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33d ConeREss, SENATE. Ex. Doc.
2d Session. ° No. 78.

REPORTS “9

OF

EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS,

TO

ASCERTAIN THE MOST PRACTICABLE AND ECONOMICAL ROUTE FOR A RAILROAD

FROM THE

MISSISSIPPI RIVER TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

MADE UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SECRETARY OF WAR, IN
9 .
°

ACCORDING TO ACTS OF CONGRESS OF MARCH 3, 1853, MAY 31, 1854, AND AUGUST 5, 1854.

VOLUME VIII.

WASHINGTON:
BEVERLEY TUCKER, PRINTER.
1857.

IN SENATE—Frprvuary 24, 1855.

Resolved, That there be printed, for the use of the Senate, ten thousand copies of the several reports of surveys for a rail-
road to the Pacific, made under the direction of the Secretary of War; and also of the report of F. W. Lander, civil engi-
neer, of a survey of a railroad route from Puget’s Sound, by Fort Hall and the Great Salt lake, to the Mississippi river ; and
the report of John C. Frémont, of a route for a railroad from the head-waters of the Arkansas river into the State of Cali-
fornia; together with the maps and plates accompanying said reports, necessary to illustrate the same; and that five
hundred copies be printed for the use of the Secretary of War, and fifty copies for each of the commanding officers engaged
in said service.

Attest : ASBURY DICKINS, Secretary.

THIRTY-SECOND CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION—Cuarrer 98.

Secor. 10. And be it further enacted, That the Secretary of War be, and he is hereby authorized, under the direction of the
President of the United States, to employ such portion of the Corps of Topographical Engineers, and such other persons as
he may deem necessary, to make such explorations and surveys as he may deem advisable, to ascertain the most practicable
and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi river to the Pacific ocean, and that the sum of one hundred and
fifty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, be, and the same is hereby, appropriated out of any money
in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, to defray the expense of such explorations and surveys.

Approved March 3, 1853.

THIRTY-THIRD CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION—Cuaprer 60.

Appropriation ; For deficiencies for the railroad surveys between the Mississippi river and the Pacific ocean, forty thou-
sand dollars.

Approved May 31, 1854.
THIRTY-THIRD CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION—Cuaprer 267.

Appropriation : For continuing the explorations and surveys to ascertain the best route for a railway to the Pacific, and
for completing the reports of sutveys already made, the sum of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars.
Approved August 5, 1854. . e

CONTENTS OF VOLUME VIII.

PART I.—GENERAL REPORT UPON THE ZOOLOGY OF THE SEVERAL PACIFIC RAILROAD ROUTES.

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WAR DEPARTMENT.

GENERAL REPORT

UPON

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OF THE

SEVERAL PAGIFICG RAILROAD ROUTES

WASHINGTON, D. C.
1857.

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LETTER TO CAPTAIN HUMPHREYS, TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS.

Smitusonran Institution, Washington, April 7, 1857.

Sm: During the first organization of the parties for the survey of a railroad route to the
Pacific, application was made to the Smithsonian Institution, by the officers in charge, for
instructions and suggestions in reference to the development of the Natural History of their
respective lines. These were cheerfully furnished as in accordance with the objects of an
establishment intended for the increase and diffusion of knowledge. The specimens in zoology,
as collected, were transmitted, from time to time, to the Institution and properly preserved,
until the return of the parties. A series of special reports was prepared by the naturalists
of the expeditions, but as these were necessarily disconnected and incomplete, it was deemed
desirable to furnish a general systematic report upon the collections as a whole, and for this
purpose the materials were entrusted to competent individuals, the necessary drawings being
executed by a skilful artist within the walls of the Institution.

I now transmit the first part of the general report—on the Mammals—which has been
prepared by Professor Baird, Assistant Secretary of this Institution, and I trust the character
of the work is such as to merit the approbation of the Department as well as to advance the
interests of science.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
JOSEPH HENRY,
Secretary Smithsonian Institution.
Captain A. A. Humpnreys, Zopographical Engineers.

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GENERAL TABLE OF CONTENTS,

INTRODUCTION.

GENERAL SKETCH OF LINES EXPLORED.

PARRY 1.

MAMMALS,

PARQ Ly.

BIRDS.

PART ELM.

REPTILES.

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INTRODUCTION.

GENERAL SKETCH OF LINES EXPLORED.

Shortly before the close of the session of Congress in March, 1853, an appropriation of
$150,000 was made to defray the expenses of the survey of the various routes along which it
was supposed that a railroad might be constructed from the Mississippi river to the Pacific
ocean. For this purpose six parties were organized by the War Department for the survey of
four main routes ; and ina short space of time they were in the field. All the parties were
fitted out in the most complete manner ; the natura] history apparatus and material prepared
under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, which also furnished the necessary instruc-
tions as to the objects most important to be collected. In its efforts to secure the assignment
to these parties of persons capable of making collections and observations in natural history, it
was met by the hearty co-operation of the War Department, through the heads of the different
expeditions, and Captain Humphreys, in charge of the Pacific Railroad Office.

It is, of course, not necessary in this place to give an account of the personnel of these parties,
nor any detailed history of their routes or results; but, as explaining the origin and objects of
the present report, a brief sketch of each, with a statement of the naturalists accompanying
them, will be required. The parties organized in 1853 were as follows :

1. Line oF THE 47TH PARALLEL, UNDER Governor I. I. Stnvens.—This portion of the survey,
placed undér the command of Governor I. I. Stevens, was most extensive in its organization,
and first in the field. It was divided into two quite distinct parties, one proceeding across the
country to the Pacific, the other starting at the Columbia river and moving towards the east.
The first division, immediately in charge of Governor Stevens, left St. Paul (where it was
principally fitted out) on the 8th of June, 1853, and proceeded directly to Fort Union, at the
mouth of the Yellowstone. Here it was joined by Lieutenant Donelson, who had embarked in
the Fur Company’s boat at St. Louis. From Fort Union the party proceeded along the Missouri
to the mouth of Milk river, and up this stream to Fort Benton; thence across the mountains to
the Mission of St. Mary’s; thence to Fort Colville, by the way of the Coeur d’ Alene; and finally
to Vancouver and Olympia. Collateral lines were also traversed at the same or different times
by Lieutenant Mullan, Lieutenant Donelson, Lieutenant Saxton, and others.

The western division of the line, under command of Captain G. B. McClellan, proceeded
from New York to San Francisco ; thence to Vancouver, and next explored both sides of the
Cascade mountains for some distance northward. The party met Governor Stevens at Fort
Colville, and continued thence to the northern boundary line.

The main party, under Governor Stevens, was accompanied by Doctor George Suckley,
United States army, as surgeon and naturalist, although collections were also made by Lieu-
tenants Donelson and Mullan. Doctor Suckley’s chief points in collecting were St. Paul’s, Bois

XIV INTRODUCTION.

de Sioux, Lake Miniwakan, Fort Union, Milk river, Fort Benton, and St. Mary’s Mission, and
afterwards, during nearly four years’ residence on the western coast, at Forts Steilacoom,
Vancouver, Dalles, and Boisé, as also at Port Townsend, and other points on Puget’s Sound.
A very valuable collection made between St. Paul’s and Fort Union, on the Missouri, was lost
in the Ohio river.

The party under Captain McClellan was accompanied by Doctor J. G. Cooper, as surgeon
and naturalist. The principal localities where collections were made by him were Vancouver,
various points in the Cascade range, Spokane plain, and subsequently Shoalwater bay, where
he resided several years. On his return to the east he also made collections at San Francisco
and Santa Clara, California.

Doctor John Evans, who accompanied Governor Stevens as geologist, also made collections
in zoology.

2. LINE OF THE 38TH, 39TH, AND 41sT PARALLELS, UNDER CapTaIn J. W. GUNNISON AND CAPTAIN
E. G. Becxwitu.—This party was first 6rganized under command of Captain Gunnison, with
Dr. Schiel, surgeon and geologist, F. Kreuzfeldt, botanist, and R. N. Kern, topographer. It
started from Camp Shawnee Reservation on the 20th of June, and proceeded up the Sandy Hill fork
of the Kansas; thence across to the Arkansas and up tothe Apispah. They next passed over to the
Trincheres, next to the Huerfano, and over the mountains to Fort Massachusetts, by the El Sangre
de Cristo pass. They next went through the Coochetope pass to Grand River of the Colorado,
and finally, by way of the Wahsatch pass, nearly to Sevier lake. Here a portion of the party,
including Captain Gunnison, Mr. Kern, and Mr. Kreuzfeldt, was surprised by a band of Pah
Utahs and all killed. The command of the expedition then devolved upon Captain Beckwith,
who proceeded to Salt Lake City, and thence in the spring of 1854, by way of Fort Reading, to
California, and back to Washington.

The principal points where collections were made by this party were the Arkansas river, the
Huerfano, the E] Sangre de Cristo, Sahwatch, and Coochetope passes, Green river, Salt Lake
City, and various points on the route to San Francisco.

3. LINE oF THE 35TH PARALLEL, UNDER CapTain A, W. Wurrpte.—This party was almost as
extensive in its organization and operations as that under Governor Stevens. For a time there
were two divisions ; one under Captain Whipple, with Mr. H. B. Mollhausen as artist and
zoologist, and Doctor Bigelow, "surgeon and botanist; the other under Lieutenant J. C.
Ives, accompanied by Dr. C. B. Kennerly, as surgeon and naturalist. The party under Captain
Whipple went from Fort Smith mainly up the Arkansas river, and across the Llano Estacado,
via Anton Chico, to Albuquerque. Here it was met by Lieutenant Ives’ division, which had
proceeded by way of New Orleans, Indianola, and San Antonio to El Paso, by the usual
mail route, and thence north to Albuquerque. From Albuquerque the united party went to
the Little Colorado by way of Zufi; next, by way of the San Francisco mountains, to Bill
Williams’ fork ; down this stream to the Colorado; then up the Mohave, and across to San
Francisco.

The principal points where collections were made by this party were Indianola, San Antonio,
Fort Clark, El Paso, Fort Conrad, various localities on the Arkansas, Zuii, Little Colorado,
San Francisco mountains, Bill Williams’ fork, the Colorado river, and the Mohave. A very
large collection of new and rare mammals and other animals in alcohol was lost on the Isthmus
of Panama by an express company.

4, CALIFORNIA LINE, UNDER Lieurenant R. 8S. WiiitAMson.—This party, accompanied by Dr.

INTRODUCTION. XV

A, L. Heermann, as surgeon and naturalist, and W. P. Blake, as geologist, proceeded to San
Francisco by sea, where it was fitted out. Passing up the San Joaquin and the Tulare valley, they
also explored the region about Walker’s pass, the Tejon and other passes, and portions of
the Mohave and Colorado rivers.

5. LINE OF THE 32D PARALLEL, WEST, UNDER LiguTeNaNT J. G. Parxe.—After the completion of
Lieutenant Williamson’s survey, Lieutenant Parke, who had accompanied him as assistant,
proceeded by way of Warner’s ranch to Fort Yuma, and up the Gila to the Pimo and Maricopa
villages, thence by way of Tucson, the Copper Mines, (Fort Webster,) and Dofia Ana, to El
Paso. From this point the party returned to Washington by way of San Antonio.

6. LINE oF THE 32D PARALLEL, EAST, UNDER Captain J. Porpr.—This party started from El Paso,
and proceeded in almost a straight line eastward to Preston, on Red river, passing through the
Guadalupe mountains. The Pecos was crossed at the mouth of Delaware Creek, and the Llano
Hstacado traversed for a distance of 125 miles.

The most important collections of this party were made on the Llano Estacado, and on the
headwaters of the Brazos and Colorado. Captain Pope also brought with him collections made
on the Mimbres and at Fort Thorn, by Dr. T. C. Henry, U. 8. Army.

The preceeding lines are those organized or detailed for duty in the year 1853. Subsequent
parties, however, were from time to time sent out by the War Department, either to verify old

routes or to determine new ones; of which the following are those yielding natural history
results :

7. CALIFORNIA AND OREGON LINE, UNDER LIevTENANT WILLIAMsoN.—This expedition, accom-
panied py Lieutenant Abbot, as assistant, and Dr. J. 8. Newberry, as geologist, and
naturalist, proceeded to San Francisco by sea, in May, 1855, and, after its full organization,
commenced the exploration of the Cascade mountains, on both sides, to the Columbia river.
The principal points on the route where collections were made, were Fort Reading, Klamath
lake, Cascade Mountains, Canoe creek, Pit river, Des Chutes river, the Willamette, &c.

8. LINE oF THE 32D PARALLEL AND CALIFORNIA, UNDER LiguTenant J. G. Parxe.—This explora-
tion, accompanied ‘by Dr. Antisell, as surgeon and geologist, was chiefly occupied in a revision
of the lines over which Lieutenant Parke had passed in 1853 and 1854,

In addition to the collections of the expeditions mentioned above, there have been embodied in
this report the results of several other explorations made under the War Department, and more
or less intimately connected with the solution of the great western railroad problem. These
are as follows:

9, THE EXPLORATION OF THE LuANo Estacapo, IN 1854—’56, By Captain Popx.—This expedition
was occupied in the western part of Texas and New Mexico in ascertaining the possibility of
obtaining water in the deserts of the west by means of artesian borings. The collections were
made chiefly at Indianola, Guadalupe bottom, San Antonio, Devil’s river, the crossing of
the Pecos at Delaware creek, Waco Tanks, Hl Paso, Dofia Ana, &c.

10. Tur ExpLoration oF THE UpreR Missourr AND YELLOWSTONE, BY LIEUTENANT G. K. WARREN.
This exploration was made in 1856, and extended along the Missouri river to a point eighty
miles above the mouth of the Yellowstone, and up the Yellowstone to Powder river. Collec-
tions were made at all points along the route. Dr. F. V. Hayden acted as surgeon, geologist,
and naturalist to the party.

11. Consrauction oF WAGON ROAD FRoM Fort Rutey 10 Brrpeer’s Pass, In 1856, py LIEUTENANT
F. T. Bryan,—This party was accompanied by W. 8. Wood, as collector and naturalist,

xvi INTRODUCTION.

and proceeded from Fort Riley to Bridger’s Pass, and back by a different route for a portion
of the distance.

12. Expnorations oF RED RIVER, BY CapTAIN R. B. Marcy, AND AIDED By Captain G. B.
McO.e.Lan, AccompaNnieD BY Dr, G. G. SHuMaRD, as surgeon and naturalist.

The remaining less strictly official collections from the west, used in this report, were made
chiefly by the following parties and persons:

CotoneL AtrreD VauGHaN, Indian agent, and Dr. F. V. Hayprn, in 1854 and 1855.—
Their explorations were of the Missouri river from Council Bluffs to Fort Benton, the Yellow-
stone, for a considerable portion of its extent, and various points between the Platte and Upper
Missouri, including the Black hills.

Lieut. W. P. Trowsripex, on the Pacific coast, at San Diego, San Miguel, Monterey, San
Francisco, Bodega, Humboldt Bay, Port Orford, Astoria, and Cape Flattery. His collections
were made while engaged on tidal observations for the Coast Survey, assisted by Messrs. Andrew
Cassidy, Jas. Wayne, and T. A. Szabo.

Ricuarp D. Curts, also on Coast Survey duty. Collections made chiefly near San Francisco.

Dr. Joun F. Hamwonp, U.S. A., at Fort Reading and San Diego.

E. SaMvets, at Petaluma, Tomales Bay, and the Redwoods, California. Mr. Samuels was
sent out by the Smithsonian Institution and the Boston Natural History Society.

Major G. H. Tuomas, at Fort Yuma, California. In making his collections, Major Thomas
was assisted by Lieut. Duparry, Lieut. R. E. Patrerson, and Dr. R. O. Aszort, U. 8. A.

Dr. W.S. Kine, U.S. A., at San Diego.

Dr. J. L. Leconte, at various points in California; A. 8. Taytor, at Monterey, California ;
and A. J. Grayson, at San José; Dr. W. O. Ayrzs, at San Francisco; Dr. C. C. Borns, on
the American river.

Lieut. Nucrn, in the Cascade Mountains; Dr. Ports, U. 8. A., at Fort Jones; Dr. W. F.
Toimis, at Fort Nisqually.

Dr. Swirt, U. 8. A., at Fort Chadbourne, Texas; Dr. Anprrson, U.S. A., at Fort McKavit ;
Dr. L. A. Epwarps, U. 8, A., in Texas and Arkansas; Dr. 8. W. Crawford, U. 8S. A., at
Fort Bliss, Texas; Gustavus WuRDEMANN, on the coast of Texas.

Dr. W. A. Hammonp, U.S. A., at Fort Riley, aided by L. X. de Vusny ; Lieut. Coucu at Fort
Leavenworth ; Dr. Wm. Hammonp, at Fort Kearney; Capt. 8. Van Vurer, at Fort Laramie and
at Brownsville, Texas; Major J. H. Carterton, at Fort Laramie ; ALEXANDER CULBERTSON, as also
Messrs. Epwarp T. Denia and Frrpinanp Cupertson, of the American Fur company, and
Tuappreus A. CuLBertson, on the Upper Missouri; J. 8. Bowman, during several trips across the
plains from St. Louis to San Francisco.

Dr. J. F. Heap, U. 8. A., at Fort Ripley, Minn., aided by the Rev.S. W. Mannry. CHARLES
Cavitrrr, at Pembina, Minn.

Major E. 8. Sretzy, at Fort Union, New Mexico.

A more detailed account of the collections and expeditions referred to above will be found in
the reports of the Smithsonian Institution.—(Sixth to the eleventh, 1851-1856.) A notice of
the collections from the eastern portions of the United States, used for purposes of comparison,
will also be found in the same series.

The very rich collections made by the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey in Texas
New Mexico, and California, are described in detail in its report, which also embraces notices
of the results of the explorations in Texas and northern Mexico, by Dr. Berlandier, Mr. John

INTRODUCTION. XVII

Potts, Major Rich, and Lieut. Couch. Incidental mention of these is also made occasionally in
the present volume, wherever necessary to complete the indications of geographical distribu-
tion.

The collections of all the government parties just mentioned were transmitted, from time to
time, to the Smithsonian Institution, and were there properly cared for until the return of the
several expeditions. They were then placed in the hands of the naturalists selected to elabo-
rate them, and the necessary drawings prepared, within its walls, under the direction of the
Institution, to which, also, was committed the general supervision of the engraving and
printing of the plates. Every facility has been furnished by the War Department, through
Captain Humphreys, in charge of the Pacific Railroad Office, and the heads of the different
expeditions, for bringing the results properly before the world.

ligaies

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EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS FOR A RAILROAD ROUTE FROM THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN.

WAR DEPARTMENT,

MAMMALS:

BY SPENCER F. BAIRD.

ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

WASHINGTON, D. ©.
1857.

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CONTENTS.

Page
DBR IMB sre cccite so cet ee ht So SS Scio oS ho to aS Sen hins GR Sc OSE Eso cee SSeS Sees XXV
ByStematicdigh Of the inner PTOUDS son serene eee an en aoe es one en eee se oa eee ose ae ewes es XXX
JUTE GT URAC ak le ER ee a Se eo OS ee Ree XXXII
MiLrOnN CLO VERON RR aan means anes eee a wecar ane wen oaae ae Senne Ses ot aaa scene == ae nee ene a 1
OrMcnibApACintse sens So ceea nee eens Seca eee c ane Sees seen Sunbaneceeeeaceweasbedcemeamcasas aanees 3
Order Marsupialiaes esse nem oet oe cence ee ee ora Snes ante ao ee oo eeneeees 230
Mindlermhaden iia ss aeet Sen aoe ates a soo se ae a= Mob ee alten Sen a aa eeea tees te etad Sasecccewenwseeesece 235
Groen edentatt es as so Dan sdaerecuscae webs sacs emeceeatios mabueaconceabocscs Seah os ated. Rese eee 621
Orden Pachydermates~ =~ oon oan sac sea cosa ee cases ces eeneca ae sacseseecantsccedescawesctecssessecssace 625
Ordersinminantigye ear a econ eee ee os aaa ce eee Seen chon at eo bcc ocoaneeenseecus SLs sestessacteacseecse 628
AupendixeAwe Alphabetical lish of authorities referred) tos s2-s---saa= 2a seeeas secs onc oe cee ose ee eee 685
Appeniix) b.) -Alphabeticalslish of localities referred: 10. =o. soe ee eee nae ence cece ss smeeaneaasaeeoees 704
inide ks GF COMMOMMAM CS i aaa see a ae een oan ee asa ee sows oma oseee Sop wae ce ee peas assateases 717
fridexr on Keen tiC MAMCt sas one at anaes oan mana oan Son etnanne boat as deocac enue Seneusaeesceeeenee 721
ix plasmon Ofithelplatedss-ooco-necoaam en akac sso crs eer esse come cues ccassesoaeananesseuseceesen sees 737

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PREFACE. .

The present report is intended to embrace a systematic account of all the species of North
American mammals collected or observed by the different parties organized under the direction of
the War Department for ascertaining the best route for a railroad from the Mississippi river to ~
the Pacific ocean. It was originally proposed to furnish a separate report in detail, on the
collections of each party, but a consideration of the fact that, with scarcely an exception, almost
every species was found on two or more lines of survey, and thus not peculiar to any one expe-
dition, led to an abandonment of the first intention. It was considered to be worse than useless
to repeat the same descriptions and details over and over again, while, at the same time, under
the circumstances, it would have been difficult to say in what report any particular article could be
best-placed. As, too, the interest of North American zoology depends not merely on the character
of the species, but also on their generic and family affinities, as well as on their relationships to lati-
tude and longitude, climate, soil, elevation, &c., it would have been impossible to do justice to the
subject by cutting up the report into several isolated portions without any special ¢onnexion as
parts of a systematic whole. :

At the same time, however, as it was desirable to present a picture of the zoological character
of the several routes, as well as to show what each party accomplished, and as many very im-
portant notes of habits and local peculiarities were made by the naturalists of the different lines,
it would have been clearly an act of injustice to these gentlemen as well as to their chief officers
to merge all their results into one common report. For these and other reasons it was finally
determined that there should be prepared one general report on the entire collections of the
railroad surveys, to consist solely of the technical description of the families, genera and species,
and of such remarks as might be necessary to show their place in the systems, each species to be
preceded by its synonymy, and followed by an enumeration of all the specimens collected, so
arranged in tables as to show their geographical distribution.

In addition to this general report, however, special reports by the naturalists of each line were
also to be prepared and published, to embrace the systematic and vernacular names of their
species, with a list of the specimens collected. Tio these special reports were to be confined all
the biographies of the animals seen, all notices of their habits, peculiarities, and distribution, as
observed and recorded during the route. In order, that there might be no misconcep-
tion of the species referred to, it was concluded to give a short diagnosis of each with a
reference to the page of the general report where the purely zoological details might he found
more at length.

The present report, therefore, is the first of the series of general reports referred to, to be fol-
lowed as soon as practicable by the remainder of the Vertebrata. The special reports on the
zoology of each line of survey will be found in connexion with the other reports belonging to
their respective parties, and, in their full notices of the life of our western animals, possess

L 4*

XxXvVI PREFACE.

a general and popular interest far greater than can attach to the present account of mere zoologi-
cal and technical details. '

The large size of this report on the mammals collected by the railroad parties is owing to
several causes. In the first place, the amount of new or little known material obtained was
extraordinarily great, The summary of the species at the beginning of the systematic list
hereafter presented, will show that very many entirely undescribed animals were procured, and
that of a.large number of others, previously little known, the specimens were sufficient to
furnish many new and interesting details of characters, both external and internal.

As, too, the object in calling for complete reports from the several parties was not merely to show
the actual results of the several expeditions, but likwise to ascertain the general character of
the western territories, I heve not hesitated to include in this work all such materials derived
from officers stationed at military posts, and other persons elsewhere in the west, as fell under
my notice.

In view of the large amount of new or little known species at hand, in the preparation of the
present report, sometimes embracing entire genera and even families, it soon became evident
that none of the published descriptions of the old and standard species were sufficiently minute
and detailed to furnish the necessary means of comparison. With the discovery of forms very
closely allied to or intermediate between those already known, the descriptions of the latter on
record did not show sufficiently in what the differences consisted. It became necessary, therefore,
to re-describe, as far as they could be procured, all such species, which, in fact, proved finally to be
nearly all previously known. The present monograph of American mammals has, in the end,
grown out of the necessities referred to.

It will be sufficiently evident that, without the extraordinarily rich and full collection of North
American mammals belonging to the Smithsonian Institution, the monographs and comparisons of
species, in the present report, could not have been prepared. Independently of the specimens
brought in by the Pacific Railroad surveying parties, the series in its museum, from other sources,
was found to embrace nearly all the previously known species, and many entirely new ones.

I have also made free use of the collections and library of the Philadelphia Academy of
Natural Sciences, for which every facility has been furnished in its hall. The examination of
the specimens collected by Townsend, and described by Dr. Bachman, has contributed to settle
some quite doubtful points, while in some rare or very costly works of its unequalled natural
history library I have been enabled to verify many references which would otherwise have
remained uncertain.

I regret not to have been able to examine any of the types of the new species of Audubon
and Bachman, as presented by the latter gentleman to the Charleston museum. The rules of
that establishment do not permit specimens to leave its hall, and it was not possible to visit it
during the preparation of this report.

I have endeavored to make all acknowledgments of aid from systematic writers in the body
of the report, although it may be well to mention here that much use has been made throughout
of the works and articles of Wagner, Waterhouse, Gray, Brandt, Burmeister, Keyserling and
Blasius, Giebel, Richardson, Agassiz, Engelmann, and others, as enumerated in the synonymy
and list of authorities. To the 1abors of Messrs. Audubon and Bachman, however, either singly
or collectively, are acknowledgments especially due for whatever facilities may have previously
existed for the preparation of a report on American mammals. The necessity or propriety of such
a report is only to be found in the fact that, when the crowning work of these gentlemen, ‘‘The

PREFACE. XXVII

Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America,’’ was prepared; the materials at their command were
far less extensive than have been at mine, and that many species which they could only examine
in the museum of London, Paris, Berlin, and Leyden, are now to be found in the Smithsonian
collection in a profusion of specimens of the most satisfactory and perfect character.

An apology is necessary for the delay which has taken place in the completion of the general
reports on the zoology of the Pacific Railroad surveying parties. This has arisen from the fact
that, from the first organization of these expeditions, in the spring of 1853, nearly to the present
time, one or more has been in the field, and engaged in fresh examinations ; so that until all
the specimens expected were received, the general systematic account of zoological results could
not conveniently be prepared. The examination of the materials was actually commenced early
in 1855, and many of the articles written in that year and in 1856. With the continuous
accession of additional specimens, it became finally necessary to re-write, alter, or extend all
that had been prepared prior to the present year (1857.) It is to this that the frequent want
of uniformity is due, the time allowed not being sufficient in many cases to permit the re-working
of the whole matter. The measurements of the specimens were at first made in inches and
lines, but that of hundredths was finally adopted ; it is to this fact that the presence of the two
different divisions of the inch is attributable, it not being convenient or possible to make the
measurements conform throughout, as would have been desirable.

It is, perhaps, unnecessary to state that the matter of the present report is entirely original
throughout, the few cases in which extracts from other authors are made being so indicated.
With very few exceptions, all the references in the synonymy have also been personally made
and verified. Where this was not possible, the synonym is enclosed between quotation marks.

In explanation of the too frequent occurrence of typographical errata in the body of this
report, it is proper to state that, owing to various circumstances, the work was necessarily passed
through the press with a rapidity probably unexampled in the history of natural history
printing, allowing very little opportunity for that critical and leisurely examination so neces-
sary in correcting a work of the kind. For most of the time the proof has been furnished and
read at the rate of twenty-four to thirty-two pages per day ; nearly 400 pages having been set
up, read, and printed during the first half of July alone. The same cause has also interfered
with the preservation of perfect uniformity of arrangement and detail throughout. In some
cases, accidents to the form while on the press have caused the loss or transposition of letters,
words, or paragraphs; as, among others, the exchange of characters of Orders VIII and IX,
on page 1, referred also to on page 625. For excuse of errors in the use of technical terms, in
the formation and inflection of scientific names, and for all other shortcomings, the writer can
only throw himself upon the kind indulgence of his readers, partly in consideration of the fact
that, owing to the urgent necessity for a speedy completion of the volume, no time was allowed
for any revision of the manuscript as a complete work, nor, indeed, of its separate portions,
and that for much of the time the preparation of the manuscript was only a few hours in
advance of its delivery to the compositor.

A few words in explanation of the plan adopted in preparing the articles of the present
report may not be out of place. I have usually made the entire detailed description of the
species from one particular specimen, (often indicating it by number,) mentioning afterwards
the variations presented from this type by the others before me. The specific diagnoses alone
contain a combination or selection from the characters of several specimens.

The numbers attached to the specimens, as enumerated, are those which they bear in the

XXVIII PREFACE.

Smithsonian Museum Catalogues. ach class of animals has its separate catalogue and suc-
cession of numbers, from 1 upwards, in this series, the same number being never used twice for
different objects in its class, and thus constituting an essential part of the specimen. There is
also a special catalogue of the osteological collections. Thus, the skin of a mammal will have
one number, and its skull, if separated, another ; each specimen having both numbers attached,
its own as numerator of a fraction. Thus, when a skin is labelled or entered ;42;5, it is to be
understood that 421 is its number, as entered in the catalogue of skins (or entire specimens in
alcohol,) while 1149 is the number of the skull, as entered in the osteological catalogue. The
skull itself would in this case be marked 124°.

The column of ‘‘ original numbers ’’ bos ciel those abienled to specimens in the field by
collectors. These are always retained as being referred to in the field notes of the different
parties.

The measurements have, in all cases, been made in English inches,! divided either into lines
or twelfths, or into 100ths. All the skulls, and in most cases the smaller skins, have been
measured with dividers or callipers. The measurements of the body have been made to the
insertion of the tail into the rump, or nearly to the very base of the caudal vertebre ; the animal
usually with the head, body, and tail extended into oe same straight line, avoiding, as far as
possible, all curvature.

Where measurements are recorded as made before skinning, they are, in most cases, to be
understood as having been furnished by the collector.

For the sake of illustrating more fully the character of the species described in the present
Report, I have prepared the three lists as follows:

The first list is that of the higher groups characterized in the following pages.

The second list contains all the species of mammals found in North America north of Mexico,
that I have had an opportunity of examining, while preparing the present work, together with
a few that belong tothe northern provinces of the last mentioned State. These are inserted, as
very probably existing within the limits of the United States, even though not yet detected. The
indications of geographical distribution are chiefly those furnished by the specimens before me,
although I have occasionally given statements in this respect from Audubon, Bachman, and
Richardson. I have not pretended to define, with critical accuracy, the complete range of the
species, the facts on record not being sufficient for the purpose.

The third list embraces the species which have not fallen under my notice. Some of these have
little claim to a place in the fauna of North America north of Mexico, while others are, in all
probability, the same as those mentioned in the first list. A few are unquestionably additional
and good species ; especially such as Sorex fimbripes and palustris, Putorius nigripes, Arctomys
pruinosus, Thomomys talpoides ? Arvicola borealis, drummondii, richardsonit, and «wanthognathus,
and some others.

1 The English inch used is about equal to 11.26 French lines, .9383 French inches, or to 25.40 millimetres. On the other
hand, the French inch is equal to 1.0657 English inches ; the French line to .0888 English inches, and the millimetre to .03937
English inches. The French metre is equivalent to 39.37 English inches, or 3.28 feet.

PREFACE. XXIX

The following table will serve to indicate the additions in the list to the known species of
North American mammals, as compared with the latest general work on the subject :

Species described here, as new, for the first time............ssssssesessssseeseees aaateerasseeuceasercess 35
Species described in 1855, from the same collection...........ccs.cesssecsce cosccsceccsvenccsccecesces 17

Total of new species in the Smithsonian collection not mentioned by Audubon and Bachman 52
Recognized species previously described, not mentioned by Audubon and Bachman........... 18

Total of North American species additional to the list of Audubon and Bachman............ 70

The entire number of species mentioned by Audubon and Bachman in the Quadrupeds of
North America, exclusive of varieties, is 197, of which about 160 were figured, the remainder
consisting either of species previously described by the authors, but not procurable for purposes
of illustration, or else copied from others, to render their work complete.

The total number of species of North American mammals represented in the Smithsonian
collection is very nearly 220.

Wasuinerton, D. C., July 20, 1857.

XxX

NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS,

I. TABLE OF THE HIGHER GROUPS.

Order.

I, RAPACIA.
1, Sub-order.
Insectivora

2. Sub-order.
Carnivora

Il, MARSUPIATA.....
IIL, RODENTIA...

Page.

2

78

230
235

Family.

1. Soricidae......

2. Talpidae.,.....

3. Felidae........

4. Canidae .......

5. Viverridae.. ..
6. Mustelidae.....

7. Ursidae..s.eeee

8. Didelphidae...-
9. Sciuridae ...

10. Saccomyidae ..

ll. Muridae........

Page.

57

148

206

231
240

427

Seen meee ee teen eens

Sennen tween en eene tees

Penne eee een tees enee

eee errrery

HOO ee wee ee etwas ene

Sub-family.

Soricinae..........

Lupinae.....+...05
Vulpinae ......006-

Martinae ..........

Lutrinae ...6. ..ee

Melinge.yasvcsnssuus

Sciurinae .........

Myoxinae .........
Castorinae,....++..

Geomyinae ........

Saccomyinae ......

Dipodinae.........+
Murinae. .....ee00.

Arvicolinae .ssee0.

Page.

teens

103
121

saneee

148

183

190

240

350 |..

350

366

405

428
436

507

15.

43.

. Castor....
. Castoroides ....
« Geomys..veeeee
2. Thomomys.....
. Dipodomys.....

. Hesperomys ...

. Neotoma..

Genus.

Neosorex sesees

Blarina ........
Scalops....+..-

Condylura.....

» Urotrichus.....

Felis v.ccee
Lynx......
Canis: ..cec cece

» WoIpes ...6cecs

» Bassaris .......

Mustela.....+..

. Putorious......

GOO ecsecesee
Lutra..seeeeeee
Enhydra.......
Mephitis.......

. Taxidea .......

Procyon .......
Ursus... ssecces
Didelphys......
Sciurus.....+.+

. Pteromys ......

Tamias...,...+
Spermophilus , .

Cynomys ......

. Arctomys......

Aplodontia

Perognathus....

. Jaculus .......
a, WUE cn ecees sven

Reithrodon.

Sigmodon.,....

» Arvicola, .....-

» Myodes..seeeee

Fiber eee acess

Page.

486
501
509

=

Sub-genus.

eeeee eeeesareseccs

Renlopa.. cuss wanes
Scapanus,.........

Vulpes ....
Urocyon ....

seeeee
weeeee
Hee ee eee eee ween eeee
Tee eee eee ee ene

Thiosmus .....++0+
Mephitis...........

ee eee eweee

eee eee eee wee

Otospermophilus. ..
Colobotis. ....e00+

Peter e er ee scene wees

wee meee e ween nes

Perognathus.......
Cricetodipus.......

we eeeeerees

ween meee enn eee

Hesperomys .
Onychomys.
Oryzomys...
Hypudaeus .......-
Hemiotomys.......
Chilotus. .....e000+

Pedomys .......++..
PICVINYEaps ons feces

seeeee

Species examined and
identified.

I
o

won wnd Bee we

woe wk Ww hw KH KH Ww 41

| Species not identified.

Order.

IV. EDENTATA.. +455
V. PACHYDERMATA.
VI. RUMINANTIA,. .

Page.

621
625
628

Family.

12, Hystricidae ....
13. Leporidae .....

14. Effodienta,.....

15. Sciuridae ......
16. Cervidae.....++

17, Cavicornia.....

NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS,

664

Page.

Sub-family.

Peewee ee eeee weet anes

fee ee eeeeeneeenenes

semen eee eees wees reee

Cervinae ......

Antilopinae........

Ovinae..c.ccceeree
Bovinae..eseeeeees

Page.

664
664

Genus.

44. Erethizon......
45. LeEpus «asec ese»
46. Lagomys.,. +++.
47. Dasypus.
48. Dicotyles
jp ANCE. vevecevvns
. Rangifer .......
«\Cervuss. cea.ces
. Antilocapra....
. Aplocerus......

BOS.. eeceeseee

eS

TABLE OF THE HIGHER GROUPS—Continued.

XXXI

Sub-genus.

seen e wees

Sent e ne ee ween eeenee

Peete een eweneeee eens

eee eee e ween wees

| Page.

seen

seeeee

teeeee

Species examined and
identified.

& wo

220

ee

| Species not identified.

II. LIST OF SPECIES.

A.—LIST OF EXAMINED AND IDENTIFIED SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN MAMMATS.

1. NEOSOREX, Baird.

1—Neosorex navigator, Cooper, (n.s.)—Water Shrew.—Fort Vancouver...........00+
2. SOREX, L.
2.—Sorex trowbridgii, Baird, (n. s.)—Trowbridge’s Shrew.—Astoria to Steilacoom......
3.—Sorex vagrans, Cooper, (n.s.)—Wandering Shrew.—Cape Flattery, W. T., to
Petalima, Cal. Range in lat. 48.30 to 38.20.......secscsscsssecceceesencesees
4,—Sorex suckleyi, Baird, (n. s.)—Suckley’s Shrew.—Steilacoom, W. T., to Monterey,
Cal. Range in lat: 47,9040 wb. 30, esis ce ses taweocnaos te be tdestycs eee eee
6.—Sorex pachyurus, Baird, (n. s.)—Thick-Tailed Shrew.—Pembina, Minn., to Fort
Ripley. Wats749.00 so F469. ota. wewescueesweneteactes eeeeenascs csech eevee
6.—Sorex forsteri, Rich.—Forster’s Shrew.—Carlisle, Pa. (Hudson’s Bay, Rich. New
Wor kaye 1D) ekK ayn) iaccssrens.casssenetn techene veh vamechimcbncmast aaereicenaeeeeee ee
7.—Sorex richardsonii, Bachm.—Richardson’s Shrew.—Racine, Wisc.? (Hudson’s
Bays Rich. Ni. Walerritony, sah) isc.cescactassecwsstesbescrmeck nec sementes
8.—Sorex platyrhinus, Wagner.—Kared Shrew.—Hingham, Mass., to Cleveland, Ohio,
and Burlington sl Vbsicsss sod Weciedtatoewes seen cc sceduvyaveeetvee deel eneeaee
9.—Sorex cooperi, Bach.—Cooper’s Shrew.—Labrador to Medicine Bow Cr., Neb........

10.—Sorex haydeni, Baird, (n.s.)—Hayden’s Shrew.—Fort Pierre to Ft. Union, Neb.
Range on the Missouri river, from lat. 44.20 to 48.00..........seesseeeeeeees

11.—Sorex personatus, Geoff.—Masked Shrew.—Southern Atlantic States. Washington
12.—Sorex hoyi, Baird, (n. s.)—Hoy’s Shrew.—Racine, Wisc............:sesscsssccoseceesees
13.—Sorex thompsoni, Baird, (n. s.)—Thompson’s Shrew.—Halifax, N. Scotia, to Zanes-

VALLE CO ho MMe. Nero eek aatasteaas consent ccevaeme ena soe netewe sete rect ccesenses

3. BLARINA, Gray.

14.—Blarina talpoides, Gray.—Mole-Shrew.—Halifax, N. 8. Montreal to Columbus,
Ohio, and Western Georgia. Range in lat. 45.30 to 32.30; in long.
SOM: OUTS LGD, sanvsscess sonevas tveers poe oR cl ee

15

18

20

22

24

25
27

29
30
32

34

36

36

LIST OF SPECIES. XXXIII

Page.
15—Blarina brevicauda, Gray.—Short-tailed Shrew.—Illinois to Nebraska.............06 42
16.—Blarina carolinensis.—Carolina Shrew.—S. Carolina to Missouri..........s:cceeseeees : 45
17,—Blarina angusticeps, Baird, (n.s.)— Burlington, Vermont........csssscesssvseeeeereeees 47
18.—Blarina cinerea.—Ash-colored Shrew.—S. Pennsylvania to Florida...............c0008 45
19.—Blarina exilipes, Baird, (n. s.)}—Short-footed Shrew.—Texas to Mississippi.......... 51
20.—Blarina berlandieri, Baird, (n. s.)—Matamoras, Mexico.......scccsscsesseesensceeesceeees 53
4. SCALOPS, Cuv. 58
a. Scalops.

21.—Scalops aquaticus, Cuv.—Common mole.—Middleboro’, Mass., to Indian river,

Fla., and west to the Lower Mississippi. Range along the Atlantic
Siatesmiromiel ate 424 fOr 2 S0ss wcccsnnstdacsecaspanesciesscesacteceesndotasen vamecests 60

22.—Scalops argentatus, Aud. & Bach.—Silvery Mole.—Detroit to Fort Riley, and

south to Prairie Mer Rouge? Range in lat. from 42.20 to Louisi-
MBB t He MONEE S a PGOs Vo! cacsee yc akic cay ay aes daw vtidamtes Gold teinstsotie avsweuie doer sinner oe 63
b. Scapanus, Pomel. 58

23.—Scalops townsendii, Bach.—Oregon Mole.—Steilacoom, W. T., to San Francisco,
Cal. Range on the Pacific coast from lat. 47.10 to 37.48........cc...e 65

24.—Scalops breweri, Bach.—Hairy-Tailed Mole.—Connecticut and New York, to Cleve-
TEAR TEER te Re 20 3 9 nae 68
5. CONDYLURA, Ill. val

25.—Condylura cristata, Ill.—Star-Nosed Mole.—Halifax, N.8., to Fort Ripley, and
to Carlisle, Pa. Range in lat. 40.12 to 46.20; in long. 63.30 to 94.20. ral

6. UROTRICHUS, Temm. 16
26.—Urotrichus gibbsii, Baird, (n. s.)—Cascade Mountains, W. T........cccsscesenseeeeeeee 76
7. FELIS, L. 81

27.—Felis concolor, L.—Panther.—Fort Steilacoom, W. T., to southern Chile, and
from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Range from 47 (or 55. according
to Richardson) N. lat. to 54S. lat......... ccccssssseeseees spiaere a wece cee 83

28.—Felis onca, L.—Jaguar; Mexican Tiger—Brazos river, Texas, to South America.. 86
29.—Felis pardalis, Linn.—Tiger Cat; Ocelot.—Northern Texas?......ccccsccccssseeceeeees 87

30.—Felis eyra, Desmarest.—Rio Grande of Texas..........csssccssesseseeeeenecceeseeeeesteeees 88
ho *

XXXIV LIST OF SPECIES.

31.—Felis yaguarundi, Desmarest.—Yaguarundi.—Rio Grande of Texas..........sse00e :

8. LYNX, Raf.

$2.—Lynx rufus, Raf.— Wild Cat.—Atlantic to Pacific. Upper Missouri to the Gila
river. Not.on the RioiGrande’’,.....cessas--pereescoeabectaecteeecss iosnesseseee

33,—Lynx rufus var. maculatus, Aud. & Bach.—Texas Wild Cat.—Matamoras, Mexico,
topHort Yuma, (Cals and sto Port Tejon, t0ali...scsscccsevsceceseresceeneccers

84.—Lynx fasciatus, Raf.—Red Cat.—Washington Territory........cccccccesesseeeeeseesenees
35.—Lynx canadensis, Raf.—Canada Lynx.—Nova Scotia to Rocky Mountains. Penn.
EO GOUN date Recsssccsexmee st eecaeeceeceesenceeesreccascnseesensensseaserenseaascosseeas

9. CANIS, L.

36a.—Canis occidentalis var. griseo-albus——White and Gray Wolf.—North America
SOVPTEN YI ie raat ba cen elca toa tenewos tone ssevepaseeesendesn esas Wedcss esos ane eee

36b.—Canis occidentalis var. nubilus,—Dusky Wolf.—Missouri river to the Pacific....

36c.—Canis occidentalis var. mexicanus.—Mexican Wolt.—Rio Grande of Texas and

37.—Canis latrans, Say.—Coyote; Prairie Wolf.—Fort Riley, Kansas, to the Pacific,
and Upper Missouri to the Rio Grande of Texas...........sscescesssoesevees
10. VULPES.

a. Vulpes, Baird.

38¢.—Vulpes fulvus var. fulvus,—Red Fox.—Atlantic States to the Missouri, and Penn-
By lyamilartoi@anadas vermeree-toccaceasssdeacl cceeseestinasesbachessteees sons see eeaeae

38).—Vulpes fulvus var. decussatus.—Cross Fox.—Northern New York to Canada....

38c.— Vulpes fulvus var. argentatus,—Silver Fox ; Black Fox.—Washington Territory

Mate Oi Doss sak ciinciuisad aise ates pesn etsavaree sicersiatow lores SeRmee ed vie Ca eae oak Ae rae
40.—Vulpes velox, Aud. & Bach.—Kit Fox ; Swift Fox.—Plains west of Missouri to
the Cascade Mountains of Oregon............s0escsssscescerceceecssceccee verses
41.—Vulpes lagopus, Rich.—Arctic Fox.—Arctic America. ........-secccseseeeeeeeneneeeennene

b. Urocyon, Baird.

42.—Vulpus virginianus, Rich.—Gray Fox.—Pennsylvania to the Southern States, and
from the Atlantic to the Pacific ; from the Gila to Puget’s Sound.
According to Aud. & Bach., from Maine to Florida...........ccseeeeeeeeee

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90

93
96

99

104

104 .
ia

113

LIST OF SPECIES. XXXV

Page
43.—Vulpes littoralis, Baird, (n. s.)—Island Fox.—Isl. of San Miguel, coast of Cal....... 143
11. BASSARIS, Licht. 147
44,—Bassaris astuta, Licht.—Civet Cat.—City of Mexico to Texas and California......... 147
12. MUSTELA, Linn. 149
45.—Mustela pennantii, Erxl.—Fisher; Black Cat.—Southern Penn. to New York,
(to 65 N., Richardson,) and from the Allegheny range to Washing-
ton Territory......0+.+.- Sago CoTs Cane sO SOOO DADO CON TorIC vO AORED TOL DRDUr ORO HOORLIONE cay LAD

46.—Mustela americana, Turton.—Pine Marten; American Sable.—Adirondac Moun-
tains, N. Y., and west to the Cascade Mountains and Puget’s Sound... 152

13. PUTORIUS, Cuvier. 159

47.—Putorius pusillus, Aud. & Bach.—Least Weasel.—Pembina, Minn., to Puget’s
; Barada ce New: Men *(WOIGAY -\.wc<cnhentseasaresiusrsaaehoseerppsacbacectsaveswcacn 159

48.—Putorius cicognanii.—Small Brown Weasel.—Labrador and Nova Scotia to Puget’s
Sound, and south to Boston, Massachusetts...........sscececcsectecsssassceee 161

49,—Putorius richardsonii, Bp.—Little Ermine.—Nova Scotia to Puget’s Sound, and
HOM OND ORTOMs satacanstuecVeres var sdenvace der sacernadedadslecedss vaaeenaueeee oseeese 164

60.—Putorius noveboracensis, DeKay.—White Weasel ; Ermine.—Boston and North-
ern New York, and Illinois, to southern Penn. and Arkansas. Not
MNEs fATy WESC ks tetas tdews ose earl auc eae aac chtacheeaincaae eke dus daeenetaucee Lee 166

51.—Putorius longicauda, Rich.—Long-Tailed Weasel.—Upper Missouri and Platte.
(Carlton, Houser Hi. Bs 1035 Wicks jovs-nswdeeda.ecebverdawenctsecidnyses sce Movecoes 169

52.—Putorius kaneii, Baird, (n. s.)—Kane’s Ermine.—Behring’s Straits and Siberia... 172

53.—Putorius frenatus, Aud. & Bach.—Bridled Weasel.—City of Mexico to the Rio
ofa NUTS CECE ep) ae bee ig. OR ne ae 173

54.—Putorius xanthogenys.—Yellow-Cheeked Weasel.—San Diego to San Francisco,
(Grader OMA ECO RS Ute cv fice sisar neacineecnnncian vevenm ry decd cenacehoaperdiadghssscxevccke 176

55.—Putorius vison, Rich.—Brown Mink.—New York and Massachusetts to Florida,
and west to the Pacific and Puget’s Sound...............csseccseccseseesceees 1i7

56.—Putorius nigrescens, Aud. & Bach.—Little Black Mink.—Massachusetts and
Northern New York to Fort Leavenworth

14. GULO, Storr. 181

57.—Gulo luscus, Sabine.-—Wolverine.—Salt Lake, and Black Hills, Neb., to Arctic
America, (northern New York, Aud. & Bach.)........cccssssssecssssesceees 181

XXXVI LIST OF SPECIES.

15. LUTRA, Linn.

58.—Lutra canadensis, Sab.—American Otter.—Northern parts of the United States to
Florida, and west to the Rocky Mountains... .0..cccccesces+sssrecrcenvecsevs

59.—Luitra californica, Gray.—California Otter.—Coast region and Cascade Mountains
Of, California amd Oregon. s.5cccsnsneccenmeon cane nesaeenesrenechacar<cnaen = cee

16. ENHYDRA, Fleming.
€0.—Enhydra marina, Fleming.—Sea Otter.—Pacific coast of the United States............

17. MEPHITIS, Cuvier.

a. Thiosmus, Licht.

61.—Mephitis mesoleuca, Licht.—White-Backed Skunk.—Chico, Mexico, to Western
MOXA ance ccnsconcsenseecosecehocce csldnteerteceescers adden Spiennuaisweagie oneeTcn ee eeeene

62.—Mephitis varians, Gray.—Texas or Long-Tailed Skunk.—Texas and Northern
IMPEXUCO Saves seh rec neu tne dene et ees oles eeedcsiewionsoine eleies een ion senepie cise atneninacten

63.—Mephitis occidentalis, Baird, (n.s.)—California Skunk.— Western coast of the
Wiispiliac Ins THE WIG aeons ougondoddosdacd ba sononud bocenceodoedadocasnsc Liaivod oc aisive.s ts soapeeeee

64.—Mephitis mephitica. Common Skunk.—United States, east of the Missouri plains
ANG NOLEN VOW PUOKAN. seciciememensvslaeceseenlssensaeescse> Be adi cies eceecleasis eolaeeeeeeiee

65.—Mephitis bicolor, Gray.—Little Striped Skunk.—Southern Texas and California...

18. TAXIDEA, Waterhouse.

66.—Taxidea americana, Waterh.—Missouri Badger.—Iowa and Wisconsin to the Pacific
coast, and from Arkansas to 49 N. lat.—(To 58 N. lat., Rich.).........-

67.—Taxidea berlandieri, Baird.—Mexican Badger.—Northern Mexico, Southern and
Western) Texas.) (fo) Lower (California #)..-25-.0-.-0--ercceasnesso>ssseeasees

19. PROCYON, Storr.

68.— Procyon lotor, Storr.—Common Raccoon.—Massachusetts to Florida, and west to
ort Kearney. “Not Southern Wexasipss:s.c.ccccseacecoceeence tee sae

69.—Procyon hernandezii, Wagler.—California or Black-Footed Raccoon.—Rio Grande
of Texas to Pacific coast, and north along the coast to Puget’s Sound..

69a,—Procyon hernandezii, var. mexicana, Baird.—Sonora Raccoon.—Gulf of California

20. URSUS, L.

70. Ursus horibilis, Ord.—Grizzly Bear.—Plains of Upper Missouri to the Rocky Moun-
tains, and along their base, thence to the Coast of California, (not
of Oregon: or Wastington ?)\ ce dlees a tered. hak dete er taieoasWececcewetres

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184

187

189
189

191
191

192

193

216

219

LIST OF SPECIES. XXXVII

71—Ursus americanus, Pallas.—Black Bear.—United States generally.............00.0e005

71 a—Ursus americanus var. cinnamoneus, Aud. & Bach.—Rocky Mountains and

72.—Ursus maritimus, Linn.—White or Polar Bear.—Shores and Islands of Arctic
UG PIOUS preteen se sents < Cae Mace ders Guinaraue vecnieat some cotetalone aaasldneedeaeawaews

21. DIDELPHYS, Linn.

73.—Didelphys virginiana, Shaw.—Possum.—From Hudson River to the southern part
of the eastern United States, and west to the Missouri. Not in south-
ern Texas

POO e eee mee Rete EHR eee ER RE EH Oe HEHEHE EEEE SESE HESS EEHE HEHEHE EO HEE SHEE ES

74.—Didelphys californica, Bennet.—Texas Possum.—Rio Grande of Texas to the City
of Mexico, and west to Lower California

eee eee ee ee is

22. SCIURUS, Linneus.

75,—Sciurus vulpinus, Gmelin.—Southern Fox Squirrel.—North Carolina to Florida,
and along the Gulf States to eastern Texas.......sc..ssosssesssscesnnoeesenane

76.—Sciurus cinereus, Linn.—Cat Squirrel ; Pennsylvania Fox Squirrel.—New Jersey

bo) Vareimia, and. west to the Ales Hemies, 5 .c..0.0.0ssmuridss sus sggsosaans ata
77,—Sciurus ludovicianus, Custis.— Western Fox Squirrel.—Mississippi valley..........
78.—Sciurus limitis, Baird, (n. s.)—Pecos Fox Squirrel.—Pecos River, Texas.............

79.—Sciurus carolinensis, Gm.—Gray Squirrel ; Black Squirrel. (Black var.)—Hastern
lnnbed’Statesi tostnerMussounts Rivereanweccecnccsectesoencccscetseteererencene

79 a.—Sciurus carolinensis, var. mexicanus?—Mexican Gray Squirrel.—Northern
IMI@X1 COs fire's seasesigsisas seater cocne uae anise custeeuascesS oveseeseeies sanseeaedeesese acces

80.—Sciurus fossor, Peale.—California Gray Squirrel.—Pacific Cuast from San Diego,
California, to the Columbia River, at Fort Dalles..............scscseseseeees

81.—Sciurus castanonotus—Baird, (n. s.)—Chestnut Backed Squirrel.—Southern Rocky
BS MigmiatNTISs SREP OTL VV COSUCI) <1. asc cudseasarocansepscaccepaitvcne Set eraceasare

82.—Sciurus aberti, Woodhouse.—Tuft-Eared Squirrel.—San Francisco Mountains, New
IMIERICOTS. cotccisdescciecieeises avic cee nce nee See Hanmer reales vy Ro

83,.—Sciurus hudsonius, Pallas.—Red Squirrel ; Chickaree.—Labrador (Lat. 56°) to
Mississippi ; and in the United States from the Atlantic to the Missouri
ME IVEE nate venos constWe duu gakccueag venues aa save vacs tue Uwtue sptiawdesels doe .Woasacmaseebeee sy

“84.—Sciurus fremontii, Towns.—Mountain Gray Squirrel...........ssccssccssseesseceseenseees

85.—Sciurus richardsonii, Bach.—Richardson’s Squirrel.—From the Main Rocky Moun-
PIMC DRO CASCADE RODEO! essai ccvesecss cvedseivadvcveddetedansvevsavives scene

264

266

267

XXXVIII LIST OF SPECIES,

86.—Sciurus douglassii, Bach.—Oregon Red Squirrel.—San Francisco to Puget’s Sound,
Near bh ClCOAStansnesssecehencersceh tse sree seuss ceiesieee amen mesrics 3a: eee

23. PTEROMYS, Cuvier.

87.—Pteromys volucella, Cuv.(?)—Flying Squirrel—United States, to the Missouri
RIVET oa swsvecsvcodeseetncen Geese csvecslvsvccbletaeldudermentirecmeds tateseseteneneceerte

88.—Pteromys hudsonius, Fischer.—Northern Flying Squirrel.—Northern parts of the
United States from Maine to Minnesota, and north.................0ceeeeee

89.—Pteromys alpinus, Richardson.—Rocky Mountain Flying Squirrel.—Rocky Moun-
GAUTIB Ty. sancisnalseccisesideisine els och [seliiniseslealeciesi'assiesuyes slisstlesieweacs sectaseneesit asses eects

90—Pteromys oregonensis, Bach.—Oregon Flying Squirrel.—Near mouth of Columbia
River cosonthern Calitonmia nc wesaeaceccacseanee caer echnetucneaeesceeean tenes

24. TAMIAS, Illiger.
91.—Tamias striatus.—Chipmunk.—Montreal to Virginia, and west to the Missouri......

92.—Tamias quadrivittatus, Rich.—Missouri Striped Squirrel.—Upper Missouri to
Rocky Mountains, and west to the Cascade Range. Along the Rocky
Mountains as far south as Fort Staunton, New Mexico. Lat. 33° 30’...

93,—Tamias dorsalis, Baird.—Gila Striped Squirrel.—Fort Webster, New Mexico,
eVovoy Irie, BRAUN). byes IUDEK OW spacaoaoncpnSaoon suas sone podonndescasndb0b Sona0S-

94.—Tamias townsendii, Bach.—Townsend’s Striped Squirrel.—F rom Puget’s Sound to
Petaluma, California, along and west of Cascade Mountains...........+.

25. SPERMOPHILUS, Cuvier.

a. Olospermophilus, Brandt.

95. a eee itis beecheyi, Rich.—California Ground Squirrel.—Ooast of California,
fromisan Diero to: MonbsReadine.tcsscporcessssivcswesuecsansesenmerodesenesehiee

96.—Spermophilus douglassii, Rich.—Columbia Ground Squirrel.—Columbia River,
from Fort Dalles to its mouth, and south to Klamath Lake...............

97,—Spermophilus grammurus, Bachman.—Line-Tailed Squirrel—Head of Arkansas
River; along the Rocky Mountains to Somora...........csssesessceeesececeees

98.—Spermophilus couchii, Baird, (n. s.)—Black Ground Squirrel.—Northern Mexico...

99,—Spermophilus lateralis, Rich.—Say’s Striped Squirrel—Rocky Mountains to Cas-
cades, and between about Lat. 38° 25’ to northern line of California...

b. Colobotis, Brandt.

100.—Spermophilus harrisii, Aud. & Bach.—Harris’s Spermophile.—Mohave Desert...

Page.

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286

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289

300

301

304

305

307

309

310
311

312
306
313

LIST OF SPECIES, XXXIX

101. Spermophilus franklini, Rich.—Gray Gopher.—Northern Illinois and Wisconsin,
and to Minnesota and the Saskatchewan............csssscssesscescnsescaescece

102.—Spermophilus tereticauda, Baird, (n. s.)—Round-Tailed Spermophile.—Fort

103,—Spermophilus tridecem-lineatus, Aud. & Bach.—Striped Gopher: Prairie Squir-
rel.—Kastern Michigan to the plains of the Missouri, and south to
Bed) River, Arkansas, aud Wort Thorn, N.. Mi. ...c..c-ccce0cceeclocci-oees

104.—Spermophilus mexicanus, Wagner.—Mexican Ground Squirrel.—Rio Grande of
Texas and the Pecos, and south into Mexico..........cesecesecessceescceeseee

105.—Spermophilus spilosoma, Bennett.—Sonora Ground Squirrel.—Fort Staunton, N.
M. and El Paso, to Chihuahua, and west to the Gulf of California...

106.—Spermophilus parryi, Rich.—Parry’s Marmot.—Shores and islands of Arctic seas;
island of Arikamtchitchi, on the Asiatic side of Behring’s Straits......

107.—Spermophilus richardsonii.— Yellow Gopher.—Sault St. Marie, Mich., and west
to the Rocky Mountains north of Upper Missouri...............eceeeeeeeees

108.—Spermophilus townsendii, Bach.—Townsend’s Spermophile.—Rocky Mountains
TiMC OTM a teaehceonnan ey dsmraence de scm scab c Ja Svviahav gues catsiua ete nacu stave een eures
26. CYNOMYS, Raf.

109.—Cynomys ludovicianus.—Prairie Dog.—Milk river and Upper Missouri; west
towards the Rocky Mountains ; south to Red River ; southwest to the
Upper Rio Grande, and a short distance into Sonora ?............ceeeeeeee

110.—Cynomys gunnisonii, Baird (n. s.)—Short-Tailed Prairie Dog.—Coochetope
Pass to Lodge Pole Creek, in or near the Rocky Mountains............ a

27. ARCTOMYS, Schreber.

111.—Arctomys monax, Gmelin.—Woodchuck ; Ground Hog.—Massachusetts to Wis-
consin and Canada; south to Virginia. (To South Carolina, Aud.
OES Ute Vere venta SS sede te vals sha Soh ce vin aeleaanne Ss RHS cui, ddbend ShGeCdevets

112.—Arctomys flaviventer, Bachman.—Yellow-Footed Marmot.—Black Hills, Neb....

28. APLODONTIA, Rich.

113.—Aplodontia leporina, Rich.—Sewellel ; Showt’l.—Puget’s Sound...........s000000008

29. CASTOR, Linn.

114,—Castor canadensis, Kuhl.—American Beaver.—Throughout the entire area of
MUM TRC into faces B Sales Oh sch veet na setsShnvayeadoundavpsicndectececacntenaedat

Tage.

XL LIST OF SPECIES.

30. CASTOROIDES, Foster.

115.—Castoroides ohioensis, Foster.—Fossil Beaver.—Northern Ohio, New York and
MCh ia fis dicts dias cas At aac dhleninentis vacua Suplee oe dco eaeee tee meme ana ih rae ake eee

31. GEOMYS, Rafinesque.

116.—Geomys bursarius, Rich.—Pouched or Pocket Gopher.—Missouri to Minnesota
amd INiebraalcals. 4 fave cold Sacco Gels sons Ge Pa atc ee a ene wane chioeeeece

117. -Ceomys breviceps, Baird, (n. s.)—Short-Headed Gopher.—Louisiana to Middle
or Weestenn: Texase.icstuscceusmsiee avecee eee eo. saree case seem ce as'aciiaessese emcee

118.—Geomys pinetis, Rafinesque.—Salamander.—Georgia and Florida. (Alabama,
Mud). (657 Bach:.)\.- secasodeuess omceeencentsitrcesaersteds ckaweme Boncenen concern ce eneanas

119.—Geomys clarkii, Baird, (n. s.)—Pecos Gopher.—Pecos River, Texas............s0006

120.—Geomys castanops, Leconte.—Chestnut-Faced Gopher.—Bent’s Fort, Upper
‘Arkatisas River, Jicccvves cacrcovsqueste Se eadesioss cc aetelaton cancees ss tine pane aee teen

Nore.—The two following Mexican species are referred to—
Geomys hispidus,, Leconte, Mexico so eee en eee eee awe ee a
Geomys mexicanus, Leconte.—Mexico.-----.---- = =~ oon nn nn nn nw nn wn nena

32. THOMOMYS, Maxim.

121,—Thomomys bulbivorus,—California Gopher.—Coast of California, from Tejon
vallevrtio etal at es sevacoteccmscesices <ccccaccintsseemehesesesneen eh antes: eae

122.—Thomomys laticeps, Baird, (n. s.)—Broad-Headed Gopher.—Humbolt Bay ,Cal..

123.—Thomomys douglassii, Giebel.—Oregon Gopher.—Columbia River and Puget’s
BoandliG The dees siseak ons: seein cow snh gs nnuvepe ap earn ceeseenunpsceeeshuaarneccuae

124.—Thomomys borealis.— Upper Columbia River? Canoe Creek, Cal. (Hast of Cascade

TOUT CAINS) We PEs ca le Kad ace eRe Seoee Neon ae eacinceisuuee semua nttemesieeeenee

125.—Thomomys rufescens, Maxim.—Fort Union Gopher.—Fort Pierre to Fort Union,
Gn Che NHSSGUrT:.. 56 casts sc chs Bovnecen sb oreeiiewa¥ settee rele eens: eeeeaneeee

126.—Thomomys umbrinus.—Sonora Gopher.—Cimarron River, N. M., west to the
Rocky Mountains, and south into Somora,.........csceccsesceseseeuceececereess

127._Thomomys fulvus.—San Francisco mountains, N. M., to Fort Yuma and San

33. DIPODOMYS, Gray.

128,—Dipodomys ordii, Woodhouse.—Kangaroo Rat.—Platte River, along the eastern
slope of the Rocky Mountains, into Durango and Coahuila, Mexico....

129.—Dipodomys phillipii, Gray.—Jumping Rat.—Los Angeles, Cal., to Fort Walla-
Walla; OL, on the Colttmbias. 2... 2... csecsseessaecessnssheaevaressetnert anes

368

372

378

380
383

384

396

397

399

. LIST OF SPECIES.

130. Dipodomys agilis, Gambel.—Fort Yuma and San Diego, Cal., to San Francisco...

34. PEROGNATHUS, Maxim.
a. Perognathus, Max.

131—Perognathus penicillatus, Woodhouse.—Tuft-tailed Mouse.—San Francisco Moun-
tains, New Mexico, to Fort Yuma, California, along Colorado.......... ;

132.—Perognathus fasciatus, Pr. Max.—Fort Union, Nebraska, and Fort Riley, Kansas

Rewnibonyem ion © Ona hitaerantate antes aa cag oeuetdcneesadcnecasabecedvesdsacage
133.—Perognathus hispidus, Baird, (n. s.)—Matamoras..........ccccsseceesseerseeeeneeceneeeens
134.—Perognathus monticola, Baird, (n. s.)—St. Mary’s, Rocky Mountains..........ss00

b. Cricetodipus, Peale.

135.—Perognathus flavus, Baird, (n. s.)—Upper Missouri, along eastern slopes of Rocky
Mountains to Sonora and Chihuahua; and along the Rio Grande to
NMI baIMONAS Scccasecaamncbacte coneconcaraccenerstnedsaccoscsdceasocceccastssisocsnearenae

136,—Perognathus parvus, Leconte.—King’s River, California. (Oregon, Peale.)......
35. JACULUS, Wagler.
187,—Jaculus hudsonius.—Jumping Mouse.—Nova Scotia, ae Péennant,) to
Southern Pennsylvania, and west to the Pacific O@ean...........c.ceeeeeee
TRIBE MURES.
36. MUS, Linneus.

138,—Mus decumanus, Pallas.—Brown Rat.—Throughout North America. (Introduced.)
139.—Mus rattus, L.—Black Rat.—Throughout North America. (Introduced.)..........

140.—Mus tectorum, Savi.—White-Bellied Rat ; Roof Rat.—Tar River North Carolina,
to Georgia ; Northern Mexico. (Introduced.)............ssesseceeeees tosees

141.—Mus musculus, Linn.—Common Mouse.—North America generally. (Introduced.)

TRIBE SIGMODONTES.

37. REITHRODON, Waterhouse.
142.—Reithrodon humilis. —Harvest Mouse.—South Carolina and Georgia, to St. Louis?

143.—Reithrodon montanus, Baird, (n.s.)—Rocky Mountains. Lat. 39°..........000000
144.—Reithrodon megalotis, Baird, (n. s.)—Sonora.........cccsseeeseseecesecececceesseseseenees

145. Reithrodon longicauda, Baird, (n. s.)—San Francisco and Petaluma, California...
Li6,*

XLI

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448
449
451
451

XLII ‘LIST OF SPECIES.

38. HESPEROMYS, Waterhouse.

a. Hesperomys.
146.—Hesperomys leucopus, Wagner.—White-footed Mouse.—Nova Scotia (and Lab-

rador,) to Virginia, and west to the Mississippi River..............sseseess
147.—Hesperomys texanus, Woodhouse.—Texas Mouse.—Rio Grande, Texas............
148.—Hesperomys gambelii, Baird, (n. s.)—California and Other SRIRE A ORISA
149.—Hesperomys austerus, Baird, (n.s.)—Washington Territory............ssccceeeeeeees

150.—Hesperomys nuttalli—Red Mouse.—Southern Pennsylvania to Georgia, and
Went bO'SE. Lowissecerdeces see eaecdheed wuiteselde. cee ceceseececssececenes tence tees

151.—Hesperomys gossypinus, Leconte.—Cotton Mouse.—Lowlands of Georgia and
South AC aro Iie pect eenamneeeeeneeeerienenptaieanesnigenmeniaietete res sre eeeeeeeed

152.—Hesperomys cognatus, Leconte.—Gray-Bellied Mouse.—Southern Atlantic and
Gulf States, from North Carolina to Louisiana..............ssssseseseseeeses

153.—Hesperomys boylii, Baird, (n. s.)—Long-Tailed Mouse.— Western California and
OTEMON ia sisc’s volgen ae sie easaman neces aca ruaigaios sanseusdeans sep teen eete sete Sake aeeeeee

153.—Hesperomys myoides.—Hamster Mouse.—Canada, Vermont, and New York....

155.—Hesperomys sonoriensis, Leconte.—Upper Missouri, and Rocky Mountains to El
Pasosenedl Spares. o ec tea eee At ee ee

156.—Hesperomys michiganensis, Wagner.—Prairie Mouse.—Michigan, Wisconsin,

andTLlinois, ‘to tt: LOUIS, «2.2 scccosansecessccoreecdkiescsesssaaecsveresshecuseseemee
157.—Hesperomys californicus.—Great-Eared Mouse.—Santa Clara, California..........

158.—Hesperomys eremicus, Baird, (n. s.)—Desert Mouse.—Fort Yuma, California....

b. Onychomys, Baird.
159.—Hesperomys leucogaster.—Missouri Mouse.—Plains along the upper Missouri.,
c. Oryzomys, Baird.
160.—Hesperomys palustris,» Wagner.—Rice- Field Mouse.—South Carolina and
GeOreias..veccssccctatatet SLED Ere REET EC CaP Te Pe CL a IE |
39. NEOTOMA, Say & Ord.

161.—Neotoma floridana, Say & Ord.—Florida Rat; Wood Rat.—Southern Atlantic
and Gulf States, and up the Missouri. Stragglers as far as New

162.—Neotoma mexicana, Baird, (n.s.)—Mexican Bush Rat.—Pecos river to Chi-
huahua; and west to Gulf -of Califormia............cccececessccscocscsssececes

Page.
453

458
459
464

464
466

467

469

469

471
AT2

A7T4

476
478
479

458
480
458

482

486

487

LIST OF SPECIES. XLIII

. Page.

163.—Neotoma micropus, Baird, (n.s.)—Black Wood Rat.—Lower Rio Grande of
ESM A TIE ANEGRUCRIS eats hy sas ctne aah ae tawny on Up vias hiyncu seh vacageangenabaaes 492

164.—Neotoma fuscipes, Cooper, Mss., (n. s.)—Brown-Footed Rat.—Santa Clara to
Poatallumay Caliadegtts Biadsasd ee hard ea aac ee sw TagOaeeabatsl Sov eesebacswanke 495

165.—Neotoma occidentalis, Cooper, (n. s. Pero Rat.—Mouth of Columbia,
and. Puget s: Sound cove cle additives intritelonet ii sowecieet ant ebeersaareasve ae 406

166.—Neotoma cinerea.—Rocky Mountain Rat.—Eastern slope of northern Rocky
Monmtamipe amd, mpper WUSSOUT,. ices casscassscapgsoenensenst ocswsrenscesse¥ssnne 499

166.*—Neotoma magister, Baird, (n. s.)—Carlisle Bone Cave, Pemnsylvania. Fossil.

40. SIGMODON, Say & Ord. 500

167.—Sigmodon hispidus, Say & Ord.—Cotton Rat.—Southern Atlantic and Gulf
2120 eS ee a SAE ANE Ts E,» eek er St eetiseddaaated weve. DOA
168.—Sigmodon berlandieri, Baird, (n. s.)—Texas Cotton Rat.—Texas............s000 wwe =O
41. ARVICOLA, Lacep. 509

a. Hypudaeus, Keys. & Blas.

169.—Arvicola gapperi, Vigors.—Red-Backed Mouse.—Nova Scotia, Massachusetts,

Canada; and Hake, Superior. cocsitl. maipsnvel leven aCe a TR 518
b. Hemiotomys, Selys.

170.—Arvicola riparia, Ord.—Bank Mouse.—Northern and Middle States.............0000 522
171.—Arvicola breweri, Baird, (n. s.)—Gray Mouse.—Muskeget Island, Mass.......... vat aes

172.—Arvicola rufidorsum, Baird, (n.s.)—Holmes’ Hole, Mass. (Martha’s Vineyard.) 526

173.—Arvicola townsendii, Bachman.— Washington & Oregon.........cssseccesseeeseeeeeees 527
174.—Arvicola montana, Peale.—Cascade Mountains, Oregon & California; Western
TCITAR IO nn sonnene Ciix tad aabletics aight vee <EunssiSuuesse ens tlesweasea leaves = 528
175.—Arvicola longirostris, Baird, (n. s.)—Cascade Mountains, Oal............0008 snateeps 3a 530
176,— Arvicola edax, Leconte.—Monterey to San Diego, Cal.......cc.cccsssseeeseesesseeeeeees 531
177.—Arvicola californica, Peale.—California...........cccescscscececsceccsccuc souccsececcesnecce 532
178.—Arvicola occidentalis, Peale.—Puget’s Sound BEE ect en over ive teamece ees iscnsehoavebateanies 534
179.—Arvicola modesta, Baird, (n. s.)—Sawatch Pass, Rocky Mountains.............0000+ 535
c. Chilotus, Baird. 516
180.—Arvicola oregoni, Bachman.—Steilacoom, W. T., to Tomales Bay, Cal............ 537
d, Pedomys, Baird. 517

181.—Arvicola austera, Leconte.—Prairie Meadow Mouse.—Wisconsin to Louisiana... 539

XLIV LIST OF SPECIES,

182.—Arvicola cinnamonea, Baird, (n.s.).—Pembina, Minnesota........csccceseenseeees ae

183.—Arvicola haydenii, Baird, (n.s.)—Fort Pierre, Nebraska

Seen eee twee ene eeeeeeeee senses

e. Pitymys, MceMurtrie.

184.—Arvicola pinetorum, Leconte.—Upland Mouse.—Long Island, N. Y., to Florida
andthe Gault ‘States, lllimoisand \Ohio,. cmstndacesadme enc ateedecsspssassccaae

42. MYODES, Pallas.
a. Synaptomys, Baird.
185.—Myodes cooperii, Baird, (n. s.)—United States ..........::ceessesesseseeseeeteeeeneeerenees

b. Myodes.
186.—Myodes torquatus, Keys. & Blas.—Lemming.—Arctic Regions

187.—Myodes obensis, Brants.—Lemming.—Arctic Regions

Seem mee ere eee eee eee ee eeeeeeeeeeee

43, FIBER, Cuv.
188.—Fiber zibethicus, Cuv.—Musk Rat.—North America, generally.............00+ -

44, ERETHIZON, F. Cuvier.

189.—Erethizon dorsatus, F. Cuv.—White-Haired Porcupine.—EHastern United States

to the Mississippi river, and from Northern Pennsylvania to Canada.—
(To G12.) BRIG...) «da nnbe cass pens onbeoqpybbe tana’ skcases «.oaweneenaiie (NN. aheveenene

190.—Erethizon epixanthus, Brandt.—Yellow-Haired Porcupine.—Upper Missouri ;
whole Pacific Coast

Pee mee eee eee PEE OEE eee e eee Hse HEE S EEE HEHEHE EHH EES OHS REESE EH EEE

45. LEPUS.

191.—Lepus glacialis, Leach.— Polar Hare.—Newfoundland, north to the Polar Seas,
and Greenland

SPOOR OER eee wee eH eee FORE EEE HEHEHE Eee eH EERE EEEET HEHE EE EEE HE EEE EEE EEE

192.—Lepus americanus, Erxl.—Northern Hare; White Rabbit.—Mountains of Vir-
ginia to Labrador. Not west of Minnesota?

Ree meee w meee et eee e seers eee aeeeee

193.—Lepus washingtonii, Baird, (n. s.)—RedHare.— Washington Territory, to 54° 40/

194.—Lepus campestris, Bach.—Prairie Hare.—Upper Missouri and Saskatchewan
; Plains to the Cascade Range of Oregon

nme e ee ROO R OO Oe eee eee ene eeeeee sense

195.—Lepus callotis, Wagler.—Jackass or Mule Rabbit.—Northern Mexico through
southern Texas, and west through New Mexico to the Rocky Moun-
tains. Fort Boisé, Oregon Territory? Southern Sonora?

196.—Lepus californicus, Gray.—California Hare.—Lower Colorado and San Diego,
to Fort Jones, Cal. Not found east of Cascades...........ccscsseces eecoeens

585

LIST OF SPECIES.

197.—Lepus sylvaticus, Bach.—Gray Rabbit.—From Massachusetts throughout the
United States, as far as Indianola, Texas? and west to the Missouri,
RS MAEL REL OLiE UNIGH NO DLASKH a1 c.ctarsroctastcancshaesaapeesddecesesesssers re, os

198.—Lepus artemisia, Bach.—Sage Hare.—Regions west of the Missouri to the Rocky
Mountains, and to the Cascade Mountains of Oregon, along the Colum-
bia on the north, and to the City of Chihuahua on the south.............

199.—Lepus bachmani, Waterhouse.—Bachman’s Hare.—Lower Rio Grande of Texas. -

200.—Lepus audubonii, Baird, (n. s.)—Audubon’s Hare.—Ooast of California, from San
MeO HON Atl, BUA WIRED racist ccesecauneencewevett eOuye amu btovirwnill oe aeccsconses

201.—Lepus trowbridgii, Baird, (n.s.)—Coast of California, from San Francisco to
AM GO Oba eeenencesmatenddsntecna ssc isatdeaasanderetacseecccsteerddveaieaccrscsdcecnac

202.—Lepus aquaticus, Bach.—Water Rabbit.—Lower Mississippi River...............++.

203.—Lepus palustris, Bach.—Marsh Rabbit.—Lowlands of southern coast, from South
Carolinas fo WlOrid ais ceseasacdecp ence sescaveweoscs«daccterensaacatehatsertersssecsaiec

46. LAGOMYS, Cuv.
204.—Lagomys princeps, Rich.—Little Chief Hare.—South Pass of Rocky Mountains
TACIT HLL Wy U0 erdieletseteslenigciateieeitesteedeiseiecaceccisinsness Scho ncnoadcaseebnaaRGacenondteeso008
47. DASYPUS, Linneus.
205.—Dasypus novem-cinctus, Linn.—Texas Armadillo.—Lower Rio Grande of Texas
Ud BPE NPL Has oc Bods ct Bosca Sid-caa ah adack aden sedndacssbcenpcaccdaceceicotioonone
48, DICOTYLES, Cuv.
206.—Dicotyles torquatus, Cuv.—Texas Peccary ; Mexican Hog.—Texas to Red River,
PAT KUNIS ete ete saee cae es sana enaccicsenionmmsaee secu «deaneetase cen drecccecsesee sit

49, ALCE, Ham. Smith.

207.—Alce americanus, Jardine.—American Moose.—Northern portions of the eastern
United States to Labrador, whence it extends west to the Pacific

50. RANGIFER, Ham. Smith.

208—Rangifer caribou, Aud. & Bach.—Woodland Caribou.—Maine and New Bruns-
wick, and west to north shore of Lake Superior ...........scsecseseveeeveees

209.—Rangifer groenlandicus.—Barren Ground Caribou.—Barren Grounds of Arctic
Pree MCE TOOMIAT acids sav rerescosedsvorterianinch etch ers ouccstcess sscerderseze

XLV

Page.

597

602
606

610
613

615
618

619

623

623

627

627

631

633

633

XLVI LIST OF SPECIES.
51. CERVUS, L.

210—Cervus canadensis, Erxl.—American Elk.—Northern portions of United States,
to Upper Missouri, and west to the Pacific. Found in the Alleghenies
of Pennsylvania and Virginia. (North to 57°, Rich.) ..s..e...ssseseeee ©

211.—Cervus virginianus, Boddaert.—Virginia Deer.—United States generally, east of
the Missouri, and as far north as Maine. astern Texas ?............0006

212.—Cervus leucurus, Douglass.—White-Tailed Deer.—Upper Missouri and Platte to
the Columbia River and Washington Territory. Western Texas and
NG Ww MORICOT s5255sicsiapasauatannate die cornea sn Soeicenancaerss tk nforcpenenmueieabal

213.—Cervus mexicanus, Gmelin.—Sonora Deer.—Sonora and near El Paso?............

214.—\Cervus macrotis, Say.—Mule Deer.—Upper Missouri and Platte to the Cascade
Range, (head of Des ‘Chutes River.) Oregon Territory. Not extend-
ing to the Pacific. Headwaters of Arkansas..........sscssesccssescssseseeees

215.—Cervus columbianus, Rich.—Columbia Black-Tailed Deer.—Pacific Coast, from
Sam" Diero tok WS 8 COUN ech ccssccse-cccnoomtccecorearsauenatnetnaaaeccceneeete

52. ANTILOCAPRA, Ord.

216—Antilocapra americana, Ord.—Prong-Horn Antelope ; Cabree.—Plains west of
Missouri, from the Lower Rio Grande to the Saskatchewan, and west
to the Cascade and Coast range of the Pacific slope..........s00cseeseeeeee

53. APLOCERUS, Ham. Smith.

217.—Aplocerus montanus, Rich.—Mountain Goat.—Northern Rocky Mountains of the
United States and British America; also on the northern Cascade
MOUNTAINS rece ade soteeecr cnc aceb cocseccsieet taser nen hec. sane nacitt soy Seatgeccedteraetre

54. OVIS, Linn.

218.—Ovis montana, Cuvier.—Bighorn ; Mountain Sheep.—Broken ground on the Upper
Missouri and Platte. Rocky Mountains, generally, as far west, at least,
as Coast and Cascade Mountains of the Pacific slope.............:0.:+se0e+

55. OVIBOS, Blainville.
219.—Ovibos moschatus, Blainville.—Musk Ox.—Barren Grounds of Arctic America..

BOS, Linneus.

220.—Bos americanus, Gmelin.—American Buffalo.—Formerly found throughout
nearly the whole of North America, east of the Rocky Mountains. Now
confined to the plains west of the Missouri and along the slopes of the
Beoky MOULIN. 3s isaiiania Ar disn¥s somsbu ies conde teanns heynennte aigvanlysweas seers

Page.
537

638

643

649

658

656

659

665

666

671

671

673

LIST OF SPECIES.

Il.—LIST OF SPECIES—Continued.

B.—LIST OF DESCRIBED NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES NOT SEEN AND IDENTIFIED.

2. SOREX, Linn.

1.—Sorex palustris, Rich.—Marsh Shrew.—Hudson’s Bay region.........sssseseeeeeeereenee
2.—Sorex fimbripes, Bach.—F ringed Shrew.—Alleghenies of Pennsylvania...............
3.—Sorex parvus, Say.—Least Shrew.—Missouri River............... Petscccusessost seotoeuneets
4.—Sorex harlani, Duvernoy.—New Harmony, Indiana. (Doubtful)...............cceseeees
4, SCALOPS, Cuv.
5.—Scalops latimanus, Bach Wexicg and Veeadea rics cs iciccirte caste cee. ecole als
9. CANIS, L.
6 —Canis occidentalis; var. ater.—Black Wolf.—Southern States..........cccesccececscceeees
6 a.—Canis occidentalis, var. rufus.—Red Wolf.—Texas..... SE eee Oe ane ssereae

13. PUTORIUS, L.
7.—Putorius nigripes, Aud. & Bach.—Black-Footed Ferret.—Lower waters of Platte...
17. MEPHITIS, Licht.
8.—Mephitis mesomelas, Licht.—Black-Backed Skunk.—Louisiana? (Doubtful)...

The following Mexican species may yet be found in the United States : Mephitis leuconota, Licht.—Alvarado River,

Mephitis macroura, Licht.—Temperate, Mexico. Mephitis vittata, Licht.—Oaxaca, Mexico.
19. PROCYON, Storr.

9.—Procyon psora, Gray.—Short-Tailed Racoon.—Sacramento River, California. (Very

CUPRA PEL gee pene cack cists wal oatee ebony seo hadedss co tidd dd iddcbeeadstpanausdeserseceyens

22, SCIURUS, L.
10.—Sciurus colliaei, Rich.—Collie’s Squirrel.— West Coast of Mexico..........cecsneceseee
11.—Sciurus mustelinus, Aud. & Bach.— Weasel Squirrel.—(California, Aud. & Bach.)
AACA eM RICHED Eetacne tc shear «hovers suseaveceoetatasnsasatecueciere sane shsceen Saas
12.—Sciurus nigrescens, Bennett.—Dusky Squirrel.—Lower California. Not belonging
to the fauna of the United ‘States Pix... ..sisscisececsdsscscesetecedesebenssooss

13.—Sciurus lanigerus, Aud. & Bach.—Woolly Squirrel.—(California, Aud. & Bach.)
14.—Sciurus leporinus, Aud. & Bach.—Hare Squirrel.—(California, Aud. & Bach.)
CO asta sis Saal cwocs imran ands nena saiaian Sune an Ge séee's tos iaine case vag comme

15.—Sciurus ferruginiventris, Aud. & Bach.—(California, Aud. & Bach.) Probably
Mexican Cb. Sue. 3zis ee Baca leedes Pat cs beconoactnicocee

For an enumeration of other supposed North American Squirrels, see pages 281—285.

XLVII

Page.
55

55
56
56

65

113
113

180

ge

Mexico.

215

280

XLVIII LIST OF SPECIES.

"Page.
25. SPERMOPHILUS, Cuv. 304
16.—Spermophilus macrourus, Bennet.—West Coast of Mexico. (Not belonging to the
Wratedd Bkearties!) Geses eae ec cteec teseeveuuee se vcanvs ck. onoeemetestteeran csceerascuheetae 327
27. ARCTOMYS, Schreb. 338
17.—Arctomys pruinosus, Gmelin.—Hoary Marmot; Whistler.—Hudson’s Bay to
Northwest coastiofwA meric. 22. assc van tees « eacanaes~osaectenee ude nevis ane e 345
18.—Arctomys lewisii, Aud. & Bach.—Lewis’ Marmot.—Columbia River?..........sss00« 347
32. THOMOMYS, Max. 388
19.—Thomomys talpoides, Giebel.—Mole Gopher.—Hudson’s Bay.........ssssssesereeeernes 403
33. DIPODOMYS, Gray. 406
20.—Dipodomys wagneri, Leconte.—South Carolina(!) (Very doubtful).........seseee 415
21.—Dipodomys heermannii, Leconte.—Sierra Nevada, California.........ses000+ wolecnesbae 415
37. REITHRODON, Waterh. 447
92.—Reithrodon carolinensis. —South Carolina .........0....c0sssssesscreseecesscencceseeneseceens 452
38. HESPEROMYS, Waterh. 453
23.—Hesperomys campestris, Lec.—New Jersey. (Uncertain)........sssssessesseeessereens 485
. 41, ARVICOLA, Lac. 509
24.—Arvicola albo-rufescens, Emmons.— Massachusetts .............cececeeececseeeeeneececeees 549
25.—Arvicola borealis, Rich.—Great Bear Lake................066 rodeeosetes Root ode vsiencctestees 549
26.—Arvicola dekayi, Aud, &. Bach.—New York ..........cccccsssssssseseeceesceeeeseseseceseee 549
27.—Arvicola drummondii, Aud. & Bach.—British Rocky Mountains ..............00000005 550
28.—Arvicola hirsutus, Dekay.—New York. ...........csccscsecseceeseceeeeceess i oendeaesserasteet 550
29.—Arvicola nasuta, Aud. & Bach.—Massachusetts..,..........csecsscecsscsecsecsstsesssendece 550
30.—Arvicola oneida, Dekay.—New... York sis cssucayfvidetspeasear oecdive da vgevecdenaieeaaveeeaean 551
31.—Arvicola richardsonii, Dekay.—British Rocky Mountains..............cccsssseceneeeeenes 551
32.—Arvicola rubricatus, Rich.—Behring’s Straits ...............csscssseseenseeesenseeesensenes 551 |
33.—Arvicola texiana, Aud. & Bach.—Texas ......s0..cccccccecsssesssscsnssreceeeeeseseessessenes 552
34.—Arvicola xanthognathus, Leach.—Hudson’s Bay............5. secseeccenseeeeneeeeneeeeens 552
Norre.—Of the above Arvicolae, those most likely to prove additional species are Nos. 25, 27, 31, 32, and 34.
45. LEPUS. Lin. 573
35.—Lepus texianus, Aud. & Bach.—Texas Rabbit.—Texas and Arkansas.............045 617

36.—Lepus nuttalii, Bach.—Least Hare.—Columbia River. (Very-doubtful) acess 617

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

At the present day there is considerable difference among systematic zoologists as to the
characters of the primary divisions among the Mammals, and the points upon which their classi-
fication should be based. For my present purposes, however, I adopt the following arrangement:

A.—UNGUICULATA, (with claws.)
1, TEETH OF THREE KINDS.
a. Mamme two, on the breast.
I. Quadrumana. Limbs free; hind feet acting as hands.
II. Cheiroptera. Arms provided with a naked membrane for flying.
b, Mamme more than two: on the belly.
Ill. Rapacia. Mamme free.
IV. Marsupialia. Mammez contained in a pouch.

2. TEETH OF LESS THAN THREE KINDS.
V. Rodentia. Canine teeth alone wanting.
VI. Hdentata. Incisor teeth, sometimes canines and molars, wanting.

B.—UNGULATA, (with hoofs.)
VII. Solidungula. With one hoof.
VIII. Pachydermaia. With two hoofs.
IX. Ruminantia. With more than two hoofs.

C.—PINNATA, (with fins.)

X. Pinnipedia. With four fins,

XI. Cetacea. With two fins.

Of the above orders all are found in North America except the Quadruwmana; and although
the Solidungula, represented by the horse, do not now exist as native animals, yet there are
abundant evidences of the existence of the horse as an extinct genus, as well as of other forms
of the order.

Although large collections of Cheiroptera or bats were made by the surveys, I do not propose
to work them up in the present report, owing to lack of time necessary to do it properly. The
same may be said of the Pinnipedia and Cetacea.

1L

pul a ‘me he
i is
PAAAMEA YAOTOUGOATMI =.
cdma ; rae

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et

odt of aa alalyoloom ollsardtuya qauths docoietih oldntobiaabs ui grad yeb trteaotq ode
sjeenl tint doldeqage etatog out hse xlomatelé ods aaomin eaolaivih yremixg oct To,cxadee

stnasmsgasits gaiwollct gdi tqobe.L za7owod seohorr ing tonatE Tmt 0° _.hgead od biirode ms

(awalo iti) ATA IUOIUOKG—A
pre Lee wo mean Ter eee Sella rt

janaad ald ao oud ortenl .0 “aie
cehuest sm gnites toot Seid {oath edimid, jnaont rom
Lm qerth.gabaft sh omardiare se boalmas ative febbrorg quask.. + ‘ah
ee. Nt hs ah aging alt 0! ons) stow svone sorter, -.<
ey Oud 3a | <. agit saree) pepe
efovesg 8 at baniatio amormelt ovinrara

» obey |
a?

a a er gonin wean ahir eeekt so ne “¢
; polnew enole dis jataa) 208
.golinaw aialoat Dae eoniaeo dsanifeatoa Hioet 204boL 4D

(tod sftiw) AVATUO AU.
= ey =) Roped one A. wide <

elood ows Li poo®
oe cs RE ne ac oo att aaeatie

+36 i
Neti niar ny wame. © cols

i: 54 Ah AE AE RY KT AAMEL— IT
seat anit wetdtiW sortie

BAR es eae? . edit ow) DAW, Senay
«dgnodits bud ~nnnmarvbneQ off 19029 whomaA dio% at honct ot Ife ntalrie ode te
era viol jaz wlecios svites ba taixe wou Jom ob seater! sift 4 bus) sono vgt ping vs
suvtot 44anio 10 ae llow 28 AUnoy sonixze 08 aa caro ext to eoaotaine aud ‘lo BROREYS # i!
7 i rl. ¥ y 72
wow ated 10 orkqowal), to anottoalies eral, . coda]
ah gaiwo fteqyt tosgosq off ob qe giorlt ar
ann baa niboqeerndS asf? Yo bios of ale Of

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» Deptt four Ob werriem odt “df obant ¥

Shad Niwqorg toh oF yinasso9s unit to, dont
eX «=.
i= *

ORDER I.

BAe PeAebok he,

Animals having three kinds of teeth: incisors, canines, and molars. Mamme free, ventral. Thumbs not opposable to
the fingers.

The rapacious animals, consisting of two very distinct orders, Carnivora and Insectivora, are
readily distinguished by the above characters from the other great groups of the mammalia with
which they are most nearly allied. The want of an opposable thumb and of flat finger nails,
together with the ventral position of the mamma, distinguish them from the Quadrumana ;
the absence of the elongated finger frame work, with its elastic membrane, from the bats.
From the Marsupialia they may be known by the absence of marsupial bones and pouch, and
by their free teats.

As a general rule the condyle of the lower jaw, with its glenoid cavity are transverse, allow-
ing but little motion except in a vertical direction. The brain has distinct convolutions; the
posterior lobes are short. The stomach is simple, and the intestinal canal short.!

The rapacious animals are well distributed over the world, North America having a large
share of the species. They nearly all live on animal food, and are, in many cases, specially
adopted to the capture of particular forms. Some always kill their own prey, others take it as
furnished by other agencies.

The species all fall within one or other of the two orders, Insectivora and Carnivora.

Wagner, Suppl. Schreb., Il, 4.

SUB-ORDER.

INSECTIVORA.

Incisors and canines variable ; molars prismatic, with acute cusps; feet with claws, plantigrade; digits not elongated ;
thumb not opposable ; clavicles complete.

In the great advances made within the last few years in our knowledge of the true relation-
ships of many genera of mammals, few orders have experienced greater changes in systematic
arrangement than the Jnsectivora. Comparatively few of its subdivisions being found repre-
sented in North America, it becomes necessary for American students to depend mostly upon
European works on the subject for a knowledge of the limits and classification of the order, and
I have therefore considered myself fortunate, in the recent appearance of a masterly though
hasty sketch of the Jnsectivora, by Dr. J. A. Wagner, in the fifth volume of his supplement to
Schreber’s Saiigthiere, published in 1855.

In Wagner’s arrangement, the order is divided into the following five families :

I. DermopTeraA. Body margined with a hairy membrane; mamme, pectoral. Genus: Galeo-
pithecus. Indian Archipelago. ;

II. Scanpentra. General appearance that of the squirrels, but with an attenuated, elongated
muzzle, distinct canines, and closed orbital ring. Genus: Cladobates, India.; Ptilocercus,
Borneo; Hylomys, Java.

III. Sortcrpz#. Mouse like in appearance ; muzzle much elongated ; feet regular or normal;
canines not distinguishable, or spurious; bony orbital annulus wanting, or imperfect.

Genera: Ehyncocyon, Mosambique; Gymnura, East Indies; Macroscelides, Africa ; Sorex,
Old World and North America, wanting in South America and New Holland. Sub-genera :
Crossopus, Sorex (Brachysorex, Anotus,) Crocidura, Myosorex ; Solenodon, St. Domingo and
Cuba ; Myogale, eastern and western Europe.

IV. Tatrp#. External ears wanting ; limbs short; hand broad, provided with stout fosso-
rial claws.

Genera: Urotrichus, Japan ; Scalops, North America; Rhinaster, North America; Talpa,
Europe and Asia; Chrysochloris, South Africa.

V. Acurgata. Back covered with spines or bristles; feet normal; tail short or wanting.
Species confined to the Old World.

Genera: Centetes, Madagascar ; Ericulus, Madagascar ; Echinogale, Madagascar ; Hrinaceus,
Old World.

The first two families have been variously placed: the Dermoptera among the bats, (and even
the monkeys,) from which, however, their hairy interfemoral membrane, resembling that of the
flying squirrel, at once separates them; from the Aberrant Quadrumana they are readily dis-
tinguished. The Scandentia have been distributed in different families. It is only with the
Soricide and Talpide, however, that we have to do as inhabitants of the American continent.

Pomel, in an article on the distribution of Jnsectivora, published in the Bulletin de la Soc.
Geologiqte de France, deuxieme serie, VI, Nov. 1848, 56, makes the following arrangement of
the order, to include both recent and fossil forms.

MAMMALS—INSECTIVORA.

I. SPALACOGALIENS.
1, TALprEens.
Talpa. Confined to old world.
Mogera. Japan.
Geotrypus. Fossil.
Astromycter. North America.
Galeospalax. Fossil.
Hyporyssus. Fossil.
Scalops. One in Mexico; two, United States.
Scapanus. Two, North America; more boreal than Scalops.

2. MyYGatiens.

Chrysochloris. Africa.
Solenodon. Antilles.
Mygale. Europe.
Plesiosorex. Fossil.
Mysarachne. Fossil.
Urotrichus. Japan.
3. SoRICcIENS.
Talpasorex. (Not of Lesson.) Atlantic States of North America.
Sorex.
Corsira. India, Europe, Liberia; 3 sp. in North America.
Blarina. 3 sp., North America.
Otisorex. One sp., United States.
Hydrogale. One sp., United States.
Galemys.
Brachysorex. 2 sp., North America.
Crossopus. 1sp., North America ; Europe, India, Japan.
Pachyura. Old world.
Musaraneus.
Cryptotis. United States.
Myosorex. Africa.
Crocidura. Old world; one, North America.

II. GALECHINIENS. Confined to old world.

1. GLISORICIENS.
A. Hylogales.
Sorexglis.

Oxygomphius.

B. Dipogales.

Macroscelides.

6 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

2. EcCHINOGALIENS.

A. Anachantes.
Echinogale.
Hylomys.
Galerix.
Gymuouura.

B. Herissons.
Erinaceus.

3. CENTETIENS.
Echinops.
Ericulus.
Centetes.
Kchinodes.

As far as relates to the North American insectivora, the preceding table is by no means accu-
rate in its indications. Thus, while it gives eight genera, as found in the United States, two
of them, Crossopus and Crocidura, do not belong there at all; while Olisorex and Corsira are
synonymes of Sorex, and Brachysorex, and probably Cryptotis belong to Blarina. I do not
know what species he refers to under tne genera of Talpasorex and Hydrogale.

>

FAMILY.

SORICIDAE.

As stated previously, the family of shrews, in its most extended sense, is characterized by a
general mouse or rat-like appearance, muzzle elongated and tapering; ear, with a distinct concha;
feet normal, or the anterior smaller than the posterior, by which character of ears and feet it is
readily distinguished from the Talpide. The soft hair separates it at once from the Aculeata.

The skeleton presents from 12-14 pairs of ribs; 6-8 vertebra, without ribs ; 3-5 sacral, and
14-28 caudal vertebre. The tibia and fibula are united, the clavicles thin, the pubic arch
closed. The stomach is simple, the coecum wanting or very large, the penis long; there are
peculiar glands on the side of the body, or the base of the tail.

Of the various genera comprising the family, none are found in North America except those
belonging to the Soricinae, and the only other new world representative is Solenodon, from Cuba.
This is as large as a rat, with 40 teeth, and a naked tail. The hair is quite bristly. 2hyn-
cocyon has large ears, stiff hairs, and four-toed feet. Gymnura is of large size, with rounded
ears, and naked ears and tail. DMacroscelides has very long hind feet and tail.

Sus-Famiry SORICINAE.

The shrews of all parts of the world are distinguished by an elongated and pointed muzzle ;
external ears, with two inner lobes, formed by the development of the antitragus and helix ;
feet, five-toed, each with a distinct claw; the fore feet but little broader, if at all, than the
hinder; the tail variable in length. They are spread over the northern hemisphere, some
species ranging very far to the north, and, although the smallest of known mammals, sustain-
ing the rigors of the severest winters. Species have been found in Southern and Central Africa,
Asia, the East Indies, and the whole of Europe; hitherto, the region of the Rio Grande, of
Texas, has proved the American limit to the south; no well authenticated specimens having
been brought from South America. It is true, indeed, that J. E. Gray mentions, in the Pro-
ceedings of the Zoological Society for 1844, having received two shrews from Coban, in Central
America, which he names Corsira tropicalis and C. temlyas, but he has, as yet, published no
accounts of them, not even their specific characters.

The skull of the shrews has several peculiarities. It is long and narrow, much pointed
anteriorly ; compressed at the orbits, and in some species having a distinct crest along the
crown, The malar bone is wanting, and there is no zygomatic arch. There is a deep fossa on
the inner side of the coronoid process.

The teeth of the shrews vary from 28 to 32, although some American authors give as many
as 34 and 36, probably erroneously. There are two very large incisor teeth in each jaw, directed
nearly horizontally forward; the upper pair much curved and forming a hook; the lower
straighter, and usually with the trenchant upper edge more or less lobed. In the posterior part

8 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

of the upper jaw there are four large teeth, the posterior much the smallest, each with numerous
points. Between these and the large incisors are three, four, or five simple and much smaller
teeth ; the last or posterior of these are usually very small. These teeth are conical, and have
sometimes a small pointed tubercle on the inner side at the base. There are three multicuspid
molars in the lower jaw, and between these and the incisors are two simple teeth.

The precise homologies of the teeth of the shrews have been a matter of much controversy,
especially in regard to the number of true molars, and the nature of the teeth just back of the
anterior incisors. The most reliable authorities concur in considering the formula to be: incisors

s=1; premolars 5-5 to $2; molars 5-5; less than the usual number of incisors in mammals, and
the canines wanting entirely. The teeth between the multicuspid molars and the large anterior
incisors are sometimes simply called anterior lateral teeth, by way of non-committal.

The concha is usually provided with two valves or flaps, the more effectually to close the
meatus ; one formed by the antitragus, the other by the helix.

The snout is extended some distance beyond the incisor teeth, and ends in a naked mufile
with the nostrils pierced in the sides. The eyes are very minute, though usually discoverable
on close examination. The ears are more or less distinct, except in the genus Blarina of J. E.
Gray, where they are entirely concealed in the dried skin. The feet are nearly plantigrade, and
usually naked beneath.

‘¢ The stomach of the shrews has the pyloric portion sometimes very short—sometimes much
elongated; the coecum is wanting; the liver is five lobed, with a gall bladder; the right lung
four, the left, one lobed. The testicles and seminal vesicles are much swollen in the rutting
season and lie in the abdominal cavity ; the external genital apparatus in the male differing from
that of the female only in the presence of the penis. The uterus is two horned ; the female with
6-10 teats on the belly. There isa peculiar glandular apparatus on the side of the body, near the
fore-legs, much developed in the male during the breeding season, but very slight, or wanting
altogether, in the female or young.

“¢The Soricine first make their appearance in small number of species during the meiocene
period, and continue through the diluvial epoch to the present time, without material change of
form.’”! 1

The food of the shrews consists chiefly of insects, worms, and mollusks, but they are capable
of attacking or destroying small vertebrates, and readily devour each other. They are very
voracious, and require a large amount of animal food. They are nocturnal, and more or less
aquatic. They do not hybernate, but go about in the coldest weather. The young are born
blind and naked. ;

The shrews constitute a very natural group, embracing many species, and have been the sub-
ject of much critical examination on the part of authors, especially of Wagler, Nathusius,
Duvernoy, J. E. Gray, Bachman, and others. The Old World species are referable to three
principal genera, the names of which I shall take from Wagler, as established by Nathusius
and Wagler :

1. Crossopus, Wagler. Teeth, 30; four premolars in the upper jaw ; lower incisor with one
tooth on the cutting edge; points of the teeth colored; feet large, ciliated, with bristly hairs
on the margins; tail long, with a crest of long hairs on its lower side.

2. Sorex, Wagler. Ears distinct; teeth, 32; premolars, five; hinder hook of the upper

} Giebel, Allgemeine Zoologie, Saiigthiere, 1855, 898.

MAMMALS—SORICINAE. 9

incisor as large as the first of the five premolars ; lower incisors dentate on the cutting edge ;
teeth colored at the points ; tail moderately long, with the hairs all equal.

