is of about the same size and shape. But the coarsely wrinkled surface of the one, and the polished, highly reflecting surface of the other, are distinctions which strike the eye at once; if any thing further is needed, the parallel ridges within the mouth of H. labyrinthica will put the question beyond doubt. When viewed from above, its numerous, narrow, accurately adjusted volutions render it a very beautiful object. Genus PUPA, Lam. Shell small, more or less cylindrical, and obtuse at tip ; aper- ture irregular, for the most part semi-oval, and modified by teeth. PuPA CONTRACTA. Shell ovate-conical, whitish ; whorls fwe, convex ; aperture sub- ovate, lip spreading ; throat armed with three teeth, and contracted, by a large concave tooth on the transverse lip, into the form of a horse-shoe. Figure 117. State Coll., No. 88. Soc. Cab., No. 2395. Pupa contracta, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 374. Gouin; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. 399, pl. 3, f. 22. Shell ovate-conical, of a waxen white-color ; whorls five, con- vex, faintly marked by lines of growth, separated by a well- impressed suture, and gradually tapering to a somewhat pointed apex. Aperture irregularly ovate, about half the width of the COLIMACEA. -MOLLUSCA. PUPA. 187 lower whorl, broadest above, and somewhat pointed in front ; lip widely reflected, not flattened, so as to give a bell-shaped form ; throat with three, and perhaps four teeth ; a large spoon-shaped one, concave to the right side, seated on the transverse lip, and greatly contracting the throat into something of a horse-shoe- shape ; a very slight undulation near the top of the left lip; an oblong, thin tooth, seated at the front of the pillar, so far within as scarcely to be discerned without breaking the shell ; and a minute tooth about the middle of the right lip ; umbilicus large and distinct ; last whorl indented at some distance behind the outer lip. Length ;'; inch, breadth 35 inch. Found about old stumps, and decaying logs, usually under the bark, and near the earth. It has been observed in most parts of the United States. It is readily known by its whitish, translucent appearance, by its bell-shaped aperture, and especially by its large, spoon-shaped tooth, which gives such a peculiar form to the throat. The teeth at the sides may rather be regarded as inward protuberances of the margin. It appears to be covered with a hairy or glutinous coating, which causes dirt to adhere to it. Pura MiLIUM. Shell sub-oval, wrinkled, light chestnut-colored ; whorls four, suture moderate ; aperture heart-shaped, armed with six teeth ; um- bilicus free. Fieure 118. State Coll., No. 92. Soc. Cab., No. 1140. Pupa milium, Goutp ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. 402, pl. 3, f. 23. Shell minute, of a nearly oval form, color a light-chestnut ; whorls four, or somewhat more, obviously wrinkled, rather con- vex, arranged so as to form a bluntly rounded apex ; suture deep ; aperture half the width of last whorl, heart-shaped, the apex being its right upper angle ; the transverse margin is nearly direct, ithe outer margin is scolloped by an indentation of the lip ; the remainder of the margin is regularly rounded ; lip white, slightly everted ; throat with six teeth, two of which are on the transverse 188 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. lip, equidistant ; one with a tubercle at its base, on the middle of the left lip, and nearly at right angles with the former is the largest ; a fourth is on the indenture of the outer lip, directed between the two on the transverse lip, and two smaller ones, more retired within the shell, are equidistant between the two last mentioned ; umbilicus large and deep. Length less than ;'; inch, breadth 5 inch. This shell I first found in November, 1839, at Oak Island, Chelsea, after a warm rain. Professor Adams has found it in Vermont. It was crawling on the damp leaves, in company with Bulimus ivbricus. Not finding any description answering to it, I have proposed a name. It is even more minute than P. extgua, and is not readily de- tected. In size and outline it resembles P. vértigo, Drap., V. pusilla of other authors; but that shell is reversed, and has a different arma- ture. ‘The teeth are all distinct, long, compressed, and very sharp. I have labored to make this out to be the P. ovdta of Say ; but on the whole I think the discrepancies are too important to be recon- ciled. That shell is described as larger, with a semi-oval aperture, and with seven teeth, differently arranged from those of our shell. Pura MODE’STA. Shell ovate-conic, amber-colored ; whorls five or six, conver, wrinkled ; aperture semi-oval, broader than long ; teeth five; wm- bilicus distinct. Figure 119. State Coll., No. 90. Soc. Cab., No. 2397. Pupa modésta, Say; Long’s Second Expedition, Append., ii. 259, pl. 15, F. 5. Shell minute, ovate-conic, thin, amber-colored ; whorls five ; sometimes six, minutely wrinkled, well rounded, and defined by a deep suture, gradually diminishing to a rather acute apex ; aper- ture about half the breadth of the last whorl, slightly oblique ; rather broader than long ; semi-oval, but modified by an inflection of the outer lip ; lip simple, not reflected, joining the preceding whorl behind, by a curve ; teeth five, slender, sharp and direct, like the teeth of a comb ; one on the middle of the transverse lip, a still larger one at right angles on the middle of the pillar lip, a COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. PUPA. 189 minute one at the front of the pillar, and two farther within the shell, one opposite the tooth on the transverse lip, the other on the indentation of the outer lip; umbilicus small, distinct. Length ,4, inch, breadth 5', inch. Inhabits damp, rich places, near water, or in fertile fields under bits of board, chips, sticks, &c. It was first noticed in this region by Mr. TT. J. Whittemore, at Cambridge. Mr. Say found his specimens in the North West Territory. It is a very small, but interesting shell ; double the size, however, of the preceding species, and of a much more conical shape. ‘Their color is similar. In their armature the two are very different. The pillar lip is somewhat broad and flattened. Mr. Say describes only four teeth, but the small one at the base of the pillar probably escaped his observation, as it would only be seen under a high magnifier. One of the teeth on the right lip is often wanting. I have occasionally noticed a specimen with two, and even three, teeth upon the transverse lip. Pupa CU’RVIDENS. Shell elongated-ovate, obtuse at apex, smooth; whorls five ; aperture sub-triangular, armed with nine teeth, the two largest of which are curved ; lip white, broadly everted ; umbilicated. Fieure 120. State Coll., No. 89. Soc. Cab., No. 2396. Shell minute, ovate, but much elongated ; of a spermaceti- white color ; whorls five, convex, smooth, gradually diminishing to an obtuse apex ; suture deeply impressed ; aperture sub-trian- gular, with the front and outer angles rounded, and the outer lip curved inwards, so as almost to make the aperture heart-shaped ; the transverse margin is straight, and slightly oblique ; the inner lip is also nearly straight, so that these two form a right angle at their junction; lip widely reflected, flattened, white ; throat armed with nine teeth; the longest, somewhat curving to the left, compressed and pointed, is situated on the middle of the transverse lip, and has a small one seated at its left side ; at the front, nearly opposite the large tooth, almost as large and inclined to 199 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. the left also, is a quadrangular, blunt tooth, more. slightly curved; on the left margin are three teeth, of which the up- per one is largest, and about half the size of the basal tooth, of a blunt quadrangular figure ; the other two are minute ; on the outer lip are also three teeth, of which the two upper are very small and pyramidal ; umbilicus open. Length #; inch, breadth zp inch. This minute species I first found under a loose stone on the ledges at Phillips’s Point, Lynn, near the Ocean House. It was somewhat broken, so as to give an excellent view of the teeth, since then I have met with it not unfrequently, in damp places, under leaves and boards, in company with P. modésta. The shell goes on regularly narrowing both downwards and up- wards from the middle of the lower whorl. Four of the teeth are very small, and would scarcely be discerned without being highly magnified, and they seem to be seated farther within the aperture ; the small one on the transverse lip, the basal one, and the upper one on the right lip are liable to be wanting. So far as I can ascertain, it has not been previously described, unless several of the teeth have been overlooked, It is nearest allied to P. pentodon. PupPA SIMPLEX. Shell minute, cylindrical-ovate, smooth; whorls five ; aperture circular, toothless ; umbilicated. Fieure 121. State Coll., No. 93. Soc. Cab., No. 2398. Pupa simplex, Goutp ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. 403, pl. 3, f. 21. Shell minute, two thirds of the shell cylindrical, surmounted by a rapidly formed, blunt apex, smooth, light chestnut-colored. Whorls five, moderately convex, separated by a distinct suture, quite smooth ; aperture circular, except for a small section from the posterior portion, which is cut off by the encroachment of the preceding whorl ; lip simple and sharp, slightly everted on the left side, and partially hiding a small umbilicus. No trace of a tooth has been detected in any of the specimens examined. Length j; inch, breadth ;; inch. COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. pupa. 191 The only locality where this has been hitherto found is a small grove, a little northward of Fresh Pond, in Cambridge. In this place it has been found among the moist leaves, on three succes- sive visits in the months of May and June, in company with Helix lineata, labyrinthica, chérsina, and indentata, and Pupa mo- désta. None of the shells exhibit any trace of a tooth, although their aspect, and the season of the year, indicate that they can be none other than adult shells. Indeed, were it not for the infringe- ment of the last whorl but one on the aperture, we might rather refer the shell to Cycléstoma than to Pupa. It is rather smaller than P. modésta, and about the size of P. cuirvi- dens ; but the simplicity of the unarmed, circular aperture distinguish it from every American species. The aperture of P. modésta, before the developement of the teeth, is broader than long. It is the analogue of the Vértigo edéntula of Europe. Pupa EXI’/Gua. Shell minute, whitish, oblong-ovate, rather pointed; whorls five; the transverse lip very oblique, with a small fold near its internal angle ; outer lip widely reflexed. Fieure 122. State Coll., No. 290. Soc. Cab., No. 2416. Pupa exigua, Say; Journ. Acad. Wat. Sc, ii. 875. Goutp; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. 398, pl. 3, f. 20. Shell elongated, pellucid, tapering somewhat to both ends, apex not very blunt; color watery-white ; whorls five, rather convex, very oblique; suture very distinct ; aperture obliquely oval ; transverse lip very oblique, and having, near its inner termination, a small, tooth-like fold; another very small, tubercular tooth is found at the middle of the pillar ; outer lip white, widely reflect- ed, but not flattened. Length 31, inch, breadth 7, inch. A few specimens have been found in Cambridge, by Mr. T. J. Whittemore, under boards, in damp places. Professor Adams has found it in Vermont, and it is common in Ohio. This very minute species, is principally remarkable for its long, tapering form, large and very oblique aperture, and broadly reflected 192 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. lip. It is almost precisely like the Turbo cary'chium of Montagu ; (Cary'chium minimum of Leach.) It is much smaller than P. cortica- ria, and its aperture differs in having the tooth of the transverse lip near the inner, instead of near the outer termination. Pura FALLAX. Shell turretted, dusky ; whorls six, smooth, convex; suture dis- tinct ; aperture sub-oval; lip widely reflected ; umbilicus distinct. Figure 1293. ‘ State Coll., No. 63. Soc. Cab., No. 1139. Cyclostoma marginita, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 172. Pupa fallax? Say; Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc., v. 121. Shell small, turretted, regularly and not rapidly tapering to a somewhat pointed apex; color dusky or light horn-color ; whorls six, shining, moderately convex, very slightly and finely wrinkled ; suture well impressed ; aperture less than one third the length of the shell, rounded oval, somewhat irregular ; the preced- ing whorl forms a nearly transverse boundary above, and is usually enamelled ; the pillar lip is nearly straight, and turns abruptly at the front, so as to form nearly a right angle ; front broadly curved ; outer lip white, widely and equally reflected and thick- ened ; umbilicus distinct. Length 3 inch, breadth ~y inch. I have seen but two or three specimens of this shell which have been found in Massachusetts, one of which was sent me by Dr. L. M. Yale, from Martha’s Vineyard ; I have seen others from Rhode Island. It is found abundantly in Ohio. This shell is certainly not a Cycto'stoma, for its aperture is not cir- cular, nor has it an operculum of any kind. It belongs to Pupa rather than to any other existing genus, except, perhaps, the genus Pa’rruta. If it is brought under this genus, the specific name must be changed, as Mr. Say suggests. He described a shell from Massa- chusetts under the name of Pupa fallax, which he says very much re- sembled his Cycléstoma marginata, except that it was much larger. He seemis to have re-described the same sheil, in the ‘‘ New Harmony Disseminator,” under the name of Pupa pldcida. It may not be im- proper, therefore, to apply the first of the above names to the shell under consideration, while the latter is retained for the larger shell, COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. BULIMUS. 