me eae ht Cp tee A® OEY LEN ES, eo SAL pene a Le Sat RR ees eS TOS SO oR Toate Oh Arad - eee 5 mre ny ee x ~ eo - . wenn > ea 0 “ be : RU ee eee as. 35 oe (ete ates whe < 4 tT Osh A) oe cla ee re CAM: ATOR dak MISSES: ie Pe ES ce Pe “edoh Sinaia gat . 3 babs 42 adaedag mae Craigie eae ‘he t ' dy % , y ‘ ; he as ts { ae a aS ok ete zie bis olraga Napa! # ere) oe rr ey ee ee oar « Siaeaaeetiea Wee ts mae ee: ws , « ‘ sear 4 darth ome Lihy: edhe chime tig Phy obeys Pa 22 NA Pir sane es ial ton Beate (ee jg Oey — - —a a. 2 wey > ‘ * — é o& * be. #5 fe *. a a = : | me Per tint p— Ptl > 1 * a Phi A Pe Ae tel | i fy t: f } «) . ‘ i “fi 2 ‘ *” } ‘ a : ¢ I fi: i) Q hho } | one ’ : 4 s f ‘ Paid tl : . i a { | 4 TS tag tg ‘ { cites J 1 ‘ . be ui } re es : : Wie, Cea 2 — of Ds" et Be 1 K rca ee 7 ey, { ; 5 fT FGOe GoGae A ; ; . ‘ F - ab =p us } } f ie | | t. | ; * ’ a rate Sh laws ee= | t on are ‘a , ess fetes ; =: ' - 7 ‘ ; { . wf e : { ’ ] 4 ; : ae, d \ 4 Ty a) u ’ rd * x . wane ahem sa ete oye ei Aye ene de ty Sphere ya Mats om vahhannesitinintyen an vaya he if ’ Listhhpenes type tamales om =) dere ogurtrytent S Amehy p rmen m p we A REPORT ON TESTS OF FUNGICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF ELM DISEASES IN NURSERIES J. C. Carter STATE OF ILLINOIS Honorable Henry Horner, Governor Department of Registration and Education NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION Theodore H. Frison, Chief Biological Notes No. 4 Urbana, March 30, 1935 Contribution from the Section of Applied Botany and Plant Pathology _ ble 2 ail 4 ew : " = i m 2 ; a, Pa! . Cy eee Ship eel cee Ae aka th a wpainanen 5 : det ates wy ‘ 5 * . In considering this report, it should be remembered that the use of sprays and dusts as fungicides has been developed almost entirely in connection with orchards and plants from which a fruit crop is taken. With these, the problem has been chiefly the prevention of those types of infection which recur, year by year, on the leaves, blossoms, and fruit and whose effect is apparent chiefly in damage to leaves or in ruination of fruit. The value of fungicides to trees which provide ornament and shade has been inadequately tested. Formerly spraying of trees was much recommended, because it ought to do them good; but now it is the general practice of tree experts to spray only when there is definite need. The data here presented are among the first to give light on the value of spraying young growing trees for disease prevention, Le Re Tehon Pozi 40 Bice wo moat t id Hh 5 “‘ghavticauie tat pabkaéte “its ‘eo somttanrs “Bex ees Me * By sti 6 ab tte vemsees | P 4 oe ete sh i ‘es, 0. ‘ascites. Batirvoden of, “pegoubioo ‘teed ‘eras atpes. A aniveerena ett, act bayotgae elriompoe slaixedam Faub, Da yarns + ort gatavhor, at exideptia ed bivaw ecpaneth sigae xe. yt "‘etaniattcon weg. wag aan gators. 3a mitpotal, to WH tt bociatde etlveet oat getuito bee pamytoe me, i+ aot $ anrw tind om: shed? 10% ‘ecotdabaemoces vreatiatlord Sue bodaese%q a wees “ | “. ghoditelt bane -eiei soda & pacman intact. 5 at eee . ne “ode nal taronoce ong ‘ake. shee eg. icy aay ‘(ae | cy “0! eaypLaea “aston ott caf ow. apa .maestovind, APRS 8 dad : mae ee “saoeke AOR ie ROR Mi gaectarger ie ae eaeIOR ..O0 . beew mead eval .2oent O55 ge senegal Bars i 3 — Ey. PRA bee nd C5 ee hee oe et oHwUOS.. ot, ta cy a adolq. ‘ut. eylip tye oi di if eas, ot g2a0 yes | qineee. at bad : moisitdmoo mt bas eaols oS duos ceghye Rua i Ay + ee ‘ashhe ; eet: ‘te. ne sutressrae%, arte p douse ae ne aig: : ie. es, a ri -REno kimorfo. Lobhotnsart;o = ee ates. = wun OD ZOH. LQ, .cego® orld a Asta aad ry sae rom ue 3 iAipe > ode 4 anatt ot. of: Nagar sib bodlqaa, vege ce jn . eee shebaodasre . od (xis hLie otsnitun bak sino, Witae, Me ri oe beau re gueolich 0 e190 bdeod ener? ‘at boas a Hedam