wey Hl ay Hela (iat spe: ‘ H Y i pe HWann TN Tatiteait Hy beri iy ‘: A tb LTatee! Ia ih : ne He ie ue Cent oa utr tt eeu A ean tepntaie Pah beat te Ni es ie i mn i ae m rise 4 wader abt tet Mogens ate Deny LE, Piehaptartcene spate meri = i : G : MC evel ar ay Bites ss i i wet er i eh eye yal a ah ay - 2 ih A eee ere F yee toee Ea fe a err ee oy Miao hee 4 4 tA, Aleta ne <7 LA Aine Pet Anatom ee Wea so lasteseh : foe ‘ i! oe Saat gto ro a bse aay 20 vo ' i f 4 iy Pea anenten: hs + ° £ it petit . a herpatier er WT ate ¢ [ GESTS00 TOED o MAE 0 1OHM/T18W SUNG Phy He oy) Na 20 a (h oy) Wire Nee Donny et hana Ron nani Bu ahah ie i ai, Tityeut an hie te Shoat g Dir ateradt oe fr DAG | Oy il, pi i W isl Js VOYAGE OF H.M.s. CHALLENGER. ZO) O) LCE Yay Ole [h ( Provisional Title ) he Fee eel ©) Ree i i SIC IBA IN AMI IC Iles We, hs; VOYAGE OF EMS. CHALLENGER DURING Tres Yo AVR See Si/ de 6 UNDER THE COMMAND OF Captain GEORGE S. NARES, R.N., F.R.S. Cartas FRANK TURLE THOMSON, R.N, & aye ey PREPARED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF Sir C. WYVILLE THOMSON, Knt, F.RS. &c. REGIUS PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH DIRECTOR OF THE CIVILIAN SCIENTIFIC STAFF ON BOARD ZOOLOGY—VOL. I. Published bp Order of ber Majesty's Government PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE AND SOLD BY LONDON :—LONGMANS & CO.; JOHN MURRAY; MACMILLAN & CO.; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & CO. TRUBNER & CO.; E. STANFORD; J. D. POTTER; anp C: KEGAN, PAUL, & CO. EDINBURGH :—ADAM & CHARLES BLACK anp DOUGLAS & FOULIS DUBLIN :—A. THOM & CO. anD HODGES, FOSTER, & FIGGIS 1880 Price Thirty-seven Shillings and Sixpence. PRINTED BY NEILL AND COMPANY, EDINBURGH, : FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. CO NAN Ts: GrnERAL Intrropuction ‘to the ZootocicaL Serres of Reports. By Str C. Wyvitte THomson, F.R.S. I.—Reporr on the Bracuropopa dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the ae a's 1873-1876. By Tuomas Davinson, F.R.S., F.LS., F.G.8., V.P.P.S., &c. (Recewed September 28, 1878.) I1.—Report on the Pennarutipa dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. By Professor ALBERT v. K6iiiKErR, F.M.R.S., &c., &c. (Received August 12, 1879.) I1I.—Reporr on the Ostracopa dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. ‘By G. Srewarpson Brapy, M.D., F.L.S. (Received July 5, 1879.) IV.—Report on the Bones or Crracea collected during the Voyage of H.M.S “Challenger in the years 1873-1876. By Witi1am Turner, M.B. (Lond.), F.R.SS. L. and E., Professor of Anatomy in the University of Edinburgh. (Received August 2, 1879.) V.—ReEport on the Development of the Green TurtiE (Chelone viridis, Schneider). By Wirnram Kircnen Parker, F.R.S. - (Received August 15, 1879.) VI.—Report on the SHore Fisuxs procured during the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger in the years 1873-1876. a ALBERT GUNTHER, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., Keeper of the Department of Tonloeen in the Baie Museum. (Received June 16, 1879.) PROVISIONAL PREFACE. On the return of the exploring voyage of H.M.S. CHALiencer in the summer of the year 1876, I was instructed by Her Majesty’s Government, in pursuance of the arrangement under which I had undertaken the direction of the Civilian Scientific Staff on board, to prepare a detailed Report on the scientific results of the expedition. A complete report of a voyage such as that of the CHALLENGER must consist of two parts, which, although interdependent, are essentially distinct. The first of these includes the account of the whole mass of hydrographical details, and the magnetiéal, meteorological, and other physical observations which enter more or less fully into the routiae of every surveying ship; with the exception of the determination of the specific gravity of sea-water, which was undertaken by Mr J. Y. Buchanan, M.A., F.R.8.E., the whole of the work under this head was carried on on board the CHaLLencerR by the Naval Surveying Staff, and it was conducted with more than ordinary care and skill. A copy of the observations was taken daily during the voyage for the use of the civilians. The second part consists of the record of the observations of the natural- ists, the descriptions of the animal forms acquired which are new to science, the report of the special work of the geologist and of the analytical chemist, Vili THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S8. CHALLENGER. ~ and the discussion of the correlation and the general bearings of the results in all the departments. This part has been relegated in the present instance to a staff of specialists under my direction. The preparation of the Hydrographical and Physical Report would natu- rally have devolved upon Sir George 8. Nares, K.C.B., F.R.S., under whose direction the whole system of observation was carried out during the first — two years of the voyage. When Captain Nares was recalled to take com- mand of the Arctic Expedition which left England in 1875, he was succeeded in the command of the CuatLencer by Captain Thomson, and by the wish of that officer the same system was continued during the remainder of the cruise, the Hydrography and Meteorolegy being under the superintendence of Staff-Commander Tizard, in whose hands Captain Nares most liberally left his notes and memoranda. When the ship returned to England in 1876, the Hydrographer of the Admiralty, who has throughout taken the warmest interest in the success of the undertaking, so adjusted the duties of Staff- Commander Tizard that that officer has been able to give his effective assistance in the preparation of the Report. All the charts and plans have been prepared under his superintendence; and all the physical data which occur, whether in the first volume, ta which his name is attached, or in the volumes: devoted to special subjects, have been supplied or revised by him. For the general instructions under which the expedition was despatched, I must refer to Appendix A of the first volume of the Report. I need only mention here that one of our principal objects of inquiry was the nature and distribution of the fauna of the ocean basins, and the form under which life was maintained under different physical conditions; and that my own instruc- tions as to the conduct of the zoological investigations were very general, the details being left almost entirely to my own discretion. Three gentlemen versed in different branches of Zoology were associated with me in this PROVISIONAL PREFACE. ix department,—Mr H. N. Moseley, M.A. (Oxon.), Mr John Murray, and Dr v. Willemoes-Suhm, a young naturalist of great promise, whose death from an attack of acute erysipelas during our home voyage, was a serious loss to the expedition and to science. Mr Frederick Pearcey, then a mere lad, was entered at Sheerness to assist in the Zoological workroom. His services from that time to the present have been of the greatest value. I was well aware from the first that although much of the success of the enterprise depended upon the intelligence with which conditions and pheno- mena were observed and correlated during the voyage, original investigation must be carried on under very special difficulties at sea; and I believed that our object would be best attained by multiplying and recording accurate observa- tions, and by making large zoological collections preserved in the condition best suited for after study. In carrying out this view I was heartily and loyally seconded by all my colleagues; few seriously untoward circumstances broke the even current of our work; and the three years and a half of the ship’s commission was occupied almost continuously in recording observations in the different departments included in our instructions, and in capturing, labelling, and preserving animal species. The natural result has been the accumulation of observations and numerical data which may be reckoned by millions, and of a collection in certain branches of Marine Zoology incom- parably larger than any one collection which has hitherto been procured. It is needless to say that the reduction and discussion of so extended a series of observations, and the examination and description of so large a number of animal forms, is a work necessarily involving a considerable amount of time, and the labour of many hands. The complete Report will extend, as was originally contemplated, to fourteen or fifteen quarto volumes. The first volume will contain a short narrative of the voyage, with all necessary hydrographical details ; an account b x THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. of the appliances and methods of observation ; a running outline of the results of the different observations; and a chapter epitomising the general results of the voyage. This volume will be illustrated by a general physical chart; a series of charts of the ship’s course; a series of diagrams of the vertical dis- tribution of temperature; and some photographs of scenery. It will probably be in two parts, and is being prepared by Staff-Commander Tizard, R.N., and myself. The illustrations are now complete, and the letterpress is nearly so. Some delay has occurred in collecting the information necessary to give a general outline of the results of the dredgings and other investigations, but I hope the first volume may appear within a year. The second volume contains the Meteorological Observations taken by the Naval Scientific Staff on board, under the direction of Staff-Commander Tizard, and reduced and tabulated by him; the extensive series of observa- tions of the magnetic inclination and intensity made both on land and at sea by Commander Maclear, R.N., and Lieutenant Bromley, R.N., reduced by those officers, and prepared for publication by Staff-Commander Creak, R.N., under the superintendence of Captain Evans, R.N., C.B., F.R.S., Hydro- grapher of the Admiralty; the Tables of the Specific Gravity of Sea-Water, observed by Mr Buchanan; and some other tables. This volume is printed off, and will be published along with the first. The General Report on the Zoology of the expedition will consist of about fifty distinct Memoirs, which will occupy from ten to twelve volumes. IT have arranged, with the sanction of the Controller of H.M. Stationery Office, to print the Zoological Reports as they are prepared, and to publish them as soon as a sufficient bulk of Memoirs is ready to form a volume. Copies of each Memoir may also be had separately. I have adopted the plan of publishing the Zoological results in this somewhat fragmentary form, in preference to delaying them until the Report is completed, in order that PROVISIONAL PREFACE. 5.31 working naturalists may have them in their hands at the earliest possible date ; and to avoid as far as possible the multiplication of synonyms by the description of the same species simultaneously by different observers. That this overlapping must occur to some extent is inevitable. After our own earlier investigations in H.M. ships Liguryine and Porcupine, and those of Count Pourtalés in connection with the American Coast Survey, had demonstrated the existence of a varied and remarkable fauna at extreme depths, as well as the possibility of bringing the nature and distribution of that fauna within the range of human knowledge, the study of the bio- logical conditions of the deep sea was rapidly and energetically extended. In most cases this question has been made a national one, the extent and cost of such explorations being beyond the ordinary limit of private enterprise, and the American, the Swedish, the German, the Austrian, the Italian, and the French Governments have already made valuable additions to our knowledge. One systematic series of investigations requires special notice ; for several years Professor Alexander Agassiz has undertaken successive expeditions under the auspices of the United States Coast Survey, for the purpose of observing the conditions of the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Results of these cruises of the highest interest are being published in quick succession, and, for reasons which will be explained hereafter, many of the species in different invertebrate groups procured by the Challenger are described by the specialists who have undertaken the preparation of Mr Agassiz’s Reports. The extent of our collections makes the rapid publication of the descriptions of the larger groups, and the discussion of the general phenomena of distribution impossible, but the inconveniences arising from delay may be reduced to a minimum by the plan which we have adopted. Each Memoir will be paged separately, and a legend will be attached to each by which it can be referred to; for example (Zoou. Cuary. Exp.—Parr L— 1880). Each of the Zoological series of volumes, of which this is the first, will contain one or more Memoirs, and will be published with a provisional xl THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. title; and when the work is complete a collation and a new set of titles will be issued, with directions for rebinding the Memoirs in zoological sequence. The second volume, which will appear immediately, will contain the description of the Birds, by Dr P. Lutley Sclater, F.R.S., with the assistance of the late Marquis of Tweeddale, F.R.S., Dr O. Finsch, O.M.Z.S., Professor Salvadori, C.M.Z.8., W. A. Forbes, F.Z.S., Osbert Salvin, F.R.S., Howard Saunders, F.R.S., and the late Professor Garrod, F.R.S.; and the account of certain Corals belonging to the groups Hyprocoratiinm, Herioporipz, and MavreporaAria by H. N. Moseley, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, and one of the Civilian Staff attached to the expedition. The third and the fourth volumes, which will be issued before the end of the year, will probably contain Memoirs on the Hcurnmpna by Professor Alexander Agassiz; on the Drrp-Sea Mrpusa by Professor Haeckel; on the Pantoropa by Dr P. P. C. Hoek; on the Opuiuripea by Theodore Lyman ; and on the Drrp-Sua Fisues by Dr Giinther, F.R.S. Reports on the Foraminirera by Henry B. Brady, F.R.S.; on the RaprotariA by Professor Ernst Haeckel; on the Hrxactinetiip SproncEs by myself, with the anatomical details of the soft parts by Professor Franz Hilhart Schulze of Graz; on the Sratkep Crinoiws by myself; on the Houo- THURIDEA by Dr Hjalmar Théel of Upsala; on the ANNELIDA. by Dr W. C. M‘Intosh, F.R.S.; on the Portyzoa by George Busk, F.R.S.; on the Tuntcata by W. A. Herdman, D.Se.; on the CrpHatoropa by Professor Huxley, F.R.S.; on the Macrura by ©. Spence Bate, F.R.S.; and on the. Anatomy of Prneurns by Professor Morrison Watson, F.R.8.E., are well advanced; and Memoirs on the Diatomacea by Count Castracane; on some of the Foraminirera by Dr W. B. Carpenter, C.B., F.R.S.; on the ALcyonaria by Professor Perceval Wright, M.D.; on the Free Crinows by P. Herbert PROVISIONAL PREFACE. xii Carpenter, M.A.; on the Gepuyrua by Professor Ray Lankester, F.R.S.; on the Cuaroenatua by Dr Oscar Hertwig; on the Myzosromipaz by Dr Ludwig Graff; on the Motiusca Gastrorpopa and LamenuiprancuiAta by the Rey. R. Boog Watson, F.L.8.; on the Cacipz by the Marquis de Folin; on certain points in the Anatomy of Marsurrats by Dr Cunningham, F.R.S.E.; and on Marve Mammats and on Human Cranta by Professor Turner, F.R.8., are in more or less advanced stages of preparation. The preparation of two important volumes on the nature of the recent deposits on the bed of the ocean, and their bearing upon Geology and Petrology, has been undertaken by Mr John Murray, F.R.S.E. and the Rev. A. Renard, 8.J.; and a volume on the general Chemical and Physical results will probably complete the series. A few large classes of marine animals are still unappropriated, but the staff have at present on hand about as much as they can well encounter, and I hope that some of the naturalists who are now occupied with other groups may find time, when they have finished these, to take up any which may still remain. From the preceding lists of naturalists who have kindly undertaken to work up the different groups, it will be obvious that my function is simply that of Editor, that I cannot presume to interfere in any way with the matter of the various Memoirs, and that I am responsible only for those contributions to the Report which bear my own signature. I also consider myself entirely free to hold and to express an independent opinion on any question upon distribution or other general physical or biological conditions. I have issued to the naturalists engaged in the work a sample Memoir, showing the general form which, as Editor, I wish the book to assume, and all I can undertake to do at the Office is to bring the series as nearly as possible into uniformity as they pass through the press. xiv THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. In order to prepare within a reasonable time a report which should fully embody the results of the expedition, and indicate the extent to which the instructions of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty had been carried out, it was obviously necessary to invite the assistance of specialists in the different departments, and particularly in the different branches of Zoology. In doing this I had no hesitation in regarding the enterprise as thoroughly cosmopolitan in character; and although the manifest convenience of avoiding as far as possible the necessity for sending large series of specimens out of the country caused a preponderance of British workers on the list, I requested the co- operation of those naturalists with whom I was acquainted whose authority in the different groups was most generally recognised and who had time to under- take the task, without the slightest reference to nationality ; this principle of selection was endorsed by nearly all the leading English men of science. From the nature of .my instructions, the responsibility of selecting my colleagues in the preparation of the official report rested entirely with myself. I acted, however, in almost every case under the advice and with the concur- rence of some of the leading members of the Royal Society. A few of the gentlemen to whom I applied for assistance found that their engagements were such as to prevent their undertaking so heavy a piece of work, but most met my views with friendly readiness; and for the generous consideration with which so many men of high distinction at home and abroad have given me their support and assistance in a task of no little difficulty, I cannot be sufficiently grateful. C. WYVILLE THOMSON. CHALLENGER OFFICE, 32 QUEEN STREET, Epinsurcu, June 20, 1880. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE ZOOLOGICAL SERIES OF REPORTS. By Sm C. WYVILLE THOMSON, F.RS. For a general account of the objects of the exploring voyage of H.M.S. CHALLENGER, and the means by which these objects were carried out, I must refer to the first volume of this Report; the present introduction is to be understood to apply to the series of zoological volumes only. As, however, the CHALLENGER work in this department was of a very novel and special kind, it may be right to explain somewhat in detail the method and appliances used in procuring and storing the collections ; and the general system under which these have since been made available for scientific investigation, and the results prepared for publication. It was a primary object of the Challenger Expedition and one of our special sani - tions, to determine, as far as lay in our power, the biological conditions of the great ocean- basins. During the short cruise of H.M.S Ligurnine in the year 1868, Dr Carpenter and I had been able to place it beyond doubt that the use of the ordinary dredge might be carried with comparative ease to a depth of 600 fathoms, and that a numerous and varied fauna existed at that depth; and in the summer of the year 1869, during the second cruise of H.M.S. Porcupine, I found no special difficulty in sounding, dredg- ing, and determining the temperature of the water at a depth of 2435 fathoms. Even at this great depth, under a pressure of two and a half tons on the square inch, with a tem- perature close on the freezing point, and probably in utter darkness, animal life was still abundant, and all the principal types of marine invertebrata were represented. We were led to believe from previous observations that the average depth of the ocean was not much greater than that of our deepest dredgings, and we were thus forced to the conclusion that there was actually no depth limit to animal life, that the enormous area of the great ocean-basin—extending to over a hundred millions of square miles—had its own special fauna, and that the nature and distribution of that fauna might be brought with comparative ease within the limits of human knowledge. 2 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. The operations carried on in the Porcupine in the Bay of Biscay in the year 1869 at extreme depths were merely slight modifications suited to the different conditions, of the ordinary methods which had long been employed in shallower water; and they worked smoothly and well. When it afterwards became my duty to superintend the more important arrangements for the scientific work on board the CHALLENGER, although say Ny AMD SSO Fig, 1.—Ball’s Naturalist’s Dredge. Fic. 2.—Dredge with ‘‘ hempen tangles.” many changes were suggested, I made it a principle to deviate as little as possible from a plan of working which had been shown to be at all events practicable. During the progress of our voyage many alterations—some of them, such as the use of wire for sounding introduced by Sir William Thomson, and employed with such signal success by Captain Belknap in the U.S. ship Tuscarora, and of wire-rope for dredging adopted by Professor Agassiz, evidently decided improvements—were introduced elsewhere ; but as GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE ZOOLOGICAL REPORTS. 3 we had become accustomed to our own plans, and could depend almost with certainty upon the amount of work we could do within a certain time, I thought it better to continue steadily throughout as we had begun, and to secure the largest possible series of similar and comparable observations, rather than run the risk of losing time through possible failures. The Trial Cruises of the Porcupine-—The Porcupine was a 382-ton gunboat fitted up for the surveying service, in which she had been employed for some years among the Hebrides, and afterwards on the east coast of England. She was assigned for our special work in 1869 with all her ordinary surveying fittings, and certain important additions A double-cylinder donkey-engine, which worked to about 12 horse- power, was set up on deck amidships, and was fitted with large drums for bringing up light weights rapidly, and smaller drums for heavier work ; to either of which, lines might be led either from fore or aft. We almost always used the large drum both in dredging and sounding, and except on one or two occasions, when an enormous load came up in the dredge-bag, the deck-engine delivered the rope steadily at the rate of a foot per second during the whole summer. A powerful derrick projected over the port-bow. A large block was suspended at the end of the derrick by a rope, which was not directly attached to the spar, but passed through an eye, and was attached to a “bitt” on deck. On a bight of this rope was lashed a strong combination of Hodge’s “accumulators” (p. 14), an arrangement invaluable in dredging from a large vessel. From the great strength of these springs the dredge is usually drawn along without stretching them to any great degree; they become tense and taut, and yield with a slight pulsation only, to the rise and fall of the vessel. Whenever the accumulators run out it is a sure indication that the dredge has caught, or that the weight in it is too great; and that the dredge-rope ought to be relieved by a turn of the paddle-wheel or screw. A second derrick, nearly equally strong, was rigged over the stern (fig. 3), and we dredged sometimes from one and sometimes from the other. We had an excellent plan for stowing the dredge-rope in the Porcupine (Fig. 3), a plan which made its manipulation easy, notwithstanding its great weight. A row of about twenty large iron pins, about 24 feet in leneth, projected over one side of the quarter-deck, rising obliquely from the top of the bulwark, and ending over the deck in smooth white balls. Hach of these held a coil of from 200 to 300 fathoms, and the rope was coiled continuously along the whole row. When the dredge was going down, the line was taken rapidly by the men from the pins, and in hauling up a relay of men carried the rope along the deck from the surging-drum of the donkey engine, and laid it in coils on the pins in inverse order; in letting go, the rope passed to the block of the derrick directly from the pins; in hauling up, it passed from the block to c 4 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. the surging-drum of the donkey engine, from which it was taken by the men and coiled on the pins. The implement which we employed throughout the several cruises of the PorcuPrNE, for bringing up animals from the bottom, was the naturalists’ dredge, of the form first ni ni 2 2 AP. mu AAR ONT MNNAAGV Ss LO TENT UTTT al) a TIN PU, G i! ie cc ry : Fic. 3.—Sounding and Dredging from the Stern Derrick of the PORCUPINE. devised by the late Dr Robert Ball of Dublin, increased in size and otherwise slightly modified to suit the size of the vessel and the command of steam-power. The con- struction of the frame of one of the dredges which we used in the Bay of Biscay is shown at figures 4 and 5. The length of the dredge-frame was 4 feet 6 inches, and it GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE ZOOLOGICAL REPORTS. 5 was 6 inches wide at the narrowest part. The scrapers were 3 inches in width, and the distance between their scraping edges 74 inches. \ NN S NY N hy N C) ( On one of the arms, about EE i ( 1 Fig. 4.—The frame of the Deep-Sea Dredges used on board the PORCUPINE, side and end view ; a, Spun-yarn stop. one-third of its length from the ring to which the dredge-rope is attached, there was a breach of continuity in the arm, each free limb of the severed iron ending in an eye <----3"---> / Fie 5.—The frame of the Deep-Sea Dredge, end view. or a ring. These rings were stopped together by a couple of turns of spun-yarn (fig. 4 a), so that in case of the dredge becoming entangled, or wedged among rocks or 6 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. coral, a strain less than sufficient to break the dredge-rope breaks the stop, and the dredge alters its position, and probably sets itself free. In case of the dredge taking in a greater load of mud than the rope can bring up, the stop likewise gives way; and allows it to fall into such a position that a large part of its contents fall out. The dredge-bag, which is of hand-made net of strong twine, the meshes $-inch to the side, was attached to strong welded iron rings, passed through holes perforated in the thick edges of the scrapers, at distances of about an inch. So open a net-work would let many of the smaller things wash through, and to avoid this, the bottom of the bag, to the height of about 9 inches, was lined with “ bread-bag,” a light open kind of canvas. In many of our dredgings in the Porcupine at all depths, we found that while bo objects of interest were brought up within the dredge, many Echinoderms, Sponges, and Corals came to the surface sticking to the outside of the dredge-bag, and even to the first few fathoms of the dredge-rope. This suggested many expedients, and finally Captain Calver sent down half a dozen of the “ swabs” used for washing the decks, attached to the dredge. The result was marvellous. The tangled hemp brought up everything rough and movable which came in its way, and swept the bottom as it might have swept the deck. After various experiments, we came to the conclusion that the best plan was to attach a long transverse bar to the bottom of the dredge-bag, and to fasten large bunches of teazed-out hemp to the free ends of the bar (fig. 2). We have used the ‘‘ hempen tangles ” ever since, and we now regard them as an essential adjunct to the dredge, scarcely less important than the dredge itself, and often much more conspicuous in its results. The length of the dredge-rope used in the Porcupine was 3000 fathoms. Of this, 2000 fathoms were “ hawser-laid” of the best Russian hemp, 24 inches in circum- ference, with a breaking strain of 24 tons; the 1000 fathoms next the dredge were “ hawser-laid,” 2 inches in circumference. The accompanying diagram (fig 6) will give an idea of the method of dredging adopted by Captain Calver, and the various relative aes of the dredge and vessel at different stages of the process of “ paying-out.” On the 22d of July 1869, lat. 47° 38’ N., long. 12° 8’ N. in the Bay of Biscay, the depth was ascertained by a careful aeancine to be 2435 fathoms, with a bottom of grey ooze, and at about 4.45 p.m. the dredge was let go, the vessel drifting slowly before a moderate breeze (foree = 4) from the N.W. The 3000 fathoms of rope were all out at 5.50 p.m.—A represents the position of the vessel when the dredge is let go, and the dotted line A B the line of descent of the dredge. When the dredge is going down the vessel drifts gradually to leeward ; and when the whole (say) 3000 fathoms of rope are out, C, W, and D might represent respectively the relative positions of the vessel, the weights attached 500 fathoms from the dredge, and the dredge itself. The vessel GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE ZOOLOGICAL REPORTS. a now steams slowly to windward, occupying successively the positions E, F, G, and H. The weights, to which the water offers but little resistance, sinks from W to W’, and the dredge and bag move slowly from D to B. The vessel is now allowed to drift back before the wind from H towards C. The pull of the vessel, instead of acting immediately on the dredge, now drags forward the weight W’, so that the dredging is carried on from the weight and not directly from the vessel. The dredge is thus quietly iii y a STITTTVNTTIAIAININTMTNIHTITT iil HTT a i la Kerk MU Tree: Ty ail innit Min I A bull | Fic. 6.—The relative positions of the Ship, the Weights, and the Dredge, at different stages of ‘“‘ Paying-out’’ from the Porcurrne. pulled along with its lip scraping the bottom, in the attitude which it assumes from the position of the centre of weight of its iron frame and arms. At 8.50 P.M. we began to haul in, and the pins to fill again. The donkey-engine delivered the rope at the rate of a foot per second without a single check. A few minutes before 1 A.M. the weights appeared, and a little after one in the morning, 8 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. eight hours after it was cast over, the dredge was safely hauled on deck, having in the interval accomplished a journey of upwards of eight statute miles. This was the deepest haul which was attempted during the second cruise of the PorcuPIngE, but the same routine proved equally successful on many occasions at depths almost equally great in subsequent cruises under the direction of my colleagues, Dr Carpenter and Dr Gwyn Jeffreys. The mode of working in the Porcupine was the simplest which could be contrived; we had started, no doubt, with greatly exaggerated ideas of the difficulty of such operations, and it was our constant aim to avoid all apparatus which might possibly go wrong; and, as these excursions usually lasted only for a short time, to use nothing but such gear as sailors are accustomed to, and require little training to handle. Some slight changes were made in the CHALLENGER, and with our additional experience, in the case of an expedition on so large a scale, the various methods might be elaborated in many ways with advantage, but I am inclined to think that the same general plans which were adopted in the Porcupine would still be the most suitable for a short trip in a vessel of moderate size, with a crew not specially trained. There can be no doubt that in any future expedition, on whatever scale, it would be an unjustifiable waste of time and space to neglect the use of wire for sounding, and wire rope for dredging and trawling, but it seems to me that even the use of these should be simplified and not made more complex. No one who has not had personal experience of the working of machines of any kind in a small vessel in bad weather can form an idea of the risk to the accuracy of the results, to the machines themselves, and to those who handle them. THE SpectAL ARRANGEMENTS AND METHODS USED ON BOARD THE CHALLENGER FOR Procurinc AND PRESERVING DrEp-Sea ANIMALS. The arrangements on board the CHALLENGER were much the same as those on board the Porcupine, or any other vessel specially fitted for surveying and deep-sea investiga- tion. The only great change which we made in our method was the gradual substitution, during the early part of the voyage, of the beam-trawl for the dredge. Jor the first few hauls in deep water off the coast of Portugal, the dredge came up full of the usual “ olobigerina ooze,” very uniform throughout ; and the work of hours in sifting gave but a small result. We were anxious to get some idea of the general character of the fauna, and particularly of the distribution of the higher animal groups ; and, after various suggestions for modifying the dredge, it was proposed to try the ordinary trawl. We had a compact well-balanced trawl with a 15-feet beam on board, and we sent it down off Cape St Vincent to a depth of 600 fathoms. The experiment looked hazardous, but to our great satisfaction the trawl came up all right, and contained, along with many of the larger invertebrata, several fishes with what we became accustomed afterwards to recognize GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE ZOOLOGICAL REPORTS. 9 as abyssal characters. The plan seemed to answer so well that we tried it again a little farther south, in 1090 fathoms, and again it was perfectly successful. During the remainder of the voyage we used the trawl more frequently than the dredge, particularly in very deep water, where there was a certainty of finding a smooth bottom free from rocks. Under these circumstances the large area covered by the trawl greatly = eT Ul Fic. 7.—The Dredging and Sounding Arrangements on board the CHALLENGER, increases the chance of bringing up some record of the scanty and sparsely-scattered fauna. In very extreme depths, say between 3000 and 4000 fathoms, the trawl has the disadvantage of taking rather a longer time both in letting out and heaving in, and the enormous pressure of the water affects the wood of the beam. On one ovcasion when a 10 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. pine beam was used, the wood was compressed till the knots stood out a tenth of an inch beyond the general surface, and on another the beam was crushed as if it had been passed between two rollers. Under such circumstances the dredge works better, but a trawl with a beam of hard wood of moderate length may be used freely down to 2500 fathoms. Our deepest haul with the trawl was 3050 fathoms (Station 250). The Alterations in the Ship.—The CHALLENGER, the vessel selected by the Admiralty for the exploring voyage which was the natural issue of the successful prelimi- nary cruises of the Ligurnine and the Porcupine, is a spar-decked corvette of 2306 tons displacement, with auxiliary steam to 1261 horse-power, and usually mounting eighteen 68-pounders. Sundry changes were made in her fittings and arrangement to suit her ‘special service. I will here only refer to those which have a direct bearing upon the collection and preservation of zoological specimens. Sixteen of the large guns were removed to increase the accommodation on the main- deck, and the space for storage. In the central part of the ship on the upper deck before the main-mast, a dredging platform was built level with the hammock-nettings. This platform held the tubs and jars into which the specimens were placed when taken from the dredge, and thus we could sift the mud and observe the appearance and movement of animals during life, and sketch them if necessary, without much interruption from the seamen working the ropes. The dredge and trawl were usually emptied on this platform, which was provided with two large shoots through which the mud and refuse might be ejected without messing the deck (fig. 7). The deck-engines for hoisting the dredging-gear were placed at the foot of the main- mast on the port side, directly under the dredging bridge. They consisted of a pair of direct-acting, high-pressure, horizontal engines, collectively of 18 horse-power nominal. Instead of a connecting-rod beneath, a guide was fixed to the end of the piston-rod, with a brass block working up and down the slot of the guide. The crank-axles ran through the centre of the blocks, and the moveable block, gaining a backward and forward motion from the piston-rod, acting on the crank as a connecting-rod would do. This style of engine is commonly used for pumping, the pump-rods being attached to the guide on the opposite side from the piston-rod. At one end of the crank a small toothed wheel was fixed which drove one thrice the multiple on a horizontal shaft extending nearly across the deck, and about 3 feet 6 inches above it. At each end of this shaft a large and small drum were fixed, the larger having three sheaves cast upon it of different sizes, the lesser being a common barrel only. The dredging line was led to these drums, two or three turns being taken round the drums selected. In hauling in, the dredge-rope was taken to a gin-block, secured to a spar on the forecastle, then aft to the drum of the deck- engines on the port side of the quarter-deck, then to a leading-block on the port side of the quarter-deck, and across the deck to a block on the starboard side, then to the drum GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE ZOOLOGICAL REPORTS. 11 of the deck engines on the starboard side corresponding in diameter to the drum used on the port side, and from this it was finally taken and coiled. The strain was of course greatest at the yard-arm and the first leading-block, and by this arrangement it gradually diminished as the line passed round the series. The Dredge-Rope.—For dredging and trawling we were supplied with rope of three different sizes—2 inches, 24 inches, and 8 inches in circumference respectively. This cordage was made of the best Italian hemp, tarred, well hackled and rubbed down, and laid up softly. The 2-inch rope weighed 95 lbs. per 100 fathoms, and its breaking strain was 1 ton 12 ewts.; the 25 weighed 158 lbs., with a breaking strain of 2 tons 6 cwts.; and the 3-inch, 220 lbs. per 100 fathoms, with a breaking strain of 2 tons 11 ewts. In proportion to its weight, therefore, the 2-inch was the strongest rope, and this or the 24-inch was used for deep trawling or dredgings, the 3-inch rope being reserved for comparatively shallow water. The dredge-rope was “marked red” at every 100 fathoms. When we left England we had 10,000 fathoms of 3-inch rope on board, 4200 fathoms of which were expended. Of 23-inch rope we had 10,000 fathoms; we got out 21,000 fathoms during the voyage, and expended a total of 27,100 fathoms. Of 2-inch rope we started with 5000 fathoms, got 10,000 fathoms additional, and expended 10,860 fathoms. The rope was spliced together so as to form an uninterrupted length of 4000 fathoms, and it was kept coiled away in racks on the forecastle, each size by itself. When we first used rope in such great lengths we spliced swivels in at each 500 fathoms to take the turns out ; but if care be taken in splicing that all the lengths of rope are twisted in the same direction, this precaution is unnecessary, and as the swivels sometimes got jammed in the blocks they were shortly discarded. The Deep-Sea Dredge.—The dredge in ordinary use in the CHALLENGER is repre- sented in fig. 8. The dredge-frame, of hammered iron, is 4 feet 6 inches long, and 1 foot 3 inches broad. The scrapers are 3 inches wide, and are connected at the ends by bars of 14-inch round-iron. The arms are of inch round-iron and slightly curved ; they are bolted together to a short iron tongue which ends above in a swivel and ring. ‘Two bars of square iron of some strength are attached by eyes to the round cross-bars at the ends of the dredge-frame, and have the other ends lashed to an iron bar which bears the hempen tangles. These rods keep the dredge-bag at full length and prevent it or the tangles from folding over the mouth of the dredge. The dredge-bag is 4 feet 6 inches in length ; it is made of netting of soft line (something like marline), the meshes an inch to the side, and the lower third is lined with bread-bag stuff to prevent even the smallest animals washing out whilst the dredge is being hove in. The bag is guarded by three loops of bolt-rope attached to the frame of the dredge, to the bottom of the bag, and finally to the tangle bar. The canvas pads represented in d 12 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. the figure on the dredge-frame are only to protect the seizings of the loops. The dredge is suspended from an inch iron chain which forms the first few fathoms of the dredge line, and resists chafing more effectually than rope would do. The chain is not, however, directly fastened to the ring at the end of the arms of the dredge, but is made fast to one of the end bars of the dredge-frame, and is strapped to the aan MMT Fic. 8.—The form of Dredge used on board the CHALLENGER. ring by a single strand of bolt-rope, so that if the- dredge by any chance catches, the seizing gives way, and, by altering its position and throwing the strain in a different direction, gives a better chance for its recovery. The iron bar which runs across the bottom of the dredge-bag is of inch square iron and about 5 feet long, and to it are attached about eight hempen tangles or swabs. In deep water a 28-lb. deep-sea lead is usually hung from the centre of the tangle-bar with four tangles on each side. GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE ZOOLOGICAL REPORTS. 13 The iron framework of our largest dredge was 5 feet in length, and 1 foot 3 inches in breadth—its weight being 137 lbs. ; the next size, which was made much stronger, was 4 feet in length, 9 inches in breadth, and weighed 259 Ibs.; and the smallest was 3 feet in length, 1 foot in breadth, and weighed 85 lbs. The smallest size was commonly used for great depths ; with it we obtained a successful haul in 3875 fathoms. The ship was provided with thirty-four dredges, eleven of which were expended, <—S = Fic, 9.—The Deep-Sea Trawl The Deep-Sea Trawl.—Fig. 5 represents the deep-sea trawl, which we used almost constantly during the latter part of the voyage. A conical bag, 20 feet in length, is suspended by one side to a beam of hard wood, 16 to 20 feet long, by half a dozen straps. The other side of the mouth of the net hangs loose, and is weighted with close-set rolls of thick sheet lead to drag along the bottom. Two iron runners, like the runners of a 14 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. sledge, are fixed one at either end of the beam, and the runners are so weighted them- selves, and so weight the beam, that they tend, if fairly launched, to keep beneath, with the trawl above them. A second bag or pocket, open at the bottom, hangs in the outer net reaching about three-fourths of its length, and acts as a valve preventing the washing out of its contents ; and about a yard of the narrow end of the net is lined with “ bread- bag,” to give a chance of bringing up the more minute things, and a small sample of the bottom. The trawl is suspended by a bridle of rope, which is made fast to the runner at each end of the beam, and then continued down on each side and attached to the end of the trawl-bag. The trawl was usually sent down with the additional weight of three 14-Ib. hand-leads, and, and as in the case of the dredge weights, about 14 cwt. were shipped to a toggle 400 to 500 fathoms before it on the line. We expended during the voyage sixteen trawls, having been supplied with twenty- two. Dredging and Trawling.—Dredging and taking deep-sea observations from so large a ship was altogether a new experiment, and it seemed to present some special difficul- ties, or at all events to require great management. The weight of the ship was so great that there could be no “give and take” between her and the dredge such as we have in smaller vessels. If there were any way on, the impulse to the dredge was irresistible, and it seemed to tend to jerk it off the ground. The roll of the ship and her height above the water, and her want of flexibility of movement compared with the vessels which had been previously employed for the purpose, raised many new questions as to the most advantageous method of working. Dredging and trawling were carried on in the CHALLENGER from the yard-arm. The “ accumulators ” are india-rubber bands or springs #ths of an inch in diameter, and 3 feet in length, having at each end a thimble “seized in.” They are used in dredging to measure the amount of strain on the dredge-rope, and to give warning of any undue strain, so as to give an opportunity of easing it and preventing the rope from breaking. The accumulators are capable of stretching to a length of 17 feet, when they each exert a force of 70 lbs. ; beyond this they should not be stretched, as they are lable to carry away. When stretched 13 feet they exert a force of 56 lbs. For dredging purposes we used a combination of eighty accumulators ; to stretch these 17 feet, a force of 25 tons was required, that is, a force equal to the breaking strain of the rope. The accumulators, instead of being triced up to a block on the yard, as they were for sounding purposes, were secured to a pendant hooked on to the cap, which pendant was hauled out, or eased in by a burton on the end of the yard, as the dredge was required to plumb the sea or the dredging platform. Before fastening the dredge rope to the chain of the dredge, it was passed through two thimbles. One was used for a special purpose 15 ‘UAONATIVHD OY} WIT ,, NO LUA ,, JO SODLyS JUOIOYTpP 4v ‘OSporq, oy} pur ,, oTAOT, ,, OT} ‘SISION « Josuassayy ,, oy} ‘dryg on} Jo suorgisod oaryzeyer OU T—'OL ‘DIT GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE ZOOLOGICAL REPORTS. 16 THE YOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. described hereafter; to the other a small tackle was hooked, to haul the rope close to the ship’s side when required. The dredge or trawl being ready to go over, the ship was put before the wind, and the jib hoisted, the wind being kept a little on the quarter of that side of the ship it was intended to work from, in order to drift the dredge clear of the propeller. The dredge was now triced up to the block below the accumulators, and the burton on the mainyard hauled out until the dredge plumbed the sea; it was then lowered down a fathom or two below the surface, and the rope checked, so that from the platform the tangles might be seen to trail clear of the dredge-bag. This having been satisfactorily ascertained, the rope was let go and allowed to run out freely, the ship forging slowly through the water, leaving the dredge to sink astern, and thus prevent- ing all chance of fouling. The rope was checked occasionally to ensure its being taut from the dredge. . When from 300 to 500 fathoms had been paid out, a toggle was lashed to the rope, which was then let run until a sufficient quantity had been paid out to allow the toggle to reach the bottom were the line perpendicular. The dredge and rope then occupied the position A B, shown in fig. 6, and the ship was brought to the wind and kept stationary, or, if there were much wind, steamed slowly towards the dredge, taking care not to over- run it. A weight of 14 cwt. was now attached to the thimble through which the rope was rove before it was secured to the dredge chain, as mentioned above, and the weight and thimble being let go they travelled down the curve of the rope until they were brought up at the toggle. The dredge and rope by means of this additional weight now successively assumed the positions A C, A D, and A E, until finally the dredge reached the bottom at F, the weights being in the position of G’, G”, and G’”, &. It is evident that, provided there were no surface or under-current, the dredge must reach the bottom with the tangles trailing fairly after it, if sufficient time had been allowed for it to sink. The surface current could always be ascertained and allowed for; when the dredge, therefore, came up foul, as it occasionally did, we could only ascribe its doing so to the influence of some under-current, which need not necessarily have been at the bottom,—or to the rope when new twisting the dredge round and round. We found by experience that about three hours were required to sink the dredge in this manner when the depth was about 2500 fathoms. When it had reached the bottom the ship was allowed to drift broadside to the wind for a certain time, until the accumu- lators pointed out, by their extension and contraction, that the dredge was being dragged slowly over the ground. When the dredge fouled, the strain of the ship immediately stretched the accumulators to their utmost, the line was at once let go 40 prevent its carrying away, and the ship was brought head to wind and kept stationary, the rope being hove in slowly ; if it continued foul, the ship was steamed ahead of and all round the supposed position of the dredge to endeavour to clear it (as a boat’s anchor is cleared when jammed on a coral reef or amongst rocks); finally the dredge either got clear GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE ZOOLOGICAL REPORTS. a by the stop breaking, or by the line carrying away. Where no accident occurred, when the dredge had been on the bottom for a sufficient time—from an hour and a half to two hours—the rope was brought to the deck-engine, and the dredge brought up. We found that the strain on the line was so great that the men could not hold on to it while it was being hove in, when turns were passed round one drum only of the engine; by the arrangement already described (p. 10), by the time the rope had reached the starboard drum, the pressure was so far relieved that the men could handle it easily, and a great support was given to the bearings of the engine. On one or two occasions, when, owing to the great depth (over 3000 fathoms), we could not spare sufficient time to allow the dredge to sink in this manner, we fastened a sounding-rod to the bottom of the dredge-bag or trawl and put 4 cwt. of detaching weights on the rod. The dredge was then let go perpendicularly, the ship being kept stationary until sufficient line had been paid out to allow the rod to reach the bottom and disengage the weights, when the ship was allowed to drift a little way, and the leads were then attached to the thimble and allowed to slide down the rope to the toggle. This is a very good way of dredging or trawling quickly in deep water. In running a section across one of the ocean-basins at the average depth of the ocean —from 2000 to 2500 fathoms—the dredging operations on board the CHALLENGER fell into a regular routine. Steam was got up at daybreak (we had probably been running on under sail all night), and the ship was hove-to during the morning watch and a sounding taken. The exact depth, the nature of the bottom, and the bottom temperature having been thus ascertained, and a sample of the bottom-water procured, the dredge or trawl was put over after breakfast, and the line slowly veered, in the manner described above, to about 4000 fathoms. In from two to three hours the movements of the ac- cumulators indicated that the dredge had reached the bottom, and it was allowed, with all precautions, to drag for an hour or two. The operation of heaving-in then commenced, and continued for four hours or more, according to the resistance from the weight of the dredge or the state of the weather. When the number of 100-fathom marks on board indicated that the dredge was nearing the surface, the naturalists congregated on the bridge, and preparations were made for its reception. Thus a single dredging operation occupied a whole day. When the dredge came up the light was usually beginning to fail, and we were sometimes obliged to use lanterns in clearing it. In hot climates it was unsafe to attempt to keep creatures over the night, they were almost sure to be half decomposed before morning; they were therefore registered and put into spirit at once, and we thus lost many opportunities of observing in detail the colours of the animals, and the structure and consistence of their fresh tissues. Animals from great depths were always brought up dead, so that we had not to regret lost opportunities of watching their movements or habits. 18 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. The Tow-Nets.—The nature and source of the deposits at present in process of formation on the bed of the ocean was one of the most interesting problems with which we had to deal, and we soon found that while over a large part of the area of the ocean the deposits consisted mainly of the hard parts of animals, the closest relation existed between the animals included in the bottom deposit of any particular area, and the fauna of the over-lying water of the same area. This observation, which we had daily oppor- tunity of repeating and verifying, gave a special interest to the study of the fauna, principally microscopic, of the surface and of intermediate waters ; and observations with the tow-net were prosecuted by Mr Murray with the utmost perseverance and care throughout the voyage, so that almost every sample of the bottom taken from the sound- ing-tubes is supplemented in our collection by a bottle of surface organisms from the same spot preserved in spirit; and in many cases by a series of such specimens taken from different depths. The tow-nets were of the ordimary form, conical bags suspended from rings. The rings were made of 3-inch round rod-iron, and were 12, 14, 16, and 18 inches in diameter. They were painted and then covered with unbleached cotton or duck, with a margin of the cloth left at one side to which the bag could be sewn. The nets were of fine book- muslin, of cotton bleached or unbleached, or of buntine. 4 27 | Vile fp 2) 32 20 15 16 32 0 930 Sand, mud. 43°5 | 63°5 ace 4 28 | VIIt os 2| 3227 0 16 40 30 | 1500 Sand, mud. oe0 63:0 Trawled. 4 29 | VIlg 2p 3] 32 32 45 16 48 0 | 1150 Sand, mud. 39:0 | 63-0 5 4 30 | VIlh 5 3} 3235 0 16 51 0 790 Sand, mud. 45:0 | 62°8 0 ft 31 | VITj o9 3| 32 36 15 16 53 15 490 Sand, mud. = 63:0 4 32 | VIIk 0 6; 2919 0 16 38 0 | 1975 Mud. 36:2 | 62:5 2&5 33 | VIT1 op 10; 28 28 0 16 12 30 278 Mud. 27) 16.57 15 25 1 0 62 Coral. con |) 1KHW) on 11 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. or re 05 2 3 5 Demperatute Specific Graviey ps Sea- a4 28 3 28 Ba of the Sea- water at 60° F. 2028 8g 232 pata Latitude. Longitude. as Nesurelot water. Distilled water at 39°=1. Trawling ge58 BS\/S85 1873. BS Dredging.|= 232 3\3 Bess Za an Ar Bottom|Surface| Bottom. Surface. ge53 NORTH. WEST, ° t ” ° , , 161} 93d]|August 5] 16 55 45 25 3 45 103 Coral. 78:0 162] 93e] ,, 5} 16 52 15 25 6 45 85 | Coral, shells. 78:0 163| 93f a 5] 16 50 0 25 8 0 260 Sand, mud. 78:0 164] 93g] ,, 5] 1646 0 2510 0 675 Sand, mud. 78-0 165| 94 5] 16 42 0 2512 0 | 1150 Mud. 78:0 a 166] 95 ty 10} 1336 0 22 49 0 | 2300 |Globigerina ooze.} 36:5 | 79:0 | 1:02618 | 1-02692 * 167| 96 11| 1215 0 22 28 0 | None. ooo cco |) CSF PS ae 1:02663 eS * 168| 97 13| 1025 0 20 30 O | 2575 | Globigerina ooze.| 36°6 | 78:0 | 1:02615 | 1-02623 ove * 169} 98 es 14; 921 0 18 28 0 | 1750 | Globigerina ooze.| 36:7 | 78-2 | 1-02619 ) 1:02618 |Dredged.| + 170| 99 - 15| 753 0 17 26 0 | None. oon coo |} HO 200 1:02612 est * 171} 100 UG 7 ab @ 15 55 0 | 2425 55 ceo. |} (EHO) 3 1:02625 Ae * 172) 101 a 19} 548 0 14 20 0 | 2500 Mud. 36°4 | 79-2 cc 1:02645 |Trawled.| « 173| 102 aA 21; 3 8 0 14 49 0 | 2450 Grey ooze. 36°4 | 78:0 | 1:02606 | 1-02601 eee * 174| 103 22 252 0 17 0 O | 2475 Grey ooze. 36:0 | 77:0 a 1:02632 an * 175) 104 Dp 23] 225 0 20 1 0 | 2500 Grey ooze. 36°6 | 78:0 | 1:02611 | 1:02618 |Trawled.| « 176} 105 90 24; 2 6 0 22 538 0 | 2275 Grey ooze. 36:0 | 78-0 1:02617 fee * 177 | 106 BS 25} 147 0 24.26 0 | 1850 | Globigerina ooze.) 36°6 | 78°8 1-02628 |Trawled.| « 178} 107 np 26; 122 0 26 36 0 | 1500 | Globigerina ooze.) 37:9 | 78°8 102626 |Trawled. 179} 108 Ap 27; 110 0 28 23 0 | 1990 |Globigerina ooze.| 36°8 | 78:0 1-02651 an 180} 109 %) 28) 0 55 38 29 22 35 104 |Globigerina ooze.| ... | 777 600 Dredged. 181) 109a} ,, 29) 0 54 43 29 23 32 475 Gravel. 78:0 182} 109b} ,, 29) 0 54 55 29 22 17 510 | Hard ground. 76°5 183 109¢ op 29) 0 56 23 29 22 15 780 Mud. 76°5 184} 109d] _ ,, 29; 056 4 29 25 2 | 1425 |Globigerina ooze.| ... | 77:0 Ss a se 185 | 110 5 30) e009) 20) 30 18 0 | 2275 |Globigerina ooze.| 34:8 | 77°5 | 1:02614 | 1:02677 ane * SOUTH. WEST. 186) 111 9 31} 145 0 80 58 0 | 2475 | Globigerina ooze.| 33-7 | 78-0 ee 1-02692 dap 187| 112 |September1} 3 33 0 32.16 0 | 2200 |Globigerina ooze.| 34:0 | 78:0 | 1:02613 | 1:02679 Bad * 188 | 113 . 1} 3 40 45 382 22 0 | 1010 Rock. 37°5 | 78:0 009 ch ie 189| 1182} ,, 1} 347 0 32 24 30 25 600 coo || ZED 190| 113b} ,, 3} 3 50 30 32 30 0 400 Rock, 78:0 191} 113c 9 8; 354 0 32 36 15 525 Rock. 78:0 192} 114 AD 3} 358 0 32 42 0 820 Rock. 78:0 00 ce 193 | 115 a 3 Zon) 82 47 0 | 2150 |Globigerina ooze.| ... 78:0 an we 194| 116 is Ay Bab ® 33 50 0 | 2275 |Globigerina ooze.| 34:3 | 78:0 | 1:02619 | 1:02635 ee * 195 | 117 a 6} 556 0 34 45 0 | 1875 Mud. con |) SHO) occ 1:02697 ay 196| 117a sp 6} 6 4 0 34 51 0 500 Mud. coo. ||| SD f 197 | 118 Ap 8} 728 0 34 2 0 | 2050 Mud. 35°2 | 77°5 oes wi 198} 119 m0 8} 739 0 3412 0 | 1650 Mud. 87°2 | 77°5 102760 oA * 199| 120 mp 9} 837 0 34 28 0 675 Mud. ecg |} 3X0) 1:02752 |Trawled. 200) 121 D 9} 828 0 34 31 0 500 Mud. 78:0 me Trawled. 201} 122 op 10; 950 34 50 0 350 Mud. 775 Trawled. 202| 122a ae 10 910 0 34 52 0 120 Sand, coral. 775 Trawled. 203| 122b| ,, 10; 990 34 53 0 32 Sand, coral. 775 009 pon Trawled. 204) 122c op 10} 910 0 34 49 0 400 Mud. ... | 775 | 1:02679 | 1:02752 |Trawled. 205 | 123 0 11} 10 9 0 35 11 0 | 1715 Mud. 37°0 | 775 5 1:02681 o8 206 | 124 D ob i Ko ee) 35 22 0 | 1600 Mud. 775 990 en0 Trawled. 207 | 125 3 12} 10 46 0 36 2 0 | 1200 Mud 770 | 1:02749 | 1-:02759 sts 208 | 126 H 12} 10 46 0 36 8 0 770 Mud 770 eco aon Trawled. 209 | 126a ~ 12} 10 45 0 86 9 0 700 Mud 77:0 we Trawled. 210) 127 6 13} 11 42 0 37 3 0 | 1015 Mud. 38°5 | 77:0 1:02759 a 211) 128 0 14) 13 6 0 88 7 0 | 1275 Mud. 765 e50 eS 212) 129 Dp 80} 2018 0 385 19 0 | 2150 Red clay. 34:2 | 74:0 bee 1:02767 |Dredged.| * 213| 130 |October 3] 2615 0 32 56 0 | 2350 Red clay. 34:7 | 69:0 | 1:02716 | 1:02713 |Trawled.| 214| 131 “p) 6] 29 35 0 28 9 0 | 2275 |Globigerina ooze.| 34°6 | 65:0 on 1:02675 |Trawled.| * 215 | 132 5 10} 35 25 0 23 40 0 | 2050 | Globigerina ooze.| 35:0 | 58°0 | 1:02590 | 1-02619 oa * 216} 133 5 11) 35 41 0 20 55 0 | 1900 | Globigerina ooze.| 35:4 | 58°0 | 1:02587 | 1-02627 |Trawled.) + 217| 134 H 14} 3612 0 1216 0 | 2025 |Globigerina ooze.) 36:0 | 58°5 | 1:02583 | 1:02616 |Dredged.| « 218) 135 on 15} 37 150 12 19 10 360 Rock. ws | 53° con 505 ae 219) 135a ip 16} 37 16 50 12 45 15 75 Coral. 54:0 ‘Dredged. 220) 135b] ,, 17| 37 22 30 12 33 0 465 Coral. 53:5 aed a Plans on which shown. the Station is APPENDIX TO THE INTRODUCTION TO THE ZOOLOGICAL REPORTS. 55 * & . 4 | aS Temperature | Specific Gravity of Sea- g403/S4 nal a 5 d Date. a=] Z of the Sea- : water at 60° F. Trawling Eee 26. 83/8235 Latitude. Longitude. | 3S Ravnte of water. Distilled water at 39°=1. or gpee| ese ge/e8S| 1873-4. 3 Wasik Dredging|3222|2n4 Zn!) ee AR ESse| aes a Bottom 'Surface| Bottom. Surface. a=~3/as5 SOUTH. WEST. ° {? un" ° 4 n” ° ° 221] 135¢ | October 17] 37 25 30 12 28 30 110 ae a. | 54:0 Se con Dredged. 17 222| 135d a 17| 37 25 0 12 30 30 72 no ee 54:0 mae mee Dredged. 17 223 | 135e a 18} 37 21 0 12 22 30 | 1000 Shells. ace 53°5 on one Dredged.| * |17 224 | 135f 18| 37 14 45 12 20 15 | 1100 Rock, Rac 53°5 506 ons Dredged. 17 225 | 135g on 18| 37 10 50 12 18 30 550 Rock. a8 54:0 — pee Dredged. 17 226 | 136 69 20) 36 43 0 713 0 | 2100 Rock. 35:2 | 54:0 | 1:02590 | 1:02616 |Dredged.| * |16 SOUTH. EAST, 227 | 137 9 23) 3559 0 134 0 | 2550 Red clay. 84:5 | 561 | 1:02584 1:02636 |Dredged.| * |16 228 | 138 oH 25) 3622 0 812 0 | 2560 Red clay. 35:1 | 56:2 | 1:02580 1-02631 con * 116 229 139 oe 27| 35 385 0 16 9 O | 2325 Grey ooze. 34:1 | 56:2 | 1:02581 1:02613 ei Male} 230] 140 As 28| 35 0 0 17 57 0 | 1250 Grey ooze. ... | 59:0 se 1:02625 * 116 231| 141 |Decemberl7| 34 41 0 18 36 0 98 Sand, gravel. 49:5 | 66:5 00 nee Dredged.| * |18 232 | 142 or 18} 35 4 0 18 37 0 150 Sand. 47:0 | 65:5 | 1:02662 1:02669 |Dredged. 18 233 | 143 ne 19} 36 48 0 19 24 0 | 1900 | Globigerina ooze.| 35°6 | 73:0! 1:02611 1:02663 |Dredged.! * |18 234) 144 on 24) 45 57 0 34 39 0 | 1570 | Globigerina ooze.| 35°8 | 43:0 | 102524 102518 Bon * |18 235} 14d4a ” 26| 46 48 0 37 49 30 69 Grey sand. aes) 41:0 ocr) ce Dredged. 19 236 | 145 5 27| 46 43 0 38 4 30 140 Grey sand. ae 41:0 oe 1:02518 |Dredged. 19 237} 145a |, 27| 46 41 0 38 10 0 310 Grey sand. w. | 415 608 ie Dredged. 19 238 | 146 Ss 29| 46 46 0 45 31 0 | 1875 | Globigerina ooze.| 35°6 | 48:0 | 1:02578 | 1:02513 |Trawled.| * |18 239 | 147 8 30} 4616 0 48 27 0 | 1600 | Globigerina ooze.| 34:2 | 41°0 | 1:02552 | 1:02516 |Trawled.| * |18 1874. 240] 147a | January 1] 46 45 0 50 42 0 600 Grey mud, con || CZRO) occ 1-02506 me 20 241| 148 99 3] 46 47 0 51 37 0 210 | Rock, shells. ae 41-0 2 1:02507 |Dredged. 20 242) 148a 0 3| 46 53 0 51 52 0 550 Rock. ots 41:0 600 009 Dredged. 20 243 | 149 . 9} 49 8 0 | 7012 0 20| Dark mud. es ae Pe er Dredged. 21 244) 149a 35 14} 49 8 0 70 9 0 40 Mud. ea ee con bon Dredged. 21 245| 149b | ,, 17| 4928 0 | 7030 0 25 Mud. .. | 405 ae .. |Dredged. 21 246} 149¢ | _ ,, 19] 49 32 0 70 0 0 60 Mud. “ ae aes ooe Dredged. 21 247) 149d D 20} 49 28 0 7013 0 28 Mud. tee 41-0 ons oo Dredged. 21 248| 149e io 21| 49 37 0 70 16 0 30 Mud. Ms mes eee ee Dredged. 21 249 | 149f op 27| 48 55 0 69 31 0 95 Mud. eae 417 one 1:02540 |Dredged. 21 250| 149g H 29; 48 50 0 6918 0 110 Mud. 40:2 fs wee Dredged. 21 251) 149h|_,, 29) 48 45 0 69 14 0 127 Mud. ... | 39:8 oe me Dredged. 21 252} 149j ap 29| 48 43 0 6915 0 105 Mud. ond 39:0 bi on Dredged. 21 253} 149k |”? 99| 4840 0 | 69 6 0 | 45 Mud. ».. | 39:0 a ‘.. _ |Dredged. 21 254) 150 |February 2} 52 4 0 71 22 0 150 Rock. 85:2 | 37:5 a0 1:02515 |Dredged.| * |18 255 | 151 Pp 7| 52 59 30 73 33 30 75 Mud. a. | 862 i 1:02519 |Dredged. 22 256 | 152 5p 11| 6052 0 | 8020 0 | 1260 | Diatom ooze. ... | 84:5 | 71-02562 | 1:02515 |Trawled.| * | 23 257 | 153 - 14} 65 42 0 79 49 0 | 1675 Mud. nee 29:5 | 1:02570 1:02419 |Dredged.| * | 23 258 | 154 5 19| 64 87 0 85 49 0 | 1800 Mud. 000 32:0 | 1:02530 1:02462 = * |23 259 | 155 50 23/ 6418 0 94 47 0 | 1300 Mud. ceo 310 oe nce Dredged. 23 260} 156 me 26) 6226 0 95 44 0 | 1975 | Diatom ooze. ... | 83°0 | 1:02517 | 1:02511 |Trawled.) * | 23 261) 157 | March 8] 53855 0 | 108 85 O | 1950 | Diatom ooze. 32:1 | 87-2 | 1:02560 | 1°02511 |Trawled.| * |24 262 | 158 a 7\ 50 1 0 | 123 4 O | 1800 | Globigerina ooze.| 33°5 | 45:0 | 102555 102524 Trawled.| * {24 263 | 159 - 10| 47 25 0 | 130 22 0 | 2150 | Globigerina ooze.| 34:5 | 51°5 | 1:02563 102564 Trawled.| * | 24 264 | 160 Es 13| 42 42 0 | 18410 0O | 2600 Red clay. 33:9 | 55:0 | 1:02569 1:02570 Trawled.| * | 24 265} 161 | April 1} 388 22 30 | 144 36 30 33 Sand. ere 63°5 cto 1:02573 /|Trawled. 25 266 | 162 3 2} 3910 30 | 146 37 0 38 Sand. ee 63:2 ee 1:02633 |Dredged. 25 267 | 163 bo 4| 3657 O | 150 34 0 | 2200 Grey ooze. 34:5 | 72°0 | 1:02606 1-02657 56 * 125 268 | 163a op 4) 3659 0 | 150 20 0-]} 150 Mud. a 71:0 Ago ceo Dredged. 25 269 | 163b | June 38} 33 5115 | 151 22 15 85 Rock. 63:0 | 69:0 Ox Dredged. 26 270| 168c | ,, 12} 3355 0 | 151 35 0 85 Shells. 62:2 | 675 1:02650 oh 26 271} 163d > 12] 33 57 30 | 151 39 15 120 Hard sand. 88 63:0 26 272| 163e as 12| 34 015 | 151 44 15 290 Hard sand. one 70°2 a 26 273 | 163f 53 12} 34 315 | 151 51 30 650 Grey ooze. 40°8 | 70:2 ro bck 26 274| 164 Bn 12} 34 8 0 | 152 0 0 950 Grey ooze. 365 | 69°5 102656 ca 26 275) 164a os 13; 84 9 O | 151 55 O | 1200 Grey ooze. tes 70°2 ae eas 26 276 | 164b 39 13) 3413 0 | 151 388 0 410 Grey ooze, “eA 69:0 1:02642 |Trawled. 26 277| 164c a 13] 3419 0 | 151 31 0 400 Grey ooze. 40:0 | 67:0 Ay) Dredged.| * | 26 278| 164d | ,, 14} 34 3 0 | 152 20 O | 2100 a. ee 675 ope 26&27 On for) Number of Sounding. | Distinguishing Number of Station, ” ” ” ” ”» ” 31 September 5 10 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Latitude. Longitude. SOUTH. EAST. ° , n L ° t “ 34 27 0 | 154 57 O 34 50 0 | 155 28 0 36 41 0 | 158 29 0 37 53 0 | 16318 0 38 36 0 | 166 39 0 38 50 0 | 169 20 0 38 57 O | 170 10 45 39 8 0 | 170 48 0 389 21 0 | 171 28 0 39 32 0 | 171 48 0 41 4 0 |17419 0 40 28 0 | 177 43 0 37 34 0 | 179 22 0 SOUTH. WEST. 2955 0 | 17814 0 2945 0 |17811 0 28 33.0 | 177 50 0 25: (5 10) |) 172/560 2058 0 | 175 9 0 2056 0 | 17511 0 SOUTH. EAST. 19 9 35 | 179 41 50 19 9 382 | 179 41 55 19 6 O | 178 14 20 19 6 32 | 178 16 20 19 645 | 17817 0 19 7 50 | 178 19 35 19 5 50 | 178 16 20 19 2 0 | 17710 0 18 30 0 | 1738 52 0 1645 0 | 168 7 0 16 47 0 | 165 20 0 15 58 0 | 160 48 0 14 7 O | 153 48 0 13 50 0 | 151 49 0 18 6 O | 148 37 0 12 42 0 | 146 46 0 12 8 0 | 14510 0 11 35 25 | 144 2 0 11 36 20 | 144 1 50 11 38 15 | 143 59 38 10 30 O | 14218 0 10 36 O | 141 55 O 959 0 | 189 42 0 936 0 | 1387 50 0 856 0 | 186 5 0 5 41 0 | 134 4 30 5 26 0 | 18319 0 5 4915 | 182 14 15 5 24 0 | 180 37 15 4 34 0 | 129 57 30 431 0 | 129 57 20 CEDAL sa) |p aby yf (0) 0 48 30 | 126 58 30 NORTH. EAST. 041 O | 126 37 0 255 0 | 124 538 0 544 0 | 123 34 0 6 47 O | 122 28 0 7 5 O | 121 48 0 Depth in Fathoms Nature of. Bottom. Red clay. Red clay. Globigerina ooze. Globigerina ooze. Globigerina ooze. Globigerina ooze. Grey ooze. Grey ooze. Mua. Grey ooze. Grey ooze. Rock, stones. Rock, stones. Rock. Red clay. Coral. Sand. Coral. Coral. Coral mud. Coral mud. Globigerina ooze. Globigerina ooze. Globigerina ooze. Red clay. Red clay. Volcanic sand. Red clay. Red clay. Red clay. Red clay. Grey ooze. Grey ooze. Grey ooze. Sand, shells. Sand, shells. Sand, shells. Coral, sand. Coral, sand. Mud, Mud. Volcanic detritus. Volcanic detritus. Grey ooze. Rock. Mud. Red clay. Red clay. Mud Stones, gravel. Temperature of the Sea- water. Bottom |Surface AN Cvroror orig aad WAN GO IFC GOGO Ki 0 Dono or OVOibD O11 ao 1 i= = o or NNN NN ABAD SAIGD © Ges 39-0 36-0 36-2 35:8 36-0 36:0 35° 35'8 36-0 36:0 ONN NNNNN NIN 0 aonnn~s NNNANN WNNWW NHNMSS BSANAII YWADVHDS SOCHON AIH IA 39-5 40°7 38:0 38-0 36-9 SSAUSH SUNNS GWAVWSS SUSUS SSSAGH BGASASD SSS SS SWS 00 00 00 00 00 00 CO 35:9 38:9 33'6 Specific Gravity of Sea- water at 60° F. Distilled water at 39°=1. Bottom. Surface. x 102648 1:02618 | 1-02645 = 1-02643 1-02627 | 1-02621 1-02595 | 1-02616 1:02670 | 1-02629 a 1-02620 a 1-02592 1-02588 | 1-02626 1:02597 | 1-02638 1:02647 ae 1:02682 1:02632 | 1-02650 1-02651 1-02650 1-02645 | 1:02661 1-02633 | 1-02647 3 1-02637 Re 1-02636 1-02608 | 1-02644 1:02618 | 1-02627 1:02600 | 1-02663 1:02598 | 1-02632 1-02610 | 1-02643 1:02627 | 1-02643 Re 102648 1:02703 1-02616 1-02548 | 1-02566 o 1:02561 ch 1-02515 1:02596 | 1-02600 es 1-02609 1:02583 | 1-02587 1-02585 | 1-02622 1-02603 | 1-02580 1:02613 | 1-02546 1:02607 | 1-02562 1:02557 | 1-02568 a 1-02556 1-02536 Trawling or Dredging. Dredged. Trawled. Trawled. Dredged. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Dredged. Dredged. Dredged. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Dredged. Trawled. Dredged. Trawled. Trawled. Dredged. Dredged. Dredged. Dredged. Dredged. Both. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Dredged. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. tures were ob- Serial tempera- tained at the stations marked* * * eK * * Plans on which the Station is shown. | Number of Sounding. Distinguishing Number of Station APPENDIX TO THE INTRODUCTION TO THE ZOOLOGICAL REPORTS. Date. 1874-5. October ” ” 1875. January ” ” ” ” 2”? February 8 ” ” ” ” 27 31 ” November 2 2 2 13 Latitude. Longitude. NORTH. EAST. ° ’ “” ° ‘ ” 8 32 0 | 121 55 0 E60) 4/123) 19) 0 12 28 0 | 12215 0 12 438 0 | 122 9 0 12 46 0 | 12210 0 16 42 0 | 119 22 0 17 54 0 | 11714 0 ups val (1) ilee) alba) 1l 37 0 | 123 31 0 1014 0 | 123 54 0 9 26 0 | 123 45 0 915 0 | 124 38 0 8 0 0 | 121 42 0 6 54 0 | 12218 0 547 0 | 124 1 0 433 0 | 127 6 0 419 0 | 138015 0 246 0 | 1383 58 0 256 0 | 18411 0 SOUTH. EAST. 039 0 | 188 55 0 233 0 | 144 4 0 154 0 | 146 89 40 042 0 | 147 0 0 NORTH. EAST. 040 0 | 148 41 0 215 0 | 14616 0 5 31 0 | 14513 0 745 0 | 14420 0 11 24 0 | 14316 0 1444 0 | 14213 0 17 29 0 | 141 21 0 19 24 0 | 14113 0 22 1 0 | 140 27 0 26 29 0 | 1387 57 0 31 8 0 | 187 8 0 3511 0 | 139 28 0 34 39 0 | 18514 0 34 38 0 | 1385 1 0 3418 0 | 133 385 0 3418 0 | 1383 21 0 32 31 0 | 135 39 0 34 7 0 | 138 0 0 3458 0 | 139 29 0 34 59 0 | 139 31 0 34 37 0 | 140 32 0 3518 0 | 144 8 0 3518 0 | 147 9 O 35°20 0 | 153 39 0 35 41 0 | 157 42 0 35 29 0 | 161 52 0 35 24 0 | 166 35 0 35 22 0 | 169 53 0 36 23 0 | 174 31 0 3610 0 |178 0 0 NORTH. WEST. 35 49 0 | 179 57 0 37 41 0 |177 4 0 37 59 0 | 171 48 0 Depth in Fathoms. Nature of Bottom. Grey ooze. Mud. Mud. Mud. Mud. Grey ooze. Red clay. Mud. Mud. Mud. Mud. Mud. Grey ooze. Sand. Red clay. Globigerina ooze. Red clay. Globigerina ooze. Globigerina ooze. Grey ooze. Globigerina ooze. Mud. Globigerina ooze. Red clay. Red clay. Globigerina ooze. Globigerina ooze. Radiolarian ooze. Red clay. Red clay. Red clay. Red clay. Red clay. Grey ooze. Sandy mud. Mud. Sand. Mud. Mud. Grey ooze. Mud. Red clay. Red clay. Red clay. Red clay. Rediclay. Red clay. Red clay. Red clay. Grey ooze. Red clay. Red clay. Red clay. yi Temperature of the Sea- water, Bottom Surface 78°5 DH HH CO D2 D2 DO D> Db bo NINQAOn SHeOAA HOSES NADA WS SSH SUNY MOD Hound howaged won an NOs for} iw) Specifie Gravity of Sea- water at 60° F, Distilled water at 39°=1. Bottom, 1:02582 102565 1-02533 102580 1-02587 1-02606 1-02587 1-02616 1-02588 1-02578 1:02576 1:02560 1-02580 1:02573 1:02546 Surface. 102506 1-02540 1-02543 102524 1:02550 1:02533, 1:02533 1-02535 102590 1:02494 102568 1:02616 1:02590 Trawling or Dredging. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Both. Both. Both. Trawled. Dredged. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Dredged. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Both. Dredged. ‘Dredged. Trawled. Trawled, Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Serial tempera- tures were ob- tained at the stations marked * * Plans on which the Station is shown. Or [o°) Number of Number of Station. { | Sounding. Distinguishing — THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER, Serial tempera- tures were ob- ; 5 Temperature ; Specific Gravity of Sea- Date. Bg of the Sea- water at 60° F. Trawling Latitude. Longitude. | 3S Nature of water. Distilled Water at 39°=1. or 1875. S3 Bottom. ok ee ee ee ee D||Dredging: ae Bottom|Surface} Bottom. Surface. NORTH. WEST. : ° , ” ° , VW ° ° July 9) 3749 O | 166 47 O | 3050 Red clay. 35°0 | 65°0 | 1:02574 | 1:02566 |Trawled. BS 10} 37 37 O | 163 26 0 | 2950 Red clay. 85:1 | 65:0 | 1:02577 | 1:02528 260 D 12] 3752 0 | 16017 O | 2740 Red clay. 35°3 | 65:0 | 1:02573 | 1:02540 |Trawled. a 14} 38 9 0 | 156 25 0 | 3125 Red clay, 35°1 | 67-7 | 1:02575 | 1:02508 |Dredged. BS 17} 3513 0 | 154 48 0 | 3025 Red clay. 35°0 | 72:0 | 1:02537 | 1:02576 |Trawled. Bs 19) 3228 0 | 154 33 0 | 2850 Red clay. 35°0 | 74:0 | 1:02578 | 1:02618 ean sn 21} 3022 0 | 15456 0 | 2950 Red clay. 35°2 | 74:0 | 1:02575 | 1:02644 |Dredged. 5 23) 27 838 0 | 15455 O | 2875 Red clay. 384°9 | 76°5 | 1:02589 | 1:02620 ona 5 24) 2611 0 | 15512 0 | 2775) . Redclay. 35:2 | 77:0 | 1:02539 | 1:02605 5 26) 23 3 0 | 156 6 O | 2225 Red clay. 349 | 77:0 | 1:02588 | 1-02584 peo » 27) 21 11 0 | 157 27 0 310 | Hard ground. | 44:0 | 76:8 | 1:02550 | 1:02575 |Trawled. August 12] 2018 O | 15714 0 | 2050 Red clay. 35:2 | 78°5 | 1:02574 | 1:02598 es 2) 20; 1912 0 | 15414 O | 2875 | Volcanic sand. | 85:2 | 77-5 | 1:02579 | 1:02597 oa 5p 21) 17 33 0 | 153 36 0 | 2650 Red clay. 85°1 | 77°5 | 1:02558 | 1:02603 |Trawled. aa 23} 1419 0 | 152 87 0 | 3000 Red clay. 35°2 | 77°5 | 1:02610 | 1:02586 |Trawled. 9p 25) 12 42 0 | 152 1 0 | 2900 Red clay. 35:0 | 79°2 | 1:02566 | 1:02580 |Dredged. 26 26) 11 7 O | 152 3 O | 2750 | Radiolarian ooze.| 35:1 | 80:0 | 1:02595 | 1:02597 oo Fp 28| 9 28 0 | 150 49 0 | 2700 | Radiolarian ooze.! 35:0 | 80-0 | 1:02590 | 1-02506 » 380) 735 0 | 149 49 0 | 2900 | Radiolarian ooze.| 34°8 | 81:0 | 1:02580 | 1:02586 September2| 554 0 | 147 2 0 | 2550 Red clay. 35°2 | 81-2 | 1:02587 | 1:02612 |Dredged. Ap 4) 234 0 | 149 9 0 | 2925 | Globigerina ooze.| 34:6 | 79°5 | 1:02591 102634 oes SOUTH. WEST. 23 6} 033 0 | 151 34 0 | 2425 | Globigerina ooze.| 35:0 | 78°7 | 1:02601 1:02672 |Trawled. 20 8} 3848 0 | 152 56 0 | 2600 | Radiolarian ooze.| 35:1 | 79:0 | 1:02646 | 1:02662 |Trawled. ” 9} 511 O | 152 56 0 | 2850 | Radiolarian ooze.| 34:5 | 80-7 00 1:02650 O09 an 11 725 0 | 15215 O | 2750 | Radiolarian ooze.| 35-1 | 80:2 388 1:02667 |Trawled. H 14; 1120 0 | 150 30 0 | 2610 Red clay. 85°0 | 80°0 | 1:02618 | 1:02690 ous 29 16} 13 28 0 | 149 30 0 | 2350 Red clay. 35°1 | 80:0 | 1:02603 | 1:02641 |Trawled. ”» 17} 15 51 0 | 149 41 0 | 2325 Red clay. 35:1 | 79:0 | 1:02590 | 1:02592 “6 ” 18} 1712 0 | 149 48 O | 1525 Mud. 36°5 | 79°5 | 1:02575 | 1:02710 October 2] 17 80 26 | 149 33 45 420 Mud 79:0 2 2) 17 29 53 | 149 84 0 590 Mud 79-0 29 2) 17 29 38 | 149 34 7 620 Mud 79:0 te 360 _ » 2) 17 29 11 | 149 34 32 680 Mud. roc || (RD) abe an Trawled. ” 4) 1840 0 | 149 52 0 | 1940 | Globigerina ooze.| 35°3 | 77°2 | 1:02639 | 1:02719 |Trawled. 2 6] 2221 0 | 15017 O | 2885 Red clay. 34:9 | 745 | 1:026387 | 1:02690 |Trawled. ” 7| 2346 0 | 149 59 0 | 2450 Red clay. 85:1 | 73-2 | 1:02593 | 1:02682 on nH 9) 265910) 5145 17 0) 2075 Red clay. 35°4 | 68°5 | 1:02590 | 1:02640 v3 56 11} 28 22 0 | 141 22 0 | 1985 | Globigerina ooze.| 35:1 | 68-0 oie 1:02639 |Trawled. 14| 38236 0 | 1387 43 0 | 2375 Red clay. 35°0 | 65:0 | 1:02580 | 1:02627 |Trawled. Af 16| 33 29 0 | 183 22 0 | 2335 Red clay, 34°8 | 63:0 | 1:02570 | 1:02614 |Trawled. 55 19} 36 32 0 | 182 52 0 | 2400 Red clay. 84:7 | 57°8 | 1:02564 | 1:02587 G00 » 21) 40 3 0 | 182 58 0 | 2600 Red clay. 34°8 | 54:5 | 1:02563 | 1:02557 ee £0 23) 39 41 0 | 181 23 0 | 2550 Red clay. 34°8 | 54°5 | 1:02567 | 1:02527 |Trawled. 5p 25} 3916 0 | 124 7 O | 2300 Red clay. 84:9 | 52°5 | 1:02549 | 1:02532 nC oD 27) 3913 0 | 118 49 0 | 2250 Red clay. 34-6 | 53:0 | 1:02552 | 1:02550 |Trawled. 20 29| 38 43 0 | 112 31 0 | 1600 | Globigerina ooze.| 35:2 | 53°2 | 1:02561 | 1:02533 |'Trawled. November1] 39 4 0 | 105 5 O | 2025 Red clay. 34-4 | 53°7 | 1:02572 | 1:02524 |Trawled. Bs 3] 39 22 0 98 46 0 | 2270 Red clay. 34:6 | 57°5 is 1:02513, ere 2p 5] 38 7 0 94 4 0 | 1500 Red clay. 85°3 | 58°5 | 1:02565 | 1:02536 |Trawled. oD 9; 38 6 0 88 2 0 | 1825 | Globigerina ooze.| 35°3 | 59:8 | 1:02544 | 1:02535 |Trawled. » ll} 37 29 0 83 7 0 | 1775 | Globigerina ooze.| 35:5 | 57:0 | 1:02565 | 1:02543 |Trawled. op 17| 34 7 0 73 56 0 | 2225 Grey ooze. 35°6 | 59-0 SS 1:02535 |Trawled. Decemberl4| 33 31 0 74 43 0 | 2160 Grey ooze. 35:2 | 62:0 | 1:02568 | 1:02533 |Trawled. 7p 17} 33 42 0 78 18 0 | 1875 | Globigerina ooze.| 35°5 | 62°5 | 1:02545 | 1:02530 |Trawled. x 22) 3729 0 84 2 0 |None. 09 sax. || 065 1:02541 oes BS 28} 42 43 0 82 11 0 | 1450 | Globigerina ooze.| 35°6 | 55:0 | 1:02562 | 1:02531 |Trawled. 9p 30| 45 31 0 78 9 O | 1825 | Globigerina ooze.| 36:0 | 54:8 | 1:02564 | 1:02487 ae os 81} 46 53 15 7512 0 45 Sand, ood || O/H) 00 1:02292 |Dredged. tained at the * stations marked * Plans on which the Station is shown. eH HHH HERE H KHER Hn He * * * * eH HH Hee HH HHH HK He eH HH “eH Number of Sounding Distinguishing Number of Station APPENDIX TO THE INTRODUCTION TO THE ZOOLOGICAL REPORTS. January ” ” 2 ” ” ” February 3 Latitude. SOUTH. Gwe Hf 47 47 0 -|° 47 48 30 47 48 0 4817 0 48 27 0 49 24 30 50 8 30 50 56 0 50 56 0 51 27 30 52 45 30 Re) oO SSS S oc or Longitude. oocoogo oO co ooo ocooocoo cOoOooCo C9000 COSCoSoSo SeSo09090 SCeSeSeSo hl SCCOOoOOCoS Depth in Fathoms Nature of Bottom. Mud. Mud. Mud. Mud. Mud. Mud. Mud. Mud. Mud. Mud. Mud. Mud. Sand. Sand. Hard ground. Sand, gravel. Mud. Hard ground. Grey ooze. Grey ooze. Hard ground. Mud. Shells. Grey ooze. Grey ooze. Grey ooze. Grey ooze. Grey ooze. Grey ooze. Grey ooze. Grey ooze. Globigerina ooze. Globigerina ooze. Globigerina ooze. Globigerina ooze. Globigerina ooze. Globigerina ooze. Globigerina ooze. Globigerina ooze. Globigerina ooze. Hard ground. Hard ground. Globigerina ooze. Coral. Hard ground. Globigerina ooze. Globigerina ooze. Globigerina ooze. Red ‘clay. Globigerina ooze. Temperature Specifie Gravity of Sea- of the Sea- water at 60° F. water. Distilled Water at 39°=1, Bottom|Surface| Bottom. Surface. 55'5 | 1:02520 102250 bo 55:0 00 55:0 a03 57:0 200 46-0 | 57°5 1:02516 0 53°0 1:02465 09 517 66 47-0 | 50°5 1:02418 063 50°5 1:02448 46°5 | 50°5 1:02450 46:0 | 50:0 102454 209 47°'8 900 1:02229 47°83 | 48-2 1:02489 1:02440 46-0 | 48-0 1:02472 1:02469 41°38 | 49-0 1:02502 1:02486 260 50:0 000 6o0 590 51:2 050 600 35°7 | 46°7 1:02528 1:02525 33°7 | 57°5 1:02584 1:02525 32°7 | 59:5 1:02553 1:02559 37:2 | 67°5 102544 1:02530 ooo 73°5 0 O50 oon 715 O90 1:02291 33:1 | 73°5 1:02650 1:02680 82°6 | 71°5 1:02610 1:02612 32°7 | 70°8 1:02591 1:02682 82°7 | 67°8 1:02580 1:02494 32°8 | 70:2 1:02623 1:02639 32°9 | 68:0 000 1:02578 82°3 | 64:5 1:02582 1:02610 82°7 | 64:2 1:02607 1:02627 35°4 | 64:5 1:02591 1:02628 34:0 | 64:0 1:02585 1:02612 35°3 | 67-0 1:02591 1:02619 35'8 | 68°5 1:02612 1:02611 37:0 | 73°5 1:02594 1:02674 36°5 | 76:0 1:02600 1:02707 37:2 | 77:0 | 1:02650 1:02718 36°3 | 76'5 oo 1:02762 37'2 | 76:0 1:02580 1:02768 387°6 | 77-2 1:02610 1:02763 38:2 | 79:0 1:02616 1:02722 37°5 | 80:0 1:02619 1:02732 40°3 | 80°38 1:02622 1:02700 Bes 82-0 005 1:02672 36°8 | 82°8 1:02620 1:02648 34:0 | 82°7 1:02641 1:02642 36°2 | 82:0 1:02603 1:02657 84:0 1:02602 83°5 1:02636 84:0 1:02640 coo 81°8 ace 1:02671 ace 777 oon 1:02672 37'6 | 70°7 1:02715 1:02774 37°38 | 70:0 | 1:02665 | 1:02735 Trawling or Dredging. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Dredged. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Dredged. Dredged. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Trawled. Dredged. Dredged, Dredged. Dredged. Dredged. Dredged. 59 FA 8 z a 41 4] 41 41 * 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41&42 42 * |42 « [42° * 42 x | 42 x |42 16 * 116 * |16 * |16 * |16 * 116 16 * 116 * 116 * 116 * 116 * (16 * 116 * 116 * |16 * 116 * 116 * 116 * 116 * |16 * |16 * | 43 43 * 112 * 112 * 112 * — |12(st102) * 12 * * |12 » |12 * 12 * 6 x 6 NOTICE. AccorpiInG to the arrangement sanctioned by H. M. Stationery Office and explained in the Preface, the following six Memoirs have been bound in a temporary volume, without reference to their subjects; in the order in which they were ready, letterpress and plates together, for the binder. I regret that the first Memoir, that by Mr Thomas Davidson on the Brachiopoda, is not much longer. I am greatly surprised that so many casts of the dredge in deep water, extending over so long a course, should have added so.few novelties to this curious group. I only wish it had been in our power to put thousands more into Mr Davidson’s skilful and generous hands. I had hoped also that Dr v. Kolliker might have found time to undertake a larger share of the work; we must only congratulate ourselves on having received, even to a limited extent, the assistance of so high an authority. | : Dr George Brady, having completed his valuable account of the Ostracoda, has kindly undertaken the description of the Copepoda of the Expedition; an arduous task, on account of the constant use which was made of the tow-net. Iam glad to be able to say that Professor Turner’s interesting Memoir on the Whales is only an instalment, and is to be followed by a description of the Seals, and of the Human remains. Before we left England, Dr Kitchen Parker told me that he was anxious to procure a series of the embryos of a Chelonian reptile, to enable him to make a study of the development of the head in that peculiar type. When we called at Ascension, as it was the breeding season of the Green Turtle, we made a considerable collection of the young, and Mr Moseley prepared a series of embryos, taken from the egg in different stages. These were handed to Dr Parker; he found, however, that one or two developmental stages were still wanting to complete the 62 NOTICE. necessary material. I accordingly applied to the Admiralty to give instructions to the medical officer in charge at Ascension, to procure an additional supply of specimens ; and I have to thank their Lordships for the readiness with which they acceded to this request. Dr Maclean, who had been one of the medical officers on board the Challenger, happened to be stationed at Ascension at the time, and he brought an amount of knowledge and goodwill to the task which soon supplied our wants. I am glad that one of Dr Parker’s important Memoirs should form part of our Report. In regard to the Challenger Expedition, shore-fishes were much in the position of land birds or mammals, or other groups which lay beyond our special province. At most of the ports where we remained for any length of time there were numerous European residents, and opportunities were ample for supplying museums at home at a small cost. It was, therefore, only when we stopped for a time at remote places, such as St Paul’s Rocks or the Admiralty Islands, that we took special pains to bring together as many fishes as possible. The collection of shore-fishes is accordingly comparatively small. Owing to the successful use of the deep-sea trawl during the voyage, and the attention which has been paid to the matter by Mr Murray, the pelagic and abyssal fishes form one of the most interesting parts of our collection. This series will also be described by Dr Giinther. The Memoirs which appear in this temporary volume are naturally among the shorter and more easily prepared. Some of the more important monographs are in type, and almost ready for publication ; while a few others, some of which will each occupy two entire volumes, cannot be finished for some time. CWixeml: THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. ZOOLOGY, REPORT on the Bracuropopa dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. By Tuomas Davinson, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., V.P.P.S., &e. Ar the request of Professor Sir Wyville Thomson, F.R.S., I have undertaken the examination, description, and illustration of the Brachiopoda dredged during the Challenger Expedition. Very little seems to have been known with respect to recent Brachiopoda before the middle of the last century; and even during the period extending from 1750 to 1800, the information relating to the recent species was, with some exceptions, meagre and often unsatisfactory. A Brachiopod, until within the last fifty years, was considered a great rarity in all collections, and no one could boast of possessing more than a very limited number of species and specimens. Much uncertainty was also felt as to their nature, and the position they should occupy among the Invertebrata. They were generally supposed to be referable to the genus Anomia, and were very quaintly described by some of the earlier naturalists ; several more serious and better informed observers appeared soon after 1753, such as Linnzeus, Pennant, Miiller, Lamanon, Pallas, Poli, Grundler, and a few others, who were able, in a measure, to prepare the way for the important discoveries reserved for the more favoured naturalists of the present century. 1 Since the publication of my short paper, On the Brachiopoda dredged by H.M.S. Challenger, in the Pro- ceedings of the Royal Society, vol. xxvii. p. 428, May 1878, some few more specimens have been found among the Mollusca obtained during that expedition, which has necessitated some little additions and alterations to the general results (see Appendix). The Latin ending of some of the specific names has likewise been slightly altered. I may also mention that a complete series of the Brachiopoda described im this report numbering 345 specimens, has, at Sir Wyville’s request, been selected by myself, and handed over to the authorities of the British Museum by Sir Wyville Thomson. I desire likewise to tender to Sir Wyville Thomson my sincere thanks for the courteous manner with which he has afforded me every assistance within his power, also to Mr John Murray, the Rey. R. Boog Watson, Dr Gwyn Jeffreys, Mr Dall, M. Perrier, Dr Giinther, and others. (ZOOL. CHALL., EXP.—PaRT 1.—1880.) Al i) THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. The animal of the Brachiopod had attracted the attention of Pallas in 1766, Pennant in 1773, Grundler in 1774, Miiller in 1776, Poli in 1791, Lamanon and Cuvier in 1797; but no regular anatomical dissections had been executed, and these observations seemed, in a great measure, to be limited to the labial appendages, mantle, and some other minor details. This most important inquiry was, however, subsequently admirably followed out by such excellent zoologists and anatomists as Cuvier,’ R. Owen,’ Huxley,* Vogt, * Macdonald,’ Hancock,* Gratiolet,’ De Lacaze-Duthiers,* King,’ E. Deslongchamps,” and others," to whose works the reader is referred, as it would not be possible in the limited space devoted to the description of the species dredged by the Challenger Expedition to write a treatise on the history of the class, or to refer to the fossil genera and species, which vastly outnumber those inhabiting the existing seas. Restricting ourselves, therefore, to the recent species, we may observe that the correct knowledge we now possess with respect to their geographical and bathymetrical distribu- tion is mainly due to the numerous governmental and private dredging expeditions carried out during the last forty years. Before that period very few reliable data were in 1 Cuvier.—Sur Vanimal de la Lingule anatine, Memoires du Muséum, vol. i., 1802. 2 R. Owen.—On the. Anatomy of the Brachiopoda, Trans. Zool. Soc., vol. i., communicated in 1833. Sur l’appareil de la circulation chez les Mollusques de la classe des Brachiopodes, Annales des Sciences Nat., 3d ser.; Zoologie, vol. iii., Acad. des Sciences, 1845, and in Davidson’s British Fossil Brachiopoda, Introduction. ’'T, Huxley.—Contributions to the Anatomy of the Brachiopoda, Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. xiv., 2d ser., Oct. 1854. 4 Vost.—Anatomie der Lingula anatina, 1845. 5 Macdonald.—On the Physiology of the Pallial Sinuses of the Brachiopoda, Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xxiii., 1862. 6 A, Hancock.—On the Organisation of the Brachiopoda, Phil. Trans., vol. exlviii., 1858. 7 P. Gratiolet.— Recherches pour servir 4 l’Histoire des Brachiopodes, Journal de Conchyliologie, Oct. 1857-1860. 8 De Lacaze-Duthiers.—Histoire naturelle des Brachiopodes vivants de la Méditerranée, Annales des Sciences Natur- elles, Zoologie, vol. xv., 1861. ®9 W. King.—On Some Characters of the Living Lingula anatina, Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., July 1873. 10 . Deslongchamps.—Recherches sur organisation du manteau chez lez. Brachiopodes articulés, Caen, 1864. 11 Semper.—Vascular System of Lingula, &c., Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zool., vol. ii., 1859, and vol. xiv., 1864. S. P. Woodward.—A Manual of the Mollusca, 1856. E. Morse.—The Brachiopoda: a Division of Annelida, Am. Journ. of Science and Art, vol. for 1870. On the Oviducts and Embryology of Terebratulina, vol. iv., 1872. On the Systematic Position of the Brachiopoda, Proc. of Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., vol. xv., 1873. Embryology of Terebratulina, Mem. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., vol. ii. On the Early Stages of 7. saa aatn Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. ii., 1869. F, Muller.—Early Stages of Certain Brachiopoda, Reichert und du Bois-Reymond’s Archiv, 1860, and fa Wlgecaaneas Archiv, 1861; see also Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist, 3d ser., vol. viii. p. 505. Steenstrup.— Proc. Royal Danish Academy, 1847. Kowalevsky.—On the Embryology of Argiope, Thecidiwm, and Terebratulina (written in the Russian language), 1873 ; also A. Agassiz.—Silliman’s American Journal of Science and Art, 3d ser., 1874. Hérouard.— Sur les courants de nutrition des Brachiopodes, Ann. des Sciences Phys. et Chim., 8d ser., t. xiv., and Journal de Con- chyliologie, 1877, Davidson.— British Fossil Brachiopoda, Introduction, 1853. What isa Brachiopod? Geol. Mag., 1877, &e., &e. Dall.—Report on the Brachiopoda, obtained by the U. 8. Survey Ex., Bull. Mus, Comp. Zool., 1877, and other papers. W. B. Carpenter.—On the Microscopic Structure of Shells, Brit. Assoc. Rep., 1843 ; On a Peculiar Arrangement of the Sanguiferous System in Terebratula, &c., Proc. of Royal Soc., vol. vii., 1854; and in Davidson’s Brit. Foss. Brach., Pal. Soc., 1853. W. King.—On the Histology of the Test of the Class Palliobranchiata, Trans. Royal Irish Academy, vol. xxiv., 1867. J. Gwyn Jeffreys.—British Conchology. Oscar Schmidt.—Die neuesten Untersuchungen iiber die Brachiopoden, Halle, Zeitschr. Gesammt. Naturw., Bd. iii., 1854, pp. 325-333. E. Suess:—Uber die Wohnsitze der Brachiopoden,—Wien, Sitz. Ber., Bd. xxxvii., 1859, pp. 185-248. REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 3 our possession ; and as these dredging expeditions proceed, the more will our knowledge become extended. The admirable report of Prof. E. Forbes On the Mollusca and Radiata of the Aeean Sea, published by the British Association’ for the Advancement of Science in 1843, shadowed forth the important results that might be obtained by well conducted and equipped expeditions; but even now we are wanting in information with respect to the bathymetrical distribution of some twenty-six or twenty-eight of the known living species. In his excellent memoir, Uber die Wohnsitze der Brachiopoden, 1859, Professor E. Suess recapitulates all the then known data respecting the geographical distribution of Brachiopoda and the depths at which they live; since then our knowledge has been very considerably extended, and it has become evident from direct observation that the Brachiopoda are widely but sparingly distributed over the depths of the sea, though, of course, they are more numerous both in species and individuals at depths of less than 500 fathoms ; they are also much localised, and prefer rocky, stony, and coralline sea- bottoms to soft or muddy ones. The entire collection of Brachiopoda brought home by the Challenger Expedition, numbering several hundred specimens, was placed in my hands by Sir Wyville Thomson on the 11th of August 1877. The specimens were in an excellent state of preservation, and had been put into bottles of spirit, with a correct indication of the stations, latitude, longitude, depth, bottom-temperature, and the nature of the sea-bed whence they had been obtained. Thus, reliable and invaluable data accompanied each specimen, which I have in every instance reproduced in the pages of this Report. Sometimes only one specimen of a species had been dredged at a station, while at other times two or more species or specimens were brought to the surface. It must, however, be noted that, in addition to the 361 dredging stations included in the printed list of observing stations, the naturalists of the Challenger dredged very often in shallow water. We learn from the printed instructions that, throughout a course of 68,890 miles, the dredge was put down at some 361 stations; and Brachiopoda were brought up thirty-eight or thirty-nine times only. Although the number of Brachiopoda brought home was great, not more than thirty-one species are represented. The greatest depth at which any living Brachiopod was obtained was 2900 fathoms; the greatest depth dredged being on one occasion 4575 fathoms. The ranges of depth at which the Challenger species of Brachiopoda occurred were as follows :— Shore or low water to 10 fathoms, . Waldheimia flavescens, Lamarck. See a mh Kraussina lamarckiana, Dav. 2 to 10 fathoms, Vite : Magasella cuming?, Dav. Lingula anatina, Lamarck. "ue ate Megerlia sanguinea, Chemnitz. 5 to 15 fathoms, : 3 Magasella flexuosa, King. 25 to 38 to 49 51 to 70 to 70 to 82 82 to 100 © 100 to 120 120 to 150 150 150 210 350 390 390 420 600 1340 1875 1850 1850 to 2 30 fathoms, 49 150 75 75 425 1035 to 2900 ~ 1900 2160 The following table shows approx ” at certain depths :— THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Terebratella dorsata, Gmelin. . Terebratulina cancellata, Koch. 99 dredgings in depths of from Tto 500 30 47 47. 93 83 5 5 None 1 7 ”? 501 to 1000 1001 to 1500 1501. to 2000 2001 to 2500 2501 to 3000 3001 to 3500 3501 to 4000 4001 to 4500 4501 to 4575 Discina stella, Gould. Terebratulina caput-serpentis, var. septentrionalis, Couthouy, Megerlia truncata, Lin. Argiope decollata, Chemnitz. Terebratulina, sp. (?) (Philippine Islands). Terebratella, sp. (2), perhaps TL. frielii, Platydia anomioides, Scacchi. Waldheimia kerguelenensis, Day. Mergerlia willeméesi, Dav. Terebratula uva, Broderip. Terebratula vitrea, var. minor, Philippi. Kraussina pisum, Lamarck. Rynchonella nigricans, var. pixydata, R. B. Watson, M.S. Terebratula moseleyt, Dav. Terebratulina cailleti, Crosse. Terebratulina wyvillii, Davy. Magasella incerta, Dav. Terebratula cubensis, Pourtales. Terebratulina murrayi, Dav. Terebratella frielii, Dav. Terebratula or Terebratulina (%) dalli, Dav. Megerlia (%) incerta, Dav. Discina atlantica, King. Terebratula wyvillit, Day. Terebratula (?) undeterminable fragments. Waldheimia wyvillit, Dav. imately how many times Brachiopoda were dredged fathoms, . : 21, 22, or 23 times. ” ‘ . 4 ” ” CO c 5 ” bp) O D 4 ”? 2 0 - 3 ” 55 ; : 3 (at 2600 and 2900 f.). ~ 4 , F None. re i ; None. 3 5 None. 4 : ; None. Thus it becomes apparent that Brachiopoda do not, as far as our experience goes, generally abound in depths exceeding 500 or 600 fathoms; for out of 125 dredgings, in depths of from 1 to 600 fathoms, Brachiopoda were brought up twenty-two or twenty-three times; while in depths varying from 600 to 2900 fathoms they were obtained about sixteen times. The depths for some of the species, however, were different in localities not visited by the Challenger, as recorded in the general list. In REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 5 order to obtain some approximate data as to the depths Brachiopoda are at present known to inhabit, it will be desirable to append a list of all the known recent species, with an indication of all their respective depths. In 1852 I published in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History a sketch of a classification of recent Brachiopoda based upon internal organisation, giving a list of all the recent species then known: Similar and revised lists were subsequently published in 1859 by Professor E. Suess, in 1861 by Lovell Reeve and myself, and in 1870 and 1873 by Mr W. H. Dall. In the revised list here appended the range of depth of the European and North Atlantic species has been given me by Dr J. Gwyn Jeffreys, F.R.S., to whom science is so much indebted for his great exertions in promoting those important private and public dredging expeditions from which so many valuable results have been obtained, and for the numerous able reports he has published relating to the same. The approximate ranges in depth at which the larger number of Brachiopoda have been found are in our possession, but of the following no information is given by the original authors, and later researches have not revealed it. It is to be hoped that future dredging expedi- ‘tions will supply the deficiencies. : Terebratula (?) malvince, D’Orb. I have never seen. Terebratulina radiata, Reeve. A common Korean species. Terebratulina (2) patagonica, Gould. Waldheimia raphelis, Dall. Said to be from Japan. Terebratella bouchardi, Davy. Probably a synonym of another species. _ Terebratella rubiginosa, Dall. Terebratella (?) algoensis, Sow. A doubtful species. Terebratella (2) labradorensis, Sow. A doubtful species. Terebratella (2) lamanoni, Schrenk. A doubtful species. Magasella crenulata, Sow. Magasella levis, Dall. : Magasella suffusa, Reeve. A doubtful species. Kraussina rubra, Pallas. Kraussina cognata, Chemnitz. A doubtful species. Kraussina atkinsoni, T. Woods. Kraussina capensis, Adams and Reeve. Bouchardia (2) fibula, Reeve. One specimen known, perhaps a large MZ. cuming?. Rynchonella grayi, Woodward. One specimen known. Discina antillarum, D’Orb. Probably a synonym of D. striata. Lingula exusta, Reeve. Lingula hians, Swainson. Lingula hirundo, Reeve. Lingula reevii, Dav. = L. ovalis, Reeve. Lingula adams, Dall. Glottidia audebardi, Brod. It is more than probable that a certain number of the so-termed species recorded in our general list, with respect to which our information is insufficient and unsatisfactory, will hereafter require to be expunged, or placed among the synonyms of some of those 6 ; THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. forms of which the specific claims have been definitely established. No permanent list of either recent or fossil species can at present be tabulated ; but in order that the desired result may ultimately be attainable, it is necessary from time to time to lay before the public the progress that has been achieved in the right direction, pointing out at the same time the unavoidable deficiencies in our knowledge. The ranges in depth recorded in our list are even now sufficient to warrant us in arriving at certain general inductions. Thus, for the sake of argument, we will put down the number of recorded species and named varieties at nominally 135—viz., 125 so-termed species, and 11 named varieties— a number which will certainly have to be hereafter reduced. As nothing is known respecting the ranges of depth of some 25 or 26 so-called species, of which we have given a list, the number upon which we may venture to generalise would be about 107. In approximate numbers we find— From shore to 500 fathoms, some 0 : 98 species. Or named varieties ; 12 of these range up to 100 fabhome or less. From 501 to 1000 fathoms, . : © WG gg Of these only one, Discina enna, would range on 690 to 2400 fathoms. From 1001 to 1500 fathoms, : Gi ns Of these, Terebratula wyvillii ranges from 1035 te 2900 fathoms, the greatest depth at which any species has been found. ? From 1501 to 2000 fathoms, : : : 5 : ; A ace From 2001 to 2900 fathoms, : : d : : 0 eas Thus, out of 107 species or named varieties, some 57, or about half the known species, were dredged at a depth of under 100 fathoms; 20 to 25 at low-water mark, or from 5 to 10 fathoms; and the remainder at about 50 or 60 fathoms. These facts indicate that the greater bulk of known species live at comparatively small or moderate depths, few in depths ranging up to 500 fathoms, and that Brachiopoda are specifically rare at depths varying from 500 to 2900 fathoms. It must, however, in fairness be noted that the number of deep-sea dredgings is small when compared with those made in seas of moderate depths; and, consequently, that a proportionally larger number of ‘species may be hereafter expected when a larger area of the oceanic abysses has been explored. I do not, however, anticipate that the general results will much alter the conclusions formulated in the preceding pages. It is also evident that some species are capable of existing at a great variety of depth ; for instance— Platydia anomioides is recorded from 40 to 600 fathoms. Rhynchonella psittacea aS Oto CIO: Terebratula vitrea 9 5 to 1456, Discina utlantica af 600 to 2425, Terebratula wyvillii i 1035 to 2900 3 REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. fl The animal of the same species of Brachiopod is, moreover, capable of existing at. different depths without any observable modification in shape and character. It has also been clearly ascertained that the Brachiopoda, although widely distributed, are very much localised, and usually occur in great numbers in their. respective haunts. If we examine the nature of the sea-bottom from which the Challenger specimens were obtained, we find that they were dredged eleven times from sea-bottoms composed of rock and clay, twice from stones and gravel, three times from sand, and twelve times from soft bottoms composed of mud, globigerina, or grey ooze; but, as previously stated, as a rule, they prefer rocky bottoms and coral reefs. Brachiopoda are also found clustering together in vast numbers, adhering to one another by their peduncles, or massed together, one above the other, till they sometimes form a living aggregation of considerable breadth and thickness, as is the case with Discina lamellosa, D. levis, and other species. The young shell is even very often found attached to the peduncle of its neighbour, but according to Morse and other zoologists who have made the embryology of the class their special study, the fry before becoming attached swims, or whirls head foremost by means of the vibratile cilia covering the body. Lingula and Glottidia, it is well known, abound in particular haunts, and live at about half-tide mark, and partly buried in mud.at depths varying from 3 or 4 inches from the surface to 7, 10, 17, and 60 fathoms; but the ranges of depth of six or seven of the species are still unknown." Observations connected with the living animal are especially needed, but these can only be made when the animal is brought up alive and placed for some time in jars of sea-water. It is somewhat remarkable that the Challenger Expedition failed to obtain, with the exception of Lingula anatina and one example of Megerlia sanguinea, any of those brilliantly coloured species which abound in many localities; but to compensate for this deficiency several remarkable new forms were dredged, such as Terebratula wyvillai and Terebratulina wyvilli, this last being the finest and largest species of the sub-genus Terebratulina hitherto discovered, either in the recent or fossil condition. * In his paper on Japanese Lingulw in the American Journal of Science and Arts, vol. xv., 1878, Professor E. Morse observes that his studies of Lingula have brought out many points new to science. The discovery of auditory capsules in the class of Brachiopoda is one of the most important. These organs he determined in a species of Lingula, and their position and general appearance recall the auditory capsules as figured by Claparéde in certain tubicolous annelids. He has also,cleared up many of the obscure points in regard to the circulation, and is prepared to maintain the absence of anything like a pulsatory organ, the circulation being entirely due to ciliary action. Mr Morse also described some of the habits of Lingula. While partially buried in the sand the anterior border of the pallial membranes contract in such a way as to leave three large oval openings, one in the centre and one on each side. The bristles, which are quite long in this region of the animal, arrange themselves in such a way as to continue these openings into funnels, and entangle the mucus which escape from the animal. These funnels have firm walls, a continual current is seen passing down the side funnels, and escaping by the central one. They bury themselves very quickly in the sand, and the peduncle agglutinates a sand tube. They attach themselves by means of this tube to the bottom of dishes in which they are confined. 8 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Before describing the various species dredged by the Challenger Expedition, it may be as well to mention that the Brachiopoda have been divided by Bronn into two great groups termed Apygia and Pleuropygia. Professor King, considering these to be inad- missible on certain grounds, substituted the name Clistenterata for the first group, on account of its including animals that are destitute of an anal aperture; and the term Tretenterata for the second, as it embraces animals provided with this opening. The former division contains species which have their valves articulated, and belong to the following genera and sub-genera—Terebratula, Terebratulina, Waldheimia, Terebratella, Magasella, Laqueus, Megerlia, Kraussina, Bouchardia, Platydia, Argiope, Cistella, Gwynia, Thecidium, Rhynchonella, and Atretia, among the recent forms. The latter division comprises species with unarticulated valves, such as Lingula, Glottidia, Discina, Discimsca, and Crania. Some very important modifications in the animal. connected with these divisions, especially in what relates to the muscular system, are fully ecailed in the anatomical memoirs to ‘which we have already referred. Long experience has shown that the subdivision of the large family TeREBRATULIDE into different genera and sub-genera, is not only necessary but fully warranted by the im- portant differences assumed by the animal as well as by its skeleton or the calcified support of the labial appendages. It is, therefore, my firm belief that we are justified in maintain- ing Waldheimia as a distinct genus or section from Terebratula, just as much as to maintain Terebratella as distinct from Terebratula or Waldheimia. I, consequently, regret not being able to agree with my distinguished friend, Dr Gwyn Jeffreys, who seems inclined to unite the two first-named genera under the single name Terebratula, nor can I coincide with his statement (Proc. Zool. Soc., April 1878, p. 398):—“‘It is notorious that Terebratulina and Waldheimia gradually pass one into another, as well as into the main or typical genus Terebratula.” My long study of the group would lead me to a completely different opinion, for not only are the differences presented between the animals of Terebratula and Waldheinua very great, but the characters of their loops are equally distinct. In Terebratula the loop is very short and simple, as is likewise the case in Terebratulina, while in Waldheinua, as so well shown by Herman Friele and by Mr Jeffreys himself, it has to go through a very complicated series of changes in the process of its development prior to attaining its full-grown and final condition, namely, that of a long, simple reflected loop. It also supports the principal branches of the labial appendages throughout their entire length, which is not the case in Terebratula or Terebratulina. There exists also in the dorsal valve of Wald- hemua, a median septum which is not present in Terebratula, and which is a constant help to the Palzeontologist, enabling him, without seeing the interior of the shell, or its animal, to distinguish in the fossil condition species that belong to Wald- heimia; a dark median longitudinal line being generally observable through the thickness of the shell, and extending from the umbo to about one-third of its length. This is REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 9 never seen in either Terebratula or Terebratulina. There are, likewise, important differ- ences between the two genera in the shape of the cardinal process and hinge-plate. The characters of a genus must be taken from the full-grown animal and its shell, and not from its immature condition, for, prior to its having attained its real and final character, it has to pass through various and gradual changes. No one would describe a frog from its young or larva, or when the tadpole presented a fish-like form, without feet or legs, nor would the zoologist describe the animal or the loop of a fully-developed Waldheimia from its early stages of development. Dr Jeffreys adopts Terebratella as a distinct genus, while he considers Waldheimia as only a sub-genus of Terebratula. In my opinion the differences between Waldheinua and Terebratula are even greater than those separating Terebratella from Waldheimia. In vol. iii. of the Geologist (p. 441, 1860), Mr Charles Moore made some observa- tions On the Development of the Loop of Yerebratella, having previously submitted for my inspection, opinion, and illustration, several examples of a small species he had discovered in the Oolites of Hampton Cliff, near Bath. I made the enlarged drawings which were subsequently badly reproduced in pl. xii. of that periodical. Mr Moore’s observations and my illustrations proved that a certain modification of the loop takes place prior to its having attained its final and full-grown condition. In a subsequent paper by Mr C. J, A. Meyer, entitled On the Development of the Loop and Septum in Terebratella (Geol. Mag., vol. v. p. 268, 1868), the author dissents from the views expressed by Mr C. Moore, and adds: “‘ With regard, therefore, to the attachment or non- attachment of the loop at different ages of the shell in the sections Waldheimia, Tere- bratella, &c., the rule appears to be that the loops are either constantly attached to the septum, as in Terebratella, Megerlia, &c., or constantly free, as in Waldhewmia ;” but this is a mistaken view. Dr S. P. Woodward and I observed in 1853, that a modification in the development of the loop of the sub-genus Terebratulina took place from the young to the adult, for we showed that when quite young, and up to a certain age, the loop was very short and simple as in Terebratula, but that with age it was rendered annular by the gradual union of the oral processes. The subject was, however, in 1875, seriously taken into consideration by Herman Friele,* when he pointed out that the skeleton of Waldheimia cranium, Méll., and Waldheimia septigera, Loven, under- went a peculiar change, that the apophysary system exhibited a much more complicated construction at an early stage of growth, than at that of maturity. In a subsequent paper, illustrated by six well-drawn plates, H. Friele continues his investigations on this important question,’ and states: “ Having resumed the study of Waldheimia, I have become satisfied that my description given of the young state of the apophysary system 1 Bidrag til Vestlandets Mollusk fauna, Christiania, Videnskabs-Selskabets Forhandlinger. * The Development of the Skeleton in the Genus Waldheimia, Archiv for Mathematik og Naturvidenskab. Christiania, 1877. (ZOOL. CHALL. EXP.—PaRT 1.—1880.) A2 10 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. and its development was, in the main, correct, 2.¢., the apophysis of Waldheimuia is at an early stage fastened in a threefold manner ; firstly, the lamellz are connected to the hinge-plate by the crura; secondly, the lamelle are connected with a septum; and, finally, the reflected part of the loop is connected with the lamellz and the septum by _ two vertical walls placed close together ; as the shell is enlarged the loop expands in breadth, the united lamelle split from below backward, dissolve connection with the septum, and the lateral walls vanish. In this representation, no correction is to be made ; but, besides being now enabled to proceed one step further into the development, I can also replace my earlier simple drawings by better and more complete illustrations.” Herr Friele then proceeds to describe in detail each modification assumed by the loop from its complicated condition up to its simple adult form in which it is attached only by its crura to the hinge-plate. He adds: “The history of the development of the Brachiopoda has until recently been very little known, and it was not till 1871 and 1873 that Prof. Morse published a complete description of that of Terebratulina septentrionalis, Couth.". By comparing the manner in which the formation of the apophysary system takes place in the latter, with the above described in Waldheimia, an essential difference is observed. Terebratulina proceeds with deviation direct towards the form that characterises the genus ; Waldheimia, on the contrary, forms first a very com- plicated loop, and passes then to a more simple construction. In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1878, Dr Gwyn Jeffreys corroborates the observations of H. Friele, and I have likewise perceived from the Challenger © material that a similar development of the loop, as that observed in Wald. craniwm and W. septigera, takes place in Wald. kerguyelenensis and W. flavescens, and that this is pro- bably the rule in every species of the genus, A similar modification of the loop takes place in Wald. lenticularis, a species nearly related to Wald. kerquelenensis. I also question very much whether Magasella, Dall, is a good genus or even sub- genus. From the study ofa series of the so-termed Magasella evansi, 1 am convinced that this last is only the young stage of Terebratella cruenta, and it is probable that in the young of Terebratella the septum was comparatively much larger and more elevated than it became afterwards in the adult form. These important questions and investigations, relative to the development of the loop in different genera, are, as it were, a new study, which, when properly followed up, will eventually lead to the most important results. It will now, therefore, be very desirable to obtain and examine large series of specimens of the same species, at different stages of growth (as has been done by H. Friele for W. cranium and W. septigera), a study that will repay those naturalists who may be able to procure the necessary material. 1 Early Stages of Terebratulina septentrionalis, &c., Mem. of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., vol. ii, parts 1 and 3. REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. ii CATALOGUE OF THE RECENT SPECIES OF BRACHIOPODA AT PRESENT KNOWN, WITH INDICATION OF THE Hapirats AND RANGE oF DEPTH AT WHICH EACH SPECIES HAS BEEN FOUND. A point of interrogation has been placed before uncertain or not sufficiently deter- mined species or varieties, and an asterisk before those dredged by the Challenger Expedition. The hitherto ascertained depth of the habitat of each species is given in fathoms in the left-hand column. Class BRACHIOPODA, Cuvier. CLISTENTERATA, King. Genus Terebratula, Lilhwyd. Loop small and simple, attached to hinge plate only ; no septum in dorsal valve. Depth in Fathoms. 5 to 1456 Terebratula vitrea, Born, 1780. Mediterranean, Capo di Gata, Anomia vitrea, Born, Mus. Vind., p. 119. &c.; off Coast of Tunis; Vigo Bay ; Coast of Portu- gal; Adventure Bank, &c. Fossil: South Italy ; Sicily ; Morea (Pliocene). 40 to 1000 | *Zerebratula vitrea, var. minor, Philippi, Moll. Sicil., 1836, | OffJan Mayen Island (363 fms., = T. affinis, Caleara, 1845. It is often difficultly dis- Ter. arctica, Friele, MS.) ; tinguishable from the young shell of 7. vitrea. Mediterranean, Adriatic,and Aégean Sea; Bay of Naples ; off Coast of Tunis; off Azores (1000 fms. ); Josephine Bank; near Culebra Island; off Cape of Good Hope, &c. Fossil: Sicily, South of Italy. 55 to ? Terebratula vitrea, var. davidsont, A. Adams, Proc. Zool. | Japan. Soc, p. 314, pl. xix. fig. 30, 1867, &. Dr Gwyn Jeffreys considers this to be identical with 7. vitrea (2). 292 to 994 Terebratula vitrea, var. (2) sphenoidea, Philippi, Moll. | Coast of Portugal (‘ Poreu- Sicil., vol. ii. p. 67, pl. xviii fig. 6, 1844, is, according pine” Ex., 1870). Fossil - to Dr Gwyn Jeffreys, a var. of T. vitvea. See Proc. Sicily, South of Italy. Zool. Soc., 1878; but there is a marked difference in the shape of the loop. () (1) Terebratula vitrea, var. cernica, Crosse, Journ. Conchyl., | Mauritius (Lienard). vol. xxi. p. 285, 1873, and vol. xxii. p. 75, pl. 1. fig. 3, 1874. Very little is known of this species. Only one specimen is recorded. It is, perhaps, a variety of T. vitrea or of T. cubensis, but not of T. uva. 100-420 *Terebratula cubensis, Pourtales, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., | West Coast of Cuba, near vol. i. p. 109, 1867. Its loop differs from that of 7. Havana; Florida Reefs; As- vitrea, but is not unlike that of 7. sphenoidea. cension. . THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 210 500-600 10 to 600 1035 to 2900 1875 to (2) 390 30 to 40 (?) About 100 0 to 1180 *Terebrutula moseleyi, Dav., Proc. Zool., vol. xxvii. p. 436, 1878. Terebratula subquadrata, Jeff., Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 402, pl. xxii. fig. 4, 1878. *Tercbratula uva, Brod., Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 142, pl. 22, fig. 2, 1833. Varies a good deal. *Terebratula wyvillii, Dav., Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. xxvii. p. 436, 1878. A very remarkable, widely-spread, and abundant deep-sea species. *Terebratula(?) dalli, Dav. Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. xxvii. p. 437, 1878. One only specimen known, with loop broken, but it belongs to either Terebratula or to the sub-genus Terebratulina. (2) Terebratula malvine, D’Orb., Voy. Amér. meré., vol. v. p. 674, pl. 85, figs. 27-29, 1847. I have never been able to obtain a sight of this small and very uncertain species. It is not to be found in the Jardin des Plantes collection, where it was sought for by Prof. Perrier. It is very uncertain whether it belongs to the genus Terebratula. *Terebratulina wyvillii, Dav., Proc. Roy. Soe. vol. xxvil. p. 436, 1878. The largest and finest species of the sub-genus hitherto discovered either in the recent or fossil condition. Two specimens known. *Terebratulina cancellata, Koch., in Kiister’s Conchyl. Cab., vol. vi. p. 36, pl. 2°, figs. 11-13. A well-marked species. Terebratulina vadiata, Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. i. fig. 7, 1871. This seems to bea good species; depth wanted. Terebratulina (Agulhasia) davidsonit, King, Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 4th ser., vol. vii. p. 111, pl. xi. figs. 1-8, 1871. This species, according to Dr Gwyn Jeffreys and Mr Dall should be referred to Terebratu- lina. It has the loop of Terebratulina, but its beak is very large and remarkable. Terebratulina caput-serpentis, Lin., Anomia caput-serpentis Lin. Syst. Nat., ed. xii. 1767 = Terebratulina cornea, D’Orb. = pubensis, Lin. = Terebratulina aurita, Flem. = Terebratulina costata, Lowe = Terebratulina striata, West of Kerguelen Island. Setubal, Coast of Portugal (Kent, 1870). Gulf of Tchuantepec, Guate- mala, 10-12 fms. (Brod.) ; Twofold Bay; off Buenos Ayres ; off Heard Island. Near South Australia; off Falkland Islands; off Val- paraiso, &c. (see description of species). Off Yeddo, Japan. Falkland Islands (?), (Iles Ma- louines, D’Orb.) Sub-genus Terebratulina, D’Orbigny. Loops short and simple, attached to the hinge plate; in the adult condition rendered annular by the union of the oral processes. Off Culebra Island, N.W. of St Thomas, West Indies (Challenger Expedition). West Australian Coast, east of Moncceur Island. Gulf of Korea. Agulhas Bank, South Africa. Mr Layard informed Dr Gwyn Jeffreys that this small species was got in near 100 fathoms, near Cape Town, on fishermen’s lines, attached to coral, and not far from the coast. Spitzbergen and = Davis Straits ; North-East Euro- pean Seas; Oban and off Cumbrae Islands, Loch 50 to 130 51 to 130 82 58 to 55 26 to 63 500 340 to 430 5 to 50 70 to 471 REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 13 Leach = Terebratulina Grevillei, T. Woods = Tere- bratulina marginata, Risso. = Terebratulina quadrata, Risso. = Anomia retusa, Lin. = Delthyris spatula, Menke. Terebratulina caput-serpentis, var. mediterranea, Jeff., Proc. Zool. Soc.,1878. This seems to bea well-marked variety. * Terebratulina caput-serpentis, var. septentrionalis, Cou- thouy, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. i. p. 55, 1838. By some malacologists this is considered to be a distinct species, by others as only a variety of T. caput-ser- pentis. It has been several times well figured. *Terebratulina (undetermined species), Dav., Proc. R. Soe., vol. xxvii., 1878. Terebratulina japonica, Sow., Thes. Conch., p. 344, pl. Ixvi. figs. 7, 8, 1847.—(?) = Ter. abyssicola, Reeve, Voy. Samarang, p. 72, pl. xxi. fig. 5, 1850, (#) = T. angulata, Reeve, id., pl. xxi. fig. 2, 1850. Seems to be very variable in its shapes. ()Terebratulina cumingt, Dav., Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 79, pl. xiv. figs. 17-19, 1852. Still an uncertain species, perhaps distinct, but thought by Mr Dall to be a variety or young 7. japonica (’). (Terebratulina trigona, Jeffreys, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 402, pl. xxii. fig. 3, 1878. Requires more study, per- haps a young shell of some other species (?). (Terebratulina tuberata, Jeffreys, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 401, pl. xxii. fig. 2, 1878. *Terebratulina (2) patagonica, Gould, Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist, 1850. The genus to which this species should be referred is still uncertain. I have never seen a specimen of it, it is stated to be striated, and looks as if it belonged to the sub-genus Z'ere- bratulina. Terebratulina cailleti, Crosse, Journ. Conchyl., p. | Torridon, Scotland; off Bel- fast; off Finisterre and Croix de Gavie; Morbi- han ; Cape Breton, opposite southern extremity of Dep. des Landes, France; Ad- venture Bank, off Guetaria, Spain; N.E. coast of Jamaica; Korea; Aus- tralia, Fossil: Upper Ter- tiaries, Coralline Crag, Scotland ; Scandinavia ; Belgium; South Italy ; Azores. Mediterranean. Fossil: Sicily, South of Italy. North-East Coast of America ; off Halifax, Massachu- setts Bay, Coast of Maine ; East Port at low water, off Isle of Shoals; Grand Manan ; off Cape of Good Hope; West of Kergue- len Island. Off Philippines (Challenger Expedition). Japan ; Gulf of Korea ; China Seas. China Seas. Coast of Portugal, dredged by Mr Kent in Dr Marshall Hall’s yacht ‘‘ Norma,” in 1870. Josephine Bank (‘‘ Josephine ” Expedition and “ Porcu- pine” Expedition, 1870). Orange Harbour, Patagonia. | Florida; Tortugas, West In- | 14 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S: CHALLENGER. Low water to 100 fathoms most com- mon at about 50 to 60. 600 8 to 25 Shore to 10 fathoms. 5 to 50 5 to 690 Waldheimia venosa, Solander. Waldheimia cranium, Miiller. 27, pl. i. figs. 1-3, 1865. which both Dr Gwyn Jeffreys and Mr Dall consider to be distinct from either 7. caput-serpentis or its var. 7. septentrionalis, ()Terebratulina unguiculata, Carpenter, Proc. Zool. Soc., p- 201, 1865. Attains the dimensions of the largest Ter. septentrionalis, and is considered by Dall dis- tinct. * (Terebratulina murrayi, Dav., Proc. Royal Soc., vol. xxvil p. 437, 1848. The loop is that of Zerebratula or Terebratulina, but the labial appendages differ con- siderably in their shape from those peculiar to these genera, It is, therefore, only provisionally placed in Terebratulina. It is a smallish species | dies; off Chorrea, Cuba; near Cojima; off Double- headed Shot Key, near Tennessee Reef; off Rio de Janeiro. North-West Coast of America, from the Aleutian Islands to San Diego, Cal. Monterey, Vancouver. Near Kerguelen Island; South of Fiji Islands. Genus or Sub-genus Gwynia, King. Genus and species uncertain, no loop or septa have been observed. (VGwynia (Terebratula) capsula, Jeff., Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. iii. pl. ii, 1859. Jeffreys placed this shell into Terebratula, then into Argiope, but now admits the sub-genus Gwynia, into which he places his species (Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 410, 1878). Dall considers it the fry of Wald. cranium, but from this view Herman Friele dissents. Genus Waldheimia, King. Belfast Bay ; East and South Coast of Ireland (Hynd- man); Plymouth; Wey- mouth; Guernsey; LKtre- tat; Sluys-kill, Zealand (Jeffreys); near Belgian Frontier (Colbeau). £os- sil: Norway. Loop elongated, reflected, simply attached ; a longitudinal septum in dorsal valve. Vert., vol. vi. p. 246, 1819, = Ter. australis and Ter. recurva, Quoy and Gaimard, 1834, = Ter. dentata, Val., 1819. A very variable species. Anomia venosa, Sol., Dixon’s Voyage, p. 355, pl. xi. 1788, = Ter. globosa, Lam. = 7. gaudichaudi, Blainv. = T. jfontaineana, D’'Orb. = 7. kochei, Kiister, = T. physema, Val. = TL. exemia, Phil. = (2) 7. dilatata, Lam. This is the largest species of recent Brachiopod at present known. A specimen, dredged by Admiral Sullivan, measured, length, 82 ; breadth, 67; depth, 47 millimetres. Anomia cranium Miller, Prod. Zool. Dan., p. 209, 1870, = 7. sub-vitrea, *Waldheimia flavescens, Val. apud Lamarck., Anim. sans | Port Jackson, Sydney, South Australia, Orange Harbour, Terra del Fuego, 5 to 50 fathoms, with TZ. pulvinata and Magasella levis and M. patagonica (Dall); Outer harbour of Port William, Falkland Island, in 6 to 7 fathoms (Rear-Admiral B. J. Sullivan, 1843). Scandinavian and North British Seas to Vigo Bay, 1450 2160 100 to 150 110 to 200 15 75 to 725 7 to 50 REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. Leach, = T. glabra, Leach, = T. plicuta, Philippi, 1788. Waldheimia tenera, Jeffreys, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, and Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist, Sept. 1876. A very delicate thin shell, much smaller than W. cranium. *()Waldhetmia wyvillit, Dav., Proc. Royal Soe., vol. xxvii. p. 438, 1878. One specimen only dredged by Challenger Expedition. *Waldheimia kerguelenensis, Dav., Proc. Royal Soc., vol. xxvil. p. 437, 1878. Abundant. Waldheimia floridana, Pourtales, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i. p. 127, 1868. This is a good species, I cannot agree with Dr Gwyn Jeffreys, who places it as a synonym of Wald. septigera (his W. septata). Waldheimia lenticuaris, Deshayes, Mag. Zool., pl. xii. 1841. A large, beautiful, abundant, and well-char- acterised species. Waldheimia septigera, Lovén, Index Moll. Seand., p. 29, 1846. (Ter. septata, Philippi, Fauna Moll. Siciliz, vol. ii, p. 67, 1844, according to Dr Gwyn Jeffreys, not so according to Sequenza, Dall, Friele, and others.) An excellent species, abundant and well- characterised, I prefer to retain Lovén’s name, as I feel uncertain whether it is really Philippi’s species. (?)Waldheimia vaphelis, Dall, Am. Journ. Conch., vi. pls. iii. vil., figs. a-d, 1870. Dr Jeffreys states, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 407, 1878: “Wald. raphelis of Dall, also from the North Pacific, looks like a gigantic variety of T. septata. My largest specimen of T. sep- tata (septigera) measures an inch and three-tenths in length.” W. raphelis is known only by a single specimen said to come from Japan, it may be a variety only of W. septigera. Waldheimia grayi, Day., Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 76, pl. 15 Greenland and Norway; off Shetland and Faroe; South - West Coast of France ; Cape Breton, op- posite southern extremity of the Department des Landes (Fischer); outside Vigo Bay _(M‘Andrew) ; St Margaret's Bay, Nova Scotia (Willis) (2); Nor- thern Asia and Japan (A. Adams) (?). Fossil: Up- per Tertiaries, South Italy, and Scandinavia, North Atlantic, lat. 56° 11’ N. long. 37° 41’ W. Off Valparaiso. Off Marion Island; West of Kerguelen Island; South of Kerguelen Island. Florida Reefs. Straits of Fouveaux, New Zea- land. Fossil: Upper Ter- tiaries, New Zealand. Finmark, Scandinavian, and North British Seas; Shet- land, between Shetland and Faroe Islands. Fossil : Up- per Tertiaries, South of Italy (Jeffreys) (2). Japan (2). Japan, 7 fathoms (A. Adams); | ' 16 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 25 to 90 From low water to 45 fms., abun- dant at 10 fms. 21 to 55 7 to 50 () Near low water to 50 fms. 5 to 50 xiv. figs. 1-3, 1850. A good, abundant, and well- characterised species. Genus Terebratella, D’Orbigny. off Korea, 50 fathoms (Capt. St John), Sir E. Belcher and Mr A. Adams dredged it also off Korea. Loop long, twice attached to hinge-plate and to a slightly raised mesial septum. *Terebratella dorsata, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1778.=Anomia striata-magellanica, Chemn. = T. chiliensis, Brod. = T. bilobata, Blainv.=T. pectinata, and=T. Sowerbyi, King. This species varies considerably in shape, some examples are almost smooth, while others are more or less strongly ribbed. Terebratella frontalis, Middendorf, Malac. Ross, vol. iii. p. c. Sibir. Reise Bd. 2, p. 241,°pl. xviii. figs. 19-21. Seems to be a good and well-characterised species. Terebratella marie, A. Adams, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 4138, 1860. It is a Terebratella, and not a Waldheimia, and is not, therefore, a variety of Wald. septigera as supposed by Dr Jeffreys. Terebratella coreanica, A. Adams and L. Reeve, Voy. Samarang, p. 71, pl. xxi. fig. 3, 1850,=7. miniata, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., p. 323, 1861. This is a very fine, large and abundant shell in the area where it occurs. ()) Terebratella bouchardi, Dav., Proc. Zool. Soe., p 77, pl. xiv. figs. 4-6, 1852. Probably a synonym of another species ; type-specimen in British Museum. Terebratella cruenta, Dillwyn, Syst., p. 295, 1817,= 7. sanguinea, Leach, Zool. Misc., p. 76,= 7. zealandica, Desh., Mag. Zool., 1841. I believe that the Ter. or Magasella evansi, Dav., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1852, is the young stage of this species, and, according to Dall, Ter. rhombea of Philippi would be the same JZ. cruenta is a fine, abundant, and well-characterised species. Terebratella occidentalis, Dall, Cal. Acad. Proc., iv. p. 181, 1871. I have never seen a specimen of this or of the following species. ()Terebratella pulvinata, Gould, Boston Nat. Hist. Soc., 1850. Requires further study. Coast of Chili to Magellan Strait; Port Famine; Val- paraiso; Coquimbo; off Royal Sound. Western Aleutians from Atka Island westward; the Ok- hotsk and Japan Seas; Atka; Amchitka; Attu (Dall); Okhotsk Sea (Midden- dorf); Japan Seas (Capt. St John). Japan. Japan, 7 to 48 fathoms; Korea Sea, 50 fathoms; Koka- dadi Bay, W.S. Habitat unknown. Fouveaux and Cook’s Straits, New Zealand. San Francisco to Monterey, California; Pigeon Cove, Canfield. Orange Harbour, Terra del Fuego (Dall), not Puget Sound, Oregon, as given by mistake by Gould. REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 82 to 1340 15 20 to 600 (?) Low water to about 20 fathoms. (?) () (?) *(t)Terebratella friclii, Dav., Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. xxvii. p- 438, 1878. More material needed. Terebratella rubicunda, Solander, MS. Donovan, Nat. Rep., p. 56, figs. 2-4 = Waltonia valenciennesi, Dav. (young). Terebratula inconspicua, W. Dall, is, I believe, the young of Magasella rubicunda. This is a good and abundant species. Terebratella spitzbergenensis, p. 78, 1852. species. Dav., Proc. Zool. Soc., An abundant and well-characterised Terebratella rubiginosa, Dall, Am. Journ. Conch., vol. vi. p. 122, pl. vi. fig. 4, 1870. Terebratella transversa, Sow., Thes. Conch., vol. i. p: 261, pl. Ixxii. figs. 114, 115, 1846= Ter. caurina, Gould. A very variable species ; in some examples the ribs are evanescent, the shell being almost smooth, in other examples the ribs are strongly marked. (2) Terebratella (2) labradorensis, Sow., Thes. Conch., p. 362, pl. lxxi. figs. 89, 90, 1846. Type in British Museum ; species requiring more investigation. ()Terebratella algoensis, Sow., Thes. Conch., p. 362, pl. 91-192, 1846. Genus undetermined, species uncertain, known from only one valve in British Museum. ()Terebratella lamanont, Schrenk, Poulette de la Cote de Tartarie ; Lamanon, Voyage de la Perousie, 1797; and Schrenk, Reisen und Forschungen in Amur-Land in den Jahren, 1851-56, p. 468. The type cannot be found at the Jardin des Plantes, so that the species is known but from the figures and description of Lama- non. It has been suggested that it might be the same as Ter. miniata, Gould (2). : Ixxi. figs. (ZOOL. CHALL. EXP. +PART 1.—1880.) Huntoopus Near Halifax, 1340 fathoms ; Philippine Islands, 82. to 102 fathoms, Dusky Bay, Cook’s Straits, Sindare Head, New Zealand. Strait, Spitzber- gen; Iceland; Wellington Channel, Davis Strait (Jeffreys) ; Gulf of St Law- rence; North Japan (A. Adams); Shetland (Jef- freys). Fossil: Upper Ter- tiaries, Scandinavia (Lyell), Canada. Cape of Good Hope. Shumargin Islands to Oregon, Coal Harbour, Shumar- gins; Sconidi Islands ; Kadiak; Port LEtches; Sitka Harbour (Dall) ; Victoria (J. Richardson Hepburn); Neeah Bay, Swan ; Puget Sound, Kennery, Oregon (United States Expedition). Labrador (?). Algoa Bay. Sea of Tartary. A 3 id 18 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Sub-genus (?) Magasella, Dall. | Loop doubly attached to hinge-plate, and to the sides of a very elevated mesial septum | (reflected portions of the apophysis united forming a loop), Dall. | It is still to be determined by further study whether this is a good sub-genus, or a mere modification of the loop of Terebratella. Several of the so-termed species placed in | this sub-genus (?) have all the appearance of being young shells of Terebratella. The | species also are nearly all of small dimensions. 5 to 15 | *Magasella flexuosa, King, Zool. Jour., vol. v. p. Beha | | Orange River, Patagonia ; 1835. Seems to be a good species. Port Famine, Straits of Magellan; near Falkland Islands. 60 (2!) Magasella gouldi, Dall, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 307, pl. | Japan. xoroal, iter, INE 7 Oh OS MWestiale 26 (2) Magasella adamsi, Dav., Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 307, pl. | Japan. Low water to 10 fms. () 5 to 50 Lowest spring tides. (?) 2 to 10 () (1) 15 xxx. figs, 23, 24, 1871. These last two species re- quire more study. Material insufficient. (2) Magasella aleutica, Dall, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 1872. The types of all the new species of recent Brachiopoda dredged by Mr W. H. Dall, as well as by Gould, are preserved in the National Museum, Washington. — Ma gasella crenulata, Sow., Thes. Conch., vol. i. p. 358, pl. xvii. figs. 96, 98, 1846. Requires further study and more material. (2) Magasella levis, Dall, Am, Jour. Conch., vol. vi. p. 136, | pl. vi. figs. 9, 10, 13, 1870. I have never seen this shell. (2) Magasella radiata, Dall., Rep. on the Brach. of Alaska Not figured. I am not acquainted with this species. (2) Magasella suffusa, Reeve, Conch, Icon., pl. v. fig. 18. Type in Mr Davidson’s collection. This is, I fear, not a good species. Magasella (2) cumingi, Day., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 78, pl. xiv. figs. 10-16, 1852. This is a very good species, but I am not quite certain that it is properly classed with Magasella. ts shape and -beak are very peculiar. (2) Magasella (?) fibula, Reeve, sp. Bouchardia(!) fibula, Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. vii. fig. 30, a, b, 1861. One specimen only known, British Museum. It is probably only a very large example of Magasella cumingi, and not a Bouchardia. I have not seen its interior. Magasella (1) (Lerebratula) lupinus, Phil. Wieg. Archiv., p. 58, 1845. Described, but not figured. Mr Dall, who saw the type at Berlin, tells me that it is a small, smooth Jagasella, a little like his M. levis. (?)Magasella (2) (Lerebratula) inconspicua, Sow., Thes. Conch., p. 359. pl. xxi. figs. 102-104, 1846. See Terebratella rubicunda. and the Adjacent Shores of North America, p. 49,1877. | Aleutian Islands to Port Etches; Kyska Island; Adakh Island; Unalashka (Dall). Santa Cruz; Canaries. Orange Harbour. Popoff Island. Strait; Shumargin Habitat unknown. Port Jackson Heads and Chatham Islands, South Australia. Port Jackson (Challenger Expedition, 2 to 10 fms.). Bass’ Strait (Calvert). Chonos Island. New Zealand. —_ _— REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 19 15 (’) 15 to 120 40 to 85 10 to 292 1850 Terebratella Uy WE ()Magasella evansi, Dall., Proc. Zool. Soc., pl. xiv. fig. tella cruenta. ()Magasella (Terebratula) rhombea, Phil. Wieg. Archiv., 1845. Described, but not figured. Mr Dall tells me that he has seen the type at Berlin, and that it is identical with Magasella evansi (1). evansi, Dav., See Terebra- Genus Laqueus, Dall. New Zealand. Port Famine. Loop long, three times attached to hinge-plate ; again, by means of two horizontal pro- cesses, which branch off from the middle of principal stems to the mesial septum, and by slender processes from the reflected portion of loop to principal stems of loop. Laqueus californica, Koch., nov. ed. Martini, vol. vii. p. 26, figs. 21-23. Laqueus picta, Chemn., sp., Chemnitz,Conch. Tab., vol. xi. figs. 2011, 2012, 1785. Long considered a Waldheimia, but I am able to affirm that it belongs to the genus Laqueus. Laqueus rubella, Sow., Thes. Conch., vol. 1. p. 350, | pl. lix. figs, 40-42, 1846 = Z. suffusa, Dall, Am. Journ. | Conch., vol. vi. p. 125, pl. vii. fig. 9,2, 1870. ‘These | Coasts of Sta Barbara, Cali- fornia; Port Etches, Prince William Sound to Catalina Island, Victoria. Straits of Korea, 40 fathoms (Capt. St John) ; Japan, 50 to 85 fathoms. Japan. are three good species. [ Genus Megerlia, King. Ssction A,—Megerlia proper ; loop three times attached, lateral loops closed, shell transverse, sculptured (Dall). *Megerlia truncata, Lin., sp., Syst. Nat., 1152, 1767= Anomia scobinata, Gmelin = 7. decussata and T. trregularis, De Blainville = 7. disewlus, Pallas = Megerlia oblita, Michelotti = Morrisia gigantea, Deshayes. Megerlia truncata, var. monstruosa, Scacchi, Osser. Zool., vol. i. p. 1. This is considered by some malacologists to be a malformation of MM. truncata. ()*Megerlia incerta, Dav., Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. xxvii. p. 438, 1878. A rare deep-sea species ; genus uncertain. | Mediterranean, Atlantic Shore ; off Department of Finis- terre (Collard des Chevyres) ; off Groix, Morbihan; off Noir Mortiers, Vendée; and Cape Breton, France; off Guetaria, Spain (Hidaigo) ; Teneriffe 70 fathoms ;~ off Island of Bourbon (?); Australia (?). Fossil: Up- per Tertiaries; Italy; Nice; | South of France ; Austria. Mediterranean, Between Sierra Leone and Fernando de Noronha. THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 10 to 63 150 300 to 400 (!) 150 (?) Shore to 10 fathoms. Section B.—Ismenia, King. Lateral loops open, shell more or less swollen, ovate, smooth (Dall). — * Megerlia sanguinea, Chemn., Conch. Tab., vol. viii. p. 96, pl Ixxviii. fig. 706 = A. sanguinolenta, Gml. = Anomia cruenta, Sol. MS. = 7. erythroleuca, Quoy and Gaimard= 7. pulchella, Sow. (2), T. sanguinea, var. reevi?, Adams. A fine well-characterised species. *Megerlia willeméest, Day., Proc. Roy. Soc, vol. xxvii. p. 438, 1878. Three or four specimens alone hitherto obtained. (Q)Megerlia jeffreysi, Dall. Two distinct species have been mixed up by Mr Dall under the name of jefireyst, as he himself now admits to be the case. Frenula and Ismenia (2 jefreysi), Dall, as described in the American Naturalist, vol. v. p. 55, 1871, and in the Am. Journ. of Conch., vol. vii. part ii. p. 62, pl. u. figs. 7-10, are, according to Dr Gwyn Jeffreys and Mr Dall, immature young specimens of Wald- heimia cranium. Subsequently, Mr Dall gave the name jefreyst to another shell (see Jeffreys, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 406, pl. xxiii. fig. 3), belonging to Section B. of Megerlia, and quite distinct from the shells to which he had originally applied the name. If, therefore, the name jefireyst is to be retained, it will have to be so for the last-named species. Genus Kraussina, Day. Reefs, Zamboanga; Japan, Indo-Pacific ; off Island of Zebu ; Korea; off Tahiti ; Honolulu, Sandwich Is- lands; Pharo, New Cale- donia; Bird’s Island, North Australia. Twofold. Bay, South Aus- tralia. North Atlantic Ocean. No loop. Interior of dorsal valve furnished with a forked process, rising nearly centrically from the bottom. Kraussina rubra, Pallas, sp., Mise. Zool., pl. xv. figs. 2-11, 1866 = Anomia striata, Chemn. = Anomia rotundata, Blainv. *Kraussina pisum, Lam., Anim. sans Vert., vol. vi. p. 245, 1819=T7. natalensis, Krauss. ()Kraussina cognata, Chemn., sp., Conch. Cab., vol. vii. p. 78, pl. lxv. Probably a malformation of a large specimen of K. piswm. It can be seen in the British Museum, : *Kraussina lamarckiana, Day., Proc. Zool. Soe., p. 80, pl. xiv. figs. 22, 23, 1852. Port Elizabeth, Natal, South Africa, Cape of Good Hope. Near Cape of Good Hope ; Natal; Agulhas Bank, South Africa. South Africa. Port Jackson, near Sydney, South Australia. Found abundantly under stones (T. Woods). REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 21 Shore, tide mark. () (*) 10 to 15 40 to 600 90 to 100 59 to 95 18 to 364 Kraussina davidsoni, Vélain, Archiv. de Zool. experi- | Island of St Paul, Indian mentale, 1878. (The so-termed K. picta, alluded to Ocean. by Mr Dall in his Catalogue of Recent Brachiopoda from the Island of St Paul, does not exist. The name is due to an erroneous reference in the Zool. Record.) K. davidsoni is so nearly related to K. lamarckiana, that it may, perhaps, be only a variety of that species. Kraussina capensis, Adams and Reeve, Voy. Sama- | Cape of Good Hope. rang, Zool., p. 71, fig. 4. Kraussina atkinsoni, T. Wocd’s Census of Marine Shells | Long Bay, Tasmania. of Tasmania, 1877. It is a small, smooth species, Genus Bouchardia, Day. Apophysis, anchor-shaped ; the septum being furnished with two short lamelle. Bouchardia voséa, Mawe, sp., Introduction to Con- | Near Rio de Janeiro and chology, pl. xiv. fig. 4, 1823 = 7. tulipa, Blainv. Bahia. =T. unguis, Kuster. Genus Platydia, Costa = Morrisia, Dav. Loop small, not reflected ; attached to a small forked process in the centre of the valve. * Platydia anomiozdes, Scacchi, Moll. Sicil., vol. ii. p. 69, | Mediterranean, 40 to 120 fms. ; pl. xviii. fig. 9, 1844 = Ter. appressa, Forbes, 1844 = off Setubal, coast of Portu- semilunum, Phil., according to Sequenza. gal, 600 fms. (Kent); off French Coast; Florida Reefs; off Marion and Prince Edward’s Islands. Fossil: Upper Tertiaries ; Sicily and South of Italy ; Austria. (2) Platydia (2) davidsoni, E. Desl., Ann. and Mag. of Nat. | Mediterranean, off Corsica ; Hist., 2d ser., vol. x: fig. 20, 1855; and P. Fischer, Coral Fisheries, near Tunis ; Journ. de Conch.,.3d ser., vol. xii. p. 160, 1872. Dr off Cape Breton, France Gwyn Jeffreys considers P. davidsoni to be the same (Fischer). Fossil: Upper as Megerlia monstruosa (2), but this opinion will require Tertiaries, Sicily. confirmation, as both Mr E. Deslongehamps and P, Fischer are of a contrary opinion. (2) Platydia (2) lunifera, Phil., Moll. Sicil., vol. i. p. 97, pl. vi. | Mediterranean. fig. 16, 1836. This species and the genus to which it belongs are still uncertain. Genus Argiope, E. Deslongchamps. Loop four-lobed, adhering to three or five sub-marginal septa. Argiope decollata, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vol. viii. p. 96, | Two miles east of Guernsey ; pl. Ixviii., fig. 705 = A. detruncata, Gmel. = T. ungula, Atlantic Coast of France ; Retz = 7. aperta, Blainv. = 7. pectiniformis, Costa = off Cape Breton ; Mediter- THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 20 to 45 30 to 130 150 70 to 250 (4) 60 to 28 to 200 200 to 250 T. dimidiata, Scacchi = T. candida and T. urna antiqua, Risso. Sub-genus Cistella, Gray. ranean ; Straits of Samos, &c., Aigean Sea; off Go- mera, Teneriffe; off Gue- taria, Atlantic Coast of Spain; off Madeira; Canary Islands; Adventure Bank. Fossil: Upper Tertiaries, Nice; South of France; Italy; Rhodes; Malta; Austria; &. Loop two-lobed, a single median sub-marginal septum. Cistella cistellula, S. Wood, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. vi. p. 5, 1840. (Mr Dall considers 7. lunifera, Philippi to be a synonym?) This is a minute but well-characterised species. Cistella neapolitana, Scacchi, Osser. Zool., vol. i. p. 18, 1833 = Argiope forbesi, Dav. A good and abundant species. (2) Cistella neapolitana, var. biplicata, Sequenza, Reale Acad. delle Scienze Fisiche e Matematica, 1876. This shell, of which I have seen the type and only specimen, seems to me to be very closely related to C. neapolitana. Dr Gwyn Jeffreys, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, refers it to A. cuneata, Risso. Cistella barrettiana, Dav., Proce. Zool. Soc., p. 103,’pl. xi. fig. 3, a, b, (2) = Argiope antillarum, Crosse and Fischer, Journ. de Conch., p. 270, pl. xiii. fig. 7, 1866. Mr Crosse, in a letter to me (24th March 1870), writes that my Avg. barrettiana and his Arg. antillarum may eventually turn out to be one species. Cistella barrettiana, var. lutea, Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool,, 1871. (2) Cistella woodwardiana, Dav., Proce. Zool, Soc., p. 103, pl. xii. fig. 4,.a-c, 1866. Cistella cuneata, Risso, Faun. Europ. Merid., p. 388, fig. clxxix., 1826 = 7. soldaniana, Risso = Kuster. A good species. (2) Cistella schrammié, Crosse and Fischer, Journ. de Conch., vol. xiv. p. 269, pl. viii. fig. 6, 1866. This species requires more study. tj *, a T. pera, Norway; Shetland; North- West shore of Europe ; Zet- land ; near Weymouth, 8. coast of England; off Port en Bessin, Normandy (E. Desl.); Guernsey ; Cape Breton, France ; Fossil: Upper -Tertiaries, Coralline Crag, England ; Sicily ; Austria ; Rhodes. Mediterranean ; Adriatic ; Canary Islands. Fossil - Upper Tertiaries, South of Italy; Rhodes ; Austria. Straits of Messina, Mediter- ranean. North-East coast of Jamaica (Barrett) ; Guadaloupe ; off Rio de Janeiro, 70 fms. (Rathborn). Tortugas. Jamaica (Barrett). Mediterranean ; Adriatic ; ] Canary Islands. Jossil- Upper Tertiaries, South of Italy; Austria ; Rhodes, Guadaloupe, West Indies. Mediterranean. |, i) oo REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. | 30 to 43 | | | 30 to 300 60 650 to 1750 10 to 690 (2) Cistella schrammi, vay. (2) rubrotincta, Dall, Bull. Mus. | Tortugas. Comp. Zool., vol. i. c. p. 19, pl. i. fig. 6, a, 1871. Genus Thecidium, Defrance. Thecidium mediterraneum, Risso, Fauna Europ. Merid., | African Coast “of Mediter- p. 394, fig. 183, 1826= 7. spondylea, Scacchi. This ranean; off Province of is a very common shell, Oreq, near Calle and Con- stantine, chiefly attached to corals at depths from 60 to 120 fathoms. North coast of Jamaica, 150 fms. (Bar- rett); Mauritius (?). Fossil: Upper Tertiaries, North and South of Italy; Sicily. Thecidium barretti, Woodward, Geol. Mag., vol. i. pl. ii. | North-East coast of Jamaica figs. 1-3, 1864. This is rare, and very remarkable— (coral reefs) (Barrett). Fos- two examples only are known, The types are in the sil. Upper _ Tertiaries, Cambridge Museum, and in my own collection. Jamaica. Genus Atretia, Jeffreys. Two short curved processes ; an elevated mesial septum in dorsal valve. Atretia gnomon, Jeffreys, Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., | North Atlantic; Davis Strait; 1876, and Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 412, pl. xxiii. off Coast of Finmark, about fig. 4. An uncommon and brittle minute shell, but 30 miles west of Tromsé6; seemingly well characterised. Coast of Ireland (Jeffreys and Friele). Genus Rhynchonella, Fischer. Two short curved processes ; rudimentary septum in dorsal valve. Rhynchonella psittacea, Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 3348= | Circumpolar, inhabits Frank- Rhynchonella woodwardi (A. Adams), Annals and Mag. lin-Pierse Bay, lat 79° 25’ of Nat. Hist., 3d ser., vol. xi. p. 100, 1863 (Japan). N., in 15 fms.; Cape Napoleon, 25 fms. (Fielden Arctic Exp. 1875); Norway ; Shetland; Grand Greve, Gaspay Bay, Canada East ; Unalashka to Shumargins in | the Aleutian Chain; Banks | of St Margaret Bay ; Dron- theim toCape ; Russian Lap- land to Sitka; from Behring Strait to Japan in North Pacific. Fossil: Upper Ter- tiaries, Great Britain; Ire- | land; Scandinavia; Canada; | Sicily; South of Spain. 