3. Crocrpura, Wagler. Teeth, 28 or 30; the posterior hook of the upper incisor smaller
than the first premolar; premolars, three or four; lower incisors with even cutting edge; all
the teeth white; tail with longer scattered hairs interspersed indiscriminately among the
short ones. Wagner, in Suppl. Schreb., V, 1855, 564, recognises a fourth genus, Myosorex, of
Gray, as characterized by the dentition of Crocidura, three premolars; and the tail clothed with
short hairs, without larger ones interspersed. The species, W/. varius, is a native of 8. Africa.

Of the above genera, but one, Sorex, (Amphisorex, of Duvernoy) is found in North America.
Crossopus is represented by a genus differing in having a greater number of premolars and
a differently constituted tail. Nothing essentially similar to Crocidura has been yet detected.

Of the American species there may be established three genera; two of them possibly
divisible into two sub-genera, according as there are five premolars in the upper jaw or
only four, this difference being accompanied by others of more or less importance. Their prin-
cipal characteristics are as follows:

1. Nzosorex. (n. g.) Ears rather short, partly furred on both surfaces, valvular, concha
directed backwards ; tail longer than the body (and head,) all the hairs of equal length, except
at the tip; feet very large, with a fringe of ciliated hairs; skull very slender anteriorly, and
elongated ; upper anterior incisor with a second basal hook, and a small process on the inner
side near the point. Two first premolars rather larger than the next.

2. Sorex. Ears large, valvular, partly furred on both surfaces, concha directed backwards ;
tail about as long as the body; the hairs of equal length, except at the tip; feet moderate, not
fringed ; skull slender anteriorly and elongated ; upper anterior incisor with a second basal
hook, and a small angular process on the inner side near- the point ; two anterior premolars

somewhat larger than the next.

A. Feet large; teeth, = + 53 + 5 = 32.

B. Feet small; teeth, = 4+ $3 + 5 = 30.

3. Brarrna. Ears small, not visible in nature; concha directed forwards, closing the meatus,
its concavity entirely naked; tail as long as the head, or shorter; feet moderate, not ciliated ; skull
rather thick anteriorly, and shortened ; upper anterior incisor without a basal hook, but only
one acute lobe, nor has it any process on the inner side of the point ; first two upper premolars
lateral, much larger than the next.

A. Nearly uni-colored; teeth, = -- = = = ==, 32.

B. Bi-colored; teeth, a4 = ok = = 8il)-

In the first division there are probably two species to be ranged : Neosorea navigator and Sorex
Jimbripes of Bachman. As stated, the genus differs from Crossopus in all respects except in the
fimbriated or ciliated feet.

The genus Sorex embraces a large proportion of the American species, and is equivalent to
the Amphisorex of Duvernoy, and Otisorex of Dekay, the latter established on the O. platyrhinus.
The European species have invariably five premolars above, which diminish gradually from the
first to the fifth. As will be seen, two species have but four premolars, this character accom-
panied by smaller feet. This group and the preceding have the upper jaw narrower and longer
than the next, the greater elongation being due to the larger size of the third and fourth, or
third, fourth, and fifth premolars ; these are but little less than their predecessors, instead of

2L

10 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

being abruptly smaller, in fact quite rudimentary. There is, however, a curious feature dis-
cernible in all the species of these first two genera from the Pacific region, namely: that the
third premolar is smaller than the fourth, instead of being larger, or at least of equal size, as
is the case in all the specimens examined from the country east of the Rocky mountains.

The greater elongation of the upper jaw is accompanied by a corresponding increase in the
size of the lower, the number of teeth remaining the same. The lower incisor is pushed further
forwards, so that its posterior extremity falls under the first premolar and half of the second, or
at most only under the two premolars, while in Blarina the incisor is larger, stouter, and ex-
tends back to beneath the middle of the first molar.

The genus Blarina embraces the largest of the American species, one of them not inaptly
termed talpoides. It may possibly bear division into two sub-genera of unequal number of
premolars. Nothing analogous to this genus has been found in the Old World.

The following synopsis of the North American species described in this report may serve to
render more intelligible the various subdivisions of the Soricinae.

SORICINAE.

INIEQSOREX sec nsecccsechaceesacecepoasss-tueosscenes anes torccstc seeder ensremaccanenaines seeeeee avigator.
Sorex.

A. Upper premolars five ; teeth 32.

1. Third premolar smaller than the fourth and second........... sevseseeedrowbridgit.
vagrans.
suckleyt.

2. Third premolar larger than the fourth, smaller than or equal to the second.

a. Premolars not imbricated ; points directed downwards....... ..-pachyurus.

by Bremolars mmibricatedvaccs.s<.celecaseeesers ceosguecbedesevetsorctasecsts. 47 O7SCCnUs
richardsonit.
platyrhinus.

3. Third and fourth premolars equal, and abruptly smaller than the first and second.

_ cooper.
haydent.
personatus.

B. Upper premolars four ; teeth 30.........sssesveees 2 «aie el/ecidalarbits <p Ua heseany hoyit.
thompsont.

BLARINA.

A. Upper premolars five ; teeth 32........0.s.cssesrseree Renceasrentces as SEGORpNC .....calpoides,
brevicaudus.
carolinensis.
angusticeps.

i, (Upper premolars sOur): TOCth 0 vans cansanceucsapqunsaenasnne tun eenas usenet Ae cinereus.
exilipes.
berlandieri.

MAMMALS—-SORICINAE—NEOSOREX NAVIGATOR. ll

NEOSOREX, Baird.

Kars rather short, partly furred on both surfaces; valvular.

Dental formula: Anterior incisors, = lateral incisors and premolars, =F molars, = ="32°
upper anterior incisor with a well defined hook at the base ; lower one with two-tubercles and
a notch ; first two upper teeth or premolars equal, and larger than the fourth, which exceeds
the third and equals the basal hook of the anterior one; the fifth smallest ; the first, and half ,
the second lower lateral teeth placed above the base of the incisor ; all the teeth colored at the
tip ; lower angular process of lower jaw very long and slender; tail as long, or longer than the
body, with a terminal pencil ; hairs uniform in length, except at tip; feet well developed, with
a fringe of stiff bristles.

The genus bears a close resemblance to Crossopus, but differs in the much more slender
muzzle, in having one more molar and two tubercles on the anterior lower incisor instead of one.
With the feet similarly constituted, the tail is destitute of the median line of longer hairs.
The very large and highly fringed feet distinguish it from Sorex. But one species, and that
from the Pacific slope, has been determined, though it is possible that S. fimbripes of Bachman
belongs to it.

- NEOSOREX NAVIGATOR, Cooper, Mss.

Sp. Cuaracrer.—External ears small, hidden in the fur, which greatly exceeds them in length; longest hairs of the body
a little over two lines long ; feet and hands very large and broad ; palms and soles, with the fingers and toes, margined by
a fringe of ciliated bristles; the fore feet contained a little more than twice in the hinder, which are nearly as long as the
skull; tail much longer than the head and body, (almost one-half longer,) with a distinct pencil at the tip; third lateral
tooth smaller than the fourth ; a very slight subterminal Jobe to the anterior upper incisors ; color above, dark sooty brown,
mixed with hoary ; beneath, greyish white ; tail, silvery white beneath ; length of head and body, 2,5; tail, 3.

Body rather thick and full; feet very large, broad, and long, entirely naked beneath, covered
above with short, stiff hairs; the soles and palms margined with a fringe of stiff parallel ciliated
bristles, longest on the soles ; the fingers and toes all with a separate ciliation of shorter hairs ;
the soles are occupied by a pavement of crowded, minute scale-like tubercles, extending from
the heel to the bases of the toes; hind feet about twice the length of the fore-feet ; the ears are
small, and in the dried skin very inconspicuous ; the whiskers are numerous, the longest reach-
ing back to the arms; the tail is longer than the body, tetragonal in the dried animal, a pointed
pencil of hairs at the tip; the hairs elsewhere rather short, but close pressed and of uniform
length everywhere. E

The fur is long, and very full and soft; its color above and on the sides is a mixed, hoary
and smoky brown; the hairs being lead color for most of their length from the base, grayish
towards tip, then smoky brown, sometimes dark brown at the end. Intermixed are longer
hairs, black, with grayish tips. The under parts are of a dull grayish-white, with a tinge of
brownish yellow, in strong contrast with the color of the back and sides. The feet, with the
fingers, are of a mixed brown and gray, except on the inner edge, where they are colored like
the belly. The tail is like the back, except on the under surface, where it is of a sharply-
defined whitish, like the belly.

12 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Measurements of No. 629. Inches. | Lines. Measurements of No. 629. Inches. | Lines.
Hesdito ecGputio=- son. se —eee eee 0 11 Longest toe from base-....------------ 0 3
Head to'root of tail. .2i.2sces-s<nacen 2 2 Skull, denpul 2s. cecececnaceeeeteee = 0 10
auto end of bone ===------------=-=— 2 10 Skull) widthea= fees. a5 2222 sees 0 43
Wan torend of hairs?! s2a06 - 33 56-te en == 3 0 Tength of palate. = —2 Et) 2. 22es2sc-k 0 4
Fore foot from wrist .-.--.---.-------- 0 4h Width, of upper jaw? ->-. - -.2¢ 5. -< 0 225
Hind foot from heel-..-...------------ 0 94

Skull. The skull of this species is remarkably slender and attenuated anteriorly ; the greatest

width of the upper jaw being but half that of the cranium. The dental formula is—
Anterior incisors, = premolars, 4 molars, = = 32,

The upper anterior incisor is long and curved, with a distinct hooked tubercle near its base on
the inferior edge ; this is a miniature of the larger hook at the end of the tooth. The two suc-
ceeding teeth are of equal size, and considerably larger than the basal tubercle just mentioned,
which indeed is about as large as the fourth of the lateral teeth; the third tooth is less than the
fourth, itself less than the first two; the fifth, as usual, is very small, and wedged in between
the fourth and the first molar. The lateral anterior teeth all overlap each other in an imbri-
cated manner. The lower anterior incisor has two tubercles in its middle region, just anterior
to the next succeeding tooth, and a faint rounded notch midway between the most anterior
tubercle and the tip. All the teeth have the points of a dark chestnut, occupying less than
half of the anterior incisors.

This species, in some respects, comes very near the Sorex fimbripes of Bachman, but may be
at once distinguished by the much longer tail, which is nearly one-half longer than the body,
instead of being decidedly shorter. In S. jimbripes the body is 1§ inches, the tail 13. The
dental formula is probably the same, as the sixth ‘‘lateral incisor’? of Bachman was probably
the basal fang of the large anterior incisor. The hind feet are also much longer (94 lines
instead of 6). The coloration appears quite similar in the two species, and both probably
belong to the same genus. The geographical distribution of the species is vie different—one
occurring in Washington Territory, the other in Pennsylvania.

List of specimens.

Catalogue | Corresponding Locality. Whence obtained. Nature of specimen.
number. No. of skull.
629 1,780 Wort Vancouver W - Leqns---n6cce5 Dr. (ds (GQ, Coopers -=. 22 aan eee Skin from alcohol.

1 Fur between two and three lines long. The first four measurements taken before skinning.

MAMMALS—SORICINAE—SOREX TROWBRIDGII. 13

SOREX, Linn.

Ears large, valvular, concha directed backwards, pattly furred on both surfaces ; tail about as long as the body, (exclusive
of the head,) or longer, its hairs of equal length, except at the tip; feet moderate, not fringed ; skull slender anteriorly
and elongated; upper anterior incisor with a second basal hook, and a small angular process on the inner side, near the
point ; two anterior lateral teeth somewhat larger than the next.

The genus Sorex is common to both the old world and the new, and embraces a large pro”
portion of the known species. The former have all five premolars, as in most of the American,
and belong to the subgenus Corsira of Gray. I see no reason, however, for using either this
name or Amphisorex of Duvernoy, in preference to Sorex, as the genus was established by Lin-
nacus in 1754, upon the species S. vulgaris, belonging strictly to the present group,! and very
similar in dentition to Sorex forstert.

The genus is divisible into two sections, one with 32 teeth, the other witli 30; this difference
accompanied by others hereafter to be mentioned. Most of the species belong to the greup with
32 teeth. For the subdivisions of these sections see the list of species at the end of the article
on the Sub-family Soricinae, page 10.

To the first group of the table, or those in which the third premolar is smaller than the fourth,
belong all the species west of the Rocky mountains. The second group, with the gradation
‘gradual, and the teeth imbricated, includes also the European members of the genus. This and
the third division belong to the eastern and central portions of the continent. The species with
30 teeth have not been found south of the parallel of northern Ohio.

Section A, WITH FIVE UPPER PREMOLARS, TEETH 32.

Ears distinct, though not projecting visibly beyond the hair, furred on both sides; snout
attenuated ; tail as long as the body, (exclusive of the head,) or longer, light colored beneath ;
dental formula : +- = —- = = 32; anterior ‘upper incisor with a well developed basal
hooked process and an internal lobe, usually in contact with its opposite; fifth lateral tooth
very small ; lower anterior incisor not extending backwards to the first molar, cutting edge with
two or three lobed dentations ; the first lateral tooth and half the second inserted above the base
of the anterior incisor; teeth white, light chesnut only on the points; skull slender; feet
moderate, not fringed ; colors generally lighter beneath ; no colored points on the inside of the
lateral upper teeth at the base ; lower angular process of lower jaw long and slender.

1. Third upper premolar smaller than the fourth.

SOREX TROWBRIDGII, Baird.

Sp. Cu.—Ears very large, not exceeding the long fur ; fur full, longest hairs measuring over three lines; fore feet broad,
contained 1} times in the hinder, which are barely a little more than two-thirds the length of the skull; tail as long as the
body and half of the head ; third lateral incisor smaller than the fourth; anterior upper incisor with a moderal internal lobe.

Color above, sooty brown or black, slightly variegated with hoary; beneath, a little paler, and very slightly different
from the back ; head and body, 2} inches; tail, 2 ; hind feet, over five-tenths of an inch.

Body slender, elongated ; snout rather broad, depressed, and pointed; whiskers numerous,
moderately long, and light colored ; eara unusually large, although not longer than the fur on

1 See Nathusius in Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1838, 45.

14 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT. .

the nape, covered thinly with hairs on both surfaces, the region about the meatus, however,
being bare ; the supplementary lobe of the ear with long hairs springing from the extreme edge ;
fur on the body very full and soft, measuring three lines on the back.

The fore feet are large in proportion, and quite broad, contained about one and two-third
times in the hinder ones; the palms as broad or broader than the soles, being naked and with-
out fringes ; the tail is as long as the body, (exclusive of the head,) and is covered with short,
stiff, appressed hairs, which are of equal size everywhere, and furnish but a very stunted pencil
at the end.

The prevailing color of the upper parts and sides is a dark sooty brown or black, with a hoary
intermixture, the hairs being very dark lead color to near the tip, then light grayish and tipped
with sooty brown; the under parts are not conspicuously different from the upper, being of a
dark, smoky ash, or plumbeous ; the tail is colored like the back, except on the under surface,
which is of a decided and well defined whitish ; the feet are pale brownish.

The skull is slender, and much attenuated; the teeth 2 -b — + = ; the upper anterior in-
cisor with a spur or hook at the base, intermediate in size between the 3d and 4th lateral teeth ;
the lower anterior incisor has two tubercles or swellings in the cutting edge near the base, the
posterior nearly obsolete, with a notch in front of the anterior one; the first two lateral upper
teeth are of equal size, much larger than the third, and twice the size of the fourth ; the fifth is
very small.

Measurements.
|
813. 867.
(Dried skin )

Inches. Inches.
Dength to root Gf tail nase ae ea onan eee ae | 2.5 2.24
HREM aS ik EIS Rie Sooo teesriaasioce 2.1 2.0
Teal te tiprot eonels2. situ. gawetes ee el eee poke faxoy 1.11}

Hore: feet from wrist tb ibS- 2. SSS cask ee ea ae]
indi feet irom ‘sole -2a-) 2 _ Eee so ee ee Se, |
Ieee See SaaS es Sos: = sea see So a SoS |
Breadth of palma -- = seen ee ae ee ee cee
henpthvoteskille = ee eeee =e oe ee eee |
LEE Ay yl Ey ee a Se eae eee |

eerscesesce
_
of

WiC O, mM EN ies em eer se Se cmen ote Sore SS

This species approaches nearest to the Sorex palustris of Richardson; but, judging from the
description, differs in the following points: there are five lateral incisors, instead of four; the
tail is longer, and the size every way less. (Body 23, not 34, inches.) There would seem to be
more difference in the color of the two surfaces, under and upper, in S. palustris, than in the
present species. The geographical distribution is also different, the S. palustris coming from
the Hudson’s Bay region, the present one from Oregon, on the Pacific coast.

From S. forsteri, Rich., it differs in the considerably longer tail, the disproportion of the
third lateral upper tooth, and the darker under parts.

From Sorex richardsonii of Bachman, it is distinguished by the longer tail and by the nearly
uniform tint of the two surfaces.

MAMMALS—SORICINAE—SOREX VAGRANS. 15

From S. parvus of Richardson, (not Say,) by much the same characteristics.

Since preparing the preceding description, a third and fourth specimens in alcohol have been
received from Fort Steilacoom, agreeing very well with the above, except that the under parts
are a little lighter, with a faint rusty tinge. The line of demarcation is, however, not distinct,
the hoary sooty brown of the back passing insensibly into the belly. The ear is large, about as
long as the fur ; it is clothed with long hairs on its margin, otherwise nearly naked. The tail
is cylindrical, the annuli quite conspicuous.

Measurements. (Specimens in alcohol.)

1676. 2046.

Head iene fea 2s oo ane soi es eee ot ee 0. 85 0. 83

Head and bodye ss-sssesaseesesonecucwsewecsestecuss | 2. 40 2. 32

Wail r(wertebre)ewSaea=< \Secaescseecss2 cnt seo. 4 | 2.00 1. 63

UDR E Ne (LTRS) ese me es de cann 2.15 1.65

Hand) 28 ones eee as ea oe oe oo 0. 30 0. 25

HOO esse See an ean aaa a ee aa ae er eae 0. 55 0. 57

Sai re oe a ee aa ae a ae ae ae elaine OpSO Re ae ease
List of Specimens.
Catalogue | Corresponding | Sex & Locality. When Whence obtained. Nature of | Collected by
Number. | No. of skull. | Age. collected. specimen.

OGieaN Sosa ase oeee Soe Astoria, Oregon ----| June 10, 1855 | Lt. W.P.' Trowbridge, U.S.A.) Skin ----- Jas. Wayne.
813 3088 6) a Peee ao CE ae Se eee eee oe eee dons. saceseas i sdO=s-se3 [es adOsaenre
SU See er Ft. Steilacoom, W.T. 1856. Dr. George Suckley, U.S.A.| In alcohol.| Dr.Suckley.
© FADES il bees a ee | iota | ete ieee (Gh) mente beessd domnees pease = do= Aeon P=does-= 5 LundoLesss

SOREX VAGRANS, Cooper, Mss.

Sp. Co.—Ears moderately large, though little more than half as long as the adjacent fur. Fur rather full and long ; hairs
on the back measuring two lines and a half. Feet rather small ; anterior contained rather more than one and a half times
in the posterior, which are a little over two-thirds the length of skull. Tail longer than the body, about five-sixths as long
as head and body, scantily haired at tip. Third lateral tooth above, smaller than fourth. Anterior upper incisor, with a
rounded internal lobe, in broad contact with its fellow.

Color above, olive brown, varied with hoary ; beneath, dusky yellowish white. Sides a little paler than the back.
Head and body, 2 inches. Tail, 17. Hind foot about 0.47 of an inch.

Description from Nos. 630, 1675.—Body rather stout and full. Fur long, measuring three
lines on the back. The ears are large and the aperture wide, the concha is not, however, as
long as the fur, and is usually concealed in the hair. The internal surface is well covered with
fur along the upper margin, as well as on the edges of the supplementary lobes.

The feet are rather small, the palm as broad as the soles, both naked, with a slight ciliation
on the latter. The tail is about five-sixths as long as the head and body, slender, depressed,

16 U. S. P. Re. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS——-ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

and scantily clothed with short stiff depressed hairs, which constitute a very small pencil at the
end. The fur is very long and full, measuring three lines on the back.

The upper parts are of a rather dark olive brown, with a hoary tinge, caused by penultimate
bars of grayish on the hairs. The sides are paler, with a tinge of chestnut ; the under parts
are of a yellow brownish white. The feet and under surface of the tail are white, with a dusky
yellowish tinge. :

The skull is moderately slender anteriorly. The dentition is >4+23+ ),—32. The
upper anterior incisor has a second hook at the base, decidedly smaller, however, than the one
in front of it forming the tip of the tooth and about equal to the third lateral tooth. The
first two lateral teeth are of equal size, and decidedly larger than the fourth, which, however,
is larger than the third. The teeth are all chestnut colored at the tips.

Measurements of 630 (first four taken before skinning).

Inches. Lines.
{OOS CSCC YN Mr el 2
INOSCsO TOO OR Talla ae eee ee ee a a ee oe 2
Mailitcrend of yerteDie=—- = -<sees== sae eae eee 1
PEI iGhWOy MeN Sees oes SSS Sea ooscosecoss 1 83
CeDegra cl form spy US ee om mmm es lc | lel 3h
Tierayricosray | (ste) ee es ey Se SAE Se Sot Sees e pees 5}
Ska ilengthe-- sean ene seen ene ane eee eee eee cee 8
SHeni Gli 5 8 5-9 Se ee See Ss see soomsoss Sse se soos 3x,
Jee ORE ea eea ease Se. och Soe See osEcos| tea seeeanens 333

WadthlofiuppersjaWeanscas eco oee saree ee ee eee | Soe areata es 24;

Several specimens in alcohol agree essentially with the preceding description taken from a
dried skin. In one or two the color of the back is a brighter chestnut than as described.
There is considerable difference in the thickness of the tails at the base, and the swelling of the
head ; these, however, are probably sexual characters, as they are most marked in the males.
In most specimens, the terminal pencil of hairs of the tail is worn off to a stump, or else want- .
ing, leaving the tip of the tail naked. In 1259 this pencil is, however, visible.

Measurements from alcoholic specimens.

Length ‘of head) o-oo nemn 0. 87 0. 86 0. 87
Head and body-.--- = Sap agsemSanoceneseae 2. 21 2. 55 2.26
Tail to end of vertebre_........-..------ 1. 67 1. 15+ 1.75
Tail'to end of hairs..---..2- 22.2------5- 1. 67 1. 15+ 1.85
Fore foot......--..-----------------=--- 0. 29 0. 28 0. 28
anid POD tes dae eno etre ee ee 0. 50 0.49 0. 49
LOIS oe ee SRR ce RE ROr Sens 2 Ree eee 0. 25° 0. 26 0. 25

MAMMALS—SORICINAE—SOREX VAGRANS. 17

There are three specimens of this species from Petaluma, California, in the collection of Mr.
Samuels, which bear evident marks of immaturity, although they have nearly attained to their
full size. The teeth were all covered by a membrane, which, however, on being taken off,
exhibited the dentition complete in every particular, (32 teeth,) and all more or less dark colored
at the tip. As illustrating more fully the characters of the species from better preserved
specimens than those above described, I shall proceed to give a detailed description.

The form of these specimens is more mouse-like than usual, owing to the large feet and tail,
the rather short head and the full body. The naked muffle is unusually broad, and slightly
divided medially by a furrow. The muzzle is broader than usual, depressed ; the eye rather
large, distinctly visible, and nearer the muzzle than the ear. The ear is concealed by the fur,
and is much shorter than usual; the antitragus large, valvular, and with the valvular helix
naked, except on the edges; the concha is covered with hair on the margins and posteriorly,

The tail (vertebra) is about as long as the body, exclusive of the head ; it is thick, eylindri-
cal, but little narrower at the base, and densely covered with hairs, so as nearly to conceal the
annuli ; it is terminated by a scant pencil.

The fur is short, but soft and full; it measures about 0.18 of an inch on the back.

The feet are unusually large and broad for the species of this section, more so, in fact, than
The two pairs are of about equal width ; well covered above by long
The soles are

in full grown specimens.
silky bristles, which form a distinct fringe on the outer edge of the palms.
tubercular and naked, though the hinder part of the heel is covered with short hairs, except
along a narrow line. There are, as usual, six larger tubercles among the smaller ones.

The color above is a light clove brown, with a very slight tinge of chestnut or cinnamon.

The hairs are very lustrous, and there is an intermixture of hoary, caused probably by stronger
reflections in particular hairs. “The under parts are grayish, lighter than above, the gradation
rather insensible. The tail is dusky at the tip, and rather lighter below; the feet also are
rather pale, especially on their inner portions.

The skull is large and broad, with less attenuation than usual.
teeth. The anterior upper incisor is much curved, with a basal hook, which is narrow and acute,
nearly as long but narrower than the first and second premolars. The third premolar is only
about half the size of the fourth, which is a little less than the first two. The fifth is, as
usual, diminutive, but distinctly visible in the diastema between the molars and premolars.
The lower anterior incisor is rather deep, and with three prominent lobes on the cutting edge.
The first premolar is large, the second twice the size, with two distinct cusps.

Measurements.

3 From tip of nose to— Tail to end of—| Length of— Width Skull. Width | Width | Nature of
Current Locality. of of of specimen,

Number. palm jaw. | palate.

Eye. Ear. | Occip. | Tail. | Verteb.| Hairs. | Fore ft. Hind ft. * | Length.) Width. ,
1681 | Petaluma, Cal.}........|sseseees 0.85 1.96 1,42 1.55 0.27 0.47 0,13 0.70 0.32 0.17 0.27 | In alcoho;
1682 |..e00. GOvcceces 0.30 0.54 0.81 1.95 1,22 1,35 0.27 0.47 OL1S) | vevewecs|anovcaccleccasccelsccccacs +sdOssoee
1683 |....0. Totes. 0.30 0.54 0.81 1.95 1,46 1.60 0.27 0.47 OLS Jecceccccleccvereclecccreve 10. ceee
3 L AX:

The dentition embraces 32

18 U. 8s. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catalogue |Correspond’g| Sex & Locality. When _ Whence obtained. * Nature of | Collected by
number. | No. of skull. | age. collected. specimen.

630 1781 @ | Shoalwater Bay, W.T.|...------- Dr. J. G. Cooper. ---.---. Skin fr. ale.|.- = -ousa=seees
OTS) Noses ee ona Ge Nseteeans G0 case san n|aeccancncc|oosaeese G02-~ a seecese eee less G0- oe <\s occ eae
10) lag Bee es eee, Q | Cape Flattery, W. T-| Sept. 1855 | Lt. W.P. Trowbridge, U.S.A.| In alcohol.|....------.----
1259: L225. 2. Soa ee Cascade Range, O. T_|_...do-.--| Lt. Williamson, U. 8. A --|---- do----|Dr.J.S. Newberry.
AGS | Sak = Ses seeee ies s22 Petaluma, Cal_...-- 1856. Hi) Sammelsses ooo: - fee. ek dqe =. 2152.3 o. ae
UGC Pe ee ee ae Eee oe Ct ee ee ee Onsite tS00e oe tome fern a os do----|---5-----------
UGE apne seo —el | Se ene ee nee dos2s5. fees Goaso.|2 5 -d0e ns aon epee §0n ono). ce eae eee

SOREX SUCKLEYI, Baird.

Sr. Cu.—Ears quite large ; about aslong as the adjacent fur. Longest hairs measure barely two lines. Feet rather small ;
the anterior contained nearly twice in the posterior, which barely exceed two thirds of the skull. Tail considerably longer
than the body without the head ; well coated with hair; caudal vertebre, 16. Third lateral tooth above smaller than the
fourth. Width of skull rather more than half its length; palate, three-eighths this length.

Color above, light chestnut brown ; beneath, grayish white. Length, 2} inches. Tail, 14? Hind foot, 0.46 of an inch.

(Nos. 362, 1677.) This species has very close relationships to S. cooperit and platyrhinus,
its distinctive characters being only evident after careful comparison of teeth and skull, as well
as of external characters. The snout is much elongated in the prepared specimen, though
probably less so really than in S. platyrhinus, judging from the skull. The ears are conspicu-
ous, though not quite as long as the fur ; they are well coated with fur on the sides and edges,
except around and in front of the meatus. The feet are rather small; the anterior contained
nearly twice in the posterior. The palms and soles are naked, the latter with overhanging
hairs. The claws of the first and fifth toes reach to the penultimate articulations of the adja-
cent second and fourth. The tail is longer than the body, exclusive of the head. The fur is
soft, and on the back about two lines in length or less.

The upper parts and sides are of a rather light chestnut brown, with a aiekae hoary appear-
ance, caused by this color being still lighter penultimate to the tip of the hairs. The under
parts of the body and tail, with the feet, are of a brownish white or gray.

The skull is short and thick for the species of this group, considerably exceeding, in this
respect, the S. platyrhinus. The breadth is more than half the length, instead of being less.
The dental formula is o+ met <=. The third upper lateral tooth is decidedly less than the
fourth, as in all the western shrews that I have examined.

MAMMALS—SORICINAE—SOREX SUCKLEYI. 19

Measurements. (Mounted specimen.)

Inches. Lines.
pnontito 700t, Of, tall ot 8 cee ene cee weer abot and aos 2 2
JEST) Ginter ee On eerer Ser epee er aese 1 23
WattOlendi On Hales Geena ne nanan saa as een ae 1 44
The tail vertebra removed from the skin, however, measure- - 1 64
Hand en an emetaa aa wacatatee ena tena. aan re ee oe eee eee ae aha 3
EEC eae ee ete rate tect estar ate ee mm ete a re areal ee rs he 5}
enpthrofiskulls e262 ee foes 4a Sade oe seee se ate eee cess set
Widthiog skullé.s2.scesescins sees Ses ewes ecco necossee 44
eri pti) Ob pala eee meee a ee an oe
Width ota, eee = mone meee See a ee eee neta = 2

1677. 1264?
LOTG NS SESS AE eS Sa Oe ACESS SSSR LUste} D> ec Soi
IeigaGl el ier We ee ioc eee c Canc ago aac enerenacesos 1.90 2.00?
ENS (Qe Oss) See ee corer emos ere eee are mene Seer 1.70 1.40
Eiaile (Hans) oe See ae See eee ee Ceo 1.80 1.50
BEANS Re eee lee ee 0. 25 0. 35
Hind foot Saat ea. So oe en eee ee eal eeedec =. oo 0. 46 0.76
LID 2 oo ase eee cero COmco or note. SHE CE CESS See OF26y eet nan soe eee

As already remarked, this species is externally very similar to the 8. cooperi, and the imper-
fection of the specimen renders it still more difficult to distinguish. The shape of the skull
and teeth will, however, furnish ready grounds for separating the two—better, indeed, than in
many cases where the differences of external form are more striking. The size appears some-
what larger, and the tail shorter, though this may be owing to imperfect stuffing. The feet
are rather smaller, and the three central toes not so much elangated ; consequently the first and
fifth claws extend further along the adjacent toes, reaching the penultimate articulation, instead
of falling short of it. The soles are apparently without the two large tubercles on each edge,
and are more covered by hair. The color is much the same, although there is a slightly hoary
appearance in the present species not found in the other. The ears appear much the same. As
stated, however, in this species, the skull is very decidedly fuller in the region of the cranium,
as well as higher and broader anteriorly, less attenuated every way ; the longitudinal axis of
the skull and of the palate both shorter, and the palate wider. The third lateral upper tooth is
smaller than the fourth, instead of being equal to it, and the fourth tooth is larger than in its
analogues in the other species.

The characters of this species are perhaps more like those ot §. personatus ; the size is, how-

20 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT,

ever, much greater, its feet shorter, and its teeth different, although the shape of the skull
appears somewhat similar.

From 8. vagrans it differs in its chestnut brown color above, instead of olive brown, and the
less pure light color of the belly. Its fur is much shorter, the feet smaller, the skull is broader,
the ears considerably smaller.

Several specimens of what I refer-to this species, collected in more southern localities, differ
a little in color. They are considerably darker, more of a clove brown, with no chestnut tinge,
and there is a considerable admixture of hoary, caused by the fact that the extreme tips of the
hairs are darker than the penultimate portion.

Measurements.
Nose to— Tail to end of— Length of—
Current Locality. e Ear. Nature of
number. Ge ar ao eee specimen.
Occip. Tail. Verteb. Hairs. | Fore foot.| Hind foot.
1678 | Petaluma, California...) 0.80 2.00 1. 40 1. 40 0. 26 0.45 0.26 | Alcohol.
NGTOP Sete cso dos-ssee suck 0. 80 2.00 1. 32 1. 32 0. 26 0.45 0.26 |----do-...
ESOP it23= oases dons) sssene 0.81 1276 1.30 1. 49 0. 25 0. 45 0.21. |e--adoseee
2085 |) Monterey_----.---.... 0. 82 2. 05 1.19 1.25 0. 25 0.45" one eee ao ond Oeoee
List of specimens.
Catalogue | Correspond’ g Locality. When | Whence obtained. | Original | Nature of} Collected by
number. | No. of skull. collected. number.} specimen.

362 1276 Sierlacoom Wreleees——=|=—- eee Dr. George Suckley. 24 Mounted _ .|=......--=—teeee
UY ASS Pee er ere ac oet re 1 an Soe ee ea 5 See saa Sse Ss soe Inalcohol:|. =~ 22 —eeeeee
UPAE S| See aes Upper DesChutes river,O.T.) Sept.1855| Lt. R.S. Williamson. |-------- ----do----| Dr, J.5. Newberry
Gy a ea ee Petaluma, California. ---- TRobs)) | ESaMNelsae es ene naa aaa ass. C0 e252 |ocee ee
71 Sr me (ei pt sa i C3 Co ees aes pares LOD ates te ae ily SSee| peas - a OL ane ae ee
WGS0 eH cen cemex an en loee ase dGteenees-s'auss ee rlOsne cl miaceeee COseceteec|=eemeces Pa 5 (see ba pas) =

OS een a aeteeee tes Monterey, California- ---- &dols. =| Ae Sillaylor. <soe esos eee 20. dole: | -SSS cee

2. Third upper premolar larger than the fourth.

SOREX PACHYURUS, Baird. N.S.

Sr. Cu.—EKars moderate, though distinct ; not half so long as the adjacent hairs. Fur very full, the longest hairs meas-
uring over five lines. Feet and hands very stout and broad ; the latter contained about one and a half times in the former,
which are about two-thirds the length of the skull. Tail very thick throughout its whole length, with a decided pencil
at the tip; about seven-ninths the length of head and body; longer than the body alone. Third lateral tooth above
larger than the fourth. No internal lobe to the anterior upper incisors, but these are somewhat widened and in contact
near the rounded point. Premolars not imbricated.

MAMMALS—SORICINAE—SOREX PACHYURUS. 21

Color above, light olive brown, becoming much darker on the rump; beneath, ashy white, with a tinge of brownish ;
sides of a tint of brown paler than that on top of the head. Head and body, 2} inches. Tail to end of hairs, 13.

The body of this species appears unusually stout and full, owing to the length of the fur,
which exceeds that of any American species with which I am acquainted, measuring on the
back, 5 lines. Its large feet and claws, and very thick tail, are also highly characteristic.

The ears are of moderate size, the concha short, scarcely more than a line high, not coming
far round the meatus, and much shorter than the fur. It is scantily coated with hair on the
margin of the internal face, and with longer ones on the edges of the supplementary lobes.

The feet are unusually large and broad; the palms as broad, or a little broader than the soles;
both are naked, and on the edges of the latter there is a slight indication of ciliation. The fore
feet are larger in proportion than the hinder, being contained but one and a half times in them.
The claws, too, are larger than usual, and about as long on the fore as on the hind feet.

The tail appears very thick, as much so as that of Mus musculus. It is about seven-ninths
as long as the head and body, (measured to the tip,of the hairs,) and is well coated with long,
stiff, bristly, appressed hairs, which conceal the annuli, and terminate in a decided pencil at
the end.

The upper parts are of a smoky olive brown anteriorly, becoming considerably darker towards
the tail. The sides are of a lighter tint of the same brown as that on the top of the head, with
a slight tinge of chestnut. The under parts are of a dull reddish brownish white. The color
of the sides is in a broad stripe, quite clearly defined against that of the back and belly. The
tail is like the back, and tipped with dusky ; its under surface and the feet pale brownish, or
brownish white. Claws bright yellow.

The skull is slender anteriorly, though the muzzle is stouter than in ». navigator. The
dental formula is = + + =. The anterior upper incisor is bidentate, the posterior lobe or
hook nearly as large as the anterior, and coming down nearly to the line with it and the next
teeth ; it is about the size of the third lateral tooth. The five lateral teeth overlap each other,
and diminish gradually and regularly from the first to the fifth, which is rather larger than
usual, and visible from the side. There are three very decided lobed serrations on the lower
anterior incisor. All the teeth are chestnut at the tips.

Measurements.

626. 1674.

Inches. Inches.

Nose: tOsOCOIDIt. 252 2o 5. See ae. aoe eat 1. 00 0.97

Nosautorrootronr, tails <2 2< 5 bans 5052 Seek aoe 2.25 2.40

Tail from root to end of vertebre...-.--......-------- 1. 68 1. 64

Tail from root to egg of hairs...--.-------.-3-.-.--.- 1.75 1. 65

Hore teen ttOMe WIISGor mean aan ope oes aa sae ee naan oe 0. 33 0. 33
OL GUTECL WAU bile la init = ea sate em elm ree aa te ac ee (gah Was All ade ee eS

Piniatecherommhecloasa ne See sscceseueen ete ss owes 0. 50 0.55
Boe Menpth a2 eet feet es ST oA CRIEOMS Pie eee se SS
RMR oD wriddihe yee cee tg 3G Ee ad ONSE A, |Beett eve ae
Perit Of palate tn. 5n seperate tn ope awee eben s = UG" bl eae eee
NWO GORGE BENG AW a ae is Po ae ae OTS Sai eee ere se

22 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The first four measurements of No. 626, and all of 1674, were taken from the specimen
before skinning. )

I refer, with some hesitation, to this species, a specimen from Fort Ripley. The tail is muti-
lated, and its otherwise indifferent state of preservation increases the uncertainty. It has,
moreover; a stronger tinge of rufous beneath. y

This species is readily distinguished from its congeners; as, from S. forsteri, by its full fur,
thick and hairy tail, large feet, &c.; from S. richardsonit, by having unusually large and stout

feet ; a longer tail, different color, smaller size, &c.

List of specimens.

Catalogue | Corresponding | Sex & Locality. Whence obtained. Nature of specimen.
number. No, of skull.

626 1777,—S—s«édt...--| Pembina, Mimnesota ......-.| Charles Cavileer........----- Skin from alcohol.
See Ea napa ee Remmi toaster! Se soe eres oae ae oe cee Uo ae Serge 5 en aac In alcohol.
638 1789 =| 6 | Fort Ripley, Minnesota_..--} Dr. J. F. Head, U. 8. A.-..-.- Skin from alcohol.

SOREX FORSTERI, Rich.

Sorex forsteri, Ricu. Zool. Jour. III Jan.—Apr. 1828, 516.—Is. F. B. A. I. 1829, 6
Bacuman, J. A. N.S. Phila. VII, 1837 386; pl. xxiv, f. 6.
Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 20; pl. xxi, f. 3.
Aup. & Bacn. N. Am. Quod. III, 1854, 310. (Copied from Bachman.)
Corsira forsteri, Gray, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. V, 1837, 124. .

Sp. Cu.—Ears rather small, about halfas large as in S. trowbridgii; as long as the adjacent fur, longest hairs measuring about 0.25
ofaninch. Feet rathersmall ; the anterior contained about one and two-third times inthe hinder. Tail shorter than the body,
about two-thirds as long as head and body together ; nearly naked towards the tip. Premolars tiled; third tooth above larger
than the fourth. Anterior upper incisor, with small sharp internal subterminal lobe ; the opposite in contact.

Color above, smoky brown or plumbeous gray, slightly hoary ; beneath, pale grayish ash, decidedly lighter than the back
Head and body, 23 inches ; tail, 12 inches. Hind foot, 0.5 of an inch.

The snout is rather slender, much pointed, with a naked and bilobed muzzle. The ears are
moderately large and readily distinguishable in the fur, although not projecting beyond it, in
fact barely equalling this in length. They are suborbicular; their edges entire, (not split,)
inflexed below; sparsely coated with furry hairs on both surfaces, densest near the margin.
The fifth claw in the hind foot scarcely reaches the base of the fourth, and the first claw falls
short of the base of the fifth. The sole appears entirely naked from the heel. The fore feet are
about two-thirds of the length of the hinder. There is little or no tendency toa fringe to the feet
or their digits ; their upper surfaces are well covered with short hairs. The tail is nearly two-
thirds the length of the head and body ; it is cylindrical, flattened at tip, (in dried specimens,)
and encirled by numerous narrow annuli. The hairs in the tail are, for the most part, very
short, scarcely extending more than the width of a single annulus, against which they are
closely pressed. The extreme tip of the tail, where flattened, is, however, entirely naked, and
has somewhat the appearance of possessing tactile sensibility. There is a narrow linear space

MAMMALS—SORICINAE—SOREX FORSTERI. 23

in the side of the body, covered with hairs much shorter than elsewhere, indicating the position
of the musk gland.

The upper parts, generally, are of a bluish hoary, with a slight tinge of brown ; beneath, the
tint is brownish gray, considerably paler than the back. The feet and lower surface of the tail
are brownish white ; the upper surface of the latter like the back; its extreme tip quite dusky.
The fur, when examined closely, is seen to be of a clear plumbeous, tipped with the colors men-
tioned ; but between their base and tips are three very narrow, nearly obsolete, rings of lighter,
‘readily visible, where a portion has been lost. The teeth are white, with the extreme tips only
light chestnut, differing greatly in this respect from the conspicuous coloration of 8. talpoides.

Dimensions of 622. (Spectmen in alcohol.)

Inches. Lines.
IRENE CRED Goce eps secre SO Cee ee Ser Sac ceeo-| Meeeeese 2 10
INGEN) ETE = ee See Be SOE ERE OH OSCE Bees Bees 8
ENS pole) CCL es en eee ee ya Cee era 2 9
Tail from root to end of vertebra. .-..-..---.--------- 1 8
Tailsfrom-root to.end ofhaits: 2... -o2=-s--25---se5sn-- 1 8
fines) Hel Nh POStOHOL Via arena nese eee ee ne oe le 24
Arm, fore 160b (0) end Ol ClaWSa=-\---=-—a-ee—enea——aenc|eoee na saeon = 3}
cm longest Claw 2 = -o eee. arene se eee cen cebeeale eee ee oe aS 02
Leg, hind foot from heel to end of claws -.------------|_-----.--.-- 6
Thep Wonpesti claws sac 2s ate ea ana ae eg Soa amie oe ee oe Oz

nee oo is too much broken to exhibit properly its shape. The dentition is as follows:
sts <—*. The hook at the base of the anterior upper incisor is about as large as the third
lateral tooth; these lateral teeth diminish regularly and very gradually from the first to the
fourth, or even the fifth, and are all much imbricated. The fifth is smallest, though larger than
in some species. The lower anterior incisor has-two lobes or obtuse serrations.

This species resembles somewhat No. 813 (Sorex trowbridgii) from Astoria; it differs, how-
ever, in a much smaller ear, smaller hands and feet, shorter tail, lighter color, &c. The skull
is considerably broader in the muzzle. The anterior upper incisors are larger and more curved;
the lateral teeth diminish gradually from the first to the fifth, instead of having the third ab-
ruptly smaller than the second and considerably less than the fourth. The serrated lobes of the
lower anterior incisor are larger.

The present species agrees very well with the description of the Sorex forsteri, as given by Dr.
Bachman, from New York, although not very well with the species of Richardson. Still the
differences are not very tangible, and the name may properly be retained, for the present at least.
It is uncertain whether Richardson’s specimen came from the Hudson’s Bay region, or from the
Columbia—probably, however, from the former ; in which case, there is the more likelihood of
its occurring in New York.

24 U. §. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

a
List of specimens.
Catalogue Corresponding Locality. Whence obtained. Nature of specimen.
number. No. of skull.
622 1773 Carlisle, Pennsylvania_---| S. F. Baird -..-.-....-----. Skin from alcohol ~..--

SOREX RICHARDSONII.

Sorex richardsonii, Bacuman, Jour. A, N Sc. Ph. VII, 1837, 383; pl. xxiv, f. 5.
Avp. & Bacu., N. A. Quod, IIT, 1854, 334, (from Bachman.)
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. V, 1855, 546.
? Sorex parvus, Ricuarpson, F. B. A.I 1829, 8.

Sp. Cu.—Ears rather small, distinctly visible in the scanty fur. Longest hairs measuring about 0.15 of aninch. Tail
shorter than the body; scant haired. Color above, rusty iron gray ; insensibly paler beneath. Feet and under side of tail
brownish white. Length, 2? inches. Tail, less than 14. Hind foot, 0.5 of an inch.

A single skin of what I believe to correspond to the Sorex richardsonii of Bachman, has a con-
siderable resemblance to S. forsteri, as described above, but is larger, and the tail shorter in pro-
portion. Likeit the ears are small for this group, less than in the much smaller S. cooperi. The
tail is shorter than the body, exclusive of the head ; but scantily provided with hair. The hairs of
the back are very short, only about 0.15 of an inch. There isa distinct gland on the side,
about one-third of an inch long, and one-twentieth wide, covered with short close silky hairs,
indicating the position of the musk gland. The dentition appears similar to that of S. forstert.
The color above is a rusty iron gray, the under parts a little lighter. Feet, and under surface
of tail, light brownish yellow. ;

I regret that the condition of the specimen does not admit of a more accurate description, nor
do I feel at all confident that it is really distinct from S. forsteri. Of its representing the S.
richardsonit of Bachman, I have little doubt, from the description and locality.

Measurements.
Inches.
From nose to root of tail, (overstuffed)....------------------------ 2.90
Tail to lend! of -vertenre = nec oe coe kan coe che nee chao moepeeeees 1. 38
Tail to\end ot haits-——. 3 hae ae a ance ce ape aoe nae eee 1.44
Fore f00ts. cece s css cece Seecasnaesaep cob own oduadpecsucecesceesss 0. 35

Hind {00t. nae sninss cat woes on oon en Baws ocd eben een sceebesee 0. 50

List of specimens.

Catalogue number. Locality. Whence obtained. | Nature of specimen.

830 Racine, Wisconsin.....-...ss<<es-«= DTS Ee SE Oy ets o> tameis moo ase

MAMMALS—SORICINAE—SOREX PLATYRHINUS. 25

- SOREX PLATYRHINUS.

Otisorex platyrhinus, Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 22; pl. v, f. 1.

Sorec platyrhynchus, Lixstey, Sill. Am. J. Sc. XLII, 1842, 346.

Sorex platyrhinus, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. V, 1855, 547.

Sorex forsteri, Gaprrr, Zool. Jour. V, 1830, 201; pl. vii.
Tuomrson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1842, 26.

Sp. Cu.—Ears large and conspicuous. ‘Tail scarely longer than the body, and only scantily provided with hair. Upper
- premolars imbricated anteriorly, and decreasing gradually in size. Color above, chestnut or dark brown; beneath, pale
cinerous. Length, over two inches. Tail scarcely exceeding 13 inch.

(No. 1694.)—This very diminutive and slender shrew has an exceedingly attenuated and
elongated muzzle, which, however, is depressed towards the naked and bilobed tip. Viewed
from above, there is a slight contraction in the outline of the head, a little anterior to the eye,
beyond which it swells out again, before tapering to the end. The width of the head is about
half its length, or a little less. The end of the lower incisor falls about midway between the
tip of the nose and the eye, which is quite large for a shrew, and distinctly visible without a
glass. It is situated about halfway between the tip of the nose, and the anterior base of the
external ear.

The whiskers are numerous and thickly set ; they are black, and the longest reach back nearly
to the occiput.

The ears are very large, (for American shrews,) and generally distinctly visible, though
scarcely projecting beyond the fur. The internal ear is widely open, and the concha is directed
backwards, as inthe genus Mus, The antitragus is very large and semi-circular, and fits closely,
like a valve, over the meatus, protecting it from the admission of water ; when this is closed,
however, the rest of the ear is distinctly visible. The concha is semi-circular in shape; its upper
and lower roots about 0.21 of an inch apart, or the distance from incisors to tip of muzzle; the
meatus occupies only the lower third of this distance, and the upper root of the concha does not
extend beyond the posterior margin of the meatus. There is a vertical partition or flap of skin
extending across the concavity of the ear corresponding to the helix, which, however, does not
rise as high as the margin of the concha, The convexity and edge of the ear are rather thickly
covered with hairs, as also the edges of the antitragus and internal flap ; the remaining portions
are naked. The greatest distance from the lower root of the concha to its most remote point is.
0.29 of an inch, or about the distance from the root of the concha to the eye.

The feet are moderately large; the anterior about as broad as the posterior, and about 0.55
their length. The fore and hind claws are about equal. The under surfaces of the feet are
naked, the hinder*ones with small tesselated tubercular plates, and the larger tubercles opposite
the middle of the metatarsus. Besides these, there are four other large tubercles at the bases of
the first, second, and fifth toes, and between the bases of the third and fourth.

The hair onthe back is about 0.20 of an inch long. The tail is long; without the hairs, it
reaches to the meatus, or is about as long as the body ; it is cylindrical, somewhat thickened
towards the middle, closely annulated, and with hairs springing between the annuli, and
extending over about three of the latter ; it is terminated by a pencil of long hairs.

The upper parts are of a rather light chestnut brown, with a hoary aspect, owing to the tips
being abruptly of this color, but a little lighter penultimately. The under surfaces are grayish

4L

*

26 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

white, with a slight tinge of brown ; the color well contrasted against the back. The feet and
under surface of the tail are whitish; the upper surface of the tail like the back ; the entire
tip dusky. The teeth are light chestnut at the point. ;

The upper premolar teeth are imbricated anteriorly, and diminish from the first to the fourth
with considerable regularity ; the difference between the third and second being much less
appreciable than in S. coopert. ,

The weight of a specimen of this species, as given by Linsley, is 47 grains; that of number
1696, however, of the accompanying table, amounted only to 37 grains.

For the measurements of the skull of this species, see the table under the head of S. cooperi.

There are some slight. variations from the above characteristics in different specimens. Thus,
the tail is sometimes a little longer or shorter. The ear varies somewhat in size. Sometimes
the chestnut of the back is of a browner or darker shade—a characteristic, probably, of the
winter pelage. In immature specimens, the tail is almost naked, and the tips of the teeth with
little or no color, even when of full size.

This species is perhaps more nearly related to S. forsteri than to S. cooperi, although resem-
bling the latter most in color. In size it occupies an intermediate position, as also in the pro-
portional length of the tail.

Its distribution I have not yet ascertained with precision, though it is known to range from
eastern Massachusetts to Cleveland, Ohio, and as far north as Burlington, Vermont.

Lust of specimens and measurements.

Nose to— |Tail to end of— Length of—
Current Locality. Sex. Ear. | Nature of | From whom re-
number. specimen. ceived.
Occip.| Tail. | Verteb. | Hairs.| Fore ft. | Hind ft.
1691 Hingham, Mass.-|...-| 82 2.10 1.50 1. 65 25 45 25 In alcohol.| Dr. T. M. Brewer.
1693 Middleboro, Mass.|..--| 85 2,15 1,46 1.65 25 47 25. |....dol.. 4/5. Wi Po denkgeee
April & May.
TRG, Wis aeflded dee ---|----| 85 | 2.04] 1.50 | 1.60] 25 eo 14198) 2 |. dees) eee den db nae
1695 a= sO Ose eee see ----| 85 | 2.25] 1.40 | 1.50 25 46 250i nit domes 1 see doi ueo
21696 | October -------- Sse leet a PATON alas 1. 85 25 46 Dbl a2 dosuucia== seer do---s2ee
ABT kana soe 5e See Soares eS Pe eater Og |e rater 25 ca eee a4 Beer (eee (eee Be doi s<semen
1698 | Spring ----.---- meee BO aatOn | ewe) ae oD 25 46 PTs PRR Ce ME fT J Ci (et
1699} 3|24=-d02s-en—mee— 3d | 8 | 2.18) 1.46 | 1.55 25 46 25 *\03 dom S| eee cae ddlaenseee
1700; jee adO mene mee ----| 85 | 2.00] 1.6) | 1.60 25 AGiRhs| ee S weSedoll.|:oe ae dose sos
17004 2esedb tee aa cee sone | 90 a) Below 145i || S55 25 lnm fe! ae | ase dOkenat eee tre 5 Va
? 1702 December -.--.-- ise) Ss | eHOO 1. 60 1. 80 25 AG) 3h ban 5) Bs dobbs = sa do. hat sae
TABS lock res ----| 85 |218| 1.45 | 1.60] 25 ronan | Pepe Pega ate atees: dol jig
ily) S| Reser bess 8 asen| COU | 215-1 1550) | 2562 25 BGisalltcccamtecee dots sides dons dé--s825-5
Wi0o) |oeesd0e-nes eee meee OO) ye G0) I) Leto ll ebb 25 Abie | cepse ce eee Cine See Bee 0c oneeee
1706 ui) o-2dOss area Sebel oO 2.10 1.50 1. 62 24 Eh pe Bd DOs avlnaec aes dO. 2 sacsem
Oba col Mov. Uydk8aass.-| Voce 20 lee SAL. Lee al ee | ee ee Dry skin. -| gq ----do--------
1084 Det,. 12; 1865.23). Gye sses ee Oe aoe bet oe al, Sees ile Be eee Se Fe es eee re do. 2eeees
955 | Oct. 29, 1855 ..-|..-.|...-.. [Estar ES Fea SOR [ag RP A) UU ad CR AS a douh ds anes dates
1456) || Mar. 28, 18b6_ --)25- - |) 84) 2025 e160) SS: se lee ASS See a doe eA does ate
814. WiGleveland 4Oni6. 12% Aap cee | toa ae ae ete aol pe eee oe eee eae Siege oe ee be) do..-.| Dr. Kirtland.----
ty, a] DAFIM PION Gene oosleoe nose een] ecccauleoeaee [Se See Ee ee do..--| Prof. Thompson --

MAMMALS—-SORICINAE—SOREX COOPERI. oF

3. Third and fourth upper premolars nearly equal and rather smaller than the two anterior ones.

SOREX COOPERI.

Sorex cooperi, Bacuman, J. A. N. Sc. Phil. VII, 1837, 388; pl. xxiv, fig. 7.
Aun. & Bacu., N. A. Quad. III, 1854, 311, (from preceding.)
? Amphisorex lesueriit, Duyernoy, Mag. de Zool. 1842, mam. 33, pl. 50.
Sorex lesueri, WAGNER, Suppl. Schreb. V, 1855, 54, in dark pelage.

Sp. Cu —Very slender and small. Ears rather large, nearly as long as the adjacent fur. Longest hairs on back about one and
ahalf lines. Feet slender but moderately long ; tubercles on sole large and distinct ; fore feet contained nearly twice in the
hinder, which are about ths the length of skull. Width of skull rather less than half its length ; palate more than 3ths
this length. Tail nearly as long as head and body, well pencilled at the tip. ‘Third upper premolar tooth above equal to
the fourth. Premolars not imbricated. Anterior upper incisor with an inner lobe in contact with its fellow.

Color above, light chestnut-brown ; beneath, pale-brownish, or chestnut white. Length, mostly under two inches. Tail,
14$. Hind foot, 0.46 of an inch.

Body small and slender; snout elongated, acute, well provided with bristles. Ears large, not
projecting, however, beyond the fur; well coated with hair on both sides, except around the
meatus. Feet moderate. Hands contained about one and two-third times in the feet, which
have the three middle toes lengthened so that the first claw does not reach the penultimate
articulation of the second toe; and the fifth claw just attains to the penultimate articulation of
the fourth toe. The soles are very naked, and exhibit a large tubercle on the base of all the
toes, and another on each side behind these; they are so arranged as to present two on each edge
of the sole. The tail is moderately stout, cylindrical, somewhat enlarged in the middle, and
well covered with long hairs lying flat, and forming a decided brush at the end ; including hairs,
it is about 14 the length of head and body. Fur on the back measuring nearly two lines.

The prevailing color above is a light chestnut brown ; beneath, brownish white, or very light
chestnut white, as are the under surface of the tail, and the feet.

The muzzle is elongated and very slender; the dental formula > +. The anterior

upper incisor has a well developed basal hook, larger than usual, and coming down to the line
tangent to the larger hook and the lateral teeth ; this basal or posterior hook, is as large as the
first two lateral teeth, which are equal, and larger than the next two, which are also equal; the
fifth is very diminutive. The lower anterior incisor has three lobed serrations. All the teeth

are chestnut at the tips.
List of specimens and measurements.

No. of Locality. Sex. | Head. |Head and) Tail to | Tail to | Fore | Hind |Ear.| Nature of | From whom re-

speci’n. body. | verteb. jend hairs.| feet. | feet. specimen. ceived.
21689 | Labrador..-....-.--- Pees ob 1.70 1.56 1.80 25 47 |-...| Alcohol --| Dr. J. Wyman.
1690 | Waterville, N. Y..---|...-| 79 1.85 1.55 1.70 25 Ee iP 1 eG Coe pe H. Davis-..=.-
ffs: | Adirondac Mts, N. Y-| Q | 83 2.00 1. 67 1. 83 21 £2) | eooe| SKIN wot R. Clarke ---.-
1687 | Burlington, Vt-..... soos)! (80 2.05 1.47 1.55 23 50 | 24 | Alcohol --| Z. Thompson. --
21692 | Middleboro’, Mass--.|....| 85 1.90 1. 36 RIGS? jaseos OP \esas|aeOs eas J. W. P. Jenks
adi {1 led |e Ce a SO a 1.90 1.50 1.70 25 46,7 |25--|Aleohol 2. |2--2-° do. 22.555
tif, | West Northfield, Ill.-|....| 83 1. 83 1. 50 1575 21 45775 -24|SKIN nas] R. Kennicott --
2047 oio- 225 dori s22-.- 224 ee age 1. 86 1, 23 1.39 24 BOTS area PAICONOL 22 |52e a= doj: 4234
fA‘ | Racine, Wisc_..---- Q| 75 1. 06 1.58 1.75 22 22) eae SEIN. = 5 Dr, Hoyss--==-
{#8 | Fort Ripley, Minn---| Q | 83 1.92 1.50 1.75 22 (Fig Nonel|- aR ee A Dr. J. F. Head.
1935 | Medicine Bow river, |....| 85 2.05 1.41 1.53 25 45 |.---| Alcohol --| Lt. F. T. Bryan
Nebraska. & W. S. Wood.

28 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—-GENERAL REPORT.

Dimensions of the skull.

8. cooperi. 8. platyrhinus.
Ie — — —_
'
633 634 635 636 | 1694 1697
|
Skull, length ....__-_-- OG Sees AAC SP | ac il | .65 . 69
Shonlli widths 22 S| ee eel Soe RE gn america pee? - 30
Length of palate -_---.-- Od) ae ee a2 |\|Seasso se - 26 - 25
Width of upper jaw----| .15 “15 715 ~15 -15 15

This species is closely allied to the S. personatus, having the same general form and color.
It is somewhat larger, however, and the tail longer in proportion, nearly equalling the head
and body. In some respects it resembles S. coopert of Bachman, as in the size, color, and
length of tail. It differs from the description, however, in having very distinct and well-
defined ears, and in having only three true molars below instead of four. This latter character,
however, if actually existing in S. coopert, is entirely unique among the shrews, the invariable
formula being 2 anterior incisors, 2-2 lateral teeth, and 3-3 molars, making 12 teeth in the whole
jaw. The external ear, too, may readily have shrunk in drying so as to be inconspicuous, and
thus give rise to the impression of its absence. In some dried skins before me there is little
indication of ears, while they are very distinct in well prepared specimens, and especially in
those preserved in alcohol. The size of the hind feet and the longer tail show that it is not the
same with the specimen from Fort Union, at the mouth of the Yellowstone, (S. haydent).

The skin described by Dr. Bachman was obtained in the ‘‘Northwest Territory,’’ either
Wisconsin or Minnesota. From the list of localities it will be seen that several are recorded
from these regions, all agreeing essentially with those from New York. Indeed, it is the only
small long-tailed of the group, having 32 teeth, yet received from Wisconsin and Minnesota.

After some hesitation I have come to the conclusion that the Sorex cooperi is distinct from the
species so abundant in Massachusetts, and described by Dekay as Otisorex -platyrhinus. It is
appreciably smaller, with an absolutely longer tail and muzzle, the former much more hairy,
especially at the tip. The skull is longer and more slender ; the upper premolars are not im-
bricated anteriorly, but are distinct, though in contact, the points directed downwards, and even
a little backwards. The 3d and 4th premolars are nearly or quite equal, and less than the
1st and 2d, instead of lessening gradually.

As this species is very closely allied to two others of the same group, it may be as well to
present here the principal characters of all, before proceeding to describe the remaining ones.
For the type of S. cooper, I have taken a specimen of the smaller variety, with the longer tail ;
the larger one is still more distinct.

S. cooperi.—Head very long, over 8-tenths of an inch; ears conspicuous, not concealed ;
head and body nearly two inches long; tail vertebra generally over 14; tail slightly swollen
towards the middle; hind foot 0.45 of an inch; teeth light chestnut.

Above, light chestnut brown, more fuscous in winter. Beneath, whitish.

S. haydeni.mHead moderately long, under 8-tenths of an inch; ears large, but concealed

MAMMALS—SORICINAE—SOREX HAYDENI. 29

in the dense fur; head and body about 1} inches long; tail vertebrae 1}; tail considerably
swollen towards the middle; hind foot 0.40 of an inch ; teeth pitchy chestnut.

Above, grayish chestnut brown. Beneath, whitish.

S. personatus.—Size very small; ears large; head under 7-tenths of an inch ; head and body
under 1} inches; tail vertebrz little over 1 inch; hind feet less than 4-tenths of an inch.

SOREX HAYDENI, Baird.

Sp. Cu,—Head less than 8-tenths of an inch ; acutely attenuated. Body about 1.75 hundredths of an inch; vertebrz of tail
1.25. Tail very thich and swollen ; hind feet 4-tenths of an inch ; teeth pitchy chestnut.

Color above, grayish chestnut brown ; beneath, whitish ; upper premolar not imbricated ; 3d and 4th equal, and decidedly
less than the two anterior.

This very diminutive shrew has the head slender and acutely elongated ; the body very
slender. The muzzle is naked and quite deeply divided. The eye is rather prominent, its
centre nearer the anterior base of the concha than the muzzle, showing this to be less elongated
than in some species of the group. The ear is rather large and open, the concha directed back-
wards ; the antitragal and helicoid valves large ; naked anteriorly ; full-haired on the edges. In
fact, the furring of the ear is so full as quite to conceal the concha, and to convey the impression of
its absence. The tail is about as long as the body, (without head,) or a little longer. It is very
thin at the base, about the diameter of the tibia; it, however, swells rapidly towards the mid-
dle, and then tapers gently to the tip. It is round and densely clothed with long hairs con-
cealing the annuli, and ending in a pencil.

The feet are small, especially the hinder ones, which are only about 4-tenths of an inch long.
These are naked below, except at the heel, where they are covered with hairs, except a narrow
space along the median line, which is, however, concealed by the overhanging bristles. The
rest of the sole is covered with small tubercles, with six larger ones interspersed. The first claw
reaches beyond the junction of the second and third ; the second, third, and fourth are nearly
equal, but progressively longer. The tip of the fifth claw reaches nearly to the base of the
fourth. The feet are rather broad, and covered with longish lustrous hairs.

The colors of the shrew are a rather light, but not bright-grayish, chestnut brown above ;
beneath, lighter yellowish white, with a tinge of brown. The tail is brown above, dusky at the
tip and beneath, with the feet light gray. The tip of the teeth are pitchy chestnut.

The skull is slender, but rather short. The teeth are 32 in number. The premolars are
conical, not overlapping ; the points acute and directed downwards; the two anterior about
equal to the basal hook of the anterior incisor; the third and fourth equal, but abruptly smaller.
The last premolar is very small. There is a prominent lobe on the inner side of the anterior
upper incisors, each in contact with its fellow.

The lower anterior incisor is rather deep, with prominent lobes on the edge, besides the tip.
It extends posteriorly to below the middle of the second premolar ; this is distinctly bicuspid,
the anterior cusp the highest.

=
30 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.
Measurements.

Current Locality. Head. Head Tail with- Tail Hand. | Foot. Ear.

number. and body. | out hair. | with hair. |
1684 | Fort Union_...--------- 75 1.75 Thay 1.45 22 | 40 25
NGRG. eal eee Woes sas eee eee 75 1.90 1.25 1.50 er) 25
D118 mallee dot. 2. see counsel 75 1.80 1. 30 1.45 295 ot nd2 24

. |

Length of palate in 3096, 0. 25 inches.

This species bears a close resemblance to S. cooperi, with the same dental formula of 32 teeth,
but is even smaller in every respect ; one speciman (1685) weighs but 38} grains. The muzzle
is shorter, and does not project so far beyond the incisors. The tail is appreciably shorter, but,
at the same time, a good deal thicker, and, like the feet, covered with larger and more lustrous
hairs. The hind feet are considerably shorter and broader, the heel more hairy ; the three in-
termediate digits shorter. The ears appear smaller.

The skull is shorter, and perhaps not quite so slender. The teeth are much more extensively
and deeply colored, being pitchy chestnut instead of light chestnut. The two anterior upper
premolars are larger ; the difference in size between them and the next two much more strongly
marked ; the internal lobes of the shorter anterior incisors more prominent.

Diminutive as this species is, it is yet appreciably larger than the Sorex personatus, which it
otherwise resembles. The hind feet are about the same length, but with the hands, much
broader ; the tail, also, is larger and thicker in every way.

List of specimens.
Catalogue | Corresponding | Sex & Locality. When Whence obtained: | Nature of | By whom col-
number. | No. of skull. | age. collected. specimen. | lected.
_ | _ — |
| |
IEG WeonoeSoagassoe ¢ | Fort Union, Nebraska 1855 Dr. F. V. Hayden----| Inialeohol!) <5. —- Soaeee
1684 3096 ier ease (eae ee 1856,44) |bosaseens do = =~ sear Jz. .dOs 32] is iee eee
aS tae ane aee ene Q | Fort Pierre, Nebraska.) 1856 Lt.G.K, Warren, U.S.A.|-.--do..-.| Dr. F. V. Hayden.
lie

SOREX PERSONATUS.

Sorex personatus, Georr. Mem. du Mus. XV, 1828, 122.—In. Mag. de Zool. 1833 ; pl. xiv.
Fiscuer, Syn. 1829, 255.
Bacu. J. A. N. Se. Ph. VII, 1837, 398, (from Geoff. )
Aup. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. III, 1854, 314, (copied.)
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. V, 1855, 548.
Sorex longirostris, Bacu. J. A. N. Se. Ph. VII, 1837, 370; pl. xxiii, f. 2.
Aup. & Bacn. N. A. Quad. III, 1853; pl. cl, f. 3. (Description nearly same as that of Bach.)

Sp, Cu—Size very small. Ears large, as long as the adjacent fur. Hairs on the back short, but little over a line in length.
Feet slender, but moderately long ; tubercles of soles not distinct ; fore feet contained nearly twice in the hinder ones. Tail
but a little longer than the body, exclusive of head ; about two-thirds as long as head and body, witha brush at tip. Third
and fourth lateral upper teeth equal. Anterior upper incisors with an inner lobe. Upper premolars not imbricated.

Color above and on sides, light chestnut brown ; beneath, dull white, with a tinge of chestnut. Length, 1} inches. Tail,

1}. Hind foot, 0.39 of an inch.

~s
tae

- MAMMALS—SORICINAE—SOREX PERSONATUS. 31

This is one of the smallest of the American shrews I have yet seen, and almost the least
of all North American quadrupeds. The body is very slender ; the snout much elongated ; the
ears large, though not exceeding the fur, and more than usually hairy towards the margin of
the exterior surface. The feet are moderate, the anterior contained about one and two-third
times in the posterior. The tail, measured to the tip, is two-thirds the length of head and
body, or two-fifths of the total length from snout to tip of tail; it is well coated with long
appressed hairs, which entirely conceal the vertebra and form a decided pencil at the tip. The
fur is quite short, measuring a little over one line.

The upper parts and sides are of a light chestnut brown, darkest towards the rump. Beneath,
the color is a rusty white. The under surface of the tail and the feet are similar.

- Teeth, = + =e + = The upper anterior incisor has a well-defined basal hook, not so large
as that at the tip of the tooth, and about equal to the third lateral tooth. First two lateral
teeth about equal, and considerably larger than the third and fourth, which are about equal;
the fifth is smallest, as usual, but can be seen from outside. Lower incisor with three well
defined serrations. Tip of all the teeth chestnut.

Measurements. (First four taken before skinning.)

Inches. Lines.
INGseiooccipitcs s-ca ra ow eee § oe een eon ae nee oso e eae ees 8
INGE tONTOGu Ou tales ose accsce cack eee eee a woes eee 1 9
Root of fail to end of vertebrw-.-.....--......------- 1 1
Root) ofstail te: endtothaire= sae. san eens cencens oases 1 2
Hand) from: wists. -.2- so<sesachesamenaece-aaceenss|-cccansaenan 2%
Hoot trom heel a 3 ao es yn gato aaa asda nee cma 43
Widthtofupper awe ss. seats a seen one oe aces sash eaacaeue 144

This species is closely allied to S. platyrhinus, although it is smaller; the tail and hind
feet shorter in proportion. (See this species for further distinctions.)

It is with much pleasure that I am enabled to entity the hitherto obscure Sorex personatus
of Geoffroy. A comparison of the specimen before me not only with the description, but with
the beautiful figure given in Guerin’s Magazin de Zoologie, 1833, shows a much more than
usual agreement between the two in color, shape, dimensions, &c. The original specimen was .
collected in some one of the Atlantic States by Milbert, probably somewhere in the south ; the
precise locality is not specified by Geoffroy.

In the absence of specimens from the southern States of this form of shrews, I cannot speak
very confidently ; but I have little doubt that Sorea longirostris of Dr. Bachman is a synonym
of this species. The dimensions and other characteristics as given, agree perfectly, especially
in the very small size, (1.88 inches,) rather short tail, (1 inch,) and very small hind feet, (only
0.38 of an inch.) It is true that Bachman calls S. cooperi the smallest species, but he at the
same time gives to it the same length of body, a longer tail, (1.88 inches,) and longer hind
feet, (0.44 inches.) The figure of S. longirostris, in the Journal of the Philadelphia Academy, is
much longer than as described, (2.25 inches,) from which I infer that the article on the spe-

32 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

cies was written before the animal was skinned ; that it was overstuffed in the preparation, and
that in this state the figure was made, as well as the comparison with S. cooperi.

St. Hilaire speaks of the ears as small and concealed by the fur, and Bachman calls them
large ; but these terms are purely relative, and although the ears are really larger than usual
in most American shrews, yet they are greatly surpassed by many European ones. The figure,
in fact, exhibits the ears distinctly ; as much so as is required when the fur is in its natural
position and not pushed forward, as in Bachman’s figure.

List of specimens.

]
Catalogue | Corresponding Locality. Whence obtained. Nature of specimen.
number. | No. of skull.

637 1788 | Washineton, DzyG@s2.c 24 esncoane Dr (G.; Girardin 22265 5.8 nos Skin from alcohol.

Section B, wITH FOUR UPPER PREMOLARS, TEETH 30.

Similar to section A in ears and tail; feet small and weak; dental formula, = + == -- == 30.
No diastema between the lateral upper tooth and first molar; upper anterior incisor bidentate ;

lower anterior incisor extending back nearly to the posterior end of the second lateral tooth.

SOREX HOYI, Baird.

Sp. Ca.—Very small and slender. Ears prominent, but not quite as long as the adjacent fur, which measures scarcely one
and a half lines. Feet very small; the posterior, five-eighths the length of the skull. Tail about as long as the body, exclusive
of the head. Only four lateral upper teeth ; all the teeth large and dark colored. Anterior upper incisor with very prominent
serrated lobe on the inner face, in contact with its opposite.

Color above, olive chestnut brown, with a little hoariness ; beneath, dull rusty white. Tail bicolor. Length, about 13

inch. Tail, 1}.

Description of a specimen in alcohol, .1688.—In general form this shrew is very slender ; the
snout attenuated, but rather broad above. The muffle is rather broad, naked, and bilobed ; it
projects far beyond the lower lip. The eye is small, but distinctly visible, about midway
between the occiput and the muzzle ; cuciibranle nearer the anterior base of the external ear
than to the tip of the nose. The ear is large; the antitragus and helix valvular, and margined
with hairs; the concha rather short, hairy on the margin and edge, and directed backwards.
The tail is as long as the body, exclusive of the head; it is rather thick, slightly contracted
at the base, tapering gently from the middle to a rather blunt tip, and with very few and
short hairs ; in fact, the terminal portion is quite naked.

The feet are very small, the hinder ones disproportionately so; the heel is hairy, except
along tke middle line; the rest of the soles is naked, with six large tubercles among the smaller
ones ; those on opposite edges of the metatarsus are opposite each other.

The colors are the same as those of the dry skin.

Description of a dried skin, 632.—General form that of S. cooperi. Muzzle perhaps less
elongated. Fur short, scarcely one and a half lines long.- Ears of moderate size, though not
quite as long as the adjacent fur. The feet are small, though rather broad ; the former con-
tained not quite one and two-third times in the latter, which is about five-eighths as long as the

MAMMALS—SORICINAE—SOREX HOYI. $13)

skull. The soles have the large tubercles of S. platyrhinus, but the three central toes are less
elongated, so that the first and fifth claws reach a little beyond the penultimate articulation of
the adjacent toes instead of falling short, as in the allied S. personatus and S. cooperi. The
tail is about as long or longer than the body, exclusive of the head; the vertebrae, as well as
the tail itself, considerably shorter than in S. platyrhinus. It is well covered with hair, and
tipped with a conspicuous pencil.

The upper parts strongly resemble those of S. cooperit and S. personatus, being of an olive
chestnut brown ; beneath, of a dull rusty white; the tail beneath and the feet a little paler.
There is a decided hoariness on the back and sides, however, varying the reddish brown con-
siderably, and caused by a greyish tinge to the hairs near the tip.

44
a2

+ ——30.
The teeth are large; the anterior incisor well developed, with a large basal hook, as large and

The skull is considerably attenuated anteriorly, and the dental formula, e+

coming down as far as the first two lateral teeth. These are of equal size and twice as large as
the third, which comes up close to the first molar.
_ only visible from inside.
dentations. Its posterior extremity reaches to the first molar.
colored, to a considerable degree, of a rather dark chestnut.

The fourth lateral tooth is very small, and
The lower anterior incisor is large, and has two large lobed
The tips of the teeth are all

Measurements.
i}
From tip of Nose to— |Tailto endof—| Length of— H Skull.

Current | Locality. {Sex ar. | Aes Nature of
number. | specimen.

Eye.| Har.| Occi- | Root | Vert. | Hairs. | Hand. | Foot. Length Width |Length of

put. of tail. jof jaw. palate. |

=
1688 Racine ---| g@ | 35 | 56 | 79 | 2.00] 1.36 | 1.36 22 | S00) pail eee | s2S5se | Ssecoces |Inalcoho.
Gam. le2e-dOs=25|) Gy |=-2=|==<< 75 | 1th) |) 1.10) || 1520) 22 | Bay eee) 63 | 16 22 Dry skin.
| | eae

This species bears a close resemblance to S. cooperi and personatus, although readily distin-

guishable by several excellent characters.

The skull, although slender anteriorly, is decidedly

shorter, owing to the fact of there being one lateral tooth less and no interval in front of the

first molar.

being larger, are more extensively and deeply colored than in the above mentioned species.
tail is about as large as that of S. personatus—considerably shorter than in S. cooperi.

The palate is considerably shorter.
nearly twice as large; the lateral teeth narrow and descending more ; the molars broader.
lower anterior incisor has but two dentations, instead of three.

The teeth are still larger ; the anterior incisor

The

The teeth, generally, besides

The
The

feet, especially the hinder, are, however, very appreciably shorter; and the three central toes
projects less beyond the lateral. The colors are much the same, except that there is rather
more hoariness in the present species. (The above comparison with S. coopert has been made
chiefly with a specimen from the same locality, viz: Racine, Wisconsin.)

5 L

34 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

SOREX THOMPSONI, Baird.

Sp. Cu.—Very small and slender. Ears large, about as long as the fur, which measures 1} lines. Feet very small and
slender ; hinder ones barely exceeding four lines. Tail shorter than the body, exclusive of head ; terminated by a pencil.
Only four lateral teeth above, the third in contact with the first molar. Anterior upper incisor with a serrated internal
lobe near the point.

Color above, dark olive-brown, slightly hoary; paler on sides. Beneath, ashy white. No tinge of chestnut or reddish
brown. Length, 2 inches. Tail, 1}.

Description of a Specimen in Alcohol, No. 1686,.—Size very diminutive ; body slender. Head
narrow, pointed, though the muzzle is broad, depressed, and the tip naked and bilobed. The
ear opening is large, the antitragus, helix, and concha, well developed ; their edges well mar-
gined with hairs ; the concha is nearly as long as the adjacent hair.

The tail is slightly constricted at the base, rather thin throughout, and appears depressed ;
it is well covered with hair concealing the annuli, and ends in a distinct pencil. It is about as
long as the body, exclusive of the head.

The feet are very diminutive ; the posterior measuring but 0.35 of an inch, and a little broader
than the anterior ; their soles appear hairy for the posterior third, but there is a narrow naked
central line only overlapped by the hairs; the six plantar tubercles are very large and con-
spicuous among the smaller ones. There is no distinct ciliation to the feet.

The color above is an olive-brown, with a hoary intermixture, caused by a lighter penultimate
annulus to the hair. Beneath, ashy white; a faint yellow-brownish tinge under the throat.
Feet and under surface of the tail, whitish. Teeth of a deep pitchy chestnut color almost to
the roots.

Measurements of 1686.

Inches. | Inches.
ISPD AY es ey Beane Soe Seco te eo se 227 | Wailjco\end of hair SS aen = ae ee 1, 27
INGIGiT \GE il ee SS 35 - Resoe eae sas See seine 00’) || oretOot acs oho 22a ae ee ean
NGSB TO/OCOIPU Ga mm amine ele nee ee Ste Hind fo0t= en. =.seesn ohne ate ee . 36
PNGEEPUO LOO Oly belie ee a ee ee ee roa 1.70 || Ears from anterior base to most remote point---. . 22
Mail to end of vertebra. ==-2=—5 = =a eee a= ee 1.12

Weight, 21. 984 grains.

Description of a dried skin.—Body very slender. Snout much elongated. Lars quite large,
with a considerable naked region about the meatus, although the ears are moderately well furred
elsewhere. They are nearly or quite as long as the fur, which, on the back, measures about
one and a half lines. The feet are very small, short, and narrow, absolutely less than in any
species examined by me; the anterior contained a little over one and a half times in the hinder
ones. The lateral claws behind attain the penultimate articulation of the adjacent toes.

The tail is a little less than the body exclusive of the head; it is very slender, well furred,
and ends in a pencil of bristly hairs.

MAMMALS—SORICINAE—SOREX THOMPSONI. 35

The upper parts are of a dark olive-brown, without any tinge of a reddish or chestnut, the
sides are a little paler. The under parts are of a dark ashy-white, likewise without any tinge
of rusty or yellowish. The difference in color between the back and belly is well marked. The
feet and under surface of the tail are brownish white. There is a slight hoariness on the back
produced by the lighter shade on the hairs near their points.

Owing to its mutilation, the exact length and proportions of the entire skull cannot be ascer-
tained. Dental formula - + = + = = 30. The teeth are quite large; the basal hook of
the anterior upper incisor about as large as the third lateral tooth, which is somewhat less
than the first and second, themselves equal. The third tooth touches the first molar and thus
conceals the small fourth tooth when viewed laterally. The lower anterior incisor has no lobes

or dentations in No. 247, while two of them are more or less distinctly indicated in Nos. 2062
and 1686.

Measurements of No. 247, (dried skin,) probably stretchea.

Inches. Lines.
® —

Nose: to root of ‘tail =< 2522222032. n ce. 2. | 0
Tail to end of vertebre_......=---------- 1. 1
Mailiforend of hairs: 4-0'5~=-3..-2-0--c=-% 1. 3
enGerontwrish 2 2-2 ee el al ke c ae
MGOLOMmER eC soc oo anno e a eh on ca See | pose wos 44;
engi eoim DORY, palates o-o= 5-2 sent ses|socmee nce oe . 24
WiIdthrOMmnppen, JAW ise c20- cones sce wcec| sani neoceen— 1%

This species is the smallest that has yet come under my examination, one specimen weighing
less than 22 grains. It is readily distinguishable by its olive-brown color and small number of
lateral incisors, as well as diminutive feet, from S. personatus and cooperi. In form it resembles
S. hoyi, but is much smaller in size and proportions, much darker in color, has larger ears, less
dentations on the lower anterior incisors, &c. It is barely possible that the two may be the
same, but of different ages and seasons; but their differences are considerable, and both appear
perfectly adult in all points.

As this species appears to be undescribed, I have named it after the late Professor Zadock
Thompson, of Vermont, one whose recent death has caused a gap in the ranks of local scientific
investigators, not soon to be filled.

List of Specimens.
Catalogue | Corresponding Locality. Whence obtained. Nature of specimen.
number. No. of skull.
AGSG:— \eseaese eee aoe Burlington Vitess aa2see-n- sass s Brot: “in Thompron aan. sse=cs25e- In alcohol_...---.
247 3099 VaneavillexOni0s 2.32: acess aus JAG (C-AROgs 32 bse he ee eee Skin. ==. ssubtoone
2062 3098 BIAXIN A) os oe case ea ces cues oe De eb Gl pines aanoo ose eas OC ee ree os

36 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

BLARINA, Gray.

Blarina, Gray, Pr. Zool. Soc. London, 1837.
Brachysorex, Duvernoy, Mag. de Zool. 1842.
Talpasorex, Lesson.

Cryptotis, Pomer, 1848.

Anotus, WAGNER, 1855

Body stout ; tail shorter than the head, or nearly equal to it, coated with short bristly hairs, and a small brush at the tip,
Hands large in proportion to the feet ; palms as broad or broader than the soles. Soles usually hairy at the heels. Fore claws
longer than the hinder ones. Ears small, the antitragus and antihelix more developed than the helix, all directed forward
and closing the meatus, so as to exhibit no opening nor any external ear whatever. Skull short and broad; truncated
at tip and much less attenuated anteriorly than in the eared shrews. The anterior upper incisor, with the points simple, or
without an internal lobe ; the teeth rarely in contact. Lower angular process of lower jaw rather stout and short.

The short-tailed American shrews constitute what appears to be a very natural genus, en-
tirely different from any inhabiting the old world. The short tail not longer than the head,
and the apparently total want of ears are among the most striking external features. In the
natural state it requires close examination to ascertain where the ear is situated, as it is directed
completely forward and applied against the entire meatus like a valve. The hair on what is
thus the external surface of the ear is equally dense with that on the rest of the head and of the
same length. It is this peculiarity that has caused authors to describe some of the species as

without ears, especially Sorex carolinensis of Bachman, upon whose description Wagner has made
a subgenus Anotus, and others Cryptotis. There is, however, no difference in this respect in all
the short-tailed species, and the above names are strictly synonymous with Blarina of Gray,
and Brachysorex of Duvernoy.

The species of Blarina, like those of Sorex, are divisible into two sections, according as the
teeth are 32 or 30 in number; in the former case there are five premolars, in the latter there are
four. The formula of the first section is incisros, = ; premolars, = molars, as = 37;

of the second in., {=;; premolars, <*; molars, =, = 30. In no American shrew of this genus,
or any other, have I found fewer than 30 teeth, or more than 32.

In the following diagnoses are given more in detail the peculiar characters of each section:

Section A, WITH FIVE UPPER PREMOLARS.

- Color, a nearly uniform plumbeous on body and tail; scarcely lighter beneath. Dental

formula a4 4 5= 32 teeth. The upper anterior incisor with the basal portion of the
cutting edge formed by a nearly rectangular lobe, the entire tooth forming only a single hook.
The first two premolars are nearly equal, the second usually a little larger; the next two much
smaller; the fifth very small, and usually not visible externally. The first four with a small
basal colored point on the inner side. Lower anterior incisors stout, much curved, with two or
three lobed dentations. The first and second premolars are placed above this incisor, which
even extends back as far as the middle of the first molar. Hands contained about one and a

third times in the hind feet.

1 Throughout the article on Sorex I have erroneously used the term concha to indicate the flap of the ear, instead of auricle,

and helix instead of antthelix,

MAMMALS—SORICINAE—BLARINA TALPIODES. 37

Section II, witTH FOUR UPPER PREMOLARS.

Lower parts of the body and tail usually lighter than the upper, with the line of demarcation
distinctly visible. Feet smaller than in Section A ; the anterior contained about one a half times

in the posterior. Dental formula e+ — 30. Anterior upper incisor with the basal

lobe more conical and further forward than in the other section. The-figst premolar tooth
slightly larger than the second. The third deciedly smaller than either, though larger than in
the other group. The small cusp on the inner side of the base of the first three lateral teeth,
either wanting or very small. Lower anterior incisor with two or three lobed serrations, stout,
much curved, not reaching posteriorly as far as the middle of the first molar; the two first
lateral teeth entirely above it.

A—WITH FIVE PREMOLARS, TEETH 32.

BLARINA TALPOIDES,

Sp. Cu.—Very large. Fur rather short, coarse, about 2: lines long. Feet shorter than in B. brevicaudus ; tail about the
length of the head.

Color above, dark ashy gray, with a wash of light sooty brown; sometimes clearer, with a slight hoariness. Average length of
head and body,33 inches ; tail and head, oneinch. Fore foot, 0.40 ; hind foot, 0.55 of an inch. Skull about 0 85 of aninch long.

Sorex talpoides, Gaprer, Zool. Jour. V, June 1830, 208, pl. viii. (Lake Simcoe, Canada.)
Corsira (Blarina) talpoides, J. E. Gray, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. V, Nov. 1837, 124.
Sorex Dekayi, Bacu, J. A. N. Sc. Ph. VII, 1837, 377; pl. xxiii, f. 4.
Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 17; pl. v. f. 2.
Aun. & Bacu. N. A. Q. III, 1853, 246; pl. cl, f 2. (Original description.)
? Sorex brevicaudus, Hartan, Faun. Amer. 1825, 29. (Skull only.)

? Tuompson, Hist. Vermont, 1842, 27.
? Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I. 1842, 19.
? Pruner, Am. Jour. Sc. XLVI, 277. (Habits.)

? Brachysorex brevicaudus, Duvernoy, Mag. de Zool. 1842; pl. lii.
? Sorex carolinensis, Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 21; pl. xxi, f. 2.

Description of a Specimen in Alcohol, (No. 2087,) from Massachusetts—The form of this
animal is thick and mouse-like ; very different from the proportions of the European shrews, or
the long-tailed American species. The head is short, broad, and much depressed, the lateral
profile narrower than the superior. The width of the head, seen from above, is from 0.57 to
0.60 its length, and tapers in nearly a straight line to the truncated muzzle. This is broad,
naked, and deeply furrowed in the middle vertical plane ; the nostrils open on the sides and oc-
cupy most of the lateral surface. The under side of the muzzle is deeply furrowed from the
upper incisor to the median furrow of the nose. The upper incisors are placed about midway
between the posterior angle of the mouth and the tip of the nose, thus illustrating the unusual
brevity of the snout.

The eyes are excessively minute, and require a close scrutiny to detect their presence; the
opening in the skin through which they are seen, not larger than a small pin-hole. They are
nearer the anterior base of the ear than the muzzle, and only a very little anterior to a point
midway between the tip of the muzzle and the occiput.

The opening of the ear is quite large, but the whole external ear is directed entirely forwards,
closing the meatus like a valve, and forming no projection whatever, so that in the dried skifi

38 U. Ss. P. R. Re. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

this member appears entirely wanting. On lifting it, however, the antitragus and antihelix are
found to be well developed; the upper portion of the latter even higher than the helix. The
auricle, as stated, is directed entirely forward, and fits neatly and exactly against the entire
opening of the ear. It is altogether naked on its concavity; posteriorly, and on the edge,
densely furred. There is also a ciliation of hairs on the edges of the antitragus and antihelix.
The entire external ear has the membranes unusually thick.

The feet are broad, the anterior especially, which are as wide or even wider than the posterior.
The fore claws are twice as long as the hinder. The hand itself is as long as the foot, from
heel to end of metatarsus. The hind foot is about half as long as the head. Both fore and
hind feet are thinly furnished with hairs on their upper surface, which do not conceal the
prominent scutelle. The palm is naked, with six large tubercles; the sole is also naked, with
six tubercles, although the hairs overgrow the heel somewhat from the sides, leaving a narrow,
naked, central line. ‘

The tail is very short, thick, slightly constricted at the base, and of nearly uniform size to
the extreme tip; it is quite thickly clothed with hairs, so as almost to conceal the annuli, and
terminates in a decided pencil. With the hairs, it is about as long as the head, and a little
more than twice the length of the hind foot.

The longest hairs on the back measure about 0.30 of an inch. These vary, however, with
the season.

Head, 1.05 inches; head and body, 3.20; tail, vertebra, 0.90; tail, hairs, 1.00; fore foot,
0.38 ; hind foot, 0.55.

The preceding description is taken from a specimen in alcohol, from Mienetindetin as illus-
trating the external conditions of the animal, and corresponding well with the S. dekayi of
authors. In order, however, to exhibit more fully the probable identity of this species with the
S. talpoides of Gapper, I subjoin the description of a skin from near Montreal, a locality not
essentially remote from that of Gapper’s specimen.

Body cylindrical, covered with rather short, close hair. Snout elongated, flattened above,
much tapering ; truncated at.tip, which alone is naked and bilobed. Nostrils lateral, somewhat
elongated longitudinally in the dried specimen, but nearly circular when fresh or even sub-ver-
tical. Eyes very minute, appearing as a mere speck. Lar with the aperture large, but com-
pletely hidden in the dried skin, the animal appearing entirely destitute. The external ear is
a mere flap, bilobed and situated entirely infero-posteriorly. The feet are rather small ; the
anterior nearly as long and rather broader than the posterior, with decidedly longer claws. All
are sparingly coated with hairs on the upper surface, so as not to conceal the scaly character
there visible. The palms are naked, with transverse wrinkles under the fingers, and several
tubercles ; the soles are similar, though scantily coated with hairs towards the heel. The third
finger is longest; the fourth scarcely shorter; next the second; the cleft between the second
and third deepest. The claw of the fifth reaches to the end of the finger of the fourth; that of
the first about to the end of the finger of the fifth. In the hind foot the central three toes are
nearly equal. The first and fifth spring out some distance behind the others; the former
shortest, the latter not reaching to the base of the fourth claw. The tail is short, cylindrical
in the fresh specimen, covered with short annuli, having hairs springing between so as to nearly
conceal them, and a distinct brush of hairs at the end.

The color of the species varies somewhat with the specimen. In the largest skin from Mon-
treal, it is everywhere of a smoky brownish gray, slightly paler beneath. Feet whitish ; claws

MAMMALS—SORICINAE—BLARINA TALPOIDES. 39

yellowish white ; whiskers grayish ; tail uniformly dusky. This is also the case with speci-
mens from Massachusetts, Carlisle, Racine, and most localities generally. One specimen
from Racine has much the same ground color, but intermixed are many hairs of a silvery
grayish, imparting quite a hoary appearance. This is also seen in one specimen from Ann
Arbor, Michigan, and is probably the winter condition of the pelage. A specimen from West
Northfield, Illinois, has the chin and tip of tail white; the teeth are all colored at the ends,
dark reddish or purplish brown, the tips of the long incisors nearly black; the small premolar
is alone entirely white.

A specimen from Holmes’ Hole, Massachusetts, (903,) belonging to the Boston Natural His-
tory Society, is of a very pale, brownish chestnut above, fading to the belly into a still paler tint
ofthe same. The colors, however, are such as might be the result of a partial bleaching, espe-
cially of a specimen preserved in alcohol impregnated with corrosive sublimate, and exposed to
the light. I have seen precisely this tint produced in moles, under the circumstances here
supposed.

As it is a matter of much importance to define the characters of this species, the most abun-
dant of the North American shrews, I have appended the following very full table of measure-
ments to illustrate the variations in size and proportions to which it is subject.

Measurements. (A.)

Grosse Ile, Wis. Carlisle, Pa. | Montreal, (198.)
3 Alcohol. | Alcohol. | Dried.
| i — —s

Inches. | Lines. | Inches. | Lines. | Inches. | Lines.
DNOseItOOCcIpUbin= sane =e sees = een les ge aa eee Dy) |os eee slaeue basen ee
INGRETEO CVE > eee tan Se ae Sm ee ee 6 |----+--- BP ris SNS Lee
WMEn a? Goes to Eee seine seis || Pee OR eerie Bhraccesetic Pres tos
Nose: root: of tail>>-.=--2.220--5-ca-: 3 4 3 2 4 4
Nose to end of outstretched hind legs-_---- 4 3 pee 8 ee LS teed g
Tail from root to end. Gf Verbenre. ote oa. ene a i UT gg te . i es 2
Tail from root to end of hairs --..-.------ 1 1} 1 3 | 1 4}
Rarsyovidth of aperture =* =~. 25=2=<-5-2s5-).=-=---- Se es See are Cee ecene? ania
Arm, fore foot to end of claws----....----|---.---- WP loess ae by | See | 54
Arm lonpestclaw==-2 2: = --c3eeo2= 322] > eee Oa ee Sa ed eee ee ee eee
Leg, hind foot from heel to end of claws---|----- -- Gi eases (i o wrsaeeeee 7h
Beewlonpest CawWasasco se tanaaso eon 2s leneeeues 7 ad HOS ee ee eeeese | eee see acess

|

40 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.
Measurements. (B.) Specimens all in alcohol.
From tip of the nose to— Tail to end of— | Length of— | Breadth of—
No. Locality. Sex, 75] & ilps sane
Eye. | Ear. | Back of | Root | Verteb. | Hairs. | Hand.) Foot. | Hand.| Foot.
the head.) of tail.
2065 | Middleboro’, Mass------- & | 0.42 | 0.74 0.95 2.95 0. 84 1.01 0.36 | 0.55 | 0.18 | 0.16
2066 jaa sepa aen ohee se anon --| do | 0.40 | 0.75 0.97 3. 04 0. 79 1.13 | 0.35 | 0.51 | 0.13 | 0.14
20674| sea AGne se etenae Q | 0.44 | 0.70 0.99 3. 30 0. 87 1.02 | 0.42 | 0.51 | 0.15 | 0.16
ZOGS eee am nm Nossa nee 3 | 0.41 | 0.75 1. 02 2. 66 0.83 1.10 | 0.36 | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.16
FAUST AI = = = pees dossaafe. 5-4 3 | 0.44 | 0.74 1.01 3. 02 0.97 1. 20 0.37 | 0.56 | 0.17 | 0.16
PAV? it OS) |e Sami On aerterstaete = 3 | 0.43 | 0.79 1. 03 3.09 0. 97 1.14 0.37 | 0.52 | 0.18 | 0.12
BOG2 Was et hme Ce eae Q | 0.45 | 0.71 1.00 2.86 0. 94 1.05 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.14 | 0.12
7A UES (ee ee atta = See Se, 3 | 0.50 | 0.74 0.95 3.08 0.79 1. 06 0.35 | 0.51 | 0.16 | 0.13
PA 5 eae er dOlcensecemses 3S | 0.50 | 0.74 1.05 3.10 0. 94 1.15 | 0.33 | 0.46 | 0.16 | 0.15
PAL tice es ene dos-seeeae nae 3 | 0.40 | 0.68 0. 97 2.73 0.83 0. 97 0.35 | 0.50 | 0.16 | 0.16
201G))| ee ee oa done Sone © | 0.49 | 0.74 1.03 3.17 0. 82 1.10 | 0.30 | 0.54 | 0.19 | 0.15
PAU 7 (il See Ge es Aer 3 | 0.43] 0.73 | 1.02 2.75 1.00 1.10 | 0.38 | 0.52 | 0.18 | 0.17
A018 3 pane n ase = dows *ssesse--= Q | 0.49 | 0.88 1.06 3. 65 0. 90 1.13 0.38 | 0.53 | 0.18 | 0.14
PAD See 0s see aae es Q | 0.41 | 0.76 1.14 2.85 0. 96 1. 07 0.40 | 0.54 | 0.16 | 0.15
PAU SU) | oer) Ce ae pemesaeee 3 | 0.50 | 0.70 1.14 3. 08 0.93 1.11 0.30 | 0.54 | 0.15 | 0.15
PASS TE ee ee dO = -22-5--5 do | 0.49 | 0.81 Ue stb 2.92 0.93 1.03 | 0.38 | 0.57 | 0.15 | 0.15
20827) 2 22 se2se3 Ce G& | 0.50 | 0.80 1.10 2h ifil 0. 88 0.94 | 0.40 | 0.53 | 0.15 | 0.15
PAURBY ||eeneaeaess (CORES —ep—65c & | 0.41 | 0.80 1.09 3.35 0.99 1.15 | 0.42 | 0.53 | 0.15 | 0.15
2084")- cn ease2 Ole eo & | 0.45 | 0. 65 1. 02 3. 06 0.88 1.13 | 0.38 | 0.50 | 0.16 | 0.15
20RD) |\aeee eee GOS. 5.222252 Q | 0.43 | 0.73 Teva 2.90 0. 89 12 0.36 | 0.55 | 0.15 | 0.15
2086s) --- 2s s2eeo don eaoec eee & | 0.40 | 0.70 1. 04 2. 83 0.95 1.18 0.34 | 0.50 | 0.15 | 0.14
ALYY fl erates ear DO en ae 2=.-|/10549) | 10:75 1. 05 3. 20 0. 90 1.00 0.38 | 0.55 | 0.15 | 0.15
2126 | Muskeeget, Mass..------ ----| 0.52 | 0.78 | 1.00 3. 21 1.00 1.30) |) 0.20") "0..55 9) 22 sel cert
2127 | Burlington, Vt---------- © | 0.51 | 1.00 1. 25 3.15 0.90 1.05 0886" | 02567 2=s— alee
2128 | Wethersfield, Conn------ 6 | 0.55 | 0.95 1. 20 3. 30 0.95 15.1.5) ,).0 142: 10. 62: ee = eee
2129 | Essex county, N. Y_----- 3 | 0.56 | 0.92 1, 25 3. 36 0..92 1.05 OO WOE EE a no eet
PANTO Leen ase dO aes a sete od | 0.55 | 0.90 1.10 3. 40 0. 96 L1Z | 0. 40 Ono Geen aeeeee
FTP ee ac live ible Se On amres bf tas Mise mee crs Benes (OE Hea Fy Remi ae Fe SSPE eye
2132 || Nichols) NeW ---seneao=~ Poee | 0 S80 "000 Nees 3.00 0. 90 1.10 0:40, |) 0:58 |)-ae2ehoeeee
PSS || cae ae DOeeeaseasse eae (0.750 | 0. 88 1.10 3. 35 0.68 j|mutilated| 0.40 | 0.55 |_-.-.-!_-.---
2134 | Waterville, N. Y.-..---. E==e| 0555) (70.90: 1. 15 3. 30 0.90 1.00 0:40 || 0555) |= ~~ =i eee
VAIS Ee See Oa Sssceece ----| 0.50 | 0.90 1.15 3. 30 ONSor eee ean 0540") OF OD" |oe ene ae eee
PGT) ee See ae docssccce-s55- sea 0546 WorvGa|eatsete 3. 30 0. 85 1.05 02 S55/705 601555 =. =| eee
PAST i ees See a (lee een Q | 0.55 | 0. 82 1.18 3.45 0.98 1.12 0045»: |} O60 ES cee 2
ZN te icine GGISaessoRaee De, oats MONOD SOAS Dal ease 3. 00 0. 86 1.02). (WOs 400i MOMBO ike. Sol oe
2139 | Sag Harbor, N. Y.------ ----| 0.49 | 0.71 1. 05 2. 75 0. 82 0::905/205385)/0. 50/5 5-. =e
2140 | Salem, Ohio--...-.---.-- OF == === ete | eae 3. 50 0.70 0:80" #02362) 0.54 too. Slee
/ARS A I pany ee Ose eee ----| 0.55 | 0.75 1.16 3.55 1.05 1525.) O74. "0056". - ooo
Pt RD re C0. sssenan ces eno e]) 0.00) 1/085 1.10 3. 20 0. 85 1.10 05:40: ||/,0..559)--=———|Saeee =
et eee ee (ole aoe ----| 0.52 | 0.80 1.10 3. 10 0. 85 W056, |.0.38 | 0063 |-..c2\caeeee
2144 | Lake Superior-..-------- j----| 0.50 | 0.75 alg iil 3. 00 1.05 126) 0.40") 0547 |s. Cee
OIAB GDetroit -2.2-% =2-<--25—- ok Peace neers eee $560) 0580 4 1.00) ) 0.40 ||/0..55 "j= _ Saar
2146 | W. Northfield, Ill.-....-- ee eS see eee ey oe 3. 65 0. 88 120) | 0..42))0.:60) |) 22S eee
Cee Binet eons |---| 0.50] 0.77] 1.08 | 2.80 +1 0.75. | 0.96. | 0.35 | 0.64 |-...--)ponmem
1480 seca en (1 0) See ae ol pees pores aac Sala 0.77 0. 86 0.36 | 0.525)|22 Se e|oeeeee
PAPE Mal es GF ETL 1 2 ese ap |o---| 0.49 | 0.74 1.05 3.25 0. 95 110 | 0.40) | (0555.5. - 2 eee
2150 | Columbus, Ga...-......-/---- 0.50 | 0,85 1.10 3.35 0. 80 1.00) ~ 0.40) [20057 see asl eeenee
2151 | Spottsylvania county, Va-|----| 0.45 | 0.77 | 1.05 2.75 0. 80 0.90) |\0285) | t0Se00) a= —- sl eeceee
|

MAMMALS—SORICINAE—BLARINA TALPOIDES. 41

With a very large number of specimens before me, I have been more than usually perplexed
in the attempt to determine the species of short-tailed shrews, as given by authors, and espe-
cially to distinguish between 9. brevicaudus and S. dekayi, of Bachman, Dekay, and others. I
am satisfied that the latter species is identical with S. talpoides, of Gapper, (which indeed has
priority of date,) having found no essential difference between Canadian specimens and those
from Massachusetts, Vermont, New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, and elsewhere. Gapper’s
specimen, it will be remembered, was taken in the district between York and Lake Simcoe, in
Upper Canada.

Thus far I have not been able to find any shrews from Massachusetts, New York, or the ad-
joining States, possessing all the characters assigned by Bachman and Dekay. The hair of the
same species varies with season, being longer, softer, and fuller in winter ; the precise shade of
color is likewise not constant. The proportions of the shrews unless taken from alcoholic, or fresh
specimens, vary exceedingly in the same species, according as the skin is under or over stuffed.

For the present, therefore, I shall refer all the large shrews with short tails, from the Atlantic
States, to the S. talpoides. Ihave, however, before me some specimens from the Upper Missouri
and Iowa, which, as they differ in size from any in the East, and agree rather more nearly with
the S. brevicaudus, of Say, I shall refer to this species.

The accompanying tables of measurements of many specimens, in alcohol, will illustrate the
variations of proportions, even in animals from the same locality and almost the same nest.