193 which is now in the Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, and no other specimen of which has as yet been found. A multiplication of names will thus be avoided. Genus BULIMUS, Barve. Shell oblong-oval, aperture simple, rounded anteriorly, longer than broad, vahabiting the land. BuLrMus LU'BRICUS. Shell small, oblong-ovate, obtuse, smooth and polished, trans- parent, brownish horn-color ; whorls six, rounded ; aperture small, ovate ; lip simple, thickened within. Figure 124. State Coll., No. 87. Soc. Cab., No. 1200. Helix Itbrica, Mutter; Verm., 104, No. 303. CHemn.; Conch., ix. t. 135, f. 1235. Prnnant; Brit. Zool., vi. 337, pl.85, f. 4. Monracu; Test. Brit., 390, pl. 22, f.6. Maton and Rackert; Lin. Trans., vili. 213, t.5,f.12. Tur- ron; Conch. Dict., 64. Lam.; An sans Vert., viii. 237. Bulimus ldbricus, Brue.; Dict., No. 23, Brarp; 98, t. 3, f. 20. Preir.; 50, pl. 3, f. 7. Fruemine ; Brit. Anim., 265. Draparnaup; Hist. des Moll., 75, pl. 4, f. 24. Cionélla lubrica, Jerrr.; Lin. Trans., xvi. 347. Sowersy; Conch. Man., f. 285. Achatina lubrica, Micuaup ; Compl. @ Drap.,51, No.1. Atper; Mag. of Zool. and Bot., ii. 110. Turbo glaber, Da Costa; Brit. Conch., 87, pl. 15, f. 18. Cochlicopa Iubrica, Férussac ; Hist. Nat. des Moll., Tab. Syst., 55, No. 374, Zua lubrica, Leacu; Moll., 114. Gray's Turton’s Man., 188, t. 6, f. 65; and for numerous other references see Lamarck. Shell small, rather larger than a grain of wheat, elongated-oval, obtuse at apex, of a smoky horn-color, exceedingly thin and transparent, exhibiting the pillar throughout its whole length ; sur- face very bright and polished ; whorls five or six, rounded ; su- ture distinct ; lower half of the last volution somewhat tapering towards the base; aperture small, ovate, not broadly rounded at base ; lip simple, thickened within, and of a claret tint, inner lip a little thickened so as to give the appearance of a slight notch at base ; umbilicus none. Length =’ inch, breadth 4 inch. 29 , 194 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. Found in woods and groves under leaves and the bark of decay- ing stumps. On visiting Oak Island, Chelsea, after a warm rain in October, I found the surface of the ground covered with these shells in incalculable numbers. Hundreds might be taken up clinging to a single fallen leaf ; as the moisture evaporated they all disappeared beneath the leaves. Mr. Say found this shell in the North West Territory. The above description applies to the shell in its most perfect living state. After death it soon becomes opaque and whitish, and the lip loses its reddish color. Insome aspects the peculiar termination of the pillar, gives the aperture the look of an Acnati'na; and this is evi- dently one of the connecting links between the two genera. Indeed, this shell, with a few others, has been set apart by Jeffreys in a new genus, which he calls Ciong’LLa, characterized by being sub-effuse at base, with the columella partially interrupted. GENUS SUCCIN EA, Drap. Shell ovate, rather lengthened, very thin; last whorl very large ; aperture very large, ovate, rounded before, angular behind ; lip simple ; amphibious. Succi’'NEA OVA'LIS. Shell sub-oval, pellucid, straw-colored ; whorls three, oblique ; aperture large, ovate. Figure 125. State Coll., No. 76. Soc. Cab., No. 1653. Succinea ovalis, Say; Nicholson’s Encyc., (Amer. ed.,) Conchology. Firussac ; Prodromus, 26, No. 8. Hist. Nat. des Moll., pl. 11 A. f. 1. DesnHayes ; Encyc. Méth., Vers, 11. 20, No.2. Lam.; An. sans Vert., viii. 319. ‘¢ Shell sub-oval, pale-yellowish, diaphanous, very thin and fra- gile, with nearly three oblique volutions ; body very large. Spire small, but little prominent, somewhat obtuse ; aperture longitudi- nally sub-ovate, large. Columella much narrowed, so as almost to permit the view of the interior apex from the base of the shell. Scarcely any calcareous deposit on the pillar lip.” (Say.) Length 2; inch, breadth 2; inch, length of aperture ,%, inch, di- vergence 56°. COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. SUCCINEA. 195 This species is found about the margins of ponds, and low, damp places, where the surface is always moist. It crawls over the mud, or up the stalks of plants ; and, although it seems to be but little incommeded by water, it cannot endure being entirely submerged, and seems not to have the power of directing its way in the water, though it will generally float. The animal is larger than the shell ; its color pale, with minute black points, which are assembled into stripes upon the neck, and into squares, or bands, upon the sides ; the neck is granulate above ; a black line passes each side on the neck, from the tip of the tentacula, disappearing under the shell. The shell is so vitreous, that all the markings of the animal and colors of the vis- cera are seen through it, as are also the circulating vessels branch- ing across the back, and the heart pulsating, and sending the fluids through them. Further particulars will be stated under the next species. Succi/NEA CAMPE’STRIS. Shell ovate, thin, transparent, pale-yellow ; whorls three, not very oblique, very convex ; the last very large and turgid; suture deep ; aperture sub-oval. Ficure 126. State Coll., No. 86. Soc. Cab., No. 1254. Succinea campéstris, Say ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 281. The general resemblance between this species and §. ovdlts, is very great. It differs, however, in some well-marked particulars. It attains a much larger size, is thicker and less fragile ; its color is darker, having a somewhat smoky tinge. Its form is much more robust, the breadth being proportionally greater ; the whorls are much more convex and tumid, being regularly inflated, while the upper portion of the large whorl of S. ovalis is compressed, so that its broadest portion is somewhat below the middle. The whorls are less oblique. The aperture is more oval, being nearly as broadly rounded above as below. Common length 2 inch, breadth 2 inch, divergence 80° to 90°. It is more commonly found in moist places, but spreads itself 196 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. over rich or cultivated ground, whether lowland or upland, and may be found in dry weather partially sheltered by sods, or lying along by the side of stones, where it may enjoy the benefit of the moisture condensed by these bodies. The animal is very similar to that of S. ovalzs, but in general the markings are darker, and the marbled appearance which its viscera exhibit through the transparent shell, combines yellow instead of whitish colors. Radiating lines of furrows also are quite conspicuous on the posterior part of the foot. It is extremely probable that this, is after all, the S. amphibia of Europe. No distinct and constant difference can be pointed out be- tween them. Ih specimens of the foreign shell which I have seen, the surface may perhaps be a little more glossy, and the shell may have somewhat more of an appearance of solidity. Like that shell, too, it varies considerably in the prominence of its spire. I] think there can be no doubt that our shell is the true S. campéstris of Say, though it presents nothing which would suggest the character of * white and vitreous lines, irregularly alternating.” Succi/NEA AVA'RA. Shell very thin, wrinkled, yellowish, whorls three, rounded ; suture deep ; aperture rounded, ovate, more than half as long as the shell. Figure 127. State Coll., 85. Soc. Cab., No. 1256. Succinea avara? Say; Long’s 2d Expedition, Append., 260, pl. 15, £. 5. Succinea verméta, Say; Vew Harmony Disseminator. Shell rather small; very thin and fragile, of a deep straw- color ; surface irregularly wrinkled; whorls about three and a half, well rounded, and separated by a deep suture, the last whorl composing the greater part of the shell, but not very broad ; aperture in adult and elongated shells, about half as long as the shell, but generally proportionally shorter, of a rounded form, the curve of the outer lip, where it jos the preceding whorl, being so great as to render the aperture nearly as broadly rounded be- hind as in front. Length 5%, inch, breadth ,% inch, divergence 56°. COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. AURICULA. 197 Found about the margins of muddy streams, or sheltered under loose objects lying about moist places. I have much hesitation in deciding upon a name for this shell. It is quite different from any other species I am acquainted with. The spire is longer, and acutely pointed, the body-whorl less developed, and the aperture is shorter and more rounded ; but, although the suture is deep, it is not so much so as to ‘ give the whorls the appearance of being almost separated from resting on each other,” as Mr. Say re- marks of S.verméta. In this character, individuals differ very greatly. Some specimens with unusually lax spires may have been used by Mr. Say in drawing up his description. But the young shells present no prominent spire, anda large, rounded aperture, agreeing precisely with Mr. Say’s description and figure of S. avdra; and they are also always coated with earth adhering to a glutinous matter on the sur- face. It seems probable that the two should form one species ; unless they do, 1 am ata loss under which name to place our shell, as, considering specimens of all ages and forms, it will come under one as wellas the other. ‘The name I have chosen is to be preferred, because it is a legitimate Latin word, while the other is not. The animal has a dark head, and gives a dark color to the shell ; the foot is very narrow, with a flesh-colored tint. Genus AURICULA, Lam. Shell oblong-ovate ; aperture long and narrow, rounded in front, lips sharp or reflexed, disunited posteriorly ; pillar having one or more plaits. AURI’CULA BIDENTA'TA. Shell ovate-conical, grey or brownish horn-color ; spire short and obtuse, aperture narrow, two folds on the pillar. Freure 130. State Coll., No. 52. Soc. Cab., No. 941. Melampus bidentatus, Say ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 245. Auricula cornea, Desuayrs; Encyc, Méth., Vers, ii. 90. Lam.; An. sans Vert., viii. 339. Shell ovate-conical, broadest at about the upper third, where there is a faint angle, thin, translucent, of a brownish horn-color, smooth and shining, often becoming eroded, wrinkled lengthwise, with occasional broken revolving lines, very minute ; whorls five 198 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. or six, the lower one three fourths of the length of the shell, the others, separated by a distinct suture, and flattened, form a short, blunt spire ; aperture long and narrow, broadest below ; outer lip thin and sharp, the posterior third suddenly bending inwards joins the body of the shell by a very acute angle ; the inner lip, usually covered with enamel, has two folds upon it, a transverse one be- low the middle, and another formed by the outer lip as it rises and turns within the shell ; this portion is usually white ; within the outer lip are occasionally to be