24 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 690 15 to 150 48 to 100 3 to 808 6 to (2) Low water. Rhynchonella sicula, Sequenza. See Jeffreys, Proce. Zool., 1878, p. 413, pl. xxi. figs. 5,6. It seems to be a good and well characterised species, more specimens required. | Rhynchonella nigricans, Sow., Thes. Conch. vol. i. p. 342, pl. Ixxi. fig. 81 82, 1846. A very good and remark- able species. *Rhynchonella nigricans, var. pixyduta, R. B. Watson, MS., Dav., Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. xxvii. p 431, 1878. Rhynchonella grayi, Woodward, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., p. 444, pl. x. fig. 16, 1855. Only one example known. British Museum. More specimens required. Rhynchonella lucida, Gould, Proce. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., p. 323, 1860. Seems to be a very good and well-characterised species. TRETENTERATA, Genus Cranita, Retzius. Crania anomala, Miiller, Zool. Dan., p. 237, 1776= Patella distorta, Montagu. Patella kermes, Humphreys = Anomia turbinata, Dillwyn = Criopus orcadensis, Leich = Orbicula norvegica, Lam. D. ostreoides, Turton = C. personata, Def.=C. rostrata, Thorpe. C. finbriata, Poli=C. craniolaris (pars), Gmel. = C. ringens, Heeninghaus. Crania anomala, vay. alba, Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol. v. p. 165, 1869. Iam not acquainted with this or the follow- ing variety. Crania anomala, var. pourtalesi, Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. i. p. 35, pl. 1, fig. 7,. 1871. Crania japonica, A. Adams, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., vol. xi. p. 100, 1863. Crania suessi, Reeve, Conch. con. Mon. Crania, pl. i. fig. 2, 1862. Both these last seem to be good species. Genus Discina, Lamarck. or prominence (Dall), xx. fig. 1, af, 1817 (not of Defrance)=C. radiosa, Gould = D. evans, Dav., Orbicula norvegica, Sow. O. ostroides, Rang. Patella anomala, Sow. (not Miiller). : Chops of English Channel, “Porcupine” Expedition (Jeffreys). ossil : South of Italy; Sicily. Fouveaux Strait, New Zealand; Chatham Islands. South of Kerguelen Islands. Fossil (?) : Tasmania. Off Fiji Islands. Japan. | North European Seas ; Loch Fyne; North of Scotland ; Tunisian Coast, Mediter- | yanean, from 14 to 120 fathoms; off Province of Asturias, Spain; Vigo (M‘Andrew) ; off Biarritz (Fischer). Fossil: Sicily (2). Off Shetland Islands; Heb- rides, Florida Keys. Japan. Sydney, Australia. Mr Dall proposes to divide the genus Discina as follows :— A, Discina, Lamarck, with anteriorly directed tubular foramen, under the central septum Discina striata (Crania), Schumacher, Essai, p. 102, pl. | North-West coast of Africa. REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 25 B. Sub-genus Diseinisca, Dall. Impressed space behind the septum, and posterior foramen under hinder edge of this excavation (Dall). 5 to 9 Discinisca lamellosa, Brod., Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 124, | Panama to Peru. 1833. 6 to (2) Discinisca levis, Sow., Trans, Linn. Soe., vol. xiii, p. | Great Ocean, from Cobisa 468, pl. xxvi. fig. 1, 1822. (Bolivia) and Callao, Peru, to Island of San Lorenzo, 6 to (2) Discinisca cumingi, Brod., Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 124, 1833 | Cape St Lucas to Panama ; = 0, strigata, Brod. Playta, Peru; and St Elena (D’Orbigny); Ile St Joseph, Cayenne (Dep- lanche). (2) ()Diseinisea antillarum, D'Orb., Moll. Cuba, p. 368, pl. | Cuba 3 aut Porto xxviii. fig. 34-36, 1853. Rico. 17 to 49 *Discinisca stella, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. | Singapore ; Philippines ; vii. p. 323. Japan; near Bermuda; China Seas. 690 to 2425 | *Discinisca atlantica, King, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc,, Dublin, | Lat. 56° 11’ N., long. 37° 4’ vol. v. pp. 170-173, 1868. A very good and widely- W., North Atlantic Sound- spread deep-sea species. ings; lat. 56° 1’ N., long. 34° 42’ W., Baffin’s Bay ; lat. 1° 47’ N., long. 24° 26’ W;; lat. 4° 33’S., long. 129° 58’ E.; lat. 34° 37’ W., long. 140° 32’ E. ; lat. 36° : 10’ N., long. 178° 0’ E.; lat. 0° 33’ S., long. 151° 34’ W. ; lat. 33° 31’S., long. 74° 43’ W.; these six last Challenger Expedition. Fossil: Crag, England (2) (2) ()Discinisea tenuis, Sow., Thes. Conch., vol. i. p. 366, pl. Ixxiii. figs, 4, 5, 1847. Genus Lingula, Bruguiére. Shore, low | *Zingula anatina, Lam., Anim, sans Vert., vol. vi. p. 258, | Philippines and Moluccas. water. 1819 = Ling. chemnitzi, Kist. = Mytilus lingua, Dillwyn. Shore to 7 Lingula exusta, Reeve, Conch. Icon., p. 11, fig. 9, 1861. | Moreton Bay, Australia. (2) Lingula hians, Swainson, Phil. Mag. and Jour., vol. lxii. | China Sea ; Amboyna. p. 403, 1823 = L. antoni, Kiist. (2) Lingula hirundo, Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. xi, fig, 7, | Port Curtis, | North-East 1861. ; Australia. 7 to (2) ()Lingula jaspidea, A. Adams, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. | Japan. Hist., 3d ser., vol. xi. p. 101, 1863. 10 to (2) ()Lingula lepidula, A. Adams, Ann, and Mag. of Nat. | Inland Sea, Japan. Hist., vol. xi. p. 101, 1863. (Z00L. CHALL, EXP.—PART 1.—1880.) Ad 26 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S8. CHALLENGER. (?) 10 to (2) 7 to (2) Shore to 7 7 to (2) (?) Shore. () 17 Tidal, mud at lowest. 7-60 Low flats at lowest water. Lingula veevit, Dav. = LZ. ovalis, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 100, 1841. (The name ovalis had been previously given by Sowerby to a fossil species. from the Kimmeridge clay.) ()Lingula smaragdina, Adams, Aun. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., vol. xi. p. 101, 1863. ()Lingula adamsi, Dall, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 202, 1873. ‘ Lingula tumidula, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 100, 1841 = L. compressa, Reeve. ()Lingula murphiana, King, Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. i. fig. 3, 1861. 1)LZingula affinis, Hancock, Trans. Roy. Soc., p. 851, pl. y Pp Pp lxvi. figs. 1, 2. The animal but not the shell of this species (?) was described by Mr Hancock. Having obtained the loan of the type, I may mention that in external shape, size, and colour it so closely resembles Lingula anatina, that I almost fear it in reality belongs to that species, and that the other species of which Mr Hancock described the animal, may have been the Lingula murphiana of King. Mr Hancock’s specimen of ZL. affinis measures 50 mm. in length by 23 mm. in breadth, and of a light greenish olive colour, with two or three concentric bands of a vivid green colour. Some reduction in the number of species of Lingula may be hereafter needed. Sub-genus Glotiidia, Dall. (\Glottidia antillarwm, Reeve, Conch. Icon., p. 11, fig. 8, 1861. () Glottidia audebardi, Brod., Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 125, 1833. ()Glottidia semen, Brod., Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 125, 1833. ()L. parva, Sow. These three species appear to be rare, and consequently not sufficiently studied, very few specimens having been collected. Glottidia palmieri, Dall, Am. Jour. Conch., vol. vii. p. 77, 1871. Glottidia albida, Hinds, Voy. Sulphur, p. 77, pl. xix. fig. 4, 1844. Glottidia pyramidata, Stimpson, Am. Jour. Sciences and Arts, vol. xxxix. p. 444, 1860. Sandwich Islands. China Sea; J apan. Korean Archipelago. Moreton Bay, Australia. Moreton Bay, Australia. Habitat unknown, but pro- bably off the Philippine Islands. Martinique, West Indies. Bay of Guayaquil ; Island of Puna. Island of La Platta, West Columbia ; Island of Puna. Head of the Gulf of Cali- fornia. Bay of Madalena (7 fathoms); Monterey to San Diego; California ; Catalina Island ; Sta Barbara. North and South Carolina to West Coast of Florida, at Sarrasota Bay. REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 27 - DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIES DREDGED BY THE CHALLENGER EXPEDITION. Terebratula, Llhwyd. Terebratula wyvillii, Day. (Pl. IL. figs. 7-9). Shell somewhat subpentagonal, variable in shape, about as broad as long, sometimes almost square, with a depression in the dorsal valve and fold in the ventral one. Shell very thin, almost transparent, smooth, glassy, yellowish-white ; length and breadth 17 or 18 mm., depth 9 mm. Valves in the young shell slightly and evenly convex ; dorsal valve moderately convex, with a wide or narrow concave depression of greater or lesser depth, commencing close to the umbo, and gradually widening and deepening as it nears the front; front line wide, straight, or presenting an inward curve; ventral valve deeper and more convex than the opposite one, with a wide median longitudinal convex fold commencing near the beak and extending to the front. Beak very small, slightly incurved, truncated by a small, generally incomplete, circular foramen, laterally margined by deltidial plates. Surface of valves marked at intervals by concentric lines of growth; shell structure with minute widely-separated perforations or canals. In the interior of the dorsal valve the loop is short and simple. The adductor and other muscular impressions very small and delicate, the labial appendages extend to two-thirds of the length of the shell. In the interior of the ventral valve the muscular impressions are small, and occupy a limited area close to the beak. Habitat—This very interesting species appears to abound over a wide geographical range, and at depths varying from 1035 to 2900 fathoms. Station 160 (Pl. Il. fig. 7, a, b, c), March 13, 1874, lat. 42° 42’S., long. 134° 10’ E. Depth, 2600 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 0°°2 C. South Australia. One example was attached to a manganese nodule. Sea bottom, red clay. Station 184, August 29, 1874, lat. 12° 8’ S., long 145° 10’ E. Depth, 1400 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 1°8C. Sea bottom, grey ooze. Station 299 (Pl. II. fig. 8), December 14, 1875, lat. 33° 31’ S., long. 74° 43’ W. Depth, 2160 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 1°°1 C. Sea bottom, grey mud. Off coast of Chili or Valparaiso; along with it was dredged Waldhewmia wyvillii and Discina atlantica. Station 302 (PI. II. fig. 9), December 28, 1875, lat. 42° 43’ §., long 82° 11’ W. Depth, 1450 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 1°°5 C. Sea bottom, globigerina ooze. Off coast of Patagonia. Station 317. One small example from the net weights, not far from Falkland Islands. February 8, 1876. Depth, 1035 fathoms. Station 244, June 28, 1875, lat. 35° 22’ N., long. 169° 53’ E. Depth, 2900 fathoms. The greatest depth at which any Brachiopod was obtained by Challenger Expedition. Bottom temperature, 1°2 C. Sea bottom, red clay. 28 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Observations.—This is one of the most interesting species of deep-sea Brachiopoda dredged during the Challenger Expedition. The shell is of such extreme thinness that it is almost transparent ; indeed, the valves when separated are really so, and the muscular impressions may be seen through its transparency. It is also exceedingly brittle. I separated the valves of a specimen in order to be able to study its animal and loop, the latter, which I was very much surprised to find short, is in every respect similar to that of Terebratula proper, to which genus the species must be referred, notwithstanding its outward Waldheinua-like appearance. It bears much resemblance to several species of the last- named genus occurring in the Jurassic and Cretaceous formations and especially so to Terebratula boneti, Zeuschner, from the Kimmeridge of Switzerland, and from which some of the Challenger specimens are scarcely distinguishable, either by size or shape. Prior to making a complete examination of its interior characters I had provisionally referred it to Waldhetnua. We find but few recent species with such a thin shell, but among these last may be named the far-spread Discina atlantica, King, Atretia gnomon, Jeffreys, Waldheimia tenera, Jeffreys, Rhynchonella lucida, Gould, and one or two others. When quite young and up to 4 or 5 mm. in length, the shell shows no mesial depression, this begins at a more advanced age. I have much pleasure in naming this species after Sir Wyville Thomson, F.R.S., the distinguished director of the civilian staff on board the Challenger. Terebratula cubensis, Pourtales (Pl. IL. figs. 10, 11). Terebratula cubensis, Pourtales, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 1, No. 7, p. 109, 1867. Terebratula cubensis, Dall, Report on the Brachiopoda obtained by the United States Coast Survey Expedition, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. iii., pl. i. fig. 2, 1871. Shell globose, somewhat trigonal or obscurely pentagonal, longer than wide, smooth, marked at intervals by concentric lines of growth, nearly white; broadest anteriorly, tapering posteriorly. Dorsal valve convex, without fold or sinus, front-line nearly straight or slightly curved ; margin of valves laterally flexuous ; ventral valve somewhat deeper than the opposite one, longitudinally and broadly flattened, the sides of the flattened portion sloping away rapidly and rather abruptly on either side, giving the valve a some- what subquadrangular aspect. Beak moderately incurved and truncated by a circular foramen separated from the hinge-line by a narrow deltidium. Loops, short simple. Length 28, width 22, depth 18 mm. Habitat.—Two examples were dredged off Ascension Island on April 3, 1876, at Station 334. Depth, 420 fathoms. Hard ground. Observations.—The two living specimens dredged by the Challenger Expedition agreed in every respect with those obtained by M. de Pourtales, in from 100 to 300 fathoms off the Florida Reefs, or off Havana in 270 fathoms. The shell was briefly described in 1867 by M. de Pourtales, and subsequently in 1871 with minute details by Mr W. H. Dall. The loop REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 29 is described by both those malacologists as differing from that of Terebratula vitrea. Mr Dall observes that “The crura are short and blunt, that the interior part of the loop is characteristic and peculiar (Pl. II. fig. 10, d). It is strongly squarely convex in the middle, a deep narrow gutter extends on each side of this convexity, and is produced at each side into a point ; between these points and the median convexity, on each side, is a deep slit or fissure; the anterior end of the convexity is much produced at each side into a point.” The animal has also been minutely described by Mr Dall, and after an examination of one of the Challenger specimens, I am able to completely confirm his state- ment. The mantle in the dorsal valve of one of the specimens, showed in a very distinct and beautiful manner the four principal pallial sinuses (PI. II. fig. 10, @), which again bifurcate as they approach the front or margin of the shell, the bifurcated extremities bifurcating before reaching the margin. Mr Dall is, I think, right in maintaining by a comparison of both the external and internal characters that T erebratula vitrea and Tere- bratula cubensis are distinct species. One of the specimens obtained by the Challenger was quite adult, and attached to a coral. Terebratula vitrea, var. minor, Philippi (Pl. II. figs. 5, 6). Terebratula vitrea, var. minor, Phil., Moll. Sicilix, vol. i. p. 99, pl. vi. fig. 8, 1836. Terebratula affinis, Calcara, 1845. Terebratula minor, E. Suess, Uber die Wohnsitze der Brachiopoden, 1859. Shell elongated, oval or ovate, slightly subpentagonal, moderately globose, thin, semi- transparent, glassy, white, smooth. Dorsal valve moderately and uniformly convex, somewhat flattened along the middle. Front-line very slightly convex; ventral valve convex and a little deeper than the dorsal one, slightly flattened from about the middle of the shell to the front. Beak moderately incurved and truncated by a small circular foramen separated from the hinge-line by a narrow deltidium. Loop simple, short, and small. Shell structure perforated by minute canals. Length 15, width 13, depth 8 mm. Habitat—Two specimens without the animal, were dredged by the Challenger Expedition off the Cape of Good Hope, at Station 142, December 18, 1873, late S542 os long. 18° 37’ E., at a depth of 150 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 8°°3 C. Sea bottom, sand. Many examples of Terebratulina caput-serpentis, var. septentrionalis, and large and fine specimens of Kraussina pisum were obtained at the same time. Another dead shell of Terebratula minor was trawled on March 25, 1873, off Culebra Island, West Indies, at Station 24, in a depth of 390 fathoms, sea bottom, mud, and not far from the spot where Terebratulina wyvillit occurred. Several fragments of the var. minor, and one nearly perfect small dead shell was dredged on June 30, 1873, at Station 73, lat. 38° 30’ N., long. 31° 14’ W., close to the Azores, at a depth of 1000 fathoms, Bottom temperature, 3°°7 C. Sea bottom, globigerina ooze. These last, however, were in a very fragmentary condition, 30 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. and the loop was not preserved. My identification is, therefore, given with reserve. The Mediterranean is the chief habitat of the var. minor. It occurs at Vigo Bay. Mr Friele was so fortunate as to dredge one specimen of this species off Jan Mayen Island during the Norwegian Arctic Dredging Expedition of 1877, in a depth of 263 fathoms. This identi- fication was confirmed by Dr Gwyn Jeffreys, for whose inspection and my own Mr Friele kindly sent the specimen under the name of Ter. arctica. Ter. minor occurs fossil in the Phocene formation of Sicily. Observations.—I was rather surprised to find this small variety of Terebratula vitrea so far from the Mediterranean. I showed the Challenger specimens to Dr Gwyn Jeffreys, who placed them among a number obtained by himself from the Bay of Naples. Had we not previously marked the larger Cape specimens, we could not have distinguished them. This fact is, I think, sufficient proof of their identity. The question may, indeed, be further mooted, whether Philippi was not correct in considering Ter. minor or affinis as merely a small variety of Ter. vitrea. Professor Suess, however, believes the former shell to be specifically distinct from Ter. vitrea. Dr Gwyn Jeffreys and myself were also at one time disposed to consider the Tei. davidson, A. Adams (Aunals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser., vol. v. p.-12, 1860, dredged at Satanomoski, Japan), as identical with’ Ter. vitrea or affinis. This view is not, however, shared by our distinguished contemporary, Mr Dall. Terebratula moseleyi, Dav., n. sp. (Pl. IL. figs. 12-14). Shell broadly ovate, semiglobose, rather longer than wide, broadest anteriorly, slightly tapering posteriorly, marginally and laterally convex, nearly straight in front, margin sometimes thickened, surface smooth, white. Dorsal valve uniformly convex without fold or sinus, ventral valve slightly deeper than the opposite one, uniformly convex. | Beak moderately produced, slightly incurved, and truncated by a circular foramen separated from the hinge-line by a very narrow and small deltidium; beak ridges not defined. In the dorsal valve the loop is short and simple, the labial appendages occupy- ing about two-thirds of the length of the valve, united to each other by a membrane, the central coil making about three turns. Shell structure perforated by numerous small canals. Length 23, breadth 21, depth 14 mm. Habitat.—Dredged west of Kerguelen Island on J anuary 3, 1874, at Station 148, lat. 46° 47’ S., long. 51° 37’ E. Depth, 210 fathoms. Sea bottom, rock. Observations.—Five specimens of this shell were obtained, all of about the same size. Tt seems to be a smaller species than Ter. vitrea and Ter. cubensis its nearest allies. It is less elongated, not quite as convex as in the last two species, and does not present the Hatness and angularity observable in the mesial and labial portions of the ventral valve of Ter. cubensis. I made an examination of the animal of one of the specimens which did not differ materially from Ter. vitrea. The mantle is thin and not furnished with sete at its REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 31 edge. On the dorsal lobe I observed the ramified bifurcated fine thread-like pallial nerves as well as the pallial sinuses. (PI. II. fig. 14, enlarged dorsal valve; 14, a, ventral valve ; A, adductor muscular impressions ; B, ventral adjustors ; C, divaricators; M, mantle; M’, edge of mantle; VV, dorsal pallial nerve; D, dorsal pallial arteries.) The brachial or labial appendages, which are unsupported throughout their entire length by a calcified lamina as in Waldheimia, occupy a much smaller space in the interior of the shell, and while the lateral branches are visibly shorter, the cirri are of considerable length (fig. 14). I have named this species after H. N. Moseley, Esq., naturalist of the Challenger Expedition. Terebratula uva, Broderip (Pl. II. figs. 3, 4). Terebratula uva, Brod., Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., vol. i. p. 142, pl. xxii., 1833. Terebratula uva, Sow., Thes. Conch., vol. i. p. 353, pl. Ixx. figs. 53-55. Terebratula uva, Dall, Cat. of the Recent Species of the Class Brachiopoda, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sciences, July 1873. Terebratula uva, Reeve, Monograph of the Genus Terebratula, Conch. Icon., pl. iii. fig. ii. Shell ovate, longer than wide, white, or of a very light salmon colour, Dorsal valve uniformly convex, rather less deep than the opposite one, rounded in front. Ventral valve convex. Beak moderately produced and truncated by a circular foramen, separated from the hinge-line by a deltidium. Surface smooth, marked by a few concentric lines of growth. Loop short, simple. Shell finely punctuated. Length 25, width 17, depth 15 mm. Habitat.—One dead shell (PL. IL fig. 3, a, b) was obtained by the Challenger Expedition at Station 163, April 4, 1874, lat. 36° 56’S., long. 150° 30’ E., trawled in 120 fathoms off Twofold Bay. A second example (PI. II. fig. 4) was obtained off Buenos Ayres, at Station 320, February 14, 1876, lat. 37° 17’S., long. 53° 52° W. Depth, 600 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 2°°7 C. Sea bottom, hard ground. A third specimen, or rather two fragments of a dead shell, were dredged off Heard Island, at Station 150, February 2, 1874, lat. 52° 4’ S., long. 71° 22° E. Depth, 150 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 1°°8 C. Rock. Broderip states that his specimen of Terebratula wea was obtained by Captain Dare, while dredging for Meleagrina margaritifera, attached to a dead sea-worn bivalve, at a depth of from 10 to 12 fathoms, off Tehuantepec, Guatemala, Central America; bottom, sand and mud. In the British Museum there are likewise some white specimens stated to have been dredged near the Falkland Islands. Observations.—Terebratula uva varies much in shape, it is usually longer than wide, and oval, but in some examples the length and depth did not differ materially. In addition to the species of Terebratula already named, the Challenger Expedi- . tion obtained one incomplete specimen of a Terebratula not sufficiently complete for 32 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. identification, at Station 195, October 13, 1874, lat. 0° 48’ S., long. 126° 58’ E. Depth, 825 fathoms. Two fragments also of a Terebratula at Station 138, March 4, 1873, lat. 21° 38’ N., long. 44° 39° W. Depth, 1900 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 1°'9 C. Globigerina ooze. Terebratulina, D’Orbigny. Terebratulina wyvilliz, Dav. (Pl. I. figs. 1, 2). Shell large, trigonal, longer than wide, broadest anteriorly, tapering posteriorly, light yellowish. Dorsal valve triangular, anterior angles rounded. Hinge-line obtusely angular, moderately convex, somewhat flattened along the middle, and abruptly bent inwards close to the margin; lateral sides of umbo auricular. Ventral valve convex, deeper than the opposite one, flattened anteriorly, abruptly bent inwards close to the margin. Beak incurved, trun- cated by a large oval-shaped foramen, separated from the hinge-line by a triangular con- cave depression sharply marked laterally. Surface of shell nearly smooth to the naked eye, but marked by very fine radiating raised lines. Shell perforations rather large. In the interior of the dorsal valve the loop is short and simple, rendered annular by the union of the oral processes. Length 63, width 50, depth 35 mm. Habitat.—A unique specimen of this fine species was dredged on 25th March 1873, by the Challenger Expedition, off Culebra Island, to the north-west of St Thomas, in the West Indies, at Station 24. Depth, 390 fathoms. Sea bottom, mud. Mr Dall informs me that he saw another specimen without name or derivation in the Museum at Amsterdam. Observations.—Terebratulina wyvillii greatly exceeds in dimensions the largest known species of the sub-genus both recent and fossil. The animal was not preserved when sent to me for description, indications of the mantle alone existing; but Willemées-Suhm, states in his MS. notes that it was ‘“ exceedingly small.” From the character of the loop the auricular expansions and striation the shell is naturally placed in the sub-genus Terebratulina. The margins of both valves are abruptly bent inwards, as is so often the case in adult specimens of several species of Terebratula. 1 have much pleasure in naming this remarkable new species after Sir Wyville Thomson, F.R.S., the distinguished director of the scientific staff of the Challenger Expedition, one of the most successful undertaken by any Government, and reflecting so much credit on all concerned. The scientific treasures assembled during its course of 68,890 miles, comprise an incalculable number of scientific results of the most interesting and valuable character. 1 Waldheimia venosa, Solander, 1789= Ter. globosa, Lam.=Ter. fontaineana, D’Orb., is the largest recent Brachi- opod with which we are at present-acquainted. It measures when full grown, length 80, width 64, depth 45 mm. The next largest recent Brachiopod is the Terebratulina wyvillit. The Terebratula grandis from the Upper Tertiaries (crag) exceeded these proportions, some adult individuals having attained length 108, width 78, depth 55 mm. No recent species of Terebratula with which we are at present acquainted have exceeded length 43, width 30 mm. (Ter. vitred). REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 33 Terebratulina caput-serpentis, Lin., var. septentrionalis, Couthouy (Pl. I. figs. 3-9). Terebratulina septentrionalis, Couthouy, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 65, pl. iii. fig, 18, 1838 or 1839. Terebratulina septentrionalis, Sow., Thes. Conch., p. 344, pl. xviii. figs. 5, 6, 1846. Terebratulina septentrionalis, Stimpson, Test. Moll. New England, p. 75, 1851. Terebratulina caput-serpentis, Reeve, Mon. of Terebratula. Conch. Icon., 1861. Terebratulina septentrionalis, Morse, On the Early Stages of Terebratulina septentrionalis, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. ii. 1869. Terebratulina septentrionalis, Gould’s Invert. Mass., p. 208, 1867, and Binny’s 2d edit., p. 208, fig. 500, 1870. Terebratulina septentrionalis, Dall, Cat. of Recent Species of Brachiopod, Proc. Phil, Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 180, July 1873. Shell rather thin longitudinally, broadly obovate, pear-shaped or somewhat penta- gonal, narrow and tapering posteriorly, abruptly widening below the beak, broadest anteriorly ; front-line either nearly straight, slightly indented, or rounded. Colour yellowish-white, nearly diaphanous. Dorsal valve gently convex, most so about the middle, slightly depressed towards the front, eared at the umbo. Ventral valve feebly convex or slightly deeper than the dorsal one, somewhat depressed towards the front. Beak short, attenuated, slightly incurved and truncated by a moderately large and in- complete semi-elliptical foramen completed below by the umbo of ventral valve and laterally margined by small deltidial plates. Surface of both valves covered with a variable number of fine rounded radiating strize (240 in some specimens when counted at the margin). These increase in number by numerous intercalations of shorter ribs at vari- able distances from the beaks. Ribs few, simple and stronger in the young shell. Valves crossed or decussated by fine concentric lines of growth. Shell structure perforated by numerous small canals. In the interior of dorsal valve the loop is short and simple, rendered annular by the union of the oral processes. Brachial appendages united to each other by a membrane, cirrated and developed from each side of the mouth, divided into three lobes, the two lateral ones extending to a little more than two-thirds of the length of the valve, the central one not exceeding half the length of the valve, spiral at its extremities (fig. 5). Proportions variable. Length 27, breadth 21, depth 12 mm. Habitat.—The geographical range of the variety septentrionalis seems to be very great. The Challenger Expedition dredged it abundantly off the New York coast on May 3, 1873, at Station 48, lat. 43° 2’ N., long. 64° 2’ W., at a depth of 51 fathoms. Sea bottom, rock (Pl. I. figs. 4,5). Also on May 20, 1873, at Station 49, lat. 43%, Sc Ne, long. 63° 39’ W., at a depth of 83 fathoms off Halifax. Bottom temperature, 1°°8 C. Sea bottom, gravel and stone (Pl. I. fig. 5). Again, on December 18, 1873, abundantly at Station 142, lat. 35° 4’ S., long. 18° 37’ E. off the Cape of Good Hope, associated with Terebratula vitrea, var. minor and Kraussina pisum in 150 fathoms. Bottom tempera- (ZOOL, CHALL. EXP.—PART 1.—1880.) A5d 34 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. ture, 8°3 C. Sea bottom, sand (PI. II. figs. 6-9). Also alone with Platydia anomioides and Waldheimia kerguelenensis, December 27, 1873, lat. 46° 40’ S., long. 37° 50° E. Depth, 150 fathoms. It may seem strange to find the same species so far south as the Cape, but neither Dr Gwyn Jeffreys nor myself, after a lengthened comparison could discover any character, however small, to distinguish the Cape shell from that found near the northern coast of the United States. P. Couthouy in his description of Ter. septentrionalis, states that it has been found at Lubec Bay by Dr C. T. Jackson, during his geological survey of the State of Maine, and that it is probably an inhabitant of deep water on the whole New England coast. Dr Gould mentions having found it in considerable numbers in the stomachs of fishes, and occasionally on the sea-beach, and that its usual residence is in the laminarian or deep-sea coral zones of northern seas. Eastport at low water ; common off Isle of Shoals, 20 fathoms; Cape Cod; Grand Manan, common (Packard, Stimpson) ; Halifax Harbour, common (Willis). Observations.—The animal of Ter. caput-serpentis and its variety septentrionalis has been so minutely and admirably anatomically studied and described by Albany Hancock in his memoir on the Organisation of the Brachiopoda,’ by M. E. Deslongchamps,? by E. Morse in his two remarkable memoirs on the Early Stages of Terebratulina septentrionalis, by Kowalevsky, on the Embryology of Terebratula,? 1875, and others that it will not be necessary to repeat in this report the details so elaborately given in the works alluded to, to which the reader is referred. I may add, however, that I have had several opportunities of examining in detail the animal of both Ter. caput- serpentis and of the variety septentrionalis, and can confirm the accuracy of the details given by those distinguished zoologists. The animal of Ter. caput-serpentis had attracted the attention of early naturalists, for we find the brachial appendages roughly described and illustrated by Pennant* in 1773, and in 1774 Griindler gave a good description and enlarged illustrations of the same appendages. Some difference of opinion has prevailed with respect to the variety septentrionalis. Certain malacologists consider it a distinct species, others a simple variety of Ter. caput- serpentis. Gould in 1838 states it to be distinct, and in his report on the Inverte- brata of Massachusetts (2d edition by W. H. Binney, 1870), we find stated at p. 208, “‘An examination of the descriptions of Ter. caput-serpentis given by Linnzeus, Miiller, and Chemnitz, and a comparison of them with our shell had well satisfied me of their corre- spondence. The downy epidermis is a character too rare and singular to be overlooked. This, however, is rubbed off very easily. The shell is much thinner, in general more 1 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 1858. 2 Recherches sur l’Organisation du Manteau chez les Brachiopodes articulés, Caen, 1864. 3 Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. ii., 1869. 4 Nova acta Regii Societatis Upsaliensis, vol. i. p. 39. REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 35 elongated, and the strize nearly twice as numerous, being about thirty to forty in the European, and fifty to sixty in the American specimens. No account of the internal bony process is given in any description except that by Mr Couthouy. These would afford the best possible specific character were it not that they are usually more or less broken. But I have been relieved from all further speculation by the receipt of specimens from Dr Lovén which settle the identity of our species with the European caput- serpentis.” Mr W. H. Binney seems to be of a different opinion, for he adds, after Gould’s observations above recorded: “I have retained the above remarks from the former edition, because our shell is so generally still regarded as identical with the Euro- pean species, but further examination of numerous specimens has led me to coincide with Dr Stimpson, who has dredged extensively both in British and American seas, and in his opinion, the species differs from European Ter. caput-serpentis sufficiently both in shell and animal.” G. B. Sowerby in p. 344 (1846) of his Thesaurus Conchyliorum observes that Ter. septentrionalis is distinguished from Ter. caput-serpentis by its much finer radiating strize, its larger and less oblique foramen, and by its rather more extended and somewhat differently formed internal appendages. Mr Lovell Reeve in his Monograph of Terebratula, Conch. Icon., 1861, places Ter. septentrionalis as a synonym of Ter. caput- serpentis, stating that, “ Ter. caput-serpentis ranges throughout the European seas from the Arctic to the Mediterranean, mostly at considerable depths, and it appears abundantly in a more finely-striated state in the northern seas of the United States. The North American form is given as a distinct species in the Museum Catalogue with Couthouy’s name Ter. septentrionalis, but is untenable, as Dr Gould himself admits in his Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts. Dr Gwyn Jeffreys, in his valuable British Conchology, considers Ter. septentrionalis as a local variety of Ter. caput-serpentis, and adds that it has a thinner shell, finer ribs, and a white colour, and that he has compared more than a hundred specimens of both forms. Mr Dall in his Revision of Recent Species of Brachiopoda, in the Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sciences for July 1873, considers Ter. caput- serpentis and Ter. septentrionalis as distinct species, but in a letter to me, dated November - 1877, he adds: “ I consider Ter. septentrionalis as merely a geographical race of Ter. caput- serpentis, but I think Ter. ungwculus is distinct. The difference between the last and the Atlantic form is chiefly in the loop which remains in Ter. wngwiculus long open, and is much larger and broader proportionately to the shell than in Ter. caput-serpentis.” I have likewise, thanks to the Challenger Expedition dredgings and to Professor Verril, been enabled to compare a very large number of specimens at all ages of the species and its variety, and quite concur with the prevailing opinion that there exists very little differ- ence between the two, but still I think sufficient to warrant us in retaining the varietal designation of septentrionalis. In addition to the generally finer striation, the shell is more regularly oval and rounded in front than in the Ter. caput-serpentis, although 36 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. exceptional specimens may be found in which the straight and indented front-line is present, but is more often seen in the North Atlantic type. The young shells of both seem undistinguishable. I have examined specimens from 1 mm. in length up to 27 mm. Up to about 5 mm. and even more, the ribs are very few in number, prominent, and radiate from the extremity of the beak to the margin, and are crossed by strongly indented concentric lines which give the striz the so-termed tuberculated appearance described by conchologists as well as by palzeontologists, for the same character seems to be prevalent not only in the recent species of the genus, but also in those that occur fossil both in the Cretaceous and Tertiary formations. As the shell grows the ribs become more delicate and more numerous from repeated interpolations of shorter ribs, and the concentric lines become very much finer. The loop varies also considerably at different stages of the shell’s growth. When quite young it forms a simple semicircular curve after having become attached to the hinge-plate, but as the shell grows the anterior portion of the lamella is slightly bent upwards and the crural processes much so as in the form of a ring. There seems to me to exist more varietal difference between the form of Terebratulina caput-serpentis that occurs in the Mediterranean, and especially the North African coast of that sea, than between Terebratulina caput-serpentis of the North Atlantic and the North American variety septentrionalis. Dr Gwyn Jeffreys has proposed to me to apply to the Mediterranean form the varietal designation of mediterranea. It is much more depressed than the typical Terebratulina caput-serpentis, and often a strong longitudinal depression or sinus is seen in both valves, and the front is usually deeply indented. In the North Atlantic, Terebratulina caput-serpentis and American var. septentrionalis, the dorsal valve is generally uniformly convex, and when a depression exists it is much less defined than in the Mediterranean variety. Terebratulina caput-serpentis and its var. mediterranea are found fossil in the upper tertiary deposits of many countries. Terebratulina, sp. (2) (Pl. Il. fig. 10). A single specimen of a Terebratulina, apparently closely allied to Ter. caput-serpentis, was also dredged by the Challenger Expedition on October 26, 1774, in lat. 7° 3’ N., long. 121° 48’ E. of Mindanao, one of the Philippine group of islands, in 82 fathoms. The ribs are a little coarser, and the interspaces between them a little wider than in the larger number of specimens of the variety septentrionalis, but from the inspection of a single half- grown specimen it would not be safe to consider these details of sufficient importance to warrant referring it to a separate species. I submitted the specimen to the inspection of Mr Dall, who believes it to be specifically distinct from Ter. caput-serpentis and its variety septentrionalis. REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. Sif Terebratulina cailleti, Crosse (Pl. IT. fig. 2, a). Terebratulina cailleti, Crosse, Journ. de Conch., 3™¢ ser., vol. v. p. 27, pl. i. figs. 1-5, 1865. Terebratulina cailleti, Pourtales, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Camb., Mass., vol. i, No. 6, p. 109, 1867. Terebratulina cailleti, Dall., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Camb., Mass., vol, iii, No. 1, 1871. Of this species only one minute example was dredged by the Challenger Expedition ; it measures 2 mm. in length and breadth, and, consequently, is a very young immature specimen. It seems to agree well with similar individuals of the species sent to me by Professor Agassiz, which he had obtained near Barbados ; likewise with others dredged by Barrett off Jamaica, as well as with some young shells of the same species which had been obtained in 70 fathoms of water, in lat. 21° 48°8., and long. 40° 3’ W. of Greenwich, by the captain of the English Atlantic steamer ‘‘ Norseman,” and sent to me in 1877 by Mr R. Rathbun. Of course, so young a shell does not exhibit the character of the adult condition ; it is slightly ovate, with some nine simple rounded ribs and well-defined interspaces ; the ribs being likewise intersected by a few equidistant concentric lines of growth. When the shell is adult the ribs are comparatively finer, and more numerous, with shorter ones interpolated between the longer ones. Dr Gwyn Jeffreys considers Ter. cazlleti to be quite distinct from Ter. caput-serpentis. The single specimen from the Challenger Expedition was obtained at Station 122. September 10, 1873, lat. 9° 5’ S., long. 34° 49’ W. to 53’ W., off Pernambuco, Africa, in 350 fathoms. Terebratulina cancellata, Koch (PI. I. figs. 11-16). Terebratulina cancellata, Koch, Conch. Cab., vol. vii., pl. ii. figs. 11-13. Terebratulina cancellata, Sow., Thes. Conch., vol. i. p. 358, pl. Ixxi. figs. 93-95. Terebratulina cancellata, Reeve, Mon. of Terebratula, Conch. Icon., pl. iv. fig. 13. Terebratulina cancellata, Dall, Cat. of the Recent Species of the Class Brachiopoda, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 179, 1873. Shell rather large, elongated oval or ovate, livid brown or yellowish, with darker concentric bands, widest about the middle, nearly straight in front. Dorsal valve very convex, flattened longitudinally along the middle, from which the lateral portions slope away at a rapid angle. Ventral valve convex rather less deep than the opposite one, and sometimes flattened towards the front. Beak incurved tapering, moderately produced and truncated by a rather large foramen which is very shghtly separated from the hinge- lme by a very narrow deltidium, the beak often slightly overlying the umbo of the dorsal valve. Surface of both valves ornamented with a very great number of delicate raised striz or ribs, augmented in number at various distances from the beaks by the 38 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. intercalation of shorter ribs. The surface is also crossed at intervals by fine concentric lines of growth. In the interior of dorsal valve the loop is simple and short, and rendered annular by the union of oral processes. Shell structure perforated by canals. Brachial appendages united by a membrane and divided into three lobes, the shorter central one is spirally coiled. Length 38, width 25, depth 22 mm. Habitat.—Ter. cancellata was dredged abundantly by the Challenger Expedition on April 2, 1874. Station 162, off East Moncceur Island, Bass’ Strait, in a depth of 38 to 40 fathoms; sea bottom, sand. Mr Dall states that it occurs off West Australia. This Terebratulina attaches its peduncle chiefly to different species of mollusca, such as Pecten, Cardium, Arca, &c.; to several species of univalves, spines of Cidaris, stones, &e. Observations.—This fine species strikingly recalls some specimens of the Cretaceous Terebratulina defrancu, as some Mediterranean examples of the recent Terebratulina caput-serpentis, the Cretaceous Ter. striata. When young, Ter. cancellata is longitudinally spindle-shaped and oval, but aged examples show more of a straight front. Some of the specimens dredged by the Challenger Expedition have much exceeded in size, those figured by Koch, in Kiister, by G. B. Sowerby, and L. Reeve. Its colour is also peculiar, being darker than the other species of recent ZYerebratulina, and more especially so in some specimens than in others. There exists likewise in some exceptional specimens a median depression in the anterior portion of the smaller valve, commencing at about the middle of the valve and extending to the front. Terebratula or Terebratulina (2) dalli, n. sp. (Pl. I. fig. 15, a). Shell small, thin, longitudinally oval, globose, glassy, and semitransparent, slightly depressed anteriorly. Ventral valve uniformly convex, a little deeper than the dorsal one. Beak small, slightly incurved, and truncated by an incomplete foramen, laterally margined by a small deltidial plate. Surface covered with fine radiating raised striae, with shorter ones interpolated between some of the larger ones at various distances from the beak. Loop short and simple. Length 8, width 53, depth 4 mm. Habitat.—One example only of this species, without the animal, was dredged by the Challenger Expedition near Yeddo, off Japan, at Station 237. June 17, 1875. Lat. 34° 37’ W., long. 140° 32’ E. Depth, 1875 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 1°7 C. Mud. Associated with Discina atlantica. Observations.—I regret that but one dead specimen of this very pretty little species should have been obtained, the loop was imperfect, but it seems to have been short as in Terebratula or Terebratulina. The strize which cover the shell surface are distinctly observable, both valves are, likewise, very convex. I am not acquainted with any recent form with which it can be assimilated. I have much pleasure in naming this small and interesting species after Mr W. H. Dall of the United Coast Survey, whose ably conducted REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. : 39 dredging expeditions have thrown so much light on the molluscous fauna of the Unalashka region of North America. Terebratulina (2) murray, n. sp. (Pl. IL. fig. 1, a, b, e). Shell small, obscurely trigonal, about as broad as long, broadest anteriorly, tapering posteriorly, white, surface marked by a small number of strong radiating ribs. Dorsal valve moderately convex, laterally auriculated close to the umbonal hinge-line. Hinge- line widely obtuse. Ventral valve convex, deeper than the opposite one. Beak very shghtly incurved, and truncated by a largish incomplete foramen, margined laterally by small deltidial plates. In the interior of dorsal valve the hinge-plate is concave and wide, loop simple, short. Brachial appendages forming two branches, which curve inwards towards the centre of the shell, with spiral terminations. Cirri long. Length 4, width 34, depth 2 mm. Habitat—Dredged by the Challenger Expedition on the July 15, 1874, at Station 171, lat. 38° 33’ S., long. 177° 50’ W., near Kermadec Island, south of Fiji Islands, in a depth of 600 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 4°70 C. Rock. Observations.—Some eleven or twelve examples were dredged alive by the Challenger Expedition, and none exceeded the dimensions above given. It is a remarkable and puzzling species, for its shell and loop partake of the character of Terebratulina, while its brachial appendages seem to differ very materially from those of the sub-genus to which it is provisionally referred. I sent a specimen to Mr Dall for examination, as I desired to have his valued opinion on the shell. He states—‘ By devoting about half-an- hour to this little shell, I have cleared away all the animal matter (in the mode I wrote to you"), leaving the loop perfect. You will see at once that it is a young Terebratulina. I suspected this before I could see the loop, from the character of the punctuation which you will recollect is peculiar to the group.” I had myself previously ascertained that the loop was short and simple, and that the mantle rises from the bottom of the shell near the loop, and adheres to its sides, as seen in fig. 1,¢. It is singular, however, that, if a young shell, no example out of the eleven or twelve dredged by the Challenger Expedition attained larger proportions. It varies a good deal in shape and in the number of its ribs; some examples are also wider than long. I have named this species after John Murray, Esq., the able and obliging naturalist of the Challenger Expedition. 1 To get at the delicate loop of any small Brachiopod without injuring it or the shell, first moisten in pure glycerine and allow the shell to lie twenty-four hours after it. Next immerse in a rather weak solution of caustic potash for two or three days. This will soften all the ligaments, so that they will admit of opening the shell to its normal extent. Then a small syringe will enable one to throw into the shell a steady stream of pure water, which will wash away nearly all the dried animal matter. After this is done, if some of the animal matter still remains, give the shell twenty-four hours more of potash solution, and repeat the syringing ; while for an obstinate ligament, the tip of a fine stiff bristle, say from an ordinary old coat-brush, when the bristle is somewhat feathered, will often stroke it away. 40 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Waldheimia, King. Waldheimia kerguelenensis, n. sp. (Pl. IL. figs. 1-9). Terebratula globosa, Sow. (not of Lamarck), Thesaurus Conchyliorum, Pl. lxxi. figs. 99-101, 1846. Shell ovate, ventricose, longer than wide, yellowish-white, smooth. Dorsal valve most convex near the umbo; a broad slight mesial depression or sinus commencing about the middle of the valve, extends to the front, more or less distinctly margined on either side by a faint raised line or ridge; front line slightly depressed and nearly straight. Ventral valve rather more convex than the opposite one, and more or less distinctly or prominently keeled by the presence of a wide convex but slightly raised fold which corresponds with the depression in the dorsal valve. Beak moderately produced and incurved, truncated by a small circular foramen margined laterally by two small disunited deltidial plates. The cardinal process is prominent, and formed of three distinct parts. In the interior of the dorsal valve, and under the incurved extremity of the umbone, hinge- plates wide, septum very short and massive, triangular, wide posteriorly, tapering to a point anteriorly. A pair of muscular impressions, left by the adductor muscles, are present on either side of the septum, at the bottom of the valve. Loop delicate, elongated and reflected. Shell perforated by numerous minute canals. Length 44, width 34, depth 29 mm. Habitat.—Waldheimia kerquelenensis was dredged alive by the Challenger Expedition at the following localities :— Off Marion Island, west of Kerguelen Island (Pl. II. figs. 3-9). On the 26th December 1873, at a depth of 100 fathoms, two specimens of Platydia anomioides were attached to examples of the species under description. At Station 149, Balfour Bay, near Kerguelen Islands, lat. 49° 16’ S., long. 70° 12’ E., on 19th January 1874, in 20 to 60 fathoms. Also at Station 150, south of Kerguelen Island (Pl. III. figs. 1, 2), February 2, 1874, lat. 50° 4’S., long. 71° 22’ E., at a depth of 150 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 1°°8 C. Rock. Three examples of Rhynchonella nigricans, var. pixydata, were obtained with it. Waldheimua kerguelenensis was abundant at both localities, but the largest examples were dredged at Station 150. Observations.—I1 have examined several specimens of this species, dredged alive by the Challenger Expedition. It varies in dimensions from 2 to 44mm. Some examples were nearly circular, and as broad as long, but the majority were of an elongated oval shape, becoming ventricose with age. When the peduncle by which the shell adhered to foreign bodies was sufficiently long, and did not interfere with its limited movements, the beak was much incurved, and the foramen small (Pl. III. fig. 1) ; but as in most cases the peduncle was exceedingly short, and came into contact with the hard bodies to which the shell was moored, causing the beak at that part to be worn away, and consequently the enlargement of the foraminal aperture. The animal closely resembles in general character that of Waldhemua flavescens, so admirably described by Albany Hancock. REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 41 I have felt somewhat undecided with regard to the identification of this species. Some specimens bear a certain resemblance to Waldheimia lenticularis, but Waldheimia kerguelenensis is a smaller shell, more ovate or regularly oval, and especially so in the young and intermediate ages. I forwarded two examples for Dall’s examination, and he informs me, “TI have carefully compared it with D’Orbigny’s Waldheimia fontaineiana, and feel more sure than ever of the correctness of my reference of his species to Wald- heimia venosa. It is certainly not this fine species (Waldheimia kerguelenensis).” 1 consider myself justified, therefore, in regarding Waldheimia kergquelenensis as a new and undescribed form. I believe it, however, to be identical with that erroneously described and figured by G. Sowerby at p. 359 (Pl. XXI. figs. 99-101) of his Thesaurus Conchy- horum, 1846, as the Terebratula globosa of Lamarck. The specimen he figured under that name, said to have been taken from Lamarck’s collection, was, I am assured, obtained in Paris by Mr Cuming, and it is now in the British Museum. Sowerby seems, however, to have gone rather far when he adds, “It agrees perfectly with the representation in the Encyclopédie Méthodique (tab. 339, fig. 2).” Still the foramen is not quite complete, although Lamarck gives “‘foramine integro” as one of its characters. If we refer to Lamarck’s description of Terebratula globosa, and look at the figure in the Encyclopédie to which he refers, we are at a loss to see the perfect agreement alluded to by Mr Sowerby. The figure, which is not a very good one, represents a shell 68 mm. in length by 54 mm. in breadth, and most approaches in size the Waldheimua venosa of Solander, to which Lamarck’s species has been more than once referred. As some uncertainty must, therefore, prevail with reference to the species named Terebratula globosa by Lamarck, I would propose to call the shell under description and the one figured by Sowerby in the Thesaurus Conchyliorum, Waldheinua kerguelenensis, admitting at the same time Waldheimia lenticularis as its nearest ally. Waldheinia flavescens, Val. apud Lam. (Pl. III. figs. 10-12). Terebratula flavescens, Val, apud Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., vol. vi. p. 246, 1819. Terebratula dentata, ibid. Terebratula australis, Quoy and Gaimard, Voyage de l’Astrolabe, Zool., p. 551, pl. Ixxxv. figs. 1-5, 1834. Terebratula recurva, ibid., p. 554, pl. Ixxxv. figs. 11, 12, 1834. Terebratula australis, G. B. Sowerby, Thes. Conch., parts 4 and 7, p. 349, pl. lxix. figs. 25-33, 1846. Waldheinia australis, King, Mon. of Permian Fossils, Pal. Soc., p: 145, pl. xx. figs. 11, 12, 1849. Waldheimia flavescens, Dav., Brit. Foss. Brach., Introduction Pal. Soc., vol. i. p. 64, figs. 6, 7, 1853. Waldheimia australis, Woodward, A Manual of the Mollusca, p. 216, figs. 113, 114, 1854. Terebratula australis, Gratiolet, Etudes anatomiques sur la Terebratule australe, Journ. de Conch., October 1857. Waldheimia australis, Hancock, Phil. Trans. Royal Soc., vol. exlviii., 1858. Waldheimia flavescens, L. Reeve, Mon. of Terebratula, pls. i. and ii., 1861. Waldheimia flavescens, Dall, Amer. Journ, of Conch., vol. vi. part 2, p. 180, 1870; and Proc. Phil, Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 181, 1873. Shell longer than wide, ovate or subpentagonal, broadest about the middle, straight (ZOOL. CHALL, EXP.—PART 1.—1880.) AG 42 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. in front, yellowish or light brown. Dorsal valve convex, sometimes flattened from about the middle of the valve to the front. Ventral valve rather deeper, or more convex than the opposite one, with a slightly raised longitudinal flattened elevation or fold along the middle. Beak moderately incurved, truncated by a circular foramen, somewhat separated from the hinge-line by a deltidium; beak-ridges sharply defined. Surface of both valves from the beaks smooth up to a certain age, then radiating and irregularly plaited, some ribs being shorter than others, the central ones straight, those on the lateral portions of the valves somewhat curved. Shell structure perforated by canals. In the interior of the dorsal valve the loop long and simple, after being attached to the hinge-plate and having given off its crural processes, the principal branches are outwardly curved, Fig. 1. Waldheimia flavescens (enlarged). Fig. 2. Waldhetmia flavescens. Interior of ventral valve. f foramen, d deltidium, Interior of dorsal valve. c, c’ cardinal process, ¢ teeth, a,a@ adductor impressions, ¢ divari- b, Y hinge-plate, s dental sockets, Z loop, cator, c’ accessory divaricators, b ventral ad- q crura, a, @ adductor impressions, s, s justor, 5’ peduncular muscle. septum. and on reaching to about three-fourths of the length of the valve become reflected. The median septum extends along the bottom of the shell from under the hinge-plate, to a little beyond one-third of the length of the valve. Brachial or labial appendages largely developed, and united to each other by a membrane. The principal lateral branches commence on either side of the mouth, and by an outward curve and facing the bottom of the smaller valve extend to within a short distance of the frontal margin, then becoming suddenly bent back upon themselves to within a short distance of the mouth, are by an elegant semicircular curve directed towards the centre of the larger valve, and form the commencement of the shorter spiral central lobe (Pl. III. figs. 11, 12). Proportions variable, length 36, width 30, depth 20 mm. Halitat.— Waldheimia flavescens was picked up in great numbers by the Challenger REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 43 Expedition on June 8, 1874, on the shore, and at from 2 to 10 fathoms at Port Jackson, South Australia. Lamarck, who first described the species, does not refer to any figure, and seems to have been ignorant as to its real habitat, for he states, “‘ Habite les mer des Indes & Java.” Quoy and Gaimard found it in 1834 in immense numbers at Port Western, Bass Strait. They observe that hundreds were brought up at each haul of the dredge, either grouped among themselves or attached to other shells. At Port Jackson they were obtained in great numbers in four feet depth of water. Professor J. Beete Jukes collected any number while boating in South Australia among the reefs near Port Jackson. They were merely washed up by the tide, and he gathered them with his hand like limpets on the shore. The Rey. J. E. Tenison Woods observes, in his Census of Marine Shells of Tasmania, that Wald. flavescens is found in all Southern Australia, but only on the north coast of Tasmania. Observations.—The animal of this species, selected by Professor W. King as the type of his excellent genus Waldheimia, has been admirably described by several eminent anatomists. First by Professor R. Owen in 1853, in the first chapter of the introduction to my work on British Fossil Brachiopoda ; subsequently in 1857 by Piérre Gratiolet, in his memoir, Etudes Anatomiques sur la Terebratule Australe, Journal de Conchyliologie ; and in the following year by Albany Hancock, in his classical memoir on the Organisation of the Brachiopoda, Phil. Trans. of Roy. Soe., vol. exlviii., part 2, 1858, to which works the reader is referred for all anatomical details. We may, however, here repro- duce an admirable diagram by Albany Hancock showing the arrangement of the muscular system. Its intimate shell structure has likewise been investigated by Professor Carpenter in chapter ii. of my general introduction already re- ferred to. Quoy and Gaimard had also given some brief anatomical details in the description of their Terebratula australis Fig. 3. Waldheimia flavescens (after Hancock). (3d vol. of the Voyage de l Astrolabe), Diagram showing the muscular system. JZ ventral, WV dorsal valve, Z loop, v mouth, 2 extremity of intestine, a, a adductor, c¢ divari- “© Ces mollusques,” they add, ‘‘ doivent cators. ¢’ accessory divaricators, 6 ventral adjustors, 6’ peduncular muscle, 0” dorsal adjustors, P peduncle. vivre longtemps hors de la mer, par la faculté qu’ils ont de conserver de l’eau dans leurs valves hermetiquement fermées. La quantité relatif en est considerable car l’animal ne parait occuper qu’une petite place dans la cavité qui semble & demi vide, nous n’avons apergu d’autres mouvements que celui des lamelles cilices encore est il assez obscurs.” Waldheimia flavescens has received four or five different names, but that of flavescens t+ THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. is the oldest, and the one it is desirable should be retained for the species. It is very variable in shape. The shell in some specimens, up to nearly half the size of the largest, is almost entirely smooth, while other examples are ribbed almost up to the beak and umbo. Some are stinted in growth, and with their beak more than usually incurved (Terebratula dentata and Terebratula recurva). The ribs vary likewise to a considerable extent in number, size, shape, and direction. Waldheimia wyvillvi, n. sp. (Pl. II. fig. 13, a, 6). Shell ovate or longitudinally oval, very thin, semitransparent, light brownish-yellow, smooth, marked at-intervals by concentric lines of growth. Dorsal valve moderately con- vex longitudinally, slightly flattened along the middle. Ventral valve deeper or more convex than the dorsal one, without sinus. Beak incurved, truncated by an incomplete foramen margined laterally by small deltidial plates. In the interior of the dorsal valve the loop is long and simple, the lateral branches extending to a little beyond two-thirds of its length before becoming reflected. Length 19, width 14, depth 10 lines. Hatitat.—Only one incomplete example of this species was dredged by the Chal- lenger Expedition, off Valparaiso, at Station 299, on December 14, 1875, in lat. 33° 31’S., long. 74° 43’ W., at a depth of 2160 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 1°°1 C. Sea bottom, grey ooze. Terebratula wyvillii and Discina atlantica were obtained at the same time. Observations.—In external shape this species approaches Waldheimia cranium, which is, however, a thicker and more convex shell. The extremely delicate shell of Waldheimia wyvilla is very remarkable, and reminds us of Waldheimua tenera, Jeffreys, but from which it seems to differ in size and some other particulars. The fact that several of the species obtained at such great depths, such as Terebratula wyvillii and Discina atlantica, possess such exceedingly thin and delicate glass-like shells is certainly worthy of notice. Terebratella, D’Orbigny. Terebratella dorsata, Gmel., sp. (Pl. IV. fig. 4). Anomia striata magellanica, Chem., Conch. Cab., vol.. viii. p. 101, pl. Ixxvii. figs. 710, 711. Anomia dorsata, Gmel., s. n., 3348, 1788. Terebratula dorsata, Lam., Anim. sans Vert., vol. vi. p. 246, 1819. Terebratula sowerbyt, P. P. King, Zool. Journ., vol. v. p. 339, 1835. Delthyris dorsata, Menke, Syst. Syn. Molluse. Gen., 2d edit., p. 96, 1830. Terebratula bilobata et pectinata, Blainville, Teste Rev. Journ. de Conch., p. 127, 1861. Terebratula magellanica, L. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. v. fig. 21. Terebratella dorsata, Davidson, Dall, and of several malacologists. Shell somewhat transversely oval, wider than long; valves moderately convex, light REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 45 yellow, sometimes slightly yellowish-red,-smooth or ribbed. Dorsal valve, with a mesial depression or sinus commencing generally at about half the length of the valve, and extending to the front. Ventral valve rather deeper than the dorsal one, with a mesial fold corresponding to the sinus in the opposite valve. Beak produced, slightly incurved and truncated by a rather large circular foramen, more or less separated from the hinge-line by a deltidium in two pieces; beak-ridges sharply defined, leaving a flattened space between them and the hinge-line. In the interior of the dorsal valve the loop is long and doubly attached, first to the hinge-plate, again by horizontal laminz, given off by the principal branches of the loop, to a slightly elevated mesial septum. Length 25, width 26, depth 11 mm. Habitat.—Three examples were dredged by the Challenger, off Royal Sound, Ker- guelen, on the 17th January 1874, lat. 49° 40’ S., long. 70° 20’ E. Depth, from 20 to 30 fathoms. It is a very common species near the coast of Chili and southward to the Straits of Magellan, in depths of from 25 to 90 fathoms. Mr Cuming got it near Valparaiso. A. D’Orbigny states, in his Voyage dans l’Amerique Meridionale, that he obtained it also at Coquimbo at rather great depths. Some specimens have attained to double the size of the Challenger specimens above recorded. Observations.—This species varies considerably from the presence or absence of radiating ribs, and this peculiarity is common to many recent and fossil species of Brachiopoda. In 1867 Commodore Acton dredged a very great number of specimens in the Straits of Magellan, which he kindly presented to me. These show every modi- fication in shape, from the smooth shell to those more or less distinctly ribbed. Mr Broderip observes that the radiating strize almost disappear in the older individuals. When quite young the dorsal valve possesses a high Magasella-shaped septum and loop. The shell has received several names, and some difference in opinion has arisen as to the one that should be retained. Mr L. Reeve observes that, “three years before Gmelin gave the name of Anomia dorsata to this species, it was fully described and figured by Chemnitz with the name of magellanica, which had already been given to it in French by Davila, Favart, and D’Herbigny.” Mr Dall is, how- ever, of opinion that, “as Chemnitz was not a binominal writer, his name cannot be retained.” The anatomy of this species has been well described by Professor Owen in vol. i. of the Transactions of the Zoological Society. The three dead and separated valves brought back by the Challenger Expedition were nearly smooth, or with the radiating ribs but very faintly indicated, and seem to partake more of the aspect of the variety sowerbyi of King, than of the generality of specimens of Tere- bratula dorsata. : 46 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Terebratella frieliz, n. sp. (Pl. III. figs. 19, 20). Shell small, ovate, slightly longer than wide, smooth, white. Dorsal valve moderately convex, slightly flattened or depressed anteriorly. Ventral valve deeper than the dorsal one. Beak short, truncated by an incomplete foramen, laterally margined by two very short and small deltidial plates. In the interior of the dorsal valve, the loop, which extends to about two-thirds of the length of the valve, is doubly attached, first to the hinge-plate, and again to a mesial septum. Length 10, width 9, depth 5 mm. Habitat.—Two small specimens (PI. III. fig. 19) were dredged off Halifax by the Challenger Expedition, at Station 47, lat. 41° 15’ N., long. 65° 45’ W., on May 7, 1873. Depth, 1340 fathoms. Sea bottom, mud. Two other examples (PI. III. fig. 20), which seem to belong to the same species and of the same proportions, were likewise dredged by the same Expedition, at Station 201, on October 26, 1874, close to the Philippine Islands, in 82 to 102 fathoms. Sea bottom, gravel and stones. Observations.—I have felt much uncertainty with respect to the identification of the two small immature shells from off Halifax above described, the only ones brought back by the Challenger Expedition. I forwarded one of them to Mr Dall for examination, and he wrote back that he could not positively identify it with any of the described species. Mr Jeffreys expressed a similar opinion, adding that the septum and ccecal tubercules are very peculiar and remarkable, and that he felt certain that it is an undescribed species of Terebratella. Two other similarly shaped and sized shells were likewise dredged by the same Expedition (fig. 20) off the Philippine Islands, and which I could not distinguish from those obtained off Halifax. I have, therefore, much pleasure in naming this species after Herr Herman Friele, of Bergen, Norway, whose series of elaborate observations, with respect to the modi- fications assumed by the loop in Waldheimua craniwm and Waldheim septigera, as seen in the fry and up to the full-grown condition, are worthy of much com- mendation. Magasella, Dall. Magasella flecuosa, King, sp. (Pl. IV. fig. 5, a, 6, ¢). Terebratula flecuosa, P. P. King, Zool. Jour., vol. v. p. 337, 1835; Sow., Thesaurus Conch., parts 6 and 7, p. 347, pl. lxix. figs. 23, 24, 1846. Terebratella flecuosa, Dav., Classification of the Recent Brachiopoda, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. ix. p. 367, 1852; and Gray, Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 87, 1853. Terebratula magellanica, L. Reeve, Conch. Icon., Mon. of Terebratula. (Not of Chemnitz.) Magasella flexuosa, Dall, Am. Jour. of Conch., part 2, p. 135, 1870, and Cat. of Recent Brach., Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 189, 1873. Shell somewhat subtetragonal, about as wide as long, yellowish or light reddish- brown. Dorsal valve moderately convex, mesially longitudinally depressed from about REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 47 half the length of the valve to the front. Ventral valve deeper than the dorsal one, longitu- dinally keeled. Beak short; foramen rather large, completed by a narrow deltidium ; beak-ridges well defined, leaving a flattened space or false area between them and the long obtuse angular hinge-line. Margin of valves strongly flexuous. Surface of both valves ornamented with numerous radiating diverging ribs curving to the lateral margin, straight along the middle, with shorter ribs interpolated between where the space widens to receive them. In the dorsal valve the loop is doubly attached. Mesial septum large, and abruptly elevated at its anterior extremity, extending from under the hinge-plate to about two-thirds of the length of the valve. The principal branches of the loop are first attached to the base of the hinge-plate ; again, at about two-thirds of their length, become very much widened in the shape of horizontal expansions, which become fixed to the middle of the top of the septum, the principal branches then continue to extend for a short distance before becoming reflected and form the loop. Length 22, width 21, depth 5 mm. When quite young, and up to about 8 mm. in length, the shell is quite smooth, the ribs afterwards commence to appear as the shell acquires age and size. Habitat.—About twelve or thirteen specimens of this species were dredged by the Challenger Expedition in the Gulf of Patagonia, on December 28, 1875, at Station 312, in lat. 42° 43’ S., long. 82° 11’ W., or near Cape Horn, and not far from Falk- land Islands, in 1450 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 1°°5 C. Sea bottom, globigerina ooze. Six specimens were also dredged by the Challenger Expedition at Station 315, January 26, 27, 28, 1876, in lat. 51° 40’ S., long. 57° 50’ W., Port Stanley, at a depth * of 5 to12fathoms. Sea bottom, sand and gravel. Specimens in the Smithsonian Cabinet are labelled, “ Orange Harbour, Patagonia.” Captain P. P. King, R.N., the first discoverer of the species, states“ This shell was dredged in the Bay of Port Famine, attached to stones : it is a common shell in the Straits.” Magasella incerta, Dav. (Pl. IV. fig. 6, a, 6). Shell elongated, pear-shaped, broadest anteriorly, tapering posteriorly, very slightly and evenly convex, somewhat flattened, without fold or sinus, smooth, nearly white. Beak in ventral valve pointed, nearly straight, with a large incomplete foramen extending from under the extremity of the beak to the hinge-line, and margined partly by the umbo of the dorsal valve, and by small lateral plates. In the interior of the dorsal valve a short elevated vertical mesial septum almost reaches to the bottom and middle of the opposite valve ; it extends along the middle portion of the bottom of the dorsal valve to about half the length of the shell; to its sides and to the base of the hinge-plate are attached the principal stems of the loop, the reflected portion being small. Length 5, breadth 4, depth 14 mm. Habitat.—Some twelve examples of this small shell were dredged by the Challenger 48 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Expedition on March 25, 1878, west of St Thomas, Danish West Indies, at a depth of 390 fathoms. Observations.—None of the examples exceeded the proportions above given, and they look as if they were young and immature specimens of some species at present unknown. I have in my collection a number of young specimens of a Magasella, agreeing in size and shape with the one under description, which were dredged by Commodore Acton in the Straits of Magellan. I felt inclined to consider these last as the young age of Tere- bratella dorsata, which occurs in vast abundance in the same Straits. It will hereafter have to be ascertained whether Magasella is really a good sub-genus, or if only a modifi- cation of Terebratella due to age. Terebratella may have undergone modifications in the development of its loop, as is now well known to have been the case with Waldheimia. Magasella cumingi, Dav., sp. Terebratella cumingt, Dav., Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 78, pl. xiv. figs. 10-16, May 1852. Magasella cumingi, Gray, Catalogue of the Brachiopoda of the British Museum, p. 99, 1853. Terebratula cumingt, L. Reeve, Conch. Icon., Terebratula, pl. vii. fig. 29. Magasella cumingi, Dall, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 188, July 1873. Shell ovate, longitudinally oval, very thick, flexuous at the margin. Larger or ventral valve most convex, slightly keeled. Beak large, acuminately produced, very slightly incurved and truncated by a small oval-shaped foramen. Area triangular, concave, laterally sharply defined. Dorsal valve slightly and uniformly convex. Surface of valves — smooth, whitish, or feebly tinted with red. In the interior of the dorsal valve the cardinal process is large and massive, a mesial elevated triangular septum arises from under the cardinal process, and by a gentle curve reaches and touches the bottom of the larger valve near to its anterior portion, and from which it descends by an almost perpendicular line to the bottom of the valve. The calcareous riband-shaped lamellee forming the loop proceed from the base of the inner socket walls, directing themselves by a gentle curve to the anterior portion of the septum, to which they adhere prior to being reflected so as to form a loop. The brachial or labial processes are of a brilliant red colour. Length 11, width 8 mm. Observations.—In 1852, two examples of this small and interesting species, so remark- able on account of the great thickness of its valves, large projecting beak, and interior peculiarities, were sent to Mr Cuming as having been dredged off New Zealand, and were put into my hands by him for description and illustration. I placed it into the genus Terebratella, on account of the shape of its loop, which is doubly attached ; subsequently Mr Dall located it into his genus or sub-genus Magasella, on account of the shape of its large triangular septum. Habitat.—The exact habitat of the species was not then positively known; and I have no certainty that it was ever dredged off New Zealand. In 1877 I ascertained REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 49 that the shell occurred off Port Jackson Heads, South Australia, and the Challenger Expedition dredged four separate valves on April 17, 1874, off Port Jackson, in 2 to 10 fathoms. I regret that as my plates were finished prior to the discovery of this species among the Challenger shells, that it could not be figured, but good illustrations of it have already been given by both myself and Mr Lovell Reeve. It is possible that the so-termed Bouchardia (%) fibula of Reeve may be only a large example of M. cumingi, and belong to the same sub-genus. It is likewise said to have been dredged alive somewhere off South Australia, and not very far from where WM. cumingt is known to occur. Megerlia, King. Megerlia (2) incerta, n. sp. (Pl. XI. figs. 17, 18). Shell semicircular, small, somewhat broader than long. Hinge-line long and straight, rather exceeding two-thirds of the breadth of the shell, with obtuse cardinal angles, semi- transparent, whitish. Dorsal valve very slightly convex, most so at the umbo; ventral valve a little deeper and more convex than the opposite one, slightly longitudinally depressed along the middle. Beak small and truncated by an incomplete circular foramen, laterally margined by small deltidial plates; beak-margin very sharply defined, leaving between them and the hinge-line a sharply-defined narrow area. Surface of both valves marked by numerous rounded radiating ribs with concave interspaces, some bifurcating near the front, or increasing in number by the interpolation of shorter ribs between the longer ones. Surface of valves crossed at irregular intervals with concentric lines of growth. Shell perforated by minute canals. Length 8, breadth 9, depth 4 mm. Habitat.—One young specimen attached to Limopsis awrita (?), Brocchi, and two or three more aged examples were dredged by the Challenger Expedition, August 25, 1873, in lat. 1° 47’ N. long 24° 26’ W., between Sierra Leone (Africa) and Fernando de Noronha (South America) south of Cape Verde Islands, in 1850 fathoms, associated with Discina atlantica. Observations—I am uncertain with respect to the genus to which this small Brachiopod should be referred, as I am unacquainted with the shape and character of its loop. I did not like to run the risk of opening the shell or separating its valves, but the strong general resemblance it bears to Megerlia truncata induces me to provisionally leave it in that section of the Terebratulidee. The long straight hinge-line and sharply- defined area are well exposed in three of the specimens. When young the ribs were few in number, and the interspaces between them wide, the ribs becoming more numerous and close as the shell acquires age and growth. (ZOOL, CHALL. EXP.—PART 1.—1880.) AT 50 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Megerlia truncata, Linné (PI. III. figs. 15-18). Anomia truncata, Lin., Syst. Nat., 1152. Born, Chemnitz, Gmelin, Dillwyn, Poli, ke. Terebratula truncata, Retz, n. gen., p. 14. Lamarck, Sowerby, Blainville, Costa, and others. Terebratella truncata, D’Orb., Ann. Sci. Nat., 1848, vol. viii, pl. vii. figs. 11, 12, 16, 37. Terebratula monstruosa, Scacchi, Osser. Zool., vol. ii. p. 1. Anomia disculus, Pallas, Mise. Zool., p. 184, pl. xi. fig. 1. Terebratula disculus, Blainville, Dic. Sci. Nat., vol. liii. p. 138. Orthis truncata, Philippi, Moll. Sicil., vol. ii. p. 69. Terebratula oblita, Mick. Brach. Fauna Misce., pl. ii. fig. 21. Meganthyris oblita, D’Orb, Prodrome, vol. iii. p. 134. Terebratula scobinata, Gmelin; Terebratula decussata, Blainv.; Terebratula irregularis, Blainv.; vide Reeve. Megerlia truncata, King, Perm. Foss., p. 145. Davidson, Gray, Reeve, Woodward, Chemnitz, Suess, Dall, H. & A. Adams, Jeffreys, Monterosato, and the generality of modern authors. Morrisia gigantea, Deshayes, Cat. des Moll. de l’Ile de la Reunion (Bourbon) annexe E., p. 37, pl. xxxii. figs. 9-11. Shell transversely oval or semicircular, somewhat depressed, fulvous white. Hinge-line nearly straight. Dorsal valve gently convex, mesially longitudinally depressed from close to the umbo to the front. Ventral valve deeper than the dorsal one, and longitudinally keeled. Beak very slightly incurved, and truncated by a large circular incomplete foramen, with two small deltidial plates, area flat, sharply defined. Surface of valves marked with numerous fine pustulate radiating riblets, increased in number at variable distances from the beaks by the intercalation of shorter ribs. Surface crossed by con- centric lines of growth. Shell structure perforated by minute canals. Loop trebly attached, first to the base of hinge-plate, to the median short septum, and again by lateral branches departing from the reflected upper part of the loop to the upper anterior extremity of the septum. Brachial or labial appendages forming two ear-shaped pro- cesses, connected by a membrane forming two large lateral lobes and a short median spiral one. Dimensions, length 13, width 14, depth 6 mm. (Some Mediterranean examples have exceeded these proportions by a third.) Habitat.—This species was dredged in great profusion by the Challenger Expedition off Gomera, Teneriffe, on February 10, 1873, in 70 or 75 fathoms, with Argiope decollata adhering to it. It seems to enjoy a very extended geographical range. It occurs in the Mediterranean, and abounds on the adjacent Atlantic shores. Signor Costa obtained it from near the Island of Capri, Ischia, Palmieri, and the Gulf of Taranto. K. Forbes in his report on the Mollusca of the Algean Sea, 1844, found it living at from 60 to 105 fathoms. It was also dredged off the coast of France, Morbihan, Ile de Noirmoutier in Vendée, Guetaria, North Spain. Mr Dall mentions, that a specimen under the name of Megerlia truncata was sent to the Smithsonian Cabinet with the habitat of New South Wales, but this locality requires further confirmation, especially as Mr Dall observes that “the spiral lobe of the branchia, prominent in the European species, seemed to be nearly wanting in the Australian shell, the fringes in the former REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 51 being twice as long, and the individual filaments much more slender and five or six times as numerous as the latter. According to Messrs Adams and Dall, Megerlia truncata occurs in the Japanese seas, but I have not seen any specimens. The habitat of the Philippine Islands given by Woodward also requires corroboration, The specimen figured by Deshayes as having been dredged off the Island of Bourbon (?) certainly belongs to the species under description, but is erroneously named Morrisia gigantea. It is a common fossil in the upper tertiary formations of Sicily, Italy, Nice, and elsewhere. Observations.—This is a well-known species, and has been often described, and, as may be seen from the synonyms, often very much misunderstood. Externally it certainly bears a somewhat obscure resemblance to some forms of Orthis, but has none of its real characters. The strangest mistake, however, was that of Deshayes who described and figured a specimen said to be from off the Island of Bourbon, under the designation of Morrisia gigantea. In his admirable memoir Recherches sur l Organisation du Manteau chez les Brachiopodes articulés, 1864, Mr E. Deslongchamps treats in minute detail of the mantle in this important genus and especially of that of Megerlia truncata. He states that the microscopic flattened spiculee of the mantle are still more abundant than in Tere- bratulina and have a very peculiar shape, and that the calcified portions are well defined in shape in both valves. The flattened spicule are wide and nearly quadrilateral with rounded extremities, the edges festooned ; they form denticulated calcareous plates, and vary sufficiently in arrangement in different genera of Brachiopoda as to serve as distin- euishing characteristics. Megerlia willeméesi, n. sp. (Pl. IV. figs. 1-3). Shell ovate, or longitudinally oval, broadest anteriorly, tapering posteriorly. Valves moderately convex, surface smooth, white. Dorsal valve moderately convex, dorsal valve not quite as deep as the ventral one, and somewhat flattened anteriorly so that the front line is slightly depressed. Ventral valve very convex, slightly flattened along the middle and especially so anteriorly. Beak produced, comparatively large and truncated by a circular foramen, separated from the hinge-line by a rather wide and high deltidium. In the interior of the dorsal valve the loop is three times attached, first to the hinge- plate, again to a median septum, and thirdly by perpendicular lamellee which connect the lateral reflected extremities of the loop with the median septum. Length 10, width 9, depth 5 mm. Habitut.—Fine examples of this interesting species attached to branched Polyzoa were dredged in company with Terebratula wva by the Challenger Expedition on April 4, 1874, at Station 163, in lat. 36° 56’ S., long. 150° 30’ E., off Twofold Bay, South Australia, or between Sydney and Melbourne, in 120 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 0°-7 C. Sea bottom, red clay. ( i) THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. ey Observation.—The more elongated shape of this species distinguishes it from Megerlia Jjeffreysi. The shell was submitted to Mr Dall, who states that the loop resembles that of a Megerlia, like jeffreyst. I have named it after the late able and much regretted naturalist of the Challenger Expedition, Dr Rudolf von Willemées-Suhm, to whom science is indebted for many valuable contributions. Megerlia sanguinea, Chemn., sp. (PI. III. fig. 14, a). Anomia sanguinea, Chem., Conch. Cab., vol. viii. p. 96, pl. xxviii. fig. 706, 1785. Dillwyn, Cat. Rec. Shells, p. 293, 1817. (Not of Solander.) Anomia sanguinolenta, Gmel., n. sp., p. 3347. Anomia cruenta, Soc. MS. (Not of Dillwyn.) Terebratula cruenta, Donovan, Nat. Rep., pl. lvi. fig. 1. Terebratula erythroleuca, Quoy and Gaimard, Voyage de ]’Astrolabe, vol. iii. p. 557, pl. xxxv. figs. @), 10, : Terebratula sanguinea, Sow., Thes. Conch., vol. i. p. 357, pl. lxxi. figs. 71-73. (Not. of Lam., Leach, or Donovan.) Terebratula pulchella, Sow., Thes. Conch., vol. i. p. 360, pl. Ixxi. figs. 105-107. Dav., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 368, 1852. Gray, Brit. Mus. Cat.,p. 90. Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. vii. fig, 25. Megerlia pulchella, Dav., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 369, 1852. Megerlia (Vonenia) pulchella, Gray, Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 104. A. Adams, Ann. and Mag. of Nat, Hist., vol. ii p. 99, 1863. Megerlia sanguinea, Dav., Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 308, pl. xxxi. figs. 1, 2, 1871. Dall, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 187, 1873. Shell small, ovate or circular, smooth, thin, whitish or yellowish, radiately interruptedly freckled with bright blood colour. Dorsal valve moderately convex, with a more or less defined mesial depression, commencing at about half the length of the valve and extend- ing to the front. Ventral valve rather deeper than the dorsal one, uniformly convex, sometimes either slightly keeled or flattened along the middle. Beak moderately incurved and truncated by a circular foramen, very slightly separated from the hinge-line by a small deltidum ; beak-ridges well defined, leaving a flattened space or area between them and the hinge-line. Shell perforated by canals. In the interior of dorsal valve the loop does not extend to much further than to about two-thirds of the length of the valve, and is three times attached ; first to the hinge-plate, then before attaining half its length to a longitudinal septum, and a third time by vertical lamin, which connect the lateral reflected extremities of the loop with the median septum (fig. 14, a). Length 11, width 10, depth 9 mm. Habitat.—Only one specimen was dredged by the Challenger Expedition, between Stations 212 and 213, on February 1, 1875, at the Reefs of Zamboanga, in 10 fathoms depth. One example had likewise been dredged by the “ Astrolabe” Expedition at Tonga- tabu. I have very fine and large specimens from off the Island of Zebu in the Philip- pines, and Honolulu in the Sandwich Islands, attached to coral and stones. The Rev. J. E. REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 53 Woods kindly sent me specimens of the shell, both white and coloured, from near Bird’s Island, North Australia. A. Adams obtained it near Japan, and M. Emile Deplanche dredged it in 1859 not far from the coast of Tahiti. It was likewise recently got off Phare, New Caledonia. Observations.—In 1846 Mr G. Sowerby (Thesaurus Conchyliorum, parts 6 and 7, p. 357) noticed the triply-attached condition of the loop, for he says: “The internal appendages at first form two rays, then a central ring and two lateral loops, and at length a reflected dorsal loop united to a central ring.” This description seems, however, somewhat difficult to understand, and he seems not to have observed that two of the three attachments are made to a short longitudinal septum. In 1871 I gave enlarged, and I believe correct, figures of the loop of this species in my paper On Japanese Recent Brachiopoda (Proce. Zool. Soc. of London, pl. xxxi. fig. 2, a), and did not fail to mention (p. 308) that “ Mr Dall is of opinion that there is no difference in the interior of Megerlia sanguinea and Megerlia truncata, except that the lateral lobes are open instead of closed in Megerlia truncata, and that this and the external shape of the shell may perhaps serve as characters for the creation of a sub-section. The same internal arrange- ments take place in Megerlia jeffreysi, Megerlia reevii, Adams, and this last is in all probability nothing more than a bleached example or variety of the shell under descrip- tion.”* In his monograph Mr Reeves states that Sowerby’s Terebratula pulchella is merely a variety of the old Anomia sanguinea of Chemnitz. Kraussina, Davidson. Kraussina lamarckiana, Dav. (Pl. IV. fig. 9). Kraussina lamarckiana, Day., Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., vol. ix. p. 370, 1852, and Proc. Zool. Soe., pl. xiv. figs. 22, 23, 1852. Chem., Manuel de Conchyl., vol. ii. p. 206, 1857. Kraussina lamarckiana, Dav., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 31, 1861. Kraussina lamarckiana, Dall, Am. Journ. of Conch., vol. vi, part 2, p. 139, 1870, and Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 190, 1873. Shell small, somewhat tetragonal, about as wide as long, yellow or light brown. Dorsal valve slightly convex, with a rather deep longitudinal mesial depression. Hinge- line nearly straight and rounded at its angles. Ventral valve deeper and more convex than the dorsal one, longitudinally keeled along the middle. Beak slightly incurved and truncated by a large incomplete foramen, laterally margined by two rudimentary deltidial plates ; beak-ridges sharply defined, leaving a flat areal space between them and the hinge-line. Surface of both valves ornamented by a number of small radiating costee, 1 Herr Friele is mistaken when stating at p. 384 of his excellent paper On the Development of the Skeleton in the Genus Waldheimia, that I ,consider Megerlia jeffreysi to be the young of Megerlia sanguinea. I have always considered them to be distinct species ; but I said both agreed in the character of the loop, 54 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. increasing in number by the intercalation of shorter ribs. Apophysary system in dorsal valve consisting of two short, central, diverging branches, forked at their extremities. Interior surface tuberculated, a row of short, erect spine-like asperities rising perpendicu- larly close to, and all round the inner margin of valves. Its brachial appendages are small, the central spiral lobe especially so. Shell perforated by small canals. Length 7, breadth 7, depth 4 mm. Habitat.—Five specimens of this small species were brought home by the Challenger Expedition attached to specimens of Waldheimia flavescens. They were obtained on June 3, 1874, at Port Jackson, near Sydney, South Australia. The specimens of Wald- hemua being found close to the shore. The Rev. T. E. Tenison Woods, F.G.S., states in his Census of the Marine Shells of Tasmania and Adjacent Islands (p. 34, 1877), that Kraussina lamarckiana occurs in abundance under stones at low water at Tamar Heads, also in South-East Australia and New Zealand, and occasionally at Long Bay. Observations.—Kraussina lamarckiana is distinguishable from Kraussina piswm, Lam., by its much smaller dimensions and comparatively stronger ribs. A very closely allied species, or variety of Kraussina lamarckiana, to which M. Vélain has given the name of davidsoni in his valuable Malacologie de V’Ile de St Paul, occurs in vast abundance on the shore in the interior crater of the Island of St Paul. M. Vélain informs me that after having examined many hundred specimens, and compared them with the Australian Kraussina lamarckiana, he had determined to raise the St Paul shell to the rank of a new species. That during the ordinary low tides they are scarcely covered by water, and are alternately covered and left bare at the ebb and flow of the tide. They occur in an area of a few yards’ width, and, consequently, at very shallow depth, doubtless because they find there those conditions to which they are accustomed in other localities. M. Vélain informs me that during his lengthened stay at the Island of St Paul, no other species of Brachiopod was dredged, that the shell referred to by Mr Dall as Kraussina picta, Val., Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien., p. 894, 1865, as from the Island of St Paul has been nowhere described, and thus that name must be attributed to an incorrect citation. Kraussina pisum, Val. apud Lam., sp. (Pl. IV. figs. 7, 8). Terebratula pisum, Val. apud Lam., Anim. sans Vert., vol. vi. p. 330, 1819. Terebratula natalensis, Kuster, 1843, and Krauss, Die sudafricanschen Mollusken, pl. ii. fig. 11, 1848. Kraussia pisum, Dav., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. ix. p. 370, 1852, and Reeve, Mon. of Tere- bratula, Conch. Icon., pl. ix. fig. 26. Kraussina pisum, Dall, Am. Journ, of Conch., vol. vi., part 2, p. 140, 1870. Shell suborbicular, or oval, often rather wider than long, yellowish-white ; dorsal valve very slightly convex with a groove-like central, longitudinal depression extending from the umbo to the front. Hinge-line nearly straight, and rather more than half as long as the breadth of the shell. Ventral valve deeper than the dorsal one, longitudinally REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. By) keeled. Beak slightly incurved, with a rather large incomplete foramen and two small lateral deltidial plates ; beak ridges sharply defined, leaving a flattened area between them and the hinge-lne. Surface of valves covered with numerous small radiating ribs, which increase in number at variable distances from the beaks from the bifurcation of many of the ribs and the interpolation of shorter ones. Some of the ribs are likewise shorter than others. The valves are also crossed at variable intervals by fine concentric lines of growth. In the interior of dorsal valve a forked process for the support of the brachial appendages rises nearly centrically from the septum, its upper extremities being branched. The brachial appendages are small and do not occupy a space larger than about half the length of the valve, central spiral lobe very small. Length of a large example 15, width 17, depth 6 mm. Habitat.—A small number of very fine examples of this species were dredged by the Challenger Expedition, off the Cape of Good Hope, associated with Terebratula vitrea, var. minor, and Terebratulina caput-serpentis, var. septentrionalis, at Station 142, lat. 35° 4’S., long. 18° 37’ E., on December 18, 1873. Depth, 150 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 8°:3 C. Sea bottom, sand. It has also been dredged near Natal. Observations.—This is a well-known South African species. The so-called Avaussina cognata of Chemnitz, will, I believe, very probably turn out to be a large malformed example of the shell under description. My opinion is shared by Mr Dall. Avaussina deshayesi is, as was justly remarked both by Reeve and Dall, closely allied to Kraussina pisum, but it is a more triangular form, and painted with deep crimson rays. It may, however, be the same as Kraussina capensis of Adams and Reeve. I have observed the row of spine-like projections round the inner margin Avraussina cognata, a character apparently common to several, if not all, the species of the genus. I have noticed them in Kraussina rubra of Pallas, and also in Kraussina lamarckiana. Kraussina lamarcki- ana is a much smaller species than AKraussina piswm, and its ribs are comparatively coarser. Krauss gave a good description and illustration of the forked process in 1848. Platydia, Costa. Platydia anomoides, Scacchi, sp. (Pl. IV. figs. 10, 11). Terebratula appressa, Forbes, British Association Report, p. 193, 1843. Rep. Moll. Aigean Sea, p. 141, 1844. Orthis anomioides, Scacchi, Philippi, Fauna Molluscorum Regni Utriusque Sicilia, tab. xvii., fig. 9, 1844. Platydia anomioides, Costa, Fauna del regno di Napoli, p. 48, pl. ui. dis, fig. 6, 1843. Morrisia anomioides, Dav., Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., p. 371, 1852, and S. P. Woodward, Manual, p. 218, fig. 119, 1856. Reeve, Mon. of Terebratula, Conch. Icon., pl. x. fig. 40, 1861. Platydia anomioides, Dall., Cat. Recent Brach., Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 192, 1873. Shell small, transversely oval or nearly circular, semitransparent, yellowish-white, conspicuously perforated by minute canals, foramen large, encroaching equally on both valves. Dorsal valve nearly flat, and mesially depressed; umbo notched by a semi- ~ 56 " ‘THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. circular foramen. Ventral valve convex, of moderate depth, hinge-line straight, area small. Beak very slightly incurved, foramen situated under its angular extremity, margined by narrow deltidial plates. Surface smooth, marked with concentric lines of growth. In the interior of the dorsal valve the loop is small, and not reflected; but the converging principal branches are first attached to hinge, and again to the upper extremity of a small vertical medium septum. Peduncle very short; animal possessed of sigmoid labial appendages. Length 4, breadth 5, depth 2 mm. Habitat.—Two examples were dredged by the Challenger Expedition, attached to two examples of Waldheimia kerguelenensis, off Marion Island, on December 26, 1873, in 100 fathoms. Five likewise off Prince Edward’s Island, close to Marion Island, on December 26,1873. It was also dredged in the Mediterranean by Professor E. Forbes at a depth of 91 fathoms, and by Mr W. S. Kent off the Portugal coast, near the mouth of the Tagus. Platydia anomioides occurs fossil in the Pliocene deposits of Sicily. Observations.—The animal of this interesting and well-marked genus has not yet been sufficiently anatomically studied. The arrangements of the labial appendages are very remarkable. They were briefly described and figured by Signor Costa im 1843, and by myself in 1852, but more particularly in 1864 by Mr E. Deslongchamps, in his valuable memoir, Recherches sur V’Organisation du Manteau chez les Brachiopodes articulés. His observations were, however, like my own, unfortunately founded on dried specimens. He states that the brachial appendages are much more simple than in other genera of the Brachiopoda, and that the two principal branches which: lie close to each other at their origin, and towards the centre of the shell, deviate by a curve, and having made almost a complete circle, return close to their origin, without forming a spiral. But his most important observations relate to the mantle which he states to be so thickly coated with spicule that it is impossible to separate it from the brachial appendages without injuring them; that they are small, but exceedingly numerous, and get so blended together that it becomes at last very difficult to define their shape; that they appear to be a white spongeous mass formed of an innumerable number of short lamellz crossing each other in every direction. In his paper Sur les Brachiopodes des Cotes Oceaniques de la France (Journal de Conchyliologie, 3d series, vol. xu. p. 160, pl. vi. fies. 3-9, 1872), Mr P. Fischer describes at great length Platydia anomioides and the characters that distinguish it from Platydia davidsom. He gives an enlarged sketch of the brachial appendages which he likewise states to be extremely simple. “De chaque coté de la bouche part une portion horizontale qui se coude ensuite et forme une premiére anse ou boucle buccale. Elle est continuée de chaque coté par la portion currante dirigée du crochet de la valve vers le bord frontal et en rapport avec la valve inferieure ou dorsale : cette portion currante se soude, décrit un circle complet et revient au-dessus de la portion currente en étant en rapport avec la valve dorsale: elle se termine enfin par une sinuosité dirigée vers la bouche. C'est 1& le rudiment de la portion spirale, REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 57 qui est assez developée chez les Megerlia, et beaucoup plus chez les Terebratules. L’appareil branchial resemble done & celui du Platydia anomioides mais la bouche boucle est moins large par rapport aux boucles laterales, les cirrhes des bras sont assez longs et disposes par paires ou plutot chaque cirrhe semble se divise, en deux filaments égaux. Ce caractiére a été representé chez la Platydia anonioides par M. Davidson.” After a lengthened examination of two specimens of this shell which I found adhering to two examples of Waldheimuia kerguelenensis dredged off Marion Island, neither Dr Gwyn Jeffreys nor myself were able to detect any characters to distinguish them from the well-known Mediterranean Platydia anomioides. Other smaller examples, dredged by the Challenger Expedition off Prince Edward’s Island, agreed exactly in shape and size with some specimens dredged by Edward Forbes in the Algean Sea. I have also a specimen dredged by Mr W. 8. Kent off the coast of Portugal near the Tagus, which appears to be identical in shape with the two examples from the Marion Islands. The true Terebratella appressa of Forbes, or Platydia anomioides of Scacchi, from the Aigean Sea, is generally more circular or orbicular; but among the specimens dredged by my distinguished friend Edward Forbes, and given to me after his return from the Mediterranean, are two or three examples that are transversely oval, and which closely resemble larger specimens dredged by the Challenger Expedition. Owing to the extreme shortness of the peduncle, the ventral valve is kept so close to the object to which it is attached, that the asperities or irregularities of the rock or shell to which it is attached are often reproduced upon it. This peculiarity is especially observable on the smaller valve of Platydia davidsont. As the name anonuoides is now in general use, I do not feel inclined to disturb it, although that of appressa, Forbes, seems to hold priority. The two species of Platydia at present known are of small dimensions, none exceeding 7 mm. in length by 10 mm. in breadth. The so-termed Morrisia gigantea, Deshayes, from off the Island of Bourbon, is an example of Megerlia truncata. Argiope, KE. Deslongchamps. Argiope decollata, Gmel., sp. (Pl. IV. figs. 12, 13). Anomia decollata, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vol. viii. p. 96, pl. xxviii. fig. 705, and of the generality of modern authors. Anomia detruncata, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. Terebratula ungula, Retz., n. gen., Tert. Terebratula aperta, Blainville, Dic. Sci. Nat. Terebratula dimidiata, Scacchi= Terebratula candida, Risso = Terebratula urna-antiqua, Risso. Megantheris decollata, D’Orb., and of Dall. Shell small, eenerally wider than long, semi-oval or obscurely subpentagonal ; hinge- 7d y toy) ° =) line about as long as the greatest breadth of the shell. Dorsal valve semicircular, (ZOOL. CHALL. EXP.—PART 1.—1880.) A8 58 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. gently convex, with acute cardinal extremities, and either gently rounded or nearly straight in front. Ventral valve rather deeper than the opposite one. Beak pro- minent, nearly straight, with a wide triangular area ; foramen large, incomplete, margined laterally by narrow deltidial plates. Surface in each valve ornamented with about twelve rounded corresponding ribs, the two central ones generally deviating so as to admit a short, smaller one between them. Three or five sub-marginal septa, the three central ones being, at the same time, the largest and most prominent. The loop is com- posed of a single ribband-shaped lamella, which is first attached to the hinge-plate, and afterwards forms a semicircular curve, lying close to the bottom of the shell in the spaces intervening between the septa, to which it likewise adheres. Brachial appen- dages folded into two or four lobes, united by a membrane, forming a brachial disk, fringed with long cirri, mantle extending to the margins of the valves, closely adherent. Shell structure perforated by numerous canals. Length 5, width 0, depth 3 mm. Habitat.—Argiope decollata was dredged alive in great abundance by the Challenger Expedition, at Gomera, off Teneriffe, adhering to Megerlia truncata, on February 10, 1873, in 70 or 75 fathoms. Mr MacAndrew states that he obtained it off the Island of Madeira in 20 fathoms (Geog. Dist. of Tert. Mollusca, p. 39, 1854). Professor E. Forbes dredged it in 1841 in the Aigean Sea, in a range of from 27 to 110 fathoms (Report on the Mollusca and Radiata of the Augean Sea, p. 141, 1844). Costa observes that it generally accom- panies Terebratulina cuput-serpentis in the Mediterranean, and occurs plentifully near the Islands of Capri, Ischia, Palmieri, and in the Gulf of Taranto. Jeffreys states that it is found at depths varying from 20 to 60 fathoms. Mr Fischer mentions, in the supple- ment to his paper on the Brachiopodes des Cédtes Oceaniques de la France (Journal de Conchyliologie, 1871), that he dredged it off Cape Breton, in upwards of 45 fathoms. Dr Jeffreys quotes it from two miles east of Guernsey, in 18 fathoms It has also been found in the Atlantic, coast of Spain, in 80 fathoms. It abounds in the Pliocene deposits of Sicily, at Nice, and elsewhere, also in rocks of the Miocene group. Observations.—Dr S. P. Woodward and myself were able to give the first description and illustration of the manner in which the loop and brachial appendages are arranged in this important genus and species (Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. iv., May 1852). Since then, Dr Gray has proposed to separate from the genus Argiope all those forms with a single sub-marginal septum, uniting them in the sub-genus Cistella. This view has since been adopted by the larger number of malacologists, but by so doing the genus Argiope would, up to the present time, be represented by the single species under description. Externally Cistella barettiana, Dav. = Argiope antillarum, Crosse, so com- pletely resembles Argiope decollata that it would hardly be possible to distinguish it. In Cistella neapolitana, Cistella cuneata, Cistella woodwardiana, Cistella schramma, and REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 59 Cistella cistellula there is but one septum, while in Argiope decollata there are from three to five. Rhynchonella, Fisher. Rhynchonella nigricans, var. pixydata, R. B. Watson" (Pl. IV. fig. 14). Terebratula nigricans, Sow., Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 91, 1846, and Thesaurus Conchyl., p. 342, pl Ixxi. figs. 81, 82. Rhynchonella nigricans, Dav., Proc. Zool. Soc., pl. xiv. figs. 30, 31, 1852. Hemithyris nigricans, Dall, Catalogue of the Recent Species of the Class Brachiopoda, Proc. Phil, Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 196, 1873. Var. pixydata.—Shell transversely oval, widest anteriorly, tapering posteriorly, wider than long. Dorsal valve uniformly convex to about half its length, when a broad mesial fold, scarcely raised above the general convexity of the valve, occupies the anterior middle of the valve. Ventral valve rather less deep and convex than the opposite one, with a broad, well-defined mesial sinus, commencing at a short distance from the extremity of the beak, and extending to the front. Beak rather small, acute, and incurved ; foramen incomplete, situated under its pomted extremity, laterally mar- gined by narrow deltidial plates; surface of both valves ornamented by about forty to forty-six small, angular radiating ribs, closely intersected by equidistant squamose con- centric ridges of growth, giving an imbricated appearance to the surface. Colour yellowish- white, sometimes brownish at the beaks. Length 18, width 20, depth 30 mm. Habitat—Six examples were dredged by the Challenger Expedition, south of Kerguelen Island, on February 2, 1874, associated with numerous specimens of Wald- heimia kerguelensis, at Station 150, lat. 50° 4’ S. long. 71° 22’ E. Depth, 150 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 1°8 C. Sea bottom, rock. The typical form of the species has been often dredged in about 19 fathoms at Foveaux Straits, five miles off Ruapuke Island, New Zealand. Sea bottom, coral and rock. Observations.—Nearly all the specimens from Foveaux Straits, New Zealand, were of a blue, black, or brownish colour, while the six examples dredged by the Challenger Expedition from near Kerguelen Island, were of a light, yellowish-white colour. One, however, showed at the beaks the brown tint of the New Zealand type. The New Zealand shell is also generally more transverse, and comparatively less convex than is the variety from near Kerguelen. The ribs in the latter are likewise more numerous, and smaller. These differences, no doubt, led the Rev. R. Boog Watson to distinguish it as a distinct species under the MS. name of pixydata, from mv€, as he thought it like a box ? By mistake in my Extract of Report on the Brachiopoda dredged by H.M.S. Challenger, read before the Royal Society on May 8, 1878, this variety was referred to Willemées-Suhm, but Mr Watson subsequently informed ime that it was an MS. name of his own. 60 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. in form. After careful study and comparison with an extensive series of the New Zealand types, I am led to the conclusion that Rhynchonella pixydata is merely a local variety of Rhynchonella nigricans, in the same way as Terebratula septentrionalis is by the generality of malacologists regarded as a local variety of Terebratulina caput- serpentis. Rhynchonella nigricans and its variety pixydata bear a close resemblance to more than one Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary species of the genus, and a Rhynchonella recently found by the Rev. J. E. Tenison Woods in the Tertiary rocks of Table Cape, Tasmania, seems absolutely undistinguishable. It has received the MS. name Rhyn- chonella celata from Professor M‘Coy, and described under that name by the Rey. Tenison Woods in his paper On the Tertiary Deposits of Australia, and published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1877. Lingula, Bruguiere. Lingula anatina, Lamarck (PI. IV. figs. 15, 16). Rostrum anatis, Petiver; Patella unguis, Linneus ; Mytilus lingua, Dillwyn. Lingula anatina, Cuvier, Memoirs du Museum, vol. i. p. 69, pl. vi., 1802. Lingula anatina, Val. apud Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., vol. vi. p. 258, 1819. Lingula chemnitz, Kust., vol. vii. pl. i. figs. 7-9, teste Hanley. Lingula anatina, C. Vogt, Anatomie der Lingula anatina, 1845. Lingula anatina, De Blainville, Manuel, tom. li. fig. 3. Lingula anatina, Day., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. ix. p. 377, 1852. Lingula anatina, G. B. Sowerby, Thes. Conch., vol. i. p. 337, figs. 1, 2, 9, 10, 1846. Lingula anatina, Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. ii. Lingula anatina, Dall, Am. Journ. of Conch., vol. vi. p. 155, 1870, and Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 203, 1873. Shell oblong, elongated, sides nearly straight and parallel; valves very slightly convex, and nearly straight in front, attenuated at the posterior extremities. Surface smooth, colour bright green. Peduncle longer than the length of the shell, passing out between the valves through a narrow channel in the hinge margin. Valves about equal and moderately convex, slightly gaping at the beaks, most convex along the middle, some- what flattened laterally. Dorsal valve a little shorter at the beaks than the ventral one ; texture horny and calcareous, no calcified support for the labial appendages, the fleshy spiral coils directed upwards. Length, irrespective of the peduncle, 38, width 17, depth 6 mm. Habitat.—The late Dr Willemées-Suhm, of the Challenger Expedition, in one of his letters published in Siebold and Kolliker’s Zeitschrift, 1876, mentions finding on the beach at Zamboangan, Philippines, a Lingula (L. anatina) in hundreds, and that he gave a dollar for a hundred. Three large bottles full were forwarded to me for examination, collected by the Challenger Expedition, in sand at low water at the same place, on October 23, 1871, and February 1, 1875. These specimens, from 10 to 40 mm. in length, were of REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 61 most brilliant emerald green. Mr L. Reeve states in his monograph of Lingula—< Mr Cuming happened to be at Manilla in 1836 after an unusually boisterous typhoon, when as many as twenty bushels of this species were collected on the shore of the bay.” It occurs, no doubt, in other places. In the British Museum there are specimens from Timor (Stoke’s Coll.), and from the Fiji Islands (Hind’s Coll.). Observations.—This is the only species of the genus brought home by the Challenger Expedition. It is also one of the oldest and best known. Cuvier, who was the first (as far as | am aware) who described the animal in 1797 and 1802, observes: ‘‘ Comme elles n’ont point de dents & leur charniére, on ne pouvait deviner, en les voyant isolées, qu’elles étoient bivalves; et Linnzeus qui n’en avoit vu qu'une, l’avoit placée parmi les patelles, sous le nom d’wnguis, sous lequel elle paroit encore, quoiqu’ avec doute, dans l’édition de Gmélin. Rumphe, et d’aprés lui Favanne avoient pensé que ce pouvoit étre le bouclier testacé de quelque limace. Chemnitz ayant eu occasion d’en voir les deux valves, jugea, je ne sais trop pourquoi, qu’elle devoit passer dans le genre des jambonneaux, et la nomina Pinna wngwis. Bruguiére est le premier auteur systématique qui ait su que ces deux valves sont naturellement attachées & un pédicule membraneux, comme celle des térébratules et des anatifes, et qui en ait fait en conséquence, dans les planches de YEncyclopédie, un genre particulier dont il ne donne point de description, parce que son ouvrage et sa mort l’empéchérent de conduire jusqu’a la son dictionnaire d’Helmin- thologie. Mais le citoyen Lamarck a adopté et caractérisé ce genre.” The animal of Lingula anatina has been anatomically studied with great minuteness by several of our best contemporary zoologists. Professor R. Owen described it in 1833, in the Philosophical Transactions of the Zoological Society ; and again in his chapter on the anatomy of Terebratula, in the Introduction to my work on British Fossil Brachiopoda. In 1845 the same subject was well treated by Dr C. Vogt, in his memoir, Anatomie der Lingula anatina. In 1856 it was studied by Dr 8. P. Woodward in his excellent Manual of the Mollusca, in 1858 the anatomy of Lingula anatina was admirably treated by Albany Hancock, in his memorable memoir On the Organisation of the Brachiopoda, published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Then followed, in 1860, Dr Gratiolet’s remarkable memoir, Etudes anatomiques sur la Lingule anatina, printed in the Journal de Conchyliologie. We have likewise Professor Semper’s important observations On the Animal of Lingula anatina, in the Zeitschrift fiir wissen- schaftliche Zoologie, vol. ii. p. 100, 1859, and in the Revsebericht in the Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, vol. xiv. p. 424, 1864; and lastly, Professor King’s instructive memoir, on some characteristics of Lingula anatina, in the 4th ser., vol. xii., 1873, of the Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist. To all these works the reader is referred. When young, and up to a certain age, Lingula anatina is very oval, and rounded at its anterior margin; the beaks tapering more than in the adult condition. Some specimens also attained somewhat larger proportions that those above recorded, but 62 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S CHALLENGER. none of the numerous examples brought back by the Challenger Expedition exceeded the dimensions already given. The manner in which the Lingule slide their valves upon one another has been admirably described by Professors Semper, E. Morse, and W. King. Some of the Philippine specimens of Lingula anatina approach very nearly in shape, and vivid verdigris-green brilliancy of colour to Lingula ovalis, of Reeve, from Honolulu, one of the Sandwich islands. I may, however, mention that the name ovalis cannot be made use of for the recent species, as it had been given many years previously to a fossil one. I, therefore, propose to substitute the specific designation of Lingula reevii for the recent species. Discina, Lamarck. Discina atlantica, King (Pl. IV. figs. 17, 18). Discina atlantica, King, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. of Dublin, vol. v. p. 170-173, 1868 ; Dav., Brit. Foss. Brach., vol. iv. sup., p. 2, pl. i. fig. 11, 1874. Discinisca (2) atlantica, Dall, Cat. Recent Brach., Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 177, July 1873. Discina atlantica, J. Gwyn Jeffreys, Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., p. 252, 1876, and Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, “ Porcupine” Expedition, 1869. Station 19a, 1366 fathoms. Shell very small, shghtly longitudinally oval, broadest anteriorly, sometimes marginally almost circular. Shell very thin, semitransparent, corneous, light yellowish-brown, marked with numerous concentric lines, or ridges of growth. Dorsal or upper valve conical ; vertex almost central, or situated at about one-third of the length of the valve from the posterior margin ; ventral valve flat, exceedingly thin. Length 3, breadth 23 mm. Habitat.—This species was not known previous to 1862. Since then it has been dredged in no less than eight separate and widely-spread localities. It appears to be a very abundant shell, but occurs only at very great depths. It was obtained at seven or eight different localities by the Challenger Expedition :— Station 106 (Pl. IV., fig. 17, a,b,c), August 25, 1873, lat. 1° 47’ N., long. 24° 26’ W. Bottom temperature, 1°°8 C. Sea bottom, globigerina ooze. Three examples attached to Limopsis aurita, Brocchi, associated with one example of Megerlia (2) incerta, Dav. Depth, 1850 fathoms. This station is situated between the Cape Verde Islands or Sierra Leone (Africa), and Fernando de Noronha (South America). Station 194, September 29, 1874, lat. 4° 33’ S., long. 120° 58’ E. Depth from 200 fathoms to 360 fathoms. Sea bottom, volcanic detritus. Station 237 (Pl. IV. fig. 18), June 17, 1875, lat. 34° 37’ N., long. 140° 32’ E. Depth, 1875 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 1°°7 C. Sea bottom, mud. Some examples of the upper valve were got in washing the dredge, along with one specimen of Terebratula dalli. Station 246, July 2, 1875, lat. 36° 10’ N., long. 178° 0’ E. Depth, 2050 fathoms. REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 63 Bottom temperature, 1°°3 C. Globigerina ooze, and where it is often found attached to rolled fragments of pumice stone. Station 271, September 6, 1875, lat. 0° 33’ S., long. 151° 34’ W. Depth, 2425 fathoms; attached to a specimen of Arca. Bottom temperature, 1°°0 C. Sea bottom, globigerina ooze. Station 300, December 17, 1875, lat. 33° 31’ S., long. 74° 43’ W. Depth, 2160 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 1°°5 C. Sea bottom, globigerina ooze, along with Waldheima wyvillit. Professor King, to whom we are indebted for the first description and illustration of this interesting species, informs us that it was first dredged in 1862 by staff-commander Richard Hoskyn, R.N., then in command of the “ Porcupine,” for purposes in connection with the then proposed telegraphic connection between Ireland and Newfoundland. The specimen was not quite perfect, and came up in the sounding machine, from a depth of 1240 fathoms, in lat. 52° 8’ W., long. 15° 30’, or nearly due west of Dingwall Bay. The second specimen was dredged by Dr Gwyn Jeffreys, in nearly the same place, at a depth of 1366 fathoms. “ Porcupine” Expedition, 1866. It was also dredged by Sir James Anderson, in the North Atlantic, when fishing up the telegraphic cable in 2400 fathoms depth; and by Dr J. Gwyn Jeffreys during the cruise of the “ Valorous” in 1875, in Baffin’s Bay, at depths of 1450 and 690 fathoms. Dr Nicholson observes that abyssal, or deep-sea forms, are usually widely diffused, their range depending chiefly on temperature, and being influenced chiefly by oceanic currents. Observations.—I have seen all the upper valves of this small species hitherto collected, but only one specimen of the smaller valve. Dr Gwyn Jeffreys, in his paper On North Atlantic Brachiopoda, published in the Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist. for September 1876, says that the “arms are furnished with long and slender setze or stiff hair-like cilia, which project beyond the edges of the shell on every side to an extent equalling its diameter.” He meant the margin of mantles, not arms. The brachial appendages are, as stated by Dr 8. P. Woodward and myself, curved backwards, returning upon themselves, and ending in small spires directed downwards towards the ventral valve. Professor R. Owen, who in 1833! described with much care the anatomy of the genus Discina, says— “The labial processes, or brachia, are scarcely more adapted to protrude externally than in Terebratula chilensis, the only parts that are free being the short spiral extremities. . . . The brachial filaments, when viewed through the lens, presented an equal cylindri- cal figure, and an entire surface” (p. 155). He also minutely describes and illustrates the two lobes of the mantle, and states that “the branchial vessels may be seen in rich profusion on their inner surface,” and in a highly magnified view of a small portion of the edge of the mantle he shows the “ terminal divisions of the branchial vessels, and their 1On the Anatomy of the Brachiopoda of Cuvier, and more especially on the Genera Terebratula and Orbicula, Trans. Zool. Soc., vol. i. p. 145, pl. xxii. figs, 2-13. 64 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. setose cilia.” At my request, Dr Halifax of Brighton made for me a series of prepara- tions of the mantle of both Discina levis and Discina atlantica. These last, from specimens brought home by the Challenger Expedition, showed in the most admirable manner the highly vascular mantle, fringed with long horny setze entirely agreeing with the descrip- tion and illustrations of Professor Owen and Dr 8. P. Woodward. The cirri are of great length, and barbed throughout, with spine-like asperities, in some cases they bifurcate near their extremities, and lie close together at their origin. In. some specimens of Discina levis, great numbers of full-grown Pedicelline, belonging to the Polyzoa, adhered to the long barbed cirri (PI. IV., fig. 17, b), looking like Lingulee, with their long pliant peduncles. The smaller valve of Discina atlantica was described by Dr Gwyn Jeffreys, from a North Atlantic specimen, obtained during the ‘“ Valorous” Expedition—‘ Flat, thin, having near the middle a comparatively small round disk, within which is an oval slit for the passage of the byssal stalk (peduncle) of attachment. This disk is shghtly sunk within a caleareous substance to which it is attached, as if the byssus had the power of excava- tion; the rest of the lower valve is free and concentrically striated, lke the upper valve. Muscular (adductor) scars in the upper valve, club-shaped, rather close together, no scars observable in the lower valve, not the slightest trace of tubular or perforated structure could be detected in either valve, with one of Smith’s and Beck’s best microscopes, under a lens of one-fifth power.” Iam not certain that this species has been hitherto positively found in the fossil state, but Dr Gwyn Jeffreys thinks that the Discina fallax, 8. Wood, from the crag of England, may, perhaps, be referable to the species under description. Discina stella, Gould (Pl. IV. fig. 19, a). Discina stella, Gould, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vii. p. 8323; Otia Conch., p. 120, 1860. Orbicula stella, Reeve, Conch. Icon., pl. 1. fig. 1, 1862. Discina stella, Dall., Am. Journ. of Conch., vol. vii. part 2, p. 76, 1871. Shell orbicular, about as broad as long ; upper valve conical, and moderately elevated, vertex sub-central, surface marked by numerous radiating striz, vertex almost smooth, yellow. Attached valve almost flat. Length 6, breadth 6, depth 3 mm. Habitat.—Five upper valves of this species were dredged by the Challenger Expedi- tion, off Bermuda, at Station 190, lat. 8° 56’ S., long. 136° 5’ N., on September 12, 1874, in 49 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 23°°9 C. Sea bottom, mud. It has also been found by Mr Cuming, near Singapore, and the Philippine Islands. Stimpsom and Wilkes quote it from the China Seas. Observations.—In his Conch. Icon., Reeve states that ‘“ this species has a wide distri- bution in eastern seas. On comparing authentic specimens received from Dr Gould, of which is given at fig. 1, b, collected in the China Sea, by Wilkes’ exploring expedition, I find them identical with specimens collected by Mr Cuming, attached to fragments of REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 65 Pullastra, Pinna, and Malleus, at Singapore, and at the Philippine [slands.” Dr Gould states, the “sculpture varies in strength; on young specimens the radiating strie are scarcely developed, in older specimens, and especially those that have had to contend with irregularities in their place of attachment, the sculpture has a minutely-latticed character, like the grains of a thimble, or thicker, concave or convex, according to cireum- stances of habitation ; and the position of the slit obviously varies with the position of the vertex in the opposite valve. On a flat place of attachment the sub-incumbent slit is nearly central, but when attached to a sloping or declivitous substance the vertex is pressed to one side, and the slit of the under valve follows the same direction.” APPENDIX. After my Report had been written and handed to Sir Wyville Thomson, the Rey. R. Boog Watson found among the Mollusca placed under his charge a few additional speci- mens of Brachiopoda. Discina atlantica, King. Station 184. August 29, 1874. 145° 10’ ER. Off Australia, with Terebratula wyvillii. Depth, 1400 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 1°8°C. Sp. gr. 02. Crania, sp. Station 33. Off Bermuda. April 4, 1873. Depth, 435 fathoms. Mud. Among some Mollusca dredged off Bermuda, a dead incomplete valve of a small ° Crama occurs, the only specimen of this genus obtained during the Challenger Expedition. The specimen is too imperfect to warrant a specific identification. It measured 4 mm. in length and breadth. Terebratulina caput-serpentis, or cailleti. - Station 344. April 3,1876. Off Ascension Island, along with Terebratula cubensis. Depth, 420 fathoms. Hard ground. Waldheimia dilatata, Lam. In the article Mollusca, in the Report on the Transit of Venus Expedition, in the year 1874-1875, Trans. of the Royal Society of London, vol. exlvii. (extra volume), p. 192, (zooL. CHALL, EXP.—PART I.—1880.) AQ 66 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 1879, Mr Edgar Smith mentions this shell as having been obtained with the aid of a grapple out of a cleft in the rocks at 4 fathoms depth, at Observatory Bay, Kerguelen Island. I have seen the specimen in the British Museum, and it certainly belongs to the species so named by Lamarck, but it remains still to be determined whether it is specifically distinct from Waldheinua venosa, Solander. Mr E. Smith says: “ Reeve questions the correctness . of the habitat attributed to this species by Gray, but considering how many species of animals found at Kerguelen Island are also indigenous to the Patagonian seas, there can be little doubt that Gray was correct in this instance.” Waldheimia septigera, Lovén. In his work Mollusca Regionis Arcticee N orvegive, 1878, Dr G. O. Sars describes this shell as in all probability a true Arctic species. Professor Herman Friele, however, informs me by letter that he is unable to agree with Sars in regarding it as a true Arctic form, or its asserted occurrence in the cold area. He further states that Waldhewmia septigera is not found, so far as he is aware, living there; some dead valves only were dredged by Sars outside the steep Banks of Aalesund in 1872. During the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, it was not found either in the cold area or north of Finmark ; and neither he nor Sars dredged it above lat. 65°. Lovén states that he has found it in Finmark. It has never hitherto been obtained at Spitzbergen. In the Arctic seas it is replaced by Terebratella spitzbergenensis, Dav. Magasella cumingi, Dav. Mr John Brazier, of Sydney, Australia, informs me by letter that this species is so exceedingly abundant at Pigs Rocks, Port Jackson, that in one haul he obtained about one hundred dead specimens at a depth of 3 to 4 fathoms; bottom, sand and mud. At South Reef, Port Jackson Heads, in 10 fathoms, bottom of broken shells, stones, and coarse white sand, he obtained twelve living specimens, of which he sent me examples ; they are of a light salmon colour. Although quoted by Cuming from New Zealand, Mr F. W. Hutton of the Otago Museum, Dunedin, assures me he has never seen a New Zealand specimen. Mr Brazier has also dredged Megerlia pulchella off Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson, rocky bottom, 5 fathoms, attached to a large Spondylus. In the year 1868 he obtained a few specimens near the rocks at Camp Cove or Green Point, Port Jackson, in 7 fathoms, bottom of broken shells and sand; and in 1869 he found a specimen which was washed on shore at Cabbage Tree Bay, outside Sydney Heads, and which was well marked with red. Mr Brazier dredged Megerlia sanguinea at Sandal Bay on the north- west side of the island of Lifou, Loyalty Islands, in 1873, the beach being strewn with it ; he also found a small specimen of this shell attached to Pecten palliwmn, Lam., at Wantoro, . REPORT ON THE BRACHIOPODA. 67 near Noumea, New Caledonia; also at Aneiteum, New Hebrides; and at Isle Nou, New Caledonia ; and lastly, at the Sandwich*Islands, whence it has been often quoted. Mr Brazier tells me also that he has dredged in Port Jackson for the last twenty-five years, and never found a specimen of Terebratulina until quite lately, when he went to what he calls a new field, where one can only go when the wind is either north or north- - east, with the sea smooth, so as to get close in to the rocks with a boat. The locality is Inner North Head, off Port Jackson, and the Old Man’s Hat Point, 7 to 8 fathoms, rocks, stones, broken shells, and sandy mud. The first day he went, in washing out the dredgings, he obtained a specimen dead, and as black as ink, caused by being in mud. He examined it closely, and seeing that he had never found the like before in Port Jackson, continued dredging all day, and was rewarded with three more specimens in good condition. Mr Brazier believes this shell to be a dwarfed variety of Terebratulina cancellata, Koch. ' Through the kindness of Mr Dall I have been able to examine the types of Gould’s Terebratella pulvinata and Terebratella patagonica from the State Museum, Washington. I much fear that the first is no more than a young smooth specimen of Terebratella dor- sata, while the second appears to me to be a young Magasella (Ter.) flexuosa, King. I also arrived at the conclusion, after examination of the type specimens of Cistella rubro- tincta, Dall, and Cistella antillarum and Cistella schrammz, Crosse, that all these three are synonyms of my Cistella barrettiana of which the type is in the Museum at Cam- bridge, and I believe that Mr Dall is disposed to take a similar view. Cvstella lutea, Dall, cannot be well distinguished externally from Cistella barrettiana, but its median septum presents certain peculiarities which render it possible that it may be a distinct species. Discina tenwis and Discina levis, Sow., evidently belong to a single species, and it may also remain a question for further consideration whether the large, square, oblong examples of Lingula from Moreton Bay, Australia, to which L, Reeve has given the name tunudula (see specimens in British Museum), may not be mere variations in shape of the more elongated Lnngula murphiana that occurs in the same locality. It appears quite evident that on further study, with the aid of more ample material, the number of so-termed species of Iingula and Gilottidia will have to be reduced. Unfortunately, of several of them, we are acquainted with one or two individuals only, and upon such scanty and insufficient material it is impossible to arrive at satisfactory conclusions. This remark will apply equally well to a certain number of the species belonging to other genera; and there is every hope that these matters will, with time, be set right by the numerous dredging expeditions that are now being carried on by nearly all the maritime nations. fecaca aia contra re me h ina he rt ae ~ whe oy * Aue e Ce 3) ie tik Hie ove bs ishewte ry ae: ra hae lee 7 Se ad ee Bi At ; POU Es ~~ re ACM) ry ee i a ra ‘oe ni ue LS. PT LAMAN AD ELS as BL by sein ey irene * s ‘4's * The Voyage of HMS.Challenger.” . ~ * Tho? Davidson del et hth “| 2 TEREBRATULINA WYVILLEI. SLY) n CAPUT SERPENTIS var. SEPTENTRIONALIS. i cage I) Perens Brachiopoda.Pll Hanhart ip 10 TEREBRATULINA Sp.? H_I6 ” CANCELLATA. e ¥ os ¥ . - - . = ; < bt ; “Se Gp... ‘ A * a % & « ™ oe eo a Rios oe « ‘ c . Penta ye + . ; " * o + 5 Y * ae = * 2, » oe . " s y Le The Voyage of HMS Challenger” hop 2° Davidson del ct hth 1 TEREBRATULINA MURRAY!I 7-9 TEREBRATULA WYVILLE]. 2 » CAILLETI. 10,11 ” CUBENSIS 3,4 TEREBRATULA UVA. 12.14 ” MOSELEY!I. 5,6 ” MINOR. 15 ” DALLI. 17,18 MEGERLIA INCERTA. Brachiopoda Pi. Il Hanhart smp The Voyage of HM.S.’Challenger.” Brachiopoda Pl. III f aS Tho* Davidson del et hth 1.9 WALDHEIMIA KERQGUELENSIS. 14 MEGERLIA SANGUINEA. 10.12 ” FLAVESCENS. 15_18 » ‘TRUNCATA. 13 » Wave EST EaT 19.20 TEREBRATELLA FRIELE!. Satis - . / = : | é aro ore = | | | | | | ; c F “ | | . . . 2 4 ie : | | | . 3 . . i . _ e : e " 3 z | ny : | | | | | | g ee G : 4 : % . . : . p. wc . . Ne. a | | : ) | > > . r . od ue - . ‘ ‘ . . “¢ . . 4 1) a . ” ™ é i c ; . . . tome 4 A "0 . < te a 7 7 i : * 3 . oe + * . cl ve a . ‘ : . | ~ ie . = ue ? ine . > . ~ bie Ste : | . s > * . re . . ef . ‘ | . © =. : j . | | | | . . . afta Fs - - a : e Z | | | | | | coy a. SF ‘ | | . ht) Po - . - . | | : : v ; * - . . i i “ ae | | | oS 2 . aed ; 2 (ey a The Voyage of HM.S."Challenger” Brachiopoda P1IV. (rhwh ed So ose oF FANT = uci RGN (Ste feat mn ya MON a by oes Veni Sad his ihe ss ceeete CRETE sited ES rapa ‘Ss wry x Fe on wd, eee Tho Davidson de). et hth 1.3 MAGASELLA WILLEMOESI. 10,1 PLATYDIA ANOMIOIDES. 4 TEREBRATELLA DORSATA. 12,13 ARGIOPE DECOLLATA. 5 MAGASELLA FLEXUOSA. 14 RHYNCHONELLA NIGRICANS rar PIXYDATA. 6 ” INCERTA. 15,16 LINGULA ANATINA. 7,8 KRAUSSINA PISUM. © 17, 18 DISCINA ATLANTICA. 9 » LAMARCKIANA. \9 ” SPEEA: THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. LOOLOGY. REPORT on the Pennarutma dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1875-1876. By Professor ALberr v. Kouuixer, F.M.R.S., &e., &e. Iy accordance with the request of Sir Wyville Thomson, I undertook the description of the Prnnarutipa collected by the Challenger Expedition. With the exception of Umbellula thomsoni, the whole collection came into my hands in April 1879. I devoted the whole of the succeeding summer to the investigation, and sent my MSS., with a number of plates drawn by Mr Rabus of Wiirzburg, to Sir Wyville Thomson in the begin- ning of August of the same year, Want of time, and the nature of the material forwarded to me, prevented me from going deeply into anatomical details, and there was, perhaps, the less reason for my doing so, as my monograph of the Pennatulida (Anatomisch-systematische Beschreibung der Alcyonarien, Frankfurt, 1872) gives to those who have a special interest in this department an opportunity of gaining a clear insight into the structure of the group. The following is a description of all the Challenger PennatuLia according to the classification given at the end ef this paper :— Order PENNATULIDA. Section 1 PENNATULE/. Sub-section I. PENNIFORMES. Family 1, PreRoEmDip#. Pteroeides, Herklsts. 1. Pteroeides esperi, Herkl. This species is represented by five entire specimens of different ages, and a larger number of fragments. All were collected at Station 212, lat. 6° 55’ N., long. 122° 15’ E., off Mindanao, one of the Philippine Islands, on the 28th January 1875, at depths of 10, 14, and 20 fathoms. (ZOOL. CHALL, EXP.—PART 11.—1880.) Bl 2 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. The larger and more fully developed specimens correspond pretty closely with my Pieroeides esperi, var. latifolia, which was collected by Professor Semper at nearly the same locality (near Bohol); but the Challenger specimens, like those of Professor Semper, vary in the form of the leaves, which are also larger in some specimens and smaller in others, in colouring, and in the number of the leaves and the number of their spines. The largest perfect specimen measures 132 mm. in length, of which 99 belong to the pinnuliferous part, and 54 mm. in breadth. The broadest imperfect specimen is 80 mm. broad, and the pinnuliferous portion 84 mm. long. The number of leaves in both speci- mens is twenty-five, and that of their spines eight in the first and ten to twelve in the second. 2. Pteroides breviradiatum, Koll. Two well-preserved specimens, with the label, ‘6th May 1875, Yokohama, Japan, 5-25 fathoms.” The larger of these specimens measures 180 mm. in length and 100 mm. in breadth, the other is 145 mm. long and 85 mm. broad. They are identical in structure, and agree pretty well with my variety latifolia. The whole polypidom is colourless, with the exception of the polypiferous border of the pinne, which is pale blue. Sarcophyllum, Koll. Sarcophyllum grande, Gray. Three fragments with the label, “ Port Jackson, 6-15 fathoms.” All three are colourless, and rich in small calcareous needles in the polypiferous zone of the pinnules. Family 2. PENNATULID&. Pennatula, L. 1. Pennatula naresi, n. sp. (PI. I. figs. 1, 2). Polypidom large, red and yellow in colour; pinnules triangular, hard, not transparent ; polyp-cells alternating, numerous, with eight long spines; polyps with small calcareous spicules in the tentacles and in the stomach walls ; zooids lateral and ventral, the latter in sets beginning at the ventral borders of the pinnules. Feather more than double the length of the stalk, and more than four times longer than broad. Pinnules twenty-nine, of which the lowest six or eight are rudimentary; the exact form of these could not be determined, as this portion of the single specimen is defective. The fully-developed pinnules are triangular, with a curved free end. The expanded base is REPORT ON THE PENNATULIDA. 3 placed very obliquely on the rachis, so that its dorsal portion, which reaches the middle line of the rachis, runs in a longitudinal direction. The ventral margin of the pinnule is concave, thickened, and beset with irregular wart-like protuberances; whilst the dorsal convex berder bears the closely set polyp-cells, thirty to thirty-four in number, which alternate in such a manner as to give the appearance of two rows. Besides the more fully- developed cells, each pinnule has at the dorsal end of its polypiferous margin from three to five smaller or rudimentary cells, which are not to be confounded with the zooids. The polyp-cells are in part well separated, and together with the eight strong spines at their opening, 3 to 4 mm. long; in part shorter, more or less confluent; and some are as if imbedded in the pinnules, and only free at their openings. The rachis is nowhere free on the dorsal side of the feather, but on the ventral aspect its middle line is not covered by the zooids. These are ventral and lateral. The ventral zooids form thick prominent yellow spiny bands, which begin at the ventral margin of the pinnule at a little distance from its attachment, run obliquely upon the sides of the rachis, and end with a longitudinal streak, the point of which reaches the next band of zooids, so that all the ventral zooids together form one continuous line on each side, giving offsets to each leaf. The zooids them- selves are crowded on each band, larger and smaller, and largest in the neigh- bourhood of the pinnule. The lateral zooids fill the intervals between the leaves, are numerous toward the ventral side of the rachis, where they reach the ventral zooids, and run out with a single row at the outside of the dorsal attachment of the pinnule ; they are all much smaller than the ventral zooids, but they are also armed with projecting spines. The stalk is thickened at the upper end, and seems to terminate inferiorly in a rounded point. The colour of the whole polypidom is generally red, and darker on the stalk, with the exception of its lower end which is pale red, becoming colourless towards the tip. The feather is pale red, with the exception of the polyp-cells and ventral zooids, which are yellow. The axes of the polyps and their stomach-walls are also red. - All coloured parts owe their colour to calcareous needles of characteristic form. Uncoloured calcareous bodies are found at the lower end of the stalk. Maximum length of the yellow needles of the polyp cells, 5 1 mm. Breadth, . ; é 5 : ; 5 : : 0:058 Maximum length of the red spicules of the pinnules, 5 é : 0:85 to 0:90 Width, 3 5 6 : : : _ : 0-021 ,, 0:027 Uncoloured bodies of the end of the stalk, round or elliptical, —. 3 0-004 ,, 0-015 Length of the whole polypidom, c : 5 c : 300 Length of the stalk, : ; : ; ; 4 z 84 Breadth of the feather, . , 5 4 : P 3 43 Breadth of the stalk, : 5 : : : : : 8 Breadth of the enlargement of the stalk, . : : d 5 10°5 Breadth of the base of the pinnules, ‘ : : . : 17-19 4 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Habitat.—A single specimen from Station 232, south of Yeddo, Japan, lat. 35° 11’ N., long. 139° 28’ E. Depth, 345 fathoms. Sandy mud. Bottom temperature, 5° C. May 12, 1875. Pennatula naresi at first sight somewhat resembles P. grandis, Ehrenberg (P. borealis, Sars, Ptilella grandis, Koren and Danielssen), but on closer inspection the differences are numerous and great. Before entering into this subject, I wish to say that I cannot accept the genus Ptzlella of Gray, which has been defined by him as follows :— “ Pinnules membranous, broad, rounded, frmged with three close parallel series of short polyp-cells on the edge. Rachis granular on each side behind without any spines.” Koren and Danielssen have accepted the genus Ptilella, and define it as follows :—“ Very large sea-pens, with large, broad, semilunar fins bearing several rows of polyp-cells. The ventral surface naked. The zooids lateral, extending towards the centre of the dorsal surface. On the ventral margin of the fins strongly developed zooids. The sexual organs in the fins. On the upper part of the stalk a fleshy enlargement. The axis is thick and round, curved downwards in the form of an S, terminating in a hook, while in the upper part it terminates in a volute.” With regard to this definition I have to add, (1) that Penna- tula grandis, Ehrb., has very fully developed ventral zooids, which are tolerably well represented in fig. 2 of Sars; and (2) that this species has also a row of zooids at the dorsal end of the polypiferous margin of the leaves on the ridge, with which each leaf runs out upon the rachis. Now, if we define, as I have done, the Pennatulidee as sea-pens with well-developed leaves, which bear the zooids principally upon the ventral surface of the rachis ; and the genus Pennatula as a pennatulid the leaves of which are beset in their totality with calcareous needles, whilst these are found only in the polypiferous zone, im the genera Ptilosarcus and Leioptilum, and are totally wanting in Halisceptrum,— Pennatula grandis is a true Pennatula. At all events, I would rather unite the genera Ptilosarcus and Leioptilum with Pennatula than subdivide the Pennatule on ground so slight as the number of rows of polyp-cells, the size of the enlargement of the stalk, the disposition of the zooids in each group, or even the presence or absence of zooids on the ventral and dorsal margins of the leaves. 2. Pennatula pearceyi,’ n. sp. (Pl. IL. fig. 5). Small, of a reddish colour, with four to five polyps on the margin of the small lanceolate pinnules. Zooids ventral and lateral, two to four in each set, small, all of the same size. Feather more than double the length of the stem. Pinnules thin, transparent, slender, obliquely attached to the rachis, 3 mm. broad at their base. Ventral margin of the pinnule straight, dorsal margin with obliquely disposed polyp-cells, and thus appearing serrated. Free end of the pinnule formed by one polyp-cell. Polyps four to five on the dorsal margin of the pinnule, and two to three small 1 Named after Mr Frederick Pearcey, an excellent assistant attached to the Civilian Staff. REPORT ON THE PENNATULIDA. 