Nor doI feel sure that the Sorex carolinensis, of Bachman, is really anything else than a small
S. talpoides. The measurements given by him (length 3 inches) agree precisely with many from
Massachusetts and elsewhere, and are essentially the same in proportion with those of the largest
sized specimens of S. talpoides. The number of teeth (34) assigned by him, is unquestionably a
mistake, as no known shrew, from any part of the world, has so many. There is, however, a
distinct species in the Southern States, considerably smaller than S. talpoides, to which Bach-
man’s name may be applied.

The geographical range of 9. talpoides, as will appear from the preceding table of localities,
is very great, extending from the eastern portion of Nova Scotia to Lake Superior, and including
Canada, Vermont, Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin, and southward through Massachu-
setts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, to Columbus, Georgia. South of
Pennsylvania it is probable that it is confined to the vicinity of the mountains, as it has not yet
been detected near the coast nor west of the Alleghanies, where its place is supplied by the
smaller S. carolinensis.

6L

42 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.
List of specimens.
Catalogue | Corresponding | No. of Locality. Whence obtained.
number. No. of skull. |specimens.
Cir in Gn ae ae |
198 1770 a Montreal 232205. acts ohe. 8 Thomas Broome-..-==1----+-.--
Snes ae] oe eee ees iL Halitass (No Sscee sa ase ese eeae| dW SOR WRODS sean aan eee
re en es ee oe ae 1 Hingham, Mass- w+ <<=-<=s=<2<= Dns Brew eh. are ee od
GU26 fee eee ae 1 Muskeeget, .Mass.--....-..-...|_.--_- Cee ee
902 1950 uf Holmes’ Hole, Mass_...-.------ Boston Society Natural History--|
Shane SSS ee MESS See ee 13 Middleboro’,”Mass;=--o22.-<—-2=| US Ws, 2. JOOKS.2n ccc necsecncee
AGo to eon eases ae G0) eee eee i (i ee Nata 8 ROO Se eer nsec eee ee
7 (eal ee eee pee 1 Burlington; Vil -225—" 222.2222 Prof. Z. Thompson_=2--=--52-..
1317 2119 RB Re ee Golgi aulsissb shee ee de. ULust et 2 ese
PeOI2ZO LC ibosn soot esa P sels Wethersfield, (\Connu 32. ---e2252 C. Wright. - -aeisechace -ao aes
VUE Yo ean eee eterna 2 Nicholas INiWis = ot) ae eats Bis JHOWWOM Se ae oes te = is ee
QIB4 38.4 So pete asses 5 Waterville?: Ni VY .-.. ses oscee EL aDawiR ee. oe 5. eae k
AE Bese Ser noe 1 Sag vbarbory) Nw WS e-nae= HN By NAM - sesame aoe
CA ESS eh eS eee ce 4 Salem) Ohio=o..--2---%=_2--555 HONG WwtOn 2. oso < Sn eee ee
BRS! [2a loesoseeos ss 2 @leveland;Ohios_* 2-2 25202. = Or iKirtiand 3522.5. sess ogee e
yas Pree se ape ae oe pore 1 Ann VArbor) Mich. 2 £5222 20. os. PLOl ACs HOR. sates Cae eee
A ae a | Mes pe eee eee ce ee Grosse) Isle; Mich 2.92.4. 2b Ae} ot def pecker aaa ae
2146-8,2162-3)...-.---2--=.- 5 Gookjcounty, IW 2.hs52sses55- BR, Kennicott.2.cect Se esea as
LTA 4 el Rae ane, Sa oe 2 Racine; Wi8 sohinct sceusnemennm 181; Gish) eee eae eee ee
ray. ad es ee ee Y arre Seae QS asain ee Seas tae ee (ORE ee ee ae ae
74 a es eS ae ee 1 Lake Superjor._--=--.=.--= <= me MELOL, GAP ASST oben ea
Fai Bag fh Nereis elas | 1 Carlisle«-bas == 6 one acceso eee [Sok Baird ooo le doe cen eae eee
623 1774 Tit eee ate diss) seen Se eeesssee eosaee don.23 Sees
1308 2010 1 Clarke county, Va_.------.---- Dr: Kenner y4/ 520" 2 St See eeeee
PUSH) O |odot poe sgLe2 1 Spottsylvania, Va_.----2=------ Wr: Mossey.o2- sia! fueus <5 She
ZARB! eens Se ee 1 Columibus+Gaies- o325-2se25= Dea Gesiern. a3 -sepeAsees

|
|

Nature of —

.
| specimen.

BLARINA BREVICAUDA.

Sorex brevicaudus, Say, Long’s Exped. I, 1823, 164.

Sp. Ca.—Largest of all American shrews hitherto discovered. (?)
its hairs, about as long as the head, cylindrical, slightly depressed, well covered with hair, and terminated by a pencil.

Hartan, Faun. Amer. 1825, 29.

(Skin

Gopman, Am. Nat. Hist. I, 1831, 79.

Waener, Suppl. Schreb. V, 1855, 549.
Bacuman, J. A.N. Sc. Ph. VII, 1837, 381.
Aup. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. III, 1854, 335.

only.)

(2d ed. From Say.)

(From Say.)

Head very broad and massive ; rather obtuse.

der surface of heel more than usually hairy, with a narrow naked line on the inner edge.

Color, dark brownish plumbeous, scarcely paler beneath. Feet and edge of the lips, whitish.
Hind feet, 0.65 long. Fore feet, .50 inch.

4 inches to root of tail.

Skull 1 in

ch in length.

Tail, with
Un-

Length, unstretched, over

In the preceding diagnosis, I have embodied nearly all I have to say concerning the form of

the only alcoholic specimen before me, referable to the B. brevicauda.

It is, unfortunately, too

MAMMALS—SORICINAE—BLARINA BREVICAUDA. 43

much mutilated for accurate description. I can only add, that the longest hairs on the back
‘measure about 0.35 of an inch.

The skull of this species is very large and massive, with little constriction in the middle por-
tfon. The occipital plane is more vertical than in B. talpoides. The anterior upper incisors are
very massive, and there is only a slight indication of any basal lobe on the cutting edge. The
second premolar is nearly twice as large as the first; the third and fourth abruptly much
smaller, and nearly equal. Both together do not occupy as much space in the outline of the
jaw as the one anterior to them. The fifth premolar is only visible from inside.

In order to illustrate the comparative dimensions of this species, I have given the same table
the measurements of one of the largest specimens of S. talpoides I have yet seen, (No. 2078 9.)
This, when skinned, could easily be made to measure four inches and over, from nose to root of
tail.

Dimensions.
2151. | 1065. | 2078. || 2151. | 1065. | 2078.

| |
INGEGIIONGY Co =neset weet neemoete | Abba) et oe 340) ,||\ hon gest claw-—-'- saceeeciaamacmee ae milion a= sae -10
Bprottuteat mses sas cos o5 sees Biss oho ee g85n |eEindtootessa= sates tee eae +65) .60| 63
Nore'te occiput: 36 229s snel lo S52 8c lL oD. ae | 1 06i¢||sHongestclaw—22S2.4533222 2 m0) (ae oee .6
Nose to base of tail .-.-.-------2----|------ | 4.25 | 3.65 || Length of skull -..-..-.-..--.-- 28s Mes 88
Tail to end of vertebre_--..----..--.- | L200) |ESs ee -90 I Greatest *width= 252sss 2! ce S2Sess2 | on ; Seas - 46
LER ee CORRE Soe ae Ee hele 2b hte bee ui Widthtofupperjawiss224s- 2222S 2- lowrereay He) foi ai ~ 29
132 | = ee - 50 ~ 451} 38-01) (hength of, palates ---==- 2S SS=eZS- -43 | -43 - 35

| |

I present here the description of a shrew from northern Wisconsin, which differs in some
respects from S. talpoides, and may be referred to S. brevicaudus.

Brachysorex brevicaudus.—Size large. Fur long, (over 2} lines,) very soft and lustrous, lying flat to the body. Hand unusu-
ally large, measuring almost five lines ; foot six and a half; tail about two-thirds the length of head.
_ Color, dark plumbeous, with a blackish gloss above, having sometimes a faint purplish reflection. No rusty brown tips or
hoariness visible in the fur. Head and body, 33 inches; tail to end of hairs, 10 lines.

No. 708.—Body stout; nose acute, but broad ; whiskers rather numerous, long, and whitish ;

ears small, with the concha but little developed, lapping over the meatus, concealed by the fur.
Fur soft and silky, longest hairs about 24 lines. Tail very short, about two-thirds the length
of the head ; quadrangular in the dried specimens, and coated with rather long hairs, which
form a pencil at the end. Feet more than usually large and stout, especially the anterior ones.
These are broader, and have longer claws than the hind ones. The soles are naked, except at
the heel; the first claw reaches the penultimate articulation of the second toe; the fifth claw
nearly to the base of the fourth. The hand is contained only about one and a third times in the
foot.
_ The prevailing color is a blackish plumbeous on the back and sides, dark plumbeous beneath ;
much the same everywhere, except a darker gloss above. There is sometimes a faint purplish
gloss on the fur above. There is not the slightest trace of dull rusty brown. The hairs are
dark plumbeous from their roots. The tail is everywhere like the back.

44 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The cranium is too much mutilated to allow its shape to be determined, though the skull
2

generally appears to be much like that of B. talpoides. The dental formula is 5 + = -- —— 32.
The anterior incisors are large and acute, placed quite close to each other. There is no interna]
lobe, and there is no second hook at the base of the tooth distinct from the tip, as in some
American species. There is, however, a sharp lobe at the base, nearly rectangular, with a
slight angle in the anterior edge. The first two premolar teeth are much the largest ; they are
pyramidal acute, and like the basal lobe of the anterior, with a small process in the inner side.
The third and fourth lateral teeth are much smaller than the first and second, simply acute ;
the fourth nearly twice the third, and separated by a slight diastema from the first molar; the
fifth tooth is very small, but visible from outside. The lower incisors are large, thick, and
much curved, with two lobes on the upper edge. All the teeth have their crowns and points of

a deep pitchy black, especially towards the latter.

Measurements of 708.

Before skinning. Dried.
Inches. Lines.

INOBeILORODt Of talle osama =e eee it ee ee aro | 3 6 3.1
Marlstoend ot wertebie-—s=se= oe a= eee ee EEE pene Sano - 8t
DeoniliveyGru loi epg see pees Seo Soo s see | 103 -10
Hore} teen LOM AWE ise se a ee lero WS, ts ee | 443
Hondiiteetaromy heel. eee ene Ne ee eee ee Bees ese eeee a | - 6}
Widiinoh palit tt fasts Cee NAL Na tee ce mere
Width tipper jaws- =e — eae ae eee ee ee — | Se See 3;

The specimen 2152, from the Little Blue creek, Nebraska, agrees very well with this speci-
men, more so than with those from Fort Berthold and Iowa. The same may be said of the
number 2063 from Illinois.

I have found very great difficulty in identifying with any certainty the Sorex brevicaudus of
Say, at least in the references to this species, as supposed to be found in the eastern portion of
the continent. I have, however, I think, discovered it in some specimens of very large size
from Nebraska and Iowa, localities nearer to that of the original specimen (Council Bluffs) than
of any specimens yet described. As most of Say’s descriptions of vertebrata in Long’s narra-
tive were taken before the animals were skinned, the measurement from tip of nose to root of
tail of 38 inches, or 3.62, must be considered as indicative of a size greater than usual in the
S. talpoides (or dekayi), in which these dimensions are only once or twice noted in measurements
of about one hundred specimens.

The shrews in question are not only larger in body than any seen from the eastern States,
but there is a very conspicuous superiority in the size of their skulls, a point of great import-
ance in this group. The only specimen in alcohol is unfortunately too much mutilated to fur-
nish a true length, but it is proportionally much larger than the largest fresh specimen I have
ever seen from the east, as will be seen by the comparative table of measurements.

MAMMALS—SORICINAE—BLARINA CAROLINENSIS. 45

List of Specimens.

Catalogue | Corresponding | Sex & | Locality. When Whence obtained. | Original Nature of | Collected by
Number. | No. of skull. | Age. | collected. number. | specimen. |
| } | |
=| :
SEE. Psetdee sedans Sasa = Fort Berthold, N. T.) 1856 LiteG. Ko Warrent..|¢-s----.- | In alcohol. | F. V. Hayden
DAs ae eee ee eee Little Blue R., N. T)...------- Tithe 1, Bryanes2|— “TL. \|eedowessse | W. S. Wood
? 1065 PATE DS | eee Ft. Des Moines, Iowa _--------- Geo. N. Lawrence-.|.--.-.-- NGG = oes | W. E. Moore.
21573 | SH I ata a ee Plum Spring, Iowa-|..-------- Sa 5 ae es doe teen Adee oh hn 8
cL onal ie an ee er West Northfield, Ml)_...-.---- HeiRennipatt aes by dit. oa Lome eee

? 708 3104 Q | Dane county, Wis- ogee The: Kumlieny <= =<=|s-2s—.- 2200s een as |e pecacee=

BLARINA CAROLINENSIS.

Sorex carolinensis, Bacuman, J. A. N. Sc. Phil. VII, 1837, 366 ; pl. xxiii, f. 1.
Avp. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. IT, 1851, 176; pl. Ixxv. (Same description as preceding.)
Sorex (notus) carolinensis, WAGNER, Suppl. Schreb. V, 1855, 554.

Sp. Cu.—Size rather small. Fur soft and rather long, measuring 25 lines. Feet smaller than in B. talpoides. Tail rather
shorter than the head.

Color dark-leaden gray, a little paler beneath, with a slight gloss of sooty brown above, and a little hoariness. Head and
body about 2.50 inches. Tail 2 of aninch. Hind foot .46 of aninch. Skull about .76.

Size considerably less than adults of B. talpoides. Body stout. Feet large. Nose moder-
ately pointed. Ears small, much as in B. talpoides, concealed by the fur. Fur rather full and
long; hairs on the back measuring two and a half lines. Hand large, broader than the foot,
its claws considerably longer ; contained about one and a third times in the hinder one. Soles
naked except on the sides of the heel. Tail short, rather less than the head, with short bristly
hairs forming a pencil at the tip.

Color above, a dark-leaden gray, a little paler beneath, with a faint gloss of dark, sooty
brown on the tips of the hairs above, and a very slight hoariness produced by a paler bar near
the tips of the hairs above, (not noticed in No. 628.)

The skull is thick and short, not much attenuated anteriorly. Dental formula, 2 +3S+
= = 32. Anterior upper incisors approximate, but do not touch. No basal hook, but an
angular lobe. First premolar tooth but little smaller than the second. The third and fourth
considerably smaller ; the latter rather less of the two and not descending so low, placed close
to the first molar; the fifth tooth wedged in between their inner portions. All these teeth,
except the fifth, with an internal lateral basal knob. The first two premolars, though more
than twice as wide as the next two, are not much longer. The lower anterior incisors are stout
and much curved below, with three lobed dentations on the cutting edge. The crowns and
points of the teeth are colored dark chestnut-brown, nearly black at the tips. The outside of
‘the upper molars is, however, mostly uncolored.

46 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Measurements of skins.

|
| Point of nose to— Tail to end of—
Current Locality. ted ae ——we : ] <4 ‘Hand. | Foot. | Nature of
number. ees Eye. | Ear. Occip. | Root of | Verteb. | Hairs. | | specimen.
tail.
619 _ | Society Hill, S. C. %.-|-.--|_---—-_. el ee 71 82 34 A6 | Skinvjo_e-
627 |t. Louis, Mo.® ....- Widiglseses see Psa 92 2.75 71 75 $1 | 46.-\°{dp= eee
625 eee == 00. ese ete eet | ean eee 83 2. 50 75 83 32 46) | -S2ae—eeee
| }
2153 | Union county, Mo..-- a 43° |) (68 90 2.50 85 90 | 35 | 45 | Alcohol...
| | }

* The first four measurements of 628 and 627 were taken before the animals were skinned.

Measurements of skulls.

1809 | 1778 | 1779
Ean TRE ee 9 tao ac Ss, capt aaa. ae eee 7 | .79
GEE sat WPM a cat ale te el | .39 -41
beast Width\—--— ~=2~\s-ermes eet = ee Se ei ere te pee | es
Lengthiof palate/=—-* -s----- = ee .33 . 33 - 36
Nidih On Nipper jaw eee = = eee eee ae eee ee 24 25 25

This species differs from B. brevicauda in the considerably smaller size, smaller hands,
longer tail, the colors not very dissimilar ; with somewhat the proportions of B. talpoides, the
size is much less; the third and fourth lateral teeth larger in proportion to the first and second,
&c. The feet are considerably smaller in proportion.

The specimens as above given agree in the main very well with each other, and as indicating
a southern species, smaller than B. talpoides or brevicauda. I have referred them to the Sorex
carolinensis of Bachman. I am by no means clear, however, that the particular measurements
cited by him do not belong really to a specimen of B. talpoides, but he undoubtedly was
equates with a species, smaller than the latter. In assigning a dentition of 34 teeth, or of
incisors = = premolars 3, molars =~, or one more molar on either side of the upper jaw than I
have given, he in all probability was in error, as in no carefully examined skull of any species
of shrew, from any part of the world, have the ieeth ever exceeded 32. Deksy goes beyond
even Bachman, in counting 36 teeth, or incisisors == +> premolars and molars “—" == = , thus commit-
ting a still greater error.

It is probable that the teeth of the skulls examined by Bachman and Dekay were either badly
cleaned, or else still in the skin, and seen so imperfectly that two cusps of the same molars were
counted as different teeth.

This character of 34 teeth, combined with the statement of an entire absence of ear, have
caused the erection of several genera to accommodate the Sorex carolinensis of Bachman.’ Thus,
Pomel has Cryptotis, and Wagner, Anotus ; both, however, strictly synonymous with Blarina
and Brachysorex.

MAMMALS—SORICINAE—BLARINA ANGUSTICEPS. 47

Tam very much at a loss to identify the Sorex carolinensis of Dekay, (N. Y. Zool. I, 1842,
21; pl. xxi, f. 2). In this the length is given at 4 inches for head and body, and 0.4 of an inch
for the tail, or not half as long as the head; teeth, 36. It certainly is not the true Sorex caro-
linensis. If these characters are really as given by Dekay, it certainly is one of the most
remarkable of all American shrews, and is not only a new species, but will probably constitute
a new genus. I am inclined to think there is some mistake, however, as according to the
figure the tail measures nearly one inch to a body of about 23.

List of specimens.

|

Catalogue | Corresponding | Sex & Locality. | Whence obtained. Nature of spe-

number. | No. of skull. | age. cimen.
| pane
619 | [S090 es eseoee Society Hill, 3 Get) ree Rev. M: A. Curtis.-.--.---2-. Slinwsseee- =
627 | 1778 QP | Be Bata, wie Be st at a 2 tein Mipainaiig 4 wee | May, <2 oem
628 5 bi: Sn el ee Ob ie eae ee a ae Sana Gl cose te te SSS ose [==d0i..<--2se<
EUEE a) esa legen Reale Union county, Mo.....------..----- [DB Be Miny. 20 eee | In alcohol .--

BLARINA ANGUSTICEPS, Baird.

Sp. Cu.—Tail as long as the head; general appearance that of B. talpoides and carolinensis, intermediate between them in size.
Plumbeous all over, scarcely paler beneath. Skull unusually narrow, the constriction greater than in others of the section, and
more anterior. Fifth upper premolar large, and visible from outside; anterior lower incisor extending back only to the middle
of the second premolar. Length, 2.60; tail, (hairs,) 1.00; hind foot, 0.55.

A shrew from Burlington, Vermont, in external appearance, perfectly resembles specimens of
S. talpoides, but has some remarkable peculiarities of the skull. This is much narrower than
in any short-tailed shrew I have ever seen, and the greatest interorbital constriction is situated
a little anterior to the middle of the skull, instead of posterior to it, as in other species of
Blarina. The amount of constriction is also greater. The outline of the jaw outside of the
molars, as viewed from above, instead of being convex is nearly straight. The inequality
between the third and fourth upper premolars, and the first and second, is less conspicuous, and
the fifth premolar is distinctly visible from the side between the fourth premolar and the first
molar ; indeed, in size it is not much inferior to the former. The lower anterior incisor is long,
acute, and with one lobe on the cutting edge. It extends posteriorly only as far as the centre
of the second premolar, instead of to the first molar. The lower jaw is rather narrow.

In many respects this skull closely resembles the true Sorex, as in the narrow skull, small
molars, backward extent of lower anterior incisors, &c., but is nevertheless a true Brachysorex
or Blarina, having no internal lobe to the upper anterior incisor; the short tail, &c. It con-
stitutes a very interesting connecting link between the two groups. I regret that I cannot give
any satisfactory external characters by which to designate this species, especially as the skull is
so entirely different from all other I have seen ; enough so to almost make a distinct sub-genus.
It is nearly uniformly bluish gray all over, with a wash of brown on the back ; the feet and tip
of the tail are white. This latter feature is not characteristic, however, as I have seen it in
other species.

48 U. S. P. Re R. EXP. AND SURVEYS——ZOOLOGY—-GENERAL REPORT.

|
is PVE wenuyith: nee eae ee eee Soe | 1.00 | pRoote = tote eee nee re Soe ae ee ee eee = 0D

RoRtS TObE of dal de oO ei We | 2.58 | Tigh pthy-oF skull 1 Ce 85
|

Mail. vertebrae 22222b 8 Eee et sta e eee | 80) Widthi= Semen —-o=e on eo aa ee = een aan . 40

‘Tail with hairs, -2: cee eee ee 1500: GWidthvottjaw = 2222. Sis oe ee ere . 20

Hand: Seen es ase ee oe eee eee - 40 | Tenet of palate. ~ <2. 2.02. 5=2.4 ons ke— see . 34
|

® The first four measurements taken from the alcoholic specimen.

B—wItH FOUR UPPER PREMOLARS, TEETH 30.
BLARINA CINEREA.

Sorex cinereus, Bacu., J. A. N. Sc. Ph. VII, 1837, 373 ; pl. xxiii, f. 3.
222 Sorex parvus, Say, Long’s Exped. I, 1823, 163.

Sp. Cu.—Longest hairs on the back measuring about two lines and a half. Feet small; hand contained about one and a half
times in the foot, which is but little more than half the skull. Tail shorter than the head ; very thin.

Color above, iron-gray, glossed with dark olive-brown ; beneath, light gray. Color of the tail, sharply defined. Head and
body about 23 inches. Tail, .75 of aninch. Hind foot about .42.

(Specimens 320, 94.)—Body rather stout and full; muzzle moderately long, with the snout
bilobed as usual, and the nostrils lateral. Whiskers rather short, and not very numerous,
mixed black and white. Ears short, entirely concealed by the fur; in life the auricle directed
forwards and covering the meatus; no hair on the external face of the ear, except on the
extreme edges of the supplementary lobes, formed by antitragus and antihelix. Fur rather
short, and not compact, the longest hairs measuring about two and a half lines. Feet very
small; anterior contained one and a half times in the hinder, which can be little more
than half the length of the skull, although this is defective in all the specimens before me.
The first toe is short, its claws not quite reaching the penultimate articulation of the second.

The tail is very short, not as long as the head, very slender and depressed in the dried skin,
well coated with hairs, which project slightly at the tip, but without forming a distinct pencil.

The upper parts are of mixed iron gray and olive brown, the fur being lead color at base,
then light iron gray, and finally tipped with olive brown: the combination of these tints gives
a hoary appearance, somewhat resembling a pepper and salt. The under parts are of a lighter
tint of brownish gray or light ash; the line of demarcation in one specimen indistinct, in
another more evident. The upper half of the tail is like the back; the lower lighter than the
belly ; the two colors sharply defined.

The skulls of the specimens before me are too much broken to exhibit their true shape and
proportions. The dental formula is = + 3 + == 30.

The upper anterior incisor is much hooked, with a second hook on the cutting edge, a little
anterior to the base, its point coming down to a line with those of the succeeding teeth. There
is no internal lobe to these incisors, and the pair approach each other at an angle, without meet-
ing, to near the tips, which are parallel. The first premolar tooth is a little smaller than the
second ; the third considerably smaller than either (about half as long as the second). There
is a very slight interval between the third lateral tooth and the first molar, and the diminutive

MAMMALS—SORICINAE—BLARINA CINEREA. 49

fourth tooth is barely visible from outside, The lower anterior incisors have slight indications
of two or three lobed dentations.

Measurements. No. 320. No. 94, (stretched?)
Inches. Lines. | Inches. Lines.

Nose to root of tail -.....---..------ 2.6 2. 74

Wailito end offverts tes 60.22 -55he 0.9 9

Mail.to, end of; hairer. - 7-32 -Siosce 93 10

arid rome Wrists naan oe eee 3h 31¢

Hoot from heels=<--=-- <2 222-2 ==, 5 4th

Bony! palate Sance—2- ea eae ee - 3b; - 3s

Widthtof-apper jawessseoo2--s2-—---|ccaaceesacems » 245

The specimens of this species before me from South Carolina agree very well with the
descriptions of Dr. Bachman, except as to the number of the teeth, the formula given by him
being 5 + = - = 26. This is, however, probably an error, as in a specimen presented by
Dr. Bachman to the Academy of Natural Sciences, and labelled by him J. cinereus, the formula
is as given at the beginning of the article, the sum being 30 teeth instead of 26. The species
is not reproduced in the ‘‘ Quadrupeds of North America,’’ whether omitted by mistake, or
considered to be the young of some other, is not stated.

2155 2156 4 (
Nose to eye--..- §Sertiseete cee: Se +35 . 34
IN GRE Eie me e p or Se ORC OSE CEE POeBECnE Bemeee - 50
IN OSG: fOr OCGLDD ite an ee an Sete oa an -75 7
Nose to root of tail........--------- 2.40 1.85 XN
Tail to end of vertebra --..-.----.-- - 80 - 70 a
‘Pail tovend ot Halths—cn—2—<— eno en= - 90 . 76
MOL tOObesas =e eae ee oe 35 30
Hind footie sso 2see See ees) ee 46 40
Length. of skulls. <i -- 525 425-2 <t 68 65
Wiel Ee ete eae ee nee oe ee 32
Tenpth: of palate 222... 252-32<-s= - 28 . 25
Width of upper jaw .-..--.--------- 22 .18

The preceding descriptions were taken from dried skins, which afford very unsatisfactory data
for the critical definition of species. Number 1670 differs in having the teeth much less deeply
colored, and in being of a greenish yellow color beneath ; this is, however, owing doubtless to
the fact that it had been for a time immersed in alcohol.

A very badly preserved specimen in alcohol from Indian River, Florida, exhibits some differ-
ences, especially in the longer tail, and larger size generally, including the skull and feet. For

the present, however, I shall refer it to B. cinerea.
Toda

50 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

A very good specimen in alcohol, from Carlisle, Pennsylvania, agrees in the main with the
South Carolina specimen, as will be seen by the following description:

Body small and rather slender ; head not very acutely pointed. Eyes small, scarcely visible.
Ears with the auricle directed forward entirely, the helix not as prominent as the highly
developed antitragus and antihelix, which are naked, with a ciliation of hairs on the edges only;
the anterior face of the ear naked ; the posterior covered with hair.

The feet are rather broad and full; the anterior large in proportion, longer than the distance
from heel to end of metatarsus. The fore and hind claws are of nearly the same size. The heel,
for about half the length of the metatarsus beneath, is entirely hairy, the hairs reaching to the
first pair of tubercles, but not between and beyond them. There are six large tubercles in all,
with smaller ones interspersed. f

The tail (exclusive of the hairs) is shorter than the head. It is rather thickened and obtuse
to the tip ; well covered with short hairs and terminated by a pencil.

The upper parts are of a cinereous or dark ash, mixed and tipped with a dark wood-brown,
the ash showing through. The lower half of the sides and the under parts, generally, are of a
rather light ash-gray. The feet are white; the tail bicolor. The skull has 30 teeth. The an-
terior upper incisor has a basal pointed lobe about as long, but thicker than the third premolar.
The second and first premolars are long, the former largest ; they extend almost as far down as
the tip of the anterior incisor. There is a slight diastema between the third premolar and the
first molar. The fourth premolar is very rudimentary. The lower anterior incisor is long and
has two serrated lobes in its upper edge. It extends backwards as far as the second premolar
does, and to the first molar.

The teeth of this specimen differ in some respects from the specimens of Sorea cinereus from
South Carolina ; they are much more deeply colored ; the upper anterior incisor longer and more
curved; its basal lobe more distinct. The two anterior upper premolars are longer, more ver-
tical, and pointed, more canine in appearance. The true molars are narrower. The lower an-
terior incisors are larger, deeper, more curved, and more lobed; the remaining teeth are
larger and higher.

The measurement of this specimen will be found with that from Indian river.

I do not feel sure that the Sorex cinereus of Bachman may not be the true S. parvus of Say,
as I am unable to appreciate the differences between the two, as described by Bachman and Say.
Perhaps the specimen from Carlisle is different from more southern ones—may be the true
parvus. The solution of this question, however, as of many others in reference to the American
shrews, must be left until a greater number of specimens of different ages and seasons can be
brought together from many localities. :

List of specimens.

Catalogue Corresponding Locality. Whence obtained. Nature of specimen.
number. No. of skull.

320 1808 Liberty county, Ga..-. --..---- | Major John L. Leconte ---------| Skin ---.------~--
TS 0 Ea Se, a= Se eee (Co ea eee ey fe SORE le were eee Ol Ae ae ae |—=d0- eee
iPS) gs ees ee See Se eS d0be epee sean pn ee eee | Reenter ee a Lefer aati rs (a ee a 6

94 1771 South? Carolinas-=2.e-- <s--eeee rr BACHMAN sco sot Coase eeee L -d0...-.teeeceeee
2155 3110 Indian ‘river, Was. e-cbeot ence | G. Wurdeman-............---- In alcohol] -..-....
2156 3103 Carlisle, Penn..2-..<=s.e232220 | D. Miller! jraiss ics. 3-18 Yidot 2: Seen

|

MAMMALS—SORICINAE—BLARINA EXILIPES,

51

BLARINA EXILIPES, Baird.

Sr. Co.—Small. Fur full, longest hairs measuring 2 lines.
sbout five-eighths the length of the skull.

Color above, hoary olive-brown, with a chestnut tinge. Beneath, grayish-white. Tail bicolored.
Tail about 0.60 of an inch.

Feet very small ; the anterior not 3} lines ; the posterior 5, or

Head and body, less than

2 inehes.

Size very small; body slender.
5. cinereus,

Ear small and concealed in the fur, apparently much as in
Fur full, compact, longest hairs measuring about two lines. Feet very small ;
anterior contained one and a half times in the posterior, which are not five eighths the length
of the skull. The hand, however, appears larger. The soles, as far as can be ascertained, are
hairy towards the heel, as in S. cinereus and other short-tailed species.
tubercle behind the posterior hair.
anti-penultimate articulation.
with short hairs.

Color.—The upper parts are of an olive chestnut-brown, or, perhaps, a light liver-brown, with
a slight purplish tinge and a hoary appearance, caused by the light bar near the tips of the
hairs. Beneath, grayish or ashy white, with a tinge of yellowish anteriorly. The tail is

There is a seventh
The first toe appears unusually short, barely reaching the
The tail is very short, not as long as the head, thin, and coated

bicolor.

The skull is broader anteriorly than in the long-tailed shrews. The dental formula is

tists 30. The anterior upper incisors have a basal conical process, scarcely to be
called a hook, which comes down as far as the lateral teeth, and is nearly as large as the first
one. There is no internal lobe and the teeth are considerably separated. The first lateral tooth
is rather smaller than the second, and the third little more than half as long as the latter; a
slight diastema anterior to the first upper molar barely allows the fourth lateral to be seen.
The lower anterior incisors have very obsolete dentations on the cutting edge.

points of all the teeth are well colored, of a dark chestnut ; darkest én the tips.

The crowns and

Measurements.
No. 640. No. 641. No. 631. No. 639.

Inches. | Lines. | Inches. | Lines. | Inches. | Lines. | Inches. | Lines
PSe POLOCCIDUGE Se opin aetna mottos aaa oe 9 0 Si alesse LOC sete 9
more tovroot Of tall! 2228. 2228. 2 3 sl seace 1 1 11 2 3 2 0
Mrbtoe, end of vertebral 226-2525 25 =|sensssu5 Be lsceooes Nee | Sees Se ibsaseaso 9
Piatto. end Of DAIS! . sie Soo ooh Lees Sais a|eseeses- UP el Pee Lee Gee EB eos 10
EAS IMB ENONER WIRY oe oo oo he ras ec om meena ae 3) Poaceae Bee SP Abe ee Ba ee Sees 3-3
Mrotiromi heel =-~ «a onncsiaassea=<2ssa0a0|sesse=-= aye \.n--scc- Ape noe acose DS |eeeeae= = Say
BRM eHRUN oo 8 << noon ena naanSoccanaccau|ansoccse Sime Be see igs, ss Fees Bi kee a 8
Beullpreadtitrse=s= 22-52 = 22es. 3 oes eS |cSl feet SEQP a ee sae See She SESS. -2- BE ee eee eae aa ee
Sikotiglength of palnters-2-6 2222.2 3) ees.) eases. Ge eee nee SS aimed Wee eee BE (bem cas 3x%
SKoM widthios uppempart.o2--<—.-s.2-..02|4-----=>~ De Pee pe al Fe ape DAE are a Bel 2-4

1 Measurements taken before skinning.

52 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Measurement of alcoholic specimens.

2157 2158 2161
IESE Neh ee Ra Se CORSS Sa SSE ae ~35 ~ 34 - 32
WNosé'to'ear 228s Urb eee 8 - 50 - 50 - 50
Nose torocciputes. =. 5-5 sence eh so «45 - 72
Nose«to 100b of Hail = 255022 - gases 1. 85 1. 80 1.80
Tail to end of vertebra ------------- - 56 -61 - 50
Tail dovendsofshalrs: 72. ~ -- --<t=-0=-2)-=-E<--- = === Se S68 ssee cee
Kore fodtes = o-2s2-seoeae a ooeeae - 26 - 26 - 26
Hand tootiseeat soe sate cece . 38 - 38 - 36

The specimen from Brownsville agrees very well with those described from Mississippi. That
from St. Louis differs slightly in a rather longer tail and larger feet; the hair on the back is
longer, measuring two and two-third lines. The color of the back is lighter and brighter too,
having a faint tinge of chestnut. Still, as the skulls agree perfectly, and the distinctions men-
tioned are not very tangible, it is probable that the difference may be owing merely to age or
season.

The specimen from Spottsylvania county, Virginia, agrees very well with those from Wash-
ington, Mississippi. Number 2166 is much more like that from St. Louis, being appreciably
larger than the rest ; the tail thicker and more hairy; the fur on the back longer, or over .20
of aninch. The color above is a rich wood-brown, beneath an ashy white, in strong contrast.
It is quite possible that further investigations and fuller collections will separate the St. Louis
and Illinois specimens from the rest, in which event they may bear the name of B. eximius.}

The only species to which, in the proportions of feet, tail, and skull this can be compared, is
the S. cinereus, and in the absence of more specimens of both forms I cannot feel sure that the
Mississippi specimens may not prove to be the young of S. cinereus. Dr. Bachman, however,
who has seen many specimens of this species, makes no mention of any like the present ; and
out of four from the same locality in Mississippi all have the same characteristics as distin-
guished from S. cinereus. Thus, the size is much less, and the body more slender. The fur is
longer in proportion, and more compact. The feet, though small, are rather larger than in
S. cinereus. The teeth are more deeply colored, though smaller. The colors, however, are
decidedly different, that of the upper parts being an olive chestnut-brown or liver-brown ; in
S. cinereus of an iron-gray. The under parts, too, are of a clearer, purer white.

1 This Illinois specimen resembles closely Audubon’s figure of Sorex parvus.

MAMMALS—SORICINAE—BLARINA BERLANDIERI. 53

List of specimens.

Catalogue Corresponding |Sex & Locality. When col- Whence obtained. Nature of specimen.
number | No. of skull. age. lected.
640 1791 Q Washington, Miss ----- | nresssonte Col B. L. C. Wailes..--| Skin from alcohol. --
641 1792 OBe|-oses= dowtes=s- S2acecd | epeee sn alea sees dogeesas-eeesase [Dee dousives bd Seer
AE) Sea ee Peay 5 Se OS SY (Spee (ee fr Glo: eRe eer |----------|------ (lee eee == See | Inalcohol ..22-__--
SUG Tie (eee ae 2 Steals Bal Ee (i as S m= Ee eee | See selEe ee Gaeeaswesseese22 lettin. Ya Sorel: op Sl
PAE eo oomeesoenna oom ase | Spottsylvania co., Va -- 1856 ALAWiaMassey= 222=5 558 (zeSedossesseuos sees
2631 | 1782 | cee Brownsville; Penn’. =2--|5---2 = 5- Capt. 8. Van Vliet ----) Skin from alcohol. -_
2639 =| 1790 3 | Sta lbowis’ Mo; =s222oe eae naman Dr. George Engelmann-| Skin .--_..-.-__---
22166 | SLOO) 2 |S aeee | DeKalb county, Ill ---- 1856 Ra Kennicotti sss o4 dtedoss: ovsusaie SZ

BLARINA BERLANDIERI.

Spr Cn.—Size small Fur very full and velvet-like ; hairs scarcely exceeding one line. Feet moderate; hand less than 3}
lines, foot less than five. Tail considerably shorter than the head.

Color above, hoary chestnut-brown, with a tinge of olivaceous ; beneath, yellow brownish-white. Line of separation between
color of upper and under surfaces of tail not distinct. Teeth much larger than in other species. Head and body, two inches.

Tail less than three-quarters of aninch. Teeth, 30.

Size small; body moderately stout. Fur very full, compact and soft, but short, scarcely
exceeding one line; on the thorax and breast it stands almost erect inashort pile. Ears small,
inconspicuous, concealed by the fur; the auricle naked on the external face, very rudimentary,
compared with antitragus and antihelix. The feet though short are stout and broad; the
anterior contained less than one and a half times in the posterior. Soles hairy at the heel. The
tail is about equal to the head, or a little shorter; slender, thinly coated with hair, and with a
slight pencil at the tip.

The colors of this species cannot be given with any great degree of accuracy, as long immer-
sion of the specimens in alcohol has probably produced some alteration, In one, the prevailing
tint is a chestnut brown at the tips of the hairs, with paler next to the tips, producing a slight
hoariness. The under parts are a yellowish brownish white; the line of demarcation on the
sides quite indistinct. The tail is similarly colored; but the difference in color between the
under and upper surfaces is scarcely appreciable. In another specimen the upper parts are
darker, with a tinge of purplish ; the under parts more yellowish.

The cranium is wanting in the specimens examined. The dental formula is > + 3 + *4*= 30.
The teeth are all unusually large in proportion to the size of the skull and of the animal. The
anterior upper incisor has a conical process at base—not a hook—the point of which does not
come down to the level of the next two teeth. The first of these teeth is rather shorter than
the second ; both are unusually long, pointed, and perpendicular, quite canine in appearance ;
not so oblique as in other species. The third tooth is not half as long as the second, and is
placed close to the first molar; the molars are very large. The fourth lateral tooth is very
small, and not visible from outside. The lower anterior incisor has two serrated lobes on the
cutting edge. All the teeth are well colored on the crowns; darkest on the points.

54 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Measurements.
No. 642. No. 643.

Inches. Lines Inches. | Lines.
Head to occiput) 22 ees aaah pee ae eta 0 8 0 9
Head to ro0tioittenlt- = 22a So aes oe eee eee ct eae 2 0 2 0
Tail jo end of vertebral A= ae A Sa Soe ce a eee CP ae oe |S See v
Tarltevend of jhairsveos = 5 35 sees NP SSS ROBE ee | ee ee ee Ct ee ee eee eee 1}
IAG sirorn (write sae See a ee Sets oe oo ee ee De ee 33
Hoot from heel < 238: = seas seas seeds th foe iene sake ocean Skee eee Aty | ce. 888222 4t¢
Skull length offpalate.-._._ =... ss nessct 5 2. See ee es Beye. lac. BStSlas3 325
Skull width ofpalatie® 3222 cic ec osm ce ea eos eecsateo eee ee eee yA) Se eae 2 Ps

Measurements of two specimens in alcohol,

2159. 2160.
Nose to eyes sets 5226.55 see J Sess ek Se eee . 36 . 30
WHS Sein Seen sSassosa sodoScsosacm ee Soee a eeS oo . 58 - 52
Occiputi ase =—seen =e ane See a eee ee ne . 78 an fis
Rob of dailies oS So sean ae bee eee ae ee eee | 2.00 1. 92
Pailite end of tvertebries = 52 2b se Sou ees eee. 2k . 60 - 55
Tail to endiof shairs). =. 42-6 252. eee esa eS - 65 - 62
an Gs os cece = dee eae es ame dob tasesse seh e eo Shed 27 227
RinO tao Sate oS ee Se a Si Ee - 40 . 39

The only species requiring comparison with this is the S. exilipes, a specimen of which, doubt-
ingly referred to this species, has been found at Brownsville, on the opposite “bank of the Rio
Grande. Itmay, however, be readily distinguished by the character of the fur, which is very short
and close, sub-erect, almost like long-piled velvet, especially on the breast and throat, instead of
lying back. The feet are larger and broader. The most appreciable difference, however, is in
the teeth, which are much larger in every way; the first two lateral upper teeth are much
longer and more pointed, and instead of sloping forward and overlapping they are almost
directed backwards, or at least perpendicularly to the palate. The colors, too, are appreciably
different.

The specimens described form part of the Berlandier collection presented to the Smithsonian
Institution by Lieutenant Couch, and were probably gathered by Dr. Berlandier, in the vicinity
of Matamoras. Among the notes of Dr. Berlandier is the description of a Sorex, for which he
proposes the name of 8. lessonii, and which may possibly refer to one of the above specimens,
although there is some discrepancy. There is unfortunately no description of the teeth of his
animal,

| Measurements taken before skinning.

MAMMALS—SORICINAE—SOREX FIMBRIPES. 55
The Rio Grande of Texas is probably the northern limit of this species, while its southern is

yt unknown. No North American shrew has heretofore been recorded from so southern a
locality.

List of specimens.

Catalogue | Corresponding | Sex & Locality. Whence obtained. Nature of specimen.
number. | number of skull. | age.

2159: sieeesocssses la eleo 2s Matamoras, Mexico -------- Lieut. D. N. Couch ----.--- Intaleohol..se. 25225
HAY el eS ea See Ber ecoce Bln SSe cman coceellcocenses! Gly Sensor conone see Sas OG Ree a ee
642 1793 Gnaleesaatons Gee ee eS See Oran aaa Skin from alcohol. -...
643 1794 G. (seasaase Q0ssasa cease stacslaeeseses (+ (oye ae, epee ees 15 SPs ( Ee a eae

The following species of North American shrews I have not yet been able to examine:

1. SOREX PALUSTRIS.

Sorex palustris, Ricu. Zool. Jour. III, Jan.—Ap. 1828, 516.
Ricu. F. B. A. I. 1829, 5.

Aup. A Bacu. N. A. Quad. IIT, 1853, 108, pl. exxv. (Description and figures from Richardson’s specimen.)
Amphisorex palustris, Gray, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. V, 1837, 125.
Crossopus palustris, WAGNER, Suppl. Schreber, V, 1855, 542.

This strongly marked species is an inhabitant of the Hudson’s Bay region, and has not yet
been detected within the limits of the United States. It is the largest of our true shrews of the
restricted genus Sorex, measuring 3} inches to root of tail; tail, 2;4. The back is hoary black;
the belly ash gray. :

2. SOREX FIMBRIPES.

Sorex fimbripes, Bacuman, J. A. N. Se. Ph. VII, 1837, 391; pl. xxiv, f. 8.
Avup. & Bacu., N. A. Quad. III, 1854, 312. (From preceding )

A single specimen of this species was taken by Professor Walter R. Johnson, on Drury’s Run,
Lycoming county, Pennsylvania, and by him presented to the Philadelphia Academy of Natural
Sciences, where it was described by Dr. Bachman. It measured 24 inches to the root of the tail ;
the tail, 1?. Above, it is of a brown color; beneath, buff. The fur is unusually long. The
most striking peculiarity, however, is in the very broad fore feet and the fringe of stiff hairs bor-
dering them. The hands are said to resemble those of a turtle, and in truth, according to the
description, they are broader (0.19 of an inch) than in large specimens of Blarina talpoides. In
some respects this species would seem to approach Sorea pachyurus, described above, although
this has by no means such extreme peculiarities of feet.

In the long muzzle, broad fore feet, and full fur, there is an approximation to the genus
Urotrichus, of much interest.

56 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

3. SOREX PARVUS.

Sorex parvus, Say, Long. Exped. I, 1823, 164.
Hartan, F. A. 1825, 29.
Bacuman, J. A. N. Sc. Ph. VII, 1837, 394. (Copied.)
? Aup. & Bacu., N. A. Quad. II, 1851, 145; pl. Ixx.

The Sorex parvus of Say is yet an unidentified species, though it comes very close to the S.
cinereus of Bachman, and may possibly one day supplant this name. The animal referred to by
Aud. and Bachman differs in some points from Say’s description, and will probably prove to be
different. The indication of 32 teeth, if correct, would confirm this impression, as Say’s animal,
in all probability, had but 30. The specimen from Carlisle, Pennsylvania, described under the
head of Blarina cinerea, may be the same with that of Aud. and Bach., while that from Illinois
(2166.53) comes still nearer to it.

In any event, the Sorex parvus of Say will be found to belong to the genus Blarina, and to
have probably 30 teeth.

4. SOREX HARLANI.

Sorex (Brachysorex) harlani, Duvernoy, Mag. de Zool. 1842, 40; pl. liii, 6.
Sorex harlani, Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. V, 1855, 550.

This diminutive species of Blarina was collected at New Harmony, Indiana, by T.esueur, and
described by Duvernoy. It belongs to the section with 30 teeth, and measures about 2} inches,
with a tail of 0.55 or 0.60 hundredths. It is of a brownish-gray above and on the sides, and a
purer gray beneath. The distinctive characters from Sorex parvus of Say, and S. cinereus of
Bachman, are by no means apparent.

Of the preceding species, the two first are unquestionably distinct and different from any here
described. The last two may possibly belong to species already referred to.

FAMILY.

TALPIDAE.

External ear wanting ; no neck ; fore feet greatly expanded, with strong fossorial claws ; limbs very short.

The family of Zalpidae, or moles, embraces several genera, which, though presenting sufficient
differences among each other, yet agree in having a stout, thick, clumsy body, without visible
neck; no external ears; the meatus auditorius sometimes very minute, sometimes as large as
usual ; the eye very small, sometimes concealed by the integument. The nostrils are sometimes
at the end of the snout, sometimes lateral or superior; in one genus surrounded by a fringe
of radiating processes. The limbs are short; the anterior much broader and larger than the
hinder, with strong claws. The tail is usually short; sometimes almost as long as the body.
The fur is generally soft, compact, and like velvet in texture.

The moles are distributed throughout the world, except in the intertropical portions, and in
South America. The genera are, however, closely restricted, each region having its character-
istic one. Thus Talpa is only found in Europe and Asia; Scalops and Condylura, in North
America; Chrysochloris in Africa, and Urotrichus in Japan and Northwest America. There
are also several extinct genera of Talpidae, as Dimylus, Geotrypus, Hyporyssus, Palaeospalax,
and Spalacotherium.

The moles are found in nearly every portion of North America as far to the south as Mexico.
Condylura inhabit the northern parts of the United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. One
species of Scalops (perhaps two) is restricted to the Pacific coast, one to the Atlantic ; one is found
sparingly in Massachusetts, New York, and Ohio; and another on the prairies of Michigan,
Illinois, and the West. One genus, Urotrichus, has hitherto only been found in the Cascade
mountains of Washington Territory, and ocurring also in Japan, is the only one common to
America and any other part of the world.

Notwithstanding the assertions of some authors, we have no evidence of the existence of the
genus Talpa in America, nor indeed of Scalops in Europe.

8L

58 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT,

SCALOPS, Cuvier.
Scalops, Cuy. ** Legons d’Anat. Comp. I, 1800.”’

Gen. Cu.—Nose elongated, not fringed ; nostrils superior or lateral ; eyes hidden ; tail short ; teeth 36 or 44, the two anterior
upper ones unusually large, and somewhat like those of a rodent.

Feet with the palms very broad; the claws broad, depressed, and long, five in number.
Hind feet much narrower than the anterior, though generally of nearly the same length; the
claws subconical, long, and sharp pointed. The toes more or less webbed to the claws. Tail
short, naked or hairy. Eyes very small ; sometimes covered by the integument. ars varying
from a pin-hole to 0.10 of an inch in diameter. Snout long, depressed, conical, cartilaginous,
without any fringe at the extremity ; the nostrils opening at the end of the muzzle, either lat-
erally or superiorly.

The teeth vary from 36 to 44, according to the species. The two middle incisor teeth (one
on each side) in the upper jaw are very large and broad; the two next succeeding, on either
side, are small; the next, representing the canine, is a little larger. The premolars vary with
the species, from three to four; the lower incisors from two to three, making the difference in
the whole number of 8, (S 3). The premolars increase progressively from the canine to the
molars. In the lower jaw, the first incisor is very small; the second is a good deal larger,
especially in S. aquaticus ; the remaining teeth increase progressively in size to the molars.

The characters of Scalops, as given above, embrace two very distinct types of dentition; the
differences being not only in the number but also in the character of the teeth themselves.
Pomel, in a sketch of the geographical distribution of the Jnsectivora, published in the Bulletin
de la Soc. Geologique de France, for 1842, while very properly retaining the name of Sealops
for the species with 36 teeth, indicates, without describing, a genus, Scapanus, for those with
44, The distinguishing characters will hen aj as sain

Scalops.—Teeth 36. Formula: ini = canines = premolars == 5 as molars == zp) = 2OQOF

ab ie ee 1—1 3-3 wenhe =
perhaps more correctly—incisors $3, canines —", premolars 3, molars $3 = 2 = 36 teeth.

tt 3-3 —
The two lateral incisors on each side above very small, thread-like, and often dentdiede the
canine large, and fitting into a diastema between the second and third teeth of the lower jaw ;
the two anterior molars nearly quadrate, without any small basal cusp visible on the anterior
outline, either externally or internally, (indicated very faintly in the first upper molar.) All the
lateral teeth separated by diastemata ; the canine wanting. The second external lower incisor
much larger than the first; canine-like. Tail nearly naked. Nostrils in the obliquely trun-
cated end of the muzzle, but antero- SUBSE > , not ae a go
Scapanus.—Teeth 44. Formula: incisors °°, canines 7, premolars +4, molars 5, = == 44.
All the teeth of both jaws anterior to the last vveriiolagt (excepting the broad antaiior upper
incisor,) are of nearly equal size, conical, the upper ones with the points rounded off, and
closely resembling the simple teeth of Cetaceans ; the lower more compressed and with the points
more acute. The upper canine is only appreciably larger than the two incisors anterior to it,
and the two premolars immediately succeeding. The premolars increase in diameter from first
to third, though of equal length; the fourth is much larger, and triangular in section, The

MAMMALS—TALPIDAE—SCALOPS AQUATICUS. 59

penultimate upper molar is trapezoidal, nearly triangular in cross section, instead of subquad-
rate ; the one anterior to it is also trapezoidal, instead of lozenge shaped. Viewed externally,
there is a small acute lobe on the anterior edge of the last premolar, and all the molars, close
to the base of the crown ; and there is a similar lobe on the inner edge of the corresponding teeth
of the lower jaw. The molars are in close contact ; the teeth anterior to these, in the upper jaw,
are separated by diastemata. The lower incisors are of nearly equal size, the second not larger
than the first. The nostrils are near the end of the muzzle, either lateral or superior. The
tail is more or less hairy.

The chief ditferences in dentition between Scalops and Scapanus, then, are in the greater num-
ber of teeth in the latter; the greater permanence and more uniform size of the incisors and
premolars ; the anterior basal fang to the last premolar and the molars, and the different shape
of the molars. Other distinctions might be enumerated, but at the risk of pursuing the subject
into too great detail for my present purpose.

To the restricted genus Scalops belong at present three species: S. aquaticus, inhabiting the
whole eastern portion of the United States, from Massachusetts to Florida, and west to Missis-
sippi and Alabama; S. argentatus, a prairie species, ranging from Michigan, through northern
Ohio, Lllinois, Missouri, northern Louisiana, Arkansas, Kansas, and Nebraska, as far at least
as the Upper Missouri; and S. latimanus, found in Mexico, and stated also to occur in Texas.
No specimens of the latter have come under my notice.

Of Scapanus there are two very distinct species, one found in Massachusetts, New York, and
northern Ohio, (S. breweri,) the other, (S. townsendii,) in Washington and Oregon Territories.
Whether the California mole, called Scalops californicus by Ayres, be really distinct from S.
townsendit can only be shown by additional specimens ; if the same, the range of 9. townsendii
will extend from Puget Sound to San Francisco.

The European analogue to the American mole, though so similar in mere external form, yet
differs by so many striking peculiarities of dentition as to render it a matter of very great sur-
prise that authors at this late day should have thrown both into the same genus. ‘To illustrate
the differences, I subjoin the chief characters of Talpa.

Talpa.—Teeth 44 in number. Formula: incisors +5, canines = premolars = molars =
=5= 44. The three incisors on each side of the upper jaw are very small and uniform in
size, (except in Z. coeca, where the middle ones are rather largest,) then succeeds a well devel-
oped canine, curved, compressed, and trenchant, implanted by two roots, followed by three
compressed premolars of similar size and shape, with two fangs each; then a fourth premolar,
trihedral with three (?) roots. All the premolars of the lower jaw have double roots, the
anterior largest, simulating a canine; the canine itself separated from the premolar by a dias-
tema, and not distinguishable from the incisors in shape.

The nostrils are strictly terminal, and open antero-inferiorly, so as to be visible from below
and not from above, the reverse of what is the case in the American moles.

It will thus be seen that Talpa differs from Scalops in the small size of the anterior upper
incisors, the large upper canine, and the double roots to all the premolars, except the last, which
has three. In Scalops the premolars, except perhaps the last, have simple roots only. In
Talpa the nostrils are terminal, and antero-inferior. Condylura agrees with Talpain the double
roots to the premolars.

60 U Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—GEOLOGY— GENERAL REPORT.

SCALOPS AQUATICUS.

Common Moke.

Sorex aquaticus, Lin. Syst. Nat. ed. 10th, I, 1758, 53.—Is. ed. 12th, 1766, 74.
Erx.esen, Syst. Reg. Anim.£1777, 123.
Scureser, Saugt. III, 566, tab. elviii.
Bopp#rt, Elenchus Anim. 1784, 124.
Ge w, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 112.
Scalops aquaticus, Fiscuer, Syn. 1829, 249.
Bacuman, Bost. Jour. N. H. 1V, 1843, 28.
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. II, 1841, 103.—In. V, 1855, 572.—In. Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1843, 11, 32.
Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 15; pl. iv, f. 2.
Avp. & Bacn. N. A. Quad. I, 1849, 81; pl. xxxi.
GiesEL, Saugt. 1855, 895.
Talpa flavescens, ERXLEBEN, Syst. Reg. Anim, 1777, 118. (From Pennant.)
Talpa fusca, Suaw, Gen. Zool. Mamm. I, 1800, 524. (From Pennant.)
Talpa purpurascens, SHaw, Gen. Zool. Mamm. I, 1800, 521. (From Seba.)
Scalops canadensis, Desmarest, Mam. I, 1820, 155.
Haran, F. Am. 1825, 32. ~
Grirr, Cuv. V, 1827, 107.
Wooprvrr, Am. Jour. Sc. XXVIII, 1835, 168. (Habits.)
2? Scalops pennsylvanica, Haran, F. Am. 1825, 33.
Fiscuer, Syn. 1829, 250.
Brown mole, Penn. Syn. Quad. 1771, 314.—Is. 2d ed. 1781, 486.—In. Arctic Zool. I, 1784, 141.
Yellow mole, Penn. Syn. Quad. 1771, 312. (Faded specimen.)

Spr. Cu—Teeth 36. Eyes and ears excessively minute; the former not covered by integument. Nostrils antero-superior.
Palms broader than long, claws included. Tail nearly naked; feet fully webbed. Color dark plumbeous, with occasionally a

brownish tinge ; feet and tail white. 4

This mole is thick and clumsy in its proportions. The-muzzle is long and much depressed,
the anterior face of the incisors falling about midway between the angle of the mouth and the _
end of the nose. The upper surface of the snout is naked, the lower portion and the sides are
provided with scattered hairs ; its under surface has a broad furrow, extending from the incisors
to the bulb of the nose.

The nostrils are situated in the end of the snout, which is truncated at an angle of about 45°,
or less, to receive them; they are thus antero-superior, not at all visible from below, much
more so from above than laterally.

The eye and ear are both exceedingly small, the meatus auditorius not larger than a medium
sized dressing-pin hole, the eye about half as large. The orbit is open, as in S. townsendit.
There is no external ear, and the meatus is almost closed. The eye is a little behind a point
midway between the ear and the tip of the nose; it is situated very little behind the angle of
the mouth. The ear is placed above the insertion of the arm.

The palms are very large and broad, broader than long, even including the claws. On the
inner side, the palm projects in an obtuse angle, some distance beyond the first claw. The
claws are very strong and large; the third largest, the fifth smallest.

The hind feet are short and broad, shorter than the fore feet by half the longest fore claw ;
its claws moderately long and slender ; the foot is webbed to the claws, although when the toes
are stretched apart the membrane does not go continuously across, but is emarginated between
the claws.

MAMMALS—TALPIDAE—SCALUPS AQUATICUS. 61

The tail is very short and slender, about as long as the fore foot, and rather more than half
the length of the head ; it is slightly constricted at the base, tapers gently to a moderately ob-
tuse tip, and is scantily coated with white hairs, which are invisible, except on close examina-
tion, and allow the tail to appear naked. The upper surfaces of the feet are similarly consti-
tuted, and all appear white in the fresh specimen. On the basal third or fourth of the tail,
the hairs are larger and darker, and more distinctly noticeable.

The color of this species varies considerably. It is sometimes of a rather light and lustrous
pure plumbago, paler below, and without any appreciable mixture of reddish brown. Usually,
however, the hairs have a gloss of the latter color, particularly such as have been preserved for
a time in alcohol. The precise shade of coloration varies almost with the specimen. I have
never seen any as dark as S. townsendit, from Oregon, though several resembles closely in color
the S. californicus of Ayres.

A single specimen in the entire series before me (No. 2465, from St. Simon’s island, Georgia)
has a large transverse blotch or patch on the abdomen, in which the hairs are yellowish white
to the ruots. This corresponds to a similar variety of Scalops townsendii, figured by Audubon
and Bachman, and described as a distinct species (S. tceeniata) by Leconte.

Measurements.
| |
| From nose to the— | Tail to the
Current Locality. end of— Hand.| Foot. | Width Nature
number. | of palm.| of specimen.
| Aly, |
a eee Cy ee — eal Pe ee, }

2215 | Blount county, Tenn---|.--.--|------|-------- 5. 00 |--..--|--.-.- -88 |] .80 -90 | In alcohol-----
2203 | Jackson county, N.C--| .65 | 1.15 ODA. SO) 6/80) |e OOY\ |e ee oe | ee TDL Nees QO. =a a=
2195 | Indian River, Fla.._..- - 60 | 1.25 SRO Saver Oy a) Oo er eet |e ee ae | erent Syke ees 1 (oe oe
2207 Bigs ce heat a Vereen) tag teas | 4. Oe | eae ri ig ba sf ll (HA dieses ee
2204 | Jacksonville, Fla_----- [60 | E06 1.50 | 3.54 tS Fol be i ee [ee aitD). | |Eeane doLssesas=
Zaloe butewe Alaoscce oo Oooo oo 1.15 PSG" 4520") 1. ba PSS 82 65 80) iewaue docs. .26 >
2192 Society Hill, 8. C..---- oa) | EL 1.82 | 4.15 Bie \cwecanl Beeson |e eee al ae ee G0naseeao5
2172 | Spottsylvaniacounty, Va| .82 |------ 1.63 | 4.45 BO tere ere |e | 63) 5 Jeo 522 doe
2174 Desets cee I easter sot fm 1.60 | 4. 65 SOE P0226 a= ase). ee | f(a eee
2175 Doe 202 =-ssaane sey, |= = TGS tea eO) || LeODy ile Al ole eee el os 66. s|-nccn donzescand
2191 Carlisle, Penn--....--- Shi eae 1 tahoe (ta kt a ape al (eee BOSy eee dovceapnas
2190>>| Upper’ Darby, Penn---<|--+-.-|------ 1.80 | 4.85 OD) hee see tere Ai a ee doe ease ane
mage ) Washington, D.O©2s-<-|---.=-|-...<- Toho" | eiOO |! Olen osaeleeacecloceee gl by dosscacen=
2213 | Wethersfield, Conn..._|...... 1.00 f60 | 4.42 | a 19 este . 86 73 SOF Veaae W6-52286
2212 | Washington, Miss. -...|.-.-.-|------ 1.75 | 4.38 CTS i a ba a ee hi does. acew

The general range of this species is well indicated by the list of the specimens examined.
I am not sure that the one last mentioned, from Blount county, Tennessee, is not the S. argen-
tatus. Considerable differences exist in different specimens as to the breadth of the palm and
other characteristics; those from the southern States appearing to have them less fully developed.
I have, however, not been able to detect any positive characters by which they might be
distinguished.

62 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The Scalops aquaticus differs in several important respects from the species with 44 molars, in
addition to its having but 36 teeth and other peculiarities. The muzzle is rather broader and
more obtuse than in S. townsendii, although the position and character of the nostrils are similar.
The eye is more anterior, and the ear is much smaller. The palms are much broader in pro-
portion; in fact, with the claws, the dimensions of length and breadth in S. aquaticus are about
as they are without them in S. townsendii. The latter species lacks the projecting angle of the
inner side of the palm, and the hand is more deeply split between the fingers. The hind foot
is shorter and broader at the toes; the web extends much further along to the claws. The tail
is shorter and more thinly clothed with hair.

Compared with S. breweri, the lateral nostrils, the very thick and densely black-haired tail of
the latter, constitute striking features of distinction. Theeye of S. breweri, also, while similarly
situated, is covered by an extension of skin, through which the ball is visible, instead of being
concealed. The meatus, too, is much larger than in S. aquaticus; the palms are much smaller
and narrower in proportion; while smaller than in S. townsendii, their shape and amount of
webbing are much as in the last mentioned species, strikingly different from S. aquaticus.

The species is much more closely allied to S. argentatus, the article on which I refer to, for the
distinctive peculiarities.

List of specimens.

Catalogue | Corresponding | Locality. When Whence obtained. Nature of

number. No. of skull. collected. specimen.
ait) es eS eee Middleboro, Mass.------------- July. 22,0855 |. W. Jenks <2. - nc aeo ns Dry skin -.
IBIAS © leon Beanens ae Raynor Beach, N. J=..--.=---.- Maly +22, 28d2i0| AW: COODCl ana ee eee =m OSs ee
VA] (3 Nil je aa Oe eee rere | Wethersfield, Conn.-.-----.---|-------------- Ch Wright==- sen =s oo noes Alcohol ...
51 O50 ol Camhble, Pensa o.c- 44 — Aint cee Los coe ae BW Waled.2-c et eee Skin.....-
PIGS let. = con eee | ‘Washing ton) DMCs c8 onsen eee eee) oe ee es a le ee Alcohol --.
158 1140 Clankncounty, Vidian ob amet eee ee Dre Kennerlye ena = eene= es Skin: 2 2ee
PN PO 4 eae SEE Sea Spottsylvania county, Va--..-.-|.---------...- Aso... Massey 2.222 sues Alcohol .-.
P74 5 yeni \ inc ala Una Mo awn (5 (CREE SES ASA) oa ca|6 HR Sse ese Rey... F., Witzgerald.--—.. =.= One eet
WLG2) | |saaseaccsaen ce (eso Gini hl LON (Ce SSeS SSeS SSeS Rey, WEA. Curtis) = coon ocae == dOseas=
Sot) eses cee eee | Yelle] Sh et LEMS Op eS S Se ee eS ee Dr. Barratt: ----- eno Skin. seas
ee See ae 967 Columbus) Gan-a-s-pacccenesen|=pe=-asa=s—=--| Dr. /Gesner —.--2e----— ene) Ue ee
PES eee a me SAVANNA) Gime ne ee te ee eee Sete ie eee R. Re Cuylerss2 See Skin. yoo.
tf 2: Sages gece = ie ae St. Sumon's7sland Ga. —= =. =s.-) 2.5. * eS ie Dr, Wilkon ose see ae eee Bae one tS
PA Total ek oe eS oe ee se oe (SSS See eae Es serene so [eae Ol eee nee In alcohol.
PAU aa a ae Niel lana Reta ees ete ee reel eee G. Wurdemann ..-..------ Alcohol -..
Af Korean oye ees aes Jacksonville, -Mla ns a2 i - soem | Sa = ei Dr, A.) J. Baldwin, = 2.5 23-255 00- Scene
22 riggs Salant Buty, Wtheke aaat no contol ac ee Prof. A. Winchell...------- ie a
33 944 | Kemper’county, Miss. co sae aono|eo= wee oe 1K CS abi hea Ee ee She Skin. oer
160 1142 Washing ton) Miksoh Seen acce an) Renee tem aaees GolmWellesacn sacs as oo oer =-2d08e-2e—
BASIN MES. SS IFSSSS Blountcounty, Venn 22. sea eee nee son een nee Prot Mitchell, SO ee ae

MAMMALS—TALPIDAE—SCALOPS ARGENTATUS. 63

SCALOPS ARGENTATUS.
Silver or Prairie Mole.

Scalops argentatus, Aup. & Bacu. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. VIII, 1, 1842, 292.—In. N. A. Quad. III, 1853, 252 ;
pl. cl, f. 4.
Waener, in Wiegm. Archiv, 1843, 1, 31—Is. Suppl. Schreb. V, 1855, 573.

Sr. Cu.—Larger than S. aquaticus. Teeth 36. Eyes and ears very minute, the former covered by the integument. Nostrils
antero-superior. Palms scarcely broader than long; tail nearly naked. Color silvery plumbeous.

This species is very similar to the S. aguaticus, and smaller specimens are with difficulty
distinguishable from the latter ; indeed, it may be a question whether the two can with entire
propriety be separated. The combination of the larger size, more silvery color, and more
western locality, may, however, substantiate the claim of S. argentatus to a separate place.

The muzzle is elongated and depressed, the nostrils opening on its antero-superior truncation,
much as in S. aquaticus, but rather more superior. The anterior face of the upper incisor is a
little anterior to a point midway between the eye and the tip of the nose. The eye is visible
as a small bluish speck through the integument, which is not pierced even by a pin-hole aper-
ture, as in S. aquaticus. It is placed a little behind the posterior angle of the jaws. The ear
is represented only by a circular meatus, about the twenty-fifth of an ineh in diameter,

The palms are very large, with the claws but little longer than broad. The hind feet are
about as long as the anterior ones, but much narrower. The amount of webbing to the feet is
much as in S. aquaticus.

The general color of this species is a light silvery plumbeous brown, not very dissimilar to
that of freshly cut lead. The under parts are a little lighter, especially just back of the arms :
a more brownish tint is usually imparted by immersion in alcohol. The prevailing color of the
feet and tail is white, the latter rather more densely hairy than in the aquaticus, as well as
longer.

The Scalops argentatus is sufficiently distinct in its characters to require comparisons only
with S. aquaticus. The size is much larger, the general proportions similar. The nostrils are

. More superior; the head more slender ; the eye is entirely covered by the integument, which

extends over the ball, instead of being pierced by an orbital opening. ‘he ear is a little larger.
The color is much more silvery in its lustre, without any brown.

The difference in the size of those species is very appreciable in the skulls, of which I subjoin
the comparative dimensions of the largest specimens in the collection of each.

The skull exhibits the Seon of 8. picaltihay in shia 36 teeth; or, according to the
determination of Owen, incisors 3-5, canines } i= =, premolars 9 = molars =. In the upper jaw
the anterior incisor is very large and rodent-like ; the two lateral on sitter side are very small
and thread-like, and quite deciduous. The canine is moderately thick and prismatic; the three
premolars are similarly shaped, and increase successively from first to third; the anterior
smaller, the middle larger than the canine. All the teeth in the jaws are separated by
diastemata.

By the decadence of the small lateral incisors, the number of teeth may be reduced to 34 or
32. The anterior lower incisor is also very small, and sometimes wanting, making the teeth
30 in number.

64

U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

8. argentatus. 8. aquaticus.

wae.0 | 3036. | 958. | ARs,

Tenp thiol Stow sa eee eee py. aa eee 1.40 1.30

Greatest width (=o. 0" = oso. -p seen eee . 80 ays . 70 - 67

Least interorbital space ...------------------- .33 . 32 - 30 31

Width of noseitaereas cence cone e enon a . 20 . 20 15 . 16

ihengthof palate = aan enema se eam 72 - 69 . 67 - 60

Width outside the molars -.....------------- -45 42 - 38 - 39

* From St. Louis.
Measurements.
Nose to— Tail to end of—} Length of—
Current Locality. Nature of spe-
number. cimen.
Occip | Root of | Verteb. | Hairs. |Hand.| Foot. | Breadth of
tail. palm.

1922") West of Wort' Riley <--2-=---- 1.75 6,25 jet 1 Ua ul et bg ac Se .78 From alcohol -
Ob) a AL LOM ee te = Sete e eel meme a HS )\Ue SEE Bes Seema be eine -88} .85 94 Specimen---_-.
2196 StLonis, Mo.t Sssse5. ees 1.90 4.98 A id he ie | ee -90 =. -2dOssteeeke
BGT {Leos 2 doe sister. hea besaes VARE Ie eerie eles pl syed be Smee Pate es oe 805/25. dere
2199) tes 23 0 ea oe es ee ae 1.80 rtf Aan | oe Eee a eel ee Py fs Hn) see. Yor Es
2200 |.-.--- OS te ae 1.74 a" a Pa ee Ses! ead ee ee nt Pee hae emer eC 3 * =
2i0i6 «| Mort smith, Ark _o-- 2. po oces 1.73, ze Rg ale pes a ary [ES Sy Se 10), ¢ \nn eO aeeee
2186 | Prairie Mer Rouge, La_--._-.--- 1. 82 IT el a ac A et el pa | pe PR ~ 82 * |. sidoseeeaee=
2214 | Columbus, Ohio ---.--.-----.-- 1.89 4, 38 112 +) 1.29 90 85 283" “|25. doer seeaee

This species was first described from a specimen collected in Michigan by Dr. Geo. Leib.

is essentially a prairie species, where it replaces the S. aquaticus of the east. Its extreme range

to the west has not yet been ascertained.

List of specimens.

Catalogue
number.

Corresponding
No. of skull.

No. of
specim’s.

Locality.

Dréemont, Men cceo see oeemes
Alton, Ill
Columbus! Ohiom. 2-25 ees sees
BG wOuis, MOe pas come. Son eee
Prairie Mer Rouge, La
Fort Smith, Ark
Mouth cf Big Sioux, Nebraska.

20 miles west of Fort Riley, Kan-

Whence obtained.

It

Nature of specimen. ~

Wied. Bhanpcse= oom Dry, skin): : 2282628
R, Kennicott ~~... Alcohol ;...22. see
i. Lesquereaux ~--.---. |... 0-2. ..tap pane
Dr. Engelmann -.------- Dry and in alcohol.
On Haile sceseade ses. Alcohol’ to sacenee
Lieut. “Whipple <.---2.--|-... dosiz J SosSteee
Lieut. G. K. Warren and | Skin............-.
Dr. F. V. Hayden. ;
Lieut. F. T. Bryan and | Alcohol -..........

W.S. Wood.

MAMMALS—-TALPIDAE—SCALOPS TOWNSENDII. 65

SCALOPS LATIMANUS.

Scalops latimanus, Bacu. Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. Oct. 1841, 41.—Is. Bost. Jour. N. H. IV, 1843, 34.
Avup. & Bacn. J. A. N. Se. Phila. VIII, 11, 1842, 295.—In. N, A. Quad. IV, 1854, 323.
Wacner, in Wiegm. Archiv, 1843, 11, 32,—Is. Suppl. Schreber Saugt, V, 1855, 573.

The Scalops latimanus of Bachman has not yet come under my notice. The diagnosis given
is as follows:

‘‘Larger than the common shrew mole, intermediate in size between S. townsendii and 8.
brewerit. Hair longer and thinner than on either of the other species, and slightly curled.
Palms larger than in any other known species. Tail naked, and color nearly black. Inhabits
Mexico and Texas.

‘‘Length to root of tail, 7;’; inches; of tail, 12; breadth of palm, 42; of tarsus, +7.

‘‘Specimen from Mexico in the Berlin Museum. Another seen from Northern Texas.”’

The dimensions of this species do not exceed those of S. argentatus; while the palm is not
broader (nor so broad) than in specimens of all the other species of American Scalops, (except
S. breweri,) as shown above. The combination of the black color, large size, and locality would
seem to indicate it to be a genuine species. The description mentions nothing as to the number
of teeth or the position of the nostrils.

SCALOPS (SCAPANUS) TOWNSENDII.
Oregon Mole.

Scalops townsendii, Bacu J. A. N.S. Ph. VIII, 1839, 58—Is. in Townsend’s Narr. 1839, 314.—In. in Pr. Bost. Soc.
N. H. J, 1841, 41.—Is. in Jour. Bost Soe. N. H. IV, 1843, 31.
Waener, in Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1843, 1, 31.—In. Suppl. Schreber’s Sdugt. V, 1855, 574.
Aun. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. III, 1853, 217; pl. cxlv.
Scalops canadensis, Ricu. F. B. A. I, 1829, 9.
Scalops aeneus, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. Ph. VI, Feb. 1853, 299.
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. V, 1855, 574.
Aun. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. III, 1854, 321, (from Cassin.)
Scalops taeniata, Leconte, Pr. A. N. Sc. Ph. VI, June, 1853, 327.
? Scalops californicus, Ayres, Pr. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sc. I, May 21, 1855, 54.

Sp. Cu.—Teeth 44. Eye small, but not covered by the integument. Tail rather scantily haired. Nostrils opening on
the upper surface of the tip of the snout. Palm large and broad. Color nearly black, with faint purplish or sooty brown
reflection. (Sometimes, perhaps, glossed with silvery ?)

Description of a dried skin, No. 361.—Snout elongated, compressed ; the nostrils opening on
its upper side, near the end. Muzzle nearly naked above, with short hairs; entirely hairy
below. Tail moderately long, covered with scanty hairs which do not conceal the skin. Palms
large and broad ; nearly naked above, with scattered hairs. The toes of the hind feet are cleft
to the penultimate articulation.

The general color is a dark purplish, almost sooty black, nearly uniform everywhere. The
largest specimen, from Puget Sound, is rather lighter, especially on the lower surfaces.

91L

60 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Measurements. (Taken from dry skins.)

361. 621.
Inches. | Lines. Inches. Lines.
pre apse a
Nose toirootiof tala" 2-22 oon eae e a ae eeen= 6 ala jer
Tail from root to end of vertebrae.--.__--_---- 1 4 ie 3
Hukediportin mses laid 28 eat 4 eeeee ts ib dled 1 1
Arm, forefoot to end of claws__-_----.-.-----|-------- 11 ae a 9
Tongestsclaw, Of arm 2-2-2 peo ess of ee) ee 3h
Leg, bindfoot from heel to end of claws .------/-------- Ey lecoenace 9
ONES Cla wiOP Nel ae mee aoe ee es een 2 eee ae 13
Denpth’ Gl paln..sacees nae e woe eae eee ea ie e||Sectence 53
Breadth /of palmee ss oss- sae ese ae ee phe SAA LS ee 6
ength/of skhull/--2-=- =~ - 25 Soe Seas 1 Th 1 3
|

Description. of a specimen, No. 2212, in alcohol.—General form that of S. aguaticus, but larger.
Muzzle long, depressed, truncate at tip; naked for most of that portion anterior to the incisors,
or with scattered hairs. The nostrils open antero-superiorly, on a plane oblique to the axis of
the muzzle of about 45°; they are, however, partly visible from the side ; much more distinctly
so from above and theend. There is a smooth bulb or gland at the end ; the rest of this muzzle,
however, is corrugated ; the wrinkles on the lower surface are oblique to the median furrow,
and those on either side are parallel to each other.

The eye, though very minute, is not covered by an extension of the skin of the body, as in
S. breweri, but is open to the air; the orbit, however, is not larger than a pin-hole. It is situ-
ated so far back that the posterior angle of the mouth falls about midway between the eye and
the upper anterior incisor.

The meatus of the ear is very small and circular, about one-twentieth of an inch in diameter ;
there is no external ear. The centre of the meatus is about midway between the eye and the
occiput.

The palms are very large, and broader than long, exclusive of the claws. These are very
large and fossorial ; the upper surfaces of the feet are very thinly covered with hair; beneath
they are entirely naked. The tail is about as long as the skull; it tapers gently to a rather
acute tip, and is scantily beset with rather long hairs, which scarcely take off the appearance
of nakedness.

The nostrils of this species are more superior than in S. brewer, the palms are proportionally
larger and broader, The tail is more acute, and less clothed with hair. The posterior outline
of the palm is much less acute, being almost straight, and rounded off at the corners, resem-
bling the longer outline of an ellipse rather than the shorter, as in S. breweri. The nostrils of
S. aquaticus are quite similar in their position to those of S. townsendii.

In specimens from Petaluma, in excellent preservation, the muzzle is much broader and more
abruptly truncate, although the nostrils are as described. ‘he nostrils are crescentic; the
concavity superior; their anterior extremities approach each other very closely ; they appear
rather more terminal than in northern specimens. The size is less; the palms appear propor-

MAMMALS—TaLPIDAE—SCALOPS TOWNSENDII. 67

tionally broader ; the tail longer and thicker, tapering less to the tip. The color is a good deal
more silvery, almost like S. aquaticus or argentatus ; lighter below, and far from having the
sooty brown tinge of S. townsendii. The skull is perhaps a little broader ; the premolars more
compressed and trenchant. The anterior incisors are broad and rodent-like; the iwo outer
ones on either side are entirely lateral, very small and nearly equal; the canine is of similar
size, but a little larger. The tooth behind the canine is similar to that anterior to it, but a
little shorter; the next two are successively larger and more compressed. In the lower jaw
the teeth anterior to the posterior four are simple, subcylindrical, and nearly equal in size.

Notwithstanding these differences, I am by no means sure that the specimens from California
are distinct. I have before me five specimens, two from San Francisco, the others from Peta-
luma. These were all kept some time in alcohol ; and the feet, tail, and muzzle are fuller than
in dried skins. They are not as large as two specimens of 9. townsendii from Washington Ter-
ritory, but are about equal to three others. The skulls do not appear to be perfectly adult.

Should further comparisons show the California mole to be distinct from the Oregon one, the
diagnosis will probably be:

Scalops californicus.—Size less than in S. townsendii; palms, tail, and muzzle thicker; nostrils
more terminal, Color, light sooty brown, glossed with silvery ; lighter and clearer beneath.
Tail rather hairy ; the hairs rather long.

Dr. Ayres speaks of the California mole as differing from S. townsendii in size and color; as
described by him, (dark glossy brown, almost black,) the difference is less than I have made it
from alcoholic specimens. A

I am not prepared to admit the Scalops aeneus of Mr. Cassin as distinct from S. townsendii.
The smaller size would belong to a young specimen, and the peculiar combination of the brassy
color wich the black nails and feet might be the natural result of long immersion of the animal
in alcohol. The dentition is the same with that of S. townsendii.

The Talpa taeniata of Leconte, founded on the specimen from Oregon, figured by Audubon
as having a light stripe on the belly, does not possess sufficient characters for a specific separa-
tion. As is well known, the moles, both of Europe and America, are liable to these irregu-
larities of coloration; a specimen of the closely allied S. brewert is irregularly blotched in
various parts of thé body with white, as also one of S. aquaticus, (see page 61.)

The difference in dentition between this species and S. aquaticus is too great to require any
special comparison. From S. brewer, with the same number of teeth, it differs in having the
anterior middle incisor considerably broader, shorter, and more chisel-shaped ; the most poste-
rior premolar is much larger and more trenchant, resembling the molars, and viewed laterally,
actually larger than the most posterior molar; in S. brewert this tooth has the crown but little
longer and no wider than the canine. There is a corresponding difference in the lower jaw.

Measurements (specimens in alcohol.)

| | : Tip of nose to— Tail to end of | Length of— |
Current Locality. | r | Breadth | Nature of
number. Eye. Ear. Occip. | Root of | Verteb. | Hairs. | Hand. | Foot. {of palm.| specimen.
| tail. | |
| |
| | | | a
2212 | Steilacoom. ---- 0.73 1.45 2.05 4.98 1.59 1.79 | 0.91 | 0.64 | 0.77 | From alcohol.

1.68 | 0.88 | 0.80) 0.69 |_.-.. dazee

2209 | Petaluma, Cal... Gites toate [Gmlee 15600 1,4. 05. | 1248

68 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Inst of specimens.

Catalogue | Correspond’g | Sex & | Locality. When Whence obtained. Original | Nature of
number. | No. of skull. | age. | collected. number. | specimen.
| it
ZOOS ese ieeee seen | Steilacoom, W. T.----- ' July, 1856 | Dr. George Suckley, U.S.A. 119 Skin -----
1963, ss. ae Sees |------|-------- doses saben | -Aplib, 156 j2=-- == dostaas6 eon 85 2.224082
B21 at’ sca en oes Pee rae ab icak e leat ROBE plc ae ce os lp ee a dh ee Alcohol...
361 | PARy | eee ee Cee om A ae ie Eee Saks OE eam tienen? ose 21 | Mounted. -
621 Ce, eet | Shoalwater Bay.------- | Sept., 1854| Dr. J. G. Cooper. -...---- 17 | Sane
1712 Lr el Sibel pes niet Ee Rag at | Aug 30,1855 |_--..--- ine ee ee ee * date
7d prea | Astoria, Oregon.-.. ---- (caeceeeseaee Lt.W.P. Trowbridge, U.S.A.|---------|---- doves
an0g T4 Sraay: Mh Se 8 Meceaineiiet Gait 20, MeN ie56. | Ti semaes-t Ot leno tale eae te age!
BLOM. eee) Lt ene | feren in gibi sek al. a oie) sido. siesta eet Alcohol. - .
A Ua ep ae re ee Beamer doSeieessere aeons doz===- se eedOe ee as ss cee: tate Beas SOR eee do=—5
AN ee oot <a se eee San Francisco. -------- Eeone dozeaae WHE Sh NUE ise soaced |= cote cele dose.
CPA ese et ne eee [cbs aig GO a = arta | ere eet Lt. W.P.Trowbridge,U.S.A.|-...-..--|---- do---=
137g eee etna pina bias amet ae Dzriv.cuty Te WoO. Ayrtes. hee cl eo tone fone
| |

SCALOPS (SCAPANUS) BREWERI.

Hairy Tailed Mole.

Scalops breweri, Bacu. Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. 1, 1841, 41—Is. Bost. Jour. N. H. IV, 1843, 32.
Waener, in Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1843, 1, 31.—Is. Suppl. Schreb V. 1855, 573.
Avp. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. II, 1851, 173; pl. Ixxiv.

Sp. Cu.—Teeth 44. Eyes covered by the integument. Ear opening rather large. Nostrils lateral. Palms rather narrow.

Tail densely hairy. Color, dark plumbeous, glossed with ashy brown.

Description of a dried skin (No. 319.)—Snout long and slender, somewhat depressed and
truncated at the end; naked above, with a few scattered hairs; hairy on the lower part of the
sides and beneath ; extreme tip of the muzzle naked. Nostrils entirely lateral, opening close
to the extremity of the snout ; their aperture elongated. Tail short, thick, depressed ; every-
where densely covered with hair, with a considerable brush at the end. Fore feet much smaller
than in other American species; not much smaller than in Condylura; the palms scarcely
broader than long (claws excluded). Hind feet likewise very small ; the toes cleft to the penul-
timate articulation.

The fur is long and full, not quite so soft as in S. aqguaticus. Above, it is of a dark ashy
plumbeous from the roots, glossed with ashy brown. Beneath, this latter tinge is more decided,
and extends more towards the roots ; towards the chin there is infused a slight tinge of reddish-
brown. The hands are nearly naked above, probably flesh colored in life, with a few scattered
whitish hairs ; the upper surfaces of the hind feet are brownish. The claws are whitish, with
a subterminal dark spot (at the end of the bone). The hairs on the sides and extremity of the
tail are tipped with silvery.

In another specimen from Cleveland, presented by Professor Kirtland, the tail is almost
entirely white ; and the fur is whitish in spots or patches, distributed irregularly over the body.

The specimen described is very old, us shown by the greatly worn teeth.

MAMMALS—TALPIDAE—SCALOPS BREWER], 69

General dimensions.

Inches. Lines.
Noseitovroot‘of tall sansa sects aeesscssesescccecus 5 6
Tail from root to end of vertebra.......--_.-.-------=-- 1 1
Waisfrom: root tovend of haire) <-2-52--s+2-tos-cscs5< 1 34
ampere 100t) to end Of Claws= = —o2——eecia ne eee eee es “nec em eo 84
Jann, elas itd Py pear ooecsnee Hee Sees pace ces eebccer | pee aese ancaise 34
Leg, hind foot from heel to end of claws ..---..-...--.|---..---=.-- 84
ie POD PCS Gn Cet Wii ete ee ee eae tral retin i atad 1}
PalmitOLeNn GROW Cl Sse ese a me aire ieee aaa ay rae le tre 5}
PPP AN See ee eee Seo eee Cee eee eee eee a 5}
Skull Jeneth: -2sto2s2 3. sfsc2sessh2eh pasos eens oe] a2 oes o 3%

Description from a specimen in alcohol (No. 2205).—The body, though thick and clumsy, is
rather more slender than in S. aquaticus. The head is rather pointed and elongated, owing to
the great development of the muzzle. This projects about .35 of an inch beyond the incisors,
or rather more than the distance from the incisors to the angle of the mouth. It is much
depressed, and tapers to a rounded truncate tip. It is almost entirely naked above, and lat-
erally almost as far back as the end of the nasal bones, and beneath to the incisors ; a few scat-
tered hairs only are visible. There is a broad groove on the underside, from incisors to the
bulb or glans of the nose; this is terminal and smooth, the remainder of the muzzle is
wrinkled and corrugated ; these corrugations on the under side are arranged in parallel lines,
running a little backward on each side from the central furrow. The nostrils open on the sides
of the terminal buib, a little obliquely, so as to be slightly visible from above, but not from
beneath. Its shape is crescentic, the concavity superior.

The eye is excessively minute, and covered with skin ; it is situated a little posterior to the
angle of the mouth, and about midway between the tip of the snout and the occiput.

There is no external ear’; the meatus is an oval cavity, about one-twelfth of an inch in
diameter, situated just above the insertion of the arm.

The palms are about as broad as long, exclusive of the claws, which are long and fossorial,
much larger than those on the hind feet. The third is longest, the second about the same size,
_ but not projecting so far; the fourth a little smaller and shorter, the first larger than the fifth.
The hind foot is about as long as the fore, much narrower and weaker, however ; the relative
proportions of the toes and claws much as in the fore feet. The under surfaces of all the feet
are perfectly smooth ; the upper with scanty hairs; the posterior and lateral margin of the
palm is provided with a cileated border of short hairs.

The tail is thick and blunt at the end, entirely and densely covered with bristly hairs, about
.15 of an inch long; it is slightly constricted at the base, and with the hairs about as long as
the head.

The longest hairs on the back measure about .35 of an inch, and a little less beneath.

The colors of two specimens in alcohol are much as in the dry skins described, except that
there is no white anywhere. Both appear to be of rather immature age, as shown by the

70 U. 8. P. ‘R. ResEeP:

co-existence of deciduous and permanent incisors and premolars.

are small and equal in size, much as in Talpa ewropea.

AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The deciduous upper incisors

Measurements.
Tip of nose to— Tail to end of— | Length of—
Current Locality. Breadth Nature
number. of palm. | of specimen.
Eye. | Ear. | Occi- | Root | Vert. Hairs. | Hand.| Foot.
put. jof tail.
—-
2205 Waterville, No W-=-- 2222 Su As) | 1.15 | 1.65 | 4.00 1.05 1.25 72 ari) 55 In alcohol.
22067 | 2ee2 dees. soe seae nee . 70 | 1.03 | 1.43 | 3.78 1.07 1. 24 68} .67 48 .|.-.<d0, cee
List of specimens.
|
Catalogue | Corresponding Locality. | Whence obtained. Nature of specimen.
number. No. of skull. .
|
|
319 1769 Cleveland, Ohio........-.------- | Prof. W. H. B, Thomas.-.-..-.--- | Skin Lee
pa ilo k tae wihe "h Adiann_ gilt oh svaninal | Prof. J. P. Kirtland. ......-.2--. _. dows sedteees
2205 3113 Waterville; NeeWe----25-55_-.422 EGADaNIsiS < beersee ae ~ oo ee eres Aleohol. ...cn =e
AAG wee ae > etetap ee = Bhs q) CUS See: GaSe tee eee aes (i. Se RE ome eee oe a50Qs oa

MAMMALS—TALPIDAE—CONDYLURA CRISTATA. 71

CONDYLURA, Illiger.

Condylura, ILt1cer, Prodromus, 1811, 125.
Astromycter, Harris.

Talpasorez, ScHINz.

Rhinaster, WaGNneER, Suppl. Schreb. II, 1843, 113.

Moles with a fringe of elongated caruncles encircling the end of the nose. Nostrils circular, terminal. Tail nearly as long
as the body, covered with hair, Auditory opening large.

In the above brief diagnosis are included the most conspicuous features of a remarkable genus
of moles, peculiar to the northern portions of North America. At present we are unacquainted
with the precise use of the peculiar nasal fringes and the laciniated processes on the under
surface of the fingers, so different from what is seen in the other genera.

As I have not been able to discover more than one species of Condylwra among the specimens
‘before me, I cannot say what are generic and what specific characters. I have accordingly
given all its more prominent features in the description of the single species.

The genus was established by Illiger in 1811, and based on a supposed peculiar series of nodes
on the tail, caused by its shrinking most around the middle of the vertebrae. It is true that the
same thing takes place in the tails of other animals when dried, but the name is as applicable
as many others in common use, and will hardly warrant the use of a new name, as contended
for by Wagner.

The differences in external form between Scalops and Condylura are very striking. Thus the
former has nothing of the peculiar plates on the entire surface of the hands and feet, nor the
flattened scaphoid tubercle on the inner edge of the sole. The hind feet of Condylura are consid-
erably longer than the anterior ; the palms are relatively smaller, and the digits more deeply
cleft. The eyes are larger and the ear much more fully developed. In Scalops the tail is much
the shortest, and the peculiar fringed radiations on the nose are entirely wanting. The teeth
are totally different. The nearest relationship are with Urotrichus.

CONDYLURA CRISTATA.

Star-Nosed Mole

Sorex cristatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed 10th,) I, 1758, 53.—Is. (ed 12th,) I, 1766, 73.
Erxves. Syst. Reg. Anim. 1777, 121.
Scureser, Sauget. III, 1778, 566.
Bopp#rt, Elenchus Anim. I, 1784, 124.
Geum, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 112.
Condylura cristata, Desmarest, Jour. de Physique, LXXXIX, 1819, 230.—Is. Mam. I, 1820, 157.
Harvan, F. A. 1825, 36.
Gopman, J. A. N. Se. Phil. V, 1, 1825, 169.
GrirritH, Cuv. II, 1827, 210; pl.—Is. V. 1827, 110.
Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 12.
Rhinaster cristatus, Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. II, 1841, 117.—Is. V, 1855, 575.
Talpa longicaudata, Erxxi. Syst. Reg. Anim. I, 1777, 118, (from Pennant.)
(Erxl.) Scures. Saiugt. III, 1778, 561.
Suaw, Gen. Zool. Mamm. I, 1800, 523.

72 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Talpa radiata, Suaw, Gen. Zool. Mamm. I, 1800, 523.
Sorex radiatus, Suaw, Gen. Zool. Mamm. I, 1800, 531; pl. exxx.
Condylura longicaudata, Desm., Mamm. I, 1820, 158.
Hartan, F. A. 1825, 38.
Grirr. Cuv. V, 1827, 110.
Ricu. F. B. A. I. 1829, 13.
Fiscuer, Syn. 1829, 248.
GieseEL, Saugt. 1855, 891.
Rhinaster longicaudata, WaGneR, Suppl. Schreb. IT, 1841, 116.
Talpa longicauda, Bopp. Elench. Anim. I, 1784, 126.
Condylura macrowra, Haruan, F. A. 1825, 39.
Fiscner, Syn. 1829, 248.
Tuompson, Nat. Hist. Vt. 1842, 28.
?? Ricn. F. B. A. I, 1829, 234.
?? Waener, in Schreber, Saugt. III; pl. clvi, A (interpolated from Rich.)
?? Rhinaster macroura, WacNeER, Suppl. Schreb. IT, 1841, 115.
?? Condylura prasinata, Harris, Bost. Jour. Philos. & Arts. II, 1825, 582 (Maine.)

Radiated mole, PENNANT, Syn. Quad. 1771, 313.—Is. Hist Quad. 1781, No. 351.—Is. Aretic Zool. I, 1784, 140.
(Sp. in Leverian Mus.)
Long tailed mole, Penn. Syn. 1771, 314.—In. Quad. 1, 1781, 486; Arctic Zool. (2d ed.) I, 1784, 140.

Sp. Cu.—Tail about as long as body, exclusive of head; color dark-brownish black.

The Star-nosed mole has the general form of the moles, in the thick-set and clumsy body,
large palms, &c., as in Scalops. There is no distinction of neck, but the head tapers rapidly
at first from the occiput, then more gently to the very much attenuated snout. The muzzle,
however, is much thicker than in Scalops ; its tip is truncated perpendicular to its axis, and the
margins are extended into a fringe of star-shaped processes, 22 in number, around the circum-
ference, the longest (lateral) measuring about .20 of an inch, and distant .35 of an inch from
the centre of the nose. These radiated fringes are symmetrically arranged, eleven on each side,
and though varying in length, preserving the bilateral symmetry. The upper on either side
have their roots a little further forward than the rest, or nearer the nostrils, which are a little
below their thickened base. The nostrils are circular, entirely terminal, in the centre of the
snout, and separated by about one-tenth of an inch. The whole terminal portion of the muzzle
is naked, including a small space behind the nasal fringes on the upper surface.

On the under surface of the muzzle there is a furrow very deep and short, reaching from the
incisors to the tip of the nose. In fact this furrow is formed by the meeting of one on either
side, which separates the lips from the gums and teeth; exterior to this, and parallel with it,
is a second furrow, which separates a labium on either side, reaching from the angle of the
mouth to within one-twelfth of an inch of the end of the muzzle.

The eyes are diminutive, but distinct, with an appreciable palpebral opening, nearly the
twentieth of an inch in diameter. It is proportionally as large as in most shrews, and doubt-
less serves a visual purpose. It is situated about midway between the end of the nose and the
centre of the meatus.

There is no external ear projecting above the surface of the skin, but the meatus is very large,
placed obliquely and nearly parallel with the top of the head. It is oval, about .30 of an inch
in its long diameter, and half as much the other way ; an antitragus and antihelix-valve are very
distinct, mostly seen below the level of the meatus ; and the auricle itself may be considered as
indicated by a sharp edge of theskin. The superior and inferior extremities of the small antihelix
are united with the posterior edges of the meatus, so as to form a small aperture, or cul de sac.

MAMMALS—TALPIDAE—CONDYLURA CRISTATA. 73

The edges of the antitragus and antihelix (otherwise naked) are beset by long hairs like those
on the rest of the body.

The general character of the ear is as in the short-tailed American shrews, (Blarina), with
less development of auricle, however; the antitragus and antihelix serve as valves to close
the opening into the internal ear.

The hands are broad, but not so large as in Scalops, and present a striking resemblance to
those of terrapins. There are a few hairs on the back of the hand, near the base, and there is
a fringe encircling the entire palm; the rest of the hand, including the whole of the under
surface, and most of the upper, is free of hairs, and closely covered with a pavement of brown
scales or plates, of nearly uniform size below, but larger near the outer marzin above. The
whole of the hind foot is similarly constituted as to plates on both surfaces; there are a few
hairs near the outer edge of the anterior surface. There is a large, horny tubercle on the inner
edge of the sole, midway between the heel and the tip of the first claw, sometimes developed
into a process resembling that on the hind foot of a toad; there are three other smaller ones
in a line at nearly equal distances near the outer edge.

The hind feet, though narrower than the anterior, are considerably longer. The width of
the palm is about half its length, or equal to the distance from wrist to base of fingers. The
fingers and their claws in both feet decrease regularly from the fourth to the first ; the outer
one but little shorter than the fourth. The hand is only webbed between the basal phalanges
of the fingers. The outer edge of the under surface of each of the anterior fingers is extended
into three laciniated horny processes. These are not found on the hind feet,

The tail is long ; without the hairs, about as long as the body, exclusive of the head. It is
covered with annulations of rather large, coarse scales, which, however, are much obscured by
the long bristly hairs which spring between them. It is much constricted at the base, swells
rapidly to the basal fourth, and then tapers gently to the tip. Usually the greatest diameter
of the tail is about .20 of an inch; but during the breeding season, by the deposition of fat
under the skin, it swells to an enormous size, so as to exceed half an inch in thickness. Speci-
mens vary in the length of the tail, which appears longer in the males than the females.

The fur of this animal is much coarser than in the common mole, and without its lustrous
gloss. It consists of two kinds of hair, a basal fur, with longer, coarser hairs, thickly inter-
spersed. The longest measure about half an inch.

The color is a uniform dark, sooty brown, or blackish, barely appreciably lighter beneath.
The fur is a dark plumbeous from base to near the sooty tips, a little paler beneath.

The variation in the size and length of the tail “has caused the erection of several species of
Condylura. All that have come under my notice, however, appear to be the same, although it
is quite possible that the species from Oregon, described by Richardson as Condylura macroura
of Harlan, may be distinct.

The skull of Condylura presents several peculiarities of great interest compared with that of
its allies. It is much longer and more slender in its proportions. The upper outline of the -
skull is concave, from the posterior third to the nasals, and then straight to the end of the
latter, which terminate behind the canines instead of projecting beyond the incisors. The
cranium is almost as high as broad ; the auditory foramina very large and conspicuous, some-
what as in the shrews. There is a notch in the posterior edge of the palate, reaching to the
penultimate molar, instead of this posterior edge being straight, and at some distance behind

he Jast molar.
10 L

74 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The dental formula may be given at incisors = canines = premolars = molars — = =
= 44. The anterior upper incisors project nearly horizontally, and are axe-shaped, the crown
being sub-compressed, widened suddenly beyond the neck, and having a distant resemblance to
the anterior incisor of the shrews. Those of opposite sides lie very close together, making the
two halves of a kind of spoon. Next succeeds a very slender thread-like incisor, implanted
vertically, and then a long canine-like incisor in immediate contact, and almost as much
developed as the canine of Zalpa. This tooth has a small spur on its trenchant extero-posterior
edge. Next, after a considerable interval, comes the diminutive canine with a simple fang,
and then succeed three compressed premolars with double fangs, a central large-pointed lobe
and two basal ones to each. The last premolar and the three molars are in close contact; the
anterior premolars, the canine, and the third incisors, are all separated from each other by con-
siderable intervals.

In the lower jaw the three incisors are directed horizontally forward, the two inner ones com-
bining closely with their fellows of opposite sides, to form one continuous spoon-shaped projec-
tion, with difficulty separable into its four components. The exterior incisor is small and
thread-like, with difficulty discernible in its situation close to the second incisor. The canine
is rather large and distinct, and has a posterior basal fang; the premolars are somewhat like
the upper ones, and exhibit the same conditions as to interspaces,

| Measurements.
Tip of nose to— Tail to end of— | Length of—
Current Locality. Breadth | Nature of spe-
number. } of palm. cimen.
Eye. | Ear. | Occip.|Rootof) Vert. Hair. | Hand. | Foot.
. tail.
567 Hort Ripley, Minn + /2)2.2 22)_ f22ee -92 | 3.25 | 2.83 AOD 13 25 Siete oe ee From specimen
4 in alcohol.

568 St. Lawrence .co., N. Y.|-----+|--.--- -92 | 3.00 2.92 AR Sas | ere ere ae coe eS dosatasc
2219 Middleboro’, Mass .---- -68 | 1.10 | 1.54 | 3. 62 2-80 3.19 a 7D | 1.17 046° eae do-.-s-=
V5. 4 he ees 2 W0sccssSecese een -65 | 1.05 | 1.58 | 3.67 2.80 3. 00 63 | 1.00 440" iesee do-cceas
B24e Weoose dose cssacneee 75 | 1.26 | 1.50 | 3.98 2.83 2.98 67 | 1.00 40 Se dos... 2e=
Pa: al era C0 sane cats eae el eames Senne meme =| Somber 2.85 3. 02 ~15 | 12038 740. “|2-25a i
2244s | S285 G0passsesno--nee - 70 | 1.23 | 1.50 | 3. 67 2.55 3.00 78 | 1.00 85 LEE do2t..
2246s seus dos.254 Sue eee .70 | 1.15 | 1.527) 4.16 3. 03 3.18 76 | 1.05 TSO) nite de-n--==
2246 i). 22 dole so et see 3165 t) 1580's) 4520 [68i/68:4). sees ce. ese es 75 | 1.00 640 | accu d6.cnks<
2217 | Essex county, N. Y=---| .67 | 1.20 | 1.55 | 3.76 2.80 3.21 75 | 1.05 oe 916-56
2234 Meadville, Pa.....---- 108) |p aace= 1.50 | 3.95 2.72 3.07 70 | 1.00 Bt. \oas dd .-=
2235 Waterville, N. Y...--. i RA = 1.60 | 3.92 2.80 3.05 75 | 1.04 ee dO. nse
2218 Carlisle Pao o-s nae {00 \areee 1.53 | 3.98 2.63 2.83 74 90 240, |e do s-oa= -

MAMMALS—TALPIDAE—UROTRICHUS GIBBSII.

List of specimens.

75

|
Catalogue | Correspond’g | No. of spe- Locality. /When collected. | Whence obtained. Nature of speci-
number. | No. of skull.| cimens. | men.
|. posed sh edt
567 1689 1 "| Wort Ripley; Minn .....|:/.-..---. | Dr, J. F. Head, U.S. A..| Skin -.--------
eftyal dos {ie amare: Bi 4 Elite oN HShaes eel ews ase leprba, BeGipine. «424i Wealedhol ae
Te ee a 1 Montreal wes: eteeateoclee eee awe ee | Thomas Broome..------ | Skima)s23 ei eiey
Reset peel Ley atest 1 Middleboro’, Mass ----.| July 5, 1855 ot Tigre Paiva kels 22.0 J .|ocdok at net
poses Yee Bo afanarert--dO-nn-a>--=-2-| October,.-.---|2--..-do=---- ---.--| Skin & in alcohol.
NS Se eee oe Se ee due en ae Dec. 16, So Pies DORs ane i | Skin.= 23 oes
PEA eral) ates terete 1 HasexicountyiNw Was sclea2-csccucse5- eUnece Hatall: 25.23 | Alcohol -... 5...
568 1690 1 Dt. Gawrence'co, N. Yo2|-<"<- 2-2 == 2 | B.-A. Dayton: -.-. <<. DkiIn| fe ass eens
Za0D) (seaseescacee 1 NWWtCEY TEN.) eee nee ene ees ER Davis: 205420 leet 3 Aléoholtz £2251 225
c(i Ee ES Ee ee 1 New York city 22s. 22|22- J: SUL | George N. Lawrence --- Skin -----------
yl eee 2 | Meadville, Pa.....-----|------- Bou | J. F. Thickstun .....- Te eee
2218 |------------ 1 Carlisle Pa: sa es oa es ee (iste Bande. 2 ee WO oa 2 ee tee
B22 Bes oe 3 1 Cleveland, Ohio---.--- [ees aa er or Prof. J. P. Kirtland 52-| Skine ---=-2-2-<
i

76 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

UROTRICHUS, Temminck.