found from one to four elevated, white, revolving ridges, not reaching the edge of the lip. Length 3 Inch, breadth |, inch, divergence 68°. Inhabits marshes that are occasionally overflowed by the tide, and never far below high-water mark. ‘They frequently crawl up the stems of grasses at the margins of inlets, apparently to escape the rising tide. In October, 1839, I observed great numbers of them at Oak Island, a small, wooded upland spot in Chelsea, sur- rounded by salt marsh. They were burying themselves under the leaves, and in the loose earth at the base of rotten stumps. This spot is now never overflowed by the tide. I have also two specimens brought from Windsor, Vermont, which I was assured were obtained there, living with Planorbis armigerus. The animal is reddish-brown above, paler beneath, foot about the length and breadth of the shell, broad before, and bluntly pointed behind, the margins somewhat scolloped, or undulated, and divided across at about the anterior third ; tentacula slender and tapering, the eyes at the inside of the base ; rostrum nearly as long as the tentacula, with an expanded lobe each side. This shell, with its kindred species, is very peculiar in its structure and habits. It belongs to the genus Meta’mpus of Montfort, Cono'v- uLus of Lamarck ; but it seems to be the received opinion that there are no characters to authorize a separation from Auri/cuLa. The perfect shells are smooth and brown, with usually three or four darker, narrow bands; but the shells soon become eroded, and the surface is left rough, and of a greyish color. The ridges within the outer lip are not seen except in aged shells. There is an English shell named Volta bidentata, which, if it is not a variety of V. denticuldta, would form a species under this genus. In that case we must adopt the specific name A. cornea for our shell, given by Deshayes. COLIMACEA. MOLLUSCA. AURICULA. 199 AURI‘CULA DENTICULATA. Shell ovate-conical, smooth, reddish horn-color ; spire elevated and pointed ; inner lip with three teeth ; lip reflexed. Fieure 129. State Coll., No. 84. Soc. Cab., No. 1220. Voluta denticulata, Montacu; Test. Brit., 234, pl. 20, f.5. Maron and Racx- ETT; Lin. Trans,, viii. 1380. Dituwyn; Catal.,i.516. Turron; Conch. Dict., 249. BurKkery; Zool. Journ., v. pl. 19, f. 3, (animal.) Acteon denticulatus, FLemine ; Brit. Anim., 337. Jaminea denticulita, LEacu; Brown ; Conch. of Great Brit., &c., pl. 51, f. 6. Conoévulus denticulatus, Gray ; in Turten’s Manual, 225, pl. 12, f. 144. Auricula myosotis, Jerrreys; Lin. Trans., xvi. 368. Draprarnaup; Hist. des Moll., pl. 3, f. 16 to17. Lam.; An. sans Vert., viii. 330. Brainy.; Malacol. pl. 37, bis, f. 6. Cary/chium personatum, Micnaup ; Compl. & Drap.,73, pl. 15,f. 42 to 43. Auricula personata, DesHayres; Lam.; Jn. sans Vert., viii. 334. Shell of an elongated oval form, slightly opake, shining, horn- color, often tinted with reddish or violet; lines of growth very faint ; spire elevated and pointed, composed of seven or eight slightly convex whorls, separated by a well-defined suture, which often has a marginal line revolving near it; the lowest whorl much larger than all the others together ; aperture ovate, broadest below ; outer lip thin and sharp, reflexed and white, joining the preceding whorl by a very acute angle ; on the inner lip the adult shell has three white folds or teeth; the lower one formed by the turning of the lip within the aperture ; the second tooth-like and nearly transverse, thin and prominent, a little below the mid- dle of the inner margin ; and a third, minute one, a little above; the lower portion of the left margin expands a little, and conceals a very minute umbilicus ; two or three teeth are also sometimes found within the outer lip. Length 3, inch, breadth ; inch, divergence 35°. Found in the crevices of decaying wooden wharves, about and below high-water mark, in shaded situations. Animal very light drab-color, head and tentacula darker and wrinkled ; tentacula about one tenth of an inch in length, globose at tip, the eyes kidney-shaped, and seated on a slight enlargement 200 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. at the inner base of the tentacula ; foot about half the length and width of the shell, rounded behind, two-lobed in front, and transversely divided at the anterior third. Respiratory orifice far back, on the right side. This little shell is very readily distinguished from any other found on our coast, and seems to be another of the connecting links between the land and water shells, or rather, between those which breathe air, and those which breathe water. It has, accordingly, been frequently transferred from one genus to another, according to the conjectures of different writers. I have arranged it where Guilding placed it rather doubtfully, after a series of experiments as to the nature of its respiration. Its habits certainly associate it with the preceding species. It is widely distributed over the seas, and is doubtless conveyed to great distances on floating pieces of decaying timber. It varies much in its characters according to its age. Its color varies from light horn-color to deep violet, and sometimes it becomes opake-white. There is usually a single revolving line of rigid hairs just before the suture. When young, it is proportionally broader, and the lower whorl proportionally longer, has but two teeth, and the mar- gin of the lip is not reflexed. A third, and sometimes a fourth, tooth appears at maturity, and also some teeth or tubercles within the right lip. This is, indeed, made a part of its character by European writers ; but, of several specimens sent me by Mr. Sowerby, only one had them. In fact it must be very doubtful whether the species described under the names of bidentata, triplicata, pusillus, alba, ringens, refléva, and perhaps Firmini, are any thing more than modifications by age, acci- dent, and locality, of this same species. FamiILy LIMNEANA, Lam. Shell spiral, generally smooth externally, and having the outer margin of the aperture always sharp, and not reflexed. / Genus PLANORBIS, Lam. Shell discoidal, whorls apparent above and below, aperture crescent-shaped, remote from the axis of the shell; operculum wanting ; animal with thread-like tentacula. LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. PLANORBIS. 201 PLANORBIS TRIVOLVIS. Shell concave on both sides ; whorls four, strongly carinated on the left side ; aperture aculely angulated by the carina, right mar- gin eatending beyond the plane of that side. Figure 131. State Coll., No. 94. Soc. Cab., No. 1275. Cochlea trium orbium, Lister; Conch., pl. 140, f. 46. Prriver; Gazophyl., pl. 106, f. 17. Plandrbis trivélvis, Say ; Nicholson's Encyc., (Amer. ed.,) iv. pl. 2, f. 2. Amer. Conch., pl. 54, f. 2. Shell orbicular, yellowish-white, brownish, or chestnut-color ; umbilicated on the right side, cup-shaped on the left ; on the right side scarcely three volutions, separated by a profound suture, are visible, as they disappear in the umbilicus, their faces, especially those of the interior whorls, being slightly carinated ; on the left side at least four whorls are seen, which, by their faces, form a cup-shaped depression, scarcely distinguished by the suture, except the last half of the outer whorl, on the whole of which a well-marked carina revolves, forming a margin to the cup ; the carina gives the whorl a flattened appearance on this side ; surface covered with fine, regular, raised, transverse lines, somewhat grooved between them ; aperture sub-ovate, inclining to the right, its right margin more advanced than the left, broadly and regularly rounded 3 left lip abruptly angulated where the carina terminates ; lip usually thickened within, and of a reddish brown-color. Large diameter ;7, inch, small diameter ;*, inch. Animal dark-russet or dusky, covered with pale-yellowish dots. Found in the western parts of this State in rivers and ponds. It is widely extended over the Northern and Western States. Planérbis corpuléntus of Say seems little else than an exuberant growth of this shell. The following differences may be noted. elt is at least double, often three times, the size. It is a thinner shell. On the right side the revolutions are less compact, and exhibit a larger portion of each whorl; on the left side the suture is more and the carina less distinct ; the aperture is much more expanded, and projects 26 202 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. far to each side of the preceding whorl. Jnhabits the vicinity of the Great Lakes. P. trivolvis differs from the next species by its carina, and the position of its aperture. PLANORBIS LENTUS. Shell concave on both sides ; whorls four, sub-carinate on the left side ; aperture nowhere distinctly angular, right margin in the plane of that side. Figure 1382. State Coll., No. 83. Soc. Cab., No. 1270. Planérbis lentus, Say; Amer. Conch., pl. 54, f. 1. Shell orbicular, each whorl encircling the preceding, greenish horn-color at the circumference, yellowish at the sides and bor- dering the aperture ; on the right side concave, exhibiting scarcely three rounded volutions, separated by a well-defined suture, and disappearing in a deep umbilicus ; left side presents a shallow cup, formed of four compact, slightly carinated whorls, dis- tinguished by a tolerably distinct suture ; surface marked with raised, sub-equidistant lines of growth ; aperture large, ovate, in- clining to the right; lip on the right side slightly curved, lying in the plane of that side of the shell ; in front, regularly and broadly arched ; on the left side it stands out considerably beyond the preceding whorl, and undergoes a sudden curve before its Junction with that whorl ; the lip is sharp, very slightly spreading, and thickened within, by dark reddish-brown callus. Greater di- ameter ,% inch, smaller diameter 3% inch. “Animal dark olivaceous above and below ; foot oval, about one half the diameter of the shell in length, minutely dotted beneath, and frosted above with amber dots ; these are abundant about the bases of the tentacula ; edges of mouth honey-yellow ; motions sluggish. Found abundantly in all our ponds, small brooks, and stagnant pools. This is a somewhat darker shell than P. trivélvis, and is distinguish- ed from it by its left side and its aperture. The cup of the left side is less smooth and regular, and is not bounded by the sharp, elevated LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. PLANORBIS. 203 line ; when this shell is laid upon its right or upper side, the lip of that side will scarcely touch the plane on which it les, while, in P. trivélvis, the shell would be lifted by the lip; the aperture has not the sharp angle of the left side, produced by the termination of the carina, but in the young stages it is difficult to distinguish the two. It is very closely allied to P. cérneus of Europe ; but in that shell the left side is scarcely concave, and the suture is deep ; the aperture is nearly or- bicular, being almost equally rounded on both sides, This shell has hitherto generally borne the name of P. trivélvis in New England; but it is not the trivélvis of Say, and is either his P. lentus or a new species. PLANORBIS BICARINA TUS. Shell deeply concave on both sides ; whorls three ; strongly cari- nated on both sides ; aperture abruptly arched at the carina of the left side, its lip extending far beyond the plane of the preceding whorl. Figure 134. State Coll., No. 81. Soc. Cab., No. 1268. Helix angulatus, Racxetr; Lin. Trans., xiii. 42, pl. 5, f. 1. Woon; Inder, Suppl., pl. 7, f. 12. Planorbis bicarinatus, Say; Vicholson’s Encyc , (Amer. ed.,) iv. pl. J, f. 4. Amer. Conch., pl. 54, f. 3. Sowrersy; Genera. Shell orbicular, its tube rapidly increasing, deeply excavated on both sides, color brownish-yellow on the carina. Whorls rather more than three, as seen on both sides, forming’ on the right side a large and deep concavity, bounded by a sharp, raised line or carina, and on the left side a still deeper, inversely conic cavity, bounded by a similar carina, but of smaller circuit ; sur- face rather smooth, with faint, irregular lines of growth, most distinct on the right side ; aperture ovate, right side broadest, and on the general plane of that side of the shell; left margin strongly modified by the carina, and extending far beyond the plane of the preceding whorl; lip slightly expanded, white ; interior brownish, with white lines in the grooves answering to the carina. Longest diameter § inch, shortest diameter 53, inch. Animal light russet-color, beautifully dotted