5 zooid-like individuals on that part of the margin which runs out upon the rachis, Polyp-cells of the larger polyps united inferiorly, free at their ends, which are surrounded by short spines. Ventral zooids, three in number, longitudinally disposed at the base of each pinnule. Lateral zooids, three to four, at the dorsal side of the ventral zooids along the base of the pinnules. All the zooids are small, white, and surrounded by red spicules. Rachis small, thicker than the stem. Colour of pinnules and rachis pale red, polyps white. Stem white, with a small enlargement at each end. Calcareous needles of the common type; the red needles of the feather measure 0°53 mm, by 0:028 mm. Colour- less needles of 0°15 to 0°20 mm. in length, and 0°020 to 0°026 mm. in breadth, are situated in the cutaneous layer of the upper part of the stalk, and the end bulb contains minute oblong and round calcareous corpuscles of 3 to 12 mw. The Challenger collec- tion contains two specimens of this Pennatulid, one pretty well preserved and a second in a fragmentary state. A. B Length of the feather, . : . é , : : 44 mm, 51 Length of the stalk, . b , ; : : : 21 205 Length of the pinnules, 5 . F : : : 11 Breadth, ; : ; : : : : é 2°5-3:'0 Breadth of the rachis, . P : E : ; ; 11,95) Habitat.—Station 235, south of Japan, lat. 34° 7’ N., long. 138° 0’ E. Depth, 565 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 3°°3 C. June 4, 1875. 3. Pennatula murrayi, n. sp. (Pl. IL. figs. 6, 7). Small, yellow and red in colour. Pen twice and a half as long as the stalk. Pinnules lanceolate, triangular, transparent, with nine to ten polyps on their margin; calyces with well developed spines. Zooids ventral and lateral, the ventral of two kinds, two large at the base of each pinnule and many smaller, forming one longitudinal row on each side. Pinnules lanceolate, thin, transparent, yellow, with a vermilion-coloured ventral border; twenty-one to twenty-two in number, attached nearly parallel to the longitudinal axis of the rachis, but so that the dorsal upper end of their base reaches the dorsal middle line. Polyps nine to ten on the more developed pinnules, placed in one single row on the dorsal margin ; calyces the colour of minium, with eight well-developed spines. Rachis yellow, with ventral and lateral zooids. The ventral zooids are of two kinds. Larger spiny and reddish zooids, two in number, are situated at the base of each pinnule just opposite the middle part; smaller and whitish rudimentary polyps are disposed in one single row on each side between the larger ones. Zooids of the same kind are also placed laterally between the pinnules in a single or partly double row, so that they are only visible from the ventral side of the feather. The lower part of the rachis of the only 6 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. specimen of this Pennatula was evidently beset with small pinnules, of which remnants were still visible ; the exact number of these could not, however, be determined, therefore the number of twenty-one to twenty-two is only approximate. The stem has an enlargement at the upper end, the upper part of which is of the same sulphur-colour as the rachis, while the lower portion is colourless like the rest of the stem. ‘This lower part diminishes in size till near the end, where there is a small swelling or bulb covered with minute papillee only visible under the microscope. The whole feather, with the exception only of the polyps, is furnished with a large number of yellow and red calcareous needles of the form common in the Pennatulide. Yellow needles are also found in the stem where it is coloured yellow. The lower part of the stalk is destitute of calcareous bodies with the exception of the end-bulb, which contains very small round and oblong calcareous corpuscles. The only polypidom at my disposal was of female sex, and the eggs were situated in the pinnules. Length of the whole polypidom, . ; 5 0 ; , 140 mm. Length of the whole stalk, . ; ‘ : : : : 40 Length of the whole feather, 6 : : ; : 5 100 Length of the longest pinnules, 5 j 5 6 6 : 17 Breadth of the pinnules at the base, . 0 : : : 53 Breadth of the upper enlargement of the stem, : 3 6 : 3°30 Maximum length of the yellow needles, 2 : ; : ; 1:28 Maximum breadth, : ; : : é 0 : 0-085 Maximum length of the red needles, . c ¢ . 2 0°85 Breadth of the red needles, . ‘ ‘ : 5 : . 0-041 Calcareous bodies of lower bulb of stalk, . : : : : 0:007-0-011 Habitat.—Station 192, on the south-east of Ceram, west of New Guinea, lat. 5° 42’ S., long. 132° 25’ E. Depth, 129 fathoms. Mud. September 26, 1874. 4. Pennatula moseleyi, n. sp. (Pl. IL. figs. 8, 9). The Challenger collection contained only one specimen of this remarkable species, consisting of a fragment of the pen 138 mm. in length; but this fragment showed characters sufficiently marked to cause it to be recognised as a good species. Polypidom large, intensely red. Pinnules thick, not transparent, crowded, triangular and lanceolate, curved at their free end, and with thirty to thirty-four polyps in two or three rows on their border. Polyp-cells with spines. Zooids of two kinds, the ventral beginning at the border of the leaves, large and spiny, the lateral small. Pinnules twenty-six in number on each side of the fragment, of which the upper end is wanting. Form of the pinnules nearly triangular or lanceolate. Their broad basis obliquely attached to the rachis, the polypiferous dorsal border convex and much longer than the concave ventral margin, so that the free end of each pinnule is curved like a hook. REPORT ON THE PENNATULIDA. Hl Polyps arrayed in two or three rows on the dorsal margin of the pinnules, with weili- separated cells or calyces 3 mm. in length, the apertures of which are surrounded by eight strong spines. Total number of polyps on a leaf 30 to 34. Rachis of a medium thickness, with two kinds of rudimentary polyps or zooids. One set, the ventral zooids, consists of a row of larger spiny zooids, which begins at the ventral margin of the pinnules, at 3 to 4 mm. from their attachment, runs obliquely towards the ventral side of the rachis, and there changes its direction so as to become longitudinal. Hach row has the aspect of a curved spiny ridge, and shows the openings of the zooids as whitish points arranged in one single series. The lateral zooids begin with a large crowded mass at the dorsal side of the ventral zooids, but as soon as they reach the interspace of the pinnules their number greatly diminishes, and they end with a double or single row near the dorsal attachment of the pinnules. These zooids have only small spines or none at all, and look more like small rounded or conical papillee. The rachis has between the zooids on its ventral side a free space of 2°5 to 4:0 mm. in breadth, and looks here as if it were beset with little papillee or wart-like bodies. In one part of the pen some two or three zooids seem to occupy a portion of the groove. The dorsal side of the rachis is destitute of a free middle line, as the leaves somewhat overlap each other. The colour of the whole fragment, which is deep red, is occasioned by red spicules lying in the integument. The greatest number of these is found in the polyp-cells, and on both margins of the leaves, while the surfaces of the latter are pale red and whitish. A whitish colour is also found on the ventral side of the rachis, but this is only produced by the thick epithelium of this part, which contains many thread-cells, while the subjacent cutis is red. The polyps themselves are not coloured, and the same holds good of the whole interior of the pinnules and the rachis. The spicules are of the typical form of those of the Pennatulide, with a maximum length of 1°14 to 1°2 mm., and a maximum breadth of 0°058 mm. The minute and microscopic structure of this Pen- natula corresponds, as far as I can judge, with that of the Pennatula rubra described in my monograph; but I have to remark that in the Challenger example the calcareous axis 1s wanting, having evidently been torn out of the fragment by accident. The fragment belongs to a female polypidom, and the eggs are found in the pinnules. Length of the pinnules measured in the curved state, , : ; F 12-14 mm Breadth at base, 6 , i : : LO=12 Breadth at their free end sfidhont the uae alls . 5 : ; : 3-4 Breadth of the rachis, 5-6 Habitat.—Station 164, off Sydney, Australia, lat. 34° 8’ S., long. 152° 0’ E. Depth, 950 fathoms. Temperature, 2°°2 C. Grey ooze. 12th June 1874. @ THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 5. Pennatula sulcata, n. sp. (Pl. Il. figs. 3, 4). General character of Pennatula rubra and Pennatula fimbriata ; colourless, with a deep groove on the dorsal side of the rachis ; the leaves are very numerous; ventral and lateral zooids are present, the latter of which are also visible on the dorsal aspect of the rachis. Besides these there is a long row of zooids at the dorsal end of the polypiferous margin of the leaves. Feather more than twice the length of the stalk. Pinnules thin, transparent, closely set, twenty-six to twenty-seven in number, lanceolate or triangular. Base of the pinnule attached transversly to the rachis. Ventral and dorsal margin straight, the latter beset with one row of polyp-cells, alternating so as to produce the appearance of two rows, especially near the dorsal end of the border. The polypiferous margin of each pinnule ends in a long narrow ridge, which runs obliquely upon the dorsal side of the rachis, as far as the base of the next pinnule. This ridge is merely a single row of small zooids about twenty-seven in number, and of the size of 0°10 to 0°12 mm., which I call the zooids of the dorsal margin of the pinnules. Polyp-cells small, crowded, twenty-four to twenty-six on the larger pinnules; and pretty well separated, with eight strong spines. Rachis with a groove on its dorsal side, which begins shallow between the lowest pinnules, assumes a depth of 3 mm. toward the middle of the feather, and runs out at its upper end. This groove is narrow where it is deepest, and bordered by sharp whitish lips. The calcareous axis hes inside at the bottomof the groove, and shines through the thin integu- ment as a white streak. The ventral side of the rachis is covered on its sides by small zooids, while the middle line is smooth. These ventral zooids are small wartlike or conical bodies, 0°2 mm. in breadth, all of one kind with this exception only, that those near the pinnules have their calcareous needles projecting, and resemble small spines, whilst the others are rather rounded protuberances. These zooids are continuous between the pinnules with very numerous lateral zooids of rounded form, which run up to the dorsal aspect of the rachis, and reach as far as the ridges of the pinnules described above, on the side of which they end with a pointed train. The stalk is short, enlarged in its upper part, and pointed at the end. With regard to the internal structure I have only to make the following remarks:—The egos are found in the leaves, and, as it appears, also in the stalk, as in Pennatula rubra, if we may judge from the fact that the stalk contains on both sides a crowded mass of egos along the attachment of the pinnules. Calcareous corpuscles are found in the whole integument. In the polyps short stout needles of 0°11 to 0°20 mm. lie in the stem of the tentacles. The polyp-cells contain needles of 0°86 mm. maximum length, and 0°032 mm. breadth. Those of the lateral and ventral zooids are numerous but smaller, and those of the zooids of the pinnules are smallest, measuring only 0°081 to 0°10 mm. in length. Besides these needles the rachis contains none except at the ventral side, where needles of 0°050 to 0°080 mm. are found in the lips which border the longitudinal groove. REPORT ON THE PENNATULIDA. 9 The stalk is very rich in flat elliptical calcareous corpuscles resembling those of Veretillwm, the maximum size of which is 0°1 mm., while the greater majority are not more than 27 to 54 w long, and many measure only 5 to 10°p. Length of the stalk, : : : : é : 6 . 29 mm. Length of the feather, . : 0 5 6 : : F 5 58 Length of the longest pinnule, Fe ane : ; : ; , 20 Breadth of the longest pinnule at base, : , : : . C 4:5 Breadth of the longest pinnule at rachis, : : ‘ : ; 10:0 Breadth of the longest pinnule at stalk, : : : ¢ : : 5:0 Habitat.—Station 203, Zebu, Philippines, lat. 11° 7’ N., long. 123° 77E. Depth, 10 to 20 fathoms. Mud. October 31,1874. One single specimen. Halisceptrum, Herklots. Halisceptrum gustavianum, Herkl., var. parvifolia, mihi. Of this form the Challenger collection contains four fragments, from Station 212, off Mindanao, one of the Philippines. Lat. 6° 55’ N., long. 122° 15’ E. Depth, 10, 14, and 20 fathoms. Sand. January 30, 1875. Sub-section II. VIRGULARIE. Family 1. VirGULARID. Virgularia, Lam. 1. Virgularia bromleyi, n. sp. (PI. III. fig. 10), Of this species the Challenger got only one small fragment. Polyps nearly sessile, so that there is only a very faint appearance of pinnules, and they must at all events be called very small. Pinnules nearly opposite, each group about 4 mm. distant from its neighbours. Polyps with their cells 2°5 to 2°8 mm. long, three in each pinnule, with pretty well-marked cells, the margin of which has no spines nor pro- tuberances of any kind. Rachis small, of 0°37 to 0°42 mm., with lateral zooids disposed at the base of the leaves in one single row of three individuals. Axis round, 0°38 mm. in breadth, with well-developed radial fibres. Calcareous corpuscles of the ordinary form of needles, 0°085 mm. maximum length, are scantily found in the stalk, the rachis, and the tentacles of the polyps. Habitat—Station 235, South of Japan, lat. 34° 7’ W., long. 138° 0’ E. Depth, 565 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 3°3C. Mud. June 4, 1875. (ZOOL. CHALL. BXP.—PART 11.—1880.) B2 10 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 2. Virgularia gracillima, n. sp. (Pl. III. fig. 11). A fragment of a Virgularia may be so named provisionally, as it seems to differ from all known species. Pinnules very small, about 0°85 mm. high, and 1:1 mm. distant from each other. Polyps four on each pinnule, without well-marked cells. Rachis small, with a breadth of 0°48 to 0°51 mm. in the middle part, and of 0°62 in the region of the undeveloped pinnules. Zooids.— (?) Axis round, yellow, 0°42 mm., large in the lowest part of the rachis, with the typical well-developed radiating fibres. Length of the whole fragment 77°5 mm. Habitat.—Station 167a, Queen Charlotte Sound, near Long Island, New Zealand. Depth, 10 fathoms. Mud. June 27, 1874. Scytalium, Herkl. 1. Scytaliwm sarsi, Herkl. (Pl. IV. figs. 14, 15). Of this remarkable species, the habitat of which has been hitherto unknown, the Challenger got five more or less well-preserved specimens ; these agree specifically with the only two specimens known, which are preserved in the Leyden Museum. The only remark I have to make is, that the colour of the polypidom, which depends upon calcareous corpuscles of an opaque red colour, varies very much. One specimen had the whole rachis uncoloured, and only the polyp-cells and stalk red. In a second the rachis was uncoloured below ; the colour then began at the base of the pinnules on both sides, but more intensely on the ventral side; and on both faces of the rachis, more on the dorsal side; at length the whole rachis became red, with the exception of small patches here and there on the ventral border of the leaves. The measurements of the three better preserved specimens are— A. B. c. Length of the entire polypidom, F : : 343 mm. 400 324 Length of the stalk, . : . 2 Breadth of the stalk, . ‘ : : 3 Breadth of the rachis, i : 3 : 2°7 1:3 1:0 Length of the base of the pinnules, 6-8 4-5 42 Length of the ventral margin of the pinnules, 6-8 Habitat.—Station 212, Philippines, lat. 6° 55’ N., long. 122° 15’ HK. Depth, 10, 14, and 20 fathoms. Sand. January 30, 1875. 2. Scytalium tentaculatum, n. sp. (Pl. II. fig. 12, Pl. IV. fig. 13). General appearance of Scytaliwm sarsi, in every part larger, less coloured, with a long simple tentacle at every polyp-cell. REPORT ON THE PENNATULIDA, BI If this form did not present the very remarkable feature of the tentaculated polyp- cells, of which fig. 13 representing a young leaf gives a very good idea, nobody would entertain a doubt of its being only a stout form of the long-known Scytaliwm sarst. But the tentacles, which are found on every polyp-cell, and, as the younger leaves show, are developed before the polyps, make it necessary to describe it under a new name, so long as no intermediate forms between it and Scytaliuwm sarsi are found. Besides this, the size of the most developed polypidom and the colour deserve attention. The largest specimen was only coloured (1) in the region of the polyp-cells, but not everywhere on all leaves, and not on all cells of the coloured leaves, and (2) on the upper part of the stalk. A second specimen was nearly colourless, with the exception of the upper end of the stalk. Two others, on the contrary, were pretty strongly coloured on the stalk, the rachis, and the base of the leaves. As a difference between the two forms I may also mention the form of the lowest undeveloped leaves. In Scytaliwm tentaculatwm these form a short series, and the leaves assume very near the end the form given in fig. 13, whilst in Scytaliwm sarsi the row of these pinnules is longer, and many of them are remarkable from the fact that the polyp-cell near to the ventral surface is larger than the rest. The calcareous corpuscles are the same as those in Scytalium sarsi, only their maximum length is a little less on the stalk, in Scytaliwm tentaculatum 38 p, in Scytalium sarsi 53 p. Four well-preserved specimens were at my disposal, of which I here give the following measurements :— A. B. CG} D. Length of the whole polypidom, ; : 620 mm. 340 330 90 Length of the whole stalk, , : : 92 71 77 33 Length of the base of the pinnules, 12-15 6-8 6-8 8-9 Length of dorsal border, ; 7-9 5 5-6 5 Breadth of the stalk, 75 4 4 15 Breadth of the rachis, 3°6 2 2 2°0 Number of pinnules, .. . ; A 101 ae ie 17 Length of the tentacles at the polyp-cells in adult leaves 0°58 mm. Length of the tentacles at the polyp-cells in young pinnules 0°80 to 1:0 mm. Habitat.—Station 203, Philippines, lat. 11° 7’ N., long. 123° 7° E. Depth, 10 to 12 fathoms. Mud. October 31, 1874. Section II. SPICAT. Sub-section I. FUNICULINE. Family 2. STACHYPTILIDA. Stachyptilum, n. gen. Small pens without leaves, polyps with cells in small rows of four on both sides, and on the dorsal aspect of the rachis. Cells without stronger spines at their openings. 12 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Zooids ventral, lateral, and dorsal on all free surfaces of the rachis; all of one kind. Stalk with a small zone of papille at the upper end. Axis pretty strong, round. Calcareous corpuscles of different forms, needles on the cells and zooids, lenticular bodies in the stalk, cylindrical corpuscles with three alternating ridges on each end in the tentacles of the polyps. 1. Stachyptilum macleari, n. sp. (Pl. VIL. figs. 24-26). Feather a little longer than the stalk, uncoloured. Polyp-cells in fourteen rows on each side, situated on the lateral and dorsal surfaces of the rachis, the middle rows longer, with four cells, the inferior and superior shorter, with three and even only two cells. All the rows oblique, and the dorsal cells a little smaller than the ventral. Cells about 2 mm. in length, with strong needles 0°56 mm. long and 0°037 to 0°043 mm. broad in their walls; these needles project more or less at the openings of the cells, and form here and there regular spines, 1, 2, or 3 in number. Polyps with a strong band of calcareous corpuscles in the stem of each tentacle, which are represented in fig. 26, and measure 0°027 to 0:060 mm. in length, and 0°016 to 0°028 in breadth. The zooids are small bodies of 0°28 to 0°34 mm. in diameter, each of which is protected at its lower side by a plate of strong needles of the same kind as those of the polyp-cells. Besides these the mouth of each zooid has at its lower side a projecting two-lobed lip, which might also be described as a divided short tentacle. These zooids cover every part of the rachis which is not beset with the polyps, with the exception only of a very small line on its ventral surface. The zooids go even further down than the polyp-cells, form below the last of them about four regular rows on each side, and are also present in this region on the dorsal and ventral surface of the rachis. The stalk has at its uppermost part a zone of about 2 mm. in length, where it is covered on its dorsal aspect, and on both sides by a crowded mass of small cylindrical papillee of 0°17 to 0°19 mm. in length. The middle part of the stalk is whitish and the end pointed. The end of the stem contains peculiar flat, oval, or biscuit-shaped calcareous corpuscles of the length of 0°054 to 0°64 mm. Length of the feather, . : ‘ : } ; : 3 42 mm. Length of the stalk, : : ; : ; ; $ F 32 Breadth of the feather, . : : : 5 6 : ; 8 Breadth of the stalk, : : : : : : : : 3°5 Breadth of the ventral side of rachis, ; ; : : é ; 38 Habitat.—One single specimen from Station 192, south-east of Ceram, on the west of New Guinea, lat. 5° 42’ 8., long. 182° 25’ E. Depth, 129 fathoms. Mud. September 26, 1874. REPORT ON THE PENNATULIDA. 15 Family 3. ANTHOPTILIDA. Anthoptilum, n. gen. Polypidom without leaves, of the general appearance of Funiculina. Polyps in many short rows on the sides of the rachis, large, without cells. At the lower end of the rachis no prolonged streak of undeveloped polyps. Zooids lateral, ventral, and dorsal, all of one kind, small, wart-like. Axis round. No calcareous corpuscles, except at the end of the stalk. 1. Anthoptilum thomsoni, n. sp. (Pl. V. figs. 16-18). A large, magnificent sea-pen, with a short, thick stalk, long feather, and long polyps crowded eight to ten in one row. Polyps often united at their bases. Zooids very numerous. Rachis free only on the ventral side. Stalk with a thick swelling at the upper part, and a smaller end-bulb, with short pointed free end. Polyps very long, without cells, and with long tentacles very seldom retracted. These polyps are disposed in many oblique rows on both sides of the rachis, so as to cover more or less completely its dorsal aspect. In the higher parts of the rachis it is quite impossible to find a free surface on this side, whilst the reverse is the case below in the neighbourhood of the stalk. On the other side the ventral surface of the rachis is free in its whole length. With regard to the position of the polyps, I have further to remark that very often the lowest parts of two, three, or more of them are united so as to produce the appearance of very small pinnules, shorter even than those of Pavonaria finmarchica, but in no place are all the polyps of one row united in such a manner. ‘The tentacles of the polyps are very long, and provided with long, slender branches (pinnules), which are remarkable from their moniliform appearance (fig. 18), and the great number of small thread-cells situated in their single protuberances. The zooids of Anthoptilum thomson: are very numerous. The principal are lateral, and he between the rows of polyps; but these lateral zooids reach everywhere the ventral surface of the rachis, and in many places the single lateral rows coalesce there so as to form genuine ventral zooids. This coalescence, however, never takes place on the greater part of the rachis, and generally coalesced lateral zooids alternate with separated sets. On the dorsal side the zooids avoid the middle line where this line is free of polyps, but where the polyps cover the whole dorsal surface the zooids are also to be found everywhere. A peculiar feature of this sea-pen is that in many places little groups of zooids reach as far as the base of the polyps themselves, and are also found between the individuals of one row. The size of the zooids is from 0°40 to 0°58 mm., and their structure the ordinary one, inasmuch as they possess two well-developed mesenteric filaments. With regard to the colour of Anthoptilum thomsoni, some specimens are totally uncoloured ; others have all the polyps more or less brown, the stalk and rachis on the contrary colourless. 14 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. he lowest parts of the stalk. They are small oblong bodies of 7 to 22 p, which are often united four together so as to form small star-like figures. The axis is round, and of the common lamelliferous and fibrous structure. Its radiating fibres are very numerous, but short. ct Calcareous corpuscles are only found very scantily in the muscular layer in The measurements of nine well-preserved specimens of Anthoptilum thomson are as follow :— A. B. G, D. E. F. G. H. 1. Length of the whole polypidom, 420mm. 560 530 362 422 410 400 360 440 Length of the stalk, . : 65 87 75 63 67 75 65 61 57 Breadth of its enlargement, . 18 18 16 11 14 14 15 65 12 Breadth of the pen, . 25 Length of the polyps with the tentacles, . 19 WEY ao 20 13 18 Wi 12 16 Length of their tentacles : see 6-8... a 9 Breadth of the rachis, . ; wn 8-9 10 Habitat—Station 320, Atlantic Ocean, south of Buenos Ayres, lat. 37° 17’ S., long. 53° 12’ W. Depth, 600 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 2°7 C. Hard ground. February 14, 1876. 2. Anthoptilum murrayi, n. sp. (PL VI. figs. 19-21). General appearance of Anthoptilum thomsoni, smaller, with smaller and less numerous polyps, two to three in each row. Polyps all sessile, widely separated from each other. Rachis without polyps in the middle line on both sides. Zooids more distant than in the last species. Stalk long, slender, without distinct enlargement. Polyps disposed in oblique rows of two to three, seldom four, on both sides of the rachis, which arrangement is not very apparent everywhere, all well separated from their neighbours, and the dorsal smaller than the ventral, with tentacles often far surpassing in length the bodies of the polyps. The zooids cover the whole rachis between the polyps, and leave only the middle part of its ventral and dorsal aspect free. On the ventral side the zooids are situated on the margin and form not more than one single row, which is even interrupted here and there on the ventral side of the lowest polyps, whilst on the dorsal aspect they go nearer the middle line, and leave only a small part of the rachis free. These zooids, which in no case are situated on the bodies of the polyps as in A. thomsonz, measure 0°34 to 0°40 mm. in width, and their distance from one another is equal to, or greater than, their diameter. They have all two mesenteric filaments. The colour of the polypidom is pale red, the polyps brown, while the rachis and stalk are usually colourless, and present only here and there a light brown or pale rosy tint. REPORT ON THE PENNATULIDA. 15 The axis is round, and tolerably strong. Calcareous corpuscles in the end of the stalk oblong, of the same form and size as in Anthoptilum thomsont. The measurements of the only specimen are— Length of the whole polypidom, 0 ; : 5 ; . ‘ 510 mm. Length of the whole stalk, : ; : : : : : : 76 Length of the lower polyps, . : : : : F : : 6-10 Length of the tentacles, : F : : : : : ; 3-4 Breadth of the stalk, : ; 5 : : : : 3-4 Breadth of the rachis, . : : 3 ; ; j F : 4_5°5 Habitat—Station 50, North Atlantic, south of Halifax, lat. 48° 8’ N., long. 63° 39° W. Onespecimen. Depth, 1250 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 2°°8 C. Grey ooze. May 21, 1873. 3. Anthoptilum simplex, n. sp. (Pl. IV. fig. 22). Polypidom colourless. Polyps sessile, widely separated, very large with a broad base, two in each row. Rachis free on both sides in the middle line. Zooids numerous, more elevated than in the other two species, and somewhat conical. Stalk with an enlargement in the upper part. Polyps long and large, resembling in size those of } = © ONAo FP wD HE = 2 = i 1745 a oo me) bS be he bY be & bw) ft] ie Ee te iS tS EXP DANAT EON: OF 1 Hi) 2 Aes: . Pennatula naresi, Koll., from the ventral side. . The same from the dorsal side. . Pennatula sulcata, Koll., a, from the dorsal; 6, from the ventral side. . A part of the dorsal side of Pennatula sulcata twice the natural size. . Pennatula pearcey, Koll., twice the natural size. . Pennatula murrayi, Koll., from the dorsal side. . The same from the ventral side. . Pennatulu moseleyi, Koll., from the dorsal side. . A part of Pennatula moseleyi, from the ventral side. Virgularia bromleyi, Koll, fig. 1, natural size; fig. 2, from the ventral aspect fig. 3, from the sides,—four times the natural size. Virgularia gracillima, Koll. Scytalium tentaculatum, K6ll., d, dorsal ; v, ventral side. . A young leaf of Scytaliwm tentaculatum magnified ; (*) the tentacles at the end of the not yet developed polyp-cells. . A smaller but developed leaf of Scytaliwm sarsi. . Undeveloped leaf of Scytaliwm sarsi. . Anthoptilum thomsoni, K6ll., v, ventral side. A part of the same from the side, the polyps cut to show the lateral zooids. A tentacle of Anthoptilum thomsoni. . Anthoptilum murrayi, Koll. . Part of the same from the ventral side, three times the natural size. . The same from the dorsal side. . Anthoptilum simplex, K6ll., v, ventral; d, dorsal side. . Protocaulon molle, Koll., three times the natural size. . Stachyptilum macleari, Kéll., A, ventral; B, dorsal aspect. . A part of the dorsal side of the same, three times the natural size. . Calcareous corpuscles of the tentacles of Stachyptilum. . Microptilum willemési, Koll., A, natural size; B, three times the natural size. . Leptoptilum gracile, Koll., A, natural size; B, three times the natural size. ig. 29, REPORT ON THE PENNATULIDA. 41 Scleroptilum grandiflorum, K6ll., A, natural size ; B, a part of the rachis three times the natural size. . Protoptilum aberrans, Koll., A, natural size; B, three times the natural size; 1, dorsal, 2, ventral side. . Trichoptilum brunneum, Koll., A, natural size; B, part of the rachis three times the natural size. . Umbellula durissima, Koll., A, dorsal; B, ventral side. . The same, upper part, three times the natural size. . Umbellula giintheri, Koll., A, ventral aspect of the whole fragment; a, swelling of the stalk with zooids ; B, dorsal side of the upper part. . Umbellula leptocaulis, K6ll., fragment from the ventral side. . Uinbellula simplex, Koll., from the ventral side. . Umbellula husleyi, Kéll., A, natural size; B, upper part three times the natural size. . Umbellula carpenteri, Kéll., A, dorsal aspect ; B, ventral side of the upper part. . Three young forms of Umbellula carpenteri, Koll., A and B from the ventral side, C from the dorsal side. . Umbellula carpenteri, part of the stalk, about twelve times the natural size, to show the ramified tentacles (¢) of the zooid. The shorter tentacles are in part broken. . Umbellula magniflora, Koll., upper part, natural size. 2. Part of the lower swelling of the stalk of Umbellula magniflora, from Station 146, to show the zooids, three times and a half the natural size. . Kophobelemnon ferrugineum, Koll., from the dorsal side. . Kophobelemnon, sp., from the side. . Kophobelemnon burgeri, Herkl., A, from the dorsal; B, from the ventral side. . Renilla miilleri, M. Sch., part of frond ten times the natural size; p, polyps retracted ; g, groups of zooids. (ZOOL. CHALL. EXP,—PART I1.—1880.) B6 roy The Voyage of H M.S."Challenger: Pennatulde Pl A Rabus, del. F. Huth, Lith™ Edin? PAESINE NFAT: UA. The Voyage of H.M.S."Challenger’’ Pennatulida, PL I. . Pd a r . pate’ oars lie Beat ee ~~ ee ere eepereene, PAE Nie NAG Usa The Voyage of H.M.S “Challenger” Fig. 10 a. A Rabus, del Steet Ai etet AO 0 88 Bac. Val ReGen EvAG Ra Ave SiGivens Awl: U M. Pennatulida, Pl. IIL. F. Huth, Lith? Edin® The Voyage of HMS- Challenger’ A.Rabus, del re 0. sa oop i <0 ee ine Pennatulida, Pl. j Review F. Huth, Litht Edin AS Neiipe rin ORP sleiten Umi The Voyage of HM S. Challenger.’ “ -Pennatulida, Pl. V. AR abus, del. F. Huth, Lith® Edint AUN ST One OS Papal suis Mie The Voyage of HM S’Challenger.” Pennatulida, Pl. VI. eg + ‘i A.Rabus, del, Fr Huth, Lith™ Edin? Se Yate A Ew Me AINei REO ah Weve Ea : : ' ry a : ; : The Voyage of H.M.S Challenger’ . Pennatulida, Pl. VIL. Fig.24 a. A Rabus, del Huth, Isth® Edin? PROTOCAULON. STAG Hear Th EP EuIMe Nel RIG hPa IE WON EQES Pte OUP shal ssUuNire SEGeSEaRi OP aholel Ua Niles The Voyage of HM. S/ Challenger.” Pennatulida, Pl. VII A. Rabus, del F. Huth, Lith? Edin” PIR Oyo Ra ie Uh ii RG ee ORP elie Uin vin UPMEB ESE UREA The Voyage of HM 5. Challenger” Pennatulida, Pl. IK. Fig. 37 w. Fig. IFW. I A.Rabus, del F. Huth, Lith? Edin™ Wie) T= 1b 16 Wy le Ae. The Voyage of H.M. S'Challenger’ Pennatulida, Pl. X. A. Rabus, del F Huth, Lith’ Edin® USM BS EES Eun erat 1“ Pennatulida, Pl. XI. The Voyage of H.M.S."Challenger’ 4S. Fig. Fig. 4S, TED RA EET OR ARAL HAUT Te aN I Fig. 46. Lig. 44: — 6 iat Es 2 iy < = - rs tu oc z ° z = lu al WW a ° x ao fe) 2 < a 5) a 4 Wl o = =) 3s y ied 2 < THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. ZOOLOGY. REPORT on the Ostracopa dredged by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876. By G. Srewarpson Brapy, M.D., F.L.S. INTRODUCTORY. THE extreme depths of the sea, though supporting an abundance of animal life of many kinds, nevertheless present conditions very unfavourable, it would seem, to the existence of the particular group which forms the subject of this report. So that in those large abyssal areas where, as commonly happens, the ocean-bed consists of pure globigerina ooze or of “red clay,” one searches usually in vain for traces of OsTRacoDa ; and when these do occur their numbers are extremely small, the specimens usually con- sisting of detached valves, frequently much worn or broken. It would not, however, be fair to assume from these appearances that the specimens had been transported, by currents or otherwise, from shallower waters,—still less that they had subsided, as is probable.in the case of many Foraminifera, from the water above ; seeing that the species found in these abysses are usually quite incapable of swimming. We must, therefore, conclude that Ostracoda do live, though in very limited numbers, in the most profound depths of the sea. The list given below includes the names of all species found in dredgings beyond a depth of 500 fathoms, the total number being fifty-two species from twenty-nine dredgings, the number of individuals being likewise very small. And if we exclude from consideration all but the very greatest depths, from 1500 fathoms downwards, the paucity of species becomes still more apparent. To exhibit this clearly, I print a list of the species found in thirteen dredgings, from depths of more than 1500 fathoms; the number of species here is nineteen,’ a result sufficiently striking when compared with such single shallow-water dredgings as that from near Booby Island (see list, p. 21), which shows twenty-eight species; from Torres’ Straits (p.{21), nineteen; Balfour Bay, Kerguelen Island (p. 16), nineteen ; or Port Jackson (p. 19), twenty-three species. 1 Two out of the nineteen are species of Halocypris, which in all probability got into the dredge during the process of hauling in, so that the number might not unfairly be put down’as seventeen. (ZOOL. CHALL. EXP.—PART 111.—1880.) Cl i) THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. List oF ABYSSAL SPECIES FOUND IN DEPTHS EXCEEDING 500 FaTHoms. Bythocypris reniformis, n. gen. and sp. Cythere speyeri, G. S. Brady. elongata, n. gen. and sp. squalidentata, n. sp. Argillecia eburnea, 0. sp. scutigera, G. 8. Brady. Bairdia acanthigera, G. 8. Brady. stolonifera, Nn. sp. abyssicola, n. sp. suhmi, 0. sp. exaltata, N. sp. suleato-perforata, n. sp. formosa, G. 8. Brady. vimined, 1. sp. Joveolata, G. 8. Brady. Krithe bartonensis, Jones. hirsuta, n. sp. producta, i. sp. milne-edwardsi, G. 8. Brady. tumida, n. sp. minima, D. sp. Loxoconcha africana, n. sp. victrix, G. S. Brady. Xestoleberis curta, G. 8. Brady. Macrocypris canariensis, n. sp. expansa, 1. Sp. similis, n. sp. variegata, N. sp. Cythere acanthoderma, n. sp. : Cytheropteron abyssorum, 2. sp. adunca, G. 8. Brady. Jfenestratum, 1. sp. circumdentata, n. sp. mucronalatum, n. sp. dasyderma, 0. sp. Pseudocythere caudata, G. O. Sars. dictyon, 0. sp. | Cytherideis nana, 1, sp. dorsoserrata, Nn. sp. Xiphichilus arcucatus, n. sp. ericed, N. sp. Cypridina gracilis, n. sp. irpex, . sp. | Crossophorus imperator, n. gen, and sp. normant, G. S. Brady. Cytherella lata, n. sp. pyriformis, n. sp. | punctata, G. 8. Brady. radula, a. sp. Halocypris imbricata, n. sp. serratula, 0. sp. atlantica, Lubbock. List oF SPECIES OBTAINED FROM DREDGINGS EXCEEDING 1500 FatHoms In Deprun. Bairdia abyssicola, nu. sp. Cythere suhimi, n. sp. minima, N. sp. Krithe producta, n. sp. hirsuta, n. sp. | tumida, n. sp. Argillecia eburnea, n. sp. | Xestoleberis expansa, N. Sp. Cythere acanthoderma, n. sp. - | Pseudocythere caudata, G. O. Sars. circumdentata, i. sp. | Cytheropteron abyssorum, 1. sp. dasyderma, 0. sp. | mucronalatum, 0. sp. dictyon, 0. sp. | Halocypris imbricata, n. sp. squalidentata, n. sp. | atlantica, Lubbock. norman, G. 8. Brady. The total number of dredgings examined for the purposes of this memoir is about 150, besides a considerable number of surface-gatherings from the tow-net. A large number of the samples, more especially those from great depths, consist largely of globigerina ooze or red clay, and in these Ostracoda are usually quite wanting. No account has been kept of such barren dredgings, but lists are given in all cases where even one species in recognisable condition was found. The number of such lists here printed (pp. 12-30) is seventy-one, exclusive of the surface-net gatherings, so that it may be accepted as pretty nearly the fact, that one-half of the dredgings contain no wale ae REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 3 traces of the existence of living Ostracoda. In by far the greater number of cases the specimens consist of detached valves, or of perfect, though empty, shells. When any vestige of the soft parts remained it was carefully examined, and three new genera, Phlyctenophora, Bythocypris, and Crossophorus are here described as a result of such investigation ; some little new knowledge has also been gained of the characters of other genera. Still, as a whole, the results of the Challenger’s work in this department are disappointing. I had thought it possible that in this, as in other departments of zoology, forms might have been found connecting our own age more distinctly than has hitherto been done, with bygone geological epochs, or, even more probably, showing new and remarkable variations of structural type. But these anticipations have in no way been realised. Amongst the marine Ostracoda of the British Islands alone we have at least thirty different genera represented. The whole of those brought home by the Challenger are distributed amongst twenty-eight genera, the British genera absent from the Challenger lists being Potamocypris, Sarsiella, Darwinella, Eucythere, Bradycinetus, and Conchecia. But the comparison is scarcely, in this form, a fair one. The work of the Challenger gave us no collections whatever from between tide marks, nor from the laminarian zone, and these two zones usually swarm with microzoic life of all kinds. The genus Paradoxostoma, in British seas, is almost exclusively a littoral one, and it is in this zone that many members of other genera attain their best develop- ment. I do not doubt that shore-collecting in the tropical and sub-tropical seas would yield rich results to a student of the Ostracoda; and it has this great advantage over the dredge, that specimens are readily obtained living and unmutilated. Geographical distribution may most readily be studied by dividing the area explored into several districts, arranging under each the species met with within its limits. With this view I propose to divide amongst seven areas the whole of the Challenger explorations -— 1. North Atlantic Ocean (Stations 1 to 110 and 348 to 354). 2. South Atlantic Ocean (Stations 111 to 142 and 318 to 347). 3. South Indian Ocean (Stations 143 to 160). 4. Australasia, including the coasts of Australia, New Zealand, and the Eastern Archipelago south of the Equator (Stations 161 to 196 and 217 to 220). 5. South Pacific Ocean (Stations 271 to 312). 6. North Pacific Ocean (Stations 238 to 270). 7. Eastern Asia, including China, Japan, and the Eastern Archipelago north of the Equator (Stations 197 to 216 and 231 to 238). A glance at the table of distribution will show that only two Ostracoda are found pliant enough to live in all of these seven areas; these are two natatory pelagic species, Halocypris atlantica, Lubbock, and Halocypris breviostris, Dana. The reason of this wide distribution is sufficiently clear; to animals living mostly near the surface of the sea, and dependent, probably, upon no restricted or specially localised supplies of food, 4 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. the only impediment to universal distribution must probably be connected with tem- perature. So far as yet appears the limits of endurance in these creatures are reached at about 50 degrees south, and 35 degrees north of the Equator. Dr Claus, however, describes a Mediterranean’ species, which is either identical with, or very closely allied to Halocypris atlantica, Lubbock. But this habitat, in any case, only very slightly increases its northward range. Next to these Halocyprides, the species which most nearly approach a cosmopolitan character are three Cytheres—Cythere acanthoderma, mihi, Cythere dictyon, nuhi, and Cythere dasyderma, mihi, each of which occurred in five or six of the seven provinces. This statement, however, by no means expresses their ubiquitous distribution in the deep sea,—a fact which only becomes fully apparent when we find that amongst the forty-five lists of dredgings from depths of over 100 fathoms, Cythere dictyon is noted twenty-three times, Cythere dasyderma, nineteen times, and Cythere acanthoderma, seven times. Avithe producta appears in six out of the seven provinces, and is certainly one of the most common of deep-water Ostracoda, but the greater number of the examples grouped under this name consist only of separated valves, varying largely in form and size, and, it may be, belonging to more than one species. The difficulty of dealing with imperfect specimens of shells which possess no distinctive character of sculpture or surface-ornament is insuperable. In glancing over the columns of the tables of distribution, one notes instantly that the Australasian province possesses far more than an even share of species; the genera Macrocypris, Bairdia, and Cytherella are especially strongly represented there. Out of eight species of Macrocypris this province shows five, of twenty-two Bairdie it has sixteen, and of thirteen Cytherelle ten. One reason for this abundance of species, I believe to be that we have a large proportion of shallow-water dredgings from this province. As to the relations between the Ostracoda of distant parts of the globe and those of the European seas,—or rather of the British and Scandinavian seas, those being the only districts which, as yet, have been tolerably well explored,—some scanty, though interesting observations, may be made. I have, elsewhere, had occasion to note the occurrence at Kerguelen Island of a very common European copepod, Harpacticus fulvus, which in that distant spot inhabits precisely the same sort of places as in Europe. And, now, in the lists of the Kerguelen Island Ostracoda, we may notice an affinity with the European fauna much closer than that of any other locality coming into the scope of this memoir. The British residents found in this distant home are Pseudocythere caudata, G. O. Sars; Sclerochilus contortus (Norman) ; Paradoxostoma abbreviatum, G. O. Sars; Krithe bartonensis (Jones); Xestoleberis depressa, G. O. Sars; and Polycope orbicularis, G. O. Sars. Some well-known northern forms: Cythere stimpson, G. 8S. Brady; Cythere tenera, G. 8. Brady ; Loxoconcha guttata (Norman) ; Cytheropteron intermedium, G. 8. Brady ; and Paradoxostoma ensiforme, G. 1 Ueber die Geschlechtsdifferenzen yon Halocypris, Prof. Dr C. Claus, Zeitschr. f- wissensch. Zool. Bd. xv. 4 Heft, 1865. ees 4 REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 5 S. Brady, appear in our list only on the strength of their having been seen in anchor- mud from a European Station, Vigo Bay. The fact, however, is instructive, and leads to the inference that these particular species do not much overstep the European bound- ary ; the Vigo specimens, indeed, are in the case of some species depauperated, and have not the well-marked characters which usually belong to British examples. Amongst familiar northern species which reappear in distant parts of the world, besides those which have already been noted as occurring at Kerguelen’s Land, are Paracypris polita, G. O. Sars ; Pontocypris trigonella, G. O. Sars; Bairdia acanthigera, G. 8. Brady ; Bairdia erosskevana, G. 8. Brady; Cythere crispata, G. 8. Brady; Cythere prava, Baird; and Cythere speyeri, G. 8. Brady. And this list might be further extended were I to add the names of some which were first described from sponge-sand specimens, supposed to have come from the Levant, but which, I now think, were very probably from the East Indies. Except Arithe bartonensis, Jones ; Cythere canaliculata, Reuss ; Cythere polytrema, G. 8. Brady ; and perhaps Bazrdia ovata, Bosquet, no Ostracoda have been met with which can be referred with certainty to species described by paleeontologists ;* but the somewhat strained and diagrammatic drawings given by many authors render identification extremely difficult, and it is not unlikely that, were the actual specimens at hand for comparison, some further identifications might be made. As to the specimens which I have thought it allowable to refer to Pontocypris faba, Reuss (see p. 37), some doubt may be entertained, but they bear a very close likeness indeed to shells so named by me in a memoir on the Ostracoda of the Antwerp Crag, from which formation Cythere polytrema also was obtained. The labour attending the mere preparation of a quantity of dredged material for microscopic investigation—the sifting, picking out, and sorting of specimens—is neces- sarily very great, and to treat in this way the whole of the samples brought home by the Challenger would have been impossible. The dredgings reported upon in this memoir were, however, carefully selected so as to include representatives of all kinds of bottoms, taken from all parts of the area worked over by the expedition. And, I must add, that, with the limited leisure at my command, I should have been quite unable to get through the work in any reasonable time, had I not been favoured with the kind help of my brother, Mr H. B. Brady, F.R.S., whose materials—carefully pre- pared for the examination of the Foraminifera, and, therefore, equally available for the Ostracoda—have been entirely placed at my disposal. To him my best thanks are due, and, likewise, to Mr Walter Purkiss, for the care and labour which he has bestowed upon the drawing and lithographing of the plates; all of which, I can attest, give faithful and characteristic representations of the species portrayed. In the arrangement of the main groups of the Ostracoda I follow G. O. Sars, whose subdivision into sections and families is exhibited in the following synopsis, with the addition only of the DaRwINELLIDZ,—a family described by Mr D. Robertson and myself since the publication of Professor Sars’ memoir. 1 In this statement I leave out of view Post-Tertiary species, of which several might have been named as occurring amongst the Challenger dredgings. POSTERIOR ANTENN & THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Class Crustacea, sub-class Entomostraca, order Gnathostomata, legion Lophyropoda, | | | | | Simple, sebpediform, geniculate, Two-BRANCHED. clawed at the apex, not very unlike the anterior antenne ; both pairs either bearing long seta and adapted for swim- ming, or shortly setose and not used for swimming. Mandi- bles distinct, mostly strongly toothed at the lower extremity ; palp of moderatesize, and bear- ing a more or less developed branchial appendage. First pair of maxille bearing a large branchial plate. Feet. One branch rudimentary, immobile; the other elon- gated, cylindrical, flexible, many-jointed, armed with long natatory sete ar- ranged in a single series; basal portion very large and stout, filled with mus- cular bands. Anterior an- tenn scarcely natatory. Mandible-palp very large, geniculate, subpediform, destitute of a branchial appendage. First pair of jaws without a branchial plate. Postabdomen di- vided into two broad plates, which are ungui- ferous behind. Feet. pa Both branches well developed, movable, and natatory. Anterior an- tenne also natatory, not geniculated, ending in a lash of long sete. Mandibles distinct; palp short and scarcely pediform, provided with a small branchial appendage. tribe Ostracoda. ( Two pairs, the last pair bent up within (little adapted for swimming. EE U the valves. Postabdomen usually forming two elongated narrow rami, which are usually clawed at the apex. CYPRID&. Two pairs, both ambulatory and nearly alike in structure. Postabdomen DARWINELLID. rudimentary, forming two small J conical processes. Three pairs, all ambulatory, much alike in structure, and directed forwards. | Postabdomen rudimentary, forming ¢ CYTHERIDZ. two very small lobes. Antenne very J | | CYPRIDINID&. J | CoNCHACIAD. | POLYCOPID&. | PODOCOPA. One pair only, of singular shape, form- ing an elongated, curved, flexible, annulated, vermiform appendage, which is spiniferous towards the apex. Anterior antenne large, dis- tinetly jointed, geniculate at the base. Mandibles proper obsolete. Second pair of jaws bearing a large branchial plate. Eyes compound, pedunculated, widely separated ; be- tween the two in front a large simple eye and a short, frontal tentacle. Two pairs, the posterior very small and rudimentary ; the anterior provided, like the second pair of jaws, with a small, lobed branchial plate. An- terior antennee of the female small and weak, immobile, and indistinctly jointed. Mandibles distinct. No eyes. Frontal tentacle very large, and mostly dilated at the apex. | MYODOCOPA. Two pairs only of thoracic CLADOCOPA. appendages; the anterior large, bifid, natatory; the posterior membranaceous and branchial. Eyes wanting. Postabdomen divided into two short lamin, spinous behind. spiniferous. | | Flattened, similar to the feet of the Copepoda, basal portion bi-articu- late and geniculated ; branches flattened, composed of few joints, and bearing numerous sete on both margins. Anterior antenne very large and strong, many-jointed, geniculated at the base, shortly Mandibles small and weak, palps large. only of thoracic appendages, all maxilliform. and first maxilla bearing on the inner side a comb of large setie. First and second pairs of maxille provided with a large branchial plate; third pair rudimentary in the female, in the male well developed and prehensile. Postabdominal rami small and narrow, distinctly separated, and spiniferous at the apex. | Three pairs | r CYTHERELLID®. PLATYCOPA, | | J Palp of mandible REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE OSTRACODA OBTAINED BY H.M.S. CHALLENGER. CYPRIDE. Paracypris polita, G. O. Sars, Philyctenophora zealandica, n. gen. and sp., Aglaia clavata, n. sp... meridionalis, n. sp., obtusata, n. sp., pusilla, n. sp., Pontocypris attenuata, G. 8. Brady, faba (2) (Reuss), simplex, N. sp., subrentformis, N. Sp. triyonella, G. O. Sars, Argillecia badia, n. sp., eburned, N. Sp., Macrocypris canariensis n. sp., decora, G. 8. Brady, maculata, G. S. Brady, ; : orientalis, G. 8. Brady, : ; . | setigera, 1. Sp., similis, 1. Sp., tenuicauda, Nn. sp., tumida, 1. Sp.y Bythocypris compressa, n. gen. and sp., elongata, 0. sp., reniformis, N. Sp.,+ Bairdia abyssicola, n. sp., acanthigera, G. S. Brady, amygdaloides, G. 8. Brady, angulata, G. 8. Brady, attenuata, D. sp., crosskeiana, G. 8. Brady, exaltata, Ni. Sp., . expansd, N. Sp. - , formosa, G. 8. Brady, fortificata, 0. sp., C foveolata, G. S. Brady, JSusca, G. S. Brady, globulus, n. sp., . hirsuta, 0. sp., . milne-edwardsi, G. 8. minima, N. SP. » ovata (2), Bosquet, Brady, 1 North Atlantic. (!) 2 South oe 3 South Indian Ocean. 4 Austvral- | asia, ttt + +++ 5 South Pacific. (’) 6 7 North | Eastern Pacific. | Asia. + cf + aL ae aL + fe a a THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 North | South Sonth Austral-| South | North Kastern ; Atlantic.) Atlantic. Ocean, | Sia | Pacific. | Pacific. | Asia. Cypripz—continued. | Bairdia simplex, n. sp., . 0 0 6 4 + tuberculata, G. 8. Baie : : : : = victriz, G. S. Brady, . : 5 2 : + + + + villosa, 0. Sp., - é 3 4 . 3 + + cA 4 woodwardiana, i. sp., + CYTHERIDA. Cythere acanthoderma, n. sp., . : : 0 : + + 4 + 4 acupunctata, 0. sp., . 0 . . : ; ae adunca, G. 8. Brady, . . 3 . 3 + arata, 0. sp., a 5 : 9 , + audei, G. S. Brady, . ¢ . : . + + bermude, G. S. Brady, . ¢ . : + bicarinata, 0. sp., 5 0° . 5 : a canaliculata (Reuss), . 6 : . . a cancellata, G. 8. Brady, . 0 : c + circumdentata, 0. sp., . . : ae + clavigera, Nn. Sp., « 5 fs convoluta, G. 8. Brady, r j A 5 an. dt craticula, 1. sp., » : 9 0 , és + cribriformis, G. 8. Brady, -. : : : + crispata, G. S. Brady, a a cristatella, G. S. Brady, a cumulus, D. Sp. . fe curvicostata, G. S. Baie : ‘ : : ft cymba, G. 8. Brady, . 0 é : + cytheropteroides, n. S))., 5 4 6 - + darwint, G. 8. Brady, . : 6 : : | + dasyderma, n. sp. - . ; ; 3 leme + gue + i demissa, G. 8S. Brady, ae dictyon, D. Sp... : 3 0 3 ; =f =P + + + + dorsoserrata, nN. sp. . 4 3 : ; a | ericed, D. SP. . . . : + euplectella, G. S. Beatin 5 é ‘ : ae exilis, Q. Sp., . : : 5 0 + falklandi, 0. sp., 4 ‘ : ; ; + flabellicostata, n. sp., . 6 6 ; ; jo o+ jlos-cardui, n. sp., 0 : c : ; | 3k fortifieata, n. sp. ; ; : ; : | + JSoveolata, n. sp., . F a é Gaede | --F Sulvotincta, n. sp., 9 6 O c , ap | Sungoides, G. 8S. Brady, . . 6 : + ap goujont, G. 8. Brady, . 6 Q : ; + + Ei REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 North | South South Austral-| South | North | Eastern | Atlantic.|A tlantic. fodien asia, Pacific. | Pacific. | Asia. | CyTHERIDEZ—continued. ae 2S ee |p PE ae | pe eel Cythere hodgii, G. 8. Brady, . : : i ‘ = impluta, n. sp., . 9 : ; 6 ¢ + inconspicud, N. Sp... c i : 3 aP irpex, N. Sp., : ; é 6 . ; ar + wrroratd, N. Sp. . é ¢ : 6 : + kerguelenensis, n. sp., . ; : ; : + + | + lactea, G. 8. Brady, . : 5 : : + laganella, n. sp., : ; , : : + | lauta, 0. sp., 5 : : 0 3 : + lepralioides, n. sp... é ; , : + | lubbockiana, n. sp... : : 3 | + melobesioides, G. S. Brady, . ‘ ; ; + + moseley?, 1. Sp., : 0 0 : : + murrayand, D. sp... : 6 ; ; + normant, G. S. Brady, . é : 6 + + ovalis, n. sp... j ; : : ; + obtusalata, n. sp., packardi, n. sp., papuensis, N. Sp., parallelogramma, W. sp., - : é 3 + patagoniensis, n. sp. . : : 3 + polytrema, G. 8S. Brady, . : ; , + prava, Baird, . : an Sa : é : + pyriformis, n. sp., : é : 6 + | quadriaculeata, n. sp., c 0 6 : + a radula, Nn. sp., rastromarginata, 0. sp., 4 : 5 ; reussi, G.S. Brady, . : : ; : + sabulosa, N. sp., . scabrocuneata, N. Sp., sealaris, 0. Sp., scintillulata, D. sp... : 5 , : + seutigera, G. S. Brady, securifer, D. Sp. « : ; : 4 , ; + serratula, 0. sp., . ‘ 6 : : + a speyeri, G. 8. Brady, . 3 ; : 5 + + squalidentata, n. sp., . 5 ; 6 : + stimpsoni, G. S. Brady, 6 2 : : + stolonifera, Nu. sp., subrufa, D. sp., . : : , ‘ ; + suhmi, n. sp., sulcatoperforata, n. sp., : : : ; | tenera, G. 8. Brady, . ; : ; ' + | tetrica, N. sp. . ‘ 6 i ; : | | IP meee 4] +++ +t e tt + + + torresi, N. Sp., : . 6 : (ZOOL. CHALL, EXP.—PART 111.—1880.) C2 10 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. CyTHERIDEZ—continued. Cythere tricristata, u. sp., velivola, D. Sp., vellicata, n. sp., . vimined, D. Sp., wyvillethomsoni, n. sp., Cytheridea spinulosa, G. 8. Brady, Krithe bartonensis (Jones), hyalina, 0. sp., producta, n. sp., tumida, n. sp., Loxoconcha africana, 0. sp... alata, G. S. Brady, anomala, 0. sp., australis, D. sp... : avellana, G. S. Brady, guttata (Norman), honoluliensis, 0. sp., pumicosa, D. sp., . : sculpta, G. S. Brady, sinensis, G. S. Brady, subrhomboidea, 0. sp. . variolata, G. §. Brady, . Aestoleberis africana, n. sp., curta, G. 8. Brady, depressa, G. O. Sars, expansd, D. SP., JSoveolata, n. sp., granulosa, D. Sp., . ; intermedia (2), G. S. Brady, margaritea, G. S. Brady, nana, D. Sp. , polita, G. S. Brady, setigerd, L. Sp., tumefacta, D. Sp., + variegata, D. Sp., Cytherura clausi, a. sp., . clavata, D. sp., costellata, N. sp., cribrosa, D. Sp. eryptifera, D. Sp., curvistriata, D. Sp., . lilljeborgi, n. sp., mucronata, N. sp. obliqua, D. sp., 3 rudis (2), G. 8. Brady, 1 North Atlantic. 2 South Atlantic. 3 4 South Austral- ndian =a asia. Ocean. + + + + + + + os + f + + + + + + + + + + + ab + oth + o + + + + + + + 6 uf North | Eastern Pacific. | Asia. ae + + + + + REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. CyTHERIDEZ&—continued. Cytheropteron abyssorum, n. Sp., : : angustatum, 0. sp., assimile, 1. Sp., + : Jenestratum, 1. sp... intermedium, G. 8. Brady, . mucronalatum, Nn. Sp. patagoniense, n sp., scaphoides, 1. sp., wellingtoniense, D. Sp., ¢ : : Bythotheyere arenosa, n. sp... exigua, D. Sp... : orientalis, G. S. Brady, pumilio, D. sp... . veliferd, 0. Sp. « : Pseudocythere caudata, G. O. Sars, Juegiensis, D. sp., c Cytherideis levata, n. sp., nand, D. Sp., « ; Sclerochilus contortus (Norman), Aiphichilus arcuatus, nD. sp. . . complanatus, n. Sp., Paradoxostoma abbreviatum, G. O. Sars, . : : ensiforme, G. S. Brady, . : ‘ CYPRIDINIDZ. Cypridina dane, n. sp., . c formosa (2), Dana, . gracilis, D. Sp., 0 Asterope, sp., . : é Philomedes gibbosa (Dana), . wyville-thomsont, 0. Sp., . Crossophorus imperator, n. gen. and sp., . . CoNCH@CIADE. Halocypris atlantica, Lubbock, brevirostris, Dana, . imbricata, DQ. sp., 1 2 North | South Atlantic.|Atlantic. ae ann aL + ab a ofl + ate + ap ak 3 South Indian Ocean. ++4+ 4 5 Austral-| South | asia. Pacific. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + i ar + 6 North Pacific. 11 7 Eastern Asia. + THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. PoLycoPip&. Polycope cingulata, n. sp., Javus, D. sp., : orbicularis, G. O. Sars, CYTHERELLIDS. Cytherella cavernosa, G S. Brady, cingulata, G. 8. Brady, eribrosa, 0. Sp., dromedaria, 0. sp., . trregularis, D. Sp., lata, nD. sp., latimarginata, n. sp., polita, G. S. Brady, pulchra, G. 8. Brady, punctata, G. 8. Brady, semitalis, G. S. Brady, truncata, G. S. Brady, venusta, N. Sp., 1 2 4 5 6 7 North | South Austral-] South | North | Eastern Atlantic.|Atlantic. asia, Pacific. | Pacific. | Asia. | + + + + + or + + + at + + + | | aly | | + + + + + + + + af st + Vigo Bay. THE SPECIES OF OSTRACODA FOUND IN EACH. 11 fathoms. Paracypris polita, G. O. Sars. Mud from anchor. May 21, 1876. Cythere stimpsoni, G. 8. Brady. Loxoconcha guttata (Norman). Cytheropteron intermedium, G. 8. Brady. Paradoxostoma ensiforme, G. 8. Brady. tenera, G. 8. Brady. Polycope orbicularis, G. O. Sars. Off Gomera, Canaries. 620 fathoms. Sandy mud and shells. Macrocypris canariensis, n. sp. Bairdia, sp. February 12, 1873. LIST OF DREDGINGS AND TOW-NET GATHERINGS EXAMINED, WITH REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 15 Station 5.—South-west of Canaries. 2740 fathoms. February 21, 1873. Cythere dasyderma, n. sp. y y > i Sration 24.—Off Culebra Island, West Indies. 390 fathoms. Mud. March 25, 1873. ° Bythocypris reniformis, n. gen. and sp. Macrocypris tenuicauda, n. sp. decora, G. 8. Brady. Bairdia victrix, G. 8. Brady. Cythere serratula, n. sp. dictyon, n. sp. Cytherella lata, n. sp. Sration 33.—Off Bermudas. 435 fathoms. Mud. April 4, 1873. Pontocypris trigonella, G. O. Sars. Bairdia foveolata (?), G. 8. Brady. Cythere fungoides, G. 8. Brady. bermude, G. 8. Brady. Xestoleberis curta, G. 8. Brady. Cytherella irreqularis, n. sp. pulchra, G. 8. Brady. Asterope, sp. Sration 64,—Lat. 35° 35’ N., long. 50° 27’ W. 2750 fathoms. 1873. Cythere dictyon, n. sp. Grey ooze. June 20, acanthoderma, un. sp. Krithe tumida, n. sp. Xestoleberis expansa, n. sp. Sration 70.—Lat. 38° 25’ N., long. 35° 50’ W. 1675 fathoms. Globigerina ooze. June 20, 1873. Cythere dictyon, n. sp. dasyderma,n. sp. Krithe producta, n. sp. Cytheropteron mucronalatum, n. sp. 14 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER. Sration 73.—Lat. 38° 30’ N., long. 31° 14° W. 1000 fathoms. Glebigerina ooze. June 30, 1873. Cythere dictyon, n. sp. acanthoderma, 0. sp. irpex, N. Sp. Sration 75.—Off Azores. Lat. 38° 37’ N., long. 28° 30’ W. 450 fathoms. Sand. July 2, 1873. Bairdia angulata, G. 8. Brady. victrie (?), G. 8. Brady. Cythere dictyon, n. sp. Cytherella lata, n. sp. Sration 76.—Lat. 38° 11’ N., long. 27° 9’ W. 900 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 4°°2 C. Globigerina ooze. July 3, 1873. Bairdia formosa, G. 8. Brady. victrix, G. 8. Brady. Cythere dictyon, n. sp. Krithe producta, n. sp. Station 78.—Lat. 37° 24’ N., long. 25° 13’ W. 1000 fathoms. Globigerina ooze. July 10, 1873. Cythere dictyon, n. sp. irpex, N. Sp. Cypridina gracilis, n. sp. Sration 85.—Off Canaries. Lat. 28° 42’ N., long. 18° 6’ W. 1125 fathoms. Volcanic sand. July 19, 1873. Cythere (*) serratula, n. sp. dasyderma (?), n. sp. Krithe producta (?), n. sp. Sration 93 or 94.—Off St Vincent, Cape Verde. 1070-1150 fathoms. Mud. July and August 1873. Bairdia milne-edwardsi, G. 8. Brady. acanthigera, G. S. Brady. Cythere speyert, G. 8. Brady. Loxoconcha africana, n. sp. Xestoleberis variegata, n. sp. > REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 15 Sration 120.—Off Pernambuco. Lat. 8° 37’ S., long. 34° 28’ W. 675 fathoms. Mud. September 9, 1873. Macrocypris similis, n. sp. Bythocypris reniformis, nu. gen, and sp. Bairdia formosa, G. 8. Brady (variety). victriz, G. 8. Brady. Cythere pyriformis, n. sp. ericed, 1. Sp. dictyon, n. sp. Krithe producta, n. sp. Cytherella lata, n. sp. Station 122.—Off North Brazil. 350 fathoms. Mud. September 10, 1873. Bythocypris reniformis, n. gen. and sp. Macrocypris tenuicauda, n. sp. decora, G. 8. Brady. Bairdia formosa, G. 8, Brady. vietriz, G. 8. Brady. Cythere dasyderma, n. sp. dictyon, n. sp. Krithe producta, n. sp. Station 135.—Off Nightingale Island, Tristan d’Acunha. 100 to 150 fathoms. Rock, shells. October 18, 1873. Bairdia villosa, n. sp. Cythere impluta, n. sp. Cytherella punctata, G. 8. Brady. Station 140.—Simon’s Bay, South Africa, 15 to 20 fathoms. October 1873. Pontocypris subreniformis, n. sp. Macrocypris maculata, G. 8. Brady. Bairdia ovata, Bosquet. Cythere exilis, n. sp. flabellicostata, n. sp. lepralioides, n. sp. craticula, n. sp. Loxoconcha subrhomboidea, n. sp. Xestoleberis africana, n. sp. Cytherura mucronata, n. sp. claus, n. sp. Cytherella dromedaria, n. sp. 16 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Sration 142.—Off Cape of Good Hope. 150 fathoms. Sand. December 18, 1873. Cythere melobesioides, G. 8. Brady. Cythere lepralioides, n. sp. cytheropteroides, nu. sp. Polycope orbicularis, G. O. Sars. Off Prince Edward’s Island. 50 to 150 fathoms. December 26, 1874. Bythocypris reniformis, n. gen. and sp. Macrocypris maculata, G. 8. Brady. Bairdia villosa, n. sp. Cythere kerquelenensis, n. sp. securifer, 0. sp. subrufa, 0. sp. suhmt, n. sp. parallelogramma, 0. sp. Cythere polytrema, G. 8. Brady. Xestoleberis setigera, n. sp. Krithe producta, n. sp. Pseudocythere caudata, G. O. Sars. Sration 146.,—Lat. 46° 46’ S., long. 45° 31° E. 1375 fathoms. Globigerina ooze. Bottom temperature, 1°°5 C. December 29, 1873. Cythere dasyderma, un. sp. acanthoderma, n. sp. Krithe producta, n. sp. Cythere dictyon, n. sp. vinuned, D. Sp. Sration 149.—Balfour Bay, Kerguelen Island. 20 to 50 fathoms. January 1874. Macrocypris maculata, G. 8. Brady. twmida, n. sp. Argillecia eburnea, n. sp. Aglaia obtusata, n. sp. Bairdia villosa, n. sp. Cythere kerguelenensis, n. sp. subrufa, n. sp. wyville-thomsont, 1. sp. aude, G. 8. Brady. REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 17 Xestoleberis depressa, G. O. Sars. Cytherura obliqua, n. sp. costellata, n. sp. lilljeborgi, 0. sp. Cytheropteron scaphoides, n. sp. angustatum, n. sp. Bythocythere pumilio, n. sp. Pseudocythere caudata, G. O. Sars. Sclerochilus contortus (Norman). Paradoxostoma abbreviatum, G. O. Sars. Station 149.—Off Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen Island. 120 fathoms. January 29, 1874. Argillecia eburnea, n. sp. Macrocypris decora, G. 8. Brady. Bairdia villosa, n. sp. victriz, G. 8. Brady. Cythere wyville-thomsoni, n. sp. JSoveolata, n. sp. Xestoleberis setigera, n. sp. Krithe bartonensis (Jones). Cytheropteron assimile, n. sp. Cytheropteron fenestratum, n. sp. Pseudocythere caudata, G. O. Sars. Xiphichilus complanatus, n. sp. Polycope orbicularis, G. O. Sars. Cypridina dane, n. sp. Station 149.—Royal Sound, Kerguelen Island. 28 fathoms. January 20, 1874. Macrocypris tumida, n. sp. maculata, G. S. Brady. Cythere kerguelenensis, n. sp. _Xestoleberis curta, G. 8. Brady. Sration 150.—Lat. 52° 4’ §., long. 71° 22’ E. 150 fathoms. Rock. February 2, 1874. Cythere wyville-thomsoni, n. sp. dictyon, 0. sp. norman, G. 8. Brady. Xestoleberis depressa, G. O. Sars. (ZOOL. CHALL. EXP.—PART 111.—1880.) C3 18 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Sration 151.—Off Heard Island. 75 fathoms. Mud. February 7, 1874. Bairdia sinyplex, n. sp. Cythere kerquelenensis, n. sp. wyville-thomsoni, n. sp. foveolata, n. sp. Xestoleberis setigera, nu. sp. Cytheropteron assumile, n. sp. Cytherideis levata, n. sp. Sclerochilus contortus (Norman). Station 158.—Lat. 50° 1’8., long. 123° 4° E. Tow-net. March 7, 1874. Halocypris atlantica, Lubbock. Sration 159.—Lat. 47° 25’ S., long. 130° 12’ KE. Tow-net. March 12; 1874. Halocypris atlantica, Lubbock. brevirostris, Dana. Srarion 160.—Lat. 42° 42° S., long. 134° 10’ E. 2600 fathoms. . Bottom temperature, 0°-2 C. Red clay. March 13, 1874. Cytheropteron abyssorum, n. sp. SratioN 161,—Off entrance to Port Philip, South Australia. 38 fathoms.. April 1, 1874. Philomedes wyville-thomsoni, n. sp. Sration 162.—Off East Moncceur Island, Bass Strait. 38 to 40 fathoms. April 2, 1874. Pontocypris faba (2) (Reuss). Macrocypris maculata, G. 8. Brady. Aglaia (2), pusilla, n. sp. Bythocypris reniformis, n. gen. and sp. Bairdia villosa, n. sp. amygdaloides, G. S. Brady. foveolata, G. S. Brady. victrix, G. 8. Brady. Sand. Sand. REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. *. 19 Cythere canaliculata (Reuss). kergquelenensis, n. sp. scabrocuneata, n. sp. obtusalata, n. sp. rostromarginata n. sp. Xestoleberis granulosa, n. sp. Cytherura cryptifera, n. sp. Cytherella cavernosa, G. 8. Brady. Port Jackson, Australia. 2 to 10 fathoms. April 20, 1874. Pontocypris subreniformis, n. sp. Macrocypris setigera, n. sp. Phlyctenophora zealandica, n. gen. and sp. Argillecia badia, n. sp. Bairdia minima, n. sp. JSusca, G. 8. Brady. Cythere cumulus, n. sp. crispata, G. 8. Brady. kerguelenensis, a. sp. gowon, G. 8. Brady. tricristata, n. sp. vellicata, n. sp. demissa, G. S. Brady. canaliculata (Reuss). clavigera, 0. sp. Xestoleberis curta, G. S. Brady. granulosa, n. sp. Loxoconcha avellana, G. 8. Brady. australis, a. sp. Cytherura curvistriata, n. sp. Cytherella punctata (2), G. 8. Brady. cingulata, G. 8. Brady. pulchra, G. 8. Brady. Sration 164a,—Off Sydney. 410 fathoms. Grey ooze. June 13, 1874. Bairdia victriz, G. 8. Brady. Cythere dictyon, n. sp. dasyderma, v. sp. Krithe producta, n. sp. 20 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Sration 167.—Lat. 39° 32’S., long. 171° 48° E. 150 fathoms. Grey ooze. June 24, 1874. Bairdia ovata, Bosquet. Cythere arata, n. sp. rastromarginata, 1. sp. scutigera, G. 8. Brady. dasyderma, 1. sp. Krithe producta, n. sp. Cytherella punctata, G. 8. Brady. pulchra (%), G. 8. Brady. Wellington Harbour, New Zealand. Tow-net at trawl. Depth not stated. Aglaia clavata, n. sp. ; Paracypris polita (2), G. O. Sars. Phlyctenophora zealandica, n. gen. and sp. Macrocypris tumida, un. sp. ° Cythere murrayana, 1. sp. scabrocuneata, u. sp. Cytheropteron wellingtomense, n. sp. Sclerochilus contortus (Norman). Cytherella polita, G. 8. Brady. Srarton 168.—Lat. 40° 28’ S., long. 177° 43° E. 1100 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 2°°0 C. grey ooze. July 8, 1874. Crossophorus imperator, n. gen. and sp. Srarion 172,—Off Nukualofa, Tongatabu. 18 fathoms. Coral. July 22, 1874. Bythocypris compressa, n. gen. and sp. Bairdia crosskevana, G. 8. Brady. woodwardiana, n. sp. Cythere cancellata, G. 8. Brady. convoluta, G. S. Brady. XAestoleberis nana, n. sp. variegata, N. Sp. ‘Loxoconcha avellana, G. 8. Brady. Cytherella cribrosa, n. sp. REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 21 | Sration 174.—Lat. 19° 10’ S., long. 178° 10° E. 610 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 3°°7 C. Globigerina ooze. August 3, 1874. Krithe producta, n. sp. Xiphichilus arcuatus, n sp. Station 181.—Obi to Cape York, Pacific. Tow-net. August 26, 1874. Halocypris atlantica, Lubbock. brevirostris, Dana. Station 185.—Torres’ Straits. Lat. 11° 35’ 8., long. 144° 3’ E, 155 fathoms. August 31, 1874. Bairdia attenuata, n. sp. amygdaloides, G. 8. Brady. angulata, G. 8. Brady: Cythere torresi, n. sp. imconspicud, N. sp. laganella, n. sp. wyville-thomsonz (2), n. sp. dasyderma, n. sp. scalaris (2), n. sp. Xestoleberis intermedia (?), G. S. Brady. Cytheropteron angustatum, n. sp. Bythocythere arenosa, n. sp. orientalis (var.), G. 8. Brady. velifera, D. sp. . Polycope orbicularis, G. O. Sars. Jovus, 2. sp. Cytherella truncata, G. 8. Brady. latimarginata, n. sp. lata, n. sp. Sand. Station 187.—Off Booby Island. Lat. 10° 36’ S., long. 141° 55’ E. 6 to 8 fathoms. Macrocypris orientalis, G. 8. Brady. Bairdia amygdaloides, G. 8. Brady. Sortificata, n. sp. foveolata, G. S. Brady. 22 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER. Cythere reussi, G. 8. Brady. lubbockiana, n. sp. tetrica, n. sp. packardi, n. sp. curvicostata, n. sp. ovalis, 1. sp. crispata, G. 8. Brady. sabulosa, n. sp. lauta, n. sp. gowon, G. 8. Brady. Sungoides, G. 8. Brady. melobesioides, G. S. Brady. cristatella, G. S. Brady. cancellata, G. 8. Brady. Xestoleberis foveolata, n. sp. margaritea, G. 8. Brady. curta, G. 8. Brady. Loxoconcha pwmicosa, n. sp. variolata, G. 8. Brady. sculpta, G. S. Brady. australis, 0. sp. Cytherella senutalis, G. 8. Brady. cavernosa, G. S. Brady. cingulata, G. 8. Brady. lat. 92 597 S)} long. 137° 50’ E. 28 fathoms. Mud. September 11, 1874. Bairdia foveolata, G. S. Brady. Cythere fungoides, G. 8. Brady. ewuplectella, G. 8. Brady. adunca, G. 8. Brady. velivola, n. sp. Cytherella semitalis, G. 8. Brady. . cingulata, G. 8. Brady. Srarion, 189. REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 2% os] Station 191a.—Off Ki Islands. Lat. 5° 26’ 8, long. 133° 19° E. 580 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 4°°9 C. Mud. September 24, 1874. Macrocypris, sp. Bardia formosa, G. 8. Brady. Cythere dasyderma, n. sp. acanthoderma, n. sp. adunca, G. 8. Brady. dictyon, n. sp. radula, n. sp. Krithe bartonensis (Jones). Cytherideis nana, n. sp. Cytherella punctata, G. 8. Brady. lata, n. sp. Amboyna. 15 to 20 fathoms. October 6, 1874. Macrocypris maculata, G. 8. Brady. Bairdia amygdaloides, G. 8. Brady. Cythere scutigera, G. 8. Brady. Cytheridea spinulosa, G. 8. Brady. Cytherella pulchra, G. 8. Brady. Zamboangan. In surface-net at anchor. October 25, 1874. Cypridina formosa (2), Dana. Zebu Harbour, Philippine Islands. In surface-net. J anuary 1875. Philomedes gibbosa, Dana. Hong-kong Harbour. 7 fathoms. Anchor mud. Pontocypris attenuata, G. 8. Brady. Bairdia foveolata, G. 8. Brady. Cythere crispata, G. 8. Brady. cymba, G. S. Brady. goujoni, G. 8. Brady. cribriforms, G. 8. Brady. darwint, G. 8. Brady. Loxoconcha sinensis, G. 8. Brady. Bythocythere orientalis, G. 8. Brady. Cytherella cingulata, G. 8. Brady. 24 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Humboldt Bay, Papua. 37 fathoms. March 24, 1875. Pontocypris attenuata, G. S. Brady. Phlyctenophora zealandica, n. gen. and sp. Macrocypris orientalis (2), G. 8. Brady. - Bairdia amygdaloides, G. 8. Brady. Cythere papuensis, N. sp. dictyon, n. sp. scutigera, G. S. Brady. - Cytherella semitalis, G. 8. Brady. Nares’ Harbour, Admiralty Islands. 16 fathoms. March 2, 1875. Macrocypris decora, G. 8. Brady. Bairdia crosskeiana, G..S. Brady. foveolata, G. 8. Brady. globulus, n. sp. Cythere prava, Baird. Xestoleberis twmefacta, n. sp. Loxoconcha pwmicosa, n. sp. Cytherella semitalis, G. 8. Brady. Admiralty Islands. 16 to 25 fathoms. March 7, 1875. Macrocypris decora, G. 8. Brady. Bairdia tuberculata, G. 8. Brady. foveolata, G. 8. Brady. globulus, n. sp. Cythere tricristata, n. sp. prava, Baird. obtusalata, n. sp. wrorata, N. sp. Sration 218.—Lat. 2° 33’ S., long. 144° 4° E. 1070 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 2°°1 C. Globigerina ooze. March 1, 1875. ; Bairdia exaltata, n. sp. Cythere dictyon, n. sp. dasyderma, n. sp. Sration 224.—Lat. 7° 45’ N., long. 144° 20’ E. 1850 fathoms. Bottom temperature, j 1°°3.C. Globigerina ooze. March 21, 1875. Cythere dictyon, nu. sp. Cytheropteron mucronalatum, 1. sp. REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA, a) Station 231.—Tow-net. May 11, 1875. Halocypris atlantica, Lubbock. brevirostris, Dana. imbricata, n. sp. Station 233b.—Inland Sea, Japan. Lat. 34° 20’ N., long. 133° 35° E. 15 fathoms. Mud. May 26, 1875. Cythere acupunctata, n. sp. bicarinata, nu. sp. cymba, G. 8. Brady. quadriaculeata, n. sp. hodgu, G. 8. Brady. darwint, G. 8. Brady. scabrocuneata, n. sp. Krithe hyalina, 1. sp. Loxoconcha sinensis, G. 8. Brady. Station 241.—Lat. 35° 41’ N., long. 157° 42’ E. 2300 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 1°1C. Redclay. June 23, 1875. Cythere suhni, n. sp. Station 241,—Lat. 35° 41’ N., long. 157° 42’ E. Tow-net. June 23, 1875. Halocypris atlantica, Lubbock. brevirostris, Dana. imbricata, n. sp. Sration 246,—Lat. 36° 10’ N., long. 178° 0’ E. 2050 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 1°°3.C. Grey ooze. July 2, 1875. Bairdia ninima, n. sp. abyssicola, n. sp. Cythere dasyderma, n. sp. acanthoderna, n. sp. circumdentata, n. sp. dictyon, 0. sp. Cytheropteron mucronalatum, un. sp. (Z00L, CHALL, EXP.—PART 111.—1880.) C4 26 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Off Reefs, Honolulu. 40 fathoms. July 1875. Pontocypris faba (2) (Reuss). Bairdia attenuata, n. sp. amygdaloides, G. 8. Brady. crosskeiana, G. 8. Brady. expansd, L. Sp. Cythere reussi, G. 8. Brady. quadriaculeata, n. sp. convoluta, G. 8. Brady. flos-cardui, n. sp. rastromargimata, n. Sp. Xestoleberis curta, G. 8. Brady. Loxoconcha alata, G. 8. Brady. honoluliensis, n. sp. anomala, n. sp. Cytherella venusta, n. sp. Sration 276.—Lat. 13° 28’ S., long. 149° 30’ W. 2350 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 1°0 C. Red clay. September 16, 1875. Cythere circumdentata, n. sp. Station 280.—Lat. 18° 40’ S., long. 149° 52° W. 1940 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 1°°6 C. Globigerina ooze. October 4, 1875. Cythere dictyon, n. sp. Sration 287.—Lat. 36° 32’ §., long. 132° 52’ W. Tow-net. October 19, 1875. Halocypris atlantica, Lubbock. brevirostris, Dana. Sration 296.—Lat. 38° 6’ S., long. 88° 2° W. 1825 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 1°2C. Red clay. November 9, 1875. Bairdia hirsuta, n. sp. Cythere norman (2), G. 8. Brady. dasyderma, 1. sp. acanthoderm«a, ua. sp. dictyon, n. sp. Krithe producta, n. sp. Cytheropteron mucronalatum, n. sp. REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 27 420 fathoms. Sounding. October 20, 1875. Paracypris polita (2), G. O. Sars. Pontocypris (2), sp. Bairdia foveolata, G. 8. Brady. Cythere lactea, G. S. Brady. fortificata, n. sp. Cytheridea spinulosa, G. 8. Brady. Sration 300.—Lat. 33° 42’8., long. 78° 18° W. 1375 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 1°6 C. Globigerina ooze. December 17, 1875. Bairdia hirsuta, n. sp. Cythere dictyon, n. sp. stolonifera, n. sp. sulcato-perforata, 0. sp. dasyderma, 0. sp. scutigera, G. 8. Brady. Xestoleberis curta, G. 8. Brady. Krithe producta, n. sp. Cytheropteron mucronalatum, n. sp. STATION 302.—Lat. 42° 43’ S., long. 82° 11° W. Tow-net. December 28, 1875. Halocypiis atlantica, Lubbock. brevirostris, Dana. Station 302.—Lat. 42° 43’S., long. 82° 11° W. 1450 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 1°°5 C. Globigerina ooze. December 28, 1875. Cythere dictyon, vu. sp. acanthoderma, n. sp. dasyderma, 1. sp. Krithe producta, n. sp. Cytheropteron mucronalatum, n. sp. Station 303.—Lat. 45° 31’ 8., lone. 78° 9’ W. Tow-net. December 30, 1875. Halocypris atlantica, Lubbock. brevirostris, Dana. 28 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER. Sratron 304.—Lat. 46° 53’ S., long. 75° 11’ W. Tow-net. December 31, 1875. Halocypris atlantica, Lubbock. Sration 305.—160 fathoms. Sounding. January 13, 1876. Macrocypris similis, n. sp. Bairdia angulata, G. 8. Brady. amygdaloides, G. 8. Brady. Cythere dasyderma, n. sp. dictyon, un. sp. scalaris, n. sp. Kvrithe producta, n. sp. Cytheropteron patagoniense, n. sp. Cytherura cribrosa, n. sp. Cytherella punctata, G. 8. Brady. Sration 308.—Lat. 50° 10’S., long. 74° 42’ W. 175 fathoms. Mud. January 5, 1876. Buirdia, sp. Cythere dictyon, n. sp. patagoniensis, n. sp. Krithe producta, n. sp. Cytherella, sp. Sration 311.—Lat. 52° 50°S., long. 73° 53° W. 245 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 7-7 C. Mud. January 11, 1876. Cythere dasyderma, u. sp. Krithe producta, n. sp. Pseudocythere fuegiensis, n. sp. Station 313.—Straits of Magellan, lat. 52° 20’ S., long. 68° 0° W. 55 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 8°°8 C. Sand. January 20, 1876. Cythere reussi, G. 8. Brady. scintillulata, n. sp. Cytherura rudis (?), G. 8. Brady. Bythocythere exigua, n. sp. REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 29 Sration 316.—Stanley Harbour, Falkland Islands. 6 fathoms. Anchor mud. February 1, 1876. Aglaia meridionalis, un. sp. Cythere falklandi, n. sp. Sulwotincta, n. sp. Xestoleberis polita, G. 8. Brady. Cytherura clavata, n. sp. Cythere impluta, n. sp. moseleyi, n. sp. Sration 317.—Lat. 48° 37’ §., long. 55° 17° W. 1035 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 1°°7 C. Hard ground. Tow-net at trawl. February 8, 1876. Cythere dasyderma, n. sp. Station 318.—Lat. 42° 32’ S., long. 56° 27° W. Tow-net. February 11, 1876. Halocypris atlantica, Lubbock. Sration 321.—Mouth of Rio de la Plata. 13 fathoms. Mud. February 25, 1876. Cytherella polita, G. S. Brady. Station 323.—Lat. 35° 39’ S., long. 50° 477 W. 1900 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 0°0 C. Grey mud. Argillecia eburnea, n. sp. Cythere squalidentata, n. sp. Krithe tunida, n. sp. Xestoleberis expansa, n. sp. Pseudocythere caudata, G. O. Sars. SrTaTIon 325. Lat. 36° 44’ S., long. 46° 16’ W. 2650 fathoms. Tow-net at trawl. Bottom temperature, 0°4 C. March 2, 1876. Halocypris atlantica, Lubbock. imbricata, n. sp. Station 330.—Lat. 37° 45’ S., lone. 33° 0’ W. March 8, 1876. Halocypris brevirostris, Dana. 30 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER. Srarion 332.—hLat. 37° 29’ S., long. 27° 31’ W. 2200 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 0°4 C. Globigerina ooze. Tow-net at trawl. March 10, 1876. Cythere dictyon, n. sp. dasyderma, 1. sp. Sration 335.—North of Tristan d’Acunha, lat. 32° 24’ 8., long. 13° 5’ W. 1425 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 2°°3 C. Globigerina ooze. March 16, 1876. Bairdia victrix, G. 8. Brady. Bythocypris elongata, n. gen. and sp. Cythere serratula, nu. sp. Cythere dictyon, n. sp. dasyderma, n. sp. dorsoserrata, n. sp. irpex, . Sp. Krithe producta, n. sp. Cytheropteron fenestratum, n. sp. Sration 341.—Lat. 12° 16’ S., long. 13° 44° W. March 25, 1876. Halocypris atlantica, Lubbock. brevirostris, Dana. Sration 344.—Off Ascension Island. 420 fathoms. Hard ground. April 3, 1876. Macrocypris similis, n. sp. Cythere speyeri, G. 8. Brady. Cytherella pulchra (2), G. 8. Brady. Off Ascension Island. 7 fathoms. Pontocypris sinvplex, n. sp. Cythere audei, G. 8. Brady. Station 346.—Lat. 2° 42°8., long. 14° 41° W. 2350 fathoms. Bottom temperature, 0°°4 C. Globigerina ooze. April 6, 1876. Cythere dasyderma, n. sp. Station 348.—Lat. 3° 10’ N., long. 14° 51° W. April 9, 1876. Halocypris atlantica, Lubbock. St Vincent, Cape Verde Islands. April 26, 1876. Halocypris brevirostris, Dana. REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. ol Section PODOCOPA. Family I. Cypripa. Valves mostly thin and smooth, more or less sinuated below. Anterior antennze mostly seven-joimted, and beset with numerous setee, which form a dense brush of ereater or less length; posterior antennee geniculated, and bent backwards, four or five- jointed, armed at the distal extremity with from three to five long, slightly curved claws, and bearing commonly on the posterior aspect of the antepenultimate joint, a bundle of setee. Mandibles powerful, and divided at the extremity into several teeth, bearing a large four-jointed palp, the first joint of which is provided with a branchial appendage. Two pairs of jaws: the first large, and divided into four digitiform segments, the anterior segment being larger than the rest, two-jointed, and giving attachment to a large branchial plate; second pair small, simple, in the female bearing a simple sub- conical palp, in the male often pediform. Two pairs of feet: the first stout, and five- jointed, terminated by a long curved claw; the second more slender, and usually bent upwards within the valves. Postabdomen forming two long movable rami, which are sometimes rudimentary and setiform, but oftener well developed, and terminating in two strong curved claws. Lye single, or altogether wanting; rarely double. Intestinal canal forming two pouches; ovaries and testis lying immediately beneath the shell. Copulative organs of the male situated immediately in front of the postabdominal rami, and provided with testes or mucous glands of complex structure. Paracypris, G. O. Sars. Shell smooth, compact, elongated. Anterior antennee seven-joimted, beset with rather short setee; posterior stout, terminating in four strong curved claws; antepenultimate joint bearing at its base a pedicellated hyaline vesicle. Mandibles terminating in five or six long teeth, and bearing a four-jointed palp, from the basal joint of which springs a narrow branchial appendage. External lobe or palp of the first pair of maxille linear, not much broader than the rest. Second pair of maxillee provided with a branchial appendage, the palp elongated, conical, and inarticulate. Last pair of feet similar to the first in form and size; both pairs five-jomted, and terminating in a long curved claw, the last pair armed also with a short seta, which is directed upwards. Postabdominal rami large, armed at the extremity with two strong curved claws, and a short slender seta; the posterior margin also bears two long sete; one eye. 32 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S8. CHALLENGER. Paracypris polita, G. O. Sars. Paracypris polita, G. O. Sars, Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder, p. 12; Brady, Monograph of Recent British Ostracoda, Trans. Lin. Soc., vol. xxvi. p. 378, pl. xxvii. figs. 1-4, and pl. xxxvili. fig. 2. A few specimens of Paracypris polita were found amongst mud, brought up by the anchor in Vigo Bay; others, very doubtfully referable to the same- species, occurred in the proceeds of the tow-net at trawl, from Wellimeton Harbour, New Zealand, and in a sounding from a depth of 420 fathoms, October 20, 1875. All these examples, however, are so imperfect and ill-developed that to describe or figure them would be quite useless. The species is known hitherto only as inhabiting the seas of Northern Europe. Phlyctenophora,' nv. gen. Carapace (Pl. III. fig. 1, a) elongated, not higher in front than behind ; shell smooth, and usually more or less ornamented with dark-coloured blotches or strize. Anterior antennee (fig. 1, ¢) seven-jointed, beset with moderately long and slender sete ; posterior (fig. 1, f) four-jointed, stout, ending in four strong curved claws; second joint bearing a stalked hyaline vesicle, and a brush of short sete. Mandible, strongly toothed at the apex (fig. 1, g) bearing a four-jointed palp, which is destitute of a branchial appendage (2). First pair of maxillze divided into four linear setiferous segments (fig. 1, /), and having at the base a branchial plate bearing six setee ; second pair (fig. 1, 7) also bearing a branchial appendage, and a small conical palp. First pair of feet five-joited, terminating in a long slender curved claw (fig. 1,7); second pair (fig. 1, /) four-jointed (?), flexuous, provided with a movable hinge between the second and third joints ; terminal claw long, reflexed against the limb. Postabdominal rami (fig. 1, 7) well developed, bearing two strong terminal claws. Spermatic gland of the male (fig. 1, m) cylindrical, beset with a spiral of delicate setose filaments. This seems to be sufficiently distinguished from the preceding genus by the absence of a branchial appendage to the mandible palp, and by the flexuous second foot, while from Macrocypris it differs, not only in the characters of the mandibles and maxillee, but in having well-developed postabdominal rami; also in the structure of the spermatic glands. The genera Paracypris and Phlyctenophora, both in external appearance, and in the structure of the various parts of the animal, are more nearly allied to the fresh water Cypridee than are any other marine genera. Many forms probably yet remain to be discovered, which will more completely bridge over the gap between these and the Cytheridee, and the classification of some of the species described in this monograph, and known only by their shells, must be looked upon as merely provisional. In this category 1 Davuraiwe, a blotch ; Qépa, I carry. REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 33 we must include most of those here referred to the genera Macrocypris, Argillecia, and Pontocypris. Phlyctenophora zealandica, n. sp. (Pl. II. fig. 1, am). Carapace elongated, compressed; seen from the side, subsiliquose ; greatest height situated in the middle, and equal to less than half the length ; anterior extremity well rounded, posterior narrowed, and ending in a subacute angle near the ventral surface ; dorsal margin well arched, and continued in an unbroken curve to the infero-posteal angle, ventral margin slightly sinuated in the middle; seen from above, the outline is ovate, widest in the middle, and tapering only slightly to the broadly-rounded extremities ; width and height about equal; end view subcircular, rather narrowed and angular below. Shell-surface smooth, whitish, marked with a few irregular strigee of a blackish hue, and on the ventral surface with a broad longitudinal and transversely striated squamous band. Length, 1-26th of an inch (98 mm.). Several specimens of this species were taken in the tow-net at trawl in Wellington Harbour, New Zealand; at Port Jackson, Australia, in a depth of 2 to 10 fathoms; and at Humboldt Bay, Papua, in 37 fathoms. [ Pl. III. fic. 1, a-m. «a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front, e anterior antenna, f posterior antenna, g mandible, / first maxilla, 2 second maxilla, 7 first foot, & second foot, / postabdominal ramus, m spermatic gland of male. The figures of the shell magnified 50 diameters. | Aglaia, G. 8. Brady. Aglaia, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i., 1867. Aglaia, Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson, Post-Tertiary Entomostraca, 1874. Shell smooth and polished, of about equal height before and behind, compressed, subcylindrical. Anterior antennze seven-jointed, beset with short stout sete; posterior robust, and bearing at the apex of each joint several strong curved setee ; furnished also with a very small hyaline vesicle, and on the penultimate jomt with a lash of very short setee. Mandibles slender, divided at the extremity into about five blunt teeth, and furnished with a large, narrow, branchial palp. First pair of jaws divided into four elongated segments, and bearing a distinct branchial appendage; second pair also provided with a branchial lamina, and with a simple conical setiferous palp. First pair of feet long, five-jointed, with a long terminal claw; second pair flexuous, four-jointed, last joint armed with three setee, one of which is very long, and finely pectinate on its inner margin. Postabdominal rami moderately robust, bearing two curved terminal claws, one seta on the anterior, and two on the posterior margin. Testis disposed round the body of the animal; mucous gland of the male elongated, and composed of seven series of whorled filaments. (ZOOL. CHALL, EXP,—PART 111. —1880.) C5 34 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. This genus comes very near to the preceding one, Phlyctenophora, but the animal is altogether stouter in build, the limbs shorter, the setose armature of the antennee much shorter and more robust, and the mandible provided with a branchial lamina ; as regards the shell the chief distinction is in the want of angulation of the posterior extremity. The anatomy of the genus was worked out from one or two dried specimens sent to me by M. le Marquis de Folin, and, as regards the main points at any rate, the description given above may be relied upon as being accurate; but as all the Challenger specimens referable to the genus are mere empty shells, I am not able from this source to verifiy, or add anything to the first description, nor even to do more than guess at the genus to which these shells ought to be assigned. 1. Aglaia (?) pusilla, n. sp. (Pl. XXX. fig. 6, a—d). Carapace compressed, oblong ; seen from the side subreniform, rather higher in front than behind, height rather less than half the length ; extremities obliquely rounded ; dorsal margin very gently arched, ventral sinuated in the middle; seen from above ovate, tapering, and acuminate in front, narrowly rounded behind, width somewhat less than the height; end view subcircular. Surface of the shell perfectly smooth. Length, 1-50th of an inch (‘5 mm.). Dredged off East Moncceur Island, Bass Straits, in 38 to 40 fathoms. Sandy bottom. Station 162. [Pl]. XXX. fig. 6, a-d. «a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 2. Aglaia clavata, nu. sp. (Pl. VI. fig. 4, a—d). Shell elongated, reniform; seen from the side rather lower in front than behind, height greatest in the middle, and equal to less than half the length, extremities well rounded, dorsal margin gently arched, ventral slightly sinuated in the middle; seen from above, the outline is subclavate, widest behind the middle, tapering very gradually towards the front, and scarcely at all behind, anterior extremity very obtusely pointed, posterior broadly rounded; width and height nearly equal; end view circular ; shell- surface perfectly smooth. Length, 1-45th of an inch (°54 mm.). A few specimens from tow-net at trawl, Wellington Harbour, New Zealand. [Pl. VIL. fig. 4, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, 6 from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | 3. Aglaia (2) meridionalis, n. sp. (Pl. XXX. fig. 7, a-d). Shell compressed, oblong; seen from the side sub-ovate, height equal to more than one-third of the length, extremities rounded and nearly equal in height, the posterior rather oblique; dorsal margin gently arched, highest in the middle, ventral straight ; REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 35 seen from above, compressed, subulate, widest in the middle, and tapering evenly to the extremities, which are acuminate, width equal to about one-third of the leneth; end view subcircular, the right valve greatly overlapping the left. Surface of the shell perfectly smooth ; length 1-37th of an inch (‘68 mm.). Found in a haul of anchor-mud, from a depth of 6 fathoms, in Stanley Harbour, Falkland Islands. Station 316. The very great inequality of the two valves of this and the following species may possibly indicate a distinct generic rank, but without the means of examining anatomical details, the point must for the present be left undecided. The larger valve, in this case, is the nght ; in Bairdia, where a like inequality exists, the left valve is the large one. [Pl. XXX. fig. 7, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | 4, Aglaia (?) obtusata, n. sp. (Pl. XXX. fig. 8, a-d). Shell tumid, subovate, right valve much larger than the left; seen from the side, subreniform, slightly depressed in front; extremities well rounded, the posterior much wider than the anterior; dorsal margin moderately arched, highest in the middle, ventral nearly straight, height equal to half the length; outline as seen from above, ovate, acuminate in front, broadly rounded behind, greatest width equal to the height, and situated in the middle, whence the margins converge quickly towards the front, but scarcely at all backwards; end view subcircular, sides unequal. Surface quite smooth. Length, 1-45th of an inch (‘54 mm.). Dredged in Balfour Bay, Kerguelen Island, in a depth of 20 to 50 fathoms. Station 149. [Pl. XXX. fig. 8, a-d. a Shell seen from the left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | Pontocypris, G. O. Sars. Pontocypris, G. O. Sars, Oversigt af Norges marine Ostrac., 1865. Shell thin and fragile, higher in front than behind. From the first joint of the seven- jointed anterior antennee spring two short sete, one seta from each of the four following joints, four from the sixth, and four from the seventh, those of the last joint being much the longest ; last joint of the posterior antenna bearing four long terminal claws; to the side of f=) ? fo) te) ? the second joint is attached a pedicellated vesicle, and to its apex a brush of about five sete, the longest of which do not much overreach the apices of the terminal claws. Mandibles co) slender, divided into several curved teeth, and bearing near the apex a long ciliated seta ; 2 ? fo) fo} ? palp robust, the basal joint large, and bearing a branchial appendage, last joint short and spinous. External segment of the first pair of maxille very large, the rest very short 36 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. and setiferous, and provided with a branchial plate. Second pair of maxillz without a branchial plate; palp large and subpediform, three-jointed, last joimt im the female, armed with two long slightly curved claws. First pair of feet five-jomted, terminal claw very long; second pair flexuous, four-jointed, last joint short, armed at the extremity _ with several stout setee, the margin of one of which is pectinated. Postabdominal rami well developed, with three long marginal setee; at the apex two curved claws and one slender seta; also one long seta at the base, near the orifice of the intestinal canal. According to G. O. Sars, the ovaries are contained between the valves forming a loop posteriorly, while the testes extend round the whole circumference of the valves. The palp of the second maxilla is here much more fully developed-than in the two genera already described; and the armature of the second pair of feet affords another good distinctive character. The animals, though quite able to swim, are far from active in their habits,—in captivity at any rate being content chiefly to crawl on the bottom,— and, judging from structure, one would suppose that the habits of the genera Phlycteno- phora and Aglaia must be pretty much the same. Paracypris, on the other hand, is restricted entirely to a crawling life, by the absence of swimming setze on its lower antennee. The specimens of Pontocypris, brought home by the Challenger, are remarkably few, and those few present no very distinctive shell characters ; possibly they may be immature examples. The reason of this paucity of specimens I believe to be that the genus is essentially one belonging to shallow water, and no doubt littoral dredgigs in the warm seas of the tropical and sub-tropical zones would bring to light numerous new species. Some few species from the Mediterranean and the Island of Mauritius I have already had the opportunity of describing.’ In the open sea, and especially in shallow sheltered inlets, round the British Islands, in depths of from 5 to 20, or 30 fathoms, the two typical species, Pontocypris mytiloides, Norman, and Pontocypris trigonella, Sars, are often very abundant. 1. Pontocypris trigonella, G. O. Sars (Pl. XV. fig. A, a—d). Pontocypris trigonella, Sars, Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder, p. 16, 1865. Pontocypris trigonella, Brady, Monograph of Recent Brit. Ostrac., p. 387, pl. xxv. figs. 31-34, and pl. xxviii. fig. 3. Pontocypris trigonella, Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson, Monog. Post-Tertiary Entom., p. 137, pl. xvi. figs. 26-28. Carapace compressed, oblong; seen from the side subtriangular, greatest height situated in the middle, and equal to half the length, anterior extremity moderately broad and well-rounded, posterior rounded, but much narrower; dorsal margin boldly arched, highest mm the middle, ventral very gently sinuated in the middle; seen from 1 Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1868 and 1869. REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 37 above regularly ovate, widest near, or a little in front of, the middle, and tapering equally toward both ends; extremities acuminate, width equal to one-third of the length; end view ovate. Surface of the shell smooth and polished, white or cream- coloured, and bearing often a few minute impressed puncta. Length, 1-50th of an inch ("5 mm.). Found in a dredging from off Bermudas (Station 33), 435 fathoms; mud. These specimens, though considerably smaller than those met with in Europe, present no other important difference. I suppose, therefore, that the conditions of a tropical sea are not so favourable to the species as those of temperate regions. Possibly the same observa- tion may hold good if applied to the whole genus. Pontocypris trigonella is a common species in Northern Europe, and has been noticed also in dredgings from the Mediter- ranean and Cape Verde. It occurs not unfrequently in the Post-Tertiary deposits of Scotland. [Pl. XV. fig. 4, a-d. a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. All magnified 60 diameters. | 2. Pontocypris simplex, n. sp. (PI. I. fig. 5, a-d). Carapace compressed, elongated ; seen from the side, subreniform, higher in front than behind; greatest height situated in the middle, and equal to half the length; anterior extremity broadly and obliquely rounded, posterior rounded but considerably narrowed ; dorsal margin boldly arched, highest near the middle; ventral sinuated in front of the middle; seen from above the outline is ovate, widest a little in front of the middle; extremities subacuminate, width equal to somewhat more than one-third of the length ; end view ovate, rather compressed towards the dorsal margin ; surface of the valves quite smooth. Length, 1-38th of an inch (‘66 mm.). Dredged in a depth of 7 fathoms off Ascension Island. [Pl. I. fig. 5, a-d. a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 3. Pontocypris faba (2), Reuss (Pl. I. fig. 4, ad). Bairdia faba, Reuss, Ein Beitrag zur genaueren Kenntniss der Kreidegebilde Meklenburgs, Zeitsch. d. deutsch. Geol. Ges., 1855, p. 278, pl. x. fig. 2. Pontocypris faba, Brady, Ostracoda of the Antwerp Crag, Trans. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 382, pl. lsiii. fig. 6, a-e. Carapace of the female rather tumid ; seen from the side subtriangular, highest in front of the middle, the height being equal to more than half the length; anterior extremity very broadly rounded, posterior much attenuated and almost acuminate; dorsal margin very boldly arched, highest in front of the middle, sloping with a steep curve backwards, and more gently towards the front ; ventral rather deeply sinuated in the middle ; seen 38 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. from above, the shape is ovate, rather more than twice as long as broad, widest in front of the middle, and acuminate at the extremities; end view broadly ovate. Surface of the shell perfectly smooth. Length, 1-30th of an inch (‘85 mm.). The foregoing description apples to the female carapace, which I suppose to be represented by the figures a-c, the form figured at d being probably the male of the same species. Forms found in the Antwerp Crag differing from each other in almost pre- cisely the same way, and agreeing very closely with those here described, I have, through the kindness of M. Ernest Vanden Broeck, already had the opportunity of describing; the Challenger specimens are, however, somewhat larger. The following dredgings yielded specimens which I refer to this species: males, off East Moncceur Island, Bass Strait (Station 162), 38 to 40 fathoms, sand; females, off Reefs, Honolulu, 40 fathoms. [Pl. I. fig. 4, a-d. a Shell of female seen from left side, b from below, ¢ from front, d male seen from left side. All magnified 40 diameters. | 4, Pontocypris attenuata, G. 8. Brady (Pl. XV. fig. 2, a-d). Pontocypris attenuata, Brady, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. ii. 1868, p. 179, pl. iv. figs. 11-14, Carapace compressed, elongated, siliquose; seen from the side subtriangular, much higher in front than behind, height scarcely equal to half the length; anterior extremity broadly rounded, posterior attenuated, and tapering to a narrowly-rounded point; dorsal margin elevated, and subangular in front of the middle, thence sloping gently towards the front, steeply and almost in a straight line backwards; ventral margin deeply sinuated in front of the middle; seen from above, the outline is com- pressed, lanceolate, widest in front of the middle, extremities acuminate, greatest width equal to about one-third of the length; end view ovate; surface of the shell quite smooth. Length, 1-43d of an inch (‘57 mm.). Found in anchor-mud, from a depth of 7 fathoms, in Hong-kong Harbour and in Hum- boldt Bay, Papua, 37 fathoms. 'The type-specimens were from Mauritius. [Pl. XV. fig. 2, a-d. a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. All magnified 60 diameters. | 5. Pontocypris (?) subrenifornus, n. sp. (Pl. XV. fig. 6, a-d). Carapace, as seen from the side, subreniform, highest in the middle, height equal to somewhat more than half the length; anterior extremity rounded, somewhat depressed, posterior broad, rather flattened, rounded off above and below ; dorsal margin very boldly arched, almost gibbous in the middle where it is highest ; ventral margin, very slightly sinuated ; seen from above the outline is evenly ovate, widest in the middle, extremities rounded off, the anterior much the narrower of the two, greatest width equal to more REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 39 than one-third of the length ; end view broadly ovate, widest toward the ventral margin ; surface of the shell smooth. Length, 1-43d of an inch (*57 mm.). Dredged in Simon’s Bay, South Africa, 15 to 20 fathoms (Station 140); Port Jackson, Australia, 2 to 10 fathoms. The anterior depression of this species suggests doubt as to the propriety of its genuine location as a Pontocypris, but I do not know of any genus, except perhaps Bythocypris, to which it could with propriety be referred, its anatomical characters being quite unknown. [Pl. XV. fig. 6, a-d. a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. All magnified 60 diameters. | Argillecia, G. O. Sars. Argillecia, Sars, Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder, 1865. Argillecia, Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson, Post-Tertiary Entomostraca, 1874. Valves equal, smooth, elongated, moderately robust, scarcely higher in front than behind, more or less angulated at the junction of the posterior and ventral margins. Anterior antennz (PI. IV. fig. 5) robust, five-jointed, first joint large and stout, the rest beset on the lower margins with strong spines, and on the upper margins, especially in the male, with numerous long sete; posterior antenne (PI. IV. fig. 6) short and thick, otherwise as in Pontocypris; the setee of the antepenultimate joint in the female short, in the male very long, and reaching much beyond the terminal claws. Mandibles (fig. 7) almost as in Pontocypris, the palp, however, having only three or four sete “one,” Sars) in place of a branchial plate. Palp of the second pair of jaws indistinctly three-jointed (fig. 9) bearing several terminal sete: (“ending in a single claw,” Sars). First pair of feet (fig. 10) strong, ending in two nearly equal claws; second pair unlike the first, and almost like those of Pontocypris; last joint very short, and bearing three setze, of which one is very long and curved. Postabdominal rami short, attenuated towards the apices, terminal claws very small. Eye wanting. The anatomical details of Argillecia ebwrnea, as shown in Pl. IV., do not in all respects coincide with Sars’ generic description ; the antennal setee of Argillecia eburnea are much longer and more slender than ought to be the case, the branchial sete of the mandible-palp are more numerous, and the second pair of maxille seem to be some- what different in structure; yet, notwithstanding these divergences, I prefer, for the present at least, to place this species in the already established genus, rather than to create a new one on what might perhaps prove to be insufficient grounds. The genus, though widely distributed, does not seem to contain a large number of species, and these, like most of the Cypride, present so few peculiarities of external form that their identification is a difficult matter in the case of fossil species and of recent empty shells. The subacute infero-posteal angle, and the overlap of the right valve in the centre of the ventral surface, are the only tangible distinctive marks, so far as the shell is concerned. 40 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 1. Argillecia eburnea, nu. sp. (Pl. IV. figs. 1-15). Shell oblong, compressed, subreniform, height less than half the length; seen from the side the anterior extremity is obliquely rounded ; posterior produced, and subacute at the ventral angle; dorsal margin boldly arched, highest in the middle, sloping, with a gentle curve forwards, and steeply backwards, as far as the ventral angle; ventral margin rather deeply sinuated in the middle; seen from above, compressed ovate, widest near the middle, acuminate in front, rounded behind, width equal to the height; end view nearly circular. Surface of the shell perfectly smooth. Length, 1-32d of an inch (‘77 mm.). Argillecia eburnea, occurred plentifully in two dredgings from Kerguelen Island,— Balfour Bay, 20 to 50 fathoms, and off Christmas Harbour, 120 fathoms; also in lat. 35° 39’8., long. 50° 47’ W., 1900 fathoms (Station 323). [Pl. IV. figs. 1-15. Fig. 1, shell of male seen from left side; fig. 2, from above ; fie. 3, from below; fig. 4, from front; fig. 5, anterior antenna; fig. 6, posterior antenna; fig. 7, mandible and palp; fig. 8, first maxilla; fig. 9, second maxilla (male) ; fig. 10, first foot; fig. 11, second foot (male); fig. 12, second foot (female); fig. 13, abdomen and postabdominal ramus; fig. 14, copulative organs of male; fig. 15, muscle spots. The fioures of the shell magnified 50 diameters. | 2. Argillecia badia, n. sp. (Pl. VI. fig. 3, a-d). Shell minute, compressed, ovate; seen from the side, oblong, subovate, higher in front than behind, greatest height situated in the middle, and equal to half the leneth; anterior extremity broadly rounded, posterior depressed, obliquely rounded ; dorsal margin moderately arched, ventral almost straight; seen from above, ovate, acuminate in front, rounded behind, greatest width in the middle, and equal to rather more than one-third of the length ; end view subcircular. Surface of the shell perfectly smooth. Length, 1-62d of an inch (‘4 mm.). Dredged at Port Jackson, Australia, in 2 to 10 fathoms. [Pl. VI. fig. 3, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front, magnified 60 diameters. | Macrocypris, G. 8. Brady. Macrocypris, Brady, Monog. Recent Brit. Ostrac., 1868. Bairdia (in part), G. O. Sars, Oversigt af Norges marin. Ostr., 1865. Carapace elongated, attenuated at the extremities ; valves unequal, the right larger than the left, and overlapping dorsally; hinge-line flexuous. Surface of the shell smooth, polished, and destitute of hairs. Antenne short and robust ; the anterior seven-jointed, tapering to the apex, bearing numerous short sete ; posterior five-jointed, 75 REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 41 last two joints very short ; terminal claws elongated; second joint bearing a bundle of short biarticulate sete. Mandibles large, dilated, and armed with six or seven strong teeth ; palp elongated, four-jointed, and provided with a branchial appendage. The first pair of jaws have an unusually small, subovate branchial plate, and the external segment is narrow, and not larger than the rest; second pair destitute of a branchial appendage ; palp in the female, large and subpediform, four-jointed, the last joint armed with three claws; in the male, very robust and subcheliform. First pair of feet much elongated, five-jointed, last joint armed with one or two long curved claws; second pair very different, covered entirely by the shell, five-jointed, terminal claw very long and recurved. Postabdominal rami rudimentary, forming two small simple appendages attached to the posterior part of the abdomen. No eye. Male smaller than the female ; copulative organs large; spermatic glands long and narrow, the lateral filaments apparently not arranged in a verticellate manner. The type of this genus, Macrocypris minna, was included by G. O. Sars under Bairdia, he having had no opportunity of investigating the anatomy of the animal. The shell, however, differs distinctly from that of Bairdia in having the right valve instead of the left the larger; while as to the structure of the contained animal, the presence in Macrocypris of two pairs of jaws, the flexuous second foot, and the rudi- mentary postabdominal rami, besides other differences, are amply sufficient to separate the one genus from the other. 1. Macrocypris tenuicauda, n. sp. (Pl. IT. fig. 1, af, and Pl. III. fig. 2, a, 5). Carapace elongated, siliquose ; seen from the side subtriangular, highest in the middle, narrowly rounded in front, much attenuated, and subacuminate behind ; dorsal margin strongly arched, and sloping steeply from the middle to each extremity, ventral slightly sinuated in front ; height equal to rather more than one-third of the length; seen from above the outline is broadly ovate, widest near the middle, and tapering evenly to the extremities, which are acuminate ; width and height nearly equal; the end view is sub- circular, but somewhat angulated above, and keeled below ; the left valve (PI. IL. fig. 1, e) is much narrower than the right (fig. 1, f), and has its dorsal arch truncated. Shell perfectly smooth, dense in structure, whitish. Length, 1-16th of an inch (1°55 mm.). This species seems to be not very widely distributed; the only dredgings in which I have met with it being those from off Culebra Island, West Indies, 390 fathoms, mud (Station 24); and off North Brazil, 350 fathoms, mud (Station 122). In both of these it occurred abundantly, though the specimens were for the most part separated valves. From some of the more perfect specimens I have been able to satisfy myself as to the structure of the contained animal, and this, together with the characters of the shell, is sufficient to identify the genus to which it belongs. [Pl. II. fig. 1, af a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from (ZOOL. CHALL. EXP,—PART 111,—1880,) C6 42 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. front, e left valve fright valve; all magnified 40 diameters. Plate III. fig. 2, a-b. a Second maxilla of male, b second foot. | 2. Macrocypris canariensis, n. sp. (Pl. II. fig. 3, a-d). Carapace, as seen from the side, elongated, arcuate, highest in the middle, the dorsal margin forming one continuous arch as far as the extremities, both of which are subacute; ventral margin nearly straight ; height equal to one-third of the length ; seen from above, the outline is elongate-ovate, more than thrice as long as broad, widest in the middle, and tapering gradually to the extremities, both of which are acuminate. Surface of the shell quite smooth. Length, 1-12th of an inch (2°1 mm.). Only one example of this species has been noticed. It occurred in a dredging from a depth of 620 fathoms, off the Canary Islands, on a bottom of sandy mud and shells (Station 8). [Pl. Il. fig. 3, a-d. a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. Magnified 30 diameters. | 3. Macrocypris simulis, n. sp, (Pl. IL. fig. 2, a-d). Carapace, as seen from the side, elongated, siliquose, highest in the middle, height not equal to one-half of the length ; anterior extremity broadly rounded, posterior acuminate at the ventral angle; dorsal margin strongly arched, sloping gently towards the front, and with a steep curve to the ventral angle; ventral margin sinuous, incurved in the middle; seen from above, ovate, widest in the middle, nearly thrice as long as broad ; extremities acute; end view subcireular, width less than the height. Shell-surface smooth and polished. Length, 1-12th of an inch (21 mm.). Habitat—Off Pernambuco, lat. 8° 37’ S, long. 34° 28’ W., 675 fathoms, mud (Station 120). From a sounding in a depth of 160 fathoms off the coast of Patagonia, and off Ascension Island, 420 fathoms. This is perplexingly like in its general characters to the next described species, Macro- cypris orientalis; but it is at least twice as large, and somewhat more compressed. [Pl. Il. fig. 2, a-d. a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 30 diameters. | 4, Macrocypris orientalis, G. 8. Brady (Pl. Il. fig. 4, a-d). Macrocypris orientalis, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i., p. 61, pl. vil. figs. 1-3. (2) Cytherina acuminata, Alth,, Reuss in Haidinger’s Abhandl., 1850, vol. iv. p. 49, tab. v1. fig. 7, a—c, and fig. 8. Except in its much smaller size, and in being more robust, there are no characters in this species to separate it from Macrocypris similis. Its length is 1-27th of an inch (‘9 mm.). REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 43 The figures of Cytherina acuminata, given by Reuss (Joc. cit.), though somewhat more slender, are very near to the present species in general character. Indeed, had Reuss’s drawings referred to a recent species, there need have been no hesitation in saying that our shells belonged to the same, but as Cytherina acuminata is a chalk-marl species, and is stated to be only ‘7 mm. in length, it seems best to regard its identity as, at any rate, not proven for the present. The Challenger specimens are from near Booby Island, lat. 10° 36’ S., long. 141° 55’ E., 6 to 8 fathoms (Station 187), and (?) from Humboldt Bay, Papua, 37 fathoms. The type specimens, described in Les Fonds de la Mer, are from Batavia and other stations in the Malay Archipelago. [Pl. I. fig. 4, a-d. a Carapace seen from left side, 6 from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 5. Macrocypris setigera, n. sp. (Pl. I. fig. 1, a-d). Carapace, as seen from the side, elongated, subtriangular, highest in the middle, height less than half the length; extremities rounded, the anterior the broader of the two; dorsal margin boldly arched, high in the middle, ventral nearly straight ; seen from above, ovate, nearly thrice as long as broad, widest in the middle, and only slightly tapering towards the very broadly rounded extremities ; end view nearly circular. Shell smooth, bearing a few small scattered setee towards the extremities. Length, 1-20th of an inch. Found only in a dredging made at Port Jackson, in a depth of 2 to 10 fathoms. The specimens being only empty shells, I have no means of verifying the generic reference, so that the position here assigned to the species must be understood as purely provisional. [Pl. I. fig. 1, a-d. «a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 40 diameters. | 6. Macrocypris tumida, n. sp. (Pl. VI. fig. 2, a-d). Shell oblong, tumid, subovate; seen laterally the anterior extremity is broadly rounded, the posterior obliquely rounded, produced and obscurely angular below ; dorsal margin boldly and evenly arched, highest in the middle; ventral straight; height equal to half the length ; seen from above the outline is broadly ovate, widest in the middle, and tapering very slightly towards the extremities, which are broadly rounded; the anterior slightly mucronate, width equal to the height ; end view nearly circular. Shell- surface smooth. Length, 1-16th of an inch (1°55 mm.). A very fine and well-marked species, found in a dredging from a depth of 28 fathoms, in Royal Sound, Kerguelen Island (Station 149), and from Wellington Harbour, New Zealand, in tow-net at trawl. | [Pl]. VI. fig. 2, a-d. «a Shell seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. Magnified 30 diameters. | td THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 7. Macrocypris decora, G. 8. Brady (Pl. I. fig. 8, a-d, and Pl. VI. fig. 8, a, b). Cytherideis decora, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soc., 1865, vol. v. p. 366, pl. lvii. fig. 13, a—e. Paracypris hieroglyphica, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i., 1868, p. 62, pl. vii. figs. 7, 8. Carapace, as seen from the side, elongated, flexuous, siliquose, highest in the middle ; anterior extremity rather obliquely rounded, posterior attenuated, and very slightly rounded off, almost acuminate ; dorsal margin boldly arched, somewhat flattened in the middle, sloping with a slight sinuosity towards the front, more steeply, and almost in a right line, backwards; ventral margin deeply sinuated in the middle; seen from above the outline is ovate, widest in the middle, and taperimg to the extremities which are equally pointed, width and height almost equal; end view subcircular. Surface of the shell smooth, polished, and marked, in fresh living specimens, with two or more waved transverse bands of black (Pl. VI. fig. 8). Length, 1-22d of an inch (1'1 mm.). A widely-distributed species in the Southern Hemisphere. Among the Challenger dredgings it occurred as follows :—Off Culebra Island, West Indies, 390 fathoms, mud (Station 24); off North Brazil, 350 fathoms, mud (Station 122) ; off Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen Island, 120 fathoms (Station 149); Nares’ Harbour, Admiralty Islands, 16 fathoms. ‘The type specimens were from Australia, and those more lately described under the name of Paracypris lweroglyphica, from Batavia. Between this and the following species, Macrocypris maculata, the distinction is not very clear, the more regularly arcuate dorsal curve of the latter, together with its more evenly rounded extremities, when viewed from the side, seem to be the best diagnostic marks ; but it is quite possible that further examination may show the two forms to belong to the males and females of one and the same species. The figures in Pl. VI. are given merely to show the coloured markings which occur in characteristic specimens. [Pl. I. fig. 3, a-d. a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. Pl. VI. fig. 8, a, b. a Carapace seen from right side, b from above. Magnified 40 diameters. | 8. Macrocypris maculata, G. 8. Brady (Pl. I. fig. 2, a-d). Cytherideis maculata, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soc., 1865, vol. v. p. 367, pl. lvii. fig. 12, a6. Carapace, seen from the side, elongated, subreniform, highest in the middle, extremities rounded, and nearly equal in width, dorsal margin boldly arched, sloping about equally to either end ; ventral margin sinuated in front of the middle, height scarcely equal to half the length ; seen from above ovate, nearly thrice as long as broad, widest in the middle, and tapering evenly to each extremity; end view broadly ovate, keeled below. Shell smooth and polished. Length, 1-16th of an inch (1:55 mm.). Macrocypris maculata was found in dredgings from the following localities :—Simon’s a REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 45 Bay, 15 to 20 fathoms (Station 140); Balfour Bay, Kerguelen Island, 20 to 50 fathoms (Station 149); Royal Sound, Kerguelen Island, 28 fathoms; off Prince Edward’s Island, 50 to 150 fathoms; off East Moncceur Island, Bass’ Strait, 38 to 40 fathoms (Station 162) ; and off Amboyna, 15 to 20 fathoms. The type specimens were from “ Australia, the West Indies, and Turk’s Island.” [Pl. I. fig. 2, a-d. a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 30 diameters. | Bythocypris, n. gen. Shell thin and fragile, smooth, reniform or subreniform ; left valve much larger than the right, which it overlaps both on the dorsal and ventral margins. Antenne short and stout; anterior pair (Pl. V. fig. 1, f) six-jointed, the first two joints very large, the remainder small and bearing numerous long sete ; posterior pair (fig. 1, g) five-jointed, having no “ hyaline vesicle,” the second and fifth jomts about twice as long as the rest, scarcely at all tapered toward the apex, and terminating in about six stout curved sete, one of which is much stouter than the others ; mandibles (fig. 1, 4) armed with numerous strong serrated apical teeth, and bearing a well-developed, four-jointed, and setiferous palp, the first jomt of which bears a rudimentary branchial appendage consisting of a single stout seta. One pair of jaws only (?), consisting of four setiferous digits (fig. 1, 2) and a large branchial appendage, which is divided into two portions, the upper portion ovate and bearing ten sete, the lower narrow, biarticulate, and provided with five slender sete. Two pairs (?) of feet, the first (fig. 1,7) bearing a single curved terminal claw and about three short marginal setee, the second (fig. 1, £) rudimentary, consisting of a single small joint with two stout setee. Post-abdominal rami (fig. 1, /) of moderate size, curved, and armed at the apex with one long and one short curved seta. Of this genus I have seen no perfect specimens, the description above given having been drawn up from the examination of a number of mutilated individuals. Most of the dredged specimens consisted of single detached valves ; and the few which were perfect so far as the shell is concerned contained in no case more than very imperfect remains of the animal. Drawings of the various parts are given in Plate I., and from these it will be seen that the species cannot be assigned to any hitherto described genus, those with which it has most affinity, however, being Cypris and Bardia. From Cypris it is distinctly separated by the unequal valves, the absence of a tuft of swimming setze on the second pair of antennze, and by the quite rudimentary character of the branchial appen- dage of the mandible-palp ; from Bazrdia, to which, however, it approaches very closely, by the rudimentary branchial appendage of the mandible (which in Bairdia (Pl. I. fig. 2, c) consists of a distinct trisetose joint); and by differences in the characters of the maxil- lary branchial apparatus and of the post-abdominal rami. From all other genera of 46 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Cypridee—except, perhaps, Potamocypris, the animal of which is as yet imperfectly known—the characters of the shell afford amply sufficient distinction. The anatomical points which want still further elucidation are, chiefly, the presence or absence of a second maxilla,—(though, considering its close affinity with Bairdia, the absence of this organ may perhaps be safely assumed),—the number and characters of the feet, and the real nature of the rudimentary organ here called the second foot. 1. Bythocypris reniformis, n. sp. (Pl. V. fig. 1, a—l). Carapace reniform; seen laterally, the greatest height situated in the middle, and equal to more than half the length ; extremities rounded, the anterior broader than the posterior, ventral margin sinuated in the middle, dorsal boldly and evenly arched ; seen from above, the outline is narrowly ovate, about thrice as long as broad and widest in the middle, tapering evenly to the extremities, of which the anterior is pointed, the posterior narrowly rounded ; end view ovate, the width equal to about two-thirds of the height. The left valve is more rounded in contour, and is also much more strongly arched dorsally than the right valve, the hinge margins overlapping along almost its entire length; its lower margin also forms a curved flange, which overlaps the right valve mm the middle of the ventral aspect. The shell is smooth, thin, and homogeneous in structure, but marked with irregularly scattered translucent spots; muscle spots arranged irregularly near the centre of the valves, Length, 1-20th of an inch (1°3 mm.). A considerable number of detached valves, together with a few entire specimens, of the shell of this species were found in dredgings from 890 fathoms, off Culebra Island, West Indies, mud (Station 24); off North Brazil, in 675 fathoms and 350 fathoms, mud (Stations 120 and 122); off Prince Edward’s Island, in 50 to 150 fathoms; and off East Moncceur Island, Bass’ Straits, in 38 to 40 fathoms, sand. [Pl. V. fig. 1, a—l. a Carapace, magnified 40 diameters, seen from left side, b from right side, ¢ from above, d from below, e from front, f anterior antenna, g posterior antenna, / mandible with palp, 7 maxilla with palp, 7 first foot, & second foot (2), 2 abdominal ramus. | 2. Bythocypris (*) compressa, n. sp. (Pl. XXXV. fig. 5, a-d). Carapace compressed, elongated, subreniform, greatest height situated in the middle, and equal to half the length. Seen laterally the anterior extremity is broad, obliquely rounded, and somewhat produced at its lower end, the posterior much narrower and evenly rounded; dorsal margin well arched, ventral gently sinuated ; seen from above, the outline is compressed, ovate, widest in the middle, and tapering evenly to the extremities, which are not very acute; width equal to about one-third of the length. The end view is subovate, rounded above, and rather suddenly narrowed below the middle, Shell smooth and structureless. Length, 1-33d of an inch ("77 mm.). REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 47 One specimen only of this species was found in material dredged in 18 fathoms off Tongatabu, South Pacific (Station 172). From Bythocypris reniformis it is separated by the broad, very oblique, and downwardly produced anterior margin, as well as by a gene- rally more elongated contour. [Pl]. XXXV. fig. 5, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. All magnified 50 diameters. | 3. Bythocypris elongata, n. sp. (Pl. VI. fig. 1, a—c). Carapace compressed, elongated; seen from the side, subreniform, highest in the middle, height equal to about half the length; anterior extremity rounded off, posterior somewhat produced, narrowed, scarcely rounded; dorsal margin forming a flattened arch, which slopes much more abruptly behind than in front; ventral very slightly sinuated in the middle; seen from above the outline is elongate-ovate, widest in the middle, and having subacuminate extremities. The valves are unequal, the right being somewhat lower and more angular in outline than the left. Surface of the shell quite smooth. Length, 1-22d of an inch (1°1 mm.). Only a few separated valves of this species have been noticed. It is impossible to refer them even provisionally to any known species, and their true generic position is also doubtful. In general appearance they seem to come nearer to Bythocypris than to any other genus. The specimens described were found in a dredging from a depth of 1425 fathoms, north of Tristan d’Acunha, lat. 32° 24’ 8., long. 13° 5’ W. (Station 335). Bairdia, M‘Coy. Bairdia, M‘Coy, Carb. Limest. Foss. Ireland, 1844. Valves unequal in size, the left much the larger of the two, and overlappimg the right on the dorsal, and in the middle of the ventral surface ; the right valve (Pl. VIII. fig. 1, e) is narrow, elongated, and angular; its anterior margin often rather produced at the lower extremity; dorsal margin flattened in the middle, and sloping steeply toward each end; the posterior extremity produced into a more or less promment beak ; and the ventral margin more or less sinuated; the left valve (fig. 1, f) is much less angular in outline, dorsal margin much elevated, and very strongly arched; ventral convex; anterior extremity broadly rounded, posterior narrower, but not beaked. The shape of the shell is variable, —reniform, subtriangular or subrhomboidal ; hinge simple, and without teeth; shell-surface smooth, hirsute or slightly punctate. Muscle-spots not far from the centre of the valves, and arranged usually in a rosette. Eyes absent. Antenne usually robust; the anterior pair six to eight-jomted (Pl. V. fig. 2, a), first two joints large, the rest short, and finally joined together, ‘ but forming with a second joint, a movable hinge” (Sars), and bearing numerous long, apical 48 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. sete ; posterior antennee five or six-jointed, the first joint bearing at its base a bisetose tubercle, fourth and fifth joints elongated and slender, last joint very short, and terminating in two or three curved claws (fig. 2, b) ; mandibes (fig. 2, c) large, bearing six or seven strong curved teeth at the dilated extremity; palp robust, four-jointed, and provided with a trisetose branchial appendage, which is attached to the basal joint. One pair of jaws only (fig. 2, d), divided into three or four narrow subequal and seti- ferous branches, and having a large branchial plate, which is divided into two parts by a distinct constriction, the basal portion bearing six, the upper dilated and ovate portion about twenty-four, long ciliated filaments. Three pairs of feet, all of similar structure, directed forwards and protuding from the shell, four-jointed, and terminating in a long claw, the first pair having attached to its basal joint a large ovate, branchial lamina, which, like that of the maxilla, is divided into two portions, and fringed with numerous plumose filaments (fig. 2, e). Postabdominal rami (PI. III. fig. 3, e, and. Pl. V. fig. 2, g) well developed, and of moderate length, bearing several lateral setee, and two long, curved apical claws, the larger of which is (at any rate, sometimes) pectinated towards the apex. Copulative organs of the male (Pl. III. fig. 3, a) complex in structure, and not unlike those of many Cytheride; no spermatic glands have been noticed. The animal crawls slowly about amongst the mud. This is a widely dispersed genus, attaining, apparently, its greatest development in the tropical and southern seas, in dredgings from which regions the number of specimens of Bairdie not unfrequently exceeds that of all the other Ostracoda together; the individuals, however, though numerous, are usually found to belong in each gathering to one, or at most two, predominant species. The anatomy of the genus has been pretty well made out by G. O. Sars,’ from an examination of the European species, Bairdia complanata, Brady. The structure of this animal agrees in all essential respects with that of Bairdia villosa, a new species of which several perfect examples occurred in the Challenger dredgings from Kerguelen Island, and which I have been able to dissect and figure with tolerable completeness. The most important generic characters,—apart from the form of the shell, the peculiarities of which have long been recognised,—reside in the absence of the second maxilla, the very small trisetose branchial appendage of the mandible, and the presence of a branchial appendage to the first foot, of which, unlike the typical Cypride, there are three pairs. G. O. Sars has, with his usual accuracy and acuteness, pointed out that this genus con- stitutes a very interesting lnk between the two families Cypride and Cytheride, agreeing with the first-named family in its perfectly developed postabdominal rami, and with the last in having three pairs of legs, the first of which, however, answers to the second maxilla of the typical Cypride, and has attached to its base a well-developed 1 Undersdgelser over Hardangerfjordens Fauna, I. Crustacea, af G. O. Sars (Videnskabs.—Selskahets Forhand- linger, p. 246, 1871). REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 49 branchial plate. The genera Pontocypris and Macrocypris also show intermediate characters in the structure of the second pair of maxille. Of the twenty-three species of Bardia noticed in this monograph, one only, Bairdia villosa, was taken alive. All the rest are represented merely by dead shells. In this condition it will be seen that the task of specific identification becomes very difficult, the only available characters being those of the shell, which in this genus does not show any very marked specific differences of surface-ornament ; the shape and proportions of the shell thus become the only available diagnostic marks, and it is very probable that the further investigation of larger numbers of specimens, and above all, of living animals, may very much modify our view as to the validity of some of the characters here adopted as specific marks, but which may prove to be dependent upon sex or stages of growth. It need scarcely be said that many of the fossil forms described by authors under the generic name Bazrdia, must of necessity be transferred to other genera, and the same observation holds good as regards Cythere, Cytheridea, Cypridina, and other names in use by paleontologists before our anatomical knowledge of the group had been much elaborated. But as important anatomical differences are constantly coincident with well-marked shell characters,’ it is possible in most cases to refer even fossil species to their proper generic position, the difficulty being, indeed, no greater than constantly oceurs with recent dredged specimens, in which the animal contents of the shell have entirely disappeared. 1. Bairdia fusca, G. 8. Brady (Pl. VII. fig. 2, a-d). Bairdia fusca, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, 1865, vol. v. p. 364, pl. lvii. fig. 9, ad. Carapace as seen from the side subtriangular, greatest height situated in the middle, and equal to about two-thirds of the length; extremities rounded, but more broadly in front than behind; ventral margin nearly straight ; dorsal very boldly arched ; seen from above, the outline is compressed, ovate, subacuminate behind, and rather. more obtusely pointed in front; greatest width in the middle, scarcely equal to half the length ; end view ovate, height much exceeding the width. Shell-surface smooth (slightly hairy when recent), and covered with closely set minute punctations. Length, 1-25th of an inch (1 mm.). A few specimens of Bairdia fusca occurred in a dredging made in very shallow water (2 to 10 fathoms) at Port Jackson, Australia. The species was described by myself in 1865, from Australian specimens, which agree entirely with those brought home by the Challenger, except that these last, being only dead shells, are pale in colour and have lost all their hairs. 1 So far as British Post-Tertiary species are concerned, these characters have been tabulated in Messrs Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson’s Monograph of the Post-Tertiary Entomostraca, issued by the Paleeontographical Society. (ZOOL. CHALL. EXP,—PaRT 111.—1880.) C7 50 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. [Pl. VII. fic. 2, a-d. «a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. All magnified 30 diameters. | 2. Bairdia villosa, n. sp. (PI. II. fig. 3, a, b, Pl. V. fig. 2, a-g, and Pl. VIII. fig. 4, a-f). Carapace, as seen laterally, subtriangular, highest in the middle, height equal to two- thirds of the length; extremities well rounded and not at all beaked; dorsal margin excessively arched, very high and subangular in the middle; ventral almost straight ; seen from above, regularly ovate with subacute and nearly equal extremities, twice as long as broad; end view broadly ovate. The shell is finely punctate, and densely clothed with coarse brown hairs, many of which, especially towards the hinder extremity, are very long; colour, deep brown. Length, 1-18th of an inch (1°4 mm.). The antennee are more slender than is usual in this genus (PI. V. fig. 2, a, b); the anterior pair seven-jointed, the posterior six-jointed (?). The terminal claws of the post- abdominal rami (fig. 2, g) are two, one of them very long, and bearing towards the apex a long seta and a number of short cilia, arranged in a pectinate manner along its concave side; the other claw, about half as long, and destitute of marginal sete; the inner margin of the ramus bears near its distal end, five long sete. In other respects the animal exhibits the ordinary characters of the genus. The following is the list of dredgings in which Bairdia villosa has been found :— off Nightingale Island (Tristan d’Acunha), 100 to 150 fathoms (Station 135) ; Balfour Bay, Kerguelen Island, 20 to 50 fathoms (Station 149); off Christmas Harbour, Ker- guelen Island, 120 fathoms; off Prince Edward’s Island, 50 to 150 fathoms ; off East Monceceur Island, Bass’ Strait, 38 to 40 fathoms (Station 162). The characters of the species are sufficiently well marked; it is less compressed, larger and much more hirsute than Barrdia fusca, and much less tumid than the following species, Bairdia hirsuta. In the Balfour Bay dredging there were a consider- able number of specimens, but not so.many in those from other localities. [Pl. IIL. fic. 3, a, b. a Copulative organs and postabdominal rami of the male, b labrum. Pl. V. fig. 2, a-g. a Anterior antenna, b posterior antenna, c mandible,. d maxilla, e first foot with branchial plate attached, f second foot, g postabdominal ramus. Pl. VIII. fig. 4, af. a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front, e right valve, f left valve; the figures of the shell magnified 30 diameters. | : 3. Bardia hirsuta, n. sp. (Pl. VIII. fig. 8, a—d). In general appearance very much like the preceding species, but more pac more compressed at the extremities, and slightly beaked behind; seen from the side, the dorsal margin is not so strongly arched as in Bairdia villosa, the ventral margin is convex, and REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 51 both extremities are slightly produced ; height equal to two-thirds of the length ; seen from above, the outline is broadly ovate, with suddenly tapering and produced mucronate extremities, twice as long as broad; end view very broadly ovate, the greatest width being below the middle, and almost equalling the height. Shell brown and densely hairy. Length, 1-16th of an inch (1°55 mm.). Dredged in lat. 38° 6’ S., long. 88° 2’ W., bottom of red clay, 1825 fathoms (Station 296); and in lat. 33° 42’ §., long. 78° 18’ W., 1375 fathoms, among globigerina ooze (Station 300). [Pl. VIII. figs. 3, a-d. a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 30 diameters. | 4. Bairdia simplex, n. sp. (Pl. VII. fig. 1, a-d). Carapace, as seen from the side, oblong, subovate, nearly twice as long as high, extremities rather narrow, evenly rounded; dorsal margin arched, ventral straight or slightly convex; the outline, as seen from above, is compressed, ovate, about twice as long as broad, widest in the middle, extremities subacuminate ; end view broadly ovate, widest in the middle, width equal to two-thirds of the height. Shell-surface smooth, with a few scattered hairs. Length, 1-20th of an inch (1°3 mm.). One or two specimens of this species were found in a dredging (Station 151) made off Heard Island, in 75 fathoms, on a muddy bottom. Were it not for its much more elongated contour and larger size, it might have been referred to Bazrdia villosa, to which in other respects it bears a very close resemblance. [ Pl. VII. fig. 1, a-d. «a Carapace seen from the left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 30 diameters. | 5. Bairdia exaltata, n. sp. (Pl. IX. fig. 2, a-d). Carapace, as seen from the side, subovate, highest in the middle; height equal to more than two-thirds of the length ; extremities evenly, and very broadly rounded, dorsal margin excessively arched, ventral slightly convex ; seen from above the outline is ovate, with compressed, though rather obtuse extremities, more than twice as long as broad, the greatest width being in the middle ; end view ovate, much attenuated towards the dorsal edge, widest in the middle, the greatest width equal to two-thirds of the height. Shell-surface perfectly smooth, and polished. Length, 1-18th of an inch (‘1-4 mm.). One or two specimens only of this fine and very distinct species were collected in a dredging from lat. 2° 33’S., long. 144° 4° E., 1070 fathoms. Bottom of globigerina ooze (Station 218). [Pl. IX. fig. 2, a-d. « Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 40 diameters. | 52 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 6. Bairdia formosa, G. 8. Brady (Pl. X. fig. 1, a-e). Bairdia formosa, Brady, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1868, ser. 4, vol. il. p. 221, pl. xiv. figs. 5-7. Carapace as seen from the side subtriangular, all the angles broadly rounded off, height greatest in the middle, and equal to three-fourths of the length; the dorsal margin is excessively arched, and somewhat gibbous in the middle, the ventral straight or rather convex; anterior extremity broadly rounded, posterior narrower, slightly produced below the middle; seen from above, the outline is very broadly ovate, the greatest width being situated in the middle, and equal to more than half the length ; extremities obtuse, submucronate ; the end view is broadly ovate, the height considerably greater than the width. In well-developed adult specimens the surface is slightly punctate, and is beset with numerous slight tubercular or papilliform eminences, the left valve bearing also at its infero-posteal angle a series of five or six spines; the right valve is fringed along its anterior margin with a considerable number—twelve or more— of small blunt teeth ; young specimens have the shell quite smooth and destitute of marginal teeth. Length, 1-16th of an inch (1°55 mm.). Numerous specimens, chiefly detached valves, of this handsome species occurred in dredgings from lat. 38° 11’ N., long. 27° 9’ W., 900 fathoms, on a bottom of globigerina ooze (Station 76); from lat. 8° 37’ §., long. 34° 28° W., 675 fathoms, muddy bottom (Station 120) ; from a depth of 350 fathoms off North Brazil, lat. 9° 5’ 8., long. 34° 49° W. (Station 122); and (one or two doubtful examples) from lat. 5° 26’ S., long. 133° 19° E., 580 fathoms (Station 191a). The Mediterranean specimens from which Bairdia formosa was originally described, differ not inconsiderably from those now under notice, being rather more elongated, more distinctly beaked behind, sharper and more constant in their spinous armature, and in the pitting of the shell surface. But notwithstanding this, the general aspect is so similar that I think it quite reasonable to look upon the specimens from these various localities as specifically identical. At any rate it would not be easy to pomt out good characters for specific distinction. [Pl. X. fig. 1, a-e. a Carapace seen from left side, b from right side, ¢ from above, d from below, ¢ from front. Magnified 40 diameters. | 7. Bairdia abyssicola, n. sp. (Pl. VII. fig. 4, a-c). Left valve, seen laterally, subreniform, highest in the middle ; height equal to about two-thirds of the length ; anterior extremity broadly rounded, posterior somewhat pro- duced and narrowed, dorsal margin boldly arched, ventral nearly straight. The right valve is narrower, more produced behind, and has the dorsal margin sinuated near the front. Seen from above, the outline is regularly ovate. Surface of the shell quite smooth. Length, 1-16th of an inch (1°55 mm.). REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 53 The two valves figured in Pl. VII. are the only examples of this species. In the same dredging, from a depth of 2050 fathoms (Station 246) were also found some specimens of the next described species Bairdia minima, and it is not unlikely that one species may prove to be only a fully-developed stage of the other. This, however, cannot be decided without comparison with a larger series of specimens in various stages of growth. [Pl. VII. fig. 4, a-c. a Left valve seen laterally, b right valve seen laterally, c the same seen from above. Magnified 30 diameters. | 8. Bairdia minima, n. sp. (Pl. VII. fig. 6, a-g). Shell, seen laterally, oblong, subovate or subtriangular, somewhat gibbous, greatest height situated near the middle, and equal to nearly two-thirds of the length ; extremities rounded, anterior broad, posterior somewhat angular and narrower ; dorsal margin strongly arched and shghtly angular or gibbous at its highest point, ventral nearly straight ; seen from above, the outline is broadly and regularly ovate, widest in the middle, and tapering evenly to the extremities which are pointed ; the width and height of the shell are equal ; end view very broadly ovate or subcircular. [The specimen shown in figures e-g differs only in being somewhat more compressed laterally, and may, perhaps, belong to a male, figures a—d representing probably the female.] Shell perfectly smooth. Length, 1-35th of an inch ("75 mm.). Habitat—Port Jackson, Australia, 6 fathoms, and from a depth of 2050 fathoms, lat. 36° 10’ N., long: 178° 0’ E. Station 246. The characters of this species are not very well marked, and it may fairly be doubted whether it be not only a young stage of some larger animal, perhaps of Bairdia abyssicola. . [Pl]. VII. fig. 6, a-g. a-d specimens from Station 246. a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. e-g specimens from Port Jackson ; ¢ seen from left side, f from below, g from front. AI] magnified 50 diameters. | 9. Bardia ovata (?), Bosquet (Pl. VII. fig. 3, a-d). Bairdia ovata, Bosquet, Crustacés fossiles du Limbourg, 1853, p. 63, pl. v. fig. 6, a-d. Bairdia ovata, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, vol. v. p. 364, pl. lvii. fig 7, a-c. Valves ovate, broadly and evenly rounded in front, more or less produced at the infero-posteal angle. The left valve is almost perfectly egg-shaped, very broad in front, the margins sweeping in one continuous curve, with a very bold dorsal, and a slight ventral arch to the posterior angle, which is subacute. The right valve is, as usual, narrower, distinctly beaked behind, and has the dorsal and ventral margins slightly sinuous; outline as seen from above, regularly ovate. Shell-surface quite smooth. Length, 1-22d of an inch (171 mm.). 