Urotrichus, Temmincx, Van der Hoeven, Tijdschr. V, 1838.—In. Mag. de Zool. 1842.

Muzzle prolonged into a cylindrical tube, continued some distance beyond the incisors, terminating in a simple naked bulb.
Nostrils cylindrical, opening in the side. Eyes and ears concealed. Tail long and hairy. Fore feet moderately large, shorter
than the hind feet. Upper and under surfaces of both covered with small plates.

In the above diagnosis I have the pleasure of first introducing a genus of insectivorous mam-
mals into the fauna of North America hitherto only represented by a single species, the U.
talpoides,' from Japan. The specimen is, unfortunately, not quite mature, and the skull, with
its dentition, is imperfect; so that Iam obliged to rely upon Temminck for the dental formula.

In external form this animal exhibits a close resemblance to Condylura, the only striking
difference being in the much elongated and tubular muzzle, without radiations, and the nostrils
lateral, not terminal. The feet, hands, and tail, are very similar.

The dental formula, according to Temminck, is incisors, oils canines, = molars, =~ ="36;
or, as there are three true molars, the latter quantity would be divided into: premolars and
molars — The analogy of dentition would, however, make the formula more probably : incisors,
=: canines, = ; premolars, = molars, Sea 36.

The genus Urotrichus in many respects resembles the shrews, and, in fact, may be considered
as forming the connecting link between this family and the moles through Condylura.

UROTRICHUS GIBBSII, Baird.

Tail as long as the body (exclusive of the head). Color uniform dark sooty plumbeous. Body about 2} inches long,

This animal, in many respects, bears a close resemblance to Condylura, as in color, feet, and
tail, from which it is readily distinguished by the much elongated muzzle and the absence of
any radiated processes. The size is about that of Sorex carolinensis.

The nose is much elongated and projects more beyond the incisors than in Sorex. Indeed,
it is, for most of its length, a nearly cylindrical tube, scantily covered with short hairs, and
terminated by a naked bulb or glans, with the nostrils pierced in the sides. A distinct con-
striction separates the bulb all round from the hairy portion of the nose. There is a slight
furrow on the under surface of the muzzle. The eye and ear cannot be detected in the skin.
They are said to be very minute in the Japan species, as in the moles.

The hands and feet are constituted much as in Condylura, in having both surfaces tesselated
with small isolated plates. These, on the upper surfaces of metacarpus and metatarsus, are
thinly covered with long hairs, and in the hind feet, not restricted to the antero-external edge, as
in Condylura. I do not find in the dry skin the peculiar scaphoid tubercle on the sole, so con-
spicuous in Condylura. The hind foot is considerably longer (by two-thirds) than the fore foot,
but narrower. The hind claws are as long as the anterior ones, but more straight, slender, and
acute. The fore claws and hands appear less fossorial than in the other moles. The proportions
of the digits differ from Condylura. Thus the 4th, 3d, and 2d, are successively a little shorter,

1 See Temminck in Mag. de Zool. 1842, plate 55, mammiferes.

MAMMALS—TALPIDAE—UROTRICHUS GIBBSII. (CL

but much longer than the 1st and 5th, the claws of which reach, respectively, to the bases of
those of the 2d and 4th; the first digit and claw consequently shorter than the fifth.

The tail is long; with the hairs, but little shorter than the body, exclusive of the head. It is
constricted at the base, thickened somewhat in the middle, and tapers gently to the extremity.
It is covered with annulated scales, which, however, are much obscured by the long bristly hairs
- which spring from between the annuli, and tip the tail in a stiff pencil.

The color is a dark sooty-brown, almost inappreciably lighter beneath. The color almost
uniform from the roots ; a little more bluish, perhaps, in the covered portion. Some of the hairs
are more lustrous than others, and reflect light so as to impart a hoary appearance. The fur is
long and not very compact. The longest hairs measure about 0.20 of an inch.

I regret very much that the skull of the only specimen I have seen is much broken, and at the
same time so immature that the permanent teeth have not yet fully taken their places. As far,
however, as I can make out, the skull is broader, and narrows anteriorly rather more abruptly
than in Scalops. The nasal bones extend as far as the anterior edge of the upper incisors, as in
Scalops, not Condylura, There may be made out an anterior scalpriform incisor, broader than
in Scalops, and projecting downward; and behind this two smaller ones of similar shape. The
permanent canine is not distinguishable unless this be indicated by the emerging crown of a tooth
apparently with two roots. The premolars have each two roots. The molars are three in
number.

The lower anterior incisor is much as in Condylura, broad, horizontal, and half spoon-shaped.

Measurements (from a dried skin.)

5

| Inches. | Inches.
From tip of nose to incisors..--.-.-------------- - 30 Breadthyos palm ss. 5-2-2 ee sore Se ser tf 1.06
From tip of nose to root of tail-_..-.------------ 2.25 } Length, of fore Claws: -*- = 520 woes nce oaecs 1» eth
Tail from base to end of vertebre._---.---------- 1, 36 Length of hind foot (and claws) -...------------ aed)
Fail from, baseto end of hairsi-..-..-.....-.----- 1.51 ene th of longesticlaw- =. —soo—ec-=a4-en- anes e | ete
Length of palm (and claws)....--.--.=-....-...- ane

The only specimen hitherto obtained of this species was collected by Mr. George Gibbs, of
Steilacoom, and by him presented to Dr. Suckley.

This animal appears rather smaller than the Japanese U. talpoides, as described by Temminck.
The feet and tail are proportionally larger. The color of U. talpoides is maroon-brown.

List of specimens.

| ; |
Catalogue | Corresponding When Locality. Whence obtained. | Original Nature of | Collected by

number. | No. ef skull. | collected. pumber.| specimen. |
zs as
Skin. ...-| George Gibbs. -

|
662 1843 July, 1854 | White River, Cascade | Dr. George Suckley, 15
| Mountains, W. T. essa
\

SUB-ORDER.

CARNIVORA,

Incisors six in each jaw ; the lateral ones largest. ‘ Canines distinct, conical. Clavicles imperfect or wanting.

The above phrase characterizes the great division of the Carnivora as to its essential points.
The Jnsectivora, to which they are closely allied, have the central incisors as large or larger
than the lateral ; the canines less distinct ; the clavicles perfect. There are many other features,
however, in which the Carnivora exhibit their claim to a separate subdivision of the animal
kingdom.

Osteologically the Carnivora are characterized by the fact that the clavicles are eithcr want-
ing or else quite rudimentary. There are six incisors in each jaw, the outer the largest. There
is a distinct canine on each side of each jaw, just behind the incisors; they are generally very
large, conical, and deeply implanted by a single fang (in the upper jaw just behind the inter-
maxillary). The incisors and canines vary but little, comparatively, in the different genera
and families. The molars, on the contrary, differ very much as to number and shape. In this
character is a striking difference from the Jnsectivora, where, with a nearly constant type of
molars, the canines and incisors differ exceedingly.

As a general rule it is the premolars of the Carnivora which play the most important part in
the series of cheek teeth. In nearly all of the families, one of these on each side, in each jaw,
is so arranged with compressed and cutting crowns, that those of opposite jaws, on either side,
play against each other and serve to divide the food like a pair of shears. Others have, either
in addition to, or instead of this arrangement, molars with tuberculous crowns for more readily
crushing bones or other hard substances. Immediately behind each canine are one or more
comparatively small teeth, with conical or compressed crowns, and simple or double fangs.
These are often absorbed or wanting in age. Next come the sectorial teeth, as described above.
Behind the sectorial teeth are one or more teeth with tubercular crowns. The habits of the
species depend much on the relative number and development of these two kinds of molars,
whether trenchant or tuberculous ; when the former predominate, the food is more exclusively
the flesh of animals, while the opposite condition indicates sustenance of a more mixed nature.

The order of Carnivora is usually divided into six families: the Felidae, Hyaenidae, Canidae,
Viverridae, Mustelidae, and Ursidae. Of all these, North America possesses representatives,
excepting the Hyaenidae. Of the Viverridae there is but one genus known in America, namely,
Bassaris. At one time it was believed that fossil remains of Hyaenidae occurred in the bone
caverns of Brazil; these are now with more probability referred to a genus Smilodon, very
closely allied to, if not identical with, Machairodus, an extinct genus of Felidae, first discovered
in Europe, but recently shown by Dr. Leidy to exist in the Mauvaises Terres of Nebraska.

The North American families may be grouped as follows:

A. DIGITIGRADE. Hinder feet with four toes.
Felidae.
Canidae.

MAMMALS—CARNIVORA. 79

B. DIGITIGRADE. All the feet with five toes.

Viverridae.

C. PLANTIGRADE. All the feet with five toes.
Mustelidae.
Ursidae.

Many systematic writers divide the Rapacia into three sub-orders: Jnsectivora, Carnivora, and
Omnivora ; the latter constituted by the family of Ursiaae. Although in some respects this
arrangement may be preferable, yet for my present purposes the one adopted above has the
advantage of greater simplicity.

FAMILY.
FELIDAE.

Head short, brea. Feet digitigrade ; five toes before, four behind. Claws retractile into a sheath. Molars, (with pre-

= =3 E 6 ;
molars,) <= <=, Or =. Incisors, . Posterior upper molar, (true molar,) very small.

By the retractile and very sharp and compressed claws, the cats are very readily distinguished
from the closely allied members of the order Carnivora. Here, too, the dentition is reduced to
its simplest elements among all those mammals having incisors, aunts gud. ‘molars, The
entire number of mature teeth consists of 28 or 30, namely, incisors = canines = +) premolars,

=
The true or permanent molars are only one in each jaw, on a inaa side, reduced

= molars ;— z
to the minimum of development ; usually with but one fang.

As in the Canidae, the hind feet have but four toes ; the anterior, five. The soles are densely
hairy, with naked pads under each toe and on the ball of the foot. The inner toe of the fore
foot is placed nearly at the same level with the others, and provided with a strong claw. The
tongue is covered with sharp prickles, pointing backwards, which, in the larger species, can
readily draw blood by scratching off the skin.

The canines of the Felidae are very well developed, and more or less curved ; they are usually
slightly compressed, very much so in the extinct Machairodus ; there is an anterior and poste-
rior ridge serrulated in Machairodus. In most living cats, the upper canines exhibit each two
longitudinal furrows on the outer side, sometimes obliterated by age. The posterior molar of
the upper jaw, the only permanent molar, is very small, (not visible from outside,) and its crown
is transverse ; anterior to this is the large sectorial tooth, a premolar, with a smaller tricuspid
one in front of it. The first premolar is very small, and wanting altogether in Lynx. In the
lower jaw the posterior (true) molar is sectorial with two smaller compressed premolars anterior
to it. The second upper, and first and second lower premolars, are trilobed, the central lobe
highest, the lateral sometimes with accessory notches or lobes.

In osteological characteristics, and especially in the structure of the call and teeth, the
Felidae exhibit a close relationship. In America, however, there may be distinguished two
primary living forms, one with compact fur, long tail, high shoulders, and with four molars
above; the other with loose, sometimes very long fur, without the brilliancy of the other
division ; short truncated tail, pencilled ears, high hind legs, and but three upper molars on
each side. The former embraces the typical cats of the restricted genus Felis—the latter the
species of Lynx. The extinct genus Machairodus, and perhaps another, is found among the
remains of the Mauvaises Terres.

MAMMALS—FELIDAE—FELIS, ; 8]

FELIS, Linn.
Felis, Linnzzus, Systema Nature, I, 1735.

Gen. Cu.—Molars ‘4 | the anterior premolar very small. Tail usually as long or longer than half the body, exclusive of

saa
the head and neck.

The true cats are most readily distinguished from the lynxes, in external form, by the long
and tapering (sometimes tufted) tail, always as long and sometimes much longer than half the
body, exclusive of the head and neck. The fur is close, compact, and glossy, sometimes with
symmetrical patterns of coloration; the body slender; the ears without any pencil of hairs at the
tip. As stated by Keyserling and Blasius, and of pretty general application to the smaller
cats, the anterior process of the frontal and the posterior of the intermaxillary bones do not come
close together, so that the maxillary lies in direct contact with the nasal. The molars above are
four ; the posterior lower molar is bicuspid, its points about equal to each other; the section
between the two lying in the middle of the tooth.

At the present time there are five true cats known to occur within the limits of the United
States, all, indeed, inhabiting the lower Rio Grande. Of these, three are unspotted, namely:
F. concolor, (panther) eyra, and jaguarundi; and two spotted, the F’. onga and pardalis,
(jaguar and ocelot.)

Dentition.—Taking the panther or cougar (Felis concolor) as the type of the American cats,
the dental formula is as follows: Incisors, = canines, = premolars, =: molars, = —— os
The two inner incisors on each side are about equal, the innermost one a little the smallest ;
their crowns are wedge-shaped anteriorly, the cutting edges of all in one transverse straight
line, bounded by the tubercle of the exterior incisor. The edges of the lower incisors somewhat
similarly shaped, fit into a groove of the line of upper incisors, situated just behind their wedge-
like edges. ‘The upper outer incisor is two or three times the size of the rest, and has a
pointed apex dipping below the plane of the others, and from this a sharp ridge extends along
the outer side of the tooth. The notch posterior to the lower end of the central incisors is con-
tinued along the outer side of the tooth, just behind the sharp ridge mentioned. There is a
considerable space between the incisors and upper canine. The canine is slightly curved,
conical, except on the inside in a line with the axis of the molars, where it is more flattened
and bounded anteriorly and posteriorly by a sharp ridge. The exterior face exhibits no traces
whatever of the usual two longitudinal grooves of the Felidae.

The first premolar is separated from the canine and second premolar, each by an interspace
equal to the diameter of its alveolus, or less. It is a simple tooth, with a depressed ridge,
having aslight central tubercle, and placed in the line of the molars and rather nearer the inner
edge than the outer. The second premolar has a compressed conical trenchant crown, with two
notches on the posterior edge, embracing between them a second distinct lobe. There is also a
slight serrated notch on the middle of the anterior edge, producing a single slight lobe ; this lobe,
however, is readily worn off, and, at any rate, is not visible without turning the tooth a little
round. The portion of the tooth exterior to the cutting edge, exceeds that interior to it. The
base of the crown posteriorly constitutes a slight rim or raised edge, bounding the small sup-
plementary lobe described:

14L

82 U. 8. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—-ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Immediately succeeding, and in contact with this tooth, is the third premolar or sectorial
tooth. The transverse section of this tooth would be a narrow isosceles triangle, the apex pos-
terior, and the base slightly notched or emarginated for the reception of the preceding tooth.
Viewed laterally, the lower or cutting edge of this tooth is divided into three angular lobes by
two angular notches. The middle lobe is longest and descends deepest, its straight edges nearly
at right angles ; the lobe is directed a little backwards. The anterior lobe is small, and occupies
about one-fourth the length of the tooth. The posterior lobe is about as long as the middle one,
its lower edge extending to the posterior edge of the tooth and forming an obtuse angle with the
posterior edge of the middle lobe. There is a rounded excavation at the base of the notch sep-
arating these last two lobes, on the outer surface of the tooth. The inner anterior angle of the
triangular crown is constituted by a tubercle, from which passes a sharp ridge to the tip of the
central lobe. The single true molar is very small, its crown transverse, with a central tubercle,
and so placed within the tooth in front of it as to be visible only in part from outside.

The lower incisors are smaller than the upper, and. exhibit a gradual increase in size to the
outer one. They are wedge-shaped, and ‘there is a low tubercle on the outer edge of the trench-
ant crown separated by a notch. The lower canines are like the upper ones, only more curved,
the anterior outline being more convex arid the posterior more concave. The anterior sharp
ridge is seen to be more in the middle of the inner face of the tooth. The first and second
premolars are somewhat similar; the latter longest and highest ; each shows a trenchant com-
pressed cutting edge, with a central angular lobe (its transverse section triangular) with a
smaller one at the base on each side. There is also a slightly raised rim to the posterior ex-
tremities of these teeth bounding the small basal lobe. In some cases a slight notch divides
the anterior basal lobe of the second premolar into two. The posterior or trne molar is entirely
trenchant, without any internal lobe. It is divided by an obtuse angled rectilinear notch into
two lobes, the anterior smallest, with a closed slit dipping down vertically from the bottom of
the notch, inside of which the tooth is considerably excavated.

The lower incisors are immediately succeeded by the canines. There is a considerable interval
between the canines, however, and the first premolar, fully equal to the length of the latter
tooth.

The deciduous dentition of the panther is, incisors, = canines, +; molars, 5-5 = 26. In

one specimen (No. 11!0) the permanent first and second incisors of both jaws have supplanted
the others ; the new canines have not yet pierced the gum; the first upper permanent premolar
has taken its place; the other premolars not visible; the true molars above and below are visible
in the cleaned and dried skull, but had not pierced the gum. There is an obsolete groove down
the outside of the fang and collar of the upper canine, but none on the crown. The first molar
has already been replaced by its successor ; the second is like the third permanent premolar, and
is the sectorial tooth. The central lobe is, however, more acute and nearly in the middle of the
tooth, occupying about the central third. The inner tubercle and fang are also immediately
above this central lobe, and thus opposite the middle of the tooth. The anterior lobe is also
divided into two by a notch. The third molar is small, the crown transverse and emarginate
externally ; the two roots in a transverse line; the section of the crown is an elongated triangle,
the apex pointing inwards.

The lower deciduous canine is more compressed laterally than its successor, and has a small
tubercle on the anterior portion of its inner face. The first and second molars resemble, respect-
ively, the second and third permanent molars more than they do their immediate successors.

MAMMALS—FELIDAE—FELIS CONCOLOR. 83

The first has a central sharp lobe, with a basal one anteriorly and two posteriorly, or rather with
that number of notches, giving rise to the same number of lobes. The second molar, in addition
to the sectorial portion, resembling the permanent lower sectorial, has two notches on its pos-
terior edge, cutting off that number of angular small lobes.

FELIS CONCOLOR, Linn.
The American Panther.

Felis concolor, Linn. Mantissa, 1771, 522; pl. ii.
Erxtesen, Syst. Anim. 1777, 511.
Scureser, Saugt. III, 1778, 394; pl. civ, (ex Buffon.)
Boppaert, El. Anim. I, 1784, 90.
Temminck, Mon. de Mammif. 1, 1827, 134.
Hartan, F. Am. 1825, 94.
Grirr. Cuv. V, 1827, 163.
Fiscuer, Syn. 1829, 197.
Pr. Comm. Se. Zool. Soc. Lond. I, 30, 158.—Is. I, 1832, 62, (Period of gestation, 96 to 97 days.)
Doveury, Cabinet, If, 1832, 25; pl. iii.
Marty, Pr. Zool. Soe. Lond. I, 1833, 120. (Anatomy.)
Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. II, 1841, 461.
Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 47; pl. ix, f. 1, 2.
Aun. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. II, 1851, 305; pl. xevi, xevii.
BormeisTer, Thiere Brasiliens, I, 1854, 88.
Felis discolor, Scureser, Saiugt. Ill, 1778; tab. 104 B. (Interpolated at much later date.)
Felis puma, Suaw, Gen. Zool. I, 1830, 358; pl. exxxix.
‘© Trartti, in Mem. Wern. Soc. IV, 2.”’
Puma, Penn, Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 160.—Is. Arctic Zool. I, 1784, 49.
Le cougouar, Cuv. & Sr. Hizarre, Hist. des Mammif. IJ, 1819. (Plate and text not paged.)

Sp. Cu.—Body considerably larger than that of the common sheep. Tailmore than half the tength of head and body. Gen-
eral color above, a uniform pale brownish-yellow, finely mottled by dark tips to all the hairs. Beneath, dirty white. A black
patch on the upper lip, separated from the nose by a triangular white space. Convexity of ear black; tip of tail dusky. No
spots or blotches on the body in the adult ; a few obsolete ones in the half-grown young. Kittens with the body densely spot-
ted and the tail ringed.

This species is the second in size of the North American cats, being exceeded only by the jaguar.
It is considerably larger than the largest dogs, the weight, according to Audubon, amounting
sometimes to 150 pounds. The hair is, throughout, short and compact, close pressed to the skin,
but not very glossy; it is longest on the belly. The head is small; the ears large and rounded
above ; the whiskers in about four horizontal series. The paws are very large and with pads, as
described in the other cats. The tail is rather more than half as long as the head and body
together ; it is cylindrical to near the end, where it is rather more bushy and has a decided
brushy tuft at the end, differing in this respect from the description of Audubon and Bachman,
and others.

In color this species is not dissimilar, seen from a distance, to the Virginia deer—like it, vary-
ing with season in the precise tint. It is entirely unspotted in the adult state, the only dark
markings consisting in a black patch on the upper lip over the insertions of the moustaches
and the convexity of the ear, which is uniform dusky black, (in some specimens with a gray
spot, accurding to authors.) The back and sides are a tawny brownish-yellow, with a wash of
darker on the dorsal line. The under parts are dirty white. The tail corresponds with the
body as to the upper and under surfaces; towards the end, however, aud especially in the brushy

84 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

tip, there is a sooty tinge. The long hairs of the body above are of a pale brownish-yellow,
with the tips black. This gives a very fine and indistinct mottling to the color, and occasionally
the accidental aggregation of these tips conveys the idea of small dark blotches or lines, which,
however, have no real existence in the adult.

A young specimen (124) agrees in general characters with the above, except that the hair is
considerably longer, owing perbaps to its cclder locality. The tail tapers gradually from a
thick base to a rather slender tip, which is slightly bushy. There are a few obsolete dusky
blotches on the back and the sides of the legs. The ears are entirely black on their convexity,
and the tail is much more dusky at the tip.

Measurements.
165. 124.
Inches. Inches.
Length, nose to root of tail_-.------..----_.--__-___. 56 34
!

Length, roc t of tail to end of vertebre_-----..-------- 32 16
Length, root of tail to end of hairs-.-.-..------------ 33 17
Height of ear above skull ~-------------------------. 3 2
Tivepnaccer’ Sika Ue Sp Bee es ee See ae 7.75 5. 06
AWWard tino tees bet eee ae ee ete 4.93 3.43

The American panther or cougar is tolerably abundant throughout the whole of North
America, as far north as 50° or 60°, especially in the line of the mountains. Southward it
reaches the very extreme point of the continent of South America, to about 50° S. E., having
thus an extreme range of about 110 degrees, exceeding any other cat in extent of distribution.
Lieutenant Gilliss brought a fine specimen from Chile.

A specimen from the Brazos river, in Texas, collected by Captain Marcy, is rather redder than
the one described above, and it is probable that the species varies considerably with season.

Young.—A pair of kittens from Fort Steilacoom, W. T., (1021, 1022), brought by Dr. Suckley,
and probably of this species, have the upper parts and sides of a pale, rusty gray, with nume-
rous distinct round blotches (largest on the middle of the back), scattered quite uniformly.
The ground color of the belly is rather lighter than that of the back, the two passing insensibly
into each other along the sides. On the lower parts of the sides may be distinctly made out a
series of narrow transverse bars, meeting in the central part of the belly, the posterior portion
of which, however, is immaculate, and rather more white than elsewhere. The tail shows
three transverse dark bars above, besides a terminal one, these occupying nearly the whole
upper portion, the rings indeed extending all round. The exterior surface of the ear is densely
hairy and entirely white; the interior is entirely black, without any spot; there is a sooty
patch on the neck, within and behind the ear, and a considerable suffusion of the same over the
whole throat. The eyelids are broadly dark, sooty brown, as is also a spot above and a bar
behind the eye. There is also a broad stripe of black, from the anterior canthus, along the
nose and upper lip, involving the whiskers. There is no trace of the narrow lines of black
along the rows of whiskers of the wild cats, the whole being confluently black.

MAMMALS—FELIDAE—FELIS CONCOLOR 85

Head and body, 15 inches; tail, with hairs, 54 inches.

Skull.—The lateral profile of the skull of the American panther is gently convex, except a
slight concavity near the anterior extremity. When laid with the lower jaw in place on a table,
the most elevated portion of the skull is a little anterior to the centre of the profile. This
uppermost portion of the skull is somewhat flattened, and generally a little concave from side
to side. The top of the nose is rather flattened, and the posterior ends of the nasal bones are
united to the frontal in a sudden depression of the latter bone, so that there seems a decided
indentation in the top of the head at this point. There is a considerable concavity alongside of
the muzzle above the anterior base of the zygoma. The nasal processes of the temporal bone
are short, and do not reach as far as the anterior face of the anterior root of the zygoma; it is
separated from the nasal process of the intermaxillary by nearly one-third the exterior margin
of the nasal bone, for which space the maxillary is in direct contact with the nasal. The most
remarkable peculiarity of the upper part of the skull is seen in two narrow lamine (one on
each side), which run upwards and inwards from the parietal bones through the frontal, and
are bounded by the temporal erests.. These laminz are sometimes more than half an inch long,
and two lines wide.

The posterior margin of the bony palate is somewhat like a gothic arch, pointed anteriorly.
The palato-maxillary suture is j\-shaped, the acute angles anterior, the suture commencing in
a notch, just withinside of the last upper molar, and running forward and inward in a zigzag
manner, nearly opposite the middle of the second premolar, when it turns backwards and
inwards at a little less than a right angle, to meet its fellow in the middle of the palatine
suture ; this point is opposite the junction of the second and third premolars. The maxillo-
intermaxillary suture, passing in a slightly sinuous manner across from a little behind the
middle of the inner alveolar border of the canines, proceeds backwards and inwards to the max-
illary suture, the line being nearly parallel to the re-entrant lines of the palato-maxillary suture.
There is a small portion of the incisive foramina in the maxillary as a small notch. These
foramina are large, elongated, and are deeply channelled out, anterior to the incisors.

The bony palate is decidedly depressed at the anterior part of the palatine suture. There are
two distinct and flattened ridges along the outer limb of the palato-maxillary suture, continued
anteriorly to a line with the inner edges of the incisive foramina and the channels leading from
them ; exterior to these ridges is a longitudinal shallow concavity.

The lower outline of the lower jaw is somewhat bow-shaped, a convexity anterior to the
middle, with a gentle concavity from this to either end. The anterior extremity of the jaw is
plane or obliquely truncate.

The teeth of the cougar exhibit the same general structure with those of the other large cats;
the canines are, however, very large and thick, and in no one of ten or more skulls have I ever
seen any indications of the two longitudinal grooves of the outer face of the upper canines, so
common in the cats, and most marked in the lynxes.

I have not had an opportunity of comparing the skull of the cougar or American panther
with that of its nearest relative, in point of size, the jaguar; judging from figures, however, it
is much the slenderer of the two. The proportions of the skull, namely, the greatest width
about two-thirds the axial length, appears the same as in the ocelot, Felis pardalis.

“86 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

S s i

é z 5 | 3 3

z wa | 2 is) : = : g

o fe g bp | Locality. Fa Whence obtained. A Nature of Collected by
E, Sa re 8 cl specimen.

° aS oI 8 a |

3 x ° so | § at

= 8 S i FI &

iS) io) A n | = is)

See see ae aes Seo) iillees S* aes ee 58 ee cesel seis (RMIT OR ise INE Be = al [shetl tog GES e es sas
1355-6) |sece=anc | 2 ----| Matamoras, Mexico -.-.|-.-..- Tite (D ON. Couche alee ae Sianiile eee Dr. Berlandier-
1148 165" |sacses <-<.| Macle Pass, Texas\- —---|..--- Maj. W. H. Emory -|.--..-- Sine = A. Schott....-
RUGDH lsc c aes] scone Coan (SAN MATION CLeXAS seme |S oie sone dO estas ere so eee DEW Sees os J. H. Clark__-

Bap Mes Le Se Weececa{es-=| Bragos river, Texas =2-_|.22.2.|'Capt. BR. B: Marcys.|°.222.| Skin 2 -5o222).22esee eee
1110 eA el Fe ae o | Copper Mines, N. M- --| 1851 | Col. J. D. Graham -|_._--- 2.d0et2: oy J. H. Clark...
1604. | p2ee2-2 hae ~=s||'SanyDiego, Calss25e- 5/5 22h Dr. J. F. Hammond.}_--.-- Paws: =-2253| <3. =e eee
194-2) bende e Wie ojogte| Betalomay Mal wpinn ieee) cep he i Sammels -2esees|s See Shing 2cee sit aoe oe
LOZE® — |sasse-52 eacise © | Fort Steilacoom, W. T-_-|----.-- Dr. George Suckley. 62, |2=dou 23. - 2) soe
UP enn Caeeeeres oe 6 Nose AO: va eos [s-seealeoees COSasee Eee tege69)sl 000. 9S - | c eee
FALE | EEE [none Ads 22 a= 0 bo an ae (Ee does==eeeae = SS VBA Sie< oa =| ee

ee ee ee Asaee Soon Hort MON NED nee —|=—— =| Ac) COLDEEERON = =e = |= om oe nS U es oie ef oe!

Be prdevess) Be Capon Springs, Va-----|.-----| Dr. Kennerly...---|-.---- Skeleton)=/_<| SS seooees=eee
PIGT-SWON See 2 |----| Prairie Mer Rouge, La--.|-....- James Fairie -...--|.----- Sinalles |... -|2 Se. aa

FELIS ONCA.
The Jaguar, or American Tiger.

Felis oncga, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 1766, 61.
Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 77.
Scureser, Sdugt. II, 1778, 388; pl. cii. (On plate. Der Jaguar in the text.)
Desm. Mamm. I, 1820, 219.
Temm. Mon. Mamm. I, 1827, 136.
Haran, F. Am. 1825,95.
Ham. Smiru, in Griff. Cuv. II, 1827, 454,455. (Plates of two varieties.)
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. Saugt. II, 1841, 474.
Aun. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. III, 1853, 1; pl. ci.
Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, I, 1854, 84.
Felis panthera, Scureser, Siugt. III, 1778; tab. Ixxx, Ixlix. (From Buffon.)
“ Tigris Mexicana, Hern. Thesaurus, 498.”’
Le jaguar, St. Hivarre & Coy. Hist. Nat. des Mammif. II, 1819. (Two plates.)

Sp. Cu.—Size considerably larger than that of the American panther, (Felis concolor.) Tail less than half the length of the
body and neck, exclusive of the head. Ground color above, clear brownish-yellow; beneath, white, spotted. No distinct stripes
visible, excepting on the lower half of the back on the vertebral line where the blotches are confluent. On the shoulders and
anterior to it, the blotches are full and small. On the sides of the body is a series of polygonal figures, with the borders com-
posed of black blotches enclosing a light area, with a few blotches in the centre.

For a detailed description of the jaguar, I will refer to the report on the mammals of the
United States and Mexican Boundary Commission. The species is found in the United States
as far north as Red river of Louisiana.

MAMMALS—FELIDAE—FELIS PARDALIS. 87

: List of specimens.
Catalogue | Locality. Whence obtained. Nature of specimen.
number. |
168 IBIAZONIIVeL, LOXAS jap es aaamci scams =i JM Stanley ccsteeshaesasds- castes oes Bini, cas -csceneesco
1309 i ees Se ae SE eee socis == TW wianlicse sete sbeeEcebsboasee wales DOs ea Se oes cco
2293 TERI GRRTS Sac bot geo Sshecte coc enoceSHeAs Capt. "To J. Page, UySr ine Siceuceeees Skin in alcohol-.....

FELIS PARDALIS, Linn.

Ocelot ; Tiger Cat.

= Felis pardalis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 62. (In part.)
Scureser, Siugt. II, 1778, 390; tab. ciii (from Buff., called der ozlot in text).
Desm. Mam. I, 1820, 222.
Haran, Fauna Amer. 1825, 96.
Temm. Mon. de Mam. I, 1827, 144.
Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. II, 1841, 496.
Avp. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. Il, 1851, 250 ; pl. Ixxxvi.
Quid, F. armillata, F. Cov. Mamm.
F. griffithi, Smiru, Griff. Cuv. IT.
F. catenata, Grirr. Cuv. II, 478 ; plate.

Sp. Cu.—Size about that of the American wild cat. Tail not half as long as the body and neck (exclusive of the head).

Ears black, with a white spot. Tail above, black, with narrow bands of white. Fine stripes on the back of neck with lighter
intervals. A dorsal series of full black blotches, sometimes more or less continuous. The rest of back and sides showing a

grayish network enclosing angular blotches, more or less elongated, black externally, brownish yellow in the centre ; those
blotches next the dorsal line more serial and smaller.

This species is found all through the lower country of Texas, and ranges as far north as Red
river.

For a detailed description of the skin and skull of this species, see the report of the United
States and Mexican Boundary Survey.

List of specimens.

Catalogue | Corresponding Locality. Whence obtained. Nature of spe- Collected by
number. | No. of skulls. cimen, ’
OMe in Eagle Pass, Texas ..-.| Col. 8. Cooper, U. 8. A------ -- SRN Sessa alone noe aes =
129 IDB te | Pe iteeceoee! (Oe Ses Major W. H. Emory, U.S. A---|---- d0eeeaeose A. Schott ---.-..
BsOLS |aaee ewan oocon Matamoras, Mexico -.| Lieut. D. N. Couch, U. S. A----| Skin, (kitten).| Dr. L. Berlandier-.
ie a alee ete |e a a eee arr Ce Injaleohol\. <<} -62.5- dos awenae

88 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

FELIS EYRA, Desm.

Tiger Cat.

Felis eyra, Desm. Mamm. I, 1820, 231.
*¢ Max. Beit. II, 381.”
Wacner, Suppl. Schreber, II, 1841, 544.
Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, I, 1854, 90.
Felis unicolor, Traiti, in Mem. Wern. Acad. Ill, 178; pl. x.
Berxanvier, MSS. pl. ii.

Sp. Cu.—Size of the house cat, but with longer neck, and general form more musteline. Tail rather longer than the body,
exclusive of the neck and head. Color, uniform brownish red, a little paler beneath. (Hairs not annulated ?)

The introduction of this species into the fauna of North America is based on a skull in the
Berlandier collection, (No. 1373,) obtained at Matamoras ; and on drawings and descriptions
in the Berlandier manuscripts. It ranges from Guiana to Mexico, and through the latter,
probably near the coast, to the Rio Grande of Texas. :

For full accounts of the species, see the report on the mammals of the United States and
Mexican Boundary Survey.

FELIS YAGUARUNDI, Desm.

Felis yaguarundi, Desm. Mam. I, 1820, 230.
Temm. Mon. Mam. I, 1827, 139.
* Max. Beitrage, II, 381.”
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. IJ, 1841, 512.
‘““Warernouse, Zool. Beagle, II, 16; pl. viii.’
Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, 1846 ; pl. iv.
Burmeister, Thiere Brasil. I, 1854, 90.

Felis mexicana? Des. I, 1820, 230.

Felis cacomitl, Bert. MSS.

Sp. Cu.—Larger than the largest common cat ; much more elongated. Tail as long as the body, exclusive of the neck and head.
Prevailing color, a continuous grizzled brownish gray, without any spots. Hairs annulated and tipped with black. Young

rather more rufous.

A skull (No. 1426) of this species, in the collection of Dr. Berlandier, collected at Mata-
moras, with a full description of the animal by him, establishes a more northern range for
this species than has hitherto been accorded. In its southern range it reaches as far as Paraguay.

A full description of the skin and skull of this species will be found in the zoological report
of the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey.

MAMMALS—FELIDAE—LYNX. 89

GY IN Anas at Ly

Lynx, Rarinesaue, Amer. Month. Mag. I, Oct. 1817, 437.—Is. II, 1817, 46.
Aun. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. I, 1849, 1.
Lyncus, ‘‘Gray ’? Dexay, New York Zool. I, 1842, 50.

Gen. Cu.—Molars s=3, the small anterior premolar of Felis wanting. Tail considerably less than half the body, exclusive of
head and neck, generally not much longer than the head, and abruptly truncate at tip.

In addition to the above characters Keyserling and Blasius distinguish the Lynxes from the
cats by the fact that the anterior process of the frontal extends beyond the middle of the nasal,
and coming in contact with the intermaxillary excludes the maxillary almost entirely from con-
tact with the nasal. The last lower molar has a small posterior accessory cusp, the section
between the two principal points lying anterior to the middle of the tooth.

There are four Lynxes found within the limits of the United States: one, LZ. canadensis, of
large size, and the pads of the feet overgrown with hair, so as to be completely concealed in
winter ; the other three of smaller size, more naked soles, and more southern in locality, namely,
L. fasciatus, L. rufus, and L. maculatus.

Skull.—It is unnecessary to describe in very minute detail the skull and teeth of the genus
Lynx, as they agree in the main with Felis. The most appreciable difference is found in the
constant deficiency, even at a very early age, of the first upper premolar, giving rise to the
dental formula of incisors ae canines = premolars sp) molars =a = 28:

As already stated, the differences in the skull of Felis and Lynzx can best be expressed by a
comparison of the two. In Lynx the skull is broader; the cranium more capacious ; the fore-
head higher and more arched; the muzzle broader; the zygoma longer, much higher, and
extending farther bavkwards; the point of the orbital process of the frontal boue is rather
behind the middle of the longitudinal axis of the skull, instead of being considerably anterior
to it. The elevated and compressed median crest of the parietal bone, extending on the frontal,
as seen in the adult Felis, is never found in Lynx, where the temporal ridges of opposite sides
are always separated by a smooth plane surface as far back as the middle of the parietal bone.

The under surface of the skull likewise exhibits constant differences. Thus the incisive fora-
mina are much smaller, although a groove is continued to the base of the inner incisor.. The
posterior margin of the bony palate, instead of being acutely emarginate in its central portion,
is more or less transverse, (with one or two exceptions,) and even extending farther back in the
middle than laterally. The whole palate is broader. The emargination of the palate, just
within the molars, is also more transverse, less deep, and shallower. The suture of the palatine
bones with the palatine plate of the maxillary, instead of projecting far forward, as an angle
on either side of the centre of the palate, has the anterior line nearly transverse.

The lower jaw is generally thicker and more massive; the ramus anteriorly bent more
inwards ; the end broader.

There is no appreciable difference in the teeth, of generic value, with the exception of the
constant absence, at all ages, of the first upper premolar. The resemblance in the temporary
dentition of the two genera is equally close; the first premolar being likewise wanting.

12 L

90 U. Ss. P, R. Re EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

LYNX RUFUS.

American Wild Cat.

Felis ruffa, Gutpenstarpt, Nov. Comm. Petrop, XX, 1776, 499.
Felis rufa, Scureser, Siugt. III. 1778, 412; pl. cix A (Rothluchs in text).
Suaw, Gen. Zool. I, 1800, 373, (from Pennant.)
Desm. Mam. I, 1820, 225.
Hartan, F. Am. 1825, 99.
Temm. Mon. Mamm. I. 1827, 141.
Smirn, in Griff. Cuv. V, 1827, 150.
F. Cov. Suppl. Buff. I, Mamm. 1831, 463. .
Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. II, 1841.
Lynx rufus, Rar. Am. Month. Mag. II, 1817, 46.
Auvp. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. J, 1849, 2; pl. i.
Lyncus rufus, Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 51; pl. x, f. 1.
Lynx montanus, Rar. Am. Month. Mag. II, 1817, 46, (Catskills.)
Felis montanus, Harwan, F. A. 1825, 10).
Leconte, Pr. A. N.Sc. Ph. VII, Jan. 1854, 9.
Lynx floridanus, Rar. Am. Month. Mag. II, 1817, 46.
Bay Cat, Penn. Syn. 1771, 188; pl. xix, f. 1—Is. Hist. Quad. 1781, no. 171; Arctic Zool. I, 1784, 51.
Mountain Cat. Penn. Hist. Quad. 1781, no. 168.—Is. Arctic Zool. I, 1784, 51.
? Lynx, Penn. Hist. Quad. 1781, no. 170.—Is. Arctic Zool. I, 1784, 50.

Sr. Cu.—Fur moderately full and soft. Above and on sides pale rufous, overlaid with grayish; the latter color most preva-
lent in winter. A few obsolete dark spots on the sides and indistinct longitudinal lines along the middle of the back. Collar
on the throat like sides, but much paler. Beneath, white spotted. Inside of fore and hind legs banded. Tail with a small
black patch above at the end, with indistinct subterminal half rings. Inner surface of ear black, with a white patch.

Winter dress.—Yellowish ash, with a rufous tinge; the soft woolly hair yellowish at base,
then light brown ; the terminal and longest portion pale chestnut brown. The long stiff hairs
are annulated with black and grayish white, the latter color being broadly subterminal and
causing the general tinge of the outer plumage. Nearly all these hairs are, however, tipped
more or less with black. Scattered through the color of the back and sides, as indicated, are
some very indistinct blotches of dusky ; while along the middle of the back are some equally
obsolete short lines of the same. The outside of the limbs is like the back, with the blotches,
however, rather more distinct. The under parts are yellowish white, with a slight tinge of
pale chestnut across the throat ; the belly is blotched rather largely with dark brown, while the
insides of the legs are transversely barred at their upper part with the same. There are a good
many indistinct longitudinal narrow lines of dusky on the crown; more distinct lines pass
through the series of whiskers, and others commencing under the eye extend backwards on the
cheeks, widening and more distinct in the ruff. The ears are black, externally, with a large
central patch of grayish white. The tail is white beneath, and at the extreme tip ; above; it is
like the back, with a square black patch at the end, and several transverse narrow bars of the
same. The square black patch at the tip is quite limited, not amounting to more than three
quarters of an inch in either dimension.

In summer the grayish tips to the hairs are less distinct, and a more reddish tint is then
evident. The fur is also shorter and thinner.

These specimens agree very well with each other, the fur of 169 being much softer than the
rest, but still inferior to that of Lynx fasciatus. Specimens from California differ in some points
as follows:

°°, Bodega, Cal. 9. Hair coarser, stiffer, rather shorter ; larger part of back darker, and
brownish rusty ; sides gray ; line of demarcation distinct. In No. 245 colors more blended.

MAMMALS—FELIDAE—LYNX RUFUS. 91

In middle of dorsal region the hairs are almost entirely black beneath the surface, a separa-
tion of the fur exhibiting a very slight base of lighter ashy on the fur, then black, and the
long stiff hairs tipped with pale brownish rusty. On the sides the soft wool is yellowish white
at base, then pale sooty brown, then pale rusty. The coarse hairs are whitish at base and sub-
terminally with a ring and tip of black. In 245 there is much less black on the back, this
color in no case reaching to the roots.

The lower parts of the sides show more gray and less rusty than in No. 245.

There is an indistinct but rather light gray line down the anterior face of the hind legs, with
rufous on either side; this is not discernible in 245. The inferior velvety portion of the
posterior surface of the hind foot from the soles (inclusive) to the heel is of a rich, sooty black,
well distinguished from the rusty on the sides. This is also the case in less degree with the
fore foot. In 245 there is only a trace of this sooty tint. The ears seem considerably higher
and more acute. There is much more black on the inside face of the ear; the grayish white
patch, instead of reaching almost to the anterior edge, scarcely invades the anterior half of the ear.

In some other specimens from California the characteristics are more like those given for the
Atlantic species. The fur is softer, grayer, and the dark color of the back less distinct. These
were probably all killed in fall or winter.

A skin of a wild cat from Florida, borrowed for examination from Mr. Savery, in some
respects differ from any other I have had an opportunity of examining. Its most conspicuous
characters are the gray color, prevalent on the upper parts and sides, to the exclusion of any
tufous tinge whatever, and the great distinctness of the lines of black on the back and head,
and of the dark spots on the outside of the limbs. There is a considerable mixture of black
hairs with the gray of the dorsal surface distributed uniformly ; but on the back are two or
three black longitudinal stripes, mostly continuous, but occasionally interrupted, and extending
from the shoulders to the root of the tail. There are no stripes on the neck, but those on the
top of the head, four in number, are very distinct, as also are those on the cheeks, and the four
through the line of whiskers. The terminal third of the tail is black above; anterior to this
are three half rings of black ; the under surface and centre of the extreme tip are white. The
extero-anterior surface of the fore and hind legs are thickly crowded with distinct and clear
black blotches, which are smaller on the feet than on the legs. The inside of the arms and
thighs is very distinctly banded. The spots on the belly are also very conspicuous.

This pattern of coloration is found in other specimens of wild cat before me, in which, how-
ever, owing to the lighter and more rufous color of the spots of the legs, and the redder fur,
they are less conspicuous. I see nothing, however, to warrant the separation of this variety as
a species, as was done by Rafinesque; but, upon the whole, I am not sure that this specimen
is not as well entitled as the Texan lynx to distinct rank as a variety. In this case it would
bear the name of Lynx rufus var. floridanus, Rafinesque. The tail is rather long, measuring
six Inches to the end of the hairs.

In the study of the North American lynxes, although a considerable number of specimens
has been before me, I have found it difficult to come to satisfactory conclusions, owing to the
imperfect condition of some and the uncertainty as to date of collecting of others. It is well
known that this species, having a very wide range, varies much, not only with locality and
season, but those from different localities will vary much at the same time. Northern skins of
wild cats have generally longer and softer hair the year through than the southern, while, as
in the deer, the hair will have a reddish or bay tinge, which is replaced by a grayish in winter,

92 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

In many of our animals of wide distribution, there appear to be several races, as far as dimen-
sions are concerned, in particular species; skulls of the same relative age being different in
size. This is particularly the case in the cats, racoons, bears, and deer, and, as a general rule,
the further south we go, the smaller the species. This condition of things adds not a little to
the confusion which prevails. The skulls vary much too with age, and probably also with sex,
although the specimens before me not having the sex indicated do not afford the clue to the
peculiarities of male or female.

There appear to be at least three species of smaller American lynxes in North America—the
common Bay Lynx, which reaches from the Atlantic to the Pacific, throughout nearly the whole
latitude of the United States, but is replaced in Texas and southern California by the Lynx
maculatus, and in northern Oregon and Washington Territory by the L. fasciatus. The precise
limits of these last mentioned species, other than as indicated, has not yet been ascertained.

The examination of a large number of well prepared specimens of different ages, sexes,
seasons and localities, will, however, be necessary fully to unravel the perplexities which now
encompass the whole subject.

Measurements.
1588. | 1167.
Eengthiof headsand body 22 Sect to sees asa Lee ss 283 | 27
Tailist eos sashes Sit Ses See ee oo eee as ae soe i | Seen
Beelitotendiot hind fo0ts = -—6- sche see see ee aspen ap a aaa 34 6}
Hei hhint Sowden 2. ae ae ee ree ee | te | 15}
|
List of speeimens.
Catalog’ e] Correspond’g | Age& Locality. When Whence obtained. [Nature of) Collected by
number. | No. ofskulls. sex. collected. specimen
1 il eR eae pap neg Cah Cha men meee tena |oeae ee seer 1S Pl hd 32 i a Skin. £3| 320 Joes
2042 BOS? Wscaes Rowleysburg, Va. -.------|------------ A. Brakeley -...--..: 2ado05222/0 24. Era
DOD Tees eae | See as GOs 252 BETES eG SEE EES do.2ivise.Jd.) fo th See
B45 |5- een anne | peas Selma, Ala=s2- S22) =j<--2| on. seen sea- Prof.;A. Winchelll.--~|.<- <<< eeepeegee = pe
GRO) aoa ee Sle ome, St. Johns miverjMla oo) os ae WW USAW ONY! ooo emia te eee oo
Oo TY ee ae ee Brazoseriver: T6xag ie oa. -- ooo ea pene Capt. R.. B. Marcy 2. .|22- o-oo one
On Ae ee ees EE Fort Chadbourne, Texas .-|....--.---.- Dr. . Bu Swiftstes. o22-|see Seelee lease eee
162) seep te Fort Pierre, Neb--.------|----------=- Lt. G. K. Warren....|-------- Dr.F.V.Hayden.
1sto |lecteccasene= cee Great Bend of Missouri---| Oct. 10,1856 |_..._- 3 Caan See ae 9 alee 2) | tense dobeenae
RBLGM Ses: SMI eel 2at se Adlstd. see eee eu etdOsesest|sseees do- S22 LPP a ea8 ec doz 2322
1844 Seay 2 vw Mouth of Big Sioux -...-- Oct. 28, 1856 |___..- Mose ew eee =e d6ns.52
PABRSI te be ses | @ | San Diego, Cal...-...---- Feb. 2, 1856| Dr. J. F. Hammond.--|.--.----|_---.----------
F5E9 | pwatgsth tba) sactreale tha. dies 4 ee ee |. sdode cea tees oueen el. 20S) = ee
ny | ese eee = ee Santa Clara, Cal ......... Nove 1865,-.| Dr.iJ, 'G. Cooper-__--|-.-.<-2-|<2-cb-seseeeee
CU aes ae ae Presidio, near San Fran- |.....-.----- Lt. W. P. Trowbridge -|-.----.- [ee eS eco:
cisco.
660 1876 | Gi DORCEG, pCR) aman mne eee = eee sen eee oe G0ccceaseces cel eee eee T. A. Szabo...
169" 15-2 ase oes Vp e a a yey Spe ph I, foes eee Dr: J. Livans.. oc .226)5. Se eee eee
13864|.22 222328 | Ey ls Plum (Spring; Towa st 225 s|-s-2ce-.c--e Be ? Qdell col. 3282S ee waseudt se becee

MAMMALS—FELIDAE—LYNX RUFUS. 93

LYNX RUFUS, var. MACULATUS.

Texas Wild Cat.

Felis maculata, Horsrierp & Vieors, Zool. Jour. IV, Oct. 1828, Jan. 1829, 381; pl. xiii. (Mexico.)
Lynx rufus var. maculatus, Aup. & Bacu. N A. Quad. II, 1851, 293; pl. xcii.
? Felis rufa, Grorrr. Voy. Venus, Zool. I, 1855, 150; pl. ix. (Monterey, Cal.)

Sr. Cu.—Fur short and rather coarse. Color above and on the sides, light reddish-brown, overlaid with grayish in the
winter. Quite distinct spots of darker on the back and sides. Collar on the throat paler than sides. Beneath, white, spotted.
Inside of legs banded. Tail with a small black patch at the end above. Inner surface of ear black, with a white patch.

In the examination of this species I have been greatly aided by a large series of skulls
belonging to the Berlandier collection of Lieut. Couch, showing the species in almost every
gradation of growth, from very young to extreme age. As a general rule these skulls are
much narrower and more elongated, the cranium of less capacity, and the outline of the zygoma,
as viewed from above, considerably straighter and more parallel with the axis of the skull than
in the other species. The species itself appears to be actually larger than the others, (not
including L. canadensis.)

Unfortunately, the series of skins is much less complete and does not afford indications as
satisfactory as the skulls. There is enough, however, to show a redder color in summer, with
spots more or less distinct always discernable on the back and sides, shorter hair and a longer
tail.

The typical specimens from the Rio Grande, all appear strongly marked. Those from
Northern Texas are less manageable, while in specimens brought from the Gila, at Camp Yuma,
by Mr. Schott, there are certain difficulties in assigning either this or the LZ. rufus as the true
species. Whether any other kinds of Lyna may be in question here, I am not now prepared to
say. I will, for the present, retain these specimens under L. maculatus.

Description of No. 132, from El Paso.—The fur of this specimen is very short, not more than
three-quarters of an inch on the back and sides; rather longer on the belly; the hair is very
coarse and thin. The general color above is a chestnut-brown, darkest on the vertebral region.
This prevalent tint, however, is imparted by a large number of crowded rounded spots, between
which the ground color is lighter. There is also a slight sprinkling of black, especially in the
darker chestnut of the median line, produced by subterminal annulations of the coarse hairs.
The dark spots may be distinctly made out over the whole superior and lateral sufaces of the
body and limbs, largest on the flanks. The under parts are rather white, with large spots of
black. On the inside of the thighs the black markings assume the condition of five or six trans-
verse narrow fasciae, continuous, with rows of dark-chestnut dots in the lighter chestnut of the
side of the body ; one or two broad fasciae may be seen on the inside of the fore leg.

In many parts of the superior portions, particularly on the outside of the thighs and shoulders,
the dark-chestnut spots are seen to arrange themselves in rather oblique series.

The tail is white beneath and at the extreme end. The upper portion of the tip of the tail is
black, in a patch not more than three-quarters of an inch square. Behind this is a mixture of
brown, gray, and rusty, passing gradually into the chestnut of the back. The ears are black ;
the central portion occupied by a grayish-white patch,

This specimen was probably taken in summer, as shown by the extreme thinness of the hair
and the bright color. It is only a hunter’s skin, and does not admit of being fully described.

94 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

In another specimen, (123,) probably caught in winter, the hair is longer and softer, but still
quite thin. Above, it is of a rusty-gray, with a hoary cast, produced by grayish-white tips to the
long hairs. The specimen, though in a bad condition, exhibits a decided indication of longitu-
dinal dusky narrow lines. There is little trace of spots, although these can be made out occa-
sionally, The tail exhibits two or three dusky bars in advance of the usual black at the tip.
There are two black lines diverging from a point on the chin, connecting with an elongated
patch of the same color occupying most of the ruff.

Measurements, (No. 123.)

|
Feet. | Inches.

A Nay lore ifopirohl [ee a es ee OE Se Sheet Sago seas
LR NUS Gin te) by es Sy SES |S Rea Rees 53
atl to end or (heits> == =a == ae ee | ee 64

yh Sela OU Sof en Se on eS Ee a bi
ivil egal ee Se SR eee eer see 3

In a specimen (1164) referable to this species, from Fort Belknap, there are numerous black
or dark-brown spots (the hairs black to the roots) on the back, which posteriorly assume the
character of narrow lines. The black at the end of the tail above is about three-quarters of an
inch square.

In a young kitten of Z. maculatus in alcohol, (2292,) from Matamoras, the ground color is of
a yellowish-white, with many decided spots of black—most sparse and largest beneath. The
ears outside are black, with a white patch. There is no black on the side of the lip, although
four narrow lines through the roots of the whiskers are readily discernable.

Measurements.
Inches.
Head and body to root of tail --..-------- 9
Wailjincluding/hairs..........--..-....- 3}

As already mentioned, a specimen from Camp Yuma (No. 789) differs in many points,
although in the distinct spots it is most related to L. maculatus.

The prevailing color above of this specimen is light rufous, much obscured with light gray
and black. There are numerous, rather large spots of more decided rufous interspersed on the
back and sides, as also on the exterior of the limbs. Beneath, the animal is pure white, with
black blotches.

There is a hoary tinge about the head owing to the white tips of many hairs. The extreme
margin of the orbits is black, including the naked edges of the eyelids; the greater portion of
the eyelids, however, above and below this, is white ; this color in two cresentic patches on either
eyelid, which are not continuous. On each side the muzzle are four narrow lines of black
parallel with the edge of the mouth and reaching beneath the eye; these indicate the lines of
whiskers, and above there is a fifth line proceeding backwards from the outer edge of the nostril.

MAMMALS—FELIDAE—LYNX RUFUS. 95

The edges of the lips are black. On the top of the head are several indistinct longitudinal lines
of dusky-brown.

The interior of the ear is uniform grayish-white. The exterior surface exhibits a narrow
border (the edge of the ear) of rufous white, within which the surface is lustrous black, with a
triangular patch occupying the central portion, of grayish-white. The lustrous black is most
distinct anteriorly and at the point of the ear; posteriorly and inferiorly, it is much duller and
tinged with grayish-brown. The black at the tip of the ear is continuous into a pencil of hairs
about half an inch long.

The upper parts and sides of the body are of a light rufous, tinged with hoary, exhibiting,
however, a considerable number of obscure rounded spots as large as the end of the finger, of a
darker and more distinct rusty than elsewhere. This color belongs chiefly to the soft wool
between the long hairs; this is pale lead color at the base, and darker or lighter rufous, as the
spots fall in it or not. The tips are generally more or less hoary. There are also intermixed a
good many hairs with black tips, which, concentrating along the vertebral region, become quite
conspicuous, and impart the appearance of indistinct longitudinal lines, as they happen to fall
together.

The exterior of the limbs much resembles the sides of the body, except that the color is a little
more rufous, and the spots are smaller, darker, and more distinct. The hairs on the under
surface of the feet are dark plumbeous-brown, this color extending up the leg for a short
distance. The under parts and inside of the limbs is pure white, with sooty black blotches, this
color extending to the roots of the hairs, which are elsewhere lead color. On the upper part of
the insides of the limbs are some larger blotches than elsewhere, which on the hind leg, how-
ever, do not convey the idea of transverse bars.

The anal region and under surface of the tail, with its extreme tip, are white. The extremity
of the tail exhibits a quadrangular patch of pure black, about one-half to one-third longer than
wide, (one and a half inches long,) and there is a second narrow transverse dusky (not black)
bar, a little anterior to the first. Very obscure indications of other transverse bars may be
seen between this and the root of the tail. The upper part of the tail generally, except as
described, is like the sides of the body.

In addition to the markings described, there is an obscure dark line along the sides of the
neck, starting below the ear, and two rounded black spots between the anterior extremities of
these lines, which diverge slightly from each other.

The ears of this species are quite large and pointed. The naked portions of the soles are quite
limited. There are seven naked pads on the fore feet and five behind.

A second specimen from the Gila (1338) and one from Dona Aifia, (1709,) agree also with the
above description.

Measurements.
Inches.
Length (corrugated skin) from nose to root of tail- -- 28
Tavlito, end! of verbehreae- = se 222— e a- Seas Ses | 43
Pa a LONE Oty DALI ates lei eS 5}
SEI Tange eee ee oe ee | 4}
Die witht . ae es aes a aa cee nae a 33

96 d. Ss. P. R. R. EXP AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The specimen of Lyna (710) collected by Dr. Heermann at Tejon valley, agrees very well
with skias of Z. maculatus from the Rio Grande,of Texas. The prevailing color is pale reddish,
the tips of the hairs of a yellowish gray. The dorsal region is rather darker, and exhibits
some faint longitudinal dark lines. Scattered over the whole outer surface are numerous rounded
spots or blotches of darker rufous, which, though not very conspicuous, are distinctly visible.
The spots are darker and more mixed with brown on the legs ; the under and inner surfaces are
white ; a faint reddish collar on the throat, in advance of the fore legs. The belly is blotched,
and the inside of the legs banded transversely with black. The chin is unspotted. There are
the usual markings on the head. The ears are black inside, with a moderately large patch of
grayish white; they are distinctly pencilled. The tail above is like the back, with several
darker bands ; the terminal fifth, however, is black.

List of specimens.

Catalog’e| Correspond’ A Sex & Locality. When Whence obtained. | Nature of Collected by
number. | No. of skull. age. collected. specimen.
— ——_—_—_____

POY |e. tease sues Fo Matamoras, Mexico--|--..--.-_._-| Lt. D. N. Couch ----! In alcohol.! Dr. L. Berlandier.
123 1109 / asec Eagle Pass, Texas _-- April, 1852} Major W. H Emory..! Skin..---- | A. Schott. ..---- ;
tpl thesls sacs feted oe El Paso, Texas -.---- fk eae bw 2 Col. J. D. Graham...|..do.....- Chas Wright ._-

Nb) |i aces cot. a= == Dona Aiia, N. M.---- Noy. 13,’55 | Capt. J. Pope -....-. SadGee se | Qo cee ee
ie eee ere, ae Tejon valley -..2-..2| yi Lt. R. 8, Williamson. .|..do..--.- | Dr.A.L.Heermann,

GEIR oe selina ‘eseeee Wort. Yume. Calis) -2}e5- 2 Major W. H. Emory..|--do.----- A. Schott..-....
789 2051 | Pee Pee eee a eens se eee Ue Bee a ae 0 oo

LYNX FASCIATUS, Raf.

Red Cat.

Lynx fasciatus, Rar. Am. Month. Mag. II, Nov. 1817, 46.
Desm. Man. Mamm. I, 1820, 225.
Felis fasciata, Haruan, F. Am. 1825, 100.
Ricu. F. B. A. I, 1829, 104.
Felis rufa, Ricn. F. B. A. I, 1829, 103.
Tiger cat, Lewis & Crark, Travels, II, 1814, 167.

Sp. Cu.—Fur very soft and full. Ears pencilled. Color, rich chestnut brown on the back, a little paler on the sides and
on the throat. A dorsal darker band collar on throat, as dark asthe sides. Region along central line of belly, (rather narrow
one,) dull whitish, with dusky spots extending to lower part of sides. No spots or bands discernible on the upper part of sides.
Ears black inside, with a very inconspicuous patch of greyish. Terminal third of tail above, black.

(1166.)—This species is remarkable for the softness and fullness of its fur, in this respect
coming closer to the Lyna canadensis than any of the small species. The same characteristic
applies to the tail, which is very full and thick, rather longer than in L. rufus.

The prevailing color of the specimen is a rather dark and rich chestnut, very sparsely grizzled
with reddish gray. Along the dorsal region, especially in its middle portion, is a darker and
broad band of black, mixed, however, with the reddish gray already referred to. There is com-
paratively little djfference in the color of the neck all round, the throat from the ruff to between

MAMMALS—FELIDAE—LYNX FASCIATUS. 97

the fore legs being chestnut, varied, however, with the large dusky spots visible on the whole
lower surface. The chestnut of the sides extends far on the belly, which, instead of being a
pure sharp white, is much tinged in places with pale yellowish brown, no part being clear
white. The dark blotches are quite distinct on the lower part of the sides, though none are
distinguishable on the upper part of sides and back.

The exterior of the limbs is like the sides of the body, though more distinctly blotched with
dusky. The interior faces are like the middle of the belly, with three distinct transverse bars
on the fore leg, and traces of a fourth near the wrist; the inside of the thigh being similarly
marked. The elevated sole to the heel on the hind feet, with the regions around the pads of
all the feet, are very distinct sooty brown.

The ears, at first sight, appear entirely black ; a closer inspection, however, reveals an obscure
small patch of grayish near the posterior margin, much less than in other small lynxes.
The ears are slightly pencilled. There is a considerable amount of black about the head, the
edge of the jaws being decidedly so. There is a dark line in the ruff, from behind the angle of
the jaw, obliquely downward and inward, running into a patch of the same in the thickest of
the ruff; another extends from a point in the centre of the chin, (those of opposite sides start-
ing together and diverging backwards,) and running into the same patch on the ruff.

The tail exhibits but little white beneath. The centre of the extreme tip, however, is dull
white. The upper part is like the back, with one or two transverse dusky bars, and the termi-
nal third is black; this covering a larger proportion of the tail than in any other of our species.

The black of the back does not penetrate far towards the roots of the hair, except in a few
which are black to near the base.

Several other specimens from Washington Territory agree in general characters, as color,
length, and softness of hair, &c. They have a rather more conspicuous gray patch on the ear,
though less than in other lynxes. These are all fall or winter specimens apparently. They
lack the very decided dorsal dark stripe of 1166, though this region shows a greater predomi-
nance of dark hairs than elsewhere. One specimen (1024) has quite a grayish cast, though the
reddish tint is more appreciable than in the L. rufus.

Owing to the condition of the skins, nothing satisfactory can be presented respecting the com-
parative measurements, excepting with regard to No. 464, which was measured before skinning
by Dr. Cooper, who gives—length, 34 inches; fore leg, 18; hind leg, 20; tail, 6; iris yellow.

A skull, No. 3147, is considerably larger than that of any wild cat I have ever seen, fully
attaining the dimensions of the skull of a Canada lynx. (Length, 5.38; width, 3.85.)

This species is readily distinguishable, by its rich chestnut color and full soft fur, from the
other American lynxes; the Texas one being paler, and hair much shorter. The light colored
region of the belly is narrower than usual, the chestnut of opposite sides sometimes seeming to
come almost into contact. In no other is the band across the throat so continuous and so near
the celor of the sides; the black margin to the upper lip is broader. The ears, too, have much
less of a gray patch than usual ; one specimen, indeed, exhibits scarcely a trace of this.

This handsome lynx was first described by Lewis & Clark in the narrative of the expedition
up the Missouri ; and, in point of minute accuracy, their notice leaves little to be desired. This
is as follows:

“The tiger cat inhabits the border of the plains and the woody country in the neighborhood
of the Pacific. The animal is of a size larger than the wild cat of our country, and much
the same in form, agility, and ferocity. The color of the back, neck, and sides is of a reddish

13 L

98 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVYEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT,

brown, irregularly variegated with small spots of dark brown ; the tail is about two inches
long, and nearly white, except the extremity, which is black. It terminates abruptly, as if it
had been amputated ; the belly is white, and beautifully variegated with small black spots ; the
legs are of the same color with the sides, and the back is marked transversely with black stripes ;
the ears are black on the outside, covered with fine short hair, except at the upper point, which
is furnished with a pencil of hair, fine, straight, and black, three-fourths of an inch in length.
The hair of this animal is long and fine, far exceeding that of the wild cat of the United States,
but inferior in that quality to that of the bear of the northwest. The skin of this animal is in
great demand amongst the natives, for of this they form their robes, and it requires four to make
up the complement.’’

In the description of color, character of fur, &c., this account agrees very closely with speci-
mens before me, except that the spots of dark brown above are but slightly conspicuous. Several
specimens have one or both ears entirely black, as stated, and in all the usual white patch is
quite inconspicuous. The alleged shortness of the tail is easily accounted for by its contraction
or twisting in the skin examined by the authors. The greatest discrepancy exists in the remark
that ‘‘ the back is marked transversely with black stripes.’’ In the connexion of the paragraph
it is very evident that the back or inner sides of the legs is understood, (which are so striped,)
as the back or upper surface of the body had already been described as reddish brown, irregu-
larly varied with small spots of dark brown, (not striped transversely with black.)

The name of Rafinesque was given under the impression that the back was striped transversely,
whence the name of fasciatus. As the term really applies to a part of the body, even though
the character is shared by most species of Lynx, it is best to retain it, and thus expunge a
synonym. Rafinesque himself never saw a specimen, but based his name on the description
quoted above.

The Felis rufa of Richardson applies very well to this species, and is probably identical with
it. This author gives also Felis fasciata, from the description of Lewis & Olark, and sees a
close resemblance between the two; interrupted, however, by the supposed transverse dorsal
stripes of the latter. As shown above, however, Lewis & Clark clearly referred to transverse
stripes on the back part of the leg, and not on the dorsal surface of the body.

No specimens have thus far been received, except from the western portion of Washington
Territory.

List of specimens.

Catalog’e| Correspond’g | Sex & Locality. | When | Whence obtained. | Original |Natureof} Collected by
number. No. of skull.| Age. collected. | number. |specim’n.
2004 3126 G | Wort Steilacoom; |----=----—_ Dr. Geo. Snokley.--|) 214 |/Skin'--.|- -_ Se eee
W. T.
poe Wes MAL som etd i Jirdee 200 aC AL rg ti We rag anus. J is ay LA
927) Jot AIS [SS doscenel au April, 1856 |....-- doreece ole sTik|s oki —
Wibod vs wal-inows(padacsqeltce! Udy 4) det tee Wisxecdntans. G3 test coce | inane Seema
“CY oe ae] ee |--+-dO--nnnnnnn-[eseenenensen | Gov. I. I. Stevens... 19 |..------ Dr. Geo. Suckley.
2385 3147 |------ Port Townsend,)|...--u2-2-5- | Dr. Geo. Suckley -- 134 | 00 22 sus|So cen ese ee
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| W. T. j |
AGT 2-2 eee NED es Le dose ce Sept. 26,54 | Dr. 3G. (Coopers =| 480 Miletee2 kes |-ndoe-n oes eeeee

MAMMALS—FELIDAE—LYNX CANADENSIS. 99

LYNX CANADENSIS.

Canada Lynx.

Felis canadensis, (‘‘ Geoff. Par. Mus.’’) Desm. Mam. I, 1820, 224.
“© SapinE, Franklin’s Jour. 659.”
Haran, F. Am. 1825, 98.
Gopman, Am. N. H. I, 302.
Smiru, in Griff. Cuv. V, 1827, 174.
Rien. F. B. A. I, 1829, 101.
Lynx canadensis, Rar. Am. Month. Mag. II, Nov. 1817, 46.
Avup. & Bacu., N. A. Quad. I, 1849, 136; pl. xvi.
Felis borealis, Temm. Mon. Mam. I, 1827, 109.
Waener, Suppl. Schreber, II, 1841, 519.
Lyncus borealis, Dekay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 50; pl. x, f.2.

Sr. Cux.—Size, that of a setter dog. Tail as short or shorter than the head; its terminal fifth above and extreme end black
all round. Feet very large, densely furred beneath in winter, so as to conceal the pads. Hind feet about 9 inches long.
General color, grayish hoary, with concealed pale rufous, and waved with black, especially on the back. No distinct transverse
band inside the legs; very obsolete dark markings on the head; ears with a narrow black margin on the convexity, and black

pencil; grayish elsewhere. Whiskers chiefly white.

This species, the largest of the North American lynxes, is readily distinguished from the
others, not only by its size, but by the proportionally longer hair and larger feet, independently
of the differences of coloration, &c., which will hereafter be referred to. It is apparently as
large as a medium sized setter dog, although the weight is considerably less. The head is
broad and the facial outline much arched. The neck is full and thick, with a pointed ruff at
each side. The legs are thick, and the paws enormously large. At first sight, the under
surface of the paws appears entirely covered with dense hair; but on carefully separating this,
the naked pads are found in the same number as in the other lynxes, but of smaller size, both
absolutely and comparatively, (seven on the fore paws and five on the hinder), The pads on
the palms and soles are more readily detected than the rest. The tail is very short and densely
hairy; the ears are angular above and tipped with a pencil of very long hairs. As far as
can be judged from the rather imperfect specimen, the whiskers are in three horizontal series.

The prevailing color of this animal is gray, varied somewhat with pale rufous, and with a
general wash of black on the back and sides, formed by the dark tips to the hairs. The dorsal
region shows little, if any, rufous. Although there is no distinct pattern in the distribution and
intensity of the black tips to the hairs, yet there may be traced some obscure indications of
blotches and waved lines, which after all, however, may be owing to accidental conditions of
arrangement in the hair, which is very long and loose. The soft under hairs are all leaden
grayish for the basal half, the terminal portion on the sides of the body passing into pale
rufous ; on the dorsal region it becomes more dusky. The gray and black markings described
are entirely in the long straight hairs, thickly interspersed in the other sort. The inferior and
anterior portions of the body and limbs are dirty white, with obscure blotches of brown, and
the distinct black bands of the other American species are either wanting or very faintly repre-
sented. The exterior surfaces of the limbs are pale rufous, with the hairs gray, the latter color
predominating on the fore legs. The soles are dull rusty white.

There are few markings visible on the head, which is grayish, with black tips to the hairs.

100 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

There are dusky lines through the rows of whiskers, and the anterior canthus of the eye is
dusky. The whiskers are principally white, a few black. There are several patches or tufts of
black in the ruff on each side of the throat. The concavity and anterior margin of the ear are
grayish ; the convexity shows anteriorly a border of black, which, however, rapidly passes
‘behind into grayish white ; the black is narrower and much less distinct than in the smaller
lynxes. The pencils of hairs on the ears are black, and from two to three inches long. The
chin and throat are immaculate and grayish white. The extreme tip of the tail is black, the
color extending further on the upper than on the lower surface, (over about one-fourth or fifth
in the former.) The remaining part of the dorsal surface and sides is rufous, with some grayish
tips ; the under surface is yellowish white, although this color is restricted to very narrow
limits. Its shape is quite cylindrical.

This lynx in many characteristics differs from all others in the United States, although
coming nearer to the Lynx rufus than to any other. It is, however, much larger and the fur
fuller. The feet are much larger. The soles of the feet are densely furred, concealing the
pads instead of leaving them exposed. The transverse bands inside of the fore legs are wanting.
The ear has a much larger grayish spot on its convexity, and the pencils at the tip are longer.
The markings on the sides of the face are very inconspicuous. The tail is black at the very
extremity, instead of having a narrow vertical patch of white extend up from the lower portion
between the black. There are none of the transverse dusky bars on the upper surface of the
tail. (No. 77.)

Since the preceding description was written, a second specimen has been received by the
Smithsonian Institution, among the rich collections made by Mr. W. 8. Wood, in Lieutenant
F. T. Bryan’s party. This is the more important, as being in summer pelage, a condition
which differs considerably from that of winter. The most striking feature is the much shorter
and less dense fur all over the body, the longest on the back measuring little over 14 inches.
The prevailing colors, however, are much the same, with less gray and rather more rufous. No
bands or spots are visible on the hind leg; on the inside of the fore leg, however, two or three
dusky blotches are to be seen. The black margin of the ears is rather more conspicuous, owing
to the shortness of the gray central fur; the black pencils tipping the ears are about two inches
long.

The pads on the feet in this specimen are distinctly visible, not being at all overgrown, as in
winter specimens ; as stated above, they are considerably smaller than in the small American

lynxes.
Inches.
Head eats aoe a eee Kean ae eee en Rie 64
Head and body —o anes se— n= oan ee 344
Wall; Vertere Seca name 3 anh ween aie ae eee 4}
GS ey Pe ee se pe ks Te 53
Birid: foot) Seem sale a Se ae oe ee cee eee eer ee 9

The Canada lynx is readily distinguishable by the above characteristics from the smaller
lynxes of Europe and America; but its relationships with the large species from northern

1 Measurements taken before skinning

MAMMALS—FELIDAE—LYNX CANADENSIS. 101

Europe are more difficult to ascertain from want of specimens for comparison. The less amount
of black at the end of the tail distinguishes it from Felis lynx and cervaria of Europe, in which
the terminal half of the tail is black, and where also the tail itself is longer than the head, and
the fur showing distinct dots or blotches on the ground color ; in this quite different from the
Canada lynx. These species, too, appear to have uncovered pads on the soles, with the Lynx
or Felis borealis; however, the precise amount of relationship is by no means clear. The
F. borealis of Thunberg is considered by Nilsson and Wagner as identical with cervaria, while
Keyserling and Blasius retain J’. borealis as distinct, and characterize it as much like our
Canada lynx, except that the whiskers are stated to be black.

European authors do not, however, seem agreed, on the whole, that there is a European species
corresponding with the Canada lynx, and although Temminck, in describing the latter as F.
borealis, says it is found on both continents, yet Wagner evidently hesitates to follow him in
extending its range to Europe. While, therefore, the Canada lynx may occur ip Europe, or
one similar to it, on the other hand, what is called Felis borealis, may be, as stated by Nilsson
and others, only a highly developed Felis cervaria.—See Keyserling & Blasius, Wirbelthiere
Europas, and Nilssen’s Skandinavisk Fauna, 1, 1847, 125, &c.

List of specimens.

} | | l

Catalogue Corresponding | Sex & | Locality. When | -Whence obtained. | Original | Nature of spe-
number. No. of skull. | age. | collected. | | number. | cimen.
| |
| | | aire ol
WW. |-.-..-----..-.|-...--| Fort Union, Nebraska--- | Winter, 1850 | A. Culbertson----- |-=-==--- Skinpess-= =e
1872 | 2570 3 | Main Fork, Medicine Bow | Aug. 6, 1856 | Lt. F. T. Bryan; col- | 207 |22do

| river, Nebraska. | lected by W. 8.Wood

FAMILY.
CANIDAE.

Fam. Cu.—Digitigrade carnivora without retractile claws. Feet apparently all four-toed, the foremost ones, however,

with a rudimentary thumb high up, to which a claw is attached, (sometimes wanting.) Molars — or more.

Of that family of the Carnivora which immediately succeeds the Felidae, namely, the
Hyaenidae, North America has no representatives. In general appearance the hyenas resemble
the dogs most closely—like them, having blunt and non-retractile claws, with the anterior feet
really four-toed. In this respect they differ from both the cats and dogs, and agree with them
in being digitigrade, The dentition in number and shape of teeth is intermediate between the
= canines, = premolars, = molars, =e There is
but one tubercular molar above behind the sectorial, and none below. The numerical difference
in dental formula between the hyenas and cats is in the existence, in the furmer, of an addi-
tional premolar on each side of each jaw.

The family of dogs is equally well marked with that of the cats, and like it, is distributed all
over the surface of the globe. Indigenous species occur in all habitable latitudes, and the
domestic dog lives and thrives wherever man has obtained a foothold.

The dogs in many respects resemble the hyenas more than the cats—like the former, being
without retractile claws. The teeth are, however, more numerous, the normal formula consist-
ing of—incisors, 3 canines, a premolars, = molars, 5; = 42. In one group, however,
Megalotis, (Agrodius of Ham. Smith,) there is a still greater number of teeth, in the addition of
two true molars above, and one below on each side of the jaw.

In size the Canidae vary considerably, from the largest wolves to the small Fennec, (Canis
zerda of authors.) This, however, is scarcely exceeded by the diminutive Vulpes littoralis of
the coast of California, which is hardly larger than a house-cat.

The chief characteristics of the teeth of the Canidae, as summed up by Owen, are as follows:
The incisors are in a series forming the segment of a circle, and increase progressively in size
from the first to the third or outer one; the trenchant margin of the crown is divided by two
notches into a large middle and two lateral lobes, the inner lobe being obsolete in the external
incisor. The premolars have strong sub-compressed conical crowns, gradually enlarging pos-
teriorly and acquiring one or two accessory posterior lobes with the increasein size. The fourth
upper premolar is the sectorial tooth, and is much larger than the one anterior to it; its blade
is divided into two cones by a wide notch, the anterior cone being strongest and most produced.
The tubercle is developed from the inner side of the base of this lobe. The first and second
upper molars are tuberculate, each supports two external cusps and a broad internal basal sub-
tuberculate talon; the second molar is less than half the size of the first. The first true molar
below is the sectorial one; the blade is divided by a vertical linear fissure into two cones, the
posterior the largest ; behind this the base of the crown extends into a broad quadrate tuberculate
talon. The second molar has two anterior cusps on the same transverse line, and a posterior
broad flat talon; the last lower molar is the smallest of all the teeth.

two, the formula being—incisors,

MAMMALS—CANIDAE—LUPINAE. 103

The incisors, canines, and first premolars, have each a single fang; the second and third
premolars above, and all premolars and molars below, have two fangs, except the last lower
molar, which has but one; the upper sectorial or fourth premolar and the last upper true molar,
have three fangs; the first upper true molar has four fangs.

The deciduous dentition of the Canidae is, incisors, =; canines, =: molars, ;—. —=283

The chief external peculiarities of the dogs, as distinguished from the cats, are to be found in
the long sharp muzzle, pointed erect ears, small eyes, long hair, bushy tail, contracted belly, &c.

The entire family of the Canidae is divisible into several groups, all of the same dental
formula, exclusive of the aberrant genus Megalotis or Otocyon, in which there are six additional
teeth, as described. These groups may be characterized as those of the wolves and foxes, although
the South American foxes, in reality, form a group directly intermediate between the wolf and
fox forms of Europe and North America—a fox-like wolf.

In the wolves the pupil is circular, the tail rather short, and the median upper incisors very
distinctly lobed on each side. In the foxes the pupil is elliptical, the tail long and bushy, and
the whole form more slender. But the most appreciable difference is to be found in the character
of the post-orbital process of the frontal bone, as indicated by Burmeister. This process in the
wolves is triangular and decidedly convex on its upper surface, rounding outwards and down-
wards, with the point appreciably below the plane of the interorbital space. In the foxes, how-
ever, this process is scarcely convex above, sometimes concave, the point hardly dips down at
all, the margins particularly, the anterior of which are slightly turned up, and there is a con-
spicuous depression or indentation along the base of this process above, where it springs from
the frontal bone. It is an interesting fact, that all the fox-like animals of South America have
really the wolf type of structure, not only in this respect, but in having nearly circular pupils.
Their tails are, however, very long, exceeding even those of the true foxes, and reaching to the
ground; and the name of Lycalopex,! as proposed by Burmeister, seems quite appropriate. To
the wolves, probably embracing all the South American Canidae, we may assign the name of
Lupinae, the Vulpine including all the true foxes.

Since the preceding paragraph was written, Burmeister has subdivided the South American
fox-like wolves into Lycalopex and Pseudalopex.

Sus-Famity LUPINAE.

Post-orbital process of the frontal bone very convex and curving downwards, with little or no depression or indentation in its
upper surface,

' Cerdocyon of Hamilton Smith, Dogs, I, 1839, 289.

104 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

CANIS, Linn.
Canis, Linn. ‘* Systema Naturae I, 1735.”

The generic character of Canis may be said to be contained chiefly in the preceding diagnosis of
the sub-family. If, however, we really separate the fox-like wolves of South America, or
Lycalopex and Pseudalopex, Burmeister, we may add, pupil entirely circular, size large, tail
rather short, in distinction from the smaller size, long tail, slender muzzle, and pupil varying
from round to elliptical.

I do not now propose to go into any extensive examination of the skulls of the American
wolves, as the materials before me are not sufficient to furnish any satisfactory conclusions. I
may simply state, however, that they constitute at least two very well marked sections, whether
these contain more than one species each or not. In the one, the skull is slender and the muzzle
long and pointed, as in the foxes. The cranium proper is always more convex, and the temporal
or sagittal crests are never so prominent. The height of the skull is Jess than the width of the
cranium at the temples. To this section belong the prairie and coyote wolves, all of a size
about equal to that of a pointer dog. The other wolves are much larger; the skull is as high
as it is broad between the temples ; the cranium proper is less convex, the temporal or sagittal
crest much higher and extending further forwards. The muzzle is broader and less pointed.
The orbits are smaller in proportion. To this group belong the white, gray, red, black, buffalo,
and other supposed species or varieties of large wolves.

Attention has already been called to the resemblance which the South American foxes bear to
the wolves, especially in the character of the post-orbital processes of the frontal bone. A skull
of Canis (Pseudalopex) magellanicus, (1150,) from Chile, now before me, is as long as that of a
prairie wolf (C. latrans, No. 818). It is, however, much lower, the upper outline more nearly
straight; the cranium proper much less in size as well as less convex. The muzzle is longer,
the portion behind the glenoid cavity shorter. The post-orbital processes are further forward,
owing to the smaller size of the orbits. The processes exhibit a little grooving, although this
is barely appreciable; their upper surface, however, is bent rapidly downwards, as in the wolves,
producing a great convexity. The zygoma is much narrower, but longer and less arched. The
palato-maxillary suture runs forward to a truncated acute angle, which extends nearly to opposite
the middle of the third premolar, instead of only to the anterior extremity of the fourth. The
teeth are all much smaller, except the canines, which are appreciably longer. The coronoid
process is triangular in outline, with a blunt or rounded apex.

CANIS OCCIDENTALIS, var. GRISEO-ALBUS.

** Canis (Lupus) griseus, Sante, in Franklin’s Journal, 654.” (Gray.)
Aun. & Bacn. N. A. Quad. III, 1854, 279. (Gray )
Canis (Lupus) occidentalis, var. griseus, Ricu. F. B. A. I, 1829, 66. (Gray.)
Canis occidentalis, Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 42; pl. xxvii, f.2. (Gray.)
** Canis (Lupus) albus, Sanine, in Franklin’s Jour. 652.’ (White.)
Aun. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. IT, 1851, 136; pl. Ixxii. (White.)
var. 8, Ricu. F. B. A. I, 1829, 68. ( White.)

MAMMALS—CANIDAE—CANIS OCCIDENTALIS. 105

Canis variabilis, Maxim. Reise in das innere Nord-Amerika, II, 1841, 95. (White and gray.)
? Lupus gigas, TowNseEND, Jour. Acad, N. Sc. Ph. (N. 8.) IJ, Nov. 1850, 75. (Oregon.)

Cu.—Color, pure white to grizzled gray.

In the lack of perfect specimens of the North American wolf, I find it very difficult to throw
_ any light upon the long vexed question of our species, all before me being mutilated in some
way, and not allowing a satisfactory comparison with each other and with descriptions. Natu-
ralists are divided in opinion as to the differences in American wolves, some insisting that the
supposed peculiarities of American specimens disappear when those of corresponding localities
in the two worlds are compared, and others suggesting that permanent differences are those of
race merely. The theory of absolute differences in the species is supported by the smaller num-
ber of writers. Richardson, whose opportunities for investigation have been very ample, and
who is surpassed by no one in the accuracy and weight of his examination of questions in
zoology gives the following general summary of the subject:

“The American wolf of the northern districts is covered with long and comparatively fine
fur, mixed with a large quantity of shorter woolly hair, and it has a more robust form than
the European wolf. Its muzzle is thicker and more obtuse, its head larger and rounder, and
there is a sensible depression at the union of the nose and forehead. Its more arched forehead
is comparatively broad, the space between the ears being greater than their height. The ears
are shorter, wider at the base, and more acute, and have, consequently, a more conical form,
whilst the greater length of the hair, on the side of the neck of this wolf, makes them appear
even shorter than they are. Its neck, covered with a bushy fur, appears short and thick. Its
legs are rather short, its feet broad, with thick toes, and its tail is bushy, like the brush of a
fox.

“‘The European wolf, on the contrary, has a coarser fur, with less of the soft wool intermixed
with it. Its head is narrow, and tapers gradually to form the nose, which is produced on the
same plane with the forehead. Its ears are higher, and somewhat nearer to each other; their
length exceeds the distance between the auditory opening and the eye. Its loins are more
slender, its legs longer, feet narrower, and its tail is more thinly clothed with fur.

‘«The shorter ears, broader forehead, and thicker muzzle of the American wolf, with the bushi-
ness of the hair behind the cheek, give it a physiognomy more like the social visage of an Es-
quimaux dog, than the sneaking aspect of an European wolf. Buffon enumerates black, tawny
gray, and white, as the colors exhibited by the fur of the European wolves. In the American
northern wolves, the gray color predominates, and there is very little of the tawny hue. The
general arrangement of the patch of color, is, however, nearly the same in both races,’’

At the same time, however, he does not wish to be understood*as asserting more than a per-
manent difference of race, leaving it to future comparison to determine whether the distinctions
are specific are not. It must be remembered, however, that his experience of wolves was chiefly
with the northern races, which, in the more severe climate, would naturally be more densely and
finely furred than European animals of the more southern latitudes accessible to him.

It is difficult to occupy a middle ground between considering all our wolves as one species
with many varieties, or making all these varieties into as many distinct species. Thus we have
the pure white wolf of the Upper Missouri; the dusky blackish plumbeous wolf of the Mis-
souri; the entirely black wolf of Florida and the southern States, and the entirely red or
rufous wolf of Texas. These vary, too, in shape as well as color, the more southern ones
appearing usually more slender, and standing higher on the legs, in consequence, perhaps, of

144L

106 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

the comparative shortness and compactness of the fur. The more usual variety of color, per-
haps, is the gray, which is found all over North America to the Arctic regions, the others being
more local in their distribution.

The giant wolf of Townsend, as shown by the skull, is a wolf of enormous size, but whether
it is more than a huge wolf of the old species, I do not venture to say. As shown by the table
of measurements of skulls, however, it will be found surpassed in bulks by a Swedish specimen ~
received from the Academy of Sciences of Stockholm, who also sent other skulls, equally
marked with a strong median crest, but of less size. Until, therefore, the accumulation of
specimens, by furnishing better means of comparison and determination shall indicate other-
wise, I prefer to consider all the specimens before me as one species. Assuming that this is
distinct from the European wolf, (not yet proved,) I shall employ Dr. Richardson’s provisional
name of Canis occidentalis for the species, and give the varieties as named by authors.

I have before me no skins at all from the upper Missouri, and consequently.am unable to verify
the description of Prince Maximilian, here subjoined to this article. A tolerably perfect speci-
men from Oregon (1014) has a soft fur of considerable fullness ; the tail is bushy and large.
The general color above is a yellowish gray, lightest on the back and shoulders. On the back
and upper part of the sides is a considerable mixture of black points to the hairs; beneath, the
colors are of a uniform yellowish gray, without any black on the chin or throat. The buccal
membrane is black, but the hair around the mouth is whitish. There is very little black on
the head ; the muzzle is pale rusty. The tail above, is like the back; beneath, like the belly,
but more brownish towards the end; the extreme tip is dark brown, with a few whitish hairs
interspersed, as is usual in the wolves and foxes. The inside of the legs resembles the belly in
color, the outside is similar, with light brownish points to the hairs, producing a muddied ap-
pearance. The anterior edge of the fore leg exhibits a slight indication of the usual wolf stripe.
The ears are pale brownish yellow.

In this specimen much the longest hair is anteriorly between the shoulders. A short dis-
tance behind the shoulders, the dorsal hair is not much longer than on the sides. These hairs
are about 43 inches long, white at the base, and then black, then white, and tipped again with
black.

No. 1012 is much the largest in the collection. It agrees essentially with the one just de-
scribed, except that the ears are more dusky, and the alternation of grayish white and black
more distinct. There is no black visible on the throat or chin, nor any mark on the fore leg, as
in most wolves.

No. 1011 is rather smaller than the preceding, and differs in the greater amount and inten-
sity of the black on the ends of the hairs. In general appearance it presents a close resemblance
to a specimen of Canis mexicanus of authors, from Sonora. There is a very considerable sprink-
ling of black on the head and neck, and the yellowish rusty of the ears exhibits a considerable
number of black tips. There is also a slight tendency towards a black collar on the lower
throat, the tips of a few hairs being black. This is much less so, however, than in the Sonora
specimen referred to. It is impossible to say whether the chin is black, owing to the absence of
the lower jaw. The hairs around the lips are, however, black. There is an indication of the
dark wolf mark on the fore leg. The long hairs are beautifully variegated with white and black,
the longest measuring 5% inches.

A large skin, No 1010, differs from the others in being generally of a darker cast, and the
ends of the soft hairs rather more ferruginous, a tinge of which is also seen at the ends of

MAMMALS—CANIDAE—CANIS OCUIDENTALIS. 107

the white annulations on the long hairs. The ears, differing from any skins I have examined,
are chestnut colored, with blackish tips to some of the hairs, and the margins strengly tinged
with the same. The prevaling color of the muzzle and fore part of the head is black, with gray
and brown hairs intermixed. The hair on the margin of the lips is not conspicuously darker,
although there is a dusky shade in the chin and sides of the head, caused by occasional black
tipped hairs. The hairs on the throat, too, have black tips and annulations, but there is no
decidedly marked collar on the throat. There is a very conspicuous mark on the edge of the
fore leg, extending from the shoulders to the carpus.

The skins of the wolves, as decribed above, all vary more or less, as will be seen from the
description. One is without the stripe on the leg; the others exhibit it in a greater or less
degree. No. 1010 has some of the characteristics given by Townsend as belonging to his giant
wolf, though the size falls far short of his specimen. None have the black lower jaw, nor the
very appreciable color of the. specimen referred to from Sonora, which may be the Canis nigri-
rostris of authors.

Measurements.
Catalogue Locality. | When Whence obtained. —_ Original | Head and | Tail, vert. | Tail, with
number. | collected. number.| body. | hairs.
|
| per einer |
| Inches. | Inches. Inches.
1014 | Fort Dalles, 0. T_-...-| 1855 ° | Dr. Geo. Suckley------ 58 34 13 17}
sits a a dots = Se Aste PP arengr |) RPE: doses. Lerche 48 42 | . 18 16}
G12 |)|2.89. doh 2 eco ed AIBSSe hy eae dott.t.. Rina 49 50 |B 20
Mo, |,|-.£ 52. don ate dt Dec. 1, 1854 |.----- doMS_ Jess . hit a 43 15 19

Very little reliance, however, is to be placed on the indications of measurements given above,
the skins being all more or less stretched or distorted.

In examining a large number of skulls of wolves from various localities, I fail to find as yet
any decided indications of permanent specific distinction. In investigations into the cranial
characteristics of the Carnivora, the wolves especially, it must be borne in mind that the shape
of the head varies very much in the same individual with increasing age and more decided lon-
gitudinal crest. Young wolves have the width of the head less than half its total length,
while the adult may give a proportion of 56 to 100 between the same measurements. In what
is incontestibly the same species, too, there may be two sizes of head with precisely the same
proportional development in other respects. This may be owing to sex or other causes.

The broadest skulls before me are those of the white and the gray wolves of the Platte,
presented by Captain Van Vliet and Dr. W. Hammond. These, however, are also the oldest.
Thus, taking the length from the incisive alveoli to the back of the occipital condyle as 100
parts, the width between outside of zygomas varies from 61 in the oldest to 56 in the
youngest. Skulls of the same proportions otherwise vary in the width of the muzzle. The
following table well exhibits the measurements and proportions of a large number of wolves:

108 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Measurement and comparison of the skulls of the large wolves of America.

® 2 1 =2 r
| Sina erg ts eee | 86 | geese
No. Name. Locality. 2 Be = 228 | ge Ez £8
iS | z 528 es) | 323
g aS 2 sas 53 gaee
Sa 4 4 Oi ae [pales B =
Inches Inches.
884 | White wolf_.-+-...-..- Platte river....---- 10. 9: 5.44] 1.00 - 90 . 54 - 60
EWU LSEEN Oe eae et So Seis Se) Stee GOe aseh eim = 9.75 8.90 5.44 | 1.00 -91 - 55 -61
1308)1'@\ gray wollte -2!--ecep =u} ca 5- dose seeee om 10. 9.10 | 5.33 | 1.00 91 = 58 58
ASI40¢ - Sedote-sse- sees nee Fort Kearney ----- 9.75 8.85 | 5.28 } 1.00 -93 +55 - 58+
1398) oe dO see eas on =e sce al eee aaa Gas aseas 9.71 9.00 | 5.38 | 1.00 92 5b - 60
USTNGY | ee OS oes oe Platte river -...... 9.8 9.10 | 5.28 | 1.00 - 92 - 54 . 58
S88 Wihite wolf 25-22-27), somes Dee seems, 9 8.60 | 4.91 | 1.00 94 -54 57
DSI Si Gxaviow olf oo aetna eae meee ie ssssonece 9. 25 CA) eee 1. 00 pe eee 57+
Dh O | ee ee ee eee Fort Kearney ----- 9. 25 8.80 | 5.05 } 1.00 -95 54 -57—
HBWM( | Saree Seas aC Sco este =, tbh apesscoee 8.75 8.35 4.75 | 1.00 95 64 - 56
SO eo oes. e so ee Se See NO s=-easone 8. 80 8. 30 4.76 | 1.00 94 54 57+
URIS ee eS ee So See a a dO==aeeeee = 8.90 8. 25 4.94 | 1.00 - 92 55 - 60—
TASS ee ae el Sees WWisspasee Sec 9: 8.40 | 5. 1.00 -93 55 594+
Senn Gtay woltee=-eee= see Platte river -.-..-- 9.15 8.45 | 4.40 | 1.00 . 92 - 48 » 52
CY 2S eet ees oe Exploring expedit’n.| 9.50 8.80 | 5.04 | 1.00 92 .53 57+
1194, | Gray wolf---2. <--<2.- Fort Ripley, Minn--| 9.90 9.50 | 5.10 | 1.00 -95 - 61 54
TUG | Seer es Se, 5 Reese Essex county,N.Y-| 9. 8.65 | 4.96 | 1.00 - 96 «55 OY,
CUES Beeeeee Sn aBoe eee nee Hayes co., Texas..-| 10. 9.25 | 5. 1. 00 - 92 - 50 - 54
138052 eee ee ee Matamoras, Mex---| 8.75 8.25 | 4.60 | 1.00 94 . 52 255
UY) De eae Ss sst Saltillo, Mex -...-- 7.75 7.55 4.05 | 1.00 .97 . 52 54
B196)| ioe 2t sah feeh SE eee Santa Cruz, Sonora-} 8.50 8. 4.57 | 1.00 94 -b3 57
1036 6 Sweden=--2.- 32-2 9. 30 8.90 | 5.08 | 1.60 - 95 «54 -5y,
TB fe sae es Spiga ae Spe wesado ee oes 9. 60 9.15 | 5.56 | 1.00 95 SH! - 60
MOS) eke tye eo bd oe eo e-e-dol-* ss 3525 10. 85 10. 5.78 | 1.00 - 92 «b3 - 58
C0) Sere eee RUES aR eee Chet) eae eS a) (eee Se PO lap eoeee ee
eee Giant wolf of Townsend. -| Oregon .---.------| 10.70 |--------| 5.90 | 1.00 |------.--.| ht es oe 8

The only specimen in the collection equally old with the oldest of those from the Platte is
No. 1804, from Essex county, New York. This agrees very closely with No. 1311 from the
Platte, and is only a little narrower, with rather more slender muzzle. The temporal crest is
very strongly marked.

A skull from Fort Ripley, (1194,) Minnesota, equally adult with any, has a narrower fore-
head ; it is of the same proportional width between the zygomata, if the distance from incisors
to condyles be taken as the standard, but narrower in proportion to the total length. It may as
well be stated here that there is a considerable disproportion between the excess of the total
length of the skull over the distance to the condyles, even in specimens otherwise similar.

One specimen of gray wolf from the Platte (885) is much narrower, and has a longer muzzle
than any other in the collection. Its width is but 0.48 of the total length, or 0.52 of the

MAMMALS—CAN1DAE—CANIS OCCIDENTALIS. 109

length to condyles. The one nearest to this is a large head, not very mature, from Hayes
county, Texas, in which these proportions are 0.50 and 0.54. A small wolf from Saltillo,
(1379,) of about the same age or younger, is a little broader, compared with the total length,
and about the same compared with the distance to the posterior edge of the condyles.

One of the most striking specimens before me is the one collected in Oregon by Mr. Peale,
and described by him as Canis occidentalis. The skin has a good many characteristics of the
Sonora ‘‘ Canis mexicanus,’’ the under jaw quite dusky, a decided collar of black tipped hairs
in front of the shoulders, &c. The skull, too, is very similar, and of the same age, but is a
good deal larger ; both agree in standing higher, when laid flat on a table, than others, owing
partly to a higher ramus of the lower jaw, partly to the greater height of the cranium. The
elevation and swelling of the head just behind the postorbital processes in both is unusually
great. It is to this Oregon specimen that Townsend refers as being the same with his giant
wolf—Lupus gigas. There are certainly some very remarkable proportions in tke table of
measurements given by Dr. Morton in Townsend’s article on the giant wolf, although they are
not very different from those of the adult white wolves of the Upper Missouri. A skull of a
Swedish wolf (1035) is absolutely longer than that of the giant wolf, but rather narrower ; the
breadth of forehead is ten inches. In another specimen (1037) the zygomatic diameter is
greater than in the giant wolf, and the forehead measures 1.94. This would be in the propor-
tion of 2.15 inches to 2.40, if of the same length as that of the giant wolf.

The Swedish and Russian wolves in the collection aré every way as broad as those of the
Upper Missouri, and in fact there is no appreciable difference between No. 1037 and the average
of white wolf skulls in the Smithsonian collection.

The skeletons of Missouri and Swedish wolves exhibit some interesting differences on com-
parison, although I am unable to say whether these differences are constant and specific. No.
1308 from the Platte is a little larger than 1036 from northern Sweden, both being males.
Their skulls measure respectively 10 by 5.33 and 9.30 by 5.08, the proportions of transverse
diameter to longitudinal being as 53 to 100 in one, and 54 to 100 in the other. The cervical
vertebree are about the same length ; those of the trunk, however, are considerably longer in
the American wolf. The scapula is considerably larger in the American wolf; the cervix and
articular surfaces, on the contrary, are decidedly smaller and narrower. The humeri and bones
of the fore arm are of nearly the same length in both ; those of the American specimen, however,
appreciably more slender, particularly the ulna. The pelves of the two specimens are in about
the same proportions as the scapule; the femora are the same length, that of the Swedish
specimen the stoutest, especially at the lower extremity. The tibia of the Swedish wolf, however,
is absolutely longer, and in every way larger than the other.

It thus appears from the above comparison that the long bones of the Swedish specimen are
stouter and longer in every way, particularly the tibia. The cervical vertebree appear to be
larger and those of the trunk rather smaller.

In conclusion, as already stated, I am not able to come to a decision as to the absolute num-
ber of species of North American wolves. Of the existence of varieties of color, and perhaps
of form and internal structure, there is no doubt. The comparison of a large number of speci-
mens from many localities, however, will be required to settle permanently all the questions
connected with this subject. For the present I prefer to consider all as one species, and to
assume this with good reason as distinct from some at least of the European wolves, if that
continent possesses more than one.

110 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOULOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Since the preceding article was written, a large amount of additional material has been
received by the Smithsonian Institution, from the western explorations of Lieutenant G. K.
Warren and Lieutenant F. T. Bryan, embracing numerous specimens of skins, skeletons, and
skulls. The time allowed for completing this report is, however, too short to permit me to re-
examine the questions mooted above with the view of coming to a satisfactory conclusion. I
can only say, in general terms, that these collections embrace specimens entirely of a yellowish.
white, all of a very large size, and giving indication of great age, and others varying through .
all intermediate stages to gray, with black tipped hairs, leaving no doubt as to their specific
identity. Thus, No. 1856, from the Yellowstone, is everywhere of a yellowish white, the bases
of the dorsal hairs, with a slightly brownish tinge, most conspicuous on the shoulders. There
are a few much scattered black hairs, only visible on close examination. The fore leg exhibits
no trace of the wolf mark. Two specimens from the south fork of the Platte agree with this
one.

In No. 1858 the general color is similar, with more black hairs, and a deeper brown on the
bases of the dorsal hairs, detracting from the purity of the white. There are some black hairs
on the upper side of the tail. No bands on the leg ; animal very old.

In 1862, 1861, 1859, the prevalent tint above is of a dirty light-brownish rusty ; decidedly
rusty on the back of the head, neck, and ears; mixed with this are tufts of long hairs, white
at base, then black, then white, and tipped with black. The tail is tipped with black. There
is an indistinct dusky band down the anterior face of the fore leg; not so old as the preceding.
No. 1868 from the North Fork of the Platte agrees with these.

In No. 1860 the pelage is in excellent condition ; the long hairs grown out all over the back,
and concealing the basal fur. The prevailing color above is grayish white, waved with black,
tipping the hairs. On the sides, the under fur only is seen, of a light ferruginous. The upper
parts and tip of the tail are black, the latter with some white hairs. Face gray, nape and
region about the ears pale rusty, with some black. There is no band on the leg.

No. 1857 is a young animal with deciduous teeth. It agrees with the last, but is of a less
rusty tinge. The prevailing color above is a light ash gray, waved with black. There is a
distinct dusky band down the fore legs.

A skin of a wolf from Ohio, kindly loaned by Dr. Kirtland, agrees with No. 1860, but is
rather more rusty.

The following is a translation of Prince Maximilian’s remarks on the varying wolf of the
Upper Missouri, as made in his Reise in das innere Nord-Amerika, II, 1841, 95.

“* Canis variabilis.—This wolf is distinguished from that of the eastern States (which resembles
the European species) by the somewhat smaller size, shorter, thicker snout, somewhat shorter
ears, and by the want of the dark stripe running down the legs in C. lupus, of Europe; also by
the color varying from the ordinary wolf’s gray to pure white. In any troop of these animals,
one may see some that are entirely white and pale, some more mixed with gray, and others that
are entirely gray. In the living animal the iris is whitish-gray, washed with yellowish, dotted
with dark on the external border, and colored with yellowish-brown around the pupil. In a
word, the iris is pale yellowish gray-brown, darker around the pupil.