with amber ; foot 204 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. tongue-shaped, nearly as long as the diameter of the shell. The strong angle of the aperture fully displays the respiratory opening, which has a jagged flap, over which lies an acute groove ; move- ments sluggish. Inhabits still waters, not so generally pools, as the margins of large ponds. Not very common. This species is smaller than either of the preceding, and is at once distinguished from them by the very obvious angularity of the whorls on both sides, and by the very deep, conical cavity of the left side. Sometimes a few faint revolving lines may be found on the surface. The tentacula of the animal are usually very long, but sometimes one or both of them seem to have been broken. PLANORBIS CAMPANULA TUS. Shell with the last whorl distorted, concave on both sides ; whorls four, strongly carinate on the left, and sub-carinate on the right side ; throat campanulate ; aperture turned to the left. Figure 138. State Coll., No. 79. Soc. Cab., No. 1265. Planorbis campanulitus, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 166. Shell discoidal, yellowish or brownish-green, lighter at the sides ; diameter of its tube nearly twice as ereat from side to side as in the contrary direction ; right side exhibiting scarcely more than two whorls, which are elevated to an obtuse ridge, and form an umbilical vortex very nearly perforating the shell ; on the right side are four volutions, distinctly separated by the suture, which are carinated, and form a shallow, salver-shaped depression ; the whorls enclose each other in a very regular spiral to the last fifth of the outer one, when there is a sudden enlargement and distor- tion towards the left, by which a large, bell-shaped throat is formed ; aperture also dilated, and strongly angular on the left side ; within glazed, reflecting light-blue and brown; surface regularly marked with fine, transverse, raised lines, and interven- ing grooves. Greatest diameter } inch, at right angles with this 2 inch, small diameter 2 inch. Found in the larger collections of fresh water, at Fresh Pond, Jamaica Pond, &c. LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. PLANORBIS. 205 This shell does not attain the size of the preceding species ; and, when mature, its dilated throat distinguishes it from every other known species; and the remarkable manner in which it is turned, as it were by violence, so as to look to the left, is a still further distinc- tion. The outer whorl is everywhere of the same breadth ; and the immature shell, before the dilatation of the throat, may be known by the very regular enrolment of the whorls, and the very contracted aperture in consequence of the very unequal diameters. PLANORBIS ARMIGERUS. Shell flat on the right side, and concave on the left ; whorls four, with minute revolving lines on the concave side ; throat with five unequal teeth far within the aperture. Fieure 138. State Coll., No. 80. Soc. Cab., No. 1264. Planorbis armigerus, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 164. Shell small, brownish horn-color, or light-chestnut, orbicular ; right side nearly plane, with only a slight central pit, showing four rounded volutions, distinctly separated by the suture ; left side deeply concave, exhibiting all the whorls, which on this side are sub-carinated ; surface shining, faintly marked by the lines of growth, and, on the left side, may be distinctly seen several raised revolving lines on each of the whorls ; aperture slightly inclining to the left, rounded, and very slightly modified by the carina, very oblique ; edge of lip dark-brown; at some distance within the throat are five white teeth, nearly closing the passage ; a large, prominent, oblique one is situated on the side of the pre- ceding whorl, and may always be seen ; a very small one is by its side; opposite to them are the three others which are small. Larger diameter ; inch, smaller diameter ;}, inch. Animal very active, of a blue-black or slate-color ; foot long and narrow. ‘The shell is carried inclined at an angle of 45°. The respiratory groove is very acutely pointed. Found abundantly in shady, stagnant pools and ditches, in which an abundance of decaying vegetable matter is immersed. This common shell is well marked by its external simplicity. At the same time, the complicated armature of the aperture, so unique in 206 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. this family, would seem to entitle it to be arranged as a sub-genus. It differs from the preceding in having the umbilicus on the left in- stead of the right side, being its natural place. Mr. Haldeman pro- poses to make this species the type of a sub-genus, which he calls Planérbula. PLANORBIS HIRSUTUS. Shell light yellowish-brown, concave on both sides, most so on the left; whorls three ; surface beset with revolving lines of rigid hairs ; aperture large, very oblique. Fieure 135. State Coll., No. 82. Soc. Cab., No. 1278. Planorbis hirstitus, Goup ; Stlliman’s Journ., xxxvili. 196. Shell small, somewhat transparent, of a brownish yellow-color ; both sides concave, the left rather more than the right, but the concavity is there more limited by the presence of a sub-angular ridge on the outer whorl ; whorls three, the outer one rapidly in- creasing ; surface exhibiting traces of revolving lines when de- nuded, but usually covered with a dark pigment or epidermis, bristling with rigid hairs, which are arranged in close revolving lines ; lines of growth very faint ; aperture sub-oval, oblique, its diameter from side to side shorter than in the opposite direction ; its plane very oblique. Long diameter ! inch, short diameter ;'; inch. Animal has the head slate-colored above, with a darker line along each tentaculum, not originating from the eyes ; foot chestnut- colored. This shell was first found by Professor C. B. Adams, in Mans- field, from whom I received it. I have since found it in several localities in Dorchester, Dedham, and Cambridge, adhering to sticks in stagnant water ; and it may doubtless be found in all similar localities. This Planérbis, though in many respects it resembles in shape P. defléctus, is readily distinguished from all other American species by the revolving hairy lines. It is the analogue of the European P. albus, from which it is difficult to designate any very characteristic difference. It is, however, a thinner shell, the last whorl increasing LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. PLANORBIS. 207 more rapidly; and it maintains its yellowish horn-color, whereas P. albus assumes a spermaceti or still whiter appearance. The lines, too, disappear more entirely when the epidermis is gone. PLANORBIS ELEVATUS. Shell small, whorls three or four, swelling above, with the apex sunken, deeply concave beneath ; aperture slightly oblique. State Coll., No. 291. Soc. Cab., No. 2417. Plan6rbis elevatus, Apams ; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pl. 3, f. 15. Shell small, light grass-green, translucent, faintly marked with lines of growth ; whorls three and a half or four, the tube not rapidly enlarging, and considerably flattened ; whole shell flat, or slightly elevated above, the tip depressed so as to form a small pit 5 below forming a deep, tunnel-shaped cavity, the whorls presenting an obscure angle as they revolve around it ; suture deeply impress- ed; aperture slightly oblique, its upper edge on a level with the spire, or very slightly declining ; lower edge descending considera- bly below the level of the under surface ; portion of the preceding whorl embraced by the aperture constituting about one fifth of its circuit. Breadth } inch, height ;4, inch. 10 Inhabits rivulets and pools in Norfolk and Plymouth Counties. This shell is closely allied to P. parvus and P. hirsutus. But the first is a more depressed, discoidal shell, its upper surface more broad- ly and deeply concave, the lower surface very little more concave than the upper, and the aperture much more oblique. P. hirsutus has a still greater altitude, a very rapidly increasing tube, is deeply concave above and below, its color is lighter, and its lines of hairs, when present, afford a very marked distinction. It may possibly prove to be the immature shell of some other species. PLANORBIS DEFLECTUS. Shell concave on the left side ; whitish horn-color ; whorls four, compressed, sub-carinated, aperture greatly declining. Figure 136. State Coll., No. 168. Soc. Cab., No. 1266. Planérbis defléctus, Say ; Long's 2d Exped., (Appendix), 261, pl. 18, f. 8. 208 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. Shell small, distorted, compressed, of a light greenish-yellow color, something like dirty, bleached wax ; right side in general convex, but with the centre slightly indented, suture distinct ; left or under side concave, forming an expanded umbilicus, ex- hibiting about one half of each volution ; whorls four or five, very much compressed, and reduced to a somewhat carinated perimeter ; the last fourth of the outer whorl turns, somewhat suddenly and quite remarkably, to the left, or downwards ; aper- ture large, ovate, lip commencing below the carina, and embracing but a very small portion of the preceding whorl ; much narrower from side to side, its plane very oblique to the axis of the shell ; lip simple, very slightly everted beneath ; surface finely wrinkled by the lines of growth. Greater diameter ;3, inch, small di- ameter ;'; inch. ‘Animal dusky above, and with a still darker line to tip of tentacula. Found in all our ponds, clinging to sticks, stones, &c. It is distinguished at once, except in its very early stages, by the remarkable manner in which a portion of the last whorl is diverted from its regular course, downwards, if we consider the shell to be lying on its concave face. It is almost entirely turned off from the preceding whorls, so that the aperture comes in contact with only about half of its lower face. When immature it may be recognised by its light color and concave form. Scattered hairs may often be observed upon its surface. It has a general resemblance in its struc- ture to P. evacitus, but the constantly sharp edge of that species is a never failing mark of distinction. I must at present regard the P. virens of Adams (Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. pl. 3, f. 16) as a variety of this species, in which the last whorl is not remarkably diverted from its regular course. PLANORBIS EXACUTUS. Shell lenticular, umbilicated ; whorls four, broader than high, gradually thinning to a sharp edge. Ficurm 137; State Coll., No. 95. Soc. Cab., No. 1267. Planorbis exacuous, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Se., ii. 166. LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. PLANORBIS. 209 Shell lenticular, light transparent horn-color ; whorls four, flattened so that the width of each is at least twice its depth, the upper and lower surfaces convex, and brought to a sharp exterior edge; the last half of the outer whorl deflected, so that the termination of the sharp edge is on a level with the lower surface of the preceding whorl; inner whorls slightly depressed, and somewhat more rounded ; suture moderately impressed ; strie of growth faint ; beneath abruptly umbilicated, displaying the edges of all the whorls within; aperture very oblique and angular ; edge very sharp, below rumning forwards a little along the um- bilical edge of the preceding whorl, then crossing obliquely for- wards and upwards, leaving a callus, it passes off again a little below its carinated edge. Longest diameter + inch, shorter di- ameter ;%, inch. It is found in most brooks, ditches, and margins of ponds, which are permanent through the summer, adhering to sticks and stones. This shell has a striking resemblance to the P. fontdna of Europe, (Lightfoot, Phil. Trans., Ixxvi. pl. 2, f. 1-4. Montagu, Test. Brit., 462, pl. 6, f. 6. Pl. nitidus, Mull., Turt., &c.,) except that the aper- ture is entirely below the sharp edge, instead of embracing nearly an equal portion on each side, as in that shell. It is allied to P. defléctus, Say ; but in that the whorls are more numerous, the exterior edge much rounded, the umbilical region broader and more shallow, and the labrum also embraces but half of the lower surface of the preceding whorl. Were it among the land shells it would be a most unequivocal Caroco.ta. I cannot but think that the name under which this shell appears in the ‘ Journal of the Academy,” is not exactly as was intended by the author, as it is neither a Latin word nor a Latin termination. Sup- posing that by a typographical error, an o has taken the place of a ¢, we have a legitimate term, and one very expressive of the form of the shell, PLANORBIS PARVUS. Shell very much compressed, almost equally concave on both sides ; whorls four ; surface nearly smooth ; aperture rounded. Ficure 139. 