54 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Habitat.—Simon’s Bay, South Africa, 15 to 20 fathoms (Station 140). Lat. 39° 32’8., long. 171° 48’ E., 150 fathoms. Grey ooze (Station 167). Though approaching very closely to the species described by M. Bosquet, under the name ovata, this somewhat differs from the figures given by that author, in being some- what higher in proportion to its length, and more acute at the posterior angle. Still the resemblance is sufficiently close to justify, at any rate, a provisional reference to that species. I have not yet seen a specimen retaining both valves in apposition. [Pl. VII. fig. 3, a-d. a Left valve seen from side, bfrom above, cright valve seen from side, dfrom above. Mangnified 40 diameters. | 10. Bairdia globulus, n. sp. (Pl. IX. fig. 1, a-d). Carapace excessively tumid; as seen from the side, subcircular, the circumference forming one continuous curve, except behind, where the upper and lower borders unite, and form an acute angle; the anterior extremity is very broadly rounded, and bears a fringing row of several short closely-set teeth ; the dorsal margin is very boldly and evenly arched, the ventral margin also considerably arched ; height equal to three-fourths of the length; seen from above, the outline is broadly ovate, widest in the middle, and tapering equally to the extremities which are subacuminate, width equal to two-thirds of the length ; end view ovate, tumid, height not much greater than the width. Surface of the shell smooth, marked by a few distant small impressed puncta. Length, 1-20th of an inch (1'3 mm.). Two or three specimens only of this interesting and well-marked species were found amongst the proceeds of dredgings made near the Admiralty Islands, in a depth of 16 to 25 fathoms. [Pl. IX. fig. 1, a-d. a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. Magnified 40 diameters. | 11. Bairdia amygdaloides, G. S. Brady (Pl. IX. fig. 5, af, Pl. X. fig. 2, a-c). Bairdia amygdaloides, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, vol. v. p. 364, pl. lvil. fig. 6, a-c. Bairdia de wattret, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, p. 199, pl. xxvii. figs. 17, 18. Carapace, as seen from the side, subtriangular, greatest width situated in the middle, and equal to two-thirds of the length; anterior extremity broad and obliquely rounded, posterior narrowed to a subacute angle; dorsal margin boldly arched and somewhat gibbous in the middle, sloping almost in a right line toward the front, and with a steep curve backwards; ventral more or less convex; seen from above ovate, with slightly rounded extremities, width in the middle equal to half the length; end view broadly ovate, height one-third greater than the width. Surface of the shell smooth, often finely punctate. Length, 1-20th of an inch (1°3 mm.). Habitat.—Off East Moncceur Island, Bass’ Strait, 38 to 40 fathoms (Station 162) ; REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 59 Port Jackson, Australia, 2 to 10 fathoms; Torres’ Straits, lat. 11° 35’ 8., long. 144° 3’ E., 155 fathoms (Station 185) ; off Booby Island, lat. 10° 36’ S., long. 141° 55° K., 6 to 8 fathoms (Station 187); Humboldt Bay, Papua, 37 fathoms ; off reefs, Honolulu, 40 fathoms ; sounding in lat. 47° 48’ S., long. 74° 48° W., 160 fathoms (near Station 305). The somewhat more tumid form of the species figured in Pl. X., I once thought to be specifically distinct, and on that account figured it separately. There seems, however, to be no sufficient ground for this separation. [Pl. IX. fig. 5, af a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front, e right valve, f left valve. PI. X. fig. 2, a-c. a@ Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from front. Magnified 40 diameters. | 12. Bairdia foveolata, G. 8. Brady (Plate VIII. fig. 1, a-f, and fig. 2, a7). Bairdia foveolata, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i. p. 56, pl. vil. figs. 4-6. Shell tumid; seen from the side subtriangular, highest in the middle ; height equal to about two-thirds of the length; anterior extremity broad, obliquely rounded, and obscurely angulated in the middle; posterior narrowed and produced into a short obtuse beak ; dorsal margin very strongly, ventral slightly arched ; seen from above, the outline is lozenge-shaped, widest in the middle, and with obtusely rounded extremities, width equal to at least half the length; end view subcircular, height not much greater than the width. Surface of the shell smooth, usually more or less beset with small impressed puncta. Length, 1-22d of an inch (1:1 mm.). Habitat.—Off Bermudas, 435 fathoms, mud (Station 33); off St Vincent, Cape Verde, 1070 to 1150 fathoms, mud (Stations 93 and 94); off East Moncceur Island, Bass’ Strait, 38 to 40 fathoms, sand (Station 162) ; off Booby Island, 6 to 8 fathoms (Station 187) ; lat. 9° 59’ S., long. 137° 50’ E., 28 fathoms, mud (Station 189) ; Hong- kong Harbour, 7 fathoms; Admiralty Islands, 16 to 25 fathoms; sounding, 420 fathoms, October 20, 1875. This is one of the more abundant forms of Bazrdia, especially in the Southern Seas, and it seems to be subject to a great deal of variation, both in form and _surface- ornament. Two varieties are figured in Pl. VIII., and the specimens from which the species was first described (Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i.) differed from both of these in being. more or less spinous on the anterior and posterior margins. This approaches, perhaps, as nearly as any recent form, to the typical Bairdia subdeltoidea, Mitnster, but the differences are too great to allow of its identification with that species. It is, indeed, very probable that several species are comprised under the specific name swbdeltodea, as applied by various palontologists, the figures of that species given in the works of Messrs Bosquet, Jones, Speyer, Reuss, and Egger, presenting important points of difference among themselves. 56 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S8. CHALLENGER. [Pl. VIII. figs. 1 and 2, a-d. «a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front, e right valve, f left valve. Fig. 1 magnified 40, fig 2, 30 diameters. | 13. Bairdia milne-edwardsi, G. 8. Brady (Pl. X. fig. 4, a-g). Bairdia milne-edwardsi, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i. p. 139, pl. xvii. figs. 3, 4. Carapace, as seen from the side, subtriangular, height equal to two-thirds of the length ; anterior extremity slightly rounded, ending suddenly in an obtuse angle above ; posterior produced into a median conical beak; dorsal margin strongly arched, gibbous, sloping with a steep curve to either end, sinuated in front, ventral margin slightly convex ; seen from above the outline is lozenge-shaped, twice as long as broad, with a distinct lateral sinuation before and behind the middle, extremities obtuse, mucronate ; end view broadly ovate, height one-third more than the width. Surface of the shell densely punctate with small circular impressions. Length, 1-25th of an inch (1 mm.). The only dredging in which I have seen specimens at all certainly referable to this " species is one from a depth of 1070 to 1150 fathoms, on a muddy bottom, off St Vincent, Cape Verde. The types described in Les Fonds de la Mer, were also got at St Vincent. Some of the shells, which I have referred, with not a little hesitation, to Bairdia foveolata, make a very close approach to the present species: that figured in fig. 4 a-c, where, though the lateral outline is very different, the sinuous dorsal aspect is exactly the same, is an instance of a debateable form ; judging from the regularly arcuate dorsal margin, the dentated anterior, and the very slightly produced posterior extremity, one would have placed it without hesitation apart from Bairdia milne-edwardsi, but the other aspects of the shell leave one in doubt about the matter. I have seen only one specimen, I think, of this questionable form: figures d—g must be looked upon as repre- senting the typical form of the species. [Pl. X. fig. 4, a-g. a Carapace (variety ?) seen from left side, 6 from below, ¢ from front, d (typical form) seen from left side, e from above, f from below, g from front. Magnified 40 diameters. ] 14. Bairdia victrix, G. 8. Brady (Pl. X. fig. 5, a-d). Bairdia victriz, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i. p. 152, pl. xviii. figs. 17, 18. Carapace tumid, gibbous; seen from the side subtriangular, height equal to rather more than two-thirds of the length; anterior extremity rounded, posterior obliquely truncate and produced into a prominent obtuse beak; dorsal margin very boldly arched, ventral more or less convex, and often irregularly sinuous towards the posterior extremity ; the margins of the right valve are often beset at the two extremities with numerous short, obtuse teeth; seen from above the outline is broadly ovate, more than twice as REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 57 long as broad, widest in the middle; anterior extremity subacuminate, posterior broadly mucronate ; end view ovate, widest below, height almost one-third greater than the width. Surface of the shell smooth, sometimes sparingly punctate, and (especially towards the hinder end) bearing a few scattered, rigid hairs. | Length, 1-15th of an inch (1°6 mm.). Habitat—Off Culebra Island, West Indies, 390 fathoms, mud (Station 24); lat. 38° 11’ N., long. 27° 9’ W., 900 fathoms, globigerina ooze (Station 76); off Azores, lat. 38° 37’ N., long. 28° 30’ W., 450 fathoms, sand (Station 75); off North Brazil, 350 to 675 fathoms, mud (Stations 120 and 122) ; off Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen Islands, 120 fathoms (Station 149); off Sydney, Australia, 410 fathoms, grey ooze, Station 1640 (2); north of Tristan d’Acunha, lat. 32° 24” S., long. 13° 5° W., 1425 fathoms, Station 335 (?). This fine species seems to be commonly distributed in the South-Western Atlantic, and perhaps over even a larger area of the Southern Hemisphere, inhabiting chiefly water of a considerable depth. The two stations, 164a and 335, must be considered as doubtful, the specimens from the former place being not very well characterised, and only pro- visionally referred to this species, while from Tristan d’Acunha there is only one valve, which probably, but by no means certainly, belongs to Bairdia victriz. The species was first described from examples brought from Colon-Aspinwall, and I have also seen specimens taken at Cuba. [Pl. X. fig. 5, a-d. a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. Magnified 40 diameters. | 15. Bairdia woodwardiana, n. sp. (Pl. XI. fig. 1, a-e). Carapace elongated, tumid, height equal to half the length; seen from the side, sub- rhomboidal ; anterior extremity oblique, slightly rounded, ending above in an obtuse angle ; posterior attenuated and produced into a tapering acute or subacute beak ; dorsal margin forming a rather flattened arch, and sinuated towards each extremity, ventral nearly straight; seen from above, the outline is regularly ovate, about twice as long as broad, hinder end more tapering and acute than the front; end view subtriangular, widest below; height and width equal. Shell-surface smooth, more or less ornamented with minute circular punctures. Length, 1-25th of an inch (1 mm.). Found only in one dredging—off Nukualofa, Tongatabu, 18 fathoms, coral (Station 178). About half a dozen specimens were picked out of this dredging. Seen laterally the resemblance is very close between this species and Bavrdva crosskeiana, but in all other aspects the two are entirely different, so that, though both species occurred in the Tongatabu dredging, it is scarcely likely that the differences are those merely of sex or growth. The species is dedicated to my friend Dr H. Woodward, F.R.S. of the British (ZOOL. CHALL. EXP.—PaRT 111. 1880.) C8 58 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Museum, a naturalist to whose long continued and conscientious labours all students of the Crustacea are deeply indebted. [Pl. XI. fig. 1, a-e. a Carapace seen from left side, b from right side, ¢ from above, d from below, e from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 16. Bairdia crosskeiana, G. 8. Brady (Pl. IX. fig. 3, a-c). Bairdia crosskeiana, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1865, vol. v. p. 366, pl. lvii. fig. 10, a—d. Carapace elongated, compressed, greatest height equal to about half the length, and situated rather in front of the middle; seen laterally the outline is subpyriform, wider in front than behind ; anterior extremity obliquely rounded and angulated at its junction with the dorsal margin; posterior gradually tapering, subacute, and more or less squamously dentated below ; dorsal margin moderately arched, slightly sinuated in front ; ventral margin nearly straight seen from above, the outline is spear-shaped, more than twice as long as broad, widest near the front, tapering abruptly and with a shght sinuosity forwards, very gradually and with a gentle curve backwards; the anterior extremity is somewhat obtusely rounded, the posterior subacute; end view ovate, narrowed above, broad below, height considerably exceeding the width. Surface of the shell smooth, marked with closely-set minute punctations. Length, 1-25th of an inch (1 mm.). Found in the Tongatabu dredging, along with the preceding species; at Nares’ Harbour, Admiralty Islands, in a depth of 16 fathoms; and off reefs at Honolulu, in 40 fathoms. The southern form as shown by the Challenger dredgings differs from the types taken in the Mediterranean only in being somewhat more slender. My first specimens were found in sponge-sand from the Levant, but since then I have had dredged specimens from other parts of the Mediterranean. [Pl. IX. fig. 3, a-c. a Carapace seen from left side, b from below, ¢ from front. Magnified 40 diameters. | 17. Bardia expansa, n. sp. (Pl. XI. fig. 2, a—e). Carapace oblong, tumid; seen from the side, subrhomboidal; anterior extremity obliquely subtruncate, scarcely at all rounded ; posterior much narrower, oblique, some- what squamous, and divided into a few flattened tooth-like processes; dorsal margin evenly arched, ventral straight ; height equal to more than half the length; the dorsal view is broadly ovate, not twice as long as broad, widest in the middle, tapering evenly to the extremities, which are mucronate ; end view subtriangular, width slightly exceed- ing the height ; shell-surface perfectly smooth. Length, 1-33d of an inch (‘77 mm.). One specimen only, from a depth of 40 fathoms, off Honolulu, in company with Buirdia crosskeiana, attenuata and amygdaloides. Apparently quite distinct from REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 59 any other, but requiring further investigation with the help of a larger series of specimens. [Pl. XI. fig. 2, a-e. « Carapace seen from left side, b from right side, ¢ from above, d from below, e from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 18. Bairdia attenuata, n. sp. (Pl. XI. fig. 3, a-e). Carapace compressed, seen from the side, subtriangular; height equal to more than half the length; anterior extremity oblique, rounded off below, but obtusely angular above ; posterior extremity narrowed and produced into a tapering beak ; dorsal margin boldly arched in the middle, sinuated towards each extremity, ventral slightly convex ; dorsal outline compressed, lozenge-shaped, twice and a half as long as broad, widest in the middle, extremities acuminate ; end view ovate, tapering towards the dorsum ; width equal to two-thirds of the height ; surface of the shell marked with small and closely-set, circular, impressed punctures. Length, 1-30th of an inch (‘85 mm.). Found only in a dredging from Torres Straits, lat. 11° 35’ S., long. 144° 3’ E., 155 fathoms, sand (Station 185); and off the reefs at Honolulu, in a depth of 40 fathoms. The compressed form, taken together with the other characters, abundantly dis- tinguishes this from all other known species. [Pl. XI. fig. 3, a-e. a Carapace seen from left side, b from right side, c from above, d from below, ¢ from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 19. Bairdia fortificata, n. sp. (Pl. XI. fig. 4, a, 6). Valves as seen from the side, oblong, subquadrate ; height equal to somewhat more than half the length ; extremities broad, rather oblique, moderately rounded, and fringed each with nine or ten short, blunt teeth; dorsal margin gently arched ; ventral nearly straight ; outline, as seen from above, ovate, widest in the middle; surface of the shell sculptured with numerous closely-set subrotund excavations of moderate size. Length, 1-23d of an inch (171 mm.). Only one specimen of this species, the valves of which, unfortunately, separated before it could be drawn, was found in a dredging made, in a depth of 6 to 8 fathoms, off Booby Island, lat. 10° 36’ 8., long. 141° 55’ E. (Station 187). [Pl. XI. fie. 4, a, b. a Left valve seen laterally, b the same from above. Magnified 50 diameters. | 20. Bairdia angulata, G. 8. Brady (Pl. XI. fig. 5, a-d). Bairdia angulata, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i. p. 199, pl. xxvii. figs. 11, 12. Carapace oblong, compressed ; seen from the side, subreniform, scarcely twice as long as high ; extremities well and evenly rounded; the anterior bearing about the middle a 60 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. few (four or five) short broad teeth ; the posterior armed below the middle with six or eight nearly similar teeth ; dorsal margin very slightly arched; ventral straight, except that near the front at its junction with the anterior border it is produced downwards into a conspicuous angular prominence ; seen from above, the outline is about thrice as long as broad, compressed, with parallel sides and tapering acuminate extremities; end view ovate, compressed, width scarcely equal to half the length (in the plate, fig. 5, d, the ventral margin is, by an error of the artist, placed uppermost); surface of the shell smooth, or finely punctate. Length, 1-28th of an inch (‘9 mm.). Dredged off the Azores; lat. 38° 37’ N., long. 28° 30’ W., 450 fathoms, sand (Station 75); Torres Straits, lat. 11° 35’ S., long. 144° 3’ E., 155 fathoms, sand (Station 185); and in a sounding from 160 fathoms (Station 305). A very distinct and well marked species, described first from specimens taken at Halt Bay im the Straits of Magellan. Only one or two specimens were found in each of the dredgings mentioned above. The specific name angulosa has been already used for a so- called member of this genus by Egger (Ostrac. der Miocin.-Schicht. bei Ortenburg), but as the form to which Egger applied the name is in all probability a Cytheridea—at any rate not a true Bavrdva—there can be no impropriety in allowing the name angulata to stand. [Pl. XI. fig. 5, a-d. a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 21. Bawrdia tuberculata, G. 8. Brady (Pl. X. fig. 3, a-d). Bairdia rhomboidea, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i. p. 162, pl. xix. figs. 14, 15. Carapace oblong, tumid; seen from the side, subrhomboidal ; height equal to half the length, and nearly the same throughout; extremities obliquely rounded and fringed irregularly with small blunt teeth; dorsal margin very slightly arched; ventral straight or a little sinuated ; seen from above, the outline is ovate, scarcely twice as long as broad ; with rather irregular margins and rounded extremities; end view depressed, height less than the width; shell-surface rather rough, with small closely-set tubercular pro- minences. Length, 1-33d of an inch (‘77 mm.). This species was found only in a dredging from 16 to 25 fathoms, off the Admiralty Islands. The specific name rhomboidea being preoccupied (Kirkby, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1858), I have substituted that of twberculata. ‘The types from which the species was first described, and which agree exactly with those found in the Challenger dredging, were got at Mauritius. [Pl. X. fig 3, a-d. a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. Magnified 40 diameters. | REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 61 22. Bairdia acanthigera, G. S. Brady (PI. IX. fig. 4, a-c). Bairdia acanthigera, Brady, Trans. Lin. Soc., 1868, vol. xxvi. p. 390, pl. xxvii. figs. 18-21. Carapace oblong, tumid; seen from the side, subreniform, twice as long as broad . anterior extremity rounded (usually dentate), posterior narrowed, and fringed with a few small teeth; dorsal margin gently arched, ventral slightly sinuated in the middle; seen from above, ovate, twice as long as broad, with nearly parallel sides, and abruptly tapered, rather obtuse extremities; end view broad, subovate, widest below the middle, height and width nearly equal. Shell-surface nearly smooth, marked with numerous small circular punctures, and towards the hinder extremity slightly hirsute. Length, 1-30th of an inch (*85 mm.). This species occurred in a dredging from a depth of 1070 to 1150 fathoms off St Vin- cent, Cape Verde, muddy bottom (Stations 93 and 94). Except from a few stations in the English Channel, whence the type specimens were derived, I do not know of the occurrence of Bairdia acanthigera elsewhere. The specimen from which the artist has drawn his figures appears to have been without the usual row of teeth on the anterior margin ; these teeth, however, constantly exist on adult specimens as far as my observa- tion goes. [Pl. IX. fig. 4, a-c. a Carapace seen from left side, b from below, ¢ from front. Magnified 40 diameters. | Family II. CyTHErip2. Shell mostly hard and compact, calcareous; surface generally more or less rough and uneven, occasionally quite smooth. Hinge margins mostly toothed; antenne not adapted for swimming, the anterior composed of from five to seven joints, and armed with various setz or spines ; posterior four-or five-jointed, last joint the smallest, and armed with one to three curved claws, second joint destitute of the brush of sete, which mostly exists in the Cypride; first joint giving origin, at its apex, to a long biarticulate tubular seta, which extends downwards in front of the antenna, about as far as the last joint, and is connected above by an efferent tube, with a gland situated in the body of the animal. Mandible very similar to that of the Cypride. One pair of jaws, composed of four segments, with a branchial plate. Three pairs of feet directed forwards, very much alike in shape, but increasing in length from before backwards ; all of them adapted for creeping, and terminating in a single strong curved claw. The first foot corresponds with the palp of the second maxilla in the Cypride, the cutting segments being represented by two small setiferous appendages, arising from a common base. Postabdomen rudimentary, and almost obsolete, forming two small lobes or sete. Eyes mostly separate, sometimes confluent, more rarely altogether wanting. Ovaries and testes not 62 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. extending between the valves. Male copulative organs very large and complex in structure. Mucus gland wanting. This family, which includes by far the greater number of the marine Ostracoda, differs chiefly from the Cypride in the structure of the posterior antennee and mandible-palp, and in having three instead of two pairs of feet, the appendage forming the second pair of jaws in the Cypridz assuming the shape of an ambulatory foot in the Cytheride. They do not swim, but the posterior antenna is armed with a curved tubular seta, connected with what appears to be a poison gland, situated near the base of the limb. The limbs, both in this family, and in the Cypride, are often strengthened on their anterior and posterior surfaces, with dense chitinous plates, which give firm points of attachment to the powerful muscles of the interior of the limb. Cythere, Miiller. Cythere, Miller, Entomostraca, 1785. Valves unequal, mostly oblong-ovate, subreniform, or quadrate ; surface variously orna- mented, smooth, punctate, foveolate, strongly rugose, spinous or tuberculated, usually having a distinct polished tubercle over the anterior hinge-joint. Hinge formed on the right valve by two terminal teeth, on the left by one anterior tooth, and a posterior fossa, between which there is frequently a ridge which is received into a corresponding furrow of the opposite valve; the teeth are in some few cases crenulated, and on the left valve are sometimes altogether absent. Antennee robust; anterior five- or six-jointed, armed on the anterior margin with three long curved spines, mostly one on the third and two on the fourth joint; posterior four-jointed, the last joint short and stout; mandibular palp three- or four-jointed, bearing in place ofa branchial appendage a turf of two to five sete. Eyes one or two. Structure of the shell usually very dense. The genus Cythere, as above defined, includes probably nearly as many species, recent and fossil, as all the remaining genera put together, the number assigned to it in this mono- graph being 83 out of atotal of 221. But though in its present form excessively unwieldy, it seems impossible, without a more perfect knowledge than we yet possess of the varia- tions of anatomical structure in the several species, either to form useful sub-genera, or to separate from the main group any true generic types. I have no doubt, however, that further investigation will before long enable us to do this. Meantime it is sufficient to note that the external shell characters are quite insufficient for the purpose, and that such divisions as have already been proposed, on this basis, are at the best very vague, and can only be looked upon as a mere temporary expedient for the sake of convenience. 1. Cythere scintillulata, n. sp. (Pl. XIV. fig. 3, a-d). Shell oblong, compressed, subreniform, rather lower in front than behind; seen from REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 63 the side, the extremities are well rounded, the posterior rather the wider of the two; dorsal margin moderately arched, highest in the middle, sloping steeply in front, ventral sinuated in the middle; height equal to nearly half the length; seen from above the outline is regularly ovate, greatest width situated in the middle, and equal to rather less than the height; extremities subacuminate, and nearly equal; end view subcircular. Surface of the shell covered with minute, closely-set impressed puncta, and on the ventral aspect. marked with delicate longitudinal grooves. Length, 1-43d of an inch (‘57 mm.). A few specimens of this elegant species were dredged in the Straits of Magellan, lat. 52° 21’ §., long. 68° 0’ W., depth 55 fathoms (Station 313), I refer it, not without hesitation, to the genus Cythere, the general configuration of the shell having much in common with the Cypride, but as in many other cases noted in this memoir, the want of opportunity of examining the animal structure leaves the real affinity of the species open to doubt. [Pl. XIV. fig. 3, a-d. a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. All magnified 60 diameters. | 2. Cythere (2) laganella, n. sp. (Pl. XVI. fig. 7, a-d). Shell oblong, subreniform, compressed; the extremities as seen from the side are boldly rounded, and nearly equal; dorsal margin moderately arched, ventral slightly sinuated ; the height, which is greatest in the middle, equal to more than half the length; seen from above, the outline is much compressed and widest in the middle, regularly ovate, sharply-pointed in front, rather more obtuse behind; width equal to about one-third of the length; end view ovate, much higher than broad. Shell-surface perfectly smooth. Length, 1-58th of an inch (44 mm.). Dredged in Torres Straits, lat. 11° 35’ 8., long. 144° 3’ E., 165 fathoms (Station 185). [Pl. XVI. fig. 7, a-d. «Shell seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | 3. Cythere tenera, G. 8. Brady (Pl. XII. fig. 3, a—/). Cythere tenera, Brady, Monog. Recent Brit. Ostr., 1868, p. 399, pl. xxviii. figs. 29-32. Cythere tenera, Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson, Monog. Post-Tertiary Entom., 1874, p. 145, pl. xiii. figs. 6, 7. Carapace of the female oblong, compressed; seen from the side, subquadrangular, rather higher in front than behind, height equal to half the length; anterior extremity rounded, posterior subtruncate, only slightly rounded, and smaller than the anterior ; dorsal margin sloping almost in a right line from before backwards; ventral nearly straight, seen from above, compressed, subovate, widest near the middle, sides nearly parallel in the middle, and converging rather suddenly towards the extremities, which are obtusely pointed, width equal to rather more than one-third of the length; end view 64 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. ovate, widest below the middle; the shell of the male (fig. 3, e, f) is narrower, and, seen laterally, is more tapered towards the hinder end. Shell-surface quite smooth. Length, 1-55th of an inch (‘46 mm.). The only specimens of this species brought home by the Challenger were found in anchor-mud from Vigo Bay ; they are ill-grown, and do not exhibit the delicate, punctured, and papillose ornament which is usually found in British specimens; the headquarters of the species appears to be the North Sea, though I have examples also from the Mediter- ranean and the Bay of Biscay. It occurs, too, though very sparingly, as a Post-Tertiary fossil in Wales, Scotland, and Norway. [Pl. XII. fig. 3, af a Carapace of female seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front, e male seen from left side, f from below. All magnified 60 diameters. | 4. Cythere vellicata, n. sp. (Pl. XII. fig. 2, a-d). Carapace elongated, compressed, seen from the side, subreniform, height scarcely equal to half the length, and nearly the same before and behind; anterior extremity well rounded, posterior obliquely truncated, and looking upwards; dorsal margin very slightly arched, highest in the middle, and sloping almost imperceptibly to each extremity, ventral deeply sinuated in the middle, and inclined rather abruptly upwards behind ; seen from above, the outline is nearly cuneiform, very narrow, widest at the posterior extremity, the width being equal to one-third of the length; sides nearly parallel for the greater part of their course, but converging in front of the middle, and ending in an obtuse anterior extremity; at the hinder end the lateral margins terminate abruptly in a right angle, the extremity being truncated, and having a large central mucronate process; end view subovate, widest in the middle. Surface of the shell smooth, and somewhat undulated. Length, 1-58th of an inch (44 mm.). A small but very distinctly characterised species not unlike Cythere castanea in lateral outline, but abundantly separated from it by the wedge-shaped dorsal outline, and the want of punctured surface ornament. Dredged at Port Jackson, Australia, in a depth of 2 to 10 fathoms. [Pl. XII. fig. 2, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, 6 from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 80 diameters. | 5. Cythere moseleyi, u. sp. (Pl. XII. fig. 5, a—f). Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, oblong, subquadrangular, somewhat higher in front than behind, height equal to half the length; anterior extremity well rounded, posterior narrower, and obliquely truncated, with very slightly rounded angles ; dorsal margin slightly arched, and sloping gently from before backwards, ventral slightly sinuated in front, and trending upwards behind the middle; seen dorsally, the outline is REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 65 subovate, with nearly parallel sides, converging rather abruptly towards the extremities, which are nearly equal and obtusely pointed; width less than the height; end view subquadrate, with a well-marked ventral keel. The surface of the shell is marked irregularly with small rounded depressions, and also round the margins with sinuous grooves, which on the ventral aspect are disposed in regular longitudinal lines; the hinge-line along the dorsal valvular commissure is slightly depressed, and there is hkewise a similar, though short depression on the ventral surface near the middle of the two contact margins. The shell of the male (fig. 5, e-f) is altogether more slender, and more tapered towards the hinder extremity. Length, 1-43d of an inch (‘57 mm.). Found only in anchor-mud, from a depth of 6 fathoms, in Stanley Harbour, Falkland Islands. (Station 316.) This species I have much pleasure in naming after Mr H. N. Moseley, F.R.S., whose admirable researches on the structure of Corals, and in other departments of Natural History, especially in connection with the voyage of the Challenger, are too well known to need recital here. Cythere moseleyi, in lateral view, and in style of sculpture, resembles rather closely Cythere pellucida, Baird, to which species I was at first disposed to refer it, but the posterior ventral angle in the latter species is rounded away entirely, and the other aspects of the shell are also very much less angular than in Cythere moseleyi. The male exhibits at the posterior angle some approach to the pellucida character, and is altogether much more slender than the female, a condition which is found to exist in most, if not all, members of the genus Cythere, and which is shown in four of the species figured in Pl. XII.—Cythere tenera, moseley?, falklandi, and demissa. [Pl. XII. fig. 5,a—f. a@ Shell of female seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front, e male seen from left side, f from below. All magnified 60 diameters. | 6. Cythere falklandi, n. sp. (Pl. XII. fig. 6, a—f). Carapace of the female rather tumid ; seen from the side, subquadrangular, higher in front than behind, height equal to half the length; anterior extremity well rounded ; posterior truncated, rounded off below, and excavated above the middle; dorsal margin slightly arched, highest in the middle; ventral nearly straight; seen from above, the outline is ovate, twice as long as broad, widest behind the middle, acuminate in front, narrowed and truncated behind, lateral margins curved and somewhat sinuous; end view broadly ovate, width and height nearly equal, ventral border keeled. Surface of the shell marked out into polygonal areole, which are either slightly depressed or exca- vated into distinct pits. Length, 1-45th of an inch (53 mm.). Found only in anchor-mud, from Stanley Harbour, Falkland Islands, depth 6 fathoms (Station 316). It is perhaps doubtful whether figures ¢ and f really belong to the same species as a—d. (ZOOL. CHALL, EXP.—PART 111,—1880.) C9 66 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. [Pl. XII. fig. 6, aff a Shell of female seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front, e male seen from left side, ffrom below. All magnified 60 diameters. | j 7. Cythere demissa, G. 8. Brady (Pl. XII. fig. 1, a-y). Cythere demissa, Brady, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1868, ser. 4, vol. ii. p. 180, pl. xii. figs. 1, 2. Shell seen laterally, oblong, subovate or subreniform, not much higher in front than behind, height equal to about half the length ; anterior extremity somewhat obliquely rounded, posterior only poorly rounded, subtruncate ; dorsal margin highest in front of the middle, where it is slightly gibbous, thence sloping steeply to the front, and with a slight curve backwards; ventral margin sinuated in the middle; seen from above, the outline is ovate, with wide, obtuse, or subtruncate extremities, and nearly parallel sides, width considerably less than half the length, the whole posterior extremity and the hinder parts of the lateral margins present a succession of deep notches or crenations, and the anterior extremity is either abruptly truncated or rounded, and broken into tooth-like crentations ; end view subcircular, with a tendency to hexagonal form. Shell- surface thickly beset with subrotund or angular excavations, which, on the ventral surface, coalesce so as to form well-marked grooves and ridges. Length, 1-58th of an inch (‘43 mm.). Several specimens, varying a good deal in minor details, but agreeing in general character, and, I think, all belonging really to one species, which may fairly be identified with Cythere demissa, were found in a dredging made at Port Jackson, in a depth of 2 to 10 fathoms (Station 163). The most distinct of these forms are represented in Pl. XIL., fig. 1, e and f, being probably the male. The tapering and strongly sculptured form shown in figures gj, may perhaps be looked upon as the fully-developed adult female, of which figures a-d show an earlier stage. [Pl. XII. fig. 1, a7. a Shell of female seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front, e male seen from left side, f from above, g adult female seen from left side, h from above, 7 from below, 7 from front. All magnified 80 diameters. | 8. Cythere ovalis, n. sp. (Pl. XIV. fig. 4, a—d). Shell oblong, rather tumid ; seen from the side, elongated, subreniform, height equal to about half the length, and nearly the same throughout; extremities well rounded; the anterior fringed with a regular series of small teeth, about twelve in number, posterior having a smaller number of similar teeth at the longer angle; dorsal margin very slightly arched, sloping gently from before backwards, ventral nearly straight ; seen from above, the outline is regularly ovate, widest behind the middle; extremities subacuminate, sides gently curved, converging gradually towards the front, and more suddenly towards the hinder end, width equal to the height; end view subcircular, — REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 67 produced in the median line both above and below ; surface of the valves marked through- out with large, closely-set, angular fosse. Length, 1-40th of an inch (‘66 mm.). Dredged off Booby Island, lat. 10° 36’ S., long. 141° 55° E., 6 to 8 fathoms. The nearest known ally of this species is probably the familiar Cythere tuberculata, Sars, an abundant North Sea species. The southern form is, however, much more regularly ovate in contour, has fewer surface rugosities, while, in lateral view, it has its extremities more evenly rounded, and is destitute of any marked angular elevation in the situation of the anterior hinge-joint. [Pl. XIV. fig. 4, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | 9. Cythere fulvotincta, n. sp. (Pl. XIV. fig. 5, a-d). Shell compressed, oblong; seen from the side, subreniform, scarcely higher in front than behind, height equal to somewhat more than half the length; anterior extremity boldly rounded, posterior subtruncate, scarcely rounded; dorsal margin gently arched, obscurely angulated behind, ventral slightly sinuated in the middle; seen from above, club-shaped, widest near the hinder end, the width equal to considerably less than half the length ; anterior extremity broad, produced in the middle, posterior obtusely rounded ; lateral margins protuberant near the hinder extremity, from which point they converge suddenly backwards, and with a gradual sinuous curve towards the front; end view broadly ovate, sides convex below, and sinuated above the middle, base broad, apex narrowed and truncate. Shell-surface marked with irregularly angular, excavated areole; anterior hinge-tubercle distinct. Length, 1-45th of an inch (53 mm.). Found in anchor-mud from a depth of 6 fathoms, Stanley Harbour, Falkland Islands. [Pl. XIV. fig. 5, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | 10. Cythere torresi, n. sp. (Pl. XIX. fig. 8, a-c). Valves, seen from the side, subelliptical, rather higher behind than in front, height equal to more than half the length; anterior extremity rounded, and produced into four squamous, tooth-like processes ; posterior wider, squamous, and bearing at the lower angle four distinct spines; the dorsal margin forms a flattened arch; the ventral is straight or only slightly sinuated ; seen from above, the valves are tumid, and strongly convex in the middle, sloping to either extremity with a hollow curve; extremities produced and obtuse; the end view shows a projecting median keel, both above and below, and has two distinct lateral dorsal prominences. The central portion of the valves is much elevated, and is limited by a squamous encircling ridge, and the surface is closely set with rounded excavations. Length, 1-70th of an inch (°38 mm.). One valve only found in a dredging from Torres Straits, 155 fathoms (Station 185). 68 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. [Pl]. XIX. fig. 8, a-c. a Left valve seen from side, b from above, c from front. Magnified 100 diameters. | 11. Cythere acupunctata, n. sp. (Pl. XIV. fig. 1, a—h). Shell elongated, compressed ; seen from the side, subreniform, higher in front than behind, height equal to about half the length; anterior extremity broad and fully rounded, posterior narrow, subtruncate, scarcely rounded, produced and somewhat angular below the middle; dorsal margin sloping gently, and almost in a straight line from before backwards, curved in front, but forming a distinct angle behind; ventral gently sinuated in the middle; seen from above, compressed, regularly ovate, nearly thrice as long as broad, widest towards the posterior extremity, sides converging very gradu- ally, and with a gentle curve towards the anterior extremity, which is subacuminate, posterior extremity broadly rounded; end view very broadly oval. Surface of the shell thickly covered with small, impressed, circular puncta, and at the anterior extremity produced into a not very prominent bordering flange. Length, 1-42d of an inch (6 mm.). This species was dredged in the Inland Sea, Japan, on a muddy bottom, 15 fathoms deep. It is very nearly allied to Cythere fuscata, Brady, a European species, and might perhaps, without much impropriety, have been identified with it; the Japanese shells are, however, more elongated, more nearly reniform, and seen from above are not so acutely tapered in front. [Pl. XIV. fig. 1, a-h. a Carapace of adult seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front; figures a—h represent the same views of the young shell. All magnified 60 diameters. | 12. Cythere lubbockiana, n. sp. (Pl. XIV. fig. 6, a—-d). Shell, seen from the side, elongated, curved, scarcely higher in front than behind, height equal to nearly half the length; anterior extremity obliquely rounded, posterior subtruncate, only very slightly rounded, divided below the middle into four or five broad, blunt teeth; dorsal margin gently curved, sloping from before backwards, and ending in an obtuse angle, ventral slightly sinuated; seen from above, compressed, subhexagonal, more than twice as long as broad, with parallel sides, which converge very abruptly and at an obtuse angle behind, but much more gradually in front ; anterior extremity obtusely rounded, posterior acuminate, end view subcircular. Surface of the shell marked with rather vaguely-defined, roundish irregular excavations. Length, 1-40th of an inch (‘65 mm.). Several specimens found in the Booby Island dredging, depth 6 to 8 fathoms, lat. 1036S: lone, W455 aH: This seems to occupy an intermediate position between Cythere oblonga, Brady, and REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 69 Cythere finmarchica, Sars, and might perhaps, without much impropriety, be considered as a variety of the former species ; the dorsal outline, however, is in Cythere lubbockiana much more angular, the sides being almost rectilinear, and I have not observed any trace of the tubercle which is so marked a characteristic of Cythere oblonga, as well as of Cythere finmarchica. Cythere oblonga is also a considerably larger species, having a length of 1-29th of an inch. [Pl. XIV. fig. 6, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 13. Cythere exilis, n. sp. (Pl. XVI. fig. 5, a—h). Shell of the female, seen from the side, oblong, subquadrangular, greatest height situated near the anterior extremity, and equal to half the length; anterior margin boldly rounded, sometimes fringed below the middle with a series of minute teeth, posterior much produced, narrowly rounded; dorsal margin almost straight, ending in an obtuse angle behind, ventral deeply and very abruptly sinuated in the middle, slightly notched behind the middle, then gently curving upwards at the hinder end: seen from above, compressed, subovate, width considerably less than half the length, extremities nearly equal, obtusely rounded, sides subparallel, and slightly sinuated in the middle, converging very gradually towards the extremities ; end view irregular, slightly higher than broad, ventral margin broad, convex and emarginate in the middle, dorsal strongly arched. The surface of the valves is undulated, marked with irregular longitudinal ribs, and with numerous large angular excavations, the margins of the valves forming, especially at the two extremities, a stout encircling fillet. The shell of the male (figures e-h) is exactly similar, except in being narrower and more elongated. Length, 1-34th of an inch (‘75 mm.). The only dredging in which Cythere exilis was detected is from Simon’s Bay, South Africa. Depth, 15 to 20 fathoms. (Station 140.) [Pl. XVI. fig. 5, a-h. aShell of female seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front; figures e—h refer to similar views of the male shell. All magnified 50 diameters. | 14. Cythere murrayana, n. sp. (Pl. XVI. fig. 4, ah). Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, oblong, subquadrangular, scarcely higher in front than behind, height equal to half the length, anterior extremity rounded, posterior narrower, subtruncated and rather angular, the lower angle rounded off; dorsal margin nearly straight, but, towards the hinder end, suddenly depressed and excavated, ventral margin sinuated in the middle, and turned upwards behind; seen from above, the outline is subovate, width nearly equal to the height, sides slightly curved and nearly parallel, extremities obtusely rounded; end view subhexagonal, with obtusely-rounded 70 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. angles. Surface marked with numerous closely-set, small angular excavations. Length; 1-62d of an inch (‘41 mm.). In a gathering taken in the “tow-net at trawl” in Wellington Harbour, New Zealand, a good series of specimens belonging to this species were obtained. Though small, its characters are well marked; the shell represented in fig. 4, e-h, probably belongs to the male. The species is named after Mr John Murray, one of the several able naturalists attached to the Challenger Expedition. [Pl. XVI. fig. 4, ah. aShell of female seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front, emale seen from left side, ffrom above, g from below, / from front. All magnified 60 diameters. | 15. Cythere bicarinata, n. sp. (Pl. XVI. fig. 6, a—d). Shell compressed, oblong; seen from the side, subtrapezodial, greatest height near the middle, and equal to at least half the length ; extremities rounded, the anterior the broader of the two, dorsal margin straight in the middle, sloping steeply and abruptly towards each end, ventral straight in the middle, and gently curved upwards at the ends ; seen from above, the outline is compressed, ovate, nearly thrice as long as broad, sides nearly parallel, converging only slightly towards the extremities, which are equal, broad, subtruncated, and prominent in the middle; end view subtriangular, height considerably greater than the width, with convex sides, obtuse apex, and narrow flattened base ; sides of the valves marked with distant, small impressed puncta, ventral surface having a sinuous longitudinal keel on each side of the median line, these beg continued round almost the whole circumference of the shell in the form of an encircling flange. Length, 1-55th of an inch (‘46 mm.). Found only in a dredging from the Inland Sea of Japan. Depth, 15 fathoms. (Station 2330.) [Pl. XVI. fig. 6, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | 16. Cythere inconspicua, n. sp. (Pl. XIII. fig. 1, a-d). Carapace oblong, short and stout; seen from the side subquadrangular, higher in front than behind, greatest height equal to at least half the length; anterior extremity broad and well rounded, sometimes slightly toothed below the middle, posterior narrower, truncated, and scarcely at all rounded off; dorsal margin sloping almost in a right line from the front, but behind the middle descending with a rather steeper curve, ventral sinuated near the middle; seen from above, the outline is irregular, the extremities being broadly truncated; greatest width situated behind the middle, whence the lateral margins converge slightly towards the front and abruptly towards the hinder end, this part of the outline being broken by a large almost rectangular if REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 71 projection of the hinder portion of the valves; the dorsal surface is elevated along the hinge-line into a prominent ridge; the ventral surface keeled in a similar manner, and having the valve-margins expanded so as to form a flattened flange anteriorly ; end view triangular, the angles rounded off, the lateral margins arched, and the ventral margin bisinuate ; surface of the shell sculptured throughout with subrotund excavations of moderate size and rather closely set; the valves gradually elevated behind the middle so as to form a rather prominent aleform protuberance. Length, 1-62d of an inch (‘41 mm.). A well marked but small species, distinguished by the broadly truncated extremities and the aleeform lateral elevations of the valves. It was noticed only in a dredging from Torres Straits, depth 155 fathoms, sand. (Station 185.) [Pl. XIIL fig. 1, a-d. . a Shell seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | 17. Cythere cumulus, n. sp. (Pl. XIII. fig. 2, a-d). Shell oblong, tumid; seen from the side, subquadrangular, not much higher in front than behind, height equal to a little more than half the length; anterior extremity well rounded; posterior rounded and narrow; dorsal margin straight; ventral straight through- out the greater part of its course, but turned abruptly upwards at an obtuse angle at the posterior extremity ; seen from above the outline is boat-shaped, tapering abruptly in front, scarcely at all behind, sides nearly straight and parallel; anterior extremity obtusely pointed, posterior broad and rounded off, but having a small mucronate pro- jection in the middle, width equal to the height; the end view is in the form of a high arch with a slightly convex base, the sides being nearly straight below the middle. Sur- face of the shell thickly covered with deep angular excavations. Length, 1-50th of an inch (‘5 mm.). The only dredging in which Cythere cumulus occurred is that from Port Jackson, 2 to 10 fathoms. [Pl. XIII. fig. 2,a-d. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 18. Cythere flos-cardwi, n. sp. (Pl. XIII. fig. 3, a—h). Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, subquadrangular, higher in front than behind, the greatest height situated near the anterior extremity and equal to nearly two- thirds of the length ; anterior extremity broad and obliquely rounded, posterior narrower, oblique, scarcely rounded, looking slightly upwards ; dorsal margin slightly arched, sloping gently backwards, and terminating in a distinct angle, ventral nearly straight, bent upwards at the posterior extremity; seen from above, ovate, with subparallel sides, twice as long as broad; anterior extremity narrow, rounded off, and mucronate in the ae THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. middle ; posterior more abruptly rounded, almost truncated, and having also a mucronate process in the middle ; end view broadly ovate, wide at the base, and only slightly tapered toward the dorsal margin. Surface of the shell beset with small angular fossee, which have a concentric arrangement, and on the ventral surface form groves with separating ridges. Specimens which I take to be the male of this species (figures e~h) are rather different in shape, the infero-posteal angle being more decidedly rounded off, and the posterior extremity, when viewed from above, being expanded so as to give a distinct sinuation to the lateral margins, the whole outline thus getting a pretty close resemblance to that of a thistle-blossom ; the sculpturing of the surface is also much coarser than in the female. Length, 1-55th of an inch (46 mm.). Several specimens of this Cythere occurred in a dredging from a depth of 40 fathoms, off the reefs at Honolulu. (Station 246.) | Pl. XIII. fig. 3, a-h. a Shell of female (?) seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front, e shell of male (?) seen from left side, f from above, g from below, h from front. All magnified 60 diameters. | 19. Cythere crispata, G. 8. Brady (Pl. XIV. fig. 8, a-d). Cythere cicatricosa, G. O. Sars (1865), Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder, p. 33. Cythere badia (in part), Brady (1868), Monog. Recent Brit. Ostrac., p. 399 (not figures). (Not C. badia, Norman.) Cythere badia, Brady (1868), Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i. p. 89. Cythere crispata, Brady (1868), Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. ii. p. 221, pl xiv. figs. 14, 15. Cythere cicatricosa, Brady and Robertson (1869), Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. iii. p. 369, pl. xix. figs. 13, 14. Cythere crispata, Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson (1874), Post-Tertiary Entomostraca, p. 146, pl. xii. figs. 52, 53, and pl. xiii. figs. 12, 13. Shell, seen from the side, subquadrangular, rather higher in front than behind ; height equal to at least half the length; anterior extremity obliquely rounded, posterior narrower, truncated, and only very slightly rounded; dorsal margin sloping from before backwards and gently curved, ventral slightly sinuated im the middle; seen from above, the outline is compressed and irregularly subhexagonal, the greatest width less than half the length; extremities truncated, the anterior being much narrower than the posterior, sides nearly parallel, but gently converging from a point in front of the middle to the anterior extremity, and, near the hinder end, slightly emarginate ; end view hexagonal and nearly equilateral. Shell-surface sculptured all over with closely-set angular excavations of irregular form and size. Length, 1-50th of an inch (‘5 mm.). Cythere crispata was observed in dredgings from Port Jackson, 2 to 10 fathoms ; from Booby Island, 6 to 8 fathoms, (Station 187); andin anchor-mud brought up from a depth REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 73 of 7 fathoms in Hong Kong Harbour. It is a widely-distributed species ; shells not speci- fically separable from it having been met with in the British seas, in those of Norway, and in the Mediterranean (?). Asa Post-Tertiary fossil it has been found in Scotland, Ireland, and Norway. The specimens from these various localities differ, doubtless, in minor details both of form and surface sculpture, but not so much as to preclude grouping them under one specific name. The two following species, Cythere cancellata and Cythere canaliculata, approach it very closely, but the former may be distinguished by its ovate dorsal and more rounded or reniform lateral outline, the latter by the more flexuous lateral outline, broad dorsal surface, and regular disposition of the very large central ex- cavations of the shell. [Pl. XIV. fig. 8, a-d. «a Shell seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | 20. Cythere cancellata, G. 8. Brady (Pl. XIV. fig 9, a-e). Cythere cancellata, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i. (1868), p. 62, pl. vii. figs. 9-11. Shell oblong, rather tumid; seen from the side, subreniform, scarcely higher in front than behind, height equal to about half the length ; anterior extremity obliquely rounded, and divided below the middle into several short blunt teeth ; posterior also well rounded, and sometimes delicately toothed below the middle ; dorsal margin very gently arched and slightly sinuous, ventral nearly straight; seen from above, ovate, with obtusely pointed and nearly equal extremities; sides somewhat sinuous, width equal to half the length ; end view irregular, boldly arched above, sides converging downwards towards a narrowed ventral line. Surface of the shell marked (as in Cythere crispata) with closely- set angular excavations, and, in old specimens (figures d, e), with sinuous, obliquely trans- verse ribs. Length, 1-35th of an inch (‘75 mm.). Dredged off Mukuolofa, Tongatabu, 18 fathoms, coral (Station 172); and off Booby Island, 6 to 8 fathoms (Station 187). The type specimens were from Java, [Pl. XIV. figs. 9, a-e. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, c from front, d right valve of adult seen laterally, e the same from above. Magnified 50 diameters. | 21. Cythere canaliculata (Reuss), (Pl. XIV. fig. 7 a-d). Cypridina canaliculata, Reuss, Haidinger’s Abhand. (1850), Bd. iii. p. 76, tab. ix. fig. 12. Cythere canaliculata, Egger (1858), Ostrak. der Miocin.-Schicht., Bd. v. p. 33, t. v. figs. 10, 11. Cyther2 canaliculata, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1865), vol. v. p. 373, pl. lix. fig. 4, af. Carapace oblong, rather tumid ; seen from the side, subsigmoid, highest in the middle, the height being equal to at least half the length; anterior extremity well rounded, posterior oblique, rounded off with a full curve below, and forming a distinct angle with (ZOOL. CHALL. EXP.—PART 111.—1880.) C 10 74 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. the dorsal margin above; dorsal margin boldly arched, forming in front a continuous curve with the anterior margin, slightly sinuated behind, and joining the posterior extremity at an acute angle; ventral margin deeply sinuated in the middle, and curving upwards with a bold sweep behind ; seen from aboye, the outline is boat-shaped, obtusely pointed in front, broad and truncated behind; the sides sinuous, curved, and falling shghtly inwards at an obtuse angle near the posterior extremity; width and height nearly equal; end view broadly ovate, widest above, the sides converging towards the ventral margin, which is narrow and keel-shaped. The central portion of each valve is excavated so as to form a large subrotund pit, above which, towards the dorsal margin, is a series of four or five similar, but not quite so large, excavations; these are separated from each other by rounded ridges, and round about this group of large fosse are disposed several much smaller hollows; the dorsal surface is very broad, has a deep longitudinal furrow along the greater part of the hinge-line, and shows conspicuously the transverse ribbing which separates the lateral fossee. Length, 1-58th of an inch (43 mm.). The specimens described by me in the Zoological Transactions were from Hobson’s Bay, Australia; but those figured by Reuss and Egger were fossils from the European Tertiary formations. The Challenger specimens are from off East Moncceur Island, Bass Strait, 38 to 40 fathoms (Station 162); and from Port Jackson, Australia, 2 to 10 fathoms. [Pl]. XIV. fig. 7, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | 22. Cythere reussi, G. S. Brady (Pl. XIV. fig. 2, a-d). Cythere reussi, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i. p. 153, pl. xviii. figs. 9, 10. Shell, seen from the side, oblong, subquadrate; greatest height situated near the anterior extremity, and equal to half the leneth; anterior extremity broad, obliquely rounded, posterior narrower, rounded off above, somewhat angular below, and having below the middle one or two short stout teeth; dorsal margin nearly straight, sloping gently from before backwards, ventral slightly sinuated in the middle; seen from above, the outline is compressed, ovate, more than twice as long as broad, and having the greatest width near the middle ; lateral margins gently curved ; extremities bimucronate ; the anterior wide and truncated; the posterior narrower, and deeply notched between the two terminal teeth; end view broadly ovate, almost circular, keeled on the ventral margin. The valves are throughout sculptured with numerous closely-set, irregularly- shaped fossee of small size; the tubercles over the anterior hinge-joint are conspicuous, and the junction of the valves on the dorsal surface is marked by a deep longitudinal groove. Length, 1-50th of an inch (‘5 mm.). REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 75 The localities in which Cythere reussi was dredged are the following :—Off Booby Island, lat. 10° 36° S., long. 141° 55° E., 6 to 8 fathoms (Station 187); off the reefs, Honolulu, 40 fathoms; and Straits of Magellan, 55 fathoms (Station 313). The type- specimens were from Colon-Aspinwall, and differ somewhat from those here described, in being of more robust build and more strongly spinous. [Pl. XIV. fig. 2, a-d. aShell seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. All magnified 60 diameters. ] 23. Cythere fortificata, n. sp. (Pl. XXI. fig. 1, a-d). Carapace compressed, oblong ; seen from the side, quadrangular, not much higher in front than behind, height equal to one-half the length ; anterior extremity rounded and fringed with a row of short, blunt teeth, posterior obliquely truncated, rounded off and fringed with a few short, almost obsolete teeth, below the middle; dorsal margin sloping ereatly from the anterior extremity where it forms a gibbous elevation, slightly curved behind the middle, and ending in a somewhat rounded angle; ventral almost straight ; seen from above, the outline is compressed, oblong, more than twice as long as broad, widest in the middle, the sides gently convex and tapering evenly to the extremities which are produced, obtuse and. subtruncated ; end view broadly ovate; the valves are smooth, and encircled, except on the ventral margin, by a flattened flange of no great width. Length, 1-47th of an inch (‘53 mm.). The only material which yielded this species was a sounding from a depth of 420 fathoms, in the Mid Pacific, about 38° S. latitude. [Pl. XXI. fig. 1, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. All magnified 60 diameters. | 24, Cythere foveolata, n. sp. (Pl. XIII. fig. 5, ah). Carapace of the female tumid; seen from the side subrhomboidal, greatest height situated in the middle and equal to more than half the length; extremities obliquely rounded ; dorsal margin flattened in the middle, and sloping steeply to either extremity, ventral sinuated in front and turned upwards at the back ; the shape as seen from above is broadly ovate, scarcely twice as long as broad, with acutely poimted extremities and very convex sides; greatest width in the middle, whence the sides converge evenly towards each extremity ; the posterior curve, however, broken by two small angular pro- jections ; end view cordate, the apex corresponding with the dorsal, base with the ventral, margin. Shell-surface marked all over with deep, closely-set, angular cavities ; hinge- tubercles prominent. The outline of the male (figures e—h) is more compressed and very much more angular. Length, 1-45th of an inch (‘53 mm.). Several specimens occurred in dredgings from off Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen Island, 120 fathoms (Station 149) ; and off Heard Island, 75 fathoms (Station 151). The 76 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. general form of this species is very familiar; many might be named which approach it rather closely, but no described species seems to be absolutely identical with it. The nearest, perhaps, are Cythere borealis, Brady,—an Arctic form,—and Cythere edichilus, Brady, a fossil of the Antwerp Crag. [Pl. XIII. fig. 5, a-h. a Carapace of female seen from side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front ; figures e—A represent similar views of the male shell. All magnified 60 diameters. | 25. Cythere securifer, n. sp. (Pl. XIII. fig. 4, a-h). Shell of the female, seen from the side, nearly rhomboidal, highest in the middle, scarcely higher in front than behind, height equal to two-thirds of the length ; anterior extremity obliquely rounded, posterior subtruncated, produced and obscurely angular in the middle; dorsal margin gently arched, ending behind in an obtuse angle, ventral slightly sinuated both in front and behind, and prominent in the middle; seen from above, boat-shaped, twice as long as broad, broadest a little behind the middle, sides gently curved, extremities truncated, with strong mucronate projections in the middle line, the anterior narrower than the posterior ; end view quadrilateral, all the sides slightly convex. Surface of the shell coarsely sculptured with deep angular excavations. The shell of the male, besides bemg more slender than that of the female, has the ventral margin of each valve produced downwards, near the middle, so as to form a conspicuous triangular or hatchet-shaped protuberance, that of the left valve being commonly larger than on the right; the ventral margins in the female are also produced, but not in so marked a manner. Length, 1-50th of an inch (-5 mm.). A good series of this remarkable Cythere was obtained off Prince Edward’s Island, in a depth of 50 to 150 fathoms. (Near Station 145.) [Pl. XIII. fig. 4, a-h. @ Shell of female seen: from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front ; figures e-h represent similar views of the male shell. All magnified 60 diameters. | 26. Cythere impluta, n. sp. (Pl. XVI. fig. 3, a—-d, and Pl. XXVLI. fig. 6, a-d). Shell, seen from the side, subovate or subquadrangular, higher in front than behind ; anterior extremity wide and obliquely rounded, posterior narrow, subtruncated or rounded, sometimes produced below the middle, and dentated; dorsal margin gibbous over the anterior hinge, thence sloping steeply backwards, and ending either in an obtuse angle or a rounded curve, ventral margin convex; greatest height situated at the anterior hinge, and equal to more than half the length; seen from above, regularly ovate, widest near the middle, more than twice as long as broad, sides gently convex, or slightly sinuated in the middle, and converging evenly to the extremities which are equal and subacuminate ; end view subtriangular, higher than broad, sides convex, angles REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. Hit rounded off. The sides of the valves are marked with irregularly scattered subrotund excavations of variable size ; just within the ventral margin there is an elevated ridge, and occasionally one or more indistinct longitudinal ribs on the middle of the valves which are also slightly undulated transversely; the hinge-line on the dorsal aspect of the shell is distinctly depressed in the middle. Length, 1-37th of an inch (‘74 mm.). Dredged off Nightingale Island, Tristan d’Acunha, in 100 to 150 fathoms (Station 135); also in anchor-mud, from a depth of 6 fathoms, Stanley Harbour, Falkland Islands (Station 316). The somewhat different forms figured in Plates XVI. and XXVI. I at first supposed to belong to distinct species, but my impression now is that they cannot properly be separated. The forms shown in Pl. XVI. occurred in the Falkland Islands only ; that in Pl. XXVI. in both localities. [Pl. XXVI. fig. 6, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. Pl. XVI. fig. 3, a-d, represent similar views of one of the Falkland Island forms. Magnified 60 diameters. | 27. Cythere (?) serratula, n. sp. (Pl. XLIII. fig. 7, a—d). Valves compressed, oblong; seen from the side subreniform, rather higher in front than behind, height equal to half the length; extremities boldly rounded, anterior smooth, posterior bordered with a series of very small distant spines; dorsal margin nearly straight, ventral deeply sinuated in the middle; seen from above the valves are compressed, ovate, and slightly sinuated in the middle of the lateral margin. Shell smooth, or very partially and indistinctly marked with small circular impressed puncta. Length, 1-23d of an inch (1°1 mm.). Cythere serratula occurred in three dredgings, but in each case only a very few separated valves were found; it might, perhaps, more properly have been placed amongst the Cypride, but its real affinity must, with the scanty material at present available, be merely conjectural :—Off Culebra Island, West Indies, 390 fathoms (Station 24); off Canaries, 1125 fathoms (Station 85); and north of Tristan d’Acunha, 1425 fathoms (Station 335). [Pl. XLII. fig. a-d. a, c, Right valves (? young and old) seen from side ; b, d, the same seen from below. Magnified 40 diameters. | 28. Cythere pyriformis, n. sp. (Pl. XV. fig. 3, a—d). Valves seen from the side, mucly higher in front than behind, all the margins perfectly smooth ; anterior extremity broadly rounded, posterior also rounded, but much narrower ; dorsal margin boldly arched, highest in front of the middle, and sloping steeply back- wards, ventral margin nearly straight, greatest height equal to considerably more than 78 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. half the length ; seen from above, the outline forms a regular curve with a slight sinuation towards either end, extremities equal and subacute. Surface of the shell smooth, slightly undulated, and marked round the extremities and on the ventral margin with numerous radiating hair-like lines. Length, 1-28th of an inch (‘9 mm.). A few valves only belonging to this species were found in a dredging from off Pernambuco (Station 120), lat. 8° 37’ S., long. 34° 28’ W., depth, 675 fathoms. From these scanty materials it is impossible to describe the species fully, but there can be little doubt of its distinctness from any recorded form. The valve shown at fig. 3, d, may perhaps be taken to belong to the young of the same. [Pl. XV. fig. 3, a-d. a Left valve seen from side, b from above, c from front, d right valve of a younger specimen. All magnified 50 diameters. | 29. Cythere cytheropteroides, n. sp. (Pl. XV. fig. 5, ad). Valves seen from the side, subovate, much higher in front than behind; the greatest height equal to more than half the length; anterior extremity broad, rounded, its lower half armed with a series of broad, short, and blunt teeth, about twelve in number ; poste- rior extremity produced, narrowed, and in some cases bearing two or three teeth, of similar character to those of the anterior border; dorsal margin gibbous in front, thence sloping with a gentle curve to the hinder extremity, ventral slightly convex, sinuated in front of the middle, seen from above, the outline appears to be subovate, widest behind the middle, and with very thick, heavy extremities. The surface of the shell is smooth, but bears a prominent rounded crest near the ventral margin. Length, 1-32d of an inch (‘77 mm.). As with the preceding species, I am able only imperfectly to describe this shell. Detached valves only were found, and very few of them; these occurred in a dredging from off the Cape of Good Hope, 150 fathoms (Station 142). [Pl. XV. fig. 5, a-d. «a Left valve seen from side, b from above, c from front, d right valve seen from side. All magnified 50 diameters. ] 30. Cythere kerguelenensis, nu. sp. (Pl. IV. figs. 16-18, and Pl. XX. fig. 1, af). Carapace of the female, seen from the side, subreniform, higher in front than behind, greatest height situated in the middle, and equal to nearly two-thirds of the length ; left valve much larger than the right; anterior extremity well rounded ; posterior pro- duced below the middle, and forming an angular squamous beak, which is often bordered with a few small, blunt teeth ; dorsal margin evenly and boldly arched, highest in the middle, ventral sinuated in the middle; seen from above, oblong, ovate, widest in the middle, and tapering evenly to the extremities which are equal and sharply acuminate ; width scarcely equal to half the length; end view broadly ovate, broad below, and tapermg to the apex which is acute, sides very convex, base strongly keeled in the REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 19 middle. Surface of the valves profusely marked with rounded, impressed puncta ; hinge- tubercles conspicuous ; margins produced, especially at the two ends of the shell, so as to form a squamous encircling fillet, which in front and behind is marked by small marginal teeth and numerous transverse hair-like lines; along the contact margins of the valves, both on the dorsal and ventral surface, is a distinct angular depression. Length, 1-25th of an inch (‘1 mm.). Dredged plentifully in Balfour Bay, 20 to 50 fathoms, and Royal Sound, Kerguelen Island, 28 fathoms ; off Prince Edward’s Island, 50 to 150 fathoms ; off East Moncoeur Island, Bass’ Strait, 38 to 40 fathoms; and Port Jackson, Australia, 2 to 10 fathoms. Seen on the dorsal surface, this species bears a close resemblance to the common British Cythere albomaculata, Baird, but the shell is much more coarsely sculptured, while the spinous margins, and very broadly reniform lateral outline are constant distinctive characters. [Pl. XX. fig. 1, af a Carapace of female seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front, e male seen from left side, f from above. All magnified 40 diameters. | 31. Cythere speyeri, G.S. Brady (Pl. XX. fig. 2, a-f). Cythere speyert, Brady, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1868, ser. 4, vol. il. p. 222, pl. xv. figs. 8-11. Cythere speyeri, Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i. p. 99, pl. xii. figs. 8-10. Shell of the female excessively tumid; seen from the side, broadly ovate, with a prominent posterior beak, greatest height in the middle, and equal to two-thirds of the length, anterior extremity fully rounded, and forming a continuous curve with the dorsal margin, which is boldly arched; posterior extremity produced below the middle into a prominent angular beak; ventral margin moderately convex; seen from above, broadly ovate, not twice as long as broad, widest behind the middle, lateral margins extremely convex, converging gently towards the front, and more abruptly backwards, anterior extremity subacuminate, posterior obtuse; end view broad, ovate, widest below the middle, pointed at the apex, sides very convex; left valve larger than the nght. Surface of the shell marked throughout with large circular impressed puncta, hinge-tubercles conspicuous; no very marked encircling fillet. Length, 1-28th of an inch (‘9 mm.). Dredged off St Vincent, Cape Verde, ina depth of 1070 to 1150 fathoms (Station 93), and off Ascension Island, 420 fathoms (Station 344). The type specimens which differ in nothing from those here described, except in the frequent presence of a spine at the infero-posteal angle, were found in a dredging from Tenedos; and I have other specimens from Colon and New Providence, and St Vincent, Cape Verde. The species altogether is very like an excessively tumid Cythere convexa, Baird. The distinct inequality of size of the right and left valves, in this and the preceding species, is an interesting peculiarity, 80 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. and may, perhaps, coincide with other more important structural characters, which, however, I have not been fortunate enough to discover. [Pl]. XX. fig. 2,a—f a Shell of female, seen from left side, 6 from above, ¢ from below, d from front, e male, seen from side, f from above. All magnified 40 diameters. | 32. Cythere sabulosa, n. sp. (Pl. XIX. fig. 1, a-h). Shell very tumid; its greatest height situated near the front, and equal to two- thirds of the length; the anterior extremity, seen from the side, is broad and very obliquely rounded, the posterior narrowed, slightly produced below the middle, and sloping steeply above; the dorsal margin is slightly gibbous in front, over the large and conspicuous hinge-tubercle, and thence slopes with a gentle curve backwards; ventral margin straight, or slightly convex, and somewhat jagged or crenulated near the posterior extremity ; seen from above, the outline is very broadly ovate, widest near the middle, the lateral margins forming a bold curve from one extremity to the other; the anterior extremity is obtusely pointed, the posterior broader and slightly produced; end view equilaterally triangular, the sides convex, apex emarginate. The surface of the shell is thickly covered with angular depressions, the intervals between which are in many cases rough, or almost spinous; a wide longitudinal area in the middle of the dorsal and ventral surfaces is, however, smooth, and free from sculptured ornament; the hinge-line is deeply depressed. Length, 1-45th of an inch (°53 mm.). The specimen shown in figures ef is somewhat different in shape, and may perhaps belong to the male; while figures g—h have a less gritty surface, and show a peculiar crenulation of the ventral margin; a somewhat similar crenulation is visible on the upper posterior angle in @ and e, though not on the ventral margin. I do not imagine that these variations, though interesting, are of any importance, except as showing a variable development of the subspinous ornament of the shell. Cythere sabulosa occurred in moderate abundance in the dredging from Station 187, off Booby Island, depth 6 to 8 fathoms. [Pl. XIX. fiz. 1, a-h. a Shell of female seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front, ¢ shell of male (?) seen from left side, f from above, g smooth variety, shell seen from left side, h from above. All magnified 60 diameters. 33. Cythere cymba, G.S. Brady (Pl. XX. fig. 5, a-f). Cythere cymba, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i. p. 157, pl. xvi. figs. 5-7. Shell of the female, seen from the side, higher in front than behind, greatest height situated a little in front of the middle, and equal to two-thirds of the length; anterior extremity broad, fully rounded, and often finely denticulated from the front of the ventral to the commencement of the dorsal margin; posterior truncated, REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 81 angular, produced below the middle, the lower half bearing several short blunt spines ; dorsal margin well arched, ending posteriorly in an abrupt angle; ventral margin moderately convex; end view elongated, rhomboidal, twice as long as broad, widest: in the middle, whence the margins converge abruptly at an angle towards either extremity ; extremities equal, bimucronate; end view triangular, with rounded angles, and slightly convex sides. The valves are ornamented with numerous large, roundish, or angular excavations ; the hinge-tubercles are prominent and polished; there is a sharply-defined ridge or crest running at a little distance within, and parallel to, the ventral border, continuing round the posterior and dorsal margins, and gradually becoming lost near the anterior extremity; another as distinctly marked ridge runs close along the ventral margin; these ridges are most distinctly seen on the ventral aspect of the shell, and the intervals are ornamented with angular sculpture. Length, 1-28th of an inch (‘9 mm.). Found in anchor-mud from 7 fathoms in Hong Kong Harbour; also in a dredging from the Inland Sea, Japan, lat. 34° 20’ N., long. 133° 35’ E.; 15 fathoms. The type specimens also were from Hong Kong. [Pl. XX. fig. 5, a-f. a@ Shell of female seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front, e male from left side, f from above. All magnified 40 diameters. | 34. Cythere subrufa, n. sp. (Pl. XX. fig. 3, a—f). Carapace, seen from the side, oblong, subquadrangular, higher in front than behind, height equal to rather more than half the length; anterior extremity well-rounded, posterior truncated, scarcely rounded, fringed below the middle with several short blunt spines of irregular size, inferior angle rounded off; dorsal margin gibbous over the hinge tubercle, thence sloping backwards with a gentle curve, and sinuated just im front of the hinder extremity which forms a somewhat produced angle; ventral margin straight ; seen from above, ovate, twice as long as broad, the greatest width situated in the middle, sides evenly and continuously curved throughout; extremities acuminate, a slight con- striction in front of the hinder one; end view ovate, broad below and tapering above, height greater than the width. The surface of the valves is marked with a reticulated pattern, enclosing angular, finely punctated areolee, the hinge-tubercles are polished and prominent, and the anterior and posterior extremities produced so as to form flange-like borders which are marked with transverse hair-like lines. Length, 1-33d of an inch (‘77 mm.). A good series of this species was obtained in Balfour Bay, Kerguelen Island, from a depth of 20 to 50 fathoms (Station 149); also off Prince Edward’s Island, 50 to 150 fathoms. [Pl. XX. fig. 3, af «@ Shell of female seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front, e male seen from left side, f from front. Magnified 40 diameters. | (Z00L. CHALL, EXP.—PART 111.—1880.) Cll 82 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 35. Cythere wyville-thomsoni, n. sp. (Pl. XX. fig. 4, af). Shell of the female, seen from the side, oblong, quadrangular, highest over the anterior hinge-joint, the height being equal. to more than half the length; anterior extremity boldly rounded, fringed from above the middle with a series of small and regular serratures; posterior truncated, produced below the middle, and bearing four or five short, very stout and blunt spines; dorsal margin elevated over the anterior hinge, thence sloping steeply, and with two or three abrupt sinuations, backwards to the posterior extremity, where it is sharply angulated; ventral margin straight ; seen from above, the outline is very irregularly hastate, fully twice as long as broad, the lateral margins deeply indented in the middle, converging gently in front and abruptly behind, and forming at each extremity a wide truncated prominence, the hinder one cut up into a number of blunt spines; end view irregularly triangular; the margins of the valves, as in the preceding species, are much expanded, and marked by transverse lines ; the hinge-tubercles are large and prominent, the central portion of the valves has a large round elevated tubercle, while within the ventral and, less distinctly, also near the dorsal margin runs a sharply-cut longitudinal ridge, these ridges being especially con- spicuous on the dorsal and ventral aspects of the shell ; the general surface of the valves, including the lateral tubercle, is thickly sculptured with angular excavations. Length, 1-28th of an inch (‘9 mm.). A fine series of this very well marked species was obtained in the dredgings from Balfour Bay and Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen Island (Station 149). It occurred also in those from lat. 52° 4’ 8., long. 71° 22’ E., 150 fathoms (Station 150); off Heard Island, 75 fathoms (Station 151); Torres Straits (2), lat. 11° 35’ S., long. 144° 3’ E., 155 fathoms (Station 185). Pl. XX. fig. 4, a a Shell of female seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front, e male seen from left side, f from above. All magnified 40 diameters. | 36. Cythere parallelogramma, nu. sp. (Pl. XV. fig. 1, a-e). Carapace, seen from the side, oblong, quadrangular, nearly equal in height through- out, the height being less than one-half the length ; anterior extremity obliquely rounded, and sometimes obscurely dentated below the middle; lower half of the posterior margin slightly rounded and minutely dentated, upper half obliquely truncated (in the right deeply excavated); dorsal margin almost straight, terminating behind in a produced angle, ventral straight; seen from above, the outline is oblong, ovate, with irregularly sinuated sides. The surface of the valves is marked throughout with coarse, irregularly shaped excavations ; within the anterior and ventral borders runs a more or less distinct elevated ridge, and just in front of the middle of each valve is a large, rounded tuber- | cular elevation, the markings of which are smaller than those on other parts of the shell. Length, 1-30th of an inch (°85 mm.). REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA., 83 Dredged off Prince Edward’s Island, 50 to 150 fathoms, near Station 145. [Pl. XV. fig. 1, a-e. «a Left valve of male seen from side, 6 from above, ¢ right valve of male from side, d the same from above, e right valve of female seen from side. All magnified 50 diameters. | 37. Cythere rastromarginata, n. sp. (Pl. XVI. fig. 1, a-d and fig. 2, a-d). Shell compressed, oblong; seen from the side, quadrangular, a little higher in front than behind, greatest height situated over the anterior hinge, and equal to half the length; anterior extremity boldly rounded and fringed throughout with a series of short, blunt, and subequal teeth; posterior truncated, rounded, and produced at the ventral angle, where it is armed with a row of six or eight strong, spine-like teeth ; dorsal margin sloping with a sinuous curve backwards, and ending in an obtuse angle both before and behind, ventral nearly straight ; seen from above, the outline is much com- pressed, thrice as long as broad, with nearly parallel sides, and broadly truncated equal extremities, the sides converging only very slightly towards the ends; end view irregu- larly ovate, height much greater than the width. Surface of the shell sculptured with polygonal fossz, arranged in a somewhat radiate manner round a subcentral circular tubercle ; the ventral surface forms two flattened, but only slightly extended lateral alz, which are marked with very large excavated fossee. Length, 1-37th of an inch (‘8 mm.). Males (fig. 1), dredged off reefs, Honolulu, 40 fathoms; off Hast Moncceur Island, Bass Straits, in 38 to 40 fathoms (Station 162). Females (fig. 2), in lat. 39° 32’S., long. 171° 48’ E., 150 fathoms (Station 167). The form figured in Pl. XVI. fig. 2, a—-d, which I at first thought to belong to a distinct species, I now believe to be, in all probability, only the female of that shown in fig. 1, a-d. The general characters of the two forms are altogether similar, the chief difference being found in the large lateral expansions of fig. 2; its rather more attenuated extremities and less pronounced style of surface-sculpture, but these are all characters which are well known to be often of only sexual importance. Had the two forms occurred in the same dredging, I should not have hesitated at all to assign them to the two sexes of the same species. [Pl. XVI. fie. 1, ad, and fig. 2, a-d. 1aShell of male (?) seen from left side, 1b from above, 1c from below, 1d from front. 2a Shell of female (?) seen from left side, 2b the same seen from above, 2c from below, 2d from the front. Magnified 60 diameters. | 38. Cythere audei, G. 8. Brady (Pl. XV. fig. 7, ah). Cythere audei, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i. p. 162, pl. xix. figs. 12, 13. Cythere rectangularis, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i. p. 153, pl. xviii. figs. 13, 14. Shell, seen from the side, oblong, quadrangular, highest in front, the height bemg 84 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. equal to more than half the length; anterior extremity obliquely rounded, posterior truncated, produced below the middle into a beak-like or irregularly squamous process ; dorsal margin highest over the hinge-tubercle, thence sloping with a sinuous curve backwards, and ending in a well-marked angle, ventral margin nearly straight; seen from above, the outline is oblong and subhexagonal, with parallel sides, which converge gently towards the front, abruptly and almost at a right angle behind; anterior extremity wide, subtruncated, and having a small central mucro, posterior produced in the middle into a broad protuberance; end view vaulted, dorsal margin arched, ventral broad and only slightly convex. Surface of the valves marked with small, shallow pittings, which are rather irregularly disposed and obscurely rounded. Length, 1-50th of an inch (‘5 mm.). Found in a dredging from a depth of 7 fathoms off Ascension Island; the single valve shown in figures e-h is from Balfour Bay, Kerguelen Island, but it may well be doubted whether it really belongs to this species. The type specimens were from Mauritius and Colon-Aspinwall. [Pl. XV. fig. 7, a-h. a Shell of Ascension Island specimen seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front; figures e-h exhibit similar views of a right valve from Balfour Bay. Magnified 60 diameters. | 39. Cythere curvicostata, n. sp. (Pl. XII. fig. 4, a-d). Carapace compressed oblong; seen from the side, subclavate, rather higher in front than behind, greatest height not so much as half the length; anterior extremity well rounded and bordered with a regular row of small teeth, which extend a short distance along the ventral margin ; posterior subtruncated, slightly produced below the middle, the produced portion divided into teeth similar to those of the anterior extremity ; dorsal margin highest in front, and falling by two abrupt but shallow steps towards the posterior extremity ; ventral margin straight. The lateral surfaces of the shell exhibit two or three sinuous longitudinal ribs extending nearly the whole length of the valves, and towards the margins some irregularly-disposed smaller ribs; the interspaces are occupied by small fossee closely set and arranged in longitudinal rows; seen from above, the outline is oblong, thrice as long as broad, nearly equal in width throughout, the sides parallel, the extremities broad and subtruncate; end view subquadrangular, height greater than the width. Length, 1-45th of an inch (‘53 mm.). One or two specimens only in a dredging from near Booby Island, in a depth of 6 to 8 fathoms. In style of surface ornament as well as in general shape the species is not very unlike the British Cythere emaciata, but a critical examination shows numerous important differences. Yet the peculiar disposition of the rib-work and associated fossee, the finely-dentated margins and fan-like posterior expansions of the valve-margins suggest either a community of descent, or (which is scarcely likely) exposure to con- a ” REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 85 ditions which have at length resulted in similar peculiarities of structure. The same observation applies with equal force to several of the ribbed species which come next to be described. [Pl. XII. fig. 4, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, b from below, ¢ from above, d from front. All magnified 60 diameters. | 40. Cythere lauta, n. sp. (Pl. XXI. fig. 4, a-d). Shell, seen from the side, oblong, subquadrate, the greatest height being situated over the anterior hinge-joint, and equalling at least half the length; anterior extremity well rounded and crenulated, posterior truncated and irregularly notched, lower angle rounded off; dorsal margin sinking rather abruptly behind the anterior hinge, thence sloping gently with an irregularly notched line to the hinder end where it is abruptly angular, ventral margin slightly sinuated ; seen from above, the outline is clavate, nearly thrice as long as broad, the sides parallel, suddenly converging in front of the middle, then running again directly forwards and forming a broad truncated anterior extremity ; the posterior extremity forms a short truncated and notched prominence rather broader than that of the anterior; end view irregularly quadrangular, the dorsal and ventral margins convex, sides concave. The margins of the shell are produced and form a thick, flattened, and dentated flange, this being most fully developed at the two extremities, and much expanded on the ventral surface; the remaining central portion of the valve forms a somewhat elliptical area, and is marked off more or less perfectly by elevated ridges; there is also an oblique longitudinal ridge occupying the posterior half of the middle line, the rest of the surface being marked by angular excavations. Length, 1-52d of an inch (‘49 mm.). Found only in the Booby Island dredging, from lat. 10° 36’S., long. 141° 55’ E., 6 to 8 fathoms. (Station 187.) [Pl. XXI. fig. 4, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | 41. Cythere stimpsom, G. 8. Brady (Pl. XXI. fig. 6, ah). Cythere stimpsoni, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i. p. 78, pl. x. figs. 7, 8, and Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, 1869, vol. iii. p. 48, pl. vii. figs. 9-12. Carapace of the female, seen from the side, oblong, subclavate, higher in front than behind, greatest height situated over the anterior hinge, and equal to half the length; anterior extremity broadly rounded, bordered with numerous more or less strongly developed spines, posterior much narrower, somewhat angular in the middle, toothed below the middle; dorsal margin gibbous over the anterior hinge, thence sloping with a gentle curve backward; ventral margin nearly straight; seen from above, the outline forms a narrow parallelogram with two nearly equally broad, produced extremities, width 86 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. equal to less than half the length; the end view forms an irregular pentagon. Surface of the valves coarsely excavated with large, closely-set and irregular fosse, and having three conspicuous curved ribs, the largest of which runs lengthwise nearly in the middle of the valve, another rather shorter and near the ventral margin, and a third close to the dorsal margin; these, in the full-grown shell, all end abruptly behind in angular prominences, and are lost in front on the surface of the shell; the ribbimg and spinous armature are much more fully developed in the male (fig. e). Length, 1-33d of an inch (‘77 mm.). This is a characteristic Mediterranean species, and the only specimens brought home by the Challenger, so far as I have seen, are from anchor-mud, brought up from a depth of 11 fathoms in Vigo Bay. [Pl. XXI. fig. 6, a-h. a Carapace of female seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front, e male seen from left side; fg, h show young forms of the shell. All magnified 45 diameters. | 42. Cythere quadriaculeata, n. sp. (Pl. XXII. fig. 2, a-d, and Pl. XXV. fig. 4, a-d). Shell, seen from the side, irregularly quadrate, much higher in front than behind, the greatest height equal to two-thirds of the length; anterior extremity well rounded, oblique, posterior narrowed, truncated, and emarginate, dorsal margin sloping steeply from the front, and suddenly excavated just in front of the angulated posterior extremity ; ventral margin nearly straight, but up-curved behind the middle; seen from above, the outline is oblong, subhastate, fully twice as long as broad, widest behind the middle, the sides slightly converging forwards from two spinous projections near the posterior extremity ; behind these projections they converge more abruptly to the middle line; the posterior extremity is subacute, the anterior more obtuse; end view angular, five or six sided, lateral margins parallel, ending above and below in sharp projecting processes. Surface of the shell marked with closely-set subrotund excava- tions, and having on each lateral aspect two strongly-marked longitudinal ridges, each of which terminates much behind the middle of*the valve in a sharp spine. Length, 1-50th of an inch (‘5 mm.). Dredged in the Inland Sea, Japan, 15 fathoms (Station 2330), and off the reefs at Honolulu in 40 fathoms. This is in general character very like Cythere polytrema, but it is not so coarsely sculptured, and is devoid of the marginal spines belonging to that species. The ribs in Cythere polytrema are straighter, longer, and more strongly developed, but do not end posteriorly in the conspicuous spines which are characteristic of Cythere quadriaculeata. The dorsal and ventral aspects are very different in the two species. [Pl]. XXII. fig. 2, a-d. aShell (Honolulu) seen from left side, b from above, c¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 80 diameters. Pl. XXYV. fig. 4, a-d. a Shell (Japan) REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA, 87 seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | 43. Cythere polytrema, G. 8. Brady (Pl. XXI. fig. 5, ah). Cythere polytrema, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soc., 1878, vol. x. p. 393, pl. lxvi. fig. 1, a—d. Shell of the female, seen from the side, subquadrangular, highest in front, the height over the hinge-joint considerably exceeding half the length; anterior extremity broad, well rounded, and bearing a series of from six to ten stout, blunt spines; posterior truncated, angular, and bordered irregularly with spines like those of the anterior margin; dorsal margin sloping backwards with a somewhat sinuous curve, but in the male often much cut up and indented; ventral margin more or less sinuous and spinous at the hinder end; the dorsal aspect is not unlike that of Cythere stinpsoni, except that the lateral margins, instead of beimg straight, are convex; end view also like Cythere stimpsont, but showing the projections of the ribs more strongly ; the surface of the shell is roughly excavated as in Cythere stinvpsoni, and the lateral aspect of the valves shows two very strong and almost straight longitudinal ribs, which terminate abruptly both in front and behind without reaching the extremities of the shell. Length, 1-33d of an inch (‘77 mm.). A few detached valves brought by the Challenger from off Prince Edward’s Island in the Southern Ocean are in no respect distinguishable from the fossil specimens described by me in a Monograph of the Fossil Ostracoda of the Antwerp Crag, under the name Cythere polytrema. It is extremely interesting to note the occurrence, alive in this distant region, of so well marked a European fossil. The forms figured at d and e are, I think, undoubtedly the right and left valves of the male, while f, g, and h represent most likely immature conditions of the shell. [Pl. XXI. fig. 5, a-h. «a Left valve of female seen from the side, b from above, ¢ from front, d left valve of male, e right valve of male; f,g,h immature forms of the shell. All magnified 45 diameters. | 44. Cythere scalaris, n. sp. (Pl. XXI. fig. 8, a—-c). Valves, seen from the side, much higher in front than behind, greatest height equal to considerably more than half the length; anterior extremity broad and rounded, armed with numerous long and stout spines which are directed somewhat downwards ; posterior extremity narrowed, angular, and irregularly spinous; dorsal margin sloping steeply backwards in a succession of very sharply angular steps; ventral irregularly sinuous, and bending upwards at the hinder end; dorsal aspect ‘ovate, with very irregularly indented and spinous margins. Surface of the shell bearing one or more much contorted longitudinal ribs, and covered, like the foregoing, with closely-set, large, polygonal excavations. Length, 1-30th of an inch (‘85 mm). 88 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Only a few valves of Cythere scalaris were noticed in a dredging from Torres Straits, lat. 11° 26’ S., long. 140° 3° E., 155 fathoms (Station 185), and in a sounding from 100 fathoms (Station 305). [Pl. XXI. fig. 8,a-c. a Left valve (young), b right valve (adult) seen from side, ¢ the same from above. All magnified 50 diameters. | 45. Cythere packardi, n. sp. (Pl. XIX. fig. 2, a—-d). Shell, seen from the side, oblong, rather higher in front than behind, anterior extre- mity obliquely rounded, posterior rounded off above, produced below the middle; dorsal margin sloping backwards from the front, almost in a right line, inferior sinuated about the middle; greatest height equal to more than half the length; seen from above, the outline is oblong, with nearly parallel sides and broad truncated extremities ; the lateral margins are slightly sinuated in the middle, and converge somewhat suddenly towards the extremities ; width equal to half the length ; the end view is irregularly ovate, height considerably greater than the width. Surface of the shell honeycombed with rather large angular cavities, and having also several sinuous ridges, the most conspicuous of which runs parallel with the ventral margin, and makes an upward turn a little in front of the posterior margin. Length, 1-52d of an inch (48 mm.). This species, which occurred only in a dredging from Station 187, off Booby Island, I have pleasure in naming after Dr A. Packard of Cambridge, U.S., a naturalist well known for his valuable contributions to the knowledge of many branches of invertebrate zoology. [Pl. XIX. fig. 2, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, 6 from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 60 diameters. ] 46. Cythere flabellicostata, n. sp. (Pl. XIII. fig. 6, a—h). Shell of the female, seen from the side, quadrangular, highest in front, height equal to more than half the length ; anterior extremity broad and obliquely rounded, posterior truncated, produced below the middle and slightly emarginate above; dorsal margin gibbous in front, thence sloping with a slight convexity backwards, and ending in a sharp angle ; ventral margin nearly straight ; seen from above, ovate, with nearly equal, broadly truncated extremities; width equal to about half the length ; the sides are gently curved, converging gradually towards the front and more suddenly behind ; end view ovate, with irregular convex margins, broad at the base, and slightly tapered to the apex. The surface of the valves is marked throughout with large, irregularly-shaped, angular cavities, separated from each other by sharply-cut ridges, which on the hinder half assume a radiating or fan-like arrangement. The shell of the male (figures e—h) presents the usual elongated, compressed, and angular form. Length, 1-50th of an inch (‘5 mm.). Dredged in Simon’s Bay, South Africa, in a depth of 15 to 20 fathoms (Station 140). REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 89 [Pl. XIII. fig. 6,a-h. a Shell of female seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. Figures eh show similar views of the male. All magnified 60 diameters. | 47. Cythere craticula, n. sp. (Pl. XXI. fig. 7, a-d). Shell larger and much more tumid than that of Cythere flabellicostata, but, seen laterally, of almost exactly the same shape; seen from above, the shape approaches that of a very irregular elongated octagon, about twice as long as broad; the sides are nearly parallel and slightly sinuated, converging gently towards the front and much more abruptly behind, each extremity forming a wide truncated prominence, the anterior, however, much the wider of the two; the posterior is emarginate, the anterior bimucronate; end view very irregularly quadrate; height and width about equal, the lateral margins having a very large and conspicuous median protuberance. The lateral surfaces of the valves are marked by two or three flexures and very prominent longitudinal ribs, which again are connected by several similar transverse ribs, forming a very open network, the interspaces _ of which are excavated into numerous smaller cavities; on the ventral surface the longi- tudinal ribs are more numerous and closely set; the anterior margin of the shell has a few small blunt spines, the posterior two or three of rather larger size. Length, 1-58th of an inch (‘66 mm.). Dredged in Simon’s Bay, South Africa, in a depth of 15 to 20 fathoms (Station 140). [Pl. XXI. fig. 7, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. All magnified 60 diameters. | 48. Cythere stolonifera, n. sp. (Pl. XXI. fig. 3, a—d). Shell compressed, elongated; seen from the side, oblong, subovate, with a much- produced infero-posteal angle, rather higher in front than behind, height equal to about one-half of the length ; anterior extremity well rounded, and forming a continuous curve with both dorsal and ventral margins, posterior obliquely truncated, much produced below the middle, where it is also minutely dentate; dorsal margin gently arched and some- what sinuous, ventral almost straight ; seen from above, the outline is compressed, ovate, widest behind the middle, and having both extremities projected as rectangularly truncate processes, the anterior much the larger of the two; width considerably less than half the leneth ; the end view is in the form of a narrow irregular octagon, its sides more or less denticulated or spinous. The sides of the valves are ornamented with several flexuous ribs, two or three of which run lengthwise, the rest obliquely or in various directions ; the margins, especially the anterior and ventral, are produced into a well-marked, flattened, or concave encircling rim. Length, 1-42d of an inch (‘6 mm.). Dredged in Simon’s Bay, South Africa, 15 to 20 fathoms (Station 140). [Pl. XXI. fie. 3,a-d. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | (ZOOL, CHALL. EXP.—PART 111.—1880.) C 12 90 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 49. Cythere bermude, G. 8. Brady (Pl.-XXI. fig. 2, a-d). Cythere serrulata, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer (1868), tom. i. p. 153, pl. xviii. figs. 11, 12. Shell, seen from the side, somewhat siliquose, much higher in front than behind, the greatest height situated over the anterior hinge, and equal to at least half the length ; anterior extremity broad and obliquely rounded ; posterior truncated, narrow, irregularly emarginate and angulated about the middle; dorsal margin sloping backwards with a steep curve, and terminating in a produced angle; ventral nearly straight, angulated at the hinder end; seen from above, the outline is that of a narrow parallelogram with two broad produced extremities, the sides converging gently in front and almost at a right angle behind; width equal to rather more than one-third of the length; end view sub-pentagonal. Surface of the valves marked with three prominent longitudinal ribs, the interspaces excavated into large irregular pits. Length, 1-50th of an inch (‘5 mm.). Specimens which seem fairly referable to this species, differing a little, however, in shape as well as in the absence of serratures on the extremities of the valves, were dredged in a depth of 435 fathoms off Bermudas (Station 33). The type specimens were from Colon-Aspinwall, but the specific name originally applied to them (serrulata) having been already used by M. Bosquet is here abandoned in favour of bermude. el, 2O-0E ities, 2, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, 6 from above, c from below, d from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | 50. Cythere cristatella, n. sp. (Pl. XIX. fig. 6, a-d). Shell, seen laterally, oblong, quadrangular, higher in front than behind, the greatest height being equal to at least half the length ; anterior extremity moderately rounded and slightly jagged ; posterior truncated, produced in the middle and angulated both above and below ; dorsal margin elevated in front, sloping very gently backwards, and ending in an angle at the hinder extremity ; ventral margin nearly straight ; seen from above, the outline is compressed, much more than twice as long as broad, subhexagonal, with nearly parallel sides, which converge gradually towards the front, but very abruptly behind; the extremities form thick truncated prominences; end view octagonal, widest in the middle, the four oblique margins deeply sinuated. Surface of the shell irregularly undulated, having an elevated longitudinal crest running parallel with the ventral margin, and ending abruptly behind the middle; the margins produced into a thick encircling flange. Length, 1-43d of an inch (575 mm.). Dredged off Booby Island (Station 187), 6 to 8 fathoms, [Pl. XIX. fig. 6, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 91 51. Cythere obtusalata, n. sp. (Pl. XI. fig. 1, ¢-c). Valves, seen from the side, subquadrangular, highest over the anterior hinge ; anterior extremity obliquely rounded, posterior produced below the middle into a broad, irregularly dentated, beak-like process; dorsal margin sloping gently from the rather gibbous anterior extremity, ventral straight; height equal to more than half the length; seen from above, the lateral margins form a median aleform projection which ends abruptly behind, and tapers gently away towards the front. The surface of the shell is marked throughout with closely-set and not very large subangular excavations, but has no trace of ribbed ornament. Length, 1-43d of an inch (57 mm.). Only detached valves of this species were found in the following dredgings :—Off East * Moncceur Island, Bass Straits, 38 to 40 fathoms, and in 16 to 25 fathoms off Admiralty Islands. [Pl. XII. fig. 1, a-c. a Right valve seen from side, b from above, ¢ from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | 52. Cythere lactea, G. S. Brady (Pl. XXII. fig. 1, a-d). Cythere lactea, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1865), vol. v. p. 377, pl. Ix. fig. 3, a—c. Carapace, seen from the side, oblong, quadrangular, higher in front than behind, greatest -height equal to nearly two-thirds of the length; anterior extremity broadly rounded ; posterior truncated, slightly toothed below and excavated above the middle ; dorsal margin sinuated behind the anterior hinge, thence sloping gently to the posterior extremity ; ventral margin straight ; seen from above, the outline is irregularly hexagonal, oblong, with subparallel sides, which are deeply indented in the middle, and converge abruptly and sinuously towards the obtuse, truncated extremities; the end view is subtriangular, with irregularly notched sides, and broad, rather convex, base. The surface of the shell is covered with closely-set angular excavations; within the ventral and posterior margins runs an elevated ridge, and on the front of each valve is a rounded tubercular prominence (not shown in the plate). Length, 1-50th of an inch (‘5 mm.). From a sounding made in a depth of 420 fathoms (mid-Pacific, about lat. 40° 8.). These specimens appear to be referable to a Cythere which was described by me from one shell only, under the name /actea, in the Transactions of the Zoological Society (Joc. cit.). The type specimen is more sharply sculptured and rather longer than those now figured and described, but considerable latitude must be allowed for difference of race and habitat. As a general rule, Ostracoda dredged from great depths are more blurred in their features than the same species from shallower water. [Pl. XXII. fig. 1,a@-d. «@ Shell seen from left side, 6 from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | 92 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 53. Cythere prava (Baird), (Pl. XXII. fig. 4, a—f). Cythereis prava, Baird, Proc. Zool. Soe. (1850), part xviii. p. 254 (Annulosa), pl. 18, figs. 13-15. Cythereis deformis, idem, tbidem, pl. xviii. figs. 4-6. This, though much resembling Cythere lactea, is a larger and more coarsely-sculptured species, the sides of the valves show two or three flexuous, more or less prominent, longitudinal ridges running along almost the entire length of the shell; the dorsal margin is more irregularly broken, and the shell is wider in proportion to its length ; the width and height are equal, and, in the female, exceed half the length. The end view is irregularly quadrate, very broad dorsally. Length, 1-38th of an inch (66 mm.). Dredged at Nares’ Harbour and other stations off the Admiralty Islands, in depths . of 16 to 25 fathoms. The types of this species, described by Dr Baird, were from the Mediterranean (Tenedos), and my own collection contains a series of specimens from the same place. The Challenger specimens here referred to are altogether coarser and clumsier in general aspect ; the longitudinal ribbing is not so clean cut, nor is the pitted sculpturing of the shell so well defined, and, seen dorsally, the outline is more obese and less attenuated towards the extremities. But though the differences are thus rather considerable, it would not be easy to fix upon a line of separation, and I therefore prefer to consider these specimens as local varieties of Dr Baird’s species. [Pl]. XXII. fic. 4, a-f. a@ Shell of female seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front, e male seen from left side, f from above. All magnified 60 diameters. | 54. Cythere convoluta, G. S. Brady (Pl. XXII. fig. 3, a-d). Cythere convoluta, Brady, Ann. and Mag, Nat. Hist. (1868), ser. 4, vol. i. p. 182, pl xii. figs. ° a a Shell, seen from the side, subquadrangular, greatest height situated in front, and equal to about two-thirds of the length ; anterior extremity smooth and broadly rounded, posterior subtruncate and irregularly toothed, produced below and excavated above the middle; dorsal margin sloping from before backwards, abruptly and irregularly sinuous, ventral slightly convex ; seen from above, the outline is irregularly ovate, widest in the middle, with broad truncated extremities and irregularly jagged sides (the jags not sufficiently marked in the plate) ; width equal to the height ; end view vaulted, base nearly straight, sides boldly curved and deeply indented. The surface of the valves is marked with numerous prominent, twisted, and sharply-cut longitudinal ribs, the intervals of which are irregularly reticulated. Length, 1-42d of an inch (‘6 mm.). Dredged off Tongatabu, 18 fathoms (Station 172), and in 40 fathoms off the reefs at Honolulu ;-in both places amongst coral. The types were from Mauritius. REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 93 [Pl. XXII. fig. 8, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. Magnified 60 diameters. ] 55. Cythere fungoides (G. 8. Brady), (Pl. XIX. fig. 7, a-d). Cythereis fungoides, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soe. (1865), vol. v. p. 385, pl. Ixi. fig. 7, a-d. Shell very tumid ; seen from the side, subtrapezoidal, nearly equal in height through- out, height equal to more than half the length, the entire circumference irregularly indented and spinous ; extremities nearly equal, obliquely subtruncate, scarcely rounded ; dorsal margin sloping shghtly backwards, irregularly indented, almost laciniated ; ventral irregular, slightly convex ; seen from above, the outline is irregular and subhexagonal, greatest width behind the middle, and equal to two-thirds of the length ; lateral margins converging slightly towards the front and much more abruptly behind ; extremities broad and truncated ; the whole outline, except the extreme front, much jagged and dentated ; end view pentagonal ; height scarcely as great as the width. The surface of the shell is rough, especially on the dorsal aspect, with irregular crests and tubercles. Length, 1-38th of an inch (‘66 mm.). Dredged off Booby Island (Station 187) in 6 to 8 fathoms; off Bermudas, 435 fathoms (Station 33); and in lat. 9° 59’ S., long. 137° 50’ E., 28 fathoms (Station 189). The type specimen is Australian, and is even more laciniated in its sculpture than that here figured. [Pl. XIX. fig. 7, a-d. «a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 56. Cythere patagoniensis, n. sp. (Pl. XXIII. fig. 3, a—d). Shell oblong, compressed ; seen from the side, the greatest height is situated in front of the middle, and is equal to more than half the length ; anterior extremity broad, well rounded, and divided into a series of broad blunt teeth, posterior narrow, scarcely rounded, armed with five or six short blunt teeth below the middle ; the dorsal margin is gibbous in front, thence sloping steeply backwards in an irregularly sinuous line; ventral margin straight ; seen from above, the outline is compressed, subhastate, more than twice as long as broad, widest behind the middle, from which point the sides converge very gradually towards the front, and sink at an abrupt angle behind, thus forming a deep excavation; the extremities broad and truncated, with dentated margins; end view subtriangular, with sinuous sides and broadly rounded apex, the base-line broadly keeled. Surface of the shell very irregularly nodulated. Length, 1-40th of an inch (‘65 mm.). Several specimens were dredged off the coast of Patagonia in lat. 50° 10’S., long. 74° 42’ W., 175 fathoms. LPI]. XXITL fig. 3, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d . from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | 94 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S, CHALLENGER. Cythere viminea, n. sp. (Pl. XVIIL fig. 3, a-c). Valves, seen laterally, oblong, subovate, greatest height situated near the anterior extremity and equal to nearly two-thirds of the length ; extremities well rounded and fringed below the middle with a series of six or eight small but stout spines; dorsal margin sloping gently from before backwards, and slightly sinuated, ventral nearly straight ; seen from above, the lateral margin is angular, nearly straight in the middle, ° then sloping suddenly to either end, the extremities forming broad truncated projections. Shell sculptured with closely-set polygonal fossee, and produced round the margins so as to form a stout encircling flange. Length, 1-38th of an inch (66 mm.). One valve dredged in 1375 fathoms, lat. 46° 46’ S., long. 45° 31’ E. (Station 146). [Pl. XVIII. fig. 3, a-c. a Right valve seen from side, b from above, ¢ from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 58. Cythere lepralioides, u. sp. (Pl. XIX. fig. 5, a-d). Carapace oblong, subovate, tumid, seen from the side, rather higher in front than behind, the height being about equal to half the length; anterior extremity obliquely rounded and bordered by even lines of short blunt teeth ; posterior extremity narrowed, unevenly notched; dorsal margin gibbous in front over the hinge-tubercle, thence sloping gently backwards; ventral margin slightly convex ; seen from above, the shell is oblong-ovate, twice as long as broad, widest behind the middle, lateral margins evenly convex, extremities obtuse and emarginate ; end view very broadly ovate. Surface of the shell marked with closely-packed, large angular excavations and depressed on the dorsal and ventral surfaces along the lines of contact of the valves. Length, 1-32d of an inch (‘775 mm.). Dredged at Simon’s Bay, South Africa (Station 140), in a depth of 15 to 20 fathoms, and off the Cape of Good Hope (Station 142) in 150 fathoms. [Pl. XIX. fig. 5, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, 6 from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 59. Cythere hodgu, G. 8. Brady (Pl. XXV. fig. 1, ad). Cythere hodgii, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soe. (1865), vol. v. p. 373, pl. lix. fig. 3, a, 0. Carapace of the female oblong-ovate ; seen from the side, subovate or subrhomboidal, scarcely higher in front than behind, height equal to somewhat more than half the length ; extremities obliquely rounded, the anterior bearing on the lower half of each valve a variable number (3 to 8) of short downward-pointing spines, the posterior one a much larger spine, which also points obliquely downwards (sometimes there are one or two supplementary small spines) ; seen from above, the outline is regularly ovate, widest near the middle, about twice as long as broad, somewhat more tapered in front than behind, REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA, 95 showing two prominent spines at each extremity, the anterior two closely approximated, the posterior two much wider apart and divergent; end view subcircular, emarginate above and below. The surface of the shell is marked with numerous subovate or angular fossee which, toward the middle of the valves, are arranged in longitudinal rows, but towards the margins, in more or less distinctly concentric lines. Length, 1-38th of an inch (‘66 mm.). The male carapace (fig. 1, e-g) differs, it will be seen, from the female in its more attenuated form, and in the depression of the dorsal and ventral surfaces. The species occurred plentifully in a dredging from the Inland Sea, Japan, lat. 34° 20’ N., long. 133° 35’ E., 15 fathoms (Station 233D). The type specimen was found amongst sponge sand, which was said to have come from the Levant, but this may well be doubted. It differs from these Japanese examples in being much more sparingly sculptured, the excavations, in fact, being obsolete except on the hinder portion of the valve: in shape, too, the European (?) specimen is rather more slender. Possibly the two forms might fairly be separated as well-marked varieties, but they seem to me to be certainly referable to one and the same species. It remains to be noted that I have seen other specimens of Cythere hodgii collected in various parts of the Malayan Archipelago, and that some of the young shells exhibit a close approach to the single valve described in the Zoological Transactions. [Pl. XXV. fig. 1, a-g. a Shell of female seen from left side, 6 from above, e from below, d from front; e male seen from left side, f from below, g from front. All magnified 50 diameters. | 60. Cythere papuensis, n. sp. (Pl. XXV. fig. 5, ad). Shell oblong, subovate ; seen laterally, higher in front than behind, the height being equal to more than half the length ; anterior extremity broad, obliquely rounded and divided into numerous short teeth, posterior narrowed and having on each valve three or four spines, the lowermost of which is the longest; these are directed straight backwards as those of the anterior margin are forward: dorsal margin sloping from the front with a gentle curve, ventral nearly straight; seen from above, the appearance is almost exactly that of Cythere hodgii, but that the spines of the posterior extremity are more numerous and more closely approximated ; the end view is subtriangular, equilateral, with rounded angles and convex side; the sculpture also is very similar to that of Cythere hodgiz, but the cavities have not any concentric or linear arrangement. Length, 1-38th of an inch (‘66 mm.). This species was found only in a dredging from a depth of 37 fathoms in Humboldt Bay, Papua. [Pl. XXV. fig. 5, a-d).—a Shell seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 96 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 61. Cythere euplectella, G.S. Brady (Pl. XXV. fig. 3, a-d). Cythere euplectella, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, p. 157, pl. xvi. figs. 5- Shell tumid, subovate ; seen laterally, oblong, rather higher in front than behind, height equal to more than half the length; anterior extremity rounded, bordered with a row of small, blunt teeth, and. distinctly angulated at its junction with the dorsum ; posterior narrowed, irregularly jagged, produced in the middle, and bearing four or five spines of irregular lengths ; seen from above, the outline is ovate, tumid, greatest width behind the middle, and equal to two-thirds of the-length; extremities rounded, the posterior much the wider of the two; the spines of the anterior and posterior extremities project strongly, and give a marked character to the shell; end view broadly cordate. The surface of the shell is marked with a network of ribs, which cross each other at right angles, enclosing deep fossee; the longitudinal ribs are more Pre than the trans- verse. Length, 1-45th of an inch (53 mm.). Found only in a dredging from Station 189, lat. 9° 59’ S., long. 137° 50’ H., 28 fathoms. The type specimens are from Hong Kong. The species is well ohammeterised by the peculiar, and, in well-marked specimens, the very beautiful shell-sculpture. The cavities with which the shells of Ostracoda are so commonly adorned, usually appear as if simply scooped out of the substance of the valves, but in the case of Cythere euplectella, they give the impression of being formed by the crossing of two series of ribs. I know of no other species in which precisely the same structure occurs. [Pl. XXV. fig. 3, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. All magnified 50 diameters. | 62. Cythere gowoni, G. 8. Brady (Pl. XXV. fig. 7, a-g). Cythere goujoni, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i. p. 78, pl. x. figs. 9, 10. This species very closely approaches Cythere papuensis, but is more angular in its contour, both as viewed from above and from the side. Seen laterally, it is highest near the front, the height of the female being equal to more than half the length; the anterior margin is rounded, and has several distant sharp spines; the posterior is trun- cated, angular at its upper termination, and bears a few small, blunt spines below the middle ; the dorsal margin is sinuated behind its highest point, and then slopes with a gentle curve backwards ; ventral margin slightly convex; seen from above, the outline is subovate, about twice as long as broad, and widest near the middle, the extremities are truncated, but the anterior is considerably broader than the posterior, and there are two conspicuous lateral spines, one on each valve, near the hinder extremity ; end view very broadly ovate. Surface of the valves covered with closely-set angular cavities. Length, 1-38th of an inch (66 mm.). This species was noticed in three dredgings:—from Port Jackson, 2 to 10 fathoms ; REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 97 off Booby Island (Station 187), 6 to 8 fathoms; and Hong Kong Harbour, 7 fathoms. It was first described from specimens taken in the China Seas. [Pl. XXV. fie. 7, a-g. « Shell of female seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front, e male seen from left side, ffrom below, g from front. All magnified 50 diameters. | 63. Cythere adunca, G. 8. Brady (Pl. XXV. fig. 6, a-d). Cythere cerebralis, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i. p. 63, pl. vii. figs. 12-14. Shell, seen from the side, oblong, flexuous, irregularly subrhomboidal, rather higher in front than behind, height equal to more than half the length; anterior extremity obliquely rounded, not spinous, posterior truncated, narrow and sinuous; dorsal marein very irregularly sinuous, and prominent over the hinge-tubercle, ventral strongly convex and sharply up-turned towards the hinder extremity ; seen from above, the outline is sub- ovate, twice as long as broad, the greatest width situated near the middle; the sides are uregularly jagged, and have a spinous projection near the posterior extremity, the anterior extremity is broad and truncated, the posterior obtusely rounded; end view subtriangular, with rounded angles, very convex base, and truncated apex. Surface of the valves very uneven and irregularly excavated, and on the anterior and inferior mar- gins bordered by a wide, tumid lip or flange. Length, 1-42d of an inch (‘6 mm.). Dredged in lat. 9° 59’ S., long. 137° 50’ E., 28 fathoms (Station 189), and in lat. 5° 26’ §., lone. 133° 19’ E., 580 fathoms (Station 196q). The type-specimens of Cythere adunca are from Batavia, Pamalang, and Pamanockan (Java), localities not far removed from those of the Challenger dredgings in which it was found. The species might almost be taken to be Cythere gowjont, with all its characters gnarled and distorted ; the one looks rotund, sleek, and well fed, the other shrunken, angular, and bony; there is scarcely more difference than between an alderman and a crossing-sweeper. Between Cythere papuensis, Cythere gouwjoni, and Cythere cerebralis, possibly specimens may be found completely to bridge over the gaps ; to a certain extent, indeed, this may already be done from the material brought home by the Challenger, and it is quite likely that further investigation might even bring into the same series Cythere hodgi and Cythere darwin. The specific name cerebralis, previously applied to this species is withdrawn, having been already used for another member of the genus by M. Bosquet. [Pl. XXV. fig. 6, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, 6 from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 64. Cythere darwin, G. 8. Brady (Pl. XXYV. fig. 2, a-g). Cythere darwint, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i. p. 71, pl. viii. figs. 17, 18. Shell of the female, seen laterally, subquadrangular, height greater than half the (ZOOL. CHALL, EXP.—PART I11.—1880.) C 13 98 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. length, and equal throughout; anterior extremity slightly rounded, and bordered with a row of short, broad, and blunt teeth; posterior extremity irregularly rounded, and more or less broken into spine-like processes; dorsal margin straight or nearly straight, anoulated at its junction with the posterior extremity, ventral slightly convex; seen from above, the outline is regularly ovate, with slightly jagged edges, greatest width equal to the height, and situated in the middle; extremities broadly rounded; end view very broadly ovate, almost cordate. The surface of the shell is granular in appearance, and is marked throughout by closely-packed, deep, angular fosse; the spinous armature is very variable in its degree of development, and as a rule is depend- ent largely upon age and sex, stronger in males than in females. Male specimens are figured at e, f, g, and besides being strongly spined are larger and of more slender pro- portions than the females. Length (of females), 1-38th of an inch (‘66 mm.). ~Found in anchor-mud from a depth of 7 fathoms, Hong Kong Harbour, and in a dredging from 15 fathoms, Inland Sea, Japan (Station 233b). The specimens described in Les Fonds de la Mer were dredged at the north point of Java (“ North Watcher ”). [Pl]. XXV. fig. 2, a-g. a Shell of female seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front, e shell of male seen from left side, f from below, g variety of male, right valve seen from side. All magnified 50 diameters. | 65. Cythere cribriforius, G. 8. Brady (Pl. XIX. fig. 3, a-d). Cythére cribriformis, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soc., 1865, vol. v. p. 379, pl. lxi. fig. 6, a-d. Shell tumid, subovate; seen from the side, oblong, subquadrangular, scarcely higher in front than behind, height equal to more than half the length; anterior extremity moderately rounded ; posterior narrower, and well-rounded ; dorsal margin elevated into an angular prominence over the anterior hinge, behind which it is almost straight ; ventral slightly convex; the entire circumference, especially the anterior and posterior margins, is irregularly broken and dentated; seen from above the outline is broadly ovate, strongly jagged, or dentated, widest behind the middle, greatest width equal to nearly two-thirds of the length, very broadly rounded behind, narrower in front ; end view very broad, the width greater than the height, centrally emarginate both above and below. The surface-sculpture is very similar in character to that of Cythere darwint, but is more strongly marked, and there are no distinct marginal spines, the marginal irregularities being only such as are produced by the general roughness of the surface; the edges of the valves are strongly depressed on the ventral, and more especially on the dorsal, aspect. Length, 1-40th of an inch (65 mm.). This species was noticed only in anchor-mud from Hong Kong Harbour, 7 fathoms. [Pl. XIX. fig. 3, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, 6 from above, c from below, d from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 99 66. Cythere sulcatoperforata, n. sp. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 1, a-d). Valves, seen from the side, subquadrangular, nearly equal in height throughout, height equal to two-thirds of the length ; anterior extremity boldly rounded ; posterior nearly as broad as the anterior, produced in the middle; dorsal margin elevated into a gibbous prominence at each end, between which points it is irregularly spinous ; ventral margin convex, slightly sinuated in front and dentated behind; seen from above, the outline of the shell is ovate, with dentated margins; the end view has its sides broken with two deep angular excavations, corresponding with two longitudinal furrows which run nearly the whole length of each valve. The shell-surface is sculptured with numerous scattered subangular fossee, arranged in interrupted, more or less longitudinal, rows. Length, 1-23d of an inch (171 mm.). Only one or two detached valves of this species were found in a dredging from 1375 fathoms, lat. 33° 42’ 8., long. 78° 18’ W. (Station 300). [Pl]. XXVI. fig. 1, a-d. a Left valve seen from side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 40 diameters. | 67. Cythere dictyon, n. sp. (Pl. XXIV. fig. 1, ay). Shell of the female, seen from the side, oblong, subquadrangular, not much higher in front than behind; height equal to more than half the length ; anterior extremity well rounded, fringed below the middle with numerous short teeth; posterior subtruncated, scarcely rounded, irregularly toothed on the lower half; the dorsal margin slopes gently from before backwards, and is always, in adult specimens, more or less irregularly jagged, while in some cases (figs. 7 and v) the indentations are remarkably deep; ventral margin more or less convex; seen from above, the outline is lozenge-shaped or somewhat hastate, about twice as long as broad, sides subparallel or converging gently towards the front, extremities broad and truncated ; end view subtriangular, with convex margins and rounded angles. Shell-surface covered with an irregular network of ribs, the main lines of which have often an obscurely radiate arrangement, originating in an obsolete central tubercle ; just within and’ parallel with the ventral margin is a prominent, sharply-cut ridge, which is often produced behind the middle of the valve into a strong spine, but is continued in a less prominent style round the anterior and posterior portions of the shell, thus enclosing an elevated central area. The shell of the male is shown at figures e-g, and has usually a more strongly developed spinous armature than is seen in the female. Length, 1-25th of an inch (1 mm.). I have thought it desirable to figure more copiously than usual some of the more remarkable forms, as well as various stages of growth, of this widely-distributed and variable species. Many intermediate varieties might have been added to those given in the plate, but a careful examination of these figures will, I think, be sufficient to show pretty conclusively the unity of the series. The ventral ridge is conspicuous even in the 100 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER. very youngest shells (r—w), and in these the surface-ornament, though much more delicate than in the adult, is sufficiently obvious; this character becomes increasingly distinct with the age of the animal, until in what appear to be the very oldest examples (7, v) the reticulations have become very massive and rounded by constant depositions of calcareous substance, while the intervening fossze are proportionally deepened. It is not uncommon to find the sculptured ornament of Ostracoda filled up and partly obliterated in old age ; possibly this might be the case in still older specimens of Cythere dictyon than those which have come under my observation, but at present I have seen no trace of the obli- terating process in this species. The tapering form of the valves in the earlier stages of erowth is plainly shown in the plate, as also the absence or comparative feebleness of spinous armature. The adult varieties do not call for much remark ; the spinous termina- tion of the ventral ridge is seen in figures f| g, and 7, and a marked difference of contour is apparent in the dorsal views (b, 2); this may perhaps be dependent on growth, or possibly on distinction of race. I long hesitated as to whether or not the forms shown in figures 7 and v should be considered to belong to Cythere dictyon. The chief points of divergence are the very convex ventral margin, the contracted and strongly-indented dorsum, and (in figure v) the marked projection of the infero-posteal angle; I believe, how- ever, that these conditions are mere exaggerations of characters which belong to the species, and which may be found developed with variable degrees of distinctness in different examples. Cythere dictyon occurred in a great number of the Challenger dredgings,—mostly in those from deep water,—in some of which it was the most abundant species. The following is a list of the localities -— Off Culebra Island, West Indies, . : ‘ 390 fathoms, Station 24 Lat. 35° 35’ N., long. 50° 27’ W., : 4 PUD). » 64 Gh BOY Dog) py IE LP A, : : 1000 _s—é» i201 eo Poon ZOOMING ey SOm OO) ais ; : 1675, a to py OS BY ING, 55 PSP ail) Ves : . 450, — U8 TOMO LemN Ae ssi Oma OMWiss : : 1000 _—é,, 130 7 iO pr olimeae ANE esse 2OmeliouaWies : ; 1000 | ,, oo U8 m 8 BB pp BHO DE? Wie, 3 : 675, », 120 ee GO thy Say ee CPG ; : 350, a Jey » 46°46'S., ,, 45° 31'E., : : 1375 i, » 146 yO EE Shy ay | MI DY 1B, ; : 150, cp liad) Off Sydney, New South Wales, . j k 410, » 1640 Lat. 5° 26’ S.,long.133°19'E., . : : D800 » ila Humboldt Bay, Papua, . ; 0 : BY gy 000 Lat. 2° 33'S., long. 144° 4’ E., : 9 1070 a, » 218 sy) Morton Ni 5. 44> 20/0E: ‘ : 1850, » 224 Pn Ome! Of Nea meen sli Sral Oise. : : 2050 _—sé,, » 246 » 18° 40'S., ,, 149°52’ W., : : 1940 =, » 280 m OS BS of thle BY ANG F 8250; mn 2S 5 eS 4 OEY we : SB 5 , 300 REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 101 Lat. 42° 43’ S., long. 82°11’ W., ; 2 1450 fathoms, Station 302 Se lie eOn Sse e480 Ie, C ; 12 00eee-s 5, 9305 » 50°10'S., ,, 74°42’ W., 6 : WS) gp 5 9308 op ol? ZY Shy gg — BOB Vive, 0 . 2220 =~, 9, oon 9 Be EO The ge GP Aes 142508 ooD The species is evidently ubiquitous, or nearly so, in the deep sea, the foregoing list of localities extending over the North and South Atlantic, the Indian, and Pacific Oceans ; in very shallow water it is uniformly wanting, the smallest depth in its list of habitats being 120 fathoms, while the greater number of the dredgings in which it occurs range from 1000 to 2000 fathoms. [Pl. XXIV. fig. 1, a-y. Figures a—d are drawn from a female shell, and e-g from a male of the common type; figures h, 7 show a variety of the female with well-developed posterior spines (Station 280); figures j, k are from valves of a different type (Station 296); figures v-y are drawn from a very strongly-sculptured specimen of extreme type (Station 191a@); the figures from / to w exhibit various stages of growth, and are from Station 300. All magnified 40 diameters, except v-y, which are x 50.] 68. Cythere arata, n. sp. (Pl. XXIV. fig. 2, a-c). Valves, seen from the side, subquadrangular, equal in height throughout ; anterior extremity obliquely rounded, and bearing numerous short marginal teeth ; posterior subtruncate, irregularly spinous, sloping steeply forwards above the middle to its upper termination, where it is strongly angulated and bears a prominent spine; dorsal margin more or less sinuated and dentate, ventral slightly convex, and forming a sharp ridge which ends posteriorly in a strong spine ; seen from above, the margin of the valve forms a tolerably regular curve, and is widest behind the middle where there is a conspicuous spine. Shell-surface marked with minute scattered puncta, in the middle with several transverse furrows, within the ventral and anterior margins with a number of irregular deep fossee. Length, 1-24th of an inch (1:05 mm.). A few valves only of this species were found in a dredging from a depth of 150 fathoms, lat. 39° 32° 8., long. 171° 48° E. (Station 167). Though more angular in outline than any examples of Cythere dictyon which I have yet seen, it yet closely approaches that species; but the style of surface ornament is entirely different, both from Cythere dictyon, and, so far as I know, from all other species. [Pl]. XXIV. fig. 2, a-c. a Left valve seen from side, b from above, ¢ right valve seen from side. Magnified 40 diameters. | 69. Cythere norman, G.S. Brady (Pl. XVII. fig. 3, a-d, and (?) Pl. XXVL fig. 4, a, b). Cythere normani, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soc., 1865, vol. v. p. 379, pl. lxi. fig. 5, ad. Valves, seen laterally, trapezoidal, shghtly higher in front than behind, height equal 102 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. to rather more than half the length ; anterior extremity obliquely rounded and usually more or less beset with short spines; posterior obliquely truncated, only slightly curved, more or less spinous; dorsal margin gently arcuated and irregularly indented, ventral convex much longer than the dorsal margin owing to the obliquity of the extremities ; seen from above the valves are widest behind the middle, thence tapering with a gentle curve toward the front, abruptly backwards, and prominently angular at the widest point. The surface of the shell is sculptured with deep, irregularly-shaped cavities of considerable size. Length, 1-30th of an inch (‘8 mm.). A few detached valves only found in a dredging from lat. 52° 4’ S., long. 71° 22’ E., 150 fathoms (Station 150), and doubtfully at Station 296. These valves differ from the type specimen in having a much rougher and more irregular style of shell-sculpture, but in general shape and character agree closely with it. The peculiarity of sculpture may very probably depend on the age of the specimens. [Pl. XVII. fig. 3, a-d. a, b Right valve seen from side, ¢ from above, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. Pl. XXVI. fig. 4, a, b. These figures are doubtfully referred to Cythere normani. | 70. Cythere radula, n. sp. (Pl. XIX. fig. 4, a, 6). Valves, seen laterally, oblong, quadrangular, higher in front than behind, the greatest height equal to more than half the length; anterior extremity well rounded, posterior narrowed and obliquely truncated; dorsal margin almost straight, but indented at intervals, ventral convex; the whole circumference, except on the dorsum, is broken with strong, irregularly disposed spines of variable shape, but mostly short, acuminate, and wide at the base; seen from above the lateral margin is curved, widest behind the middle, extremities obtusely rounded. The surface of the shell is very rough, covered with a coarse net-work of ribbed sculpture, enclosing angular areole, at the intersections of which are occasional spines or tubercles. Length, 1-30th of an inch (‘85 mm.). A single valve of this species was found in a dredging from off the Ki Islands, 580 fathoms, Station 191a. It is not unlike Bosquet’s Cythere arachnoidea, but wants the regularity of sculpture, and especially the longitudinal rib-work belonging to that species. [Pl. XIX. fig. 4, a,b. a Left valve seen from side, b the same from above. Magnified 50 diameters. | 71. Cythere dorsoserrata, n. sp. (Pl. XXIII. fig. 1, a—-d). Shell compressed, oblong; seen from the side, subovate, greatest height in front, and equal to half the length ; anterior extremity broad, well rounded, posterior narrowed and produced in the middle to a sharp point; dorsal margin gently sloping backwards, and finely serrated or dentated throughout the greater part of its course, ventral gently sinuated REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 105 in the middle; seen from above, the outline is narrow and subhastate, with rounded angles, greatest width situated behind the middle, and somewhat less than half the length; from the widest poimt the sides converge gradually towards the front, but with an abrupt curve backwards, each extremity forming a broad truncated prominence ; the margins are throughout profusely and irreeularly dentated ; end view ovate, tumid, with very convex sides, and strongly-keeled broad base. The surface of the shell is covered thickly with nodular elevations, and the extremities are produced into flanges which are marked with transverse hair-like lines. Length, 1-33d of an inch (‘77 mm.). Dredged north of Tristan d’Acunha in lat. 32° 24’ S., long. 13° 5’ W., 1425 fathoms. ; [Pl. XXIII. fig. 1, a-d. aShell seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 72. Cythere scabrocuneata, n. sp. (Pl. XVII. fig. 5, a-f, and Pl. XXIII. fig. 2, ac). Very like Cythere dorsoserrata, but more tumid, more nearly ovate in its dorsal aspect, and having all its margins more uneven; seen from the side, the shape of the female shell is that of a long triangle with the apex behind, all the margins, but especially the dorsal, denticulated or jagged, highest in front, the dorsal and ventral margins gently curved and converging equally to the pointed posterior extremity ; seen from above, the outline is ovate, twice as long as broad, and widest near the middle, extremities broad and rounded off, lateral margins curved and converging rather more abruptly behind than in front. Shell-surface rough, with prominent nodules and scattered ill-defined ridges. Length, 1-33d of an inch (‘77 mm.). The shell of the male is a good deal narrower and longer. Dredged off East Moncceur Island, Bass’ Straits, in 38 to 40 fathoms (Station 162); in the Inland Sea, Japan, lat. 34° 20’ N., long. 133° 35’ E., 15 fathoms (Station 233d); and in Wellington Harbour, New Zealand. The lateral aspect of the specimens referred to Cythere scabrocuneata is so closely similar to that of Cythere dorsoserrata as to lead to the suspicion that the two forms may be specifically identical. And still more doubt may be entertained as to the proper position of the valves figured in Pl. XXIII. fig. 2, a-c, which I consider for the present as a variety of Cythere scabrocuneata. This is one of the numerous cases in which further observation on a more extensive series of specimens is required before a satisfactory decision can be arrived at. [Pl. XVII. fic. 5,a—f a Shell of female seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front, e male seen from left side, f from above; Pl. XXIII. fig. 2, a-c, a, left valve (variety) from side, b left valve (variety) from side, c the same from above. All magnified 50 diameters. | 104 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 73. Cythere tetrica, nu. sp. (Pl. XXIII. fig. 5, a-d). Carapace, seen from the side, oblong, subovate, greatest height near the front, and equal to half the length; anterior extremity rounded and divided into numerous small crenulations ; posterior subtruncated, slightly jagged, rounded off at the angles; dorsal margin sloping gently from the front and broken up by numerous irregular indentations ; ventral nearly straight; seen from above, the outline is ovate, more than twice as long as broad, with gently curved subparallel sides, and broadly rounded extremities, the margins throughout very much broken; end view irregularly ovate, with a lateral tuberosity on each side above the middle. The surface of the shell is thickly covered with large nodules of irregular size and shape, and has an irregular longitudinal ridge just within the ventral margin. Length, 1-45th of an inch (53 min.). Dredged off Booby Island, lat. 10° 36’ §., long. 141° 55° E., 6 to 8 fathoms (Station 187). [Pl. XXIII. fig. 5,a-d. «a Shell seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from helow, d from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | 74. Cythere acanthoderma, un. sp. (Pl. XVIII. fig. 5, a-e). Shell oblong, subovate, tumid, covered everywhere with more or less strongly-developed, very irregular, blunt and ragged spines; seen from the side, the valves are subovate or somewhat pear-shaped, highest near the front, the height being equal to nearly two-thirds of the length ; anterior extremity well rounded, posterior produced in the middle ; dorsal margin sloping backwards and very much laciniated, ventral slightly convex; seen from above, the outline is subovate, not twice as long as broad, widest near the middle; sides curved, converging gradually towards the front and abruptly behind ; extremities wide and truncated; the end view is subtriangular, equilateral, with convex sides and rounded angles; the margins of the shell, from whatever aspect it is viewed, are excessively rugged, and the spines with which it is everywhere thickly beset have a tendency to enlarge at their apices, often becoming bifurcate or even trifurcate; in this character it differs very remarkably from the next species (Cythere dasyderma), in which the spines never take on any development of this nature. Cythere acanthoderma occurred in moderate numbers in several of the Challenger dredgings :— Lat. 35° 35’ N., long. 50° 27’ W., : 2750 fathoms, — Station 64 » OP, 4, SP Mei, 10000 OES yy ROS, 4 AGP Spl in, . ' 1375) oh E146 5 POPS, » IEP IED, : 580, =. 