*¢ Oolor of the gray variety of this wolf.—Around the eye, the cheeks, and sides of the snout,
whitish ; forehead mixed with gray; top of the nose pale reddish; the short truncated ears are
pale grayish-yellow; upper parts of the animal are yellowish-gray, with decided black tips to

MAMMALS—CANIDAE—CANIS OCCIDENTALIS.

111

the hairs; legs, belly, and lower parts of the body, unmixed whitish. The dark longitudinal
stripe on the fore legs of C. lupus is not found in this species.

(OG) CRS US On eae eee en |
Tail to end of hairs

Length of head
Height of ear
Breadth of head between ears —---._...-------------.--
Men ein otrppen Canine assarea cas - sana = =o ease

|
Lower canine _------ So eee Seek ssw Se eet |

Feet

Inches.

11

‘« A specimen of this wolf, killed at Fort Clark, and reduced by hunger, weighed 58 pounds,
and the penis bone was 4” 7’” long.
‘¢The varying wolf brings forth four to nine young in April, in its burrow.’’

Catalog’e Correspond’g
number. No. of skull.

List of specimens.

ee doz===--
eee Yellowstone river.

North Platte riv-

6 | Republican Fork

of Platte.

When Whence obtained.
collected.

iio stew fretaie Vi

185 | Dr. Geo. Suckley. - -
shit cee | Sse. lel tay. 928
restoreccscs | 4022222535344
Dee. le ARSED weeds oot
1856 Lt G. K. Warren--|
EERO See ae ee dO ee ae
222s 6 eee eee (a ope ph ee ae
Pee (eee ey lp neste dO: 2222-2 |
BAER (eee eee dO. -=--<s=
sae HGOMe ae alesscad (6 ee ras eae
SasEr: (eee ieeaaynee OOS. ncseeee
Aug. 21, 56 | Lt. F. T. Bryan. -_|
Sept B0022zh- 222 doretsccoe |
|
Oct, 2; 1856... -2922 doy _22 ee.

Original
number.

58
48
49

CANIS OCCIDENTALIS, var. NUBILUS.

Dusky Wolf.

Canis nubilus, Say, in Long’s Exped. R. Mts. I, 1823, 168.
Haran, Fauna Amer. 1825, 84.

Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 183.

Doveurty’s Cabinet Nat. Hist. II, 1832, 265; plate xxiii.

Cu.—Color, light sooty, or plumbeous brown.

Nature off Collected by—
specim’n

jo al ee
Ladows SS. seek abet ae
Ss dot | aes Soe as Se
Se | ee ae ee es ee
-do....| Dr. F. V. Hayden.
hey hea dows eee
--d0----) aaa 202255 c0o=
pelle sea|een os GOsenaraae
22005 =|scceee deuoc=2s-
sedOesas|aosse2 do=ssesioe
sot a) =e dossscs-5
--do_.--| Wm. S$. Wood...
Skin, in |

alcoho]).....- done o2==s
SSE Saar do-2-< sons

The only perfect specimen of this wolf before me is rather small, and otherwise not in very

good condition.

It is about the size of a pointer dog.

The muzzle is long and acute ; the width

between the eyes about one and three-quarter inches; the distance from muzzle to eyes,

gif U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

three and a half inches ; the muzzle is naked and black. The ears are of moderate size, scarcely
so large as those of the prairie wolf, measuring three inches along the anterior edge. They are
erect, pointed above, well covered with hair, except around the naked meatus. The feet are
rather shorter in proportion than in the prairie wolf; as in all the dog family there are four toes
each, with blunt stout claws on each foot, and on the fore foot a rudimentary thumb in addition,
with a sharp claw attached. The naked pads under the feet are of considerable extent.

The tail is short, not more than half the length of body and neck, exclusive of head. It is
quite full and tufted.

The hairs on the body, generally, are of two kinds, a rather soft under fur, with long hairs
interspersed. The same condition prevails in the tail where, however, the long hairs are
slightly crimped or curled.

The general aspect of this animal is of a dusky plumbeous, with cloudings of black and shades
of grayish on the sides of neck, shoulders, and back. The ears, head, and legs are almost black,
with occasional grayish hairs. The sides of the neck and body and under parts are plumbeous
gray, with a preponderance of dusky on the throat and between the fore legs. The upper parts
show cloudings of black, the amount increasing to the tail, which is black externally, with
plumbeous gray showing through.

The soft fur on the middle of the back is plumbeous brown, lighter anteriorly, and becoming
paler towards the sides and on the belly. The long hairs which form a kind of mane between
the shoulders, and are there five inches long, are grayish-white at the base, then dark brown,
then again grayish-white and tipped with black. The basal white is concealed among the fur;
the subterminal portion gives the grayish shades of color. On the tail the hairs are grayish-
white from the base beyond the middle, and tipped with black. The hairs on the extreme tip
of the tail are black throughout.

The specimen described above is from Fort Union, Nebraska. A skin brought by Dr. Suckley
from Puget’s Sound is almost precisely similar ; it is, however, larger, and with a greater pro-
portion of black, this color on the long hairs encroaching on the cinereous or grayish portion,
which is clearer than in the Fort Union skin.

Dimensions of No. 46.

Inches.
— at ae
Hromonose to T00b OL tall. oc canes cu oancneen 36
Tail to.end of vertebre_.222 25-2. 24.2.6 25 10
(Railhtolend on naliges == s=— ane e ee eee oe 13}

The Steilacoom species must have been considerably larger, measuring a little over three feet
from the ears to the root of the tail.

List of Specimens.
: |
Catalogue Locality. When collected. Whence obtained. | Original | Nature of specimen.
number. | ‘number,
46 Fort Union, Nebraska--..--- 1850 A. Cullierinan = nce on .2 2 [2 he shel Bilin) 24 oa bee

1013 | Steilacoom, W. T.-.---.--- 1855 | Dr. Geo. Suckley, U.S. A.--| 66 hae asked. poles

MAMMALS—CANIDAE—CANIS LATRANS. 113

CANIS OCCIDENTALIS, var. MEXICANUS.

Mexican Lobo Wolf.
Canis Mexicanus, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 71.
Suaw, Gen. Zool. I, 1800, 296.
Desm. Mamm. I, 1820, 199.
Fiscner, Syn. 1829, 183.
BERLANDIERE, Pr. A. N. Se, Ph. V, Feb. 1851, 157.

Sp. Cu.—Varied with grey and black. Neck maned more than usual. <A black or dusky band encircling the muzzle. A
dusky stripe down the fore leg.

For the description of a strongly marked specimen, (No. 195%, collected at Santa Cruz, So-
nora,) of this variety, I would refer to the report on the zoology of the United States and
Mexican Boundary Survey.

The following varieties of the large American wolf I have not had an opportunity of
examining :
CANIS OCCIDENTALIS, var. ATER.

Black Wolf.
Canis lycaon, Hartan, F. Am. 1825, 126.
Canis (Lupus) ater, Rica. F. B. A. I, 1829, 70.
Aup. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. II, 1851, 126; pl. Ixvii.

This wolf, which is entirely black in color, according to Audubon and Bachman, is found
most abundantly in Florida—occasionally in Georgia and other southern States. It was for-
merly common in Kentucky, and, according to Say, on the banks of the Missouri, where, how-
ever, it is now rarely seen,

CANIS OCCIDENTALIS, var. RUFUS.

Red Wolf.
Canis lupus, var. rufus, Aup. & Baca. N. A. Quad. II, 1851, 240; pl. Ixxxii.

According to the above authority, this is the most common variety of wolf in Texas. Its
color is a mixed red and black above, lighter beneath.

CANIS LATRANS, Say.

Prairie Wolf. Coyote.
Canis latrans, Say, in Long’s Exped. R. Mts. I, 1823, 168.
Harta, F. A. 1825, 83.
Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 183.
Ricn. F. B. A. I, 1829, 73; pl. iv.
Dovueury’s Cabinet Nat. Hist. I, 1830, 73; pl. vii.
Maxim. Reise, II, 1841, 96.
Aup. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. I, 1851, 150; pl. Ixxi.
? Canis ochropus, Escuscuorrz, Zool, Atlas, m1, 1829, 1; pl. xi. (California.)
Gray, Zool. Sulphur, 1844, 32; pl. x. (California.)
Canis frustror, Woopuousr, Pr. A. N. Sc. Ph. V, Oct. 1850, 147.—Is. V, Feb. 1851, 157.—In. Sitgreaves’ Exped.
Zui & Colorado R. 1853, 46.
“* Tyciscus cajottis, Harm. Smrra, Nat. Lib. Dogs.’’

This animal is intermediate in size between the fox and the wolf; resembling the former in
sharpness of muzzle, the latter in form and character of the tail. It is a true wolf, however,
15 L

114 U. 8S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

in its entire osteological characteristics, or rather may be said to replace the jackals of the old
world.

In size, the prairie wolf, or coyote, considerably exceeds the North American foxes ; although
not much larger than the Canis magellanicus of Chile. The muzzle, as stated, is as long,
sharp pointed, and slender as in the red fox ; the eyes moderately approximated. The ears are
very large, triangular, erect, and coated with hair, except around the meatus, where they are
nearly naked. The feet are moderately long and rather slender; the pads on their under
surfaces large, naked, and black ; five in number ; beneath the carpal joint is another projecting
naked callosity. There are but four digits to each foot; there is, however, a sharp claw, about
two inches above the sole of the fore foot, placed on the inside, and attached to the rudiment of
the thumb. The tail is less than half the length of the head and body; quite bushy, but
tapering to a rather attenuated tip.

The hair on the body is coarse and not very dense ; there is an under fur, overlaid by straight
stiff hairs.

The prevailing colors of this species are a dull, yellowish grey on the back and sides, with a
clouding of black, caused by the tips of the hairs being of this color. The under fur is light
plumbeous at the base, the terminal and larger portion being pale rufous, lightest on the sides
and the anterior of the back. The long hairs themselves are whitish at the base, then black,
then yellowish white, and then again black; the first annulus of black being longest, the
others of about the same length. The under parts generally, with the insides of the thighs and
axille are dirty white. The central upper line of the muzzle is somewhat like the back, except
towards the end, where it is dull rusty, as are the sides of the muzzle anterior to the eye. The
convexity of the ear and its basal region behind are yellowish rufous, somewhat mixed with
black points ; the exterior of the limbs strongly tinged with light rufous, sometimes being very
decidedly so; there is, however, an occasional mixture of black hairs, which, on the inner por-
tion of the anterior face, on the fore arm and thigh, are condensed into an obsolete line or
stripe.

The tail resembles the corresponding regions of the back very much; the base of the fur is,
however, darker, the tips less rufous, the long hairs less abruptly and distinctly annulated.
There is a larger proportion of black on the terminal hairs, producing a decided tip of this
color. A few entirely white hairs in the tips represent the white tuft of the foxes.

The specimen just described (667) is from Bodega, California, and was killed in February ;
it agrees essentially with another, (No. 1389,) from San Francisco. A summer specimen from
Texas has a considerable proportion of yellowish rusty on the top of the head, and the whole of
the legs are uniformly of this color except on the inner surfaces, which are rusty white. The
anterior edge of the thigh lacks the dark line described, although that on the fore leg is quite
distinct. The ears are decidedly smaller.

Dimensions of No. 667, (skin.)

Inches.
Nose to baseiof tail: oo n5 ops ooeea cee eeeacans 38
‘Tail to end of Vertebih =. -caascase~cencees cn cnace | 15
Matlto\end of Hairseet sce eee AP Oa, hs | 17}
Heightortears behindsssse cesses eee men ee han 33

MAMMALS—CANIDAE—CANIS LATRANS. 115

The specimen of this animal collected in the San Francisco mountains is about the bulk of
the pointer dog. The muzzle is slender and pointed; the head narrow. The ears are very
large, measuring four inches above the notch ; they are well covered with hairs, except around
the meatus. The tail is unusually dense and bushy, much more so than in any coyote I have
seen.

The general color of this animal is a rusty grey, with shadings of black on the back and
sides. The under parts are greyish white. 3

A specimen collected by Dr. Woodhouse, on the Yampai river, has softer fur and less black
on the back than some others.

With Dr. Woodhouse’s original specimens before me, I cannot admit Canis frustror to the
rank of a distinct species, whether it be distinct or not from the true Canis latrans. It is,
indeed, of small size, not half that of the adult prairie wolf, but the skull is that of a very
young animal. Not a single one of the permanent teeth has been cut, the dentition being
entirely deciduous. (Incisors = canines = molars = = 28.) Compared with the skull of
a young prairie wolf from the Upper Missouri, (No. 205,) there is no appreciable difference,
except that the latter is a trifle smaller, and has rather a narrower muzzle. The animal itself
is in rather better pelage, showing, in two mounted specimens, an abundance of long stiff hairs
on the body, rather a large proportion of black tips to the hairs of the back, and a considerable
amount of black on the tip and sides of the tail. The ears are larger than in Dr. Suckley’s
specimen. If the adult animal never exceeded Dr. Woodhouse’s specimens in size, occurring
at the same time with other adults much larger, there would be good reason for considering it
distinct. There is, however, absolutely no doubt, from comparison with the skin and skull of
young prairie wolf No. {2,°5,, from the Upper Missouri, that when adult, the size of the specimens
would not be appreciably less than that of the average of prairie wolves, (Canis latrans. )

I regret that no mature specimens of the prairie wolf from the upper Missouri have come
under my observation, as I have, in consequence, had no opportunity of comparing them with
the coyotes of California and Mexico. No appreciable difference can be detected in the descrip-
tions of Maximilian.- The description in Audubon and Bachman was taken from a Texas speci-
men. The animal described by Richardson, from the plains of the Saskatchawan, appears to
be smaller, with shorter ears. The colors are more grey also.

A very young prairie wolf, collected by Dr. Suckley, west of Fort Union, (205,) has very
few long hairs, the body being covered entirely by a soft woolly fur, rather finer than the under
fur of the adults. The general color is a pale yellowish grey, tinged with rufous on the top of
the head and on the muzzle. There is a slight sooty shade over the body, caused by black tips
to the hairs, grizzled with greyish. The ears are shorter than in specimens collected by Dr.
Woodhouse.

After a careful examination of over twenty skulls of the prairie wolf of the Platte, with nearly
as many from California, New Mexico, and Texas, I must candidly confess my inability to detect
any very striking distinctive characteristics among them. By selecting a single specimen from
each series, it would be no difficult matter to establish specific differences between them, but in
a large number from the same locality the distinctions disappear. In the Platte skulls some
are much broader than others, with shorter muzzle; there is also a great variation in the
diameter between the orbits. The sectorial teeth in skulls of the same length differ in length
sometimes by an eighth of an inch. The shape of the coronoid process varies exceedingly, as
does, to some extent, the width of muzzle. Perhaps in the skulls before me there is, in the

116 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Platte specimens, on an average, a greater height of the zygoma anteriorly, a narrower forehead
between the eyes, and a rather decided average superiority in the length and width of the
sectorial teeth. Still specimens may be found not exceeding, in this last respect, the Rocky
mountain and California specimens, and all tke other characters of these are reproduced in one
or other of those from the Platte.

A fact, however, of some importance is, that in none of the Texas or California specimens are
there any with sectorial teeth so large, or with zygomata so high, as in a number of Platte
skulls. It is possible that, with a difference of species, two or more may be found on the
Platte and upper Missouri. Still these differences of condition do not admit of any assorting
into series, as even if several specimens agree in one point and disagree with all the rest, a new

combination is required if a different character be selected as the test.
Upon the whole I am inclined to think that the differences in the skulls from the Platte are
due entirely to age, sex, and perhaps race. The young skull widens considerably in its lateral
dimensions, independently of the elevation of the median crest. The female preserves through
life more the characters of the young skull as to proportions. Sometimes a small skull will
indicate extreme age in the worn condition of the teeth, when not much more than three-fourths
the size of another with teeth entirely perfect.

A very immature skull of the prairie wolf, (1176,) from the upper Missouri, differs materially
from the adult. The most striking feature is the entire absence of the post-orbital process of the
frontal bone, without even a slight fossa to indicate its position. It would almost seem as if
this were formed by the strong compression of the temporal region just behind a certain point
in the orbit, and under the place of attachment of the muscles of the temples.

There is no trace of any temporal, sagittal, or occipital ridge. The dried skin of the palate
shows the existence of ten transverse ridges of the soft palate.

The teeth are entirely the deciduous ones and present the following formula: Incisors,
=. canines, Ss ; molars, = = 28. These are, as usual, much smaller than their successors.
The incisors are shaped like their successors, the upper ones trilobed, the lower, bilobed ; the
outer upper incisors instead of having, as in the adult, no lobes at all, have a slight one on the
inner edge and a small spur externally, about midway to the base. The upper canines are
very much more curved and hooked than their successors, without sharp ridges. The lower
incisor is likewise shorter and more curved than its successor, and when viewed from in front,
exhibits a prominent angular spur on the inner anterior edge. The first upper molar is very
low and obtuse with a tubercle behind. The second molar is shaped like the adult sectorial
tooth, except that the inner spur, with its pointed tubercle, is situated opposite the base of the
middle lobe. There are also two additional tubercles, one at the base of the anterior trenchant
edge of the long pointed lobe of this tooth, and another a little in advance and exterior to it at
the anterior extremity of the tooth. The single tubercular molar resembles the first true or
tubercular permanent molar, but is much simpler. There are the two external tubercles and
the two which are seen nearly in the centre of the permanent tooth, but these form the exterior
boundary instead of being enclosed as in the adult, by a wall which, commencing on the
anterior wall of the tooth and passing down below the level of the anterior tubercles, comes
gradually up on the inner side of the tooth, and constitutes a distinct compressed tubercle on
the interno-posterior corner. This wall is wanting entirely in the deciduous tooth. The lower
temporary sectorial is quite similar to the permanent one, except that the posterior edge of the
middle lobe is nearly opposite to the centre of the tooth, instead of the posterior third.

MAMMALS—CANIDAE—CANIS LATRANS. 117

The present skull is exactly similar, except in being a little smaller, to that of the specimen
upon which Dr. Woodhouse founded his supposed diminutive species of Coyote, under the name
of Canis frustror.

The following table of measurements will illustrate the above remarks. In addition to the
absolute dimensions, a column of proportion gives the width of the skull in terms of hundredths
of the length from the anterior extremity of the bony alveolus of the incisors to the posterior
portion of the occipital condyles. ,

Measurements and comparison of the skulls of prairie wolves.

Length of skull taken from the anterior edge of the alveolar processes of the incisors to the most backward portion of
the condyles.
Lower jaw measured from the anterior border of the incisive alveolar to the posterior edge of condyle.

No. of Locality. Sex. Length of Length of Width of
skull. lower jaw. skull. skull.
1327 | Fort Kearny, Neb. -.-.------ Female- 4.90 72 6.78 1. 00 3. 69 54
11333) a) eee dose fr es 232522=- eedouae! 5. 08 . 78 6. 50 1.00 3.76 Bron
H3SS Mpsvesiest BO see . Sere Eee Lldo=s-= Dae . 76 6.73 1.00 3. 63 53
818 | Fort Pierre, Neb.--..-------- a Olpse = 5.13 - 78 6.56 1.00 3. 67 55
1335 | Fort Kearny, Neb.----------- Male. -- 5. 27, 75 7.02 1.00 3. 82 . 54
US ach 2 ee dO ee hee ee ee we Female. 5 10 mY fe) 6.77 1.00 3.57 epey
oy es dO. 232-22 aceaeccnnee Male--- 5. 28 - 76 6.93 1.00 3. 62 52
Le dO. == 2-s2sasce-naee= ped ms=- 5.40 -76 7.10 1. 00 BRR} 49
TSSO Yee sae = Eph aa i a ae Female- 5. 35 - 78 6. 84 1.00 3.75 - 54
PS2GR™ ISOS Se doe aac Aree Le dols.t 5 06 -75 6.73 1.00 3. 62 . 53
USS gs | ee Se doseseneeess tess Male--- 5. 29 -76 6.93 1. 00 3. 56 aul
ee Gos setets o opire alee Female- 5.70 aid Queen 7. 34 1. 00 3.93 53
TSE) ae eee Oe a 2200)32-2 5. 08 «TT 6. 58 1. 00 3. 42 52
oo ee La al aia 77 || 6.58 1.00 3. 50 58
LBA 8) S| ae i Los es ee Sg ee ee id Eedoee=< 5.00 ~75 6. 60 1.00 3. 38 51
LOE aa aera (he eee eee =-d0s.-- 5. 30 - 76 6. 93 1. 00 3. 58 51
eure | sete ec (6 be saps A or ee eedosene 5.16 ari 6.75 1. 00 3.45 ofall
889 | Grand Isle, Platte river-...--- Szdowt -2 4, 87 72 6.49 1.00 3.30 - 50
1330 | Fort Kearny, Neb.----------- eedoss=4 4,90 - 76 6. 50 1.00 3. 23 - 49
PAbee | San Diero, Cally <s aaej2n= sean) Sanaa 5. 66 . 78 7.20 1. 00 3.76 . 52
Bons aCopper, Mines, NN. Mis22 3 222 ojs~ = 5.73 eis 7.40 1. 00 3. 62 - 48
LC GO an ae aE oe oe ace ania 5. 30 74 6.85 1,00). W\onmeee soe Sen Meee
LU | DOn semen semanas omnle on eo 4.96 athe 6.50 1.00 3. 28 - 50
Pomme TrONnterd. "PEXAS =." s2/.0--|.caescn- 5. 24 . 74° 6.77 1.00 3. 59 .52
Puno POOMMDIN TlVers.oo ccs. s eee c|soesceee 5. 50 tal ih 7, 20 de 00M See cece oe oe
eerie Passes sees es. SSS es ee Bets | Engh: 108 6.70 1. 00 3.70 256
abies |e cuyese se til ers sheaye bed "es a ead oleee_ gee el ts [ees 2 te! | 6. 50 1.00 3.50 53
1607 | San Francisco Mountains, N.M.|__..---.|.....------- ees | 6. 60 1. 00 3. 50 . 52
A) ee domes Se se ee A 5. 33 -76 || 7.00 1.00 | 3.64 52
|

Nore.—The second columns under each head gives the length or width in terms of hundredths of the distance from inci-
sive alveoli to the most posterior portion of the occipital condyles.

118 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

A comparison of the only two skeletons of prairie wolf before me gives the following results
as the difference between the prairie wolf of the Platte (No. 1326) and the coyote of El Paso,
Texas (1001.) The former is a larger and heavier animal, and is marked female, from three to
. five years. The latter has no indication of age or sex.

In the Platte skeleton the vertebra are heavier, and their bodies much longer than in the
other, thirteen dorsal and lumbar vertebre of one corresponding in length to fourteen of the
other. The long bones, too, of 1326 are much the stoutest and thickest; the humerus and
femor are of nearly the same length, rather longer in 1326. The fore arm and tibia, however,
of the Texas specimen are very appreciably longer than in 1326, the tibia of 1001 exceeding
that of 1326 by nearly half an inch. The heads of these species measure respectively 6.73 and
6.50 inches.

It thus appears that the Texan animal is relatively shorter, more delicately built, and with
longer fore arm and leg. The vertebral formule are as follows:

LOOM C27 DAS Le GS. 3h Calo texas:
1326:—C aie Dalss ln TAS. 3c.C20ceP latte:

The skull of No. .483; from the San Francisco mountains exhibits in a more marked degree
the difference in breadth referred to above than any other, and it would really seem as if the
coyotes of the central regions of North America, along the Southern Rocky Mountains, differed
specifically from those of the Missouri, as indeed ina measure from those of California and
Eastern Texas. Thus, on comparing the skull of No. 483 with one from the Platte, corres-
ponding as nearly as possible with it in general characteristics, the least distance between the
orbits is 1.44 of an inch instead of 1.28, the latter being much the greatest width of any of
25 Missouri skulls; in these the more usual distance is from one inch to1,5. The distance
between the points of the orbital process in the skull of 483 is two inches ; fully half an inch
greater than in most of the Missouri skulls. The skull between the orbits is nearly plane, with
a slight depression towards the centre. The lower jaw is more undulating in its lower outline,
and is narrower just back of the molars.

There are no characteristic differences in the teeth; the third lower premolar lacks a small
lobe on the middle of the posterior edge seen in the other skull. The upper sectorial is rather
shorter and wider anteriorly. These differences, however, may be readily noticed in skulls
from the same locality.

Upon the whole, I find, then, that specimens from the vicinity of the Rocky Mountains differ
very appreciably in the skull and skeleton from those of the Upper Missouri; the one having
a broader and flatter forehead, more slender bones and longer fore arm and tibia, the other
having a greater depression in the middle of the interorbital space, less width between orbits
and orbital processes, and larger sectorial tooth. Whether external differences exist can only
be determined by more specimens. A specimen from Eagle Pass, Texas, has shorter ears and
brighter colored legs than any other; its skull is intermediate in width and flatness of inter-
orbital region between the Rocky Mountain and Missouri specimens. The Canis frustror of Dr.
Woodhouse is a very young animal, two specimens of which differ very appreciably from each
other. Specimens from any given locality differ in amount of black on the body, size of the
tail, general color, softness of fur, width of skull, and of interorbital space.

If a name be appropriate for any specimens as distinct from QC. latrans, it is most applicable
to the El Paso, Coppermines and San Francisco mountain ones. The name of C. ochropus will
not answer, as they differ from California coast specimens as much as from those of the Missouri.

MAMMALS—CANIDAE—CANIS LATRANS, 119

Should adult specimens from the locality of Canis frustror agree with them, then this name
may be selected. It is possible that this specimen may belong to a Mexican species, which
extends into the Territories of the United States only along the central table land and moun-
tain range. The description by Wagner of a Mexican specimen will answer, in the absence of
notes on the skeleton, for Canis latrans in general. What the Lyciscus cayotis or Mexican
coyote of Hamilton Smith may be I am not at present able to say.

Since the preceding article was written, additional specimens have been received without
shedding much more light on the subject of the number of species of prairie or coyote wolves.
Some of these from the Upper Missouri agree very*well with those described. One collected in
the Mesilla valley has a very full and long tail, larger than in most others. I have not time
now to remove the skull and ascertain how far it agrees with the others described from the same
vicinity. Its character of densely and fully furred tail and general color approximate it closely
to the specimen from the San Francisco mountains, No. 483, and substantiate still more the
remarks made above on the possible existence of a coyote in the Rocky mountain region, speci-
fically distinct both from that of the Upper Missouri and of the Pacific coast.

The following detailed description of a fresh specimen of Canis latrans from the Upper Mis-
souri, by Maximilian, taken from his Reise in das innere Nord Amerika, Il, 1841, 96, will be
read with interest.

Canis latrans.—The prairie wolf in size and shape occupies a position exactly intermediate
between the wolf and fox, in dentition, however, agreeing more closely with the wolf, inas-
much as the front teeth are lapped on either side. The shape is wolf-like, the neck short and
thick, the body thick; the head, however, is smaller and somewhat more like that of the fox.
The tail is short and thick, asin the wolf, the legs tolerably high ; the snout longer and more
pointed than in the wolf; the ear is tolerably pointed, strong, firm, and shaped as in the wolf.

The head is broad above, the end of the nose black and moist, the internal ear well haired,
the whiskers long and black ; other similar long hairs are implanted above the eye and behind
the corner of the mouth; the tail hangs down as far as the heel joint, and with the points of
the hair reaches over half the heel.

Color.—The entire animal is of a dirty greyish yellow; reddish yellow on the ears and top
of the nose, with black tips to the hairs on the neck, back, tip, and upper surface of the tail,
and of the sides of the neck and limbs, bright rusty yellow, or rusty reddish. Lower parts and
inner side of the limbs whitish. Ears rusty yellow, with scattered black tips to the hairs ;
internally whitish. Forehead and region about the eye pale greyish brown, with whitish tips
to the hairs. Edge of upper jaw whitish ; lower jaw margined externally with blackish, else-
where whitish.

The hairs on the upper parts of the body are 43 inches long, close, ash grey at the root, then
yellowish red for two-thirds the length, then with a blackish brown space, then whitish, and
finally tipped with black. Hairs on the sides 13 inches long. In many individuals the rust
color is entirely wanting, and a whitish grey predominates. The pupil is round, the iris is
greyish yellow.

120

The prairie wolf brings forth its young in its burrows in April, sometimes

number. Its voice is a bark, like that of the domestic dog.

U. S.

P. R. R. EXP.

Total length
Tail to tip of hairs
Tail to tip of vertebra

Length of head..-.-------

wee een eee pocceen---------

Height of ear above the crown-....-----------------.--

Greatest breadth of ear_..-

Length of upper canine

Bone OW the Penis. ewe Ae eee eee een ae

AND SURVEYS—GEOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Inches. Lines.

43 t

14 2

11 3

7 9

3 1l

2 5
ee 84
2 3}

List of specimens.

as many as ten in

' : : co] 1 a
Bhi) 3 5 Ee alts
E 80 3 3 3 I S
ga i) =) = feb 5 a
gu |/se e 5 3 ° oa Sy f=
iS | ae = iE = 8 og = =
= a @ “2 8 5 5 < 3
3 HO Fs i o Rey Sp 1
= fe) bb tS) = FE} SI 5 a
o) o B 4 E = Zz is) ‘s)
GG i2199 Nee Se Bodega, California_..---- Feb., 1854 | Lt. W. P. Trowbridge-} Skin---|-...-- T. A. Szabo ----
TBR ales wom | a San Francisco, California.|__..-.-----.|-------- dO-22. => 2 s(n ees See ae. tS
483 | 2198 |_-.--- San Francisco mountains, |------------ Lt. A. W. Whipple --|-.do----|.....-| Dr.C.B.Kennerly.
New Mexico. A. Schott --..--
1174 tO Se! apa Eagle Pass, Texas...----- April, 1852 | Major W. H. Emory -|.-do.---]_-----|---.-- dolsse2=.-
Ly tir Ag peat Q | Mesilla Valley, N. M.----) Jan., 1856 | Capt. J. Pope -----~- L<do2228|" (L714; | eS eee
is) eaee 6 ital Re eo does ste = Seats Jan 22 "56 Wes See dowetcssce a}. 254ere 175 |.c. cia
TSE pl Bee sel ace Fort Pierre, Nebraska. --- 1856. tbs Gh HSS S Wiehe eee een a oe ae Dr. F. V. Hayden.
1p O77 ee PO ee Oe eye eer a hyeR Sess cr Cease Se ee Se Ghee eee eit Secoee ees do sere
1 (UB) 2S cee See ee eee ea a ee | eee OB aes ae |b sca as eetens| Os dopeeseee=
JL SERS |S ae aera Gh Sees is 4 See |S See Sas POSEN cla ae ae eee a ee do eseee=
Sy 2h se i Opper WHEsO UN ae eee eel ae a eee ee oes C0 Joe eens (seat eee | pene oe See do. Sze =
WS25. |= soe |e Mouth of Vermilion -.--.-| Oct. 25, ’56 |........ dost écaccelccee setae Sr ees doseecess
205 | 1176 |------ Bois de Sioux, Nebraska. 1853. Gov. I. I. Stevens.-.} Skin_--|.....- Dr. Geo. Suckley.
23LOn EAS cal eS Fort Riley, Kansas ---.-- Hebi, — 1867.) DrsW.. Av Hammond! |e) 2. 34) 535.25 | eee
Cy 5 ee os eee oss he See OG = aoe and... de. Vesey.-=-| a ~ ten] Se eee ee oe aes

MAMMALS—CANIDAE—VULPINAE. 121

Sus-Famiry VULPINAE.

Pupil of the eye elliptical. Head slender. Upper incisors scarcely lobed. Post-orbital process of the frontal bono bent but
little downwards, the anterior edge turned up ; a longitudinal shallow pit or indentation at its base.

It is in this group of the Canidae that we find the animals known in North America and the
Old World as foxes, several species of which belong to this continent. Among these there
are several very distinct types, with one or more species in each. In the one, the tail is uni-
formly bushy all round, composed of long hairs mixed in among the short fur, in nearly uni-
form proportion. The skull is more or less wolf-like in shape ; the temporal crests generally
approaching each other and nearly coalescing as far forward as the parieto-frontal suture or
farther. The muzzle is long, and the centre of the bony orbit falls about opposite the middle
of the axial line of the head. ‘To this group the name of Vulpes should be applied.

In the other section, illustrated by the gray fox of North America, the temporal crests never
approach each other, but are separated on the parieto-frontal suture by a space of nearly an
inch. The muzzle is very short, though pointed ; the centre of the bony orbit anterior to the
middle of the axial line. The most striking feature, however, is in the tail, which, instead of
being uniformly bushy, as in the red fox, exhibits, on close examination, a concealed erect mane
of stiff hairs along the upper line, unmixed with fur at all, on each side of which the rest of
the hair is arranged, falling down on the sides in a manner quite different from what it is in
the red fox. To this group, if of generic value, may be applied the name of mane-tailed foxes.
The following diagnosis will serve to show the points of contrast more clearly :

A. Tail with soft fur and long hair, uniformly mixed. Muzzle long. Temporal crests
coming nearly in contact.— VULPES.

B. Tail with a concealed mane of stiff hairs, without any soft fur intermixed. Muzzle short.
Temporal crests always widely separated. A supplementary tubercle on the lower sectorial.
The under jaw with an angular emargination below.—Unrooyon.

In order to illustrate more fully the detailed descriptions of the skulls of the different Ameri-
can foxes, and the comparison of the European V. vulgaris with its allied American species, I
have prepared several comparative tables of measurements and proportions, which may not be
without interest. I need hardly repeat here what I have already stated, that all these statistics
are entirely original, and, like the descriptions of the animals themselves, based on the exami-

nation of specimens in the Smithsonian collection, unless when stated expressly otherwise.
16 L

122

U. S. P.

R.

R.

EXP.

AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Taste A.—Comparative measurements of the skulls of the different American and European foxes.

Current Name. Sex & Locality. ; BS ad 2s
number. age. = | ae Z é 2 35
a #25 = 2
Se ents ee Ee =
VULPES. Ins. |100ths. Ins. \100ths. | Ins. |100ths. || Ins. |100¢hs.
1325 | Vulpes macrourus.-| Q | Fort Kearney ---.--- 5.76] 1.00) 5.60] .97/2.82| .48ilI.60} .27
argh alons? Sake 3 | Fort Dalles -.------- 5.70| 1.00] 5.45] .95/2.83/ .49|[1.62) .28
678 | Vulpes fulvus. ---- a.) \\Carlisle, Pa.-==--22- 5.56) 1.00) 5.43) .97/2.92) .52//1.55) .27
RGF |= -0--- na eeenn| anno Middleboro’, Mass ---|---|------ eee Eee i eae meg Bett
UPS ee ee ee ee Cleveland, Ohio ----- 5.47; 1.00 | 5.19 - 94) 2.83 - 51)/1. 58 . 28
768 fair Ree SSP pee Carlisle; Pa.-==.=-.=- 5.17} 1.00] 5.00 - 96) 2.71 - 52\/1. 50 .29
TAA Pes Co Se al bo do: sa. ceeoees 5.40) 1.00) 5.27] .97/2:90} . 53/159} . 29
tr Ba Memes ne seated | aaenee eee aa Se 2 a 5.50/ 1.00) 5.36] .97/2.91| .52/|1. 60). 29
OL eee on eae aig Banas: doses ==a-eeeee 5.45] 1.00) 5.24) .96) 2.83) .51//1.53} 28
gu i) esado.wive srallotlonast demsciagss. Sees 5.43] 1.00) 5.23] .96/2.96) .54)/1.65) . 30|
Te tt Bore Weare seers Goscee Essex county, N. Y.--|5.43/ 1.00) 5.28) .97/2.88) .52//1.60) .29
1038 | Vulpes vulgaris..-|------ BSwedenoat=-0:- cer 5.62] 1.00) 5.43/ .96/3.06| .54/|1. 60, . 28
1 | pee eta wa ee Da Nurnburg ---- ------ 5.57| 1.00) 5.37) .96|3.12| .56i/1.62] . 29
TAL aero Co paren alae | | ae nang. eee a 5.57| 1.00] 5.35) .96)3.01 . 54/1. 55 «20
80; |(Ss=cdose2eT eas ee Wim burp ee aes se 5.38} 1.00) 5.28 - 99) 3.06) .56//1.58) .29
SYP al be ie 6s (ye Es S| |e See TE dots ss2o55 2 5.55) 1.00) 5.32 + 96) 3. 06 . 55)/1. 60 - 28)
1030 | Vulpes lagopus..--|------ Baplandi2e2o- = aoe 5.05} 1.00] 4.88] .96/2.75| .54i|1.53) . 30
1040 -sSsdou teste. | Slat a|ss ssa Osa per eats 5.17} 1.00) 5.05 - 97| 2. 80 . 54)|1. 59 . 30
1347 | Vulpes velor...--- Q | Platte river --------- 4.35) 1.00] 4.31) .96)2.38) . 54) 1.36, .31
Ve ee Ce ee ‘Onl Ses== dos2) 5 - be 4.16) 1.00) 4.10 . 96) 2. 36 - 56)/1. 32 . 30
1344)\-. 00. = oe Oly 2SS55e doz: *—ss2--—-— 4.25} 1.00) 4.23 . 99) 2. 42 . 56) 1. 34 .31
1SaS"iee-sG0--saae=- =< 'O) sSpoon8 00s ss=22-osese= 4.38} 1.00) 4.32 - 99) 2.50 » 571. 35 30
1345) |< ado. =o 2-25 GO Weeoses d0essee se eee 4.46) 1.00) 4.44 . 99) 2.46 . 55/1. 35 30
P46) |Aseedou se seso- 2 |a—e ten] One ae eee eee 4.32) 1200) 4.32) 1..00)'--2-|-_--.. 1. 23) 30
OSL sa -00rsesau6- Stes Fort Union -..-.-.-- Rss secs HSL SE 2: 10st as aides
UROCYON.
771 | Vulpes virginianus..|--- - - - Perry county, Pa. ---- 4.72} 1.00] 4.62) .97/2.56| .54//1.43| . 30
O66) [eon O05- seer en a © | Washington------.-- 4.68) 1.00) 4.66 99) 2. 60 - 55)/1. 43 . 30
Q ASS SedOrsoa se ss5s2 foie Bee Gowes est ase= 4.66} 1.00) 4. 55) . 97)|2. 53 o 1. 42 - 30
S46) (So dor ses soe sal ees Carlisle, Pa.; young /4.48) 1.00) 4. 32) . 962.37] .52)l1.45} . 32
teeth not all shed.
(UNS ea Ce seas eee White Sulphur, Va.; |4.72) 1.00) 4. 60. on 2. 65 - 56)1. 41 29
very old.
LY (iso Sas (aR mes ee eee Rio Grande, Texas --.|4.59} 1.00) 4.47) .97/|2.57 . 56)|1. 37; .30
$484 | Vulpes littoralis -..|-..--- San Miguel, (adult).../3.86] 1. 00|------|------ 2.07] .53i/1.19} . 30

BS
3a
a2
5
Ins. |100ths.
.84| 214
Br uih © 6253
.89| .16
B3|eceene
-85| «15
SO2 yet’
) 87] .16
SfVAlu aaa!
85} 15
.89| .16
Olle eolG
| .94, .16
9G) da
96 3 2a
.87| 16
.94) .16
foi\e. eos
J88\\_ wT
70
.64| .15
. 67 15
Bic lalla f
.69} .15
H72) 16
BY (see ae
Par: | hain
TRY OTS
Tes
- 16\" lS
Rie Meals
70) 06
61 15

MAMMALS—CANIDAE—VULPES FULVUS.

123

Taste B.—Detailed measurements in full of one typical skull each of five species of American and
European foxes.

RCs GRA NG ete wane re ee

Tntermaxillary to condyle ----------

Greatest widthtoas2-.-2----24-2225—

Height above basi-occipital -.---.---

Distance between orbits ---.--.--.--

Distance between points of orbital
processes.

Nasal hones, length ---. ----.-2-.--

Nasal bones, width before -_---. soce

Narrowest part of muzzle behind ca-
nines.

Upper incisors, from front to molars- -

Upper incisors, from front to hinder
margin of palate.

Upper incisors, width between ex-
ternal edges.

Upper molars, length taken together-

Upper molars, least distance between.

Intermaxillary to end of nasals------

Intermaxiliary to commencement of
orbit.

From line connecting points of orbital
processes to occiput.

From do. to end of nasals. -...-. ---

From do. to end of intermaxillary - ---

Lower jaw, length, (exclusive incisors).

bowerjaw, height... 2.5. 2s222-- 1.

Canis fulvus, Desm. I, 1820,

Vulp. macrourus. V. fulvus. @, |V. vulgaris. 868,) V. lagopus. | V. velox. 1345,
Q, 1325. Carlisle, 678. Nurnberg. 1040, Lapland. oie
l
Inches. |100ths total) Inches. |100ths total| Inches. |100ths total] Inches. |100ths total Inches, |100ths total
length. | length. length. length. length.
{
5.70 1.00 | 5.56) 1.00 Bey | 1.00 SLT 1.00 4.46 1.00
5. 60 -98 | 5. 43 | 97 Baca - 96 5.05 97 4. 44 .99
2. 82 .49 | 2.92 | 52 3.12 . 56 2. 80 «54 2.46 . 55
1. 60 A aly bac: | 27 1. 62 | 29 1.59 . 30 1. 35 . 30
1.00 Boe 1.08 | 19 1.11 . 20 Ls .21 92 . 20
Eason s WABI Nal aa Pe” 53) ace be Fee: £8) . 26 1.41 20 1.19 . 26
|
|
2.13 ou Dror?! 4 289 2.16 . 38 1.81 .35 1.57 . 35
SAT OW He e490 | 09s N50 [ans ON hoe Des ur OTs (pease uO
. 84 14 89 | .16 96 17 - 88 allt 69 15
| |
.88 LGW |e 2) mest rie | mr 4l eaee Git le 80 153s ee69) las Lb
3.00 52 |2.87| .51 |2.91| .52° | 2.65 | °.51 | 2.42] .54
-66)| ..18" |" Bee eoatnn yd Rake ges (eee Pee ae .50 11
2.20 .38 | 2.01 ~ 36 1.96 es 1.94 mak 1.76 . 39
- 56 .10 |------|-------- 63 vas Df aye PES | 46 -10
2.78 -49 | 2.70) .48 | 2.75 .49 | 2.36 -46 | 2.08 46
2.51 44 | 2.42 43 2. 35 42 2.28 44 ree | 42
1
2.70 45 «| 2.44 | 43 2.53 45 2, 32 45 2. 04 «45
|
2.78 .49 2.75 | 48 2.78 49 2.50 48 | 2.23 50
3.34| .58 |3.38! .60 | 3.28 BBP |eSi0Ts) 8.09) |Pen72n|l ase
4.46 . 78 4.02 12 4.07 73 3. 80 Bites | 3. 34 74
1. 50 . 26 1.48 . 26 1. 40 25 1. 36 - 26 1.21 oot
|
VULPES FULVUS.

Common American Fox.

Variety A.

203.

FuLvus, Red Fox.

(Based on the Renard de Virginie of Palisot de Beauvois, in Bull. Soc. Philom.)
“Cuv Dict. des Sc. Nat. VIII, 568.”
Harzan, F. Am. 1825, 89.
Gopman, Am. N, H. I, 286
Grirr. Cuy. V, 1827, 150.
Doucury’s Cab. N. H. I, 1830, 25; pl. iii. (Very poor

figure.)

124 U. S. P. R. R.. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

? Vulpes fulvus, Ricu. F. B. A. I, 1829, 91.
FiscHer, Syn. 1829, 191.
Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 44; pl. vii, f. 1
Aun. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. II, 1851, 263 ; pl. Ixxxvii.
Canis vulpes, var. 6 pennsylvanicus, Bopp. Elench. Anim. I, 1784, 96. (Pennsylvania Brant Fox of Pennant.)
Canis (Vulpes) vulgaris, var. fulvus, Wacner, Supp). Schreber, II, 1841, 413. z

Var. B. »ercussatus, Cross Fox.

Canis deoussatus, (‘*Geoffr. Mus. Par.’’) Desm. Mam. I, 1820, 203.
** Sapine in Franklin’s Jour. 656.”
Hartan, FP. Am. 1825, 88.
Grirr. Cuy. V, 1827, 149.
Canis fulwus, vat. 8 decussatus, Ricn. F. B. A. I, 1829, 93.
‘Gardens & Menag. Zool. Soc. I, 221.”
Wacner’s Suppl. Schreb. IJ, 1841, 414.
Vulpes fulvus, var. decussatus, Aup. & Bacn. N. A. Quad. I, 1849, 45.

Var. C. araentatus, Silver Fox, Black Fox.

Canis argentatus, SHaw, Gen. Zool. I, 1800, 325.

Desm. Mam. I, 1820, 203.

**Sasrne in Franklin’s Narr. 657.”’

Hartan, F. A. 1825, 88.

Grirr. Cuv. V, 1827, 148.

F. Cuy. Suppl. Buff. 1, Mamm. 1831, 189.
Canis fulvus, var. y argentatus, Ricu. F. B. A. I, 1829, 94.

Waener, Suppl. Schreb. I, 1841, 414.

Vulpes fulvus, var. argentatus, Aup. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. III, 1853, 70; pl. exvi.
Renard argenté, Sr. Hix. & Coy. Hist. des Mamm. II, 1819. (Plate and text not paged.)

Sp. Cu.—Hair long, silky, and soft. Tail very full; composed of an under fur with long hairs distributed uniformly among
it. Distance, in red variety, between hairs, 6} inches. Tail with a white tip ; feet and ears black.

Variety rutvus.—Reddish yellow ; back behind, grizzled with grayish. Throat and narrow line on the belly, white. Ears
behind and tips of caudal hairs, (except terminal brush,) black.

Variety pecussatus.—Muzzle and under parts, with legs, black, Tail blacker than in the other variety. A dark band be-
tween the shoulders, crossed by another over the shoulders. ;

Variety arcentatus.—Entirely black, except on the posterior part of the back, where the hairs aye annulated with gray ;
this occasionally wanting. Tail tipped with white.

The body of this species appears fuller than that of the gray fox, (Vulpes virginianus,)
although this is owing chiefly to the longer fur. The muzzle, as in the foxes generally, is
sharp and attenuated. The ears are large and pointed, exceeding in size those of the gray fox;
they are densely coated on both sides with fine hair, longest and coarsest on the concavity of
the ear, and wanting immediately about the meatus.

The legs are longer and larger than those of the gray fox. The under surfaces of the feet
are densely coated with long soft hair, much fuller and closer than in the gray fox. There are
four toes on the fore foot, with a concealed rudiment of a thumb, having a claw attached, and
placed higher upon the foot ; the hind leg has four toes only. There is a small naked pad under
each toe and on the ball of the feet, making five for each foot ; on the fore leg is an additional
small pad, concealed by the fur, and placed under the wrist. The pads, generally, are decidedly
smaller and more covered up by hair than in the gray fox, and sometimes almost entirely con-
cealed.

MAMMALS—CANIDAE—VULPUS FULVUS. 125

The tail is very full and large, rather smaller at base, and towards the end tapering into a
conical tip. Its structure is entirely different from that of the gray fox in being uniform
throughout, the hairs standing out almost directly perpendicular to the vertebre, with a slightly
backward direction. There are long hairs interspersed among the softer fur, but these are
scarcely different in diameter and character from the under fur. In Vulpes virginianus, on the
contrary, there is a great predominance of stiff bristly hairs, concealing the under fur; and
along the dorsal line of the tail these hairs are aggregated into a concealed mane, to the exclu-
sion of the other fur. The general direction of the hairs on the tail is also backwards, and the
tail itself is much less full and bushy.

The same difference of hair on the tail is seen on the rest of the body. There is a long silky
hair forming the exterior coat, beneath which is the shorter under fur. This, however, is not
entirely concealed, but appears occasionally between the other. In the gray fox, on the con-
trary, the long hair is stiff and close set, and covers the under fur entirely,

The long hairs on the back measure about two and a half inches; the longest ones of the
tail 3 or 34.

This fox exhibits three distinct types of coloration, which will be separately described. In
the first one, the prevailing color is a bright reddish chestnut; in the second, there is a dark
cross on the back, the sides being yellowish ; in the third, the colors are almost uniform black.
These are known respectively as the red, cross, and black foxes.

Red variety.—The prevailing colors in this variety are a bright, clear, yellowish rufous,
darkest on the fore part of the back and shoulders, where the color has a rich purplish tinge.
The top of the head and the buttocks, including the posterior half of the back, are coarsely
and conspicuously grizzled with pale reddish white, caused by broad subterminal annulations
and tips of this color on the reddish hairs, On the rest of the body the colors are quite
uniform. The under parts are much like the sides; there is a very narrow line of dull white
on the belly, which posteriorly between the legs is more extended, and is seen on the inside of
the thighs. The lower half of the face, the inside of the ears, the chin, throat and space
between the fore legs are white, interrupted by a band of reddish on the hinder part of the
throat, and an indistinct line of dusky down the centre of the chin. There is also a dusky
shade along the tips and around the insertions of the whiskers. The convexity of the ears is
entirely of a uniform glossy black, as are also the feet, from, the carpal and tarsal joints, this
same color extending up the fore arm and leg, especially on the outer surface. The posterior
line of the feet, however, and the other portions of the legs not already mentioned, are of a
chestnut red, slightly varied here and there.

The general color of the tail is a yellowish red, somewhat paler beneath, and with a whitish
tip. Nearly all the hairs are, however, largely tipped with black, causing this color greatly to
predominate.

As already stated, the long hairs of the body exhibit no sudden variations of color, except on the
posterior half of the back, where the central portion is whitish, the tips being red, giving
rise to a decided variegation of tint. Among the uniform hairs of the fore back and shoulders
are some that are entirely black, but these are only discernable on close examination. The
under fur along the back and upper part of the tail has a decided sooty tinge, which, however,
gradually passes on the sides into a dull yellowish white, like sheeps’ wool. The tips of the
hairs of the under fur are colored to correspond with the region in which they occur.

There is a variety of the red fox sometimes called the Sampson fox, in which the long hairs

126 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

of the body and tail are entirely wanting, leaving the soft wooly fur entirely exposed. The
general colors are similar to those of the ordinary variety, except that the red tints are lighter,
and there is no grizzling on the hinder back. The sides are of a yellowish white, and there is
no black on the tail. Iam informed that in some sections of country this ‘‘Sampson fox’’ is
not uncommon, particularly in northern Ohio, whence the specimen described was sent by Dr.
Ackley. I have seen a similar condition of hair among skins of Canis griseus from Chile, and,
in fact, in many other species.

The common red fox of America was, for a considerable time, supposed to be the same with
the red fox of Europe, (Vulpes vulgaris.) Careful comparisons of the two show, however,
appreciable differences, although the resemblance is very close in external appearance and
scarcely to be expressed except comparatively. A very decided difference is seen in the texture
of the fur, which, in the American fox, is much longer, softer, and silkier, the long hairs of the
European fox resembling, in fact, rather more nearly those of the gray fox. The tail, also, in
the European fox is much less bushy, and tapers to the tip from near the base, instead of being
of uniform diameter for more than half its length. The longest hairs of the tail scarcely exceed
two inches in length, instead of three, as in the American red fox.

The muzzle of the European fox is longer than in the American species, and the eyes
considerably farther apart, a quarter of an inch at least. The concavity of the ear around the
meatus is less provided with long hairs, the nearly naked portion extending to within half an
inch (or less) of the margin. The feet are more slender, and the close pressed velvety hairs on
the inner surfaces and between the toes are much shorter, and allowing thereby the claws and
pads to be more distinctly visible.

The red color of the European red fox (Vulpes vulgaris) is a good deal darker than in our
species, and the tint uniform over a greater extent; there is little of the golden hue which gives
so much beauty to the American animal. The space where the whiskers are inserted is white,
instead of dusky, giving rise to a very conspicuous white patch on the side of the muzzle. There
is a good deal more white on the throat and belly, and there is no trace of the narrow reddish
collar on the former. The feet, instead of being of a deep and uniform black, are only tinged
with this color, and there is almost none of it above the carpal and tarsal points. It is possible,
however, that other specimens may show a greater amount of black.

Wagner refuses to admit the distinction of species here referred to, and insists that the
differences are owing to the latitude, his examination of the American fox being based on
descriptions and skins from very northern localities. Specimens from the southern States,
however, vary in a similar manner, as above described, from the European fox, and there is
never any difficulty in separating skins of the two kinds by their external appearance when
mixed with each other. The particular European skin serving for comparison in the present
case is an old female (No. 774) killed in Scotland in February, 1855.

In another article I describe as distinct the large fox with bushy tail, of the Rocky mountain
region, although no very tangible characters can be given as distinctive. Among the numerous
skins of foxes collected in Oregon by Dr. Suckley, I find what may be referred to both species
as regards size, and both kinds may possibly occur. These specimens are, unfortunately,
hunters’ skins only. All are more or less mutilated and without the skull. I cannot, therefore,
speak positively as to the existence of the true Vulpes fulvus beyond the Rocky mountains, and
must wait for further material. The small skins differ from the eastern in being of finer fur
and having more white beneath, the centre of the belly and throat being entirely white.

MAMMALS—CANIDAE—VULPES FULVUS. 127

List of specimens.

Catalogue | Corresponding | Sex & Locality. When Whence obtained. Nature of
number. | No. of skull. | age. | collected. specimen.
|
| Pipi tnslne Mim epebeal P| acme eer
962 2005 TL oue: Middleboro, Mass_----.-.-- INOVs. [800n|"us Wb JenkRee- cone eee Ski, o2-5-5
269 PN te a Cleveland, Ohio -.--------- Mar., 1854 | Dr. Ackley .....-----_-- \sqoueaeseene=
1409 | 2256 (aes Elizabethtown, N. Y..--.-- | Le See ee | Dr. S. E. Hale -----_..__ Pets lyse ee
1430 2293 | © .| Middleboro, Mass-...--.--- |Sestoackcaeae | aieW: P)Jenks e252 222. \Szdoseseseree
2041 al Be | Washington, D: C. =.------ | Ele sets Drs Nichols! =22see ees |niiewars ees
|

The cross fox is the second marked variety of the red fox of the United States, so called from
the presence of a black cross, formed by a dark band along the back, crossed by another on the
shoulder, This variety is seldom seen as far south as Pennsylvania, but in northern New York
itis not uncommon. In general form it resembles the red variety closely, but is perhaps a little
larger, with more bushy tail. The under surfaces of the feet likewise are more densely covered
with woolly hair. There is a good deal of yellowish rufous visible on the back and sides, which
is quite vivid on the flanks and side of the neck. The upper part of the head, (exclusive of
muzzle,) the posterior half of the back, with the outside of the shoulders and thighs, have the
basal fur a dusky-brown, darkest on the median line, the long hairs black, with a broad
subterminal annulation of yellowish white of a much grayer tint on the head and shoulders,
which variegates the color very much. The dorsal region between the shoulders is also similarly
marked; but a great preponderance of black almost obscures the lighter colors, and with a
similar proportion of black evident at the upper part of the shoulders, causes the appearance of a
black cross at this point. The sides of the neck and of the body are pure reddish yellow, the basal
fur being nearly white. This color extends towards the median line of the back, just behind the
shoulders, leaving an interval of only a few inches on the middle of the back, and relieving very
much the posterior angles of the cross. The muzzle, legs, and under parts generally, including
the inside of the limbs, with the convexity of the ears, are black. The long tail-hairs are
grayish or yellowish red, and black at their tips, impressing this color on the exterior of the
tail; the tip of the tail, however, is entirely white.

In several specimens of cross foxes from Fort Dalles, I can see no difference from the one
described above from Ogdensburg, except that the tail isa little longer and fuller. In one there
is only a more reddish tinge in the light spaces on the sides. These may possibly belong to V.
macrourus.

List of specimens.

Catalogue Locality. | When Whence obtained. Original
number. | collected. number.
—————— ———— | ————<—<<<<<—.____
79 Ogdensburg, Nw) Waesenueess a-2e 9-252 feed sebees ids Wray Guestss = 35 tek crs fee Le ite Seed te
1019 MorbuDalles / Or ee oe ee = eee | Jan., 1855 | Dr. George Suckley_.....----..------ 57
HPL) ae (a Ce ee se eee |----- does = =| 2= 205 = GO meee se atte ea 58

128 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Black Fox.—The color here is a uniform lustrous black, with a distinct white tip to the tail.
On the top and sides of the head, however, and on the posterior half of the back, including the
outside of the thighs, the long hairs are grayish-silvery at the end, (the extreme tips black,)
grizzling the back very conspicuously. The same feature is observable at the base of the tail
and to some distance on its sides; it is also seen slightly on the shoulders. The under fur is of
a sooty color, not very dark, however, and becoming lighter on the sides of the neck and
flanks.

Inst of specimens.

T

Catalogue | Sex & Locality. When Whence obtained. | Original | Nature of
number. | age. collected. | number. | specimen.
|
LC See Fort Dalles, Oregon-.--.----- April, 1855 | Dr. George Suckley.--------- 67 Skin. -2--
LOO bees Bacecsee Gost Gua oeaseneenees Jane, 1850) |Se-—- eo GO opeseS sso {= Se Pe ee
1190 ©. | Des Chutes Valley-.---.-.--- 1855 Lt. Williamson, collected by |--------~==|-22 2-40.
Dr. J. 8. Newberry.

In the only one of the above specimens (1190) in which the feet are entire, the soles are much
less densely furred than in the cross foxes, and more nearly resembling the red fox of the eastern
States in this respect. It is by no means certain that these specimens are not black varieties of
the Vulpes macrourus.

Measurements of specimens of different varieties.

Current | Nose to root | Tail to end.of| Tail to end Width of Ears

number. of tail. | vertebra. of hairs. hairs. posteriorly.

RED. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches.
962 24 124 17 iy Nia ae ets a ee
1388 28 13} POLE le Se | A aout
4591 95 Somewhat 18 Gun jee utes
458} 24 lesen naan 16 GR pry amet on tiaa
457} S| eee eee ges 174 i) Sp (emoremeeore, = ed

' Catalogued under the head of Vulpes macrourus.

MAMMALS—CANIDAE—VULPES FULYUS. 129

The skull of the red fox has the usual physiognomy of the American Canidae, and in fact is
a miniature of that of the prairie wolf, from which it differs by characters hereafter to be
pointed out. The resemblance to the skull of the gray foxes is much more remote. The upper
profile undulates considerably ; the occipital outline is nearly perpendicular, but overhung by
the occipital crest. The outline ascends rapidly from this point to above the meatus, where
rounding over it slopes gently in nearly a straight line to a little beyond the post-orbital pro-
cesses of the frontal bone, with a slight depression anterior to the temporo-frontal suture, and
opposite the point of the post-orbital processes. The outline then curves rapidly downwards
(convexly) to the point of the intermaxillary bone, then passes abruptly more horizontally to
the anterior extremity of the nasals, the outline at the same time being quite convex.

The temporal crests are not always united into one at the posterior portion of the parietal
outline, and usually in the centre of an interparietal, which runs forward for a considerable
distance, or about two-fifths of the length of the parietal; at this point they diverge in a very
narrow lyre, approximating on the coronal suture, where they again diverge and pass forwards,
continuous with the posterior edge of the post-orbital process. In old specimens the median
sagittal or temporal crest extends to the coronal suture, when it diverges to the post-orbital
processes as stated. There is a depression in the longitudinal line of the skull from between
the points of the post-orbital processes to the middle of the nasals, and in a less degree to the
end of these bones. There is also a considerable longitudinal swelling in the frontal bone on
either side of this furrow.

In the very great similarity in form of the skulls of the genus Vulpes, it is very difficult to
assign any absolute characters which shall define the species with precision. Certain compari-
sons with each other may, however, be made as serving to fix their distinctive features. Thus,
the American red fox differs from that of the European Vulpes vulgaris (comparing eight of the
one with five of the other) by a conspicuously more slender head and muzzle and less massive-
ness of form. This will be at once shown by the table of measurements given previously. The
muzzle is decidedly longer as well as more slender. The orbital processes are further back
from the muzzle, and the distance from the posterior lower molar to the posterior portion of the
‘condyle less. The palato-maxillary suture is not so far forward.

The excess in length of the muzzle of the American red fox lies perhaps chiefly in the inter-
maxillary, which projects further forward than in the European species, and has a wider gap
between the incisors and the canines. '

The skull of the arctic fox, Vulpes lagopus, is shaped a good deal like that of the American
red fox. It is somewhat smaller, however, and the muzzle more thickened at the base, and is
much less contracted opposite the middle of the nasal bones, besides being considerably thicker
at the end. The muzzle is much deeper, and its upper outline more horizontal; the inter-
maxillary shorter in front of the canines, and its free margin much more nearly in a vertical
line. The zygomatic arch is much higher and more curved, more deeply scooped out above in
the orbital portion, and is narrowest opposite the middle of the molar, or on the middle of the
anterior part of the arch instead of on the posterior portion just anterior to the glenoid cavity.

There is no very striking difference in the teeth, except perhaps that the first tubercular upper
molar (first true molar) in the Arctic fox is a little more deeply excavated, and the depressed
ridge extending from the anterior internal tubercle to the low tubercle inside of the base of the

posterior ‘external tubercle i is broken down.

The differences between the skulls of Vulpes fulvus and macrourus will be more particularly
17 L

130 U. Ss. P, R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—-ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

pointed out in the article on the last mentioned species. I will only state that the muzzle of
the latter is considerably longer and more slender, exceeding in this respect any species with
which I am acquainted. s .

Tt is not a little remarkable that there have as yet been no remains of the red fox detected
among the fossils derived from the Carlisle and other bone caves. The gray fox is abundantly
represented, but not a trace of the other. This would almost give color to the impression some-
what prevalent that the red fox of Eastern America is the descendant of individuals of the
European red fox imported many years ago, and allowed to run wild and overspread the country.
The fact of their present abundance and extent of distribution is no barrier to the reception of
this idea, as the same has been the case with horses brought over by the Spaniards, after the
discovery of America, and set at liberty. Asis well known, the immense herds of these animals
in Mexico, Texas, and the western plains, are the lineal descendants of the imported horse.
Nor is there any serious difficulty to be met with in tbe different characteristics of the Ameri-
can animal as the finer fur, brighter color, narrower and more delicate head, sharper muzzle,
&c., as it is in precisely such osteological peculiarities that the Anglo-American race differs
from its English stock.

VULPES MACROURUS, Baird.

Prairie Fox.

Vulpes macrourus, Bairp, in Stansbury’s Exploration Great Salt Lake, (published June, 1852,) 309.
Vulpes utah, Aup. & Bacu., Pr. A. N. Se. Ph. V, for June 30, 1852, (published July, 1852,) 114.—Is. N. Am.
Quad. IIT, 1853, 255; pl. cli.
? Vulpes fulvus, Maxim. Reise, II, 1841, 98.

Sp. Cu.—In size, length of fur and tail, exceeding the Vulpes fulvus. Tail vertebre, usually 18 inches in length; breadth
between lateral hairs eight to nine inches. Colors of the light variety, similar to those of the red fox, but yellower, and with
more white beneath.

This magnificent fox, the finest species known, is an inhabitant of the central portions of
North America, and is eminently remarkable for the beauty and excellence of its fur. Very
similar, in general appearance, to the common red fox; its superiority in size will at once
readily distinguish it. It appears to run into the same varieties as our red fox, and that of
Europe, although I have never seen a black skin. Several fine cross foxes, however, of this
species have been received among the various government collections.

Owing to the close resemblance to the common red fox, it is difficult to describe the prairie
fox intelligibly, except by comparison with the other species. As already stated, it is consider-
ably larger, the tail particularly so. The ears are very large, and quite acutely pointed, in
both respects exceeding the red fox. Their concavity seems less beset with hair, although the
bristly hairs anterior to the meatus are very long. The eyes are only about an inch and a
quarter apart, nearer, in fact, than in the red fox. The feet are large and stout, and in the ©
only perfect specimen before me, a cross fox, (No, 24,) their soles are covered with a long dense
wool, completely concealing the pads, which are reduced to quite small dimensions, but not over-
grown with hair. This development of wool on the feet is, however, seen in the cross fox
belonging to the common species.

MAMMALS—CANIDAE—VULPUS MACROURUS. 131

The tail is very full and densely hairy ; it is long, though perhaps not exceeding that of the
red fox in proportion. When the lateral hairs of opposite sides are extended, the distance
between their tips measures from seven and a half -to eight and a half inches, instead of the
six or seven and a half, as in the common red fox. The longest hairs measure about four
inches. The longest hairs of the back and sides exceed four inches in length.

The colors of this species are very similar to those of the corresponding varieties of the red
fox. In the light variety the prevailing tint is rather a pale ochre yellow than a red, whence
the species might with great propriety be called the yellow fox. The yellow is brightest
anteriorly on the sides; there is, however, a wash of reddish along the dorsal line. The hinder
part of the back is variegated with yellowish white, this color annulating the long hairs, which
are otherwise black at the base and rufous at tip. The under fur is everywhere plumbeous at
base, and of a chestnut color terminally along the dorsal line, changing through ochre yellow
to yellowish white on the sides. There is, however, a darker yellowish cross on the shoulders,
separating the yellowish white of the side of body and neck. The upper part of the head is
grizzled like the lower part of the back. The throat, chest, and under parts generally,
including the whole belly and inside of legs and thighs are of a clear, yellowish-white, without
any red, the plumbeous base of the wool showing occasionally through. The amount of white
is thus greater than in the red fox. The.base of the ears is yellow; the greater portion, how-
ever, of their convexity is ‘uniform black. The tail is of a duller yellow than the body, lighter
on the sides, the long hairs tipped with black, clouding the tail with this color; the tip of the
tail is entirely yellowish-white. The fore feet are black; on the hind feet, however, this color
only extends in a narrow line on the anterior face.

The following table of measurements can be only considered as approximate, as the specimens
are all hunters’ skins, and do not preserve their original proportions.

Measurements.
A. | No. 23. | No. 1006. | No. 1007. | No. 24.
Inches. | Inches. oe, lee eee
Nose itorkinioe tall eee a See ae ee a eee 32
Tail to end of vertebre..-.---.-.--------- 18 1G ee cues | 153 144
a | |
AMT Maciel i TEN) 5 Se ee Cee 22 20 18+ | 193 | 17+
Breadth oftadle- < occ on tee eee oe g > | Se at 8 | 8}

The fresh measurement of No. 1007 gives two feet as the total length; the others are the
same as in the dried skin. I have, however, given the present length as skin for the purpose
of more readily making the comparison. Number 24 is a cross fox, the others are red foxes.

The specimen No. A is in the collection of Captain Stansbury, now deposited in the Patent
Office, and served as the basis of the description of the species in Captain Stansbury’s report.
This report was published in May, 1852, and extra copies of the zoological portion were
distributed as a separate work in June, 1852, and bearing this date. On almost the last day
of June, a notice of this same species, under the name of Vulpes utah, was presented to the
Academy of Natural Sciences, and published about the middle of July, more than a month

132 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

subsequent to the date when the copies of Stansbury’s report and the separately printed zoology
were distributed. The priority of publication is thus clearly with the name of Vulpes macrourus,
which must consequently be retained. '

In this specimen, (variety decussatus,) the muzzle, legs, entire under parts, including inside
of limbs, and the convexity of the ear are of a sooty black. The dorsal region, extending from
the crown of the head to the middle of the back, with branches over the shoulders, are also
sooty brown, including the basal fur ; the long hairs, however, show near their tips a space of
yellowish, which takes somewhat from the uniformity of color; the proportion of yellowish on
the hinder part of the back is still greater, and, in fact, rather exceeds the black, and produces
a strongly grizzled appearance. The sides of the neck and of the body behind the shoulders
(where the color extends high up) are of a buff yellow, the basal fur still lighter exteriorly,
though dusky at the base. The tail exhibits a mixture of black and yellowish, the hairs being
dusky at base, then yellowish, and with dark brown tips; the sides and under surface of the
tail show most yellow. The extreme tip of the tail is white.

The black of the upper parts of the legs and muzzle is not pure, but slightly grizzled with
grayish. The wooly hairs on the soles of the feet are yellowish white.

Several skins of red foxes, (457, 458, 459, 1018,) brought by Dr. Suckley from Oregon,
although smaller than those described above, may yet be considered as identical, on account of
the finer fur and more yellow color. These specimens, unfortunately, are mere hunters’ skins,
unaccompanied by skulls, and lack data for more precise determinations. I shall, however, for
the present, retain them provisionally under V, macrourus. T.ewis and Clark, however, refer to
the red fox of the coast region of Oregon as identical with that of the eastern States, and both
as distinct from the large fox of the plains.

The most prominent peculiarity the skull of this fox is the elongated and slender muzzle,
which exceeds the common red fox as much as the latter does the European Vulpes vulgaris.
This is abundantly shown by the table of measurements given under the general head of the
sub-family, by which it will be seen that the skull is absolutely longer and more slender than
any one measured, either European or American.

Dimensions of No. 24.

Feet. Inches.
HNONt LOVVaRe Ore All eee ene oe eee eeee a a eee eee 2 8
Tail to end of vertebrie,| (part lost) 2... =--2 232 keene tenon ace 14
TPailto) end of hairs, (partjlost)2 = shee one eee ome eee M7
Breadth of tail, hairs extended laterally......-.........---|_--.-..-.- 8}

MAMMALS—CANIDAE—VULPES VELOX. 133

List of specimens.

Catal’ gue|orrespondi’g| Sex & Locality. When Whence obtained.| Original ‘Nature of} Collected by
number | No. of skull. | age. collected. number. specim’n.
|

SaaS ee
23) “nose ecenseee|-eesce Great Salt Lake} /--[2-2.2_..-..- Capt. Stansbury -|-------- WRedifoxs|< > sa aeoce oe =
MOOG IE canna eel oe --| Fort Dalles, O. T--) Jan. 1855) Dr. Suckley.-.-- 40 [bedozes - Ferree asec
1007 2014 a? \eeeoee daszas a seane Feb. 1, 1855 |---.-- dost... - AO 59 | 2800S acl eerste eee
TUS js See = eee a | ee ee DObeees ee |e eae een en aeons Close taes. 56 Se On si oa a
227 ge eee: Honey Ren Ore Hort: boise OsTre|Gs- 022 Seale aa GUS Seed cose 2aOOs co elooce eas eee ae
2ST | es ago See ee en fa ee dobass—s- sass ee soe este ek dGfe een ess | >see ae Sed Onan ae eee ae ae
EN OM Ss ~ 5 Seal Reel eee dovrasne E = lena ssesus oo s/eseecy doszth gan. 25 eerie a ee =
iV PSS eee a8 s55| Paes Hort) Union, Neb. |e eee it..G..K. Warren. |--~ == - --do....| Dr. F. V. Hayden.
MGSO) |Seset sectecleee cen lece oe ome 22 ae see eon ee ee ee (3 boas ae ne a ad Omer =| ee dot. .£83.
edie Ween tetee ea ois Lee Sens oe tes dose ose SSG Lte. slo Hoe ee dos Job 22 h2/-e se Jadot. 22|fse5e8 dosces-22=
ee |e nectee be ste ea ate BortiPierre, Nebie.|Saci ssanqce=|=<sete2 des-Ss6as-|bee see BadOs sss ais ose dost cassa
|| eee Te Seed ere? Fort aramie s202+|.5.22asseee4 Goll: Se Cooper en |pae- seen WCrosstox|- aoe a eae
NS ere ee ae ee Saltubalie: Sheer Sela Seb s A Capt. Stansbury. -|-------- ee Oe ee ee eee eee eet

VULPES VELOX.
Kit Fox. Swift Fox.

Canis velox, Say, in Long’s Exped. R. Mts. I, 1823, 487.
Hartan, F. Am. 1825, 91.
Gopmay, N. H. I, 282.
Max. Reise Nord-Amerika, II, 1841, 44, 256.
Vulpes velox, Au. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. II, 1851, 13 ; pl. lii.
Canis cinereo-argentatus, ‘‘ Sanive, in Franklin’s Jour. 658.’’
Canis (Vulpes) cinereo-argentatus, Ricu. F. B. A. I, 1829, 98.
Canis microtus, ‘“‘Rercuensacu, Regnum Animale, I, 10, figs. 72, 73,’? as quoted by Wacner in Wiegmann’s
Archiv, III, 1837, 1, 162.
Reicuensacu, Universum des Thierreiches, I, 1846, 43.
Is. Raubsiugt. 1852, 100, figs. 72, 73. (Kit Fox of Leipsic fur traders.)
Kit For, Lewis & Crank.

Sr. Cu.—Smaller than red fox. Head short, broad. Ears small. Legs short. Tail very dense, cylindrical, and bushy ;
about half as long as the body and head. General color above, including ears and tail, yellowish gray ; on the back conspicu-
ously grizzled. Sides and portions of the legs pale reddish yellow ; rest of legs and beneath, whitish. Tail tipped with black.
No black on the ears.

This small fox is considerably less in size than the red or gray fox, and differs from both so
strongly as to be at once recognizable among the American species, The under fur is remark-
ably full and dense, much more so than in the red fox, and the interspersed longer hairs exceed
in length the under fur so little as to permit it to be readily seen. The limbs are rather short
but stout, the feet shorter and the body lower than in the red fox. There are the usual naked
callosities on the feet, as in foxes generally. The soles are, however, so densely covered
with long woolly hairs, as to conceal them from view. The fore claws appear rather sharper
and more curved than those of the red fox. The head is considerably shorter and broader than
in the red fox. The ears are very much smaller; they are thick and densely coated with hair
on both sides, except around the meatus.

134 U. S. P. R- R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The tail is rather short in its proportions, scarely more than half as long as the head and
body. Itis, however, remarkably dense and bushy, being made up principally of under fur,
instead of having its contour determined by the long hairs. It is nearly cylindrical, or slightly
depressed, with a truncate and rounded tip, and is slightly contracted at the base.

There are no strongly marked contrasts of color in this diminutive fox. The entire upper
parts and sides extending low down on the thighs and shoulders, are conspicuously grizzled
with pale grayish white and brownish yellow, mixed with a little dark brown or black. ‘The
under fur in these regions is light plumbeous at base, and light brownish chocolate yellow at
tip ; these tints becoming paler towards the sides. The long stiffer hairs are dark brown,
(more reddish at the extreme tip,) and broadly annulated near the tip with yellowish grey
white ; there is, however, an occasional hair that is entirely black. The under fur on the top
of the head has more reddish on the terminal portion. The under parts, generally, for their
entire width, as well as the inside of the limbs, are yellowish white. On the sides of the neck
and body, extending some distance up behind the shoulders, the hairs are of a pale reddish
yellow, without annulation, this color also tinging strongly the fore arm and posterior face of
the hind leg; the rest of the legs, except as described, is of a pale brownish white. There is
a dusky tinge around the lips, and a patch of the same between the eye and the nose, above
the insertion of the whiskers, which are themselves black. The ears are uniform brownish
yellow on their convexity; anteriorly yellowish white.

The tail, in general tint, resembles the back, except that there is no distinct annulation, the
prevailing hue being a yellowish gray. There is a considerable amount of black on the tips of
the hairs, but this is much less conspicuous than in the red and gray foxes. There is most
black at the truncate tip. There is nothing corresponding to the white tuft of the red fox.
The under surface of the tail is tinged with yellowish red.

The specimen described above is in very full fur, having probably been taken in the depths
of a Fort Union winter. The colors differ slightly from those given by some other authors,
owing possibly to season; and the animal itself appears to have been of unusually large size,
and very old, judging by a comparison of its skull with a considerable number of separate
skulls sent by Dr. Hammond from Fort Kearny. Its distinctive features ere so striking as to
render it quite unnecessary to compare it with other American foxes ; according to Richardson,
its nearest relative is the Canis corsac of Siberia. It comes nearer in appearance to the gray
fox than the red; it lacks, however, the bright chestnut of the ears and sides of the neck, the
black muzzle, the predominant badger gray and black of the back, the well defined black dorsal
stripes and tip to the tail, which, in the swift fox, besides, is very much denser, fuller, more
truncate, and without the concealed mane of stiff hairs in the upper surface of the tail. The
skulls of the two animals are widely different.

Measurements of No. 59.

Inches.
Length:from ‘nosastorteilis -foL 2. nase dcce sees ose 24
Wail toyend of«vertebre?= «= = soe25-eaees=deeeesat 9
AES Ey soe ats (Ce) oa Gr Se oe Sees 103
Width of tail flattened horizontally --.....----..-- | 6
Height of ear above notch ........-_...-----....- | i}

MAMMALS—CANIDAE—VULPES VELOX. 135

There are some points of resemblance between this fox and the Vulpes lagopus in size, shape
of skull and tail. The difference of color between the grizzled yellowish gray of the one, and
the pure white or sooty gray of the other, will always distinguish them. Canis griseus of Chile
is of about the same size, but has a more wolf-like tail. The skull is very different, the animal
belonging to the subgenus Lycalopex, (now Pseudolopex,) of Burmeister.

The relationship of this species to the Canis corsac is very close, as, without specimens of the
latter, I am unable to find in descriptions any trenchant distinctive features.

Summer specimens of this fox, received since the preceding description was prepared, differ
very materially from the winter dress. The size is considerably smaller ; the fur much shorter
on all parts of the body; the tail is full, cylindrical, constricted at the base, and obtusely pointed
at the tip. The feet are quite thinly haired. There are small naked pads under all the toes,
and a V-shaped one under the palm. There is no entirely naked ball under the metatarsus,
the one sometimes found there being overgrown with short hairs.

There is decidedly more of a reddish tint in these specimens, replacing the yellowish of the
other, including the basal of the back and sides. The under surface of the tail is cinnamon-
colored, darkest towards the extremity. The tip of the tail is decidedly and conspicuously
black, without any white hairs. The size of the two specimens is about the same, 1827 rather
larger, fuller, and more cinnamon in tint.

The skull of the little prairie fox exhibits a very close resemblance to that of the red fox,
although much smaller. The upper outline is almost precisely the same, perhaps more convex
about the meatus, The temporal crests in seven skulls before me do not approach each so much
as in the red fox, the shape (lyre-form)-and distance of the ridges more like what is seen in the
gray fox, although otherwise this is a very different animal. The post-orbital processes of the
frontal bone are rather short, and are more obtuse than in the red fox. The temporal fosse
are considerably larger in proportion, and the distance between the zygomata wider. The sides
of the skull at the temples are considerably more convex. The forehead is rather flatter. The
orbital process is further back. The lower jaw is very similar in shape to that of the red fox,
although its lower outline is more curved.

The dentition is almost exactly that of the red fox, the differences being with difficulty
expressible by description. There is but a single trihedral tubercle on the posterior lower
molar. The lower canines are shorter, broader at base, more curved, and the angle nearer
the middle of the exposed portion than in the red fox, in which the bend is nearer the base.

The skull of this species is considerably smaller than that of the Arctic fox, Vulpes lagopus,
the muzzle is much slenderer and the outline of the sides more concave. The anterior half of
the zygoma is broader than the posterior, instead of narrower, as in the Arctic fox. The upper
branch of the anterior root of the zygomatic arch is much more horizontal. The muzzle, also,
is not so high, and the free edge of the intermaxillary is more oblique.

I am inclined to think that at no age are the temporal crests of Vulpes velox ever united into
one beyond the termination of the interparietal bone. In a specimen having every appearance
of extreme age, these ridges are half an inch apart at the coronal suture.

The resemblance of the skull of Vulpes velox to that of Canis corsac, as figured by Blainville,
is exceedingly close. The size is precisely the same, and all the details appear almost identical.
The only appreciable difference is that in C. corsac, the inferior or posterior fork of the anterior
root of the zygomatic arch does not project forward at all, the outline of contact with the
maxillary being an obtuse angle, instead of a narrow loop bent round with the branches beyond

136 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

the curve, nearly parallel to each other. The distance from the orbit to the ante-orbital foramen
is less, and the ante-orbital portion of the molar occupies nearly half the interval, instead of
about one-fourth. The upper outline of the muzzle is less deeply indented on the middle of the
nasals. The coronoid process is not so high, and its posterior outline is not hook-shaped and
curving backwards, asin V. velox. These differences, however, after all, are not greater than
may sometimes be seen in skulls of the same species, and it would not surprise me at all to
ascertain, by careful comparison of skulls and skins of both animals, that Vulpes velox and
corsac ‘were one and the same species. The skulls of the two certainly resemble each other
more closely than those of the American and European red foxes.

The following description by Maximilian, of the Swift fox, in the Reise in das Innere Nord-
Amerika, II, 1841-’44, taken from fresh specimens, will serve to throw light upon the history
of the animal.

Canis velox.—This species, scarcely half the size of the European fox, is shaped somewhat
like it. The body is slender, as is also the head; the snout is pointed ; the ear is large, pointed
above, coated internally with whitish hairs. The eye is greenish-gray, with darker pupil.
The color of whole upper parts and sides is a pleasant pale reddish- yellow, the hairs themselves
being reddish-yellow at the roots, reddish-white at the tips, and marked subterminally
with a little darker reddish gray-brown. The tail is colored like the body, its tip, however,
black. The color of the forehead and upper part of the head is a little darker than that of the
back, appearing slightly mixed with grayish-brown ; sides of the snout along the upper jaw, to
the eye, blackish, the arch of the nose with a yellowish-red tinge; lower jaw and all under
parts, as also-the anterior face of the hind legs, whitish. In winter the animal is more of a
pale grayish-brown, washed with brighter; all the hairs with decided white tips.

Measurements.
Feet. Inches. | Lines.
SNSVRDIL Get eh op a ee ee ee ee 2 8 ri
Seve) cat ile WEN a= ase ce a= 6 Sa ee ee Sete ae ae See 1D) Sse See kee
Taleo endior Vervepia soe ar ke eeb sen Aaa eee eee eel aamee. oe 10 2
From tip of nose to anterior canthus -..-....-.--------------|-------- ae lxcoee eee

Then py thvonOrblta Ope nine am = eee nner nee eee eee tne ee a
Length from posterior canthus to the anterior base of the ear---|_..-___- 1
Height iol external ear.25 3.25 5 9-Suse secdodes seete ease on sluse eee 2
Width of extemal carat) base—--—--=- = = en |e 1
en Eh Ole HOLS MEAG = -— mse ae ete nee mee See eee eee ee 4

The stomach is considerably curved; it was commonly full of fragments of skin, leather with
hair, berries, remnants of mice, and grasshoppers, upon which the foxes of the prairies are
necessitated to live on in great measure. The liver appears to be divided into seven greater
and smaller folds; in the penis of the male is a bone 1 inch 7} lines long, shaped much like
that of the wolf,

The female brings forth from four to eight young, in holes, in March or April. _

oe

MAMMALS—CANIDAE—VULPES VIRGINIANUS. Tov

List of specimens.

lee. z alan oj

2 Peas Locality. 5 5] g 2 =

o laa| & | = Whence obtained. A | 2 E Collected by

G |2es| 2 | Ss =| é 3

ey 8 d S 5 =

@ lk 2 ‘| 5 2

= 5 i is 5 3 2g

Ould na = Se =

59) 951)--.-| Fort Union, Nebraska __|Winter__-- Alex. Culberton_______ EEE ISRIN, ols oh. canes |Suee oe caniesemie
1827)... ----| Fort Berthold, Nebraska./Summer -. Lt.G. K. Warren, U.S. A.)----|--do--|------------ Dr. F. V. Hayden.
sm etl o | Bridgers’ Pass,Rock ymts,/Aug. 14,56 Lt. F. T. Bryan, U.S. A.| 261-do--| 6. 20, 12. 133] W. S. Wood ----

VULPES LAGOPUS.

Arctic Fox.

Canis lagopus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1766, 59.
Scureser, Saugt. III, 1778, 362; tab, xciii, xciii*.
‘*Sanine, Suppl. Parry’s First Voyage, 187.”
Hartan, F. Am, 1825, 92.
** Gopman, Am. Nat. Hist. I, 268."’
Griff. Cuv. V, 1827, 148.
«“ THIENEMANN, Naturh. Bemerk, I.’’
Wacener, Suppl. Schreber, IT, 1841, 426.
Canis (Vulpes) lagopus, Ricu. F. B. A. I, 1829, 83.—Iz. var. @ fuliginosus, I, 1829, 89.
Vulpes lagopus, Aup. & Bacn. N. A. Quad. III, 1853, 89; pl. exxi.
Canis isatis, Gu. Nov. Comment. Petrop. V, 1760, 358.
Sp. Cu.—Smaller than the American red fox. Tail very full and bushy. Soles of feet densely furred. Color white in the
adult; grayish lead color in the young.

Without any good specimens of this species before me, excepting European ones, I shall not
go into a critical description of the species, nor attempt to discuss the question whether the
‘‘}lue’’ arctic fox be distinct from the white, or only a different condition of age. The arctic
fox is confined to the arctic regions of the globe, and has never yet been found within the limits
of the United States.

According to Audubon and Bachman they are occasionally found in the northern parts of
Newfoundland, about latitude 52°, and become more and more abundant as far north as
travellers have penetrated.

18 L

138 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

VULPES (UROCYON) VIRGINIANUS.

Gray Fox.

Canis virginianus, Erxiesen, Systema Regni-Animalis, 1777, 567 (from Catesby).
Scurezer, Siugt. III, 1778, 361; pl. xcii, (Virginische Fuchs—very poor fig. in text )
Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 74.
Suaw, Gen. Zool. I, 1800, 325, (from Catesby.)
Hartan, F. Am. 1825, 89.
Grrr. Cuv. V, 1827, 150.
Canis (Vulpes) virginianus, Ricu. F. B, A. I, 1829, 96.
Vulpes virginianus, Dexay, N. Y. Zool. J, 1842, 45; pl. vii, f. 2.
Aun. & Bacn. N. A. Quad I, 1849, 162; pl. xxi.
Canis cinereo-argentatus, ERxLEBEN, Syst. An. 1777, 576.
Scureser, Saugt. III, 1778, 360; pl. xcii. (Gris Fuchs in text.)
Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 74.
~ Suaw, Gen. Zool. I, 1800, 324, (from Schreber.)
Desmarest, Mamr. I, 1820, 204, (mixed with other species.)
Harzan, F. Am. 1825, 90.
Grirr. Cuy. V, 1827, 148.
Gopman, Am. N. H. I, 280.
F. Cuv. Suppl. Buffon, Mam. I, 1831, 187.
Doveury, Cas. N. H. II, 1832, 145; pl. xiv.
Waener, Suppl Schreb. II, 1841, 436. Applies partly to Vulpes velox.
Canis griseus, Bopparrt, Elenchus Anim. 1, 1784, 97. (Gray Fox of Pennant.)
Gray For, Caressy’s Carolina, I, 1731, 78; pl. Ixxviii, (very bad figure.)
Pennant, Syn. Quad. 1776, 157, (from Catesby.)—Is. Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 160.—Is. Arctic
Zoology, I, 1784, 48.
? Corsak Fox, Penn. Hist. Quad. 1781, 235.—Is. Arctic Zool. I, 1784, 47. (Based on a drawing, by Taylor White,
of an animal from North-America, possibly of this species.)
Renard tricolor, St. Hilaire & Cuy. Hist des Mammif. II, 1819; plate.

Sp. Cu.—Head and body a little over two feet in length. Tail rather more than half as long. Tail with a concealed mane
of stiff bristly hairs. Prevailing color mixed hoary and black; convexity aud base of ears, sides of neck, edge of belly, and
considerable portion of fore legs rusty or cinnamon. Band encircling the muzzle, much dilated on the chin, black. Throat
and lower half of face pure white. Tail hoary on the sides; a distinct stripe above and the tip black; rusty beneath.

In the absence of fresh specimens I am unable to give any accurate account of the form of the
eray fox, although the body is decidedly stouter and the head shorter and broader than in the
red foxes. The hair is of two kinds, a soft waved under fur, completely concealed from view
by rather stiff and coarse long hair. The ears are high and somewhat pointed, covered densely
with hair, except immediately around the meatus. The legs appear rather short. There are
four toes on the fore foot on one plane, and a rudimentary thumb, armed with a sharp claw,
about an inch higher up. There are but four toes on the hind feet. There are five naked
callosities or pads on each foot, one under each toe, and one under the ball. On the fore foot is
an additional callosity of small size under the carpus. The tail is large and bushy, and with
the hairs, is about as long as the trunk, exclusive of head and neck. Some specimens would
seem to indicate that the tail is longer in the male than in the female. There is a tendency to
a compression of the tail instead of its being uniformly bushy all round. As in the body, there
is a softer wool between the long hairs of the tail, except along the upper surface, where stiff
hairs prevail exclusively, forming a kind of mane.

MAMMALS—CANIDAE—VULPES VIRGINIANUS. 139

The prevailing color of the upper parts and sides of body and limbs is a mixed silver gray,
or hoary and black, something like the badger, but with more black. The proportion of black
predominates towards the dorsal region, without being collected into a band. The base of the
ears and a decided tinge on their convexity, the sides of the neck with a narrow, interrupted
collar on the lower throat, the posterior and interior surface of the fore legs, and a broad edge
to the belly, are of a chestnut brown or cinnamon color, darkest on the legs and paler on the
sides of the belly. There is no mixture of black or hoary on the sides of the neck. The
interior of the fore legs is not colored uniformly, some portions being quite whitish. A some-
what similar condition is seen on the hind legs, where, however, the cinnamon tinge is much
paler, and mixed with dusky. The tail above is hoary and black like the back, entirely black
along the median line and towards the tip, where the color.is uniform. There is also a very
considerable amount of black tips on the sides of the tail. The under surface of the tail is
light chestnut, without any mixture of black.

The under parts of the body, although whitish, have a very decided tinge of cinnamon. The
inferior half of the head and the throat are pure white; the margins of the lips, the chin, and
a patch on the side of the muzzle midway between the snout and eye being, however, brownish
black, relieved by white tips to some of the hairs. The extreme tip of chin and of sides of
muzzle are, however, dull white. The white on the side of the head is strongly marked and of
well defined outline, passing about the breadth of the orbit beneath the eye. In this white is a
small dusky spot behind the angle of the jaw, where some bristles are inserted.

The long hairs of the back, considered separately, are about two inches in length, and mostly
black ; hoary white at the base, and annulated some distance from the tip with the same. The
bristly hairs of the upper line of the tail are about three inches in length; some of them, as
well as those at the extremity, are without the subterminal annulation of hoary; this annula-
tion, however, is always present on the sides. The rusty hairs of the under surface of the tail
are ashy at the base (the rusty tinge beneath the tail passes gradually into hoary on the sides
and top).

The soft fur of the back and sides is about an inch in length. ‘This is lead colored at the
base ; the terminal half is a rusty yellowish, near the vertebral region, gradually becoming
lighter towards the belly ; sometimes very faint black tips may be distinguished.

The specimen (65) as described above is a rather young male in full winter dress. A female
killed at the same time (March, 1852) is almost precisely similar.

In a considerable number of specimens before me, from different regions of North America,
I am unable to perceive any external differences of specific value, and the variations are very
trifling. In a young animal from Texas, there is less black than as just described. Specimens
from California and Oregon seem to have the biack line of the tail more distinct. A skin from
Nappa valley (1194) has the tail more slender than in eastern specimens, the upper parts more
hoary, and the rusty or cinnamon tints lighter. In a skin from San Francisco, a sooty tinge
pervades the soft fur along the vertebral region of the back.

A gray fox, No. 1711, brought by Captain Pope from the Llano Estacado, since the above article
was written, differs from most others in the collection, in being generally much lighter in color,
compared with specimen 64 from Washington. The fur is much fuller and softer, the gray tips
to the hairs more extensive. The chestnut gorget of the throat is entirely wanting, or only
indicated by a slight wash, leaving the entire under parts of a creamy white, from the chin to

140 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

anus. There is much less chestnut on the legs, and their antero-internal faces are pure yellowish
white, instead of grizzled gray and black. The tail is very long, measuring 16 inches to end
of vertebrze, and 19 to end of hairs. The body measures 28 inches to root of tail.

These differences are, however, not enough to indicate a different species, at least, unless
supported by additional specimens from this and other localities. The specimen collected by
Dr. Newberry approaches the present in some particulars.

The skull of the gray fox (No. 968) exhibits in general the elongated form of the foxes,
although the muzzle is much shorter and more slender than in those of which the Vulpes fulvus
is the type. Thus, the distance from the incisors to the anterior portion of the orbit is but
little more than one-third the total length of the head, instead of being little less than one-
half. The nasal bones themselves are about one-third the total length of the skull, while in
the red foxes they are two-fifths. The distance from incisors to point of orbital process of the
frontal bone is but little more than half the total length of head, instead of being much more.
The distinctions are, however, perhaps most strikingly seen in the character of the temporal
crests and the shape of the lower jaw. These crests form a lyre-shaped figure on the top of the
head, commencing with the occipital crests, which, passing a little forward and inward, come
in contact with each other about a quarter of an inch anterior to the plane of the occiput,
separated, and the interspace sometimes filled up, by the interparietal. On touching, these
crests diverge rapidly in a gentle curve, convex outwards, and attain their greatest separation
(about an inch) a little beyond the middle of the parietal ; they then approximate again, coming
closest at the fronto-parietal suture (about 3 of an inch apart;) then again diverge, curving
slightly outwards to the orbital process of the frontal. The ridge is very distinct on both sides,
depressed and rounded ; most elevated just behind the orbital process. The space between the
ridges or crests of opposite sides is smooth and slightly convex ; below the crests, the temple is
much roughened for the attachment of the muscles. The orbital process is angular; convex
before, concave behind ; there is a deep longitudinal fossa along its base within, and along the
temporal crest, which is continued backwards as a shallow gutter to the junction of the two
crests ; there is also a slight concavity across the posterior portion of the process.

In the red foxes, on the other hand, the temporal crests of opposite sides are very close
together, and sometimes form a single median one for some distance after leaving the occiput,
or are so Closely approximated that there is but little space between them. Nearly or quite in
contact at the fronto-parietal suture, they rapidly separate and run off along the posterior border
of the orbital process. This ridge does not project, as in the gray foxes, above the level of the
skull, nor is the supra-orbital fossa so deep.

Another striking peculiarity in the skull of the gray, as distinguished from the red foxes,
is seen in the outline of the suture of the malar bone with the upper maxillary. In the red
foxes the anterior base of the malar is deeply bifurcated, one branch extending a considerable
distance downwards, nearly continuous with the lower edge of the bone, and another branch
passes along nearly horizontally, leaving a deep and almost rectangular notch between the two.
In the gray foxes, however, although there is a partial bifurcation, the downward branch is
very short and broad, instead of running to a point. The horizontal branch is little above the
level of the others, and sometimes the suture passes obliquely across, with scarcely any indication
of an angle.

The skull of the gray fox exhibits, in the peculiar character of its temporal ridges and the

MAMMALS—CANIDAE—VULPES VIRGINIANUS. 14]

notch of the lower jaw, a close resemblance to the Canis megalotis or Agriodus megalotis of the
Cape of Good Hope. The latter genus is, however, readily distinguishable by the additional
molar in each jaw, above and below.

The lower jaw of the gray foxes exhibits a striking peculiarity on its lower margin. This is
cut abruptly out a short distance in front of the descending ramus, and the outline continues to
the end above the level of the rest of the anterior portion. In the red foxes there is only a
gentle curve upwards at this point.

In consequence of the shorter muzzle of the gray foxes, the distances between the teeth are
but slight, these in fact, especially in the lower jaw, being nearly in contact. There is no very
striking difference in the teeth of the gray and red foxes, except that the crowns are encircled
more or less by a kind of raised rim or margin, within which are the various tubercles, &c.
Portions of such a border are seen in the red foxes, but seldom so complete; thus in the upper
sectorial the basal ridge or rim extends on the inside all the way to the anterior internal tubercle,
instead of involving only the posterior half of the tooth. The teeth, as already stated, are closer
together, and while shorter antero-posteriorly, are considerably higher. In the lower sectorial
there is a tubercle on the outer side of the middle cone near the base, not seen in the red foxes.

Skulls from Texas show a rather narrower muzzle, with shorter and broader nasals. There
is, however, a considerable difference in this respect in specimens from Pennsylvania and
Maryland, and a greater number from the first mentioned district would probably exhibit the
same variation of characters.

A young gray fox skull from Pennsylvania is in the process of shedding the milk teeth. The
temporal ridges are as described in the adult skull, though not very decided. The skull is
considerably swollen on the middle just behind the line connecting the points of the orbital
processes. The permanent incisors, first premolars, and first molars are all in place, the
canines and the fourth premolar, and second molar above, are not quite up, although their
predecessors have been shed. The third or posterior molar has just commenced to pierce the
bone. The second and third temporary molars above, the second, third, and fourth below, are
still in place. The third deciduous molar above, though smaller, is much like the fourth
permanent molar, the inner tubercle more nearly opposite the centre of the tooth, and with
a supplementary pointed tubercle in the middle of the antero-internal face. The second and
third lower deciduous molars are like their successors; the fourth premolar is shaped almost
exactly like the first true molar immediately posterior to it.

The question as to which of the two names, virginianus and cinereo-argentatus, should be
retained for the species, is rather a difficult one to settle. Both Erxleben and Schreber describe
the gray fox under the two names; the former author mentioning virginianus first; the latter,
cinereo-argentatus. The dates of the published works of these authors are 1777 and 1778,
respectively. Curiously enough, however, Erxleben, in 1777, quotes volume, page, and plate
of Schreber’s work of 1778, showing that the latter was probably published in parts, and that
the portion relating to the gray fox had actually appeared in 1777, before Erxleben printed his
Systema.

The description by both authors of this fox under the name of Canis cinereo-argentatus, is
much more accurate than under C. virginianus. There can, however, be no question of the
species, as indicated by the latter, on account of the reference to Catesby, and as his article was
the first published notice of the animal, it may, perhaps, be allowed to turn the scale in favor

342 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

of the name, virginianus, especially as a strict construction of the law of priority, as based on
the evidence of the date of publication on the title page, would lead to the same result.

It is somewhat remarkable that in a considerable number of fossil teeth and jaws of foxes from
the bone cave of Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and other localities, there should be none referable at
all to the red fox. All have the peculiar characteristics of the gray foxes already mentioned.
It is, however, difficult to consider them altogether the same with the Vulpes virginianus, which,
also, they exceed quite considerably in size. Comparing them with the oldest and largest of
seven gray foxes before me, the muzzle is broader, the head between the orbits much more so,
the zygoma higher anteriorly. The teeth are also much larger. The lower jaw is higher, and
the upper outline, exclusive of the teeth, is nearly straight, not slightly concave; the height behind
the sectorial teeth is six-tenths of an inch, instead of 0.45, asin the recent specimens. The
teeth are larger in every way, and the posterior molar has but one pointed central tubercle,
instead of two twin ones. There are other differences, which I shall not now stop to enumerate.
I do not venture, however, to impose a new name, as I doubt whether I have yet seen the largest
size of the gray foxes, and am consequently ignorant of the changes which the skulls may
undergo.

Measurements of skulls.

No. 968, Q. No. 845, young. No. 1175.
Washington. | Pennsylvania. Texas.
| i
Inches and |100ths of total; Inches and /100ths of total}; Inches and |100ths of total
100ths. length. 100ths. Jength. } 100ths. length.
|
SKULL
Dota en pth) gee e seams ae eee eee 4. 68 1.00 | 4,48 1.00 4.59 1.00
Tutennmasilaries Locondy lene. eee ee ee 4. 66 99) || 4.32 .96 4.47 97
Greatest WiGth == sees = ee eee = =— eae 2. 60 - 55 2. 37 52 2.57 . 56
Greatest height above basi-occipal..--.----------- 1.43 35 || 1.45 32 37 29
Distance between orbits ------------------------ .92 me ee 195 95 . 20
Distance between points of orbital processes- -- - - -- 147 | ~3l 1. 25 28 Full eee seer
Nasal bones, Jength <-----.....--<0-=-2<=--24 ih ae) 1.64 | ow alla aelase 30 1.56 34
‘Museil hanes. aidths Delihe, <a. oe ce nce ee oii Me |. ako .08 41 09
Narrowest part of muzzle behind incisors --------- 12 wioe || .76 ales . 70 15
Upper incisors. from front to hinder margin of palate.) 2. 33 -50 || 2,20 -49 2. 23 - 49
Upper incisors, width between external edges - ---- ~ 52 -ll ede bie Soo) RSs -51 -1l
Upper molars, length taken together------------- 1.72 -36 |) 1.70 - 38 1. 68 36
Upper molars, least distance between ------~------ -48 -10 | Seas Seu ee Ms SASS - 45 . 09
Lower jaw, length excluding incisors..-----.----- 3.41 18. 3. 23 72 3. 37 .73
PUG Wer AW, NeIPhG iu. sae soe cene em aoa sb eR =a 1. 50 32 1.43 31 1.47 . 32
Between line of orbital processes to occiput ~------ 2. 34 50 2. 22 49 2.20 - 48
Tana oa ao eee ae ee epee ae Se eee 7 Wilt 46 || 2.12 47 2.10 45
Dod OL oDtenmAR UBT oo. nae eee eae 2. 67 57 2. 65 59 2. 60 . 56
Orbit to end of intermaxillary ------------------ 1.72 . 36 1.73 . 38 1.75 . 88
|

EEE

MAMMALS—CANIDAE—VULPES LITTORALIS. 143,

List of specimens.

Catal’ gue| Corresp’ng Sex & Locality. | When Whence obtained. | Original |Nature of Collected by
number. | number of | age. | | collected. number. |specim’n,
skull. |
alll FS
| |
64. 968 © | Washington, D. C.-| Mar. 3, 1852 | R. J. Pollard.....-|.------- Skankee sl a ae a
65 974 3 \ekoacke cl ea eee re SatdOkes £22 Seo. co loa sr S| enya seOcees\n aa cee cee see
1556 2885. sees ! Rowleysburg, Va.-.|----.-.----- AU Brakeleyoi oe abet Sloe ls oome ane ete Cele
TGs en) es = ee a ee Spotisylv’ nia co., Va.|.----------+ PADSIVVAE ASR ey sae ran ee ee es 29 Me te A en SS Sl
TTD al arcieacties| aes 2 Tremont), Wllaos = 4) saeein soe es = Wey Jn awry hee acto el ene 2 Fey = Meet YA Re Ti
130 TUT6e |e. se Eagle Pass, Tes 4 s| NEB Sie) We Joe mony. | eee sles oe ae Aci sehottee ===
201 a TY pee eee (eee Gl\ncne-oceet Je-a---------|------ (M0) Acco Nae||Po see e| one Seel ese Choe aaa ee
$386 | |2eesse 2405 a ee Presidio, Cal). -..-- | bizins Saa/achee TtW. EeLrowbride ea ee lous ay upon Gat ee
1940 2616 |------ ‘Petaluma, Cal s2e|-sesessaas—5 Hea Mitte ls yams ot BOOP erkstc at aloes eee a
[cit De ahs Gel Oar | Nappa valley, Cal..|-.---.------ | Lt.R. 8. Williamson.|....-.-.|.-..---- | Dr. J.S.Newberry.
TOLG HN ESoe ee coe eee | Fort Vancouver, 0.T.| 1855 | Dr. Geo. Suckley -- 64). (|S. So20| oe eee ae
Mitipe |\e soe = | ren feet dOia2s-ss5c% ees dottes-ease—- dOn3 so2545=5 56) en aesculs ee ee
i is | 9 | Zano Bstacado,Tex. Jan. 7, 1856 | Capt. J. Pope -...- sig ee | Serge i os eee
| |

VULPES (UROCYON) LITTORALIS, Baird.
Coast Fox, Short-tailed Fox.

Sp. Cu.—Scarcely more than half the size of the common gray fox (Vulpes virginianus). Tail one-third the length of body.
Above, hoary and black; sides of neck, fore legs, and lower part of sides, dull cinnamon; chin and sides of muzzle, black.
Tail with a concealed mane of stiff hairs, and with a black stripe above.