goaxo edt” nd s “4 atc as ba “nheaee® "ho. aeh totag esq. ‘eth. h. “Bout ‘ero oF: wo" S ianeso2%. oust, 9 a0 aotulvth, {dodanie prox) 4 Re aah abovieoes aa: regen oh gt abean. WE Fg. ately tow Loupe gnévod e zu@ebso ae ae fait yn yataicoqed ont tiorto ae eee sw * yiidnaed™ SOR peg can on . oldosa ay ads, aa. Faub 5 wi, a fan +eQee Sw tive. ae ony xed | Lao bepda.. ie , moo tf tadd on todow odd adhe be sont setow ab } a of ce ; r « she * le 3e--Dry Wettable Flotation Sulfur. This sulfur dust, manufactured by the Koppers products company, is similar to (2) above, but is produced in the manufacture of illuminating gas ond is made up of extremely fine sulfur particles. 4,--Kolodust. This is a sulfur dust manufactured by the Niagara sprayer and chemical company. This fungicide is similar to Koloform but is applicd as a dust. 5.--Flotation Sulfur Dust. This is a sulfur dust manufactured by the Koppers products company. It is composed of extremely fine particles ond is used as a duste Applications of Bordeaux and wettable sulfurs have been made with sprayers owned by the nurserymen on whose grounds the trees havo been located, The apparatus has varied from a 50 gallon hand operated outfit to a 100 gallon power machine. In different plots the quclity of application has necessarily varied somewhat, though every effort has been made to secure the best possible spray covorage. Applications of sulfur dusts were made with a hand duster of standard make capable of throwing dust in a good cloud to a height of 10-12 fect. In dusting, choice of the time of day was made so as to take advantage of dew as a dust holder, First applications have been made ycarly in May or carly June, and these have been followed at approximately 3 woek intervals by other applications, the last being made in the last half of August. The test plots have, therofore, received treatment 4 to 6 times during cach growing scasone Emphasis has been laid on the summer treatment, since the so-called "wilt" generally bogins to appear in July. Dormant applications have not beon tested, since the possible effectiveness of fungicides was unknown, Results During and at the end of cach scason observations on the effectiveness of the various treatments have been made with care. Those observations have related primarily, of course, to the usofulness of cach fungicide in kceping down the general run of clm diseases included in the term "clm wilt," os uscd by nurserymen, But other questions have been kept in mind also, such as whether fungicides affect the prevalence of leaf discases and whether their use is generally bencoficial or deleterious to treos. These points are reported on below. 1.--Control of "wilt" diseases, It was realized, when these tests were begun, that curing infections already present would be impossible, unless pruning should prove cffective. The measure of tho usefulness of cach treatment would lic in its ability to prevent the occurrence of now infcctionse Presumably, the relative values of the different fungicides would be detcrmined also by their relative degrees of success. Whethor complote cure and prevention could ‘be attained would be determined from combined fungicide and pruning treatments, Toble 1 on tho following page shows in bricf summary tho results now at hand. wii . ten Soe ike ea aes «temb ‘aikted i dee es mde haber eovoda 8) ‘oF takimts 4: co qu obam ak bas ecg got bb antemse Ed to owed iv ¢ re pods is ae a. ry? ibs Wy ve f eh at * ody ae ae rie . SBS seh att ou’ Rois Ytepinien oak w/tive a ak sid? ed si gud miwotolow ot ankinie oi att 13 oUiLogmr 6 riPie ate a ty ie Mee S 7 a Ye yer ra esha ie read od . beunindtiia Ye0b wiicd o ef atae ‘abe histtue peheebaects sofotdune oat? elosottno ‘to Y em at en : BEET sone oe a ee \ mer Lee dane a Ba: dhiw, es ae oved eurtive ‘ ak