19a nm AP UO Ry » WEP 0750, ; 2050 ,, » 246 e386 Se, Mie BS? 2" We, ; 5 1825, » 296 LER EES EPR IU, ; ; 1450, » 302 Like Cythere dictyon and Cythere dasyderma this species seems to be cosmopolitan in ~ REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 105 its range over the deep sea-bed, and like them also to be confined to great depths, the shallowest reading in the foregoing list being 580 fathoms. [Pl. XVIII. fig. 5, a-e. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. All magnified 50 diameters. e Right valve, magnified 40 diameters. | 75. Cythere dasyderma, n. sp. (Pl. XVII. fig. 4, a-f, and Pl. XVIII. fig. 4, a—f). Carapace tumid, ovate; seen from the side, oblong, subovate or subquadrangular ; greatest height situated near the front, and equal to about two-thirds of the length ; anterior extremity boldly rounded, posterior narrower, rounded or subtruncate ; dorsal margin sloping gently backwards from the front, which is elevated over the hinge-joint ; ventral margin slightly convex; the entire circumference broken into closely-set, but short and blunt teeth; seen from above, the outline is ovate, widest near the middle, about twice as long as broad, lateral margins gently and evenly curved, extremities broad and nearly equal, obtusely rounded or truncated; end view broadly ovate, rounded off above, broad and centrally emarginate below. Shell-surface covered with closely-packed, rather small, angular excavations, from the intervals between which arise numberless (usually short and blunt) spines, the shell in every aspect presenting a rough appearance. Length, 1-40th to 1-28th of an inch (°65 to ‘9 mm.). Like Cythere dictyon and Cythere acanthoderma, this species seems to occur in all the deep places of the sea. The following list embraces all the dredgings in which I have noticed it :— Lat. 24° 20’ N., long. 24° 28’ W., 3 j 2740 fathoms, Station 5 Ho Boa ING, 4) 35250" We, Ah ; NGZ5ee es O70) 8a OG ms 1c 6 AWe ; ; it ae 5 Bhs Mas 0°15 Stn) 3401497 We, : : 350. ay 1D ay OBES, © pF BP Dy : j 1375s » 146 5 RE UR Chy ap WTO SEP aD, 5 : AK) » 64a 8993086 eri 146 Es ; . SOME Gi Pe ble 3oaS eee 144° Shih : ; 15 5aueee » Les 5 EP RL, TISBP TG 19, : ; 580 ,, » 19a x PPPS, op everson, : : 10709 5 5) DS 5 RPAIC? Sy Ge Whiny, eae 2050, an - 49246 WEISSOGU GEN eps O82 oN. . : 825s » 296 OPES, a ERIS I P : TOR ep » 300 yy COPS py SPR TMP aig : ; (50m » 302 29 » 160 ,, » 305 (2) F 4. 522 50S, 2 738253" We, ; : 245 ee ei 5 PEE BE, BE aE ANG, : : 1035, Se Dir 5 IP OY SE OP BPAY, ‘ : 2200, » 332 BUR OE Ree Ei IRE bP one : : 1425, » 335 i UR ONS aI ie, 4 : 2350 , » 346 [Pl. XVII. fig. 4, af. Figures a—-d are drawn from a specimen from Station No. 317 (ZOOL, CHALL, EXP.—PART 111.—1880.) C 14 106 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. (magnified 50 diameters), e, f from Station No. 122 (magnified 60 diameters) ; Pl. XVIII. fig. 4, a-f, figures a-d, from Station No. 246, e, f, from Station 300 (magnified 50 diameters). | 76. Cythere circumdentata, n. sp. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 2, a-c). Valves, seen laterally, oblong, subquadrangular, rather higher in front than behind, height equal to half the length ; anterior extremity well rounded posterior rounded below, angular at its junction with the dorsal margin; dorsal margin straight, ventral sinuated in the middle, the whole circumference of the shell strongly but irregularly dentated. The outline, as seen from above, is exactly similar to that of Cythere dasyderma. Surface of the valves beset with deep polygonal fossee, and round the marginal portions with numerous short spines. Length, 1-24th of an inch (1:05 mm.). This comes very close to Cythere dasyderma, and may, perhaps, be but an extreme form of that species ; it is, however, somewhat larger, more oblong in shape, has a surface sculpture composed of larger pits, and is only sparingly spiniferous, except near the margins. Detached valves were found in two dredgings only; in lat. 36° 10’ N., long. 178° 0’ E., 2050 fathoms (Station 246), and in lat. 13° 28’ S., long. 149° 30’ W., 2350 fathoms (Station 276). [Pl. XXVI. fig. 2, a-c. «a Left valve (Station 276) seen from outside, b the same from above, ¢ left valve (Station 246) seen from above. All magnified 40 diameters. | 77. Cythere suhmi, un. sp. (Pl. XXVI. fig. 3, ah). Carapace of the female, seen from the side, subquadrangular, scarcely higher in front than behind, height equal to nearly two-thirds of the length; extremities rounded and beset, somewhat sparingly, with spines of irregular length; dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight, the former irregularly indented and spinous; seen from above, the shell is about twice as long as broad, widest in the middle, the lateral margins extremely con- vex, converging with a gentle curve towards the front, but very abruptly behind, the extremities forming very large and broad, truncated prominences, armed with divergent terminal spines; the hinder portion of the central mass bears also several stout backward- pointing spines ; end view irregularly five-sided ; the elevated central portion of the valves is limited in front and behind by a flattened zone which forms, when seen from the dorsal or ventral surfaces, two strong terminal projections, the margins (except the ventral) are irregularly spinous and the general surface is vaguely undulated. Length, 1-24th of an inch (1°95 mm.). Only one perfect specimen and a few separated valves of this fine species have been seen. These occurred in a dredging from lat 35° 41’ N., long. 157° 42’ E.; 2300 fathoms (Station 241), and off Prince Edward’s Island, 50 to 150 fathoms. The valves figured at 4, a, b, which at one time I took to belong to Cythere suhmi probably belong REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 107 to some other species, perhaps to Cythere normani; they were dredged at Station 296. The species is named after M. Von Willemces Suhm, whose death during the voyage of the Challenger was an irreparable loss not only to the Expedition but to zoological science in general. [Pl. XXVI. fig. 3, a-h. a Shell of female (Station 241) seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d@ from front,—magnified 40 diameters; e-h left valve of immature male probably (Prince Edward’s Island),—magnified 50 diameters. | 78. Cythere irpex, n. sp. (Pl. XVII. fig. 2, a—-d). : Valves, seen from the side, subquadrangular, rather higher in front than behind, ereatest height equal to nearly two-thirds of the length; anterior extremity boldly and evenly rounded, posterior narrower, truncate, very slightly rounded, obscurely angular both above and below; dorsal margin sloping gently, almost in a straight line from the front, ventral slightly convex ; seen from above, the sides of the valve form a continuous curve from end to end and are widest in the middle, extremities produced and obtusely rounded. The right valve is less angular in outline than the left. Surface of the shell uneven and covered closely with small stout spines, which are arranged in more or less distinctly concentric rows ; on the ventral surface the spines coalesce, forming a longi- tudinal rib-work; the margins of the shell are uniformly dentated, the teeth being strongest on the anterior and dorsal regions. Length, 1-25th of an inch (1 mm.). This is a deep-sea species, and occurred in three dredgings: lat. 38° 30’ N., long. 31° 14’ W., 1000 fathoms (Station 73) ; lat. 37° 34’ N., long. 25° 13’ W., 1000 fathoms (Station 78) ; lat. 32°24’ S., long. 13° 5’ W., 1425 fathoms (Station 335). Leth VAD, vives 4, a-d. «a Left valve seen from side, b from above, c from below, d right valve seen from side. Magnified 50 diameters. ] 79. Cythere ericea, n. sp. (Pl. XVII. fig. 1, a-d). Valves, seen from the side, quadrate, equal in height before and behind, sculptured with numerous but not very large rounded excavations, and thickly beset with long cir- cular spines; anterior extremity rounded off, posterior truncated, well-rounded below, but only slightly at the upper angle, height equal to two-thirds of the length; seen from above the outline is ovate, evenly curved, widest behind the middle, tapering gradually towards the front but more rapidly behind. Length, 1-25th of an inch (1 mm.). This species has been seen only in one dredging., from lat. 8° 37’ §., long 34° 28’ W., 675 fathoms. The valve shown at figure d is totally denuded of spines, no doubt by abrasion, and it is certain that in perfect condition the shell would be much more profusely spined than is represented even in figure a. [ Pl. XVII. fig. 1, a-d. ec Left valve seen from side, b from above, c from front, d left valve (another example) denuded of spines. All magnified 50 diameters. | 108 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER. 80. Cythere melobesioides, G. 8. Brady (Pl. XVIII. fig. 1, a-g). Cythere melobesioides, Brady, Les Fonds de Ja Mer, tom. i. p. 162, pl. xix. figs. 10, 11. Cythere nodulifera, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i. p. 163, pl. xix. figs. 24, 25. Shell, seen from the side, oblong ; height equal to half the length, the same before and behind ; anterior extremity well rounded, posterior oblique, only slightly rounded ; dorsal and ventral margins straight, the former much the shorter of the two owing to the obliquity of the extremities ; seen from above the outline is compressed, oval, twice as long as broad, widest about the middle, sides nearly parallel, and converging rather suddenly to the extremities which are equal and broadly rounded ; end view subcircular ; shell-surface everywhere rough with small subspinous nodules, from which structure the margins of the shell in every aspect appear minutely dentated. Length, 1-35th of an inch (‘75 mm.). é The foregoing description applies to the example shown in figures a—d, but not quite accurately to e-g, which latter specimen shows some rather important differences chiefly in the lateral contour. Still it seems best for the present to consider both as belonging to the same species; possibly the differences may be sexual. Figures a—d are drawn from one of a series dredged off Booby Island in a depth of 6 to 8 fathoms (Station 187), figures e-g from a single valve; the latter agrees more closely than the other with the specimens from Mauritius described in ‘‘ Les Fonds de la Mer.” (Pl. XVIIL fig. 1, a-g. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front, e left valve (variety) seen from side, f from above, g from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 81. Cythere irrorata, n. sp. (Pl. XVIII. fig. 2, a—d). Shell oblong, tumid; seen from the side, subquadrangular, nearly equal in height throughout, height equal to at least half the length ; anterior extremity rounded off above and below, posterior oblique, truncated, scarcely rounded, provided with a row of five or six small blunt teeth below the middle ; dorsal margin very slightly arched, ending behind in a prominent angle; ventral margin nearly straight, but finely crenulated, as is also the front of the shell; seen from above, the outline is irregularly six-sided, nearly twice as long as broad; sides straight and parallel in the middle, converging suddenly in front, and terminating in a broadly-rounded extremity,—behind the middle, converging abruptly at a right angle, and then running obliquely backwards, and terminating much as in front; end view triangular, with very convex sides and rounded angles. The surface of the shell is closely covered with small irregularly rounded nodules and flexuous grooves. Length, 1-42d of an inch (‘6 mm.). This species was found only in one dredging from near the Admiralty Islands im a depth of 16 to 25 fathoms. REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 109 [Pl. XVIII. fig. 2, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 82. Cythere scutigera, G. 8. Brady (Pl. XXII. fig. 5, af). Cythere scutigera, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i. p. 70, pl. viii. figs. 15, 16. Shell of the female, seen from the side, oblong, subquadrangular, scarcely higher in front than behind, height equal to half the length; anterior extremity rounded, and divided below the middle into a number of short and stout blunt teeth; posterior extremity obliquely rounded, the lower angle rounded off; dorsal margin sloping slightly backwards, and broken by numerous large strong spines; ventral margin almost straight ; seen from above, irregularly ovate, twice as long as broad, the margins very irregular and broken, extremities equal, broad and truncated; end view irregularly hexagonal, width and height equal. The male is much more elongated and slender, as well as more sharply spinous. The valves are armed with several large shield-like circular bosses which are more or less spinous at the summit, and the rest of the surface is closely beset with spines or spiniferous tubercles. Length, 1-48th to 1-24th of an inch (*52 to 11 mm.). Specimens which I take to belong to Cythere scutigera were dredged in several places, all, however, in the Eastern Archipelago, Amboyna, 15 to 20 fathoms (Station 163) ; in lat. 39° 32’ S., long. 171° 48’ E., 150 fathoms (Station 167); in Humboldt Bay, Papua, 37 fathoms ; and in lat. 33° 42! S., long. 78° 18’ W., 1375 fathoms (Station 300). The type specimens described in Les Fonds de la Mer, and taken off the north of Java, are much more strongly marked in their spinous armature than any of those found in the Challenger dredgings, but the general character of the shells is closely similar. [Pl. XX. fig. 5, af a Left valve of male (Amboyna) seen from side, from above (both magnified 40 diameters) ; ¢ shell of female (Station 167), seen from left side, d from above, e from below, f from front (magnified 50 diameters). | 83. Cythere clavigera, n. sp. (Pl. XXIII. fig: 7, a-d). Cythere subcoronata, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soc., vol. v. p. 384, pl. lx. fig. 9, a-e. Shell, seen from the side, ovate, oblong, greatest height situated in front of the middle, and equal to half the length; anterior extremity boldly rounded, completely bordered with a series of short and broad blunt spines, posterior extremity narrower, and likewise beset with spines, much longer and stronger than those of the front; dorsal margin sloping rather steeply backwards, and broken by a series of five or six spines of irregular size, one conspicuous spine just behind the anterior hinge-tubercle ; the dorsal margin is nearly straight, but is also broken by continuous and irregular tooth-like projections ; seen from above the outline is compressed, ovate, more than twice as long as broad, and having its greatest width in the middle; extremities broadly truncated, the whole outline much 110 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER. broken and spinous; end view irregularly hexagonal, much higher than broad. The middle of each valve bears an irregularly lacinated longitudinal ridge, from which the surface slopes away in an undulating curve to the dorsal and ventral margins, the curved surface being more or less tuberculated or spinous ; within the anterior and ventral margins runs a plaited or dentated ridge; and the whole circumference bears rows of spines as before described. Length, 1-33d of an inch (‘77 mm.). This species was found only in a dredging from a depth of 2 to 10 fathoms at Port Jackson, Australia. It is either identical with, or very nearly allied to, a form found in the Mediterranean, and previously assigned by me to Cythere subcoronata, Speyer, but which I now think to be distinct from that species. And it is just possible that an Australian species described in the same memoir (Cythereis militaris) may represent a very young form of Cythere clavigera. [Pl. XXIII. fig. 7, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. All magnified 50 diameters. | 84. Cythere squalidentata, n. sp. (Pl. XXIII. fig. 8, a-d). Shell tumid behind, compressed in front; seen from the side much higher in front than behind, the greatest height equal to two-thirds of the length; anterior extremity broad and boldly rounded, posterior narrow and truncated ; dorsal margin sloping steeply backwards, and bearing on each valve a series of four long curved slender spines, arranged one behind another, the hindermost being the longest; ventral margin nearly straight ; seen from above the shell is broadly club-shaped, the greatest width equal to more than half the length, and situated behind the middle; at this point the sides are very pro- tuberant, running forwards towards the front in a sinuous line, and backwards with a full curve, from the middle of which, on each valve, springs a strong spine pointing obliquely backwards and outwards; the anterior extremity is truncated, and has a deep central emargination ; the posterior broadly rounded and dentate ; end view irregular, with strongly jagged margins. Surface of the shell very irregularly undulated and finely punctate, length, 1-70th of an inch (-38 mm.). One specimen only was found in a dredging from Station 323, lat. 35° 39’S., lone. 50° 47’ W., 1900 fathoms. [Pl. XXIII. fig. 8, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. Magnified 80 diameters. | 85. Cythere tricristata, n. sp. (Pl. XXIII. fig. 6, a—d). Seen from the side, the shell is quadrangular, highest near the front, the height at that point being equal to more than half the length; anterior extremity broadly rounded, posterior narrow and truncated; dorsal margin sloping rather steeply back- wards, ventral nearly straight, the entire circumference broken into broad, blunt tooth- REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA, 111 like processes of no great length, but fewer and more prominent on the dorsal margin ; the posterior dorsal angle has one spine somewhat larger and more conspicuous than the rest ; seen from above, the outline is very irregular, consisting of a central mass which has on each side a deep median indentation, and of two broad truncated terminal portions ; seen endwise, it is likewise of irregular form, having two strongly-developed lateral protuberances projecting from a broad central portion. The central mass of the shell is bounded on all sides, except the dorsal, by a transversely corrugated en- circling zone, the edges of which are irregularly dentated ; and on the sides of the valves, placed one behind another, in the middle line are three short strongly-elevated crests, each of which is divided into three or four tooth-like segments. Length, 1-40th of an inch (‘65 mm.). Dredged at Port Jackson, 2 to 10 fathoms, and in 16 to 25 fathoms off the Admiralty Islands. [Pl. XXIII. fig. 6, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. All magnified 50 diameters. | 86. Cythere velivola, n. sp. (Pl. XXIII. fig. 4, a-c). Valves, seen laterally, oblong, much higher in front than behind, height equal to two- thirds of the length; anterior extremity broadly rounded, divided into numerous broad, blunt squamous teeth of various sizes; posterior extremely narrow, rounded, and bearing four or five thick, gnarled teeth, those at the ventral angle being longer than the rest ; dorsal margin cut up into several broad squamous processes, and bearing at its posterior angle a very long and stout curved spine; the ventral margin is nearly straight, and in the middle third of its course is produced laterally, forming a very strongly projecting aleeform plate; seen from above, the outline is excessively compressed and almost linear, except in the middle, where the lateral ala forms a remarkable angular projection. The general surface of the valves is much depressed and sinks towards the extremities, forming a sort of trough, which is bounded externally by a somewhat elevated and irregularly lacinated belt; the central area is slightly undulated, and bears a few scattered circular papillae. Length, 1-40th of an inch (‘65 mm.). A few detached valves of this remarkable little species were found in a dredging from Station 189, lat. 9° 59’ §., long. 137° 50’ E., 28 fathoms. [Pl. XXIII, fig. 4, a-c. a Left valve seen from side, b right valve seen from side, ¢ left valve seen from below. Magnified 60 diameters. | Cytheridea, Bosquet. Cytheridea, Bosquet, Entom, fossil. des Terres tertiair. (1850). Valves unequal, the left mostly larger than the right, ovate or subtriangular, highest in front ; surface smooth, or marked with scattered circular tubercles, impressed puncta 112 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. or concentric furrows; anterior extremity rarely spimous, posterior sometimes armed with a spine at the lower angle. Muscle spots arranged in a transverse row of three or four, with two detached (sometimes coalescent) spots in front. Hinges composed of two crenulated crests on the left (occasionally the right) valve, which articulate with corre- sponding depressions of the opposite valve. Anterior antennze very robust, mostly five- jointed, and bearing strong spines, last joint narrow and elongated; posterior antennze four-jointed, urticating setee long and slender, bi-articulate. Mandibles large and numer- ously toothed ; palp three-jointed, and bearing a distinct branchial appendage. The right foot of the first and second pairs in the male different from the rest, that of the first pair very strong and prehensile ; of the second very feeble, the apical portion rudimentary and destitute of a terminal claw. © Eyes distinct. Certain species of this genus are amongst the most abundant of European Ostra- coda, and several have been described from distant parts of the- world, while in the Tertiary epoch the genus seems to have been at least equally abundant. The almost complete absence of this group from the Challenger dredgings is, therefore, very remark- able, nor do I see any reasonable way of accounting for it except on the supposition that these animals prefer shallower waters than those to which the work of the Challenger was almost exclusively confined. At any rate, the only example found amongst these dredgings is— Cytheridea spinulosa, G. 8. Brady (Pl. XXXII. fig. 6, a-d). Cytheridea spinulosa, Brady, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. ii. p. 182, pl. xiii. figs. 1-6. Carapace, seen from the side, subquadrangular, oblong, not much higher in front than behind, height equal to rather more than half the length; anterior extremity moderately well rounded, posterior scarcely rounded, subtruncate ; dorsal margin sloping gently and almost in a right line from before backwards, ventral straight; seen from above, the outline is subcuneiform, being widest at the posterior extremity, width and height nearly equal ; the lateral margins converge gradually towards the front, which is wide, obtuse, and scarcely pointed in the middle, hinder extremity subtruncate, convex, and mucronate in the middle ; end view nearly circular. . Shell-surface beset with closely-set, large circular pittings, fringed on the anterior and front of the inferior margin with numerous short teeth, and below the middle of the posterior extremity with a smaller number (usually six or eight) of larger and unequal teeth. Length, 1-45th of an inch (54 mm.). Cytheridea spinulosa was found only in a dredging from a depth of 15 to 20 fathoms at Amboyna, and in a sounding made in 420 fathoms (October 20, 1875, near Station 287). The type specimens were found at Mauritius. [P]. XXXII. fig. 6, a-d. « Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 113 Krithe, Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson. Ilyobates, G. O. Sars, Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder, 1865. Krithe, Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson, Post-Tertiary Entomostraca of Scotland, &., 1874. Valves thin and (except in old age) pellucid, subovate, truncate behind, smooth, polished, and set with very small distant circular papille. Hinge-joint simple, formed by a slight projection of the left valve, which is received into a corresponding depression of the right. Anterior antennz very stout, five-jointed, the first two joints much thickened, the rest short and bearing long curved spines ; posterior antenne: four-jointed. Mandibles small, with unusually long slender teeth ; palp three-jointed, the second joint elongated, branchial appendage having one rudimentary and two long ciliated sete. Maxille of the usual form. Feet very short, the first two pairs three-jointed, last pair four-jointed ; “right foot of the last pair, in the male, prehensile and only three-jointed, terminal claw very large and strong. Abdomen of the female very convex above, the post-abdominal lobes bearig two short hairs.” Eyes wanting. The members of this genus are at once recognisable by their smooth, ovate outline and sharply truncated posterior extremity. Though widely distributed, the number of specific forms does not appear to be large, and amongst fossil species I know of none which can with certainty be referred here except Bairdia pernoides and Bairdia levissima, Bornemann,' and two British Tertiary and Post-Tertiary species, Krithe barton- ensis (Jones), and Krithe glacialis (B., C., and R.), the first-named of which occurs also plentifully living in the British and Scandinavian seas. The generic name Arithe was proposed on account of the preoccupation of the word Ilyobates, applied by Sars to these animals in 1865. The anatomical details given in the foregoing description are taken almost entirely from Sars’ statement. I have myself had scarcely any opportunity of examining the living animals. 1. Krithe bartonensis, Jones (Pl. XXVII. fig. 2, ad). Cytherideis burtonensis, Jones, Monog. Tert. Entom., p. 50, pl. v. figs. 2, a, b; 3, a, b (1856). Ilyobates pretexta, G. O. Sars, Oversigt Norges Mar. Ostrac., p. 60 (1865). Ilyobates bartonensis, Brady, Monog. Ree. Brit. Ostrac., p. 432, pl. xxxiv. figs. 11-14, pl. xl. fig. 5 (1868). Krithe bartonensis, Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson, Monog. Post-Tertiary Entom., p. 184, pl. ii. figs, 22-26 (1874). { Carapace elongated, subovate, in general outline not unlike a grain of wheat; seen from the side, the shell is oblong and subquadrangular, the height being equal to about one-half of the length and nearly alike at all points; the extremities are nearly equal in height, the anterior evenly rounded, the posterior somewhat flattened, rounded off at its upper, and obscurely angular at its lower, termination ; dorsal and ventral margins 1 Die Mikroskopische Fauna des Septarienthones von Hermsdorf bei Berlin (Zeitschr. d. deutsch. Geol., Ges., 1855). (ZOOL, CHALL. EXP.—PART 111.—1880.) C 15 114 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. straight, or very slightly convex and sub-parallel; seen from above, the outline is ovate, tapering with a gentle curve towards the front and more suddenly behind ; the anterior extremity is obtusely pointed, the posterior broader and deeply emarginate ; width only a little less than the height ; end view subcircular, Surface of the shell perfectly smooth and polished, marked sometimes with a few scattered circular papillee, and in old speci- mens becoming of an opaque milky or yellowish-white. Length, 1-34th of an inch (‘75 mm.). I have memoranda of the occurrence of this species off Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen Island, in a depth of 120 fathoms (Station 149); and off the Ki Islands, 580 fathoms (Station 191). 2. Krithe producta, n. sp. (Pl. XXVIL. fig. 1, a-). _Carapace of the female more flexuous and more tumid than that of Krithe bartonensis; seen from the side, subreniform; greatest height situated in the middle, and equal to more than half the length ; anterior extremity rounded off, posterior oblique, rounded off above and obscurely angulated below ; dorsal margin moderately arched, ventral sinuated in the middle; seen from above, ovate, widest in the middle, width equal to half the length, pointed in front ; posterior extremity wide, truncate, and centrally emarginate ; shell-surface quite smooth, or beset with numerous minute closely-set punctures and a few distant circular tubercles. The shell of the male (figures e-g) is much narrower and more elongated, and has its ventral and dorsal margins almost straight. Length, 1-34th of an inch (‘75 mm.). This species is either a cosmopolitan one, and very variable as to shape, or the figures given under its name in Pl. XXVII. fig. 1, hj, which are fairly representative of many different examples, must belong to other undescribed species. I prefer, however, to con- sider them as forms of Avithe producta, the variations observable in a large series of specimens being almost countless, and, as [I think, in many cases fairly referable to differences of age, sex, or race. This, however, may be doubted in such a case as that of the valve represented at j, which is not only very remarkable in shape, but is also very much larger than the normal forms of Avithe producta. Specimens which, for the present at least, must be held to belong to this species occurred in the following dredgings :— Lat. 38° 25’ N., long. 35° 50’ W., : : 1675 fathoms, Station 70 5 oe WTP, gy BO GP Whey : é S000; | ao by ASP IPP Wha gy US GT og : : 2 5s m | eo PSS eee OLs 20m Wiss ; ; Gi) gp ry LPX0) Off North Brazil, : : i ; 350 sa, my Ue Off Prince Edward’s Island, : : : 50-150, be Lat. 46° 46’ S., long. 45° 31’ E., : 5 1375s, » 146 Off Sydney, : : : : F 410 ,, » 1640 REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 115 Lat. 39° 32’ S., long. 171° 48’ E., ; ; 150 fathoms, Station 167 ap NOP OS gp UP IM" 13, : F Gil) 5, ste nd » we OSS 5 Ge 2 Wi 5 : 182 50en es 9 2S Pe SOR EAs eG alr Wes : : 13 Dae » 300 GP AIBY IS, 5, | SP II NY, . : 1450 _s,, » 302 oy Ch Cos Shy gh 1eEe eS ANE ; ; 160, 3) 00D > BOP NOS, §, deb 2 Ne, 2 ; eis} 5, 9308 OFF ROS, 5, del bs} VG . 5 24 5 ollil ry PEN Sy og ee Ge Vie, : : 1425 SC, OOD [Pl. XXVII. fig. 1, a7. a Carapace of female seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front; e male seen from left side, f from below, g from front, h-j valves of left side. All magnified 50 diameters. | 3. Krithe hyalina, n. sp. (Pl. XXVII. fig. 3, a-d). Carapace, as seen from the side, subovate, higher in front than behind, greatest height situated near the middle, and equal to at least half the length ; anterior extremity broadly rounded, posterior narrower and rather oblique, dorsal margin slightly arched, flattened, and sloping somewhat steeply behind the middle, ventral margin nearly straight ; seen from above, oblong, ovate, widest in the middle, width equal to scarcely half the length; anterior extremity subacuminate, posterior wider and deeply emar- ginate ; end view subcircular. Shell translucent, polished, marked with a few scattered circular papille. Length, 1-52d of an inch (‘49 mm.). The smaller size, more ovate form and posterior depression of the shell, are the characters on which I depend to separate this from other species of the same genus. The only dredging in which I have found it is that from the Inland Sea of Japan, where it occurred in a depth of 15 fathoms on a muddy bottom (Station 2330). [Pl. XXVII. fig. 3, a-d. aShell seen from left side, 6 from above, c from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 4, Krithe tumida, n. sp. (Pl. XXVII. fig. 4, a-d). Shell oblong, tumid; seen from the side, subovate, somewhat lower in front than behind, height equal to about two-thirds of the length; anterior extremity rounded off, posterior broader, oblique, and scarcely rounded ; dorsal margin very slightly arched, highest near the middle, ventral gently convex; seen from above, the outline is broadly ovate, the greatest width in the middle, and exactly equal to the height; the lateral margins are subparallel until near the two extremities, where in front they converge suddenly forming an acute angular extremity, and behind are broadly rounded off, but show a moderate central indentation ; the end view is subcircular, but broadly indented at the ventral margin. Surface of the shell quite smooth. Length, 1-48th of an inch (‘51 mm.). 116 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. A few specimens only of this species were met with in a dredging from lat. 35° 39’ S., long. 50° 47’ W. Depth, 1900 fathoms. [Pl. XXVII. fig. 4, a-d. aShell seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | Loxoconcha, G. O. Sars. Loxoconcha, Sars, Oversigt, &c., 1865. Normania, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soc., 1865. Valves nearly equal, subrhomboidal, mostly flexuous in outline, and evenly convex. Surface smooth, or marked with concentrically arranged impressed puncta, or with polygonal fossee, often also with minute circular papille. Ventral margins usually forming a prominent compressed keel towards the hinder extremity of the shell ; postero- superior angle obliquely truncate. There is usually a prominent, shining tubercle over the anterior end of the hinge in each valve. Hinge-joint formed by two small teeth at the extremities of the hinge-line of each valve. Limbs of the animal slender and colourless. Anterior antennze very slender, six-jointed, the last joint very long, linear, and bearing long, simple sete; posterior antennze four-jomted, the third joint long and narrow ; flagellum long and biarticulate, mandible-palp three-jointed, bearing a distinct branchial appendage. Lowest seta of the branchial plate of the first pair of jaws deflexed. Feet long and slender, alike in male and female. Abdomen terminated by a hairy conical process ; postabdominal lobes bearing two moderately long subequal setee. The “peach-stone” or obliquely quadrangular shape, and the bevelled-off postero- superior angle of the shell, are characters usually sufficiently pronounced to distinguish at a glance the members of this genus. The genus is cosmopolitan, and contains even now a considerable number of recent species, to which we may expect further research to add very largely. In gatherings from between tide marks or from very shallow water it will doubtless be found in greatest abundance. One British species, Loxoconcha elliptica, occurs only in the brackish water of estuaries and salt-marshes ; and another, Loxoconcha imupressa, has occasionally been found in fresh water altogether out of reach of the sea, and in such cases may probably be looked upon as a relic of some old marine fauna. There can be no doubt that the brackish and subbrackish waters of tropical and equatorial countries will some day yield an abundant and highly-interesting harvest to students of the Entomostraca. Many fossil species described by authors under various generic terms—Cythere, Cytherina, Bairdia, &e.—belong by rights to Loxoconcha. The difference in shape between males and females is strongly marked, the females being usually tumid, flexuous,and having all their angles, except the postero-superior, well-rounded off; the males more compressed, with a flatter dorsal margin, elongated and angular. REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 117 1. Lowxoconcha avellana, G. 8. Brady (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 1, a-f). Normania avellana, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soe., vol. v. (1865), p. 382, pl. xi. fig. 15, a—c. Carapace of the female, as seen from the side, flexuous, broadly pear-shaped, higher behind than in front, greatest height in the middle, and equal to two-thirds of the length ; anterior extremity depressed, rounded, posterior broadly rounded and emarginate at the upper angle; dorsal margin excessively arched, almost gibbous, ventral deeply sinuated in front of the middle; seen from above, the outline is broadly ovate, scarcely twice as long as broad, widest in the middle and tapering evenly to the extremities, which are pointed ; end view broadly ovate, obtusely subangular at base and apex, height rather greater than the width. Surface of the shell marked with distant, concentrically arranged circular pits, which on the ventral surface run together so as to form beaded longitudinal grooves. The shell of the male (figures e, f) is longer and not so strongly arched dorsally. Length of female, 1-42d of an inch (‘6 mm.). Dredged at Port Jackson, Australia, in a depth of 2 to 10 fathoms; and off Tonga- tabu, 18 fathoms (Station 172). The single specimen from which the species was first described was got in the West Indies. [Pl. XXVIII. fig. 1, af aCarapace of female seen from left side, b from above, cfrom below, dfrom front; e¢ male seen from left side, ffrom below. Magnified 50 diameters. | 2. Loxoconcha honoluliensis, n. sp. (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 6, a-/). Carapace of the female, seen from the side, flexuous, subrhomboidal, highest behind the middle, height equal to two-thirds of the length, anterior extremity broad and well- rounded, posterior oblique, produced above the middle into a very broad, truncated beak ; dorsal margin flattened in front, convex behind; ventral sinuated in front of the middle, strongly convex and keeled behind; seen from above, the outline is lozenge- shaped, widest in the middle, thence tapering without much curve to the extremities which are subacuminate, width equal to more than half the length; end view very broadly ovate. Surface of the shell marked with distant circular punctures, or irregularly reticulated. The shell of the male (figures a-d) is, as usual, more compressed and less strongly arcuate dorsally. Length, 1-42d of an inch (‘6 mm.). Dredged in 40 fathoms off the reefs, Honolulu. A very well-marked species, dis- tinctly characterised by the large beak-like projection of the posterior dorsal angle and the very pronounced keeled convexity of the ventral surface. The two forms represented - in the plate, besides sexual differences of shape, are somewhat different also in style of shell-sculpture, the one being distinctly reticulated, the other marked merely with distinct circular impressions. Should these characters prove to be constant, we could 118 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. scarcely consider the two to belong to the same species ; but it is not uncommon amongst Ostracoda. to find shells strongly sculptured in the earlier stages of life becoming encrusted with a limy deposit, and thus losing their original surface-markings in old age. A process of this kind I suppose to have taken place in the specimens figured at a-d. At any rate, it would be unreasonable to refer to distinct species shells occurring together in one dredging only, and at the same time so much alike in general character. [Pl. XXVIII. fig. 6, af a Carapace of male seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front; efemale seen from left side, ffrom above. Magnified 50 diameters. | 4, Loxoconcha africana, n. sp. (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 38, a-d). Carapace, seen from the side, flexuous, subovate, highest about the middle, slightly depressed in front, height equal to at least two-thirds of the length; anterior extremity well and evenly rounded, posterior scarcely broader than the anterior, rounded, gently emarginate at the upper angle, not produced; dorsal margin evenly and moderately arched, ventral sinuated in front, convex behind; seen from above, ovate, acuminate in front, rounded off and mucronate behind, greatest width in the middle, and equal to more than half the length; end view broadly ovate, rounded both at base and apex, dorsal very nearly as wide as the ventral margin, height not very much greater than the width. Surface of the shell smooth, partially marked with small circular punctures, and with a few scattered circular papilla. Length, 1-42d of an inch (‘6 mm.). Dredged off St Vincent, Cape Verde, in 1070 to 1150 fathoms, muddy bottom. [Pl]. XXVIII. fig. 8, a-d. «a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 5. Loxoconcha punucosa, n. sp. (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 2, ad). Carapace short, tumid; seen from the side, subrhomboidal, greatest height situated in the middle, and equal to two-thirds of the length; extremities about equal in height, anterior rounded, posterior oblique, produced above the middle into a short, truncated beak, dorsal margin moderately arched, and slightly sinuated behind the middle, ventral gently convex ; seen from above, the outline is lozenge-shaped, very wide in the middle, and tapering equally to the extremities which are subacute, width about equal. to the height ; end view broadly heart-shaped, wide, and nearly flat below, rounded, and but slightly tapered above. The surface of the shell is sculptured with rather closely- and concentrically-set subrotund excavations of moderate size, which on the ventral surface are arranged in longitudinal furrows. Length, 1-48th of an inch (52 mm.). Dredged off Booby Island, lat. 10° 36’ S., long. 141° 55’ E., 6 to 8 fathoms (Station 187); and at Nares’ Harbour, Admiralty Islands, 16 fathoms. REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 119 [Pl. XXVIII. fig. 2, a-d. a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 6. Loxoconcha sculpta, G. 8. Brady (Pl. XXIX. fig. 5, a-d). Loxoconcha sculpta, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i. p. 140, pl. xviii. figs. 5, 6. Carapace of the female (?), seen from the side, short, subrhomboidal, greatest height in the middle, and equal to about two-thirds of the length ; anterior extremity obliquely rounded, posterior produced in the middle into a wide truncated beak ; dorsal margin high, and somewhat arched near the middle, thence sloping backwards in a right line ; ventral margin gently convex; seen from above the outline is compressed, and nearly diamond-shaped, widest in the middle, the width being equal to half the length, tapering to the extremities which are subacuminate ; end view subtrapezoidal, considerably higher than broad, widest at the base, which is concave, apex wide and subtruncate, sides greatly curved. Shell-surface sculptured with large and closely-set angular pits ; anterior margin sometimes slightly denticulated below the middle ; at the posterior dorsal angles are two prominent subconical eminences, which are especially conspicuous when viewed from above or below, forming rectangular lateral projections. Length, 1-50th of an inch (°5 mm.). Dredged off Booby Island, lat. 10° 36’ 8., long. 141° 55’ E., 6 to 8 fathoms. The type specimens described in Les Fonds de la Mer were dredged at St Vincent, Cape Verde. [Pl. XXIX. fig. 5, a-d. a Carapace of female (?) seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 7. Loxoconcha australis, n. sp. (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 5, af, and Pl. XXIX. fig. 3, a-d). Carapace of the female tumid; seen from the side, subrhomboidal, nearly equal in height throughout; anterior extremity well rounded, posterior rounded, prominent in the middle, and emarginate at the upper angle ; dorsal margin nearly straight, ventral slightly sinuated ; height equal to nearly two-thirds of the length; seen from above, broadly ovate, with strongly mucronate extremities, greatest width situated in the middle, and equal to the height ; end view subcordate, wide below, and obtusely pointed above. Surface of the shell marked with rather large and closely-set angular excavations, which have an obscurely concentric arrangement ; ventral surface strongly grooved longitudinally, the pittings being placed in the furrows. The shell of the male (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 5, e—/), is longer and narrower, but in other respects shows much the same characters as that of the female. Length of the male, 1-38th of an inch (‘66 mm.); of the female, 1-48th of an inch (‘52 mm.). Dredged at Port Jackson, Australia, in a depth of 2 to 10 fathoms, and off Booby Island, lat. 10° 36’ 8., long. 141° 55’ E., 6 to 8 fathoms. 120 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. The specimens shown in Plate XXIX. I at first thought to be specifically distinct from those got at Booby Island, but though there is a considerable difference in form as well as in sculpture, I believe this may be accounted for by supposing the Port Jackson specimens to be of more advanced growth; something also may be allowed for local variation. [Pl]. XXVIII. fig. 5, af. a@ Carapace of female (Booby Island) seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front ; e male seen from left side, f from above. PI. XXIX. fig. 3, a-d. a Carapace of female (?) (Port Jackson), seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. All magnified 50 diameters. | 8. Loxoconcha sinensis, G.S. Brady (Pl. XXIX. fig. 2, a-d). Loxoconcha sinensis, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, p. 158, pl. xvi. figs. 17, 18 (Icones male). Carapace oblong, tumid; seen from the side, subrhomboidal, slightly higher in front than behind, height equal to nearly two-thirds of the length ; anterior extremity rounded, posterior slightly produced in the middle, and obliquely sinuated above, dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight ; seen from above the outline is somewhat hastate, with subparallel curved sides which converge rather abruptly towards the front, and end in an acuminate apex, the posterior extremity is broadly rounded, and mucronate in the middle, width equal to the height ; end view subcordate, broadly rounded below, angulated at the apex. Surface sculptured much as in Loxoconcha guttata. Length, 1-48th of an inch (°52 mm.). Loxoconcha sinensis was found only in dredgings from Hong Kong Harbour, and from the Inland Sea, Japan, in a depth of 15 fathoms on a muddy bottom (Station 233b). The type specimens were from Hong Kong. [Pl. XXIX. fig. 2, a-d. a Carapace seen from side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 9. Loxoconcha guttata, Norman (Pl. XXIX. fig. 1, a-/). Cythere guttata, Norman, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland and Durham, vol. i. 1865, p. 19, pl. vi. figs. 9-12. é Loxoconcha guttata, Brady, Monog. Recent Brit. Ostrac., 1868, p. 436, pl. xxvii. figs. 40-44. Loxoconcha guttata, Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson, Post-Tertiary Entomostraca, p. 186, pl. viii. figs. 5-7. Carapace of the female oblong, tumid; seen from the side, peach-stone shaped, about equal in height before and behind, height equal to nearly two-thirds of the length ; anterior extremity rounded, posterior produced in the middle and emarginate above the middle ; dorsal margin nearly straight behind, curved in front; ventral convex behind, sinuated in front; seen from above, ovate, widest in the middle, twice as long as broad ; REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 121 extremities broad, mucronate; end view broadly ovate, width nearly as great as the height. Surface of the shell sculptured with deep and closely-set angular excavations, which are usually fainter, and sometimes wanting altogether, in the centre of the valves. Shell of the male (figures e-f) narrower and more compressed, the dorsal and ventral margins nearly parallel. Length, 1-45th of an inch (‘53 mm.). An extremely well-marked species, the range of which seems to be very restricted. Tn the recent state it is known only as an inhabitant of the western shores of Europe (Norway, the British Islands, France, and Spain), and as a fossil it occurs not uncom- monly in the Post-Tertiary deposits of Britain and Norway. The specimens here figured were found in anchor-mud from Vigo Bay. [Pl. XXIX. fig. 1, a-f. a@ Carapace of female seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front, e male seen from left side, f from above. Magnified 50 diameters. | 10. Loxoconcha subrhomboidea, n. sp. (Pl. XXVIII. fig. 4, a-d). Carapace short, and rather tumid ; seen from the side, subrhomboidal, equal in height before and behind, height equal to two-thirds of the length; extremities broad and obliquely rounded, dorsal margin nearly straight, ventral slightly convex; seen from above, ovate, widest near the middle, scarcely twice as long as broad, extremities rounded and mucronate; end view subcordate, slightly tapered towards the apex. Surface of the shell marked with angular excavations, as in the preceding species. Length, 1-60th of an inch (425 mm.). Dredged in Simon’s Bay, South Africa, in a depth of 15 to 20 fathoms (Station 140). [Pl. XXVIII. fig. 4, a-d. a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 11. Loxoconcha variolata, G. 8. Brady (Pl. XXIX. fig. 6, ad). Loxoconcha variolata, Brady, Ostracoda of Antwerp Crag, Trans. Zool. Soc., vol. x. pt. 8, 1878, p- 400, pl. Ixviii. fig. 4, a-d. Carapace, as seen from the side, oblong, rather higher in front than behind ; height equal to more than half the length, anterior extremity broad, and evenly rounded, posterior narrower, rounded, not produced nor emarginate, dorsal margin straight, ventral slightly convex ; seen from above, hastate, with parallel sides, which converge abruptly to a mucronate apex in front, and terminate rectangularly behind the middle, thence converging sharply backwards in a bisinuated line to the mucronate posterior termination ; width equal to the height; from below, the posterior lateral angulation is seen to be carried across the ventral surface of the shell, forming a sharp ridge ; viewed from the (Z00L, CHALL, EXP.—PART [1I.—1880.) C 16 122 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. front, the outline is rounded, not much wider at the base than at the apex. Surface beset with angular pittings which, on the ventral aspect, are arranged in longitudinal grooves. Length, 1-52d of an inch (49 mm.). Dredged off Booby Island (Station 187), in a depth of 6 to 8 fathoms. The specimens here noted differ somewhat from the types described in my mono- graph of the Antwerp Crag Ostracoda, being less tapered in front when seen dorsally, rounder and more narrowed behind when seen from the side. Nevertheless, the Challenger specimens in general style and appearance so closely approximate to those from the Antwerp Crag, that I do not think it safe to propose for them a separate specific name. Two other fossil species, Cythere subtriangularis, Speyer, and Cythere hastata, Reuss, Egger, are also very nearly allied, but without the opportunity of examining authentic specimens, one cannot pronounce with certainty respecting them. Among recent species Loxoconcha angustata, Brady, Loxoconcha alata, Brady, and Loxoconcha multifora (Norman), are all near relatives, but distinct. [Pl. XXIX. fig. 6, a-d. a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 12. Loxoconcha alata, G. 8. Brady (Pl. XXVII. fig. 6, a-/). Loxoconcha alata, Brady, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. ii. (1868), p. 223, pl. xiv. figs. 8-13. Carapace of the female oblong, tumid; seen from the side, subrhomboidal, equal in height throughout, height equal to rather more than half the length ; anterior extremity evenly rounded ; posterior oblique, produced above the middle into a short, blunt beak ; dorsal margin straight, or very slightly hollowed, ventral almost straight ; seen from above, the outline is irregularly lozenge-shaped, each valve having a conspicuous lateral prominence behind the middle ; greatest width situated behind the middle, and equal to about three-fourths of the length; the extremities are broad and strongly mucronate, the end view is somewhat trapezoidal in outline, its height and width being about equal, and its angles produced or gibbous. The surface of the shell is marked with numerous small angular hollows, which, on the ventral surface, are disposed in longitudinal grooves ; and towards the hinder extremity of the ventral margin on each valve is a conspicuous, bluntly angular aleeform process or tubercle; there is also usually a distinct polished tubercle over the anterior hinge-joint. Length, 1-55th of an inch (44 mm.). A considerable number of specimens of Loxoconcha alata were found in a dredging made off the reefs at Honolulu, ina depth of 40 fathoms. These differ somewhat from the type-specimens which were got at Mauritius, but not so much, I think, as to warrant my calling them by a new name. The Honolulu specimens are not nearly so sharp at the REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 123 ends ; when seen from above, they are also rather more tumid, and the sculpturing is considerably coarser; but the general build and appearance is exactly that of the Mauritius species. The three series of figures given in Pl. XXVII. represent various stages of growth, figures a—-c being probably the adult female, and h-j perhaps the young male. This is very nearly allied to the preceding species (Loxoconcha variolata), but as will be at once seen on reference to the figures in Pl. XXIX., it is more angular in its contours, and the lateral alee are very much more prominent. Loxoconcha hastata, Brady (see Les Fonds de la Mer), is another closely related species. [Pl. XXVIL fig. 6, ay. @ Carapace of adult female seen from left side, 6 from below, c from front, d younger female seen from left side, e from above, J from below, g from front ; h male (?) seen from left side, 7 from below, j from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 13. Loxoconcha anomala, n. sp. (Pl. XXVII. fig. 5, a-d). Carapace as seen from the side, flexuous, subrhomboidal, greatest height situated near the middle, and equal to two-thirds of the length ; anterior extremity rounded, posterior oblique, produced above the middle into a broad truncated beak; superior margin forming a flattened arch which slopes gently toward the front, but more abruptly, and with a slight sinuation behind, ventral margin rather prominently convex behind the middle; seen from above, the outline would be almost a perfect rhomboid, but for the abrupt constriction behind the lateral alee which project a little behind the middle of the shell ; the extremities are acuminate, and the greatest width across the ale is equal to two-thirds of the length. Seen from the front the outline is subtriangular and equilateral, being almost exactly like the hull of a vessel seen “end on,” the apex of the triangle corresponding with the ventral margin, and produced into a distinct keel, the sides evenly convex, and the base, which corresponds with the dorsum, angularly elevated in the middle. The surface of the shell is marked by numerous irregular shallow pittings of moderate size. Length, 1-50th of an inch (*5 mm.). Of this remarkable species only a few examples were found in the 40 fathoms dredging from the reefs at Honolulu, It is not a little remarkable that two forms so outré, and so closely resembling each other in lateral outline, as this species and Loxoconcha honolu- liensis should have occurred in this one dredging. But though so much alike when viewed sideways, the difference between the two from all other pomts of view is very striking, especially in the laterally projecting ale and in the remarkably broad dorsal and narrowed ventral surface, a condition of which I know no other so marked an example amongst the Ostracoda. [Pl. XXVII. fig 5, a-d. a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 124 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Xestoleberis, G. O. Sars (1865). Shell smooth and polished, ornamented with small, round, distant papille, or rarely marked with sculptured pittings, much lower in front than behind, and in the female very tumid behind. Hinge-joint formed by a dentated projecting crest of the left, which is received into an excavation of the right valve; ventral margin of both valves incurved in front of the middle, and forming on the ventral surface a central hollow; anterior antenne six-jointed, the last four joints successively decreasing in length, and bearing very short, simple sete; posterior antenne short, four-jointed, flagellum of moderate length. Mandible-palp four-jointed ; branchial appendage small, and bearing only two sete. Jaws as in Loxoconcha. Feet small; post-abdominal lobes bearing two sete. Hyes distinct. Ova and immature young borne within the shell of the female, This genus is at a glance distinguishable by the generally rounded outline, the depressed and pointed front, and the rounded, tumid posterior end of the shell. It is widely distributed, containing apparently a very large number of species, and occurring abundantly in the seas of all parts of the world. So far, however, as we know of it palontologically, it would seem to be a genus of comparatively recent development, the only described fossil species which can be unmistakably referred to it—so far as I know —hbeing Cytherina impressa, Reuss (a chalk-marl species extremely like in the published figures to the recent European species, Xestoleberis depressa and awrantia), Cytheridea tumida, Egger (=? Cytherina tumida, Reuss), and Bairdia glutea, Egger, the last two beg Miocene species. Zoologically, the most remarkable character of Xestoleberis is its being viviparous ; the fry are retained within the shell of the mother until very fully de- veloped: this, perhaps, may account for the great posterior expansion of the female carapace. 1. Xestoleberis depressa, G. O. Sars (Pl. XXXI. fig. 1, a-g). Xestoleberis depressa, Sars, Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracoder, p. 68, 1865. Xestoleberis depressa, Brady, Monog. Recent Brit. Ostrac., Trans. Lin. Soc., 1868, p. 438, pl. XXvll. figs. 27-33. Xestoleberis depressa, Brady, Crosskey, and Robertson, Post-Tertiary Entomostraca, p. 190, pl. vii. figs. 13-19. (2) Cytherina tumida, Reuss, Foss. Entom. Oestery. Tert., Beckens, p. 57, pl. viii. fig. 29, 1850. (2) Cytheridea tumida, Egger, Ostrak. Miociin-Schicht, Ortenburg, p. 17, pl. ii. fig. 11. Carapace of the female tumid; seen from the side, oblong, sub-semicircular, highest near the middle, height equal to more than half the length; subacutely pointed in front, broadly rounded behind, dorsal margin boldly arched and forming one continuous curve from the anterior to the posterior ends of the ventral margin, which is straight, except for a slight sinuation in front of the middle. Seen from above, the outline is cordate, pointed in front and broad behind, width equal to two-thirds of the length ; end view depressed, broad below and boldly arched above, width greater than the height. Surface of the shell smooth, iridescent, marked with numerous small circular papille. The shell REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 125 of the male is smaller, much less tumid, and has its posterior portion compressed and narrowly rounded. Length of the female, 1-35th of an inch (°75 mm.); of the male 1-42d of an inch (65 mm.). The only dredgings in which I have seen this species are from Balfour Bay, Kerguelen Island, 20 to 25 fathoms ; and from lat. 52° 4’ 8., long. 71° 22’ E., 150 fathoms. It is to be borne in mind, however, that the distinctions between this and the next species, if valid at all, are very slight ; and it is not unlikely that the two may prove to be identical. Xestoleberis depressa is a common species in the Northern Hemisphere, having been found in the seas of Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Spitzbergen, and in the Gulf of St Lawrence, while as a Post-Tertiary fossil it occurs abundantly in Scotland, Ireland, Norway, and Canada. In size the northern specimens agree with Xestoleberis setigera, while in shape they approach more closely to the Balfour Bay specimens here assigned to depressa. [Pl. XXXI. fig. 1, a-g. a Carapace of female seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front ; e carapace of male seen from left side, f from below, g from front. All magnified 50 diameters. } 2. Xestoleberis setigera, n. sp. (Pl. XXXI. fig. 2, a-d, and fig. 3, a-c). Very closely similar to Xestoleberis depressa, but, when seen from the dorsal surface, less tumid both in front and behind ; the width, also, is considerably greater than the height, so that the end view is much depressed. The surface of the shell is studded with small papille, many of which bear single minute setee. Length, 1-42d of an inch (‘65 mm.). I have notes of the occurrence of this species as follows :—Off Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen Island, 120 fathoms, specimen figured (fig. 3, a-c); off Heard Island, 75 fathoms, mud, Station 151; off Prince Edward's Island, 50 to 150 fathoms. [Pl. XXXI. fig. 2, a-d. a Carapace of male seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front; fig. 3, a—c, a female seen from left side, 6 from below, ¢ from front. All magnified 50 diameters. | 3. Xestoleberis granulosa, n. sp. (Pl. XXX. fig. 5, a—d). Carapace compressed, oblong; seen from the side, subreniform, highest behind the middle, height equal to more than half the length, extremities rounded off, the posterior the broader of the two, dorsal margin well arched, ventral slightly sinuated in front of the middle ; seen from above, compressed, ovate, twice as long as broad, widest near the middle, subacuminate in front, rounded behind ; end view nearly circular, height slightly exceeding the width. Surface of the shell smooth, somewhat granular in appearance, and sparingly papillose. Length, 1-43d of an inch (575 mm.). Taken off East Moncceur Island, Bass’ Strait, 38 to 40 fathoms, sand (Station 162) ; Port Jackson, Australia, 2 to 10 fathoms. 126 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. This species is more slender in outline than any other with which I am acquainted, excepting, perhaps, Xestoleberis intermedia, Brady (Mediterranean) ; and Xestoleberis labiata, Brady and Robertson (British), from which latter, however, it differs somewhat in shape as well as in the want of the peculiar labiate prolongation of the shell from which the British species takes it name. [Pl]. XXX. fig. 5, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 4. Xestoleberis nana, n. sp. (Pl. XXXI. fig. 5, a-c). Carapace very tumid ; as seen from the side, sub-semicircular, highest near the middle ; extremities obliquely rounded, dorsal margin boldly arched, ventral nearly straight, height equal to more than half the length; seen from above the outline is very broadly ovate, subacuminate in front, broadly rounded behind, greatest width in the middle, and equal to nearly three-fourths of the length; end view depressed, the width much greater than the height. Surface of the shell perfectly smooth. Length, 1-58th of an inch (‘45 mm.). Found in a dredging, from a depth of 18 fathoms, off Tongatabu, coral bottom (Station 172). [Pl]. XXXI. fig. 5, a-c. a Carapace seen from left side, b from below, c from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 5. Xestoleberis africana, n. sp. (Pl. XXX. fig. 4, a-c). Carapace very tumid; seen from the side, broadly subovate, height greatest a little behind the middle, and equal to about three-fourths of the length ; obliquely rounded, and somewhat narrowed in front, broad, and well rounded behind, dorsal margin boldly arched, ventral decidedly convex ; seen from above broadly ovate, widest in the middle, abruptly tapered and subacuminate in front, rounded behind, width equal to two-thirds of the length ; end view subcircular, base somewhat emarginate ; height greater than the width. Surface of the shell smooth, slightly papillose. Length, 1-50th of an inch (°5 mm.). Dredged in Simon’s Bay, South Africa, in a depth of 15 to 20 fathoms. (Station 140.) [Pl]. XXX. fig. 4, a-c. a Carapace seen from left side, b from below, c from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | 6. Xestoleberis curta, G. 8. Brady (Pl. XXXI. fig. 6, a—d). Cytheridea (1) curta, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soc., 1865, vol. v. p. 370, pl. lviii. fig. 7, a—b. Xestoleberis curta, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, p. 79, pl. x. figs. 16--18 (Icon. mal.). Carapace, as seen from the side, oblong, subovate, greatest width situated behind the middle, and equal to more than half the length ; extremities well rounded ; dorsal margin REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 127 moderately arched, inferior slightly sinuated in front; seen from above the outline is ovate, tapering only slightly towards the extremities, scarcely pointed in front, rounded behind ; the width, which is greatest about the middle is just equal to the height ; end view nearly circular. Surface of the shell perfectly smooth. Length, 1-52d of an inch (49 mm.). The following are the dredgings in which Xestoleberis curta has been noticed :-—Off Bermudas, 435 fathoms, mud (Station 33) ; Royal Sound, Kerguelen Island, 28 fathoms . (Station 149); Port Jackson, Australia, 2 to 10 fathoms; off Booby Island, lat. 10° 36’ &., long. 141° 55’ E.; 6 to 8 fathoms (Station 187); off reefs at Honolulu, 40 fathoms ; in lat. 33° 42’ §., long 78° 18’ W.; 1875 fathoms (Station 300). The type-specimen described in the Zoological Society’s Transactions (Joc. cit.) was from the West Indies, and differs in no important respect from those here described, though the measurement is somewhat larger—1-42d of an inch. [Pl. XXXI. fig. 6, a-d. «a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 7. Xestoleberis polita, G. 8S. Brady (Pl. XXXI. fig. 7, a-c). Xestoleberis polita, Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i. p. 202, pl. xxvii. figs. 1 5, 16. Carapace as seen from the side, pear-shaped, highest behind the middle; anterior extremity narrow, posterior broad, both well rounded, dorsal margin moderately arched, inferior straight or slightly convex, height equal to two-thirds of the length ; seen from above, compressed, ovate, narrowed, and obtusely pointed in front, somewhat broader and rounded behind; width rather less than the height; end view nearly circular. Surface of the shell smooth, very sparingly papillose. Length, 1-52d of an inch (49 mm.). The Challenger specimens of this species were found in mud brought up on the anchor from a depth of 6 fathoms in Stanley Harbour, Falkland Islands (Station 316). The type-specimens were taken in a locality not very far distant—Halt Bay, Straits of Magellan. [Pl. XXXI. fig. 7, a-c. a Carapace seen from left side, b from below, ¢ from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 8. Xestoleberis margaritea, G. 8. Brady (Pl. XXX. fig. 2, a-g). Cytheridea margaritea, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soc., 1865, vol. v. p. 370, pl. lviil. fiz. 6, a-d. (2) Cytherina ovulum, Reuss, Haidinger’s Abhandl., Band iii. p. 55, pl. vii. fig. 19. Carapace of the female, tumid; seen from the side, ovate, greatest height situated behind the middle, and equal to two-thirds of the length; extremities evenly rounded, dorsal margin moderately arched, ventral slightly smuated in front of the middle; seen 128 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. from above, the outline is broadly ovate, pointed in front, and well rounded behind ; width equal to the height; end view obscurely angulated above, broad, and somewhat emarginate below. Surface of the shell smooth, marked with a few distant small papille. Length, 1-50th of an inch (‘5 mm.). The shell represented in figures e-g is perhaps referable to the male of this species, being found in company with the more tumid form (figures a-d). The broken line shown by the artist in fig. 5, has been inserted by mistake, probably from the accidental adhesion of some foreign body to the shell. Xestoleberis margaritea has been met with only in one of the Challenger dredgings, off Booby Island, lat. 10° 36’ S., long. 140° 55’ E.; 6 to 8 fathoms (Station 187). The type-specimens are from the Mediterranean, where the species seems to be plentiful; and I have seen others from the Mauritius which are probably referable to the same. [Pl. XXX. fig. 2,a-g. a Carapace of the female, seen from left side, 6 from above, ce from below, d from front, e male (2), seen from left side, f from below, g from front. All magnified 60 diameters. | 9. Xestoleberis intermedia (2), G. 8. Brady (Pl. XXXIII. fig. 2, a-d). Xestoleberis intermedia (2), Brady, Les Fonds de la Mer, tom. i. p. 94, pl. xii. figs. 3-7. Shell, seen from the side, subovate, depressed in front, highest in the middle, height equal to more than half the length ; extremities rounded, the anterior narrower than the posterior ; dorsal margin boldly arched, ventral gently convex; seen from above, the outline is regularly ovate, widest near the middle, the width equal to the height ; extremities acuminate, the posterior, however, broader than the anterior; end view subcircular. Surface of the shell smooth, and ornamented with a few scattered circular papille, each of which bears a minute seta. Length, 1-70th of an inch (‘37 mm.). Found in Torres’ Straits, lat. 11° 35’ S., long. 144° 3’ E., 155 fathoms (Station 185). The few specimens referred to in the foregoing description differ to some extent from the type-specimens of Xestoleberis intermedia, especially in being much smaller, and in the convex character of the ventral surface. I have thought it better, however, to assign them to that species, than to coin a new name, on what might probably prove to be insufficient grounds. [Pl. XXXIII. fig. 2, a-d. a Shell seen from left side, 6 from above, c from below, d from front. All magnified 80 diameters. | 10. Xestoleberis twmefacta, n. sp. (Pl. XXXI. fig. 4, a-d). Carapace tumid ; seen from the side, subovate, not much higher behind than in front, height equal to two-thirds of the length ; extremities obliquely rounded, dorsal margin moderately arched, ventral sinuated in front of the middle; seen from above, ovate, REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 129 widest in the middle, tapering equally to the extremities, which are pointed ; width equal to the height ; end view subcireular, scarcely at all tapered towards the apex. Surface of the shell smooth, marked with numerous small circular papillee and with irregular light or dark coloured blotches. Length, 1-43d of an inch (‘57 mm.). Found in a dredging from Nares’ Harbour, Admiralty Islands, in a depth of 16 fathoms. This has very much the general aspect of Loxoconcha, but there is no angula- tion at the supero-posteal portion of the margin, and on that account chiefly I think it is best referred to Xestoleberis. [Pl]. XXXI. fig. 4, a-d. « Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 11. Xestoleberis variegata, n. sp. (Pl. XXXI. fig. 8, a-g). Carapace of the female, tumid ; seen from the side, broadly pear-shaped, highest near the middle, extremities well rounded, the anterior, however, much narrower than the posterior ; dorsal margin boldly arched, ventral sinuated in front, and convex behind the middle ; seen from above, broadly ovate, tapering, and pointed in front, rather broadly rounded behind, width scarcely equal to the height; end view subcircular. Surface of the shell smooth, variegated with blotches of dark upon a pale ground. Length, 1-43d of an inch (‘57 mm.). Specimens which I believe to belong to the male of this species are represented in figures c-g, and, as usual, are more elongated and slender than those of the opposite sex. Xestoleberis variegata was noticed in dredgings from off St Vincent, Cape Verde, in 1070 to 1150 fathoms (Stations 93, 94); and off Tongatabu, 18 fathoms (Station AZ) [Pl]. XXXI. fig. 8, a-g. a Carapace of female, seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front, e male seen from left side, f from below, g from front. All magnified 50 diameters. | 12. Xestoleberis expansa, n. sp. (Pl. XXX. fig. 3, a—d). Carapace excessively ventricose ; seen from the side, oblong, subovate, highest a little behind the middle, extremities broad and rounded, dorsal margin boldly arched, some- what gibbous, ventral nearly straight; height equal to two-thirds of the length; seen from above, very broadly ovate, greatest width situated in the middle, and equal to three- fourths of the length, abruptly tapered towards the anterior extremity, which is subacute ; posterior extremity broadly rounded, and slightly emarginate in the middle; end view subtriangular, widest at the ventral margin, width much greater than the height, apex acute, lateral angles rounded. Surface of the shell smooth and polished. Length, 1-58th of an inch (‘44 mm.). One specimen only, dredged in a depth of 1900 fathoms, in lat. 35° 39’ S., long. 50° 47’ W.; grey mud-(Station 3238). (ZOOL, CHALL, EXP,—PART 111.—1880.) C17 130 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. The remarkably ventricose character, and broadly triangular end-view separate this species unmistakably from any other with which I am acquainted. [Pl. XXX. fig. 3, a-d. a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below. d from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | 13. Xestoleberis foveolata, n. sp. (Pl. XXX. fig. 1, a-g). Carapace of the female, subcordate, very tumid; seen from the side, the greatest height is situated near the middle, and is equal to more than two-thirds of the length ; anterior extremity rounded, and only slightly depressed, posterior very broadly rounded, and some- what produced in the middle ; dorsal margin very boldly arched, ventral nearly straight ; seen from above, broadly and obtusely wedge-shaped, tapering rather abruptly near the anterior extremity, which is obtusely pointed, posterior extremity wide, subtruncate, with rounded angles, and a central submucronate projection ; greatest width situated behind the middle and equal to three-fourths of the length; end view subtriangular, with extremely convex sides, and rounded lateral angles, apex obtusely angulated, width rather greater than the height. Surface of the shell ornamented with closely-set, and rather large angular excavations, and, on the ventral surface, also with deep longitudinal furrows. Length, 1-45th of an inch (‘53 mm.). The male differs from the female in having the superior margin almost angular in the middle, the dorsal view being regularly ovate, and the end view subtriangular. This remarkable species, differing from all other known members of the genus in the strongly pitted character of its shell, was dredged plentifully in a depth of 6 to 8 fathoms, off Booby Island, lat. 10° 36’ S., long. 141° 55’ E. (Station 187). [Pl. XXX. fig. 1, a-g. «a Carapace of female seen from left side, 6 from above, ¢ from below, d from front; e male seen from left side, f from below, g from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | Cytherura, G. O. Sars (1865). Valves unequal and dissimilar in form, the right more or less overlapping the left on the dorsal margin; surface smooth, reticulated, punctated, deeply excavated, or bearing irregularly disposed ribs or protuberances, and mostly marked with a central darkly- coloured areola ; in shape oblong or subtriangular and produced at the hinder end into a more or less prominent beak ; hinge-processes mostly obsolete. Anterior antennee shortly setose, six-jointed, gradually tapered; second joint bearing a rather long seta on the middle of its posterior margin ; posterior antenna five-jointed, with short terminal claws ; flagellum long, triarticulate. Mandibles robust, bluntly toothed ; palp three-jointed, its branchial appendage small and bearing only two recurved sete. Terminal lobes of the first pair of maxille long and narrow ; branchial plate bearing on its external margin two non-ciliated setee, which are directed downwards and arise from a separate lobe. Feet REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 13] _ small, with short, recurved claws ; eyes distinct. Copulative organs of the male very com- plex, provided with several irregular processes and a very long spirally convoluted tube. The members of this genus appear to be distributed abundantly over the whole globe, and are perhaps equally common in the Arctic Seas, as in those of the tropical and temperate regions. With very few exceptions, they are the smallest of all the Ostracoda, the usual range of length being between 1-50th and 1-70th of an inch, 1. Cytherura curvistriata, n. sp. (Pl. XXXII. fig. 10, a-d). Carapace oblong, tumid ; seen from the side, subrhomboidal, about equal in height throughout, scarcely twice as long as high; anterior extremity obliquely rounded, posterior angular, tapering abruptly and broadly truncated in the middle; dorsal and ventral margins parallel and nearly straight; seen from above, the outline is broadly ovate, greatest width behind the middle and equal to more than half the length, broadly mucronate in’ front, hinder extremity broadly rounded and irregularly emarginate ; end view subelliptical, height less than the width. Surface of the shell marked with not very ‘prominent, flexuous, longitudinal ribs, the intervals between which are pitted with angular cavities. Length, 1-62d of an inch (‘40 mm.). Dredged at Port Jackson, Australia, in a depth of 2 to 10 fathoms. [Pl. XXXII. fig. 10, a-d. a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 60 diameters. | 2. Cytherura obliqua, n. sp. (Pl. XXXII. fig. 1, a-d). Carapace oblong, tumid; seen from the side, flexuous, subrhomboidal, higher in front than behind, height equal to about two-thirds of the length ; anterior extremity broad and obliquely rounded off, posterior rounded but much narrower, not beaked; dorsal margin moderately arched, ventral somewhat convex and sinuated towards the front ; seen from above, the outline is hexagonal, scarcely twice as long as broad; the sides parallel in the middle but converging rather abruptly towards the ends ; end view heart- shaped, broad at the base and tapering to an obtusely rounded summit, height greater than the width. Shell marked with rather large angular excavations, and on the ventral surface with sinuous longitudinal grooves. Length, 1-43d of an inch (58 mm.). The only dredging in which I have seen Cytherura obliqua is from 20 to 50 fathoms at Balfour Bay, Kerguelen Island (Station 149). The species is rather anomalous in character, having a good deal of the general contour of Loxoconcha, and being destitute of the beak, which is the chief external mark of Cytherura. The same remarks apply partially to the two next described species Cytherura rudis and Cytherura cribrosa ; the generic position here assigned to them must be looked upon as merely conjectural. [Pl. XXXII. fig. 1, a-d. « Carapace seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 132 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 3. Cytherura rudis (%) G. 8. Brady (Pl. XXXII. fig. 3, a-d). Cytherura rudis, Brady, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. ii. (1868), p. 34, pl. v. figs, 15-17. Carapace oblong, rather compressed ; seen from the side rhomboidal, greatest height situated near the front and equal to more than half the length; anterior extremity broad, oblique, only slightly rounded, posterior narrower, oblique, produced near the middle into a very short and broad beak; dorsal margin sloping backwards with a very: gentle curve from the front, ventral slightly sinuated in front; dorsal view elongated, subhexagonal, slightly wider in front than behind, anterior extremity abruptly tapered, obtusely poited, posterior broad, subtruncate, with a wide central mucro; end view hexagonal, the dorsal much shorter than the ventral line ; height a little greater than the width. Surface of the shell marked with polygonal excavations and faint flexuous longitudinal ribs, much as in the preceding species. Length, 1-52d of an inch (‘49 mm.). This is rather more angular in contour than the type-specimens which came from Davis’ Straits, but in other respects the two entirely agree. The Challenger specimens were got in the Straits of Magellan, 55 fathoms (Station 318). [Pl. XXXII. fig. 3,a-d. «a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below d from front. Magnified 60 diameters | 4. Cytherura cribrosa, n. sp. (Pl. XXXII. fig. 5, a-d). Carapace, as seen from the side, subquadrate, scarcely higher in front than behind, greatest height situated in the middle, and equal to about two-thirds of the length ; anterior extremity obliquely rounded, posterior produced in the middle into a broad, sub- acute beak ; dorsal margin moderately arched, ventral nearly straight ; seen from above, ovate, widest in the middle, subacuminate in front, mucronate behind, twice as long as broad ; end view subquadrate, height considerably greater than the width. Shell marked over the whole surface with rather large angular excavations. Length, 1-45th of an inch (54 mm.). | Found only in a dredging from a depth of 160 fathoms. January 13, 1876. (Station 305). ‘ [Pl. XXXII. fig. 5, a-d. «a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, c from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 5. Cytherura lilljeborgi, n. sp. (Pl. XXXII. fig. 6, a-d). Carapace elongated, compressed, rather higher in front than behind; seen from the side, subovate, greatest height situated in front of the middle and equal to half the length ; anterior extremity obliquely rounded, and jagged below the middle with three or four small teeth, posterior rather narrower and produced in the middle into a broad truncated REPORT ON THE OSTRACODA. 133 beak ; superior margin moderately arched, inferior straight ; seen from above, the outline is oblong-ovate, more than twice as long as broad, widest near the front, tapering abruptly towards the obtusely-pointed anterior, and gradually towards the broadly mucronate posterior extremity ; end view hexagonal, with concave margins; valves marked in the middle of the lateral aspect with a longitudinal flexuous ridge and on the ventral surface with numerous longitudinal ridges, the other portions of the surface being irregularly and coarsely reticulated with prominent ribs. Length, 1-60th of an inch (‘42 mm.). This very well-marked species occurred in a dredging from Balfour Bay, Kerguelen Island, in 20 to 50 fathoms. Its nearest known ally is probably Cytherura clathrata, Sars, with which it closely agrees in style of surface-sculpture though quite different in proportions and general contour. . [Pl. XXXII. fig. 6, a-d. a Carapace seen from'left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 75 diameters. | 6. Cytherura clavata, n. sp. (Pl. XXIX. fig. 7, a-d). Carapace, as seen from the side, oblong, nearly equal in height throughout, length equal to twice the height; anterior extremity well rounded, posterior produced in the middle into a short and broadly truncated beak ; dorsal and ventral margins parallel and nearly straight ; seen from above, the outline is subcuneate, widest behind, more or less constricted in the middle (the constriction more marked in the female), extremities centrally mucronate, the anterior broadly rounded, posterior subtruncate, width about equal to the height ; end view subcircular, broad at the base and somewhat angulated at the apex. Surface of the shell marked with numerous delicate longitudinal anastomosing | ridges ; each valve has also a wide transverse groove or depression across the middle. Length 1-40th of an inch (65 mm.). A considerable number of specimens of Cytherura clavata were found in a dredging from Stanley Harbour, Falkland Islands,—6 fathoms. The species is not unlike Cytherura gibba (Miller), but is much more wedge-shaped when seen from the dorsal or ventral aspect. Some specimens have a much more distinct transverse groove than others, as shown in the two figures b, c. The difference is probably sexual. [Pl. XXIX. fig. 7. a-d. a Carapace seen from left side, b from above, ¢ from below, d from front. Magnified 50 diameters. | 7. Cytherura mucronata, n. sp. (Pl. XXXII. fig. 9, a-d). Carapace, as seen from the side, subrhomboidal, highest about the middle, height equal to fully half the length ; anterior extremity obliquely rounded, posterior produced into a large tapering central beak; dorsal margin forming a flattened arch, ventral convex, slightly sinuated in front of the middle ; seen from above the outline is compressed-ovate, widest in the middle and tapering evenly to the extremities, the anterior being sub- 134 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER. acuminate, the posterior strongly mucronate; end-view subtriangular, height greater than the width, widest at the base, apex truncate. Surface of the shell marked with distant rounded punctures which are arranged in curved longitudinal rows. Length, 1-50th of an inch (‘5 mm.). Dredged in Simon’s Bay, South Africa, in a Gan of 15 to 20 fathoms. Hanhart unp ‘Furkiss delet lth. ° lad MACROGYPRIS SETIGERA, Sp.nov 4,a.d.PONTOCYPRIS FABA? (Reuss). » 2,ad. 5 MACULATA, GS Brady. 5,a-d. 5 SIMPLEX, Sp.nov. 3,ad. “ DECORA, GSBrady. 6,a_d. PSEUDOCYTHERE CAUDATA, GOSars. @ 7.ad.PSEUDOCYTHERE FUEGIENSIS, Sp.nov, ‘ oda Pl II Ostrac age of HMS."Challenger” oy " a ~The Vi Hanhart imp Purkiss del. et lith. , Sp.nov. , Sp. nov. laf MACROCYPRIS TENUICAUDA SIMILIS ” EX tl Shey cl 4ad CANARIENSIS, Sp.nov. ” ORIENTALIS, GS.Brady. ” * The Voyage of HMS."Challenger” Baik os ‘$ BY a GSBrady del et lith. lam.PHLYCTENOPHORA ZEALANDICA,Gen.& Sp.nov. 2,a_b MACROCYPRIS 3a.b BAIRDIA VILLOSA, Sp.nov. TENUICAUDA, Sp.nov. Ostracoda P1. Ill. Hanhart imp Ostracode.Pl. lV The Voyage of HMS ‘Challenger’ ante, ee é > GSB delet hth Hanhort imp IIS. ARGILL@ CIA EBURNEA, Sp nov. 16_18.CYTHERE KERGUELENENSIS, Sp.nov. 9 Ostracoda PLY. The Voyage of HMS “Challenger.” Hanhart imp GSBrady dal et lith 2a_g BAIRDIA VILLOSA, Sp.nov. Kall BYTHOCY.PRIS RENIRORMIS; Gen & Sp.nov. is stracoda P1.VI The Voyage of HMS"Challenger” FRA PR aa Ce I a ee pas ess es ! 5 a b 7 WPRaskiss delet hth Hanhart imp acc. BYTHOCYPRIS ELONGATA, gen. & Sp.nov 5,a_d. CYTHERIDEIS LAVATA, Sp.nov. 2,a_d.MACROCYPRIS TUMIDA, Sp.nov 6,a_d. BYTHOCYTHERE ORIENTALIS, GSBrady 3,a_-d. ARGILLACIA BADIA, Sp.nov. 7,a-d. » (?) EXIGNA, Sp.nov. 4,a_d. AGLAIA CLAVATA, Sp.nov. 8,a,b. MACROCYPRIS DECORA, GS Brady. aye Parkise del. et lith Hemboch ainrp lad BAIRDIA SIMPLEX, Sp-nov. 4 ac BAIRDIA ABYSSICOLA, Sp nlov. 2 a_d ” FUSCA, GS Brady. 5 ad PONTOCYPRIS SUBRENIFORMIS, Sp.nov 3 ad ” OVATA, GS.Brady. 6 a_g BAIRDIA MINIMA, Sp nov Ostracoda. PIVIll laf BAIRDIA FOVEOLATA,GS Brady 3,a.d BAIRDIA HIRSUTA, Sp.nov. 2,af » » ” A et ” VILLOSA, Sp.nov. *, "t } The Voyage of HMS “Challenger” » Parlass del et hth. lad BAIRDIA GLOBULUS, Sp.nov Ziad 3,a_c BAIRDIA CROSSKEIANA, G EXALTATA, Sp.nov. 4,a_c ” ACANTHIGERA, G& 5,a_f BAIRDIA AMYGDALOIDES,GSBrady. 5 S B B rady rady. 2 P The Voyage of HMS“Challenger” Purkiss del.ctlith lae BAIRDIA FORMOSA, GS Brady 3,a_d BAIRDIA TUBERCULATA, GSBrady 2,ac ” AMYGDALOIDES, GSBrady. 4,a_g ” MILNE-EDWARDSII, GS.Brady. 9,a-d BAIRDIA VICTRIX, GSBrady * _ « : : a m 3 ? "“S A 4 : ‘ : * - ——™ 2 2: = . . 2 the ® t. _ 5 * # Re § We. > +e : at t* ¢- . * . o s # a> - a 7 _ 4 * * > = weit =, ,. a ine ry = . 4 oe ie ; a! mt * * “ sy P ta = one : * hag — » TS s bg 5 - . s " > e -« ~ eS ! >, a * w% = ’ Pa. * - oa the *"" ; em ra * ae ; an) . : ‘ a: i , e ior a Be deue >, S* pa OO... eee Pe eae. : oa eyo: t. eee +" “ee The Voyage of HM'S ‘Challenger’ Parkiss del et ith Ostracoda.Pl. XI. lace. BAIRDIA WOODWARDIANA, Sp.nov 3,a_e.BAIRDIA ATTENUATA, Sp nov 2,a_e. » EXPANSA, Sp nov. 4 a,b ” 5,a-d BAIRDIA ANGULATA, GSBrady. FORTIFICATA, Sp.nov r; i a + i . 7 < << ; ; * - , r ‘ 4 f 4 . 4 26 a - y " : > + ‘ 4 : , a Y on. . : * : ‘od . oe : a . : emia ‘, Oo see) . = > tie ° i. ; ; - . a . tr: e ~ 4 ic wy . x = q x 5 R oa ’ ‘ « : . * . 7 ~~ Ostracoda PIXII hallenger” G The Voyage of HMS: Purkiss del.et lith. i Sp. nov < ys 4,a_d CYTHERE CURVICOSTATA l,a_e CYTHERE OBTUSALATA, Sp. uov. ; vp hov MOSELEY!I Sta eats VELLICATA, Sp.nov » expe nov FALKLANDISp. Crawls hen aap WYO Ee: DEMISSA, GSBrady TENERA, GSBrady » Bra at - The Voyage of HMS. Challenger” eee, RF were pepe Purkiss hth lad.CYTHERE INCONSPICUA, Sp.nov Deaeds ° CUMULUS, Sp.nov Spach: 5 FLOS-CARDUI, Sp.nov. 4ah CYTHERE SECURIFER, Sp.nov Oraen 6 ah ” FOVEOLATA, Sp. nov. FLABELLICOSTATA, Sp nov Hanhart’ imp x 7 . x ee tk . - - +h » ¢ ’ ~ ¢ 4 The Voyage of HM.S “Challenger.” Ostracoda.PIXIV Purkiss delet li th. lah GYTHERE ACUPUNCTATA, Sp. nov. Ziad B,a-d 4ja_d REUSSI, GSBrady. Gad SCINTILLULATA, Sp.nov 7Z.a_d OVALIS, Sp. nov. 8,a_d ” ” Hauhart imp 5,a_d.CYTHERE FULVOTINCTA, Sp nov LUBBOCKIANA, Sp nov. CANALICULATA, Reuss. CRISPATA, GS Brady. Oa es CVE RE CANCELLATA, GS Brady. . The Voyage of HMS. Challenger’ Ostracoda P1.XV WPaurkiss hi anhart i ag la_e CYTHERE PARALLELOGRAMMA Sp nov. Hes 2a_d PONTOCYPRIS ATTENUATA, GS Brady. 5 a.d CYTHERE CYTHEROPTEROIDES, Spnov. 3 ad CYTHERE PYRIFORMIS, Sp.nov 6 ad PONTOCYPRIS (?) SUBTRIANGULARIS, Sp.nov. 4 ad PONTOCYPRIS TRIGONELLA, G.0.Sars. Tah CYTHERE AUDEI, GSBrady. is The Voyage of HM.S ‘Chall enger’ Istracoda. P] Parliss lith Hanhart imp lad, 2ad.CYTHERE RASTROMARGINATA, Sp nov. Sah.CYTHERE EXILIS, Sp.nov. 3ad 0" IMPLUTA, Sp.nov. 6 ad. ¥ BICARINATA, Sp. nov. 4ah ‘ MURRAYANA, Sp.nov 7 acd. , LAGANELLA Sp.nov VII r \ da Pl.Xx (a) Ustrac ” « The Voyage of HM.S"Challenger Hanhart imp. WPurkiss hth 3 ad CYTHERE NORMANI, GS Brady. (vast 5 af CYTHERE SCABROCUNEATA, Sp. nov | ad CYTHERE ERICEA, Sp.nov. DASYDERMA, Sp. nov ” IRPEX, Sp.nov. 2ad Ae _ - s 7 i Ostracoda Pl. XVIII ” « The Voyage of H.M.&: Challenger x . Hanhart unp WParlnss lith DASYDERMA, Sp.nov » 3 a_c CYTHERE VIMINEA, Sp.nov. IRRORATA, Sp.nov. 4 af Stare GY HERE ACANTHODERMA, Sp.nov. lag CYTHERE MELOBESIOIDES, GS Brady 2ad The Voyage of HM S"Challenger” Ostracoda PI. XIX, © = ae WPurkiss lith Hanhart imp lath CYTHERE FABULOSA, Sp.nov. 5S ad CYTHERE LEPRALIOIDES, Spnov. Zand . PACKARDI, Sp.nov 6 ad " CRISTATELLA, GS Brady. 3 ad : CRIBRIFORMIS, GS.Brady. 7 ad : FUNGOIDES, GS.Brady. 4 ab é RADULA, Sp nov. Bac é TORRESII, Sp.nov. LA. Ostracoda. Pl] XX The Voyage of HM.S “Challenger” lanhart Purkiss del, et hth. 3,af CYTHERE SUBRUFA,OSp nov. 4,a_f laf CYTHERE KERGUELENENSIS, Sp.nov. Zant; WYVILLE THOMSON], Sp.nov SPEYERI, GS Brady. » 5,a-f CYTHERE CYMBA, GS Brady. . i 3 . 4 - “f . A be . r ; ‘ : ~ 2 : ‘ DU ako 2 : y, ws A A : < “ ; yore . ? < a fas P ae y “ : - : ‘ =~ oh ant F 4 5 _* ‘ Pes ate \o > § : ; { cae ; 5 zi s . < i 7 Eiaiy y ¢ ;: ees : \ c ' ‘ , . } ' c E - . 3 ‘ y ; * = : (me a * - . ‘ a P ; F F oe. . t Gy : ‘ ‘ 3 : 5 x . « : o> > 5 f, { ; r = 5 ‘ fp Z ‘ NE : ‘ i { t . a. . > _ . r vy » . ch. t 5 * - - The Voyage of HM 5‘Challenger? Ostracoda.P1.XXI d Porkies hth Hanhart imp ; lad. CYTHERE FORTIFICATA, Sp.nov. 5 a-h.CYTHERE POLYTREMA, GS.Brady. : Zar » BERMUDA, GS.Brady. 6 ah oF STIMPSONI, GS.Brady. Sad. ” STOLONIFERA, Sp.nov. Vande ” CRATICULA, Sp.nov. 4ad - LAUTA, Sp.nov. 8 a_c. ' SCALARIS, Sp.nov. The Voyage of HMS “Challenger.” Ostracoda P). XXII WPurkiss lith. Hanhart imp lad CYTHERE LACTEA, GS.Brady. 3 ad CYTHERE CONVOLUTA,GS.Brady 2Zad : QUADRIACULEATA, Sp. nov 4 af n PRAVA, Baird. 5 af CYTHERE SCUTIGERA, GS Brady. & The Voyage of HM.S."Challenger” Ostracoda Pl. XXIII aie a 3 a WPurkiss hth Hanhart im 4 la_d CYTHERE DORSISERRATA, 5p. nov. 5 a-d CYTHERE TETRICA, Sp.nov. , 2 ac 5 SCABROCUNEATA,Sp.nov. 6 ad " TRICRISTATA, Sp. nov. 3 ad a PATAGONIENSIS, Sp. nov. 7 eyel 5 CLAVIGERA, Sp.nov. 4 ac » VELIVOLA, Sp nov. Brand 0" SQUABIDENTATA, Sp. nov Ostracoda P|] XXIV ge aa The Voyage of HM.S“Challenger” ~ —¥ : a Sy BF teat eee tails EY en iat « = ks py i oh WPurkiss ith Hanhart imp ARATA, Sp nov. ” la_y CYTHERE DICTYON, Sp.nov. 2 ac Ostracoda Pl XXV. The Voyage of HM.S."Challenger” Moshert W Purkiss hth lag CYTHERE HODGII, GS Brady. 2a-g CYTHERE DARWINII, GSBrady. 3 4 ADUNCA, GS Brady 6 ad 5 ad CYTHERE PAPUENSIS, Sp.nov i ag EUPLECTELLA, GSBrady. d a GOUJONI, GS.Brady QUADRIACULEATA, Sp. nov. a The Voyage of HMS “Challenger” Ostracoda P1.XXV1 * f ee la-d CYTHERE SULCATOPERFORATA, Sp.nov. ae 2 ae CYTHERE CIRCUMDENTATA, Sp.nov. 5S ad CYTHERELLA CRIBROSA, Sp nov. Sah ‘ SUHMII, Sp nov. 6 ad CYTHERE |IMPLUTA, Sp nov. 4 ab. é NORMANI, GSBrady Tad CYTHERELLA LATIMARGINATA, Sp.nov Ostracoda.Pl.) The Voyage of HMS “Challenger” z 2 % a Te ar, saree anal” Hanhart imp 4 a_d. KRITHE TUMIDA, Sp.nov. 5,a_d. LOXOCONCHA ANOMALA, Sp nov. ALATA, GSBrady. WPurkiss delet lith . |,a_j. KRITHE PRODUCTA, Sp nov. 2,ad. » BARTONENSIS, (Jones). 3,ad. » HYALINA, Sp-nov. 6,a_j. : a The Voyage of HMS."Challenger” Ostracoda P Purkiss del. et ith Nanhart imp laf LOXOCONCHA AVELLANA, GS Brady. 4,a.d LOXOCONCHA SUBRHOMBOIDEA, Sp.nov. 2,ad » PUMICOSA, Sp. nov 5,af » AUSTRALIS, Sp nov 3, ad ” AFRICANA, Sp nov. 6,af ” HONOLULIENSIS, Sp nov. 4% i” : . 55) : ’ ; <<" ; ; | 4 &. . >» re aa The Voyage of HMS.“Challenger” Ostracoda.P] XXIX 7 urkiss del. etlith Hanhart imp l,a_£E LOXOCONCHA GUTTATA, (Norman). 4,a-d LOXOCONCHA SINENSIS, jun? Brady Znand » SINENSIS, GSBrady, 5o,a-d » SCULPTA, GS Brady. 3, ad. » AUSTRALIS, Sp nov. 6,a_d ” VARIOLATA GS Brady Tad CYTHERURA CLAVATA, Sp.nov. age of HMS‘“Challenger” <—apeao us ee ee WPiibloss del. et ith Ostracoda.F wag XESTOLEBERIS FOVEOLATA, Sp.nov MARGARITEA,GS Brady EXPANSA, Sp.nov AFRICANA, Sp nov XESTOLEBERIS GRANULOSA, Sp nov AGLAIA PUSILLA, Sp.nov (?) MERIDIONALIS, Sp nov. (?) OBTUSATA, Sp nov Se eT . a Agee «tae yee - . 2 ~* i ts ~ # vs . ’ « : a d . se : rd ; . - i te, z » - 4- - . 4 fs 4 : ~ Ge . ae. aie ae P The Voyage of HMS."Challenger” F a Ostracoda Pl. XXX Hanhart ump lag XESTOLEBERIS DEPRESSA, GOSars 5,a_-c XESTOLEBERIS NANA, Sp.nov 2,a_¢. i SIERiGERAWS Sp nov 6, a_d " CURTA, G.SBrady 3,a—c ” t OL Weippe Wh eae " POLITA, Sp.nov. 4.a_d ” TUMEFACTA, Sp.nov 8,a_g ” VARIEGATA, Sp. nov ) The Voyage of HMS."Challenger’ Ostracoda Pl, XXXII Purkiss delet lith l,a-d. CYTHERURA OBLIQUA, Spnov 6,ad.CYTHERURA LILLUEBORGII, Sp.nov : Zeaece BY WhOGY THERE ORIENTALIS waz) Sp.nov 7, ad. " COSTELLATA, Sp.nov. 3,a-d.CYTHERURA RUDIS? GS.Brady. 8, ad. z CLAUSII, Sp.nov. Aaa ji CRYPTIFERA, Sp.nov Gad ” MUCRONATA, Sp.nov. 5, ad. a CRIBROSA, Sp.nov lO,ad ” CURVISTRIATA, Sp.nov The Voyage of HM.S."Challenger” Ostracoda Pl. XXXIII | { =) 4 2 wr. “. WPurlass del et kth, Hanhart imp. lad. CYTHEROPTERON SCAPHOIDES, Sp.nov 5,a_c. BYTHOCYTHERE VELIFERA, Sp.nov. 2,ad.XESTOLEBERIS INTERMEDIA,?, G8Brady. 6,a-d.CYTHERIDEA SPINULOSA, GS Brady. 3,a.g¢. BYTHOCYTHERE ARENOSA, Sp.nov. 7ad.CYTHEROPTERON PATAGONIENSE, Sp.nov. 4 ad. , PUMILIO, Sp.nov. 8, a_d. , ; MUCRONALATUM, Sp nov. ae as . ae : ‘ > 7. o S -acoda Pl]. XXXIV The Voyage of HMS."Challenger” eo aa OF Parkiss del. ct lith. Hanhart map fad CYTHEROPTERON INTERMEDIUM,GSBrady. 4 ad CYTHEROPTERON WELLINGTONIENSE, Spnov 2Zad » ASSIMILE, Sp.nov. Oo aeb ” ANGUSTUM, Sp.noy. Sad » ABYSSORUM, Sp-nov. Gad ” FENESTRATUM, Sp.nov ‘we The Voyage of HM.S“Challenger’ Ostracoda,.Pl. XXXV = : ‘ ‘ d a bh ra d Purkiss del.et lith. |,a.d. PARADOXOSTOMA ABBREVIATUM, GOSars. 5,a.d.BYTHOCYPRIS 7? COMPRESSA, Sp.nov. 2,a_-d. XIPHICHILUS ARCUATUS, Sp.nov 6,a.d.CYTHERIDEIS LAVATA, Sp.nov 3,a d. PARADOXOSTOMA ENSIFORME? GSBrady. 7,a-d.POLYCOPE CINGULATA, Sp.nov. 4, ad. XIPHICHILUS COMPLANATUS, Sp.nov. 8,a-b.SCLEROCHILUS CONTORTUS, (Norman) Hanhart imp mm. * n ~”* ah TheVoyage of HM.S."Challenger" Ostracoda. Pl. XXXVI ! | 4 ' 4 1 a b c d a L 3 a b d 6 5 Purkiss del.et hth. Hanhart xmp lace. PHILOMEDES WYVILLE-THOMSONI, Sp. nov 4,a.b.POLYCOPE FAVUS, Sp.nov. 2,a-d.CYPRIDINA DANA, Sp-nov. 5,a d.CYTHERELLA CAVERNOSA, GS.Brady: 3,a_d. CYTHERELLA TRUNCATA, GSBrady 6B,a hb. » PUNCTATA, G.SBrady Ostracoda. P].XXXVIl Hanhart imp GSB del et ith. CYPRIDINA GRACILIS, Sp nov. “- ' * ni aan 4 “ e a . Ce am, * * > a ‘ Va . a . “ . % . l= | * > ‘ “ : 2 * = a *. : #5 : _ ; - . 7 * ; - *' . v * * ‘ . « ae . + , + . 4 a ire : * * 2 ’ we. # 7 . * *& ” * * . ” o * 7 2 ¥y. CROSSOPHORUS IMPERATOR, nov gen & Sp Ostracoda Pl. XXXVIII + a TheVoyage of HM'S.Challenger” Ostracoda. P1.XXXIX. 7s ~ e ¥ Hanhart imp. Ill. HALOCYPRIS BREVIROSTRIS, Dana. 12.17. PHILOMEDES GIBBOSA, (Dana). ¥: 7 es , ae ; i oe ’ e, * ¥ %. T* 1 :* - The Voyage of HMS “Challenger” Ostracoda. P1.XL. > GSB delet ith. Hanhart imp HALOCYPRIS ATLANTICA, Lubbock. of Ostracoda.P1. XLI. The Voyage of HMS.‘Challenger”’ aa pow. GSB. delet lith e Hanhart imp. IIO.HALOCYPRIS IMBRICATA, &&$, Sp nov. Newz ATLANTICA, & Lubbock. sae. . TheVovate of HMS."Challenger” = - ay “< i tee ie ig , ee ee Ta eee EOI ITI TIL GSB. delet lith. ” fr I8.HALOCYPRIS IMBRICATA, & Sp.nov. 9_Il.CYPRIDINA FORMOSA?, Dana. Ostracoda PI. XLII. > Hanhart imp The Voyage of H.MS."Challenger” Ostracoda Pl. XLIII Purkiss del et lith Hanhart imp l.a_g. CYTHERELLA CINGULATA, GS. Brady 4,ad.CYTHERELLA VENUSTA, Sp nov. Deaede » m F : 5,a_c. 7 POW TGA G.S.Brady. G,a_c. ” IRREGULARIS, Spnov 6, a,b. 7 DROMEDARIA, Sp.nov 7ad.CYTHERE SERRATULA, Sp nov at . s % y , « ; < Ws, * ; “a The Voyage of H.MS.Challenger” Parkiss del.et ith o p P p Pp -€ -e, _b e CYTHERELLA POLITA, GS Brady. " SEMITALIS, GS Brady. PULCHRA, G.SBrady PUNCTATA, GS Brady. LATA, Sp. nov. Ostracoda, Pl. XLIV Hanhart imp THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER. LOOLOGY. REPORT on the Bonzs or Ceracea collected during the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger in the years 1873-1876. By Wiii1am Turner, M.B. (Lond.), F.R.SS. L. and E., Professor of Anatomy in the University of Edinburgh. Proressor Str C. Wyvitte THomson having entrusted to me for purposes of description the bones of the Crracea collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger, I have to report as follows :— The specimens which were placed in my hands for examination were— A. The skull, without the lower jaw, of an adult Mesoplodon layardi. This speci- men is now in the Oxford Museum, and I am indebted to Professor Rolleston for the opportunity of examining it. B. The end of the rostrum, with the corresponding part of the lower jaw, and the two mandibular teeth of Mesoplodon layardi, also in the Oxford Museum. C. The skull and a large part of the skeleton of an immature Cetacean, evidently a young Mesoplodon layardi. D. A skull with lower jaw from the Colonial Museum, Wellington, New Zealand, marked Hpiodon chathamiensis, but which I regard as a specimen of Ziphius cavi- rostris. #. Atlas, axis, and 3d and 4th cervical vertebrae of Humpback whale of New Zealand, from the Colonial Museum, Wellington. F. Cervical vertebree of Right whale of New Zealand, from the Colonial Museum, Wel- lington. G. Numerous ear-bones and some fragments of other bones brought up by the dredge from the floor of the ocean. (ZOOL. CHALL. EXP.—PART Iv.—1880.) Di 2 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Mesoplodon layardi (Gray), (Pls. 1.—II1.). Specimens A and B were collected in November 1873 at the Cape of Good Hope by Mr H. N. Moseley, F.R.S., one of the naturalists of the Expedition, and specimen C' was obtained by the same gentleman at the Falkland Islands in 1875. Mr Moseley has with great courtesy placed at my disposal his notes on these specimens. Specimen A.—* The skull of Mesoplodon layardi was obtained from John M‘Kellar, Esq., of Cape Point. The animal came ashore at that place about 1865. Mr M‘Kellar reports that it was about 18 feet long, black on the back, whit< -4 the belly, and with a conspicuous line of demarcation on the side between the black and white colours. The animal yielded a large quantity of oil, which was of a very superior quality, selling for more than twice the price of ordinary whale oil. It had long tusks in the lower jaw, and Mr M‘Kellar thinks that he gave this bone with the teeth to Mr Layard, so that it is pro- bable that this is the specimen to which Mr Layard’s tooth belongs. The skull had lain exposed for eight years on the beach, and was found with the beak stuck in the sand, the skull having been put up as a target for rifle practice.’ The fused cervical vertebrae, and one or two dorsal vertebrae, were lying with the skull, but the remainder of the skeleton was not to be found.” Specimen B.—The animal to which the rostrum and lower jaw with teeth belonged “was captured by the men in the employ of Mr Alexander Michael Black of Simon’s Town, Cape Colony, who presented the specimens to the Oxford Museum. The animal came ashore at Walwick Bay in 1869. It was from 16 to 18 feet in length, and yielded 80 gallons of oil? The entire head was brought to Simon’s Bay as a curiosity, but it smelt so badly that the snout was sawn off with difficulty, owing to the density of the bone, and the head was pitched overboard.” Specimen C, which I have recognised to be a young example of Mesoplodon layardi, “was obtained at the head of Port Sussex, on the west coast of East Falkland Island. The animal ran ashore late in 1875. It was measured by Mr John Bonner, and found to be exactly 14 feet in length. It had a greyish-white colour below, but was black above. The oil was especially clear and good. The paddles were cut off, along with masses of blubber, and dragged to a distance. Mr Bonner gave me the head, which he had separated from the trunk as a curiosity.” Mr Moseley carried the head and bones of the trunk on a pack horse from Port Sussex to Stanley,’ where the Challenger was lying, but the paddles were not recovered. A similar whale was said by Mr Bonner to have come ashore at the peninsula known as Lafonia in 1866. 1 See also Notes by a Naturalist on the Challenger. By H. N. Moseley, F.R.S., London, 1879. In these Notes, obviously by a misprint, the animal is said to be only “about 10 feet in length.” 2 See also Moseley’s Notes above cited, p. 158. 3 See Notes, p. 559. REPORT ON THE CETACEA. 3 The specimens already put on record which have been referred to the Mesoplodon layardi are as follows :— 1. A skull, with lower jaw, from the Cape of Good Hope, presented by Mr E. L. Layard to the British Museum. The skull was described and figured by Dr Gray,’ and more fully described and with better figures by Professor Owen.’ 2. A single tooth from another specimen in the possession of Mr E. L. Layard.’ It is possible that this is the tooth already referred to as obtained from the skull of specimen A collected by Mr Moseley. 3. A lower jaw, with teeth, from the Chatham Islands, in the Colonial Museum, Wel- lington, New Zealand, described and figured by Dr Hector as Dolichodon layardi.* 4, A skeleton in the Sydney Museum, obtained at Little Bay, near Sydney, and named by Mr Krefft successively Mesoplodon longirostris and giintheri, and by Dr J. E. Gray Callidon giintheri.’ 5. Skeleton from Saltwater Creek, now in the Canterbury Museum, New Zealand, described by Dr von Haast as Mesoplodon flower.2 From a comparison of a photograph of its skull with the skull of the Mesoplodon layardi in the British Museum, neither Professor Flower‘ nor M. van Beneden could recognise any specific differences between the crania, so that they regard them as of the same species. The geographical range, therefore, of Layard’s Mesoplodon is very extensive. From the Cape of Good Hope, where it was first discovered, at least three crania, including those collected by the Challenger, have been procured. Other specimens have been obtained, far to the eastward, from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand, and Australia, whilst the discovery of the skeleton of a specimen at the Falkland Islands has extended its habitat considerably to the west. All the localities in which it has been obtained are in the Southern hemisphere, either in the South Atlantic or South Pacific, and there is no knowledge of this Cetacean ever having been seen to the north of the equator. The Skull—That the adult skull A, and the lower jaw, beak, and teeth B, from the Cape of Good Hope were specimens of Mesoplodon layardi was unquestionable, as they agreed in characters with specimens of this animal already described and figured. The skull of the 1 Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865, p. 358; and Catalogue of Seals and Whales, p. 353, where it is named Ziphius layardit (Dolichodon). 2 Memoirs of the Paleontographical Society, 1870, in Monograph on the British Fossil Cetacea from the Red Crag. Owen’s figures have been reproduced, though reversed in the copying, in pl. xxvii. figs. 1-8, a, of Van Beneden and Gervais’ Ostéographie des Cétacés. 8 Referred to by Professor Flower in his Memoir on the Recent Ziphioid Whales, Trans. Zool. Soe., vol. viii. p. 211. 4 Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. v. p. 166, pl. iii. Dr Gray in vol. vi. of these Transactions proposes to call this specimen Dolichodon traversii. 5 Annals and Magazine Natural History, 1871, vol. vii. p. 368. Dr Gray had only a photograph and sketch of the tooth for examination. 5 Notes on Mesoplodon floweri, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, June 6, 1876; and Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. ix. p. 442, 1877. 7 Remarks by Prof. Flower upon Dr von Haast’s Communication on Mesoplodon floweri, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, June 6, 1876. 4 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. younger animal C; from the Falkland Islands, was also, after a careful comparison with the adult skull, regarded as an immature example of the same Mesoplodon, and not as a new species. For although it differed from the adult in some important characters, such as the absence of a mesorostral bone, and of a maxillary buttress, whilst the teeth were embedded in their sockets, yet these are differences which are perfectly explicable on the ground of the immaturity of the specimen, which may have been, perhaps, also of the female sex. That the specimen was immature, was satisfactorily shown by the open condition of the cranial sutures, the lightness, porosity, and indeed fragility of the cranial bones, and the non-ossification with the vertebral bodies of their plate-like epiphyses. I may also mention that my friend Professor Flower, who has also examined the skull, coincided in the opinion that it was an immature Mesoplodon layardi. As the characters of the skull of the adult Mesoplodon layardi have been described with more or less fulness of detail by one or other of the naturalists already referred to, it seems unnecessary that I should give a detailed description of specimen A. But as no account has yet appeared of so immature a skull as that from the Falkland Islands, it is advisable that it should be described, and the most satisfactory way of recording its characters will be to write a comparative account of the younger and adult crania. In the course of this description I shall pursue almost the same order as that observed in the account which I gave a few years ago of the skull of Mesoplodon sowerbyi,' that a ready comparison between the crania of Layard’s and Sowerby’s whales may be instituted. In the first place I append a table of the dimensions, expressed in inches, of the crania of these specimens, and along with them I include the measurements of the skull of Ziphius cavirostris. The dimensions are taken between the points adopted by Professor Flower in his Memoir on the genus Mesoplodon,’ so that a comparison may be made between these crania and the species Mesoplodon australis, grayi, and hectori, described by him. Adult | Young f Shetland | , New Mesoplodon|\Mesoplodon |Mesoplodon | Ziphius Zealand layardi. layardi. sowerbyt. | cavirostris.| Ziphius ‘ cavirostris. Extreme length of cranium, j 404 25 294 364 Length of rostrum from apex of aeemerlls to macalle of line drawn between antorbital notches, : 274 144 194 214 222 From middle of hinder edge of palate, formed by pen goids, to apex of rostrum, 33 19 224 274 Greatest height of cranium from vertex % pteryg: as 5) 102 94 18 Breadth of cranium across middle of superior margin of orbits, i 6 5 A : SiGe: 104 11} 20 1 Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., May 20, 1872, vol. xxvi. 2 Trans. Zool. Soc. 1877, vol. x. REPORT ON THE CETACEA. 5 Adult Young Shetland New Mesoplodon|\Mesoplodon Mesoplodon| Ziphius Zealand layardi. layurdi, | sowerbyt. | cavirostris. Ziphius cavirostris. Breadth of cranium between zygomatic processes of squamosals, 174 11} 114 1 Breadth between antorbital notelion, 9 64 74 154 Breadth of middle of rostrum, 25 1? 2 5) 54 Breadth of occipital condyles, : 54 44 41 6% Premaxille, greatest width behind mrtanor nares 63 9) 5 Premaxille, least width opposite anterior nares, . 5k 3h 4} Premaxille, greatest width in front of anterior nares, 5 3} 4 300 ws Width of anterior nares, 28 2 1? 4} 53 Length of tympanic bone, 15 245 Greatest breadth of tympanic bone, : : ode 14 oud 15 wd Mandible, length of ramus, : ; 3 : oa 173 184 254 27 e length of symphysis, . : ; .| 112 48 94 ath 73 5 greatest vertical height of ramus, 4} 63 The length of the entire cranium of the younger specimen was 24 inches less than that of the beak of the adult. The crest at the vertex in both was formed of the nasals, frontal, supra-occipital, and the upper ends of the praemaxille and superior maxille, but in the younger specimen a thin lamina of each parietal could be traced upwards to the vertex, where the laminze from opposite sides became fused together (Pl. L. figs. 1, 2). The beak was about twice as long in the adult as in the young. Its apex in the latter was formed entirely of the two preemaxillee, but in the adult the anterior end of the mesorostral bone seemed to be fused with the tips of the preemaxillaries, though the absence of sutures prevented the exact determination of their place of union. In the adult, the interval between the premaxillaries was filled up as far as the base of the beak by the solid mesorostral borfe, which, as in Professor Owen’s description, “rises as a smooth, dense convex ridge, 14 inches across at its broadest part, gradually contracting to a breadth of half an inch, when it has traversed one-third of the length of the rostrum.” In the younger skull this bone was absent, and an elongated mesorostral furrow, empty in the macerated skull, was seen. This furrow was occupied in the un- macerated state by a bar of cartilage, and the conversion of this cartilage into the dense mesorostral bone is accompanied by the remarkable elongation of the beak, which constitutes one of the most noticable features of difference in the dimensions of the younger and adult crania. As the beak of specimen B had been sawn through 203 inches from the tip, the extremely dense porcellaneous character of the mesorostral bone, and its intimate fusion with the vomer, the superior and premaxillary bones were seen on the surface of section. Whilst the vomer and premaxille partook of the same porcellaneous character as the mesorostral bone, the superior maxille again possessed a 6 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. much more spongy character. The surface of section through the beak approximated in shape to a heraldic lozenge, the inferior angle of which was rounded (PI. I. fig. 6). In specimen B the mesorostral bone terminated 65 inches from the tip of the beak, and anterior to it the beak was hollowed into a deep furrow covered over by a dense, fibrous membrane. In the younger skull, the inner borders of the praemaxillee were parallel and close together in the anterior half of the beak, but diverged somewhat posteriorly. In both crania these bones ascended behind the base of the beak to form the sides of the anterior nostrils, and to terminate at the vertex in a roughened overhanging ridge. The anterior surface of the ascending part of each bone was concave from above down- wards, and the outer and inner borders were concave in the same direction; the con- cavity of the inner border added to the width of the nostrils, the greatest transverse diameter of which in the younger skull was 24 inches, in the adult 2% inches. The preemaxillee were a-symmetrical at their nasal ends, the right being not only wider, but higher than the left, so that the nasal openings were directed to the left. The a- symmetry was slightly more marked in the adult than in the younger skull. On the anterior surface of each preemaxilla a large foramen was situated a little behind the antorbital notch. The nasal bones were laterally compressed and placed vertically between the two premaxille. The upper border of the right was, in both crania, broader and more pro- jecting than the left. The mesethmoid nasal septum was inclined obliquely to the left ; in the adult its free border was sharp in the greater part of its extent, but below it was prolonged into the mesorostral bone. A deep depression was, however, situated at their place of junction, which indicates, I think, that the mesethmoid and mesorostral bones had originated from separate centres of ossification. In the young skull it was from ; to $ inch broad, and had the roughened surface characteristic of a bone to which ossifying cartilage had been attached. The spout-like vomer formed in the young skull the floor and in part the sides of the mesorostral furrow to within 34 inches of the tip of the beak, where it terminated in a pointed end ; posteriorly, in both crania, it articulated with the sides of the mesethmoid, and, expanding laterally, was jointed with the under surface of the body of the sphenoid. The vomer appeared in the hard palate of the younger skull, as a mesial fusiform bar of bone, nearly 5 inches long, situated between the superior maxilla and preemaxilla of opposite sides. In the adult, the rostral part of the vomer was concealed by the mesorostral bone, except on the palatal surface, where it appeared as a mesial fusiform bar, about 11 inches long. In both crania, the vomer also appeared on the surface as a slender mesial bar between the two pterygoid bones; in the adult, 34 inches were seen, extending back- wards between these bones; but in the young skull, scarcely an inch in length of the vomer appeared, where the pterygoids diverged from each other anteriorly. REPORT ON THE CETACEA. 7 Each superior maxilla in the young skull extended to 25 inches from the tip of the beak where it terminated as a slender bar of bone. In both crania it expanded posteriorly, and, overlapping the frontal bone, ascended to the vertex behind the prae- maxilla. The anterior surface of its cranial expansion was concave, and the hollow was somewhat deeper in the adult than in the young specimen. In the young a large single foramen was in the right bone almost on a line with the preemaxillary foramina, but in the left bone were two foramina. In the adult four foramina, one of which was partially subdivided, were in the right bone, but only two in the left. In both skulls a large foramen, directed outwards, opened in the expanded cranial portion, on a line with the middle of the anterior nares. An ectomaxillary ridge was present in both crania, but in neither so prominent as in Mesoplodon sowerbyi. In the adult the ectomaxillary eroove, and the buttress-like projection of the pterygoid and superior maxilla, closely resembled Owen’s description of the original skull in the British Museum. In the younger skull, whilst this groove was marked at the base of the rostrum, it disappeared in the anterior two-thirds, whilst neither the pterygoid nor superior maxilla swelled out to form a “buttress,” so that instead of the massive piece of bone seen in the adult swelling out laterally beyond the margin of the ectomaxillary ridge, in the young, but a faint eleva- tion occurred, and the ectomaxillary ridge formed the most prominent feature in the outline of this part of the beak. In both crania, as well as in Mesoplodon sowerbyi, the antorbital notch was separated from the base of the ectomaxillary ridge by an inter- mediate maxillary tubercle. The palatal surface of the beak flattened anteriorly in the adult, but slightly concave in the younger skull was formed by the preemaxillee, which passed backwards between the anterior ends of the superior maxillze, to articulate with the mesial palatal part of the vomer. In the adult, the middle and posterior parts of this surface were much more convex than in the young skull, and the sutures were almost entirely obliterated. In the younger skull, the palatine plates of the two palate bones appeared as narrow triangles between the diverging anterior ends of the two pterygoids, and separated them from the superior maxillz ; but these plates did not articulate with each other mesially as in Mesoplodon sowerbyi; for the superior maxilla were prolonged backwards between them in order to articulate with the interpterygoid part of the vomer which appeared on the surface in this locality. In the adult, the palate plate of the palate bone was absent, so that the pterygoid articulated directly with the superior maxilla. Both in the adult and younger crania the palate bone passed backwards and outwards on the side of the beak, between the pterygoid and superior maxilla, so as to come into proximity with the malar bone. Each pterygoid was a triangular plate of bone, concave externally, and with its lower border everted so as to constitute the lower boundary of a pterygoid fossa; a deep notch directed upwards and forwards was situated in the base of each plate. The two ptery- 8 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. goids articulated with each other mesially for 4 inches from the base of each plate in the adult skull, but then diverged, and allowed first the vomer, and then the two superior maxil- laries to appear between them. In the younger skull, the mesial articulation between the two pterygoids was more complete, for the vomer intervened only at the anterior part. The posterior nares and the basis cranii had a similar shape and arrangement of bones to what I have elsewhere described in Mesoplodon sowerby:. The occipital surface of the skull also had a similar form, and the jugal process of the ex-occipitals was separated by a cleft from the lateral elevation of the basi-occipital; there was little difference in the configuration of these parts in the young and adult crania. In both an extensively ossified falx was situated in the mesial plane of the cranial cavity. The general shape of the squamoso-zygomatic part of the temporal resembled that bone in Mesoplodon sowerbyi, but the fossa in front of the petro-tympanic bone was not so smooth, and had an irregularly ridged and furrowed surface in both the adult and younger crania. A curved spur-like process descended in the younger skull from the squamous temporal in front of the petro-tympanic and aided in retaining it in place. In the adult skull this process was absent (probably broken off), the tympanic bulle had been re- moved and only the left petrous bone was in place. In the younger specimen the mas- toid, tympanic, and petrous portions of the temporal were distinctly differentiated : the petrous part was a separate element, but the mastoid and tympanic were fused together. The mastoid articulated behind with both the jugal process of the occipital and the posterior prolongation of the squamosal, by a broad roughened surface, whilst anteriorly it was continued into the the tympanic by a constricted neck. I have carefully compared the tympanic and petrous bones of Mesoplodon layardi with the corresponding bones of the Ziphius cavirostris from Shetland which I described some years ago." In Mesoplodon the inferior surface of the tympanic was one inch in breadth at its posterior end, where it was divided into an outer and an inner lobe by a groove extending forwards from its posterior end, the outer of these lobes was more boss-like and smoother than the inner (Pl. Il. fig. 7). In Ziphius this surface was not bilobed and possessed a ridge extending in the antero-posterior direction (Pl. II. fig. 9). The outer surface of the tympanic was deeper in Ziphius than in Mesoplodon, and the groove on this surface was more vertical and elongated in the latter than in the former. The inner surface in Zrphius, where it turned into the bulla, was more deeply denticulated that in Mesoplodon. The tympanic in Ziphius was somewhat larger than in Mesoplodon, and the same also was the case with the petrous bones. The longest diameter of the petrous bone in Ziphius cavirostris was 2745 inches, of the adult Mesoplodon layardi 13%, of the younger specimen the same: the greatest breadth in Ziphius cavirostris was 1345, in the adult Mesoplodon layardi 17%, and in the younger specimen 1,3; inch. The 1 Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 1872, vol. xxvi. REPORT ON THE CETACEA. 9 internal meatus of the petrous bone was a single canal in the young Mesoplodon, but was divided into two in the adult Mesoplodon and in Ziphius. The surface anterior to the meatus was roughened and slightly convex in Mesoplodon, but was elevated into a prominent tubercle in Ziphius. In both, the stapes formed a solid column of bone ankylosed to the inner wall of the tympanum (PI. I. fig. 5). The most important difference between the petro-tympanic bones in the two animals was the bilobed character of the under surface of the tympanic in Mesoplodon and not in Ziphius, a character which Meso- plodon layardi shares with the other species of Mesoplodon described by Professor Flower in his recent memoir on this genus,’ which is possessed by the true Dolphins and, as he points out, also by Berardius. Thus, by its tympanic bone, Ziphius may be dis- tinguished from Mesoplodon as readily as by the differences in the naso-premaxillary region, the value of which I dwelt on in my former memoir on these genera.” In Mesoplodon layardi the sphenoid took but a very small part in the formation of the temporal fossa. The parietal formed the larger part of its floor, and in the younger skull could be followed as a distinct bone situated between the supra-occipital and the frontal to the vertex, where it was united by synostosis to its fellow. In the adult, though the outline of the parietal in the temporal fossa could be readily seen, no part could be traced beyond the fossa to the vertex, for it was overlapped by the growth of the supra-occipital, so that only the thin edge of the frontal bone appeared in the interval between the supra-occipital and superior maxillary. The vertex part of the frontal articulated anteriorly, as in Mesoplodon sowerbyi, with the superior maxille, preemaxille, and nasals. The frontal formed the roof of the orbit and possessed a strong postorbital, but a feeble preorbital process. The malar bone consisted anteriorly of a flattened plate, which articulated with both the superior maxilla and the lachrymal: from this plate a long slender zygomatic bar passed backwards below the orbit to articulate with the zygomatic part of the temporal. The lachrymal closely resembled in shape the corre- sponding bone in Mesoplodon sowerbyi; in these skulls it articulated anteriorly and externally with the preorbital process of the frontal, the malar, and the superior maxilla. The mandible was absent in specimen A, only its anterior part was preserved in B, whilst in C, though both halves were present, the condyloid ends were much broken. In C the right and left halves were not ankylosed at the symphysis, which part of the bone was 44 inches long. In 6 the union between the two halves was complete, and the symphysis was 1143 inches long. During the time that the Challenger was in the harbour of Wellington, New Zealand, Mr Moseley visited the Wellington Museum, and made a careful comparison. between the lower jaw and teeth of specimen B, and the jaw and teeth from the Chatham Islands preserved in that Museum, which have been described and figured by Dr Hector. 1 Trans. Zool. Soc., vol. x., 1878. * Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxvi., 1872. (ZOOL, CHALL, EXP.—PART Iv.—1880.) D2 10 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. He has most courteously placed his notes at my disposal, and in this place I shall quote what he says respecting the lower jaw. “The peculiar upward curve of the inferior edges of the rami of the mandible immedi- ately behind the termination of the symphysis is alike in both specimens. The upper sur- face of the symphysial portion is in the New Zealand specimen broader than in the one from the Cape; the whole beak-like mass constituting this symphysial portion being less attenuated and not presenting such sharp projecting alveolar ridges. In the New Zealand specimen the symphysial line appears superiorly as a deeply-sunken groove, to the suture at the bottom of which the bone curves evenly downwards on each side, whereas in the Cape specimen a slightly raised ridge in each bone runs parallel and close to the suture. “Tn the New Zealand specimen the under surface of the symphysial beak is evenly rounded, except at its very hindermost part, where two very slight ridges are to be made out, situated one on each side of the symphysial line, and passing off into the inferior edges of the two rami. In the Cape specimen the symphysial beak shows a lateral groove towards the tip, situated below the alveolar border, and instead of being rounded on its under surface, is compressed and sharply keeled along the middle line. The mental foramen in the outer surface of the jaw below the position of the tusk is a small and simple aperture in the New Zealand jaw, but in the one from the Cape it is large, and leads to a canal in the bone. The swelling caused by the large alveoli of the tusks is alike in both specimens. ‘The portion of the symphysial beak in front of the spot where the anterior margin of the tooth emerges from the alveolus is about 1 inch longer in the Cape specimen than in that from New Zealand. In the New Zealand specimen the alveolar margin of the rami behind the teeth is very much compressed and sharp, and the alveolar groove can only be traced for about 2 inches backward: it then becomes obliterated when the margin of the jaw is knife-edged. In the Cape specimen the alveolar margin is much broader, and the groove visible wp to the cut end of the rami.” In the younger specimen C the alveolar groove extended from the anterior end of the mandible to 74 inches behind the socket for the tooth. It was a narrow groove in its entire extent except in the region of the tooth, where it expanded into an appropriate socket. A well-marked mental foramen communicated with the inferior dental canal below the position of the alveolus. The Teeth—I shall now proceed to describe the form and structure of the very remarkable teeth of Mesoplodon layardi, and as the study of the tooth in the younger animal has thrown great light not only on the structure but on the peculiarities of form of the adult teeth, I shall in the first instance describe it. The teeth of the young Mesoplodon layardi were imbedded in their sockets, one in each half of the lower jaw. Hach tooth consisted of a small triangular denticle, which represented the crown of the tooth, and of a larger part, which for descriptive purposes may be termed the fang. The denticle projected outwards and slightly upwards from REPORT ON THE CETACEA. 11 about the middle of the upper border of the fang. It was 7-10ths of an inch in its basal diameter, and 4-10ths from apex to base. The fang was homologous with the strap-shaped shaft in the adult tooth, but instead of being vertically elongated and strap- shaped, its longer diameter of 2 inches was in the antero-posterior direction, whilst its greatest vertical diameter to the base of the denticle was only 8-10ths of an inch, Along its deeper border it possessed a cleft 2-10ths of an inch wide, which led into the pulp- cavity. On making a vertical section through the middle of the entire tooth, this cavity was seen to be prolonged almost as far as the apex of the denticle (Pl. II. figs. 15, 16). The free surface of the denticle was completely invested by a glistening white enamel. A thin vertical section was then taken out of the middle of the tooth and polished for microscopic examination.! The cap of enamel was then seen to be of almost uniform thickness over the entire denticle, at the base of which it was somewhat overlapped by an up-erowth of cement from the fang. When highly magnified the surface of section was seen to be marked by delicate bands, extending almost perpendicularly to the surface of the denticle, which indicated the rods of which the enamel was composed. Subjacent to the enamel was a well-defined mass of dentine, which constituted the chief substance of the denticle. It was traversed by undulating branched tubes,which radiated outwards from the pulp-cavity, and were arranged with as much regularity as one sees in the crown of a human tooth. Where the branched terminations of the dentine tubes came into relation with the deep surface of the enamel, a layer of irregular, but somewhat stellate, spaces occupied the dentine matrix. These spaces corresponded in appearance with the so-called granular layer situated in human teeth more especially in the fang, between the dentine and cement, and may be termed interglobular spaces (fig. 18). The dentine was prolonged downwards into the fang, and with a simple lens could be traced almost as far as the edge of the cleft at its root, but it formed so thin a lamina in the greater part of its extent, as to appear merely as a line in the unmagnified section. When highly magnified, the dentine in the fang, immediately continuous with that in the denticle, was seen to contain the tubes arranged in a reeular manner, but as the dentine was followed further into the fang, the tubes began to break up into irregular groups, then to be sparsely scattered through the matrix, and at last to disappear, so that in the lower part of the fang the dentine was represented by a translucent matrix, having indefinitely-shaped granules irregularly scattered through it. The fang of the tooth was invested by a yellowish-brown substance, which was smooth on its surface in proximity to the denticle, but in the region of the cleft was pitted with shallow grooves and small foramina, so as to have a porous aspect. In the section this substance was seen to vary in thickness, its maximum being 1-10th of an inch, and becoming thinner both towards the denticle and the cleft. To the naked eye it was 1 This and succeeding sections were kindly made for me in the Challenger Laboratory by my friend Mr John Murray. 12 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. divided into a superficial and a deep layer by a well-defined line. The superficial layer consisted of cement, in which the lacunee and branching canaliculi were large and distinct. The deeper layer was more opaque, and required a very thin section to determine its structure. It consisted of a granulated matrix traversed by numerous canals, which were for the most part arranged perpendicularly to the surface of- the fang, so as to extend from the dentine to the cement. ‘To some extent they branched, and adjacent canals communi- cated with each other (Pl. III. fig. 18). The pulp-cavity was lined in the greater part of its extent by a well-defined layer, having a maximum thickness of nearly 1-10th of an inch. This lining could be seen with the naked eye to extend into the crown of the tooth, reaching on one wall of the cavity to within 1-10th of an inch of its apex, on the other to about 2-10ths of an inch. It had a brown colour, and the surface next the pulp-cavity was marked by numerous shallow erooves and small foramina. Examined microscopically this lining had essentially the same structure as the deeper layer of the outer covering of the fang. The canals were, however, of greater calibre in the inner lining, and passed obliquely from the surface next the pulp- cavity to that next the thin layer of dentine (fig. 18). The minute foramina on the free surface of this lining were the openings of these canals. Although, to the naked eye, the dentine, which formed the apex of the pulp-cavity, did not appear to have any of this substance in contact with it, yet, when examined microscopically, the part next the cavity was observed to be discoloured brown, and with its proper dentine tubes often indistinct, whilst some tubes of a larger calibre were seen in it. The cement, as capable of recognition by the presence of lacunze and canaliculi, terminated about 2-10ths of an inch from the edge of the cleft-like opening of the pulp- cavity, and previous to its termination it became very thin. The structure which formed the wall of the cleft was directly continuous with the deeper layer of the outer investment of the fang, and with the substance lining the pulp-cavity. It had a similar microscopic appearance, but the part next the cavity had in addition to the obliquely-divided canals, many canals divided transversely. There can, I think, be no doubt, that in the living tooth these canals had contained blood-vessels. In size they approximated to the Haversian canals in bone. The question now arises, What is the nature of this very vascular substance, which formed the lining of the pulp-cavity, and the deeper layer of the external investment of the fang? If one could have traced its development, one would have had no difticulty in answering this question, as the several tissues of a tooth arise from definite structures, Thus the enamel proceeds from the enamel organ, the cement from the alveolo-dental periosteum, and the dentine, with its modifications termed vaso-dentine and osteo-dentine, from the pulp. The absence, however, of both dentine tubes and lacunee and canaliculi in its matrix, and the presence of vascular canals, leave doubts, from a structural point of view, whether this substance ought to be regarded as a modified cement or a modified vaso- REPORT ON THE CETACEA. 13 dentine. This difficulty would have been increased if the layer situated in the fang between the cement and dentine had been the only one present, as from its position it might have belonged either to the cement or to the dentine. But as a layer of similar structure also existed next the pulp-cavity, there can, I think, be little doubt that it had arisen from the pulp, and notwithstanding the absence of dentine tubes, may be regarded as a modified vaso-dentine, to which substance also the deeper layer of the covering of the fang may be referred. This conclusion is supported also by what is known of the structure of the teeth of some fish in which the dentine consists of a substance destitute of dentine tubes, but possessing a finely-granulated matrix in which vascular canals ramify.} When I received from Mr Moseley the lower jaw of the adult Mesoplodon layardi, only the left tooth was in its socket, the right had previously been extracted. The socket was situated at the junction of the symphysis with the body of the lower jaw, but more of the tooth was implanted in the body than in the symphysis. The length of the extracted tooth was 14 inches, 63 inches of which had been included in the alveolus, or surrounded by the gum. The breadth of the tooth, where it emerged from the alveolus, was 34 inches. Hach tooth consisted of a denticle proper and a strap-shaped shaft. The shaft was laterally compressed, and as it emerged from the socket, it curved obliquely back- wards, upwards, and inwards, so that its inner concave surface had been in relation to the side and dorsum of the beak. As the summit of each tooth passed to the opposite side of the middle line, the two teeth crossed each other on the dorsum of the beak, and from the smooth appearance of the anterior border and inner surface of each ‘shaft it is evident that they must have rubbed against each other, or against the beak, during the movements of the lower jaw in the act of opening the mouth. The shaft represents, though on a much enlarged scale, that part of the young tooth which I have named the fang. The denticle proper projected almost directly upwards from the outer edge of the upper end of the strap-shaped shaft, where it became continuous with the anterior border. It was triangular in shape, its base being half an inch, whilst its diameter from apex to base was 3-10ths of an inch (PI. IL. fig. 17). The base sprang abruptly from the shaft, and some irregular patches of a glistening white enamel formed its outer surface, but the enamel was not continued upwards to the apex of the tooth, which was formed of dentine. In Professor Owen’s figure of the denticle of the tooth of the original specimen, whilst the enamel is apparently worn off the tip of the denticle, the base is represented as enveloped by a more complete layer than in this animal. It is also stated that the matrix, by which is obviously meant what I have called the shaft of the tooth, is calcified without enamel. In the extracted tooth the alveolar end was seen to be closed, and to terminate, as in Professor Owen’s description of the original specimen, in a solid jagged border. The surfaces of the imbedded part of the shaft were grooved with irregular longitudinal 1 Owen, Odontography, 1840-1845. C. S. Tomes, Manual of Dental Anatomy, p. 79, 1876. 14 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. furrows, and of a brownish colour. The surfaces of the protruded part again were com- paratively smooth, and of a yellow colour. A longitudinal section was then made through the shaft from the alveolar border to the upper end close to the base of the denticle. The shaft was then seen to be solid throughout, except for a minute mesial chink 1-10th of an inch long, and admitting only the point of a fine needle, which was situated 7-10ths of an inch from the upper end of the shaft. To the naked eye the shaft consisted in the greater part of its length of an external cortical part investing a central band. The cortical part was of a dull yellow colour; at the alveolar end it formed a thin lamina on each surface of the tooth, but at and near the line of emergence from the gum it was 2-10ths of an inch thick, and on the extruded part of the shaft it averged about 1-10th of an inch in thickness. The cortical layer consisted of cement containing well-marked lacunee and canaliculi. In the centre of many of the lacunz a minute solid particle was situated, apparently the dried and shrivelled mass of nucleated protoplasm which occupies the lacuna in a living tooth." Sections through Haversian canals were occasionally seen in the cement, more especially in its deeper part. The surface of the section through the cement was marked by numerous lines placed parallel to each other, and to the surface of the tooth, which gave it a laminated appearance, In the alveolar part of the tooth, and in the larger portion of the protruded part of the shaft, the cortical layer was in apposition with the central band, which had an opaque white appearance, and varied in breadth from 2-10ths to 4-10ths of an inch. This band was traversed by canals, some of which were continuous with those of the cement, though others were divided transversely and obliquely. The matrix between these canals had a oranulated appearance. The opaque central band had, therefore, the structural characters of the modified vaso-dentine described in the young tooth. The upper end of the shaft, in proximity to the base of the denticle, was complex in structure, and consisted of several layers (fig. 19); a, the most superficial, consisted of cement, in which, however, no Haversian canals were seen. Immediately subjacent to a was the layer b, thicker than the cement, and of an opaque white appearance : it had the same general structure as the central band of the shaft, and the chief vascular canals were directed perpendicularly to the surface of the tooth. The next layer, ¢, was from $d to ith the thickness of b, and was even more opaque ; some vascular canals were seen to pass at intervals from it into the layer b. Subjacent to c was the layer d, which was about equal to it in thickness: it was very translucent, and contained undulating and branched dentine tubes, which ran outwards to the layer c. In one or two places ¢ was less opaque than usual, and could be seen to contain closely aggregated tubes, not unlike dentine tubes, in addition to the vascular canals already referred to ; ¢ may, therefore, be regarded as vaso-dentine, whilst d is pure dentine. As these two layers were traced from the 1 See fig. 207, p. 756, of my Introduction to Human Anatomy, for an illustration of the contents of the lacunz ofa tooth. REPORT ON THE CETACEA, 15 summit to the sides of the shaft they were seen to blend with each other: ¢ lost its great opacity, the tubes of the dentine disappeared, and vascular canals occurred only at con- siderable intervals. About an inch from the summit of the tooth these layers ceased to be recognisable. Subjacent to the dentine layer, in the summit of the shaft, was the layer e, which formed the central portion of this part of the tooth. It had essentially the same structure as the layer b, but the main stems of the vascular canals ascended almost vertically, so as to be divided longitudinally in the vertical section through the shaft. Many shorter canals, which had, doubtless, connected the vertical canals with each other, were, however, divided obliquely or transversely. Along the surface of apposition of this layer with the dentine d, sections through a canal were seen, into which some of the vertical canals were traced. Below, where the dentine terminated, the layers b and e became blended with each other, and together formed the white opaque band in the centre of the shaft of the tooth, so that they, like it, had the structural character of the modified vaso-dentine. The minute mesial chink in the shaft already referred to was a space in the layer e, and represented all that was left of the pulp-cavity. We may now proceed to inquire by what process the unprotruded tooth of the young Mesoplodon layardi assumes the remarkable form and structure exhibited by the tooth in the adult animal. It must be observed that no change takes place in the shape of the denticle or crown proper ; in its size, however, there is a slight diminution in the adult. This is doubtless due to the friction to which the denticle would be subjected soon after it had projected beyond the gum. For when the growth of the tooth had proceeded until it projected beyond the mouth of the animal, the denticle could have suffered but little from the effects of friction, as it is set at such an angle to the shaft as to be directed away from the animal’s snout, and towards the water in which it swims. That the surface of the denticle does undergo some slight loss of substance after it is protruded beyond the cum is evident, however, from the disappearance, to a large extent, from its surface of the cap of enamel. We are to look, therefore, for an explanation of the mode of production of the peculiar form of the adult tooth, to changes im the fang, by means of which it is converted into the strap-shaped shaft. These changes are due to an enormous growth of two of the tissues of the fang, viz., the cement and the modified vaso-dentine. As has already been stated, both these structures are present, though in proportionally small amount, in the fang of the young tooth, whilst they make up almost the entire mass of the strap-shaped shaft of the adult. By their growth the pulp-cavity is obliterated, except the merest rudiment near the upper end of the shaft. Similarly, the dentine which exists as a very definite layer in the fang of the young tooth is reduced in the shaft of the adult tooth to a layer situated only at its summit. By the growth of the cement and modified vaso-dentine, not only does the tooth protrude from its socket and the gum, but from the mouth, so as to curve around the side of the snout in the manner already described, and which would necessarily limit the power of opening the mouth. 16 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. The cement undoubtedly owes its origin to the alveolo-dental periosteum, which will serve as a centre of formation of new cement so long as the growth of the shaft continues. It is not possible to speak so positively of the origin of the tissue which constitutes the opaque central band of the shaft. If it be, as I have surmised, a modified vaso-dentine, then one would have to look to the pulp for its seat of production, but if it be a modified cement, then it would arise from the alveolo-dental periosteum. In the latter case, therefore, almost the entire shaft would be of periosteal origin. The tooth differs most materially from the tusks of the elephant or the narwhal, in which the pulp-cavity is persistent, and the continuous growth of the tusk is due to the con- version of the pulp occupying that cavity into dentine. In the original specimen from the Cape, described and figured by Dr Gray and by Professor Owen, the teeth were not so large as in this animal, in which, indeed, the teeth have attained a size greater than in any previously recorded specimen. Dr Gray states that the length of the anterior edge of the exposed part of the tooth of his specimen was 93 inches, whilst in this one the same border was 10 inches to the base of the denticle, and nearly an inch more to the highest part of the shaft. Nothing is said by either of these authors of the teeth crossing each other on the dorsum of the beak, and in the front view of the teeth in the jaw given by Dr Gray (fig. 72, c) the summits of the shafts are represented as touching, but not crossing. From Dr Hector’s short account of the teeth in his specimen, which was caught at the Chatham Islands, and from his published figures (PI. III. figs. 1-5), it is obvious that his animal was younger than the specimen 6. ‘The teeth in the New Zealand jaw are only 6 inches long and 3 inches wide, so that they could have projected only at the side of the beak and not reached its dorsum. From the notes taken by Mr Moseley, on his visit to the Wellington Museum, I extract the following more complete account of these teeth, and a comparison of their characters with those of the Cape specimen :— “When the anterior margins of the teeth in the two specimens, at the spots where they emerged from the alveoli, are placed accurately side by side at the same level, the posterior margins of the teeth in the New Zealand jaw reach back and correspond in sweep of curve exactly to the vacant alveolar spaces which are conspicuous immediately behind the teeth in the Cape jaw. ‘The teeth in the New Zealand specimen are thus inclined at a less angle than they are in the Cape one, and it appears that the teeth as they increase in age and length, become tilted up towards the vertical, leaving vacant alveolar spaces behind them. Possibly they are dragged up by attempts to open the jaw after they have overlapped. In the New Zealand specimen the dentinal caps (my denticles) are about twice as large as in the Cape one, and proportionately thick and stout. In both, these caps are, when the teeth are im situ, almost vertical in direction, having thus, curiously enough, the original direction which they had when within the young alveolus, notwithstanding the curving of the hypertrophied fangs. In the New REPORT ON THE CETACEA. 