This very curious fox, the smallest of all the North American species, was brought by Lieut.
Trowbridge from the island of San Miguel, on the coast of California, where quite a number of
specimens were seen. It is stated by Lieut. Trowbridge to be very tame, scarcely taking the
trouble to get out of the way, and when escaped from a trap, returning directly to the same
place. His men found no difficulty in outrunning these foxes in a fair race, although it is
possible, that owing to their unusual tameness, their full powers were not exerted.

The species is a miniature of the common gray fox of the United States, and so closely like it
in external appearance as to induce the belief of its being possibly a local race. Gray foxes
from the main land of California are, however, of full size, and there are some differences of
importance in the skull and teeth. As is well known, also, many species of foxes of different
regions resemble each other so closely that it is very difficult to separate them—more closely,
indeed, than the present fox and the common gray species.

The Vulpes littoralis is scarcely more than half the size of the common gray fox, in length
and height, in fact, exceeded by some common house cats. The body, however, is considerably
stouter than in the house cat. The limbs are short, slender, and weak. The tail in the
specimen before me is very short, not more than one-third the length of the head and body. It
has probably lost some of the terminal vertebre at an early age, although the tip is now covered
with hair. Two living specimens in captivity are said by Lieut. Trowbridge to possess this
same brevity of tail.

As already stated, the colors are similar to those of the common gray fox. The upper parts

144 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

and sides are of a mixed grayish white or hoary, and black. The under parts are of a dull
brownish white, with lighter tips. The convexity of the ears is grizzled like the back; the base
of the ears, sides of the neck, a considerable portion of the limbs, and lower part of the sides are
light rusty or cinnamon. The sides of the muzzle, midway between the eye and the nose, with
nearly the entire chin, together with the margins of the lips, are black; the lower half of face
and part of the throat, pure white. The tail is hoary on the sides, rusty beneath, with a well
defined narrow stripe of black above. It has the same concealed mane of stiff bristly hairs as
the gray fox.

This animal differs very slightly in appearance from the average of gray foxes. The convexity
of the ear is nearly of the same hoary-gray as the back, instead of being rusty. The fur is softer
and fuller, the coarse hairs not much exceeding the under fur. The tail is much shorter, but
this character cannot be relied on as permanent. The chief external distinction is that of size,
the head and body measuring in a perfectly adult animal but 18 inches, instead of 24 to 28.
The tail is only about 64 inches.

Measurements from a specimen in alcohol.

Inches. Lines.
Nose: to Octipnt)=—- a= an = PIS ey On ea 4
INORG HOICV Cs net Soe an ae a een ae 1 6
Nose ‘to tar... 5 =sS2n sesso sees see ee eee eee eee 4
Wose: to:root.of tall), < 2. nnn oss eee eee 1 ee
Nose to end of outstretched hind leg_-_._-------------- 18 £
Tail from root to end of vertebre. ...------------=----- ns a
Tail from root to end ‘of hairs ....-- === 2 --scsceeacees he use al,
ars herht | posteriorly .--2 2 se0n2 soem ee ee ee eee 2 1
ars; height anteriorly 23—*. 22-228.- SS s2he 2b ee 2 2
Ears, height internally above skull -.---...----------- Ze yw |tk-ceseeSs=2
MATS Wid thy smo es ales pen ea eae See ee 1 4
Arm, between claws cross shoulder..-.,----.---------- 1 a.
lenpihion fOre arnt 2-2 eae ee een eee eee 2 3
from elbow to-end of claws--.--.--=-------.-..- 5 4
fore 0b LO ENG OL GAWS= no) eee toe ee eee 2 5
JOUSESL Cla Wiee acento ae ee renee ne coed eee Sen eee ae eee 5
Leg, from knee joint to end of claws_-----.----------- Tes e232
ible ee tae ee eee meee ee oe le oe eS
hind foot from heel to end of claws -.-.---------- 3 6
longest. Claw: os <s s26<0 se oeeh pada san- Sean betes ewe

Skull.—The skull of this diminutive fox, the smallest of those belonging to the American
continent, bears a very close relationship to the gray fox, although it differs in some appreciable
features. It is very considerably smaller, a fully mature skull measuring barely four inches by
2.08, while a corresponding one of the other species measures 4.80 by 2.60.

The nasal bones are short, about three-tenths the length of the skull. They are broader than
in V. virginianus, narrowest near the middle, posterior to which they expand, and finally round

MAMMALS —CANIDAE—VULPES LITTORALIS. 145

off rapidly toa point. The intermaxillary is applied along their anterior half, the frontal along
the posterior third of the outer edge. The temporal ridges are sufficiently distinct. The
anterior portion of the frontal bone is considerably swollen above the eyes, these elevations
separated by a deep depression along the median line and ceasing a little posterior to the centre
of the orbit. The lateral profile shows a depression in the upper outline of the skull at this
point.

An appreciable peculiarity of this species is seen in the anterior base of the zygoma. The
suture of this shows no bifurcation of the malar at all, but merely a broad emargination, with
irregular or zig-zag outline. The bone is produced forwards, inwards, and upwards as a narrow
process, which occupies not one-third the space between the edge of the orbit and the ante-orbital
foramen. In the gray fox the space thus occupied is nearly or quite half this distance, sometimes
a little more.

Measurements of skulls.

2334, San Miguel. | 2345, San Miguel.
|
Inches and | Inches and
100ths. | 100ths.
otal, Jenethwesil) so. ig bee Pape sele Ae oste ces uee dondl oe 3. 86 1500 © 7 ts 48508 1.00
OSES Se ee Se ae eae en eS ee ee 2.07 53/5 || 4 2520 .56
Greatest Neieht — << 2 = 92 eet cee ee ea cca sesesmaspeeccs~ 1. 19 31 | 1. 26 .35
Pintne COND LWeEN OLS, 35-5 52> tS ean Sine cn shee ne - 76 - 20 - 86 21
Distance between points of orbital processes- .-.--------.------ pga: - 30 | 1. 26 32
peummtcnaeticnets eae es oT Late Ak cri sv 1,18 .30 1. 20 30
Nasal’ bones; width before 232.2222 AL Le eT +34 -09 | - 36 . 09
Narrowest part of muzzle between incisors. -..--:---.--------- - 61 eHSVY . 4 - 65 . 16
Upper incisors, from front to hinder margin of palate ~_-------- 1.91 49 i 2.00 «50
Upper molars, length taken together be a ME ec 1.43 +37 | - 80 - 20
Upper molars, distance; between ~~. .--=-2------s---+--<0--- 42 -10 ! - 50 -12
eer jw Wenpth Wo. saa oc etcetant pe ealsa teat pcocame’ 3.40 . 88 2,93 74
PEER iaw WRC bron Sas) «soe ah alee ae beeen soe 1. 42 237 1. 26 . 32
_Between points of orbital processes to occiput -----.----------- 2.00 ook 2.05 - 52
Between points of orbital processes to end of nasals --..-------- 1.77 - 45 | 1.70 -43
Between points of orbital processes to intermaxillaries_----.--.-- 2.10 54 2.12 -53
Orbit to end of intermaxillary _....-..--.-2---------2------- 1. 38 35 |] 4 .36
|

List of specimens.

Catalogue | Corresponding Locality. Whence obtained.

| Nature of specimen
number. | No, of skull.
}

1351 2154 Island of San Miguel, off the coast | Lt. W. P. Trowbridge, U. S. A-_.-

PRIN. ooo ase e =
of California, 30 miles from Santa)
1417 2274 “Barbara. : Da es eee eee Alcohol Ss2se5.e6=
19 L

FAMILY.
VIVERRIDAE.

Tubercular molars, two above and one below; sectorial tooth typical; feet digitigrade or plantigrade; claws retractile; a short
coecum.

The species of this family are usually animals of moderate size, averaging, perhaps, that of
the domestic cat, with a more slender and elongated body and more pointed muzzle, the tail
long and generally annulated. There is in some respects a resemblance in form to the martens.
The legs are short and the feet are usually five-toed, though in the mangoustes (Cynictis) the
hind feet have but four toes, while in /?yzaena all the feet exhibit this number. In the greater
or less degree of retractility of the claws, the family is distinguishable from the martens and
exhibit an approach to the cats. Most species are digitigrade, with hairy soles; a few have
them naked. They have the two anal glands of the JMustelidae, with others in the anal and
pubic regions peculiar to them.

s . . . . . . 3—3 . 1 4-4
The typical dental formula of the Viverridae is—incisors, |-3; canines, ,; premolars, = ;

4.0
nolan, ———— = 40. Ina few genera the first permanent premolars are not developed. The
dentition differs from that of the Canidae, which it otherwise resembles, in having one tubercular
true molar less in each side of the lower jaw. There are two of these tubercular molars on each
side, above and below, posterior to the sectorial teeth. The Mustelidae, on the other hand, have
only one such tubercular molar.

The geographical distribution of the Viverridae is quite restricted. Only one genus, Bassaris,
is found in the New World; all the others are inhabitants of Africa and Southern Asia. A
single species, the genet, (Viverra genetta,) occurs in Southern Europe. The African Viverra
civetta, or civet cat, furnishes a well known musky substance called civet, a secretion from the
peculiar anal glands. This is obtained sometimes from trees, upon which it is ejected by the
animal, sometimes directly from their glandular pouch.

MAMMALS—VIVERRIDAE—BASSARIS ASTUTA. 147

BASSARIS, Licht.

. Bassaris, (Licut.) WaGtER, Isis, 1831, 512.
Licut. Darstellung Siugt. 1827-34.

Head short, acuminate; ears large; feet digitigrade, five-toed; soles hairy, with naked pads; tail as long as the body,

annulated.

This genus, confined to Mexico, and the more southern parts of the United States, is the sole
representative in the new world of the genets, civets, ichneumons, mangoustes, suricates, &c.,
of the old. The body is slender and elongated, the muzzle pointed, the ears projecting, the
tail long, and ringed with black and white. The claws are half retractile, five on each foot.

The skull is intermediate in form between that of the martens and the civet cats, and like
them exhibits only an indication of the post-orbital process of the frontal bone.

The dental formula is as in the typical Viverridae, but differ from that of Viverra, in having
the inner process of the upper sectorial tooth much more developed, and reaching to the middle
of the tooth ; the anterior lobe of the lower sectorial shorter than the two middle.

It is as yet uncertain whether America possesses one or two species of Bassaris, further inves-
tigation being necessary to determine the character of the California species. They are found
as far north as Red River, Arkansas, on the eastern slope of the continent; on the western to
the latitude of San Francisco; southward they extend throughout temperate Mexico. They
bear in the United States the name of civet, Mexican, or ring-tailed cats, and are frequently
tamed in Mexico and California ; in the latter country they are great pets of the miners.

Very little is known of the internal anatomy of the genus, or as to the precise measure of
their relationships to the other Viverridae. They have at least four young ata birth, this being
the number of a litter found by Mr. Clark on the San Pedro, Texas.

’ BASSARIS ASTUTA, Licht.
Civet Cat.

Bassaris astuta, (‘* Licutenste1n,’’? Wacier, Neue Thiere Mexicos, in Isis, XXIV, 1831, 512, 513.
LicuTensTeIN, Darst. Siugt. 1827-34 ; tab. xliii.
Wacner, in plates of Schreber, Siugt. II]; pl. exxv, C.—Is. Suppl. Schreb. II, 1841, 278.
Cuar.eswortH, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. IX, 1841, 60. (Habits.)
Eypoux & SouLeyeEr, Voy. de la Bonite, Zool. I, 1841, 18; pl. iv. (Skull.)
Aun. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. II, 1851, 314; pl. xeviii.

Cacamiztli and Tepe maxlaton, Hern. Thes.
Licurt. Abh. Ber]. Akad. 1827, 89.

Sp. Cu.—Size about that of the domestic cat, but rather more slender. Above, brownish yellow, mixed with gray ; beneath,

white ; tail white, with six or eight black rings.

No specimens of this species were collected by any of the expeditions, although several were
brought in by the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, in the reports of which a full

description will be found.
Only one authenticated skin, (No. 2343,) has been received from California ; this is a hunter’s
skin, not sufficiently perfect to furnish a full description.

FAMILY.
MUSTELIDAE.

Fam. Cu.—Carnivora, with a single tubercular molar tooth only, on either side of each jaw; the sectorial premolar of typical
shape. Feet five-toed; plantigrade or digitigrade. Coecum wanting.

The preceding diagnosis, taken from Wagner, expresses in few words the characters of a group
of the Carnivora with numerous representatives in America. Most species are of small size,
the weasels especially—the smallest of true carnivora—while others, as the badgers, gluttons,
&c., attain very respectable dimensions. The feet vary in character, sometimes naked, at others
hairy, with or without naked pads. The nature of the soles, according to Wagner, is however,
no indication as to whether the animal is digitigrade or plantigrade ; those of the former char-
acter having them sometimes naked, and of the latter, hairy.

The food of the Mustelidae varies much in its nature, the species of different groups being
sometimes purely carnivorous, at others omnivorous. In the absence of a coecum, they approach
the bears. Most species have anal glands, which secrete a foetid liquid, which, in the American
skunks, reaches the maximum of offensiveness.

The Mustelidae are usually divided into four sections, although Burmeister refers them all to
three, having the following characters :

1. Martinae.—With a small, short, and decidedly transversely elongated posterior molar in the
upper jaw, and an unequal number of molars, generally, in the two jaws. (Martens, weasels.)

2. Lutrinae.—With a large quadrate posterior upper molar; the number of molars in the
two jaws equal. (Otters.)

3. Melinae.—With a large quadrate posterior upper molar ; the number of molars in the two
jaws unequal, as in the Martinae. (Badgers and skunks.)

Wagner constructs a fourth group of Mellivorae, to include Ratellus and Galictis. Burmeister,
however, places both among the Martinae, although the former genus is aberrant in having the
number of molars the same in both jaws, through the deficiency of one lower true molar, leaving
but a single true molar above and below. ‘‘ With the exception of fatellus, then, all the Mus-
telidae have one true molar on each side above, and two below. The upper true molar is sup-
ported by one inner and sometimes by one, (Putorius, Gulo,) sometimes two, (Mustela, Lutra,
Mephitis,) outer fangs. The second true molar below, is also tubercular, but has a single fang.”’
(Owen.)

Sus-Fammny MARTINAE.

Upper true molar short, transversely elongated ; molars unequal in number in the two jaws. Soles generally hairy; the
walk more or less plantigrade.

In this sub-family are included many animals peculiar to North America, and for the most
part inhabiting the higher latitudes; a few species, however, occur in the warmer regions of
the continent. The genera with which we have here to do are Mustela, Putorius, and Gulo, the
second one susceptible of several subdivisions.

MAMMALS—MARTINAE—MUSTELA PENNANTII. 149

MUSTELA, Linn.

Mustela, Linn. ‘‘ Systema Naturae, I, 1735.’’

Teeth 38. Molars one above, two below; premolars, four above and below, on each side. Lower sectorial tooth with a small
internal tubercle. Body slender ; tail rather long.

This genus embraces the martens in distinction from the weasels; species usually of large
size, arboreal habits, and (some’of them at least) yielding furs of great value. They are scat-
tered over many regions of the globe, only two of them belonging to the continent of North
America. One of these, J/. pennantii, is the largest of the known species; the other, JZ.
americana, is a near representative of the pine marten of Europe, and in some of its varieties
of the sable, W/. zibellina, of the old world.

The dental formula of this genus is—incisors, = canines, = premolars, ae molars
= "38:

1 1s
2-2 20

MUSTELA PENNANTII, Erxl.

Fisher; Black Cat.

Mustela pennantii, ERxLeBen, Syst. An. 1777, 479. (Based on Fisher of Pennant.
J. Sazine in Franklin’s Narr. Ist Journey, 1823, 651.
Grirritu’s Cuy. V, 1827, 125.
Fiscuer, Syn. Mamm. 1829, 217.
Gopman, Am. N. H. I, 1831, 203.
Mustela canadensis, Scureser, Saugt. II, 1778, 492; tab. cxxxiv. (Pekan of Buffon.)
Boppaert, El. Anim. I, 1784, 86.
Ge ti, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 95.
Kuat, Beitrage, 1820, 74.
Desmarest, Mamm. I, 1820, 183. (Pekan.)
Haran, Fauna Americana, 1825, 65.
Ricuarpson, F’. B. A. I, 1829, 52.—Is. Zool. Beechey Voyage, 1839.
Martin, Pr. Zool, Soc. Lond. I, 1833, 97. (Anatomy.)
Wacener, Suppl. Schreb. IT, 1841, 223.
Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 31; pl. xiii, f 1. (Skull.)
Avup. & Bacn. N. A. Quad. I, 1849, 307; pl. xli.
GieseEL, Saiugt. 1855, 773.
Mustela melanorhyncha, Bopparrt, Elen. Anim. I, 1784, 88. (Fisher of Pennant.)
ZIMMERMANN, in Penn. Arkt. Zool. I, 1787, 85.
Viverra piscator, Suaw, Gen. Zool. Mamm. I, 1800, 414. (Fisher of Pennant.)
Viverra canadensis, Suaw, Gen. Zool. Mamm. I, 1800, 429. (Pekan of Pennant.)
Mustela nigra, Turtron’s Linneus, I, 1806, 60.
Mustela godmani, Fiscuer, Syn. Mamm. 1829, 217.
Le Pekan, Burron, Hist. Nat. XIII, 1765, 306 ; tab. xlii.
Pekan weasel, Pennant, Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 202.—Is. Arctic Zoology, I, 1784, 78. (Appears to be an original
description from the specimen of Brisson and Buffon.)
The Fisher, Pennant, Syn. Quad. 1771, 223.—In. Hist. Quad. 1781, 328.—In. Arctic Zoology I, 1784, 82.

Sp. Cu.—Legs, belly, tail, and hinder part of back, black; the back with an increasing proportion of grayish white to the
head. Length, over two feet. Vertebre of tail exceeding twelve inches.

The general appearance of this animal is more fox-like than musteline, in its long head,

150 U. S. P. R R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—-GENERAL REPORT.

bushy tail and large-size. Some specimens, indeed, are fully equal in size to a fox two-thirds
grown, though others are not more than half as long.

The muzzle is quite large; the septum between the nostrils naked, and reaching nearly to
the edge of the lip. The ears are rather low, but very wide, the length of base being twice
the height. The eyes appear to be rather large for the genus.

The feet are short but stout, and well armed with sharp strong claws. There is a naked
ball under the end of each of the five toes, and another V-shaped one on the palm and soles,
the angle anterior and truncated; the palmar callosity further from the phalangeal ones than
the plantar is. There are no other callosities on the hind foot; on the fore foot, however, there
are two small ones, higher up, opposite each other ; the palmar-one about intermediate between.
them and the phalangeal.

The tail is long, rather shorter than the body, without head and neck ; thick and bushy at the
base, and tapering rapidly and uniformly to an acute tip. Ina winter specimen, (1009,) the
naked bulbs of the feet are much more overgrown with hair, so as nearly to conceal them ; they
are, however, evident on close examination.

The hair is composed of two sorts—one long and coarse and a basal softer fur. It is longest
and fullest on the lower portion of the back.

Specimens vary considerably in color. In the largest specimen before me, (1005,) it is glossy
black, including the tail, the rump, the legs, and the whole under parts. Towards the middle
of the back there is a mixture, first of brownish, then of yellowish gray, very conspicuous about
the shoulders and nape, still lighter on the top and sides of the head. This variation is caused
chiefly by the long coarse hairs, which on the tail are entirely lustrous black, except a reddish
gray tinge at the base. Progressing anteriorly, however, this lighter base extends further
along the hair, and becomes purer and lighter in color, until on the shoulders the hairs are
black at point, dusky at tip; the intermediate third brownish white. The under fur, however,
is of a brownish plumbeous, lighter at the base, varying somewhat in tint with the long hairs.
Under the base of the lower jaw, and between the legs, fore and hind, are patches of white
hairs, as also in the axillw, largest about the genital region.

The preceding description represents, perhaps, the extreme condition of dark coloraton, other
specimens are much lighter, the hairs on the tail showing much dark chestnut towards the base,
and this changing to a clear grayish white to the head. The central line of the belly only is
black. The general pattern of coloration is, however, much the same, and in all, the three
white patches on the chin, chest, and abdomen, as well as those on the axillte, are more or less
visible. 3

Specimens of this species from the same locality vary much in size, although the materials
before me are not sufficient to determine whether the impression prevalent in northern New York
as to the existence of two species known, respectively, as Fisher and Black cat, is correct or not.

Numerous remains of this species are found in the great bone cave near Carlisle, Pennsylvania,
among them a very fine skull of larger size than any recent one I have seen. The animal is
found occasionally in the mountains north of Carlisle, in Perry county, whence I obtained, many
years ago, the living specimen figured by Audubon and Bachman. It also occurs in the Alle-
gheny region of Virginia, and even as far south as North Carolina, according to the above
authors.

The scientific history of this species, as of most American animals described by the earlier
authors, is very much confused; all their descriptions, however, are based essentially upon Le

MAMMALS—MARTINAE—MUSTELA PENNANTII. 151

Pekan of Buffon and Brisson, and The Fisher of Pennant. The description of Buffon was
published in 1765 and that of Pennant in 1771. Pennant gave an excellent description of
‘the Fisher in the Synopsis Quadrupedum, and also described the Pekan of Buffon, having
visited Paris and examined for himself the orginal specimen described, both by Buffon and
Brisson, as in the cabinet of Mr. Aubry,! without recognizing it as his Fisher weasel.

The next question is as to the priority of date between the two names, canadensis and pennanti,
applied to the species of Buffon and Pennant. In comparing the works of Erxleben and
Schreber, we find that the Systema Regni Animalis of the former bears date of 1777, while the
text of vol. III of the Stiugthiere of the latter is dated 1778. It may be that Schreber’s work
was published in parts, and that the one embracing the Fisher appeared prior to 1777, but there
is no proof of the fact, and resting on the evidence of the title pages, we must give precedence
to Erxleben. It is true that Erxleben quotes the plates of Schreber in various places, but these
may have been accessible to him before actual publication, and at any rate, the page of text
is not mentioned, as would have been done, if extant. The publication of the entire work of
Schreber extended from 1775 until long after the commencement of the present century.

Confining our examination, then, to the names of Erxleben, we find on page 455 a description
of a Mustela canadensis, the synonymy of which includes both the Vison and Pekan of Brisson
and Buffon, or the mink and the fisher. The article, however, refers exclusively to the mink,
nor can it be construed in any other way. HErxleben quotes, indeed the plate 134 of Schreber,
which is copied from the figure of the Pekan given by Buffon, but he may well be pardoned for
not appreciating the difference between Buffon’s figures of the Pekan and Vison. At any rate,
the description of Mustela canadensis applies only to the mink, and actually will take precedence
of the name vison if Brisson’s authority be set aside.

On page 470, however, Erxleben describes a Mustela pennantii, based on the Fisher weasel of
Pennant, about which there can be no mistake as to its applying to the subject of the present
article. ;

' Nore.—The following is a translation of Buffon’s article : :

Le Pekan.—Similar in teeth, character, and color of hair and shape, to the (M. foina and martes), but the feet appear proportion-
ally a little larger, and the legs longer, especially the anterior ones, as far as I can judge from a dried and stuffedskin. It seemed
to me, also, that the body of the Pekan was at least as long as in the above named species, for the stuffed skin measured a foot
and a half from snout to root of tail; the body of the tail measured ten inches, the hairs extending an inch beyond.

The hair was compact and lustrous, with a very soft and full fur; the fur was ash colored from the base to near the tip, which
was gray, with some yellowish tints; the hair was colored like the under fur, except where it projected beyond; this portion was
gray and black, with some maroon tints; the points of the longest hairs were black. By this mixture the animal was variegated
with gray and yellow on the head, the neck, the shoulders, the upper part of the legs anteriorly, and the back. On the sides
of the body the gray predominated over the yellow, and the tips of the hairs produces an appearance of transverse black bands
ontheneck. In certain light the black was more apparent than the gray ontherump. The lower part of the fore legs, the whola

of the hinder ones, the four feet, and the tail were black, mixed with brown; the breast and belly were mixed with yellow and
brown. There was some white between the fore legs on the chest, and between the hind legs on the belly.

? Mustela canadensis.—M. corpore fulvo-nigricante, pectore macula alba.

Paullo minor Marte. cui similis, longitudine 17 poll. caudae 7 poll. Auriculae subacutae. 'Totum corpus pilis splendentibus
saturate castaneis basi cinereis. Maculaalba inter crura antica. Digiti tecti pilis densis supra et infra, cauda colore profundiore
ac corpus.

152

U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT,

List of specimens.

Catalog’ e
number.

1015
1009
1008

1477
2000
2246
3080
1073
1848

Locality.

Fort Dalles, O. T.-.----

Saranac Lake, N. Y .---
Essex county, N. Y ----
Madrids IN. Wo 54s

Bone Cave, Carlisle, Pa..|

When
collected.

1855.
at- 00-4

See OOs san

beeedOcrs.
ie Adoet-2e

Whence obtained.

Dr. George Suckley.

eee dos. = 22
eases dana ne a=
Pla = Gers serse
peep eee ages ne
MM. Baker J-22le2¢
Dr. S. E. Hale-----
E. A. Dayton --.-- -
S.i Bards. 2225

Original Nature of spe-

number. cimen.

Head and
body.

24
24

Tail,
verteb.

14
12

MUSTELA AMERICANA, Turton.

American Sable; Pine Marten.

Mustela americanus, Turrons Linnaeus, I, 1806, 60.

Mustela vulpina, Rarinesque, Am. J. Se. I, 1819, 82.

Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 215.
Mustela leucopus, Kunv. Beitrage, 1820, 74.
Fiscuer, Syn. 1829, 216.
Mustela martes, Jos. Sasine, Zool. App. to Narr. Franklin’s Journey, 1823, 651.
Haran, Fauna Americana, 1825, 67.
Ricu, F. Bor. Am. I, 1829, 51.
Gaprer, Zool. Jour. V, 1830, 203.
Gopman, Am. N. H. 1, 1831, 200.
Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 32; pl. xi. f. 2; pl. xix. f. 2, (skull.)
Avup. & Bacn. N. A. Quad. III, 1853, 176; pl. exxxviii, (L. Huron.)
* Mustela huro, F. Cuv. Dict. des Sc. Nat. XXIX, 1823, 256.—Is. Suppl. Buff. Mam. I, 1831, 221.
Fiscuer, Syn. 1829, 217.
Mustela zibellina, Pauvas, Spicil. Zool. XIV,.57-68.—In. Zool. Rosso- As. I, 1831, 84.
Gopman, Am. N. H. I, 1831, 208.

Mustela zibellina, var. americana, Brandt Beitrage, Siugethiere Russland, 1855, 16; tab. iii, f. 10.

(From Upper Mo.

Specimen in N. Y. Lyceum.)

Toend of
hairs.

Pine Marten, Pennant, Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 200.—Is. Arctic Zool. I, 1784, 76. (From sp. in Leverian Mus.)

Sp. Cu.—Legs and tail blackish. General color reddish yellow, clouded with black; above becoming lighter towards the

head, which is sometimes white. A broad yellowish patch on the throat, widening below so as to touch the legs. Central line

of belly sometimes yellowish. Tail vertebra, about ; the head and body. Outstretched hind feet reach about to the middle of

the tail with the hairs.

Feet densely furred.

Body stouter than in the ermine weasels, though less bulky than in JL. pennantit. Head
somewhat depressed, acute, and broader than might be looked for with so lengthened a skull.
The ears are large and thickened ; both sides densely coated with short velvety hairs, overlaid

by stiff longer ones, which do not extend to the margins of the ears.

The vertebre of the tail

are about half as long as the body, exclusive of the head; the entire tail nearly two-thirds the
length of head and body. The outstretched hind feet reach but little more than half way to the

tip of the tail.

The legs are rather short and robust; the feet densely coated with fur; the

MAMMALS—MARTINAE—MUSTELA AMERICANA. 153

under surfaces of the digits completely concealed by coarse wooly hair enclosed within stiff
bristles springing from the edges of the toes. A careful examination shows that the balls of
the toes are naked, though these are densely overlaid by the wool just described. The claws
are, however, distinctly visible, though inserted among stiff hairs as long as themselves.

The fur of this species is very full and soft, with many long coarse hairs interspersed. The
tail is densely covered with hair of two kinds, like those of the back, but rather coarser; those
at the tip occupy about one-third of the total length of the tai] with the hairs.

It is difficult to give an accurate idea of the colors of this species owing to the variation in
different parts of the body of the same specimen, as well as the difference in different specimens.
On the upper parts and sides, generally, the hairs are of rather a light ash gray or grayish plumbe-
ous for the basal three-fourths, on the rump and posterior third of body all round, including the
whole belly, tipped with rusty red (sometimes saffron) ; above, proceeding towards the head,
this reddish tint is gradually merged into a brownish ash, becoming still lighter and lighter
until the tints about the head are very pale, sometimes almost white. The prevailing tint of
legs and tail is a lustrous brownish black, although a close examination reveals a reddish or
ashy tinge of the basal fur. The margins and external surface of the ears are nearly white, as
also a patch on the throat commencing opposite the anterior base of the ear, and extending
backwards to the fore legs, though not between them ; the axillae are similarly blotched. In
another specimen the patch on the throat is yellowish, and the axillae unspotted. In this
specimen the reddish on the hinder portion of the body is more distinct.

The colors as mentioned, except on the head, are much overlaid and modified by the longer
hairs interspersed, which at their tips are of a rich lustrous purplish brown or black.

The specimens just described were caught in the Adirondac mountains, New York, in Febru-
ary, 1855, and are in winter pelage. A summer specimen, obtained near Fort Boisé, in Oregon,
in the summer of 1854, by Dr. Suckley, is not essentially different. The head, however, is much
less white ; the upper portion being much like the back; the sides paler. The white of the
ears is quite inconspicuous. The tail and feet are brown rather than black. The patch of
reddish yellow on the throat is as described, and extends quite broad to the legs, when it sud-
denly narrows, and continues as an indistinct stripe along the middle of the belly, and runs
into a brighter patch of reddish between the hind legs.

Since this article was prepared, several additional specimens have been received from the
western country, which agree very closely with the one from Fort Boisé. All are in summer
fur, which is much shorter and coarser than the winter. The balls of the feet are distinctly
visible in all. The colors are quite uniform, and none exhibit more than a tendency to the
white of the head, as described in the New York animal. The yellow of the throat is more
mixed with red.

It is barely possible that two species of pine marten may exist on this continent, as supposed
by some authors. Until we have good winter specimens from the far west for comparison, with
corresponding ones from the eastern portion of the United States, it will be impossible to settle
the question definitely, Authors make no mention of visibly naked balls to the feet of either
the European or American pine martens, even in summer ; and, in fact, this is given as a point
of specific difference between them and the beech marten, M/. foina. Still, I find them ina
summer specimen of J. martes, (378,) from the Swedish Academy.

‘The sexes differ in the larger size of the males, and (in the two Adirondac specimens) in the
lighter reddish on the body of the female. he patch on the throat is much lighter in the male.

20 L 5

s

154 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The skull, too, of the female appears a little different in the specimens compared ; the cranium
of the male being more con ‘acted in proportion, and the head generally narrower than in the
female. This may, however, be merely the effect of age.

Measurements.
M. martes, Sweden.
=e iS e
549. 550. | 379.
i hp rare | Pe a Ks, |
Inches. | Lines. | 100ths of | Inches.’ Lines. | 100ths of I Inches. Lines. | 100ths of
length. |) length. length.
Nogspitonrootiof tailes22 88) eee tes tiga ete |e LE a ee en He By |e Se eee
Nose to end of outstretched hind legs. --------- Pi ree ee an ty eens Pa ets be-naclaes
Tail, from root to end of vertebre----.-------- 6 WP Ness sSe55 5 CON noe sose 9 (ee So Ss.5
Tail, from root to end of hairs----------.------ 10 Si) |leeso5e-- Chien \|SSS4252< 13 6 esas
Shar nenern eee 08 IRA 311) le bokr ns rp Vy ee sr Pac i eee ls i (at Sa 100
Skull twidth. 228 tess 2225. 1. See eee TREY (es 50 | GES Ae 51 195 |eooaee 54
| | |

A good deal has been written upon the relationships or differences of the martens of Europe
and America. <A series of several specimens from Sweden, collected at the same season of the
year with the Adirondac specimens, furnish the following comparisons.

The Swedish specimens are much larger, although the skulls appear to indicate the same age.
The fur is harsher and coarser, and the prevailing tints paler; the tail and feet are not very
dark brown, instead of being almost black. The color of the fur at the base is lighter. The
throat patch does not touch the fore legs.

The tails of the European specimens appear longer in proportion to the body, and there is a
decided difference in the extent of the naked balls on the ends of the toes, which in the
European are distinctly visible or but partially concealed, while in the American it is only after
the most careful examination that anything of the kind can be detected. Differences in the
skull are still more tangible, and seem quite characteristic. These are shown in an annexed
table.

The sable, WZ. zibellina has as yet not been definitely ascertained to belong to this continent,
though the American marten is called sable in New York and the fur countries, bearing this
name also in the trade. The true sable is readily distinguishable by the short tail, which does
not extend as far as the end of the outstretched hind feet, and by the balls of the toes covered
entirely with woolly fur. Its colors, however, though darker, are not very dissimilar to the
American marten.

In some respects, as in certain features of the skull and teeth, the American marten approxi-
mates to the beech marten, JZ. foina, more than to the European true marten. The beech
marten can, however, be known by the naked pads on the soles as well as the toes; the whiter

spot on the throat, (not so yellowish,) &c.

MAMMALS—MARTINAE—MUSTELA AMERICANA. 155

Comparison of skulls of —

Mustela Martes, European. (Sweden.) Mustela Americana. American. (Essex county, N. Y.)

Width of muzzle behind canines—

Half the width’ of cranium’ ....-----.-..°--.-- Not half the width of cranium_..... .........--------.--
Sides of muzzle—

Nearkwipprallele=-3 sees ashe Sesh s5 Taperinpy -42 os. l ble ho late a =e el See ote etree
Greatest contraction of frontal bone— (

Nearly in the middle of the skull-..----------- Considerably moreianterior @222b 2-52.25. 2S 225. Seco
Orbital processes of frontal—

Nearly midway between the greatest contraction ; Much nearer the former --..-.--------------------------

of frontal bone and the suture of the malar
bone with the frontal in the edge of the orbit.
Temporal ridges—
Soon approximating and running close together, | Not approaching rapidly_-.-...-..-----------------------
nearly parallel.
Greatest breadth of head—
Decidedly more than half the length....---..--- Aboutvhalf the'lengthe2o.--.22222U262-225 ae ea te
Posterior upper molar, measured across the constricted portion-—
More than half the greatest diameter of crown --| Just half the greatest diameter of crown, or less -----------
Inner spur of penultimate upper molar—
PIVRERT C2 ne RPT @> Goce GEL SR UPON ELEY See TI DN CRT ses es | a mal ee al eee
Section of crown of penultimate upper molar—
Sub-triangular, the transverse diameter about | Sides parallel; the transverse diameter one-half the longi-

two-thirds the longitudinal. tudinal.

ee eee sudan Gara sh wate ese Sh sane wot oe caer Head more slender, elongated ; muzzle tapering ---.------.

Since the preceding article was written, I have received an elaborate paper by Dr. Brandt, the
eminent Russian zoologist,! in which he enters into a detailed comparison of the Mustela ameri-
cana with the Asiatic sable, Mustela zibellina, and comes to the conclusion that they both belong
to the same species, being merely continental varieties. He describes and figures many perma-
nent varieties of the Asiatic European sable, and finds that the American is an intermediate
connecting link between some of the others. With several American skins from the northwest
coast, as far south as the Columbia river, before him, a careful comparison with the rich series
in the St. Petersburgh museum, brings him (page 17) to the following conclusions :

In all the American sables he had seen, the head is uncommonly light colored, with the
exception of the upper part of the muzzle, which is more or less of a light grayish brown color,
sprinkled or mixed with white; the head is brownish white.

The tail is of much the same length with the Asiatic sable, but less bushy, and browner ;
not so black at the end. The long hairs are more blackish brown than brownish black. The
fur of the body is less dense.

He concludes with saying: ‘‘ As I can find no difference oetween the Asiatic and American

> Beitrige zur nihern Kenntniss der Siugethiere Russlands, von J. F. Brandt. 4to: St. Petersburg, 1855. Erste Abtheilung
Selbststindige Mittheilungen iiber den dussern Bau des Zobels (Mustela zibellina var. asiatica und americana,) im Vergleich mit

dem des Baum-und Steinmarders (Mustela martes and foina).

156 U Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

sables in the character of the head, ear, tail, and feet, and as, even in respect to color, the sables
of the Nischnaja Tunguska, sent home by Middendorff, occupy an intermediate position between
the dark Asiatic and yellow American sables, [am induced to consider the American animal
rather as a yellower or more yellowish brown, and less densely furred variety of the Asiatic
sable than as a distinct species, or as a pine marten (Mustela martes).”’

The author then presents the diagnosis of the three species of allied JJustela, (I. zibellina,
martes, and foina,) as follows:

Mustela zibellina, (asiatica et americana).—Tail without the hairs, about one-third the body ;
shorter than the outstretched hind feet. The muzzle longer and more pointed. The top of the
snout and the chin differing very slightly, if at all, from the side of the head in any darker
coloring, especially the chin; much lighter than the upper or middle portion of the fore paws.
The sides of the neck and the head very different from the trunk in the lighter color, and
especially in the greater or less sprinkling or etching of white. The sides of the head, from
the eye to the ear, whitish, more or less mixed with brown. The upper border of the ear
obtusely triangular. The whiskers scarcely reach as far back as the ear. The posterior surface
of the ear lighter, rarely (especially in the American specimens) darker than the light nape.
The throat and lower neck either only white here and there, or washed with light brownish
yellow, or with smaller or larger whitish, yellowish, or orange brown spots, of varying size
and number, of rounded, elongated, or angular form. When there is a well developed gular
blotch it ends anteriorly in a single point. The color of the paws and lower part of the thighs
quite uniform brownish black, or rather blackish brown, especially on the paws. The basal
and median stiffer straight outer hairs of the black or blackish brown tail, even in winter, are
shorter than the terminal ones; the tail is consequently only tolerably bushy, most so at the
end ; it is uniformly black from base to tip, sometimes more or less sprinkled with white. The
whole body is covered with long stiff lustrous blackish brown or black hairs, sometimes, or
almost always, mixed with white or white tipped ones. The very stiff bristly hairs of the toes
enveloping the claws, and more or less hiding them. The pads at the ends of the toes mostly

covered with hairs in the winter, leaving a very small portion not overgrown ; in summer mostly
bare,

Measurements tn inches.

Tip of nose to— | Tail, from anus to end of— Length of—

Locality. : ee ——+ Nature of specimen.
"| l
.
Eye. ‘Oceip. Tail. Vert. | Hairs. Fore ft. | Uind ft.
|
LOT eS ee ee 1} | 3 | 164 4} (e 143 3} Freshly killed. ......-.-
|

Mustela martes. —The tail without the hairs about one-half or more than one-half the length
of head and body, extending almost one-third its length beyond the outstretched hind legs.
Muzzle shorter. Ridges of the fleshy palate much as in the sable. The upper part of the
muzzle and the chin blackish brown, less light than the upper part of the dark blackish brown
paws, and consequently separated from the light upper surface of the head (the vertex

MAMMALS—MARTINAE—MUSTELA AMERICANA. 157

especially) by darker coloring. A spot behind the ear and a smaller one above and behind
the eye are similarly colored. The color of the head differs from that of the trunk only in the
greater or less amount of sprinkling of white. The upper margin of the ear is rounded, with-
out a projecting blunt point. The appressed whiskers reach behind farther than the ear, The
blotch on the lower part of the neck ends anteriorly under the throat in five to six small points
(three, more rarely four, median, and two lateral); posteriorly, it terminates always in one
simple point, continued but ending between the fore legs; this spot is usually light yellow, or
varying to light brownish orange yellow, not rarely interrupted by single brown spots. The
under fur in the gular blotch is whitish, or yellowish orange, or almost white. The paws and
inside of the feet are distinguished from the outer side of the lower thigh (which is colored
more or less like the trunk) by a blackish brown darker color. All the stiff straight contour
hairs of the tail (with the yellowish gray under fur) in winter are much lengthened, and form.
a bushy brush from the base; the tail is grayish brown nearly to the middle, then blackish
brown, with single whitish contour hairs. The entire trunk, including the lower thigh, is
covered with moderately stiff light grayish brown softer hairs, a little darkest on the lower
thigh. The under fur of the trunk, with the exception of the throat, in winter is light ash
gray at the base and in the middle; at the end light brownish gray. The moderately stiff
bristly hairs of the toes do not conceal the claws, being constantly shorter than they are. The
pads of the toes, even in winter killed specimens, with hairs only on the sides, and enclosed by
them, as also the pads of the soles.

Length of a specimen preserved in alcohol (in inches.)

Tip of nose to— | Tail, from anus to end of— | Length of—
| = aaa
Eye. | Ear. Occip. | Tail. Verteb. Hairs. | Fore foot. | Hind foot.
| |
ly 24% 4% | iy || Try 114 245 1,5

Mustela foina, Beech marten.—As there is no American species with which the Mustela foina
needs to be compared, it is here only necessary to say that it differs from the JZ. martes, or pine
marten, in the pure white color of its gular blotch, which is forked behind, and extends on either
side, in one of its branches, to the upper part of the fore feet. The body is of a more reddish
yellow brown color; the chin and snout are lighter, and not different in color from the upper
part of the head ; the tail is brownish black, or black, from the base, with somewhat crisped
hairs, and differs from the lower part of the back in color. The downy fur of all parts of the
body is of a lighter whitish color. The tail is generally longer, with more vertebrz.

I am, myself, however, far from admitting the identity of the American marten with the
Russian sable, although it occupies a position intermediate between the latter and the WM. martes
in size, length of tail, and coloration, as well as intrinsic value of the fur. The white headed
varieties of New York are most like the sable; the darker headed ones of the western country
like the pine marten. I have never seen winter specimens of the latter, nor summer of the

158 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT,

former, and am inclined to think that all may exhibit more white on the head in winter than
summer. Many additional specimens will, however, be required to settle the question definitely.

Norre.—A marten from Cape Flattery, received from Dr. Suckley while these sheets are passing through the press, is in tolerable
winter fur, with the soles well covered with hair, except on the tubercles, which are visible. It is entirely of the pine marten
pattern of coloration, not like the sable; the upper part of the head is not lighter than the back, and the reddish yellow patch
on the throat is very distinct and well defined. In all points it agrees with the summer specimens from the west above referred
to; a remarkable uniformity of coloring pervading all of them. Its outstretched hind feet reach within an inch of the end of the
tail vertebre; the stretched skin measures 19 inches; the tail vertebre, 8; the entire tail, 10; the hind feet, 34. ‘

l have not now the means of knowing within what limits the white headed or sable-like martens, such as I describe from
Essex county, New York, are found. I am, however, still moré than before, inclined to the belief that we have two species,
one representing the pine marten, with dark head; the other similar fo the sable, with whitish head; both, probably, distinct
from the corresponding Old World species, the martens at least.

List of specimens.

Catalog’e|Correspond’g| Sex & Locality. When |Whence obtained. | Original |Nature of, Collected by
number. | No. of skull.} age. collected. number. |specim’n.
549 1668 G ? | Adirondac Mts., N. Y.-| Feb., 1855] Dr. 8. E. Hale.--|--.----- Skin. <<)-=2---sseeeoeeee
550 1669 Oia esas i oA ea 3 to Sea tOO nes eee ae IE ek SS SS al SS allt ~edOL. 2.|-5 Soe on are
GO peee nears | eae Mort Bowe (On ia ae| aetna Dr. Geo. Suckley- 26 ‘|. .doe...|:Lt 322 eee
AL Ga ate eee) Bee Snoqualme river, Cas-|-.--------|------ doxsa2 es I, LESS eee ne ees Se bt
cade Mts., O. T.
TEN AS eee eee el Upper DesChutes, 0.T.| Aug., 1855 | Lt. Williamson-.-)-.--.---|-.------ Dr.J.S. Newberry.
WUT9: || nonemnseeac|..3-25\saeee S (a Cpe Ee 8 oe ne doze=2=-s5 |S e kel os ene d0s2seae=e
oOS oi Ree eee eee Cape Flattery, W. T.-) Oct., 1856 | Dr. Geo. Suckley-| 139 | Skin. we |---- n-ne nen eee

MAMMALS—MARTINAE—PUTORIUS PUSILLUS. 159

PUTORIUS, Cuvier.

Putorius, Cuv. “R, An. J, 1817.” «

Teeth, 34; molars,.one above, wo below; premolars, three above and three below, on each side. Lower gectorial tooth

without an inner tubercle. Body slender; tail usually long.

The most tangible difference between this genus and Mustela consists in having one molar
less on each side, above and below. The size is generally smaller, and the body more slender
in the typical species.

The genus includes many North American species, none of which are found in Europe.
There are three distinct groups, which may be almost considered as generic, or at least as of
subgeneric value. They may be characterized as follows:!

Putorius.—Body stout; darker below than on the sides. Of this particular group America
has no immediate representative.

Gale.—Body elongated and very slender. Lighter below than above or on the sides. Naked
pads on the feet small, more or less hidden by the hair.

To this group belong all the American weasels, except the minks, unless the P. nigripes of
Aud. and Bach. should prove an additional exception.

Ludtreola,—Color nearly uniform ali over. Feet much webbed. The naked pads on the feet
large, not covered up by the hairy soles; the intervals between the metacarpal and the metatarsal
pads not occupied by hairs. Posterior upper molar longer than in Gale.

This group includes the well known mink so similar in appearance to a small otter.

; - 3-3 : ear 3-3
The dental formula of the true weasel is as follows: Incisors, ;—,; canines, ;~;; premolars, 5- ;

1-1 16
molars, —; = |, = 34.

PUTORIUS PUSILLUS.

Least Weasel.

Putorius vulgaris, Ricu. F. B. A. I, 1829, 45.

Putorius cicognani, Ricu. Zool. Beechey’s Voyage, 1839, 10.* (By error.)

Mustela vulgaris, Maxim. Reise, II, 1841, 98.

Mustela pusilla, Dexay, N Y. Zool. I, 1842, 34; pl. xiv, f. 1.

Putorius pusillus, Aup. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. II, 1851, 100; pl. Ixiv.

Common weasel, Penn. Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 192.—Is. Arctic Zool. I, 1784, 75. (From N. Am. specimens in

Leverian museum.)

Sp. Cu.—Smallest of American weasels. Length about six inches to root of tail. Tail vertebre one-fifth to one-sixth the
head and body. The terminal hairs about one-third the vertebre, which do not exceed two inches. Tail slender, not tufted
at the tip. Above, almost liver brown; beneath, white. No distinct black tip to the tail, though this is sometimes darkest.

This, the smallest species of weasel hitherto described as occurring in North America, is
readily distinguishable from the rest, not only by its dimensions, but by the very short tail,
which is destitute of the black tip found in all the rest, although the extremity of the tail is
sometimes dusky. This member is cylindrical, thin, and, with the hairs, is about one-fifth as

+ Wagner, Suppl. Schreber, II, 1841, 229.

160 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

long as the head and body, the vertebrae alone being about one-sixth. The specimen is not
perfect enough to admit of much detail in reference to the head, ears, and feet.

The upper parts and sides are of a dark chestnut brown, much like the Putorius noveboracensis.
This color extends on the outside of the fore legs to the wrist. The under parts, generally, as
far as the anus, the feet, inside of fore legs, and of hind legs nearly to the heel, are white.
The upper lip is white, bounded by a line extending from the nostril, midway between the
orbit and edge of the mouth, under the ear. The tail is colored like the back, a little darker
at the tip. The line separating the colors on the flanks is quite high up, though somewhat
broken, there being quite as much white as brown in the middle of the body.

According to Dr. Richardson, this species becomes white in the fur countries. It is supposed
to remain brown throughout the year within the limits of the United States. It is barely
possible that the specimen here described may be different from the New York species, as given
by Dr. Dekay.

This species is very similar to the Putorius vulgaris or nivalis of Europe, but seems still
smaller, the specimen examined, though quite adult, measuring but six inches from nose to
root of tail; tail, vertebra, 1°; tail, with hairs, 1, inch. The skull is broken, but the lower
jaw measures six and a half lines. The colors are considerably darker than P. vulgaris, and
the tail still shorter in proportion. j

I have never seen any specimens of this weasel, except those here mentioned, which are much
smaller than the ones described by Richardson and Dekay. These, however, retain much the
same proportions as given by me, allowing for some stretching. Thus Richardson’s specimen
is given as nine inches long to root of the tail; the tail two inches to end of vertebra, and 212
to end of hairs.

According to Prince Maximilian, this species becomes white in winter.

Since writing the preceding description, a specimen in alcohol has been sent from Steilacoom
by Dr. Suc.!ey, which differs in some respects. It is, perhaps, a little darker and larger, and
the rather longer tail is somewhat more dusky at the tip, instead of being almost uniformly
brown. The hairs project beyond the tail about one-fourth of the total length. The vertebre
of the tail are about one-fourth as long as the head and body. The feet reach to the end of the
caudal vertebra.

Measurements.
| Tip of nose to— | Tail to end of— Length of—
Current Locality. | Nature of specimen.
number. | | ;
Occip. Tail. | Vert Hairs. | Fore ft. Hind ft.
|
| |
435 Pemiina: Mitinee see eee a oe | 6.00 | .83 HU | aes oe es a Mountedts=o uname
2319 Fort Steilacoom, W. T ------- 1.45 | 6. 00 | 1. 60 2.00 -58 | .92 Skin in alcohol_--.--
|

This species at first was supposed to be identical with the Putorius vulgaris of the Old World.
Dekay was the first to give it a distinct name, although he is in error as to the grounds of the
separation. He places his species among the Mustelas, or those with three small teeth behind

MAMMALS—MARTINAE—PUTORIUS CICOGNANII. 161

the canines, instead of two, as is really the case, both in this and in P. vulgaris. I am not
able to state its range with precision, though it appears to be a very northern species.

List of specimens.

Catalogue | Corresponding Locality. | Whence obtained. Nature of specimen.
No.ofskull. number. |
435 1301 Pembina, Minn .....- - Aes aa ae | Charles Cavileer=24) 5 2 ees Mounted from alcohol
AZ19e Haseeno es FortiSteilacoom, Wi T..-+.....s-2 | Dr. George Suckley, U. S. A.-| Skin in alcohol......

PUTORIUS CICOGNANII.

Small Brown Weasel.

Mustela cicognanii, Bonar. in Fauna Italica, Mamm. 1838. Under head of Mustela boccamela,
Is. Charlesworth’s Mag. N. H. II, Jan. 1838, 37.
Wieemann’s Archiv, 1839, 1, 423.
Mustela vulgaris, THompson, Hist. Vermont, 1842, 30.
Mustela fusca, Auv. & Bacu., J. A. N. Sc. Philada. VIII, 11, 1842, 288.
Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 35.
Waener in Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1843, 1, 32.
Putorius fuscus, Aup. & Bacu., N. A. Quad. III, 1853, 234; pl. cxlviii.

Sp. Cu.—Length to tail, 8 inches or less. Tail vertebrw, one-third this length. Black of tail, two-fifths its length. Out-
stretched hind feet reach the end of the vertebre. In summer, brown above, whitish beneath ; edge of upper lip white. In

winter white ; tail with black tip.

The dimensions of this species are less than those of our two ermines, although the precise
limits of adult size have not yet been ascertained. The specimen before me and belonging to
the Boston Society of Natural History, (kindly loaned for examination,) measures but 71 inches;
the tail vertebrae, 2} inches ; yet it is completely adult. The ears are broad, and the false lobe
comes nearly up to the highest part of the ear. The auditory aperture is very broad. The feet
_ are moderately large, densely coated with hair, so as to obscure very greatly the tubercles. The
tail vertebrae are about one-third the head and body, or even less; with the hairs, not three-
sevenths.

The general color of the back, side, legs, and tail, is rather dark brown, deepest along the
vertebral line ; this color is darker and with less of a chestnut brown tint than in P. novebora-
censis. The under parts, except as described, and the fingers and toes, are white. The white of
the belly extends to the genitalia, and on the upper lip forms a narrow margin to the nose, on
a line with the lower part of the nasal aperture. There is a large indistinct blotch, colored
like the back, on the breast between the arms, and another behind that, though this is probably
not constant. The tail begins to darken at about one-third its length from the base above, and
two-thirds below ; on the terminal third it is entirely black, the hairs forming a dense pencil of
this color, much as in the European ermine, (P. erminea,) this color not extending much behind
the end of the vertebre, as in P. noveboracensis. There are a few scattered white hairs in this
brush.

A large collection of weasels made by Mr. Jenks, at Middleboro’, Massachusetts, and received
since the preceding description was written, has enabled me to determine with more accuracy

21 L

162 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

the characters of the species. The most important fact ascertained is that the winter pelage is —
entirely white, with a yellowish tinge, except the terminal two-fifths of the tail, which is black,
about one-third of this on the vertebra, the rest projecting beyond. The species, therefore,
forms no exception to the general law in regard to change of color in northern ermines.

Among these specimens, various grades of color, from pure white to brown, may be observed;
acommon form of change is to have the tail, (except the black tip,) and sometimes the legs,
white. The middle of the back is the last to change color.

The species is readily distinguished from the other American weasels by the small size, and
the tail, which, with the hairs, is rather less than half the body. P. pusillus, nearest to it in
size, has a considerably shorter tail, with the tip only slightly dusky, not black.

The Putorius cicognanii is one of the most strongly marked and easily identified American
species, although not accurately described until this was done by Audubon and Bachman, in
1842. It was first defined, in 1838, however, by Bonaparte, as quoted above, and although
he does not give any very accurate description, yet his comparisons with European species are
such as to leave no doubt that he meant the animal subsequently named P. fuscus by Audubon
and Bachman. His diagnosis is as follows : :

“¢ Mustela cicognanii.—M. ruto-cinamomea, subtus flavo-albida; cauda corporis dimidio sub-
breviori ; apice nigricante.’’

The only American species to which this description can apply is that described in the present
article. Including the entire length of the tail to end of hairs, as the author does, the statement _
of ‘‘ tail rather less than half the body,’’ applies exactly. The larger species have the whole
tail more than half the body, while the smaller P. pusillus has it much less than half the body,
and the tip is merely dusky, not black.

There would be no confusion whatever in the case but for the reference by Richardson, in
Zoology of Beechey’s Voyage, 1839, 10*, of Mustela cicognanii to his M. vulgaris, as given in
Fauna Boreali-Americana. In this, however, he is clearly in error. Bonaparte, while imposing,
in Charlesworth’s Magazine, new names on the large ermines described in the “ Fauna,”’ in
the same article speaks of I. cicognanii as intermediate between I. erminea and boccamela, and
places the If. vulgaris of Europe after boccamela. He also mentions expressly the distinct black
tip to the tail, not found in the true Putorius vulgaris, nor its American analogue, P. pusillus,
described under that name by Richardson.

The distribution of this species is not well ascertained. The Smithsonian speciméns come
entirely from Massachusetts, with the exception of one from Illinois.

Nore.—Just as this article is passing through the press, a series of hunters’ skins of weasels has been received from Dr,
Gilpin of Halifax, among which are several that agree very well with typical specimens of M. cicognanii from Massachusetts.
Others again, though considerably larger, preserve the same proportions in the length of the tail, as well as the other charac-
teristics, and I cannot very well hesitate to extend the supposed limits of size, as well as of geographical distribution, considerably
beyond those suggested in the preceding paragraphs. The same may be said of skins from Fort Vancouver and Puget Sound,
as indicated in the list of specimens, though these are more nearly the size of those first described. Still the whole subject is
one involved in uncertainty, and can only be settled by the examination of many additional specimens from numerous localities,
accurately measured before skinning.

MAMMALS—MARTINAE—PUTORIUS CICOGNANII.

163

Measurements.
Tip of nose to— Tail to end of— Length of—
Current Locality. Height of | Nature of speci-
number. ear. men.
Eye. | Ear. |Occip.| Tail. | Vert. |Hairs. | Fore ft. | [ind ft |
se aereiaimpe BOSON eae ase oot OO LOO) 1.60. (07.25) 225°) 3.00 , 82 ne yy - 54 In alcohol ----.
2315 | Middleboro’, Mass-|.-..--|-....- ECU] EE eS ig s1ai es) eed ee ba OO) Ame ee
Dy a ee oer oe ee ae LOMO Were Sable AO ie cetera! | Sep baal et aaa OE eas
PY el ees d0es2 a5 5-44)e banal = sere Son e8. O02. 90 | AclO 225 Sen sone. - |e tceeel ae mene OOsacsanae=
TP il eta Oe ee oe ee ee | means Pa, als al ea ag aL gt bag MS Dry skin-...---
Cy) Pomteee Cre weititete elena SSZ2502250) | 34D VSS 2. aL. Seti 225 LSfdotasgs. 2.
an eee dot shes 22 -[bsvteviatsadl ese. LOAQON 340091445102, laa 3d 2.2122 sed iledteser se we dotebe sates
RT i ee Oe = bectiees eS 3 a o t oe oe Pe ae ea es 4, ee ee Cee Meer aE ID a oa)
Ae |e GOs 22 55-E eo Be ll ee ee 8 HO DBO Be SO in was acelie So ocean = moa Oss Sees
ei ee COS eae ee See eo oO) S260" SesiQils ates eal amc melee eo S00 us eas
MGS Necro aici AO se we ca Se Se a oes ee CBO AO) |salO) | sana aoe | seaaeee | ane ewa ee (ok eeeeeoee es
POST es os CG ape = ly Se ep fh Sa foe Eran ng) Ui WS CT Ola ie = aps | a a aa Ret — woe W0ncenceees
List of specimens.
Catalogue | Corresponding | Sex & Locality. When collected.| Whence obtained. Nature of specimen.
number. | No. of skulls. | age.
a Se: |
RaeH whos Ss 3 es slows Middleboro’, Mass-| Summer.-...-- J.W. P. Jenks =..-== | Dry skin, brown ---- ----
Tha ee ae a fe a C04. BaF S22 Feb. 10, 1856 |--.--- dQ ome ae a Dry skin, white ---------
UE a es (a ee dpe oe =e=- 23 Dec. 24, 1856 |.--.-. i ee eee See |-------- dQ: seus conn
VARS ee eee eee ie ee dosset ese Tangs leet S6b| os: doe eas Aare ese Lees dosanas ae eee
ALE Se ee eee eee ee does: = 2424 Heb. sos-asclaosees ee ees (oneness
i a Ee EN dose Pe Dec. 7, 1855 |_----- itt ephtety sill pele 2 doseee ee ce eee
ire fan ane sas o-=~ a[oesco sees cc dee 22+ sass January, 1854 |_..... (i petal I el bo Fe duss2s =) teams
BODE Os. es eaee et at oS eee dG WSEUes Dee. 21, 1855'|___--- OI, ISS FR B28 Agees. Fast at Ss
foul lesemeees Sees eee = Ie Ho. 22822828 Noyarlso5as.essse dbs 26. 302 Mounted, brown --------
TULL ANS SE A se oe Se eee |e Rs dotsaches. &. Spring, 1856--|-.---- Oe eee, see In alcohol, whitening .---
A) Olas Seer Sears ae eee do+- 24.5225 Deeewlsoo. 2 s\n soe. dowae a ae |S as UM Ce oneeceSes se
22 i ee ae eee Hingham, Mass .__|_.-.---------- T. M. Brewer - ------ | In alcohol, brown - ------
? 298 RGR wie Jie 2 ON: Sno e = 2 Nee A R. Kennicott -.--_--- | Head, tail, and feet brown.
Ants; ee Sa SSS Sere Labrador, lat. 55°.) Winter -- ---- Dr. J; Be Gilpin --— | Hunter’s skin -....------
7A) Sl a ee oP ee Se! ee adguss 550k DEY doe 2 SELES dos. 2.23 SRIPR ZOU se S dor. 2555. 22s =.
oar |) ears eee SEM) Feel Oe dott: £23..3 ES ote. MERE 35523 oes. 32 eit SUS digs 33 = eee nae sk
PAGOr tae soos seed = Ss) seen lone 5e9 doP ee 2h CSpoiy Pees ot aa dos ses. 2p. hits set dopa se cerae 58
7 7 ws | a SE a ae ee (hae otf ee | We doete tees Aa rile PN ee eke ee Cs (ol ee ee ee ee
(SOL SEE eee ene EY eee ear ae doses egos Summers aaa: oe Oe Se ee See GOB anotaecr ae
Cie ee ere eae ee eee Nova Scotia -....- eA ee eee ee ee ee eee Ghee Se esemece
v2 Sg eee sath peel (aie Bie = (eee anes (3 oY pe eee IWantensosssac |= aaa. 2 Glee ee Me a do..------------
OO ene cee Sees Puget sound _____- Seo oe Dr. George Suckley --|-------- NG eee ere ASS
965)" ios. sR A Vancouver’s island.|...-do-------- Lt. W. P. Trowbridge. fsseereee dole 22 sen keen

164 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZUOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

PUTORIUS RICHARDSONII.

Mustela richardsonii, Bonar. in Charlesworth’s Mag. N. H. II, Jan. 1838, 38. (‘*M. erminea, Ricu. F. B. A.”’)
Putorius richardsonii, Br. in Ricu. Zool. Beechey’s Voyage, 1839, Mammalia, 10.*

Mustela (Putorius) erminea, Ricn. F. B. A. I, 1829, 46.

Mustela erminea, THompson, Hist. Vermont, 1842, 31.

Pulorius agilis, Aup. & Bacu., N. A. Quad. IIT, 1853, 184; pl. exl.

Sp. Cu.—Length to tail, 9 inches or less. Tail vertebrae about half this length. Black of tail nearly one-half to one-third
its length. Outstretched hind feet reach to the middle of the tail, (with hairs,) or a little beyond. In summer, dark chestnut
brown above; whitish beneath. "Whole upper jaw brown. In winter, white. Tail with black tip.

A specimen in alcohol, which I refer to this species, is much smaller than skins of P. novebo-
racensis, though perfectly adult. Its colors, moreover, are darker than in the larger species.
It was caught in the spring of 1855, and consequently may be considered as having attained its
full growth. The ears are large and somewhat pointed; the false lobe, however, does not
extend very high up. The centre of the eye extends rather more than midway between the nose
and anterior edge of the ear opening. The feet are moderately large ; their under surfaces not
very densely furred, allowing the tubercles to be readily visible. The hind feet outstretched
reach midway along the vertebre of the tail; these vertebrae being more than half the length
of body, with the hairs, about five-eighths.

The upper parts are of a dark chestnut brown, with but little reddish, this color pervading
the tail, perineal region, legs and feet. The under parts are white, though much restricted ;
the line of separation quite low down, beginning at the angle of the mouth, not on the upper
jaw or nostrils, and extending on the inside of the fore leg to the wrist, and on the thighs.
The flattened tail throughout is darker than the back, on its upper surface, and the gradation
into the black tip imperceptible, although the terminal half above, and nearly as much below,
are entirely black. The hairs at the end of the tail, though long, do not, in this summer
specimen, form a brush as in some other species ; indeed, the tail in the parallelism of its sides
and depressed shape is not dissimilar to that of Tamias.

In an alcoholic specimen from Middleboro’, (2316,) of rather small size, the body is seen to
be of very slender and delicate proportions, much resembling those of P. cicognanit. The verte-
bree of the tail are about half as long as the head and body. The outstretched hind feet reach
to the middle of the tail, hairs included. The tail is decidedly depressed, and distichous. The
colors are much as in the Boston specimen. The upper lip is entirely brown, without white
edge, as in other ermines. The legs are entirely brown. The black tip to the tail is nearly
half its length on the under side.

The feet are much smaller, more slender and delicate than in the P. noveboracensis; the
tubercles larger. Although actually larger in body, the feet are relatively smaller than in
P. cicognanii. The tail, of course, is considerably longer. The ears are higher and narrower
at the base than in the last mentioned species.

A summer specimen from Steilacoom (654) agrees very well with those from Massachusetts,
excepting in having the peculiar reddish tinge to the under parts, so generally seen in western
weasels. The whole upper lip is brown.

A much stretched winter skin from Halifax, N. 8., decidedly larger than No. 2316, appears
to belong to this same species. It is pure white, with a strong sulphur yellow tinge beneath,

MAMMALS—MARTINAE—PUTORIUS RICHARDSONII. 165

and on the posterior portion of the back. The tail is full and rather bushy, the vertebrae measur-
ing 3.90 inches; with the hairs, 5.60. The black tip is very well defined, and occupies nearly
one half the total length of the tail. The end of the vertebre extends a little beyond
the first third of this black portion. In the character of the tail, it resembles the European
ermine more than P. noveboracensis does; its tail is, however, more slender and longer; the
black less extended in proportion to the white. It is, however, quite possible that this specimen
may belong to P. cicognanii, (see this species ;) and that the latter species, in higher latitudes,
attains a greater size than it does in Massachusetts.

The species is readily distinguished from Putorius cicognanii by the longer tail, the vertebrae
alone of which are half the length of the body, instead of requiring the entire tail to effect the
same proportion. It is much smaller and darker than P. noveboracensis, and the whole upper _
lip is brown.

The Mustela agilis, of Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, 1844-46, p. 110, (not of Audubon & Bachman,) _
is very slender in form, with a small and pointed head ; the tail much shorter than the body.
The head, back, and tail are reddish gray; the latter a little darkest at the tip. The under
parts generally are grayish white. The base of the hairs above is gray ; then follows a broad
grayish yellow ring, succeeded by a reddish brown tip. The head above is either entirely dark
brown or with a white border to the upper lip. The length of body to root of tail, 9.10 inches;
the tail, 4.44 inches ; the head 1,5 inches.

This species, a true Putorius, differs materially from the larger North American weasels, in
the absence of a black tip to the short tail; in this respect resembling the Putorius cicognanii.
It probably bears a near resemblance to Putorius boccamela, of Italy. The lack of white or
yellow blotches on the forehead distinguishes it from either P. frenata or xanthogenys. It
inhabits the barren, cold plateaus of the Peruvian Cordilleras, and is the only true weasel well
established as inhabiting South America.

The measurements and other indications of Richardson, as well as the comparison with a
larger variety, together with the known facts of the more Arctic distribution of the smaller long
tailed ermine, leave no doubt on my mind that the common ermine, as described by Richardson,
is really the Putorius agilis of Audubon & Bachman. The name of Bonaparte has priority over
the last mentioned one, which would at any rate be untenable, as it had been applied previously
by Tschudi to a Peruvian species, as already mentioned.

The geographical distribution of this small ermine, as shown by the accompanying list of
localities, is very extensive, and it appears to range much further to the north than the large
species. Richardson describes a specimen obtained at Fort Franklin, Great Bear Lake, latitude
65° 11'56” N. The Smithsonian collection embraces specimens from Halifax to Vancouver’s
Island, and as far south as Massachusetts. Its extreme southern range in the Atlantic States is
not yet ascertained, though it is probably replaced there by the P. noveboracensis.

Some objection may be made to the identification of this species with that described by
Richardson, on the ground that he gives the length at eleven inches. A skin of nine inches
might very readily be stretched to that length, and the fact is proved by the measurements of
the tail, which are, vertebre four inches, and with hairs five. The largest American ermine
weasels I have ever seen, before being skinned, measured less than eleven inches, even when the
tail vertebree were five or six inches long.

166 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Measurements.
a
| Tip of nose to— Tail toend of—| Length of— |
Current Locality. Black tip) Nature of
number. | to tail. | specimen.
Eye. | Ear. | Occip.| Tail. | Verteb. | Hairs. | Fore ft. | Hind ft.
| |
ie Arora
2316 | Middleboro’, Mass- ---- .55 | 1.05 | 1.90 | 8.00 | 4.00 | 5.10 +90 1.35 2.15 | Alcohol ~~.
Spee ed) Boston sees ae ee | .56 |) 1.05 | 1.83 | 8.25 | 4.25 | 5.25 95 17 ae ee ===. d0agemee
List of specimens.
= = ] al x c - a a =r ——<
Catalogue | Sex & | Locality. When collected.| Whence obtained. Original Nature of specimen.
number. | age. number.

2316 Q | Middleboro’, Mass ----- | Apuil) 1g65% -e|nlaW bs enks 2 one et opens In alcohel ; brown---.--
See ere } 5 4t-Bostony Mass- 2-542. se) Spine, 18h5,er)(D. Mer Rrewere -26 52] sme n oo oleae 0a a> eee
Pe hy a ess Halifax: Nabissanccs <5 Wanter 22.25 — Driideds.cGal pin) = 5 abe oe = te Dry skin; white-.-.--..

G54: wilect te 2 Fort Steilacoom ------- | Summer, 1854-| Dr. George Suckley -- 20 Dry skin; brown-----.-

PUTORIUS NOVEBORACENSIS.
Common Weasel; White Weasel.

Putorius noveboracensis, Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 36; pl. xii, f. 2; pl. xiv, f. 2.
Putorius erminea, Aup. & Bacn. N. A. Quad. II, 1851, 56; pl. lix.

Spr. Cu.—Length to tail about ten inches. Tail vertebre about half this length. Black of tail, one-third its length. Out-

stretched hind feet reach not quite to the middle of the vertebrae. In summer, chestnut brown above, whitish beneath. Edge of
upper lip white. In winter, white, tail with black tip. -

The precise determination of the North American weasels is a matter of very considerable
difficulty, owing to the close relationship existing between them and the absence of any minute
comparisons of the allied species, both American and European. It is by no means improbable
that an examination of large numbers of specimens from remote localities will bring to light
several additional species, while at the same time greatly extending the range of those at present
known.

I am not now prepared to say whether the true ermine, Putorius erminea, is found in any part
of North America, but doubt very much whether it exists even in high northern localities. All
the specimens collected within the limits of the United States by the different expeditions are
clearly distinct from P. erminea, as will hereafter be shown.

None of the specimens at my command admit of any very nice distinctions as to proportion of toes,
number and extent of naked pads on the feet, length of tail and ears, &ec.

The head is depressed
and acute; the ears large and extending far around the auditory aperture.

The tail, as well as
can be ascertained from the skin, has the vertebre about half the length of the body, the hairs

MAMMALS—MARTINAE—PUTORIUS NOVEBORACENSIS. 167

projecting in no case more than an inch and a quarter beyond. The tail is cylindrical, quite
thickly clothed with fur, and tipped with black for about twice the length of the longest
terminal hairs,

Summer diess.—Not having before me a specimen taken in summer, I shall be obliged to
make use of one killed December 15, 1848, at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, where this species does
not change to white in winter. It is not likely that any material change has taken place from
the summer dress, beyend, perhaps, a greater intensity of coloration and a fuller and softer
condition of the hair. In this specimen the upper parts and sides are of a rich and rather dark
chestnut brown, deeper towards the back and on the dorsal line of the tail. The under parts
are of a yellowish white, palest on the chin, and tinged with delicate straw color under the
body. The line of demarcation between these colors is quite low down the sides, beginning at
the angle of the mouth, (the extreme edge of the lips only being white,) and extending quite
low down on the flanks. On the neck the brown occupies two-thirds of the entire circumference,
and on the middle of the belly, five-sixths. From this region, however, the white widens to
the fore and hind legs, extending along their inner surfaces to about opposite the wrist and the
knee, where the color runs out to a point. The limbs are thus entirely and uniformly like the
back, with the exception of the light spur which runs down their inner faces from the abdomen.
The light color of the abdomen does not extend as far as the arms, the region about which, with
the entire tail, is brown. There are no light marks on the ears. The dark tip of the tail

_occupies from one-third to one-fourth of its entire length, the end of the vertebre falling about

in its middle.

A specimen from Fort Smith, Arkansas, is similar in all essential respects, although of a
reddish yellow beneath.

A specimen in alcohol, from Massachusetts, is rather smaller, perhaps, than the average, but
of sufficient size to have it represent this species, has the feet very large and strong. The hind
foot is one-third the length of the vertebre of the tail. The feet are densely furred, so as to
hide the tubercles to a considerable extent. The dusky of the tail covers more than its terminal
third. This specimen is labelled as collected in winter, but exhibits no signs of change. The
outstretched hind feet reach not quite to the middle of the tail. About two-thirds of the black
tip to the tail project beyond the vertebrae.

I have before me no pure white ermines from the eastern States. A very large skin from
Essex county, New York, (835,) is in a transition state, the under fur, generally, being white,
and only the long hairs towards the-middle of the back retaining their summer color. The
terminal third of the tail is black, the end of the vertebra falling about in the middle of it.

It is quite probable that this species retains its color throughout the season to a considerable
range northward, more so, indeed, than P. fuscus, originally supposed not to change at all.

The principal points of difference between this species and P. richardsonii, (P. agilis, of
Aud. and Bach.,) are the considerably larger size and disproportionately large and broad
feet, the hinder of which measures 12 inches, or nearly half an inch more than in the other.
There appears to be a pretty constant character in the white margin to the upper lip, which I
have not noticed in the other, although it may occasionally be présent.

The much larger size and the longer tail, distinguish it at once from P. cicognanii. Its
relationship to P. longicauda will be referred to under the head of that species.

In comparing specimens of this species with the Putorius erminea of Europe, notwithstanding
the assurances of authors, very decided points.of distinction are readily discernable. Of these

168 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

the most striking is to be found in the tail, which (including the hairs) in P. erminea is about
as long, or a little longer, than half the body. The hairs on the extremity are very long and
bushy, measuring from one inch and three-quarters to two inches and a half, and being nearly
two-thirds as long as the tail vertebra, which, in fact, are only one-fourth the length of head and
body. In P. noveboracensis, on the other hand, the vertebrz, exclusive of the hairs, are nearly
half the length of the body; the projection beyond the tip, from one inch to one inch and a half,
or about one-fourth of the length of the vertebral portion. Iam unable to make any actual
comparison of the feet, owing to the shrivelled condition of all the specimens on hand, The
ears of the American species appear decidedly larger. 'The naked portion of the nose is larger
also, and the septum is broader and descends further towards the mouth. The coloration again
is decidedly different, in the much greater extension of the light colors over the lower parts in
P.erminea. Here the line of separation is higher up on the flanks, while the inside of all the
limbs, the entire feet, and the under surface of the tail, including the region of the groin and
nates are yellowish white. In the American species the entire limbs, except the upper portion
of their interior surfaces, the nates, groin, and entire tail, except at the tip, are chestnut brown,
like the back. The black of the tail begins more abruptly in P. erminea, at a short distance
before the end of the vertebre,‘while in the other the tip of the vertebre falls in about the
middle portion. InP. erminea again, the dividing line of color passes high up on the cheek, nearly
bisecting the side of the head, and passing but a short distance below the orbit, (about half its
diameter,) the whole upper lip being white. In the American species this line is much lower
down or on a level with the angle of the mouth, only a small edging of the upper lip being
white. I have not noticed in any American specimen the white edging of the ears seen in
Swedish specimens. This may, however, be merely an incipient change of coloration. The
winter dresses differ in the greater comparative extent of the black tip to the tail in P. erminea.

The skeleton of No. az; from Carlisle, has of vertebrae: seven cervical, fourteen dorsal, six
lumbar, four sacral, and twenty-one caudal—fifty-two. It differs from most weasels in having
four sacral vertebree, and from P. erminea in possessing twenty-one caudal vertebrie instead of
nineteen—three more vertebre in all. The caudal vertebrae, applied along the back, extend
from their base to the first dorsal vertebra. “Skeletons of P. vison and P. frenata, show but
three sacral vertebrz, as in most species, with the probably necessary assignment of all the far
western large ermine weasels of America to the Putorius longicauda, the range of Putorius
noveboracensis becomes much more limited than heretofore supposed, especially if the northern
one be the Putorius richardsonii. Thus far we cannot trace it north of Massachusetts nor west
of Wisconsin.. Fort Smith, Arkansas, and Pennsylvania, are the more southern localities.
It probably extends through most of the southern and southwestern States.

I have seen no pure white skins of this weasel, and do not feel sure that it changes except in
the most northern portions of the United States.

I do not consider it as by any means certain that Dekay in his article on P. noveboracensis
does not describe, at least in part, the P. richardsonii. The figure of the winter specimen is
almost exactly this last species. The description and figure of the summer specimen give no
indications of any white border to the upper lip. If this be really a character of P. richardsonii,
it will settle the question. In the necessary uncertainty it will be best, however, to retain and
strengthen the name of Dekay, rather than to reduce it to a synonym by the application of a

new one.

MAMMALS—MARTINAE—PUTORIUS LONGICAUDA. 169
Measurements.
From tip of nose to— Tail to end of— Length of—
Current; Locality. Dusky of| Skull. | Nature of
number. iy 1. tail. specimen.
Eye. | Ear. |Occip.| Tail. | Verteb. | Hairs. | Fore ft. | Hind ft.
1413 | Boston, Mass..| .70 | 1.55 | 2.14 |10.30 | 5.20 6. 60 1.30 1.75 7B NU ee ae In alcohol -
2313 | TWinoig---=5-|s-o-=-|se--5> ZaLOn i oeoOL || 4320. |e22 = = 1.10 Re OOF sodas o| once sacha see
Doe Weaninlese seen |e een (ese see THT | BG k00 ANG Be ie ee ee eee ae 193) || kinjo--a2e
List of specimens.
oo
Catalogue | Corresponding | Sex & Locality. When Whence obtained. |Nature of spe-
number. | No. of skull. | age. collected. men.

17 624 @ \\ Carlisle, Pa. oo 2sas62 oss 55-5 Dec. 15, 1845.| 8. F. Baird .-......- Gikin === 3-
Choe Bae | eee Elizabethtown, N. Y.-------.-- Nov [8b4es2|2n.-d0s) seen eee eoe Lb edOkees sa
TW pS Bek See aes ee paranaso Wake; N. Woeso--2-s5— Summer --..- MS Baker-. S252 22.2 rete LO eee am
Li, el eee Boston, Mass'=--s-- =--2<-2==-- Winter, 1855 | Dr. T. M. Brewer_-.-| In alcohol --
AoNS i eee ae ee (Gh || URC) eee ee eee Roan Seo se oe R. Kennicott -.-.--- SHO se
ata ease ee its Racine Wis Ses tes en eee Sea ee oa AeCrBarmy 222223. 20 Mounted ---
FG ae See based Bradford: county, Pa; 2 ears ie 9s tt eee C. C. Martin_.-~--.- Skin in ale’l.
436 1302) ya ilceeeee Hort Smiths Avk2o. =. sco 2 |. tb sean Soe Dr. G. G. Shumard..-| Mounted _-.

Mustela longicauda, Bonar. in Charlesworth’s Mag. N. H. II, Jan. 1838, 38.

PUTORIUS LONGICAUDA.

Putorius longicauda, Ricu. (ex Bonar.) Zoology Beechey’s Voyage to Pacific, 1839.

Mustela (Puturius) erminea, Ricu. F. B. A. I, 1829, 46.

Sp. Cu —Length to tail about eleven inches.

Tail vertebre about half this length.

Muzzle broad.

(Based on Richardson’s description.)
Mammalia, 10.*

(‘* Carlton House variety, with long tail.’’)

Black of tail about one-fourth its length.
Above, light olivaceous brown; beneath, brownish yellow ; edge of upper lip and chin white.
black tip. Light space on belly much wider than in P. noveboracensis.

In winter, white; tail with

This species, which belongs to the section of ermine weasels, is larger than any of its

congeners, excepting the American ermines,
is characterized by the breadth of the muzzle, as very distinctly shown in the skull.

Like the P. nigripes of Aud. and Bachman, it

The hair

is everywhere remarkably stiff, coarse, and short, fully equalling in this respect the fur of P.

Srenata.

The naked portion of the muzzle is large and prominent.

The vertebrz of the tail (as ascertained before skinning) are nearly half the length of the head
and body, (53 and 121 inches; the hairs 6% inches.) The hairs of the tail are stiff, long, and
bristly, though rather sparse ; the brush at the end fuller than in P. noveboracensis, less so than

22 L

The ears are rather short and low, the meatus quite concealed by stiff, bristly hairs.

170 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—-ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

in the European P. erminea. Their projection beyond the vertebrz is about one-fifth of the
length of the caudal vertebra.

The feet are large, the claws well developed. As usual there are ten naked balls on the fore
feet, and nine behind. The under surfaces of the feet are sparsely covered with hair, as is
generally the case with the weasels in summer.

The predominating color of this species above is of a yellowish chestnut brown, considerably
lighter than in the P. noveboracensis, and much resembling the colors of P. frenata and
xanthogenys. From these, however, it is easily distinguished by the absence of light patches on
the cheeks and forehead.

The under parts are of a pale brownish yellow ; nearly white about the chin and cheeks, and
more vividly yellow along the thighs. The line of separation between these colors is quite
indistinct ; indeed the bases of the hairs above, and the whole of the subjacent fur are yellowish,
like the belly, the chestnut tinge being imparted by the tips of the hairs. As far as can be
traced in this uncertainty of outline, the darker color extends on the outside of the arm only to
about the elbow; the remainder of the fore leg being like the belly; on the hind feet it extends
along the outside of the limbs to the toes, the upper surface of the feet being yellowish. The
upper surface of the tail is like the back; beneath it is yellowish chestnut, darker than the
belly ; the tip for about two inches is lustrous black ; the color commencing not much posterior
to the end of the vertebre.

The line separating the colors of the upper and under sides passes quite high up on the flanks;
the paler portion occupying fully two-fifths of the entire circumference around the middle of the
body. On the neck it occupies fully three-fifths of the circumference. The white of the cheeks
extends horizontally along the upper lip to the nostrils; passing under the eye, at a distance
about half way between the eye and the mouth.

As stated, this specimen is of very large size. When fresh, the head and body measured 124
inches ; as a preserved skin, with no unusual amount of stretching, it is rather more than 15
inches ; the tail vertebrae now measure 53 inches ; with the hairs, 7} inches. These dimensions
are considerably larger than in the P. noveboracensis. The end of the skull is much broader
than in this species or in the ermine of Europe, although the teeth are of the same size (more
widely separated). The posterior upper molar is even narrower than in skulls of P. novebora-
censis, of much smaller size. Its much lighter tints above, and the greater extent of the paler
color of the under parts, (over all the legs, beneath the base of the tail, upper lip, &c.,) with
the stiffer hairs, as well as its size, distinguish it from the other described American ermines.
The tail is much longer and with a shorter brush than in the Europeanermine. In some respects
it resembles the P. nigripes, Audubon and Bachman, but is smaller, has a longer tail, is 5 without
the black of the head and feet, &c.

The specimen described was taken on Milk river, upper Missouri, by Dr. Suckley, in August,
1853. Whether it turns white in winter is not known.

MAMMALS—MARTINAE—PUTORIUS LONGICAUDA. 171
Measurements. +22.8,, Milk river, Nebraska.
Fresh speci- Skin.

mens.

Inches. Inches.
lela GvaGl [Ni ao oe Seeds essa Se Senoee ce OS See eee 11 15}
Stay eve ne Site = aetna ee ae ae ante ae a 54 5}
PPE EON CHG Ol MANS teetcetnte teet aia) Sate tom el cere a 63 7
Circumference of head at ears. ..-......----.--.+.....-- Eee | eee eerie
Circumference.of throat under shoulders ~-.-.--------- eee a \.
CincumfprencevoMloMiysase- Sa- = oes ee tae cone eee se Aare) eee see \
HOreareito Wiese ae ate eens oaesto omes eae ST ee Sarma 7"
LIRTENG TSS = = Re te Sa See Bao Ses Sep eee ne eee ae eee aoe =
RiDig eee ae ee ea te ee ee = aa 1: ee eee,
TIP ests Gl ayy O takONG TOO tse mere ee ess eed ae 4
Distance between upper incisors, (outside) --.----.-----|------------ rob

Smaller specimens from the Missouri river and west differ from P. noveboracensis in a greater
extent of the light color on the belly, and in having this of a very decided pale saffron yellow.
The chin and under surface of the head, however, are white.
with a greenish tinge.

The upper parts are lighter, and
Winter specimens are pure white, with black tip to the tail.

Their general appearance is much the same with that of number 225, although they are
smaller; the shade of brown above, and other features, are very similar. There is nearly the
same indistinctness in the line of separation between the colors of the back and belly, the more
yellowish tinge generally. The light color of the belly is considerably wider in all these than
in P. noveboracensis.

Tf all the specimens of long tailed ermines from the Missouri region differ from the New
York species, as I am inclined to suspect, then it is the more probable that they are the same
with the Carlton House variety with long tail, referred to in Richardson’s Fauna Boreale-
Americana, as quoted above. I have little doubt that the two large species I describe are
different ; should they prove the same, however, then Bonaparte’s name must be retained as
having priority.

List of specimens.

- se :
2 ls F |
EI e é 2 From tip of nose | Tail to end of—
5 se Sp Locality. When Whence obtained. | Nature of spe- to— Collected by—
& ae 3 collected. 3 cimen. ae
= 30 a | i
3 = i ‘ Occip.| Tail. | Verteb.| Hairs.
i-} ov =
1S) o m ()
225 | 1873 |...00. Milk river, Up. Mo.| Aug., 1853...) Gov. I. I. Stevens.|....++ SKin. ..ccccesloocesces Dr. Geo. Suckley.
1878 | 2576 Laramie river, Neb.| Aug. 4, 1856 | Lt. F. T. Bryan...) 207 |...do ........ 2.38 W.S.‘'Vood.....
?
1879 | 2577 | Gf |.....- UGtectseciiciccse Auge 5, 1856). .0ccdO'ecscseea.| 210" 5100 cedsccee| 2.98 | 10.75] 5.75 | 725 |. ecece dO ..cccceee
i oo Coen Long Lake, Neb....| Oct., 1856.... Dr. F. V. Hayden.
LIST | ccecce|eccves Yellowstone........ RUB r 5 LEOG) onic nn scleedO ovasisiccisa|sieevee|sosQO cuvsisces|scceasss|euveesec|csnsisens|sccececs|esenss dO)... ecccee
PROG i atassslewnssls Fort Clark, Neb...) Winter so00cseccccsO . 5. ccccee|scccce| SHIM § WHILCs.| veecccelocccccce|cocerccc|acccccec|sccccs dO .cccccvee
= OES pon Beeeee Reece dO}. caedeselsase TO aroeandl iccoe oséenaeocusd busccd| Hadi aaancsee| teocborn Seccndad beeeeccid Meccened easece dojacertvres

172 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

PUTORIUS KANEII, Baird.

Kane’s Ermine.

Se. Co.—Length to tail, about 8 inches. Tail vertebre about one-sixth this length. Black of tail, one-half the total length.
In summer, brown above ; edge of upper lip whitish. In winter, white ; tail with black tip.

Among the collections of the North Pacific and Behring’s Straits Expedition is a weasel,
found in large numbers in the Tchucktchi country, which, though much smaller than the true
old world ermine, is yet a perfect miniature of it. If Putorius agilis and noveboracensis be
really distinct, the same law would hold good in regard to the specimen in question and the
large ermines. The feet are small, with the naked balls quite distinct. The tail is very short,
the vertebree extending only about half an inch beyond the outstrétched hind feet ; it is tipped
with long hairs, forming about two-fifths the total length, and more than half the vertebral
portion. The black tip on the under surface is fully half the total length of the tail.

The fur is soft and fine; above of a rather dark chestnut brown; beneath, sulphur yellow;
the under part of the head, and a wide margin to the upper jaw, are white. The feet are yel-
lowish white, but there is no white about the ears.

A winter specimen, 1458, from Semipalatinsk, Siberia, is very similar in size and the charac-
ters of the tail. The black extends further on the tail. The whole remaining color is pure
white, with a sulphur tinge in places.

Compared with summer specimens of the ermine from north Sweden, the size is much less ;
the tail perhaps a little longer, the terminal hairs shorter; the black tip less extensive, occu-
pying not more than half the total length, instead of nearly two-thirds. The end of the verte-
bre falls considerably in advance of the posterior third of the black tip, instead of considerably
behind it as in P. erminea. The winter specimen differs in about the same characters.!

The animal is about the size of the American P. cicognani, which it otherwise greatly resembles
and represents. The tail is, however, shorter, thicker, and the terminal hairs are longer; the
black tip occupies, likewise, a larger portion of the tail.

As the most Arctic mammal it may ever be my privilege to name, and especially as an ermine,
the emblem of spotless purity and integrity, I propose to call it after Dr. Kane, the devoted
martyr to the cause of science and humanity, and thus impose upon it an appellation which
will be understood and appreciated in whatever portion of the world this description may be
read. If Bonaparte were justified in calling an American animal after an Italian patriot, surely
we may be pardoned for commemorating in a similar manner one who in his life combined the
highest attributes of the hero, the patriot, the scholar, the Christian gentleman, and the devoted
relative and friend; one whose memory will ever be fresh in the hearts of his countrymen—
himself by acclamation a citizen of the world.

The following proportional measurements will illustrate the relation between this species and
the P. erminea.

1 For purposes of comparison with this and other species, I give the following diagnosis of the European ermine :
P. erminea.—Length to tail about ten inches, Tail vertebre about one-fifth this length. Black of tail two-thirds its total
length. Terminal caudal hairs very long. Above, olivaceous brown. In winter, white. Tail with long black tip.

MAMMALS—MARTINAE—PUTORIUS FRENATUS. 173

Measurements.
P. kaneit. P. erminea.

2330. 1458. 382.

Mipiotsnorepe tates = ona awe ec oe wanes caw 8. 50 8. 50 10. 50

arlteiend)of vertebra. --==5--222-- n= =s-c-n= 2. 60 1.90 2.75

Tail tovendiof Hairs) <<. 35452-- 25-25 tae = 4.00 3. 40 5. 00

lebUlstals epoca hoor caanon es 2 eee eis Se eee ee 1. 35. 1.35 1.90

Black of thettall= ssee see se a eee nasa oe 2.00 1.80 3. 40

List of specimens.
Catalogue Locality. When collected. Whence obtained. Nature of spe-
number. cimen.

1458 | Semipalatinsk, Siberia -.....-..-.---- Winter = -=-- Dr) G.sHartlaubt ss su25 seca SHOE pay
2330! | Tchucktchi county, Kamtschatka--_---- Summer------ Capt. J. Redgers, U. S. N --------|--- Glo a ae

PUTORIUS FRENATUS.
Bridled Weasel.
Mustela frenata, Licut. Darstell. Siugt. 1827—1834 ; pl. xlii.
Aup. & Bacu. J. A. N. Se. VIII, 11, 1842, 291.
Mustela frenata, Gray, Zool. Sulphur, 1844, 31; pl. ix. (Head.)
Mustela (Gale) frenata, Wacner. Suppl. Schreb. Siugt. If, 1841, 234.
Putorius frenata, Aup. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. II, 1851, 71. (Plate Ix. ?)
?? ‘t Mustela brasiliensis, Sewast. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. IV, 1811, 356; tab. iv.”
‘© D’Ors. Voyage Amer. Mer. Mam.; pl. iii, f. 3, skull.”

Sp. Cu.—Tail vertebre rather more than half the length of body ; the terminal hairs one-fifth to one-sixth this length. Head
above, dark brown, nearly black, with three white marks, one between the eyes, and another in advance of each ear. Above,
chestnut brown ; beneath, yellowish white. Tail tipped with black.

The body of this species is slender and elongated ; the limbs rather short ; the tail vertebrae
rather more than half the length of the body. The ears are moderately long and high, coated
with hair on both sides; more or less naked within the meatus. The posterior edge of the ear
is split into two lamin, as usual in the weasels. The eye is rather large, its centre situated
about half way between the nose and the anterior edge of the meatus. There are seven folds of
the gum, of which the anterior two are convex anteriorly ; the next three bow-shaped, or in a
double curve ; all five continuous across the palate, except, perhaps, the last one; the posterior
two are likewise convex anteriorly, but interrupted in the centre. There is also a pair of

1 Collected by Mr. Stimpson on the island of Arikamtchitchi, in Behring Straits, who informs me that of many specimens
seen, all were of this diminutive size.

174 U. S&S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

caruncles between the sixth and seventh, near the median line. The feet are broad, and the
digits connected by a thickened skin, which extends nearly to the end of the second phalanx.
There are ten naked balls on the fore foot, five at the ends of the fingers, four on the palm, and
one on the wrist. When the fingers are all drawn up, there are seven balls on the exterior of
the hand, two inside, and one posterior to all the others. The bulb situated at the base of the
third and fourth fingers is much larger than the rest, and may be considered as formed by the
union of two bulbs. The four palmar bulbs are not separated by hairs. The skin between
these and the posterior bulb, as well as between these and the fingers, is covered with dense
hairs. There are nine naked balls on the hind feet, the posterior one being wanting, the
arrangement of which is precisely similar to that of the fore feet. The third digit of both feet
is longest ; then fourth, second, fifth, and first.—(Taken from a specimen in alcohol.)

The prevailing color of the upper parts and sides is a chestnut brown; the lower parts
generally yellowish white, with occasionally a tinge of brownish. The line of separation passes
a little below the middle of the sides all the way from the ear to the hind legs. The inside of
the limbs, the whole hands, and the inner edges and toes of the hind feet, brownish white. The
under surface of the head is of a purer white, this color also running out to a point, from the
angle of the mouth along the edge of the lip to about opposite the canines. The head, including
the ears and a slight suffusion on the sides of the neck, are rich blackish brown, with a triangular
patch of whitish in the middle of the forehead, between the eyes, and another on either side
still larger, running obliquely forwards to this spot in advance of the ear and confluent with
the paler under parts. In some specimens these three patches are connected, thus entirely
separating the dark brown muzzle, orbital region and cheeks from the sinciput. The tail is
colored like the back, (a little paler beneath,) with about two inches of the tip dark brownish
black.

In none of the specimens before me are the under parts pure white, as described by Lichten-
stein; all the adults have, however, been preserved in alcohol, which is well known to alter
white to yellowish. One ortwo specimens, indeed, are bright gamboge yellow beneath ; other-
wise, among nine specimens before me, there is little or no variation either in tint or pattern.

The measurements in the annexed table are all taken from specimens preserved entire in
alcohol, and of dimensions representing the very old, half grown, and very young stages. The
proportional dimensions will be seen to vary considerably, the tail becoming decidedly longer
in the adult. Most prepared skins give an inaccurate idea of size, owing to the great extensi-
bility of the neck in the weasels. Thus askin from Ringgold Barracks measures thirteen inches
in length of head and body; tail to end of vertebree, 6;8,; to end of hairs, 712; yet it is evidently
no larger than the largest specimen given in the table, probably not so large.

MAMMALS—MARTINAE—PUTORIUS FRENATUS. 175

General dimensions. Specimens in alcohol.

Inches. Lines. Inches. Lines. Inches. Lines.
INORe:tO) OCCipn tar ee ceneee seamen ae oo 2 9 1 11 | 1 84
LY RV Eboor ince So teceee oorecroseectietenes| Seo nererod Rare ae eee | ee ee 9) WWkeoroeecse 64
to ear .--------------------.--------~---|----------|-2--------||---------- PSS \\eaee anes 12
tO TOOWOL matte een aie 11 7 2 6) Nee
to end of outstretched hind legs --....__--- 14 9 8 8 2
Tail, from root to end of vertebre......-----__-_ 6 9 3 7 3 1
from root to end of hairs......--..-----..- 7 10 ey eee 3 43
Ears, height internally above skull ._....-...---|.--------- (an) |e | CN eae eee 3
WidtttntQweeet 5 O00 A fi | eked 2 eco ee gene eee hs <alaSie) af asides RR 63
Arm, between claws across shoulders....-------- | 10 o.) WWeee menace atone an eel laaes akc aee|secceasaee
length’ of thamerus).--- 422... s2-2-22.556- 1 BR Re = ee oe ena cee || pero ase ae Sees =
from elbow to end of claws--------------- 2 6 1 10 1 63
Rrmepinop set seat cote. OME 3 LL Le 3 Bhp gle dere ah tells eee oa 8
Leg, from knee joint to end of claws -----_------ 3 8 2 4 Bu” Noes ceases
WDA maaan aa as ans sa casnas Sel eee 1 103 1 13 aes
hind foot from heel to end of claws.--------) 1 9 1 4} 1 1

This species is readily distinguishable from its American congeners, except P. xanthogenys,
by the singular patch of yellowish white on the forehead, and another anterior to each ear. It
is quite abundant about Matamoras and Brownsville, Texas, although it does not appear to
range further north, at least it has not been noticed in Texas except on the Rio Grande. Mr.
Clark procured a very fine specimen at Ringgold Barracks.

A specimen from the city of Mexico agrees rather better with the description of Lichtenstein.
The head is black considerably behind the ears; the under part almost pure white to the
middle of the belly, where a reddish tinge is visible. In size it is much less than Rio Grande
specimens, the feet not more than half as large as No. 200.

The following are the measurements of the specimen described by Lichtenstein.

Measurements.
Inches. | Lines.
Length from nose to tail -... ..-..--------.-- 11 6
Wail to:end, of yertebrss=-- -=s-2-5-sasheseeoees 6 4
MeCN T LOPE HU! Ole BINS Seen cy ee Se eee 7 2
ead Toowwrom heel! 2>. 2. 352k -fea5 82 hee 1 ai

176 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT,

List of specimens.

Efe. : From tip of nose to—| Tail to end of— =

3 35 5p Locality. Whence obtained. | Nature of spe- a Collected by—

3 1 oa | a cimen. =

f | = <

3 |s°e a ia

= 5 Fd Occip. Tail. | Verteb.| Hairs. | &

oan) nD A

| = Toma aes as TF |
1060)) icasen|eoeese City of Mexico ........ John Potts..... ... SKID cccccesee |e vcccceses 10.40 5.60 6.70. | 1.49.) . se. cccsdenehniesaase
200 | 1177 | ..... Ringgold Barracks ..... Maj. W. He EMOry-|. 0:0 scccdenecc|scnscccccslecceeevsselecasccen|scencescleseans John H. Olark......
|

239 |...e0s © | Matamoras, Mexico..,.| Lt. D. N. Couch ..}...d0 cecsccseeelecevcevece|-ccctecseelscecteeeleceeseeslecces Dr. L. Berlandier.
601 | 1724 O Jecceve WO cossdscus ciscaviacsan's Os occ eseves|ccslO....cceece 2.25 10,33 6.08 7.50. || occven}cooeh) | Soke eeReenee
602] 1725] Go J.scese Osc cclcccevcscenslecevee GO. cee cvccce «rO yonaeseser 2.00 8.25 4.66 5.00 |..ccen|.cvccccscsccsevecsscns
2320 | ..000- O Jecvece GO vewc vccceccccce|ccnces dO. sseecveees oO waccseecee 1.92 6.76 3.75 4.15 || 1.34 |eeccescunsuobuaseen
BIDTR vees'es O jevveee GO. eecccnsececcccleocecs GOs veccescoce In alcohol...... 1.72 6.00 2.90 S16 || LES i occen cdewecncabieyes
2322 |.....- OG) ices HOvecewaeessccecer|ssness ise ssoaeae 3160) cxcoin$ aotc| Pateonocc. 12.00: | (6275 || °6:92 | 170i) Feeeeseeeoeeeetenee
250 say oO} | Ne033 HG cseapelelenenlees| scenes dOawdeeanewes SO memes oes 2.18 7.15 | 4.75 | 5.28 | 1.45 | ccscccsdsesenesmene
2324 |. .c00. 20 pec WO sesectacasceres|oesses WO vecwieensmas dO secccceses 1.75 6.63 3.30 3.66 | 1.15 |. .cccccceeces: ossece
2325 |wecees O |ewsece GO. sccvccveccccee|sevece MO eaidinte cea GO) Sscocacocs 1,25 5.80 1.30 1.60 80 | .ccecevecssecrerenee

PUTORIUS XANTHOGENYS.

Yellow Cheeked Weasel.
Mustela xanthogenys, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H. X{, 1843, 118.—Is. Zool. Sulphur, 1844, 31; pl. ix.

Sp. Cu.—Similar to P. frenatus. Tail vertebre about half the length of the body; the hairs about one-eighth this length.
Head chestnut brown, little darker than the back; the three patches on the face reddish yellow ; body chestnut brown above,
reddish white beneath ; tip of tail black.

This species is closely related to P. frenatus in general characteristics of tint and pattern of
coloration. The ears are rather more acute than in P. frenatus,-and not so broad at the base.
The toes are longer and less fully webbed ; the under surfaces of all the feet more densely furred.
There are ten balls on the fore feet, but these are smaller than in P. frenatus; of the nine on
the: hind feet, two or three on the soles can with difficulty be made out, owing to their being
buried in the fur; the interspaces between all have short stiff hairs, instead of being nearly
naked. This may, however, depend somewhat on the season. The tail, though mutilated, is
apparently about half the length of the body.

The upper parts and sides are of a chestnut brown color; beneath, of a dull brownish or
rusty yellow. The chin is of a paler tint. There is a yellowish spot on the top of the muzzle
anterior to the eye, and a patch of the same commences acutely about midway on the edge of
the upper lip, and passes in a sub-crescentic direction behind the eye, about half way between it
and the ear, though not getting as high as the upper edge of the latter. The whole space
between the ear and the border just described is occupied by this color. There is a dusky spot
on each side of the lower jaw. The upper part of the head is a little deeper in color, though far
from having the intensity of P. frenata. The tail is like the back, dusky at the tip.

In the arrangement of the patches on the head, this specimen differs materially from P.
frenatus, as compared with nine specimens from Matamoras. The frontal patch is of much less
extent, and situated considerably further in advance of—not between the eyes—but on top of
the nose. The brown mask on the side of the head, instead of extending backward in an acute
point for twice the length of the lower jaw nearly to the ear, and with its upper edge parallel
with the base of the ear, as in P. frenatus, is quite abruptly truncated by the light patch, which
is thus broader at the base, but does not extend so high up. The under parts have a good deal

ae

MAMMALS—-MARTINAE—PUTORIUS VISON. 177

more of a reddish yellow tint. The other differences, as stated, consist in the smaller feet
more fully furred beneath, more acute ears, shorter tail, &c. ;

Many additional specimens of this species have been received from California since the pre-
ceding article was written, and although some of them indicate an approximation to P. frenatus,
yet they all admit of being readily separated. No. 1352, from San Francisco, has the anterior
portion of the head, as far back as the occiput, darker than the rest of the body, but it is far
from being black, nor does it extend back of the ears. The frontal blotch is yellowish white,
not pure white, and the lateral one is truncated behind, as described. The tail is not very
long. All the other specimens have even less brown on the head, and the yellow of the face is
brighter. The species thus far appears to be confined to the California coast.

List of specimens.

Ye | i é =
2 (8 ee ea Be "8 ae
g | 2 ce SS [eel
a z= Locality. When Whence obtained. Nature of spe- | = z = iS S Collected by—
& ae collected. cimen. 5 3 5 ° =
3° a 2 g = “4
gS /E Pe pemeery be ol MR ei
a S ° ‘a ‘3 Cy =
o o a B HA i=}
1601 |......| Sam Diego, Cal......... Apr. 22, 1856 | Dr. J. F. Hammond....,, Skin ......... 10.30 | 5.00 | 6.80 | 1.45 | 2.00 |......ecccencccccees
1602 |.00 2. Joecees GO silvia sia sseetaces $6 deO se ccccselacasiecus dO.o 5. se es ween} ses-AO ceccce cece 12,00 | 5.30,] 6.20 | 1.35.) 1.65 |sscoscscsececceccace
BLE? Vougass San Francisco, Cal..... Nov., 1855...| Lt. R. S. Williamson...|....d0......+0.+ 11.75 | 4.60 | 5.80 | 1,36 | 1.80 | Dr. J. S. Newberry.
Bea acces |woseee PGaidess cessive cued Jan., 1856....| Lt. W. P. Trowbridge..|....dO ..e.seeeee 12,00 | 5.50 |). 6260 }..1.62)}' 1.70 | .sesveveccveccccces
536 | 1849 | San Pablo Bay, Cal....|..eecseecesecs[eccecees GO csvcce vvecesr|ecrDO sesccccces 8.75 | 5.00 |....6. V.04.) 1. 42jlscamecccnvancscorees

PUTORIUS VISON.