210 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. State Coll., No. 77. Soc. Cab., No. 1283. Planérbis parvus, Say ; WVicholson’s Encyc., (Amer. ed.), iv. pl. 1, f. 5. Shell very small and compressed, discoidal, light-yellowish horn-color ; right side nearly plane, but excavated at the centre ; left side broadly concave ; whorls four, almost equally exhibited on both sides, the outer one usually somewhat angulated at its cir- cumference ; surface minutely marked by the lines of growth, shining, clear; aperture rounded, rather longer than broad, not inclining to either side, its plane very oblique ; lip sharp, slightly reflected on the left side ; within bluish-white. Greatest diameter 3 inch, lesser diameter ;'; inch, but generally much smaller. Animal whitish, dusky above, with a still darker line at tip of tentacula. Abundant in brooks and ponds. This is the smallest shell of the genus which we have, unless, per- haps, it be P. exactitus, which is commonly found of as small a size. It is not difficult to be recognised by its regular figure, and its very thin, compressed appearance. P. defléctus, armigerus, exacttus, and hirsu- tus, all have marked peculiarities, which at once separate them from this undistinguished species. PLANORBIS DILATA TUS. Shell small, circumference carinated, flat above, convex below, and with a small, deep umbilicus ; whorls three ; aperture large, expanded. Ficure 140. State Coll., No. 75. Soc. Cab., No. 2399. Shell small, of a yellowish green-color, minutely wrinkled by the lines of growth ; spire flat, composed of not more than three whorls, separated by a well-defined suture ; the outer whorl has a sharp margin ona level with the spire, diminishing near, but still modifying, the aperture ; below this line the whorl is very convexly rounded so as to encircle a small, deep, abruptly formed umbilicus. This whorl rapidly enlarges, and terminates in a very large, not very oblique aperture, with the lip expanded so as to LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. PHysa. Q2l1l make it trumpet-shaped. Largest diameter 3, inch, breadth ;'5 inch. This curious little shell was found several years since on the island of Nantucket, clinging to some damp moss, and was communicated by Mr. J. M. Earle, of Worcester. Specimens of it have also been sent to me by Professor Foreman, of Balti- more. But its characters were not fully ascertained from these few specimens. In July, 1840, Mr. T. J. Whittemore found it in great numbers at Hingham, in a small pool, southeast of the Old Colony House. It has a miniature resemblance to P. dicarindtus as to its two sides, but it has only a single carina, which encircles the shell, instead of one on each side. Its large, expanded aperture, and small, deeply sunken umbilicus, readily distinguish it from any of the small species hitherto known. The surface is rather rough, and perhaps a little hispid when viewed under the microscope. The P. dens of Lea (Amer. Philos. Trans., New Series, vi. 68, pl. 23, f. 83), which he received from near Cincinnati, is probably the same as this shell. His name, however, is pre-occupied by a fossil species. Genus PHYSA, Drap. Shell reversed, oblong-ovate, spire prominent ; aperture rounded before, narrowed and angular behind, lip sharp ; inner lip twisted. Animal has thread-like tentacula, and the sharply lobed mantle is turned back upon the shell. PuysaA HETEROSTROPHA. Shell ovate, smooth, yellowish-grecn ; whorls four, inflated, suture distinct, surface reticulated. Fieure 141. State Coll., No. 73. Soc. Cab., No. 1306. Bulla fontinalis Indie Orientalis, Cuemn. ; Conch., ix. 33, pl. 103, f. 879,880. Céchlea neritdides, Lister ; Conch., pl. 135, f. 34. Bulla fontinalis, var. 3. GmeExin; Syst., 3407. Scuroret; Einl. in Conch., t. 1, 201, Helix, No. 84. Bulla crassula, Dituwyn ; Catal., t. i. 487, No. 36. 212 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. Limnéa heterdstropha, Say; JVicholson'’s Encyc., (Amer. ed.), Art. Conchology, jisloed Leo} Physa heterédstropha, Say; Long’s 2d Exped., Append., 264. Lam.; An. sans Vert., viii. 402. *¢ Shell sinistral, sub-ovate ; color pale-yellow, chestnut, or blackish ; whorls four, the first large, the others very small, ter- minating rather abruptly in an acute apex ; aperture large, some- what oval, three fourths the length of the shell, or rather more ; within of a pearly lustre, often blackish ; lip a little thickened on the inside, and tinged with dull red.” (Say, in Nich. Encyc.) Ordinary length about 4 inch, breadth } inch, divergence 68°. My largest specimen is 7, inch by 2 inch. When the shell is fresh and perfectly clean, it is always of a light greenish-yellow, and becomes a little more dusky with age. The surface, under the magnifier, appears beautifully checkered with minute, revolving, and longitudinal lines, which are also a little waved. Sometimes there are one or more whitish, opake bands, as if scratched by the mantle of the animal. ‘The thicken- ing of the lip is found only in old specimens, and in these also there is a broad layer of pearly enamel reflected over the columella, which has also a very prominent fold. The animal is olivaceous, surface very smooth and silky ; the foot is kite-shaped, longer than the shell, terminating in an acute point ; expansions each side of the mouth acutely angled ; ten- tacula olivaceous above, light ferruginous beneath, long and thread- like. The pointed lobes of the mantle are very conspicuous. The motions of the animal are very rapid, and it seems to move with equal facility in an inverted posture, at the surface of the water. The ova are excluded, enveloped in a gelatinous substance, about twelve or fifteen in number, and of an egg-shaped form. In about a fortnight they escape from the jelly, and move about with great rapidity. In fact, they are seen in motion for some time previous, apparently struggling to disengage themselves from their nidus. This shell is everywhere to be found. Scarcely a brook or pool is met with but some of these shells will be found init. It is more especially to be found in the running brooks. LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. PHYSA. 213 The difference between this and P. fontindlis of Europe, is very slight. The spire may be a little more prolonged and acute. It is quite interesting to keep a number of them in a vessel of water, and observe their motions and habits. The manner in which they open their mouths and display the lingual organ,—the manner in which they rise to the surface and open the air cavity, into which its structure permits no water to enter, — and above all, the beautiful and unaccountable manner in which it glides along, will never fail to excite astonishment. They feed freely upon any kind of vegetable. We have here an instance of the interminable chain of existences, and of the subserviency of one animal to another. And it is curious, too, that, in general, we have the power to elude or subdue animals of greater strength and magnitude than ourselves, much better than we can those which are inferior to us. On looking carefully about the neck of the animal of this shell, we find him beset with numerous little things looking like short, minute, white lines, which are, in truth, little parasites (Gérdius inquilinus, Mull.) attached like leeches, and which derive their nourishment from the fluids of the animal, without his having the power to dislodge them. Puysa ANCILLA RIA. Shell ovate-globose, pale-yellowish ; whorls four, smooth; suture not impressed ; aperture nearly as long as the shell. Fieure 142. State Coll., No. 74. Soc. Cab., No. 1308. Physa ancillaria, Say ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 124. ‘¢ Shell heterostrophe, sub-globose, pale-yellowish ; whorls rather more than four, very rapidly attenuated ; spire truncated, hardly elevated beyond the general curve of the surface ; suture not impressed ; aperture but little shorter than the shell, dilated ; labium a little thickened on the inner sub-margin.”? (Say.) Length 32 inch, breadth ¥, inch, divergence 90°. Found in Connecticut and Merrimack Rivers, Fresh Pond, &c. Animal of a bright lemon-color. This shell is distinguished from the preceding by its much shorter spire, more angular outline, and especially by its suture, the margin of one whorl being so closely and perfectly applied to the pre- 214 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. ceding as to give the appearance of a double suture. The surface is exceedingly smooth, no revolving lines being detected by the mag- nifier. The base of the aperture is somewhat narrowed, and pro- longed downwards, and considerably effuse. The twisted fold of the columella is less conspicuous than in P. heteréstropha. The shell becomes more ponderous and yellowish by age; and the reddish rib along the outer lip, and the enamel on the columella, much thicker. Puysa ELONGATA. Shell thin, slender, elongated, apex acute, pale-yellowish ; whorls siz, polished ; suture slightly impressed ; aperture half as long as the shell. Fieure 143. State Coll., No. 284. Soc. Cab., No. 1307. Physa elongata, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sey ii. 171. ‘* Shell heterostrophe, pale-yellowish, very fragile, diaphanous, oblong ; whorls six or seven ; spire tapering, acute at tip ; suture slightly impressed ; aperture not dilated, attenuated above, about half as long as the shell ; columella much narrowed near the base, so that the view may be partially extended from the base towards the apex.”” (Say.) Length 3 inch, breadth 1 inch, diver- gence 34°. . Found in stagnant waters in all the northern and western parts of the United States. In the vicinity of Boston it is rare. Animal dusky, the head above of an orange hue ; tentacula rather short and blunt, lighter at tip ; respiratory groove long, narrow and thin, movable in various directions, almost as long as a tentacle, with two black spots like eyes near its tip. This species is easily recognised by its slender, elongated form, and the great proportionate length of the spire. It is in every respect similar to P. hypnorum of Europe, unless, perhaps, its spire may be somewhat more produced. Tt is not very common in Massachusetts, and is seldom found as long as the above dimensions ; while Mr. Say gives it 3% of an inch in Illinois. It probably belongs to the genus ArpLExus of Gray ( Turton’s Man., 255), which he institutes upon the elongated form of the shell, the LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. LIMNEA. 