17 Zealand specimen, the fangs being little curved, the caps are thus almost parallel to the fangs, or only slightly inclined outwards from them, whereas in the Cape specimen the caps are directed at right angles to the fangs, which, towards their tips, are so bent as to be almost horizontal. The alveolar regions of the fangs present in both specimens a similar series of ridges terminating in denticulations. The tips of all the denticula- tions are closed in the New Zealand specimen, and there is no trace of a pulp-cavity, notwithstanding that the animal may be assumed to be young and with its teeth yet to grow, which it would do by a continuous addition from without by a periosteum which acts the part of a persistent pulp. “The New Zealand teeth are much less curved than those from the Cape. If the den- tinal caps are placed in apposition and parallel to one another, the younger New Zealand teeth are seen to be nearly two and a half times as broad as the older teeth from the Cape at the place of attachment of the caps of dentine. In each case the cap is placed on the anterior corner of the somewhat square-ended tooth, hence a large portion lies behind the cap in the New Zealand specimen, and but a small portion in the one from the Cape. On the anterior margin of the New Zealand teeth are semilunar excava- tions, cutting into their substance, and evidently caused by wear. The inner more spongy substance of the tooth beg exposed it has decayed somewhat, leaving a harder external layer a little prominent. This decay is probably a post-mortem occurrence. In the Cape specimen there is no trace of this wear, or a very slight depression may possibly mark it. “The dentinal cap of the tooth in the New Zealand specimen is marked by grooves passing in an inclined direction from apex to base. Similar grooves are to be seen in the tooth of the young specimen of Mesoplodon hectori in the Wellington Museum, the tooth being divided by them into three lobes, a central and two lateral, on the inner face. The adult New Zealand specimen shows the same form in its dentinal caps, the lobes being on the inner face, and a pair of teeth of the same species from the Chatham Island, preserved in the Museum, show the same form also. In the teeth of the young Mesoplodon hectorz, the pulp-cavity is still open as a slit-like cavity, showing internally numerous fine ridges, which are apparently the commencement of the den- ticulations of the adult tooth.” In the skull described by Dr von Haast, the length of the anterior edge of the exposed part of the tooth was 8°74 inches, and the anterior edge was not worn away ; but both in it and the Chatham Island specimen, described by Dr Hector, a sufficient space existed between the upper ends of the pair of teeth to allow of the beak to pass, when the animal opened its mouth. Dr von Haast states that the animal was a full-grown male, and from the ossification of the epiphyses, he judges it to be of mature age, The tooth of a ziphioid cetacean, from Little Bay, Sydney, figured by Dr Gray, (ZOOL, CHALL, EXP.—PART Iv.—1880.) D3 18 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. which he regarded as a new genus, Callidon, but which Mr Krefft, who obtained the specimen, named Mesoplodon giintheri, closely approximates, in the relation of the den- ticle to the fang, to the tooth of the young Mesoplodon layardi described in this com- munication. It differs, however, slightly in the shape of the fang, which in the Little Bay specimen is more elongated than in my specimen, so that the tooth is a little larger. There is nothing, however, in this character to found specific, still less generic, distinc- tion on, so that I am prepared to support Professor Flower’s opinion that the Little Bay cetacean is an example of Mesoplodon layardi. The Little Bay animal is said to have been 18 feet in length, which is also stated to have been about the length of the specimen described by Dr von Haast. The animal from which the adult teeth described in this communication were procured was said to have been from 16 to 18 feet long, and both in it and in von Haast’s specimen the teeth had protruded, so as to form large tusks, whilst in the Little Bay example, and the one from the Falkland Islands, which was certainly under 14 feet long, the teeth are rudi- mentary in size. Now, as the Little Bay and von Haast’s animals were of about equal length, and as von Haast’s specimen, with well-developed teeth, was determined to be of the male sex, it is not unlikely that the little Bay and Falkland Island specimens were females, so that the presence of well-developed tusks in the skull of Mesoplodon layardi, and it may be in the other ziphioid cetacea also, is probably a character of the male sex. As I have had the opportunity of examining the structure of a tooth in a young Mesoplodon sowerbyi, and as no account of the unprotruded tooth of this species has yet been put on record, it may not be out of place to include a description of it in this Report." The tooth was from the mandible of the skull, the characters of which I described some years ago in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.’ In many of its characters this tooth differed from that in the skull of the adult male in the Oxford Museum, described by Professor E. Ray Lankester,*® which is probably due to the difference in the age of the two specimens, and it may be to a difference in sex, The two teeth of the young Mesoplodon sowerbyi were imbedded in their sockets, in the lower jaw, out of which only the apex projected. Each tooth was laterally com- pressed, and triangular in form. Its vertical diameter, from base to apex, was 2 inches, its antero-posterior diameter, along the base, 2;44th inches. The anterior border was longer and more oblique than the posterior, so that the apex of the tooth was directed upwards and backwards. There was no sharp demarcation into crown and fang; although 1 T gave an account of this tooth, and that of Mesoplodon layardi, to the Royal Society of Edinburgh on June 2,” 1879, and printed it in the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, July 1879. 2 Vol. xxvi. 1872. 8 Transactions of the Royal Microscopical Society, printed in Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, vol. vii. 1867. REPORT ON THE CETACEA, 19 a sinuous slightly raised line, half an inch from the apex, seemed to mark off the crown from the fang, and probably indicated where the gum had embraced the tooth. The outer surface of the tooth was smooth, except near the base, which was marked longi- tudinally with shallow furrows ; it was of a dull whitish-yellow colour. About the middle of the elongated base was a narrow chink, which had evidently at one time extended along its whole length, but in course of time had become almost entirely occluded. When a vertical section was made through the middle of the tooth, this chink was seen to communicate with a pulp-cavity, which extended to 4-10ths of an inch from the apex of the tooth. Near the base of the tooth the cavity was so contracted that the opposite walls were almost in contact, but in the middle of the tooth it dilated into a well-marked cavity (PI. IIT. fig. 20). A thin vertical section was then cut out of the tooth from Bee to apex, and prepared for microscopic examination. Under a low power the tooth was seen to consist in its greater part of dentine, which formed the wall of the whole of the pulp-cavity, except at the basal end of its contracted portion. In the upper third of the tooth the dentine tubes radiated in a very regular manner from the pulp-cavity outwards, but in the lower two- thirds, they were broken up into clusters and tufts, and sometimes irregularly scattered throughout the dentine matrix. The surface of the section through the dentine was marked by contour lines parallel to its surface, which expressed the primary curvatures . of the dentine tubes (fig. 20). But, in addition, a line of interglobular spaces lay in the substance of the dentine, parallel to these contour lines, and about midway between the most external of them and the exterior of the dentine. This line of interglobular spaces did not pass in one direction much beyond the apex of the pulp-cavity, but in the other it extended some distance into the fang. The dentine in the crown was invested by a thin layer of substance, which had the position and relations of a layer of enamel to the dentine. It extended as far down the tooth as opposite the apex of the pulp-cavity, where it was overlapped by the cement, but at the very tip of the tooth it was absent, having apparently been worn off. The charac- teristic enamel structure was not so definite im it asin the corresponding layer on the crown of the young tooth of Mesoplodon layardi, but in thin sections it was seen to be traversed by fine lines extending perpendicularly to the surface of the tooth, which obviously indicated the direction of the rods of enamel. But the exterior of the crown did not have the brilliant white appearance so characteristic generally of the enamel. The free surface of the fang was invested by a thin but definite layer of cement. Where the dentine was covered by the cement, a change in the structure of the dentine occurred. Vascular canals were seen to lie in it perpendicular to the free surface of the tooth, and forming loop-lke curves immediately subjacent to the cement. This portion of the dentine was, therefore, a vaso-dentine. As the cement and vaso-dentine were traced lower down in the fang, other modifications became apparent. The vaso-dentine 20 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. acquired greater opacity from the increase and general distribution through it of minute interglobular spaces, with which the line of interglobular spaces already described in the upper part of the tooth became continuous. But there also appeared between the dentine and cement a definite layer, at first thinner than the cement, but increasing in thickness as it extended down the fang, in the lower part of which it equalled in thickness the cement and dentine together (fig. 22). This layer was readily recognisable to the naked eye from its opaque white appearance. It contained numerous branching and anastomosing canals, the chief of which lay perpendicularly to the surface of the tooth. The matrix between the canals was granulated. This layer corresponded, therefore, in structure to the modified vaso-dentine described in the teeth of Mesoplodon layardi. To the naked eye the wall of the pulp-cavity had numerous hemispherical bodies projecting from its free surface. When examined microscopically they were seen to be continuous with the dentine, for the dentine tubes were prolonged into them. The dentine formed, therefore, the wall of the pulp-cavity in the greater part of its extent; but the wall of the constricted part of the cavity in proximity to the end of the fang, and at the sides of the chink-like opening in it, was not dentine, but consisted of the substance which I have named modified vaso-dentine. It was not, however, so regularly constructed as the layer between the dentine and cement, for the canals were few in number in pro- portion to the matrix, and had no definite arrangement. I shall now make some observations on the leading differences between the tooth of this young Mesoplodon sowerbyi, and that of the adult animal described by Professor Lankester. In the first place, the crown of the tooth of the adult projected (as I have ascertained from a measurement of a cast of the jaw presented by Dr Acland to the Anatomical Museum of the University of Edinburgh) 1,2,ths beyond the edge of the alveolus, whilst only the tip of the tooth in the young animal projected out of the socket. The outer surface of the young tooth was almost uniformly smooth, and not rough and knotted as in the adult. The pulp-cavity, instead of being almost equal to the entire length of the tooth, was restricted in the adult to a small space in the crown, the rest of the tooth being solid. In this respect the tooth of Mesoplodon sowerbyi approximates to what I have described in the shaft of the tooth of the adult Mesoplodon layardi. The early stage of the closing up of the pulp-cavity is to be seen even in the young Mesoplodon sowerbyi, in which almost the whole of the cleft at the root of the fang is closed up, and the walls of the adjacent part of the pulp-cavity are closely approximated to each other. The enamel had evidently been worn off the crown of the adult, for Mr Lankester makes no reference to it. The dentine in the adult was confined to a small conical cap at the apex of the crown, and to a very thin layer extending about half-way down the tooth, instead of, as in the younger tooth, forming the larger proportion of its substance. The great bulk of the adult tooth was made up of cement, osteo-dentine, and of a substance which Mr Lankester calls globular matter. The cement was evidently considerably thicker in the adult than in REPORT ON THE CETACEA. 21 my specimen, and the osteo-dentine and globular matter together formed a large proportion of the adult tooth. In the younger tooth, well-marked vaso-dentine was present, as already described, but I could not say that I recognised any definite osteo-dentine. The material which I have named modified vaso-dentine was also present in considerable quantity, and in its opacity it corresponded with the globular matter of Prof. Lankester. In its structure, however, it appears to differ, for he describes the globular matter as having “ no structure excepting an indistinct botryoidal character visible with a low magnifying power.” “The amorphous matter at length shades eff into the dentine, numerous distinct, minute, ‘inter- globular spaces’ becoming more and more distinct as one recedes from the opaque stratum, and their number diminishes.” It is probable that this globular matter may represent in the adult the modified vaso-dentine of the younger tooth, for the numerous vascular canals which the latter contains may become obliterated through an extension of the process of calcification, so as to give it the more solid character present in the fully-formed tooth. In the granulated matrix of the younger tooth, an appearance was not unfrequently seen, which might have been described as interglobular spaces. From Professor Flower’s description of the structure of the teeth of Berardius arnouxii,’ it would appear that in that ziphioid the teeth are very similar to those of the adult Mesoplodon sowerbyi described by Prof. Ray Lankester. The observations which I have now recorded on the non-erupted teeth, both of Mesoplodon layardi and Mesoplodon sowerbyi, prove, that in the earlier stages their structure does not differ materially from the ordinary type of tooth one meets with, say in the human or carnivorous jaw, the crown being covered by enamel, the fang by cement, whilst the great body of the tooth consists of dentine, in which is a well-marked pulp-cavity, communicating with the exterior by a slit-like aperture at the root of the fane. The exceptional character which these teeth exhibit in the erupted condition is due to the disappearance of the enamel from the crown, to the cessation in the develop- ment of the ordinary dentine, to the excessive formation of osteo-dentine, of modified vaso-dentine, and of cement, by means of which the pulp-cavity becomes almost obli- terated, and the fang assumes dimensions which, in the case of Mesoplodon layardt, lead to the production of a tooth having the very remarkable form and relation to the beak which I have described.’ I shall next describe the other bones of the axial skeleton of the younger Mesoplodon layardi (specimen C), which consisted of the spinal column, ribs, sternum, and a portion of the hyoid bone. Spinal column.—The length of the column in the macerated spine was, with the 1 Trans. Zool. Soc., vol. viii. p. 223. * T have not thought it necessary to figure the skull of the adult Mesoplodon layardi, as the illustrations given by Professor Owen in his Monograph on the British Fossil Cetacea in the Memoirs of the Paleeontographical Society, 1878, express so well the characters of the adult skull. As the petrous bone, however, of the adult has not been figured, and as so immature a skull as that described in the text has not previously been examined, I have had them drawn in Plate I. 22 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. epiphysial plates not in position, 884 inches. If 16 inches be allowed for the thickness of these plates, and another 16 inches for the thickness of the intervertebral discs, the total length of the spine would have been in the fresh state 1203 inches—say 10 feet. The length of the skull proper was 25 inches, but as the lower jaw projected an inch beyond the upper, the entire skull was 2 feet 2 inches in length. The length of the skull being added to that of the spine makes the length of the axial skeleton 12 feet 2 inches, which is considerably below the leneth of 14 feet, stated by Mr Bonner, the captor, to have been that of the animal. Even if we suppose that, in the macerated condition, one or even two of the terminal caudal vertebrae were absent, and make ample allowance also for the thickness of the integument at the tail and beak, one cannot see that the animal could have been so long as stated by Mr Bonner. The vertebral formula was— CD el Cdr — 44 It is possible that one or even two of the terminal caudal vertebree may not have been ossified, as not merely were the plate-like epiphyses not ankylosed to the vertebral bodies generally, but the bones in their general aspect had all the characters of im- maturity. In Dr von Haast’s specimen already referred to, the vertebral formula was C,, Dy, Lio, Cdyy = 46. In Mesoplodon sowerbyi the formula is also 46, made up as follows :—C,, Dio, Lio, Cdis, or, according to Malm,’ C,, Dy, L,, Cdy. In Mesoplodon grayi it is, as Professor Flower has shown,” 48—viz., C,, Dy, Ly, Cdy; and in Meso- plodon australis, 47—viz., C,, Ds, Ln, Cds, though in both it is probable that one minute terminal vertebra is wanting. The cervical vertebre had in their total length an antero-posterior diameter of 31 inches. The atlas, axis, and third vertebra were united into a single bone. The fusion between the bodies and spines of the atlas and axis was very complete, but the pedicles and transverse processes were distinct. The body of the third was ankylosed to the second vertebra, but it was differentiated by a deep furrow at the place of fusion. The transverse processes, pedicles, and laminze were quite distinct, but the laminze were not united mesially, and there was, consequently, no spine. The breadth of the atlas was 6 inches, its vertical diameter was 54 inches. The remaining cervical vertebrae were separate bones, with loose epiphysial plates. Their bodies were thin plates of bones, and each possessed an inferior mesial tubercle. Their neural arches were incomplete mesially, except in the seventh, where the laminze were united, and a spine an inch long was produced. The transverse processes not only in these posterior cervical vertebrae, but in the second and third also, were divided into a superior, projecting from the neural arch, and an inferior, from the side of the body, but these processes were not joined externally to form a “ verte- 1 Hvaldjur i Sveriges Museer ar 1869 in Konig. Svenska Vetenskaps, Akad. Handlingar, Band 9, No. 2, Stock- holm, 1871. 2 On the Genus Mesoplodon, Trans. Zool. Soc., vol. x. p. 428, 1878. REPORT ON THE CETACEA. 23 brarterial foramen.” The inferior transverse processes of the more anterior vertebrae were almost horizontal, but the more posterior had this process sloping downwards and out- wards, and but slightly projecting ; in the seventh it was reduced to a mere tubercle. On each side of the body of the seventh vertebra was a distinct articular surface for the head of the first rib (PI. I. fig. 3). In the union of the anterior three vertebree into a single bone, this specimen agrees with the Mesoplodon layardi described by Dr von Haast, and it differs from Mesoplodon grayt and Mesoplodon australis described by Professor Flower, and from Mesoplodon sowerby2, in all of which only the atlas and axis are fused together. It may be. taken, therefore, as a piece of evidence, which is of value as far as it goes, in favour of the opinion expressed in this Report, that Dr von Haast’s specimen from Saltwater Creek is of the same species as this one from the Falkland Islands. In the dorsal vertebra the bodies increased in size from before backwards. The first had a pair of slight tubercles projecting from its inferior surface in series with, but smaller than, the inferior transverse processes of the seventh cervical vertebra. A mesial ridge appeared on the inferior surface of the body of the sixth dorsal, which was more strongly marked in the hinder members of the series. In all, the laminze and spines were complete, and became more massive from before backwards. The spine of the first, comparatively slender, was directed slightly forwards, that of the second was almost vertical, whilst those situated behind the second inclined a little backwards. Articular surfaces for the heads of the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs were very distinct on the posterior border of the side of the bodies of the anterior five dorsal vertebrae, situated close to the place of origin of the pedicle. In the second, third, fourth, and fifth vertebrae a larger proportion of this articular surface was on the pedicle than on the body as compared with the first and sixth dorsal vertebre. The articular surface for the head of the seventh rib was partly on the posterior border of the side of the body of the sixth, and partly on the anterior border of the seventh vertebra, its articulation with the seventh being better marked on the right than on the left side. The articular surface on the anterior part of the side of the body of the seventh vertebra was on a slightly projecting process, which was in series and obviously homologous with the much more strongly projecting processes from the side of the bodies of the eighth and ninth dorsal vertebre. The anterior seven dorsal vertebrae had each a pair of broad transverse processes springing from the pedicles, close to the anterior articular processes, for arti- culation with the tubercles of the anterior seven pairs of ribs. These transverse processes projected forwards and somewhat downwards in the more anterior dorsal vertebre, but in the sixth and seventh outwards and downwards. The long axis of the articular surface for the tubercle of the rib also changed in its direction, for on the transverse processes of the first and second it was almost vertical, further back it became oblique, but on the seventh dorsal it was horizontal and antero-posterior. The long axis of these articular 24 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. surfaces corresponded to the direction of the surfaces of their transverse processes, which surfaces were flattened and not rounded. The eighth and ninth dorsal vertebrae had no transverse process projecting from the side of the neural arch, but instead a massive process was directed horizontally outwards from the side of the body nearer the anterior than the posterior surface. This process was nearly three times as big in the ninth as in the eighth vertebra, and in_both it had a large articular surface at its outer end for the head of the corresponding rib. Zygapophyses were present as far back as the anterior pair of the sixth dorsal vertebra, but behind that they had disappeared, and a pair of _ well-developed metapophyses projected forwards, from the lamine of the seventh, eighth, and ninth dorsal, to overlap and articulate with the lamine of the vertebra immediately in front. Compared with Dr von Haast’s specimen this animal has one vertebra less in the dorsal series. This does not invalidate the opinion that they are of the same species, as it is well known that in the Cetacea variations to the extent of a vertebra and a pair of ribs may take place in the thoracic region. In Mesoplodon gray: and Mesoplodon sowerbyr there are also ten dorsal vertebrae, whilst in Mesoplodon australis the number is only nine. The transverse processes in my specimen were not rounded asin Dr von Haast’s animal, and the articular surfaces for the heads of the ribs did not appear to rise aque so far above the base of the neural arch as he describes. The lumbar vertebre were almost uniform in shape, but increased in size from before backwards. The bodies were keeled on their inferior surface. At the anterior and posterior ends of the series the longitudinal and transverse diameters of the body were almost equal, but in the intermediate vertebrae the longitudinal was greater than the transverse. The transverse processes were not so long as the width of the body except in the anterior vertebrae. The base of the process sprang from the anterior half of the side of the body in series with the transverse processes of the eighth and ninth dorsal vertebree —the processes projected forwards and outwards, and the free end was convex. The spines were long, laterally compressed, and sloped slightly backwards: the length of the eighth lumbar spine was 6 inches. A pair of broad lamelliform metapophyses projected forwards from the anterior border of the laminze close to the root of the spine, but did not». articulate with the vertebra in front, from the posterior edge of the laminze of which a pair of much smaller processes projected backwards. As in Dr von Haast’s specimen, the neural arches sprang from the centre of the bodies. The caudal vertebre diminished in size from before backwards. The first was 94 inches high and 7 inches between the tips of its transverse processes. The last was 9-10ths of an inch in greatest breadth, and 7-10ths of an inch in height. In tbe anterior four vertebree the spines were massive, and these processes were present as far back as the tenth ~ caudal, in which the neural arch and spine formed a slight ridge, and the spinal canal was diminished to the diameter of a goose-quill. The transverse processes were strong in the cA REPORT ON THE CETACEA, 25 anterior four caudals, and had the same shape and direction as in the lumbar vertebre ; they rapidly diminished in size in the fifth and sixth, and in the seventh were reduced to a faint ridge projecting from the anterior half of the side of the body. Metapophyses, which were non-articular, projected forwards from the anterior edge of the laminze of the anterior seven vertebree, and a shorter pair of processes projected backwards from the pos- terior edge of the laminz of the anterior four vertebrae. The posterior eight caudals were merely the bodies of vertebrae. The inferior surface of the body of each of the anterior fifteen caudal vertebrae was grooved antero-posteriorly, and on this surface in the anterior nine vertebra were articular facets for eight chevron bones. Only five of these bones were present in this skeleton, viz., the larger and most anterior; it is not unlikely that the more posterior chevrons had not been ossified. In von Haast’s specimen, as in this, the spinous processes disappeared behind the tenth, and the transverse processes behind the seventh caudal vertebra ; but there were nine instead of eight chevron bones. In both Mesoplodon gray: and Mesoplodon australis, again, Pro- fessor Flower found that the neural arch and spine were present on the eleventh caudal, and that the last trace of the transverse process did not disappear until the ninth caudal. The Ribs.—There were nine pair of ribs, corresponding in number to the dorsal vertebrae. The first was the broadest and shortest, from which they increased in length, but diminished in breadth, to the fourth, when they again diminished in length to the ninth. The anterior seven each articulated both with a vertebral body and with a transverse process. From the second to the seventh inclusive, each rib possessed a dis- tinct head and tubercle separated by an intermediate neck; but the first had an elon- gated articular surface at its vertebral end without any definite demarcation into head and tubercle. Each of these ribs was jointed by its head to the body of the vertebra in front of that to the transverse process of which it was articulated by its tubercle, but the head of the seventh rib was articulated with the bodies of both the sixth and seventh dorsal vertebrae, whilst its tubercle articulated with the transverse process of the seventh dorsal. The eighth and ninth ribs had each only a single articular surface at its vertebral end, which was jointed with the transverse process projecting from the side of the body of the corresponding dorsal vertebra. The greatest breadth of the first rib was 23 inches, its length along its posterior border was 11; inches. The greatest breadth of the fourth rib was in the region of the tubercle, viz., 1{ths of an inch, and its length along the posterior border was 2 feet. The length of the last rib cannot be given, as it was broken. In von Haast’s specimen, where ten ribs were on each side, the eighth, ninth, and tenth had each only a single articular surface at its vertebral end for articulation with its corresponding vertebra. In Mesoplodon grayi, also with ten pairs of ribs, only the ninth and tenth had a single articular surface at their vertebral ends for articulation respectively, with the transverse processes from the side of the bodies of the ninth and tenth vertebre, whilst the eighth mb was attached to the articular surfaces on the con- (ZOOL. CHALL, EXP,—PaRT Iv.—1880.) D4 26 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. tiguous sides of the body of the seventh and eighth dorsal vertebrae, but not to any transverse process. In Mesoplodon sowerbyi* the anterior seven ribs were articulated by both heads and tubercles to their appropriate vertebree, whilst the eighth, ninth, and tenth ribs had each only a single articulation with the transverse process from the side of the body of the corresponding dorsal vertebra. In Mesoplodon australis, again, the anterior six ribs were articulated by head and tubercle to body and transverse process ; the eighth and ninth only to the transverse process from the side of the body of the corres- ponding vertebree ; whilst the seventh left rib was attached by the former method and the seventh right by the latter only.” In my specimen of Mesoplodon layardi, as in Meso- plodon australis, the seventh dorsal vertebra with its pair of ribs was the vertebra of transition. Sternum.—The sternum consisted of three bony segments articulated together by intermediate bands of cartilage. A band of unossified cartilage about 1 inch deep was attached to the anterior border of the manubrial segment. Between the manubrial and second segment was a mesial foramen about 14 inch long and #ths of an inch wide, and a similar hole was between the second and third segments. The manubrium was 5 inches long by 43 inches in its greatest transverse diameter; its inferior surface had a faint mesial ridge, its superior surface was concave. Its inferior border had a mesial notch. The second segment was 32 inches long and notched both at its anterior and posterior borders, where it contributed to form the boundaries of the mesial sternal foramina. The third segment was 24 inches long and notched only at its upper border. The sternum articulated with four pairs of ribs. The first with the cartilaginous band at the anterior border of the first segment ; the second with the plate of cartilage between the first and second segments; the third with the corresponding band between the second and third seements; the fourth with the sides of the posterior border of the third segment (Pl. I. fig. 4). In von Haast’s specimen the sternum consisted of four segments, of which the fourth was divided into a right and left portion. It also articulated with five pairs of ribs. In Mesoplodon australis four segments articulating with five pairs of ribs were also present, and in the immature sternum of Mesoplodon grayi four segments were recognised by Professor Flower. In Mesoplodon sowerbyi five segments are figured by MM. Van Beneden and Gervais,’ the last being divided into two lateral halves. It is very probable, that in the immature skeleton of Mesoplodon layardi I am now describing, the fourth segment had not been ossified. Hyoid bone.—The only representatives of the hyoid apparatus consisted of the pair of stylo-hyals, each of which was broken, but the articular surface apparently at the cranial end was preserved. 1 Van Beneden and Gervais, Ostéographie des Cétacés, pl. xxii. fig. 1. 2 See Flower in Trans. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 431, 3 Ostéographie des Cétacés, pl. xxii. fig. 2. REPORT ON THE CETACEA. 27 Ziphius cavirostris, Cuvier. In November 1872 Dr Hector read before the Philosophical Society of Wellington, New Zealand, a memoir On the Whales and Dolphins of the New Zealand Seas.’ In it he described and figured by the name of Epiodon chathanuensis, or goosebeak whale, a skull collected by Mr H. Travers at the Chatham Islands. He expresses the opinion that it is possible this animal may be identical with Hpiodon australis from Buenos Ayres described by Burmeister, and states that except in the upward curve of the beak and the less development of the vomerine callosity, the skull resembles the Petrorhynchus capensis of Gray. He further mentions that the rostrum of an individual of this species, and having a less upward curve, found at Lyall Bay, near Wellington, is in the Colonial Museum. In a memoir which I had previously read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh in May 1872, I advanced facts and arguments to prove that the Cetacea which had been described by the several generic names of Hpiodon and Petrorhynchus should be referred to the Cuvierian genus Ziphius, of which Ziphius cavirostris was the type species, and I further expressed the opinion that the exotic specimens which had been named Ziphius indicus, Van Beneden, Petrorhynchus capensis, Gray, and Epiodon australe, Burmeister, should be ranked, along with the several European specimens named in that memoir, as examples of the Ziphius cavirostris. When a box arrived from the Challenger in 1875 containing a skull and lower jaw marked Hpiodon chathamiensis, Hector,’ which had been presented to the collection by the Colonial Museum, Wellington, | examined it with great interest, and compared it with the cranium of the Ziphius cavirostris from the Shetland Islands in the Anatomical Museum of the University of Edinburgh. The skull was, unfortunately, not perfect, as the occipital and sphenoid bones, in the region of the basis cranii and foramen magnum, the pterygoid bones and temporals were broken away, but the beak, the great preenasal fossa, the anterior nares and the summit of the cranium, which are the most distinctive parts of the skull, were preserved. There is no need for me to give a detailed description of this cranium, but it will be sufficient for my present purpose if I compare what there is of it with the skull of the Shetland specimen, described at length in my memoir, and point out wherein they correspond or disagree. The skull, like the Shetland specimen, was evidently from an old animal, as the cranial sutures were to a large extent obliterated, the bones were massive and weighty, and the teeth were shed from the mandible, their sockets, as in the Shetland specimen, being occupied by a growth of bone. Owing to the occipital end of the skull having been so much injured, I am unable to give the entire length of the cranium, but several other measurements showed that it was on a somewhat larger scale than the Shetland skull. 1 Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. v. 2 On the Occurrence of Ziphius cavirostris in the Shetland Seas, and a comparison of its Skull with that of Sowerby’s Whale (Mesoplodon sowerbyi), Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxvi. 3 Dr Hector writes to me that this specimen was got near Wellington. He has now had a good many specimens through his hands. This Cetacean, he says, is common in the New Zealand seas, though rarely captured or cast ashore. 28 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. In their general form the two crania closely resembled each other. The summit of each skull was formed of the same bones similarly arranged, but in the New Zealand skull the nasal bones were an inch longer, and somewhat more than an inch wider at the base than in the one from Shetland. In both the great preenasal fossee and anterior nares were similarly shaped, and the bones forming their walls were similarly arranged ; the only appreciable difference being that in the New Zealand specimen the transverse diameter of the fossa was about an inch wider, the preemaxillee forming the sides of the fossee were more massive, and from the inner surface of the left praemaxilla a stronger ridge projected than in the Shetland cranium. In the New Zealand specimen the greatest width between the two preemaxillee was 10 inches, whilst that of the Shetland cranium was 8% inches. The beak was similarly constructed in both specimens. The mesorostral bones were almost identical in shape, but in the New Zealand skull it was 11 inch longer than in the one from Shetland—14? inches as against 134 inches. In the New Zealand specimen a narrow longitudinal groove between 3 and 4 inches long was situated at the posterior truncated end of this bone, no similar groove existed in the Shetland animal. Both possessed an ecto-maxillary ridge and furrow; in the Shetland specimen the furrow was narrower and deeper than in the New Zealand, but in the latter the superior maxilla in the middle third of the beak had its sides more uniformly rounded, and projecting somewhat more laterally, than in the Shetland animal. In both, the under surface of the beak had a similar construction, and the palate bones articulated with each other mesially between the anterior ends of the two pterygoids, and separated the latter from the superior maxille. The mandibles resembled each other in shape and im projecting beyond the tip of the beak, but in the New Zealand specimen the bone was somewhat more massive and 21 inches longer than in the one from Shetland—34{ inches to 324 inches. The evidence which I have obtained from a personal comparison of these two crania, belonging to animals dwelling in such widely separated seas as those of the Shetland Isles and New Zealand, is not such as to justify me in classifying them as distinct species. In all the essential features of form and construction they are practically alike. The differences which I have noted between them are merely such as are due to a difference in size, and to the New Zealand cranium having, along with its greater size, a somewhat more extended condition of ossification than the Shetland specimen, so that, so far as the cranial characters afford a basis for observation, I could come to no other conclusion than that the New Zealand animal is Ziphius cavirostris. Since the skull from the Wellington Museum arrived in Edinburgh, the New Zealand naturalists have published additional information on this genus of Ziphioids. In May 1876 a paper by Dr von Haast was contributed to the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, New Zealand,’ and also to the Zoological Society of London,’ in which was described the skeleton of an aged female whale that had been stranded, in July 1872, in Lyttleton Harbour, Bank’s Peninsula. This is apparently the same animal 1 Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. ix. p. 430, 1877. 2 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., June 6, 1876, vol. xliv. p. 466. REPORT ON THE CETACEA. 29 as is referred to by Dr Hector in his paper, read in November 1872, as having been captured in Port Cooper, and the skeleton of which was being prepared for the Canterbury Museum. Dr von Haast named the animal Epiodon (Ziphius) nove-zealandie. In an appendix to his paper he applied the same name to another skull, also of an adult female stranded in July 1873 in Akaroa Harbour. Von Haast considers that these animals are closely allied, if not belonging, to the same species as Hpiodon chathanuensis, but as there are some minor differences between them, of which he more especially refers to the form of the teeth, he prefers to apply a different specific name to these animals. Professor Flower, at the same meeting of the Zoological Society,’ in commenting on Dr von Haast’s paper, stated that he saw no good grounds for distinction between’ Ziphius nove-zealandie and Ziphius chathamiensis, and that, indeed, von Haast’s two animals differed more from each other than either of them did from Ziphius chathamiensis. Further, that the photographs sent by Dr von Haast, when compared with the skull at the British Museum which Dr Gray had named Petrorhynchus capensis, did not show any greater differences than are consistent with the range of individual variation, and that no proof had yet been given that any clearly defined specific difference existed between Petrorhynchus capensis, Ziphius australis, and Ziphius cavirostris. Dr Hector, in a second memoir in the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute (vol. x. p. 342, 1878), states that the specific distinction made by von Haast between the Chatham Island and New Zealand specimens is founded on little more than the form of the teeth, which in the specimen in the Canterbury Museum had become absorbed, only the fangs being left, whilst in the specimen from the Chatham Islands the teeth were still large and serviceable. He does not recognise, therefore, any specific difference between the animal he had originally described and those named by von Haast Ziphius nove-zealandie. But Dr Hector goes still further, and, influenced evidently by the facts and arguments advanced in my memoir on Ziphius cavirostris, to which he makes special reference in his paper, now regards his Hpiodon (Ziphius) chathamiensis as the same species as the Ziphius cavirostris of Cuvier; a conclusion which coincides entirely with that which I had arrived at from a comparison of the skulls of these animals. M. Van Beneden in a recent paper On the Geographical Distribution of the Cetodonts? reviews the whole of the evidence up to that time advanced on this subject. He now regards not only his Ziphius imdicus but the specimens from the Cape, and that described by Dr Burmeister from near Buenos Ayres, as the same as the Ziphius cavirostris, so that he supports the opinion I had expressed in my original memoir, that the exotic as well as the Kuropean crania, which have up to this time been described, are all examples of one species — the Ziphius cavirostris of Cuvier. The present state of our knowledge of this cetacean strengthens, therefore, the statement which I had made in that memoir that the geographical range of the Ziphius cavirostris equals that possessed by the spermaceti whale. 1 Proceedings, 1876, vol. xliv. p. 477. ? Bulletin de Academie royale de Belgique, April 1878, vol. xly. No. 4. 30 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Megaptera lalandi (Fischer). The vertebre of the humpbacked whale (Megaptera lalandi) belonging to the collection consisted of the atlas, axis, and third and fourth cervical vertebree. They were from an animal captured in the New Zealand seas, probably in Queen Charlotte Sound. The atlas was a distinct bone, but the axis and third and fourth vertebrae were anky- losed into one block. The bones had evidently been exposed on the beach for some time, as they were rubbed and weathered, and had many small pebbles in their grooves and foramina. The transverse diameter of the atlas was 26 inches, its supero-inferior 144 inches. The spine was stunted. The transverse processes were massive and undivided. The groove for the sub-occipital nerve was converted into a foramen by a bridge of bone. The occipital articular surface was divided into two facets by a mesial notch and furrow. The axis had a transverse diameter of 324 inches, a supero-inferior of 135 inches. The spine was massive, and both it and the right lamina were fused with the corresponding parts of the third cervical. The transverse processes each possessed a superior and inferior division continued into each other externally by a broad plate of bone, so that the “vertebrarterial” foramen was completely bounded by bone. A broad stunted process, representing a rudimentary odontoid projected from the anterior surface of the bone, and was received into a corresponding hollow on the posterior surface of the atlas. The superior transverse process of the third vertebra was a slender plate of bone 4 inches long ; the inferior transverse process was much stronger, and 7 inches in length. The superior transverse process of the fourth vertebra was 84 inches long, but the inferior was only 5 inches, both were strong bars of bones. Neither in the third nor fourth vertebrae did the superior and inferior transverse processes meet externally so as to complete the boundary of a foramen. The body of the axis was 154 inches in its greatest transverse diameter by 9 inches in its greatest supero-inferior. The body of the fourth cervical was 10 inches by 73, and as it was not so rounded at the sides as in Balenoptera, its shape approached the quadrangular. The fusion between the bodies of the second, third, and fourth vertebree was not complete, but restricted to the sides of their anterior and posterior’ surfaces, so that intervertebral discs had obviously been present in the recent state between the greater part of the surfaces of the bodies. The left lamin of the third and fourth vertebree were fused with each other, but not those of the right side. The presence of a large Rorqual in the seas of the Southern Hemisphere was deter- mined by Cuvier, from a skeleton brought to Paris by Delalande from the Cape of Good Hope, and was named by him Rorqual du Cup. Fischer subsequently called it Balena lalandi, but it was recognised by Schlegel that it possessed affinities to the long-finned Rorqual of the Northern Hemisphere, Megaptera longimana. Dr J. E. Gray considered REPORT ON THE CETACEA. 31 that it formed a genus distinct from Megaptera, and named the animal Pescopia lalandii. Its generic difference is not, however, accepted by zoologists generally, and MM. Van Beneden and Gervais associate it with the genus Megaptera as species lalandii ;* at the same time they point out that the differences between its skeleton and that of Megaptera longimana are not of a strongly-marked character. In 1864 Dr J. E. Gray received from New Zealand some ear-bones, which though very like those of Megaptera longimana, yet had the tympanics shorter and more swollen. He accordingly proposed to distinguish the animal from which they had been obtained as a new species by the name of Megaptera nove-zealandia? MM. Van Beneden and Gervais hesitate to accept the New Zealand Megaptera as a distinct species from that of the Cape, and Dr Hector, who at first adopted Dr Gray’s nomenclature, has in his latest memoiw On the New Zealand Cetacea*® regarded it as Megaptera lalandi. He states that the humpback is the most common whale around the coasts of New Zealand. The cervical vertebree in this specimen do not, however, entirely correspond with the vertebree of Megaptera lalandi described by MM. Van Beneden and Gervais. In their specimen it is stated that all the cervical vertebrae were free, but that Cuvier had described the second and third as united by the upper part of the body, and that in the British Museum was a specimen in which the second was united to the third on one side only. In fig. 2, Pl. [X., the junction of the second and third with each other is represented by them, and in the same figure it can be seen that not only are the superior and inferior transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae behind the second not united together exter- nally, but that those of the axis also are free at their outer ends. From this circumstance, as well as from the union of only two vertebrae with each other in the specimens above referred to, there can, I think, be little doubt that the specimen now described was of more mature age than those previously recorded. In October 1870 a cargo of whales’ bones was imported into Leith from the Cape of Good Hope. Messrs J. & J. Cunningham, the importers, kindly allowed me to examine them, and select some specimens for the Anatomical Museum of the University. The collection contained numerous bones of the Cape Humpback, and I had no difficulty in picking out several specimens of the atlas-vertebra of this animal. I have compared the atlas of the New Zealand animal with one of those from the Cape, and except that the furrow between two anterior articular surfaces for the occipital bone is somewhat broader and deeper in the Cape specimen, there is no appreciable difference between them. It should be stated that the atlas from the Cape is a somewhat larger bone than that from New Zealand. 1 Ostéographie des Cétacés, p. 130. * Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 208, and Catalogue of Seals and Whales, p. 128. 3 Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. x. p. 335, 1878. (Jy) bo THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Balena australis, Desmoulins. The block of vertebrae, marked “Right Whale of New Zealand,” consisted of the seven cervical and first dorsal vertebrae ankylosed into one mass. They were from an animal captured at the peninsula of Kaipara. The bones were broken in places and generally friable, with the roots of plants in the inter- vertebral foramina, presenting the appearance of having long been exposed to the weather. The fusion of the cervical vertebrae with each other was very complete, for not only were the bodies ankylosed into a solid mass, but also the spines and laminee. The fusion of the first dorsal by its spine and laminze with the corresponding parts of the seventh cervical was also complete, so that the spines and lamin formed a massive crest of bone which sloped upwards and backwards. The body of the first dorsal was, however, connected, through an irregular band of ossification by only its inferior border, with the corresponding part of the seventh cervical ; for the bodies generally of these two vertebree had evidently been separated in the usual way by an intervertebral disc. The left transverse process of the atlas was broken, but when entire the vertebra must have had a transverse diameter of at least 29 inches. Its width across the anterior articular surfaces was 14 inches, and these surfaces were separated from each other by a non-articular depression, varying im width from 2°to 3 inches. The length of the cervical part of the block, along the line of the spines, was 14 inches, along the inferior surface of the bodies, 114 inches, when the body of the first dorsal was included the length was 15 inches. The superior transverse processes were present in all the cervicals. Those of the first and second vertebrae were massive, and projected outwards for several inches; the remainder were much more slender, and in the case of the third to the sixth compara- tively short, whilst that of the seventh was again longer, and curved outwards and forwards. In the case of the anterior six cervicals, these processes were fused into a continuous bar of bone at their outer ends, whilst the superior transverse process of the seventh was not ankylosed on the right side, but on the left it was united to the trans- verse process of the first dorsal vertebra. The inferior transverse processes of the second and third vertebrae were massive and partially ankylosed, that of the fourth was much more slender, and fused with that of the third. They were absent in the fifth, sixth, and seventh. In no instance did the superior and inferior transverse processes unite externally so as to bound a “ vertebrarterial” foramen. The transverse process of the first dorsal vertebra was in series with the superior transverse processes of the cervicals, and like them projected from the side of the neural arch. It was 11 inches long, and curved forwards and outwards external to the superior transverse processes of the more posterior cervicals, so that its free end was close to the transverse process of the atlas. A faint tubercle projecting from the side of the body of this vertebra probably represented a rudimentary, inferior transverse process. REPORT ON THE CETACEA. 39 These bones are evidently a portion of the skeleton of the Balena or Hubalena australis. In their form and appearance they closely correspond to the block of cervical vertebrae, figured by Van Beneden and Gervais, in Plates I. and II. fig. 19, as the cervical vertebrae of that animal. M. Van Beneden states that in Balena australis there is no trace of inferior transverse processes in the last four cervical vertebrae, and that this constitutes a noticeable point of difference between this species and the Balena antipodarum, in which all the cervical vertebrae, except the seventh, have an inferior transverse process. In the Challenger specimen, the inferior transverse process was absent in the seventh, sixth, and fifth cervical vertebrae, but present in the fourth, third, and second, so that in the presence of this process in the fourth vertebra, it differed from the specimen described and figured by M. Van Beneden. I am inclined to think from the appearance of his figure, that his specimen must have been from a younger animal, as the lines of demarcation between the spines and laminz of the vertebrze are more distinct than in the Challenger specimen, and the first dorsal vertebra is not ankylosed to the seventh cervical. The absence, therefore, of an inferior transverse process in the fourth vertebra in M. Van Beneden’s animal, may, perhaps, be due to the ossification not having advanced to a stage so far as was the case in the Challenger specimen. CrTAcEAN BoNES DREDGED FROM THE Bep oF THE OcEAN (PI. IL). The dredge brought up in various localities, from a great depth, numerous tympanic and petrous bones of Cetacea, together with fragments of other bones of the skeleton. They have been all carefully picked out by Mr John Murray from the other contents of the dredge, and arranged according to their locality, and the depth at which they were obtained. The conditions under which they were found will be described by Mr Murray in his Report on the deep-sea deposits. At his request, and that of Sir Wyville Thomson, I undertook to determine, as far as possible, the generic and specific characters of these bones, and have compared them with the collection in the Anatomical Museum of the University of Edinburgh. In 1876 and 1879 I took a number of selected specimens to the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and, along with Professor Flower, compared them with specimens in that magnificent collection. The bones were almost without exception coated with a brown material consisting of a mixture of the peroxides of manganese and iron, along with earthy matters ; some- times only with a thin layer, but at other times imbedded in masses of these minerals," which frequently assumed a nodulated or botryoidal arrangement, and the manganese had also penetrated into their substance. In attempting to peel this material, which for the sake of brevity will be spoken of as manganese, off the exterior of the bones, they 1 See Mr Murray’s paper in Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., December 18, 1876, p. 257. (ZOOL. CHALL, EXP.—PART Iv,—1880.) D5 34 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. not unfrequently broke up into fragments, for their texture and cohesiveness were often greatly injured; but at times Mr Murray had succeeded in removing the whole of the manganese from the exterior of the bone, so as to enable one to study its form. In the catalogue of the dredgings which has been compiled for the use of the naturalists engaged in describing the animals collected during the voyage of the Chal- lenger, the stations at which the dredge was put down are all designated numerically, and the latitude and longitude are recorded, so that the locality can be determined on the map; the date when the dredging took place, and the depth of the ocean at the spot are also given. I have extracted from this catalogue these important facts in connection with the description of the cetacean bones obtained at each station. The stations are numerically arranged according to the dates when the dredgings were done, but instead of taking the first at which cetacean bones were observed, it will be more convenient to start with the description of the station where the largest number and the greatest variety of the bones of these animals were brought to the surface. I shall commence, therefore, with a description of the bones found at Station 286. Station 286, lat. 33° 29’ S., long. 183° 22’ W.; October 16, 1875, 2335 fathoms. This station was remarkably rich in cetacean remains. About ninety tympanic bullee were recognised, and, in addition, there were various fragments coated and imbedded in peroxide of manganese, many of which appeared to be portions of tympanic bones. In the first place I made a rough classification of these bones according to their size, and found that they could be arranged into five groups. The first group was represented by a single specimen nearly 6 inches long, and by a fragment of another, which had apparently been of the same magnitude. They were impregnated with manganese, and much corroded on the surface. The more perfect specimen had been cut in two, and one half sent for chemical analysis before I saw it; but from the half that remained I judged it to have been about the same size as the tympanic bone of the great Northern Rorqual (Balenoptera sibbaldi), stranded at Longniddry, which I described some years ago.t A section through this bone is figured by Mr Murray in his Report on deep-sea deposits (Pl. VII. fig. 2). On comparing it with the corresponding tympanic bone of this animal, they were seen to have a somewhat similar general configuration, but the corrosion of the surface of the deep-sea specimen prevented a close comparison being instituted. From the magnitude of the specimen, it is probable that it is the tympanic bulla of a great Southern Rorqual, perhaps the Balenoptera antarctica, or a closely-allied species. The second group consisted of fifteen tympanic bulle, varying in size from 3 inches to 4 inches, but these were divisible into two very distinct types. In the one type, consisting of the somewhat larger specimens, were two admirably- preserved bones with the deposit of manganese so thin that the form of the bone was not 1 Trans. Roy. Soc, Edin., Noy. 1870, vol. xxvi. REPORT ON THE CETACEHA, 35 interfered with. The one bulla was 3°6 inches long, the other was 3°4 inches. They closely corresponded in size to the tympanic bones of the northern pike whale (Balen- optera rostrata). The larger specimen also resembled in its configuration the bulla of Balenoptera rostrata, it is figured by Mr Murray (PI. VII. fig. 3); the smaller was also very like it on the external convex surface, but the internal surface, where it curved towards the tympano-periotic fissure, was much more convex in the deep-sea specimen than in the recent Balenoptera rostrata. There can, I think, be no doubt that both these specimens are from Cetacea of the genus Balenoptera, and from an animal closely allied to, if not identical with, the Balenoptera rostrata of the North Atlantic Ocean. It is possible that they may have belonged to the pike whale of the Southern Ocean, named by Dr Gray, Balenoptera huttoni, an animal which Dr Hector states,’ “is hardly distinguishable from the northern Balenoptera rostrata.” Belonging to the same type of bulla, but not more than 3 inches or 32 inches long, were several bullee, all of which, with one exception, were thickly coated with manganese, and the hollow of the bulla was almost filled with it. They were not only shorter than the bulla of Balenoptera rostrata, but not so swollen out (Pl. IL. fig. 11). I am not aware of any existing Balenoptera in which the bullae have such small dimensions; but in the series of fossil ear-bones from the Red Crag of Suffolk, in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, collected by Professor Flower, is a specimen marked 1452«, which he is disposed to regard as a small Balenoptera, that agrees in size with these specimens, and has a general resemblance in form, although differences in the smaller features of detail can be recognised. ‘These bullee may have belonged to a species of Balenoptera no longer extant. The other type of bulla belonging to the second group consisted of two bones 3 inches in length. They were much more compressed laterally than was the case with the bulle of the Balenopteride, and were concave on the outer surface, but the inner surface was almost entirely broken away, so as to expose the interior of the bulla. In both specimens (obviously a pair) the outer surface was scored with elongated, some- what curved furrows, as is represented in Plate VII. fig. 5 of Mr Murray’s plates on the deep-sea deposits. The general direction of these furrows corresponded with that of the long axis of the tympanic bone; but, though generally alike, they were not quite symmetrical in the two bulla. In one specimen the grooved surface was completely coated with a very thin layer of manganese, in the other only partially so. The fact, however, that the manganese lined the grooves shows that they must have been imprinted on the bones before the deposition of manganese began at the bottom of the ocean. Whether they are natural marks, or artificially produced by the teeth of a fish or other marine animal, it is difficult to say. These bones seem to belong rather to the type of the Balenide than the Balenopteride, though they are very much smaller than the 1 Trans. New Zealand Institute, vol. x. p. 337. 36 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. tympanics of any of the Balenide that have come under my observation—not more indeed than about one-third the size of the corresponding bones of the Balena australis. The British Museum, the Museums of the Royal College of Surgeons, and the University of Edinburgh, do not contain any specimens similar in size and form, or marked with similar furrows. Whether they belong to existing species or to some extinct cetacean must for the present be left undetermined, though, from their scanty coating of manganese as compared with the thick covering possessed by others of the bones, obtained from the same station, it is not likely that they were so ancient as the more thickly coated forms. The third group consisted of eight bulle, from 24 to 3 inches in length. Only one specimen, which was unfortunately not entire, could be freed from manganese, so as to enable one to see its form. It was 2°6 inches long. It had a certain similarity in form with the tympanic bone of the Ziphius cavirostris referred to in a former part of this report as having been obtained from Shetland. It differed from it, however, in several particulars. It was not only longer, but generally more massive, and did not possess the somewhat unciform lobe at the posterior end of the under surface seen in Ziphius cavirostris (Pl. II. fig. 12); on the outer surface a faint concavity extended in the longitudinal direction instead of being slightly convex, as in cavirostris, The inferior surface, again, was more rounded, and not raised into a feeble roughened ridge as in the Shetland specimen (PI. II. fig. 9). For the present this bone must be left undetermined. The fourth group consisted of about forty specimens, generally from 1°6 to 2 inches long, although one was 2°3 inches, and ancther 2'2 inches. In all, the posterior end of the under surface had the bilobed character of the bulla. The two largest specimens (Pl. VIII. figs. 1,2, Mr Murray’s Report) were compared both with Professor Flower’s figures of the petro-tympanic bones of Berardius arnouaxii' and with the bones them- selves, to which they approximated somewhat in size. They differed, however, from the tympanic bulle in that animal in having the external posterior lobe more boss-like, and in possessing a much wider furrow between that lobe and the internal posterior lobe ; moreover, the inferior surface in them was not so irregularly roughened as in Berardius. In appearance they corresponded closely with the tympanic bulle of Mesoplodon layardi, described in an earlier part of this report, but they were on a larger scale, for not only was the larger of the two bulle half an inch longer; but its greatest width was 1°5 inch, whilst that of Mesoplodon layardi was 1°3 inch. They should, I believe, be referred to the genus Mesoplodon, though probably to a larger species than layardi, for although my specimen of Mesoplodon layardi was from an immature animal, yet the petro-tympanic bones in the Cetacea assume their full dimensions at a comparatively early period of life. In both these specimens the petrous bone was united with the tympanic. It closely resembled in shape that of layardi, but was somewhat bigger, for its length was 2°2 inches, whilst that of dayardi was 1°9 inch. 1 Trans. Zool. Soc., vol. viii. REPORT ON THE CETACEA. 37 Of the remaining specimens of this group the larger number closely corresponded in size to the bullee of Mesoplodon layardi, and were almost identical with them in the configuration of the lobes, in the broad, roughened, inferior surface, and in the curvatures of the inner and outer surfaces, so that I think they should be referred to that animal. I have figured a characteristic one in Plate II. fig. 8. A few specimens in this group were a little smaller than Mesoplodon layardi, but possessed the same general characters of shape, and two specimens were somewhat broader, and more flattened on the inferior surface, than in the immature Falkland Isle layardt. The fifth group consisted of at least twenty-four specimens, which varied in length from 1 inch to 1°7 inch. They were all bilobed, and had the general configuration of the tympanic bulla of the Delphinide. The longest possessed a transverse diameter of 1°1 inch, and in its general form resembled the bulla of a Globiocephalus. It is figured in Pl. VIIL. fig. 6, by Mr Murray. Others were from animals of the genus Delphinus, whilst the smallest had the size, and almost exactly the shape, of the common porpoise. A specimen figured in my Plate II. fig. 13, and from another aspect in Mr Murray’s Plate VIII. fig. 7, was 1°3 inch long, and ‘7 inch wide. It was obviously not one of the Dolphins, for it was not bi-lobed posteriorly, whilst its small size precluded it from belong- ing to the Baleen whales. Professor Flower, to whom I showed the specimen, thought from its resemblance in form to the tympanic bulla of the sperm whale (Physeter macroce- phalus), though of course very much smaller, that it might be the bulla of the short-headed sperm whale of the southern seas (Kogia, Gray). There was no tympanic of this whale in the Museum of the College of Surgeons with which to compare it, but in the stores of the British Museum I fortunately met with a specimen marked Kogia macleayi, which was from a young animal, and had unquestionably a considerable resemblance to the deep-sea specimen. The latter was slightly larger, but they were almost identical in shape ; only, the deep-sea specimen was somewhat more roughened on the inferior surface, the anterior or Eustachian orifice was somewhat wider and the internal surface deeper. There can, I think, be little doubt that this bone should be referred to a species of Kogia. Two other specimens also occurred in this series which at the first sight seemed to have some resem- blance to the bulla of Kogia, but on further examination were found to differ in several respects from it. The best preserved was 1:1 inch long, and is figured in Plate IT. fig. 14. It was divided posteriorly into two lobes, but the intermediate depression was very shallow, and was not prolonged as a sharply differentiated groove along the inferior surface. The external posterior lobe was relatively large and boss-like, whilst the internal posterior was much smaller, and almost pointed. It cannot be regarded as one of the Dolphins, but was probably from an animal allied to Kogia, though generically distinct from it. In this station forty-two detached petrous bones were also obtained. The longest was 2 inches, which is 0°1 inch less than the one already referred to in the fourth group as still attached to the bulla of the big Mesoplodon. Several were 1°8 and 1:9 inch 38 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. long, and in their configuration resembled the petrous bone of Mesoplodon, and, without doubt, belonged to the bullee of this animal already referred to as found in the same station. Others were of the same magnitude as the petrosal in the genus Delphinus, and very similar in form, whilst two specimens were smaller than those of the common porpoise. In all, the manganese had been deposited in the canals and foramina in the bones, and had given a coating more or less thick, in different instances, to the entire bone. Mr Murray has figured three specimens in Plate VIII. figs. 8, 9, 9a, 14 and 14a. Fourteen specimens also occurred which consisted not only of the petrous, but of a portion of the elongated “mastoid” element continuous with it. These varied consider- ably in size, the largest being 3°6 inches long, and the smallest 2°5 inches, and the latter is figured by Mr Murray in Pl. VIII. fig. 3. They were all deeply impregnated with manganese, which had filled up the hollows and foramina, and coated the entire bone, so that it was difficult to obtain an exact idea of its form. It is not unlikely that these may have been the petro-mastoid elements belonging to the tympanic bulle of some of the Baleen whales already stated to have been found in this station. In addition to these ear-bones, numerous fragments of other bones were also present, all, with one exception, being deeply impregnated with manganese. The most noticeable of these was an elongated bar of bone 8°1 inches in length, which Professor Flower and I concurred in regarding as the beak of a Ziphioid whale. Sections of the beak were made by Mr Murray which confirmed the accuracy of this opinion. The beak and sections through it are figured by Mr Murray (PI. X. fig. 1, a, 6). Three other, but much smaller, fragments of bone, which also seemed to be portions of the beaks of Ziphioids were also present. A number of fragments of flat bones, most of which were portions of the brain case, though one or two might have been bits of the shaft of a rib, occurred. The largest, figured by Mr Murray (Pl X. fig. 2, a), was marked on its inner surface by a groove for a venous blood sinus. An irregular mass of spongy bone, 4 inches by 8, by 3, consisting apparently of a portion of the expanded wing of a superior maxilla, was present. It was noticeable, not only from its size, but from the paucity of manganese deposit as compared with the other bones. Another smaller portion of similar spongy texture was surrounded with nodulated masses of manganese ; this is figured by Mr Murray (Pl. X. fig. 3), A third mass, 5 inches by 5, having its surfaces concavo-convex, was covered by, and deeply impregnated with, manganese and iron deposition, so that it had quite a mineral appearance. It was also apparently a part of the expanded wing of the superior maxilla. Further, there were between one and two hundred smaller fragments, looking on the exterior like nodules of manganese, which, when broken through, exhibited evidence of bone structure. In one the fracture had displayed the helicoidal turn of the cochlea. If we were to suppose that the eighty-nine tympanic bull obtained in this station REPORT ON THE CETACEA. 39 had been exact pairs, and that the numerous petrous bones all belonged to the same animals as the tympanic bull, it would follow that the remains of at least forty-five whales were brought from the bottom of the ocean in this single station by one haul of the dredge; but as the bones were not in pairs, the remains of a much larger number of whales were obtained in this station. It may further be noted that a recognisable pro- portion of these animals were Ziphioids, and many of them belonged to the genus Mesoplodon, so that the central part of the South Pacific Ocean is obviously a favourite habitat of this family of cetaceans. Station 131, lat. 29° 35’ S., long. 28° 9° W., October 6, 1873, 2275 fathoms. A tympanic bulla 24 inches long, very slightly discoloured with manganese. This bulla closely corresponds with that of the Ziphius cavirostris from Shetland, so that I have no hesitation in associating it with that genus, and most probably with that species. I have figured it in Plate II. fig. 10, alongside of the Shetland Ziphius, so that the two may be compared with each other. The South Atlantic Ocean is, therefore, a habitat for this cetacean, a fact which is of interest in its bearings on the determination of the zoological position of the Hpiodon australe, Burmeister, from Buenos Ayres, and of the Petrorhynchus capensis, Gray, from the Cape of Good Hope, both of which I have referred (p. 27) to Ziphius cavirostris. Station 143, lat 36° 48’ 8, long. 190° 24’ E., December -19, 1873, 1900 fathoms. A small fragment of bone was brought up by the dredge, about the size of a boy’s playing marble. It consisted of cancellated tissue, and was coated and impregnated with manganese, and had foraminifera attached to it. It was too small a piece for one to say what bone it had formed a portion of, but it was probably from a cetacean. Station 160, lat. 42° 42’ S., long. 134° 10’ KE, March 18, 1874, 2600 fathoms. Several tympanic bullee were found. One is figured by Mr Murray in transverse section, and surrounded by manganese (Pl. VIII. fig. 11). It possessed the bilobed form, but the lobes were more nearly equal in size than in Mesoplodon, so that one could not definitely pronounce it to belong to that genus. Two others had the Mesoplodon characters, but the one had the internal posterior lobe more massive and the outer surface more concave in its posterior half than the other. In one the furrow between the two lobes was somewhat narrower than in Mesoplodon layardi. Another tympanic bone was Delphinus. A petrous bone was apparently that of a Globiocephalus (Mr Murray’s Pl. VILL. fig. 10). A nodulated mass of bone, not so big as a cricket ball, was covered by botryoidal deposits of peroxide of manganese, and penetrated by deposits of manganese and iron, so that it was dense and of stony hardness. There were also three small frag- ments of bone, one a flat bone. Station 274, lat. 7° 25'S. long. 152° 15’ W., September 11, 1875, 2750 fathoms. A tympano-perictic bone from a Globiocephalus, figured by Mr Murray (Pl. VIII. figs. 4, 5); another from one of the Delphinide (Mr Murray’s, Pl. VIII. figs. 12, 13). 40 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. One in size and configuration like a Mesoplodon. Six separate petrous bones and four separate tympanic bulle, either broken or so encrusted with manganese that it was ditticult to determine them precisely, but they were all from the smaller species of Cetacea. There were several manganese nodules, one of which had for its nucleus a fragment of bone the size of a thick wafer. Station 276, lat. 13° 28’ S., long. 149° 30’ W., September 16, 1875, 2350 fathoms. Two tympano-periotic bones of Mesoplodon closely resembling Mesoplodon layardi, ficured by Mr Murray (Pl. VII. figs. 6, 7). In addition there were eight separate petrous bones and six tympanic bulle. One of these bullae was a Gilobiocephalus ; another had the same form as the two specimens described at the end of the fifth group of Station 286, one of which is figured in Plate II. fig. 14; the remainder belonged apparently to the genus Delphinus. Station 281, lat. 22° 21’ 8., long. 150° 17° W., October 6, 1875, 2385 fathoms. Six tympanic bones and three petrous bones. The largest tympanic was 1} inch long, the smallest 1 inch. They all belonged to the family of dolphins. Station 285, lat. 32° 36’ S., long. 137° 43’ W., October. 14, 1875, 2375 fathoms. This station gave one tympanic bone, 4°7 inches long, from a large species of Balenoptera (Mr Murray’s, Pl. VII. fig. 1) ; one 3:2 inches long, and two others about 2°7 inches long, from smaller species of Balenoptera, such as are referred to in the second group of Station 286. A tympanic bone, 33 inches long, was not swollen out as in Balenoptera, but was much smaller than the bulla of either Megaptera lalandi or Balena australis. This bone was imperfect, as the part of the outer aspect which turns over into the hollow of the bulla was broken off. Upwards of twenty-five smaller sized, separated tympanic bones, which may be referred to the genera Mesoplodon, Delphinus, and Globiocephalus. At least eighteen petrous bones recognisable as belonging to the above genera of toothed whales. A petro-mastoid bone, 4 inches long, probably belonging to one of the Baleen whales, but with its form obscured by manganese incrustations. Numerous small fragments of bone thickly coated with manganese. Station 289, lat. 39° 41’ S., long. 131° 23° W., October 23, 1875, 2550 fathoms. Three large tympanic bones were obtained here; one 4 inches long, another 34 inches, the third about 3 inches long. They were all thickly covered with nodulated manganese. Sufficient of this deposit was removed to show that they were all apparently the bullee of whales of the genus Balenoptera. Two nodules containing bony nuclei were also present. Station 293, lat. 39° 4° S., long. 105° 5° W., November 1, 1875, 2025 fathoms. In this station only one small fragment of bone, the form of which was quite lost through impregnation with manganese, was found. Station 299, lat. 33° 31’S., long. 74° 43’ W., December 14, 1875, 2160 fathoms. This station contained one bilobed tympanic bulla, with the petrous bone attached, apparently a Globiocephalus. REPORT ON THE CETACEA. 41 It is important to observe that no ear-bones or fragments of other cetacean bones were obtained from the dredgings north of the Equator. The stations south of the Equator, where the bones of Cetacea were found, may be arranged in two groups, the one in comparatively close proximity to continental land, the other in mid-ocean. In the first of these groups the number of ear-bones found in any single station was small, apparently, because, from their proximity to land, and to the influence of the solids suspended in the currents of great rivers, they would become covered over, and imbedded in detritus falling to the bottom of the ocean. Thus only one bone, and that the tympanic bulla of a Ziphius, resembling Ziphius cavirostris, was obtained in the South Atlantic at Station 131, off the east coast of South America. One station (160) south of the Australian continent yielded only a few ear-bones. A station (299) off the west coast of South America yielded only the tympano-periotic bone of a single species, one of the Delphinide. Stations 143 and 293 gave only fragments of bone, which could not definitely be pronounced to be cetacean. All the other stations, viz., 274, 276, 281, 285, 286, 289, belonged to the second group, and were in the central southern portion of the Pacific Ocean, ze., in localities the farthest removed from continental land. These, as Mr Murray has pointed out in his Report, are areas of exceedingly slowly accumulating deposits, and consequently in them the bones dredged up at each station were, as a rule, much more numerous than at the stations nearer to the great continents, for they were not imbedded in thick strata of substances which had fallen to the bottom. In all the localities, except 299, 293, and 143, where merely a single ear-bone or a small fragment of bone was found, the deposit at the bottom of the ocean was, as Mr Murray informs me, a red or chocolate-coloured clay, containing, besides the ear-bones, many hundreds of sharks’ teeth and nodules of manganese. The preservation of the ear- bones and of the fragments of the beaks of ziphioid whales is accounted for by the extreme density of these portions of the skeleton. Some of the bones were in a much better state of preservation than others. In some the manganese coating was extremely thin, and but little had entered into the Haversian canals and lacune, so that a fractured surface was greyish-white (Mr Murray’s Pl. X. figs. 1a, 1b, 2a, 4a). Others again were not only thickly encrusted with the mineral, but the Haversian canals and lacune were infiltrated with it, so that a fractured surface was dark brown or black, and the bones were extremely brittle. The chemical composition of these bones was thus entirely altered, and this was more especially the case with the fragments of the flat bones, and others of a more porous texture which formed the nuclei of so many of the manganese and iron nodules. It is worthy of note that no bone was identified as belonging to the great sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), although the track of the Challenger, at the stations where such large hauls of cetacean bones were dredged up, was through the seas frequented by this huge cetacean; but the tympanic of the short-headed sperm whale (Kogia) was obtained at one station (286). Further, it is to be noted that the bones obtained did not present (ZOOL, CHALL. EXP.—PART Iv.—1880.) D6 42 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. any evidence of having been rolled or rubbed. They had evidently rested quietly in the spots where they had been deposited, and in many cases the tympanic and petrous bones were still attached to each other, although they could be separated by the exercise of but little force. The sharks’ teeth belonged to the genera Carcharodon, Oxyrhina, and Lamna, and are to be referred to no species, so far as we know, now living. They are identical with the sharks found in the Tertiary deposits. The question, therefore, naturally arises, Are the cetacean remains associated with them on the floor of the ocean the bones of existing or extinct forms? Of the resemblance of the greater number of these bones, more especially the tympanic bull, to existing genera, I have given a number of examples, and have occasionally had to point out how closely some of them correspond with existing species, so that they may be referred to them. But whilst these may be the bones of species still extant, there are others which present greater difficulties in the identification, so that, like the sharks, they may have belonged to animals which had lived in a previous geolo- gical epoch. This observation will more especially apply to the undetermined bones found at the various stations in the central southern portion of the South Pacific Ocean. In none of these stations was the depth less than 14,000 feet, and in one (274) it reached 16,500 feet. From the position of these stations in mid-ocean, its floor in them is subjected, as Mr Murray has shown, to a minimum amount of deposition from above, so that but little change can have taken place in the ocean bed in these localities during a great period of time. The occurrence of the teeth of sharks, identical with known Tertiary species, lying so loosely on the ocean floor that they can be scraped up by the dredge, may show either that the sea bottom in these regions has remained unchanged, and with scarcely any appreciable gain from deposition since Tertiary times, or that some species of shark have continued to haunt these waters from the Tertiary down to the present period. In the former case, which other data render not improbable, the remains preserved may represent organisms existing during the Tertiary epoch, as well as animals which have lived and died in the ocean from that time to the present. From the peculiar cireum- stances of the case, therefore, animal remains, belonging to periods of time widely remote from each other, may be lying side by side in the same place on the sea bed, so that the association together of their remains may not necessarily imply that they were co-temporaneous, But if there has been, as seems not improbable in these very deep localities in mid-ocean, no appreciable geographical change since the Tertiary epoch, and if the food supply and the climatic conditions as regards ocean temperature have remained uniform, one sees no good reason why animals which lived in these seas during those remote times should not also be found there at the present day, if our knowledge of the oceanic fauna were complete. It may be precipitate, therefore, to pronounce the ear-bones, which we have not been able to refer to living species, to be those of extinct REPORT ON THE CETACEA. 43 cetaceans, for a more complete examination of the fauna of the South Pacific Ocean may perhaps supply us with their existing representatives. For this reason, as well as from the fact that a complete collection of the ear-bones of known cetacea does not exist in the museums to which I have had access, so that our acquaintance with the configuration of these bones in already recognised species is still imperfect, I have thought it advisable not to erect those, which I was unable to determine, into new species, but merely to point out their characters, and to defer an expression of opinion on their systematic classifica- tion until the possession of more ample means of comparison places at our disposal the data which may be requisite. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. The drawings in these plates are all from nature. Those of the bones and of the form of the teeth have been executed by Mr J. Dunlop Dunlop, whilst the micro- socpic sections in illustration of the structure of the teeth have been made by Alfred H. Young, M.B. Fig. 1. 2. 3. A profile view of the skull of the immature Mesoplodon layardi from the Falkland Islands. (Specimen C.) Reduced one-fourth. A front view of the same skull. Reduced one-fourth. Profile view of the series of cervical vertebree of the same animal. Reduced one-third. . Front view of the sternum of the same animal. Reduced one-fifth. . Petrous bone of an adult Mesoplodon layardi from the Cape of Good Hope. (Specimen A.) Natural size. . Transverse section through the beak of an adult Mesoplodon layardi from the Cape of Good Hope. (Specimen B.) Reduced one-half. . Inferior surface of the right tympano-periotic bone of the immature Meso- plodon layardi from the Falkland Islands. Natural size. . Inferior surface of the right tympanic bone of a Mesoplodon, probably Meso- plodon layardi, dredged at Station 286. Page 37. Natural size. . Inferior surface of the right tympanic bone of the Ziphius cavirostris from Shetland. Natural size. . Inferior surface of the right tympanic bone of a Ziphius, resembling Ziphius cavirostris, dredged at Station 131. Page 39. Natural size. . Outer surface of tympanic bone of a Balenoptera, dredged. at Station 286. Page 35. Natural size. . Inferior surface of tympanic bone of a cetacean, dredged at Station 286. Page 36. Natural size. . Inferior surface of left tympanic bone of a Kogia, dredged at Station 286. Page 37. Natural size. . Inferior surface of a right tympanic bone, dredged at Station 286. Page 37. Natural size. . Tooth of young Mesoplodon layardi. Natural size. REPORT ON THE CETACEA. 45 Fig. 16. Vertical transverse section through the same tooth to show the pulp cavity. Natural size. 17. Vertical transverse section through the upper part of the shaft of the tooth of the adult Mesoplocdon layardi. The right shaded portion is the outer surface of the tooth, from the upper end of which the denticle projects. Natural size. 18. A magnified vertical transverse section through the tooth of the young Mesoplodon layardi. P, pulp cavity; e, enamel; d, dentine; c, cement; v, modified vaso-dentine on exterior of dentine ; v’, modified vaso-dentine lining the pulp cavity ; 7, the interglobular spaces. Page 11. 19. A magnified vertical transverse section through the summit of the shaft of the tooth of the adult Mesoplodon layardi. a, Cement ; b, the subjacent modified vaso-dentine ; c, a layer of more opaque modified vaso-dentine ; d, dentine ; e, modified vaso-dentine of centre of shaft. The peripheral canal on the surface of this layer between it and the dentine is shown. As this drawing was not made until some months after the description was written, during which time the balsam used in mounting the section had contributed to make it more translucent, Mr Young was enabled to recognise and figure a faint lamellation about the canals of the central layers, as well as to see the passage of an occasional canal from the layer D into the dentine, through which they probably extended obliquely into the layer e. Where b and e blended with each other, the passage of canals directly from one to the other was seen. Page 14. 20. Vertical transverse section through the tooth of Mesoplodon sowerbyi. Natural size. 21. A magnified vertical transverse section through the upper half of the same tooth. e, Layer of ill-defined enamel; d, dentine; c, cement; v, vaso- dentine ; mv, modified vaso-dentine. P, pulp-cavity. Page 19. 22. A similar magnified section through the lower half of the same tooth. P, pulp-cavity ; d, dentine ; mv, modified vaso-dentine ; c, cement. Page 20. ~T (ZoOL. CHALL, EXP.—Part Iv.—-1880.) D The Voyage of H M.S."Challenger.’ Bones of Cetacea, Pl. I J Dunlop Dunlop, del F. Huth, Lith? Bain? MESOPLODON LFARYeAORTID alc: — ‘SE 4 . j - ; i om The Voyage of H.M.S. "Challenger" Bones of Cetacea. Pl. II J Dunlop Dunlop, del, F Huth, Lith’ Edint EAR BONES AND TEETH OF ZW YS Vel WO PS 5 | The Voyage of H.MS Challenger” Bones of Cetacea. Pl. Ill f : AR Young, del ad nat F. Huth, Lith? Edint WAST wink @iz Wil yas} ) 11 Co) [Pye Ist, THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. LOOLOGY. REPORT on the Development of the Green TurtLe* (Chelone viridis, Schneid.). By Wiiiam Kircuen Parker, F.R.S. PART IL—THE CRANIUM, FACE, AND CRANIAL NERVES. Iy the spring of last year (1878), my friends Sir Wyville Thomson, F.R.S., and Mr H. N. Moseley, F.R.S., kindly put me in possession of a very fine and perfect series of the embryos of this most important type. These had been carefully preserved in spirits. The larger specimens came to me from Sir Wyville Thomson and the smaller ones from Mr Moseley. The former, to my great satisfaction, accepted my offer to prepare from these invaluable specimens a mono- graph for the Challenger series of Zoological Memoirs. These embryos have been measured by me along their curved axis, from the snout to the end of the tail ; those measurements were as follows :— First stage, 63 lines long—three specimens. Second stage, # inch long—eight specimens. Third stage, 1} inch long—thirteen specimens. Fourth stage, 3 inches long—two specimens. Fifth stage, 4 inches long—a large number of specimens ; these were just ready for hatching. As by far the greatest number of morphological problems are concentred in the head, 1 Since the above was written, Sir Wyville Thomson has made over to me (March 22, 1879) a large series of embryo Turtles, lately sent to the Admiralty from Ascension by Dr Maclean, R.N., who was one of the surgeons of the Challenger Expedition. I have to express my acknowledgments to the Admiralty for the promptitude with which they aeceded to Sir Wyville. Thomson’s request to procure these specimens, and to Dr Maclean for carrying out his instruc- tions so thoroughly. Most of these later specimens have still to be worked out embryologically, but they yield me two stages more immature than the smallest found in the first collection, viz., those gathered by Mr Moseley. These with the other five stages, and the adult, give me eight stages of this type of skull. (Z00U. CHALL. EXP.—PART v.—1880.) El 2 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S CHALLENGER. this present paper will treat of that region only ; the limbs, limb girdles, and spine will take up less space : these will be worked out for me by young fellow-labourers.' BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bosanus, L., Anatome Testudinis Europe. Vilna and Leipzig, 1819-1821. Cuvisr, G., Ossemens Fossiles, atlas, vol. ii., plates cexxxix.-cexlvi., 1836. Ratuke, H., Ueber die Entwickelung der Schildkroten. Brunswick, 1848. Acassiz, L., Contributions to the Natural History of the United States, vol. ii., part 3 ; Embryology of the Turtle. Boston, 1857. Owen, R., Osteological Catalogue of the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons England, vol. i. pp. 168-214, 1853. Gray, J. E., Catalogue of the Shield Reptiles in the British Museum. London, 1855 ; and also a series of Papers on the Testudinata in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1861-1873. Huxtry, T. H., Croonian Lecture, Proceedings of the Royal Society, November 18, 1858, p. 18. Elements of Comparative Anatomy, pp. 219-244. London, 1864. Anatomy of the Vertebrated Animals, pp. 197-208. London, 1871. Parker, W. K., Shoulder Girdle and Sternum, Ray Society, pl. xii, pp. 133-141. London, 1868. Gintuer, A., Reptiles of British India, Ray Society, 1864, plates 1.—vi., pp. 1-55. On Gigantic Land Tortoises, Philosophical Transactions, 1875, part 1, plates xxxiii.-xlv., pp. 251-284. On the Gigantic Land Tortoises, Living and Extinct, in the Collection of the British Museum. London, 1877. Batrour, F. M., On the Development of the Elasmobranch Fishes. London : Macmillan & Co., 1878. MarsHatt, A. Mityus, On the Development of the Cranial Nerves in Birds, Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, vol. xviii., new series, plates i, i1., pp. 1-31. Note on the Development of the Olfactory Nerve and Olfactory Organ of Vertebrates, Proceedings of the Royal Society, February 13, 1879, p. 324. First Stage. Embryo, 34 lines long.—The body is composed of about twenty-seven somatomes, and the ventral surface of the body from the pericardium to the commence- ment of the caudal region (composed of four or five somatomes) is wide open. There are evident thickenings where the limbs will be formed. The ventricle (PI. 1. fig. 1, h) is at present a large looped vessel, the auricles being rudimentary. The mesocephalic flexure is perfect, and the hind-brain (C 8) is very long, showing ten or twelve thickenings on each side below, from which the nerves are arising. The mid-brain (C 2) is large, and completely bent upon itself, and the fore-brain (C 1), which is inferior in position, is separated from the mid-brain_by a considerable pineal enlarge- ment. The pituitary body has not begun to be formed. The nasal folds (o/.) are already formed, and the eyeball is seen as an imperfect ring enclosing the large lens; each of the auditory sacs (ay.) is a short-necked lagena with an oval mouth, and having a very definite rim. Four clefts (cl. 1-4) are apparent, lessening in size from before backwards, the open- ing of the last not being clear; they are surrounded by a clear line of cells, possibly derived from the hypoblast which lines the slits. 1 The sections of the head were all prepared for me by my son, Mr W. N. Parker. REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE. 3 The oral space (m.) is a narrow slit from side to side, the fore-brain being bent very near to the mandibular fold (mmn.), which is twice as large as the others, and lies almost horizontally. In front of this, in the sub-orbital region, a very slight rudiment of the maxillo-palatine fold (m«.p.) is seen, but the naso-frontal fold is not yet formed. Second Stage. Embryo, 6 lines (4 inch) long.—In this stage (PI. I. fig. 2) the embryo has added a large number of somatomes, there being almost twice as many as in the last stage. The heart has now its three compartments tolerably distinct. The cephalic flexure is the same as in the last stage, as is also the outer form of the head with its cerebral enlargements. The rudiments of the nose, eyes, and ears (ol.,e.,au.) are more definite, and the openings of the latter are still quite evident. The pituitary involution is beginning, and the oral space (.) is wider ; the four long arcuate clefts (cl. 1-4) are narrow, but clearly open slits, with a definite margin, and are enclosed by five visceral folds, the mandibular (mn.), the hyoid (hy.), and three corresponding to branchial folds. The maxillo-palatine fold (ma.p.) is now in the form of an oval leaf, broad against the mandible, and with a sharp point towards the nose ; between its anterior margin and the eyeball (e.) there is a very definite hollow space, the lachrymal cleft (/.cl.), which, like the continuous oral clefts, appears to be homologous with those behind the mouth. The naso-frontal folds are still not apparent. Third Stage. Embryo of Green Turtle, length along the axis 64 lines.—In this stage the embryo is fairly formed, for there are rudiments of all the principal organs. The somatomes were apparently all marked out, for I could count fifty-two at least behind the head (PI. I. fig. 3) ; the segments of that part are more obscurely indicated, but by counting the “ clefts ”—four post-oral, two pre-oral, and one oral—it is evident that there are, at least, seven. Hence we may conclude that the primitive form of this type was composed of not less than sixty segments, or’ about half as many as are seen in the lesser and shorter kinds of serpents, and considerably less (about 5-6ths) than are present in the embryo of a swan." Three folds had separated the embryo from the yolk—the head-fold, the tail-fold, and the side or body-fold. The two former had made the embryo lie free at its extremities, and altogether the three parts of the general enfolding had given to it a great distinctness from the nourishing mass below. The head, as well as the tail, is seen to have curled itself round towards the sup- porting and sustaining yolk, hence the mesocephalic flexure, which results in most important modifications in the organs and parts of the cephalic region. 1 In working out this type I shall proceed on the supposition that the head is a segmented region as well as the body, and make it part of my business to show and interpret the signs of the archaic segments. 4 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. The attenuated tail is coiled and serpentiform ; the swollen and huge head is so bent that the mid-brain les in front, and the fore-brain below ; the hind-brain is a long, sub- arcuate, compound region, going back to the first evident somatome or muscle-plate. In this small embryo—not much larger than the larva of the cheese-fly—the body- segments are already divided into three well-defined regions, namely, cervical, dorsal, and caudal. Of the fifty-two recognisable muscle-plates, the first dozen are closely packed, and the next are twice as wide. These latter overlie the rudiments of the axial part of the great trunk ; and the clear selvedge seen below this second region is the line above which the infero-lateral bones of the carapace will be developed, these lying below the ribs and their dermal outgrowths. The space from the front of the huge heart (h.) to the interspace between the umbilical vessels (u.v.) and the tail, will be enclosed by the nine bones of the plastron. These are mere parostoses, for the Chelonian, like the fish and serpent, has neither sternal ribs nor sternum ; it has only four of the pairs of bones and one of the unpaired bones of the abdominal region of the “* Plesiosaur.” Half of the ventral region is now taken up by the heart and its pericardium (h.,pcd.), and the hind part of the space is open below, showing the Wolffian bodies; behind, the umbilical vessels (w.v.) are seen emerging. The somatomes have their lower margins all in a row from the space between the ear-sac and visceral clefts (aw.,cl.) to the end of the tail, the coiled part of which occupies the space between the right and left pelvic limbs. . The region of the trunk is indicated by the presence of the limb-buds (pe.m.,pv.m.) which erow out from a continuous ridge directly below the segmental muscular masses, and which is separated from that ridge by a clear line of depression. This line, and the buds that spring from it in two places on each side, are due to a thickening of the mesoblast at the upper part of the somatopleure. The very sharply-defined groove below the broad segments of the rudimentary trunk marks the lower outline of the carapace (see next stage, fig. 7), which will in ‘time so develop as to form a pent-house to the limbs, whilst the dermal plates in its lower edge will articulate, by sutures, with the symmetrical bones of the lower or abdominal plane. At present, the only clear Chelonian stigma is this beginning of the lower edge of the carapace ; the limbs are on the outside, as in non-shielded types. Now, we can clearly see that the girdle is only the upper dorsal end of the limb, this free part is a roundish thick fin, separated from the body by the axillary or the inguinal space, as the case may be. The development of the intercalary vertebral rings in the massive cervical region, with its crowded muscle-plates, will place the heart at an increasing distance from the REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE. 9) throat Now, the pericardium touches the arch of the tongue or second post-oral (hy.), as in the embryos of fishes (see Salmon’s Skull, Phil. Trans., 1873, pl. i.). The tissue bounding the fourth post-oral cleft, and which answers to the third branchial arch of a fish, lies under the fourth (evident) muscle-plate ; and this would answer in the adult to the region of the third cervical vertebra. This corresponds with the fact that the ventral cephalic region—the perforated respiratory pharynx—is not nearly so much retracted as the dorsal or cranial part of the head. There has been, evidently, a secular retraction and shortening of the head and throat in existing (Holocranial) Vertebrates; but the region of the clefts and gills has suffered less change than the part containing the enlarged, but (relatively) shortened, neural axis. As far as possible the head has formed a coil similar to that of the tail, both hanging over the lengthening and narrowing umbilical pedicle, and thus getting more and more clear and free of the subjacent yolk. From this coiled condition the head never recovers more than partially; thus parts that would have retained their proper distance from each other as serial elements of a row of segments are, so to speak, huddled together, and this state of things gives rise to “a struggle for existence” in the ventral moieties of the segments. That, however, which imprisons the elements of the face sets the dorsal region free, and thus the swelling and growing vesicles of the brain expand the neural canal, pro- ducing what in the spinal region would be morbid or abnormal—a state of “spina bifida.” At present the middle vesicle (C 2) is not only relatively very large, but. it also looks directly forward, whilst the fore-brain (C 1) looks downwards and backwards. Already the fore-brain has budded out into a pair of additional swellings—these are the rudiments of the hemispheres (C 1a); these do not yet reach the mid-brain. The pineal body (pnl.) grows from this intervening part. Behind the globular mid-brain, the hind-brain (figs. 3, 5, C3) is seen to be divided into two regions, the second of which passes almost insensibly into the myelon (fig. 6). The axial tissue below these nervous masses is thickening into embryonic cartilage ; but the sides, and more especially the roof, of the skull, are composed of very delicate layers of cells that are only beginning to break up into strata. The outermost cells are derived from the epiblast, and the innermost from the mesoblast ; this latter has thus intruded itself between the enfoldings of the upper layer of the blastoderm, at the part where that layer dominates everything else, being here most accumulated and developed. The sectional view (fig. 6) shows that the mid-brain (C 2) is bent like a horse-shoe ; the tissue in the cavity of this bend is the middle trabecula of Rathke, and is traversed 6 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. by the apex of the notochord (nc.), its investing structures, and the third nerves (motores oculorum). There are three pairs of chambers built in the sides of the dome-like structures of the cranium ; these are for the complex machinery of the organs of special sense, which are placed at the outgoings of the nerves that are specially modified for them. Indeed, the middle of these, the eyeballs, are not so much supplied by modified nerves, as by a direct outgrowth on each side of the fore-brain itself. But these three things—the crowding of the inferior parts themselves, the free hypertrophy the brain of vesicles, and the lodgment in the cranial walls of special chambers for the organs of special sensation—all go to modify the lower or facial parts of the head. Further back, especially in the lower kinds of gill-bearing Vertebrata, there exists a very regular series of open passages into the throat, and of arches, or skeletal bars, to form the skeleton of the respiratory region. But when the digestive cavity opens in front, a right and left cleft open freely into each other below; in this way the mouth (m.) is formed by the extension of the third _ pair of clefts, counting from before backwards (the first post-oral is the first cleft of embryologists). The first post-oral bar, which forms most of the framework and machinery of the mouth, is the dominant visceral arch; it gets the start m growth, and aborts or even suppresses the arches in front of it to a great extent. It may so bend itself over and subdivide as to form by itself the antagonising upper and lower jaws, as in the Selachians (see Trans. Zool. Soc., vol. x., plates xxxiv.—xlii. ; but, as a rule, rudiments of pre-oral arches supplemented by subcutaneous bones, form and finish the upper jaw. On the whole, however, the series of clefts and folds along the face of the embryo of the Turtle, at this stage, are very regular (fig 3), although those in front of the mouth are rather indistinct. The sense capsules (ol.,¢.,au.) are intimately connected with the arches and clefts below, and their outworks are largely formed by modification of these oro-faucial structures. Even now the nose and eye, and afterwards the ear, influence in many ways the erowth of the parts of the lower face and throat, so that these are specialised to functions that are altogether secondary, as it regards that which was their first form and function, as the ventral portions of a simple segmented creature. The slit-like recess below the nasal sac (ol.), and the gaping space between the eyeball and maxillo-palatine fold (ma.p.) are apparently openings of the same nature as those behind them ; they both very soon become open inwards. The tubular cartilage that forms round the external nostril is homologous with the “labial” that serves the same purpose in the Ichthyopsida, and belongs to the same id ( REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE. category as the opercular cartilages behind and around the mouth in the gill-bearing types. The sinuous opercular folds behind the nose (the first of these, mx.p., perhaps repre- senting two) are precisely like their counterparts in the larger embryos of the Skate (see On the Skull of the Selachians, Trans. Zool. Soc., 1878, vol. x., pl. xli. fig. 1). These folds, in this gill-less type, are now at their height, and will soon, for the most part, become fused, closing in the post-oral clefts. : The eyeball (e.) is now very large, and its folds have not quite united. The ear-sac (au.) is a short-necked lagena, the neck being the primary involution. The base of the pouch lies over the first post-oral cleft (cl. 1). A basal view, from which the inferior arches have been partly cut away, shows that the floor of the skull is open under the fore-brain (fig. 4, C 1), where the oral involution (see also fig. 6, py.) is passing inwards towards the postero-inferior face of that vesicle. The double maxillo-palatine fold (ma.p.) is sharply severed from the nasal fold in its ethmoidal or front part. It has a thin inner part, in which the palatine bone will be formed, and a thick outer part, which will contain the maxillary and its sharp, ensheathing horny plate. The cornua trabecule being very short, and the prenasal not developed as yet, the fronto-nasal process (n.fp.) is but little freed from the inferior cranial wall and _pre- nasal folds. When the first post-oral arch has been cut through on one side, then its ‘ head cavity ” (h.c.) is seen; it has already given off the pro-oral diverticulum, which lies in the hind region of the maxillo-palatine fold. In this view the angles of the wide, gaping mouth (m.) are seen to be the third of a series of gaps in the facial wall, the fourth of which becomes the tympanic cleft (c/. 1). On their inner side (fig. 6) the clefts are seen to be large angular pouches; they began on the inner face of the throat, in the hypoblast. Fourth Stage. Embryos 2 inch long, measured along thew curve.—In this, as in the last stage, very much can be learned by a study of the undissected embryos. I have given a complete side view of this, as of the last (PI. I. fig. 7). We here see at a glance how rapidly this embryo is becoming transformed, and how soon the general form will become changed into the special Chelonian type. The changes in form are of the greatest interest. The whole embryo has become so - bent upon itself that the fronto-nasal process is only one-third the distance from the coil of the tail that it had in the last stage. This also brings the umbilical vessels (w.v.) much nearer to the middle of the ventral region ; this region is half filled by the enormous heart and its pericardium (h.,ped.). The cephalic and cardiac regions are now about equal in bulk; the head is still more 8 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. curved on itself than in the earlier stage, and the fronto-nasal process (n,fp.) almost reaches the pericardium. The whole embryo is now clearly divisible into four regions, viz., the head, the neck, the trunk, and the tail; this last is of nearly equal length to the others, but they are also almost equal to each other in bulk. The proximate part of each limb lies adherent to the infero-lateral region of the body, in a manner very similar to what is seen in the Osseous Fishes, where the moieties of the shoulder- and hip-girdles are permanently arrested; moreover, the latter are small, and he low down at the ventral edge of the body-wall in those types. The shoulder-plate adheres like a Limpet to the side of the bulbous chest, and it is in reality the outer layer of the imperfect somatoplewre, growing down over that huge diverticulum of the splanchnoplewre — the pericardium — which encloses the heart. The hind flipper is still a mere discoid expansion of the growing limb; the fore flipper is growing into angles, the hinder of which will soon become the elongated part of the manus: it lies outside the lower edge of the incipient carapace. The supero-lateral segments are still more sharply divided into the crowded series of the neck, and the widening series of the trunk; below the latter a very definite marking off of the lower edge has taken place ; these smaller areas will contain the intercalary dermal plates. The deep sulcus between the marginal row of cutaneous folds and the ingrowing abdominal part of the body-wall is ultimately bevelled down, but it shows well that the plastron is not formed in a structure which was flat originally, but trough- shaped. Of course, in a body so built in as that of the Tortoise, the “ muscle-plates” of the dorsal region are to a large extent aborted ; and the mass of the mesoblast has to he converted into the connective tissues into which the costal ectostoses run. One pair of muscle-plates, at any rate, behind the ear, will belong to the occipital arch, as they are largely inserted into it; this gives us the hinder cranial limit. It is seen behind the lageniform ear-sac (av.); this lies directly over the fourth post-oral cleft, now. rapidly closing up. The intervening folds are being packed close together, and are at present narrow arched bands of tissue; only the first and second of these will enclose a permanent cavity, which, however, will be completely sealed up externally. Much of the metamorphosis taking place within these parts is now visible externally, the outward form is being remoulded most effectually by the inward growth-processes. The elevations now seen on each side of the hind-brain are as follows :—(a) The auditory sac (au.) as an obliquely-placed pouch, with its neck (primary involution) looking upwards and forwards. (>) Four elevations below this, namely, in front, the crescentic upper region of the REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE. 9 mandible (mn.), already assuming the very image of the quadrate, with its tympanic cavity and its condyle. Then, in the hollow of the crescent, a discoid body has developed; this is caused by the distal part of the upper segment of the hyoid arch—the circular extrastapedial ; the rest of the arch is forming in the second post-oral fold (hy.). Between this elevation and the hollow of the quadrate elevation, we see the beginning of the membrana tympani. Behind the discoidal elevation two lesser prominences are seen; these are caused by the thick post-tympanic ligament, and the digastric muscle. The fold of the angle of the mouth (ma.p.m.) still shows itself to be as true an “opercular fold” as those which succeed it; it is the post-lachrymal part of the huge maxillo-palatine fold, as the thick ethmoidal end is the pre-lachrymal part; that cleft lies between these two regions (see Pl. II. figs. 2, 3, l.cl.,ma.p.). The lateral view (Pl. L. fig. 7), the directly inferior view (Pl. II. fig. 2), and the view from below, but with the head tilted back, and with the lower arches removed (PI. II. fig. 3)—all these must be compared together to get a clear conception of the parts round the mouth. The extent to which the supra-oral parts are modified by the eyeball is evidently great ; that organ is now at its relatively largest size, exceeding the mid-brain in bulk. This preoccupation of so much of the face, and the enfolded form of the whole head, have wrought great changes in the shape of the series of the facial folds. The evidence in favour of the view of the double nature of the great sub-ocular fold (“ maxillo-palatine,” mz.p.) is as follows :— In this stage it is somewhat hour-glass shaped ; it develops a head-cavity in its hind part, and not in its fore part; the lachrymal cleft is over its narrow part (Pl. II. fig. 3, l.cl.yma.p.) ; and in many kinds of Vertebrates there is a distinct visceral cartilage in the fore part, and another in its hind part—one the true endoskeletal-palatine or “ ethmo- palatine,” and the other the “ epipterygoid.” The space between the maxillo-palatine fold and the “ fronto-nasal process” (foremost right and left visceral folds in one lobe) is quite distinct and clear; and the outer part of the nasal roof articulates with the maxillo-palatine fold. This outer limb of the nasal paraneural cartilage contains the rudiment of the “lateral ethmoid,”’ which, however, becomes complicated, in many types, by fusion with the trabecula and the ethmo-palatine cartilage, or axis of the fore part of the maxillo-palatine fold. The large lachrymal cleft lies over this junction, but indeed organically close behind it. Yet both the lateral and inferior views suggest the direct serial homology of the fronto-nasal with the maxillo-palatine in its fore part, and the chink between them may be called a cleft, whether its homology with the post-oral clefts be conceded or not. The double terminal part, the fronto-nasal process (nf.p.) contains both the inner limb of the crescentic nasal roof-cartilage, and also the foremost part of the basi- (ZOOL. CHALL. EXP,—PART v,—1880.) KE 2 10 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S, CHALLENGER. cranial bar (prenasal cartilage), which curves down into this lobe. In many Vertebrata this lobe contains both the paired and single elements of this fore part of the cranial floor ; in this type only the single rod (Pl. IL. fig. 5, p.n.,i.t7.), the other bars (“ cornua trabeculee”), stopping short of this region. Without further dissection than the removal of the lower part of the post-oral folds several important things can be seen (PI. II. fig. 3). The double oral cleft has been laid open at the angles; behind and within these the Eustachian openings of the first post-oral or tympanic cleft (ew.) are seen; they are wide apart, and crescentic, with the concavity on the outer side. They are in this view evidently comparable with the pre-oral chinks. These latter spaces, both open on each side, over the fore part of the oral recess ; between them the palate is carinate ( vomerine region”), and half-way behind the fronto-nasal fold an open space appears, into which the oral lining has grown, as an indrawn, tubular recess. This peculiar diverticulum is the rudiment of the pituitary body; it stands on the debatable ground where the hypoblast and epiblast meet, but according to the best observers is formed from the latter layer of the blastoderm (see Balfour’s Elasmo- branchs, p. 189). The upper view (Plate II. fig. 1) shows the size and front position of the mid-brain (C 2), the oblique position of the huge eyeballs (e), the superorbital folds (s. 0b.), and the three tracts covering the hind-brain (C 3), whose upper part is very thin, and thinly covered with skin. Also we see the auditory sacs (aw.), the tympanic region (co.), and the occipital and cervical muscle-plates. In the halved head, vertically cut (fig. 4), we see the effects of the cranial flexure at its uttermost degree of development; the sigmoid flexure of the hind-brain, the looped form of the mid-brain, and the low position of the fore- brain. In these hand-sections the razor separates the cortical from the medullary matter of the brain, which thus forms a coat that might be mistaken for the membrano- cranium. The floor of the hind-brain (C 3) is thick, but its roof is thin; in front, over it, the cerebellar folds (C 3a) are forming. Also the mid-brain is folded forwards and backwards, within, whilst at its middle it stretches over a large vertical space in which ascend the posterior clinoid wall (p.cl.), and the notochord (nc.); down it the third nerve descends to the orbital muscles; the interspaces are filled with a gelatinous stroma. The highest part of this cavity in the folded mid-brain is acute, behind that it is rounded, where the swelling base of the hind-brain retires as it ascends to the cerebellum. The fore-brain (C 1) has developed median vesicles, and three pairs of vesicles. REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE. 11 The first azygous part to be noticed is the upper or the pineal gland (pnl.) ; it runs up between the mid-brain and the hemispheres (C 2, C 1a); the second is below, and will be the infundibulum (?7f:). The hindmost pair of vesicles are largely constricted off as the essential part of the eyeball ; their constricted stem is the hollow optic nerve (2) ; this tube is close in front of the beginning of the infundibulum. In front, as the external views also show, the fore-brain has budded into the hemi- spheres, right and left (C la); behind, where the solid olfactory nerves are given off, a rudimentary olfactory vesicle (C 1b) has appeared ; it is, however, now, and for a long time to come, quite distinct from the nerve itself (1), whose fibres grow downwards and backwards. The chondrocranium, of necessity, is greatly modified by the folded form of the neural vesicles that are supported by it; it follows, very accurately on the whole, the elegant curves of the lower surface of the brain. The notochord (nc.) lies above and between the moieties of the investing mass (i.), but where these parts are at their greatest height in the mesocephalic hollow space, the notochord retreats, and then curves forwards, like a semi-erect caterpillar; its end is bulbous. In front of this ascending part the skull floor is open (figs. 2-4), for here the oral involution is intussuscepted, and here the internal carotid arteries (v.c.) enter. Cartilage, however, is seen at the mid-line in this section (fig. 4, ¢.t7.) ; this will be understood better by reference to the bird’s-eye view (fig. 5). In front, the section is a little on the near side of the middle, so that the prenasal cartilage (figs. 5-7, p.n.) is not seen, but the solid olfactory nerve, and the beginning of the rhinencephalon, or olfactory bulb, are brought into view. The cavity of the mouth is seen to be bounded in front by the retral fronto-nasal process (nfp.), on its sides by the maxillo-palatine fold (ma.p.), and behind by the inferior arches, two of which, the mandible (mmn.) and the hyoid (hy.), are shown in section in the floor of the throat. When this small head is scalped, and the brain removed, then the post-pituitary wall (p.cl.) is the highest part of the object, and two retreating floors are seen, the one in front and the other behind (fig. 5). This high thick wall is cartilaginous in its middle part, and is strongly buttressed by tissue growing in on each side between the eye and the ear (e.,wu.). Only the hinder part of the notochord is seen, the fore part is towards the observer ; its investing cartilages (7v.) are seen in the occipital and hind part of the basisphenoidal regions as a pair of broad plates. Each of these plates is crescentically cut away in two places; the hinder or larger emargination is in relation to the egg-shaped ear-ball (aw.); and the first notch which goes further in, is for the exit of the large trigeminal nerve (5). 12 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. The thick chondrifying capsule of the ear (aw.) is cut through horizontally in this preparation so as to show the junction of the anterior and posterior canals (q.s.¢.,p.s.¢.), and the two ends of the horizontal canal (h.s.c.) Between each ear-capsule and the skin there is a large sulcus or ditch; this runs forwards into a large oval hole, just outside the trigeminal nerve (fig. 5; 5); the sulcus is the tympanic cavity, and the hole the “ Eustachian tube”; both of these are parts of the first post-oral cleft (PI. I. fig. 7, cl. 1). The hind basin is short and wide, but the front basin is egg-shaped, with the broad end in front.and the narrow end behind. But this narrow end dips largely, and there it is open below (py.); a little further forwards it is perforated on each side for the large optic nerves (2), and quite at the fore edge the olfactory nerves (1) pass out, and grow downwards and backwards over the nasal space or cleft. Between the optic nerves and olfactory sacs the basin has cartilaginous sides, the orbito-sphenoids (0.s.) ; and after a while this cartilage will bridge over the space where the trigeminal nerves run out and connect the orbito-sphenoids to the post-pituitary wall by a temporary alisphenoidal band. The middle part is taken up by three cartilages, the trabecule and intertra- becula ; here the chondrification corresponds very exactly to my first stage in the Selachian (Trans. Zool. Soc., vol. x. pl. xxxv. figs. 3 and 5, tr.). But there the middle part is still soft, and it has not become definite along the middle in the interocular region ; in the Turtle the three bars are coeval. The lateral bars are like those of the Tadpole (Batrachia, part 2, Phil. Trans., 1876, pl. lv.); but there the middle one develops slowly, and in three distinct parts, ultimately uniting the symmetrical bars. In the Tadpole the thin flat intertrabecular floor of the orbital region chondrifies first ; then the meso-ethmoidal wall, and lastly, the anterior space between the cornua. trabecule, where in some kinds (“ Hylidee”), it sends forth a well-formed “ prenasal rostrum.” In the Axolotl (‘ Urodeles,” Phil. Trans., 1877, pls. xxil., xxi.) the trabecule gradually grow up to the frontal wall, and then become fused together in the inter- nasal space. But in the larva of Sezronota (Ihid., pl. xxix. figs. 1, 2) they sooner reach the fore part of the head; in all the “ Urodeles” the intertrabecular cartilage is but feebly developed, and that merely as a conjugation of the trabeculee in the nasal region. Altogether, whether we compare these things in the Turtle. with types below or above, the intertrabecula has in it a unique development as to relative size and contin- uity, and in its early appearance, contemporaneously with the paired bars (trabecule). All the three rods are nearly circular in section at present (fig. 10), but this is a very temporary state of things, for they all soon grow into vertically compressed plates, and the REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE. 13 chondrocranium, from having a flat-bottomed Batrachian form, grows up into a high wall between the eyes, as well as developing a partition in the nasal region. Other Batrachian characters show themselves in later stages in the Turtle’s skull, but this is the stage at which it approximates nearest to that of the Tadpole ; this is especially seen in the flat, out-turned ends (cornua) of the paired trabeculee (figs. 5-7). This stage is especially valuable as helping, in comparison with what is to be seen in Tadpoles and larval Urodeles, to a clear conception of the true nature of the prochordal part of the trabeculee. I apply the term bastnewral to the paired elements of the skull-base and skull-walls, and their homology with the series of paired cartillages of the spine (neural arches) is clearly to be seen in the stage before us. The axial part, the notochord, with its thin mesoblastic sheath, stops behind the oral involution ; but the three mesoblastic tracts are carried on to the frontal wall of the embryo, the trabecule continuously, and the intertrabecula, with only a short tract suppressed. This, however, becomes all filled up afterwards, or long before the time of hatching. Now, however, and during the next stage, until the middle of the incubating period, the prochordal part of the trabeculee is segmented off from the parachordal part. The tissue is continuous, but the cartilage divides and forms a temporary joint, inherited, I have no doubt, from some old type to whom such a joint was useful. The prochordal tracts (seen from above in PI. II. figs. 5 and 7; from below, in fig. 6; and in section in figs. 9 and 10, tr.,v.tr.) occupy half the lower region of the skull, which, however, is shorter by two-fifths than it would have been if the mid-brain had stretched out in a straight line instead of folding itself into a sudden loop. But the chondrocranium only shows a tendency, in the curved form of the noto- chord, to loop itself; it really begins again at a new point, and the prochordal part of the trabeculee is set on at the base of the ascending part. In the next stage we shall see a more perfect looping, even of the basal part of the skull; now, we see the floor merely breaking out again under the fore-brain. The prenasal end of the intertrabecula bends, already, somewhat downwards in the front of the head; behind, it runs under the fore half of the pituitary space; at that part the three rods are all rounded (fig. 10, tv.,2.t7.). Further forwards, between the eyes (fig. 9), the intertrabecula is on a still lower plane than in the pituitary space; this is an important fact to be noticed, as the cari- nation of the orbital septum in this type is due to this low position of the middle bar. There also the three bars are only separated by less solid tissue; further forwards (Pl. IV. fig. 1, t.,i.tr.) they are more distinct again, and there the trabecule give out * For some years I supposed this distinction of parts to be primary ; I am now satisfied that it is secondary (see Proc. Roy. Soe., Feb. 13, 1879, p. 339). 14 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. large wings—the orbito-sphenoids (0.s.). Now, as in the Tadpole, these ‘‘ wings” arise from the very floor of the skull; this will be greatly changed afterwards. A careful comparison of the sections and dissections figured from the embryos of this stage will make plain the development of the pituitary body (py.). The views from below (Pl. IL. figs. 2, 3), and in the vertical section (fig. 4), show but little of the complexity of this structure ; this, however, is illustrated by other prepara- tions. In a horizontal section of the fore part of the basis cranii (PI. II. figs. 6, 7, lower and upper views) the formation of this quasi-glandular structure is seen to be by the oral lining passing inwards, upwards, and backwards. The actual opening is now heart- shaped (fig. 6), and the fold has its walls composed of rather larger subglobular cells. This pituitary pouch is obliquely placed; its upper part going backward. Seen from the roof (figs. 7 and 8) the sides appear thicker than the top; the end is almost separated from the rest, and its walls are very thick. But the upper part, which alone becomes the pituitary body, is not so simple as these aspects seem to show; it becomes racemose, and the temporary, open, lower portion becomes also curiously folded. We get additional light upon the structure of this unexplained “body” by sections which, in the fore part of the head, are vertically transverse, but owing to the cephalic fold become almost parallel with the floor of the skull behind (Pl. IV. figs. 1-5). The first of these sections has already been referred to as showing the low position of the trabecular (orbito-sphenoidal) ale (0.s.) on each side of the carinate “inter- trabecula.” The second section (fig. 2) goes obliquely through the mass of the high “post-pituitary wall” (p.cl.), exposing the huge Gasserian ganglia (5), the upper part of the auditory capsules (awv.), and the notochord (nc.), both in its ascending and in its horizontal part. The membranous space in which it lies is the “ posterior basi-cranial fontanelle,” the trabecule and parachordals proper, pass into each other on each side of this space in front. That this section is above the pituitary body is seen by the fact that it shows the budding infundibulum (inf:), but none of the lobes that are to be grafted upon it. Another section (fig. 4), made at a somewhat different angle shows this budding lobe of the fore-brain (C 1, inf) in front of the lobed and winged rudiment of the pituitary body (py). Part both of the trabecule and cranial walls, the alisphenoids behind, and orbito- sphenoids in front, are seen, and the internal carotids (i.c.) are comme up to form the “circle of Willis.” The ophthalmic branch of the fifth (5') is seen passing forwards on the inner side of the eye (e.), and the third nerves (3), each with its distal ganglion are shown ; this second enlargement of the “ motor oculi” lies directly above the origin of the diverg- ing orbital muscles. REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE 15 Another section (fig. 3) is through the oral involution, and shows a slice through the lower part of the most solid lobe of the pituitary body (py.), the trabeculee (tr.) are cut through on each side; the curious foldings of the lips of the involution are seen here as in fig. 4. A section on a still lower plane (fig. 5) shows well the junction of the parts that form the pituitary floor, or sella turcicaw; the trabecule, intertrabecula, and fore part of the investing mass (¢7.,v.t7.,/v.). Here the lower part of two of the pituitary lobes are cut through, and the sixth nerve (6) is seen passing outwards, having been severed from the floor of the hind-brain, towards the external rectus muscle; out- side this is seen a fragment of the trigeminal nerve (5°). The internal carotids (i.c.) appear further forwards. These embryos of so large a reptile, although only a third the size of the Tadpole of a Common Frog, show many most important things. Among these are the various visceral folds and clefts; the large size and great leneth of the intertrabecular bar, the size and height of the post-pituitary wall, with the end of the notochord; also the commencement of the pituitary body, of the infundibulum, and of the olfactory tract, whilst the optic nerve is still hollow. The olfactory nerves are still quite solid and independent of the hollow olfactory tracts ; beneath them, and beneath the eyeballs also, a curious gap or cleft is seen on each side, which at once suggests the idea of a series of clefts, as there are also a series of folds truly homologous with the clefts and folds behind the mouth; and, indeed, the mouth itself, with its opercular fold, the hind part of the upper lip, may be considered to belong to the same category. Much earlier embryos would have been required to show the origin of the third pair of cranial nerves from the dorsum of the middle cerebral vesicle. I am satisfied that the sixth pair (abducentes) grow from the inferior surface of the hind-brain. As the embryonic cartilage has become almost hyaline, in most tracts where that tissue has to be developed, a very short time suffices to bring this stage on to the next, in which almost all the endo-skeletal structures will be well marked out and laid down in that solid tissue. Fifth Stage. Embryos one inch and «a third in length, measured along the curve.— (a.) Lateral view of embryo.—n actual size these embryos equal a honey-bee, yet their development is very perfect ; and as the chondro-skeleton is now complete they are at a stage which represents the permanent skeleton of cartilaginous fishes (Marsipobranchii and Elasmobranchii), and the temporary skeleton of amphibian larvee. Small as these embryos are, they have assumed already much of the form which is permanent in this gigantic species. The chick of the Common Fowl arrives at this stage by the end of the first week of incubation, but is hatched in a much more im- 16 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. mature state than the young of the Turtle. The Australian Fowl (Talegalla lathanu) is retained in the large ege until it is as ripe as the hatching Turtle. On the whole, the growth of the parts is so alike, in both Turtle and Fowl, that to one most familiar with the development of the bird, it requires some reflection for the mind not to become tnconscious that the structures seen belong to a creature of another and a lower Class. Thoroughly Chelonian in outer form, these embryos are yet overloaded with brain- and sense-capsules. The head is very disproportionate to the body, and the eyeballs out of all proportion to everything else (PI. III. fig. 1). . The neck is now much shorter relatively than in the last stage, but is very thick ; the carapace now forms a large pent-house to the trunk, and the abdominal walls are much flatter, although still very convex. The umbilicus (w.v.) is now fairly in the middle of the abdomen, and its thick rim is relatively much smallev. Both the ribs and spines mark the carapace, and its lower edge all round is a thick fold in which the infero-lateral dermal scales will be formed. Fore and aft, the rim of the carapace has overlapped the limb-girdles, the specialisation which, of all others, is most characteristic of the Chelonia; the regions and rays of the limbs are evident, although covered with skin and muscles. The tail is rather long, and coils forwards under the abdomen, so as to reach nearly to the umbilicus, which has just room for its Wessels between the tail and the upper lip. The folds of the neck indicate the old closed seams or clefts; the first post-oral is, however, utilised, and although covered with skin, is a conspicuous part because of its internal expansion, and the parts that enclose it and grow into it. These parts are the curved and hollow “quadrate” cartilage, the modified skin form- ing the membrana tympani, and the discoidal symplectic end of the epihyal element, now transformed into the colwmella auwris (Pl. IL fig. 1, and Pl. IV. fig. 7, q.,m.ty.,co.). Over these parts the auditory capsule (aw.) is visible as an ovoidal swelling; some dis- tance further forward the eyeball (e.) occupies a large region in the upper face; and in front of it the nasal organ (ol.) is seen as a rounded eminence perforated at the top. Below and between the nasal openings (e.n.) the rostral prickle or spine (7.sp.) forms the actual end of the head, the opening of the mouth is still a good distance further back, and the mandible (mn.) is relatively small and feeble. The folded mid-brain (C 2) still preponderates over the other vesicles, and although much further back than in the last stage, is a very tumid region, yet the same thing is seen in the snake at this stage. (See Snake’s Skull, 3d stage, Phil. Trans., 1878, pl. Kxvill. figs. 1, 2, C 2.) (b.) Upper view of head.—The hemispheres (figs. 1, 2, C la) cover the primary vesicle, yet they make but little projection in the roof of the head. The hind-brain REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE. 17 projects but little, as it is largely bent forward (see fig. 4, C3), and the cerebellum (C 3a) is only rudimentary at present. Comparing this head with that of the last stage, it is seen how rapidly the permanent form is being assumed, and how fast the various folds of skin—eyelids, superorbital ridges, lips, &e.—are growing. The upper third of the head is not at present protected even by cartilage (see section Pl]. III. fig. 5). (c.) Lower view of head.—Below, we see that the maxillo-palatine folds have coalesced with the fronto-nasal fold (compare PI. III. fig. 3, with Pl. II. figs. 2, 3) to form the upper cheek, in which afterwards the maxillary and jugal bones appear laterally, and the premaxillaries in front. There is still a large cleft in front between the eyeball and these two conjoined folds; this is part of the original “lachrymal cleft” (/.cl., see also Pl. IT. figs. 2, 3) ; the nasal cleft is near the well-rimmed nasal aperture and passage (e.7.). The eye, behind, rests on a cushion of thickening tissue, which overlaps the ball almost to the iris; this is the large lachrymal gland (/.g.). Round the ball the upper and lower lids are now clearly seen (figs. 1-3). A comparison of the head in this stage with that of the last will show how rapidly the generalised “ Sauropsidan” head has been transformed into the specialised head of a Chelonian. (d.) Vertical section of head.—A vertical section of the head, both with the brain 7 situ, and also with it removed (PI. III. figs. 4, 5), helps much to elucidate the nature of the metamorphosis that has taken place in so short a time as between my fourth and fifth stages. - The cavities of the brain vesicles are decreasing rapidly ; the hemispheres (fig. 4, C 1a) form the foremost part of the brain; the hind-brain (C 2) looks upwards and backwards, and is becoming very solid; and the hind-brain has, above and in front, some convolu- tions that form the rudiments of the cerebellum (C 3, 3a).’ The folded form of the mid-brain gives rise to a large space which now looks upwards and backwards, and which contains some very important parts soon to be described. The optic and olfactory nerves are solid,—the former was tubular, and the latter will have a cavity, when the olfactory tract or vesicle is formed and has communicated with the nerve. The infundibulum (figs. 4 and 4a, inf.) is forming, but like the pituitary body (py.) is still imperfect ; moreover, these two bodies are at present quite separate from each other.” The chondrocranium (Pl. III. fig. 5) is now at its greatest perfection, and it has 1 Tn this section the cortical matter of the brain is shown as partly severed from the medullary part, which is due to the tearing action of the razor. 2 The structures here shown on the face of a solid section will be largely illustrated by figures taken from the transparent sections made in three directions. (z00L. CHALL. EXP.—PaRT v.—1880.) E3 18 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. acquired its proper Chelonian characters; it was more like that of a Batrachian in the last stage. The roof is open up to the occipital ring (s.0.); the sides are continuously cartilaginous (al.s.,o.s); the hind part of the base (b.s.,b.0.) is very deep; and the fore part of the base arises now from the top of a steep wall, the orbito-nasal septum ( p.€.,8-2.). This sectional vertical view shows a chondrocranium quite similar to that of the chick near the end of the first week of incubation (Phil. Trans., 1869, pl. lxxxi. fig. 3), for at that time the prognathism of the Fowl’s face is only just beginning; and if the premaxillaries existed then they would be vertical, and not almost horizontal, a direction they possess in the bird very early. The composition of the hollow posterior, and vertical anterior, basal parts will be largely illustrated by other views (sectional) ; the fore part of the nasal septum shows a small pre-nasal rod directed downwards; the “alze” or shelving side-walls are well seen in this view. As in the embryo Whale’ and Pig (Phil. Trans., 1874, pl. xxxiv. fig. 6) the orbito- sphenoids (0.s.) are very large, and a lesser fold of cartilage is continued from them along the sides of the cavity for the mid-brain, and unites with the top of the ear-capsule ; this is the large “ alisphenoid ” (al.s). ; The orbito-sphenoids are notched by the optic nerve (2) postero-inferiorly, and the alisphenoids similarly by the trigeminal nerve (5); these latter “wings” are buttressed on their inner side by the dilated ends of the huge ‘ post-clinoid wall” (p.cl). This “wall” is due to the enfolded form of the embryonic head, but as the para- chordal cartilages stop short above, and do not follow the folding of the mid-brain, they of course only form a single plate thus ending free above. We shall see that the median tracts of the basis cranii do, in some degree, become folded over; but the paired cartilages stop above, and begin again below; there is, therefore, a hiatus in the chondrocranial floor, which, where it begins its prochordal growth, below and in front, is a sort of added part, or outgrowth of the primary basal tracts, which would, normally, end where the notochord itself ends. I look upon this peculiar modification of the basi-cranial axis as due to a specialisa- tion taking place for the purpose of finishing .an actual or practical end to the skull, the organic end having been bent under the head; its position would be directly below the fore-brain, after the cranial flexure had taken place. Nevertheless, I do not doubt the homology of these paired tracts and their lateral alee (trabeculee and orbito-sphenoids) with the paired tracts and their ale that grow on each side of the notochord (post-sphenoidal and occipital regions). This outgrowing front region of the skull is a correlate of the outgrowing and 1 See Eschricht, On Balena japonica. Copenhagen, 1869 (pl. ii. figs. 1-3, h). REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE. 19 front parts of the brain, namely, the hemispheres and olfactory tracts; these, assuredly, are serially homologous with the developments of the brain further back. The hinder parts of the cranial walls are suppressed for a considerable space by the intrusion of the large egg-shaped periotic sacs (aw.); these are distinct cartilaginous balls, and take up much room in the walls of the skull; moreover, they push certain cranial nerves away from each other very much by their intrusion. These are the seventh and the ninth ; the eighth is part of the seventh, which gives up its dorsal branch for this (auditory) specialisation. The closing in of the occipital arch, behind, compresses the space between the post- auditory nerves; and now, also, the hypoglossal (12) becomes enclosed in the occipital cartilage. The notochord and its sheath (figs. 4, 4a, 5, nc.) is now only half as high as the post-clinoid wall; its end is bulbous, and somewhat curved forwards: this is seen still more in the thin sections of other individuals. The pituitary body (py.) is seen in these views (figs. 4, 4a, 5) as a small vesicle overlying a larger sac, obliquely, and both are quite distinct from the closed papilliform rudiment of the infundibulum (if.); in reality, however, the pituitary body is more complex at this stage than this view would indicate, and this will be seen in the figures of the thin sections. (e.) Upper view of chondrocranium.—tThis dissection (PI. IV. fig. 6) shows how well the cavity of the cranium is floored with cartilages, but it gives an imperfect idea of the size of the transverse wall (p.cl.) that rises within the cavity of the mid-brain. The srowth of the cartilage is seen to be continuous from end to end. At the fore end the olfactory nerves (1) notch the orbito-sphenoids (o.s.) ; and behind, these large wings are again notched by the optic nerves (2). In the middle of the space behind the optic foramina the three main lobes of the growing pituitary body (py.) are seen, with the post-clinoid wall behind them. This, the highest part of the basi-cranial axis, runs into the alisphenoids (al.s.), laterally ; behind them, at the bottom of the deep recess, the basal plate has a round notch on each side in which hes the Gasserian ganglion (5); between the ganglia the notochord (nc.) turns upwards suddenly. Behind these notches the plates have again a concave margin, for here the auditory sacs (au.) fit in; into them the eighth nerve (8) is seen entering; behind them the glossopharyngeal and vagus (9, 10) are seen emerging. In this preparation the roof was cut away; the foramen magnum (f:m.) is seen to be large and reniform. (f) Lower view of chondrocranium.