Common Mink.

‘© Mustela lutreola, Forster, Philos. Trans. LXII, 371.’’
*« Sabine, in Franklin’s Narr. 1823, 652.”’

Mustela vison, Brisson, Quad. 1756, 246.

Scureser, Saugt. III, 1778, 463; tab exxviif

Gmae.in, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 94.

Cuvier, R. Anim. I, 1817.

Hartan, Fauna Americana, 1825, 63.

Maxim. Reise I, 1839, 213.
Mustela (Martes) vison, Desm. Mamm. I, 1820, 183.

Grirr. Cuv. V, 1827, 124. é
» Mustela (Putorius) vison, Ricu. F. B. A. I, 1829, 48.

Mustela (Lutreola) vison, Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. II, 1841, 241.”
Lutra vison, Suaw, Gen. Zool. 1, 1800, 448. (Vison of Buffon.)
Putorius vison, Gaprer, Zool. Jour. V, 1830, 202.

Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 37; pl. xi, f. 1.

Aun. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. I, 1849, 250; pl. xxxiii.
Mustela canadensis,‘ ERxteBen, Syst. Anim. I, 1777, 455.
Mustela canadensis, var. 8 vison, Bopp=rt, Elenchus Anim. I, 1784, 86, (from Buffon.)
Mustela winingus, Barron, Am. Phil. Trans. VI, 1809, 70. (Mink of St. Louis; no description.)
Mustela minz, Orv, Guthrie’s Geog. 2d Am. ed. II, 1815, 291, 298.
Mustela lutreocephala, Haran, F. A. 1825, 63. ,
? Mustela rufa, Ham. Smiru, in Jard. Nat. Lib. Mamm. XIII, 1842, 189, (perhaps pine marten.)
Vison, Burr. Hist. Anim. XIII, 1765, 308; pl. xliii. (This description, with those of Brisson and Pennant, under the

same name, all taken from the same specimen.)

* See preceding remarks on the history of Mustela pennantii, page 151.

23 L

178 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Vison weasel, PENNANT, Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 205.—Is. Arctic Zool. I, 1784, 78.
Lesser otter, Penn. Hist. Qaud. 1781, No. 228.
Minx, Penn. Arctic Zool. 1, 1784, 87.

Sp. Cu.—Tail about half as long as the body. ‘General color, rather dark brownish chestnut. Tail nearly black. End of
chin white, but not the edge of the upper jaw.

The well known mink of the United States is so much like an otter in appearance as to merit
the name of lutreola, equally well with its Old World representative. It is, however, a true
weasel, although in many points quite different from the smaller and more slender ermines.

(No. 1154.)—The head of the mink is broad and depressed, quite abruptly truncated anteriorly,
with the corners rounded. The naked mufile is a little broader than high above, about twice
the width of the septum.

The whiskers are long and rigid, arranged in four horizontal series, with a fifth less distinct
in the edge of the upper lip. There are several stiff long hairs behind the angles of the mouth,
as well as under the chin, opposite the centre of the skull. The eye is small, the centre half
way between the nose and the anterior border of the meatus. The ears are not so large as in
the ermines, rather longer than high, entire, except the lower half of the posterior margin,
which is split into two lamine ; both surfaces are rather thickly coated with hair.

The feet are large and broad, the anterior quite as broad as the hinder, but not so long. On
the fore foot the third toe is longest ; the fourth but little shorter ; then the second; the fifth is
intermediate between the first and second. In the hind foot the third and fourth are nearly
equal ; the second and fifth also equal, but shorter ; the first shortest. All the toes are webbed
at their bases, this extending farthest along between the third and fourth.

The balls of all the toes are naked and not at all overgrown with hairs, making five on each
foot. Behind these, under the metacarpus and metatarsus, are four others placed, respectively,
at the bases of the digits; one of these, larger than the rest, situated at the line of junction of
the third and fourth digits. On the fore foot is an additional pad near the outer edge, behind
the outer matacarpal pad, separated from it by hairs. There are narrow valleys between the
pads on the palms and soles, but no hairs, so that when stretched apart all appear as one naked
space. ‘To sum up, in a word, there are nine naked balls on the hind foot, and ten on the fore
foot. The under surfaces of the feet are well furred around these pads, except as described.
The tail is rather long and conical, tapering gently to the tip. Including the hairs, it is about
equal to half the length of head and body. There is a soft close under fur, with longer, coarser,
and very lustrous hairs intermixed. This is seen on the tail as well as the body.

This species is all over of a nearly uniform chestnut brown, not appreciably lighter beneath ;
the tail is considerably darker ; the end of the chin is white, as also a spot between the fore legs.

There is a great difference in the size of different specimens of this animal, and the gradations
between the extremes are so gentle in this respect, as well as in color, as to render it very difficult
to establish more than one species. Thus among the skins before me are two of very large size—
the one from near Vancouver’s island, (1025,) the other from the upper Missouri, (1755,)—in
which the entire pelage is a light yellowish brown, the feet of the same color, and the end of
the tail only a little darker. The body appears to have been almost as stout as that of an otter.

Some specimens have a slight tinge of gray in the chestnut, others are redder than the first
one described. In nearly all there is a white patch on the end of the chin, and others on the
throat, belly, or between the legs. Occasionally, however, a specimen is met with in which

MAMMALS—MARTINAE—PUTORIUS VISON. 179

there are no white spots whatever. The tail is generally darker than the body ; in most cases
nearly black in its terminal portion.

In the very great variation in size of different specimens, I would not be much surprised if
the upper Missouri should furnish a new species, characterized by its very large size, and
including number 1025. I am unwilling, however, to give a new name to this, in my ignorance
as to whether the eastern species of mink ever attains these dimensions. The difference in color
of the two mentioned above is not sufficient to constitute a species, especially as there is a dark
brown one (1751) equally large with the lighter colored, (1755,) and otherwise agreeing
perfectly with it.

Specimens from the south have coarser and stiffer hair than more northern ones. The feet in
summer generally are more naked than in winter.

I regret not having had the opportunity of comparing the American mink with its near
relative, P. lutreola of Europe and Asia, Judging from the descriptions of authors, this species
appears to be smaller, and to have the edges of the upper lip white, a feature which never occurs
in the American animal. It is one of the rarest of European mammals, very different from our
species, which is so well known to every farmer as the pest of his existence. Cases are not
unfrequent where a mink in a single night has killed twenty or thirty chickens or other
domestic fowls.

Inst of specimens.

Se 5 =a ess aca

ae F Blalé|2|

Beas | 2 ulate hie

e 33 So Locality. Whence obtained. = Nature of speci- aq 3 =; & 2 Collected by—

Se hie fps =z men. = ° Fy © ¢

S 26/8 7 | = s 8 2 k=

3 5 * ‘Eb g = =| = =

3 S S = i) a | 7) oO

o o n ° a is & A |

675 | 1847 .| Carlisle, Pa?...... cote ceeeceeecs S. F. Baird .....sse0. EAE

805 |..... , .| St. Simon’s island, Ga...... ..|G. Wiirdemann,. ....

2303 |..... .| Prairie Mer Rouge, La, .... James Fairie...

162 | 1145 |....]..... 0 60ccdO wcccccccesvecercccccs|sccccs do

SESH LIAG ioe ck sabes cisnse dO) ocene cecceeucedbovceliiaacec dO). seesicevesves|eces|scee
1390 |......|....| Bloomington, Ill......ee+ee++ee0++| R. Kennicott......... Seed bec

22329 |......|....| West Northfield, Ill........ eee nine Ae age .

1 Be Q |- -s0++---do 5 endl ensies!| ny BEI ¢ «cee 15.00 | 7.00 | 8.00 |......| 2.40 |...ssseeees Prory
Tl eee sssic| WASCORKIN.. cccenjecceeccs ict: .»..| Skin in alcohol.) 17.00 | 8.00 | 9.25 | 1.90 | 2.50 |......cssceessees
Lite ReRee «| Cannon Ball river, Neb Dry skin....... 20.00 | 8.25 | 9.95 |....0. 2.80 | Dr.F.V. Hayden.

PITSS |. 2000. -|'Fort Pierre, Neb. sss.scccceccsees rds |waevdO4. concinene 19.50 | 8.00 | 9.00 |-.sseclescsesisseves dO. cevecess
01023 | vcee .| Disputed island, near Vancouver’s | Dr. George Suckley ..| 64 |....d0.......+. 20.00) 7.00 | 7.50 |...... 3.00 | George Gibbs ...
island.

1423 |......|....| Klamath Lake, Cal. ....sersssesslevcees Wwe enereinns Aelescrl sensu lene amerrt | idcigess (ematwsta Seles |n-wae's a iaiaaice JeveeeedO ve eeeees
MELTS la sicere -| Upper Klamath Lake, Cal... «| Lt. R. 8S. Williamson..|....]....d0 ...seeeee 17.50 | 6.00 | 7,00 |....ee]seeees |Dr.J.S.Newberry.
vecceeleces San Francisco...... veceee ++.| Lt. Trowbridge ..... slecesleces

655 |.. ..++| Fort Steilacoom, W. T... +++| Dr. George Suckley ..

Men (eawestleces | OBNG MIRE, VWs Lisi ccc ccadsss|caedesQO vcovrvenncene
seceeseveedO,
200 .ecvcceece acces eens
woe eO cocve cecleveces|cocccs|eccees|eoccce|cescuclcoccvccccccsccese
«| Fort Steilacoom, W. T ....eccecnce|scccesd® sosccce socecelceee Skin in alcohol.|......|ssseeeleseees al flue Sei

1 From tip of nose to eye, 1.05; to ear, 2.15; to occiput, 3. 00.

180 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT,

PUTORIUS NIGRESCENS, Aud. & Bach.
Little Black Mink.
Putorius nigrescens, Aup. & Bacu. N. Am, Quad. III, 1853, 104; pl. exxiv. (Not in first edition.)

Sp. Ca.—Smaller than the common mink. Color, chestnut brown, glossed with black. Tail almost entirely black. End of
the chin white. :

It is with very great hesitation that I admit this animal to the rank of a distinct species from
the common mink; at least I have not yet been able to make such examinations and com-
parisons as satisfy me of the difference. It is true that in the northern States there is a mink
of usually small size, and of a considerably darker color and softer fur than others found further
south ; whether these are more than climatic differences, yet remains to be proved. Specimens
of very large size, from the upper Missouri and westward to the Pacific, are as dark as those
in northern New York, although referrible rather to P. vison, on account of their dimensions.

It is this species or variety that furnishes the most valuable mink skins ; those of best quality
readily yielding from three to five dollars each to the hunter. In fact, there is, perhaps, no fur
which approaches so near to that of the famed Russian sable as the northern black mink. In
nothing is the change of value effected by the caprices of fashion more strikingly illustrated
than in the case of this fur. Ten*years ago, ten cents would have been considered a good price
for the best skin to be found in a latitude such as that of Pennsylvania, and fifty cents for the
more northern ones. Since then, the value has increased at least ten-fold, owing to the greater
appreciation of the fur as an article of dress.

List of specimens.

ie | ray Ti | ee
ea lies 5 a s

a | #3 |. 3

S = = Locality. When Whence obtained. Nature of speci- =| z z =

A oe collected. men. ° 2 Gj =

2 | 8°é i 2 8 8 Ep

s x BD =| = =)

5 | 8 z a 5 |
O80 |... 0008 Middleboro’, Mass .......e00+.00- Nov. 22,1855: |"J.'W. Po Jenks. wsccceccccece SKIN sees sevcas 15.00 | 5.50 6250) | ]acecccce
1407 | 2254 | Essex county, N. VY ..cscsssceeees Winter ...... Dro iS, BE. Hale, vos seasinecocelococcecccuncires 13.00 | 5,50 6.50 1.80
TA08 | 2255 “|... cc ccvcce Obsnagas ass anaadewesiann i gseGO Ipiniy eia,nu)|iv en vie's oa Gn tain elv cieceiciealsiecicie| sinew kee se ene ee’ 16.00 | 6,50 8.00 2.30
028") ROIS [ices vonens CO ceccces cecesces coe) SEP, LB50. 0.) Soe Baird wed. ccccccseccne|scccccccvccusecs|ovvccseslecseccce|ccee ceselveswssce
TESS jecccccee Garrettsville; OWiI0 in. .nwecencnsn|ocnsncncnceens 8, Mi. Luther’. .....svevcssecs|entcunesctevcsss|eos Swissco e| eo cuienias wate sevelececnces
2716 |...cccee Fort Leavenworth... vcccsecceus|eccundeconcsss Lite D. N. COUCH, .ovcceresscclvrcncececvncvteslevcurecs|scercveslenceccen/seuseens

PUTORIUS NIGRIPES, Aud. & Bach.

Black-footed Ferret.
Putorius nigripes, Auv. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. II, 1851, 297 ; pl. xciii.

Sr. Cu.—Size of the pine marten. Tail, with hairs, one-third the length of head and body. Forehead, feet, and end of tail,
black. Body yellowish brown above, white beneath.

I have introduced the diagnosis of this remarkable species from Audubon and Bachman, not
having had the opportunity of seeing a specimen. Indeed, the only one known is that figured
and described in the North American Quadrupeds of the above mentioned authors, and collected
by Mr. Alexander Culbertson, on the lower waters of the Platte.

The length to root of tail of this specimen is given at 19 inches; of the vertebrae of the tail
at 4; and of the entire tail at 54 inches.

It is a little remarkable that so conspicuous and well marked a species should have eluded
the notice of all the recent explorers in the Platte region.

MAMMALS—MARTINAE—GULO LUSCUS. 181

GULO, Storr.

Gulo, Storr, *‘ Prod. Meth. Anim. 1780.’?

Teeth 38. Molars, five above and six below. Lower sectorial tooth without any internal tubercle. Soles densely hairy,
with six small naked pads. Tail about as long as the head, very full and bushy. Body stout, bear-like.

The genus Gulo, in all essential features of dentition and general structure, is closely allied to
the martens and weasels, though it differs so much in shape. In fact, the resemblance to a
small bear is so striking, that it has by several authors been placed among the Ursidae. From
this family, however, the densely pilose under surfaces of the feet, and its only partially plan-
tigrade character, independently of the skull and teeth, at once distinguish it.

The home ae of pp genus ‘ the same as in the typical martens, viz: incisors

3-3

“alas
jy canines molars + a aot ee

premolars 4— = 5

= => =

GULO LUSCUS.

W olverine.
A. Europran.

Mustela gulo, Linn, Syst. Nat. 1766, 67.

Ursus gulo, Scureser, Saugt. IT, 1778, 525; pl. exliv.

Gulo borealis, Niusson, Ill. fig. til Skand. Faun.
Keyseruine & Brasius, Europ. Wirbelt. 1842, 66.
Wacener, Suppl. Schreb. IT, 1841, 246.

B. AMeErRIcaAn.

Ursus luscus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1, 1758, 47.—Is. 12th ed. I, 1766, 71.
ErxesBen, Syst. I, 1777, 167.
Scureser, Sauget. III, 1778, 539..
Suaw, Gen. Zool. I, 1800, 462; pl. exv, (from Edwards.)
Gulo luscus, ‘‘ Sazine, in Narr. Franklin’s First Voyage, 650.”’
Ricu. F. B, A. I, 1829, 41.
Deray, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 27; pl. xii. f. 2.
Aun. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. I, 1849, 203; pl. xxvi.
Gulo arcticus, Desm. Mamm. I, 1820, 174. Var. A.
Harzan, F. Am. 1825, 60.
Gulo wolverene, Grirr. Cuv. V, 1827, 117.
Meles luscus, Bopparrr, Elenchus Anim. I, 1784, 80.
Wolverine, Pennant, Hist. Quad. 1781, Nos. 176, 177.—Is. Arctic Zoology, I, 1784, 66. (Leverian Museum.)
Cuurcu, Cabinet of Quadrupeds, IT, 1805 ; plate.

Sp. Ca.—Dark brown. Tail, (except at base,) legs, and beneath, black. A lighter broad band on flanks, passing over the
base of the tailandrump. A grizzled light patch along the temples.

’

The materials at my command are not such as to allow of a very satisfactory account of the
American wolverine, as there is no skull and only a single skin.

The head is somewhat pointed, and in shape closely resembles that of a bear. The mufile is
naked for about half an inch from the end of the snout, the line of separation from the hair
being transverse. The septum is naked, and the naked space on the anterior portion of the
muzzle extends to the edge of the upper lip, narrowing as it descends. The eyes are very small,

182 U. 9. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—-GENERAL REPORT.

scarcely exceeding those of the domesticated rabbit. The ears, too, are very small, and nearly
concealed in the fur, longer than high, and well coated on both sides with hair.

The feet are large and powerful. The claws are large, sharp, and much curved ; those of
the fore feet largest. The soles of the fore feet are densely covered with stiff bristly hairs,
excepting on the balls of the toes. There is also a large naked patch beneath the carpus. The
first front toe is placed considerably behind the rest, although its claw reaches nearly to the
base of that adjacent to it. The fourth toe and claw are considerably longest; the third claw
reaches about half way along the fourth ; the fifth is a little less, the second is still less. The
longest of the hind claws is the third; the fourth is a little shorter, then the second, fifth,
and first. As far as discernible in the skin, the balls of the toes are naked, making five pads,
and there is a sixth under the metatarsus. The tail measures from one-third to one-fourth the
length of head and body ; it is very thick and densely bushy, with very long hairs, which are
shorter at the tip, thus imparting a subtruncate appearance.

The hair is nearly as full and long as that of the black bear, the long staple is coarser, and
there is among its roots a good deal of rather coarse, wiry, crimped wool.

The most prominent color is a dark purplish brown; the tail, except at the base, the limbs,
and under parts generally, nearly black. The flanks, commencing behind the axille and pass-
ing backwards over the base of the tail, are of a paler tint of chestnut brown, which gives rise,
laterally and posteriorly, to a light border to the dark color of the back. There is a grizzled
patch of mixed hoary and chestnut hairs passing from the central line of the forehead above
the eyes alon,y the temples and a little obliquely to the ears. There is a tuft of white hairs on
each side of the neck, and another between the legs.

Dimensions of No. 45.

rr

Inches.
Length tooot-of tails--2 22-2. So 2oe. ee ee oe 36
Tailto end"6burertebim,.2 5-25-50 o9se oe enna 9
Warl'40'end (Of halts: eee oe ein elnino ele 14
Longest hairs of the tail_...-...-..-----.---..--- 7
Longest hairs of the body ----------.--.--.--.--- 4

The specimen described above is unusually large, considerably exceeding those mentioned by
Audubon and Bachman and Richardson. It was brought to Fort Union from some of the posts
towards the Rocky Mountains.

I have no European specimens before me for comparison, but the wolverine is now pretty gen-
erally considered to be identical with the glutton of Europe. First described by Linnzus as
Ursus gulo, this specific name was lost when taken fora generic one. The name next in priority
was the Ursus luscus of Linneeus, founded on a specimen brought from America. Should, there-
fore, it become expedient to separate the Old and New World species, the name of Glo luscus
will remain for the American, the European receiving that of Gulo borealis or arcticus.

The wolverine is confined, in North America, to the more boreal regions. Occasionally met
with in northern New York, it is more abundant further north. It is found at times in the
Black Hills of the Missouri, but it is most numerous in the Rocky Mountains and towards the
polar circle. 'The most southern locality known in the west is the basin of the Great Salt Lake.

le -

ee a ae

MAMMALS—LUTRINAE. 183

This animal is known throughout the United States as wolverine, sometimes as carcajou. In
Europe it bears the name of glutton, and in both countries almost fabulous accounts are preva-
lent of its ferocity and cunning. In the American fur countries they are very annoying to
trappers from their propensity to follow their lines of marten traps, and devour either the bait
or the animals captured. They also do much mischief by tearing up the cachés of provisions
or peltry, and either destroying or devouring the contents.

List of specimens.

Loéality. Whence obtained. Nature of specimen.

number.

45 Northwest of Fort Union, Nebraska..-...-- A. Culbertson and E. T. Denig --...-.-.- Driediskin 2-5...

Sus-Famiry LUTRINAE.

Mustelidae with the posterior upper tubercular molar large, quadrate. Number of molars the same in each jaw. Feet short,
palmated.

The typical otters bear a strong resemblance to the minks, the last mentioned group of the
weasels, although the skull and teeth approximate much more closely to the Melinae. The
body is elongated, the feet short, the toes palmated. The species are generally of large size,
and all more or less aquatic.

The group of the otters embraces three principal genera—Lutra, Pterwra, and Enhydris.
The former again has been subdivided into those with claws, well developed, and those with
very rudimentary ones, or none at all. Péerura is a South American genus, having the tail
dilated laterally on either side. Of Lutra, North America probably possesses two species; of
Enhydris, one.

184 U. Ss P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

LU. mA ne

Lutra, Linn. “ Syst. Nat. I, 1735.”

Gen. Cu.—Body elongated, feet short, palmated; digits distinct, the central longer than the exterior ones ; tail moderate,
depressed, rounded at the sides.

The skull of the otters, in general, resembles that of the Martinae, but is more depressed, and
more contracted behind the orbital processes. The top of the skull is nearly straight, and
almost parallel with the margin of the lower jaw.

The dental formula is: incisors, =, canines, cs ; premolars, cages molars, = = oe 36.

The genus is very widely distributed, being found in all quarters of the globe. The species
resemble each other, and are separated with great difficulty, owing to their plain colors; they
differ in the extent and character of the naked mufile, the palmation and hairiness of the feet,

details of the skull, &c. America has one strongly marked species, with several varieties,

according to authors; whether the Lutra californica, of Gray, from the Pacific slope, be really

distinct from that of the Atlantic, is yet to be finally ascertained by the examination of more
specimens than are now accessible to the student.

LUTRA CANADENSIS, Sab.

American Otter.

Lutra canadensis, Jos. Sanine, Zool. App. Frankl. Jour., 1823, €53.
F. Cuy. Dict. des Se. Nat. XX VII, 1823, 242.
: Grirritus’ Cuv. V, 1827, 130.
Rica. F. B. Am. |, 1829, 57.
Fiscuer, Syn. 1829, 225.
Pr. Maxim. Reise in das innere Nord Am. I, 1839, 211.
Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 39; pl. iii, £1; pl. xxxiii, £1, 2,3. (Skull.)
Aun. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. II, 1851, 2; pl. li.
Giese, Siugt. 1855, 789.
Lutra latazina, F. Cov. Dict. des Sc. Nat. XX VII, 1823, 242.—Is. Suppl. Buff. 1, Mammif. 1831, 203.
Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829.
Lutra brasiliensis, Harvan, F. Am. 1825, 72.
Gopman, Am. N. H. I, 1831, 222.
Lutra hudsonica, F. Cuy. Suppl. Buffon, I, Mammif. 1831, 194.
Lutra vulgaris, var. canadensis, WAGNER, Suppl. Schreb, II, 1841, 256.
“© Latazina mollis, Gray’’.'
Lutra canadensis, var. Lataxina mollis, Gray, Aud. & Bach. N. A. Quad. III, 1853, 97; pl. exxii.

Sp. Cu.—Length about 43 feet. Muzzle longer than wide, sending down a naked point along the median line of the upper
lip anteriorly. Under surfaces of the feet so covered with hair towards the circumference as completely to isolate the naked
pads of the tips. A hairy strip extending forward from beneath the carpus on the palm. Color above, liver brown, barely
lighter beneath; inferior surface and sides of head and neck dirty whitish.

General form musteline. Head broad and blunt, neck long. Body depressed, low ; legs
short. Tail long, tapering, much depressed, about three-fifths as long as the head and body.

The naked muzzle is quite large, its posterior outline running up into the forehead, so as to
be as long, or rather longer than broad; this outline is decidedly A -shaped, the acute angle
behind ; the lines are not quite straight, but slightly sigmoid. The anterior outline of the

' [ have not been able to find this quotation.

ee ae

ao -

MAMMALS—LUTRINAE—LUTRA CANADENSIS. 185

muzzle is gently semi-circular, and x teriorly sends down a narrow point, dividing the hair
of the lip over about one-sixth of its length. The nostrils are large and open, their posterior
line extending not beyond the centre of the naked mufile.

The whiskers are arranged in numerous rows, the precise number not being determinable in
the dry skins examined by me. There is a clump of three or four stiff bristles over the eye, a
rather larger number behind the eye, several behind the angle of the mouth, and some scattered
under the chin. The eyes are very small, the orbits not exceeding half an inch in length.
The ear is small, tapering, but rounded at the tip, rather higher than wide, (a little more than
half an inch.) The eye is considerably in advance of the median point between the ear and tip
of muzzle.

The feet are broad and webbed to a point opposite the root of the claws, the greater portion of
the terminal naked pads being free. In the fore feet the palms or under surfaces are entirely
hairy, excepting the central basal portion, which is naked and papillose; there is, however, a
small peninsula of hair extending forward in this naked space from below the carpal joint.
The pads at the ends of the toes are naked, but they are entirely cut off from the naked central
portion by the hairy area. The fingers, when spread out, have their tips nearly in the circum-
ference of a semi-circle described from the centre of the palm as a centre, the central one rather
longer. When laid side by side, the third finger is longest, the fourth and second successively
a little shorter ; the first shorter than the fifth.

The characteristics of the hind feet are much like those of the fore feet, the inside surfaces or
soles are hairy over the membranes, the central basal portion being naked. The naked pads
are entirely isolated from the central bare spots by the hair on the membrane. The extreme
posterior portion of the heel is hairy. In the naked surface posteriorly are three small tuber-
cles. The tips of the claws, when the foot is outspread, are nearly in the circumference of a
circle. When the toes are close together the fourth claw projects furthest, the third is but little
shorter; the second reaches to the base of the third; that of the fifth falls short of the base of the
fourth ; that of the first reaches the penultimate articulation of the second toe.

The general color of the outer fur in a Washington specimen examined is a highly lustrous
dark liver brown, but little lighter on the belly. The under fur here is, however, decidedly
lighter, which imparts this general character to the pelage. On the sides of the head below
the eyes, (including the lips,) and on the chin, extending along the throat to between the legs,
the color is a dirty whitish, tinged with brown. The under fur generally is of a yellowish
white, like raw silk, at the base, and light liver brown at the tip, the latter color predominating
on the back, the former on the belly and sides. The legs and upper surfaces of the tail are
rather darker than elsewhere.

A skin of an otter from Fort Wayne agrees essentially with that described above, except in
having rather less hair on the under surfaces of the membrane of the fore feet.

A small otter (1877) from Fort Kearney is quite similar in the character of the feet. There
appears, however, to be a greater space between the naked mufile and the edge of the lip ; the
width being rather greater than the length. The lower outline of the mufile is straight; the
upper quite acute, as described.

There has been considerable uncertainty in reference to the number of species of otters in the
interior of the United States, and some naturalists have even insisted that there was but one,
and that identical with the European Lutra vulgaris. Of the incorrectness of this latter view,
a comparison of specimens will at once convince the observer. Whether we have two species

24 L

186 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

east of the Rocky Mountains I am unprepared to say, the only specimens I have had an oppor-
tunity of examining are all referrible to the Lutra canadensis of authors ; what is the precise
value of the L. lataxina of F. Cuvier, from Carolina, or of the ZL. mollis of Gray, from Hudson’s
Bay, I cannot now decide.

The character of Lutra lataxina rests mainly, according to Cuvier, upon the straightness or
even concavity of the superior outline of the skull, from occiput to the end of the nasal bones.
Ihave noticed this character in a very old skull from Carlisle ; younger specimens have this
profile rather more convex.

The correctness of the reference by some authors of a North American otter to the Lutra
brasiliensis is readily disproved by a comparison of specimens. The most striking difference is
seen in the muzzle, which in the latter species is entirely hairy, except around the nostrils,
instead of being naked, as in L. canadensis.

The differences between the American and European otters are very appreciable, both in
the external form and the skull.

In Lutra vulgaris the skull is less massive, more elongated, and narrower. The muzzle and
interorbital spaces are much narrower. The width of the muzzle behind the incisors is about
equal to its length, measured from the anterior edge of the orbit to the anterior end of the
intermaxillaries, while in Z. canadensis the width of the muzzle is considerably greater than its
length.

The most striking peculiarity of external form in the European species is the small size of the
naked muffle compared with the American. This, in a nearly grown skin, is only about four-
tenths of an inch wide, and about as long, instead of the eight-tenths of the other. The under
surfaces of the feet are entirely naked, instead of having the pads separated from the toes by
hair. The hair is composed almost entirely of under fur, the long hairs much more scattered
than in the other. The color has in it much more of chestnut brown, like the southern mink or
muskrat, and is not appreciably lighter beneath. This may, however, be a condition of age or
season.

The otter of the Pacific slope of North America differs in some tangible points from that of
the east, and has been described as Lutra californicus by Dr. J. EH. Gray.

List of specimens.

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MAMMALS—LUTRINAE—LUTRA CALIFORNICA. 187

LUTRA CALIFORNICA, Gray.

California Otter.
Lutra californica, J. E. Gray, Charlesworth’s Mag. Nat. Hist. 1, 1837, 580.

Sr.Cu.—Length about four anda half feet. Naked muzzle wider than long; no naked point sent down from its anterior edge.
Under surfaces of all the feet but little hairy; the naked terminal pads not isolated from the other bare portions by hair, except
in the central digits of the fore foot. The naked portion of the palm not invaded by hair from the carpal region.

Color above, liver brown, the long hairs with lighter tips ; not appreciably lighter on the belly. Sides and under surface of
head and the throat, dirty white.

In general form, as far as can be ascertained from the tanned skin, the otter collected by Dr.
Newberry resembles that found in the eastern States. The muzzle is large and runs posteriorly
into the forehead as an obtuse angle, with the apex slightly rounded ; anteriorly the outline is
sub semi-circular, and there is no acute naked point sent down along the median line. The width
of the muzzle slightly exceeds the length. The nostrils are slightly valvular, so as to be capable
of being closed by the impending projection of the side of the muzzle; they extend posteriorly
_ opposite the central point of the naked muffle. The whiskers are in numerous rows, and there
are tufts of similar stiff bristles over and behind the eye, behind the angle of the mouth, and
under the chin. The ears are very small, pointed, and higher than broad.

The tail is long, tapering, and depressed. It is about three-fifths as long as head and body
together. The legs are short, the feet rather large and well palmated. In the hands the web
extends as far as the bulbs of the fingers. The greater portion of the inferior surface or the
palm is free from hair ; some is, however, discernible between the outer fingers (first and fifth)
towards the exterior of the web, especially on that portion between adjoining fingers. The pads
or balls at the ends of the fingers are all naked, and the entire under surface of the first and
fifth fingers being bare, the pads of these fingers are connected with the naked palm by a
continuous naked space, instead of being isolated by hair, as in the three central ones. The
fourth finger is longest, the third little shorter ; next the fifth ; the second and then the first
are considerably less. The claws are large and stout, a little shorter than those on the hind
feet.

The hind feet are rather larger than the fore, but the proportions of the fingers are almost
precisely the same. The membrane between the toes is also of nearly equal extent. The
posterior third of the sole (from heel) is covered with hair, extending forwards into the naked
portion inan acute angle. The anterior two-thirds is entirely naked, except over that portion
of the web which extends between the toes. The terminal balls are entirely naked, and are
connected by a naked isthmus extending under the central line of the toes with the naked sole.
This isthmus covers most of the under surface of the first and fifth toes, but is narrower in the
others. There is a stiff fringe of bristly hairs along the exterior of the foot.

The fur of this animal is of two kinds: one long and scattered, stiff and lustrous ; the other
very close, soft, dense, and silky, and slightly crimped. The predominant color is a dark
chestnut, or rather light liver brown, not appreciably paler on the belly. The long hairs are
decidedly lighter at their tips, assuming more of the chestnut tinge. The sides of the head
and throat below the level of the eyes and ears, the upper lip, the under parts of the head and
throat, generally, are of a dirty white, purest on the side of head and edge of upper lip. The
legs and upper surface of the tail are rather darker than elsewhere.

188 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

There is apparently a preponderance of the light tips to the long hairs along the middle of
the back and on the sides of the tail. .

The concealed under fur is liver brown at the tip; that on the belly and sides being yellowish
white at the base, the amount and clearness of the white decreasing to the median line of the
back.

A comparison of this specimen with a very fine ZL. canadensis, killed in the Potomac river,
near Washington, presents the following differences :

The naked muzzle is decidedly shorter antero-posteriorly, the width remaining the same.
Length of the naked portion is less than its width, instead of being greater, as in the J.
canadensis. The angle of the posterior outline is consequently less acute and is shorter, not
running so far back on the forehead. The septum of the nostrils is narrower, and there is no
naked point running down from its middle line and partly bisecting the middle of the upper
lip, as in L. canadensis.

There is much less hair on the under surfaces of the feet. The peninsula of hair extending
forward over the naked portion of the sole in L. canadensis is wanting entirely, and there is
but little hair on the web between the fingers. The first, fourth, and fifth fingers are entirely
naked under their middle line, instead of having the balls isolated by hair from the naked palm.*
A nearly similar condition prevails in the hind feet, except that there is no hair on the middle
line of the inferior surface of any of the toes.

How far the characters thus adduced are sufficient to establish differences in species can only
be determined by a comparison of more specimens. All the eastern skins of otters I have seen
agree pretty well with the above description of L. canadensis, the hair on the under surface of
the feet being distinctly appreciable when the digits are approximated, which is not the case in
the California specimen. As a species has been instituted by Gray, I shall adopt it, whatever
hesitation I might feel at introducing a new name based on a single specimen.

A comparison of the skull of the California otter with that ot eastern specimens exhibits very
close affinities, both being distinguished from the European L. vulgaris by common character-
istics of great development of post orbital process of frontal bone, broad interorbital space, very
broad and short muzzle, &c.

List of specimens.

Measurements.
Catalogue | Correspond’ g Locality. When Whence obtained. |Natureoff Collected by—
. ale 7 . a 20) ?
number. | No. of skull. collected, specim’D | 1 oot | Tail.
of tail. |
1191 2029 Cascade Mts., O. | Sept., 1855 | Lt. R.S.Williamson.| Skin---| 33.00 | 19.00 | Dr. J.8. New-
T., lat. 44°, 160 ‘ berry.
miles south of

the Columbia.

MAMMALS—LUTRINAE—ENHYDRA MARINA, 189

ENHYDRA, Fleming.

** Enhydra, Fiemine, Philos. Zool. 11, 187.”
‘* Enydris, Licur. Darstellung, &c.

Sp. Cu.—Fore feet, fin-like in shape ; anteriorly four-lobed ; the lobe next to the outer longest, with two claws above ; hind
toes becoming shorter from the fifth to the first.

The sea otter, the sole representative of the genus as far as known, is an exceedingly remark-
able animal, with perhaps more resemblance to a seal than to the common otters. The head is
short and very broad; the nose obtuse, with a naked mufille, and with three rows of stiff horny
bristles. The digits of the fore feet are very short and firmly bound up in a thickened membrane,
which on the palmar surface is naked and granular. The hand is divided into four lobes,
representing the digits, excepting the third and fourth, which are bound together and bear two
claws above. The hind feet have the outer toes the longest, the rest descending from the fifth
to first ; the under surface hairy, except under the balls of the toes The hind feet are directed

‘much further backwards than in the common otters, in this respect resembling the seals, except
that in the latter the hind feet are crescentic in shape, owing to the middle toes being shorter
than the lateral.

The skull and teeth of the sea otter differ very appreciably from those of the true otters, and
well substantiate the generic separation of the two. The first small premolar of the upper jaw
on either side is wanting, making the total number two less, or thirty-four in all.

ENHYDRA MARINA.

Sea Otter.

* Lutra marina, STELLER, Noy. Comm. Petrop. II, 1751, 367; tab. xvi.’’
Erx.esen, Syst. 1777, 445.
Scureser, Saugt. III, 1778, 465; pl. exxviii.
Desmarest, Mam. J, 1820, 189.
Hartan, F. A. 1825, 72.
Gooman, Am. N. H. I, 1831, 228.
Waener, in Wiegm. Archiv, 1836, II, 281.
*© Enhydra marina, Fitemine, Phil. Zool. If, 1822, 187.”
GrirrF. Cuv. V, 1827, 132.
Martw, Pr. Zool. Soc. [V, 1836, 59. (Osteology.)
Aun. & Bacn N, A. Quad. III, 1853, 170; pl. exxxvii.
Enydris marina, Licut. Darst. Sdiugt. 1827, 34; tab. xlix, 1.
Erman, Reise um die Welt ; tab. xi, xii.
“* Wacener, Gelehrte Anzeige, I, 555.’’
Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. II, 1841, 274.
Latax marina, Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. R. A. 1842, 71.
Mustela lutris, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 66.
Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 92.
Phoca lutris, Pauias, Zoog. Rosso-As. I, 1831, 100.
Lutra lutris, F. Cuy. Suppl. Buff. I, Mammif. 1831, 204.
Enydris stelleri, (‘‘ Lesse Man.”’) Fiscuer, Syn. 1829, 229.
Enxdris gracilis, Fiscuer, Syn. 1829, 229.
Sea otter, Pennant, Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 230.—Is. Arctic Zool. 1.
1784, 88. (Leverian Museum.)

190 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

A single specimen of the sea otter was obtained at Steilacoom by Dr. Suckley. It was,
however, too imperfect to admit of any detailed description, the legs and tail being entirely
wanting. The size considerably exceeds that of the land otters of North America. The naked
muffle is larger and runs backwards, parting the hair on top of the snout, so as apparently to
be longer than broad. The ears are even smaller than in the common otters.

The long hairs of the sea otter are much more scattered and are longer than in the land otters.
The under and inner fur is also longer and softer, though the character is much the same. The
long hairs are mostly black, with the terminal portion dull brownish yellow, this predominating
on the sides. The under fur is light brownish gray at the base, becoming purplish brown to
the tip. The entire head is of a light brownish yellow.

The sea otter is an inhabitant of the Pacific coast in both hemispheres—on the American side
extending as far south, at least, as Monterey. Formerly very abundant, they are now becoming
more and more rare, owing to the war of extermination carried on against them on account of
the value of their fur. This is not so highly prized now as formerly, but is sufficiently sought
after to make the pursuit of the fur, still found on the coasts of California and Oregon, remune-
rative. According to Meare, the young have the fine fur completely overlaid by white hairs,
which, with increasing age, fall out, leaving a short blackish fur. When fully adult this is jet
black and very fine and lustrous, usually with a few white hairs interspersed. In extreme age
the fur changes to a dark brown, and is then of less value. The skins of the males are more
valued than those of the females, on account of the velvet-like texture of the fur.

Suz-Famny MELINAE.

Upper posterior tubercular molar very large; quadrate or triangular. Upper sectorial tooth with a large internal central
tubercle. Cheek teeth in both jaws unequal in number. Feet usually with naked soles ; fore claws very long, compressed, and
fossorial.

The present group embraces but a limited number of genera, each, with one exception, having
very few species. They are distributed through all parts of the world, although America pos-
sesses by far the largest number in its numerous species of skunks.

The genera recognized at the present time as belonging here are—WMeles, Taxidea, Mydaus,
Arctonyx, Mephitis, and Helictis. Meles has one European representative, the common badger ;
Mydaus, Arctonyx, and Helictis belong to southern Asia; while Zaaidea and Mephitis, with its
subdivisions, are peculiar to America—the former genus embracing the badger of the west, the
latter the skunks.

MAMMALS—MELINAE—MEPHITIS. 19]

MEPHITIS, Cuvier.

Mephitis, Cuvier, ‘* Lecons d’Anat. I, 1800.”’

Body elongated ; nose pointed ; feet fossorial, the anterior claws longest, soles usually naked ; tail long, bushy ; upper pos-
terior molar very large and nearly square. Color black, with white markings.

In the above diagnosis are indicated enough of the peculiarities of this genus to separate it
from its allies; there are, however, many other points to be referred to in anything like a full
statement of its distinguishing features. That by which the skunks are best known, namely,
the ineffably offensive odor of the secretion of the anal glands is shared, though in a less
degree, by nearly all the Mustelidae.

The body of the skunks is considerably more slender than in the badgers, their nearest allies,
and the long and densely haired tail, with the prevalent black color, varied by white stripes or
spots on the upper parts, in addition, readily distinguish them. The caudal hairs are very
thick, weak, and brittle, with somewhat the texture of antelope or deer hair ; their attachment
to the skin is very slight, especially those at the termina! portion. The tip of the tail is some-
times occupied by a rather slender tuft of hairs, inserted in the midst of the more bushy termi-
nation, and appearing to have but little connexion with it.

The head is quite small in proportion to the body, pointed, with a naked, acute, and pro-
jecting nose; the eyes are small and piercing, the ears short and rounded. The feet are short,
each with five closely united toes, with long claws; the anterior longest, sharp, compressed,
and not much curved ; eminently fossorial. The palms are naked ; the soles are naked, except
about on the posterior third from the heel, which is hairy ; in one species, (Jf. mesomelas,) the
entire sole is, however, hairy.

These animals usually walk on the greater part of the soles, with the back much curved, the
tail erect. They are strictly nocturnal; the food consists chiefly of animal substances.

The offensive liquid of the skunks, the foetid smell of which has passed into a proverb, is
secreted by two glands which empty directly into the rectum, and are enveloped in a thick mus-
cular membrane, the contraction of which causes the ejection of the fluid to a considerable
distance. This, when first discharged, is said to be quite phosphorescent at night. A very
slight degree of irritation is sufficient to cause the emission of the liquid, which, it is said,
may, however, be restrained by holding the animal up by the tail.

The dental formula of most species of Mephitis is similar to that of Putorius, viz: incisors
— canines = premolars = molars = == 34. In the sub-genus Zhiosmus, however,
one upper anterior premolar is wanting, reducing the number to 32. The genus may at once
be readily distinguished from the weasels by the large size of the posterior upper molar, which
is nearly square, quadrituberculate, as broad as long, and as long or longer than the sectorial
tooth anterior to it. The internal tubercle of this tooth is very greatly developed, so that the
crown is triangular. The lower sectorial molar (first true molar) has almost lost this carnivo-
rous character, owing to the development of tubercles, three on the inner border, two on the
outer, and one behind.

There appear to be two very well marked divisions, as established by Lichtenstein, in the
following diagnoses : .

Thiosmus.—Upper incisors linear, the outer stronger and longer than the intermediate ones ;

192 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

the lower equal, with a longitudinal groove in the posterior face. Upper molars, three on either
side ; lower, five, the anterior sometimes deciduous. The naked muzzle depressed, produced,
with the nostrils entirely inferior. Soles broad, naked. Tail moderate.

Mephitis.—Upper incisors nearly equal, the outer but little the stouter. Upper molars, four
on each side; lower, five, the anterior never deciduous. Snout srominent, not depressed ; nos-
trils lateral. Soles rather narrow, partially or entirely hairy.

All the North American species belong to the last division, excepting the Mephitis mesoleuca,
which is a Thiosmus.+

The species of these two divisions of Mephitis are confined to America, and extend through
both halves of the continent ; several of them are peculiar to Mexico. Of 7’hiosmus, two species
are Mexican, one of them extending into the United States; all the rest are South American,
where the restricted Mephitis does not occur.

MEPHITIS (THIOSMUS) MESOLEUCA.
White-Backed Skunk.

Mephitis mesoleuca, LicuTENsTEIN, Darstell. neuer Saugt. 1827, 34; tab, xliv. f. 2—Is. Abh. K. Akad. Berl, for
1836, 1838, 271; tab. i, f. 1. (Skull.)
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. II, 1841, 192 —Is. in plates of Schreber’s Sdugt. IV, exxi, A.
Scuinz. Syn. Mam. I, 1844, 319.
Aun. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. II, 1851, 18; pl. liii.
Mephitis nasuta, Benn. Pr. Zool. Soc. I, March, 1833, 39.
Fraser, Zoologia Typica, No. 4. Plate.
Thiosmus nasuta, Less. Nouv. Tableau R. Anim. 1842, 66.

Sp. Cx.—A broad, uninterrupted band of white, beginning abruptly at the nape as a transverse straight line, and occupying
the entire back to the tail, which also is entirely white.

A single specimen of this species was collected by Captain Pope, in Western Texas. It is,
however, in very poor condition, and does not furnish materials for an accurate description,
owing to the loss of the hind feet, &c.

The muzzle of this animal is elongated and much depressed ; naked for nearly an inch from
the end above, and half as much below—the hair extending a little further than this on the
sides. The nostrils are entirely inferior, not visible from above, or laterally.

The upper lateral incisors are rather larger and longer than the central. The lower incisors
with a furrow on their posterior side. According to Lichtenstein, there are but three upper
molars ; in the skull (1886) before me, however, a fourth is visible, next to the canines, but it
is very small and rudimeutary.

The body of this species, as in nearly all the others, is black, with the exception of the white
dorsal stripe. This begins op the middle of the crown, in a transverse straight line of an inch
in width, widens rapidly, so as on the middle of the back to occupy fully half the entire circum-
ference, contracts again to the base of the tail, where it is about two or three inches wide, and
then passes into the tail, which is entirely white throughout. There is no black enclosed in
the white of the back, this color being continuous throughout.

This species is similar, in some respects, to Mephitis leuconota of Lichtenstein ; this is, how-

' J, E. Gray, in Charlesworth’s Magazine of Natural History, I, 1837, 581, establishes two genera—Conepatus and Marputius—

the latter of which, to some extent, covers the ground of Thiosmus, and anticipates it in point of date ; though objectionable in
some respects, a strict regard for the law of priority may cause it to be retained.

MAMMALS—MELINAE—MEPHITIS VARIANS. 193

ever, much larger (almost equal in size to a fox); the tail is longer, and instead of being
entirely white, is of this color only on the top and the terminal half; the stripe, too, begins as an
acute angle on the vertex, instead of being decidedly truncate. Length, 17 inches; tail about 12.

This species was first described by Lichtenstein from a specimen caught near Chico, in Mexico,
and subsequently (?) a new name was given by Bennett to one from Lower California.

Not much information is on record as to the geographical distribution of this species. I have
seen but one specimen—that collected by Captain Pope on the Staked Plains. It is said by
Audubon and Bachman to be quite common in Texas. There is no indication of its occurrence
in Upper California.

List of specimens.

Catalogue Corresponding Locality. Whence obtained. bebe of specimen.
number. | No. of skull. |

790 | 1886 Western @exag 2. 03.2245. 3-2225_ Captain J. Pope, U. §. A..--..-- Skis See tees =

MEPHITIS VARIANS, Gray.
Texas Skunk.
Mephitis varians, J. E. Gray, Charlesworth’s Mag. N. H. 1, Oct. 1837, 581.
Mephitis macroura, Aup. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. III, 1853, 11; pl. cii. (Not of Lichtenstein.)

Sp. Cu.—Tail full, bushy, but attenuated and pointed towards the end, where the hairs are very long. WVertebre alone as
long asthe body. Color black; a narrow white frontal line. A white nuchal patch, broad and truncated anteriorly, and
extending between the ears ; then passing backwards, narrowing a little to between the shoulders, when it bifureates narrowly,
the branches passing along the sides to the hind legs ; another narrow white stripe on either side commences within the termina-
tion of these and runs out on the posterior half of the tail. The tail black, the hairs white on the basal half; there is a patch
on the middle of the tail, however, where the hairs are white to the end.

Length to root of tail, 15 inches. Vertebrw, 15. Terminal hairs, 33.

For a more detailed account of this skunk I would refer to the Report of the Zoology of the

United States and Mexican Boundary Survey; no specimens were collected by any of the Pacific
Railroad surveying parties.

This species was first described by Gray, as quoted above, and erroneously referred by Audu-
bon and Bachman to the MW. macrouwra of Lichtenstein, which is a very different species. It is
found throughout Texas, and is said to be very abundant. Its northern and southern range are
not ascertained, and it is not known as an inhabitant of California.

Inst of specimens. i

Catalog’ e| Correspond’g | Age & Locality. When Whence obtained. Original Nature of

number. | No. of skull.| sex. collected. number. specimen.
(Ub Ad bees sept O} |PMonteroy, Mex. 22272|-="-=s.s2=—5 | it DS iN. Couchs=—== = 218 Skin'.22s==-
250) | eee aoe ° Matamoras, Mex. -=.-=-=2|--2.=52-.5-- |----== OO )ae See es eS Pe eee Kitten -....
PEt fees tape oe FS O tes-s-==- Ci ae eee a ee toh oeey GOs 1S ede eo gee A I ayer me a
~ 1279 ILLS Lee Mier, exas! 2.28. 22h 52 April, 1852 | Major W. H. Emory.-|---------- Skin 22--=—
233? 1192) Esooee Eagle Pass, Texas ---..-- Sept. 1, 1833 | these’ C6 Co) ee ee eel |e a adOs aa se
pe ee ee eee eres

1 Collected by Dr. Berlandier. ? Collected by Arthur Schott.

25 L

194 U. 8S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

MEPHITIS OCCIDENTALIS, Baird.
California Skunk.
? Mephitis mesomelas, St. Hitarre, Voy. de la Venus, Zoologie, I, 1855, 133; plate.

Sp. Cu.—Size of a cat. Tail vertebre two-thirds the length of head and body. Bony palate with small narrow emargination
in the middle of its posterior edge. Color black, with a white nuchal patch, bifureating behind and reaching to the tail, which
is entirely black.

Judging from the skull this animal must have been of very large size, considerably exceeding
the average of North American specimens. The nose is large and broad, the hairs come on the
upper side to within about a quarter of an inch of the end, the nostrils, however, are terminal
and entirely lateral. The feet are very large and broad, considerably exceeding corresponding
specimens of the common eastern species. The soles are hairy on their posterior third. The
tail appears to be about equal in length to the head and body.

The color, as in most skunks, is black; there is a narrow line of white on the forehead
between the eyes; a nuchal patch commences back of the ears and extends to the shoulders,
then bifurcates into two narrow lines, which extend along the side of the back, diverging most
in its middle portion, and approximating towards the base of the tail, opposite which it abruptly
ceases—the two an inch or more apart. The exterior of the tail is entirely black ; the bases of
all the hairs are white, this color reaching nearer to the end of the hairs along the median
portion. A few scattered hairs, entirely white, are seen here and there, but they are not at all
prominent.

This species bears a close resemblance to the Mephitis varians, but is considerably stouter
and thicker, with stronger and broader feet. The tail is much shorter, entirely black externally,
instead of being invaded in its middle portion by white. The skulls are quite different. MM.
chinga has a much broader nuchai patch, a less continuous lateral stripe, a shorter tail, with a
white tip, not black; it is also without the notch in the bony palate.

This appears to be the animal that is figured in the Voyage de la Venus as the Mephitis meso-
melas of Lichtenstein. This cannot be the name, however, as the mesomelas is characterized
among all the skunks by the densely pilose soles, a feature wanting in the present specimen.
The description in the Voyage de la Venus makes no mention of the character of the soles.

The skull of the California skunk, three of which are before me, has a peculiarity I have seen
in no others. The posterior margin of the palate is concave in its outline, with a decided emar-
gination in the middle line, reaching nearly to the posterior edge of the last molar. In all
others this outline is either transverse, or the palate extends further backwards in its middle
line than on the sides, making a cordate outline.

Measurements.
7 Tail to end of— Length of— Skull.
Current Locality. Nose to Ss 4
number. tail. ‘
Verteb. Hairs. | Fore feet, na-| Hind feet. | Length. Width.
| ked portion.
| : eee tn ES
1944 Petaluma, Cal -......- 19. 25 12. 25 16. 00 2. 20 | 38.00 3. 36 2.06

MAMMALS—MELINAE—MEPHITIS MEPHITICA. 195

List of specimens.

Catalogue | Corresponding | Locality. | Whence obtained. | Nature of specimen.
numbers. | No of skull.

ete 2031 SET ENGTES: Ac A Nir JiGt Coop) ct. ca ee eens sion oD ke

ae eae 2434 Petaluma, Gal=----.-=- se a tf Hii Saneaela 22. 220 JS as |. ys (c Mee aE ny
144 "gare ESS Plas Ths a UR Oe i ams porate gis te tink ee shih): bi. Ree
ates pes a aia ae | Fort Steilacoom, W. T..-----.------| Dr. G. Suckley........ Seseeisss ee. [eee ee

MEPHITIS MEPHITICA.
Skunk.

Viverra mephitica, Suaw, Museum Leverianum, 1792, 172; plate.—Is. Gen. Zool. I, 1800, 390.
Mephitis chinga, Tiepemann, Zool. I, 1808, 362. (In part.)
Licut. Darst. Sdugt. 1827-34; plate xlv, f. 1.—Is. Ueber Mephitis, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berl. for
1836, (183%,) 280.
Maxim. Reise Nord. Amer. I, 1839, 250.
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. II, 1841, 198.
Aun. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. I, 1849, 317; pl. xlii.
Griese , Siugt. 1855, 766.
Mustela (Mephitis) americana, Desm. Mamm. I, 1820, 186.
Mephitis americana, Jos. Sanine, Zool. App. Franklin’s Journey, 1823, 653.
Hartan, Fauna Americana, 1825, 70.
Doucury's Cab. N. H. II, 1832, 193; pl. xvii.
Dexar, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 29; pl. xii, f. 1.
Mephilis americana var. hudsonica, Ricu. F. B. A. I, 1829, 55.
Chincha americana, Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. R. A. 1842, 67.
Mephitis chinche, (Tied.) Fiscuer, Syn. 1829, 160, (in part.)
Le chinche, St. Hit. & Cuy. Hist. des Mammif. IT, 1819; plate. (Louisiana. )

Sp. Cu.—Soles naked, except on the posterior third. Tail vertebra half the length of head and body, with hairs considerably
less. Color black; a narrow frontal line; a broad triangular nuchal patch, continuous, with a narrow line on either side of the
back, nearly to the tail, and a tuft at the end of the tail, white. The dorsal stripes sometimes broader; sometimes wanting, as
also the nuchal patch.

This species varies considerably in its markings, though individnals from the same locality
are usually quite similar. In a series of five specimens from Middleboro’, Massachusetts, the
prevailing color is, of course, black. There is a narrow white line on the forehead. Just back
of the ears, on the nape, commences a broad triangular patch of yellowish white, the base
anteriorly a transverse straight line of about two inches in width, and the length about one-half
greater. On the upper part of the neck, confluent with this patch, commence two narrow lines
of white, one on each side, which run parallel to each other for a few inches, then diverge rapidly
and cease abruptly a little beyond the middle of the body. The tail is black, with a narrow tuft
of white in the extreme tip; all the caudal hairs are white at the base. There is also a small
tuft of white hairs on each side of the tail near the base. One specimen lacks the terminal
white tuft, but this appears to have been lost or not grown out. In those possessing it the
white hairs project many inches beyond the end of the black ones, and are of a different texture.

A skin from Washington city is black, with the frontal narrow white line, and a crescentic
white patch on each side of the head, behind the ear; no nuchal patch whatever; there is a

196 U. Ss. P. R- R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

distinct terminal tuft of white. Another skin from Louisiana is similar, but lacks the terminal
tuft. Wherever there is a white tuft in specimens, it is constituted by hairs about six inches
long springing from the end of the vertebra, the longest black hairs in the same region being
only half this length.

I have never seen a skunk having so much white on the back as figured by Lichtenstein,
though this may be a common variety. The Middleboro’ specimens mentioned above, and still
more the western ones, 206 and 1864, agree pretty well in markings with the Mephitis
mesomelas of Lichtenstein, but are totaily distinct in lacking the hairy sole.

Measurements.
22 a eee 2 es
Tail to end of— | Skull.
Current Locality. Nose to Hind foot. | .
number. tail.
Verteb. Hairs. | Length. | Width.
1069 | Middleboro’, Mass.---------------- 16.50 8. 00 13. 00 2.00 eed eet Lars
UGS Go eee ees (OR Sa es Sas he ee ee 19. 00 9. 25 14, 25 2.50 | 2.90 1.81

A specimen collected by Dr. Suckley, on the Bois des Sioux, Minnesota, is of very large size,
exceeding in bulk quite a large cat. The head, as usual, is small in proportion to the body.
The ears are distinct and quite conspicuous ; less so, however, than in the weasels. They are
thinly coated, on both sides, with short hairs. The feet are large. The front claws are consid-
erably larger than the hinder ones; the central three about equal, but the third projecting
furthest on account of the longer toe; the fifth smaller, reaching to the middle of the fourth ;
the first smallest, extending to the base of the second. The entire palms and soles are naked

throughout, the skin roughened and horny.
The tail is bushy and full but rather short, the vertebre scarcely half the head and body.

The hairs on the tail are long, full, and bristly, measuring in places seven inches in length.
On the body there is a basal coat of ccarse woolly fur with longer hairs interspersed.

The body generally is of a rather lustrous brownish black. There is a narrow median white
line on the top of the head extending to the occiput. On the nape begins a rather broad stripe
of white which bifurcates at an acute angle over the shoulders, and passing along the upper
part of the sides extends a short distance on the sides of the tail where it disappears ; between
the white stripes the black of back and tail are continuous. The rest of the tail appears black,
but many of the hairs are seen to be grayish for most of their length from the base.

This specimen is much larger than the average of common skunks, measuring twenty-one
inches to the root of the tail, the vertebra of which are nine; its skull is much larger than
that of any eastern specimen I have seen. The fur is thinner and rather softer, though this
may be the effect of season. The ears are larger. Although the skulls of the skunks vary
little, yet there are here certain characters distinguishing the western specimens from the eastern.
Thus with the same breadth between the zygomata the cranium is narrower and tapers more
acutely behind. The last two upper molars are considerably larger in proportion, and the
penultimate one has the outer side of its cross section longer. A similar difference of size is dis-
cernible in the lower jaw. I have had no opportunity to examine skins illustrating the western
form except the one referred to, and one recently received, 1864, agreeing with it in color.

The common American skunk possesses a very wide range, and is especially abundant

MAMMALS—MELINAE—MEPHITIS BICOLOR. 19

throughout the Northern, Middle, and Central States.
the same, its distribution wiil be still wider. The specimen from Louisiana, besides the pecu-
liarity of color, differs from the northern ones before me in a narrower and more tapering skull
anteriorly, and may indicate a different species in the southwest.

From the very great similarity of the different species of American skunks, it becomes a
matter of much difficulty to settle their synonomy. The common species of eastern North
America, by many of the earlier authors, has been mixed up and entirely confounded with
those from South America of an entirely distinct genus, (Zhiosmus.) For this reason it becomes
impossible to quote the Viverra mephitis of Erxleben, Schreber, Gmelin, and other authors.

For a long time the name of Mephitis chinga, as imposed by Tiedemann, was supposed to be
the first name restricted to our common skunk. That of Viverra mephitica, given several
years before, however, seems to be entitled to replace it, the generic and specific names being
sufficiently distinct, and the alliteration not more objectionable than in many other fully accepted
species, as Mus musculus, &c.

Should the upper Missouri specimens be

List of specimens.

Catalog’e eects Locality. When Whence obtained. | Original |Nature of} Collected by—
number. | No. of skull. | collected. number. |specim’n

1068 2047 | Middleboro’, Mass----- Dec: L722 55) | UaWib- Jenksee= aes os | Skane a= [saa ee er
LS) (ee Sa | Pee eS W0ceresen = saa ae Deewd, 18dp)\fo2- == domwaaeae esas | tao naa EO o23| cone = eae
TOTO! 22 sees 2 So dos 22 esoe ee Dec. 351855) |F=- 2== C6 Co el (ee 220050. | 222-82 ee
AGG Ba S2 Soe sels dot Zhe. . sa Nov 205"55i|h=2222 GOS seein ss! hee ese S.d0ee lessee asses
1426 2292 = een doses a seeees- Spring, 1856 |------ dosee=se—see|2o-esa-2 200s 22) cone eeeeeeec
$1 Us | een eee Se Washington: DFC. eet |sa5 cassette anlar niclam ania ta ES doves 5| eoaeas— eee
A a Galcasieu! Wa. -S-5E st) s22--ceks=< GraWurdentann. £23\23-32— <-||-oaa ao) eee eee
? 206 1177 Bois de Sioux, Neb ---- 1853 Gov. I. I. Stevens- 3 --do.---| Dr. Geo. Suckley.
| 7S aa ag Heart river, Neb -.--.-- Sept. 21, °56 | Lt. G. K. Warren--|_-....-- --do..-.| Dr. F. V. Hayden.

MEPHITIS BICOLOR.

Little Striped Skunk.

Mephitis bicolor, J. E. Gray, Charlesworth’s Mag. N. H. I, 1837, 581.

Mephitis zorilla, Licurenstein, Ueber Mephitis, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, for 1836, (1838,) 281 ; tab. ii, f. 2.

* Te zorille, Burron, Hist. Nat. XIII, 1765, 302; tab. xli.”’

(Not of

Darstellungen neuer Siugt. ; tab. xlviii, f. 2, which represents the African animal.)
Waener, Suppl. Schreber II, 1841, 199 ; tab. exxiii.
Aun. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1854, 276, (not figured.)
? 2? Mephitis interrupta, RaFinesque, Annals of Nature, 3, 4.

Fiscner, Synopsis, 1829, 162.
? Mephitis interrupta, Licustente1n, Ueber Mephitis, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, for 1836, (1838,) 283; tab. ii, f. 1.

(Fide LicuTEensTEIN.)

Sp. Cu.—Smallest of North American species. Tail vertebre, less than half the body; with the hairs not much more than half.
Black, with broad white patch on forehead, and crescent before each ear ; four parallel dorsal stripes interrupted and broken
behind ; a shorter strips on side of belly, running into a posterior transverse crescent, which are white. Tail black throughout,

to base of hairs, except a pure white pencil at the end.

This diminutive species, the smallest of the American skunks, is eminently conspicuous for
the great beauty of its markings. In length is does not exceed an ermine weasel, though of pro-

198 U. $s. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

portionally stouter body. The nose is rather long and acute, the nostrils truly lateral, and
only visible from the side. The feet are much as in the common MW. chinga. The tail vertebrae
are about half the length of the head and body ; the entire tail rather less than these.

The body is black, with a subquadrate white patch one-half longer than broad on the crown.
A crescent encircles the anterior base of the ear. There are four parallel longitudinal stripes
on the body ; two narrow ones starting at the occiput, separated by an interval of half an inch,
and two others, one on either side, broader and confluent with the lower edge of the crescent of
the face, extending along the middle of the sides; another stripe on each side begins on the
side of the belly, behind the axillae. These six stripes are continuous to beyond the middle of
the body ; they are then interrupted, to reappear in a series of four spots or blotches, these
opposite each other, sometimes confluent so as to form transverse bands of white on the flanks,
especially the anterior ones, into which the lowest lateral stripes run. The hairs of the tail are
entirely black, except the terminal tuft of much longer hairs, which are, throughout, white,
and appear to occupy the terminal] half of the tail.

A skull of, probably, this species, from California, indicates a larger specimen than the above.
I give the dimensions of this, in connexion with those of two smaller ones from Texas, probably
of the same species, and of about the size of that in the skin just described.

Measurements.
Length. Width across zygomata.| Width across base of skull, _
Current Locality. 5
number. |
Inches. 100ths. Inches. 100ths. Inches. 100ths.
——_| —

WLS: 9) Califommia,=- S22 - oe ane | 2.40 100 1. 49 - 63 1.30 54

LUD RS eS oS Se eee ee ie 1196 100 1. 25 . 64 1.05 . 54

UGP2s) os S0O-.-:.2d-45---25---- Saas 2.01 LOGS, {|= =< Gee oe en oe i eee 50

The question as to the proper name of this species is somewhat difficult to settle. Two species
are described in Lichtenstein’s Monograph, in the Berlin Transactions, quoted above: one, the
reproduction of the MM. interrupta, of Rafinesque, based on a specimen in the Berlin Museum,
said to have been brought by Koch from the upper Missouri; the other, the JZ. zorilla, (n. s.,)
referred to the zorille of Buffon, Hist. Nat. XIII, 1765, tab. xli, brought from New California
by Deppe. I can scarcely realize any difference between the two beyond the smaller size and a
white tuft in the tail of the latter, which, however, is probably caducous, as in the common
species. The Texas animal might readily have been found in Louisiana, as quoted by Rafinesque.
I do not feel sure, however, that the description of Rafinesque, like most of his species, is not a
mere figment of his imagination, especially in the discrepancy between it and the subject of
Lichtenstein’s article.

The Mephitis bicolor of Gray, though rather larger than Lichtenstein’s specimen, clearly
covers the same ground with MW. zorilla, and if identical, will take precedence in point of date.
Lichtenstein’s name, at any rate, would be inadmissible as previously affixed by Fischer to a
South American species. The Mephitis zorilla of Lichtenstein’s Darstellungen belongs to the
African species.

For the present, then, or until more material is collected from California and Texas, it will be
well to hold Rafinesque’s name in abeyance and to adopt that of Gray. Should the smaller

MAMMALS—MELINAE—MEPHITIS MESOMELAS. 199

species, or that corresponding to the W. zorilla, be distinct, it will probably be necessary to im-
pose a new name upon it, that of Lichtenstein being clearly inadmissible.

Measurements.
ere. va = as
Nose to— | Tail to end of—
Current Locality. | Length of
number. 1 ee as hind foot.
Occip. Tail. | Verteb. Hairs.
pe Petes eas ri
1188 | Santa Clara, Cal-- -. ---- 2.50 | 11. 00 | 4.00 | 7.50 1. 60
|

Several skulls of a very small species of Mephitis were collected by Mr. Clark at Indianola ;
but no skins saved. These, though perfectly adult, are scarcely larger than those of the common
ermine weasel, P. noveboracensis, measuring but two inches in length. The skull is more
pointed anteriorly than in other species of North American skunks ; the line of intersection of
tangents to the upper canines and molars falling little more than half the length of the palate
in advance of the incisors, instead of nearly the whole length of the palate, as in IL. chinga.
The last upper molar is narrower, longitudinally, than in this last mentioned species.

List of specimens.

Catalogue | Corresponding Locality. | Whence obtained. | | Natureof | Collected by—
number. | No. of skull | specimen.

BESS yy \ileceetiees awe Santa Clara, Cal... --22-4--- Dre JoG. (Cooper 22s. ecee_2 Skis. OSS. cere es.
oben 2118 a i Sia Foe Seer 8 Le atest Ls pope pe
Soe See 1621 Indianola, ae | Col. J. D. Graham:-...-.--|}<-d0- - 22),J./H, Clarkes ==
weeeee ee 1622 mame a Clas ek, se aaa Oa -d0n 222 3 [a UOn ase

|

MEPHITIS MESOMELAS, Licht.

Mephitis mesomelas, Licur. Darst. Sdugt. 1827-34; tab. lv, f. 2—Is. Abh, Akad. Wiss. Berlin, for 1836, (1838,) 277.

Sp. Cu.—Soles entirely covered with hair beneath. A narrow white line from the nose to the vertex, and a nuchal stripe,
truncated anteriorly, divided behind into two, which extend along the sides of the back and of the tail.

The very remarkable character exhibited by this species in the densely hairy soles, with the
short fore claws, separates it at once from all others. Lichtenstein, who describes it first, from
specimens in the museums of Leyden and Berlin, quotes it as occurring in Louisiana and on the
Missouri river, though no American naturalist or collector seems to know anything about it.
The length of body is given at nineteen inches, of the tail at nine. I have never met with the
species, and introduce it here for the purpose of calling attention to it.

Some other species of skunks which may possibly occur within the limits of the United States
are the following:

200 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

MEPHITIS (THIOSMUS) LEUCONOTA.

Mephitis leuconota, LicurensTEIN, Darstellung Sdiugt. 1827-34; tab. xliv, fi 1.
Is. Abh. K. Akad. Berl. for 1836, (1838,) 271.

Sp. Cu—A median stripe, acuminated at the vertex, widening in the middle of the back, contracted behind and continued
over the upper surface of the tail, which is nearly but not entirely white. Length to root of tail, 24 inches; of tail, 12 inches;
width of stripe in the middle of the back, 3 inches.

From the river Alvarado, Mexico. Specimen in Berlin museum,

MEPHITIS MACROURA.

Mephitis macroura, Licur. Darst. Siugt. 1827—1834; tab. xlvi.
Is. Abh. Ak. Wiss. Berl. for 1836, 1838, 277.
Wacener, Suppl. Schreb, II, 1841, 196.
(Not of Aup. & Bacu.)

Mephitis mexicana, J. E. Gray, Charlesworth’s Mag. I, 1837, 581.

Sp. Cu.—Tail vertebre nearly as long as the body. A broad nuchal patch, truncate anteriorly, and continued behind into a
simple, broad, undivided dorsal and caudal stripe. A separate longitudinal stripe on the middle of each side. Length of body,
14 inches; of tail vertebre, 13 inches; its terminal hairs, 5 inches.

Found in the temperate portions of Mexico. Specimens in Berlin Museum.

MEPHITIS VITTATA.

Mephitis vittata, LicuTENSTEIN, Darst. Saiugt. 1827, 34; tab. xlvii.
Is. Abh. Ak. Wiss. Berl. for 1836, (1838,) 278.
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. II, 1841. -

Sp. Cu.—A narrow line from nose to vertex ; one or two streaks on each side, along the occiput; a solitary stripe on each
side from the parotid region to the base of the tail. Body, 13 inches; tail vertebre, 11 inches; terminal hairs, 4 inches.

Found in Oaxaca, Mexico.

The pol-cat of Catesby, (Car. II, 1731, 62; pl. lxii,) black, with five narrow white lines, has
not been identified.

The Mephitis myotis, of Fischer, (Syn. 1829, 164,) is based on a description in Dupratz’
Louisiana, II, 97, fig.? Body black in the male, black margined with white in the female ;
ears and feet mouse-like. Size that of a young cat. The animal cannot be identified.

St me

MAMMALS—MELINAE—TAXIDEA, 201

TAXIDEA, Waterhouse.

Taxidea, Wateruouse, Pr. Zool. Sec. Lond. VI, 1838, 154.—Is. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. II, 1841, 343.

Body stout, rubust, depressed. Tail very short. Fore claws much largest; very fossorial. Posterior upper molar very large,
sub-triangular. Sknll wedge-shaped.

: 3-3 . 1-1 3—3 . . . 1-1 . :
Incisors 55, canines ;—;, premolars 5-5, (including the upper sectorial,) molars 5-5, (including

lower sectorial,) = 32. In young specimens there is an additional premolar, (first,) which soon
disappears ; this will add 1—1 premolar to the lower jaw, making 34 in all.

The third premolar with two tubercles ; the sectorial of the upper jaw and the molar behind
it very large, triangular and nearly equal. Body stout, depressed; tail short; ears short,
pointed ; mufile hairy above. Fore claws much larger than hinder ; very fossorial.

The genus Tazidea, is peculiar to North America, and at present embraces two species—one
inhabiting Mexico, the other the western United States and British America. It was first
established by Waterhouse on skulls taken from skins brought from Mexico or California, and
erroneously supposed to be the same with those from British America. His descriptions and
figure, therefore, will be understood as having reference, probably, to 7. berlandieri rather than

_ to ZT. americana,

This genus is so strikingly different from Meles as to render it a matter of astonishment that
the typical species were ever combined. The discovery of a second species in Mexico, agreeing
in all essential generic features with the boreal species, is an additional confirmation of the pro-
priety of separating the two genera,

The most striking peculiarity of Zaaxidea consists in the great expanse of the occipital region,
the width of the occiput being equal to that of the skull, measured between the outer surfaces
of the zygomatic arches. Thus the general shape is that of a depressed wedge, widest behind
and truncated anteriorly, instead of being very much widest across the zygomatic arches, as in
Meles. The skull of Meles, indeed, resembles in general shape much more that of Procyon than
Taxidea, its occipital region being low, and the outline rising thence, instead of being highest
very near the occiput. The occipital crests are well developed in Yaaidea, the sagittal very
moderate.

The auditory bull are very large and convex. The processes of the glenoid cavity are not
so well developed as in Meles, though occasionally sufficiently developed to lock the condyles of
the lower jaw. The coronoid process has its apex pointed instead of rounded or truncated ; its

_posterior margin is formed by two lines, the lower rising nearly perpendicularly a little in
advance of the condyle, the other rather longer than the first, making a very obtuse angle
with it.

The differences in the character of the teeth are equally striking, though their number is the
same. The penultimate, or sectorial upper molar is very large and triangular ; fully equal in
size to the last molar, instead of being much smaller; it has likewise a large tubercle on the
inner lobe, scarcely observable in Meles. The last molar is also triangular, (nearly right-
angled,) somewhat resembling half the quadrilateral tooth of Jeles.

In the lower jaw, the last premolar is larger than in eles, and has two tubercles. The penul-
timate molar is smaller and not dilated behind ; the portion of its crown which is applied
against the upper sectorial molar is larger than that in contact with the last upper molar,
instead of being smaller, as in Jeles.

26 L

202 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

TAXIDEA AMERICANA.

American Badger.

Ursus tacus, Scureser, Sadugt. II, 1778, 520, fig. 142, B. (From Buffon.)
Meles tarus, var. 8 americanus, Bopparrt, Elenchus Anim. I, 1784, 136.
Meles americanus, (** Bopp.’’) ZimMERMANN, Pennant’s Arktische Zoologie I, 1787, 74.
Ursus labradorius, Gm. Syst. Nat. J, 1788, 102.
Kerr’s Linneus, 1792, 187.
Suaw, Gen. Zool. Mamm. IJ, 1800, 469; pl. evi.
Meles labradoria, Meyer, Zool. Archv. II, 1796, 45.
J. Sasine, App. Narr. Franklin’s Ist Journey, 1823, 649.
Haran, F. A. 1825, 57.
Grirr. Cuv. V, 1827, 116.
Ricu. F. B. A. I, 1829, 37; pl. ii.
Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 151.
Wacner, Suppl. Schreber, lI, 1829, 182.
Aup. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. I, 1849, 360; pl. xlvii.
Taxus labradoricus, Say, Longs’ Exped. I, 1823, 261, 369.
2 Taxidea labradoria, Wareruouse, Pr. Zool. Soc. VI, 1838, 154, (probably T. Berlandieri.)—Is. Trans. Zool. Soc.
II, V, 1841, 343, pl.
Ham. Smiru, Int. Mamm. Jard. Nat. Lib. XIII, 1842, 210.
Meles jeffersonii, Harian, F. A. 1825, 309, (based on description of Lewis and Clark.)
American badger, PENNANT, Syn. Quad. 1771, 202.—In. Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 298, 6.—Is. Arctic Zoology, I, 1784,
71. (Leverian Museum.)
Badger ef Columbia river, Lewis & Ciark’s Travels, II, 1814, 177.
Le Carcajou, F. Cuy. Supp]. Buffon, I, Mammif. 1831, 268.

Sp. Cu.—Head grizzled gray, black on the end of snout, and along the eyes. A median white line from near the nose to

the nape. Legs and a crescentic patch before the ears black. Cheeks and under parts generally white.

The body is very stoutly built and depressed; the tail short, about one fourth the length of
body, well clothed with long stiff hairs. The hair in summer is coarse throughout, without any
wool; it is of considerable length on the back and sides (three or four inches.) The muzzle is
naked at the extreme end, or around the nostril, and on the septum ; its top and sides are,
however, hairy, as is the space between the border of the nostrils and the edge of the upper lip.
The ears are short, erect, pointed, and covered with coarse hairs on both sides. The fore claws
are very much longer than the hinder; in their relative development and shape not dis-
similar to those of Geomys. The third fore claw is longest, then the second, and then the
fourth. These are not very unequal, but the first and fifth do not extend to more than half the
length of the claws adjacent to them. Both palms and soles are hairy on their posterior half.

A fine specimen of the American badger, collected in Wisconsin, probably in winter, is in.

general color not strikingly dissimilar to the ground hog, (Arctomys monax.) The long straight
‘coarse hair is well filled in with a coarse wool, which with the basal portion of the long hairs
are of a dull pale brownish yellow, (at the extreme roots having a grayish tinge.) The ter-
minal half of the long hairs is lustrous brownish black, except at the tip, which is yellowish
hoary. Owing to the long loose texture of the hairs all the colors of yellowish, brown, and
hoary are distinctly observable, the back having the strongest impression of brownish, the sides
of the hoary. The under parts are pretty uniformly pale brownish yellow, nearly white on the
middle line of the belly and under the head. The legs and feet are quite uniform, dark brownish
black. The top of the head, including the whole muzzle, is dark brown, mixed with hoary, as
this color fuses in that of the back; this band narrows from the muzzle to the eyes, covering

EE

ee ae i

MAMMALS—MELINAE—TAXIDEA AMERICANA. 203

the whole space between the eyes and encircling the orbits; behind these it widens so as to be
almost tangent to the ears. A well defined line of whitish commences about half an inch pos-
terior to the naked muzzle, (and of about this width,) and passes along the central line of the
top of the head, tapering gradually until it comes to an acute termination on the upper part of
the nape. The hairs in this stripe are uniformly colored to their roots. The whole side of the
head, including the margins and exterior of the ears, are also dull whitish, the inner or pos-
terior face of the ear, a transversely elongated patch in front of the ear, and the sides of the
snout, as described, brownish black. There is a small double spot of the same color on the central
line of the throat, midway between the ante-auricular patches, from which spring a few black
bristles ; there are also a few bristles in the ante-auricular patches, as well as springing from
the sides of the muzzle. The tail is of a reddish yellow, tipped with brown.

A summer specimen from the Upper Missouri, changing its hair, is paler above, and the old
long hairs are brownish yellow with a dark band near the base, the subterminal band reddish
brown, the tip hoary. The general color above is more yellowish than as described. A young
one from the Upper Missouri is similar, but more hoary above.

As a general rule summer specimens have coarser and stiffer fur, owing to the greater pre-
dominance of the long hairs over the basal ones. The colors also are more yellow, or less hoary.

A very fine specimen of badger, (1320,) was collected by Lieut. G. K. Warren, on the Upper
Missouri, in much better condition than those described. The markings on the face are much
cleaner, the white purer, and the entire back is strongly hoary, or whitish gray, without any
tinge of yellow.

General dimensions.

217.

Inches. Lines.

Norte root of tail oe S222 eae ares oe | 2B» We a= - Ss

Tail from root to end of vertebrwe...---------- Bt a ee

Tail from root to end of hairs-----------.---- | 6 Less se=2

Axm, Jongest Claw 2aso22-sssscencocesasstese | 1

her longest claw= man 22 - <n Stora sso soon sfaen aces 8

Skull length*: 222 eens eo sanmomcee oo anim we Fh i Sees
WRI OH oa Oo minore aaa Jo eee | BNae: Nees coos

Although the European and American badgers at one time were supposed to be the same, yet
the differences between them are not merely specific but generic. The most striking distinctions
are to be seen in the hairs of the upper part of the muzzle, the smaller ears, the stouter feet and
claws, the more conical or wedge-shaped head, &c., of the American badger. The European
species has three white lines on the upper part of the head, one central, the others lateral, with
two black ones between them, which include the ears and eyes, instead of the dark muzzle,
single light line on the top of the head, and the light cheeks and ears, with dark blotch before
and behind the latter. The chin and throat of the European species are black, in the American,
white. Other differences are pointed out by Sabine.

204 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The following is the result of a direct comparison of the European with the American badger
since the body of this article was written :

The differences between the European and American badgers are so strongly marked as
scarcely to require a comparison. Thus, in the former, the top and sides of the head may be
described as white, the end of the muzzle completely encircled by this color ; a little more than
half way between the end of the snout and the eye commences a strip of black, truncate ante-
riorly, and sending down a small branch towards the canine ; this strip widens gradually, in-
cluding the eye and ear, and is lost on the shoulders. The black of the legs extends over the
throat to near the end of the chin. There are thus on the top and sides of the head five stripes,
a median, and two lateral white ones, and two intermediate of black, in addition to the black
beneath the head ; and anterior to the ear all the stripes are of the same width.

In the American badger the top of the head is grizzled, with a narrow white median stripe ;
the end of the muzzle (top and sides) is black. The cheeks are white, with a crescentic black
patch anterior to the ear. The whole under part of head and throat are white.

There are other important differences of structure. Thus the naked muffle is much larger
than in the American, and the hairs on the top of the nose do not come within a quarter of an
inch of the extremity, instead of reaching to the very end.

The American badger is widely distributed throughout the United States, extending from
Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa, to the Pacific ocean. It ranges far to the north, though no
positive indication is on hand of its occurrence south of about latitude 35°, below which it
appears to be replaced by the other species.’

Although most authors have made the Mexican badger the same with that of the Missouri

plains, yet the distinctions are quite decided, as will be seen in the article on Taxidea ber-
landieri.

List of specimens.

5 6
ee i
5 ae é =
5 22 Sp Locality. When Whence obtained. a Nature of Measurements. Collected by—
By | aa |°3 collected. = | specimen.
elite | eves =
s E ¥ ‘S
Ss ° 2 ‘e
o oO | wa o
—— — | T T
seoses 2078) .. 00+) Quasquiton, LOWa.s..ss|sceseeeses..--| Ee ©. Bedwell ......-|.2..) SKUI ones slevcees eeencccecesescecc.ce
713 | eevee) eveeee| ROCK COUNLY, WiS eeeees|seeeereeee cess O. Dinsmore......... Alt Via) Sh irae sams ee oct Paneer) Sec, eccons dolccelcleseeinaren
L791 |vceciee}ecen'ss Fort Pierre, Neb 1856 Lit. Gs K. Warren .ee.|oees|saesdO ° sees loccees .
THD! Ns cose | Upper Missouri Rese > Flee en OG ciscacahennaetl kal pa siekl Oineuwe |esesics|ecceeslovees|scccas|oonsceseunnrener cess
1849 |. .ccesleceees Cannon Ball river, Neb.| Oct., 1856...|...... GO wececessccere seer|eeesGO ...06 leveees ose Dr. F. V. Hayden...
207 | 1178 |...06, Upper Missouri ....cccsleccces coccece Goy. I. I. Stevens. ..] cece)... 0) co00elecsvesfencs Dr. Geo. Suckley...
208 | 1179 | O |.cceee O wccccceccccvereleccscece eaccsslececce dO s.cccccesveee eee] ecesGO veces locvccs|cccccslscccsslenccee {ecsees dO wesccecsene
775 | 1880 |.eeees|seeees GO cave sccecse cece Sesa/sisissaisionkell anton dO sioncavavowses seal Lh alcohol. | eveerleceece|seeveelesceeelaveees dO... vevvescuee
1873 | 29571 | | Pole creek, Platte river..| Aug. 1, 1856 | Lt. F.'T. Bryan. ....| 185|....d0 sees. 6. W.S. Wood.....+.
1874 | 2572) G@ | Republican Fork........ Sept. 28, 1856 |...... f10) Seeeen semis BEA) co. ceccceee TE | 29. | 43 | 6} |... dO. esivcewses
2 Ge Reco eee o Klamath Lake, Cal..... |evcecscccecncs Lt. R. S. Williamson.|....|....00eeeees ath sista Dr. J. 8. Newberry.

1 This species has usually borne the name of labradoria, as imposed by Gmelin, in 1788. Boddaert, however, in 1784, named
it Meles taxus, var. americanus, and in 1787, Zimmermann, in his German translation of Pennant’s Arctic Zoology, called it
Meles americanus. This name, therefore, takes priority of date over labradoria.

MAMMALS—MELINAE—TAXIDEA BERLANDIERI. 205

TAXIDEA BERLANDIERI ?
Mexican Badger.

Meles labradoria, BennETT, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1833, 42.
? Taxidea labradoria, WateRuovsE, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1838, 154.

Sp. Cu.—Similar to the common American badger, but with the light line of the top of the head continued, with intervals,

to near the root of the tail.

A skin brought by Captain Pope from the Llano Estacado differs from all North American
ones I have seen in having the white stripe of the top of the head continued backward to the
shoulders, then interrupted for two or three inches, then reappearing in the middle of the back
and traceable to near therump. The hair on the back and the belly appears to have just grown
out, as it consists almost entirely of stiff hairs less than an inch long. The hairs on the rump —
and the sides of the body are as long as usual. The size is rather less than that of the average
of Missouri badgers.

This appears to be the Californian variety of badger referred to by Bennett as gray above,
with a continuous vertebral stripe. In the Report of the Mexican Boundary Survey I have
described a species as Tawidea berlandieri, from skulls in the Berlandier collection, and manu-
script descriptions and figures of this same naturalist. The ground color of this species is
rather reddish than gray, but I am unprepared to say whether they are the same or not. For
the description of the skulls of the Matamoras species, and a full description from the Berlan-
dier manuscripts, 1 would refer to the above mentioned report.

List of specimens.

] i a ae ay i i. ore ] aw =e (eo Th
|
|

Nature of

number. | specimen.
|

Catalogue Locality. Whence obtained.

1710 | Mano Mstacado,s Texas. =- 2-2-2 2<sace--eee ee "Captam. J. Pope, U..S:As22. 235 22 ec See | Skin.

FAMILY.
URSIDAE.

Fam. Cu.—Toes distinctly separated, five on each foot; walk plantigrade ; coecum wanting. The sectorial teeth and the
molars behind them tuberculated.

The family of the bears is characterized by the plantigrade walk, usually naked soles, except
in Ailurus, (if this properly belongs to the family.) The teeth are the same in number with
the Canidae, although their more carnivorous character is shown by the tuberculated molars.
The sectorial or carnassial teeth of the Canidae and Felidae, with their cutting and compressed
crowns, are here replaced by a broad tooth, the crown studded with tubercles.

There are two well marked groups, or sub-families of some authors—the one containing the
true bears, the other the smaller, long-tailed species. They may be distinguished into Ursinae,
or bears proper, of large size, clumsy form, very short tail; and Sub-wrsinae, the species of small
bears, with long tail and moderate size. To the former belongs Ursus; to the latter, Procyon,
Nasua, Cercoleptes, &c.

MAMMALS—URSIDAE—PROCYON. 207

PEOCY ON. Storr:
Procyon, ‘Storr, Prod. Meth. Anim. 1780.”

Gen. Cu.—Body stout ; tail moderately long, not prehensile. Muzzle somewhat pointed.

The genus Procyon belongs, with Nasua, Cercoleptes, &c., to the section of Ursidae, called
Sub-ursus by Blainville, and distinguished from the true bears by the smaller size, longer tail,
more pointed muzzle, less number of teeth, &c. Among these Procyon is the only one found
as yet within the limits of the United States, although it is probable that Nasua, as well as
Cer coleptes, extends pretty far north through Mexico.

The shape of the Raccoon is not dissimilar to that of the badger, although it stands higher
on the legs. Its head is broad behind, but tapers rapidly to a point. The ears are short and
erect. The feet are all five-toed; the soles naked. In walking, the entire sole is not applied
to the ground as it is when the animal is standing.

The dental formula in Procyon, as well as in Nasua, is: incisors = canines = premolars
=F molars pa = 40; or one upper true molar on each side less than in Ursus.

The head of the animals of this genus is broad and depressed, the muzzle pointed to the
truncate tip. The muffle is naked and quite large, projecting a little forward on the upper
outline, but without the great development of Nasua. The naked surface above is broader than
long, and the sub-horizontal nostrils, which, viewed laterally, represent the arc of a circle with
the convexity downwards, extend behind to the posterior border of the naked mufile. The
outline of the upper lip is continuous anteriorly, (not at all split ;) the distance from the edge
to the mufile is about equal to the height of the muffle anteriorly, and this space is covered with
hair. In Nasua the nostrils are seen more on the front of the muftle and reach behind only
halfway along its sides; the upper surface of the mufile is twice as long as broad, and extends
forwards as a cartilaginous snout.

The whiskers of Procyon are in four principal horizontal series, of five or six bristles in each ;
there is also a tuft over the eye, one behind the angle of the jaw, and one under the middle of
the chin. In one specimen of Naswa these bristles appear almost wanting.

The ears are moderately large, sub-ovate, and rounded above. They are covered with hair,
except around the meatus. The length above the notch in P. lofor, and in the species gene-
rally, is about equal to the distance from the end of the nose to the eye.

The tail vertebrae are about half the length of the head and body, varying somewhat with
the species. The tail itself is well covered with hair, and marked alternately with black and
whitish rings.

The feet are all five-toed, and have naked soles from the wrist and heel, the skin of which is
highly papillose, and evidently possesses a high degree of tactile sensibility. There are no
distinct warts, or raised pads, although narrow deep creases or furrows which traverse the
under surface in various directions correspond to similar ones in the cats and weasels. The
claws are about equal in all the feet, considerably curved, not retractile, and moderately sharp.
The thumb of the fore foot in P. lotor is shortest, the tip of the claw extending as far as the
end of the outer digit ; the third finger is longest, the fourth but little shorter ; the claw of the
second reaches to the end of the third digit. On the hind foot, in the same species, the inner
toe is much shortest ; the third and fourth nearly equal and longest ; the second and fifth nearly

208 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—-ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

equal, and their claws reaching to the base of the claws of the third and fourth. There is no
indication of any webbing between the toes, which are cleft nearly to the metacarpus and
metatarsus.

The feet of Nasua exhibit considerable differences from those of Procyon lotor, as just described.
The claws are considerably larger and stouter. The digits, too, are more united, the skin
extending as far as the penultimate joint ; the free portion of the toes, consequently, of much
less extent. In the alcoholic specimen there is also a curious elongate papillose condition of
the skin immediately under the heel, not observed in Procyon.

At present there appear to be two pretty well marked species of raccoon in North America—
the Procyon lotor and P. hernandezii. As the characters of these depend somewhat on different
proportions of certain parts of the body in each, I present tables of measurements of skins and
skulls which may serve to illustrate their peculiar features.

Measurements.
rs é < ASTER MET oe a ig
3 e pe WES 2
a ea eal e
= Locality. SF had ee Ca leh Re 3 | — Remarks.
+ a oe = io) S = g
=I i oS —S Bs a = & 2 A |
x oS 3 3) = ico! a rs
5 5 he (ste fale ees. B = 5 =
'S) ss] = a I i) a oa A |
skins.—Procyon lotor.
ectsue National Institute, D.C., A...) 5 23 8} 10 2.0) 4 ------| Mounted..| 6 rings, 5 distinct. -
Rea eee d0meene = 200-~=="BS—-|) © 224 7 84.) 2.0)" 84, |-2-- tle = do-__-| | edon_ ee seen
eb ar Se doze tes dose. —;0_==|' 06 28 11 2..°0'}1'358; ||--2=82| Skin.) 2225/5 ‘distinet eeeeaeen
1069 | Middleborough, Me---------- 5} 19 93) 11 15:9.) 1S Sy || 232 SSS SSeS | == =00- pao ees
|
Procoyn hernandezii. |
Gian) bodega (Calon no. ceename ee 5} 24 OF SlOe | ea: ee Fao oom 6 distinct .----.-.-
1196' | San Hrancisco, \Gal=-------- 5 |sason= 29 TOF) 2S Seeeen| eee see el eee 5 distinct .--------
272'| Steilacoom, W. T--...----_.- 5 27 11 UA |!" 25 ON ah | SOS aCe ss |----do...---------
G7 +) Hort Jones2e- =). 232'= cee ee 27 12 LS Menon | Seka ol eo ein | Se ee ae ee
1052 | San Elizario, Texas_--------- 5 21 8} Dhaest seo e =| oe is eee as lan
1053: |;Deyilis niver-.--------152—=- 5 19 7 Set dO, 4d lnk (hee |
LOGT) || Wspiaye eee ee ea een 27 10 12 2 4} S374 |e 6:distinct .---s=22=

By-SA ba es aa <3 ves J ; » Ps ‘iS Ps

MAMMALS—URSIDAE—PROCYON LOTOR.

hal. VHS. we %

209

» Measurements.
as = se ae
Locality, . = a2: : $ 5 EI . ==
2 S Se i). 88 Zs
at a nb ee eee
is = fos) A
' 2 SKULLS. —Procyon lotor.
“ Wht | Carta ers SPOR! 10 BN aA ast | 4.40 BBS Lh To94e 1.40 1.00
= OGS=}. Detrort saSt Sste J1 ek es 2 eps ts 4. 36 4 SO Se. 5035 1.40 - 90
575 | Carlisle, Bays Sos eee Bee eel Ba sees Lhe 4. 30 4. 20 2.90 1.40 . 90
MOP NGW YOM R oc cept antccnn wie -- atts ee se 4.50 4.33 294 1. 45 97
PERU Beesipyie Homie: Ne J. 6 ft Seaman os aoonie was =~ | 4.43 4. 30° 2.90 1. 40 1. 04
Mine. Ortunle, Pats ooest Riese os Sa i oe ees oe 4.43 4.39 2.89 13st -98
GDF. [este BQ eae owns ots nos aoe hes Sees aaets 4. 36 4.25 2. 67 1. 35 -97
Cig ee (tree ers ns Sess = Ee oe ee tie 4,20 4.06 2.55 1.35 agi
809 |....-- ie? CT Se ae eee One, Me 23 4.16 4.00 2.45* | .1.30 95
Savon Staipion s island. Gi... - a = oon tn en 4,78 4. 60 3. 00 1. 50 1.10
Procyon hernandezii.
SAE Ye | epiay Mexico sess oa Ieee meen ce eens 4, 40 Capt SIGS ee 1. 50 +96
ere ol Ran ilizario, Texas 22.5002. 4222.24 sennutncau ns 4, 34 4.15 2. 50 1.40 96
1388 LTS SGT DNS ee Cee ee Re Se OE te eee 3.97 3. 80 2, 68 1.35 -93
La ae (IP Cake. RIA esd Ree Be Sa eee 4.70 4.50 2. 80 1. 50 1.05
2 tol (ae ELS eps A SS SP i ae See eee, 4.80 4. 67 3.17 1.50 1.08
: PROCYON LOTOR.
*
Raccoon.
Ursus cauda elongata, ‘* Linn. Syst. Nat. 1735, 35.”
Et Amerikanskt Diwr, Linn. Kongl. Vetenskaps Akad. Hand]. 1747, 277; tab. ix.
Ursus lotor, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed 10th,) I, 1758, 48.—In. (ed 12th,) I, 1766, 70.
Erx.esen, Syst. Reg. Anim. 1777, 165.
i = Scureser, Sauget. Ill, 1778, 521; tab. exliii, (ex Buffon.)
Ga. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 103.
1)

‘*Bromensacu, Abbildungen, tab. ]xii.”’
Harzay, F. A. 1825, 53.
Procyon lotor, Srorr, ‘‘ Prod. Meth. Anim. 1780.”
Desmarest, Mamm. I, 1820, 168.
GrirritH’s Cuy. V, 1827, 114.
Ricu. F. B. A. I, 1829, 36.
Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 147.
Doveury’s Cab. N. H. II, 1832, 73; pl. vii, (very poor figure.)
Wieemany, in Archiv. III, 1, 1837, 356.—Is. in Annals & Mag. N. H. I, 1838, 133.
Waener, Suppl. Schreber, II, 1841, 154.
Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 26; plate.
Aup. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. II, 1851, 74; pl. Ixi.
«Meles lolor, Bopparrrt, El. Anim. IJ, 1784, 80. '
? Procyon gularis, SmitH, Int. Mamm, Jard. Nat. Lib. XIII, 1842, 222,

27L *”

210 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Raccoon, Pennant, Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 178.—Is. Arctic Zool. I, 1784, 69. (In Leverian Museum.)
4 Cuurcu, Cabinet of Quadrupeds, JI, 1805; plate.
Raton, St. Hu.. & Cuy. Hist. des Mammiferes, IT, 1819; plate, (not paged.)
Quid Procyon brachyurus, and obscurus, WirGmann, in Archiv, III, 1837, 369, 370.—Scureser, III, pl. exliii, C.
D. (interpolated.)—Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. II, 1841, 156, 159.

Sp. Cu.—General color grayish white, the tips of the long hairs black, and imparting this color to the back Under fur dark
brown. A large oblique black patch on the cheek, continuous with a paler one beneath the jaw; another behind the ear. End
of muzzle, except the upper line, together with the posterior border of the cheek patch, whitish. Tail not tapering, with the

tip and five annuli black; these as broad as the rusty white interspaces. Hind feet not exceeding four inches; above, dirty

whitish. Fore feet not exceeding 23 inches. :
Varies in being nearly black, with the markings obscured; sometimes more or less yellowish or white, with obsolete markings
ornone. A decided tendency to albinism.

In the notice of the generic character of Procyon will be found an account of the chief external
peculiarities of this species derived from the examination of specimens in alcohol. In farther
illustration, I may state that the tail vertebre are not quite half the length of the head and
body, (103 inches to 221,) while the tail, with the hairs, rather exceeds half this length, (124
inches to 223.) The length of the ear, measured on its anterior border, is just the distance
from the nose to the eye.

The prevailing color of the common raccoon is a light gray, tinged with pale rusty across the
shoulders, and much overlaid with black tipped hairs. The under parts are of a similar gray,
without the black tips, and, like the rest of the.body, allow the dull sooty brown under fur to
show through. The upper surfaces of the feet are whitish gray, with a suffusion of brownish at
the base. The tail exhibits five distinct black rings, with a tip of the same color; these rings are
usually continuous all round, especially the four anterior ones, and there is sometimes a trace
of a sixth ring at the root of the tail above. The intervals are grayish white, more or less
mixed with rusty ; they are usually a little wider (sometimes not at all so) than the black
rings. The diameter of the brush is nearly uniform throughout, (23 to 3 inches,) the end only
being rounded off.

There is a dusky streak or band from the black and naked muffle along the upper line of the
head, which is lost in the crown. This separates the large and nearly black spectacle-like
patches which encircle the eye, (which is situated near the posterior edge,) and passing obliquely
downwards and backwards over the cheeks, cease below the line of the commissure of the jaws.
The anterior line of this patch is halfway between the posterior line and the end of the muzzle;
the distance between the two patches above is about equal to the width of the muffle, although
both are more or less confluent with the longitudinal stripe described. Posterior to the cheek
patches is a conspicuous border of grayish white, lost on the sides of the neck; and the sides of
the muzzle anterior to the black patch, together with the lips all round, and the chin, are of a
similar whitish color. The posterior part of the chin is occupied by a broad dusky patch, which
may almost be said to form part of an annulus encircling the head, of which the dark cheek
patches constitute the upper portion, and are separated from the lower by the backward
prolongation of the whitish of the lips. The ears are grayish white. From the inferior and
posterior base of the ear there extends quite a conspicuous patch of a dark sooty color.

On a close examination of the hair of this raccoon, the colors of the exterior are seen to be
due to the long stiff hairs interspersed among the basal fur. These are usually black at the
extremity, particularly along the back, and subterminally annulated broadly with whitish.
The base of the hair is also whitish, separated by an annulus of light brownish. The base and
sub-terminal annulus are accordingly whitish ; the tip and sub-basal annulus dark. On the

(
q
:
;
f
i
’

MAMMALS—URSIDAE—PROCYON LOTOR. 211

nape the subterminal annulus is rusty yellowish, and the basal light portion is wanting. On
the sides of the shoulder the hairs are whitish, with short dusky tip. The hair in the annuli
of the tail are nearly concolored throughout. The under fur is of a light sooty tinge, which is,
however, much darker on the hind legs.

The preceding description may be considered as illustrating the average characteristics of the
raccoon as found in the eastern States, based on skins from Washington. There are some vari-
ations in specimens which will be briefly noticed. Another from the same locality is consider-

. ably darker ; the tips of the long hairs being quite black and more extensively colored on the

sides of the body. On the side of the shoulders, on the contrary, they are entirely hoary white.
The alternating rings on the tail are larger and better defined; there are only four well defined
dark ones, and an obscure basal fifth ; the terminal black tip is quite inconspicuous, and appears
as if enveloped by the succeeding whitish ring. The upper surface of the paws is dirty grayish.

A: third specimen, likewise from Washington, is much larger than the others, and the tail is
proportionally shorter. There is a preponderance of gray on the forehead, and the cheek patch
appears somewhat reduced. The paws are entirely of a dull whitish.

Specimens from St. Simon’s island, Georgia, exhibit much black on the back and sides. One
skin from North Carolina is entirely white, the tendency to albinism being greater in this than
in almost any other native animal.

General dimensions.

| Washington, D.C. | National Institute. ,
Hreshispesiitien, hen] No. 1067. | No. 1149.
A B. C
Inches. Tines. || Inches. | Inches. | Inches. Inches. Inches.
WU SG 1 GTN ge ee cae See ee See 5 3 | 5 5 6 54 5.
CVE OR = OOF Oe EE ees eee ee 2 3 a ee eee ee |---------- Seecesse+ :
Go sone CE SS SS + Cie \| ea eesee et cis sell ep eel ee see | Siemsis nee 3
POUR CN oe a ne nate es i en 22 3 23 224 30 20 25
end of outstretched hind legs -_-_--- 32 SMA WIBSZ2L OSE IE Qot ee) eee 9. Nl ees (Sees ae een
Tail, from root to end of vertebra--.--..--- 10 6 | 8} 7 9 94 10
Hairs Jaigicosod. 2x 12 6 10 8} ll 11 12
Ears, height, posteriorly ....-------.--.--- 2 (a || ee eee eee Ps | Ne Pe oe tS =I
anteriorly) —- 1-4-5. 2-5-6 on--2 2 3 2 2 2 ii 244;
internally above skull... -.-- ee Wage Nain eee ere ne ea So rel ge cree | aca eae eee a
TN on cS at ae 1 ail | te Shalit ht PIR keg he woe
Arm, between claws across shoulder-_.------ Wo |seacemenes||aceaca-s| sae cease] ooo enone lon eee eek
Tora OL LOLCWALMS conse snk eee 4 10 1] cee PY RCT “Gath eh e betel! eters tere.
from elbow to end of claws --.-------- 6 10 Ne jueySl bole hey hole seat | pase eee Set seer
fore feet to end of claws....-.------.-- 2 8 24 24 23 238s 23;
longestielawesse die ests Oe ne ats ben eee ew fo oe ee ee ee |e ete
, Leg, from knee joint to end of claws-----.-- 8 ear Ng 8 ei || ae eh hie aed
NS = as on eee eee les Gi) aloo econ Keeton ae Pa pana’ [oven cocks alae
hind foot from heel to end of claws ---- Asie aes en a | 4 33 319 343 4s
“longest CBW 6s 325 eno aaaeaeee ene hescaas see 6 HSH ae iw eel atest oly fo | [PaaS <a aoe
i

212 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The preceding measurements of Nos. A, B, C, and 1067, were taken from dried skins ; of 1149
from askin in alcohol; No. 307 was measured while fresh, before skinning, and may be con-
sidered as expressing the true proportions. No. 1149 in several respects differs from the others ;
and in size, proportions, brown color of feet, approaches nearer to the P. hernandezit, which,
possibly, it may prove to be.

List of specimens.