daevow. ini anbabiind to aed ios gomtd & of & ducetaose bévtanod abd to tt ao "Elin" noLLaowoe ‘SHY ou mts «itomt cond rogeme: ott vio £H5I opod and abes mood don ovad ib ES: jotiqaa taommed eyfel at a ogqa ot antgod ¥ etrwormlns asor vobiolgsst Yo aeomovitool'te ofdiseeq od? coats ot lveont , 5 Uti ai > olt no solv arte sido ‘qondas, dopo. Stee coat aid to ‘Sap: daiaac’ ge BOMT gotno aAtviw ob ats hood O¥ed, styominnost’ aioli c4% to second Pea to sdonlu'bs att’ oi} OF sos tdoe. Roget tamérg botalios vvad_anodg ott mt Bebulont ‘now: yonth mio ‘to aut Saspxmon ond! nino yatqoos!, ak obde dyed steed oval enolsudyp’ toto gui. _gnonpreéiwn-yo boty tin * tite aie? | ‘tool Yo conolevorq dd? doo¥te eoblotagw?:tordsndw' ds Hore gosta bake a | @ gwolrotolob +o Latettenod yliawomg af oan thodt todsedw bao. BOR rl ceca ti esc aa ona. Ataibeg seed? > adoot oeods aodw (Dost! oo% sow : “980 be tin Sa ben te iettaoIr= sf seolay geldineogmt od bly ow “Pip ao1g Yhaowd.s nae. o. ut me, fopo. te seontvtory od? to onwenom-ont geese tt ee a bes roe a. eBinidostak won ‘to oonoravce odd daoyouq ‘opi gtAitdw edt BE otf next 3 boaterodoh od bivow sobtois ight Serge: at8 : OS te adudy Ce ovebnto’t os exldg 3 * bis owe bduts we ORDEAL ..pea0Qous Idvedariiod ‘vtalot’ “abond ai bra obko tact boatdede mért benkertodob of Aivow bontaste of biueo aol ots Yume Iola mi awode ogcqg pakwolfot ole mo I oldat yadnontaotd 3 ae ehand to wor a ————$—__—_ —_-- i osss | yooyo | 00%8 WO FOTOY | | | SPT yooud | oz | WO FOTOY | / ZSt | yoo | 6IT | W410 FOTOY | 606 Hoyo | OOLT xnvep.t0og | 9LT yooyo | SL supunadg | LBT sutunad ; pues xneepso0g | $2 xnvepiog | a2 | span | 8r eee | 1d | yoeyg | OOT sutumig | 2eo | Zutunaid | | pues xneep.og | 00¢ | xXNBEPIOg | ‘ ATTSUTST4o esoyg ij q.U9Uly Bet], i J28A0 SOSBO ,4TTM,, UT eSBetOUT JO 4ued rag | “GS6T"TS6L STeunz esBostp ,9TTM, e439 fq quesead i ‘ | a ie ee XI XI AT OS gS 8eL PEA OOT 9b7 GLE v8e TA OS? oh Teer lv i | | i | ‘Hs | | : ; vcd Th | STS 40Td —+ -— nn ee ee eee queseud ATTBVUTITIO esouy JOAO SOSBO ,4TTM, UT |, esBesout go gueo seg} ae ee ee ee a Sr ne yoy) | feads oa) Awads INFINS UOTABQ0T J joey) BUTUNA Zutunad pus ysnpotoy FSNpoTo T 4yosyd Sutun { Sutunad pues ysnpoTo{ 4SNPOTO J yey) 4snpoto f yqoeyy ZutunI [ sutunid pue angrtng qsnp ANFTNS UotT{zBqoT J qusSUuzBolT IIA IHFINS MOTAOTE | TA Liih es IT a | | ~ ° co A SUOTQOOJUT MOU JO BdOUELINDIO aY4 SuTAZUeAeAd UT squUeUT4aedxe jo sq[nsey=-"T eTqeL = P f i ed de : see rd a J, 7 } . nee 7 satan » Titv 4 zi -“ Sree wy oy te rts a8 ‘- Bs artive noisadord 2 ga: (ap de Yates * rv as feeds OEE nr we a Do epereno tae tel. : : yours j ily i Soeri2) ma yen aa ype ian Wb o D = SR a etl ae re OTN | Nitweete sy ¢ y ‘ ‘ In general, the use of the sulfur dusts has been accompanicd by fewor now wilt infections than has the use of sprays. Flotation sulfur dust has been somewhat more effective then Kolodust, perhaps because it is composed of fincr particlos and gives a more cven coverage of the leaves. The data in table 1 indicate that Bordeaux is somewhat more cffective in roducing the number of cascs of wilt infection than are ecithor of the two sulfur sprays uscd. Neither sulfur spray proved materially effective in preventing the occurrence of now cases of wilt infection, 2e--Control of leaf discasecs, Leaf diseases, particularly those that result in spotting, occur in varying amounts from one year to another, their abundance and severity depending largely on the prevalence of weather favorable or unfavorable to them. When present in severe amounts, they bring about heavy defoliation at a timo when the leaves should be building up a resorve supply of food materials and thus undoubtedly seriously influence Diagram I. The cffectivencss of cortain fungicides in reducing the amount of leaf=-spotting on clms by parasitic fungi in 1932, a season when this type of injury was exceptionally prevalent, Plots F Seaiaaeeeeeiieetieen ie) S7498 No Fmgicide r i \s 4,59 Flotation Sulfur Dust —__________ | 32,81 No Fungicide se] 6.65 Bordeaux Mixture en eh Le eee ee lLo ‘anenmen e133. 