—This dissection (PI. IV. fig. 7) displays some important parts, not the least remarkable of which is a small round recess at the angle in front of the palate, close behind the prenasal rostrum (p.7.), which is turned back- 20 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S, CHALLENGER. wards, as well as downwards. This recess, or middle nasal passage (m.n.p.), is like that which is seen in many “ Urodeles” (Phil. Trans., 1877, pl. xxix. p. 579), and appears to be a petromyzine remnant. In front of and behind the recess the sub-carinate orbito-nasal septum (s.7.,.e.) is seen ; behind, each lateral element of this longitudinal wall is articulated to the fore part of the base of the transverse post-pituitary wall. The rest of the basis cranii is the gently concave continuation of the transverse wall ; its moieties are separated by the notochord (iv.,nc.), and the auditory sacs lie on its bevelled edge, as in the Skate and Shark (Trans. Zool. Soe., vol. x. part. 4, pls. xxxiv.—xlii. 1878). On the under surface of the auditory capsules two fenestrae can be seen on each side, from the foremost of which a rod of cartilage is seen emerging ; these are the fenestra ovalis and fenestra rotunda, and the rod is the columella (fo.,f-7.,c0.). The hollowed quadrate cartilage (q.) is seen outside and in front of the columella; and half-way between each quadrate and the notochord the Eustachian passages (ew.) are seen to open; these are extensions of the first cleft, which has become large in the body of the quadrate. (g.) Upper view of the inferior arches—These arches (Pl. II. fig. 6) are very similar to those of a Frog whose branchial pouches have recently been absorbed. Only such parts are chondrified in the Turtle as are left after metamorphosis in the Frog, where the four outer pouches, and the four rudimentary intra-branchials are almost removed, leaving the sub-basal ‘‘ thyro-hyals” for attachment to the larynx. The free mandibles (mn.) are united by a plate which requires but little further segmentation to convert it into a basimandibular element." This is evidently a somewhat rare modification of the mandibular arch, but, accord- ing to Mr Charles Stewart, it occurs in the Crocodile also. This sub-orbicular piece is clearly marked off from the terete rods (mk.), which thicken upwards, and end in a reniform condyle. The upper element of the hyoid arch will be described with the auditory apparatus : it is the shaft of the columella (Pl. IV. fig. 7, co.); the “cerato-hyal” (Pl. II. fig. 6, c.hy.) 1s a gently arcuate rounded rod set on the basal piece behind the pyriform “ hypo- hyal” (h.hy.). The basal piece is a broad apiculate plate of cartilage, which is, in reality, a basi-hyo- branchial (b.hy.,b.br.), as it belongs to two arches; it ends, as in metamorphosed Frogs, in a pair of divergent “ hypo-branchial” horns (h.b7.), or thyro-hyals. 1 The basal pieces constantly run in front of the bars to which they belong, and, knowing this, I have already suggested to Professor Huxley, that the “median ventral cartilage” of the Lamprey cannot belong to the mandibular arch, as it lies behind it, but is most probably a true “ basi-hyal” (see Huxley, “On the Cranio-facial Apparatus of Petro- myzon,” Journ of Anat. and Phys., vol. x. p. 421). REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE. 21 Transversely Vertical Sections of the Head, from Snout to Occiput. First Section.—The first of these sections (PI. III. fig. 7) cuts through the horny spike of the nose (7.sp.), and the fore part of the septum nasi (s.v.) in front of the external nostrils; it shows the thickness of the cartilage below, which afterwards forms a distinct descending “ prenasal rostrum.” Second Section.—The next section (Pl. III. fig. 8) is through the outer nostrils (e.7.), and shows the same vertical cartilage a little further back; the openings of the nose are right and left of it, and these are surrounded by reniform “alinasal” cartilages (aln.), placed back to back. Third Section.—This (Pl. IV. fig. 8) is behind the outer opening, and brings the septum nasi and aliseptal roof and wall laminee (s.7.,a/.sp.) full into view. The septum is thick and rounded below, narrow in the middle, then thick again where it passes into the roof cartilages; these pass down the sides into the floor, across the bottom of the passage (7.p.), which is a sinuous chink, turned outwards above and below, and widest in the middle Fourth Section.—This (Pl. IV. fig. 9) is through the middle of the nose, and just catches the fore part of the eyelids; it is narrower and deeper than the last, and shows the upper part of the nasal passage as a recess; in this, as in the other sections, granular tracts are seen where the investing bones will be; the osteoblasts are beginning to form. Fifth Section—This section (Pl. IV. fig. 10) is through the back of the nose and front of the eye; the olfactory nerves (1) are seen descending through a chink which corresponds to that part in the mammal which is first pectinate and then becomes eribriform. This section is behind the nasal roof, and, therefore, the middle wall is the perpendicular ethmoid (p.e.); here the nasal passages (7.p.) are deep, and their convex face looks towards the septum; the cartilage of each side nearly meets the septum below ; the fore part of the orbito-sphenoids (0.s.) are also severed, and they are convex on their inner face here. Siath Section.—In this section (Pl. IV. fig. 11) the fore end of the hemispheres (C 1a), and of the beginning of the olfactory tract (rhinencephalon, C 1b) are seen, and the olfac- _tory nerves (1), still quite distinct from those vesicles, are seen running down into the nasal sacs, through the right and left chinks—here non-cribriform. The deep nasal passage bends inwards at its lower third, and outside that bend the nasal wall sends inwards a small rudiment of the “ inferior turbinal” (n w.,7.tb.) Here the perpendicular plate is very thin in the middle, for this is the part which, in Lizards and Birds, becomes fenestrate. In this section the convexity of the orbito-sphenoids (0.s.) is outside, and not inside, as in the last section. bo i) THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Seventh Section.—Here (Pl. V. fig. 1) the narrow fore part of the hemispheres (C 1a) are severed, and the thick orbito-sphenoids (0.s.) on which they lie are very nearly straight in section. The nasal passage is not so high, and is bent inwards at the middle; the floor (n.p.) turns upwards, thickening there. The perpendicular ethmoid (7.¢r.) is much lower, and is not continuous, yet, with the alee (0.s.), and it is to be observed that this partition is still a single cartilage. Lighth Section.—We have now reached the fore edge of the crystalline lens which is shown in sitw in the eyeball (Pl. V. fig. 2, ¢.); and the naso-palatine canal (¢.n.) is a small passage with its convexity inwards; granular tracts on each side show where the “maxillaries and palatines (mz.,pa.) will be. The internal rectus muscle is cut across, and part of the inferior rectus is shown lengthwise (inr.ifr.); and here the hemispheres (C 1a) are enlarging, and lie in the orbito-sphenoidal trough (0.s.). These plates, which in the former sections were free below, are now continued downwards on each side of the orbital septum, which is seen to be composed of a pair of flat plates, embracing a middle piece, which is round below, and sharp above. The thin plates are the trabecule (¢r.) which end behind the front, when the last section was made; they send upwards the orbito-sphenoids as in the Batrachia, and indeed, in all other types, except when these are independently developed, as in the Ophidia. The middle plate, or “intertrabecula” (7.tr.), forms all the septum nasi and perpendicular ethmoid at this stage; here it is the “ presphenoid,” for it finishes the “ anterior sphenoid” below. Ninth Section.—This section (Pl. V. fig. 3) is from a little behind the last, and shows, on the whole, the same structures; but the hemispheres (C la) are much larger here, and the naso-palatine passages are now open to the roof of the mouth (n.g.) ; they have formed the internal nostrils (2.n.). Tenth Section.—This section (Pl. V. fig. 4) is behind the inner nostrils, and behind the stem of the orbito-sphenoids (o.s.), the part which is continuous with their root, the trabecule ; here, in front of the common optic foramen, the presphenoid is composed of a low intertrabecular wedge, and the two flat trabeculee (v.tr.,tr.) ; they arise above the middle plate, and it descends below them, forming a rounded keel to the interorbital septum. Part, both of the superior and internal rectus muscles (s.7.,1.7.), are cut through, between the large eyeball (e.), and the widest part of the orbito-sphenoid (o.s.), which, of course, is widest where it holds the most bulbous part of the hemisphere (C 1a).” Eleventh Section—Here (fig. 5) the “thalamencephalon” (C 1) is seen below the wide hemisphere (C 1a), and the trabeculee (tr.), at this part, are thick above and below, and thinned out in the middle ; the intertrabecula (7.¢r.) is now oval in section. Twelfth Section.—We now come to the optic nerves, and their chiasma (fig. 6, 2), and their entrance into the eyeball to form the retina (rt.). The thalamencephalon is surmounted by the hemispheres (C 1, C 1a), and between these above, part of the pineal REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE. 23 gland (pul.) is cut through. Here the trabecule (é.) are rounded rods, like those of the Snake, and they occupy very little of the sides of the intertrabecula (7.t7.) which is pyriform in section, its thick end being below. Thirteenth Section.—This section (Pl. V. fig. 7) is at the point where the pre- sphenoid passes into the prepituitary part of the basisphenoid; here the trabecule (¢7.) are much larger, and more perfectly round in section. At a great height above, the orbito-sphenoids (0.s.) are seen just where they pass into the lesser alisphenoids. The hemispheres (C 1a) are now ending behind; and under them the thalam- encephalon (C 1) is beginning to give off a bud which becomes the “infundibulum” (i/-), but the small body seen here below this part is part of one of the lobes of the pituitary body (py.). Fourteenth Section.—(Pl. V. fig. 8) Here the mid-brain joins the fore-brain (C 2, C1) directly above the fore part of the pituitary space. The infundibulum and pituitary body (inf.,py.) are quite distinct, and closed towards each other; this will be seen better in the next section. The sinuous cartilaginous wall is here the alisphenoid (al.s.), which is continuous below with the trabecula (¢7.), and in front with the orbito- sphenoid. Here the “intertrabecula” (¢.t7.) is broader and shallower than the trabe- culee, and lies on a somewhat lower plane, to finish the pituitary cup. The granular tract on each side which dips outwards, over the palatal skin, is the beginning of the pterygoid bone (pg.) ; osteoblasts are now rapidly forming. On the outer edge of each pterygoid there is the section of a cartilaginous rod; it is flattish, and has its convex edge looking inwards and upwards ; this is the “ epipterygoid” (e.pq.), still continuous with the quadrate. - A granular tract on each side shows where the Jugal process of the maxillary will be ; and below, on each side of Meckel’s cartilage (mk.), a similar tract shows the beginning of the dentary (d.). In the root of the tongue a pair of cartilages is cut through, which is the fore part of the larynx (Iz.). | Fifteenth Section.—The back of the eyeball (e.) is cut through in this section (PI. VI. fig. 1), and here the back part of the “thalamencephalon” (C 1) joins the broadest part of the mid-brain (C 2). The principal lobe of the pituitary body (py.) is seen to be closed above, open below, and alate; the part of the fore-brain above it is where the infundibulum (77f:) is beginning to bud off. The alisphenoidal walls of the chondro- cranium (al.s.) are here very irregular, answering to the form of the organs both inside and out. The terete trabeculee (é.) are severed behind the median rod, so that there is a membranous floor to the sella turcica at this part. The cartilaginous epipterygoid and the young bone-cells of the pterygoid are seen also in this section (e.pg.,pg.); and below the mouth (m.) we get a seetion of the mandibles, hypo-hyals, cerato-hyals, basi- hyal, and larynx (mk.,h.hy sc.hy.,b.hy.,lav.). 24 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Sixteenth Section.—The head is here (P]. VI. fig. 2) cut through where the basis cranii runs upwards into the hollow of the mid-brain; the top of the ascending wall will be seen in the figure of the next section (fig. 3, p.cl.). Here we have the bent part of the base, close at the back of the pituitary space. The pituitary body here shows a racemose structure, and three quasi-glandular lobules are cut through (figs. 2, 2a, py.). The thick sides of the investing cartilage end above in the thin, sinuous alisphenoids (ql.s.) ; below, they form the front boundary of the foramina ovalia, but only the orbito-nasal branch of the fifth nerve (fig. 5*) is seen in this section. There is a recess, partly membranous (posterior basi-cranial fontanelle, p.b.c.f.), below and behind the pituitary raceme; here the notochord (nc.) is cut through at four places! This is one of the most important and instructive parts of this demonstration, and will be more fully illustrated in other sections (the longitudinally vertical) ; but here we can see how suddenly the notochord turns upwards, following the folding of the mid- brain, and also that it turns down again at its apex, ready to follow the folding brain. In the fourteenth and fifteenth sections the ‘“epipterygoid” cartilage was seen severed from the apex-of the pedicle of the quadrate. Here this “pier” is cut alone its most external part through the pedicle (pd.), and body (q.), and part of the hinge with the mandible (mk.) is shown. On each side of the larynx the cerato-hyals and first branchials are seen (/x.,c.hy.,h.br.). Seventeenth Section.—The sections are now becoming very oblique, although parallel with the others; the top of the huge post-clinoid wall (Pl. VI. fig. 3, p.cl.) is cut through, and lower down, the fore part of the investing mass (iv.). Here the alisphenoid (al.s.) is lower, is very sinuous, and runs into the post-clinoid wall below. Below the broad mid-brain (C 2) the infundibular region of the fore-brain (inf) is seen shining through the slice of the post-clinoid wall behind it. The basilar artery (fig. 3, b.a.) remains in this section, but the cartilage below it is largely cut away. At the lower angles of the post-clinoid wall the foramen ovale is cut through, and also the “Gasserian ganglion” (5); the root of both the second and third branches is seen curving outwards towards the temporal muscle (¢.m.). The space between the post-clinoid wall and the investing mass has been made by the cutting away of the antero-inferior part of this ascending basis cranii; this removed part is figured in the last section (fig. 2). The notochord (nc.) lies on the narrow inner part of the investing mass (7v.); in front of this part it lay in an oval membranous tract, the posterior basi-cranial fontanelle, but the moieties of cartilage close in under the median rod; externally, they are very thick, and are grooved by the internal carotids (.c.). The quadrate cartilage (q.) is here four-sided, the sides being concave, and the angles rounded off; the mandible (mk.) is cut through at its posterior part, and REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE, © 25 the cerato-hyals and first branchial (c.hy.,h.br.) are also seen in section, the two latter embracing the larynx (/z). - Eighteenth Section.—Here (Pl. VI. fig. 4) only part of the mid-brain (C 2) is figured, and the hind-brain (C 3) without its cerebellar outgrowths; the hind half, the Gasserian ganglion, and the root of second and third branches (5), are shown in situ, with the root of this huge segmental nerve on each side springing high up from the substance of the hind-brain (C 3). This is the fore part of the interauditory region, but from the obliquity of the section behind the flexure, the top of the post-clinoid wall, and the fast lessening alisphenoid (p.cl.,al.s.), are still seen. The periotic region is cut through, and the anterior semicircular canal (a.s.c.) laid open, crosswise ; here the ganglion geniculatum (8) is cut through in its fore part, and some of the fibres of the “portio mollis” are seen passing into the ear-capsule through the meatus internus. The investing mass (iv.) is thick at this part, and the notochord (nc.) is partly imbedded in it above. The pedicle of the quadrate (q) is cut off in front and out- side; this cartilage is being scooped. In this scooped space the first cleft (cl. 1) is seen, and near the investing mass its inner opening or Eustachian passage is also laid open. ; Nineteenth Section.—This slice (Pl. VI. fig. 5) is close in front of the columella. The arch of the anterior semicircular canal, and the ampulla and past of the tube of the horizontal canal (a.s.c.,h.s.c.), ave laid open on each side. ‘ _ The space between the capsule and investing mass (7v.) is occupied by the beginning of the seventh and eighth nerves (not shown in this figure), and the facial nerve (7) is laid bare for some extent. It passes under the fore part of the capsule, and appears between the quadrate and the cerato-hyal (q.,c.hy.).. Here the quadrate is greatly scooped on its outer face to form the tympanic cavity (c.ty.). Twentieth Section.—This is the most important of the sections of the hind-skull (PI. VI. figs. 6, 6a), for it lays the columella (co.) bare throughout its entire extent, and shows much of the distribution of the ‘“‘portio mollis” nerve (8). The cavity of the hind-brain (C 3) is laid open, and the roots of the auditory and facial nerves are shown arising from its sides. The auditory capsule is here at its widest part, where the “canals” open into the vestibule ; and here the capsule shows three openings, namely, the meatus internus (8), the fenestra ovalis (fo.), and the fenestra rotunda (f7.). The facial nerve (7) was on the last slice (fig. 5, 7), but the auditory branch (8) is well shown here ; first its broad origin in the medulla oblongata by several roots, next the ganglion geniculatum (g.gc.), and then, associated with this by a short string of fibres, the ganglion cochleare (g.cl.), which lies in a pouch-like hollow on the inner face of the capsule. Below this second ganglion the small budding cochlea (cl.) is seen opening infero- (ZOOL. CHALL. EXP.—PART v.—1880:) E4 ce 26 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. laterally, by the fenestra rotunda. Here the investing mass (iv.) and the capsule (aw.) are united, but their line of junction can be clearly seen. Opposite the meatus internus, where the portio mollis (8) is nen, there is a rather large opening; it is below the middle of the overhanging side of the ear-capsule. This is the fenestra ovalis (f.0.), and it is closed by the dilated end of the columella (co.). At this part the quadrate (q.) is bent on itself at a right angle to form the roof of the tympanic cavity. Between its base and the columella (co.) the first cleft (cl. 1) is seen curved upwards, and dilated externally. The columella follows exactly this crescentic curve, and is, altogether, a quadrant. The tissue in the fenestra ovalis, surrounding the head of the columella (upper part of hyoid arch), is not yet chondrified; it becomes afterwards the stapedial end or “ operculum” of the columella, which is at present only hyoidean. In the branchial arches of the Selachians, and indeed of Fishes generally, the proximal piece, like the distal piece, is composed of two pieces,—a “ pharyngo-branchial” above, and an “‘epi-branchial” below. The hyoid arch of Chimera, Acipenser, and of many of the Batrachia, is subdivided in the same way, for indeed the hyoid is a branchial arch. In Osseous Fishes, and in several kinds of Batrachia, the cartilage is not segmented, but the upper hyoid element has two bony centres—a proximal and a distal. Here the most archaic and generalised condition obtains, for the ‘“ mediostapedial ” part of the columella (m.st.) is separated by a joint from the stem of the orbicular “ extra- stapedial” (e.st.). Weshall see that the distal part of the arch is composed also of two pieces, so that at this great height above the low Cartilaginous Fishes, even the new specialisa- tions have not touched the old morphological subdivisions. The conformity of the Chelonian in its development to old patterns will show itself again and again as we proceed with this demonstration. Twenty-first Section.—The basioccipital region (PI. VII. fig. 1) is here cut off close to the condyle (oc.c.), and the enclosed notochord (nc.) is large. Between the basal cartilage and the auditory capsule there is a large space through which the ninth and tenth nerves pass out; the vagus (10) has been cut through beyond the ganglion, but the glosso-pharyngeal (9) is well shown with its long root growing out of the sides of the medulla oblongata (C 3), its large ganglion, and its stem. The upper cervical muscles are shown, for the razor passed in a plane parallel with the axis of the neck ; the auditory capsules are cut through where the ampulla of the posterior canal is imbedded (p.s.c.), and where the horizontal canal (h.s.c.) is ending in the vesti- bule. The scooped quadrate (q.) is cut through close to its end. Twenty-second Section.—In this section (Pl. VII. fig. 2) the arch of the posterior canal (p.s.c.) is severed, and the sides of the occipital arch (¢.0.) are seen at the front of a series of lateral cartilages—the neural arches of the neck. These end below in broad bases that enclose the mesoblastic (cartilaginous) sheath of the notochord (n.a.,nc.). Here the medulla oblongata (C 3) is seen passing into the medulla spinalis (my.) REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE. 27 Vertical Sections of the Head taken from Left to Right Side, Longitudinally. Some of the most valuable preparations of the head at this stage were made in this way, the object being sliced centripetally. First Section.—The skin being removed, the temporal muscle, the outer part of the quadrate, and the end of the columella (Pl. VI. fig. 7, ¢.m.,g.,co.), were exposed, and the front part of the eye (e.) removed. Second Section.—Here (Pl. VI. fig. 8), farther in, the thinning out of the quadrate (q.) to form the tympanic cavity (cl. 1) is shown, and that cavity is partly opened through the membrana tympana (m.ty.); in this opening the columella (co.) is seen. Third Section.—In this slice (Pl. VI. fig. 9) the auditory capsule is laid open so as to expose the three canals (a.s.c.,h.s.c.,p.s.¢c.), and the ampulla of the foremost. The tympanic cavity (c.ty.) is more fully laid open, the stem of the columella (co.) is cut through, and the hinge of the lower jaw is severed (¢.,a7.). Fourth Section.—The auditory capsule is here quite opened (Pl. VII. fig. 3, au.). The angular tympanic cavity (cl. 1) lies between the hinge of the lower jaw (q.,a7.) and the two chief elements of the hyoid arch, the columella (co.), and the cerato-hyal (c.hy.). Fifth Section.—This section (Pl. VII. fig. 4) shows many of the cephalic structures ; the body of the eyeball and the thickest part of the ear-capsule are cut through ; behind the former are seen, first the “ external rectus” muscle (e.7m.), and then the Gasserian ganglion sending forward the orbito-nasal (5'), and having the common stem of the other branches (5°°) cut through. Below these parts a V-shaped cartilage is seen, this is the pedicle of the quadrate (pd.) severed from its body ; from the apex a short rod grows downwards and forwards, at less than a right angle; this is the “epipterygoid” (e.pg.), not distinct in its forma- tion from the quadrate, as in the Lizard. At some distance below this part the mandible (mk.) is largely exposed, the fore half and the articular region are cut away. The bilobate section of the ear-capsule (aw.) has in its upper emargination a tube entering like a Dentalium-shell; this is the aqueduc- tus vestibuli (aq.v.), or remains of the primary involution. In the lower emargination, the mediostapedial (co.), or stem of the columella, is cut across as it 1s passing out- wards and a little backwards. The recess in which it fits is the fenestra ovalis. A little of the occipital arch (¢.0.) is seen behind the ear-capsule, and between that arch and the columella two large nerves are seen emerging, each with its ganglion ; these are the ninth and tenth (9, 10), as was seen in the fgrenty -first transverse section (Pl. VII. fig. 1; 9), the glosso-pharyngeal has a very long root. Sixth Section.—Here (Pl. VII. fig. 5) the sense-capsules Be ee) are nearly cut away, so that the optic nerve (2) is seen entering the eyeball ; the motor oculi (3) is seen arising 28 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. from the fold of the mid-brain (C 2), and a small remnant of the auditory capsule (au.) is seen just where the columella (co.) fits in. Much of the “ epipterygoid” (e.pg.) and all the pedicle (pd.) are seen in this slice; over the lower part of the quadrate (q.) the tympanic cleft (cl. 1) is seen, and below, the angular part of the lower jaw (ag.) is cut through; in front of this is the angle of the mouth (m.). In this sub-mesial section the roots of glosso-pharyngeal, vagus, and hypo- glossal nerves (9, 10, 12) are well seen, arising from the sides of the thick lower part of * the medulla oblongata (C 8). In the ninth the fibres pass out near to each other, but. in the tenth there are clearly to be seen five main bundles, and in the twelfth, three. The ninth passes behind the cerato-hyal (c.hy.), and the twelfth is bounded behind by part of the occipital arch (¢.0.). - Seventh Section.—This section (Pl. VII. fig. 6) is equivalent to the last, but is seen reversed, the parts seen are the same, on the whole, but some things are better displayed, and some new things come into view. The motor oculi nerve (3)-is seen to have a bulbous or ganglionic origin from the sharp fold of the mid-brain (C 2) ; it goes down- wards and forwards, and passing over the post-clinoid wall (p.cl.) forks, and, according to Milnes Marshall, forms at that point a ganglion. Its main branch is seen in this section to cross the orbito-nasal branch of the fifth (5') on its mner side, above and behind the entrance of the optic nerve (2), and it is still seen in front of the external rectus muscle. Much of the Gasserian ganglion (5) has been cut away with the stem of the second and third branches. Behind that ganglion another, not much less than it, is seen ; this is the ganglion geniculatum (g.gc.) of the seventh and eighth nerves. The descending stem or facial nerve has been cut away, but the roots of this segmental nerve are see to be copious, and to arise from the sides of the base (at this late stage) of the medulla oblongata (C 3), at just under the fold where the mid-brain (C 2) begins. The large oblong ganglion is seen to send down a stolon of fibres which run into another, the ganglion cochleare (g.cl.), see also Pl. VI. figs. 6, 6a. The ninth, tenth, and twelfth nerves (9, 10, 12) are seen as in the last figure, but wat a tract of the auditory capsule (aw.) between them and the observer. Exghth Section.—This section, so much of it as is figured (figs. 7, 7a), corresponds with the solid vertical section already described (Pl. III. fig. 4); it is a little to the left of the middle, so as to show the orbito-nasal septum perfect. The fore-brain (C 1) is giving off a small diverticulum in front (there is one on each side), the rhinencephalon (C 10), but this “olfactory tract” is quite distinct from the solid olfactory nerve (1) which arises from the fore and upper part of the brain. The optic nerve (2) has been cut through close to the brain; and the third (3) is seen running down to the post-clinoid wall (p.cl.). An azygous bud is growing out of the fore-brain at its posterior region ; this REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE. 29 is the infundibulum (inf), and is seen to- be quite separate from the lobes of the racemose pituitary body (py.), the upper part of which becomes the permanent engrafted pouch. The notochord (ne.) is seen running up for some distance into the thin, median part of the post-clinoid (p.cl.); there it is somewhat bent forward, and it is covered at its fore end with a sheath of thickening cartilage. This section being near the middle, shows the distance between the investing mass and the “ intertrabecular” bar. There is here a membranous space below the pituitary body, not yet floored with cartilage. Only the lower part of the hind-brain (C 8) is figured, and this is shown running, after it has formed its downward flexure, into the myelon (my.). The notochord is seen to become larger as it enters the vertebral column. 6 Horizontal Sections of the Head. In this series the head was sliced from above downwards ; by this means the fore part was displayed in deeper and deeper regions in a regular manner, but, on account of the mesocephalic flexure, the hind part of the head was cut across from side to side almost at a right angle to its axis. First Section.—Part of the brain is shown in this section (Pl. VIIL fig. 1).. The fore- brain is cut through where the “rhinencephala” (C 1b) are budding out, and the mid-brain (C 2) where it is passing into the hind-brain, behind the folded part. ~The recesses in-which the olfactory lobes lie are the same as those which became cribriform, first in cartilage and then in bone, in the Mammalian skull. The chondro- cranium is cut through along its sphenoidal alee, the orbito-sphenoid passing directly into the alisphenoids (0.s.,al.s.). Between these walls and the eyeball (e.) the upper orbital muscles and nerves are seen. ; Second Section.—A little deeper down (Pl. VIII. fig. 2) the olfactory nerves are seen giving off branches to the nasal mucous membrane ; the orbito-sphenoidal cartilages (0.s.) are converging below, and the alisphenoidal part (ql.s.) is here thin and wavy These run into the top of the post-clinoid walls (p.cl.) at its sides ; this is cut through at its top, and does not show the middle part. Third Section.—Here (Pl. VIII. fig. 3) the nasal cavity is cut across, and the olfactory nerves are seen to be highly subdivided as they. enter the cavity on each side. The septum nasi, and alee (s.n.,al.sp.) are cut through, and the orbito-sphenoids (0.s.) ‘are seen to their base, where they arise from the lateral elements of the orbital septum (trabeculze). The alisphenoids (al.s.) are in two parts at this level; they bound the recess into which the infundibulum grows to meet the pituitary body, and in the fore part of which the optic nerves (2) pass out to the orbit, and their upper lobe is seen to articulate with the post-clinoid wall (p.c/.) at its outer edges, as the front part of these 30 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. alee do with the front of the wall on each side of the pituitary recess. The internal carotid arteries (7.c.) are seen ascending on each side in this recess, and behind the wall the basilar artery (b.a.) is seen, with its side branches. The post-clinoid wall (p.cl.) is elegantly sinuous in adaptation to the pituitary body in front, and the ascending part of the hind-brain behind. Fourth Section.—In this slice (Pl. VIII. fig. 4) both the nostrils and the general - nasal cavity are seen on each side of the thin septum (s.n.), which is composed of the “intertrabecula ” only. . The orbito-sphenoids (0.s.) are cut away so as to expose the middle (intertrabecular) plate (Z.tr.), and the part of the lowered orbital septum is seen over which the optic nerves (2) pass. Only the stem or narrow part of the alisphenoid (ql.s.) is seen at this level; the top of the common optic passage (2), and of the foramina ovalia (5) are seen; and part of the Gasserian ganglion and of the ophthalmic (orbito-nasal) nerve, right and left. Fifth Section.—Here (PI. VIII. fig. 5) the eyeballs are shown as fairly cut through the middle, for the optic nerves are seen entering the cavity: and becoming the retina (e., 2, rt.). The nostrils (¢.n.) are laid open, and at this part the nasal wall (al.sp.) is shown separate in the substance of the fore face. This section is very important, for it shows the single nature of the septum nasi (s.n.), and that the orbital region of ‘the cranio-facial wall is triple (¢r.,.tr.). This wall is narrowed below the common optic passage, and is dilated largely behind. The concave hinder margin bounding the pituitary space, with its sections of the lobulate pituitary body (py.), is concave, and therefore the intertrabecula is shorter behind than the trabeculz (2.tr.,tr.). - At this level the foramina ovalia are at their widest, and in them lie the large Gasserian ganglia (5), whose roots are seen to be coming from their origin in the medulla oblongata; their main mass of outgoing fibres form the stem of the second and third branches. The boundaries of these foramina are the post-clinoid wall in front, and the ear- capsule (au.) behind; the former is straighter down here than above, the latter is so cut. as to show the arch of the anterior canal (a.s.c.). Sixth Section.—Only the hind half of this section is figured (Pl. VIII. figs. 6, 6a) ; it spans a stratum very little lower than the last, for the Gasserian ganglion (5) is still seen. This is the most instructive of all these horizontal sections, because of the ight which it sheds on the formation of the chondrocranium. Here the narrow hind part of the intertrabecula is wedged in between the broad hind part of the trabecule (.tr.,tr.) which are seen to articulate with the post-clinoid wall (p.cl.) by sinuous condyles. The internal carotids and basilar artery (i.c.,b.a.), besides other branches, are cut through, but that which is of most importance is that here the notochord (nc.) is so bent upon itself as to appear twice in this section, both times imbedded in the post-clinoid REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE. 31 wall (p.cl.). In the hinder section of the notochord we see that all the three cartilaginous elements are fused into one ascending plate; these, although non-segmented, answer to the neural arches and mesoblastic sheath of the notochord in the spine. It is evident that the axis of the cranium did bend over between this plane and the plane of the last section (fig. 5) ; now we shall see whether or no the cranium at its base.follows the infolding of the mid-brain, and how far the fore end of the notochord comes short of the organic end of the fore-brain. That vesicle is turned downwards, so that its organic end is below, and even a little backwards in its direction, so that the optic vesicles are very near to the original or organic end. But in the fourth stage the fold of the head was very large (PL. II. fig. 4), and the notochord (nc.) ran up high into the space behind the post- clinoid wall (p.cl.) ; afterwards, in this stage, it is relatively scarcely half as high as the cartilaginous wall (or upturned basis cranii), yet it has become much more deflected at its tip (Pl. IL figs. 4, 5, p.cl.nc.). This and the next section throw a beautiful light upon the condition of the notochord near and at its fore end, and of the prolonga- tion of its secondary or mesoblastic sheath.* All the characteristic structures of the notochord are seen in the hinder section (Pl. VILL. figs. 6, 6a, nc.), but in the fore- or down-turned part there is nothing but hyaline cartilage, with crescentic corpuscles arranged concentrically, mesoblastic, like the rest of the sheath, behind; thus the notochordal sheath is prolonged beyond the chord itself, which loses itself in front in this secondary coat. The head is so much bent that even here the section is made through the upper part of the auditory capsule and the enclosed anterior canal (aw.,a.s.c.). ~ Seventh Section.—This section (Pl. IX. fig. 1, Ia) throws still further light upon the behaviour of the basal elements of the chondrocranium, as they come near to the organic end of the head. This section is partly near and partly below the base of the orbito-nasal septum; in front, the prenasal rostrum (p.n.) or fore-growth of the “intertrabecula” is cut through, where it turns downwards ; the median bar is then narrower, then thickens, and becomes narrower, twice over, before it reaches the pituitary space. At this low level the trabecule are only in sight at two places, viz., behind, where they become condyloid to articulate with the base of the “wall,” and in front, where they ferm two short rounded “ cornua” (ér:,c.tr.) a little way within the nasal region ; in front of these “horns” the median bar alone exists. Part of the nasal wall (7.w.) is cut through in this section, and the cavities are shown on a plane lower than that of the external nostrils. Part of the Gasserian ganglion and the stem of the second and third branches 1 For Mr Balfour’s description of the notochord, see his “ Elasmobranchs,” pp. 74, 138, &c., pl. vi. figs. G, H, I, where the downward curve of its apex is shown. In Chelone, as in the Selachians, it is thus true that “ anteriorly the ter- mination of the notochord cannot be seen, it can only be traced into a mass of mesoblast at the base of the brain, which separates the epiblast from the hypoblast” (p. 75). What change the prochordal part of the mesoblastic sheath under- goes in Chelone will be understood by the descriptions now to be given. 32 THE VOYAGE OF H.MS. CHALLENGER. (5) still come into view, and the “geniculate ganglion” (7) is also seen just inside the skull. The Eustachian passages (cl. 1) are seen on each side of the pituitary region, but far apart ; the ampulle of the anterior and horizontal semicircular canals (a.s.c.,h.s.c.) are laid open in the auditory capsule (aw.), and the occipital arch (s.0.) comes now into view at its fore-edge. The “meatus internus” (m.7.) behind the geniculate ganglion (7), and the ‘“aqueductus vestibuli” (aq.v.) are also shown; as also the three chief arteries (2.¢.,0.a.). But more important than all ana is the structure revealed here in the back of the pituitary region, for here the razor has cut through a distinct lobe or nodule of cartilage, the downward continuation of the solid sheath of the notochord (Pl. IX. fig. 1, la, and Pl. VIII. fig. 6, 6a, ne.). We can tell exactly how far this descends, for in the next thin slice (Pl. IX. fig. 2) we are below it; and in the former (PI. VIII. fig. 6), this part was fused with the front of the post-pituitary wall (p.cl.). Moreover, wé can see that this tract of cartilage is at a ereater distance from the notochord at this place, for here the latter lies in a groove of the basal plate, and is not now embedded completely in it (see also Pl. VIII, fig. 6, nc.). The whole “intertrabecular” bar (i.t7.) is manifestly as much a direct continuation of the mesoblastic sheath of the notochord as the prochordal part of the trabecule are outgrowths of the parachordal tracts, and both.these single and paired elements are - necessitated by the down-growth of the fore-brain.+ Eighth Section.—The hind part only of this section has been figured (Pl. IX. fig. 2, 2a); here, on each side of the pituitary space, we see a tract of new bone, the pterygoid (pg.) and a rod of cartilage subparallel with and outside it, the epipterygoid (e.pg.) ; this. has been severed from the pedicle of the quadrate. The Eustachian openings of the first cleft (cl. 1) are exposed behind that cartilage, and this is bounded on its inner side by the investing mass (v.), which is confluent with the auditory capsule (au.), the cavity of which is laid bare below the anterior, and partly below the horizontal canal, and through the posterior (p.s.c.). The cochlear ganglion (g.cl.) lies in the ‘meatus internus,” and fibres are seen passing from it into the sac. Here, and in the next section (fig. 3, 3a), the lateral cartilages are retiring from the notochord to form the well-known “ posterior basi-cranial fontanelle.” On each side of the basilar artery (b.a.) a nerve is seen 1 We are evidently treading close upon the causes of the cranial modifications as compared with what is seen in * the spine. Most of the segmental muscles are suppressed, the segmental nerves are greatly modified, the hemal region is marked by dehiscence of the walls (to form clefts) down the middle of each proper segmental region, these regions being marked out also by the forks of the cranial nerves embracing them. Then, also, the attempts at secondary segmentation by the formation of distinct neural cartilages and notochordal constrictions are very slight, although the three homologous tracts of mesoblast are there, and are continued up to the actual front of the head. Lastly, the arrest of the motechord! which stops short even of the organic end of the down-folded head, is a most important factor in this great modification of the cranium as compared with the spine. REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE. ts) passing forwards, and escaping under the narrow bridge of cartilage ; these two nerves are the sixth or “ abducentes,” and are on their way to the ‘“ external rectus” muscle of the eyeball; they come from the base of the medulla oblongata between the roots. of the fifth and seventh, and are probably the “anterior roots” of one or both of these nerves (Milnes Marshall). Ninth Section.—Here (Pl. IX. fig. 3, 3a) the nasal passages are seen passing into the posterior or internal nares (i.n.), between which the palatal covering of the septum nasi is seen. Between the lowest part of the nasal cavities a’ passage is seen—the “ middle nasal passage” (m.n.p.) ; it is half-way between the prenasal cartilage (p.n.) and the openings of the nasal passages behind. This is also seen in the palatal view of the skull (EIS. fig. 7). Behind the nasal outlets the palate is open; this is the pituitary space (py.), and at a shorter distance behind this space the notochord is seen invested with its own and its mesoblastic sheath. Right and left, we see the beginning of the pterygoid bone (pq.), and outside it is the epipterygoid cartilage (e.pg.) now seen to be continuous with the pedicle of the quadrate (pd.,q.), which is cut through along its greatest length above the tympanic excavation ; between the pedicle and the auditory capsule we see the Eustachian passages (cl. 1). In this section, as in the last, we see the cartilaginous sheath of the notochord (nc., s.ne.) quite distinct from the paired cartilages that correspond to the neural arches of the spine ; it is, however, thin, and the cells of it are flat. Tenth Section.—The lining skin of the floor of the mouth appears in this slice (PI. IX. fig. 4), and the upper lip, lower jaw, tongue, and larynx (mw.p.,mn.,tg.,lv.) are here indicated in relation. The bulging middle third of the investing mass is here seen, with the corresponding part of the notochord (iv.,nc.); and behind, the medulla oblongata is passing into the myelon (my.) through the foramen magnum. The part of the investing mass here shown has coalesced with the auditory capsule close inside the rudiment of the cochlea (cl.) ; opposite this sac the end of the columella (co.) is seen cut across, and the lower part of the posterior canal (p.s.c.) is laid bare. The thick sides of the occipital arch (e.0.) are shown coalescing with the auditory capsule (aw.), and outside the latter the quadrate (q.) is displayed in its most hollow part. Eleventh Section.—A little below the last, parts are seen in the next figure (fig. 5) that help greatly to a true understanding of the skull at this stage. Much of the mouth (m.) is shown, with its bordering tissues (mz.p.), but the mandible now is seen com- pletely running up to the thick lower part of the quadrate (q.). Behind the quadrate all but the proximal end of the columella (co.) is seen; its top was shown in the last section (fig. 4, co.) ; the lower part of the first cleft (cl. 1) is seen between the quadrate and the columella; and in the space behind it, and between the floor of the ear-capsule and the occipital arch, the ninth, tenth, and twelfth nerves aze (ZOOL. CHALL., EXP.—PART v.—1880.) E5 Bes THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. shown emerging, and the tenth is cut through at its ganglion. Here we have a nearly perfect section of the occipital arch, the upper part being a little imperfect, and the noto- chord is seen to be bridged over by cartilage in the occipital condyle (nc.,0c.c.).! Sixth Stage. Embryos two-thirds ripe: total length, 3 inches; length of head, 7 lines. —(a.) “ Chondrocranium.”—The primordial or cartilaginous skull is now quite perfect, and some bony tracts have appeared in it. It is now perfectly Chelonian in every respect, and a certain cartilaginous tract,—viz., the alisphenoidal,—which remains in one form or another in other types, has here been absorbed, and this is correlated with the modifica- tion of certain investing bones and visceral bars, such as is seen in no other type. This type is, indeed, very instructive, for whilst showing its Chelonian nature very early in the embryo, it retains a number of characters throughout the whole embryonic period that are very generalised for a reptile, being such as we see in their perfection in the anamniotic “ Anura.” Thus, whilst these shielded types are the most curiously modified of all the cold- blooded Sauropsida, they are built up, so to speak, upon the foundation of the underlying low Batrachian forms, the stigma and stamp of which they, in spite of their higher nature, never lose, yet they are all conformed to a pattern, as new as it is perfect. Another thing to be noted is this, namely, that the Batrachian characters are developed late, after the skull has undergone all its principal metamorphoses ; or rather, in metamorphosing, these characters appear, last for a considerable time if they are not permanent, and in some things are life-long. ; In like manner the Batrachians themselves, whose descent has to be counted from two lines, namely, from the Lamprey-tribe and the tribe of the Sharks and Skates (Marsipo- branchii and Elasmobranchii), in these the suctorial fish is pre-potent and dominates the larval stage ; but when the later metamorphosis begins, then the higher Selachian characters appear. These, however, are not retained in their simple uncombined form, nor are they kept to their old functions, but they form unwonted combinations for special purposes in these higher organisms. The “old things” of the Lamprey tribe are partly done away, and partly put to new purposes, in new shapes; partly absorbed, and partly transformed. And so it is in the Chelonia and in all ascending and improving types; the mate- rials are the same as in low kinds, but “the old order changeth, yielding place to new.” Of this we may be certain, that if the structure and development of the extinct types could be known—a thing impossible and only imaginable—every modification of 1 The reader is asked to compare the three sets of sections together, and these also with the solid sections and dissections. Many things studied by me in the sections were not drawn, and others that are drawn are neither lettered nor described, for I have been careful not to overload the subject ; but the chondrocranium, with the most important parts of the nervous centres and nerves, have been selected for portrayal and description. Several such memoirs as the present would be needed for an exhaustive account of the development of all the organs, even of the cephalic region only, to say nothing of the rest of the organism. REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE. 35 the Vertebrate type would be seen to take place in a manner as gentle as, and not essen- tially different from, the way in which the foliar organs of a single plant vary on the same stem, as they run through the series, from the cotyledons to the carpels. Here, in this embryo, the occipital arch (Pl. X. figs. 1-5) images the vertebra behind it, but represents, in an undivided form, several vertebrae. The essentials of its compo- sition are the same, but the development is different, for it has been brought under the power of that higher working of the morphological force by which the brain has been developed from the spinal cord, and the special sense-organs from the common sensory tracts. The sides of the foramen magnum are now bony (PI. X. fig. 5, fim.,e.o.), for the sides of the exoccipital ossifications nearly reach each other above, and come down almost to the condyle (0c.c.) ; laterally they run far into the paroccipital wings of the skull. The condyle (oc.c.) is transversely oval, and contains in its lower part the large notochord. The basioccipital region is mammillate on each side, and in front of the con- dyle is beginning to be ossified (figs. 3, 11, 12, b.0.). This ossification first affects the cartilaginous sheath of the notochord, and then spreads into the paired basi-neural carti- lages. At present it is a small lozenge, seen most on the lower side. The unossified superoccipital region (s.0.) sends backwards a thick spine like the spine of a vertebra; it is a large roof, convex without and concave within, and runs below into the auditory capsule (aw.). This capsule is a swollen or tuberiform mass, quite unossi- fied at present, and confluent with the occipital arch above and below. In the tympanic region (figs. 3 and 5) it grows outwards to form, with the exoccipital, the “ paroceipital process” ; between it and the occipital arch the ninth and tenth nerves escape, whilst the twelfth (12) perforates the exoccipital wall. Neat the middle of the lower third, inside, we see the meatus internus with paired passages (7, 8) for the portio dura and portio mollis. Its anterior margin is notched for the large trigeminal nerve (5); its upper part is a wide tuber, and contains the canals and much of the vestibule; the lower part has in it the rudimentary cochlea. Above the foramen ovale (fig. 1, 5) the capsule is crested ; this sharp edge is all that remains of the alisphenoid (qa/.s.); it runs into the -super- occipital (s.0.) above, but is separated by a wide, flabelliform space from the orbito-sphenoid (0.s.) in front. All that part has been absorbed since the last stage, thus the extinction of the alisphenoid is much more perfect than is seen in the Lizard, where it becomes very small. The basisphenoidal region (b.0.) is very extensive, having a middle pituitary, a posterior post-pituitary, and an anterior prepituitary region (fig. 1); in this part the three bars are seen to unite. The notochord, which was on a low plane behind, now appears on the inner face of the skull-floor (fig. 12, nc.), and here its sheath is enclosed in a cephalo- style, most of which lies free, above the paired cartilages (7v.). The bone ceases behind, where the chord dips into the floor, but in front the bony matter is spreading freely into the post-clinoid wall (p.cl.), and besides spreading into the a 36 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S, CHALLENGER. ends of the once free trabecule (t.), has begun to ensheath the intertrabecula (Giray which is, manifestly, the prochordal homologue of the perichordal sheath, now hardened into the “cephalostyle.” The prepituitary part of the basisphenoidal region is marked off from the presphenoidal region by a shallow notch directly in front of the pituitary body (py.). At present, however, the hinder part of the existing wings of cartilage in the orbital region (figs. 1, 2, 0.8.) are due somewhat to incomplete absorption of the alisphenoids ; they are-not quite reduced to their minimum development until after hatching; they always exist as a sharp edge to the auditory capsule in front. From the pituitary space to the frontal wall there is one large plate of unossified car- tilage (fig. 1, p.s.,s.n.), formed originally from the upgrowing of the trabecule and inter- trabecula. This plate is thick below and subcarinate, the middle-piece dipping below the side-pieces ; an oblique thickening divides the interorbital from the inter-nasal region, and in front the septum nasi—formed in all but its hinder part of the middle cartilage—_ sends downwards a short “ prenasal” spike (p.n.). The orbito-sphenoidal wings (0.s.) are very large, having as yet an alisphenoidal selvedge behind ; they form a trough in which the “hemispheres” lie. In front of these “wings” the olfactory nerves (1) burrow downwards into the nasal sacs, and these latter are covered over with. the aliseptal growths of cartilage (fig. 4, al.sp.) ; in fig. 1 this roof is cut away in the part brought into view. The quadrate (q.) is still quite unossified, and the epipterygoid (fig. 7, e.pg.) has not been segmented from it, but lies as a sigmoid process of the pedicle (pd.) in a groove of the pterygoid bone (pg.). The rest of the cartilage (g.) from where the base of the pedicle ends, is arched, hollowed, and notched, a thick ridge margining the arched part aud running down the middle of the articular part on its outside. The condyle of the articular part (fig. 3, g.c.) is bilobate and transversely placed, the thick ridge on its outside passing into the semicircular ridge for the attachment of the “cartilaginous annulus” (fig. 10); between its hind extremity and the articular part there is a large, rounded, inferior notch, which admits the columella into this curious tympanic cavity, formed by the scooping of the huge “otic process” (ot.p.) of this cartilage—the mandibular pier. The next “pier” is specialised for auditory purposes, as the columella, and foregoes its hyoidean (or lingual) functions (figs. 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, co.). The dorsal end pushes into the fenestra ovalis (f-0.), the membranous operculum of which acquires a cartilaginous character, but its cells are thin, lunate, and concentrically arranged, as in the sheath of the cranial notochord; those of the rod itself are the normal ovoidal corpuscles (fig. 9). Here I find a greater separateness of the stapedial plate from the “mediostapedial” rod (fig. 9, m.st.,st.) than in any other “Sauropsidan.” The rod itself is ossificd largely ; the bony matter will reach farther outwards, and the proximal plate also will become ossified. Its Batrachian condition is best seen now. REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE. 37 Further outwards one Batrachian character is effaced, for the “extrastapedial” (e.st.) has lost its segmentation from the mediostapedial rod; yet it has become perfectly like that of several of the Batrachia in form, for the distal plate is quite circular, and there is a short suprastapedial process (s.s¢.) arising. from it. (See Batrachia, part 2, Phil. Trans., 1876, pls. liv., lix., and 1x1.) I must refer, also, to the same paper to show how Batrachian the rest of the outer ear is, for here we have the old cartilaginous annulus tympanicus (figs. 2, 10, a.ty.); this cartilage, like the sheath of the notochord and the stapedial plate, is composed of flat cells, but is truly cartilaginous. It is a nearly perfect oval, the gap being postero- inferior in position, and occupied by the distal part of the columella ; postero-superiorly, it has a large, crescentric, concave “ flange,” imitating the concave part of the “ otic pro- cess” of the quadrate (fig. 7). Fitting fairly into that part, the annulus serves for the attachment of the “membrana tympani” (m.ty.) many of the fibres of which are inserted into the convex outer face of the “extrastapedial.” The suprastapedial process, which is directed obliquely backwards, is embedded in a thick ligamentous mass, to which the fibres of the short, thick, “ stapedius muscle” are attached. These structures of the “middle ear” come much closer to those of the Batrachian, and resemble those of the Bird much less, than the corresponding parts do in Lacerta agilis ant the higher “ Lacertilia” The inferior free arches (figs. 1, 2, and 6) are also very Batrachian; but the mandibles (mk.) ave fused together in front; they form a cylindroidal condyle in the articular region. The cerato-hyals (c.hy.) are long, sigmoid, terete rods, much ossified distally ; they are quite distinct below from the “hypo-hyals” (h.hy.), which are short unossified rods set on in front of them on the widest part of the basal plate. The basal plate, “ basi-hyo-branchial” (b.hy.,b.br.), has a lingual process, it then is wide, narrower, and is widened again, terminally, where it gives off two short “horns” or diverging processes, these, moreover, have articulated to them a pair of thick, shortish, inbent, “ hypo-branchials” or thyro-hyals (h.b7-.). (b.) The ‘Investing bones” are of great interest; they are all present now, but in the last stage they were mere granular tracts. Above (fig. 4), there is still a large “fontanelle” (fo.), for the frontals (f-) diverge behind, and the parietals (p.) are mere lunules of thin bone, as seen from the surface. Within (fig. 1), the frontals have a considerable orbital plate, and the parietals have developed their peculiarly Chelonian wall to the alisphenoidal region; this descending part rests upon the epipterygoid process and pterygoid bone (figs. 1, 2, 7, p.,e.pg..pg.); thus the cartilage is aborted. In front (figs. 1, 2, 4), the nasals and prefrontals are in one piece (p,fn.). This prefronto-nasal is foreshadowed in the huge nasal of the Batrachia, where there is no distinct prefrontal; in them the bone lacks the ingrowing antorbital plate. Here there is a considerable antorbital plate, flanking that of the frontal (fig. 2), and the lachrymal space lies between it, the maxillary, generally. 38 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. and the palatine ; there is no lachrymal bone. The existence of a distinct nasal bone is mentioned by Owen (Report of Brit. Assoc., 1846, p. 224) in the existing Hydromedusa, and in the fossil forms—Chelone plamceps and Chelone pulchriceps). The premaxillaries (figs. 1-3, px.) are remarkable for their direction, which is rather inferior than anterior; they have a sharp dentary margin and short palatine processes. The maxillaries (mx) are very large and Mammalian, so to speak, with a high facial, a considerable palatine, and an extended jugal region; their dentary edge is sharp or cultrate, and is denticulated in relation to the large papillee on which the bony sheath is developed. The single vomer (v.) is like what is seen higher up, viz., in the Falcons, having a lower palatine plate, helping to form the hard palate, an ascending ploughshare part, and a thin scooped upper edge for adaptation to the “ orbito-nasal septum.” The broad flat palate is largely formed by the palatines and pterygoids—membrane bones—but so inti- mately connected with the endo-skeletal structures as to be worthy to be classed with them. Here, again, the Mammalian skull is being prefigured, for the palatines (fig. 3, pa.) have a considerable region on the lower plane that makes the hard palate; this is carried to excess in the Crocodilia, where the pterygoids—as in Myrmecophaga—also contribute to this lower secondary floor. The upper part of these bones is like the thin shell of a bivalve; the right and left bones are kept apart by the upper limb of the vomer; behind, their sinuous edge articulates with the fore edge of the pterygoids. The pterygoids (pg.) are essentially lunate bones, placed back to back; their broad part is in front, where they meet at the mid-line; behind, they diverge considerably, and each bone, reduced to two-thirds of its front width, clamps the base of the skull, and is applied as a splint to the inner face of the quadrate (q.). The outer edge is concave and _ bevelled, the lower face a little concave, and the upper slightly convex ; in the re-entering angle between the two bones, below, the basisphenoid (0.s.) is exposed; there is no “parasphenoid” here. The orbital rim is well formed already, the frontal, prefronto-nasal, and maxillary form the front half, the hind part is nearly all completed by the jugal (j.) below, and the post- orbital (pt.o.) above; the former is a faleate bone, with a facial and an orbital lamina, and so is the latter, but it is much broader. According to the ancient imbrication of these scales, the maxillary overlaps the jugal, and the jugal the post-orbital ; this, in its turn, overlaps the squamosal (sq.) behind it, and the jugal overlaps a second plate, the “ quadrato-jugal ” (q,j.), a thin scale of bone, whose concave hinder edge forms the fore margin of the tympanic ring, by lying as a splint exactly on the outer face of the quadrate. The squamosal does the same for the postero-inferior edge of that space ; behind, it is thick and two-edged (figs. 2, 5, sy.) ; there is no additional “ supra-temporal” bone here, such as we see in the “ Lacertilia.” The free mandible has only five bony plates upon it; the “ splenial” is absent ; the REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE. 39 as in the Batrachia—distant from the articular end “ articulare ” (a7.) is for a long while of the cartilage on which it ultimately grafts itself; and this cartilage, as in certain Frogs and Toads, ossifies by itself first, independently. Hence it is easy to make this mistake, viz., to count six bones in the mandible of a Chelonian, especially in half-grown specimens of this kind, although there is no splenial ; the outer and inner bony elements of the articular region being so long before they unite. Seventh Stage. Ripe embryos; total length, 4 inches; length of head, 11 lines.— The investing bones at this stage scarcely need be described again; they are much more solid, fit better together, and come much nearer to their well-known condition in the adult. The parietals (Pl. XI. fig. 4, p.) are now united together, meeting at the sagittal suture, which remains open in this species. The relative thickness of the outer bones, and the part they take in this organic building, will be seen in the transverse sections (Pls. XII. and XIIL). The primordial skull is now chondrosteous (PI. XII. figs. 1-3), and so it remains through- out life; there is but little change seen after hatching. Even in the very large and old adults the synchondroses become relatively narrower, but they are nearly all persistent. In front of the basisphenoid, the endocranium remains unossified. As to the method of ossification, I note this, namely, that the endosteal growths are late, and show little until after the cartilage has been invested by its ectosteal layer. What I have just mentioned as to the distinctness of the two bony sources of the “ articulare,” is the most Batrachian thing, in this respect, in this type; whereas in the Lacertilia the cartilage, as in the Batrachia, is very apt to become calcified independently ; in them, however, the deposit is sub-central and not on the surface. The occipital arch is now composed of its four normal elements, namely, the basi- occipital, the two exoccipitals, and the superoccipital (Pls. XI. and XIL., b.0.,¢.0.,s.0.); The basioccipital (b.0.) is now reaching on to the basisphenoid in front, and into the substance of the condyle (o0c.c.) behind ; it is a broad, two-winged bone, bi-convex below, hollow above, and has to carry its own arch and the “ opisthotic” part of the auditory capsule (op.). The exoccipitals (¢.0.) are large bones, with a concave inner edge, and an outspreading wing running into the “ paroccipital” region; the ninth and tenth nerves run out in front of these bones, but they are pierced by the twelfth (9, 10, 12), behind which a vein runs through the “posterior condyloid foramen.” The super- occipital (s.0.) is now a case of bone to the crown of the arch, it is wide, from side to side, forms the upper third of the foramen magnum, and is extensively connected with the auditory capsule, through its articulation, and subsequent ankylosis, with the “epiotic” bone (ep.). As yet (Pl. XII. fig. 3, s.0.), the occipital roof is partly soft in front; this region is apiculated both in front and behind. 40 THE VOYAGE OF H.MS. CHALLENGER. The endocranium (seen in Pl. XII. figs. 1-8, cleared of the investing bones, and palatine membrane bones) is a very remarkable structure, extremely large behind, reduced to a vertical plate with alee in the middle, and enlarging into a pillow-shaped, double pouch in front. This form would not be so remarkable if the eyeballs were retained in the figures, with the capsules of the ears and nose; they are indicated in the sectional views. There is a large synchondrosial tract, to be lessened afterwards, between the basi- occipital and basisphenoidal regions (b.0.,b.s.), and the lateral parts of the latter are still unossified ; in the adult there is only this one bone in the posterior sphenoidal sclero- tome, and none in the anterior. The basisphenoid is formed as an ossification of the end of the notochordal sheath, of the contiguous parts of the investing mass, running upwards as the post-clinoid wall, and of the newly-coalesced ends of the trabeculee and intertrabecula, up the bottom of the deep notch behind the common optic foramen (Pl. XII. figs. 1, 2, 3, b.s.). The internal carotid arteries find their way into the “sella” between these outer and middle bars, and the bony substance growing well around them, makes the bone strong beneath the pituitary body, for there is no open space left there; the cupped “sella turcica” (Pl. XII. fig. 3, py.) is only imperfect below where the arteries enter. Below (fig. 2, b.s.), the bone is thick and trilobate, growing backwards towards the basioccipital, and outwards towards the quadrate and tympanic cavity; above (fig. 3), the squarish bony mass is notched, right and left, to form the large foramen ovale (5). Between these two endocranial regions—the occipital and posterior sphenoidal— the large ovoidal auditory organs (aw.) are imbedded. Seen from the inside (Pl. XI. fic. 2), they present the appearance of a trimerous, syncarpous fruit, the three bony centres—prootic, epiotic, and opisthotic (pro.,ep.,op.) giving them this likeness ; between these there is a wide triradiate synchondrosis. The sigmoid crest or selvedge running dow in front is the remains of the ali- sphenoid (al.s.), a deep chink behind separates the mass from the occipital wall (¢.0.) ; a shallower groove divides the capsule from the basal plate, whose sphenio-occipital synchondrosis runs from side to side uniting the right and left stems of the triradiate periotic cartilage. On account of the large size of the occipital roof, and its far growth forward, the epiotic (ep.) forms the upper piece, and the pro otic (pro.), which is almost twice as large, lies below as well as in front; this bone is perforated by the branches of the last pre-auditory nerve, the facial (7), with its specialised dorsal branch, the auditory (8), also in front, the prootic is notched by the trigeminal (5). 5 The opisthotic (op.) is intermediate in size between the other two; it is an exactly posterior shell, triangular within, but, behind, growing out into the paraoccipital wing, where it always appears as a large distinct bone when the skull is looked at externally. REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE. 41 At present, it has only half covered this tract, and, at present, the epiotic is separated from the superoccipital by a tract of cartillage; soon, it alone, loses its independence by ankylosis with the superoccipital, The upper surface of the auditory capsule (PI. XII. figs. 1, 3) is convex and shelving, and is confluent with the chondrocranium, its three canals are seen above the hollow quadrate (q.). Below (PI. XI. fie. 3, and Pl. XI. fig. 2) it is somewhat scooped, and is bifenestrate, for there we find the fenestra ovalis and rotunda (fo., f7.); the former, filled with the stapedial plate (st.), and the latter leading to the rudimentary cochlea. Behind, a double passage exists for the ninth and tenth nerves (9, 10). The epiotic lies over the junction of the anterior and posterior canals. The prootic takes in part of the horizontal, as well as most of the anterior canal; the opisthotic covers most of the posterior canal, and sends a process downwards between the two fenestree. Passing forwards we encounter no more bone (either now or afterwards) in the | chondrocranium. The orbito-nasal septum is presphenoidal behind, ethmoidal in the middle, and naso-septal in front. ‘The hinder part, or anterior sphenoid, is as large as the other two together. The orbito-sphenoids (Pl. XII. figs. 1 and 3, 0.s.) form together a sub-cordate leaf of cartilage, half folded at the mid-rib, and with its base behind. The nasal sacs form a bilobate pouch, each half of which opens into a short lateral * tube in front, projecting like the horns of a Snail, half protruded; the tube is a continuous (non-distinct) “outer supero-labial.” Below (Pl. XII. fig. 2), the septum nasi is seen as the common bond of the two pouches; it enlarges in front between the two pairs of nerve passages, and there becomes the hooked ‘“ prenasal” (s.7.,p.n.). Above, where the olfactory nerves are entering (fig. 3, 1, eth.), there is a triangular flap looking backwards, like that of a Bird’s chondrocranium (Phil. Trans., 1869, pl. lxxxiii. fic. 2, eth.), whichis the rudiment of the ‘‘ tegmen cranii,” so largely developed in fishes. From its point to the projection on the superoccipital, behind, all the roof is a membranous fontanelle, re-roofed with the great membrane bones. Many of these things will be seen better in the sections yet to be described, which also show some rudiments of what are manifestly pre-oral visceral arches. The hindmost rudiments of this kind are the “ epipterygoids” (Pl. XII. figs. 1, 3, e.pg.), which are now largely ossified, and quite detached from the pedicle of the quadrate (q.,pd.); their relation to the pterygoids is shown in fig. 1, where the latter bones are shown, laterally, in outline. Leaving the antorbital visceral rudiments for the present (there are no “ pro- rhinals”), I come, now, to the post-oral arches. The upper element of the first of these, the quadrate (q.), takes-up one-third of the side of the skull, and is greatly modified from its primary, simple state, as a supra- - mandibular segment or “ suspensorium.” The Amphibian regions of this part come out again here, namely, the“ pedicle ” and (Z00L. CHALL., EXP.—PART y.—1880.) E6 42 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8S. CHALLENGER, the “ otic process;” the former (pd.) isa mere spike always unossified atits tip, and touch- ing the top of the epipterygoid with which it was continuous. The latter (ot.p.) forms an almost circular dome-like vestibule to the “ middle ear,” and this part is largely unossified as yet. The main stem of the bone, however, is seen on its mner face to be solid and phalangiform, and largely ossified, the condyloid lower articular facet, and the convex part above, which articulates with the ear-capsule, are still, and indeed, permanently, soft; to the rim of this hollow “ porch of the ear,” the very iad Batrachian cartilaginous “annulus tympanicus” is attached, and in its notch the orbicular “ extrastapedial” fits (PI. XII. fig. 1, a.ty.,e.st.). This latter part is, as I have already shown, the distal end of the “ epi-hyal” element, and the proximal end is the “ mediostapedial,” or stem of the “ columella,” whose base is the true periotic stapes (st.). The axis of each mandible (mk.) is still confluent with its fellow of the opposite side, and is wholly unossified. The shaft of the columella (co.), and the, shaft of the cerato-hyal (Pl. XI. fig. 7, c.hy.) are both more extended than in the last, and the hypo-hyal is shorter and more bulbous; the “ basi-hyo-branchial” (Pl. XI. fig. 7, b.hy.,b.br.) gives off an unossified glosso-hyal spike in front, and a pair of hypo-branchials (/.b7.) are articulated to its pro- jecting lobes behind. Transversely Vertical Sections of the Head. A description of these slices will complete what I have to say of this ripe stage. First Section.—This section (Pl. XII. fig. 4) is made through the fore margin of the thick premaxillaries (px.) and the external nostrils (e.n.). The alinasal tubes (al.n.) are cut through, which are, essentially the same as the separate narial valves of the Frog, formed out of the external segment of the large upper labials. The narrowness of the face downwards is here shown, and the flatness of the face above. Second Section.—The next section (Pl. XII. fig. 5) takes in the fore part of the nasal capsule (1.w.) as well as the alinasal valve (al.n.), and on this front part the prenasal (p.1.) is shown, growing almost directly downwards. This extension of the skull base serves here as a model for the premaxillaries, as in the Birds, but in these the prenasal soon loses this downward direction, and grows forwards as in Selachians, in both cases the “ pro- rhinals ” are either suppressed, or but slightly developed, as a rule. Third Section.—Here (fig. 6) there are four passages (e.n.,n.c.), for the nasal pouches lie beneath the alinasal outlets in front. Above, the alinasal has passed into the aliseptal lamina (a/.sp.); below, the nasal floor (nf) is seen to bind upon the hinder part of the prenasal spike (p.v.). The nasal septum (s.v.) does not reach the base at this part, nor is the beginning of the aliseptal lamina continuous with the nasal wall and floor (n,f-). The latter cartilage is now protected, externally, by the fore edge of the maxillary (me.); and the hollow of the palate has begun, as shown in the space between the premaxillaries (px.). REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE. 43 Fourth Section.—This section (fig. 7) shows the finished nasal pouches, for the laminze of cartilage are continuous, and below they curl upwards close to the broad base of the steep and thin septum nasi (s.n.). The mucous membrane is folded inwards at the upper third. Here we come across the palatine plates of the premaxillaries (p.pz.), and the maxillaries (ma.) are thick, steep, and sharp-edged. ° Fifth Section.—The eyelids are first reached in this section (fig. 8), for the large orbital space lies somewhat over the nasal pouches; these are complete tubes at this part, for the lower edge, as it ascends into the inside of the pouch, sends inwards a process that coalesces with the base of the septum nasi (n,f.,s.n.); there is an oval space between these cartilages on each side. This structure is seen also in Falcons (Bird’s Skull, part 2, Trans. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, Zool., vol. i., pl. xxv. figs. 2-6) ; those birds likewise have a very Chelonian vomer, a short down-turned face, and a round nostril as in the Chelonian. This section also is in front of the nasal roof-bone; the palatal processes of the premaxillaries (p.pz.) are thinning out, and the dentary edge of the maxillaries (mz.) thickening. Sixth Section.—This slice (figs. 9, 9%), is taken from the widest part of the nasal capsules, behind, close in front of the antorbital lamina (see fig. 1), where the wall is dented inwards. This hollow is due to an ingrowth of the wall which becomes a free lamina inside, and reaches almost half across the tube. In the higher “ Sauropsida ” this is coiled upon itself twice, as a rule, and is the inferior turbinal; here we have only a rudiment (.tb.). The upturned nasal floor (nf) is now only articulated with the base of the septum nasi (s.n.), and the tube of the last section is only a canal at this part. Immedi- ately below the most bulging part of the nasal floor we encounter a cartilage which is common in the “ Ichthyopsida,” and is a separate piece—for a time at least—in many; this is the “‘ ethmo-palatine ” (figs. 9%, 9°, e.pa.); it becomes, by ossification, the true palatine bone in bony fishes. Here it is so distant that in neither of its faces, front or behind (figs. 9%, 9’, e.pa.), could I find any confluence with the nasal capsule; but in Lacerta and Chameleo, where it is much larger and pedate below, it is early confluent by its stem with this part of the nasal floor. Its true origin is from the trabecula, but it is pushed aside very early in these types by the intrusion of the nasal pouch. Here the prefronto-nasals (p,fin., nasals and “ecto-ethmoids” in one piece) are cut through; they are very massive bones. Below, the palatal plates of the premaxillaries have given way to the broad arched vomer (v.) ; this is its antero-inferior part, and forms, as seen in section, the keystone of a very elegant arch, whose sides are formed by the maxillaries (mz.). Seventh Section.—Here (PI. XII. fig. 10) the eyeballs (¢.) are cut through, and the fore part of the cranial cavity is exposed, with the proximal part of the olfactory nerves (1). The floor of the skull is made by the narrow fore ends of the orbito-sphenoids (o.s.), and the vertical wall is the perpendicular ethmoid (p.e.) ; for those alee run along in front over the back of the true ethmoidal region. Below the thick base of this wall the upper 44 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. limb of the vomer (v.) is seen, and the broad palatal part lies on the palatal skin. On each side at this part there is a large tube, these are the inner nasal passages (i.n.), and they are walled in by the semi-tubular palatines (pa.), which are kept apart above and below by the vomerine bars. On each side of the palatines the maxillaries (mw.) are seen, each with a considerable palatine plate undergirding the palatine bones. Above, the narrow fore end of the frontals (f.) are notched to receive the sharp inner edge of the naso-prefrontals (p,f.n.) in their orbital portion. This section is behind the ascending, and through the jugal, part of the maxillaries, Eighth Section.—The next section (Pl. XIII. fig. 1) is through the back of the eyeball (c.) and the mass of the huge lachrymal gland (.g.); it is behind the posterior nasal openings, and through the narrow fore part of the hemispheres (C 1a). The orbito- sphenoids (0.s.) here form a trough for the brain, and reach up to the under surface of the frontals (f.), which thicken near their edge, and form the orbital eave. The septum of the orbits now becomes the presphenoid (p.s.), and is scarcely lower than in the last section. Below this wall the thin end of the upper limb of the vomer (v.) is seen, and on each side of this the broad post-nasal part of the palatine (pa.), flanked by the terminal part of the maxillary palatine plate (mz.). Overlapping the frontals are the large post-orbitals (pt.o.), and stuck into their lower edge the large jugals (7.), which are cut through behind the jugal process of the maxil- laries. The floor of the mouth is cut through, showing the tongue (tg.), the fore part of the larynx (/x.), the top of the basi-hyal (b.hy.), and on each side the dentary (d.), embracing Meckel’s cartilage (mk.), which has no ‘ splenial” bone on its inner side. Ninth Section.—Here (Pl. XIII. fig. 2) the widest part of the hemispheres (C 1a) are seen, and the optic nerves (fig. 2) in the common optic passage. The back of the eyeball and the lachrymal gland (e.,/.g.) are still in view, and we have still a large orbito-sphenoid (0.s.). The vertical cartilage is the presphenoid ( ps.) just where it joins the fore end of the basisphenoid. Under it the broad pterygoids (pg.) are seen cut across at their front part. Outside, the post-orbitals (t.o.) are fixed into the frontals (7), and are overlapped by the jugals (/.). Tenth Section.—This (fig. 3) is between the orbital and temporal regions ; the hinder part of the hemispheres and the fore part of the mid-brain, passing into the fore-brain below (C la, C 2,C 1), are cut across. Here the infundibulum is seen to pass into the pituitary body (inf.,py.), and this rests upon the “sella turcica” or hollow of the basisphenoid ().s.). This cup is flanked by the flat, horizontal pterygoids (pg.), which ascend somewhat at this part. The roof and walls here are both made by the parietals (p.), which are concave as they descend to rest their inner edge on the pterygoids and their outer edge on the semi-osseous epipterygoids, whose shaft is cut across. The post-orbitals and jugals (pt.o.,j.) are still in view. The mandible is cut through near the hinge, and the Meckelian rod is here invested by the surangular, angular, and articular (mk.,s.ag.,ag.,@7.) ; REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE. 45 the back part of the larynx, the basi-hyal, and the cerato-hyals (la.,b.hy.,c.hy.) are also cut across. Eleventh Section.—We now reach the auditory region (fig. 4), and from the obliquity of the head the cranial roof cartilage (s.0.) is seen, the alisphenoidal selvedge (ad.s.) running from it into the auditory capsule (aw.). The anterior canal (a.s.c.) is severed near its ampulla, and a little of the general cavity of the vestibule (vb.) is also shown. The capsule runs into the basal plate below, the ‘isthmus of cartilage under these parts passes inside the trigeminal nerve (5), the internal: carotid (i.c.) is also seen in its canal, and both these structures lie on the pterygoid (pg.). At the middle of the floor the bony matter of the basisphenoid (b.s.) is seen enclosing the cartilage from which the apex of the notochord has shrunk. The quadrate (q.), half bony, is cut through in front of its tympanic cavity exactly at the hinge, so that here the outer “articular” bone is seen to invest the cartilage of the jaw within very closely. Here, exactly in front of the tympanic cavity, the quadrato-jugal (qj.) is severed; between it and the post-orbital (pt.o.) there is a mere membranous space. Here the parietal (p.) is bifoliate, part going over the temporal muscle (¢.m.) to the post-orbital, and part going down to protect the sphenotic tract of cartilage. Below, behind the tongue, the trachea, cerato-hyals, and hypo-branchials (tc.,c.hy., h.br.) ave cut through. Twelfth Section.—A little further backwards we come across new parts (fig. 5); the brain is shown as retained in the cranial cavity, and the optic lobes (C 2) are seen lying over the fore part of the medulla oblongata (C 3); but the cerebellum does not come into view. The thick cartilaginous roof is now superoccipital (s.o.), and this runs into the widening auditory capsule, in which we see the arch of the anterior, and the ampulla of the horizontal canal (a.s.c.,h.s.c.); the eighth nerve (8) is seen passing through the meatus internus, and the columella (co.) filling the fenestra ovalis (co.,f.o.), which leads to the large vestibule (vb.). This section is directly in front of the small budding cochlea. The seventh nerve (7) is seen riding over the columella (co.), beneath which the pterygoid bone (pg.) creeps outside the canal formed by it-for the internal carotid artery (2.c.); for this bone has a most extraordinary development in thé Chelonia, just as the “basi-temporal” plates have in the Bird. These are not homologous parts, but they are vicarious of each other in function in these two types. Here, in the fore edge of the basioccipital bone, the essentially homologous nature of the inter- -segmental vertebrae, and the non-segmented basis cranii in its hind part, is well seen in this section. : The notochord (figs. 5, 5") is here pinched, laterally, in a conical mass of true cartilage,—the mesoblastic sheath of the chord,—and embracing these on each side, we 46 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. see the ossifying lateral or symmetrical cartilages, comparable to the neural arches of the spine, although not broken up into inter-neural segments. Outside the endocranium we see the parietals and squamosals (p.,sq.) finishing the temporal roof, and the latter overlapping the quadrate (q¢.) which is here hollowed out to form the drum (c.ty.). The trachea, bony shaft of cerato-hyal and unossified hypo-branchials (tre.,c.hy.,h.br.) are seen in section below. Thirteenth Section.—Here (fig. 6), we have the very vertebral form of the occipital arch ; but, besides that it represents a series of vertebrae and not a single joint, it is also ossified somewhat differently. There is a V-shaped centre above the superoccipital (s.o.) answering to the upper part of the “atlas,” then a centre for each side of the arch, the exoccipitals (e.0.); and lastly, an azygous bone, the basioccipital, formed by exten- sion of the substance of the “ cephalostyle” into the lower part of the arch, on each side. All this is curiously like and unlike what is seen in a vertebra; and this one arch is formed in a tract that represents the skeleton of the whole post-auditory part of the head, where the glosso-pharyngeal, the vagus (a sevenfold nerve in the Lamprey), and the hypoglossal, all have their exit—a long region, doubtless —in the skulls of archaic types. Here, at the back of the skull, we see that the shaft of the cerato-hyals, and the cartilaginous hypo-branchials (c.hy.,h.br.) have been cut across; also, outside, the end of the parietal dome, and the bifoliate part of the squamosals (p.,sq.), are seen in section. If these figures and descriptions be compared with those of the dissected skull (Pls. XI. and XII.), they will help to a clear understanding of the matter. Eighth Stage. The skull of the adult.—Whilst the formed embryo, at about twenty days after deposit in the sand, is scarcely at all larger than one at the same stage in the Snake (Tropidonotus natrix), or of the nimble Lizard (Lacerta agilis), this type goes on growing until it is of a huge size, and yet its metamorphosis is complete before it leaves the egg. ) After that the changes are scarcely more than long continued increase in bulk; that which is bone at birth is bone in old age, and that which is cartilage at birth is cartilage in old age ; the structures become more solid and compact, relatively, but there is scarcely any change of importance. In front of the basisphenoid all the endocranium remains cartilaginous ; a little selvedge of cartilage running down the front of the auditory capsule still represents the alisphenoid, and the three-rayed periotic synchondrosis narrows somewhat, but 1s permanent. The epiotic coalesces on each side with the superoccipital, but the opisthotic, ossifying the large paroccipital bar, remains like the prootic, permanently free of all surrounding bones. The old sutures and synchondroses remain, the parietals remain distinct, a line REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE. 47 of sutures running from the nose to the superoccipital. In the mandible an important change takes place, for the articular part of the cartilage becomes ossified, endosteally, and then coalesces to some considerable degree with the ectosteal “ articulare.” This determines the name of that outer plate, what might in younger specimens be thought to be a mere splint like the others in this part; so also in highly-ossified Batrachia, as the ‘‘ Aglossa,” the bone, which was taken for the “angulare” by Huxley, coalesces with the endosteally ossified articular region of the free mandible. The post-mandibular arches merely increase in size, and not in character. The rapidity with which this type undergoes its metamorphosis, even in an early period of its life within the egg, is very remarkable as compared with what is seen in the Batrachia with their large larvee. But in Pipa, which searcely shows a trace of even external gills, the metamorphosis is nearly if not quite as rapid, and, at extrusion, the young are as perfect as newly-hatched Turtles; in Dactylethra we may see that, as to the skull, there is but a step between a Batrachian and a Chelonian. There is one thing to be noted of great importance in the development of the Turtle, and that is the number of its body-segments at various stages, their rapid increase at first, and then the suppression or extinction of several, afterwards. In embryos a little more than a quarter of an inch in length (first stage), there are about twenty-seven muscle-plates or somatomes. In embryos ranging from 64 to 9 lines (a little more than half, to three-quarters of an inch), there are fifty-one of these divisions of the body visible externally. Now in the adult I can only find forty-one developed vertebree, viz., 8 cervical, 10 dorsal, 2 sacral, 21 caudal—41 in all. But in the third and fourth stages there are at least 15 somatomes in the cervical region, in the dorso-lumbo-sacral 12 (as in the adult), and 24 in the caudal—51 in all (see Pl. I. figs. 3 and 7); thus we miss in the adult 7 in the cervical and 3 in the caudal—10 in all. This free suppression of segments suggests a great secular modification by shortening of a form not unlike a Plesiosaur. Summary. First Stage. 3% lines long.—In this stage there is nothing to distinguish the embryo from that of a Snake, Lizard, or Bird. There are twenty-seven somatomes ; the heart is looped; there are four clefts, of which the fourth is scarcely open; the limbs are appearing as thickenings; the rudiments of the sense-capsules are very distinct, that of the ear being especially remarkable for the clearness of its lipped opening; there is a slight rudiment of the maxillo-palatine fold (PI. I. fig. 1). . 48 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Second Stage. 6 lines (4 inch) long.—The number of somatomes has greatly increased ; the three divisions of the heart are fairly formed ; the rudiments of the sense-capsules are more distinct, that of the ear still showing the opening; the maxillo-palatine fold is seen in the form of a sessile pointed leaf, the base of which is attached to the top of the mandibular fold, the latter being more than twice the size of the former; the naso-frontal process is not yet formed ; the pituitary involution is beginning (Pl. I. fig. 2). Third Stage. 63 lines long.—The number of somatomes has now increased to about fifty-one, there being only about forty-one vertebree in the adult, which thus aborts seven segments in the cervical region, and three in the caudal, there being the same number in the dorsal, lumbar, and sacral regions, both in these embryos and in the adult. In the latter parts, the somatomes form a sharp inferior edge above the upper margin of the limbs, which is the rudiment of the carapace. The limbs are rounded paddles, attached to a broad base, and the pectoral member is midway between the nose and the tail. The ear opening is covered with skin; rudiments of the naso-frontal process are seen; the maxillo-palatine has increased fourfold, and has, like each of the post-oral folds, a distinct opercular fold projecting over the cleft behind. Head cavities can be seen in the visceral folds; the pituitary involution is more distinct ; the notochord reaches nearly to the top of the fold of the mid-brain (middle trabecula), and is curved over and enlarged at the end (PI. I. figs. 3-6). Fourth Stage. 9 lines long.—The number of somatomes is the same as in the last stage; the rudiment of the carapace is very distinct ; the head is larger than the whole thoracic region of the body, and rudiments of the hemispheres are apparent in front of the pineal elevation ; the mid-brain is very outstanding, and the hind-brain is much hidden by lateral growths ; the maxillo-palatine, is twice as large as the post-oral, folds, which are now contracting upon all the clefts ; the Eustachian openings are wide apart. The quadrate is already sickle-shaped, enclosing the bulbous distal end of the columella in the rudimentary membrana tympani, which closes up the upper part of the cleft. There are distinct lachrymal and nasal clefts, and between the latter a dilated, rounded naso- frontal process is seen, on the centre of which is the rudiment of the rostrum for breaking the shell. The racemose pituitary body has not yet united with the infundibulum ; the olfactory lobes are quite distinct from the solid olfactory nerves, and the optic nerves are hollow. A chondrocranium is already formed, and the basis cranii runs high into the fold of the mid-brain, forming the post-clinoid wall, the notochord runs nearly as high as this latter, and is clubbed, and turned downwards. From the pituitary region are seen the broad trabeculee segmented from the investing mass, and a long intertrabecular bar ending in the prenasal rostrum ; from the trabeculz grow the large orbito-sphenoids, which lie low down; the orbito-nasal septum is not developed (Pls. I. and IL). REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE. 49 Fifth Stage. 1% inch long.—The carapace and limbs are now well formed, but the abdominal region is still membranous. The large head is rapidly approaching the adult form, but the mid-brain still projects. The mandibles now fill in the triangular space between the maxillo-palatines, which have converged to form the upper jaw ; above their Junction is a median nasal passage. The chondrocranium is well formed, but is at present only an open trough, except in the superoccipital region; the orbito- and alisphenoids are continuous with each other, with the post-clinoid wall, and with the auditory capsules. The notochord is only half as high as the post-clinoid wall, and curves over, having an elongated cartilaginous sheath, which passes down beyond it, behind the pituitary body ; the latter is closely applied to the infundibulum, but not united with it. The orbito-nasal septum is now developed. There is no ossification in the chondrocranium, but osteo- blasts are quite evident in the pterygoids, and the other investing bones appear as granular tracts. The epipterygoid is continuous with the pedicle of the quadrate. Meckel’s cartilages are confluent, and the columella is in two segments, as in the Batrachia (Pls. III.—IX.). Siath Stage. 3 inches long, head 7 lines long.—The general form of the head is like that of the adult ; ossification has commenced in the exoccipitals, basioccipital, and basi- sphenoid, and the investing bones are all present. There is no distinction between the nasal and prefrontal, and the parietal has grown down between the second and fifth nerves, so as to abort nearly the whole of the alisphenoid; it reaches the pterygoid. The pituitary body and the infundibulum are now united. There is a distinctly cartilaginous annulus tympanicus, as in the Batrachia; the stapedial plate is distinct from the bar of the columella, and the extrastapedial is discoid, and has a supra- stapedial lobe, as in the Toad. The epipterygoid is not ossified, and is continuous with the pedicle of the quadrate. The parietal fontanelle is wide open (PI. X.). Seventh Stage. Nearly vipe.—The parietal fontanelle is now filled in, and almost everything is in the same condition as in the adult, except that the synchondroses are larger. The chondrocranium is largely ossified from the pituitary region, backwards, but unossified in front. The epiotic has not coalesced with the superoccipital, and the opisthotic has only ossified half the cartilage belonging to it. The notochord is flattened in the occipital condyle, but is surrounded by a solid sheath of cartilage. Now, and for a long time afterwards, there is no ossification of the articular cartilage, but its long plate closely embraces it. The nasal capsules form two pouches, closed above and below, and continuous with the septum nasi; the prenasal rostrum is short and descending. There is a distinct ethmo-palatine cartilage, and a rudiment of the inferior turbinal ; the epi- pterygoid is ossified and segmented from the unossified pedicle of the quadrate ; the quadrate is ossifying, and is hollowed out to form the drum (Pls. XI.—XIII.). (ZOOL. CHALL. EXP.—PaRT v.—1880.) E7 50 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. General Conclusions. The Turtle agrees with the Lizards in having a large orbito-nasal septum and an epi- pterygoid, and in the mode of ossification of the occipital arch and auditory capsules ; it differs from them in having the alisphenoid quite aborted, and the opisthotic permanently distinct. It agrees with the Chameeleon in having a single vomer, but differs from it in having an epipterygoid, a tympanic cavity, a functional columella, a rudimentary cochlea, and a fenestra rotunda; in which characters it agrees with the typical Lizards. It agrees with Hatteria and the Crocodile in having a quadrato-jugal, and in this character differs from the other Lizards and Snakes. Although forming in the adult condition so great a contrast to the Snakes in their outward form, it agrees with them and differs from other reptiles in having neither sternum nor sternal ribs, the whole plastron and much of the carapace being formed of membrane bones. The Turtles, like the Batrachia, are remarkable for the fewness of their investing bones ; the nasals and prefrontals are ossified as one tract, and there are no super-orbitals, no second temporal bone, and no splenials. One of the most. remarkable things in the early embryo is the large number of soma- tomes, in the neck especially, and also in the tail, as compared with what is seen in the intercalary bony segments (vertebrae) of the adult ; thus, the embryo suggests an ancestry having alonger neck and tail than the existing forms. As some of the Cretaceous Chelonia certainly possessed teeth, and as a few forms, both fossil and existing, have the nasal bones distinct from the prefrontals, it is evident that the modern Chelonia are forms that have become separated from their nearest reptilian relations by specialisation. A long necked ancestry with a feebly-developed carapace, and many feeble bones of the plastron arranged triserially, would bring us very near to the Plesiosaurs. The great and close conformity of the Turtles, even now, to the Lacertilia, suggests a common parentage.’ 1 The magnificent skeleton of the Leathery Turtle (Sphargis coriacea), recently added to the treasures in the British Museum, has its ribs distinct from each other, as in young embryos of the ordinary kind, and as in the extinct Plesio- saurs. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. The Numbers indicate Nerves or their Foramina. in « ; 2 angulare. Ga, 0 6 ; epiotie. an . : .. _ alinasal. e.pt. » j ; ethmo-palatine. abe. : é alisphenoid. e.pg. « ; : epipterygoid. al.sp. . : : aliseptal cartilage. erm. : . external rectus muscle. ag... 4 c aqueductus vestibuli. ists : : extrastapedial. in F ‘ articulare. eth. . : : ethmoid. iC , . articular condyle. eu. ; : Eustachian aperture. USC. : j anterior semicircular canal. Wn 6 : : atlas. J: frontal. aty. . : . annulus tympanicus. Sm. « : : foramen magnum. (Ue : é auditory capsule. jo. : . fontanelle. Via | 6 : é fenestra ovalis. a ; : basilar artery. THOR Ac : : fenestra rotunda. bor. . : : basi-branchial. : ay). ; Pecirall g.cl. . ; : ganglion cochleare. ee enna eey gg. . : ‘ Gasserian ganglion. pital. : , 3 an Bene rGalasahe g.ge. . ‘ : ganglion geniculatun. Os, : : basisphenoid. eae : eee WR : : hypo-branchial. vis : ; fore brain. : WB « : : eeu Cla. ‘ 5 cerebral hemispheres. hihy. . hypo-hyal. Clb. : ; rhinencephalon, his.e. . i ; horizontal semicircular canal. Ca i : amd: brain. Kis : ; hyoid arch. C3. : : hind-brain. Coa . ; ; cerebellum. ; UCwet 0 : internal carotid. iS : ; cerato-branchial. ) ofr. inferior rectus muscle. AM ; : cerato-hyal. Bits 6 : : internal nostril. oh : : cleft. inf. . : ‘ infundibulum. pai é q , columella. Mt, . ; , internal rectus muscle. pile: ; ° cavity of tympanum: Ontos % : : inferior turbinal. OHH) 6 ‘ : intertrabecula. d. : ; : dentary. ; ; ‘ Wb 6 c . investing mass. eye. a. : . : jugal. CT 3 6 external nostril. iss : : exoccipital. Liel. : : lachrymal cleft. mn. MN. p. mst. . mtr. . m.ty. . Mx. Mk). my. Nd. ne. N.C. Wai 0 nip... N.p. nw. . OCC. . ol. op. 0.8. THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. lachrymal gland. lachrymal passage. lateral sinus. larnyx. mouth. mandibular cleft. meatus internus. Meckel’s cartilage. mandible. middle nasal. passage. mediostapedial. middle trabecula. membrana tympani. maxillary. maxillo-palatine. myelon. neural arch. notochord. nasal cavity. nasal floor. naso-fronal process. nasal passage. nasal wall, occipital condyle. olfactory capsule. opisthotic. orbito-sphenoid. otic process. parietal. palatine. palate. posterior basi-cranial fontanelle. pericardium. postevior clinoid. pectoral member. pedicle of quadrate. perpendicular ethmoid. prefronto-nasal. pterygoid. | p.n. pul. . pupa. . pro. . pS. p.8.C: . | pt.o. . | pv.m. pe. Py. prenasal cartilage. pineal gland. palatine process of premaxillary. prootic. presphenoid. posterior semicircular canal. post-orbital. pelvic member. premaxillary. pituitary body or space. quadrate. quadrate condyle. quadrato-jugal. rostral spine. retina, sur-angulare, septum nasi. sheath of notochord. superoccipital. superorbital. squamosal. superior rectus muscle suprastapedial. stapes. tongue. temporal muscle. thyro-hyal. trabecula. trachea. tympanum. tympanic cavity. tympanic space. umbilical vessels. vomer. vestibule. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Plate. Fig. No, ee Times I. 1. First Stage—Embryo of Chelone viridis, 34 lines long,’ . 182 diam. » 2. Second Stage.-—Another embryo, 6 lines long, : 3 Pe ea ey, » 8. Third Stage—Embryo, 6} lines long ; side view, . ; a, 82. 35 » 4. Head of same; lower view, with only two post-oral arches shown, and those partly cut away on one side, rae SOR , 5. Upper view of same head, . : 5 : : : sy glen i, ,» 6. Fig. 6a. 1a. 2a. 3a. THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER, Fifth Stage, continued.—First Section of a series taken hori- zoutally ; this, the uppermost, shows the cavity of the cranium up to the post-clinoid region, and the fore part of the hind skull, with the medulla oblongata in section ; in front, the rhinencephala are cut across over the nasal cavities, : ; Second Section.—Here, the olfactory nerves are cut across, and the sides of the great post-pituitary wall, . : Third Section.—This shows the whole width of the hinder cranial region, and the roof of the nasal labyrinth is removed below the fore part of the cranial cavity, Fourth Section.~-Here the nasal cavities are fully laid open, . Fifth Section.—This section runs through the external nostrils in front, and the upper part of the ear-capsules behind, Sixth Section.—This is so far down as to cut across the noto- chord in the post-clinoid wall; only the hind part is drawn, Part of the same, . t ; : : ; A Seventh Section.—This is so low down as to reach the palatal skin at one part in front, and behind to lay open the “meatus internus,” Part of same, : ; ; : ; : Highth Section—In this half-section the pterygoids and epipterygoids are reached, Part of same, ; : : : : Ninth Section.—This section opens the lower mouth of the pituitary space, the median nasal passage, and internal nares, Part of same, ; : Tenth Section—Here the floor of the mouth is shown, and the foramen magnum is seen at its middle part, Eleventh Section.—This last section shows the mandibles i situ, and the occipital condyle enclosing the notochord, Siath Stage.—Sectional view of skull, seen from the inside, Side view of skull, No. of Times Magnified. 12 diam. = 24 REPORT ON THE GREEN TURTLE. 57 No. of Times Plate. Fig. Magnified. X. 38. Lower view of the same, : : 54 diam. ¥ 4. Upper view of the same, : ; : d : : ; ee 5 5. End view of the skull, . : ; Danses ss 6. Lower arches ; upper view, 5+, ¥: 7. Side view of quadrate and epipterygoid, 102 5 ie 8. Inner view of columella auris, ; : F ; 4 : 16 5 * 9. End view of columella, 4 5 : : ba OD ae , 10. Annulus tympanus and extrastapedial ; outer view, ; 5 Oma , ll. Hund part of basis cranii; lower view, . ; : ; 5 le os » 12. The same; upper view, é : ; 4 : bet @lGire a XI. 1. Seventh Stage, Ripe Young.—Section of head with brain 7 situ, d . es 2. The same, with brain removed, 4 - a 3. Under view of skull, Ay As cs 4. Upper view of skull, 4 as ,, 5. Side view of skull, A AL 44 6. End view of skull, 4 5 s 7. Lower arches; upper view, 4 FA XII. 1. Seventh Stage, continwed.—Endocranium (the investing bones removed) ; side view, Ae Fi 2. The same; lower view, a 5, 3. The same ; upper view,. 4 ms a) 4. First Section of a series taken in a vertically transverse direction ; this is through the external nostrils, 62 —(C, it 5. Second Section.—Through prenasal cartilage, 62 ,, is 6. Third Section—Through fore part of nasal pouches and nasal entrance, 62, is 7. Fourth Section.—Through the fore part of the nasal pouches behind the nostrils, 62. Cy, is 8. Fifth Section—Through most perfect part of nasal floor, Gols. i 9. Sixth Section.—Through nasal roof and rudiments of inferior turbinals, 6450 ‘ 9a. Part of same, showing ethmo-palatines, . : : : : 262 ,, ws 9b. Part of same from other side of section, é : ‘ a Ose (ZOOL. CHALL, EXP.—PART y.—1880.) E8 Ci he Go Ls THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Seventh Section.—Through fore part of eyeballs, Same series continued.—Kighth Section.—Through hind part of eyeballs, . : : : 5 Ninth Section Through back of orbits, Tenth Section.—Through pituitary space, Eleventh Section.—Through fore part of ear-sacs, : Twelfth Section—Through widest part of ear-sacs and tympanic cavity, . . . Part of same, Thirteenth Section.—Through occipital arch, . No. of Times Magnified. 62 diam. F. Huth, Lith Edin? Ch ES ETOm Nee WoW lee fl jo) f Sp Fig.l. I Stage. 2. 2% Stage. 3-6. 8% Stage. 7, 4 Stage. The Voyage of H.M.S."Challenger’ PLIL F. Huth, Lith” Edin? The Voyage of H.M. S“Challenger” etuaal . PARI W. KP. del. ad nat. CHELONE F. Huth, Lith? Edin VERDE INS. ere, Stage. y , y Cos , ie cs 7 i Y 3 uy 1 ' i * © i e we + . a rs a ‘ ‘ , ( : j 5 , ‘ } " . 3 2 a \ . i 2 ri 1% y : ' t y = ‘ee hie sts) , e ; i a JEL JING F Huth, Lith? Edin? aa Koes ee CAL G inf ie fh @ IX fF high I-53. 4 Stage. 6-1. 5% Stage. The Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger.’ W.KP del ad nat, i ~ o> W. KP, del. ad nat Ceo EEO mNE Vellenorl i >Si. 5am Stage ; st “Se Ri y Re Uc) ee 7 ae ty HM. S. Challenger £ 1 The Voyage o “RE dd ad nat. F Hath, latht Béint Dp i Se CRIES EON = Pl. VIL. The Voyage of H M.S ‘Challenger’ XP Glad nat. F. Huth, Lith® Edin? @ ial j= {b (o) IN j= WP H ike Wt jo WSs. 5” Stage. Py ey 1 x Q [er A Soe) Beas if aS) if es ‘ Ce Se ‘, Rees ; " : ; 5 ele se Cote Pct : ved y £ [ a { Pd ay A ffs oe tee ri i se ~, iy ~ ; ; “a The Voyage of H.M.S."Challenger’ ot PVE K.P del. ad nat. F. Huth, Lith? Edin™ CHES EIG) NSE) EO Ve TERED 1Se oth z Stage , dt aber Sea any ile i 4 é y nh y Lae 3 ‘ a he 2 es . E om ¢ =F ele z * ‘ el J a 7 yg Z 4 Nie J by U Ss é | x d * 2 = ‘i 4 . - s 5 > \% S 3 i - Pe cate! i 8e ne PEM. ‘ Sane : . 4 : ys , E o ¥ , ‘ * LS Plate IX. The Voyage of HM.S"Challenger.” \ oe Wee ae fa SO eeeee F. Huth, Litht Edint W.K Parker, del. ad nat. Ss VIRIDI GASES ONE Be Stage. i mS NA ; fen FES ‘ 4 c ‘ z J 1 r i ¥ . s 5 , A 5 . q Y F 2 \ a ud 4 ee! « r ‘ hi oe ‘ vs ' . é - c : ) . ? 4 Th Voyage of H.M.S.Challenger” ae é F Huth, Lith? Edin? © \rt 1S ib ©) int iS WA Wojse it ley Sy 6 & Stage. i IIL SL é bt a ¢ ah # $ 1 iy j ‘ FE. Huth, Lith? Edin® 4 CEES ERORNRE WM lee We joy i Se f. 4 the ot, 7 m ines or beege : The Voyage of H.M.S “Challenger.” Pl. XU. Fug. 9b. x 263. ‘ , “fl ” WAP. del. ad nat. ¥. Huth, Lith” Fdin® ati ee ee ee a Oe A ee eee Te a 7 Vo iit. te WV " f ae: - is yi OE ee i + ; { : Pl. XIII. F Huth, Lith” Edin” Se NG SSS Rib Vv S cage Coors Es EON NE The Voyage of F.M.S."Challenger.” THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. ZOOLOGY. REPORT on the Snore Fisues procured during the Voyage of H.M.S. Chal- lenger in the Years 1873-1876. By Apert Gintuer, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., Keeper of the Department of Zoology in the British Museum. TuE collection of Fishes procured during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger has been divided into two distinct series. The first consists of the specimens collected near the coast at the various localities at which the Expedition landed: they are littoral forms, to which a few obtained from fresh waters have been added. The second consists of the specimens obtained in the open sea, either from the surface or from the bottom ; these are the Pelagic and Deep-sea forms. The present part treats of the fishes of the first series only. Care has been taken to enumerate all the species collected, with a statement of the localities where they were captured ; but descriptions of a part only are given—viz., of those which proved to be new or but imperfectly known. ‘This series consists of 1400 specimens, representing 520 species, of which 94 are new to science; and, throughout, bears evidence of having been collected with judgment and discrimination ; the specimens being carefully labelled, and, with but few exceptions, in an excellent state of preservation. The opportunities of collecting shore fishes were dependent on many circumstances, and, consequently, the faunze of the various localities are very unequally Fepreeeateg t in this collection, as must needs be the case in all voyages of discovery. Therefore it seemed to me far more useful to students of ichthyology, as well as to travellers, to arrange the materials geographically, than to follow a strictly systematic order. Indeed, in adopting this plan I have found ’a precedent in J. R. Forster’s Descriptiones Animalium, which contains the zoological results of Cook’s Voyage (ZOOL, CHALL, EXP, —PART vL—1880.) F 1 re = 2 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. round the Globe in 1772-1774; to facilitate reference, however, to any particular species, I have added a separate systematic list of all the species collected. The proportion of new species is larger than could have been anticipated, as most of the localities visited had been previously well searched by naturalists, and is much larger than is found in the majority of similar miscellaneous collections. The localities which yielded the most important results by the discovery not only of undescribed species, but also of those to which particular faunistic interest is attached, are, in the Atlantic, St Paul’s Rocks, Ascension, and the mouth of the Plate River ; in the Southern Ocean, Magellan Straits, Juan Fernandez, and Kerguelen Island; in the Pacific, Twofold Bay, the Arafura Sea, the Admiralty, Sandwich Islands, and Japan. In accordance with the instructions received, a complete set of the series, including 661 specimens, especially the typical examples from which descriptions and figures- have been taken, has been deposited in the British Museum. COUN E ENS: Page 2 Page I. Tae Fiso-Fauna oF THE SHORES OF THE (d.) Magellan Straits and Falkland Islands, 19 ATLANTIC :— {IL T - y () Tempera Zone of the North At HE Fiso-Fauna OF THE TEMPERATE ZONE lanti 3 OF THE SoutTH PaciFic :— antic (b.) Tropi ell PNiantic 4 (a.) Valparaiso and Juan Fernandez, . 23 7 1. Surface Fishes collected at St Paul's (2.) New Zealand, : ; - 26 Rocks |. 4 (c.) Coasts of Southern Australia, . eel 2. Surface Fishes eallect at dhe “idk VC Wise Raualor una dRnGere ani 7oenon a Swe : ; F x THE INDO-Paciric :— ee ae meee my a es) ange ; (a.) Fishes from the River Mary, Queens- ra ae an noe : ; 8 land, . : : . 30 AC aneie Sat ee eee eer (b.) The Fiji Islands, eos) (ei ompareie Conse eeu ae (c.) The Sea between Australia Pa New 1. Mouth of the Rio de la Plata, sp eal 20 £ Good H 13 Guinea, : = 36 ‘ He : ie ; a ‘ ; 14 (d.) The East Indian Avcnneeee , Bll e ae ae é : / 14 (e.) Hong Kong, . : . O4 ete Doce: ; ; (f.) The Admiralty Tenis ; 5 Ais Il. Tan Fise-Fauna or tHe Antarctic OcEAN (g.) The Friendly and Society Islands, . 57 AND OF SHORES ABUTTING ON IT :— (h.) The Sandwich Islands, 3 . 59 (a.) Kerguelen Island and Prince Edward's (i.) Japan, : . iO Island, , : ? . 14| Sysremaric List, 5 . : . 74 REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES, 3 I. THE FISH-FAUNA OF THE SHORES OF THE ATLANTIC. A, TEMPERATE ZONE OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC. Some shore fishes were collected by the Expedition at Madeira, and at two of the Cape Verde Islands, viz., St Vincent and St Jago. The Expedition stayed at the former place from February 2 to February 6, and on July 9; at St Vincent from July 27 to August 5; and at St Jago from August 7 to August 9, 1873; and on the return voyage in 1876 at St Jago on April 16, and at St Vincent from April 18 to April 26. ‘The species collected at these places are comparatively few in number, and none of them of special interest; so that their simple enumeration will suffice. The shore fauna of the temperate zone gradually merges into that of the tropical zone, so that, whilst the Madeira fishes are almost purely Mediterranean, those of the Cape Verde Islands show a great admixture of West Indian species. A single more northern species, obtained south of Halifax, Nova Scotia, is included in this series. Anthias sacer, Bl., Madeira. Sebastes kuhli, Bowd., Madeira. Scorpena scrofa, L., St Vincent. Rhypticus saponaceus, Bl. Schn., St Vincent. Beryx splendens, Lowe, Madeira. Dactylopterus volitans, L., St Vincent. Lichia glauca, L., St Jago. Caranx crumenophthalmus, Bl., St Jago. Argyriosus setipinnis, Mitch., Porto Praya, St Jago. - Galeoides polydactylus, Vahl., St Jago. Sphyrena vulgaris, C. V., St Jago. Mugil cephalus, Cuv., St Jago. Blennius sanguinolentus, Pall., St Vincent. Lepadogaster gouant, Barnev., St Vincent. Scarus chrysopterus, Bl., St Vincent. Hippoglossoides dentatus, Mitch., South of Nova Scotia. Station 49 ; 83 fathoms. Rhomboidichthys podas, De la Roche, St Vincent. Henirhamphus vittatus, Val., St Jago. Balistes forcipatus, Gm., St Vincent. Monacanthus setifer, Benn., St Vincent. 4 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. B. TROPICAL ATLANTIC. 1. SurFace FisHEs coLLEcTED aT St Pavt’s Rocks. The Expedition landed on these craggy rocks of the Mid-Atlantic on August 27, 18738, and the ship remained moored to the rocks till the 29th. The sea round them is described as abounding in fish, as is usual at such isolated localities. The fauna is composed of West Indian forms, with some of the species hitherto found at Ascension and St Helena; and I have thought it instructive to enumerate them separately, although evidently many more species might have been collected during a longer stay. It is not surprising that a distinct, and apparently undescribed, species of the widely spread genus Holocentrum should prove to be peculiar to this isolated locality. Holocentrum sancti pauli, n. sp. (Pl. 1. fig. A). D. H, A. 34, L. lat. 48, L. transv. 34/8. The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-third; the interspace between the eyes is 5 in the latter (opercular spine included). The length of the snout is equal to the diameter of the eye, which is one-fourth of the length of the head; the maxillary does not reach to the vertical from the centre of the eye. Operculum, with a strong and thick triangular spine, and with denticulations beneath ; preeopercular spine broad, flattened, and cleft, or bifurcate at its extremity; its length is contained 34 times in that of the posterior edge of the preeoperculum. The third and fourth dorsal spines are the longest, a little less than half the length of the head; soft dorsal rather elevated, more than half the height of the body; caudal deeply forked, the upper lobe much longer than the lower; third anal spine very strong, one-third of the height of the body. Ventral fins about three-fourths of the length of the head, terminating at a great distance from the anus; pectoral shorter than the ventrals. Uniform red. Length of specimen 16 inches. Caranx ascensionis, Forst. Glyphidodon saxatilis, L. Cossyphus rufus, L. Platyglossus cyanostigma, C. V. Einchelycore mgricans, Bonnat. Balistes buniva, Lae. 2. SURFACE FISHES COLLECTED AT THE ISLAND OF ASCENSION." On the return journey (April 1876) the Expedition remained several days at this locality, so that the naturalists succeeded in obtaining a rather interesting series of its 1 (Many of the fishes in this list were collected by Dr Drew, R.N., and sent home to Mr Murray after the Challenger left.—C. Wy. T.] REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. 5 surface fishes, adding to its fauna several forms which had escaped the notice of previous observers; the occurrence of Blennophis webbi, so far south, is a curious fact. Ascension, like St Helena, has several fishes which hitherto have not been found elsewhere ; but their distinctive characteristics are merely specific, not generic. Carcharias obscurus, Les. Serranus impetiginosus, M. and T. Sargus argenteus, C. V. FTolocentrum longipinne, C. V. Tichia glauca, L. Caranx ascensionis, Forst. Blennophis webbi, Val. Antennarius multiocellatus, C. V. Glyphidodon saxatilis, L. Julis ascensionis, Q. and G., In specimens 3 inches and 4 inches in length, the sides are of very light colour, and traversed longitudinally by a dark purplish band proceeding from behind the operculum, above the pectoral fin to the root of the caudal. Dorsal with a black spot between the first three spines ; the rest of the fin greenish along its basal portion, and with a blackish intramarginal band, the tips of the rays being whitish (in spirits). Anal greenish, with a bright coloured longitudinal band; caudal uniform light yellowish. In a specimen 54 inches long, there is a darker shade on the upper parts of the body, and no trace of the longitudinal band on the side; the coloration generally is much darker, and there is a vertical dark line on most of the scales; in other respects the coloration of the four specimens is similar. Belone trachura, C. V. Murena moringa, Cuv. Monacanthus scriptus, Osbeck. Balistes vetula, L. Balistes buniva, Lae. 3. St THomas (West [npries) AND THE Coast oF BRAZIL. The naturalists of the Expedition had only a few opportunities of collecting shore fishes in this part of the Tropical Atlantic, viz., at St Thomas (March 24, 1873) ; off Pernambuco (September 10); and Bahia (September 14). Of these localities, the sea off Pernambuco, described in the List of Stations as No. 122, yielded some interesting novelties ; the fishes were obtained by means of the trawl in depths varying from 32 6 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. to 400 fathoms, so that the exact depth could not be accurately ascertained for every species. However, as some of the species obtained on that occasion belong, or are closely allied, to well known genera of shore fishes, I have considered it safer to include these at least in the present series than to enumerate them among the deep-sea forms. Bathyanthias, n. gen. (Percidee). Form of the body similar to that of Anthias. One dorsal fin with nine spines; anal with three ; caudal truncated. Teeth in villiform bands, in the jaws, on the vomer and palatine bones, without canines. Tongue smooth. Preeoperculum finely serrated, without projection. Scales of moderate size, very finely ciliated. Branchiostegals seven. Coast of Brazil. Bathyanthias roseus, n. sp. (Pl. I. fig. B). D. 7%, A. 3, L. lat. 58, L. transv. 32. The length of the head is nearly equal to the depth of the body, and one-third of the total length (without caudal). Hye as long as the snout, and two-sevenths of the length of the head ; intererbital space flat, but much narrower than the orbit; maxillary extending to below the middle of the eye; the vomerine teeth form a triangular patch, the palatine bands being very narrow. Six series of scales on the cheek. Preeoperculum very finely serrated on its posterior margin and with the angle rounded ; operculum without spine. Caudal and anal fins scaly, but the soft dorsal scaleless. Dorsal spines rather feeble, the third being the longest, and about one-third of the length of the head ; pectoral fin falciform, extending to the anal, and not quite so long as the head; ventrals only half as long. ‘The lateral line ascends rapidly from its origin towards the spinous dorsal, and runs close to the upper profile, descending again behind the dorsal to the middle of the tail. Colour, uniform rose-coloured, with two faint lighter longitudinal bands. Length of specimen 44 inches. Station 122; 30 or 350 fathoms. Centropristis annularis, n. sp. (Pl. I. fig. C). D. +9, A. 3, L. lat. 60. Margin of the preeoperculum rounded, without stronger spines at the angle ; operculum with three spmes. Reddish, with two incomplete black rings behind the eye, with a large, saddle-shaped spot on the back of the trunk, and with some small black dots on the dorsal fin. Off Pernambuco. Length of specimen 2 inches. Station 122; 30 or 350 fathoms. Serranus apua, Bl., St Thomas. Rhypticus arenatus, C. V., Bahia. Mesoprion chrysurus, Bl., St Thomas. REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES, a Hemulon chrysargyreum, Gthr., Fernando Noronha. Priacanthus, sp., Station 126. Pomacanthus paru, Bl., St Thomas. Scorpena plunieri, Bl., St Thomas. Holocentrum longipinne, C. V., St Thomas. Peristethus truncatwm, n. sp. (Pl. IL. fig. A). D. 7%, A. 20, L. lat. 32. The length of the preeorbital processes is contained twice and three-fourths in the distance between their extremities and the anterior margin of the orbit. Interorbital space deeply concave, with a depressed smooth groove along the middle; a minute spine on the base of each preeorbital process, but no other on the upper surface of the snout; lower jaw with numerous barbels, the longest being fringed. The pre- opercular ridge does not extend beyond the hind margin of the bone, and is not produced into a spine; also the opercular ridge terminates in a short and truncated projection. Each scute of the body with a hooked spine. Lach of the bony plates between the ventral fins is not quite twice as long as broad. Rose-coloured, with small irregular brownish spots on the upper parts. Length of specimen 64 inches. Coast of Pernambuco. Station 122; 30 or 350 fathoms. Malthe vespertilio, L. Station 122; 30 or 350 fathoms. Heliastes flavicauda, n. sp. (Pl. XXX. fig. D). D. 13, A. 2, L. lat. 27, L. transv. 24/9. The height of the body is contained twice and one-third in the total length (without caudal); the diameter of the eye is a little more than one-third of the length of the head or than the width of the interorbital space. Dorsal spines of moderate strength and nearly equal in length; the length of the second anal spine is one-half of that of the head; caudal fin emarginate, with the lobes rounded. Sky-blue (in spirits) with purple reflexions ; abdomen purplish ; end of the tail and caudal fin yellow; a deep black spot superiorly on the axil of the pectoral. Length of specimen 3 inches. Coast of Pernambuco. Station 122; 30 fathoms. Romboidichthys cornutus, n. sp. (Pl. II. fig. B). D. 78, A. 62, L. lat. 48. This species differs from all the other species of the genus in having the lateral line anteriorly with a very slight obliquity only ; there is no curve. The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head a little less than one-third. Head higher than long, with the anterior profile straight ; snout only half as long as the large eye, the diameter of which is two-fifths of the length of the head. Cleft of the mouth of moderate width; the maxillary extending beyond the front margin of the eye, which it equals in length. Interorbital space concave, scaly, its width being one-half of the longitudinal diameter of the eye. Lower 8 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. eye a little in advance of the upper. Snout with three pointed projections in front of the upper eye (at least in the adult). None of the fin rays produced. Pectoral of the coloured side as long as the head, without snout. A series of distant large blackish spots along the basal half of the dorsal and anal fins; one or two similar spots on the basal half of the caudal, and on the terminal portion of the tail. Pectoral with two or three blackish transverse bands. In two very young specimens which appear to belong to the same species the eyes are very close together, and there are no tentacles on the snout. Length of specimen 12 to 35 inches. Coast of Brazil. Station 122; 30 or 350 fathoms. Hippocampus guttulatus, Cuv. Station 122; 30 or 350 fathoms. Hippocampus villosus, n. sp. (Pl. I. fig. D). Dorsal fin with sixteen rays. Tubercles well developed, rather pointed, the most prominent provided with bundles of filaments; the whole upper surface, and especially the top of the trunk, covered with similar filaments ; supraorbital spine slightly truncated, and with its anterior portion slightly detached ; coronet of moderate height; the length of the snout is equal to the distance between the centre of the orbit and the gill-opening. Uniform light coloured. Length of specimen 2} inches. Off Bahia, in 7 to 20 fathoms. The figure represents the specimen twice its natural size. Monacanthus occidentalis, Gthr. Station 122; 30 or 350 fathoms. Ostracion quadricorms, L. Station 122; 30 or 350 fathoms. 4, BERMUDA. The marine fish fauna of Bermuda does not exhibit any peculiarity, by which it may be distinguished from that of the tropical Atlantic generally. No naturalist has paid more attention to it than Mr J. Matthew Jones, who has collected the fishes round this island for many years, and who has recently succeeded in obtaining several which hitherto had escaped observation. Mr G. Brown Goode has published (1876) a Catalogue of the Fishes of Bermuda, based chiefly upon the collections of the United States National Museum. Probably in the course of years all the species found round the West Indian Islands will be found to occur, at least occasionally, near Bermuda. In the following list those recently observed by Mr Jones are enumerated with those collected by the naturalists of the Challenger :— Carcharias obscurus. Serranus undulosus. Mustelus levis. Serranus coronatus. Aitobatis narinare. Rhypticus saponaceus. Holocentrum longipinne. Mesoprion chrysurus. REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. Apogon imberbis. Glyphidodon celestinus. Priacanthus macrophthalmus. Platyglossus bivittatus. Hemulon xanthopterum. Scarus catesbyt. Hemulon macrostoma. Pseudoscarus psittacus. Gerres lefroyi. Pseudoscarus sancte crucis. Gerres gula. Brotula barbata. Gerres jonesi. Henvrhombus soleeformis. Sargus capensis. Rhomboidichthys lunatus. Sargus argenteus. Pimelepterus bosci. Chetodon capistratus. Holacanthus tricolor. Scorpena plumieri. Caranx caballus. Caranx dentex. Caranx carangus. Caranex chrysos. Trachynotus ovatus. Trachynotus goreensis. Acanthurus chirurgus. Thynnus thunnina. Coryphena pelagica. Coryphena hippurus. Nomeus gronovir. Thyrsites prometheus. Sphyrena picuda. Mugil brasiliensis. Malacanthus plumierv. Gobius soporator. Blennius crintus. Salarias vomerinus. Regalecus gladius. Fistularia serrata. Aulostoma coloratum. Pomacentrus rectifrenum. (ZOOL. CHALL. EXP,—PART vi1.—1880.) Saurus myops. Saurus intermedius. Saurus fatens. Fundulus bermude. Belone hians. Belone jonesi. Exocatus lineatus. Exocetus furcatus. Albula conorhynchus. Engraulis cherostomus. Clupea macrophthalma. Clupea thrissa. Ophichthys acuminatus. Myrophis punctatus. Murena miliaris. Murena maculipinis. Murena sancte helene. Syngnathus pelagicus. Syngnathus jones. Diodon maculatus. Tetrodon rostratus. Tetrodon spenglert. Ostracion triqueter. Ostracion trigonus. Balistes maculatus. Monacanthus aurantiacus. bo 10 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Gerres lefroyi, Goode, Bermuda. Diapterus lefroyi, G. Brown Goode, Am. Jour. Sc. and Arts, 1874, p. 123; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 5, 1876, p. 39. Gerres productus, Poey, Ann. Lye. N. York, 1876, vol. xi. p. 59; O'Shaughnessy, Zool. Rec., 1877, vol. xiii. Pise. p. 12. : Gerres jonesi, Gthr. (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1879, vol. iii. pp. 150, 389). D. 3%, A. 3, L. lat. 49, L. transv. 54/10. The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length (without caudal). _ Preeorbital and preeoperculum entire, the latter with the angle slightly rounded. The groove for the processes of the intermaxillaries does not extend to the vertical from the centre of the eye, is elongate, and entirely free from scales. The snout is as long as the eye, and equals the width of the interorbital space. The spines of the fins are slender, the second of the dorsal slightly exceeding half the length of the head, and being more than twice as long as the second of the anal fin, which is stoutish and shorter than the eye. Uniform silvery, from 6 to 9 inches long. Sargus capensis, Smith, Bermuda. Pimelepterus bosci, Lac., Bermuda. Caranx caballus, Gthr., Panama, Bermuda. Trachurus boops, Girard, U. S. Pac. R. R. Route, Fish., p. 108. Caranx caballus, Gthr., Zool. Trans., vol. vi. p. 431. This species is new to the West Indian fauna. Fundulus bermude, Gthr. (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1874, vol. xiv. p. 370), (Pl. XXXII. fig. B). D. 14, A. 12, L. lat. 35, L. transv. 13. The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head rather less than two-sevenths. Snout short, not longer than the eye, with the lower jaw ascending and projecting beyond the upper. The width of the interorbital space is contained twice and one-third in the length of the head, the diameter of the eye four times. The origin of the dorsal fin is opposite to the sixteenth scale of the lateral line, and midway between the root of the caudal and the preopercular margin. The first anal ray corresponds to the fourth or fifth of the dorsal fin. Anal fin much higher than long. Brownish- olive, with numerous indistinct dark greenish cross bands (in the male). Of this species, of which the original specimen was sent by J. Matthew Jones, Esq., the Challenger collection contains a second. 23 inches in length. \ Brackish water, Bermuda. Belone jonesi, Goode (Goode, Amer. Journ., April 1879, p. 340; Gthr., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1879, vol. ili. pp. 151, 390). . D. 25,A. 22. The free portion of the tail is rather depressed, somewhat broader REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. 11 than deep, the lateral line terminating im a black-coloured keel. The length of the head is less than one-third of the total (without caudal); its upper surface is broad, flat, striated; frontal bones diverging behind, leaving a broad space between them which is covered by skin; this space tapers in front, and is closed between the orbits. Maxillary entirely hidden by the preorbital. Jaws and teeth strong; vomerine teeth none; tongue rough. The diameter of the eye is two-thirds of the width of the inter- orbital space, and two-fifths of the length of the postorbital portion of the head. Body stout, not much compressed. Pectoral fin as long as the postorbital portion of the head. Ventral fin midway between the root of the caudal and the eye. The middle and hinder dorsal and anal rays subequal in length, short, the last terminating at a con- siderable distance from the root of the caudal. Caudal fin deeply lobed. Scales very small, irregular, and adherent. A single specimen, 3 feet long. Syngnathus pelagicus, Osbeck. Gulf weed, South of Bermuda. C. TEMPERATE ZONE OF THE SOUTH ATLANTIC. 1. MoutH oF THE Rio DE LA Prata. The fishes of this river, as well as of the shores near its mouth, are very incom- pletely known, more so than those of the southernmost extremity of the Continent. Therefore, we may well expect considerable additions to be made by future explorers of this fauna ; one-half of the species collected by the Challenger Expedition at this locality, on its homeward journey (February 25 and 26, 1876), have proved to be undescribed. Raja platana, n. sp. (PI. IIL). Snout long, produced, pointed, the width of the interorbital space being a little more than one-third of the distance of the eye from the end of the snout. The anterior profile (from the snout to the angle of the pectoral fin) is undulated: Width of the interorbital space less than the length of the eye and spiracle together. Mouth strongly curved. Teeth pointed, in about forty-eight series in the upper jaw. Distance between the nostril and the angle of the mouth two-thirds of the inter-nasal space. The outer pectoral angle is a right one. Distance between the two dorsal fins rather more than the length of the base of the first. Bands of minute asperities along each side of the snout, and along each superciliary edge. The remainder of the upper side is smooth, with the exception of the claw-like spines on the pectoral fin which are peculiar to the male sex. A series of small spines along the median line of the tail. Lower parts with large black pores symmetrically arranged. Upper parts uniform brownish, lower whitish. 12 : THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Distance from the vent to the extremity of the snout, 134 inches; distance from the vent to the extremity of the tail, 114 inches; greatest width of the disk, 21 inches. A single adult specimen has been obtained. 25 inches in length. Station 321. Riode la Plata; 13 fathoms. Raja microps, un. sp. (Pl. IV., 2 natural size). A short-snouted species. The angle formed by the margins of the snout is obtuse, and the extremity does not project. The width of the interorbital space is much more than the length of the orbit together with the spiracle, and is contained twice and two- thirds in the distance between the eye and the end of the snout. Mouth very slightly curved ; teeth obtuse, in about forty series in the upper jaw. ‘The outer pectoral angle is rounded, but the margins would meet at a right angle. The two dorsal fins close together, separated by a spine only. Minute roughnesses on the snout, the inter- orbital space, along the median line of the back, and along the front margin of the pectoral fin. A single spine in the middle of the back, and a series of spines along the median line of the tail. The muciferous tubes behind the head are very conspicuous, and arranged like a fan on each side of the occiput; each opens by a pore. Uniform _ brown above, white below. Distance of the vent from the extremity of the snout, 74 inches; distance of the vent from the extremity of the tail, 85 inches; width of the disk, 11 inches. Length of specimen, 153 inches. The single specimen examined is a young male. Rio de la Plata. Station 321; 13 fathoms. An adult female (disk, 23 inches wide) received lately by the British Museum, from Buenos Ayres, has a single curved spine, with a broad base on each side, near the front margin, on a level with the spiracles. Ancylodon atricauda, n. sp. D. 3, A. 12. The height of the body is somewhat less than the length of the head, which is one-third of the total (without caudal). Eye of moderate size, equal to the width of the interorbital space, and shorter than the snout. The maxillary does not extend to the posterior margin of the eye. Lower jaw projecting beyond the upper, the mandibular teeth being outside the upper lip. The canine teeth are comparatively smaller than in Ancylodon jaculidens. Vertical fins scaly. The middle caudal rays prolonged into a narrow pointed lobe. Scales small, silvery, with the caudal lobe black. Length of specimen, 5 inches. Mouth of the Rio de la Plata. Station 321; 13 fathoms REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. 13 Otolithus guatucupa, C. V. Station 321; 13 fathoms. Micropogon ornatus, n. sp. (Pl. VII. fig. A). D. 9/32, A. 3 L. lat. 63. The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. Dorsal profile very concave on the neck. Diameter of the eye two-thirds of the leneth of the snout, two-elevenths of that of the head, and rather more than one-half of the width of the interorbital space. A series of small barbels from the interoperculum to the lower lip, where they are most crowded. Przeoperculum without spines at the angle. Dorsal and anal spines very feeble. Pectoral as long as the head. There are eight or nine scales in a transverse series between the first dorsal and the lateral line. A large, round, black spot at the origin of the lateral line. Body with six alternately broad and narrow blackish cross- bands. Pectoral blackish along the middle. Length of specimen, 82 inches. Mouth of the Rio de la Plata. Station 321; 13 fathoms. Micropogon undulatus, L., Monte Video. Percophis brasilianus, Q. and G. Station 322; 21 fathoms. Prionotus punctatus, Bl. Station 322; 21 fathoms. Lemonema longifilis, n. sp. (Pl. VII. fig. B). D. £5, A. 45. Head, and particularly the snout, depressed ; the latter with the upper jaw much projecting, not quite twice as long as the eye, the diameter of which is nearly one-sixth of the length of the head. The head is one-fourth of the total length (with- out caudal). Cleft of the mouth rather wide, the maxillary not quite extending to the hind margin of the eye. Teeth of the jaws in villiform bands; vomer, with two croups of teeth, separated in the middle by a toothless interspace. Barbel about as long as the eye. Interorbital space wider than the eye. Operculum without spine. Scales . very small. Fins naked. The first dorsal commences above the root of the pectoral, and is narrow and high, the third ray being prolonged into a long filament. The second dorsal rather high, but lower than the body. Caudal rounded. Pectoral nearly as long as the head, without snout. Ventral reduced to a bifid filament, the lower ray being much longer than the upper, almost half as long as the body. Body brownish; the dorsal filament, the outer margins of the vertical fins, and the long ventral filament black. Length of specimen, 74 inches. Mouth of the Rio de la Plata. Station 321; 13 fathoms. Aphoristia ornata, Lac. Station 321. Arius commersoni, Lac., Monte Video. Engraulis olida, Gthr. Station 321. 14 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER, 2. Caps oF Goop Hope. The few fishes collected at the Cape do not offer any particular interest. (a.) Marine Species. Chorisochismus dentex, Pall., Simon’s Bay. Tetrodon honckeni, Bl., Cape of Good Hope (the poison-fish of Simon’s Bay). Bdellostoma cirrhatum, Forst., Simon’s Bay. (b.) Fresh-water Species. Spirobranchus capensis, C.V., Rivers at Wellington and Cape Town. Barbus afer, Ptrs., Rivers at Wellington and Cape Town. Barbus, sp. (#), in bad state; River at Cape Town. II]. THE FISH-FAUNA OF THE ANTARCTIC OCEAN AND OF SHORES ABUTTING ON IT. The study of the Antarctic surface fish-fauna, and its comparison with that of the Arctic Regions, is one of the most instructive portions of zoogeography. The abundance of fish-life appears to decrease in the same proportion towards both Poles. The forms peculiar to the Antarctic are analogous to those of the North; thus the Cottoids of the North are represented by the Notothenia, Chenichthys, &c., of the South, the Salmonoids by the Haplochitonide; yet there is no such relation between the representative forms as might be considered to be genetic. The resemblance is rather an external one, indicated by the general form of the body, structure and development of the fins, presence of an adi- pose fin, &c. Beside those fishes which are peculiar to the Antarctic, some other forms well developed in the North, but nearly or entirely disappearing between the Tropics, reappear, as Sebastes, Agonus, Spinax, Myxine, differing but little from their northern congeners. The Expedition obtained the fishes belonging to this fauna at two points. A, KERGUELEN ISLAND AND PRINCE EDWARD’S ISLAND. Except a flat fish from Prince Edward’s Island, the specimens were collected on the north-eastern side of Kerguelen Island, between the 7th and 31st of January 1874. Nearly all we know of the fishes of this island is due to the Naturalists of the Antarctic Expedition under Captain Ross, and to those of the “Transit of Venus” and Challenger Expeditions. The number of species known is very small, the following three only having been described, besides those obtained on the present Expedition :— REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. 15 Notothenia coriiceps, Richards (Voy. “ Erebus” and “Terror ”). Notothenia purpuriceps, Richards (Voy. “ Erebus ” and “ Terror”). Notothenia antarctica, Peters (Berl. MB., 1876, p. 837). Raja eatoni, Gthr. (Phil. Trans., vol. clxviii. p. 166). Of this species a female has been found by the naturalists of the Challenger. It differs very little from the male found by Mr Eaton; but, of course, the claw-like spines on the pectoral fin are absent. The lower part of the body is entirely white, that of the tail blackish. Raja murrayi, n. sp. (Pl. V.). The angle formed by the margins of the snout slightly obtuse, with the extremity somewhat projecting. The width of the interorbital space equals the length of the orbit. The distance between the outer margins of the nostrils is rather less than their distance from the extremity of the snout. Teeth pointed in both sexes, more so in the male than in the female. Outer pectoral angle obtusely rounded. A curved spine in front and behind on the superciliary edge. From four to six similar spines placed in a triangle in the middle of the back. Tail with a median series of from sixteen to eighteen spines, but with only very small ones on the sides. The spines, as far as described at present, are found in both sexes, in the old as well as in the young. In the male the greater part of the upper side of the body is smooth, with the usual patch of recurved spines near the pectoral angle. In the female the whole of the upper surface is covered with scattered small stellate asperities, which, in young specimens, are still more numerous than in the old. The caudal series of spines is, in the young, generally continued forward to the dorsal spines. Upper parts brown, with rounded darker and lighter spots. A large yel- lowish ocellus edged with blackish on each side of the back of the male. Two adults (male and female) and three young specimens were collected. The former are 174 inches long, the tail measuring 9 inches. The greatest width of the disk is 11 inches. Kerguelen Island. Zanclorhynchus, n. gen. (Scorpzenidee). Body compressed, oblong, without scales, covered with minute asperities. Bones of the head armed with spines; preeorbital not armed. Snout pointed; mouth very pro- tractile, lateral, narrow, toothless. Two dorsal fins. Ventral far behind the pectoral, the pubic bones being much prolonged. Gill-opening reduced to a narrow slit above the root of the pectoral. Zanclorhynchus spinifer, u. sp. (Pl. VIII. fig. A). D. x, A. 10, P. 9, V. 4. The height of the body is somewhat less than the length of 16 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.8. CHALLENGER. the head, which is one-third of the total (without caudal). A great part of the surface of the head is bony: Spines are developed, (1) above the nostril, (2) above the hinder half of the eye, (3) above the preeoperculum, (4) on the suprascapula, (5) below the hinder half of the orbit, (6) on the humerus, above the base of the pectoral. Of these spines the second, fourth, and fifth are the strongest. Eye large, two-sevenths of the head, and rather shorter than the snout. The dorsal fin commences on the neck with a short spine. All its spines are strong, the third being the longest, as high as the body. The soft dorsal is well separated from, and lower than, the spinous. Caudal subtruncated. Pectoral with narrow base, some- what shorter than the head. Ventral inserted midway between the vent and root of the pectoral, extending beyond the vent, and with the spine two-thirds as long as the longest ray. All the soft rays of the fins are simple. Body and vertical fins yellowish, broadly marbled with black. Length of specimen, 34 inches. Kerguelen Island (in trawl). Chenichthys rhinoceratus, Rich., Kerguelen. Notothenia cyaneobrancha, Richards (Voy. ‘ Erebus” and “ Terror,” Fish., p. 7, pl. iv. ; Gthr., Fish., vol. ii. p. 261). Obtained by dredge. Notothenia mizops, nu. sp. (Pl. VIII. fig. D). D. 4-5/35, A. 34, L. lat. 60. The length of the head is one-fourth of the total (without caudal) ; the height of the body two-ninths. The crown of the head is covered with minute scales to between the eyes, the snout and preorbital being scaleless. Hye large, one-third of the length of the head in young specimens, and two-sevenths in adults. Interorbital space extremely narrow; operculum with a short spine behind. Ventral long, extending sometimes as far back as the fourth anal ray. Body with two series of large irregular partly confluent blackish spots; cheek with two oblique streaks. First dorsal with a black spot. Vertical fins with bands of blackish dots, oblique on the dorsal and anal, and transverse on the caudal. This species is distinguished from all its congeners from Kerguelen Island by having an eye of the same large size as Notothenia squanufrons. Length of specimens, 14 to 6 inches. Off Christmas Harbour, and Howes Foreland ; 120 fathoms. Notothenia squamifrons, n. sp. (Pl. VIII. fig. C). D. 5/35, A. 32, L. lat. 70. The length of the head is two-sevenths of the total (without caudal) ; the height of the body two-ninths. The upper surface of the head to the foremost part of the snout and the preeorbital are entirely covered with scales, but in the smaller specimen the scales on the preorbital are less distinct than in the adult. Eye large, two-sevenths of the length of the head ; interorbital space flat, scaly, rather narrow, REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. iN) one-half of the vertical diameter of the eye. Ventral long, extending to the third or fourth anal ray. Body with irregular broad brown transverse bands; cheek with two oblique streaks. First dorsal nearly entirely black; caudal immaculate. This species is dis- tinguished from Notothenia tessellata by the much greater size of its eye. Length of specimens, 4 to 6 inches. Kerguelen Island. Obtained by the dredge. Notothenia acuta, n. sp. D. 6/31, A. 30, L. lat. ca. 75. Head low, elongate, with pointed snout, its length being two-sevenths of the total (without caudal) ; the height of the body one-sixth. Head covered above with small scales nearly to the nostrils, the snout and preorbital being scaleless. Hye large, two-sevenths of the length of the head ; interorbital space extremely narrow. Ventral extending to vent. Head and body marbled with blackish; cheek without streaks. Dorsal rays with blackish dots; caudal with cross-bands of blackish spots; anal white. Length of specimen, 24 inches. Kerguelen Island. Obtained in trawl. Notothenia marionensis, n. sp. D. 7/29, A. 25, L. lat. 50. Head rather low, with pointed snout, its length being two-sevenths of the total (without caudal) ; the height of the body is two-elevenths of the same. Scales strongly ctenoid. Head covered above with small scales nearly to the nostrils; the snout, the preeorbital, and the lower half of the cheek and operculum being naked. Hye of moderate size, equal to the length of the snout, and a little more than one-fourth of the length of the head; interorbital space narrow. Ventral not extending to the vent; pectoral reaching the third or fourth anal ray. Upper parts greenish, with subtessellated blackish spots along the side of the body; fins indistinctly dotted with greyish, a blackish spot at the base of the upper pectoral rays. Length of speci- men, 34 inches. Marion Island; 50 to 75 fathoms. Harpagifer bispinis, Forst. Off Marion Island ; 50 to 75 fathoms. This species occurs also at Kerguelen Island, Cape Horn, and Falkland Islands. Murenolepis, n. gen. (Gadidee). Body compressed, elongate, covered with epidermoid productions which are lanceolate, intersecting each other at right angles, like those of a fresh-water eel. Vertical fins confluent, no caudal fin being discernible ; an anterior dorsal fin is represented by a single filamentous ray ; ventral fins narrow, composed of several rays. A barbel. Jaws with a band of villiform teeth; palate toothless. Gill-openings rather narrow, extending from the lower part of the root of the pectoral round the isthmus, the gill-membranes (Z00L. CHALL. EXP,—PART v1.