215 want of auricles at the base of the tentacula, and the simple, entire edge of the mantle. This latter point I did not notice, when the ani- mal was before me. Mr. Say describes the animal as black, and spotless above and be- low; tentacula with a white ring at base. He must have observed them at a more advanced age than any I have seen living; or else the species observed are different. GENUS LIMNAA, Lam. Shell thin, oblong or turreted, last whorl large ; aperture large, rounded before, narrowed and acute behind, outer lip sharp, inner lip forming a fold on the pillar, and usually spreading over it. Animal with short, triangular tentacula. LIMN#X’A COLUME’LLA. Shell ovate, fragile, transparent, pale-green; whorls four, the three upper ones minute, lines of growth distinct, undulated by revolving lines ; aperture ample ; umbilicus minute. Fieure 144. State Coll., No. 68. Soc. Cab., No. 1302. Lymne'a columélla, Say ; Nicholson’s Encyc. (Amer. ed.), iv. Journ. Acad. Nat. SO la los Lymne'\us navicula, Vatenc.; Recueil d' Obs. de Zool., par Humb. et Bonpl., 251. Shell ovate, ventricose, extremely thin and fragile, transparent, of a pale-greenish or yellowish color, the apex acutely pointed ; whorls four, of which the last is much inflated, and composes nearly the whole shell; the upper ones are very small, forming an acute apex ; surface with conspicuous and nearly regular lines of growth, minutely waved by revolving lines, some of which are distinctly elevated ; suture slightly impressed; aperture large, four fifths the length of the shell, generally somewhat dilated ; lip very sharp, ending with a small curve behind; on the left margin the edge is slightly turned over a minute umbilicus, and forms a considerable fold; a thin, closely adhering enamel stretches 216 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. across from it to the angle of the aperture ; the inner lip is so arched as to display a considerable portion of the interior of the shell. Length 8, inch, breadth ;%; inch, divergence 68° ; of an- other specimen, length 3§ inch, breadth ,'5 inch, divergence 56°. Inhabits stagnant pools and miry places, and is common. It is found at maturity very early in the spring. The animal is large, semi-transparent, of a dusky or light-drab color, dotted with silvery white. It is very sluggish in its mo- tions. ‘The head above is slightly tinted with lilac. This very brittle shell has rather the aspect of Succi/NEa, than of Limnaa. It varies a good deal in form, being in some specimens rather slender, and in others broad and distended. ‘The aperture is usually somewhat dilated, especially at its broadly-rounded base ; but occasionally the outer lip is pressed inwards. The surface is shining, — and delicately corrugated by revolving lines. Var. CuatyBea. Fig. 145. State Coll., No. 72. The spire is more pointed, its divergence being only 50° ; the aperture is more expanded, and the fold on the inner lip more obvious. It is thin, but not very brittle, ringing like hard-burnt crockery. The last whorl is partially detached from the preced- ing one, so as to forma thread-like channel at the suture. ‘The enamel rests loosely against the shell, and is wrinkled. ‘The ex- terior is covered by a bluish-black pigment, not easily removed, and the interior has a steel-blue or black-lead color. This shell, which I found two years in succession in a muddy pool in Cambridge, I thought was sufficiently distinct to be regarded as a new species; and | accordingly gave its characters under the name of Limné a chaly'bea, in Silliman’s Journal, xxxiii. 196, But as it has not been found in any other place, am now disposed to regard it as a strongly marked local variety of L. columélla. It is very possibly such a shell to which Mr. Say alludes in the * Journal of the Acad- emy of Natural Sciences,” ii. 167, as “ L. columélla, var. a. small, black, from Cold Water Creek, Missouri.” LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. LIMNEA. 217 LIMN#Z A MACROSTOMA. Shell fragile, ovate, apex acute ; whorls four, lines of growth corrugated ; aperture four fifths the length of the shell, ample, ex- panded, umbilicus minute. Figure 148. State Coll., No. 138. Soc. Cab., No. 1296. Lymnéus macroéstomus, Say; Journ. cad. Nat. Sc., ii. 170. Limnéa acuminata, Apams ; Silliman’s Journ., xxxix. 374, (young.) Shell fragile, pellucid, light horn-colored, ovate-conical ; last whorl very large, moderately inflated, surmounted by three very small, oblique ones, forming an acute apex; surface shining, marked by fine lines of growth, which are crossed and rendered flexuous by numerous revolving lines, faintly visible without a magnifier ; suture distinct, the whorls approaching it by a gradual slope ; aperture ovate, very ample, four-fifths the length of the shell, and, when mature, broadly expanded; outer lip very sharp and thin, broadly rounded in front, and, maintaining its sharp edge, it rises and disappears within the shell; pillar so broadly arched as to allow a view of much of the interior of the spire ; a minute umbilicus is formed by a reflected scale of enamel; in mature shells a glazing of enamel is found upon the preceding whorl as it encroaches upon the aperture. Length 44 inch, breadth 75 inch, divergence 73°. Found at New Bedford by Mr. Shiverick. Much larger speci- mens were obtained by Colonel ‘Totten, at Tiverton, Rhode Island. Dr. Binney found it also in Vermont. This shell is closely allied to L. columélla, and in an immature state is not easily distinguished from it; but that shell is much more elongated, and regularly tapering, the divergence of the spire being not more than 60°. Such specimens Professor Adams described as his L. acuminata. But at maturity the shell is very distinctly char- acterized by its widely spreading outer lip, which gives great expan- sion to the aperture, Mr. Say received it from the rice-fields of Car- olina. It is the analogue of the L. ovatus, of Europe. 28 218 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. LIMN#’A UMBILICA TA. Shell small, ovate ; whorls five, rounded, and marked with fine decussating lines; suture deeply impressed ; aperture small, oval ; no conspicuous fold on the columella ; umbilicus distinct. Figure 149. State Coll., No. 136. Soc. Cab., No. 2402. Limne'‘a umbilicita, Apams; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii. 325, pl. 3, f. 14, Salle- man's Journ., Xxxix. 374. Shell small, short-ovate, apex obtuse ; whorls five ; very con- vex and rounded, slightly oblique, their surface reticulated with fine lines, and modified by numerous facets or indentations, ar- ranged in imperfect revolving series, four or five in number ; su- ture deeply impressed ; aperture small, about half the length of the shell, broad-oval, not expanded but rather seeming contracted 5 outer lip sharp, thickened within by a sub-marginal, pinkish-color- ed deposit ; passing backwards on the inner side in a smooth and rounded plate, it joins the preceding whorl at about half the height of the aperture ; a thin glazing of enamel covers the remainder of the inner margin. ‘There is scarcely any approach to a fold on the pillar ; umbilicus Jarge and deep. Length 53; inch, breadth 1 inch, divergence 65°. First collected by Mr. Shiverick, at New Bedford. Limné a modicéllus is of about the same size and general appearance ; but its surface is smooth, its whorls more oblique, its mouth twice as large, and it has no conspicuous umbilicus. LL. caperdta is similar in its form, and its small, oval aperture, but is at once recognised by the regular revolving, hispid lines. LIMNZEA MODICE'LLUS. Shell ovate, thin, light-olive colored ; whorls four, convex ; su- ture deep ; aperture rather large, ovate ; fold of columella conspic- uous ; sub-umbilicated. Fieure 151. State Coll., No. 71. Soc. Cab., No. 2403. Lymneéus modicéllus, Say ; Journ. dcad. Nat. Se., v. 122. LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. LIMNEA. 219 Shell small and short-ovate, very thin and transparent, color a light-olive, or sea-green ; whorls four or five, convexly rounded, and somewhat shouldered or flattened above; surface rather coarsely marked by the lines of growth ; anterior whorl large and inflated, two thirds the length of the shell ; posterior whorls small ; suture deep ; aperture rather large, somewhat more than half the length of the shell, ovate, or nearly as broad behind as before, not acutely rounded behind, but considerably arched ; slightly effuse at base ; columella arched, its fold conspicuous ; inner lip reflect- ed over a small umbilicus, and the enamel usually broadly spread across to the posterior angle. Length 7; inch, breadth ,'5 inch, divergence 68°. Lives along the muddy margins of brooks. The animal is of a dark sea-green or bottle-green color above, dotted with amber-color ; beneath much paler. foot long, and inclining to a point behind. In the region of the eyes, between the tentacula, are clusters of white points, which give an appear- ance of white eyes. The animal seems to shun immersion, being usually found on the damp mud at the margins of ponds and brooks. When put in a vessel of water, it soon rises above the surface, crawls about the table, and will remain out of water two or three days without injury. The shell is usually thickly coated with mud. This species is distinguished from the young of L. elddes by the depth of the suture, and the maturity of its aperture, which is also pro- portionally larger. It is less elongated than L. desidiosa, its suture is deeper, its aperture rather smaller, and the color is quite different, LIMN# A DESIDIOSA. Shell ovate-elongate, turretted ; whorls five, convex, the upper ones very small ; suture deep ; aperture sub-ovate, longer than the spire; sub-umbilicated, Fieure 150. State Coll., No. 70. Soc. Cab., No. 1295. Lymnéus desididsus, Say ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 169. Limneéus desididsus, Say ; Amer. Conch., pl. 5d, f. 3. 220 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. Shell ovate, thin and fragile, the spire elongated and turreted ; color a pale, dirty yellowish-green ; whorls five, very convex, and for the most part suddenly contracted above, so as to present a conspicuous shoulder; the two or three uppermost whorls are very small, and the body whorl about seven tenths the length of the whole shell; surface generally dead, and somewhat checked with irregular revolving and longitudinal raised lines 5 aperture large, usually three fifths the length of the shell, oval, broadly and sub-equally rounded both behind and before ; the lip is consider- ably everted in front, and along the left margin, where it is not closely appressed to the whorl, and leaves a small, but evident umbilical opening; callus rather abundant; fold on the pillar slight, and smoothly rounded. Length 1 inch, of aperture 3 inch, breadth 2; inch, divergence 45°. This species is found in most regions, about the muddy margins of ponds and pools. It is intermediate between L. elddes and L. modicéllus. Its spire is proportionally more slender, its suture deeper, its aperture proportion- ally larger and more oval, the fold of its columella much less conspic- uous, and it is a much more fragile shell than the former. ‘The latter, while it has the large, oval aperture, the deep suture and shouldered whorls, is still more fragile, of a deep green-color, and is a short, in- flated shell, with a much greater divergence of the spire, and with one whorl more than L. desididsa. The habits of the two last are similar, but the animal of desididsa is a much lighter green, and has not the remarkable white dots between the tentacula. The characters of the aperture and spire seem to be constant; that is, the aperture is always large and broadly rounded behind; and the spire is tapering, the two whorls at the tip seeming somewhat as if superadded ; so that if a line should pass down one side so as to touch all the whorls, this line would be concave. ‘The only variations I have noticed are, that the suture is sometimes shallow, and the shoulder nearly wanting, so as to render the spire more regularly tapering. Mr. Say’s description is not definite, and his figure is much shorter than the dimensions he ascribes to it. He gives its length seven tenths of an inch, while it rarely exceeds half an inch. LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. LIMNEA. 221 LIMN#Z'A ELODES. Shell turretted, elongated, dull horn-colored ; whorls five, con- ver ; suture deep; aperture sub-oval, less than half the length of the shell, within brownish, fold of the columella profound. Fieure 145, 146, 147. State Coll., No. 189. Soc. Cab., No. 1301. Lymnéus elddes, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., ii. 169. Amer. Conch., pl. 11, f. 3. Shell tapering, elongated, turretted, thin and fragile, dull and dingy horn-colored, inelegant ; whorls five, or a little more, the two smallest being generally broken off; they are regularly and largely convex, not flattened or compressed posteriorly, but the adjacent margins of two whorls curve regularly to the deeply im- pressed suture; the last whorl, measured upon the back, consti- tutes from a littlke more than one half, to about two thirds the whole length of the shell ; surface coarsely wrinkled by the lines of growth, sometimes minutely reticulated by revolving lines, and sometimes exhibiting small, plane facets, irregularly disposed. Aperture generally less than, but never exceeding one half the length of the shell ; sub-oval, rather contracted ; right lip thin, with now and then a sub-marginal thickening, within colored red- dish-brown ; pillar margin copiously overlaid with white enamel, not closely appressed at the umbilical region ; fold of the pillar large and oblique ; umbilicus for the most part closed. Length +5 inch, breadth #4; inch, divergence 43 to 45°. The animal is of a dusky-greenish color, similar to that of the shell, varying like it in intensity, minutely dotted with amber- color. oot somewhat paler, tongue-shaped, reaching about two thirds the length of the large whorl when in motion, obtusely rounded behind. The animal attains maturity and dies about the end of June. At this time the young may be seen with the old, about an eighth of an inch in length, and these continue to grow rapidly during the season. But after the early part