8. oo raceme +o etna oe —] 31.25 No Fungicide 7.20 Bordeaux Mixture ; 106.53 No Fungicide Seer a ink : am Se eed | eee Ses 10) 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 Average Number of Spots per Leaf -4— ; bt) ‘ a bodanqmoves cobd ant sdevh wild off So one okt tase is ‘ae , mottatolt . seyowqe to ven’ ott sat dolit eaotdabdtak. . 4 eq aitoq yduholeX anit ovitoette ovat Shawemos ‘dad text the ‘ogsrtovon weve O1dm o doviy bre edfettung tot? to bosogmea, af dt ¢ J ‘ Gorivomoe ef xundbrod toile ‘oFadibak £ ofdad nt thapee pea Te ont pin sodd moftodink ftw to’ noeas ‘to’ stodows rt’ odd gare) poet ort or ; bovesy yowe whlue' Vote tot - oboe ayrtts wile. be esses Sitw Yo eoese wor ‘to ‘caddvtiieso ody gatémveony at 0 |} ected of an0y crea) rer stroma ith L900 a toritoow' to senoleverq odd mo vlorial qitbinedoh ; tebny Saabavde ban tnefnvenmy ston yi Latemep- ow yedt aod cee obads odd ,seett ceoswred slaviedni drode afd to esusced en telom ecm Lavahe : Fone Oe Tet topes ae Pes isanas agit se edngs ae boa yobiptgiw ont 46; brenrbaodtte oi i Be ae ts, " gases ath yettbooe w¢ ont iat cemorta.. af. aygttdoge taal ees to moans beaten af gots ylivieins ~o¥ adab ie ae ne “ ae retire ae en Sone cae Sittertedob oo teh af ane “it "6 tory ho = , tig ta stnemtowdt Lo eat oo 208008: ae ‘ob tas., dod ,veort fa to tedenath edd .sec%t to déworg eft fo joette 2 ‘ReOL oie to bro Fray 1pep, spelod..eow, gawor, Moedo sb: bye, sueet 20%9 "faroree oft wt bor! fap idndeer- amr oot ‘oLoe ‘of dasto watt A. pay Gg of ,adcombsart. bao evaxs flo wt? bowgtt, oulov..yorpm a bit es ae ee pannescamelentameta slog o£y8S afay 86,0F sxemobto4 | ddeS ‘2 Bosnorth bon "| : : : " ae. « } boystot soorvs | Se a a ee 2 ~. ‘ bat fi us 64,00 OD» i) { 800% boaeses cg i. * & : eo. bovore’ | . : ni Ti aGit:. | ‘ BOOM? | A ; ; Ne: ; mf he abe MOePIL - ming $8985 Od,1Ta » xupobtog{ 1: 8 ay 0 @; F Sood} nédy Sb rad 31) bS ew 2 ‘ ee Ode LOL Hownte Fb fiw ™ ay’ : bovortot ages vr orf ™ oh hd aah Rover i ee Oe) ® aur r z nie OBOE a) yokgs ktos i us S : geot 88,85 es yotce aftite® OB OTS - ‘ a BY oLG,» . ‘ : y908D : gE ; ay NSH sah C Se f8S “oP. ghop 68.0) ; motolox a ; cope a » aiag Gd,at L eo IRRSER ena Samra an ES. EE = C\) gbab yidador f' 102 heotootl” .cosooe baS to ‘bao $n mint ‘osha «eaoenos § eitianow ate ‘bo bao to covet othh cenmotcon & sot BodootT”"" oossen B36 Yo bao *% —- =O= 3.--Dry wottoable sulfurs are received in the form of dust. They are readily mixed with water, the proportions roquired boing indicated either on the container in which they are received or in instructions furnished by the manufacturers, We have used 15 pounds of Koloform to 100 gallons of water and 7 pounds of dry wettable flotation sulfur to 100 gallons of water. 4,--Times for applications, For the control of the "wilt" diseases, not less than 4 applications should be made each summer, Preferably, the first should be made as soon as the first foliage is out and solidly formed, Subsequent applications may be made at even intervals, spaced according to the number of applications planned but also with duc respect to heavy rains, which tond to wash off both sprays and dusts. When control of leaf spotting is especially desired, applications of cither sprays or dusts should be made with reference to new leaf growth, care being taken that new leaves be not left unprotected very long. Applications at 3 week intervals are recommended. = [a Agave: cae j ' 7 _ ; Bete rca gee ie one | ptt Cot. 7 (“pagers aan Fay, Sh SASS : Stes ToS SASL we est LESS = as Sey PS te AS