—1880.) F 3 18 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. being confluent and not attached to the isthmus. Gills four. Air-bladder in the posterior half of the abdominal cavity, with a pneumatic duct, with rather stiff walls, and glandular internal surface. Peritoneum deep black. Kerguelen Island. Murenolepis marmoratus, n. sp. (Pl. VIII. fig. B). Body compressed, its height equals the length of the head, and is contained five and a half to five and three-quarter times in the total length. Head compressed like the body, higher than broad, its greatest width beimg three-fifths of its length. Interorbital space slightly convex, equal in width to the diameter of the eye, which is rather less than one-fourth of the length of the head. Snout obtuse, rounded, as long as the eye, the upper jaw overlapping the lower. Cleft of the mouth rather oblique, the maxillary extending to the vertical from the centre of the eye. Barbel shorter than the eye. No teeth on the vomer. Nostrils immediately before the eye. Operculum rounded, without point. Branchiostegals five, the second with a process anteriorly at its root, directed downwards. Dorsal filament as long as the eye. Vertical fins continuous, of uniform height, and enveloped in a membrane on to which the epidermoid productions extend ; the dorsal filament is just above the root of the pectoral, immediately before the commencement of the fin. Pectoral rounded, longer than the postorbital portion of the head. Ventral fins narrow, composed of five rays, the two outer ones much the thickest, and produced into filaments, the second ray being the longest, and about two-thirds the leneth of the head. The distance of the vent from the head exceeds the length of the latter. Reddish, finely marbled with brown; fins of a lighter colour and with a trans- parent margin. Length of specimen, 34 and 6 inches. Lepidopsetta, n. gen. (Pleuronectide). Mouth rather narrow; jaws and dentition very feeble, but nearly equally developed on both sides. Eyes well developed, on the left side, the lower somewhat in advance of the upper. The dorsal fin commences in front of the eye. Pectorals none, or quite rudi- mentary. Lateral line single, straight. Scales very small. The entire head, and even the eyelids, are covered with minute scales. Lepidopsetta maculata, n. sp. (Pl. XXX. fig. C). D. 118, A. 98. The height of the body is contained twice and one-sixth in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and two-thirds. The eyes are large, one-third of the length of the head. The feeble maxillary extends to below the front margin of the eye. Teeth minute, apparently in a single series. Scales strongly ctenoid on both sides of the body. All the fin-rays are scaly. Dorsal and anal fins low. Pectoral entirely absent on the blind side, and represented by a small rudi- REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. 19 ment only on the coloured; ventrals separate from each other and from the anal fin. Brown, body and fins covered with rounded irregular darker spots. Length of specimen, 54+ inches. Off Prince Edward’s Island. Station 145; 310 fathoms. B. MAGELLAN STRAITS AND FALKLAND ISLANDS. The Fish-Fauna of Magellan Straits, to which must be joined that of the Falkland Islands and of the littoral archipelago on the western side of the extremity of the South American continent, bears a thoroughly antarctic character, closely resembling that of Kerguelen Island. Although it has been well worked as lately as the year 1867 by Dr R. O. Cunningham in his “Notes on the Natural History of the Strait of Magellan,” it is still very far from being completely known, as may be seen from the large proportion of novel forms discovered by the Naturalists of the Challenger Expedi- tion, who dredged at thirteen stations (Stations 304 to 316), between December 31, 1875, and February 3, 1876. Scyllium chilense, Guich. Having examined some specimens preserved in spirits in the Challenger collection, I am able to correct two errors in my former description, which was drawn up from dried specimens. The nasal valve is provided with a cirrus which, however, does not extend to the lip; and the teeth of the lower jaw have more or less distinct lateral cusps. Gray’s Harbour, Messier Channel. Spinax granulosus, n. sp. (Pl. I. fig. C). This species is distinguished especially by the structure of its skin, which is finely granulated, the granules being serially arranged on the tail, where they appear rather in the form of minute spinelets than in that of granules. The space between the nostrils and the median line of the lower side of the snout, the circumference of the mouth, the base of the fins, and the back of the tail, are naked. The snout is much produced, the symphysis of the lower jaw being midway between the end of the snout and the root of the pectoral; snout very obtuse in front, with the front nostril opening forward. The first dorsal fin shorter than the second, midway between the second and the spiracle. Second dorsal spine three times the size of the first, not much lower than the fin. The length of the base of the second dorsal is one-third of the distance between the two fins. Pectoral truncated behind, extending backwards nearly to the first dorsal. Ventral extending to below the middle of the second dorsal. Black; hind margins of all the fins white. South-west coast of South America. Length of specimen (male), 105 inches. Station 305; 120 fathoms. 20 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Raja brachyura, n. sp. (Pl. VL). A short-snouted species. The angle formed by the margins of the snout is slightly obtuse, and the extremity does not project. The width of the interorbital space is more than the length of the orbit together with the spiracle, and but little less than one-half of the distance between the eye and the end of the snout. Mouth nearly transverse. Teeth pointed, in about thirty-five series in the upper jaw. Tail remarkably short and stout. The outer pectoral angle is rounded, and the margins would meet at an obtuse angle. The two dorsal fins are very close together. The upper part of the head and of the pectoral, and the back are covered with minute spines. A series of conical spines along the median line of the back and tail, the spimes on the back being smaller and less con- stant than those on the tail. Brown, marbled with darker and lighter. Male. Female. Distance of the vent from the extremity of the snout, . 144 inches. 18 inches. Distance of the vent from the extremity of the tail, . 122, >) dada Width of the disk, . f ; ; : , i 183 | y)\l2 aa Total Length, . : 3 5 ; ' 2 ‘ QTE as PS2a ae Magellan Straits and west of them. Station 318; 55 fathoms. Station 314; 70 fathoms. Psammobatis rudis, Gthr. (Pl. X.). (?) Raja scobina, Phil. Wiegm. Arch., 1857, p. 270. This species, described by me from a very young example, attains a much more con- siderable size, a male, 114 inches long, being still far from being mature. With age the disk ceases to be as perfectly circular as is observed in young specimens, its anterior margins becoming more rectilinear. A very short and thin rostral appendage in front of the disk is present in all examples. Beside the median series of small thorns on the tail of very young examples, there are developed two other similar series on each side of the back of examples more advanced in age, and they are continued along each side of the tail, which thus is armed with a triple series. The tail of the larger specimens shows a distinct terminal fin, which, however, is small and confluent with the second dorsal. Beside the dark spots, white spots are more or less numerous on the disk and upper parts of the ventrals; they are more numerous in very young than in older examples. Figures A and B represent our largest male, and C the typical specimen of the natural size. Length of specimens 35 to 114 inches. Off Cape Virgins. Station 313; 55 fathoms. Sebastes oculatus, C. V. Station 306; 345 fathoms. Station 307; 147 fathoms, Porto Bueno. REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. 21 Agonus chiloensis, Jen., Port Famine ; 10 to 15 fathoms. Aphritis gobio, Gthr. (Pl. [X.). Dr Cunningham has already had the opportunity of examining fresh examples (Trans. Linn. Soc., vol. xxvil. p. 469), and supplemented my original description (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1861, vol. vii. p. 88), which was drawn up from dry skins. In the large, beauti- fully-preserved specimens collected by him and the naturalists of the Challenger, there is especially noticeable the great height of the dorsal fins, which exceeds that of the body. A short stout tentacle, which is often fringed, occupies the supero-posterior angle of the orbit, and other smaller tentacles are arranged in a series along the lower part of the side of the trunk and tail. Dr Cunningham states the colours, when fresh, to be—above, dusky brown; sides paler, blotched with brown and orange-yellow; under surface of head, breast, and belly orange-yellow. Leneth of specimens, 6 to 184 inches. Porto Bueno Station 307; 147 fathoms. Tom Bay, Messier Channel. Port Famine, Station 312; 10 to 15 fathoms. Eleginus maclovinus, C. V. Gray Harbour, Messier Channel. Port Stanley. Notothenia longipes, Steindachner (Wien. S. B., 1876, vol. lxxii. p. 70, fig. 7). The following specimens agree well with the description and figure given by Stein- dachner, but I count from 67 to 70 scales along the lateral line :-—Length of specimens 3 to 7 inches. Station 306, Messier Channel; 345 fathoms. Station 312, Port Famine ; 10 to 15 fathoms. Station 313, off Cape Virgins; 55 fathoms. Notothenia elegans, n. sp. (Pl. XI. fig. C). D. 6/33, A. 31, L. lat. 53. The length of the head is one-fourth of the total (without caudal), the height of the body one-seventh. The entire head is scaleless. Snout shorter than the eye, which is two-sevenths of the length of the head; interorbital space very narrow. Ventrals rather longer than the pectorals, and as long as the head, without snout, extending to the second anal ray. There are only two series of scales between the lateral line and the dorsal fin. Light brownish, with large transverse dark spots; the second dorsal with four series of small blackish spots; the first dorsal with the top salmon coloured ; the other fins without distinct ornamentation. Length of specimen, 3% inches. Off Cape Virgins; 55 fathoms. LIycodes macrops, n. sp. (Pl. XI. fig. B). The length of the head is a little more than that of the trunk and a little less than one-fifth of the total. Eyes large, two-sevenths of the length of the head, and longer than the snout which is broad, with the upper jaw overlapping the lower. Teeth in bands of 22, THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. moderate width, subequal in size ; a small patch of teeth on the vomer and a few teeth anteriorly on the palatine bones. More or less shallow grooves along the infraorbital and the mandible. Gill-opening of moderate width. The dorsal commences above the posterior portion of the pectoral; length of the pectoral one-half of that of the head; each ventral reduced to a short simple filament. Yellowish, with nine broad dark brown bands across the upper half of the fish, separated from one another by very narrow inter- spaces of the ground colour. The cross-bars are lighter in the centre, subocellated, and extend on to the dorsal fin. A brown band runs from the snout through the eye to the end of the operculum; throat and abdomen blackish. Length of specimen, 5 inches. Station 309; 40 to 140 fathoms. Merluccius gayi, Guich. Merlus gayi, Guichen. in Gay, Chile, vol. ii, p. 328; Ichth., lam. 8, fig. 2. Merluccius gayi, Gthr., Fish., p. 346. Merluccius australis, Hutton. D. 10/43-44, A. 43. New Zealand, Coast of Chile to Straits of Magellan. Gray Harbour, Messier Channel. Macruronus nove-zealandia, Hect. Coryphenoides nove-cealandice, Hect., Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. iii, p. 136, pl. xviii. fig. 1. Macruronus nove-cealandie, Gthr., Zool. Record, vol. viii. p. 103; Hutton, Fish. New Zealand, fig. 79. This species was hitherto known from New Zealand and Tasmania ; its reappearance at the southern extremity of the American continent, therefore, is quite what may have been expected. Tom Bay, Messier Channel. Thysanopsetta, n. gen. (Pleuronectidee). Body oblong; head small; cleft of the mouth of moderate width, the length of the maxillary being more than one-third of that of the head. Dentition nearly equally developed on both sides ; teeth villiform, in bands; palatine and vomerine teeth none. Dorsal fin commencing above the front margin of the eye. Eyes on the left side, the upper but little in advance of the lower, both separated from each other by a narrow, flat, scaly interspace. Margin of the gill-opening of the coloured side fringed. Scales small, adherent, ctenoid, more distinctly so on the coloured side than on the blind. Lateral line straight. Straits of Magellan. Thysanopsetta naresi, n. sp. (Pl. XI. fig. A), D. 87, A. 59. The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-fifth ; snout rather shorter than the eye, the diameter REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. 23 of which is two-sevenths of the length of the head ; mouth oblique, the maxillary of the left side not quite extending to below the middle of the eye. The dorsal fin terminates at a short distance from the caudal, the rays being rather short. Caudal rounded, The left pectoral is scarcely longer than the right, and as long as the postorbital portion of the head; the left ventral is opposite to the right; a conspicuous fleshy lobe behind the left ventral, opposite to the commencement of the anal. Brown, indistinctly mottled with darker, all the rays of the vertical fins finely dotted with brown. Length of speci- mens, 6 and 7 inches. Off Cape Virgins ;. 55 fathoms. Haplochiton zebra, Jen., Stream at Gray Harbour, Messier Channel. Lake at Porto Bueno. Port Stanley, Falkland Islands. Myzxine australis, Jen., Grapler Harbour, Messier Channel. Port Chirrucha, Straits of Magellan. Il. THE FISH FAUNA OF THE TEMPERATE ZONE OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC. A, VALPARAISO AND JUAN FERNANDEZ. During the month (November to December, 1875) the Challenger stayed at these localities, several undescribed shore fishes were obtained. The fishes of Juan Fernandez have scarcely been touched, and those known are chiefly such as are caught for food. Dr Steindachner has recently described several in a paper which will be quoted hereafter. The fauna of Chile and Juan Fernandez might be described, without much exaggeration, as a mixture of European and New Zealand forms; of the fishes mentioned here two being identical with, and four representative of, European species. Acanthias blainvilli, Risso. This common species of the Mediterranean seems to be widely spread in the temperate seas of the Southern Hemisphere. The British Museum possesses specimens from the Cape of Good Hope, Tasmania, and New Holland. Specimens from Juan Fernandez have been noticed as Squalus fernandinus in Molina (Hist. Chile, p. 194), and as Spinawx fernandezianus in Gay’s Chile (Zool., vol. ii. p. 865) ; Dr Steindachner has described it as Acanthias fernandinus in Wien. 8. B., 1875, vol. Ixxi. p. 466. The distinctive characters given by the latter author are, in my opinion, quite insufficient for the specific discrimination of the Juan Fernandez specimens. Female with foetus, preserved in salt. Juan Fernandez. 24 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Polyprion kneri, Steindachner (Wien. 8. B., 1875, vol. lxxi. p. 448). D. 10 py, A. 3. The height of the body is contained four and a half, the length of the head nearly three times in the total length. Snout pointed, the lower jaw projecting beyond the upper; head entirely covered with scales, with the exception of the lips which are naked. Intermaxillary band of teeth broader than that of the lower jaw, and interrupted in the middle. An oval patch of villiform teeth on the tongue. Operculum with two points, the lower of which is the termination of the straight, moderately raised, and smooth opercular ridge. A median rough bony ridge on the hinder part of the head superiorly. Dorsal spines moderately strong, shorter than the rays, the eighth the longest. Caudal emarginate. Scales small. Juan Fernandez. Length of speci- men, 24 inches. Scorpena thomson, n. sp. (Pl. XII). D. 114, A. 2, P. 16, L. lat. 42. The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head, twice and a half. Head nearly entirely naked ; interorbital space very concave and narrow, the two ridges at its bottom being slightly prominent, divergent behind, and passing into the anterior nuchal spines; nuchal fossa shallow, square; supraorbital tentacles moderately developed; spines of the head strong and compressed. The third and fourth dorsal spines are the longest, and nearly as long as the second of the anal, about two-fifths of the length of the head. A 33, L. lat. 28. The height of the body is two-fifths, or in young specimens less than two-fifths of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-third. The diameter of the eye is two-sevenths of the length of the head and two-thirds of that of the postorbital portion. Preeorbital strongly serrated. Scales on the middle of the trunk much larger, and those on the nape much smaller than the remainder. Lateral line interrupted below the end of the spinous dorsal, the pores of the posterior portion being rather indistinct. The second dorsal spine is as long as, or some- times a little longer than, the third, and one-fourth of the total length (without caudal). The third anal spine is longer than the second, but considerably shorter than the second of the dorsal. A narrow, silvery, longitudinal streak along the middle of the tail; the membrane between the second and third dorsal spines blackish. Caudal fin not coloured. We had altogether some fair sport, and a good opportunity of seeing the natives and making ourselves familiar with the character of Australian scenery and the Australian fauna. I am sure all our party will long remember our months’ excursion with pleasure. Most of the fishes in the Queensland list were procured during this trip. Those marked lat. 27° 9’ long., 144° 0’ E., were collected by Mr Lyon at his station about 400 miles inland of Brisbane, and was sent by him to Mr Murray. —C. Wy. T.] REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES, 33 Queensland. Length of specimens, 14 to 34 inches. River Mary, near the village of Tiaro. Chrysophrys australis, Gthr., River Mary, near the village of Tiaro. Centropogon robustus, Gthr., River Mary, near the village of Tiaro. Platycephalus insidiator, Forsk., River Mary. Corvina australis, n. sp. D. 10/s5-29, A. 2/7, L. lat. 49, L. trans. 38. The height of the body is a little more than the length of the head, which is nearly one-fourth of the total (without caudal). Snout convex, with the upper jaw overlapping the lower, longer than the eye, the diameter of which is two-ninths of the length of the head. Dorsal spines very slender ; anal spine rather strong, about one-half of the first ray and one-third of the length of the head. Margin of the preoperculum very finely crenulated. Coloration uniform silvery ; upper half of the first dorsal blackish. Queensland. Length of specimens, 10 and 11 inches. River Mary, near the village of Tiaro. Periophthalmus schlosseri, Pall., Cardwell, Queensland. Eleotris compressa, Krefft, River Mary, near the village of Tiaro. Eleotris macrolepidota, Bl., River Mary. : Mugil cephalotus, C. V., River Mary, near the village of Tiaro. Myzus elongatus, Gthr., River Mary, near the village of Tiaro. Atherinichthys nigrans, Rich., Queensland, lat. 27° 9° 8., long. 144° 0’; River Mary, near the village of Tiaro. Copidoglans tandanus, Mitch., River Mary, near the village of Tiaro. Copidoglanis hyrtl, Steind., Queensland, lat. 27° 9’ S., long. 144° 0. Mosilurus hyrtli, Steindachner, Wien. S. B., 1867, vol. lv. p. 14. Arius australis, Gthr., River Mary, near the village of Tiaro. Arrhamphus sclerolepis, Gthr., River Mary, near the village of Tiaro. Chatoéssus erebi, Gthr., River Mary, near the village of Tiaro. (?) Chatoéssus erebi, Gthr., Queensland, lat. 27° 9’ 8., long. 144°. Megalops cyprinoides, Brouss., River Mary. Anguilla mauritiana, Benn., River Mary. B. THE FIJI ISLANDS. The Challenger stayed at this group from July 25 to August 10, 1874, and a considerable number of species were collected ; but, with one exception, they belong to the common Polynesian forms of this well-known fauna. (200L. CHALL. EXP.—PaRT VL—1880.) F6 34 1 [The fishes in this list from Ovalau, were collected and presented to the Expedition by Mr Boyd, Fiji—C. Wy. T.] THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Serranus hexagonatus, Forst., Levuka. Plectropoma maculatum, Bl. (Probably = Plectropoma leopar dinum, iiee) Levuka, Fiji. Mesoprion bengalensis, Bl., Kandavu. Mesoprion fulviflamma, Forsk., Kandavu, Levuka. Mesoprion marginatus, C. V., Levuka. Mesoprion senueinctus, Q. and G., Levuka. Lutjanus semicinctus, Quoy and Gaim. Mesoprion semicinctus, Cuy., vol. ii. p. 485; Gthr., Fisch. d. Siidsee, p. 15, pl. xvii, Apogon savayensis (Gthr. Fisch. Siidsee, p. 22, taf. xix. fig. B), Levuka. Therapon servus, L., Levuka, Kandavu. Therapon oxyrhynchus, Schleg., Ovalau.t Dules rupestris, Lac., Ovalau. Dules marginatus, C. V., Ovalau. Diagramma pardale, C. V., Ovalau. Diagramma pictum, Thunb., Ovalau. Scolopsis bilineatus, Bl., Levuka, Ovalau. Scolopsis tenporalis, ©. V., Kandavu. Gerres oyend, Forsk., Kandavu. Lethrinus nebulosus, Forsk., Levuka. Lethrinus ramak, Forsk., Levuka. Lethrinus moensi, Blkr. (Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., 1855, vol. ix. p. 485; Gthr., Fisch. Siidsee, p. 64, pl. xlvi. fig. A), Kandavu. Lethrinus hematopterus, Schleg., Kandavu. Spherodon grandoculis, Forsk., Kandavu. Scorpana zanzbarensis, Playfair, in Fish. Zanz., p. 47, pl. viii. fig. 2. This species has hitherto been known from Zanzibar only. Levuka. Pterois zebra, C. V., Levuka. Synanceia verrucosa, Bl., Ovalau. Chetodon rafflesi, Benn., Ovalau. Chetodon vagabundus, Ths Ovalau. Holacanthus cyanotis, (Gthr. Fish., vol. i. p. 517; and Fisch. d. Siidsee, p. 52, taf. xl., fig. B), Kandavu.. Heniochus macrolepidotus, L., Ovalau. Myripristis murdjan, Forsk., Ovalau. REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. 35 Upeneus indicus, Shaw, Kandavu. Upeneoides vittatus, Forsk., Ovalau. Percis hexophthalma, C. V., Levuka. Plesiops corallicola, Blkr. (Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., 1853, p. 280; Gthr. Fisch. d. Siidsee, p. 87, taf. lviii. fig. B.). A specimen obtained at Levuka is remarkable for having ten dorsal spines only. As I cannot detect any other marked difference from a specimen with eleven or twelve dorsal spines, I consider this specimen for the present as an individual variety. Length of specimen, 24 inches, Levuka. Caranx speciosus, Forsk., Levuka. Platax orbicularis, Forsk., Kandavu. Psettus argenteus, L., Levuka. Equula fasciata, Lac., Ovalau. Acanthurus triostegus, L., Ovalau. Acanthurus blochi, C. V., Ovalau. Acanthurus gahm, Forsk., Kandavu. Acanthurus rhombeus, Kittl., Levuka. Naseus marginatus, C. V., Ovalau. Teuthts marmorata, Q. and G., Kandavu. Teuthis hexagonata, Blky., Kandavu. Gobius phalena, C. V., Ovalau. Euetenogobius ophthalmonema, Blkr., Kandavu. Gobius ophthalmonema, Bleek, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., 1856, vol. xii, p. 208. . Euctenogobius ophthalmonema, Gthr., Fisch. Siidsee, p. 180, taf. exi., fig. B. Eleotris macrolepidota, Bl., Ovalau. Eleotris fusca, Bl. Schn., Levuka. -Eleotris longipinnis, Benn., Ovalau. Periophthalmus kolreuterz, Pall., Kandavu. Petroscirtes oualanensis, n. sp. D. 42, A. 20. The length of the head is a little more than the depth of the body ‘and one-fifth of the total. Snout with the upper profile obliquely descending forwards. The canine teeth of the lower jaw are very large, those of the upper small. Orbital tentacle none. Diameter of the eye equals the width of the interorbital space. The dorsal fin is not elevated, commences on a line with the posterior margin of the pre- operculum, and terminates at a short distance from the root of the caudal.. The upper and lower caudal rays prolonged into filaments. Uniform light olive coloured in spirits. Ovalau. Length of specimens, 24 and 3 inches. 36 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Petroscirtes, sp. (aot in g. st.), Ovalau. Atherina lacunosa, Toth (Forst. Deser. An., p. 298; Gthr., Fisch. d. Stidsee, p. 218, taf. exviii., fig. E), Levuka. Pomacentrus scolopsis, Q. and G., Levuka. Glyphidodon sxanthozona, Blkr., Levuka. Glyphidodon assimulis, Gthr., Ovalau. Platyglossus trimaculatus, Q. and G., Levuka. Julis dorsalis, Q. and G., Ovalau. Chilinus trilobatus, Lac., Levuka. Chilinus chlorurus, Bl., Levuka. Pseudoscarus nuchipunctatus, C. V., Kandavu. Pseudoscarus microrhinus, Blkr., Kandavu. Rhomboidichthys, sp. (2) Levuka. Solea heterorhina, Blkr., Ovalau. Saurus varius, Lac., Ovalau. Belone annulata, C. V., Levuka; Ovalau; Kandavu. Hemirhamphus commersoni, Kandavu. Clupea tembang, Blkr., Levuka ; Kandavu. Megalops cyprinoides, Brouss., Ovalau. Anguilla mauritiana, Benn., fresh-water of Levuka; Ovalau. Murena polyuranodon, Blkr., Ovalau. Doryichthys brachyurus, Blkr., Ovalau. Balistes stellatus, Lac., Kandavu. Balistes fuscus, Bl. Schn., Kandavu. Balistes aculeatus, L., Kandavu. Tetrodon immaculatus, Bl., Ovalau.. Ostracion cornutus, L., Ovalau. Ostracion cubicus, L., Ovalau. C, THE SEA BETWEEN AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA. The Challenger proceeded from the Fiji Islands to Api, one of the New Hebrides (August 18, 1874), to Raine Island (August 31), and to Cape York, where the Expedi- tion stayed from September 2 to September 8. Much attention to collecting specimens was paid on the passage to the Arafura Sea, the trawl being used every day in this com- paratively shallow basin ; finally the Aru and Ki Islands were visited (September 9 to September 27). The fishes collected in this part of the Voyage may be conveniently cramer’ separ- ately, as comparatively little had been done previously in the exploration of this fauna ; REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. 37 at least much less than in the Fiji group towards the east, and the East Indian Archi- pelago towards the west. It bears thoroughly the character of the Indo-Pacific Ocean, and probably none of the characteristic forms will be found to be absent. There is but a slight admixture of specifically Australian forms, like Cnidoglanis. The great proportion of new forms is due to the circumstance that a very interesting collection was made at Station 192 in the Ki Islands, at a depth of 129 fathoms : which depth appears to be sufficient to ensure the discovery of distinct species. Several of the fishes obtained there are so markedly distinguished as deep-sea forms as to necessitate their removal to that series. Trygon pastinaca, L., Arafura Sea. Urolophus kavanus, n. sp. No dorsal fin. Disk much broader than long; the anterior margins meeting at a very obtuse angle. Snout not projecting. Tail a little shorter than the disk. Disk entirely smooth. Uniform brownish. Distance of the extremity of the snout from the vent, 42 inches. Distance of the extremity of the tail from the vent, 4} inches. Greatest width of the disk, 549 inches. Ki Islands. Length of specimens, 83 and 94 ‘inches. Station 192; 129 fathoms. Anthias megalepis, n. sp. (Pl. XVI. fig. E). D. 42, A. 3, L. lat 30, L. transv. 23/12. The height of the body is rather more than one-third of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head two-fifths. The diameter of the eye equals the length of the snout, and is one-fourth of that of the head. Interorbital. space flat, scaly, very narrow. The maxillary extends to, or nearly to, the posterior margin of the eye. A pair of canines in the upper jaw, and a pair in the middle of the side of the lower are well developed. Preeorbital very narrow, narrower than the maxillary. Preeoperculum strongly serrated. Six series of scales on the cheek. Dorsal spines of moderate strength and length, not so strong as the second of the anal fin. Pectoral extending to the first soft anal ray. Rose coloured; uniform, or with irregular blackish patches on the back. Ki Islands. Length of specimens, 3 to 4 inches. Station 192; 129 fathoms. Centropristis plewrospilus, n. sp. (Pl. XVI. fig. D). D. 79, A. 2, L. lat. 44, L. transv. 33,. The height of the body is two-ninths of the total length (without caudal), the len@th of the head two-fifths. The diameter of the eye is longer than the snout, and more than one-fourth of the length of the head. Inter- orbital space one-third of the diameter of the eye. The maxillary reaches beyond the vertical from the centre of the orbit. Praoperculum rounded throughout, serrated. Operculum with two spines. Six series of scales on the cheek; a series of four or five 38 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. oblong black spots along the side of the body. Ki Islands. Length of specimens, 54 inches. Station 192; 129 fathoms. Myriodon waigiensis, Q. and G. Station 186 (trawl). Serranus diacanthus, C. V. Arafura Sea. Station 189. Mesoprion annularis, C. V. Arafura Sea, Station 189. Mesoprion chrysotema, Blkr. Somerset, Cape York. Apogon monogramma, nu. sp. (Pl. XVI. fig. B). D. 7/3, A. 2, L. lat. 26. The height of the body is one-third of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head two-fifths. Inner edge of the preeoperculum not serrated. Dorsal spines of moderate strength, the fourth a little longer than the third. White (in spirits), with a well-defined narrow blackish band from the snout through the eye, to and along the central rays of the caudal fin. No black round spot at the base of the caudal. A narrow blackish line along the base of the soft dorsal and anal. Leneth of specimens, 2 to 3 inches. Arafura Sea. Apogon septemstriatus, n. sp. (Pl. XVI. fig. A). D. 7/3, A. 2, L. lat. 28. The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (without caudal), and equal to the length of the head. Inner edge of the preoperculum not serrated. Dorsal spines rather strong, the third and fourth equal in length. White (in spirits), with three well-defined narrow black streaks on each side; the first from the snout, through the eye, along the middle of the tail and caudal fin; the second from the snout along the superciliary margin to the back of the tail; the third from the occiput along the base of the dorsal fins ; a seventh stripe runs along the median line of the head and nape. No black round spot at the base of the caudal. A narrow blackish line along the base of the soft dorsal and anal fins. Length of specimens, 3 inches. Arafura Sea. Apogon arafure, n. sp. (Pl. XVI. fig. C). D. 7/3, A. 2, L. lat. 26. Form of the body as in Apogon teniopterus, but with the snout shorter, and the caudal fin rounded. Both limbs of the preoperculum are serrated ; snout as long as the eye; interorbital space convex, as wide as the eye. Light coloured, with some indistinct darker transverse spots on the back ; upper half of the first dorsal black ; second dorsal and anal with a black band along the middle ; upper margin of the second dorsal and posterior margin of the caudal black ; pectoral, ventral, and hyoid region powdered with black. Length of specimen, 43 inches. Arafura Sea. (?) Acropoma japonicum, Gthr., Arafura Sea (not in good state). REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES, 39 Therapon servus, L., Somerset." Therapon caudovittatus, Rich., Somerset, Cape York. Priacanthus benmebari, Schles., Arafura Sea. Pentapus vitta, Q. and G. Station 188 (South of New Guinea). Propoma, n. gen. (Pristipomatidee). This genus is closely allied to Heterognathodon, but differs from it in having nine dorsal spines only, in lacking the canine teeth in the upper jaw, and in having con- siderably smaller scales on the back. Propoma roseum, n. sp. (Pl. XX. fig. B). D. 3%, A. 3, L. lat. 60, L. transv. 3. The height of the body is contained thrice and a half or thrice and three-fourths in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and one-fourth or thrice and a half. Eye large, one-third of the leneth of the head, much longer than the snout, or than the width of the interorbital space. Snout rather convex and obtuse, with the jaws sub-equal in front; teeth very small, maxillary covered with scales, extending to, or nearly to, the centre of the eye. Preeoperculum with a flat projecting spine at the angle, and with a very fine serrature along its lower limb; operculum with an acute small spme. Infraorbital extremely narrow, the end of the maxillary nearly touching the eye. Dorsal spines feeble, sub-equal in height; the third anal spine is the longest. Caudal fin deeply forked, with the lobes produced into filaments. Pectoral extending to the vent. Scales very finely ciliated. Apparently rose coloured during life; caudal fin yellowish. Lower parts silvery. Off Ki Islands. Length of specimen, 53 inches. Station 192; 129 fathoms. Gerres abbreviatus, Blkr., Somerset. Lethrinus nebulosus, Forsk., Somerset. Myripristis kavanus, un. sp. D. 11/5, A. 34, L. lat. 29, L. transv. 24/7. The height of the body is rather more than the length of the head, and one-half of the total (without caudal). The diameter of the eye is two-sevenths of the length of the head, and twice the width of the interorbital space which is convex. The maxillary reaches to below the hind margin of the eye, and is not denticulated. Scales deeply serrated, those above the lateral line with acute long spines. Opercles covered with series of spines; opercular spine strong, of 1 [The fishes in this list marked “Somerset, Cape York,’ were mostly taken with the seine at Albany Island.— C. Wy. T.J . 40 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. moderate length. The third dorsal spine is the longest, nearly half as long as the head ; the third anal spine much stronger and also longer than the fourth, and much longer than the opercular spine. Reddish-pink, with a silvery line along each series of scales. Ki Islands. (a) Length of specimen, 74 inches. Station 192; 129 fathoms. Sebastes hecanema, n. sp. (Pl. XVII. fig. B). D. 11/3, A. 3, L. lat. ca. 53. The height of the body is contained thrice or thrice and one-third in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head nearly twice. The snout is considerably produced, the diameter of the eye being two-ninths of the length of the head, and two-thirds of that of the snout. The interorbital space is very narrow, concave, two-fifths of the length of the eye. Vertex with the spines rather prominent, and covered with very small scales. A simple tentacle above the anterior angle of the orbit, a second longer one above the middle of the eye, and a third, which is again shorter, between the nuchal spines. Other small tentacles along the lateral line. The maxillary extends nearly to below the middle of the eye. The band of vomerine teeth is V-shaped, that on the palatine bones very narrow. Tongue free and pointed. The third and fourth dorsal spines are the longest, rather less than one-third of the length of the head, and shorter than the second of the anal. Pectoral fin not quite reaching the anal. Rose coloured, with more or less indistinct blackish patches on the back, one extending over the dorsal fin, and occupying the space between the seventh and ninth ~ spines. Kilslands. Length of specimens, 2 to 55 inches. Station 192; 129 fathoms. Tnoscorpius, n. gen. (Scorpeenide). Head and body compressed, the former with muciferous cavities above, but with scarcely any ridges or spines. Occiput without groove, naked. Opercles armed as in Sebastes. Body covered with very small scales, and with a wide lateral line. Vertical fins not elongate. Dorsal fins entirely separate, the first with eight or nine spines. Pectoral fin long, without separate appendages. Bands of villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and palatine bones. Seven branchiostegals. TInoscorpius longiceps, nu. sp. (Pl. XVII. fig. C). D. 8 or 9/11, A. 22%, P. 23, V..4. The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without caudal), and the length of the head is contained in it twice, or, one- fourth. Snout rather produced, the diameter of the eye being one-half of the length of the snout, and two-elevenths of that of the ead. The interorbital space flat, its width being nearly equal to the diameter of the eye; the maxillary does not quite extend to the hind margin of the orbit. Armature of the head weak, and limited to a pair of minute spines REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. 41 on the occiput, to another above the praeoperculum, to two small ones on the preeorbital, four on the margin of the preeoperculum, and two on the operculum. The bands of teeth are very narrow, those on the vomer and palatine bones almost linear. Dorsal spines rather slender, the third and fourth are the longest, one-third of the length of the head. Anal spines feeble. Pectoral fin extending to the middle of the anal. Ventral fin thoracic, terminating at some distance from the vent. Coloration, uniform reddish, with some obscure spots on the base of the second dorsal and caudal. Ki Islands. Length of specimen, 44 inches. Station 192; 129 fathoms. Pterois lunulata, Schleg., Arafura Sea. Minous pictus, nu. sp. (Pl. XVIIL fig. D). D. 44-11, A. 12. The length of the head is two-fifths of the total length, without caudal, and equal to the length of the pectoral fin. Praeorbital, with a rather strong spine, obliquely directed downwards and backwards, and with another small one in front. Interorbital space concave, equal in width to the vertical diameter of the eye. Dorsal spines slender ; the three anterior a little remote from the remainder of the fin. Back and dorsal fin largely marbled with blackish-brown and white; lower parts and caudal whitish. Pectoral ventral and anal black ; the posterior surface of the pectoral whitish, with a black stripe along each ray. Length of specimens, 2 to 24 inches. Arafura Sea. Station 188. (South of New Guinea.) Platycephalus insidiator, Forsk., Somerset. Platycephalus malabaricus, C. V., Arafura Sea. Station 188; 28 fathoms. Platycephalus isacanthus, C. V., South of New Guinea, Station 187. Platycephalus sculptus, n. sp. (Pl. XVII. fig. A). D. 9/11, A. 12, L. lat. 70 Length of the head is one-third of the total (without caudal), and its width between the preeopercular spines is contained once and one-third in its length. Interorbital space very narrow and concave, its width being one-half of the vertical diameter of the eye, or one-fourth of the length of the snout. Snout rather obtuse. Bones of the head deeply sculptured with radiating striz. A series of spines along the superciliary margin, along the ridges of the crown of the head, along the oper- cular ridge, and along the infraorbital ring. Angle of the preoperculum armed with two spines, of which the upper is much longer than the lower, though not quite so long as the eye, and armed at the upper part of its base with a small accessory spine. Anterior half of the lateral line spiny. The third and fourth dorsal spines are the longest, one- half of the length of the head. A tongue-shaped membranaceous flap below the pree- (ZOOL. CHALL, EXP.—PaRT vI.—1880.) F 6 42 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. opercular spines. The bands of vomerine and palatine teeth are very narrow, almost linear. Coloration nearly uniform; a few indistinct cross bands; spinous dorsal with a black margin. Length of specimens, 2 and 84 inches. Arafura Sea. Platycephalus spinosus, Schleg., South of New Guinea. Station 187; 6 fathoms. Platycephalus pristiger, C. V., South of New Guinea. Station 187. Trigla leptacanthus, n. sp. (Pl. XVIII. fig. B). D. 8/11, A. 12. Scales exceedingly small. The preorbital and suprascapular spines are slender and very long, as long or longer than the eye. | Preeopercular, oper- cular, and humeral spines short. Interorbital space concave, equal in width to the diameter of the eye. Dorsal spines of moderate length and strength. The pectoral reaches to the sixth or seventh anal ray. Lateral lines not spiny. Light reddish; back and base of the second dorsal with scattered irregular blue ocelli. A bluish streak below the canthus rostralis. Posterior surface of the pectoral fin blue, with a white margin all round, and a large black spot at the base. Ki Islands. Length of specimens, 4 to 44 inches. Station 192; 129 fathoms. Lepidotrigla spiloptera, n. sp. (PI. XVIIL. fig. C). ; D. 9/15, A. 15, L. lat. ca. 65. Scales very indistinctly serrated. Lateral line without spines. Anterior profile of the snout concave. Preeorbital projecting in the form of a short triangular lamina. Interorbital space very concave, in width nearly equal to the vertical diameter of the eye. A deep transverse groove separates the interorbital space from the crown of the head. The spines of the dorsal fin are of moderate strength, those running along the base of the dorsal fins are well developed, lanceolate. Pectoral fin extending to the fourth anal ray. Coloration uniform reddish. Pectoral dark blue on its inner surface, with numerous white ocelli, and a white margin. In very young specimens the groove behind the eyes is but slightly indicated; the white ocelli on the pectoral fin are absent, and a blackish blotch occupies the membrane between the fourth and sixth dorsal spines. Ki Island. Length of specimens, 34 to 54 inches. Station 192; 129 fathoms. Arafura Sea. Dactylopterus orientalis, C. V., Arafura Sea. Station 188. Peristethus moluccense, Blkr. Station 192, Ki Islands; 129 fathoms. Pegasus natans, L., Somerset, Cape York. Sillago ciliata, C. V., Somerset, Cape York. REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. 43 Acanthaphritis, n. gen. (Trachinide). Head depressed, tail compressed. Cleft of the mouth sub-horizontal, with the upper jaw longest. Eye rather large, obliquely directed upwards. Scales large, ciliated. T'wo separate dorsal fins, the first with five or six spines. Ventrals jugular, with one spine and five soft rays. The lower pectoral rays branched. Bands of villiform teeth in the jaws, without canines ; vomerine teeth in two small widely separate patches. Opercles unarmed; each preeorbital with a horizontal spine pointing forward. Six branchio- stegals. Guill-membranes entirely separate from each other, and from the isthmus. Acanthaphritis grandisquamis, n. sp. (Pl. XVIII. fig. A). D. 5-6/20, A. 24, L. lat. 33, L. transv. 8. Head depressed, its length being rather more than two-sevenths of the total length (without caudal) ; the eyes are large, occupy- ing the second fourth of the length of the head, and standing very close together ; mouth wide, the maxillary extending to below the middle of the eye. Occiput, cheeks, and opercles scaly. The first dorsal composed of feeble and short spines; the second high, the posterior rays being the longest, and extending in old specimens to the middle of the caudal fin. The anal commences immediately behind the first dorsal; caudal sub- truncated ; pectoral broad, reaching to below the commencement of the second dorsal ; ventrals reaching. to the vent. The scales are very coarsely ciliated. Light olive coloured, with an indistinct series of silvery spots along the upper side of the body; the first dorsal black. Ki Islands. Length of specimens, 24 to 5} inches. Ki Islands, Station 192; 129 fathoms. Champsodon vorax, Gthr., Arafura Sea, Ki Islands. Station 192 ; 129 fathoms. Uranoscopus fuscomaculatus, Steindachner (Wien, 8. B. 1868, vol. lviii. p. 319). Previously known from Kandavu. Arafura Sea. Uranoscopus kavanus, n. sp. (Pl. XIX. fig. A). D. 4/13, A. 13. No barbel below the chin. The length of the head is contained thrice and two-thirds, or thrice and three-fourths in the total without caudal. Sub- operculum with one, preoperculum with four, five, or six spines pointing downwards. Humeral spine more or less directed upwards. Upper parts brown, with numerous round whitish spots. Lower parts whitish. First dorsal black. Ka Islands. Arafura Sea. Length of specimens, 7 to 10 inches. Station 192; 129 fathoms. Station 188 ; 28 fathoms. Caranz speciosus, Forsk., Somerset. Caranx armatus, Forsk., Somerset. 44 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Chorinemus toloo, C. V., Somerset. Trachynotus ovatus, L., Somerset. Hypsinotus rubescens, Gthr. D. 385, A. sg2s5- Young specimens have the body comparatively less high than old ones; in the latter the depth exceeds much the length (fins excluded), in the former the leneth may even exceed the depth. Japan, Celebes. Ki Island. Length of speci- mens, 13 to 24 inches. Station 192; 129 fathoms. Upeneoides, sp. (?), Arafura Sea. Gobius genivittatus, C. V., fresh-water at Api, New Hebrides. Gobius albopunctatus, C. V., Somerset. Gobius bynoensis, Rich., Somerset. Gobius ornatus, Riipp., Somerset. Callionymus longicaudatus, Schleg., South of New Guinea. Station 188. Callionymus kaianus, n. sp. (Pl. XTX. fig. B). D. 4/9, A. 9, C. 10. Preeopercular spine shorter than the eye, terminating in three hooks, of which the hindermost points backwards and the middle upwards, both being barbed; the third is very small. Anterior dorsal spine prolonged, second dorsal high, caudal lone. The ventral extends somewhat beyond the origin of the anal. The occipital region granulated on each side. Giull-opening reduced to a small foramen on the upper side of the neck. Lateral line single. The length of the head is contaimed thrice and one-fourth in the total length, without caudal. Eye as long as the snout, and one-fourth the length of the head. Reddish-white, with irregular, rounded violet spots along the middle of the side of the body. A lunate black spot between the third and fourth dorsal spines. Second dorsal ornamented with large subocellated and inframarginal bands. Ki Islands. Length of specimen, 7 inches. Station 192; 129 fathoms. Batrachus diemensis, Les. Station 186 (trawl). Antennarius marmoratus, Gthr., Ki Doulan, Little Ki Island. Tetrabrachium, n. gen. (Pedicalidee). Head large, compressed; cleft of the mouth vertical, narrow. ‘Teeth very small. Eye small, projecting on the upper surface of the head. Skin naked. The spmous dorsal is reduced to three isolated spines, with the same arrangement and functions as REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. 45 Antennarius; the soft dorsal and anal rather long; pectoral with the upper portion detached. The gill-opening is reduced to a small foramen at the lowermost part of the root of the pectoral fin. Tetrabrachium ocellatwm, n. sp. (Pl. XIX. fig. C). D. 1/1/1/18, A. 12, P. 4/5, V. 5. The head and. body are strongly compressed, the trunk being very short; the neck is raised into a convex hump, the mouth looking upwards, transverse, without being cleft down the sides of the snout. The first and second dorsal spines are close together, situated above the upper lip, the first being very short and slender, the second as long as the mouth is wide and fringed. The third is again very small and delicate, and occupies the middle of the nape. Dorsal and anal rays short, enveloped in a tight membrane. Caudal rounded. ‘The upper four pectoral rays form a separate portion ; the lower part of the fin being horizontally spread out, and with the inner ray attached to the body in its whole length; also the ventral fins are attached to the side of the body by a loose membrane by which a kind of recess is formed. Eyes very small, prominent, covered by the general integument. The upper half of the fish is brownish, with numerous white ocelli greatly varying in size; they extend on the dorsal fin, but all the other fins are white, without any spots. South of New Guinea. Length of specimen, 23 inches. Station 188; 28 fathoms. Sicydium, sp., Fry., freshwater at Api, New Hebrides. Congrogadus subducens, Rich. Station 186 (trawl). Mugil waigiensis, Q. and G., Somerset. Glyphidodon septemfasciatus, C. V., Raine Island. Glyphidodon sordidus, Forsk., Raine Island. Heliastes roseus, n. sp. (Pl. XX. fig. D). D. 13, A. 3, L. lat. 26, L. transv. Jy. The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head three times. Hye very large, scarcely two-fifths of the length of the head. Snout extremely short, with the cleft of the mouth very oblique; maxillary narrow, not extending to below the middle of the eye. The lateral line pierces two or three scales behind the head, is then interrupted, and proceeds close to the base of the dorsal fin, at the end of which it stops. Caudal fin subtruncated. Pectoral with a broad base extending to the origin of the anal fin. Scales very finely ciliated. Uniform rose coloured. Off Ki Islands. Length of specimen, 24 to 34 inches. Station 192; 129 fathoms. Xiphochilus quadrimaculatus, n. sp. (Pl. XX. fig. C). D. 2, A. #5, L. lat. 30, L. transv. 23/10. The height of the body is rather less 46 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. than the length of the head, and contained thrice and three-sevenths in the total length (without caudal) ; snout rather short, as long as the eye, the diameter of which is two- sevenths of the length of the head. The maxillary reaches the front margin of the eye; both jaws with four canine teeth in front, the upper with a posterior one; oper- culum dilated into a large flap; three series of scales on the cheek; sub- and inter- operculum scaly; preeorbital as high as the orbit. Dorsal spines rather slender. Rose coloured; a blackish spot below the sixth and seventh dorsal spines on the lateral line ; another above the end of the lateral line above the caudal fin. Length of specimen, 4 inches, Arafura Sea. Cherops cyanodon, Rich., Somerset. Cherops ommopterus, Rich. Station 186 (trawl). Ophidiwm murenolepis, n. sp. (Pl. XX. fig. A). The length of the head equals its distance from the vent, which is somewhat nearer to the end of the snout than to that of the tail. (In Ophidium broussoneti the distance of the vent from the end of the tail is nearly twice that from the end of the snout.) The seales are extremely small, not imbricate, elongate, and obliquely arranged as in an eel. The outer pair of barbels is considerably longer than the inner, and much shorter than the head. The lower branch of the outer branchial arch with four gill-rakers, which are very short, scarcely one-third of the diameter of the eye. No hook-like prominence at the ethmoid. Head entirely naked. Dorsal fin with a blackish edge. Ki Islands. Length of specimen, 7 inches. Station 192; 129 fathoms. Pseudorhombus russelli, Gray, Arafura Sea; 35 to 49 fathoms. Rhomboidichthys angustifrons, n. sp. (Pl. XXI. fig. B). D. 83, A. 62, L. lat. 80. The height of the body is a little more than one-half of the total length with the caudal; the length of the head one-fourth ; head about as high as long ; anterior profile of the head. parabolic, with a small notch in front of the inter- orbital space. Cleft of the mouth narrow, with the lower jaw prominent, and with the maxillary extending to below the front margin of the orbit ; snout a little shorter than the eye, the diameter of which is two-sevenths of the length of the head. An inconspicu- ous knob superiorly on the maxillary, and on the front margin of the lower orbit. Length of the maxillary a little less than one-third of that of the head. Interorbital space very narrow, deeply concave, smooth. Vent on the left side. Scales of the coloured side ethmoid, of the blind side smooth. No spines along the base of the dorsal and anal fins. In the single specimen observed, the anterior dorsal rays are nearly detached and produced. Light brownish with indistinct darker spots, of which a series ie REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. 47 runs along the base of the dorsal and anal; also the caudal is ornamented by a pair of similar spots, one being close to the upper and lower margin. Three large black ocelli, edged with white, and with a black outer ring, are placed in the middle of the body in the form of a triangle. Length of specimens, 54 inches. Arafura Sea; 30 fathonis. Rhomboidichthys spilurus, n. sp. (Pl. XXT. fig. A). D. 90, A. 66, L. Jat. 47. The height of the body is contained once and three-fourths in the total length (without caudal). Scales deciduous. Interorbital space scaly, con- cave; its width being equal to the diameter of the orbit, which is one-fourth of the leneth of the head; mouth narrow, the length of the maxillary being equal to the diameter of the eye. The dorsal fin terminates immediately before the root of the caudal, the left pectoral longer and more developed than the right. Greyish, finely marbled with brown ; caudal with a pair of black spots on the middle of its length, each spot being close to the upper and lower margins. This species is closely allied to Rhomboidichthys grandisquama, but distinguished by the much narrower interorbital space and smaller scales. South of New Guinea, Zebu. Length of specimen, 4 inches. Station 188; 28 fathoms. Samaris maculatus, nu. sp. (Pl. XXI. fig. A). D. 73, A. 57. Scales very small. The height of the body is contained thrice and one-fourth in the total length without caudal, the length of the head thrice and three- fourths. None of the dorsal rays are prolonged, but the anterior are much more distant from each other than the succeeding. Right pectoral with narrow base, five-rayed, elongate, but shorter than the head. No pectoral fin on the blind side. Eyes very close together, the lower somewhat in advance of the upper. Light coloured, with a series of five distant black spots along the dorsal profile ; a similar series along the anal profile, and a third composed of three spots along the lateral line. Vertical fins, with irregular blackish dots and blackish margins. Pectoral variegated with black. Ki Islands. Length of specimen, 4 inches. Station 192; 129 fathoms. Arnoglossus aspilus, Blkr., Arafura Sea; 30 fathoms. Anticitharus, n. gen. Mouth wide, or rather wide ; the length of the maxillary being more than one-third of that of the head. Teeth conical, of unequal size, in a single series in both jaws ; vomerine and palatine teeth none. The dorsal fin commences on the snout. Scales of moderate size, smooth, deciduous. Lateral line, with a strong curve above the pectoral. Eyes on 48 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. the left side. Guill-membranes broadly united below the throat. Gill-rakers short and lanceolate. Ki Islands. Anticitharus polyspilus, n. sp. (Pl. XXII. fig. A). D. 106, A. 82, L. Jat. 75. Height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the total length (without caudal). The length of the head thrice and three-fourths. The curve of the lateral line is rather open, its span being equal to the length of the head without snout. Snout about as long as the eye, which is one-fourth of the length of the head. The eyes are separated from each other by a narrow scaleless ridge, the lower being considerably in advance of the upper. Mouth obliquely ascending upwards, but with the lower jaw scarcely projecting beyond the upper. The maxillary extends to behind the front margin of the eye. Anterior teeth stronger and longer than the lateral. The dorsal fin commences anteriorly on the snout, and is continued to the root of the caudal. Its anterior rays are somewhat longer than the succeeding, but not longer than those behind the middle of the length of the fin. Pectoral of the coloured side somewhat longer than that of the blind, and rather more than half as long as the head. Ventrals separate, opposite to each other, the anterior being rather in advance of the posterior. Coloration transparent, with some small black spots regularly disposed, but not constantly present. They form a series of three or four near the dorsal and ventral outlines ; another along the lateral line ; a pair of spots occupying the basal portion of the caudal. Similar but larger spots along the dorsal and anal fins. Ki Islands. Length of specimens, 7 and 84 inches. Station 192; 129 fathoms. Pecilopsetta, n. gen. (Pleuronectide), Mouth rather narrow, the length of the maxillary being one-third of that of the head. Each jaw with a narrow band of villiform teeth. Vomerine and palatine teeth none. The dorsal fin commences above the middle of the eye. Scales very small. Gull- membranes united below the throat. Pecilopsetta colorata, n. sp. (Pl. XXII. fig. B). D. 61, A. 50. The height of the body is contained twice and one-fourth in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and three-fourths. Lateral line with a semi-circular curve above the pectoral fin, the diameter of which is equal to three- fourths of the length of the head. Snout very short, with the jaws equal in front. Cleft of the mouth obliquely ascending upwards, the maxillary reaching beyond the anterior margin of the eye. Eyes large, one-third of the length of the head, opposite to each other, separated by a narrow, flat, scaly space ; the upper encroaches upon the upper profile of REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. 49 the head. Only the rays of the caudal fin are scaly. The dorsal fin commences above the middle of the eye, and is continued to within a short distance of the caudal. None of its rays are elongate. Pectoral equally developed on both sides, more than half as long as the head. Ventrals separate, opposite te each other. Light brownish ; head and body with numerous black dots ; dorsal and anal blackish ; caudal with a large black spot near its upper and lower margins; pectoral with a large black spot occupying nearly the whole fin. Ki Islands. Length of specimens, 6 inches. Station 192; 129 fathoms. Leops parviceps, Gthr. Station 190. Arafura Sea; 35 to 49 fathoms. Brachypleura nove-zealandie, Gthr., Arafura Sea; 35 to 49 fathoms. Coast of New Guinea; 30 fathoms. Solea kaiana, n. sp. (Pl. XXI. fig. C). D. 70, A. 50, L. lat. ca. 70. The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head rather more than one-fourth ; the width of the interorbital space equal to the diameter of the eye. No pectoral whatever. Light brownish : head, body, and fins reticulated with brown, the network being more distinct towards the margins of the fish. Ki Islands. Length of specimen, 44 inches. Station 192; 129 fathoms. Synaptura zebra, Bl., Arafura Sea; 35 to 49 fathoms. Synaptura arafurensis, n. sp. D. 65, A. 52, P. 6, L. lat. 100. The height of the body is two-fifths of the total leneth, with the caudal; the length of the head one-fifth. Scales ciliated on both sides of the body, those of the neck not larger. There are several patches of black filaments on different parts of the body; the largest is in the middle of the length of the lateral line, two or three smaller ones along the base of the dorsal, and of the anal, and one on the base of the caudal. Upper jaw slightly overlapping the lower. The eyes are very small; they occupy jointly a single protuberance, which can partially be received in a hollow. Pectorals rudimentary, about one-sixth of the length of the head; the right is black between the rays, and its axil is black also. The last dorsal and anal ray extends.beyond the middle of the length of the caudal. Nasal tubes short. Uniform brownish-orey. Arafura Sea. Leneth of specimen, 44 inches. Station 190; 35 fathoms. Cynoglossus kopsi, Blkr., Arafura Sea. Station 190. Cnidoglanis nudiceps, 1. sp. Closely allied to Cnidoglanis lepturus and Cnidoglanis nucrocephalus, bat with the occipital region osseous, and not covered with loose skin. Head depressed, small, its (ZOOL. CHALL, EXP.—PART y1.—~<1880.) F7 50 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. length being equal to its distance from the vent; the nasal and maxillary barbels do not extend to the end of the head; lower lip not pendent or fringed; isthmus between the branchial membranes comparatively broad, as broad as the interorbital space. Inter- maxillary teeth conical, in two subtriangular patches ; vomerine teeth more obtuse, in two series which form a suberescentric band; mandibulary teeth in a band. Lye of moderate size. The first dorsal is lower than the body, and placed at a very short distance from the occiput ; spine serrated in front and behind, as long and strong as that of the pectoral fin. Light brownish, fins with a black margin. Length of specimen, 84 to 9 inches. Arafura Sea. Saurus intermedius, Agass. Hitherto known from the Atlantic only. Arafura Sea. Saurus kawanus, n. sp. (Pl. XXIIL. fig. C). D. 11, A. 10, V. 8, L. lat. 63, L. transv. 33/8. Body subeylindrical. Length of the head contained thrice and two-thirds in the total (without caudal). Snout depressed, pointed, nearly as broad as long, with the upper jaw projecting beyond the lower. Interorbital space slightly concave, narrower than the eye, the diameter of which is two- ninths of the length of the head. Frontal bones without sculpture. There are seventeen scales between the occiput and the dorsal fin. Dorsal fin as high as long. The pectoral fin extends to the twelfth scale of the lateral line. The series of scales on the tail without keel. Upper parts greenish, lower silvery. A series of blackish spots alternately larger and smaller along the middle of the body. Ki Islands. Length of specimen, 54 inches. Station 192; 129 fathoms. Saurida grandisquamis, Gthr., Arafura Sea. Belone strongylurus, Blkr., Somerset. Belone annulata, C. V., Somerset. Hemirhamphus quoyi, C. V., Somerset. Hemirhamphus commerson, Cuv., Somerset. Chirocentrus dorab, Forsk., Somerset. Phyllopteryx teniophorus, Gray, male with full pouch. Cape York. Station 186; 8 fathoms. Triacanthodes anomalus, Schleg., Ki Island. Station 192; 129 fathoms. Monacanthus penicilligerus, Cuv. Station 188; 28 fathoms. Monacanthus longirostris, Cuy., New Caledonia, Monacanthus filicauda, n. sp. (Pl. XXIII. fig. D). D. 35, A. 37. Scales minute, the entire surface of the fish being uniformly covered with asperities longitudinally arranged. Dorsal spine rather slender, longer than the REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. 51 snout, granular in front, and armed with a double series of barbs behind; it is placed above the hind margin of the orbit. Body elevated, its depth being contained once and three-fifths in the total length (without caudal). The origin of the dorsal fin is the highest point in the dorsal profile. Snout moderately produced, with the upper profile very slightly concave. Caudal fin obliquely truncated with the upper ray prolonged into a filament. Ventral spine movable, small. Light brownish, with more or Jess con- spicuous darker spots; a round black spot immediately below the anterior third of the dorsal fin is constant. South of New Guinea. Length of specimen, 34 to 5 inches. Station 188; 28 fathoms. Tetrodon mgropunctatus, Bl., Arafura Sea ; 35 to 49 fathoms. D. THE EAST INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO. A few species only were collected by the Expedition at Banda (September 30, 1874) and Amboyna (October 4). Better opportunities offered themselves during the pro- longed stay of the Challenger at the Philippine Islands: Manilla was visited twice, from November 4 to 11, and from January 11, 1875, to January 14; Zebu was reached on the 18th, and its celebrated sponge-grounds were thoroughly examined ; but the majority of fishes were obtained at Samboangan, where the Expedition landed several times. Some of the species collected there prove to be new, two being fluviatile. Chiloscyllium indicum, Gin., Manilla. Serranus diacanthus, C. V., Philippines. Station 203. Acropoma philippinense, n. sp. D. 9/4, A. 2, L. lat. 31, L. transv. 2. The height of the body is contaimed thrice and a half in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head twice and three-fifths. Eye one-third of the length of the head, and longer than the snout and the interorbital space. The two canine teeth of the upper jaw are strong, much longer than in Acropoma japonicum ; lower jaw with a pair of small canine teeth in front, and with three strong ones on each side. Vomerine and palatine teeth small, in very narrow bands. Lower jaw not much projecting beyond the upper; maxillary without scales, not extending to the centre of the eye. Preeoperculum with the angle slightly produced and serrated ; oper- culum without prolongation. Dorsal spines rather feeble, the third being the longest, and half as long as the head. Caudal fin forked. Pectoral reaching to the vent. Uniform silvery, with the back greenish. Philippine Islands. Length of specimens, 2 to 33 inches. Station 201; 82 to 102 fathoms. THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Or i) Therapon theraps, C. V., Phiippines. Station 203. Priacanthus, sp. (2). Station 194, off Banda, in tow-net. Scolopsis monogramma, C. V., Philippines. Station 203. Sebastes nematophthalmus, Gthr, Hitherto known from the West Indies and Mau- ritius. Philippmes. Station 201; 82 fathoms. Tetraroge longispims, C. V., Philippmes. Station 203. Lioscorpius longiceps, n. sp. (see p. 40). Station 204. Philippines. Hquua fasciata, Lac., Philippimes. Station 203. Equula dussumieri, C. V., Philippines. Station 203. Acanthurus hepatus, L., Samboangan. Champsodon vorax (Pl. XXII. fig. A), (Gthr., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, p. 102). D. 5/17-20, A. 17-19. A series of numerous and apparently full-grown examples enables me to correct an error in the original generic diagnosis, in which the bones of the head are described as unarmed. The angle of the preoperculum is armed with a long lanceolate spine obliquely directed upwards, and there are several denticulations on the hind margin of the same bone. Also the preeorbital has some obtuse spines. Hye with one or two minute filaments at its supero-posterior angle. Two lateral lines become very distinct as soon as the fish is dry, and both are provided with lateral vertical branches. Length of specimens, 3 to 4 inches. Station 204; 115 fathoms. Philippines. Opisthognathus macrolepis, Peters (Berl. Monatsber., 1866, p. 520). B. 6, D. 44, A. 13, L. lat. 56. The maxillary is not so much elongate as in the other species ; it reaches beyond the eye, but not to the angle of the preeoperculum. The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head a little less than one-third. Eyes very close together. The last spine of the dorsal fin considerably shorter than the first ray. Dorsal fin with a large black spot between the second and fourth spines. Length of specimen, 4 inches. Philippines. Station 201; 82 fathoms. Platycephalus, sp., young, Philippines. Station 203. Straits near Zebu; 18 fathoms. Peristethus murray, n. sp. (Pl. XXXII. fig. A). D. 7/21, A. 20, L. lat. 30. Preeorbital processes narrow, narrower in their basal half than towards their extremity; their length is one-third of the distance between their extremity and the front margin of the orbit. Snout and forehead without any spines; a small spine above the posterior margin of the orbit, and one on each side of the ocerput. Preeopercular ridge prominent, trenchant, terminating in a slender spine nearly as long REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. 53 as the eye. Interorbital space concave, its width being equal to the diameter of the eye. Anterior abdominal scutes not much longer than broad, and nearly equal in size to the posterior, which are as broad as long. Red, dorsal fins with a blackish margin. Sea of Banda. Length of specimen, 8 inches; 200 fathoms, Tt seems that the sojourn at a moderate depth (200 fathoms) has not sufficed to effect a visible modification of the different organs of the fishes of this genus. However, it seems to me that also the other species of the genus, and especially the Mediterranean form, of the habits of which more is known than of any other, descend to greater depths than is generally supposed. Gobius echinocephalus, Ritpp., Zebu. Callionymus curvicornis, C. V., Philippines. Station 201; 82 fathoms. Callionymus calauropomus, Rich. Station 204. Philppines; 115 fathoms. (This specimen, which is a male, has the first dorsal spine prolonged into a filament, and a black ocellus between the third and fourth spines.) Lophius naresi, n. sp. (see p. 60, and Pl. XXV.) Station 204 ; 115 fathoms. Trypauchen vagina, Bl., Amboyna; 15 fathoms. Aimplhisile scutata, L., Philippines. Station 203; 10 to 20 fathoms. Ophiocephalus vagus, Ptrs. (scarcely distinct from Ophiocephalus striatus, Bl.), Manilla. Duyneria flagellifera, C. V. (= Daymeria filamentosa, Ptrs.), Samboangan. Bregmaceros macclelland:, Thomps., Amboyna; 15 fathoms. Pseudorhombus russelli, Gray. Station 203. Philippines. Rhomboidichthys pavo, Blkr., Island of Malanipa, near Samboangan. Rhomboidichthys spilurus, n. sp. (see p. 47, and Pl. XXI. fig. A.), Straits of Zebu ; fathoms, 18. Solea ovata, Rich. Station 203. Philippines. Cynoglossus puncticeps, Rich. Station 203. Philippines. Barbus maculatus, C. V., var. D. 11, A. 8, L. lat. 26, L. transv. 44/44. The osseous dorsal ray is rather feeble, its stiff portion being about as long as the head without snout; its serrature is fine and rather inconspicuous. There are two and a half longitudinal series of scales between the lateral line and the root of the ventral fin. The depth of the body is one-third of the total length (without caudal). The length of the head one-fourth. Snout of moderate length, a little longer than the diameter of the eye, which is one-fourth, or a little less than one-fourth of the length of the head. Barbels well developed, longer than the eye. The origin of the dorsal fin is slightly in advance of the vertical from that of the yentrals, and scarcely nearer to the end of the snout than to the root of the caudal. A 54 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. series of four round black spots along the middle of the side of the body, a fifth similar spot below the origin of the dorsal fin. Samboangan, Philippines. Length of specimens, 2} to 5 inches. Pasananca, near Samboangan. Rasbora philippina, n. sp. L. lat. 28-29. The origin of the dorsal fin is much nearer to the base of the ventrals than to the anal, and opposite to the ninth and tenth scales of the lateral line. The length of the head is contained four and one-third times in the total (without caudal). Barbel none; maxillary extending to below the front margin of the eye. Pectoral as long as the head. A silvery band along the side of the tail. River at Pasananca, near Samboangan (Philippine Islands). Length of specimens, 24 to 34 inches. Murena richardsoni, Blkr., Reefs near Zebu, Samboangan. Murena nebulosa, Ahl., Reefs of Zebu. Murena, sp., young, Reefs near Zebu. Balistes verrucosus, Bl., Schn., Reefs of Zebu. Monacanthus pardalis, Riipp., Reefs of Zebu. Monacanthus tessellatus, n. sp. (Pl. XXIII. fig. B). D. 36, A. 32. Skin velvety, without distinct scales. The depth of the body is one- half of the total length (without caudal). Snout long, the distance of the eye from its extremity being two-sevenths of the total length (without caudal). Upper profile very slightly concave. Gill-opening below the middle of the eye; root of the pectoral below its posterior half. Dorsal spine rather long, nearly half as high as the body above the posterior half of the eye, armed with four’ rows of barbs, of which the anterior are close together. Caudal with the margin rounded. Dorsal and anal fins but little higher anteriorly than posteriorly. Ventral spine small, fixed. Colour light brownish. Head and body ornamented with squarish dark brown spots, regularly arranged in transverse and longitudinal series; caudal blackish. Philippine Islands. Length of specimen, 5 inches. Station 204; 115 fathoms. Tetrodon immaculatus, Bl., Schn., Philippines. Station 203. Tetrodon patoca, H. B., Philippines.» Station 203. Chilomycterus orbicularis, Bl., Straits near Zebu; 18 fathoms. £, HONG KONG. The Expedition remained at this locality from November 16, 1874, to January 6, 1875. Its fish-fauna being well known, but few species were collected, one of which appears to be undescribed. i | Ot REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. Serranus diacanthus, C. V. Mesoprion vitta, Q. and G. Chilodactylus zonatus, C. V. Sebastes marmoratus, C. V. Scorpena cirrhosa, Thunb. Drepane punctata, L. Platycephalus insidiator, Forsk. Platycephalus japonicus, Tiles. Stromateus argenteus, Bl. Gobius knutteli, Blky. Eleotris sinensis, Lac. Apocryptes polyophthalmus, Gthr. Callionymus curvicornis, C. V. Trypauchen vagina, Bl., Schn. Trypauchen chinensis, Steind., off Hong Kong, in 10 fathoms. Ctenotrypauchen chinensis, Steindachner, Wien. S. B., 1867, vol. lv. p. 530, taf. vi. fig, 3. Trypauchen chinensis, Steindachner, ibid., p. 708. Opluocephalus maculatus, Lac. Pseudoscarus nuchipunctatus, C. V. Pseudorhombus cinnamomeus, Schleg., off Hong Kong, in 7 fathoms. Arnoglossus tenuis, n. sp. D. 93, A. 70, L. lat. 48. Scales very thin and deciduous. The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head two-ninths. The ereatest depth between the anal fin, and the straight portion of the lateral line is less than the length of the head. Snout with the lower jaw somewhat projecting, as long as the diameter of the eye, which is nearly one-fourth of the length of the head. The lenoth of the maxillary is one-third of the length of the head, that of the mandible rather less than one-half. Eyes separated by a very narrow ridge, the lower being considerably in advance of the upper. Lateral line with a semicircular curve above the pectoral. The dorsal and anal are continued on to the root of the caudal, and the rays of moderate leneth. The rays of the left ventral occupy the whole length between throat and vent. Humeral arch without projecting spines. Coloration uniform. Length of specimens, 2 and 44 inches. Solea ovata, Rich., off Hong Kong; 7 fathoms. Cynoglossus melampetalus, Rich., off Hong Kong; 7 fathoms. Saurida argyrophanes, Rich. Cyprinus auratus, L. 56 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. F, THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDS. The visit of the Challenger to the Admiralty Islands extended from March 4 to March 10, 1875. The fishes collected are, as might have been expected, identical with those of the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Three have proved to be undescribed, viz., a Lophius, which also occurs in the Philippines, and two Plewronectide; they are inhabitants of the moderate depth of 150 fathoms. Mesoprion monostigma, C. V., Nares Harbour. Spherodon grandoculis, Forsk., Nares Harbour. Gerres macracanthus, Blkr., Nares Harbour. Pimelepterus waigiensis, Q. and G., Nares Harbour. Upeneus barberinus, C. V., Nares Harbour. Peristethus liorhynchus, Gthr., outside Nares Harbour ; 152 fathoms. Sillago sihama, Forsk., Nares Harbour. Champsodon vorax, Gthr., outside Nares Harbour ; 152 fathoms. Caranxe crumenophthalmus, Bl., Nares Harbour. Platax orbicularis, Forsk., (=vespertilio, Bl.), Nares Harbour. Acanthurus blochi, C. V., Nares Harbour. Teuthis concatenata, C. V., Nares Harbour. Teuthis verniculata, C. V., Nares Harbour. Teuthis margaritifera, C. V., Nares Harbour. Lophius naresi, n. sp. (Pl. XXYV.). D. 3/3/8, A. 6. Head and body covered with long fringes. Interorbital space deeply concave, with sharp raised denticulated superciliary edges. Humeral spine simple, acute. Mouth behind the hyoid greyish. Length of specimens, 3 and 8 inches. Nares Harbour, Admiralty Island. Station 219. North of New Guinea. 152 fathoms. Pseudorhombus ocellatus, n. sp. (Pl. XXIV. figs. A and B). D. 88, A. 75-76. Scales minute, but distinctly imbricated, not ciliated; lateral line anteriorly with a strong curve, the diameter of which equals the length of the pectoral fin. The height of the body is one-half of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head one-fourth. Eyes separated merely by a ridge, large, one-third of the length of the head, the lower considerably in advance of the upper. One (male) specimen with a small spine in front of each eye, another above the mouth, and a fourth at the mandibulary symphysis. Snout very short, with the narrow mouth obliquely directed upwards, the maxillary terminating immediately behind the front margin of the orbit. The dorsal fin Sai REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. 57 commences above the nostrils, is not scaly, and terminates close to the caudal, its anterior rays being shorter than the middle ones. In the male the thirteenth to nineteenth rays of the dorsal, and the seven anterior of the anal, are prolonged into long filaments. Pectoral as long as the postorbital portion of the head. Ventrals distinct, opposite to each other. Brown, with scattered, more or less irregular whitish ocelli, margined with black. Fin-rays with black dots, and some entirely black for some portion of their length. On the blind side the anterior half of the body is whitish, the posterior blackish. Admiralty Islands. Length of specimens, 54 inches. Outside Nares Harbour; 152 fathoms. Nematops, n. gen. (Pleuronectidee). Cleft of the mouth narrow. Teeth minute; scarcely any teeth on the coloured side. Vomerine teeth none. The dorsal fin commences above the eye. Scales rather small, ciliated. Lateral line with a strong curve anteriorly. Eyes on the right side, large, each provided with a tentacle, the upper encroaching upon the upper profile. Nematops nucrostoma, n. sp. (Pl. XXIV. fig. C). D. 64, A. 54, L. lat. 65. The height of the body is contained twice and a half in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times and a third. Snout extremely short, with narrow mouth obliquely ascending upwards. Eyes very large, two-fifths of the length of the head, very close together, the upper encroaching upon the upper profile. Tentacle nearly as long as the eye, attached to its posterior half. The eyes are inserted on the same level. The dorsal fin commences above the middle of the eye, and terminates at a very short distance from the caudal; its rays are of moderate leneth. Pectorals of both sides nearly equally developed, half as long as the head. Ventrals separate, opposite to each other. The scales of the coloured side are indistinctly ciliated, those of the blind smooth. The curve of the lateral line is semicircular, with a diameter shorter than the head. Dorsal and anal rays dotted with black, and a larger black spot on the posterior dorsal and anal rays. Caudal black, with a broad whitish posterior margin. Length of specimen, 33 inches. Outside Nares Harbour, in 152 fathoms. Belone liuroides, Blkr., Nares Harbour. Clupea moluccensis, Blkr., Nares Harbour. Balistes maculatus, Gm., North of Admiralty Islands. G. THE FRIENDLY AND SOCIETY ISLANDS. But few species were collected during the Challenger’s stay at Tongatabu (July 20, 1874), to which were added a small number from Tahiti (September 1875). None of them are of special interest. (ZOOL, CHALL. EXP.—PART v1.—1880.) F8 58 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Zygena malleus, Risso, (stuffed), Tongatabu. Trygon kuhli, M, and H., Tongatabu. Serranus dispar, Playf., Tongatabu. Mesoprion fulviflamma, Forsk., Tongatabu. Dules marginatus, C. V., Papeuriri, Otaheiti. Cesio tile, C. V., Tongatabu. Gerres oyena, Forsk., Tongatabu. Holocentrum spiniferwm, Forsk., Tongatabu Caranx hippos, l., brackish water near Papiete, Tahiti. Caranx hippos, L.: Gthr., Fish., vol. i. p. 449, and Fisch. d. Siidsee, p. 131, taf. Ixxxiv. Acanthurus (2), sp., young (Acronurus), brackish water near Papiete, Tahiti. Eleotris fusca, Bl., Schn., streams and brackish water near Papiete, Tahiti. Mugil kelaarti, Gthr,, Tongatabu. Mugil tonge, n. sp. D. 4/4, A. 2, L. lat. 45, L. transv. 16. The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths ; the snout is very - broad, the width of the interorbital space being a little more than two-fifths of the length of the head. Eye with a broad adipose membrane. Lips thin; the maxillary is nearly entirely covered by the preeorbital, only a narrow strip of its extremity being visible ; cleft of the mouth nearly twice as broad as deep; the angle made by the anterior margins of the mandibles slightly exceeding a right one. Anterior dorsal spines half as long as the head, occupying the middle of the distance between the snout and the root-of the caudal. There are about twenty-six scales between the snout and the spinous dorsal fin ; the eleventh, thirteenth, and. twenty-seventh scales of the lateral line corre- spond to the extremity of the pectoral fin, and to the origins of the two dorsals. Colora- tion uniform. Length of specimen, 64 inches, Tongatabu. . Gomphosus tricolor, Q. and G., Harbour of Tahiti. Anguilla aneitensis, Gthr., Lake Waihirra, Tahiti. A malformed specimen from River near Lake Waihirra. Anguilla mauritiana, Benn., Lake Waihirra, Tahiti. Ophichthys maculosus, Cuv., Tongatabu. Murena nebulosa, Ahl., Tahiti. Murena richardson, Blky., Tahiti. Diodon hystrix, L., Tahiti, REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. 59 H, THE SANDWICH ISLANDS. The Challenger stayed a fortnight at Honolulu, and five days at Hilo, Hawaii. The fauna is almost purely Polynesian, although we may remember that several species from the West Coast of America have strayed as far eastwards as to reach this group. Most of the fresh-water species, on the other hand, are peculiar to this isolated group ; and the Expedition obtained two Blennioids which hitherto had escaped observation, Zygena malleus, Risso, Reefs at Honolulu. Dules marginatus, C. V., Hilo, Hawaii (seine). Reefs at Honolulu. Scorpena nuchalis, Gthr. (Fisch. d. Siidsee, p. 76). If the two following specimens really belong to this species, it is subject to variation of colour, the Sandwich Islands specimens showing no white dots on any part of their body; both, however, have a broad light band across the nape and side of the head. One of the specimens has a large black spot between the four last dorsal spines, which is absent in the other specimen. The typical specimen came from Rarotonga. Length of specimens, 24 to 3 inches. Reefs at Honolulu. Cirrhites arcatus, C. V., Reefs at Honolulu. Cirrhitichthys maculatus, Lac., Reefs at Honolulu. Caranx crumenophthalmus, Bl., Reefs at Honolulu. Caran hippos, L., Hilo, Hawaii (seine). Acanthurus blochi, C. V., Reefs at Honolulu. Upeneus trifasciatus, Lac., Reefs at Honolulu. Polynemus sexfilis, C. V., Hilo, Hawaii (seine). Gobius stanuneus, Valenc. (Voy. Bonite Poiss., p. 179, pl. v. fig. 5). This is the first time that this species has been rediscovered since it was described and fieured by Valenciennes. Although the figure given in the French Voyage is recog- nisable as far as the form is concerned, the coloration seems to be imaginary, and is certainly very different from that of the specimens before me. This species is closely allied to Gobius ocellaris and crassilabris ; from the former it differs in having smaller scales on the neck, and in lacking a black dorsal spot ; from the latter in having the eye placed farther back. D, 6/11, A. 11, L. lat. 60. Fifteen longitudinal series of scales between the origin of the second dorsal and anal; scales on the neck much smaller than those on the tail ; cheeks and opercles naked. The height of the body is four and one-half times, the length of the head thrice or thrice and one-fourth the total length (without caudal). 60 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Head low, flattened above, with the snout much produced, the small eye being nearer to the gill opening than to the end of the snout. Mouth horizontal, scarcely extending to the eye, with projecting upper jaw and very thick lips. Teeth in villiform bands, without canines. Interorbital space wider than the eye in old specimens, and of about the same width in younger ones. Dorsal fins lower than the body, caudal rounded; ventral terminating a long way from the vent, with broad basal membrane. Yellowish or brownish, with irregular darker spots, some in the middle of the body being arranged more or less distinctly in a longitudinal series; the rays of the dorsal fins and of the caudal with small black spots ; a round spot at the root of the caudal, and an oblong one on the upper part of the root of the pectoral are rather constant. Length of specimen, 2 to 8 inches. Fresh-waters of Honolulu. Streams of Hawaii. Gobius sandvicensis, n. sp. D. 6/4, A. 9, L. lat. 35. Twelve longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and the anal. Only a few very small scales before the dorsal, the nape and the whole head being naked. The height of the body is contained five and a half times in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times. The head is rather broader than high, with the cheeks swollen. Interorbital space very narrow. Lye as long as the snout, which is convex. Cleft of the mouth scarcely oblique. Jaws equal in front ; a curved canine tooth on each side of the jaw. Upper pectoral rays silk-like. Dorsal and anal fins of moderate height. Caudal fin obtusely rounded, not quite so long as the head. The ventral fin does not quite reach to the vent, and has the basal mem- brane well developed. Reddish-olive with hghter dots, and with a series of larger brown spots along the lower half of the side of the body. Vertical fins dotted with brown. Length of specimen, 14 inches. Honolulu, fresh-water. Eleotris fusca, Bl., Schn., Honolulu, fresh-water. Sicydium ngrescens, n. sp. (Pl. XXVI. fig. C). D. 6/11, A. 11. The scales on the nape, on the anterior half of the trunk, and on the abdomen, are very small; sixteen longitudinal series may be counted between the origin of the first dorsal and anal. Head small, two-ninths of the total length (without caudal), broad, with small eye, the diameter of which is scarcely one-half of the width of the inter- orbital space. In the adult the third dorsal spine is prolonged into a filament, and the posterior rays of the second fin are much prolonged, so as to extend sometimes beyond the root of the caudal. Old specimens are nearly uniform black. Younger ones are sometimes of a lighter colour, with irregular and indistinct dark transverse spots and bands. Caudal without spots or bands. Length of specimen, 2 to 5 inches. Honolulu, fresh- -water. Streams in the Island of Hawaii. _—— REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. 61 Lentipes concolor, Gill., Streams of Hawaii. Stcyogaster concolor, Gill., Proc. Ac. N. Se. Philad., 1860, p. 102. Lentipes concolor, Gthr., Fish., vol. iii. p. 96. Lentipes seminudus, n. sp. D. 6/11, A. 10. A small fish, two inches long, and in an indifferent state of preser- vation, seems to be a second species of this genus, having the same singular dentition as Lentipes concolor, but the tail is covered with small scales, the head and trunk only being naked. It is an adult specimen, the ovaries being fully developed. The eyes are small, situated in the anterior half of the length of the head. The length of the head is one- fourth of the total, the caudal not included. The vent is somewhat nearer to the root of the caudal than to the head. Length of specimen, 2 inches. Honolulu, fresh-water. Mugil dobula, Gthr., Hilo, Hawaii (shore). Dascyllus albisella, Gill., Honolulu Reefs. Julis obscura, n.. sp. (Pl. XXVI. figs. A and B). D. 385, A. 7, L. lat. 29, L. transv. 33/10. The determination of this species is rather doubtful, as it seems subject to great variation of colour, without being distin- guished by some striking and constant peculiarity. There are four specimens in the collection, three of which are young, and the fourth apparently adult. The dorsal spines are remarkably short, and the upper and lower caudal lobes produced into short filaments. In the young the body is of a brownish-violet colour, which extends sometimes over the whole caudal fin, sometimes stopping short at the base of that fin, leaving it white. Seales with or without an indistinct vertical. purplish line. Head apparently without markings. Dorsal and anal fins uniform blackish, or if of a lighter colour, with a black spot between the three anterior spines. Pectoral fin with a black spot superiorly at the base, and with a broad black longitudinal band, which sometimes becomes in- distinct. The adult has the ground colour light reddish, only the end of the tail, and the upper and lower margins of the caudal being black. ach scale with a vertical purple streak. Dorsal and anal fins greyish, without black spot in front. Pectoral light yellow, without black band, and without axillary spot. Length of specimen, 4 to 7 inches. Honolulu. Rhomboidichthys pantherinus, Riipp., Honolulu Reefs. Chanos salmoneus, Forst., Reefs at Honolulu. Albula conorhynchus, Bl., Schn., Hilo, Hawaii (seme) ; Hilo, Hawaii (seine). Conger marginatus, Val., Reefs at Honolulu. Murena flavo-marginata, Riipp., Reefs at Honolulu. Murena (2), sp., Reefs at Honolulu. 62 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Doryichthys plewrotena, n. sp. (Pl. XXVI. fig. D). D. 25, Osseous rings 18+14. The edges of each ring terminate in a slightly pro- minent spine. Lateral line continuous, passing into the lower caudal edge. Snout with denticulated ridges ; operculum with a slightly oblique raised line, below which there are several other radiating keels; snout shorter than the remaining portion of the head ; interorbital space concave, the supraorbital ridge being raised, but scarcely serrated. Vent behind the middle of the dorsal fin, equidistant from the root of the pectoral, and from the end of the caudal. Pectoral shorter than the operculum ; caudal longer than the snout. Light greyish, with a brownish-black band from the snout along the middle of the body and caudal fin. Distance of the snout from the vent, 14 lines. Distance of the vent from the end of the caudal, 9 lines. The figure is twice the natural size. Length of specimen, 23 lines. Off Honolulu ; 18 fathoms. Balistes buniva, Lac., Reefs at Hono lulu. I, JAPAN. A considerable collection was brought together during the prolonged stay of the Expedition in Japan (April 11 to June 16, 1875). All the specimens were obtained on the southern and south-eastern shores of Nipon, viz., at Yokohama (where, besides marine fishes, several fresh-water species were purchased in the market), and from fishing-boats off Inosima. These boats were fishing with long lines in 400 fathoms. They had small hooks attached all along the lines, and on these they brought up, along with a number of deep-sea fishes, specimens of Hyalonema, and many Pennatulids and other Alcyonarians. The ship dredged in 345 fathoms. The remainder of the collection came from the sheltered straits which separates Nipon from the Southern Islands, called the ‘Inland Sea,” and particularly from Kobé. A fact to which I have repeatedly drawn attention, and again quite recently in Ann. Mage. Nat Hist., 1878, vol. i. p. 385, viz., that there exists the greatest similarity between the marine fauna of Japan and that of the Mediterranean,.the adjacent parts of the Atlantic, and the West Indies, is fully borne out by the Challenger collections. It is proved not only by a number of species absolutely identical in the seas named, but also by a large proportion of representative species. The similarity becomes still more obvious when we take into consideration species which live at a moderate depth of from 200 to 400 fathoms ; and although I have included the descriptions of those fishes in the deep- sea series, it will be useful to enumerate them here with an indication of their geogra- phical range. Of the nineteen species obtained at a depth of 345 fathoms, four are — REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES, 63 identical with Mediterranean species, five are representatives of Mediterranean species, eight belong to genera with a wide range at great depths, and two only must be regarded as peculiar Japanese forms, . Centrophorus foliaceus, . Lepidopus tenwis, . Gonostoma gracile, . Centrophorus squanulosus, ere species of Centrophorus from the Coast of Portugal, Madeira, and Mediterranean, Beryx decadactylus, . . Madeira and Coast of Portugal. | One species of this genus from Madeira and St Helena. * (One species from Cuba. | One species from the Mediterranean and the East Atlantic. Polynixia japonica, . Physiculus dalwighi, . . Madeira and St Helena. Haloporphyrus lepidion, . Mediterranean, Madeira, and Coast of Portugal. . Macrurus japonicus, . . Macrurus macrochir, . . Macrurus parallelus, . . Coryphenoides nasutus, . The species of Macrurus and Coryphenoides are generally distributed over the deep sea. Coryphenoides villosus, . Bathythrissa dorsalis. Peculiar to the sea off Japan. . Xenodermichthys nodulosus. Peculiar to the sea off Japan. | One species from the Mediterranean and Madeira, the other from the deep sea, and generally distributed. . Synaphobranchus pinnatus, Madeira, Brazil. 17. Synaphobranchus affinis, Japan. 18. Nettastoma parviceps, . One species from the Mediterranean, 19. Myxine australis, ; . Southern Coasts of South America. Trygon pastinaca, L., Market of Yokohama. Myliobatis aquila, L., Market of Yokohama. Percalabrax japonicus, C. V., off Inosima, from Japanese fisher-boats ; Inland Sea, from Japanese fisher-boats. Niphon spinosus, C. V., Market of Yokohama. Serranus octocinctus, Schleg. (= Serranus nystacinius, Poey.), Market at Yokohama. Apogon lineatus, Schleg., Inland Sea of Japan, Yokohama Bay, 15 fathoms ; Harbour of Kobé, 8 fathoms. Scombrops chilodipteroides, Blkr., off Inosima, 345 fathoms, Hapalogenys mucronatus, Eyd. and Soul., Harbour of Kobé, 8 fathoms, Chetodon modestus, Schleg., Market of Yokohama. Upeneoides bensasi, Schleg., Market at Yokohama, Kobé, 64 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Pagrus major, Schleg., off Inosima, from Japanese fisher-boats, Harbour of Oosima. Pagrus cardinalis, Lac., Market of Yokohama. Chrysophrys swinhonis, Gthr., Inland Sea of Japan, Market of Yokohama. Hoplegnathus fasciatus, Schleg., Inland Sea of Japan. Sebastes ventricosus, Schleg., Market of Yokohama. Sebastes oblongus, u. sp. (Pl. XVIIL.). Allied to Sebastes inermis and pachycephalus. D. 12/74, A. 3, L. lat. ca. 65. The height of the body is contained thrice and one- half in the total length (without caudal); the length of the head twice and three-fifths. The scales are rather irregularly arranged, and much smaller above than below the lateral line. On the upper side of the head they advance to the nostrils, very minute ones covering even the preorbital. The snout is pointed and longer than the eye, the ciameter of which is one-sixth of the length of the head, and equal to the width of the — flat interorbital space. None of the spines on the upper side of the head project, and those of the preeoperculum are obtuse ; the teeth form broad villiform bands in the jaws as well as on the vomer and palatine bones; the maxillary reaches to the vertical from the hind margin of the eye. Dorsal spines strong; the fourth to the seventh are the longest, two-fifths of the length of the head. Anal spines stronger, but much shorter than the longest of the dorsal. Brownish, marbled with darker; lower parts and all the fins with brown spots; an oblique brown streak from the preeorbital towards the angle of the preoperculum. Inland Sea, Japan. Market of Yokohama. Sebastes joynert, Gthr. (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, vol. i. p. 485). (Pl. XXIX. fig. A.) D. 48, A. 2, L. lat. ca. 60. The height of the body is equal to the length of the head, and one-third of the total length (without caudal) ; scales very thin, scarcely serrated, a little smaller above the lateral line than below it; on the upper side of the head they advance to the nostrils and cover the preorbital and maxillary. Snout short, three- fourths of the diameter of the eye, which is three-tenths of the length of the head, and exceeds by one-third the width of the interorbital space which is flat. Upper surface of head smooth, scarcely armed, the two occipital ridges very low and terminating in short spines ; preeorbital with two flat spines ; preeoperculum with five spines, the second from above being the longest, and one-third of the diameter of the eye ; operculum with two spines, the upper of which is the longest. Teeth in narrow villiform bands, in the jaws, on the vomerine and palatine bones ; the vomerine teeth form a triangular patch. The maxillary does not reach to the vertical from the middle of the eye. The fourth dorsal spine is the longest, contained twice and a quarter in the length of the head. Anal spines stronger than those of the dorsal, the second anal spine being shorter than the REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. 65 third dorsal. Probably red in life, with five brown cross bars on the back and the dorsal fin, the three anterior ones descending a little below the lateral line. Fins immaculate. Pharynx uncoloured. Although no specimens of this species have been obtained by the Challenger Expedition, I enumerate it here along with the other Japanese species of this genus. The two speci- mens, which have been quite recently discovered, are 9 inches long, and from the south- east coast of Niphon. Sebastes macrochir, n. sp. (Pl. XXVII). D. 14/4, A. 2, P. 17/5, L. lat. ca. 45. The height of the body is contained thrice and one-fourth in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head two and a half times. Scales rather regularly arranged. Hye very large, one-third of the length of the head, much longer than the snout. Mouth wide, the maxillary extending to behind the middle of the eye. The bands of intermaxillary teeth are of moderate breadth, but those of the vomer, palatines, and mandible are very narrow. Interorbital space flattish, scaleless, narrow, its width being only two-fifths of the orbit. Occipital region flat, with some rudimentary scales. A series of spines runs along each side of the forehead and occiput ; it consists of a spine in front of the orbit, three above it, and two on each side of the occiput. Infraorbital ridge with strong spines. Preeoperculum with five pointed spines on the margin. LHach ramus of the mandible with three large muciferous apertures. Dorsal spines rather feeble ; the third to the sixth are the longest, two-fifths of the length of the head. Anal spines stronger, but shorter than the longest of the dorsal. Caudal truncated. The pectoral fin is extremely broad, the five or six lower rays being elongated beyond the extremity of those next above them; their extremities are somewhat thickened, and they, like the similar outer ventral rays, serve as an organ of locomotion. The pectoral rays extend to, the ventral rays beyond, the vent. The latter are as long as the head without snout. | Red, with a large black spot on the posterior half of the spinous dorsal, and with another between the anal spines. Length of specimens, 7 to 11 inches. Inland Sea of Japan. Off Inosima, 345 fathoms. Scorpena nvostoma, n. sp. Allied to Scorpena zanzbarensis and Scorpena longicornis, but with a considerably narrower mouth. D. 11/75, A. 3/5, L. lat. 45. Palatine teeth; the vomerine teeth form a simple open V-shaped band. The height of the body is less than the length of the head, which is contained twice and one-third in the total length (without caudal). Head nearly entirely scaleless. Upper jaw slightly overlapping the lower. Orbital tentacles broad, fringed, shorter than the eye which equals the length of the snout. Interorbital space deeply (ZOOL. CHALL. EXP.—PART vI.—1880.) F9 66 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. concave, with a pair of slight ridges within its concavity. Vertex with a quadrate depression, which is rather broader than long, and surrounded by spines. The maxillary does not extend backwards to below the middle of the eye. All the cutaneous appendages on the head, body, and fins are well developed. The fourth and fifth dorsal spines are the longest, two-fifths of the length of the head, and equal to the second of the anal fin, which, however, is stronger. Hight of the pectoral rays are branched. Body and fins marbled with the usual colours of this genus, but without any peculiar markings. The axil of the pectoral is scarcely spotted, and the lower part of the head is white. Japan. Length of specimen, 54 inches. Market of Yokohama. Pterois lunulata, Schleg. (probably = Pterois volitans, L.), Market of Yokohama. Tetraroge longispims, C. V., var. nuda. In the typical form of this species the body is covered with minute but very conspicuous scales. In the following specimens the scales are so rudimentary, and in such small num- ber, that the body appears to be almost naked. No other distinction can be made out be- tween the scaly and naked specimens. Length of specimens, 14 to 34 inches, Kobé, Japan. Sciena_sina, C. V., Inland Sea, Japan. Trichiurus lepturus, L. (= Trichiurus savala, Cuv.=Trichiurus armatus, Gray= Trichiurus yapomecus, Blkr.), off Inosima, 345 fathoms. Prionurus scalprum, Langsd., Market of Yokohama. Trachurus trachurus, L., Market of Yokohama. Caranx muroadsi, Schleg., Inland Sea, Japan. Equula nuchalis, Schleg., Market of Yokohama. Zeus yaporcus, C. V., Market of Yokohama. Cybium niphonium, C. V., Inland Sea, Japan. Brama rai, Bl. (this also is a new addition to the Japanese fauna), off Inosima, purchased of fishing-boats. Psenes anomalus, Schleg., Market of Yokohama. Percis sexfasciata, Schleg., Market of Yokohama. Uranoscopus asper, Schleg., Market of Yokohama. Sillago japonea, Schleg., Inland Sea, Japan. Latilus argentatus, C. V., Market of Yokohama. Lophius setigerus, Wahl, Yokohama, Kobé. Platycephalus insidiator, Forsk., Yokohama Bay, Inland Sea of Japan. Platycephalus punctatus, C. V., Inland Sea, Japan. Platycephalus rudis, n. sp. (Pl. X XTX. fig. B). — D. 1/8/11, A. 11, L. lat. ca. 70. The length of the head is one-third of the total REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. 67 (without caudal), and its width between the preeopercular spines is more than one-half of its length. All the bones on the upper surface, and the scales covering its sides, are rough. The space between the eyes is concave, its width being one-half of the vertical diameter of the eye. Smuperciliary edge serrated; ridges with distant spines along the infraorbital and above the operculum, the central ridges of the crown of the head being rather obscure. Opercular ridge not serrated. Three spines at the angle of the pree- operculum, the lower of which is the smallest, the wpper the longest, but only half the length of the eye. Only the foremost part of the lateral line is spiny. Ventral fins reaching to the anal. Greyish, with black dots on the trunk and operculum. The spinous dorsal and ventral black, the second dorsal and pectoral, with blackish dots. Caudal irregularly marbled with blackish. Length of specimen, 74 inches. Market of Yokohama. Lepidotrigla microptera, Gthr. (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1873, vol xi. p. 241), Inland Sea, Japan. Gobius yokohame, un. sp. D. 6/11, A. 11, L. lat. 26. The height of the body is contained four and a half times in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head thrice and three-fourths. Snout obtuse, as long as the eye, the diameter of which is more than one-fourth of the length of the head. Eyes very close together; mouth oblique, with the jaws sub- equal in front, reaching to below the front margin of the eye; a very small canine tooth on each side of the lower jaw; head and occiput naked, but nape covered with small scales. A wide porus in front and behind the interorbital space, and two others behind the eye; they are the openings of the muciferous channels. Seven longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and the anal. The ventral fin terminates at some distance from the vent, which is midway between the root of the caudal and the praeoperculum. Dorsal fins rather lower than the body; caudal slightly pointed, as long as the head. Light brownish olive, with a series of five brown spots along the lower half of the body, the last being on the root of the caudal and the most distinct ; a triangular black spot occupies the lower angle of the operculum ; gill-membrane on the throat blackish. Small as this species is, it is adult, a female having the ovaries fully developed. Length of specimen, 24 inches. Yokohama Bay; 15 fathoms. Inland Sea of Japan. Gobius hecanema, Blkr., Yokohama Bay, 15 fathoms, Inland Sea, Japan, Kobé. Gobius flavimanus, Schleg., Market of Yokohama. Trypauchen vagina, Bl. Schn., Kobé, 8 fathoms. Callionymus lunatus, Schleg. (Faun. Japon. Poiss., p. 155, pl. xxviii. fig. 4). D. 4/9, A. 9, C. 10. Preopercular spine rather shorter than the eye, terminating 68 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. in four small hooks, three of which are directed upwards, the fourth being on the outer side of the spine and pointing forward. The females have the first dorsal spine prolonged into a much shorter filament than the males, but all have the large black sublunate spot between the third and fourth dorsal spines. Caudal fin with rather distant small black drops arranged longitudinally ; caudal fin but little longer than the head, obtusely rounded. In the males the dorsal spines and caudal rays are much prolonged, and the oreater portion of the first dorsal fin is whitish, with large ovate black spots. Length of specimens, 2 to 6 inches. Inland Sea, Japan. Yokohama Bay; 15 fathoms. Kobé. Chirus hexagrammus, Pall., Inland Sea, Japan, Market of Yokohama. Agrammus schlegeli, Gthr., Market of Yokohama. Centronotus nebulosus, Schleg., Inland Sea, Japan, Market of Yokohama. Mugil joyneri, Gthr. (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, vol. i. p. 486). D. 4/2, A. 8, L. lat. 40, L. transv. 14. The height of the body is less than the - length of the head, which is two-ninths of the total (without caudal). Eye small; its diameter is one-seventh, the width of the interorbital space more than one-third of the length of the head. Adipose eyelid none; preeorbital emarginate and denticulated ; snout longer than the orbit; extremity of the maxillary visible. There are eighteen scales between the snout and the origin of the spinous dorsal; no elongate scale in the axil. Dorsal fins equal in height; the spines are rather slender, the length of the first being rather more than three-fourths of the postorbital part of the head; it is much nearer to the end of the snout than to the base of the caudal fin. The first two rays of the soft dorsal are scaly, the rest of the fin being devoid of scales; anal scaly anteriorly, as high as the soft dorsal, and commencing in advance of that fin. Caudal notched, one-seventh of the total length. Pectoral two-thirds of the length of the head. Axil without spot. This species was not contained in the Challenger collection, but may be enumerated here for completeness’ sake. It was discovered by Mr H. B. Joyner at Tokei. The specimens are 12 inches long. Fistularia serrata, Cuv. (Pl. XXXII. fig. C). Fistularia serrata, Cuv., Gthr., Fish., vol. iti. p. 533. Dr Steindachner has recently directed my attention to certain differences in the sculpture of the head which he observed in a small series of examples from Japan, and the constancy of which I have been able to confirm in the series in the British Museum. It appears that two species were confounded by previous authors, and none of the various names used by them were given with the intention of distinguishing those two species ; REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. 69 so that it is impossible to say to which of them the names serrata, immaculata, and commersont apply. Dr Steindachner and myself have agreed to treat those names as synonyms, and to leave the term serrata to the deeply-sculptured form, of which a full description is given in the ‘“‘ Catalogue of Fishes.” This species may be characterised thus :— Interorbital space concave ; the two middle ridges on the upper surface of the snout, run close and parallel to each other along the anterior half of the length of the snout. Body moderately depressed with minute asperities, which render the skin rough to the touch. The British Museum series includes specimens from Aden, Madras, Penang, Singapore, Bengal, China, Formosa, New South Wales, and from Bermuda (Mr J. Matthew Jones). It reaches a length of nearly 5 feet. Length of specimens, 20 and 23 inches. Yokohama. Fistularia depressa, n. sp. (Pl. XXXII. fig. D). Bones of the head less deeply sculptured than in Fistularia serrata, but with the upper lateral edges of the snout likewise serrated. Interorbital space nearly flat. The two middle ridges on the upper surface of the snout are not very close together, and diverge again on the anterior half of the length of the snout, converging finally on the foremost part. Body much depressed, nearly smooth, the asperities of the skin being scarcely perceptible. The British Museum series contains specimens from Natal, Zanzibar, Amboyna, China, New Guinea, New South Wales, Fiji Islands, and California. This species attains to the same length as Mstularia serrata. Length of specimen, 24 inches. Sulu Archipelago. Station 200; 255 fathoms. I am inclined to doubt the occurrence of this shore fish at so great a depth as 250 fathoms, and it does not seem to me to be improbable that this specimen got into the trawl when near to the surface of the water. Platyglossus pecilopterus, Schleg., Inland Sea of Japan, Market at Yokohama. Platyglossus pyrrhogramma, Schleg., Market at Yokohama. Pseudorhombus olivaceus, Schleg., Inland Sea, Japan. Hippoglossus olivaceus, Schleg., Faun. Japon. Poiss., p. 184, tab. xciv. Pseudorhombus olivaceus, Gthr., Fishes, vol. iv. p. 429. Pseudorhombus pentophthalmus, Gthr., Inland Sea, Japan. Pleuronectes variegatus, Schleg., Market of Yokohama. Pleuronectes yokohame, nu. sp. D. 68-72. A. 52. The height of the body is contained twice and one-sixth in the 70 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. total length (without caudal), the length of the head four times. Snout shorter than the eye, the diameter of which is one-fifth of the length of the head; lower jaw prominent ; maxillary as long as the eye; the upper jaw with a series of fifteen truncated teeth on the blind side, none on the other; eyes separated by a very narrow space covered with rudimentary scales. Scales small, cycloid, imbricate, larger about the lateral line than elsewhere ; the anterior curve of the lateral line is strong in the adult specimen, but much more open in the young one; its width equals the length of the pectoral; pectoral more than half as long as the head; ventrals entirely separate; fin-rays smooth; the dorsal commences immediately behind the front margin of the orbit. The free portion of the tail much higher than long. Gill-rakers very short ; about ten on the first branchial arch, Blackish-brown, uniform, or indistinctly mottled with darker. In the young specimen the rays of the vertical fins are dotted with brown, five or six of them, of the dorsal as well as of the anal, having a broad black ring. In the adult example those fin rays are uniformly coloured, only traces of the dark rings being still visible. Length, 12 inches. Inland Sea, Japan. Yokohama Bay ; 15 fathoms. Parophrys cornuta, Schleg., Inland Sea, Japan, Kobé. Platessa cornuta, Schleg., Faun. Japon. Poiss., p. 179, pl. xcii. fig. 1. Parophrys cornuta, Gthr., Fish., vol. iv. p. 455. Cynoglossus interruptus, n. sp. (Pl. XXX. fig. B). D. 106, A. 77-85, L. lat. 78. Two lateral lines on the left side, the upper of which is discontinued at the end of the anterior third of the body. The lateral lines are separated at the point of their greatest distance by twelve longitudinal series of scales. No lateral line on the blind side. Two nostrils, one immediately in front of the eyes, the other above the middle of the upper lip. Eyes close together, the upper somewhat in advance of the lower. Lips not fringed. The angle of the mouth is below the middle of the eye, much nearer to the extremity of the snout than to the gill-opening. The rostral hook terminates below the symphysis of the mandibles. The height of the body is contained thrice and three-fourths in the total length, the length of the head five times and one-third. Brownish, irregularly speckled with brown. Fin-rays dotted with brown. Length of specimens, 6 inches. Market at Yokohama. Cynoglossus jyoynert, Gthr. (Pl. XXX., fig. A.), (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, vol. 1. p. 486). D. 106-107, A. 79, L. lat. 85. Three lateral lines on the left side; on the level of the end of the abdominal cavity the upper and lower lines are separated from the middle by thirteen rows of scales; four series of scales between the dorsal fin and the upper lateral line, and four between the anal and lower lateral line. No lateral line on REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. 14a the right side. All the scales on the left side strongly ctenoid; those of the blind side are nearly smooth on the anterior half of the body, and more conspicuously serrate on the posterior. One nostril situated between the eyes, the other above the lip. Eyes very small, the upper slightly in advance of the lower; interorbital space equal to the width of the orbit. Snout contained twice and two-thirds in the length of the head. Angle of the mouth much nearer to the end of the snout than to the hind margin of the gill-cover behind the eye. Tail not much elongate. The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head two-elevenths. Brownish, mottled with darker. This species has been recently discovered by Mr H. B. Joyner at Tokei, and is intro- duced here for comparison with the preceding species. The specimens collected are 9? inches long, Silurus asotus, L., Lake Hakou. Saurida tumbil, Bl., Inland Sea of Japan. Harpodon microchir, Gthr. (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, p. 487). D. 14, A. 14, V. 9. This gigantic species of Harpodon differs from Harpodon nehereus in having a second distinct band of palatine teeth within the first one, and in having the pectoral fin very short. The tubes of the lateral line are narrow and elongate; the basal half of the adipose fin is covered with scales, The interior of the mouth and oill-cavity is black. A single specimen, 27 inches long, was obtained by Mr H. B. Joyner at Tokei. To judge from the structure of its skeleton, and from its evident rarity, it seems to descend to a moderate depth. Salmo macrostoma, n. sp. (Pl. XX XI. fig. A). B. 12, D. 13, A. 14, L. lat. ca. 130. This fish is distinguished by its remarkably pointed snout, the upper jaw being rather the longer, and by its wide oblique mouth, the narrow and shghtly-curved maxillary extending considerably behind the hind margin of the orbit. The head is small, only one-fourth of the total length (without caudal). Eye small, nearly one-seventh of the length of the head. Teeth rather small; one pair on the head of the vomer is followed by three or four other small teeth, arranged in a series. Preeoperculum crescent-shaped, without lower limb. Body rather deep, its depth being equal to the length of the head. There are sixteen or seventeen scales in a series obliquely descending from behind the adipose fin to the lateral line. Dorsal fin but little higher than long. Caudal fin deeply emarginate, silvery, with nine parr marks along the lateral line, and with several round spots above and below them on the sides. This fish is in many respects very similar to one figured by Brevoort in United States 72 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. ‘Narrative of an Expedition to China and Japan,” vol. i, Fish., p. 277, pl. x. fig. 1. Unfortunately our specimen is eviscerated, so that nothing can be said as regards its anatomy. Length of specimen, 11 inches. Yokohama Market. Aulopus japonicus, n. sp. D. 15, A. 9, L. lat. 43, L. transv. 43/6. The length of the head is contained thrice and one-fourth in the total (without caudal). The diameter of the eye equals the length of the snout, and is contained thrice and two-thirds in the length of the head. Inter- orbital space concave, one-half of the width of the eye. Maxillary extending to behind the middle of the eye. Body irregularly marbled with blackish. Length of specimen, 74 inches. Market of Yokohama. Plecoglossus altivelis, Schleg., Tokaido. Salanx nucrodon, Blkr., Market at Yokohama Hemirhamphius seyort, Schleg., Market of Yokohama. Cyprinus auratus, L., Yokohama, Japan. Leuciscus hakuensis, n. sp. (Pl. XXXI. fig. B). D. 10, A. 10, L. lat. 73, L. transv. 15/14. The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head two-ninths. The diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the length of the head, and nearly two-thirds of the length of the snout or of the width of the interorbital space. The head is remarkably small, with narrow pointed snout, the cleft of the mouth being oblique and not reaching to the front margin of the eye. Upper jaw overlapping the lower. Origin of the dorsal fin above the root of the ventrals, midway between the snout and the root of the caudal fin ; fins gene- rally small and short, the pectoral being not much more than one-half of its distance from the ventral. Scales very indistinctly striated ; there are eight longitudinal series between the lateral line and ventral fin. Pharyngeal teeth 5/2, pointed. Coloration uniform. This species is infested by a large Ligula, like so many other Cyprinoids of the Old World. Length of specimens, 74 and 93 inches. Lake Hakou, Japan. 4 Achilognathus melanogaster, Blkr., Lake Bioa. Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, Cant., Kiyoto. (The Japanese fed Sieboldia in cap- tivity on this fish, and said it was its natural food.) Engraulis japonica, Houtt. (?) Atherina japonica, Houttuyn, Verh. Holl. Maatsch. Wet. Haarlem, vol. xx. p. 340, pt. 2, 1781. Engraulis japonica, Schleg., Faun. Japon. Poiss., p. 239, pl. evii. fig. 3. When I described specimens from the Coast of China under the name of Engraulis REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. 73 japonica, I had overlooked that a fish of the same genus had been described under the same name in the “ Fauna Japonica.” These two fishes prove to be distinct, the Japanese species having D. 13-14 and A. 17, whilst the fin formula of the Chinese species is D. 17, A. 22. Houttuyn gives much too little descriptive detail to show what, species he had before him; but as his specimens were also Japanese, his Atherina japonica is better referred to the species described by Schlegel; thus, the specimens described by me in Fish., vol. vi. p. 390, require a distinct name, Kngraulis chinensis. Length of specimens, 33 to 5 inches. Inland Sea, Japan. Kobé. Conger marginatus, Val., Inland Sea of Japan. (Tail mutilated.) Congromurena anago, Schleg., Market of Yokohama. Congromurena megastoma, n. sp. The length of the head is two-thirds of that of the trunk, the tail being longer than the body ; upper jaw much projecting beyond the lower, rather pointed ; mouth extend- ing far behind the middle of the eye, which is large, two-ninths or one-fifth of the length of the head, and nearly two-thirds of that of the snout ; posterior nostril a wide, round, open aperture ; length of the pectoral fin one-third of that of the head ; the dorsal com- mences above the root of the pectoral; vertical fins with a light margin; terminal portion of the tail black, extremity of the fin white. Spec, 154 in. Spee. 11 in. Distance of the snout from the root of the pectoral, : ; 2 in. 4 lines. 1 in. 10 lines. Distance of the snout from the vent, . : : ; GPa GOR orn Anes, OR te Length of tail, : : : Oi eng 4am Gu G5 Length of specimens, 11 to 19 inches. Off Inosima, from Japanese fisher-boats. Murenesox cinereus, Forsk., Kobé. Tetrodon oblongus, BL, Inland Sea, Japan, Kobé. Tetrodon pardalis, Schleg., Market of Yokohama. Tetrodon rubripes, Schleg., Inland Sea of Japan, Market of Yokohama. Monocanthus septentrionalis, Gthr. (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1874, vol. xii. p. 158), Inland Sea, Japan. Monocanthus modestus, n. sp. D. 36, A. 34. Skin velvety, without spines or bristles on the tail; the height of the body is contained thrice and three-fourths in the ual leneth (without caudal) ; upper (ZOOL. CHALL. EXP.—PaART vI.—1880.) ; F 10 74 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. profile of the head convex; the gill-opening extends downwards to the level of the . middle of the root of the pectoral. The dorsal spine is inserted above the posterior third of the eye, and scarcely half as long as the head, or as its distance from the second dorsal fin ; it is armed with four series of very small barbs, the two front series being very close together. The anterior half of the dorsal and anal fins elevated somewhat higher than the dorsal spine; ventral spine fixed. Uniform brownish-grey; caudal blackish, with the interradial membrane whitish and without any cross bands. Length of specimen, 12 inches. Inland Sea, Japan. Monacanthus setifer, Benn., Market at Yokohama. SYSTEMATIC LIST. PALAICHTHYES. PLAGIOSTOMATA. PAGE SELACHOIDEI— Raja microps, n. sp. Carcharias obscurus, Les, . ; ONS », eatont, Gthr., Zygena malleus, Risso, : 0 . 58, 59 » murrayt, D. Sp. . Scyllium chilense, Guich., . : : il) » Orachyura, D. sp., Chiloscyllium indicum, Gm., . : é 51 », nitida, n. sp., Acanthias blainvilli, Risso, . 0 : 23 Psammobatis rudis, Gthr., Spinax granulosus, D. sp., . 5 : 19 Trygon pastinaca, L., » kuhli, M. and 1, BatorpEI— Urolophus kaianus, n. sp. Raja platana, nu. sp... : : : 11 Myliobatis aquila, L., . DIPNOI. Ceratodus miolepis, Gthr., TELEOSTEI. ACANTHOPTERYGII VERL Prrcipa— k Serranus impetiginosus, M. and T., Percalabrax japonicus, C. V., é : 63 apua, BL, Etelis, sp... d ; : : ‘ 27 ” hexagonatus, Forst., Niphon spinosus, C. V., : 3 : 63 5 diacanthus, C. V., . 55 dispar, Playf., SERRANIDE— - octocinctus, Schleg., Enoplosus armatus, White, . . é 27 Plectropoma maculatum, Bl., Centropristis annularis, n. sp., : : 6 Polyprion kneri, Steind., Bass pleurospilus, 0. sp... é 37 Rhypticus saponaceus, Bl. Schn., Anthias megalepis, 0. sp... 3 ‘ 37 » arenatus, C. V., » sacer, BL, ; : , 7 3 Myriodon waigiensis, Q. and G., Propoma roseum, Nn. sp:, 2 ; c 39 Mesoprion chrysurus, Bl., Bathyanthias roseus, 0. sp., . , : 6 | o¢ bengalensis, BL, S37 PAGE 27 76 PAGE Mesoprion fulviflamma, Forsk., . 34, 58 Fe marginatus, C. V., 34 ¥5 semicinctus, Q and G., . 34 - annularis, C. V., . 38 a chrysotenia, Blkr., 38 5 vitta, Q. and G., . 55 4 monostigma, C. V., 56 Priacanthus benmebari, Schleg., 39 a Spee 7 ” Sp.) . 52 Ambassis marianus, 1. Sp., 32 Apogon savayensis, 1. sp., 34 5 monogramma, D. Sp., 38 » septemstriatus, D. sp., 38 » arafure, 0. sp., 38 » Uneutus, Schleg., : 63 Scombrops chilodipteroides, Blkr., . 63 (1) Acropoma japonicum, Gthr., 38 0 philippinense, Nn. sp., 51 Oligorus macquariensis, C. V., 32 Chenolates ambiguus, Rich., . 32 Dules rupestris, Lac., : 34 » marginatus, C. V., 34, 58, 59 Therapon unicolor, Gthr., 5 32 - SETUIUS lis) ae re an es . 34, 39 5 oayrhynchus, Schleg., 34 a caudovittatus, Rich., 39 % theraps, C. V., 52 Hemulon chrysargyreum, Gthr., 7 Hapalogenys mucronatus, Kyd. and Soul., 63 Diagramma pardale, C. V., 34 . pictum, Thunb., 34 Gerres lefroyi, Goode, 10— » jonest, Gthr., ~ . : 10 » oyena, Forsk., . 34, 58 5, abbreviatus, Blkr., 39 » macracanthus, Blkr., 56 Scolopsis bilineatus, B1., 34 5 temporalis, C. V., 34 » ‘monogramma, C. V., 52 Pentapus vitta, Q. and G., 39 Cesio tile, C. V., . 58 SQuaMIPINNES— Chetodon nesogallicus, C. V., 27 a rafilesi, Benn., 34 5s vagabundus, L., 34 ; modestus, Schleg.,- 63 Heniochus macrolepidotus, L., 34 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Holacanthus cyanotis, Gthr., Pomacanthus paru, Bl., Drepane punctata, L., Hypsinotus rubescens, Gthr., Nanpipz— : Plesiops corallicola, Blkr., Mutiipz— Upeneus indicus, Shaw, ay trifasciatus, Lac., 3 barberinus, C. V., Upeneoides vittatus, Forsk., .5 bensasi, Schleg., . ” Sp., SParRIpDE— Haplodactylus punctatus, C. V., Sargus argenteus, C. V., » capensis, Smith, Lethrinus nebulosus, Forsk., . 35 ramak, Forsk., D moenst, Blkr., % hematopterus, Schleg., . Sphcerodon grandoculis, Forsk., Pagrus major, Schleg., >» cardinaliss Lac., Chrysophrys australis, Gthr., 3 swinhonis, Gthr., Pimelepterus waigiensis, Q. and G., 55 boset, Lac., HopLeGNaTHIDE— Hoplegnathus fasciatus, Schleg., CiRRHITIDE— : Cirrhites arcatus, C. V., Cirrhitichthys maculatus, Lac., Chilodactylus monodactylus, Carmich., . macropterus, Forst., 5 zonatus, C. V., ScorPHNIDE— Sebastes kuhli, Bowd., . . oculatus, C. V., _ percoides, Rich., as hexanema, 0. sp., _ nematophthalmus, Gthr., . marmoratus, C. V., . 5 35 _ 34, 39 . 34, 56 64 REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. Sebastes ventricosus, Schleg., . op oblongus, D. Sp., > joynert, Gthy., 2p macrochir, D. Sp. Scorpeena scrofa, L., Fr) plumieri, B1., $0) thomsoni, 0. sp., . cruenta, Sol., 3 zanzibarensis, Playf., ; cirrhosa, Thunb., . nuchalis, Gthr., 3 miostoma, 0. Sp., Lioscorpius longiceps, n. sp., » Zanclorhynchus spinifer, D. sp., Pterois zebra, C. V., » lunulata, Schleg., Centropogon australis, White, A robustus, Gthr., . Tetraroge longispinis, C. V., . Synanceia verrucosa, B1., Minous pictus, n. sp., TEUTHIDIDE— Teuthis concatenata, C. V., » vermiculata, C. V., 5 margaritifera, C. V., » marmorata, Q. and G., 5, hexagonata, Blkr., Breryoipz— Beryx splendens, Lowe, Trachichthys intermedius, Hect., Holocentrum sancti-pauli, n. sp., longipinne, C. V., 5 spiniferum, Forsk., Myripristis murdjan, Forsk., 3 kaianus, 0. sp., PoLyNeMIDZ— Polynemus sexfilis, C. V., Galeoides polydactylus, Vahl., ScranriDE— Micropogon ornatus, n. sp., 3 undulatus, L., Umbrina reedi, n. sp., - Sciena sina, C. V., Corvina australis, 0. sp., Otolithus quatucupa, C. V., Ancylodon atricauda, n. sp., . TRICHIURIDA— Trichiurus lepturus, L., Thyrsites atun, Euphr., AcRONURIDE— Acanthurus triosteyus, L., . blochi, C. V., ° a hepatus, L., Fi galm, Forsk., 3 rhombeus, Kittl., 5 sp. (Acronurus), . Naseus marginatus, C. V., Prionurus scalprum, Langsd., CaraneiIpz— Trachurus trachurus, L., Caranz crumenophthalmus, Bl., 5 ascensionis, Forst., . caballus, Gthr., 9% georgianus, C. V., 0 speciosus, Forsk., 5 armatus, Forsk., ” hippos, L., 3 muroadsi, Schleg., Argyreiosus setipinnis, Mitch., Chorinemus toloo, C. V., Lichia glauca, L.., A Trachynotus ovatus, L., Psettus argenteus, L., Platax orbicularis, Forsk., Psenes anomalus, Schleg., Equula fasciata, Lac, . 5, dussumiert, C. V., » nuchalis, Schleg., CyTriDE— Cyttus abbreviatus, Hect., Zeus japonicus, C. V. STROMATEIDE— Stromateus argenteus, Bl., CoryPH@NIDA— Brama rai, Bl, ScROMBRIDE— Cybium niphonium, C.V., . eo eo Or LS or lor) . or Cr Or bo CO Ct oo Cw Or ew Or >) So 2) 66 3, 56, 59 66 66 78 ‘TRACHINIDE— Uranoscopus fuscomaculatus, Steind., Fr kaianus, 0. Sp. op asper, Schleg., Percis colias, Forst., », allporti, Gthr., . » hexophthalma, C. V., » sexfasciata, Schleg., Acanthaphritis grandisquamis, 0. sp., Aphritis gobio, Gthr., Sillago ciliata, C. V., » sthama, Forsk., > japonica, Schleg., Elleginus maclovinus, C. V., . Percophis brazilianus, Q. and G., Champsodon vorax, Gthr., Cheenichthys rhinoceratus, Rich., Latilus jugularis, C. V., » argentatus, C. V., Opisthognathus macrolepis, Ptrs., » Notothenia cyaneobrancha, Rich., . a mizops, D. Sp. 5 squamifrons, D. Sp. 35 acuta, D. Sp., ps A marionensis, D. Sp., a longipes, Steind., 0 elegans, Ni. Sp., Harpagifer bispinis, Forst., BatTRAcHIDE— Batrachus diemensis, Les., Porichthys porosus, C. V., - PrpicuLaTi— Lophius naresi,n. sp. ‘ », setigerus, Wahl, . Brachionichthys hirsutus, Lac., Tetrabrachium ocellatum, n. sp., Antennarius multiocellatus, C. V., b marmoratus, Gthr., Malthe vespertilio, L., 43, 52, . Corripz— Platycephalus insidiator, Forsk., 33, 41, 55, % malabaricus, C. V., 3 isacanthus, C. V., a sculptus, D. sp., e spinosus, Schleg., 2 pristiger, C. V., 5 japonicus, Tiles., ‘3 punctatus, C. V., PAGE 56 42 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. Platycephalus rudis, n. sp., ” 8Pp., Prionotus punctatus, Bl., Lepidotrigla spiloptera, n. sp., Fp phalena, C. V., x microptera, Gthr., Trigla picta, n. sp., » leptacanthus, 0. sp., CaTAPHRACTI— Agonus chiloensis, Jen., Peristethus truncatum, n. sp., 0 moluccense, Blkr., D murrayt, D. Sp. i liorhynchus, Gthr., Dactylopterus volitans, L., Ap orientalis, C. V., GoBiipzE— Gobius albopunctatus, C. V., . » phalena, C. V., » genivittatus, C. V., », bynoensis, Rich., » ornatus, Rtipp., . *,, brevifilis, Day., . », echinocephalus, Riipp., », ‘Anutteli, Blkr., . 5, stamineus, Val., », sandvicensis, 0. sp., » Yyokohame, n. sp., 6 . » hexanema, Blkr., » jflavimanus, Schleg., . ' Euctenogobius ophthalmonema, Blkr., Apocryptes polyophthalmus, Gthr., Sicydium nigrescens, D. sp., StS (Liny)) ss Lentipes concolor, Gill., » seminudus, nD. sp., Periophthalmus schlossert, Pall., 5p keelreutert, Schn., . Eleotris compressa, Kreftt., », macrolepidota, BL, . . » fusca, Bl. Schn., » longipinnis, Benn., » sinensis, Lac., . Trypauchen vagina, B1., 2 chinensis, Steind., Callionymus calauropomus, Rich., . 66 phasis, L. sp., PAGE 28 eo 33, 35 35, 58, 60 35. ae) Be 53, 55, 67 as . 28, 53 28 aa REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. Callionymus lunatus, Schleg., . longicaudatus, Schleg., » kaianus, 0. sp., " curvicornis, C. V., TRICHONOTIDZ— Hemeroceetes acanthorhynchus, Forst., HETEROLEPIDINA— Chirus hexagrammus, Pall., . Agrammus schlegeli, Gthr., BLennupaz— Blennius tasmanianus, Rich., 59 sanguinolentus, Pall., Petroscirtes oualanensis, n. sp., Pr sp... : Blennophis webbi, Val., Clinus microcirrhis, C. V., Tripterygium, sp. c ¢ Centronotus nebulosus, Schleg., SPHYRENIDE— Sphyrena vulgaris, C. V., ATHERINIDE— Atherina lacunosa, Forst., Atherinichthys brevianalis, n. sp., . is nigrans, Bich., PAGE . 28, 67 44 44 . 53, 55 Muteiripa— Mugil cephalus, Cuv., » cephalotus, C. V., » waigiensis, Q. and G., » kelaarti, Gthr., . » tong, 0. sp., », dobula, Gthr., » Jjoynert, Gthr., Myxus elongatus, Gthr., FisTuLaRIpDE— Fistularia serrata, Bl., . 90 depressa, D. Sp., CENTRISCIDE— Amphisile scutata, L., GopiEsocipz— Chorisochismus dentex, Pall., Lepadogaster gouani, Barnev., OpHIOCEPHALIDE— Ophiocephalus vagus, Ptrs., 5 maculatus, Lac., LaBYRINTHICI— Spirobranchus capensis, C. V., NoracantH1— Notacanthus sexspinis, Rich., ACANTHOPTERYGII PHARYNGOGNATHI. PoMAcENTRIDE— Glyphidodon saxatilis, L., oy zanthozona, Blkr., f assimilis, Gthr., 5 septemfasciatus, C. V., os sordidus, Frsk., Daseyllus albisella, Gill, Pomacentrus scolopsis, Q. and G., . Heliastes flavicauda, 0. sp.,-. » -TOSeUS, D. Sp., Lanrwz— Cherops cyanodon, Rich., 3 ommopterus, Rich., Xiphochilus quadrimaculatus, D. sp., Cossyphus rufus, L., . 4,5 36 36 Labrichthys celidota, Forst., . a bothryocosmus, Rich., . Duymeria flagellifera, C. V., Chilinus trilobatus, Lac., i e » chlorurus, BL, Platyglossus cyanostigma, C. V., . trimaculatus, ©. and G., s pecilopterus, Schleg., D pyrrhogramma, Schleg. Julis ascensionis, Q. and G., . » dorsalis, Q. and G., 9» obscura, 0. sp.y 7 Gomphosus tricolor, Q and G., Scarus chrysopterus, Bl., Pseudoscarus nuchipunctatus, C. V., n microrhinus, Bikr., 79 PAGE ao Or Ore rm OO © Sr for) wom iss) 68 69 53 14 : 26 80 THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. LycopiIpm— Lycodes macrops, D. sp., GaDIDE— Halargyreus johnsoni, Gthr., . Merluccius gayt, Guich., Pseudophycis bacchus, Forst., Lemonema longifilis, n. sp., - Bregmaceros macclellandi, Thomps., Opaipiipa— Ophidium mureenolepis, n. sp., Genypterus chilensis, Guich., . Murenolepis marmoratus, 0. sp., Congrogadus.subducens, Rich., Macruriz£— Coryphenoides denticulatus, Rich., Macruronus nove-zealandice, Hect., PLEURONECTIDE— Hippoglossoides dentatus, Mitch., Peecilopsetta colorata, 0. sp., Arnoglossus aspilus, Blkr., 5 tenuis, D. 8p. Anticitharus polyspilus, 0. sp., Brachypleura novee-zealandice, Gthr., Lepidopsetta maculata, n. sp., Samaris maculatus, Nn. sp., Pseudorhombus boops, Hect., SmuRIDE— Copidoglanis tandanus, Mitch., ¥ hyrtli, Steind., . Cnidoglanis megastoma, Rich., 0 nudiceps, D. Sp., . Silurus asotus, L., Arius commersont, Lac., , australis, Gthr., HaAPLOcHITONIDE— Haplochiton zebra, Jen., ScopELIDE— Saurus varius, Lac., ANACANTHINI. PAGE Pseudorhombus russell, Gray, 21 D cinnamomeus, Schleg., 5 ocellatus, 0. sp., a olivaceus, Schleg., . 20 + pentophthalmus, Gthy., . 22, 25 Rhomboidichthys podas, De la Roche, . 26, 28 is cornutus, D. Sp., 13 Fe angustifrons, 0. sp., 53 a spilurus, 0. Sp.5 5 pavo, Blkr., * pantherinus, Riipp., 46 A Ht, 4 ; : 25 Thysanopsetta naresi, n. sp., . 18 Lophonectes gallus, n. sp., 46 Pleuronectes variegatus, Schleg., a yokohame, U. Sp., Parophrys cornuta, Schleg., . 26 Leops parviceps, ni. sp., 22 Nematops microstoma, 0. sp., Solea heterorhina, Blkr., > Kkaiana, 0. sp., 3 », ovata, Rich., 48 Synaptura zebra, Bl., 47 9 arafurensis, . Sp., 55 Aphoristia ornata, Lac., 48 Cynoglossus kopsi, Blkr., 49 56 puncticeps, Rich., 18 a melampetalus, Rich., 47 5 interruptus, ND. Sp., 26 ” joynert, Gthr., PHYSOSTOMI. Saurus intermedius, Agass., 33 >» kalanus, D. sp., . 33 Saurida grandisquamis, Gthr., 30 o. argyrophanes, Rich., 49 “ tumbil, Bl., 71 Photichthys argenteus, Hutt., 13 Harpodon microchir, Gthr., 33 Aulopus japonicus, D. sp., 93 | SALMONIDE— Salmo macrostoma, 0. sp., Plecoglossus altivelis, Schleg., 36 Salanx microdon, Blkr., . 47, . 53, REPORT ON THE SHORE FISHES. ScoMBRESOCIDAA— Belone trachura, C. V.,. » Jjonest, Goode, » annulata, C. V., 5, strongylurus, Blkr., » Uuroides, Blkr., . Hemirhamphus vittatus, Val., a commersont, Cuv., . . quoyt, C. V.,. sajorz, Schleg., Arrhamphus sclerolepis, Gthr., CyYpPRINODONTIDE— Fundulus bermude, Gthr., CYpRInIDE— Oyprinus auratus, L., Barbus afer, Ptrs., » maculatus, C. V., 5 fia, : : Rasbora philippina, nu. sp., Leuciscus hakuensis, n. sp., Achilognathus melanogaster, Blkr., . Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, Cant., CLUPEIDE— Engraulis japonica, Houtt., % olida, Gthr., . Chatoéssus erebi, Gthr., . QQ 5 » SynGNATHIDE— Syngnathus pelagicus, Osb., . i superciliaris, D. sp., Urocampus celorhynchus, Gthr., Doryichthys brachyurus, Blky., ScLERODERMI— Triacanthodes anomalus, Schleg., . Balistes forcipatus, Gm., », buniva, Lac., » vetula, L., 5 stellatus, Lac., » fuscus, BI, Schn., (ZOOL. CHALL, BXP.—PART v1.—1880.) PAGE | Clupea sagax, Jen., 5 | » tembang, Blkr., . 10 », moluccensis, Blky., . 36, 50 Albula conorhynchus, Bl. Schn., 50 Megalops cyprinoides, Brouss., 57 Chanos salmoneus, Forst., : 3 Chirocentrus dorab, Forsk., . 36, 50 50 | Murayipa— 72 Anguilla mauritiana, Benn., . 33 FA aneitensis, Gthr., Conger marginatus, Val., Congromurena anago, Schleg., 10 o megastoma, 0. Sp., Murcenesox cinereus, Forsk., . (1) Murenichthys gymnotus, Blky., . 55, 72 Ophichthys dicellurus, Rich., 14 a maculosus, Cuv., . 53 Murcena moringua, Cuv., 14 0 porphyrea, Guich., . 54 0 polyuranodon, Blky., 12 3 richardsoni, Blkr., . 72 a nebulosa, Ahl., 72 o flavomarginata, Riipp., ” Spy 9 sp., ; 6 : 72 Enchelycore nigricans, Bonnat., 13 33 | PEGasIpz— 33 Pegasus natans, L., LOPHOBRANCHI. Doryichthys pleurotenia, un. sp., 11 Solenognathus fasciatus, n. sp., 30 Phyllopteryx teeniophorus, Gray, 30 | Hippocampus guttulatus, Cuv., 36 | . villosus, 1. Sp., PLECTOGNATHI. Balistes aculeatus, L., . 50 » verrucosus, Bl. Schn., 3 » maculatus, Gm., 4, 5, 62 Monacanthus setifer, Benn., . 5 i scriptus, Osb., 36 i occidentalis, Gthr., 36 3 penicilligerus. Cuv., . £38) 33, 36, . 61, Fill PAGE 25 36 42 “3 . * * * i 82 _ THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. } ° f PAGE Monacanthus longirostris, Cuv., . . 50 | GymNnoponTEs— an Silicauda, 0. sp., Eells 50 | Tetrodon honckeni, Bl., = _pardalis, Riipp., * ; : 54 99 nigropunctatus, Bl., 5 tessellatus, 0. Sp... ' 54 Tetrodon immaculatus, Bl. Schn., . 3 convexirostris, Gthr., : Hey | 5 putoca, H. B., 4 septentrionalis, Gthr., : 73 | » oblongus, BL, ; modestus, 0. Sp., ; ; Seales » pardalis, Schleg., Ostracion quadricornis, L., . F ‘ 8 5 rubripes, Schleg., : » cornutus, L., . j ‘ . 30, 36 Chilomycterus orbicularis, Bl., a cubicus, Li, 5 : : 36 | Diodon hystrix, L., CYCLOSTOMATA. Myxine australis, Jen., 3 ; : 23 Bdellostoma polytrema, Gir., Bdellostoma cirrhatum, Forst., ‘ . 14, 27 : =e i ¥* a * #* i g =a : * ~ * “ sd m * Shore Fishes. PI. I. y The Voyage of H.M. S. Challenger: re, Mintern Bros imp. R Mintern. del. A HOLOCENTRUM SANCTI PAULI. (I of S® Pout.) ROSEUS. C.CENTROPRISTIS ANNULARIS:.D.HIPPOCAMPUS VILLOSUS. (Coast of Braxw-.) 15), oe 419_] } LT “SOLONYOO SAHLHOICIONWOHY d “WOLVONNYL SNHLALS dad Vv PP UsequIpy yy Il Ia seusty ss0ous USBus] [Buy “ay a > “ sary The Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger R.Mintern del et lith. RAJA PLATANA. (Mouth of the Fro de la Plata.) Shore Fishes. PI. IIL. Mintern Bros imp. ~ 3 E + tse ; / eee | @ tL £Y Li ’ 7 - f nee Sas ‘ ¥ a, ae U 7 v . . . ‘ ie A r The Voyage of H.M.S.Challenger” PL IV. RMintern del Mintern Bros imp. RAJA MICROPS. (Mouth of the Rio de la Plata) ea. ae r yen) ae mon in Thé Voyage of H.M.S:Challenger> R Mintern del The Voyage of H.M. S. Challenger” Shore Fishes P1.VI. R-Mintern del et lith Mi RAJA BRACHYURA. .% Magelhan s Strazts.) at’ m4 ce.” ze, reas (OPOPT D7] ap ony IY? f? yoy ) “SITISIONOT VNEYNONWTA SOLIVNYO NOSDOdOUDIN Vv dust so.tgy UrteqUTAT _ “TP WiequI yy HA Id U9 SUT ye . Bar ities: Pee eo: UN Ed do eee OC, oS hes > TT 1} VI x Shore Fishes. P] the Voyage of H.M.S“Challenger? T NNN \\ intern Bros imp. Mi R.Mintern del. MARMORATA. C.NOTOTHENIA SQUAMIFRONS D.NOTOTHENIA MIZOPS. SPINIFER. B.MURASNOLEPIS A.ZANCLORHYNCHUS (Kerguelers Land.) me = i oF \ Ai = ey = a & . ‘ 7 . ' : / . 7 = - ‘ LA > - = a . 7 ~ = i Shore Fishes. Pl IX The Voyage of H n R Vintern. del ( Shore Fishes. Pl X The Voyage of H.M. S. Challenger” R.Mintern del PSAMMOBATIS RU Magethens Strait 5 U “ The Voyage of H.M.S.Chellenger” Shore Fishes. Pl. XI. R.Mintern.del et lith. Winter Bros imp. A.THYSANOPSETTA NARESII. B. LYCODES MACROPS. C.NOTOTHENIA BLEGANS. Magelhans Strazts.) The Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger” 13 qt} nN Mintern Bros imp THOMSONII. Fernandex,\ FRPANA SCC R.Mintern del SUA i , * p ‘ : Sez nee : re 7 g . haat bs — ~~ * ; . . eine % ; : ; : 3, ‘ be ' ~ * € i —_ - ‘ . = \ : ' “ : i » i 2 ~~ 4 7 “ ¥ ! 7 a, 5 , a ’ ’ . > aS ” oe ry : ' 4 ™~ lt : i ' ad , a ‘ ‘ . e Fi (‘xepuputay uD ) ‘HOMHY VNIMGENN ‘et “VLOId VID Vv Ua 7 PP UqUIL YY ‘duit soug wrequyy ay ae He Ns IN? en fi Sera Ne ; , yA / ] i PITPUD “SW "H JO Sb ehon ou] a) = Sry aore Fi fe) $s imp on Bro Minter R. Mintern del. ApTIC AALUS. SCI FAS INATHUS fe) Z fx] “? * mun . oe _ -* » & re x 1 . ta, * . “fn ) ou S s ‘ Shore Fishes Pl XV. ee of H.M.S. Challenger.” The Voya, ee. mtern Bros imp. Mi Mintern del r R. ONYMUS PHASIS. C.CALLI B.LOPHONECTES GALLUS. A.LASOPS PARVICEPS. Day. ) (Twofola: G it ae ts The Voyage of H.M. S! Challenger” Spereiishose bl R.Mintern del. Mintern Bros imp. A.APOGON SEPTEMSTRIATUS. B.APOGON MONOGRAMMA. C.APOGON ARAFUR4:. D. CENTROPRISTIS PLEUROSPILUS. E.ANTHIAS MEGALEPIS. (Aratiura Sea.) Shore Fishes. Pl. XVIL the Voyage of H.M.S-Challenger” SS Mintern Bros. imp. -LIOSCORPIUS LONGICEPS. C J Sea.) (Arafura A.PLATYCEPHALUS SCULPTUS. B.SEBASTES HEXANEMA. R.Mintern del. Shore Fishes. Pl. XVII The Voyage of H.M. S”Challenger” ‘s Mintern Bros. imp. B. TRIGLA LEPTACANTHUS. GRANDISQUAMIS. C.LEPIDOTRIGLA SPILOPTERA. D.MINOUS PICTUS. A. ACANTHAPHRITIS R.Mintern del. (Arafura Sea.) The Voyage of H.M. S/Challenger” R.Mintern del. Mintern Bro A. URANOSCOPUS KAIANUS. B. CALLIONYMUS KAIANUS. (Kay Islands.) C. TETRABRACHIUM OCELLATUM. outh Coast of New Guinea.) imp The Voyage of H.M. S"Challenger® Shore Fishes. Pl. XX. : ‘ NAKAO Sameneaane BNO AANA @ CANN) ae Ke OA. ( BAAN OMAN a ig Oat Ae SE NON 1a ‘ NGS ISSIR RRS aK YRS = OR) SS pie R.Mintern del. Mintern Bros imp. A.OPHIDIUM MURANOLEPIS. B. PROPOMA ROSBUM. C.XIPHOCHILUS QUADRIMACULATUS. D. HELIASTES ROSEUS. (Kati Islands.) The Voyage of H.M.¢ R.Mintern del > aGk jallen 8 A-RHOMBOIDICHTHYS SPILURUS. B.RHOMBOIDICHTHYS ANGUSTIFRON C.SOLEA KAIANA. D. SAMARIS MACULATUS. pS be A Mintern Bros z TIXX Id Susi 240" a 1 CANA ena spun ]s] IDM id “A “SNe Od SNYVHALIOILNV 'V MO109 VILESdOT! A OT eee ISN IOAN G i) aan ‘| AI NX YOK OKA DAN MAGI One nenncadten ANY RNG UO AOOGY BARONE COREA OAR EL AIK) SANNY SEES Wiuanttaenneneceuale LORRY SAAR SUN SOO BR MURR ; SEO Fea LACK Yi Uf i} (UO, S WH JO BOK, PUL Sy 7” me oi Hit 1 ‘ on The Voyage of H.M.'S."Challenger” Sore shes oot R.Mintern del. Mintern Bros imp. A. CHAMPSODON VORAX. B.MONACANTHUS TESSBELLATUS. (Philippine Islands.) C. SAURUS KAIANUS. D.MONACANTHUS FILICAUDA. Arafura Sea. © The Voyage of H.M.S*Challenger” Shore Fishes Pl XXIV. R.Mintern del Mintern Bros imp. A.B. PSEUDORHOMBUS OCELLATUS ¢ e ¢. C.NEMATOPS MICROSTOMA. (Admiralty Islands.) Jé tall ~ . é a" ¥ ‘+ Pi ve Oe: . es P 2 7 x Ps . «e ’ ‘ e . = ; % : = a } cal 7 : : : : ; : Pais w | 7 i a 4 ' 7 7 a : ‘ . | nt) ; Ww i: : : 4 - : ' . 5 iy Fishes Plate XXV. Shore Shore Fishes. Pl XXVL The Voyage of H.M.S"Challenger” Mintern Bros imp. R.Mintern del. A.B. JULIS OBSCURA ad. & ju. C. SICGYDIUM NIGRESCENS. D. DORYICHTHYS PLEUROTANIA. (Sandwich Islands.) Shore Fishes, Pl XAVIL. The Voyage of H. M. S.’Challenger” {intern Bros imp. M. R.Mintern del. MACROCHIR. (Ja par.) SEBASTES ‘F shes. Pl XAVIII. 1 Shore F’ hallenger” a} 3c a te) yvage of H.M. The Voy Be eS eee eee Se RS ear aN a cas 5 Es Sent SNM ea as Ge ae wn oS eee San aS Si pa Sa oa Sk eee a Mintern Bros imp. R.Mintern del. SEBASTES OBLONGUS. r (Japan) we Shore Fishes. Pl XXIX. a hallenger: a os is E 8 a & m (J apar.) * tie a x - Shore Fishes. Pl rage ot H.M. S “Challenger” > The ‘os Imp. Br Mintern J ae] z 13 8 E a ow, YNOGLOSSUS. INTERRUPTUS. Japan. MACULATA. ~ ( JOYNERI. B. 5SUS Sk ) ( A.CYNOGL < a) 5 { O A LS a8 Far & ny i al a { = a Wa A 2 nS XN 8 < § EN a OS ral, 4 =a AUS a. fx] pa (azodop) “SISNENYVH SNOSIONAT "A “VNOLSOYMOVN OWN TVS 'V dun soug wrequyy ‘PPP UssqUYLY “IXXX Il. “SUSE P40US (aesualeyg,’S ‘IH Je adedon 8u J, Me re OR ee ‘VSSHUdHd VINVINLSIA dG ‘VIVEHNES VIAVTNLSIA'O (‘spprULso ] (pun / “WanWuAd SNINANNa “A ‘IAVEHNN SNHLELSIYdd ‘Vv ‘Ep UsequIP] "Yy “duit soag ULSwUT ne) SSW WZ es “TIXXX 781d 'Seysty e20US eto8uRTTEYO,) S “W'H Jo es eh0p SUL [2 7 a | an — .... . ' ; ‘ies if 5 a). rn i), 7) 7, . y 7a i. af, Riana ; f D> i y y 7 t VV i : : t S 5 vy Aen _ J if i 7 We fin Ta ; 7 ay : : 1 f . fl a ia mn no? o n , I - ' wd t ee " : Lad H 7 o 5 - iv i en a 7 i mn 7 r oo m ’ 4 4 vo Ta, : ae my ’ ton _ v ze yas y ’ 7 4 i 10 re ' 5 . } Aeon San ” J a oe —— ee i: Wt i oon ano yh we Nioeh f im : ; 1 W } i i ae Dou he fy fi a Dita (rere) Daya fe roan eat ) , a hy eee a at: fier oe it sya ye its ziti Ain ™ ' i | De fey ' yN ; . : , i : : § a i j ~ | 4 e ‘ . a 7 ; i i ia | ; ‘ y 1 ey i t . * i ; ; . i f i i vie i ; ; \ , 1 i Mh 9) ; i a ; 1 : if i : ” 7 nt ay i wt : at 1 : . r i 1) Ay Ni i 7 * PM Da : Y iu i , , { j a eh : i ; i f i ; iwi ee A ees, ee %, ‘a ie oe ee ‘ w, ye ‘até m u pe ne i) , | or Lt : nid or q mh Bs analy - r rl a 1 a ye oe t 7 ha " * Ae ee PSL ae . oie le ha it: ie . " ' 5 pi olan Mes Srp Ne wt i oa oF wis ay he an a a : . at oa a i : a i =, ee ed ae ye ry Sh a 7 , - 7 are ae yy, ar 1 i Ee bent ii ma a fail is Vi 3 a ae Bee, | i Oa 7 me - mb 3) Ns , ove ‘fp : Me iw eo “oe ee he yeaah a Beery on aie) Pateiee UTE ia Mh Mi uy vig ug _ Dh) wal ML ‘ y wey pe 7 (ae - Psa Coad 1 nh t / f 1 i ‘y 4 ‘ ‘ t ot , ae cS a aya? ze Hh i ibians : ‘ aa Baa : ete it 35 i sean stenrenetiaet ; pane ek Tene 2 f 5 ir ace annem nae wh amt sree aye at (re os ese 6a ee jt bet sig ph fis rope St i : my ‘ ae ee cheek gee nek eb ah a Caend ary * earns aah : Bite eeiarattenanun aiande eeeel aan eat spate tn } carvan ey rat F 2a weus ft SEY SRM er Ke : { i . tes : aN ; ? - Sy a Font sien Neanheen oa PERERA Nantes peti : ya ares ay teat pr rosie Ta Y SNe nanth ; ATH cees Coane ate agal Chana ah i } icles Van T ED { Stes a | iy Take Wen i : eee atu | ; ! { i : Rat Wh ah ie BS \ eateattati lag rit r Maa, Ut i ‘ sy atthe taiate: ‘ ah eMac aN ts tibynsdieseasfiax tt ; PR Yih ‘ Mt nth eA pita i j Wiley Thin { li { 5 and Pt atucedy i Muay ‘ f ‘ \ Psst Crea Hea 7 " a8 ee aba unhee NAA iy : Ti i ‘ i cave i) j " \ | ies / nanan ie va Aire 4) , Note SE an ai a) qf NTU ae te ‘ Wehpeth tacky y ‘ ‘ f m ‘ y HV le Ny bebe ls OR uy : i } ing i vi i i iy Leen ith vA i Neth Bric LIA FESPA UT AH eh NA Mai Mite it i 4 i innit out Bi Piha ( , f oe ae { c meh kd fl i b ‘ r ; ene A . saa t rear } ‘ i ; sa} ( : FUCKER ARUN HMHT OT \ Ha “i ee PORK AAE rb tah) Creer LHe 8 i Wiis { i tan ts Tat a ER tao see ah kis ' 3 mie on t \ F ¥ Tati : ORB LT) Banari sie f \ : M PAHS peti 1th : 4 tea eet ay A H ‘est M fine ite j ; " : Oa TE let ae tie } tan 1 ‘ : Aira ¥ Aoki tke \ i ey oy ihot ty mane Bin) Vey f ie te nk " Tithavry estan NEM } eh % Wii lA afin) Mi vi