of July it is rare to find an adult shell containing a living animal. At this time the exterior of the shell is much eroded ; in fact the animals, as they cluster together, 222 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. actually devour each other’s shells; the aperture becomes white and somewhat chalky, and the brown, sub-marginal callus of the outer lip is thus covered over. The most common species found in Massachusetts, and one which it is exceedingly difficult to describe, or to determine, if it has been al- ready described. After much observation, and a comparison of many individuals collected from various localities, and an exchange of speci- mens with the most distinguished conchologists of this country, I have come to the conclusion, that it must be regarded as the L. elodes of Say. Its European analogue is L. palistris. The only Massachusetts shell which bears much affinity to it, is L. desididsa, which is smaller, has a more slender spire, and larger aperture, proportionally. But it is closely related to L. umbrosa and L. refléva of the Western and Middle States. The former is more solid, more corpulent, with the whorls and aperture more oblique, and its color darker than that of our shell. The latter has the whorls still more oblique, much less convex, forming a much less turretted and regularly tapering spire ; the fold of the pillar much less prominent, and the color yellowish. After all, these species are so nearly allied, that no description, and perhaps no figure will en- able a person to determine any one of them by itself. ‘They must be learned by comparison, and by interchanging specimens. But the dif_i- culty does notend here. It is no easy matter to assign the limits of the species. No one presents a greater variety. The length of mature shells varies from half an inch to an inch; and it is remarkable that the largest specimens are usually the most fragile. ‘The surface usually has an uneven, unfinished, inelegant aspect, coated with mud ; but occasionally we find the conformation of the shell perfectly regu- lar, the color a shining greenish horn-color, and the surface smooth and beautifully reticulated with longitudinal and revolving lines. It is then a very pretty, fragile shell. ‘The aperture is small in proportion to the shell, generally rather contracted ; again, we find the lip begin- ning to expand, and in some specimens received from Vermont, which 1 suppose to belong to this species, the lip is broadly flaring. Young specimens might be confounded with L. wmbilicdta, L. desidiosa, L. modicéllus, and L. caperata; but a little attention to the umbilicus, the aperture, the color, and the revolving lines will enable us to dis- tinguish them, respectively. The umbilicus is usually entirely ob- structed by the overlaying callus; but in some specimens it is par- tially open. - LIMNEANA. MOLLUSCA. ANCYLUS. 223 LIMNEA CATASCOPIUM. Shell ovate, strong, chestnut-brown ; whorls four, wrinkled, con- vex, the last large; suture deep ; aperture sub-oval, half the length of the shell. State Coll., No. 69. Soc. Cab., No. 1804. Lymnéa catascOpium, Say; WVicholson’s Encyc. (Amer. ed.), pl. 2, f. 3. Limnéus catascopium, Say; Amer. Conch., pl. 55, f. 2. _Lymneéus cornea, Vatenc.; in Humbl. et Bonpl. Recueil d’Obs Sc., (teste Fé- russac). Shell rather large, oblong-ovate, ventricose, thick and strong ; epidermis chestnut or brownish horn-color ; whorls four or a little more, forming a short, pointed spire, delicately but rather regularly wrinkled by the lines of growth, and these are rendered somewhat corrugated by obsolete revolving lines ; last whorl constituting nearly the whole shell, very much distended; suture deeply im- pressed ; spire very short, acute at apex 5 aperture rather more than half the length of the shell, sub-oval, very little narrowed be- hind ; not dilated; right lip simple, thick and regularly curved ; left lip having a thick, narrow layer of enamel, and a rather slight fold midway ; umbilicus not open. Length {5 inch, breadth 4; inch, divergence 60°. Found in the southern parts of this State, but I have not met with it near Boston. Its great solidity, and its remarkably broad, corpulent aspect, ap- proximating in character to PaLuprNa, cause it to be easily recog- nised. Its analogue on the European continent is L. péreger, which, however, differs from this in being a less solid shell, in having the aperture somewhat expanded, its anterior curve broader, and the fold of the pillar less deep. It comes nearer to L. emarginata than to any other American species. Genus ANCYLUS, Miu.er. Shell boat-shaped, without a spire, apex pointed, inclining for- wards and to one side; aperture ovate. 224 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. It is not yet satisfactorily determined under what family this genus should be arranged. Its animal is closely allied to the Limneana, and its natural relations are certainly stronger to this family, notwith- standing the form of the shell, than to the Catyprra'cEa, where it has usually been placed. A’NCYLUS RIVULA RIS. Shell elongated-oval, sides rectilinear, apex nearer to one side, nearly central. Fieure 153. State Coll., No. 281. Soc. Cab., No. 842. Ancylus rivularis, Say; Vicholson’s Encyc. (dmer. ed.), Art. Conchology, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 125. Shell small, narrow, elongated-oval, the sides nearly parallel, but one end is somewhat narrower than the other, and both are regularly rounded ; apex nearly equi-distant from both extremi- ties, nearer to, and leaning to, one side and one end ; aperture oval ; color dark-green. Length 1 inch, breadth ;'5 inch. Found on stones and floating leaves in rivulets and ponds. It is closely allied to A. fluviatilis of Europe; but the apex is less acute and more central. ‘There is another American species, the A. tardus, Say, which has been found by Professor Adams in Vermont, but which I have not yet found in this State. It is much more round- ed and conical than this, and the apex is not lateral. A'NCYLUS FUSCUS. Shell oval, depressed, convexity regular, not compressed laterally, curvilinear at the sides ; apex obtuse, a little to the right and rear of the centre ; epidermis coarse, brown, surpassing the margin. Freure 152. State Coll., No. 283. Soc. Cab., No. 2388. Ancylus fuscus, Apams; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., iii, 329, pl. 3, f. 17. Shell small, very thin and pellucid, of a rounded oval form, the ) 7 | ) 9 entire outline regularly curved ; depressed and regularly convex, 8 e > 5 y not compressed at the sides; apex slightly elevated, bluntly PERISTOMATA. MOLLUSCA. VALVATA. 225 rounded a little behind, and to the right of the centre ; stages of growth visible ; epidermis coarse and strong, rough, dusky yel- lowish-brown, extending beyond the margin of the testaceous matter, and insensibly coalescing with it on all sides, which are inclined to turn upwards ; within glistening, polished. Length +5 inch, height 3; inch, breadth 23, inch. Found in a rivulet in Andover by Mr. K. Prescott, of the Theological Seminary ; and also found by Professor Adams in Mansfield ; and by myself, in Fresh Pond. It differs from all other described species in its depressed form, its obtuse apex, and its coarse epidermis projecting beyond the margin ; and, as this extends in the direction of the plane of the object to which it is found attached, and not in continuation of the conxex form of the shell, the edges seem to be turned upwards. 328 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. This is vulgarly called the Sea-spider or Spider-crab, on ac- count of its small body and long legs. It is often caught in fishing for flounders from the bridges about Boston. I am not aware that it is used for food. The body is somewhat heart-shaped, and may be four inches in diameter, while the legs of the female will span four times that extent. GENUS PINNOTHERES, Latr. P. o/streum. ‘* Thorax rounded before, on each side, some- what truncate behind ; clypeus a little advanced, entire ; hand gib- bous above, near the base of the thumb.” Say. Pinnothéres éstreum, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 67, pl. 4, f.5. Mritye-Epw. ; Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii. 33. This little crab is of a rounded form, about the size of a dime, and is very curious in its habits. It is not protected by a hard crust, and in order to supply the want of it, the crab lives among the oysters, and becomes a guest within the walls of their shells ; whether a bidden and a welcome one or not, we have it not in our power to say. The crab, however, seems not to molest the oys- ter, and is even said to act as a monitor, to inform it when to close its shell, so as to entrap the food on which they may both subsist. They live peaceably together, are captured together, served up for the table together, and are scarcely to be distinguished from each other in the eating. Genus HIPPA, Larr. H. eme’rita. Body oval, convex, minutely wrinkled ; tail lanceolate, more than half as long as the body; front with three teeth ; eyes minute. Cancer eméritus, Lin. Hippa emérita, Fapr.; Suppl. Entom. Syst., 370. Larr.; Hist. Nat. des Crust., vi. 176, pl.52,f.1. Desm.; Consid., &c., 174, pl. 29, f. 2. Mitne-Epw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii. 209. Hippa talpdida, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 160, 444. This curious animal is often called the Sand-bug. I have re- ceived it from Martha’s Vineyard, and it seems to extend from DECAPODA. CRUSTACEA. PAGURUS. 329 that limit to the shores of South America. Mr. Say thought there were characters belonging to those found on our coast which would entitle them to be considered as a new species ; but I have not found the differences he mentions to be conspicuous or con- stant. They are of about the size and shape of the first joint of the thumb ; and their numerous jointed, coiled antenne, and the long, lance-shaped terminating piece of the tail are so remarkable as to attract immediate notice. Genus PA GURUS, Farr. P. Bernua’rpus. Surface rough and hairy; right hand largest. Cancer Bernhardus, Lin.; Hersst; Cancr., ii. 14, pl. 22, f. 6. Pagurus streblonyx, Leacu; Malacol. Podoph., Sc., pl. 26. Pagirus Bernhardus, Fasr.; Oriv.; Larr.; Mirne-Epw.; Lam.; Desm.; Con- sid., pl. 30, f. 2. A’stacus Bernhardus, Decrrr; Pennant; Brit. Zool., iv. pl. 17, f. 38. This and the two following species are known by the name of Hermit-Crabs. The posterior portion of the body being unpro- tected by a firm crust, the animal selects some empty shell which will make him a good fit, and into it he retreats. This he drags about with him, seldom venturing out of it, and retains possession until either he outgrows it, or some of his kindred covet it and claim it by right of the strongest, when he is obliged to go in search of another. ‘The crab is often supposed to be the real architect and owner of the shell ; but is never so in fact. This species becomes larger than either of the others. It is of a bright cherry-red color, rough and hairy ; the hand is well-pro- portioned, and the fingers long, slender, and gracefully curved. It occupies large specimens of Natica and Pyrula. P. poutticaris. Finely granulated ; right hand longest ; thumb elevated into an angle above ; hand and finger crested and finely toothed beneath. Pagurus pollicaris, Say ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc.,i. 162. Mitne-Epw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii. 237. Ann. des Sc. Wat., 1836, vi. 269. This is also a large species, inhabiting the same shells as the preceding. But its color is a pale brick-red, its surface finely 42 330 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. granulated but not hairy ; and its short, angular hand, and peculiar thumb, which projects above into nearly a right angle, distinguish it from all other species. P. tonerca’reus. ‘Right hand larger and longer than the left; wrist and hand rather long, linear, and granulate ; fingers short, white, equal.”” Say. Pagurus longicarpus, Say ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 165. This is a very small species, inhabiting small specimens of Buccinum, Natica, Purpura, &c. But it is easily distinguished from the young of the two preceding species by its slender hand and white fingers. Genus HOMARUS. H. Americanus. fostrum two or three spined, with a smaller one each side at base, one more distant on the thorax, and usually one beneath near the tip; wrist five spined above ; hand six or nine spined on the inner edge. Astacus marinus Americinus, Sepa; Thesaur., iii. pl. 17, f. 3. Astacus marinus, Larr.; Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 165. Womarus Americanus, Minnr-Epw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii. 384. The common Lobster is too well known to require any com- ments. It is found about all the islands along shore. GENUS ASTACUS, Fase. A. Barton. Rostrum concave, pointed ; thorax unarmed ; hands short, destitute of spines ; fingers moderate. Astacus Bartonii, Bosc ; Hist. des Crust., ii. 62, pl. 2, f. 1. Harnan; Med. and Phys. Researches, 230, fig. 3. Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Se., 1. 167. Astacus affinis, Mirne-Epw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii. 3832. The Craw-fish or Fresh-water Lobster is a miniature of the common lobster, two inches or somewhat more in length. It is strictly an inhabitant of fresh water, and more especially of moun- tain streams, where it hides under stones, &c. It is much es- teemed, as food, by many. ‘The single, elongated point of the DECAPODA. CRUSTACEA. CRANGON. 331 rostrum distinguishes it from other American species. Milne- Edwards has unfortunately interchanged the names of this and another species. Genus CRANGON, Fasr. C. vutearis. Rostrum not so long as the eyes, with a spine behind it on the thorax, and another on each side ; thorax seven spined ; anterior feet with a spine on the third joint beneath. Cancer crangon, Sesa; Thesaur. ili. pl. 21, f.8. Lin.; Syst. Nat. Astacus crangon, Hersst ; Cancr., ii. 75, pl. 29, f. 3. Crangon vulgaris, Fanr.; Entom. Syst. Suppl., 410. Larr.; Crust.,{ vi. 267, pl. 55, f. 1,2. Leacu; Malacol. Pod. Brit., p1.37 B. Mitne-Epw ; Hist. Vat. des Crust., ii. 341. Crangon septemspinosus, Say ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 246. This is the common Shrimp, of which vast multitudes are used on the coasts of England and France for food. Mr. Say thought the number of spines on the thorax differed from that on the trans- atlantic animal; and he therefore gave it a new name. But I have had an opportunity of examining foreign specimens which do not differ from ours ; neither do the best figures and descriptions. It is more plentiful about the ocean shores than within Massa- chusetts Bay ; and it is nowhere sufficiently abundant to make it an object to collect it for food. It may be usually found, however, by searching the little pools left upon the flats at low tide. C. poreas. Carapax spiny; the second and third pairs of legs filiform. Cancer boreas, Phipps’s Voyage, 194, pl. 1], f. 1. Cancer homardides, Fasr.; Fauna Grenl., 241. Astacus boreas, Ouiv.; Herssr; Cancr., il. 73, pl. 29, f. 2. Crangon boreas, Lam.; An. sans Vert., v. 350. Sapine; Append. to Parry’s Voy., 57. Mitne-Epw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust., 11. 342. This species is larger and broader than the preceding. It is broad about the head, marbled with scarlet, and having several rows of spines on the thorax. I have taken several specimens from the maws of cod-fish, but have never seen it alive. 332 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. Genus PALASMON, Fasr. P. vurea ris. ‘Rostrum acute, with eight or nine teeth above, and three or four beneath ; fingers of the larger pair of feet shorter than the hand.” Say. Pale'mon vulgaris, Say ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 248. Mitne-Epw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii. 394. This animal answers to the Prawn of Europe, and is nearly certain to be identical with the Pale mon squilla of Europe. But I have not yet had an opportunity of actual comparison. It is a little larger than the shrimp, and is known by the long, upturned, toothed rostrum. [t is less than an inch and a half in length. Genus PANDALUS, Leacu. P. anNuLICcO’RNIS. Antenne marked with rings alternately white and red. P. annulicérnis, Lracu; Malacol., §c., tab. 40. Larr.; Lam.; Desm.; Consid. 220, pl. 38, f. 2. Mitne-Epw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii. 384. Grirriru’s Cov., (Crust.) pl. 17, f. 3. A beautiful animal about four inches long, with very long an- tenne, elegantly annulated with white and red, and with a long beak like Pale'mon, from which it is distinguished by having pin- cers on the second pair of feet only, instead of the first two pairs. I have found it only in the stomachs of fishes. Genus HIPPOLYTE, Farr. H. acunea tus. Rostrum recurved, slender, spear-pointed, serrated ; segments of the body terminating each side in a reflexed spine. Cancer aculedtus, Fasr.; Fauna Grenl., 239. Alpheus aculeatus, Sanine; Append. to Parry's Voy., 237, tab. 2, f.9, 10. Ap- pend. to Beechey’s Voy. Hippélyte aculeatus, Mirne-Epw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii. 380. About an inch in length, having the internal antenne very short and many-jointed, a compressed, spear-pointed rostrum, and the AMPHIPODA. CRUSTACEA. 333 segments on each side terminating in a long, curved spine. If have found it, rather abundantly, in fishes. Genus MYSIS, Larr. M. spinuLo'sus. Tail terminated by two short spines and two longer, ciliated plates folding inwards. Cancer pedatus, Fasr.; Fauna Grenl. 243. Mysis saltatorius, Lam.; An. sans Vert., v. 346. Mysis spinulosus, Desm.; Conszd., 242. Mysis Fabricii, Leacn; Griffith’s Cuv., xiii. (Crust.) pl. 17, f. 4. Mysis Léachii, THompson ; Zool, Researches, i. 27. This curious little animal may be found abundantly, in the midst of winter, in still water along the margins of bays. Its head seems to have a long pair of beautifully fringed shears attached in front ; each joint is marked upon the back with a black star ; and be- tween the legs of the females is seen a large sac, containing eggs. Two of the antenne are very Jong ; and the whole is quite trans- parent. It is about an inch in length. GENUS NEBALIA, Leacu. A single species has been observed, but the species has not been satisfactorily made out. It is small, the body covered by a single piece like a cuirass, the tail suddenly narrowing, long, and terminating in two bristles. Multitudes are sometimes found in the stomach of a single fish. AMPHIPODA. The Amphipoda are small Crustacea, inhabiting both fresh and salt water, and some of them are well known to every one who is familiar with the sea-shore, under the name of Sand-fleas, Beach- fleas, &c. They are capable of swimming and leaping, but not — of walking. Their feet are short and unequal, and their body is — | usually so arched as to render it impossible to maintain themselves 334 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. erect. Some of them live almost entirely out of the water, and may be at any time found under stones and sea-weed along the ‘sea-beach. ‘I'heir leaps are effected principally by the append- ages to their tails, which they bend underneath them, and by sud- den extension toss the body with surprising force. 'They depend for subsistence on dead animal substances which the waters float to them. It is very difficult to make out the different species, or even to determine the genera. ‘The species of the European side of the Atlantic are too briefly described and too badly figured to enable one to be certain what species are common to both shores ; so that I am not fully satisfied with the following results. Genus ORCHESTIA, Leacu. O. LONGICO’RNIS. Talitrus longicérnis, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 384. This appears to be the same as Cancer gammarus saltdtor of Montagu, (Trans. Lin. Soc., ix. 94, tab. 4, f. 3,) which is given as synonymous with Talitrus locista of Lamarck, Pennant, and others. But it is not Gammarus locista of Montagu. O. GryLuus. Talitrus gryllus, Bosc; Hist. Nat. des Crust., ii. 104. Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Se., i. 386. The following seem to be synonyms, viz. Talitrus gamaréllus, Larr. and Lam. Orchéstia littoréa, Leacu; Trans. Lin. Soc., xi. 806. Dursm.; Consid., &c., 261, pl. 45, f. 3. Genus GAMMARUS, Fazr. G. Locu’sTA, Moyracu; Lin. Trans., ix. pl. 4, f. 1. Mitne-Epw.; Ann. des Sc. Nat., xx. 367. This is not G. locista of Pennant, Gmelin, Pallas, and Fabri- clus, which is a Talitrus. G. MINUS, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 576. Found in ditches and sluggish fresh water, adhering to sticks. Two or three other species of OrcHE'sTIA4, and one of Am- PHI THOE, remain undetermined. L@MIPODA. CRUSTACEA. CAPRELLA. 335 GrEnNus HYPERIA, Latr. H. Ganpa. GAmmarus Galba, Montacu; Lin. Trans., xi. pl. 2, f. 2. The following are doubtless synonyms : Oniscus medusarum, O. Fasr.; Fauna Grenl., 275. Hypéria Suéurii, Later. Hypéria Latréillii, Minne-Epow.; Ann. des Sc. Nat., xx. 388, pl. 11, f. 1-7. This curious animal is found in the pouches of the Meduse or Sun-fish as they are commonly called. Whether they make this their home, or whether they become entrapped there or not, it would be difficult to determine. They seem, however, to be quite at their ease in this situation. Another animal with long, many-jointed antenne, was found in company with the above, which belongs either to the same genus, or to the genus HieRaco Nyx. LOEMIPODA. Genus CYAMUS, Lartr. C. cETI, Larr.; Gen., i. 60. Dxzsm.; Consid., 280, pl. 46, f. 4. Ep- warps; Amn. des Sc. Nat., 2d Series, ili. 328, pl. 64, f. 18,14. Oniscus ceti, Liy.; Muri. Lartinda ceti, Leacn. The whale-louse may be properly enumerated among our Crus- tacea, as it is found on the whales which are occasionally caught on our coast. It varies in form, according to its degree of de- velopement. Genus CAPRELLA, Lam. I have observed two species of this curious genus, neither of which can I refer to any described species. One of them is very delicate, about half an inch long, with no spines upon any part, that I can discover, and having its back thickly dotted with dark green. The other is an inch in length, entirely crimson except its black eyes. ‘The head is blunt, the lower antenne ciliated and extend- ing to the second segment, and the upper ones to the third seg- 336 INVERTEBRATA OF MASSACHUSETTS. ment ; first two segments nearly as long as the three next, and about one third of the whole length ; on the middle of the first is a spine ; two last segments short and heart-shaped. Hands _ hav- ing a long curved finger ; an imperfect thumb on the second pair of legs ; a tubercle at the base of the ovate carpus, and a small spine at the middle. ‘This might be called C. sanguinea, from its color, which it retains in spirits. These curious animals are found among clusters of zoophytes and delicate sea-weeds. ‘Their mode of walking is like that of some caterpillars, who bring the tail forward to the head and then thrust the body forward its whole length to prepare for another step. / ISOPODA. The animals included under this division are small, and many of them well known. ‘They have seven pairs of legs, similar in shape, and nearly equal in length, all of them constructed for walking alone. ‘They live on land, and in both fresh and salt water. ‘They may be distributed into three natural families ;— 1. Cloportide, which are terrestrial, and well known under the names of Sow-bugs, Pill-bugs, &c. Their food is decaying vege- table matter. 2. Cymothoade, which are parasites, and live for the most part about the gills of fishes, from which they suck their nourishment. 3. Idotwide, those which live in the water, but are not parasites. Genus ARMADILLO, Larr. A. PILULARIS, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 432. I have had no opportunity to compare this with any European species. It is commonly called the Pill-bug, and is very com- mon in gardens and cellars, under stones and boards. Genus ONISCUS, Liv. O. ASE LUUS, Lin.; Larr.; Desm.; Consid., 320, pl. 49, f.5. O. mura- rius, Fasr.; Cuv. O.affinis, Say ; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 430. In all the specimens I have examined, the styles are longer ISOPODA. CRUSTACEA. PORCELLIO. 337 than the last segment, like the European animal, a supposed varia- tion from which, in this respect, caused Mr. Say to regard it as distinct. But on comparison, ours corresponds with foreign speci- mens, in every respect. This is the common Sow-bug of our cellars and gardens. Genus PORCELLIO. P. NIGRA, Say; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc., i. 432. I think there can be little doubt that this is identical with P. sca- ber, Latr. and Oniscus granulatus, Lam. P. LzEvis, Larr.; Genera, i. 70. Desm.; Fie. If the animal to which I refer is not this species, it is yet un- described. 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