: ]
x -} |
foram) ane re 5
“p= | bo = | 2
= E= & ) ry =} "
S zz S| = Locality. When Whence obtained. 3 Nature of Measurements. Collected by—
A ee a | os i collected. = | specimen.
S wo|l% | & =I
3 = Ee | ‘ ‘Sp
o > <<
S se Ve hoa fs)
— SS SSS os — -
SUD). Hl awae ae see @ | Middleboro’, Mass...... Noy. 1, 1855| J. W. P. Jenks..... sees! Dry SKIN... | eeeees|eceee levneesievcece eves cceeepes cee
36 933 |....) © | St. Lawrence co.,N. Y.|.....-..s.00..| F. B. Hough....... caealosscUO eves. fades [scseew) on oeialeeeeee coccccensvecesce
/

A,B,C, |.coves 3 |+e++s+| Washington, D.C...... -| National Institute..|..../ Mounted...}....-- cccecclocconclecwess|/ aes abeesumanaen
1655 -| Spottsylvania co., Va... -| A. W. Massey ..... veee| SKIN cece celesees [esenas| sence |eonees she eaeeeeeeseens
2342 a6 des -| North Carolina........+ .| I. W. Raymond....|....| Skin, albino] ..ccee|eeeers|ecveceiuceess ve eneccesees cece

1608-12 |...... 5 jeevees St. Simon’s island, Ga.. Dr. S. W. Wilson..}....) SKIN .. .ees]eeeeee|eeeee: |eeeees suecen| eeeeecessensecee
1912 | Fort Kearney, Neb..... July 10, 1856 | Lj. Fr. T. Bryan,...| 88 | In aleohol..| 3 9) 3b 4: | W.S. Wood...
1875 Ft. Riley to Ft. Kearney.) July 2, 1856]......d0........+..| 53 | Skin. .... 5} 16 8 9 | cee AO .cvevee
1876 Republican Fork. .....| Oct.. 24, 1856 |...... NO neseapiesian, 392 |....d0.....| 8 27 93 12 | woe0edO onsen s
1825 Fort Randall, Neb.... SN vevcllO crock] lecteec| inet soul suis cats «seee.| Dr. F.V. Hayden,
1149 +| WISCONSIN . ..seeeeeres seer seers «4| Skin dh ale,| set. d| Feces ee ieee ened eves ccesecees

\ t

PROCYON HERNANDEZII, Wagler.

Black-footed Raccoon.

Procyon hernandezii, Wacuer, Isis, XXIV, 1831, 514.
Wieemany, in Archiv, II], 1, 1837, 367.—In. Annals and Mag. N. H. I, 1838, 133.
Wacener, Suppl. Schreber, II, 1841, 157; also in Schreber Saugt. III, pl. exliii, A, (interpolated.)
? Procyon nivea, Gray, Charlesw. Mag. N. H. 1, 1837, 580. (Albino.)
“* Tepe Maxtlaton, Henn. Thes. 9.””
Quid Procyon psora, Gray, Annals and Mag. N. H. X, 1842, 261, (Sacramento river.)—Is. Zool. Sulphur, 1844,
32; pl. xi, (animal,) pl. xvii, f. 1, 2, 3, (skull). : :

Sp. Cu.—Larger than P. lotor. General color grayish white, with a tinge of yellowish; long hairs tipped with black. Under
fur dark brown, A large oblique black patch on the side of the face continuous with a paler one under the chin. Sides and
under part of the muzzle, posterior margin of the cheek pateh, and the ear, whitish. Tail tapering to tip, with five or six
annuli and the tip black ; the annuli half as wide only as the rusty whitish interspaces. Hind feet exceeding four inches ; the
upper surface mostly dark brown. Naked part of the soles three inches.

Varies in lighter colors and substitution of rusty brown or chestr.ut for the black tints.

In general appearance, this species closely resembles P. lotor, and its characteristics are more
comparative than absolute. In size, it somewhat exceeds the lotor. The general color is a pale
yellowish gray above and on the sides, (yellowest on the nape,) overlaid with black tips to the
hairs. There is a dark brown stripe from the muffle along the top of the snout, lost in the
forehead ; on each side of the face is a well defined large patch of black which passes obliquely
from the stripe just mentioned over the eye, and runs off to an angle behind the commissure of
the mouth. The eye is situated half its diameter within the posterior edge of the patch, the
anterior edge of which is about midway between the posterior edge and the end of the snout,
There is a broad bar under the chin, forming the continuation of the cheek patches, and the
portions anterior to these marks being white, the effect is as if a black muzzle had been immersed

‘

MAMMALS—URSIDAE—PROCYON HERNANDEZII. 213

in white paint, except on the upper surface. The end of the muzzle in both jaws is white, as
also a stripe extending backwards from the angle of the mouth to the sides of the neck. There
is also a broad whitish border to the posterior edge of the cheek patch. The basal portion of
the convexity of the ear and a patch behind and below it are sooty brown ; the part projecting
beyond the hair is dull whitish. The upper surface of the hind feet, except along the inner
edge, is liver brown; the fore feet dull grayish. The under surfaces of the body are dull hoary.
The tail is rather more than half the length of the head and body ; it is moderately bushy, but
narrower than in P. lofor, and tapers slightly to the tip. The tail itself is of a light rusty
whitish, with a tip and five distinct annulations of black, and two other basal ones very obscurely
indicated. The three terminal rings are distinctly continued all round ; the others are merely
indicated on the lower surface. The rings are narrow and quite sharply defined, scarcely more
than half the width of their light interspaces.

The hairs, examined .separately, are black, with the central third whitish, the basal portion
rather brown than black. Occasionally the extreme roots will be whitish. On the sides there
is more white in the hairs, those on the side of the shoulder being almost entirely hoary,

This species bears a very close relationship to the P. lotor, and without close comparison the
differences are perhaps intangible. An examination, however, of a large number of North
American raccoons has resulted in the appreciation of certain differences, which appear quite
constant. These are as follows: :

In size, P. hernandezii is considerably the larger of the two ;. no specimens examined of rac-
coons from the eastern United States are as large as those of corresponding ages from the west.

The feet are uniformly larger and stouter, and the bare portion of the palms extends further
up the wrist. Thus the hind foot, from heel, always equals 44 inches, even in a specimen of
only 18 inches, (exclusive of tail,) and maintaining the deciduous dentition, and sometimes
exceeds 44 inches, while in P. lotor it is only in the very largest that it amounts to 4 inches,
usually less. The fore foot, from the naked part of the wrist, in a soft skin, (1053,) measures
three inches ; in a much larger skin of P. lotor, only 2,5. The thumb claw does not reach the
base of the claw adjacent to it, while it does in P. lotor.

The tail of P. hernandeziti is, in some respects, quite different from lotor ; it is rather longer
and thinner, and tapers slightly to the tip; the black rings are narrower and better defined ;
the terminal three or four only encircle the tail completely ; the others are indicated below by
a pale brownish tint. The light intervals are wider than in P, lotor, being about twice as long
as the dark rings, and tkere is rather more ferruginous intermixed.

A nearly constant difference is seen in the color of the upper surface of the hind feet. This
is of a liver brown all over, except perhaps near the base of the toes on the inner side, instead
of the uniform dull grayish white of P. lotor. This prevails in all the Texas and far western
raccoons, and I have never seen even an approach to it, except in one skin from Wisconsin,

“where there is a slight suffusion of brown along the outer edge and at the base.

There is a decided tinge of rusty yellowish in the subterminal annulation of the hairs on the
upper surface of P. hernandezii, so that while the tinge on the nape is as distinct in P. lotor,
the grayer colors posterior to it render this feature more strongly marked in the last mentioned
species. The ears of P. hernandezii are rather smaller and thinner than in the other.

The descriptions of P. hernandexti given by Wagler and Wiegmann agree very well with the
specimens examined by me, except that there is not so decided a tapering of the tail as they would

_ seem to indicate. The prevailing color of the back and sides I find to be a yellowish gray, and

214 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

that of P. lotor a grayish white, just the reverse of what is stated by.the above authors. The
greater purity of the white marks on the face in P. hernandezti I have not been able to appreciate.

Of the existence within the limits of the United States of the Procyon cancrivorus, as stated
by Audubon and Bachman, I can find no trace. The figure given by these authors is taken
from a specimen in the British Museum brought from South America, and the description from
one in the Charleston Museum, likewise extra limital. Their notice of the habits and peculiari-
ties of the California raccoon refers, in all probability, to the P. hernandezit, as this is the only
species yet detected among the many California raccoons brought in by the different expeditions.
The P. psora of Gray, from the Sacramento river, is, I suspect, a bleached or faded specimen
of the same species, with a mutilated tail, as the generic characters of Procyon are partly
wanting.

The P. obscurus and brachyurus of Wiegmann I am not able to identify ; it is quite probable
that they do not belong to North America. The characters assigned of very indistinct annula-
tion on the tail of the one, and of extreme brevity of tail in the other, are scarcely sufficient to
establish them as true species.

From the evidence at present at our command, it would seem that the Mexican raccoon is
abundant as far north as the Rio Grande of Texas, and west to the Pacific, where it ranges
north as far as Cape Flattery, or Puget’s Sound, and possibly even further. The line of demar-
cation between this and the P. lotor to the eastward is not yet ascertained.

Measurements.
Current Locality. ’ Head. | Head and | Tail to end| Tail, with Ear, (ant. | Hind ft. | Fore ft..
number. body. of verteb. hairs. edge.)
: |
1053 | Devil's river, Texas, (young) ----- 5 ts y Wil 8} | 13 4.2 3.
1052 | San Elizario, Texas.------ pee 5 21 8} 94 Jnsrnacsees 4,4 2.6
Giewelypodera. Wale => 2 — = 3s. eS 54 24 9} 103 2 4.4 3
ISG oe) pan Wrancigco, | Cales--- <= soem o| === — ee 27 11 12} 2 4,5 3.
Ta el Meera md (EC ee ee a a Sse 27 12 13 |i ease acne n| oo one eee
249) 4\ Hort Steilacoom; W. U:.s2--------|------ S 27 11} 124° | 2 4.5 3.2
1186 | Cape Flattery, W. T., (young) ----|-------- 13 54 64 222s cull 220,
List of specimens.
Catal’ gue|Corresp’ng| No. of | Sex & Locality. When | Whence obtained. Nature of | Collected by—
number. | number of |specim’n.| age. collected. specimen,
skull.
iy ee Si Wile Matamoras, Mex.-.|------ --- | Lt. D. N. Couch... Skulls__--_| Dr. L. Berlandier. *
1052 | 2210 --------|------ San Elizario, Tex...| Dec., 1854 Maj. W. H. Emory. Mounted..) Dr.C.B, Kennerly.
1053 ee ea losareioe Devil's river, Tex--| Nov.,1854 _----- O0smesnpa—- | Skin inale.|...... d0-s =2aaee
672 IY ee ee Bodega, Calon. ---|-=-sesenne Lt.W.P.Trowbridge. Skin ....-. TA. Svaboeesee
1196 Sitayte ol eas eae San Francisco, Cal..|---------- | Lt.R. 8. Williamson. ..do.....- Dr. J.S. Newberry.
mA R1 (lie| fgg SiS ht se | PS ee ee Fort Jones, Cal-22o/5- 2582-02. peace doleetescnas }- 0020 emma] see dots
Pa gh LGR cea | a ae eee) Ft. Steilacoom, W.T.|.-.----.-- Dr. Geo. Suckley Ai a Se ery) 5
1945 ye ee ean eles ose eee as | se eee pepe dO -8 eed - £00 wapceboa oe ca ee
LIS6/ (Lo eee o | Cape Flattery, W.T.|.....-.... Lt.'W.P. Trow bridge,|--des- =|. sone eee

"9

tr

MAMMALS—URSIDAE—PROCYON PSORA. 215

PROCYON HERNANDEZII, var. MEXICANA.

In the Report on the Zoology of the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey will be
found the description of a very light colored Procyon, collected by Dr. Kennerly at Espia, in
Sonora. It is well figured and described by St. Hilaire, in the Voyage de la Venus, Zoologie,
I, 1855, 25; tab. vi, from a specimen collected at Mazatlan. The general markings are as in
P. lotor, but the tints are very much paler, the long hairs being tipped with dark reddish
brown, instead of black. The feet are whitish above, the hinder ones with a tinge of chestnut
on their outer portion. The tail has six distinct annulations of purplish chestnut, besides the
tip ; the.intervals rusty whitish, a little larger than the dark rings.

In pattern of coloration, this specimen agrees exactly with P. hernandezii, as well as in the
long hind feet ; it is only necessary to suppose a skin of this species bleached throughout to a
certain degree to present the general characters described above. I therefore, without hesita-
tion, consider it a local variety of the P. hernandezii.

PROCYON PSORA, Gray.

Procyon psora, Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, 261.—Is. Voyage of Sulphur, 1844, 32; pl. xi, (skin,) xvii,
f. 1, 2, 3, (skull.) ,

The Procyon psora of Gray, based on a specimen brought from the Sacramento river, by
Belcher, resembles in some respects the specimen described as above, from Sonora. The descrip-
tion is, however, not sufficiently perfect as to admit of a minute comparison. The colors, judging
from the figure are quite similar; the black patch of the cheek, however, is smaller, and only
involves the lower half of the eye; nor does there appear to be any dusky on the upper part of
the muzzle. There is a yellowish tinge to the fur, due, possibly, to immersion in alcohol. The
upper surface of the hind feet is whitish; the tail is reduced to a mere stump, and is probably
broken off. Further specimens from California may show whether this is more than a mutilated
variety. The small cheek patch and the rudimentary tail differ from the normal condition of
other, North American species; in the former respect resembling the P. cancrivorus. The
dimensions given are as follows: head and body, 27 inches; tail, 3; hind foot, 44; skull, 5
inches long, 34 broad.

Upon the whole, I am inclined to consider the P. psora as essentially the same with the
Sonora specimen, with only a smaller cheek patch; and both of them varieties of P. hernandezii.

216 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP, AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

URSUS, Linn. ‘

Ursus, Linnxus, Systema Naturae, 1735.

Gen. Cu. sep oay thick, elcmays and ee: Feet pipirele Pisotieatie: soles naked; nails long. Tail very short. Head yery

2a
broad. Dentition: incisors = canines +— 1, premolars == a molars ~ oe = = Fr 42. ahoeti

The above brief characters will serve to distinguish one of the best defined groups in the

animal kingdom. The species are not numerous, nor are they to be found, except in the tempe-

rate regions of the northern hemisphere. A single species, U. ornatus, is found in the South .

American Andes. North America possesses more species than any other part of ae world,
having at least four, and perhaps five. -

The skull of the bears is longer, and the muzzle longer and broader than in the dogs and
cats. The orbital processes of the frontal bone are moderately developed, almost wanting in
the very young. The intermaxillary comes into absolute contact with the frontal bone. The
bony palate extends considerably behind the molar teeth. The lower jaw is massive and vee
high ; the coronoid process subtriangular, and as long as high.

The dental formula of the bears is the same as in the majority of the Canidae, the molar
teeth in the lower jaw attaining the maximum (seven) found in the placental mammals. It is
very seldom, however, that the full number is met with, owing to the deciduous character of
some of the premolars, which are very small. Indeed, in most American species, one or two
of these on each side, above and below, are usually wanting, their place indicated by a small
socket, which is sometimes obliterated entirely, and only a sharp bony ridge occupying its place.
The second premolar of both jaws disappears, and then the third ; the fourth is almost always
retained, and usually the first also, which is situated very close to the canines, and generally
incumbent upon them. The first three premolars above and below are very small and have but
a single root; their crowns are occupied by a single compressed tubercle. The fourth tooth in
both jaws is a premolar, but is much larger than those in front of it; the upper has three fangs,
the lower two. he first upper molar has three roots, the second fvetd the first, second, and
third molars have two each ; those of the third connate. pe

The fourth upper Bente represents the sectorial tooth of the carnivora, but is here greatly
reduced from its formidable homologue in the dogs ; its shape is triangular, but the base of the
triangle is posterior instead of anterior. The first true molar above has an oblong crown, with
four principal cusps, and sundry supplementary wrinkles or irregularities. The second or pos-
terior molar is the longest of all, and is shaped somewhat like the first molar, with an additional
portion on the posterior extremity, usually subtriangular, and without prominent tubercles. In
the lower jaw, the fourth lower premolar is smaller and narrower than the upper one. The
first true molar is long and narrow, especially anteriorly ; it still retains some of the charac-
teristics of the same tooth in the Canidae, especially when viewed laterally. The second molar
comes nearest the first true molar above, but is narrower ; the third molar is rounded or elon-
gated, as broad as the second molar, but shorter; its variations in comparative size furnish
excellent specific characters. ‘

The inner line of the upper molars is straight, and those of opposite sides parallel. In both
upper and lower jaws, the exterior and interior outlines of each row of molars are ae. and
converge anteriorly, so that the teeth narrow as we proceed forwards.

1
|

MAMMALS—URSIDAE—URSUS. Dik

The skulls of all the Carnivora vary exceedingly with different age, the shape of the indi-
vidual bones, and the general proportions of the head changing in a striking degree. This is
particularly the case in the bears, so much so thet any reliable comparisons between different
species must be based on examinations of specimens of the same age as indicated by the temporal
fosseel, and the sagittal crest, as well as by the condition of the teeth. This last, however, is
an uncertain basis of comparison, as the amount of attrition of the crowns of the molars and
incisors depends much more upon the general nature of the food than the age. Bears in
districts where animal sustenance and soft vegetables abound retain the integrity of the teeth
much more than those which feed upon acorns, nuts, or other seeds requiring considerable
grinding.

Another source of difficulty in the determination of species of the bears is owing to the fact
that the size at maturity varies considerably in different individuals of the same species. The
sexes, too, are said to differ constantly. Thus, according to Blainville, the males of both
Ursus americanus and U. arctos differ from the females in having the forehead flatter and less
arched transversely than in the female and young male.

The teeth, too, may vary considerably in size in two specimens of one species, where the
other proportions are the same. Thus, in two skulls of Ursus americanus, from one locality in
Louisiana, of the same size and age, the posterior upper molar of one (1154) measures 0.92
inches ; that of the other, (9889 ,) 1.10 inches. I may here mention that in No. 1154 there is
one upper premolar additional to the usual number on one side, two being developed between
the first and third. There are thus five premolars and two molars.

In describing the skulls of the bears it will be better to select as the type one of middle age,
and afterwards indicate the variations in the very old and very young ones.

The number of species of bears belonging to North America is somewhat uncertain. Those
usually assigned are the black bear, Ursus americanus—the grizzly, U. horribilis—and the polar
or white sea bear, U. maritimus. The cinnamon bear of the Rocky Mountains has usually been
considered a variety of the black bear. Skulls of a small brown bear from the Copper Mines of
New Mexico, probably the cinnamon bear, show conclusively a difference of species, and the grizzly
bear of the same neighborhood exhibits peculiarities not found in the grizzly of the Pacific
coast. There may thus be five species, and to this we must probably add the Barren Ground
bear of Richardson, referred by him to Ursus arctos of Europe. This may, however, prove to
be the same with the small grizzly of the Rocky Mountains; in which event it must be consid-
ered as entirely distinct from U. arctos.

For the sake of illustrating the comparative sizes of the skull in different species of North
American bears, with the relative proportions of each, I have prepared the following table,
based upon selections from the large stock of specimens before me.

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MAMMALS—URSIDAE—URSUS HORRIBILIS, 219

URSUS HORRIBILIS, Ord.

Grizzly Bear.

Ursus herribilis, Orv, Guthrie’s Geography, 2d Am. Ed. II, 1815, 291, 299.
Say, in Long’s Exped. II, 1823, 53.
Doveury’s Cab. Am. N. H. I, 1830, 121; pl. xi.
Gopman, Am. N. H.1, 1831, 131.
Ursus ferox, (‘* Lewis & Crark,’’) Ricuarpson, F. B. A. I, 1829, 24; pl. i.
Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 144.
Maxim. Reise in das innere Nordam. I, 1839, 488.
Wacener, Suppl. Schreb. I, 1841, 138.—Is. in Schreber, III, tab. exli, C. (Copied from Richardson.)
. Aup. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. IIL, 1853, 141; pl. exxxi.
Georrr. Voyage de la Venus, Zool. I, 1855, 123; pl v. (Skeleton.)
GreseEL, Saiugt. 1855, 742.
Max. von Wiep & Mayer, Verh. K. L. C. Akad. der Naturf. XXVI, 1857, (2?) 39; pl. iii, animal;
pl. iv, skull.
Danis ferox, (‘‘ Gray,’’) Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. R. A. 1842, 74.
Ursus cinereus, Desm. Mamm. I, 1820, 164.
Hartay, F. Am. 1825, 48.

Ursus candescens, Ham. Smitu, Griff. Cuy. II, 1827, 229; V, 1827, 112. (Plate from Lewis & Clark’s specimen in
Philadelphia Museum.)
Ursus arctos, var., MippENnvDorrrF, Sibirische Reise, IT, 1, 1853,4, 54, 61.
White bear, Barron, Phila. Med. & Phys. Jour. I, 1805, 75.
Warkxin’s, Amer. Phil. Trans. VI, 1809, 70.
Grizzly, gray, white, and brown bear, Lewis & Ciark, passim.
Gray bear of America, Journal de Phys. LXXXI, July, 1815, 416.
Dewitt Cuinton, Trans. N. Y. Lit. & Phil. Soc. I, 1815, 56.

Sp. Cu.—Size very large. Tail shorter than ears. Hair coarse, darkest near the base, with light tips. An erect mane
between the shoulders. Feet very large; fore claws twice as long as the hinder ones. A dark dorsal stripe from occiput to tail,
and another lateral one on each side along the flanks, obscured and nearly concealed by the light tips ; intervals between the
stripes lighter. All the hairs on the body brownish yellow or hoary at tips. Region around ears dusky; legs nearly black.
Muzzle pale, without a darker dorsal stripe.

A young grizzly, obtained near San Francisco by Dr. Newberry, and measuring about 3}
feet, exhibits in miniature all the peculiar characters of the species. The head is long and
acute, as in young bears; the mufile is truncated and naked above for about half an inch from
the tip. The nostrils are rather open, and the groove in the anterior face of the upper lip,
extending to the septum, is naked. The ears are large and conspicuous above the fur ; rather
narrow and high, and well coated with hair. They are about three inches high above the skull,
(exclusive of the hair.) The tail is shorter than the ear by nearly an inch.

The fore claws, as usual, are larger than the hinder ones. The fourth is longest, then the
third, second, first, and fifth. The first claw is much the most arched and convex in its dorsal
outline, and the rest become successively less and less curved : the longest measures about 2}
inches. They are compressed to near the tips, where they are depressed and slightly rounded
along the short and truncate tip; here they are not dissimilar in shape to the incisors of the
beaver, though larger. The digits preserve much the same proportions as the claw, except that
the fifth is rather longer than the first. The balls of the fingers are longer than broad, and
are separated from the large pads by a hairy depression. The main pad is twice as broad as
long, and narrows from the outside inwards. The single small circular pad near the outer edge of
the foot is separated from the main pad by an interval equal to its own diameter—about one

220 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

inch. The hind foot is rather shorter than the fore feet ; the proportions of the toes very similar
to those of the fingers, the claws much shorter, or little over one inch. The balls of the toes
are longer than wide ; the outer the larger, and advancing nearly as far as the fourth or longest.
The single pad on the sole is longer than wide, and somewhat shield-shaped.

A much larger specimen in Dr. Newberry’s collection agrees in general characters, except
that the tail is still shorter in proportion to the ear. The longest fore claw measures four
inches. The sole of the hind foot is rather longer than in the young; the single large pad
measuring about seven and a half inches by five.

The grizzly bears of the Pacific coast vary somewhat in tint, but maintain at the same time
quite constant characters. Thus the limbs are generally black or dark brown; there is a dark
stripe along the back, commencing at the occiput, and another on each flank parallel to this
and commencing behind the axille. The sides of the body, on either side of the dorsal stripe,
are of a pale brownish yellow, with a tinge of hoary, and brighest over the shoulders, the
general effect being curiously similar to what is seen in Spermophilus douglassii, and to a less
extent in S. beecheyi; the distinctness of the stripe is, however, obscured by the hairs being all
tipped with lighter. The belly is of a dull yellowish, as is also the head generally, which,
however, occasionally, is brownish in part. There is, generally, a suffusion of brown about the
ears.

There is a kind of mane on the neck, extending from the occiput to the shoulders, along
which the hair js considerably longer than that on either side, especially in the adult. In the
largest specimen before me these hairs of the mane are five inches long, the others only three ;
they are dark reddish brown at the base, shading into black to near the tip, which is pale
brownish yellow. The lighter colored spaces on either side of this line are brownish ashy at
the base. The remaining and largest portion dirty yellowish. The head above and sides of
the neck are yellowish, the under surface of the body of a duller tint of the same. The limbs
generally are blackish, with occasional tips of the dirty yellow.

In one young animal the legs are dusky, and the entire body at first sight appears of a dirty
yellowish. On closer examination, however, the concealed darker dorsal stripe, and those on
the flanks can be readily made out, more of the tips of the hairs generally being invaded by
the yellowish.

Other still younger specimens are darker and exhibit the three longitudinal stripes very
distinctly.

The largest skin of this grizzly, from California, measures 6 feet in length. From six to
seven feet may be considered the maximum.

A very large specimen (2039) from the Yellowstone is nearly uniform in its colors in all
parts, the body of the hairs being dark brown, the ends of the hairs dull brownish yellow. It
measures about six feet to the tail which is a mere rudiment shorter than the ears.

Another specimen, (1843,) on the contrary, is much varied, the prevailing color being cinna-
mon brown, more yellow on the nose, flanks, and lower part of the back; the legs nearly uniform
dark reddish brown. The darker hairs of the back are brownish yellow at the base, then
cinnamon, and finally tipped with lighter. This specimen measures 63 feet.

A young animal, (1826, dressed skin,) is entirely of, a whitish yellow above and on the sides,
anteriorly. Another, (1830,) is almost a miniature of No. 2039, except that a dorsal dark
line separates the lighter of the sides. There is, however, a distinct crescentic white patch on
the side of the shoulder or a little anterior to it.

MAMMALS—URSIDAE—URSUS HORRIBILIS. 221

No. 1867, from the Upper Platte region, is somewhat like 2039, with rather more yellowish
on the neck above; 1865 has a greater mixture of yellowish white anteriorly ; while 1866, a
large specimen, is as white as 1826. The legs of all, however, are uniform dark brown.

I have received from Dr. Hayden the dimensions of the claw of a grizzly killed at Fort
Benton by Col. Alfred Vaughan, Indian agent. This measures 6} inches along its convexity,
and is the largest that has come to my knowledge, though Townsend refers to one of seven
inches, taken from an animal killed in the Rocky Mountains by the party to which he was
attached.

There is little difficulty in distinguishing the grizzly bear in all phases of condition from the
common American black bear. The size of the feet and the length of fore claws, together with ,
the varied color of the hairs in different portions of their length, as well as in different regions,
with many other features, will always answer for this purpose. Lewis and Clark, in referring
to the differences of the grizzly and black bears, say that in the former the testicles are each
contained in separate pouches, two to four inches apart, and placed further forward than in the
black bear, in which they are contained in a single pouch, like that of a dog, and placed back
between the thighs.

The definition is more difficult in regard to the U. arctos, or European brown bear, and
some authors, as De Blainville, are quite positive as to their being identical. I have satisfied
myself of a difference, from comparison of the skulls, but have never had an opportunity of
examining skins of the European animal. This in size is sometimes but little inferior to the
average of grizzlies, although never reaching the maximum of the latter. The fore claws and
the feet are proportionally less than in the grizzly ; the ears are longer. There is usually no
trace in the young grizzly of the whitish collar or transverse band on the sides of the neck, nor
has the distinct arrangement of color in stripes, as described in the grizzly, been observed in
its European congener.

The existence of a brown bear in North America, less in size and specifically different from
the grizzly, is authenticated by Richardson, who found it on several occasions in the Barren
Grounds of the Arctic zone. Without being positive on the subject, he inclines to the opinion
that it is the Ursus arctos of Europe. The naturalists of the Venus obtained a brown bear on
the coasts of Kamtschatka, and carried it alive to Paris, where it was considered to be the true
Ursus arctos. If this be so, then the American Barren Ground brown bear is probably the
same species.

Middendorff,! in an exceedingly elaborate article on the Ursus arctos, in the course of which
he discusses the characteristics of over fifty skulls, decides that all the European bears belong
to one species, of many varieties. In comparing the grizzly bear with the U. arctos, he finds
so few differences as to be almost inclined to consider both as the same ; the size of the grizzly,
as well as its weight, he thinks over estimated; and even admitting a weight of 800 pounds,
mentions a bear of the Ural of this magnitude, according to Eversmann.

The long claws of the grizzly he admits to exceed those of the Old World bear, but is not
certain that all of the former species have an equal development in this respect. He calls to
mind the peculiar variety of the Ursus arctos, called falciger by Reichenbach on this account.
He suggests that the bears of mountainous and rocky countries have longer claws than those
of the plains.

The author comes finally to the conclusion that in the great length of the claws, the great

* Sibirische Reise, I, u, 1853,4 and 54.

222 U. Ss. P. R. R, EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

size, the usual absence of most of the small premolars, and the grayish white color of the tips
of the hairs on the body, the American grizzly forms a remarkable and extreme geographical
variety of the Old World, Ursus arctos; very closely related to the bear of the west coast of
Behring’s Straits, and through this and others, by insensible degrees, affiliating with the common
well known brown bear.

In the lack of sufficient materials for comparing the grizzly with the Old World bear, I cannot
gainsay thece conclusions, although perhaps the description of skins and skulls of the American
animal herein presented may throw more light on the subject. 1

Skull.—The skull of a grizzly bear from California, of middle age, (2037,) obtained at San

, Francisco, exhibits the teeth almost perfectly unworn, excepting the extreme points of the
inner tubercles of the upper molars, and the outer of the lower. The sagittal crest extends
further forward than in the smaller American bears of the same age, reaching to the coronal
suture.

The upper outline of the skull is nearly straight from the occiput to the middle of the pari-
etal crest. It then curves gently upwards, attaining its greatest elevation over the beginning
of the posterior fourth of the frontal ; from this it slopes downwards in a nearly straight or very
gently convex line to the anterior third of the nasal, and passes off more nearly horizontally and
straight. The curve is much less convex than in the U. americanus, and the greatest convexity
of the are of curvature, and greatest height above its chord, is in the posterior fourth instead of
in the centre. . The forehead is plane between the orbital processes in its central third, exterior
and posterior to this it is very gently convex, much less so than in the U. americanus. There
is a decided angular depression along the middle of the nasal bones, except in the posterior
fourth, where it is much less.

The greater elongation of the skull in the grizzly bear is shown in the proportion which the
width between the zygomata bears to the total length of orthographic proportion, being as 507
to 1,000, or nearly as one to two.

The zygomatic arch of this species is very little curved in either direction, being nearly
straight, viewed from above, and only moderately arched. The coronoid process of the lower
jaw is moderately concave on its posterior outline and forms a well defined right-angle with the
superior, which curves very little downwards to meet it.

A rather older specimen from the upper Missouri, lent for examination by Dr. Stevens of St.
Louis, exhibits much the same characters, although rather shorter absolutely, and broader in
proportion to its length. In this and a very old specimen from Monterey, (1218,) the median
sagittal crest has not advanced beyond the coronal suture, although the temporal ridges are
very decided and rise above the level of the forehead. In neither of these is there any great
difference in the upper profile of the head, except that in No. 1218 the forehead is more depressed,
so as to cause a slight concavity from the middle of the frontal bone to the end of the nasals.
The forehead between the post orbital processes is also concave transversely, the orbital process
only being rounded off exteriorly. The skull has become much broader in proportion to the
length. (616.) ;

1 As this article is passing through the press, I have received an elaborate paper, entitled ‘* Ueber die Selbststandigkeit
der Species des Ursus ferox, Desm., von Pring Max von Wied, mit anatomischen Bemerkungen von Dr. C. Mayer,’’ an extract
from the Verhandlungen der Kais. Leop. Carol. Akad. der Naturforscher, vol. XXVI. The date is not given, but it is either
1856 or 1857. The species is very elaborately discussed, both as to its external form and internal structure. The authors come

to the conclusion, after reviewing all of Middendorff’s arguments, that the species is essentially distinct, as a species, from the
European Ursus arctos, especially in the shorter ears and longer claws, as well as in certain osteological peculiarities.

MAMMALS—URSIDAE—URSUS HORRIBILIS. 223

The skull of the grizzly bear can at all times be distinguished by its size alone from all other
American species, excepting the polar bear. This, however, differs exceedingly in many respects ;
the muzzle is much broader and more arched; the nasal bones extend further backward. The
base of the whole skull is much curved from the condyles to the incisors; the palate being
excavated almost into a boat shape. Thus, a straight line extended from between the occipital
condyles to the crowns of the incisors will pass more than 1} inches above the centre of the
palate; in the grizzly bear not half an inch. The head of U. maritimus is much narrower,
being barely more than half as wide as long. The zygomatic arches are lower and weaker.

The teeth of the polar bear, with the exception of the canines and incisors, are much smaller
than in the grizzly, scarcely exceeding, in absolute dimensions, those of the common black bear.
The posterior upper molar is smaller than in the average of U. americanus, and quite similar in
shape ; the posterior half of the crown is nearly horizontal. The third molar from above is
much more truly sectorial than in other bears; the anterior lobe being much longer than the
posterior, which is reduced toa smaller size. The horizontal section of the tooth is sub-elliptical,
not triangular, and the inner tubercular lobe seen in most other species is here reduced to a
basal ridge. There are also differences of importance in the lower molars in the nearly horizon-
tal and plane crowns of the very small posterior one, the fewer tubercles of the others, the
absence of distinct vertical wrinkles on the outer surfaces, &c. The incisors also differ mate-
rially. It is not necessary, however, to push further the comparison of the species.

The relationships existing between the skulls of Ursus horribilis and U. arctos of Europe are
pretty close. Although our species is considerably larger, De Blainville, in his ‘‘ Osteographie
Comparée,’’ as well as other authors, considers it to be a mere variety of the U. arctos, forgetful
of the dogma of Buffon that the species of the New World are in general merely degenerate
varieties of those of the Old. I have not had the opportunity of examining an adult head of
U. arctos, but the oldest and largest figured by Blainville measures 14 inches in length and
9.3 inches in width. Thus, while the length is somewhat less, the width between the zygomata
is much greater, being 0.66 of the length. In the broadest skull of U. horribilis before me,
and one agreeing in age with Blainville’s specimen, the proportion is but 0.61. This width of
head far exceeding that of any well known American species, would appear to be quite conclu-
sive as to the question of identity. Another skull of U. arctos, as represented in the ‘ Oste-
ographie,’’ is 11.40 inches long and 7.50 inches wide, or in the proportion of 100 to 66 nearly.

In comparing a skull of the grizzly bear of California (1220) with one of U. arctos from
Sweden, marked two years old, (No. 1033,) I find them both of nearly the same relative age,
the latter a little the most forward. The last upper molar has made its appearance in both,
the last lower one has its crown four-fifths exposed in U. arctos ; in the other, with one-third
visible, but not yet above the alveolus. The deciduous canines have not yet fallen in either ;
the outer upper incisor is not quite up in the California specimen, while it is nearly in place in
the other. In these specimens the greater breadth but smaller size of the European bear is
distinctly evident. The teeth are proportionally larger in the American animal ; the posterior
half of the last upper molar more horizontal and broader, the outer surfaces more wrinkled.
The sectorial molar above is much broader in the grizzly, being nearly as wide as long, though
sub-triangular in shape. In J. arctos this molar is proportionally longer, and little more than
half as wide as long; the inner tubercle is much smaller, and in the more trenchant and com-
pressed crown, and higher anterior lobe, resembles quite closely the corresponding tooth in the

224 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

polar bear. The premolars between this and the canines are either very small or wanting
entirely in all the skulls of the grizzly, while in arctos there are two quite large ones.

Corresponding differences exist in the lower molars, which are largest in the American bear,
though not in the same proportion as the upper. The posterior molar is much more elongated
in the grizzly, equalling the second in advance of it, while in UJ. arctos it is not more than
three-fourths this length. An important difference exists in the fourth molar from behind.
This in both exhibits one central and elevated compressed pointed lobe. In the grizzly, there
is a tubercle at the base of this lobe postero-internally, from which a low angular ridge passes
to the posterior end of the tooth, parallel with a similar ridge, passing back from the lobe
and a little exterior to the middle line of the tooth. These two ridges meet behind and enclose
a small valley. Now, in the U. arctos the inner tubercle with its ridge are wanting, and there
only is a central ridge along the posterior half of the tooth. In this feature of a single ridge
there is quite a close agreement with the Ursus americanus and cinnamoneus. The incisor teeth
seem to have much the same characters in both species.

In view of the very great difference in the size of the teeth in the smallest grizaly bear and
the largest of our smaller species, it is hardly necessary to go into any detailed comparisons of
the skulls of the species. The most important characteristics, independent of size, are to be found
in the narrower head, straighter profile, and more flattened and concave forehead, greater pro-
portional size of the posterior upper and lower molars, and numerous other features in the grizzly.

The following table exhibits the detailed measurements and proportions of the skull in several
grizzlies, from various localities, as well as of a skull of the polar bear:

Measurements.
] |
Ursus horribilis. U. horribilis. U. horribilis, var. | U. maritimus.
1218. 2037. jhorriaeus. 3 990. | 903.

Monterey, Cal. || San Francisco. || Copper Mines. | N. Greenland.

SKULL. |

Inches. |100thsof}) Inches. |100ths of Inches. /100ths off Inches. |L00ths of

length. length. length. length.

|
Total length ..--- Fotgdo nono scone ee soa ae 5a5 15.20 | 1.00 | 14.10 | 1.00 14.20 | 1.00 || 15.20 } 1.00
From end of intermaxillary to end of condyle..---.-. 14.60 | .96 13.70 | .97 13,10 | .92 || 15.30} 1.01
acetic aera 9.37| .61|| 7.20] .51] 8.20] -.58 |) 8.20] 54
‘« height above base of cranium --.----------- 4.90 | .32 4.10 9} 4.40] .30 4,30] .28
Distance between orbits .------------------------- 3.40 | .22 2.85 | .20 3.10} .21 8.637) 28
ue a orbital processes_-..-.----------- 5.17 | .34 3.80 | .26 4.70 33 4.78 31
NEEal Ones MeN EN sense wee ease Reese mews ceens| anes mene | tees S90 Sie |saeceee seer see 4.30 | 3:28
width! before:—2-S2 cL S52). Soo ccte ete 1.40 09 1.30| .09) 1.40) .09 1.23 | .08
Narrowest part of muzzle behind canines -.--------- 3.05 }| .20 8.10) } 21 2.80 | .19}) 3.48] .22
Upper incisors, from front to molars ---.----------- 3.50 | .23 3.18 | .22 3.20 | .22 | 3.56] .23
to hinder margin of palate ----.--.-- 7.80 | .51 7.00 | .49 6.95 | .48 | 7.80] .51
width between external edges --..--- 2.06 sis 1.80 12 1. 87 13 2.00 13
Upper molars, length taken together----------.---- 3.13 | .20 3.00} .21 2. 80 19 2.56 | .16
least distance between -.-- .-..------ 2.05 13 1.80 | .12 | 1. 80 12 2.30 | .16
From intermaxillary to end of nasals -...---------.|--------|------ GiS7"| -eah bee 7.20] .47
U4 commencement of orbit. - ---- 6. 26 41 5. 60 39 5.70 | .40 5. 90 . 39
Between post orbital points and occiput..--.-------- 8.70 | .57 7.80 | .55 7.80 | .54 8.60 | .56
From post orbital points to end of nasals -.--------- 5.15 | .33 4.94 35 4. 64 32 6.00} .32
end of intermaxillaries-..| 8. 00 52 || 7.40 52 || 7.40;] .53 7.90 | .&1

MAMMALS—URSIDAE—URSUS HORRIBILIS. 225

The range of the grizzly bear is quite extensive through North America though less so than
that of the common black, bear. It appears first to occur on the Missouri, above Fort Pierre,
and becomes more and more abundant higher up on the Missouri, and especially on the Yellow-
stone ; thence to the Rocky Mountains, which it inhabits throughout its entire extent in the
United States. It also ranges to the Pacific, though not found on the coast north of the Colum-
bia river, To the north it extends far into the British possessions, and southward into Mexico;
how far, however, is not known.

Richardson credits Lewis and Clark with the name of Ursus ferow, as first applied to this
animal ; I have not been able to find this name in their report, and am inclined to believe it a
translation by Richardson of one of their vernacular appellations. To the best of my present
knowledge, the first tenable name is the one imposed by Ord as quoted above.

For a detailed account of the skull and skin of a variety of grizzly from Sonora and the
Copper Mines of New Mexico, which I call Ursus horribilis var. horriaeus, I refer to the report
of the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey.

List of specimens.

ale FS
2 o- - =
8 == & Locality. When Whence obtained. | = | Nature of Measurements. Collected by—
& So lh oes collected. = | specimen.
i) aS & =
gs | Me &
S| 6 hom 5
1199 | 2084 Q Calaveras co., Cal... Nov., 1855....| Lt. R. S. Williamson.)....| Skin.......|ssseesleeesee|reeeee seeeee| Dr. J. S. Newberry,
1274 | 2085 fe) seeee dO secceeeseseeeesiavee dO seseeee Jeweeee dO .seeeeveeeee eee] dO cacceee|cocres|evceee|soseesleccees woeeeedO 1. wecvcccs
1443 sen] © [ewecee do .s.eee steeeeees jreedO see eeee Jeseece dO . veccesecceee GO .cneene| cesees|sccves|eccees|coves seeeeeGO veces
1444 |oceeee] O feccoee GO .secceveveseees JeserdOcsanicces |e-eveeDO vecnmecacenes sane |eaDO seecees| soceeslscccer|ecsees|scccee|sovees dO seccececees
1219 @ | Monterey, Cal....... nusogucobibdse |e Ww. P. Trowbridge.|.... Skull. ....] eceee.| scccelsccces|ec Tene lecee cece ence eeeeenes
TRO} © fecceee UD creis ver ccleeeapiiwredeeceddess lasesee NO\imaccucleeen Sora ied CO Isiwets miele fale dietsial siete eisai hate weiud axis sate ao vceccciecee rece cone
3100 |...ee Petaluma, Cal .........\e008 aececeeone E. Samuels ..... ccelecce|, dO .vevece|veccce|cvcccelecesesleveves lesecce eeeeccsevecece
BS | rceceleceeee Fort Union, Neb........ Jecveacesvececs | E. T. Denig.......005 coe | SEIN ce ccce| ccecaclceccce|scrocclececse [neue oevucves sereecee
71826 |.....6 +esee+! Bighorn river, Neb..,... Aug., 1856 ...| Lt. G. K. Warren..... evee[eedO cecvece|sevee-|cevevelees teslere -».| Dr. F. V. Hayden...
AEC | eee eeaae Fort Clark, Neh........ br ted Qaee sans sensu Oise cecninesiccns Meg ROO} tenis carl needs cs cnaaeacacaleacter wov esdO'=cesteveds
1B4S | cccccleveceslseees dO veccvessccccece eeeedO veccces Ixaeale dO... eccccceese [210 cesses | eeeeselenseeslevees elecceeeleccens do..
2039 |...... sseees] Yellowstone river ssee./e204d0 scsseee HSB doses scitees «ce Jasrs| Sdoyececcey|fodene<|seasea| oad side vol asece Blt) concaenocee
2892 |......| Fort Union, Neb........|s.0.eeeseeeree Jevgseed0)-serewecee-<-|-2-.|, Skeletanid.|<scsceltuwasa|+s-e0s)ecouss vosae2O ceneseneses
1865 | 2563} Q Medicine Bow Butte,N.| Aug. 30,1856 Lt. F. T. Bryan....... 314 | Skin....... 15%} 52 2 6} | W.S. 'Wood.......
1866 | 9564} Q bedliasosdovsea ok lh coud oneds | aton cones TMG eal) Az lebTEGs llores dole, seamen
1867 | 2565| ..| Aug. 27,1856 | acess do doveuts ons Tf |PGERif a” ||) Sho ltecsecdd creer nese

URSUS AMERICANUS, Pallas.
Black Bear.

Ursus americanus, Patxas, Spicilegia Zoologia, xiv, 1780, 6-24.
Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 101.
Boppagrr, El. Anim. I, 1784, 79.
Lacep. et Cuvier, Menagerie du Museum, 1801. Plate.
Desmarest, Mamm. I, 1820, 165.
Haran, F. Am. 1825, 51.
Ricu. F. B, A. I, 1829, 14.
Fiscuer, Syn. 1829, 143. ~
Gopman, Am. N. H. I, 1831, 114.

29 L

226 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

F. Coy. Suppl. Buff. I, Mamm. 1831, 352.
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. II, 1841, 141.—Is. in Schreber Siugt. III, pl. exli, B. (No text.)
Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 24, pl. vi, f. 1. <
Aup. & Bacn. N. A. Quad. III, 1853, 187; pl. exli.
Max von Wiep & Mayer, Verh. K. L. C. Akad. der Naturf. XXVI, 1857, (?) 41; pl. v. Skull.
Ursus niger, americanus, Grirr. Cuy. V, 1827, 112.
Black bear, Penn. Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 174.—Is. Arctic Zoology, I, 1784, 57.
Ours noir d’Amerique, St. Hiraire, Cuv. Hist. Nat. des Mamm. II, 1819. Plate.

Sr. Cu.—Size small. Feet moderate. Fore claws not twice as long as the hinder. Color entirely uniform throughout,
either black or brownish; the hairs darkest towards the tips.

No perfect specimens of the American black bear have been collected by any of the expeditions,
although Dr. Newberry brought in a large robe, procured in Oregon. In this the hairs are
long and rather soft, without any wool between their bases. The color is a lustrous black, with
a slight tinge of brownish near the roots, the difference is, however, scarcely appreciable.

The hair of the black bear is much softer than that of the grizzly, and in the skins examined
lacks the wiry wool seen among the roots of the long staple in the grizzly.

Skull.—The specimen selected as the type of the skull in this species is No. 897, from St.
Lawrence county, New York. The sex is unmarked. The molar teeth are unworn, and the
age may be three or four years. The sagittal crest is quite distinct over the posterior half of
the parietal bone; it then sinks down, and the temporal crests proceed forward, diverging so
that their inner edges are separated at the coronal suture by about half an inch.

The outline of the skull above in profile is a gentle curve from the termination of the sagittal
elevated crest to the beginning of the anterior third of the nasal ; the rest of the profile, at the
extremities of this single curve, passes off in a gentle convexity and more horizontally. The
curve forms quite a perfect arc of a circle, (a little more convex on the posterior half,) the chord
of which measures about 7 inches, the ordinate, one. There is very little, if any, depression
of the skull along the central line, the line of profile view coinciding almost exactly with it.

The skull is entirely flat or plane above, (except a very little rising along the temporal crests,)

as far as the middle of the frontal bone; there is then a slight swelling, and beyond this the
bone rounds rapidly off to the orbital process and the edge of the orbits; but a central area
continues flat to the end. The transverse outline between the points of the orbital processes
exhibits a shallow concavity in the centre, and a rapid rounding at the extremities.

The outline from above shows the width between the zygomata to be 0.573 of the total
length. The distance from the anterior point of the molar to the end of the muzzle, measured
parallel to the axis of the head, is 0.332 the total length ; the least width between the orbits is
0.22 of this same length ; that between the points of the orbits is 0.439 of the same length.

The lower jaw is heavy and massive. The coronoid process is broad, the anterior and upper
edge curving round to meet the moderately concave posterior outline at a rather obtuse angle.
There is, however, no appearance of a hook.

The molars are of moderate size, the posterior lower one with the outline slightly oval, the
anterior larger and flattened, the transverse diameter three-fourths the length of the longitudinal.

A younger animal from Pennsylvania has somewhat the same general characters, except that
the profile curve of the forehead is less regular, and indeed is nearly straight on the anterior
half. The coronoid process is considerably lower, and the posterior outline passes considerably
more forwards, so that a perpendicular line, instead of falling on the anterior base of the condyle,
would pass considerably in advance.

4

MAMMALS—URSIDAE—URSUS AMERICANUS. 227

Of two specimens from Louisiana, of nearly the same age with that first described, one agrees
pretty well with it; the other exhibits a gentle concavity from between the orbital processes to
the end of the nasals.

In three very old specimens from Louisiana, the sagittal crest extends nearly as far as the
middle of the frontal bone. In two of these there is rather more of a depression between the
orbital processes than that described ; the third (a male) agrees very closely. The dorsal outline
is altered in all as being less convex ; in one it is nearly straight from the end of the sagittal
crest to the tip of the nose.

A specimen (No. 1156) has a much shorter muzzle than the others, measuring only 0.29 of
the total length, instead of 0.33, as given above.

All agree in the general shape of the coronoid process as given above.

Since writing the preceding article, I have examined a skull of the black bear from Saranac
Lake, New York, which exhibits some very anomalous features, greatly differing from what has
been described. The chief characteristic is the enormous breadth of the head, in this respect
exceeding even the Ursus arctos of Europe. Thus, while the total length is 10.70 inches, the
width is 7.60, a proportion of 100 to 71. A larger number of specimens from this locality,
may perhaps furnish the clue to this remarkable variation, which, under other circumstances,
would be readily allowed as indicating a distinct species.

Measurements.
Ursus Americanus. | Ursus Americanus.
Morehouse parish, La, | Saranac Lake, N. Y.
SKULL. CEVA uous | 2250.
Inches. 100ths eee Inches. 100ths of length.
Tayo) ther cai See ate aa cache See hea Liles SS 12. 30 1.00 || 10.70 1.00
From end of intermaxillaries to end of condyles-.--.. -------- 11.70 ~95 10. 50 - 98
rentesttwid hssceete it Sew Yew) 2 heceet tees ie | 7.50 460i THe 7260 71
height above base of cranium .....-.---------------- 3.60 ey | Pees .31
Distance between orbits.....--------------------ee-ee0----- 2. 80 22 «|| B77 25
OxDital (processed a ee seee ene ee oe ee anes o 3. 85 -31 4.16 - 38
Avseealshones lenc this. sees ween ere ena Seeds 3.10 226 || ~—«-23.50 323
width: before! 22s.e5-0sosc4sceeeeeanaenedeaweee 1.00 . 08 1. 20 oo
Narrowest part of muzzle behind the canines ---.--.-.-------- 2.58 . 20 2,27 21
(Wpperineisors from front ‘tormolars.--- === <=s------s---ss5-5 2. 90 .23 2.40 - 22
to hinder margin of palate....:- ---------...-- 6.15 - 50 5. 33 -49
width between external edges .-..-------------- 1. 37 - il 1. 20 if
Upper molars, length taken together......-.--.-------------- Zoo «19 1. 82 ht
least distance between" +2<0.52222=2-2-2--<2-52- 1. 60 13 1.74 -16
From intermaxillary to end of nasals ......------------------ 5, 25 ~42 4.40 -41
commencement of orbit -.--.---------- 4. 60 aT 3.70 . 34
Between postorbital points to occiput -....------------------- 7. 20 . 58 6. 40 -59
postorbital points to end of nasals...-..-.--.--------- 4.14 eres 3. 37 -31
end of intermaxillary ...-..-------- 6.27 .50 «|| = 5. 20 . 48

228 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—-GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Catalogue | Sex & Locality. Whence obtained. Nature of specimen. Collected by—
number. | age.
BBY Tae eee One? On eee ee eee eee iit. BR. .§. Williamson -..-| Robe -.-... .-.-=. Dr. J. S. Newberry.-
2333 |....-- Essex county, N. ---------2 ID Bisa REI Gees ee ee Paws inalcohol <-- |<. = ss<es=e ===
988 Q Prairie Mer Rouge, La-------- ae NAO tere me ae ea te SKmll eso e oo en = 5| 252 oe eee
987 aY |aesaée CB i er mh | ee (s (coe Mie mo ah Pe (eae eae be tj
NE Wesson |------ C0 a ee Ae eee dotssreen settee wed. 5025 es téi lh. AL ee ee
ite) eee eee dow te Usk. GOJI ese do Hee fap See eudouils foesven. W|sts Ge ee
TG eee et Ese (ESS See Ey aes pe ee Pa Dors-=a eso e eee. SOO Mets eee nt i a ee
902 ret Pennsylvania’ ...--.--=-=~..=- Bp eaird) aoe Skeleton. 22620 <5 <| seg ee ae eee
Ry io eae St. Lawrence county, N. Y ---| Dr. F. B. Hough -------- Skull oo 2a oe ae = ao oe er
2250 en ae Saranac Lake, N.Y soo... .-< M. (BAbCh a. a0 ecicncacmece 2ndOk asec cece cee ee poe oe eee
BODO Eh ues ae | Essex COUNLYWNe Nienooss a= s= Drs. He Hale ---2---—— meWOs secnecwss sad) 2 oss ee
S061 =) oo os aseS52 donee ceeencssccas ee |peones Cee a eee BeUO le aoe ees eS | ea a eee
Da) ae Lake Superior_..-- 22--22-2- Oe We. Wostereaso-ceca2 ene ‘Molats (S25 22 2c sculeoeae 22 eee

URSUS AMERICANUS, var. CINNAMONEUS.

Cinnamon Bear.

Ursus americanus var. cinnamomum, Aun. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 125; pl. exxvii.

A single robe of this variety of bear was obtained in Oregon by Dr. Newberry. The hair
appears rather longer and softer than that of the black bear, which, however, it closely resem-
bles in texture. The color isa nearly uniform dark chestnut or cinnamon, with a purplish
reflection in certain lights; the hairs become, however, appreciably paler towards the roots.

For a detailed description of the skull of a small brown bear from the coppermines of the
Gila, referred to this species or variety, I would refer to the Zoology of the United States and
Mexican Boundary Survey.

List of specimens.

Catalogue Locality. Whence obtained. Nature of Collected by—
number. specimen.
| gS a Se ee |
2334 OrecOui-t -sascesstee sedan u- =p ee Lt. R. 8. Williamson..-2.......-- Robe; « «<0 Dr. J. S. Newberry --

MAMMALS—URSIDAE—URSUS MARITIMUS. 229

URSUS MARITIMUS.

Polar Bear.

Ursus maritimus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 70. (Under head of U. arctos.)
E, Sasine, App. Parry’s First Voyage, 1824, 183.
Ricu. App. Parry’s Second Voyage, 1825, 258.—Is. F. B. A. I, 1829, 30.
Hartan, F. A. 1825, 51.
Aup. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. II, 1851, 281; pl. xci.
Ursus marinus, ‘‘ Paux. Itinerary.”—Is. Spicilegia Zoologia, XIV, 1780, p. 1, tab. i.

Ear scarcely as long as the tail. Thumb much shorter than the outer toe. Crown, forehead, and top of the muzzle lie in
one plane. Color snow white.

I introduce this species merely for the sake of completing the record of American bears,
although no specimens were collected by any of the expeditions. For a description of the skull,
see its comparison with the skull of Ursus horribilis, as above.

List of specimens.

Catalogue Locality. Whence obtained. Nature of specimen.
number.
904 NorthGreenland +--es<+-seeseccen ass So Steenbereesces sh stccseseccsce Skull ...35s¢s beck see
CUS hee dots neta a i Bae ee COU. See see eae ey ere fo do sen cao pa ee et eae

* There is still another North American bear, if it be really different from the grizzly, namely, that described as Ursus arctos,
or Barren Ground bear, by Richardson, in Fauna Boreali-Americana. Without any specimens or information other than what
is detailed in Richardson, I have nothing to say on the subject.

ORDER II.

MARSUPIATA.

Implacental mammals, the young of which are brought forth prematurely, and received, in most instances, into a peculiar
pouch, situated on the lower part of the abdomen of the female; both sexes are furnished with two bones, called marsupial
bones, which are attached to the anterior margin of the pelvis. The brain is deficient, both in the corpus callosum and septum
lucidum ; the cerebrum is small, in comparison with the size of the animal, contracted in front; its surface is smooth, or presents
but few convolutions; the cerebellum is entirely exposed, and has the vermiform process large in proportion to the lateral lobes;
the olfactory lobes large. Two vene cave enter the heart.'

In the preceding diagnosis are embraced the chief characteristics of a very remarkable order
of mammals, of which the opossum and kangaroo are familiar examples. They are most
characteristic of Australia at the present day; one group is found in America, one genus, with
two species, belonging to the United States. Certain species exist in the Moluccas, as well as in
New Guinea.

The Marsupiata present a great variety of forms, agreeing in the characters presented above,
but of totally different external appearance, and representing nearly all the other orders of
mammals. Indeed, some naturalists assign them respectively to the different groups they most
resemble, while others, again, give to them the position of a distinct class of implacentalia, as
distinguished from the placental mammals. Thus, the Quadrumanaare represented by the Pha-
langers, the Carnivora by the Dasyuri, the Insectivora by the small Phascogales, the Ruminantia
by the Kangaroos, and the Edentata by the Monotremes. The Cheiroptera are not represented
by any known Marsupalia, and the Rodents by a single species only.

The most striking peculiarity of the Marsupiata, in addition to the pouch, consists in the
premature birth of the young, and consequent imperfect state of development which they present
at this period. The young of the great kangaroo, (Macropus major,) twelve hours after birth,
resembled an earth worm in the color and semi-transparency of its integument; its whole
length, from nose to end of tail, did not exceed an inch and two lines.

In addition to the other differences between the placental and non-placental mammals, there
are striking peculiarities to be found in the character of the teeth. While in the former the
normal number of incisors in each jaw is six, in the latter they vary from ten above and eight
below, to eight above and six below, or six above and two below. All Marsupialia, with very
few exceptions, have four true molars.

Waterhouse considers the Monotremata, embracing the Echidna and Ornithorynchus, as one
section of the Marsupiata, the more typical ones being divided by him into Macropodidae,
Peramelidae, Phascolomyidae, Phalangistidae, Didelphidae, and Dasyuridae. It is with the
Didelphidae only that we have here to do.

* Waterhouse, Natural History of the Mammalia, vol. 1, 1846, page 1, from which the general remarks in this article are
chiefly derived.

oe

——

a

ie)

e

Pe pal oat Bete

FAMILY.

DIDELPHIDAE.

/ 5-5 . 1-1 3-3 4-4 :
Incisor teeth 7-7, canines j—;, premolars ;—,, molars 7—j; feet five-toed, plantigrade ; coecum moderate.

The opossums are peculiarly American animals, the various forms occurring over a great
extent of both North and South America. They are usually of small size, the largest scarcely
exceeding a cat in bulk, the smallest a little larger than a mouse. Their food consists chiefly
of insects, small reptiles, and birds, with their eggs.

Some of the species have only a very rudimentary pouch, the mammae in which are very
numerous, varying from nine to thirteen. All the Didelphidae may be readily distinguished
from other mammals by the great number of incisors in the jaws (+>).

The tail is generally very long, nearly naked, and covered by a scaly skin, with a few scat-
tered hairs; as in many other Marsupiata, it is prehensile. The feet are naked beneath, five-
toed, all the toes furnished with moderate claws, except the inner one of the hind foot, which
has no claw.

232 U. SP. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

DIDELP EY S,. linn,
Didelphys, Linn. Syst. Naturae, I, 1735.

While the genus Didelphys, in its widest sense, may be considered as possessing all the char-
acters given under the family head, it is by some restricted to the species with the toes free,
and the fur of the back thickly interspersed with long coarser hairs. Of quite a number of this
particular group, but two belong to the United States north of Mexico—these, at the same time,
being the sole North American representatives of the family.

|
|
.

‘ DIDELPHYS VIRGINIANA.

Opossum.

Didelphys virginiana, SHaw, Gen. Zool. I, 1800, 473; pl. evii.

Desm. Mamm. I, 1820, 255.

Harzay, F. A. 1825, 119.

Grirr. Cuv. III, 1827, 24, pl._—tIs. V, 1827, 186.

Temm. Mon. Mamm. I, 1828, 27.

FiscHer, Syn. 1829, 263.

Waener, Suppl. Schreb. II, 1841, 37.—Is. V, 1855, 219.

Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 3; pl. xv, f. 2.

Warernovuse, N. H. Mamm. I, 1846, 165.

Bacuman, Pr. A. N.S. 1848, 40. (Development.)

Micuet, Ib. 46.

Aun. & Bacu, N. A. Quad. II, 1851, 107; pl. Ixvi.

Giesex, Siugt. 1855, 708. ,

Burmester, Erlaut. Fauna Braziliens, 1856, 60; tab. v, vi, f. land 3. (Skull.)
Didelphys marsupialis, Scures. Saiug. III, 1778; pl.cxlv.* (The description and plate exlv, do not refer to the species.)
Virginian opossum, PENN. Quad. II, 1781, 301; pl. xxxiv.—Is. Arctic Zool. I, 1784, 73. (Leverian Museum.)
Opossum, St. Hitarre & Cuy. Hist. Mamm. III, 1819; two plates.

Spr. Cx.—Hairs whitish, with brown tips, imparting a dusky shade. Legs and feet uniform dark brown or black; the fingers
and toes white. Head throughout yellowish white, chin and top of head scarcely darker. A dusky suffusion around the eye.
Tail shorter than the head and trunk. Body with long white hairs interspersed.

Length to occiput, 5 inches; to root of tail, 203; of tail, 143.

In the above diagnosis I have presented the characters of this species sufficiently well for
comparison with the D. californica, which it so greatly resembles. According to Audubon and

Bachman, the Hudson river is its eastern limit; its western and southern are not defined. I
have not known with certainty of its existence far west of the Missouri, nor in Texas.

i i el ee ie

J
y

|

}

’

:

MARSUPIATA—DIDELPHIDAE—DIDELPHYS CALIFORNICA. 233

The following table contains the measurements in detail of a fresh specimen from near Wash-
ington:

General dimensions.

Inches. | Lines. Inches. | Lines.
DORE TO OCOD as miecinst aeemaie a dna smn = PR SS ae Ears, width Be a ae a 2 7
Lh eau eee eS eee 2 7 Arm, between claws across shoulder --- 1 9
COMES 2h 2 eS ee eae 5 6 length of fore arm ....-. -..---- 3 9
TEE TONG ORIEN Seas chad n ssc eua se 19 6 from elbow to end of claws--.-.--- by 3
to end of outstretched hind legs--.-| 27 |..------ f0Ye:f00U faa see a2 eo ee ee ee 2 6
Tail, from root to end of vertebrae ~.--.-- LT Mell eR ee longest, claw it 2 -3- Se Sse ee eh oe ee
from root to end of hairs......-.--- Noe S Seances Leg, from knee joint to end of claws .-- 6 6
Ears, height posteriorly.-.----..------- 2 5 BMA Soha. Sos saat AE ee 4 P18
height anteriorly -.=-.----.s------ 1 9 hind foot from heel to end of claws- oi alseeee
height above canthus -......------ 2 2 |i longest claw... <—-. is so ncecnnsn|=saceme= [sao eee
height internally above skull ------|--------|-------. Weight aoe - (522.5 eee 7 Ibs. | thin.
List of specimens. -
Catalogue | Corresponding | No. of spe- | Sex & Locality. Whence obtained. Nature of specimen.
number. | No. of skull. cimen. age.
ace t Soe See eee Se eee ania Washington, D. C_-------- "National Institute_..| Mounted -......---
2A. eee se Ae SES PASE SE a ie Pots <3 S225. Sahoo Marketise. 2.222222 Invalcohal_2225.-2—
484 TGS Bee es wana Git leases AO... atseneeees oe ete aae sc cosane se pees: (emp Ne Se ae,
ete feoge = soos toe 3 ° Carlisle Pay ase eee S.. aid sane ee EB2t dOs8an 2 eee
CTD gl pd a el la a Sa © "| Calcasien, La. -----5-- 2225 - G. Wiirdemann -----'---- does 2. Joes aaa
ae 1097 be ceadse |oss.22| Washington, Miss. 2: -s2.--| Col. Wailes2..-.2--2! (Skull <2 S5e ame
pee ae Soe 2200 Sees ae leaee ae bobs, SUMON- sania) Gass —-.|| SiePa Postel’: aes Gees ec

DIDELPHYS CALIFORNICA.

Texas Possum.

Didelphys californica, BennetT, Pr. Zool. Soc. I, 1833, 40.
Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 40.—In. V, 1855, 223.
Warernouse, N. H. Mamm, I, 1846, 476.
Aun. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. III, 1854, 331.
Burmeister, Erlaut. Fauna Brasiliens, 1856, 63. (Seems somewhat different.)
? Didelphys breviceps, Benn. Pr. Zool. Soc. I, 1833, 40.
Wacner, Suppl. Schreber, III, 1843, 40.—Is. V, 1855, 224.
Warennouse, Nat. Hist. Mamm., I, 1846, 478.
Aup. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. III, 1854, 224.
Didelphys pruinosa, Wacner, Suppl. Schreber, III, 1843, 40, (note.)—Is. V, 1855.
Wareruovuse, N. H. Mamm. I, 1846, 477.

Sp. Ca —Hairs whitish with brown tips, imparting a nearly black shade. Body with numerous long white hairs mixed with the
rest. Legs and feet entirely dark brown or black to the claws. Head dusky above and below, with a brown lateral streak

30 L

234 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

through the eye, and passing round behind it into the sooty of the chin and throat, enclosing an oblong white patch under the
eye. Tail as long as the neck and trunk, exclusive of the head; young? with the body almost entirely black. Length to
occiput, 3.80 ; to root of tail, 16.50; tail to tip, 11.25; fore foot, 1.50; hind foot, 2.20; height of ear, 1.40.

A much fuller description of this species, as well as of the Virginia possum, will be found in
the report of the Zoology of the Mexican Boundary Survey ; I only introduce here the specific
characters of each.

The present species appears to replace the common possum in Texas and Mexico, as well as
in California, and has, doubtless, given rise to the impression of the great range of the former
species, though the two are sufficiently distinct on comparison; the most southern locality I
have seen is the city of Mexico.

The Didelphys californica was first described by Bennett from a specimen caught in North-
western Mexico, and subsequently received other names; the D. breviceps, from the same
locality, is doubtless identical, as skulls ofthis genus vary remarkably in the same species,
andthe great length of the tail, given by Bennett as an important character, has been con-
siderably reduced by the new measurement of the same specimens by Waterhouse.

The species is probably abundant in California, though I have not been able to examine any
from that region. :

a List of specimens.
Catal’ gue|Correspondi’g) No of Locality. When Whence ob- | Original |Nature of spe-| Collected by—
number.| No. of skull. |specim’n. collected. tained. number.| —cimen,
GS as 2 a Se ee City, of Mexico!—_|. - -..s-—~=-£ John, Potts: -.|..---2=- Skin... ¢-<32)eonnad eee
2 TUSY OG EP Pee yee ee ene Guyapuco, Mex. -)5.3- 3050 Lt. D.N.Couch.|....-.-- Skeleton ...-|_ 2.) 2
1121 pit) @ | Saas Matamoras .._--- Feb. 1, 1853 |--=.do.....-5 26 Skin ...-..-|.2-.=sseeeee ‘s
a 7 eS (SS see eee Ree sme emer Pes (ik, SR eet | ern ee Skel. & skulls.| Dr.L.Berlandier,
1171 US et [feet ae Lower Rio Grande.|..---------- Maj. W.H.Emory|---..--- SEany ease J. H. Clark ...

-
:
'

ORDER III. NS

RODENTIA. ~

Incisor teeth two in each jaw, (a second rudimentary pair behind the upper incisors in the Leporidae,) very large, with sharp
cutting chisel shaped edges, fitted for gnawing. No canines, but a wide space without teeth between these and the molars.
The condyle of the lower jaw longitudinal, rounded, haying free motion, longitudinally, in the glenoid cavity.

The Rodentia are unmistakably characterized by the incisor teeth as given above, although
in some other features they are easily distinguished from the remaining orders of mammals.
They exist in all parts of the world, and are especially abundant in America, which contains
nearly as many species as all the rest of the world put together. South America counts,
however, more species than the northern half of the new world, the preponderance being
caused. principally by the large number belonging to the genus Hesperomys, of which our little
deer—or white-footed wood mouse is a familiar example.

There are no indigenous Rodents common to Europe and North America, unless we except
the beaver, which is by some authorities supposed to be the same.!. Spermophilus parryi and
Fiber zibethicus, or the muskrat, are, however, said to occur in the northeastern part of Asiatic
Russia, nearest the continent of America, especially on the peninsula of Kamtschatka and
islands adjacent. The statement is more certain in respect to the former than to the latter.
Nor is there evidence that any North American species are found in South America, although
a umber extend into Mexico. There is, however, a close relationship between their families
and genera, as will be seen by the following brief discussion of the distribution of the genera
and species of the North American types.

Taking the families up in the order: Sciwridae, Saccomyidae, Muridae, Hystricidae, and
Leporidae, we find the ©

Sciuridae especially abundant in the United States, which embraces within its limits nearly
one-third of the known species, at least of the nominal ones. This development is particularly
seen in Sciurus and Spermophilus, species of Pteromys being more numerous in Asia, and none
occurring in South America. A few species of Sciwrus are found there, but thus far no Sper-
mophilus. Tamias is almost peculiar to North America; two species only (perhaps but one)
occurring in Siberia. The genus Castor extends over the whole of North America and into
Mexico, specimens having been received by the Smithsonian Institution from Tamaulipas, as
well as from numerous points along the whole extent of the Rio Grande and Gila rivers. The
same species, or a variety, occurs through the north of the Old World, although it is only on
the Obi of Siberia that it constitutes an item in the fur trade. Aplodontia, the last genus of
this family, is confined, as far as known, to Washington Territory.

Saccomyidae.—This small but natural group, well entitled to the rank of a distinct family,
is, as far as known, confined entirely to America. Of the six component genera, (Macrocolus
being a synonym of Dipodomys,) Heteromys is found in Trinidad and Central America, Saccomys
probably in the West Indies, and Dipodomys, Perognathus, Thomomys, and Geomys in Mexico

and North America. Dipodomys, though abundant in Mexico as far north as the Rio Grande,

' Some authorities consider the lemmings of America identical with European species.

.

236 U. Ss. P. RR. EXP. “AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

does not appear to cross this river into Texas, except in the western part of the State; it extends
along the Rocky Mountain range—certainly as far as 38° N., and west to the Pacific, where it
reaches nearly to the Columbia river. Perognathus, with similar limits on the whole is found
on the Missouri river as far east as Fort Union, Nebraska, though it is not known whether it
occurs in a direct line between this point and Matamoras, where it has been detected by Dr.
Berlandiere and Lieut. Couch.1 Geomys has a more general distribution, being found in
Georgia and the Gulf States, and from the region bordering the Mississippi, to the Rocky Moun-
tains, and even almost to the Arctic Sea on the north, and to Central America on the south.
All the pouched rats hitherto collected west of the Rocky Mountains, however, belong to the
section Thomomys, which is limited eastward by the Mississippi. ;

Muridae.—Of this, the most extensive family of the Rodents, the North American represen-
tatives are not very numerous, being confined principally to the Arvicolinae. The Dipodinae are
illustrated by the genus Jaculus, with one or two species, most abundant in the northern part
of the continent, and extending to the Pacific. The Ctenodactylinae are confined to Africa. Of
the Murina we have no Old World Mus; our few species of mice belonging to the American
group of Hesperomys, which, in a small number of species, is found all over the continent to a
very high latitude. It is in South America that the Hesperomys, in several subdivisions, reach
their highest development, eighty or more species being enumerated. Of Leithrodon, distin-
guished from Hesperomys by the grooved upper incisor, and likewise found in South America,
there are only a few North American species, belonging to the southern States and the Rocky
Mountains. The Neotoma, with thin tails, are found in the southern States, and through Texas
and northern Mexico—perhaps southern California—to the Pacific; more sparingly in the
western States. A few.specimens of NV. floridana have been caught by Mr. John G. Bell near
the city of New York, far out of their usual range. The bush-tailed Neotomas occur on the
head waters of the Missouri and west to the Pacific ocean, probably also in California; their
extreme northern range has not yet been ascertained. An extinct species, V. magister, Baird,
much larger than any of those now existing, was formerly very abundant in Pennsylvania, as
shown by numerous remains found in the bone caves about Carlisle, Harrisburg, and other
localities. Sigmodon has much the same southern and southwestern distribution as Neotoma,
though there is as yet no evidence of its occurrrence west of the Rocky Mountains.

Of the remaining sections of Muridae, viz: Spalacinae, Bathyerginae, and Arvicolinae, the
latter alone occurs in North America, where it is very fully represented by the genus Arvicola,
with numerous species spread all over the continent. Here also belong Myodes, confined mainly
to the Arctic circle, and Fiber, distributed as widely as Arvicola. The two first mentioned
genera are found in Europe, but not at all in South America, nor scarcely in Mexico; the last
is found only in North America.

Hystricidae.—Of this family, North America possesses but one genus, Lrethizon, of a single
sub-family, Hystricinae, and probably but a single species, or at most two ; of upwards of eighty
species enumerated in the family, but four are found in the Old World, the rest being South
American, with the single northern exception just stated. Among the South American Hystri-
cidae there is found the largest of living Rodents, the Capybara, though this, in turn, is much
exceeded in size by the extinct Castoroides, represented in North America by C. ohioensis.

Leporidae.—The numerous species of hares belonging to the genus Lepus may be said to
characterize North America above all other countries, twelve or more being enumerated. They ~

‘ Since this was written a species has been detected at Fort Riley, Kansas.

- RODENTIA. 237

are spread from one end of the continent to the other, although many of them are quite limited
in their distribution. But one species is mentioned as occurring in South America. Of the
second genus, Lagomys, there is only one species known in North America, viz: L. princeps,
or little-chief hare of the Rocky Mountains ; none occur in South America.

I have thus sketched out the principal facts in regard to the distribution of the North Ameri-
can Jodentia, leaving the details for consideration under more particular heads. It is by no
means unlikely that further investigation may require considerable modification in these views,
in the addition of many now unknown genera and species, or in the discovery of new localities.

There are a few points in the structure of the Rodentia to which brief allusion may be made
before proceeding to the consideration of the families composing the group. As already stated,
one family, the Leporidae, have four incisors in the upper jaw instead of two; a second much
smaller pair occurring immediately behind the first, and receiving upon their surface the end
of the lower incisors. In the young hares there are six incisors at birth, or a little after,
arranged in three pairs, one behind the other. The central pair soon becomes absorbed by
pressure from that behind it and disappears. -

In fodentia, generally, the incisors of both jaws are usually very long, and describe segments
of circles, which in the upper jaw are of smaller radius, but larger arc, than those in the lower.
Different groups vary considerably in the point or region attained by the root of the incisors,
which thus affords distinctive characters of much importance. The incisors are provided at
their roots with a persistent pulp which, constantly forming new tooth substance, keeps them
of the same length in supplying the wear of the incisive surfaces. The front of the incisors
being composed of enamel, and the main body of it behind the enamel of dentine, the latter
wears away more rapidly than the former, and thus is maintained the sharp, chisel-like edge,
so necessary to the gnawing function. When one incisor becomes broken off or diseased, the
corresponding one continues to grow at quite a rapid rate, and sometimes attains to a consider-
able length, and may even penetrate the bone or muscle in recurving. I have seen this fre-
quently in the case of the wood-chuck, Arctomys monax, L., as well as in other species.

The molar teeth of the Rodentia vary in number from © 08 in the hares, to = in the rats;
sometimes, indeed, one jaw may exhibit but two teeth. In some forms they are provided, like
the incisors, with a persistent pulp which keeps them growing all the time, and supplies the
wear and tear of mastication; in others they are rooted, with distinct fangs, and do not continue
to grow after these are fully formed. It frequently happens that, in extreme age, the first
mentioned kind of molars which, in their normal state, are of uniform size, prismatic, or rounded
from top to base, with a diminution in the supply of pulp, throw out short irregular fangs,
approximating them in appearance to the rooted molars. The difference in symmetry and
regularity, is, however, readily noticeable.

The molars of rodents, in many cases, are very complicated in their structure, and always
consist of three portions ; the hard enamel which in ridges or layers enfolds or covers the
softer and principal component, the dentine; the cement, or crusta petyosa, is exterior to the
enamel ; sometimes forming a thin coat, perhaps only discernible near the base of the crown,
(as in many rooted teeth,) and at others filling up all its outer angles and concavities. This is
the case generally in the molars without roots, where, occasionally, the cement may completely
encircle an island of enamel.

The relative distribution of these constituents of the molars, varying so much in pattern and
outline, furnishes excellent subordinate determining characters, being remarkably constant in

238 U. $s. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

the species. It is frequently necessary, however, to take into consideration the age of the
animal, as, in consequence of the different elements of the teeth not being parallel to each
other, they vary in their respective distances with different degrees of attrition. Again: if the
enamel coats the exterior of the crown, and on the grinding surface is studded with tubercles,
when these are ground off, we may find an external frame of enamel enclosing a space of dentine,
which, if the enamel has dipped down deep into its substance, may still retain islands of the
latter component. This condition has given rise to much confusion, and added numerous
synonyms to science,

Most Rodents have the tibia and fibula distinct. In the Muridae and Leporidae, however,
they are anchylosed below. All have clavicles, with a few exceptions among the Hystricidae,
although in the hares they are very small. The normal number of digits is five to each foot;
the thumb, however, is generally more or less rudimentary ; on the hind foot the whole five are
present in most genera, though in some only four are evident ; and in others, as Dipus, Cavia, -
and Dasyprocta, there are but three. All Rodents, but the cavies and hares, can use the fore
feet as instruments of prehension in conveying food to the mouth.

The intestinal canal is generally long, and provided with a distinct coecum, except in ile
Myoxina, which is without it. None of cus North American Rodents, as far as known, are
without a coecum.

The systematic arrangement of the Rodentia, with its numerous pseudomorphous forms, has
been a subject of much discussion among zoologists, whose views have varied materially,
according as different characters were selected as the basis of classification. Mr. G. R. Water-
house, however, has been most successful in furnishing a natural system by which the zoological
peculiarities of different groups tally remarkably well with the chief points in their geographical
distribution. The structure of the skull, and especially of the lower jaw, furnished him with
characters readily appreciable. In Charlesworth’s Magazine, he arranged the Rodentia in three
sections—Murina, Hystricina, and Leporina; in Johnston’s Physical Atlas, however, the more
natural series is adopted of Sciuridae, Muridae, Hystricidae, and Leporidae. Geomys, previously
placed by him among the Arvicoline section of the Muridae, he sets aside with Perognathus,
Dipodomys, Saccomys, and Heteromys, as forming a natural group of uncertain position, and in
the Natural History of Mammalia, gives them the provisional name of Saccomyina. In this
I agree fully with him, the group having certain characters common to all, and exceptional to
nearly all others. I would, however, raise it to the rank of a family, and as such, of equal
prominence with the four first mentioned above.

The characters of these groups are to be found in the general form, presence, or absence of
cheek pouches; form of the tail; shape of teeth and skull, especially of the lower jaw, &e.
They may be given briefly as follows :

I. Lerorrar.—Incisors 4, molars => or $=, rootless. Skull with the two optic foramina
united. The lower jaw with very flat r rami, whichware of great size; Symphysis menti nearly
horizontal ; condyloid process very high and broad ; the coronoid represented by a mere ridge

! Observations on the Rodentia, with a view to an arrangement of the group founded upon the structure of the crania. By
G. R. Waterhouse. Charlesworth’s Mag. of Nat, Hist. IL, reo 90, 184, 274, 593. Also, in Annals and Meenas “of
Nat. Hist.

A Natural Eijatory. of the Mammalia. By G. R. Waterhouse. Vol. II, containing the order Rodentia, London, 1848,
H. Bailliere.

Table of the orders Rodentia and Ruminantia, Philology and Zoology, No. 5. In Keith Johnston’s edition of Berhaus’
Physical Atlas. Folio. Edinburgh, 1849.

RODENTIA. i 239

on its outer side. Descending ramus very large and flat. Tibia and fibula anchylosed below.
This family contains but two genera, Lepus and Lagomys, both found in North America; the
former represented by many species, the latter by a single one.

II. Hysrricrpaz.—Incisors 5, molars 4, with or without roots. The snout clothed with short
hairs. The skull with a large ante-orbital opening in the zygomatic process of the upper maxil-
lary ; the lower jaw with the angular portion joined to the outer, not the under surface of the
bony covering of the inferior incisor ; tibia and fibula distinct.

Of the six sub-families of this group, Hystricina, Dasyproctina, Echymyina, Octodontina,
Chinchillina, and Caviina, North America possesses but a single genus, Hrethizon, belonging to
the Hystricina above mentioned. Mexico has, however a second in Cercolabes. The entire
group belongs to America, except the few species of true Hystricina, which are found in Asia
and Africa, and some genera of Lchymyina.

III. Murmar.—Incisors 2; molars, rooted or rootless, = to as usually = they diminish
posteriorly. A conspicuous opening on the zygomatic process of the upper jaw, which is a
vertical slit, widened above, except in the Dipodina, where it is a more expanded aperture.
The coronoid and condyloid processes and descending ramus distinct and well developed,
situated in nearly the same plane, the latter more or less twisted.

This family abounds in North American representatives, belonging to the sub-families of
Dipodina, Murina, and Arvicolina. The genera are, Jaculus for the first; Hesperomys, Reith-
rodon, Neotoma, and Sigmodon for the second; and Arvicola, Myodes, and Fiber for the third.
The Dipodina in some points exhibit considerable differences from the other sub-families, and

may prove to be of independent rank.

. 2 4—4 . . .
IV. Saccomyipar.—Incisors 5, molars =, quite simple, and mostly rootless. No perforation

or foramen in the zygomatic process of the upper maxillary. The auditory bullae very far
back, sometimes forming part of the back of the head. The condyloid process is small; the
descending ramus is twisted nearly horizontally at its upper angle, so that when viewed from
above a great portion is visible with a tubercle covering the end of the incisor between it and
the condyle. .

On each side of the head are cheek pouches, opening externally to the mouth. Five toes to
each foot; the fore feet usually with broader palms and longer claws than the hinder ones.

This very curious family is eminently characterized by its cheek pouches, which are exterior
to the mouth entirely, instead of opening from within it, as in Tamias, Spermophilus, &c. The
peculiarities of these pouches will be discussed more particularly hereafter.

The genera of this family are confined to North and Central America. Geomys, Thomomys,
Dipodomys, and Perognatus occurring within the United States; Heteromys and Saccomys, on
the other hand, being extra limital. In this country, species of this family are, however,
confined mainly to the region west of the Mississippi.

V. Scrurmaz.—Incisors =, molars 75, in many American forms 4‘; nearly equal in size,
except the anterior, when five are present. Molars mostly rooted. No foramen in the zygo-
matic process of the superior maxillary ; the ante-orbital foramen very small, and appearing far
forward. A distinct post-orbital process in the typical forms. Lower jaw with the descending
ramus broad and inflected at its lower angle.

Among the North American species of this type, there are several distinct sub-families, which
will be referred to hereafter. The genera are Sciurus, Pteromys, Tamias, Spermophilus, Cynomys,
Arctomys, Aplodontia, and Castor.

FAMILY.

SCIURIDAE. _ .

e . seem

; oS]
Molars aa or —s rooted or rootless. No ante-orbital foramen in the anterior root of the zygoma, or else small and rounded.

Tibia and fibula distinct.

The family of Sciwridae as above constituted, and embracing the sub-families Sciwrinae, Myom-
inae, and Castorinae, has an extensive range: the first, throughout the world; the second, in
Europe, Asia, and Africa; the third, in Europe, Asia, and North America. . The most promi-

nent characters by which the sub-families may be distinguished are as ‘follows 5
5—5

? 44°

No coecum.

Sciurinae.—A distinct post-orbital process. Molars rooted

4-4

Myoxinae.—No post-orbital process. Molars rooted, —.

Castorinae.—No post-orbital process. Molars rootless, = — Aplodontia.)

Sus-Famity SCIURINAE.

Molars, a (the anterior upper sometimes deciduous,) rooted; all nearly equal in size, except the anterior upper when there
are five. A distinct post-orbital process of the frontal bone. The infra—or ante-orbital foramen very small, not piercing the
broad plate of the zygoma, but anterior to this.

The Sciwrinae constitute a very natural group as characterized above, although there isa
great diversity of appearance between the delicately formed and graceful arboreal true squirrels,
at one end of the series, and the clumsy, squat, terrestrial marmots at the other. The compo-
nent genera, Sciurus, Pteromys, Tamias, Spermophilus, and Arctomys, are all fully represented
in North America by more species than are found in other parts of the world ; only one genus,
Pteromys, having more species elsewhere than here.

The muzzle is generally broad, owing to the development of the frontal and nasal bones.
The acute process of the orbital edge of the frontal, which, pointing backwards, forms the
hinder upper boundary of the orbit, is a peculiarity only found elsewhere, if I am not mistaken,
among the hares. The palatine surface is large and broad, on the same plane from behind the
incisors ; the incisive foramina far forwards and entirely in the intermaxillaries, seldom if ever
passing backwards into the maxillary, which does not send forward a thin plate. The posterior
margin of the palate passes considerably behind the last molar, There are two palatine fora-
mina, either in the palato-maxillary suture or behind it.

The zygomatic process of the upper maxillary is a broad thin plate which rises obliquely from
the bone, is cylindrically concave in front, and has a broad concave notch at its lower edge, the
postero-inferior edge of which is on a level with the bottom of the palate internally, but exter-

nally rises somewhat above this level; superiorly, this palate reaches up nearly to the top of”

the skull, articulating on the edge of the muzzle with the intermaxillary. There is, usually,

—

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE. 241

no perforation in this plate at all, the iafra-orbital foramen for the passage of the nerve opening
far forward, except in Tamias, some distance beyond the molars, nearly in a line with them or
just above and close to the process of the maxillary, near the palate for the attachment of the
tendon. The foramen is oval, as in Zamias, or triangular, (Spermophilus,) or vertically com-
pressed, (Sciwrus,) and is situated a short distance anterior to the molars, with a bony margin,
generally tubercular, below.

The malar bone is of great extent, as in the family generally. Anteriorly, it extends for-
ward, and is wedged between the lachrymal and the maxillary; posteriorly it reaches behind
further than the process of the temporal, and constitutes the outer, and in part the posterior
boundary of the glenoid cavity.

The descending ramus of the lower jaw is nearly quadrate, its upper posterior angle acute
and directed upwards from the line of the condyle; and the lower posterior angle rounded and
directed inwards. The lines formed by the lower margin of the descending ramus on each side
are nearly parallel. The horizontal rami meet in front and join by a symphysis of limited
extent.
>=). The anterior upper molar is,
however, deciduous at an early age in many American squirrels, (especially the fox-colored

5—5 : .
The molars are normally ;—, (sometimes, in the young?

ones,) reducing the formula to =. The anterior upper molar, (where there are five,) is much
smaller than the rest, with a simpler crown and a single root. The other molars are simple,
with three or four roots. Their crowns are rhomboidal or sub-trigonal; the grinding surface
with four transverse ridges going nearly across, one on the anterior and posterior margins,
and two intermediate, usually most elevated ; these are sub-parallel or sub-convergent.

_ The body is covered with hair varying from extreme softness to great coarseness. The eyes
are well developed. Ears are variable from a mere rudiment to a considerable length. Tail
sometimes longer than the body, sometimes only one-tenth the length ; always densely coated

- with hair, usually longest on the sides.

The coecum is large, the clavicles perfect, the tibia and fibula distinct, and the upper lip cleft.

In an excellent monograph of the Spermophiles, Brandt! distinguishes the squirrels proper
from the marmot squirrels by certain characters which may serve to systematize and simplify
the consideration of so large a group as that of the Sciwrinae, as given above. '‘I’o the squirrels
proper he applies the term Campsiurina, which includes Sciurus, Xerus, Pteromys, and Tamias,
while the Arclomyina embrace Arctomys and Spermophilus, with its sub-genera, Colobotis and
Otospermophilus. The characters of these tribes are as follows:

Tribe I. Campsturtna.—True squirrels. First upper molar much the narrowest, oblong-
linear, very simple, shorter than the second, very rarely almost equal in length and about one-
eighth the size, conical or sub-conical, very often deciduous. Crowns of the greater molars,
except the last, sub-tetragonal or rhomboidal, a little narrowed internally, with two central
folds or ridges, nearly parallel, and sometimes with one or more accessory ridges. The anterior
dentiform tubercles of the lower molars exceed but slightly, or not at all, in height the height
of the crowns. The ridges of the soft palate between the molars are equal in number or nearly
so to the molars, quite distinct. The fourth finger often, the third not rarely, longer than the
rest. Claws trigonal at the base, strongly compressed and much hooked, generally shorter than
the fingers.

* Sur les differentes espéces des Souliks de Russie, &c., par J. F. Brandt. Bulletin Physico-Mathematique de l’Acad. Imp.

des Sciences de St. Petersbourg, II, 1844, 358.
31 L

242 U. 8. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Tribe Il. Anctomyina.—The first upper molar equal in length to the second, and about one-
half or one-third the size; swollen at the base; conico-acuminate at the apex, truncate at the
point, compressed and more or less lobed, more rarely simple but always with a slight pit
behind. . The crowns of the larger molars, except the last, are trigonal, wedge-shaped, with
two shorter ridges formed by the anterior and posterior edges of the tooth itself, and two inter-
mediate larger ones, generally quite elevated and acute. The anterior dentiform tubercles of
the lower molars exceed almost twice the height of the bases of the crowns. The ridges of the
soft palate between the molars almost double the molars in number and considerably approxi-

mated. The third finger always longer than the rest. Claws considerably elongated, trigonal,
and dilated at the base ; moderately curved.

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SCIURUS. 243

SCIURUS, Linnaeus.

Sciurus, Linnaeus, ‘‘ Systema Naturae, 1735,”

Incisors compressed. Ears long; snout and upper lip divided; tail long, nearly equalling the body, or even exceeding it in
length, with long bristly hairs arranged chiefly on the sides. No cheek pouches nor extension of the skin along the sides. Inner
lines of the upper molars parallel. Anterior upper molar very rudimentary or wanting. No dorsal black stripes.

This genus comprehends a large number of species, the most highly organized of which
appear to occupy the chief rank among Rodentia. They are quite generally distributed, most
abundantly in North America, although the largest species occur in the Old World. South
America possesses comparatively few, its vast forests counting up scarcely more than half a
dozen species.

The principal peculiarities of the skeleton, as shared by other genera, have already been
adverted to. The cranium, however, has avery great development, and the edges of the frontal
bone extend far over the orbits. The post-orbital processes are acute and have a considerable
bend downwards. The snout is long and tapers gently to the tip; the nasal bones do not reach
back to the line of the malars. They are narrowed behind, and are not more than half as wide
as the upper faces of the nasal processes of the intermaxillary. The section of the nose is quad-
rilateral and sub-wedge-shaped, deeper than broad, and narrower below. The ante-orbital
foramen is a very narrow vertical slit, situated about midway between the molars and the incisive
foramina. The upper molars are normally five, although the first is always rudimentary, and
sometimes entirely wanting in the adult. The second, third, and fourth molars increase
gradually in width and are quadrangular ; the fifth, a little less than the fourth, is sub-trian-
gular, the anterior and exterior edges nearly straight and at right angles, the postero-internal
rounded, (the reverse of Cynomys). The line of the molars is less than one-fifth the total
length of the skull, their inner margins very slightly divergent anteriorly. The posterior end
of the incisive foramen is about midway between the second molars and the incisors. The
incisors are much compressed ; twice as deep as broad, with very little of the colored enamel
visible from the sides.

Compared with Otospermophilus the skull of Sciwrus differs in being narrower, with the sides
more vertical, and the cranium more capacious; the muzzle is longer; the nasal bones narrower
behind ; the frontal bone is broader between the ante-orbital notches and behind the post-orbital
processes, which are less highly developed. The malar bone is narrower, thinner, and more
vertical ; its middle part is much deeper, projecting above and below, so that the continuity of
outline is interrupted by an angular process, instead of the margins being parallel throughout.
The ante-orbital foramen is much more anterior, as well as the tubercle behind it. The molars
are much smaller, inserted less obliquely, and occupy less space in the skull. The first molar
is always rudimentary, instead of being moderate in size, with a distinct ridge. The incisors
are narrower, deeper, and the sides more parallel.

The other points of difference are the smaller feet and claws, usually longer and bushier tail,
absence of cheek pouches, &c.

In the large number of species belonging to the genus Sciwrus there may be recognized two
distinct types: that of the large squirrels with elongated muzzle, very long bushy tail, and

244 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

maximum size, as S. vulpinus, cinereus, carolinensis, &c.; and that having S. hudsonius as its
type, characterized by smaller size, shorter and thinner tail, and shorter muzzle. This short-
ness of the muzzle is strikingly shown in the skull, which is very broad and full, much more
convex longitudinally and transversely, and with the nasal bones one fourth the length of the
skull instead of one third.

The determination of the species of squirrels of North America has always been a matter of
great difficulty, owing to many different reasons. The species themselves exhibit an unusual
tendency to run into varieties of color, among which red, gray, and black are the predominating
ones, with all possible intermediate shades ; these varieties are sometimes more or less constant
in particular localities, sometimes changing with every litter. I am not aware that there is
any material difference of color at different seasons or ages in the same animal.

Another source of perplexity to the naturalist is the alteration in average size with the lati-
tude. Many of our animals become smaller as we proceed southward, until, on the sea coast of
Georgia, Florida, and the Gulf they reach their minimum. This is very strikingly seen in the
common deer, which on the sea islands of Georgia is so small as to be readily lifted and thrown
across a horse with perfect ease by a man of ordinary strength.

It is in the Sciwridae that, next to the deer, we find this law to prevail most decidedly.
Nearly all the species of extensive north and south range will be found, on careful examination,
to substantiate this position.

A similar variation in color to that of the squirrels is seen in the foxes and wolves, most
strikingly in the former. It is now well known that the red, cross, and black foxes are identical
in species, the same litter frequently embracing all the colors, and that some of these varie-
ties again are more or less permanent, while the more boreal the locality the greater tendency
to black. This is the case also with the squirrels, where the smaller species assume the black
pelage to the greatest extent in the more northern portions of the United States.

As a general rule it may be stated that where a squirrel exhibits any annulation of the fur on
the throat or belly it is a variety of some species, typical specimens of which have the under
parts either uniformly white or reddish to the roots, which, however, are sometimes plumbeous.
In every such instance that has come under my examination I have had no difficulty in tracing
it to its proper type. Such annulation is usually accompanied by a duskier color of the pelage.
The tendency to annulation below is strongest in the squirrels of the Mississippi Valley, and
applies both to gray and fox-colored species. No such instances of annulation have yet come
under my notice among the squirrels west of the Rocky Mountains.

As a general rule the bones of the entire skeleton of the fox squirrels, or those with rusty
bellies, are red, while the white bellied varieties have them white.

After carefully examining a large number of American squirrels I have reluctantly come to
the conclusion that very many of the species now borne on our scientific records must be
dropped, or reduced to the position of temporary or local varieties. I hope to be relieved from
the imputation of wanton and unnecessary reduction in the number of species when I state that
the species already published as new by myself have in nearly every case shared the fate of
others older in date. The nominal species have usually been based on the varying size or dif-
ferent colors of different specimens. The dusky varieties and those with the hairs of the under
parts annulated have in nearly every instance been raised to the rank of a distinct species.

In the following pages it will be seen that I recognize only twelve species of squirrels as
satisfactorily proved to belong to the United States, and should S. limitis and castanonotus prove

—

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SCIURUS. 245

to be nominal ones, as is not at all unlikely, the number will be reduced to ten from the
twenty-four given by Audubon and Bachman.

There are two strongly marked groups of North American squirrels, each, perhaps, capable
of subdivision ; the one, embracing species largest in size, with a long, bushy and full tail as
long, with the hairs, at least, as the head and body. The squirrels of the other group are much
smaller, the head broader, the muzzle shorter ; the tail, including the hairs, shorter than the
head and body, narrow, and flattened ; these form the transition to the ground squirrels and
spermophiles.

The larger squirrels, again, are divisible into those with four permanent upper molars and
those with five. As far as my observations have extended, the former embrace the fox squirrels,
or those some varieties of which have the under parts uniform rusty red. The gray squirrels,
with their black varieties, belong to the division with five upper molars, All the large western
gray squirrels, with white bellies, as Sciwrus fossor, aberti, and castanonotus, have five. I am
not prepared to say that no fox-colored squirrel has five upper molars, nor that no permanently
gray squirrel has four only ; but such is the result of the examinations I have been able to make
thus far.

The following synopsis is intended to exhibit the principal characters of the different groups
and species of squirrels:

Group A. Squirrels of large size; tail very broad, and, with the hairs, longer than the body ;
soles mostly naked from the heel in summer.

Section 1. Upper molars permanently four. Running into ferruginous varieties, in which the
bones are red.

Species 1. Hars and nose always white..........s csescsesconssoscseseescessecscnces S. vulpinus.
Species 2. Hars never white ; head broad; ears short, scarcely longer than

theyadjacenty Mats as.cecwecseneneascese vo sase se entecrecateteceee toss seas- S. cinereus.
Species 3. Ears never white; head narrower ; ears high............sssesesseeees S. ludovicianus.
Species 4. Similar to the last, but much smaller; prevailing colors cinna-

TOS Ge encocce aGeeBadacar Go deo Sond y Sapo Soa gives Gee soba caenuEor ane sogodsasene S. limitis.

Section 2. Upper molars permanently five. Ferruginous varieties rare. Colors generally
gray above and white beneath. Dusky or black varieties in one species.
Species 5. Without a black lateral line ; tail, even with the hairs, but little
longer than the body. Above grizzled light yellow, with oc-
casional washes of yellowish rusty gray. (Some black varie-
HOSS). sadmesinuvinn athens as duane a ceidhial RG tele aa siniinsin seein Caeleemart S. carolinensis.
Species 6. Without a black line ; vertebre of tail alone, nearly, or quite as
long as the body. Above uniform grizzled dark, plumbeous

PAUL vaca tock cadscustus sense csasvosatendereesucettacetoncaecltds: «aimee eats S. fossor.
Species 7. With a black Be line ; a chestnut dorsal stripe; ears tufted...8. aberti.
Species 8. Similar to the last; ears nae dtulted siisaslaaseuerehn soceasapeemeane dace S. castanonotus.

Grove B. Squirrels of small size; tail narrow, even including the hairs, shorter than the
body ; muzzle short ; hind feet, in summer, naked beneath for one-half or one-third their length
from the heel ; anterior small upper molar either wanting or, when persistent, very small and
thread-like ; a black stripe on the flanks ; back of the ears more or less tufted in winter.

246 U. 8S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—-ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT,

Section 1. White beneath.
Species 9. Above black and grayish rusty, with or without a wash of fer-
ruginous on the back; tail beneath and towards the tip uni-
form ferruginous to the roots of the hairs, not annulated......S. hudsonius.
Species 10. Above black and grayish rusty yellow, without any tinge of
ferruginous ; tail black and grayish white, without any ferru-
ginous visible externally glossy, black near the tip.............9. fremontii.
Species 11. Above reddish brown and black, finely mixed; no separate wash
of ferruginous on the back; tail dark reddish brown towards
the bases of the hairs, its exterior portion on the sides and
entire tip glossy black. .......scceccssecseccssccsscsceeccascscscceseesess de MCROMASONINs

Section 2. Rusty beneath.
PIPORIGS Poe ceccancavecesnswasns esscasvunsssananesaseeeb ances cblestesterentorsastcssems des cee isan re anima

SCIURUS VULPINUS, Gmelin.
Southern Fox Squirrel.

Sciurus niger, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. 10th,) I, 1758, 64.—In. (ed. 12th,) I, 1766, 86.
Erxt. Syst. Anim. 1777, 417.
Scureser, Siug. IV, 1792, 776; pl. coxv, ecxv*.
Suaw, Gen. Zool, II, 1801, 139.
Orv, Guthrie’s Geog. (2d Am. ed.,) I, 1815, 292.
Sciurus wii, Gaetin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 147.
Kerr’s Linneus, 1792, 257.
Gopman, Am. Nat. Hist. Il, 1831, 28.
Sciurus capistratus, Bosc, Annales du Museum, I, 1802, 181.
Desmarest, Mammal. II, 1822, 332.
Hartan, Fauna Americana, 1825, 175.
Grirritn’s Cuvier, II, 1827, 178; plate.—Is. V, 1827, 253
Bacuman, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. VI, 1838, 85.—Is. Charlesworth’s Mag. N. H. III, 1839, 117.—
In. Silliman’s Am. Jour. Sc. XXXVII, 1839, 291.
Wacner, Suppl. Schreber’s Saugt. III, 1843, 156.—In, in Atlas Schreb. Saugt IV; tab. ccxiii,
B. (Gray variety, no text.)
Avup. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. II, 1851, 132; pl. Ixviii.
? Sciurus rufiventer, McMurrrin’s Cuvier, I, 1831, 433. (Not of Desmarest.)
Sciurus texianus, Bacu. Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. VI, 1838, 86.—In. Charles. Mag. N. H. III, 1839, 154.—Iz, Silliman’s
Am. Jour. Sc. XXXVII, 1839, 295.
The Black Squirrel, Cavespy’s Carolina, II, 1731, 73; pl. lxxiii. (Original of the description of Linnzus.)
Pennant, Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 273.—Is. Arctic Zoology, I. 1784, 119.
2? Gray Squirrel, Cavesby’s Carolina, II, 1731, 74; pl. Ixxiv.
Pennant, Synopsis, 1771, 282. (These descriptions, with that of the cat squirrel of Pennant,
are very vague, and may refer almost as well to this as to the Sciurus cinereus.)
Capistrate, 3, Sv. Haire & Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mammif. III, 1819, (plate and text.)

Sp. Cu.—Tail vertebra shorter than the body and head; with the hairs, longer. Head rather slender, and more pointed.
Fars not tufted. Tail rather cylindrical. Length to root of tail about 12 inches; tail 15 inches. Hind feet 3 inches;
skull 2.75 inches. Color varying from gray above and white beneath, through various shades of rusty to pure uniform
lustrous black ; ears, and generally nose, always white.

This squirrel is the largest North American species that has fallen under my notice, and
though one of the most variable in some respects, is yet easily identified through all its changes
by the almost constant presence of white nose and ears. I have not had an opportunity of
examining fresh specimens of the species, or even perfect alcoholic ones, but am inclined to
consider it as rather more slender than the other American fox squirrels, with narrower head

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SCIURUS VULPINUS. 247

and more cylindrical tail. The tail, with the hairs, is appreciably longer than the body, the
vertebral portion shorter.

The fur is very coarse and harsh, with little under fur, as would naturally be expected from
its southern habitat. The ears are short and almost buried in the fur of the nape; they are
moderately coated with hair, and there is a woolly tuft at the base of the ear behind. The soles
are naked in summer, in winter coated with short hairs, except on the long callosity on the
inner edge of the sole and near and on the tubercles at the bases of the toes.

Among the specimens before me the following variations of color occur:

1. Entirely black. No annulation on any of the hairs, even on the tail. Muzzle, end of
chin and ears whitish ; feet grizzled grayish white towards the claws, soles naked. No. 344
South Carolina. =

2. Black, except the sides of body from the armpits and the. posterior half of the back,
which are annulated, grizzled reddish or rusty white and black; darkest along the median
line. Tail white on the exterior, then black; bases of the hairs pale rufous. Ears and nose
whitish ; toes grizzled ; soles naked. 1634, Florida. No. 2350, from New Orleans, is similar,
with more gray above and on the sides; the tail redder.

3. Grizzled gray and black above ; white beneath. Head black. Hairs of tail white, with
a median broad annulation of black. No rufous anywhere. Ears and nose white. Feet
grizzled whitish. Soles hairy between the tubercles nearly to the end of the metatarsus.
No. 95, southern States. 1483, Columbus, Georgia. This last specimen has two annuli of
black on the tail instead of one.

4. White beneath, grizzled gray and black above, varying in the series to grizzled rusty and
black. Top of head grizzled black; region of ears, a narrow line along the flanks, and the
light portion of the caudal hairs pale rusty. Hars and nose white. A small patch of hairs
only in the centre of the sole. Numbers 1281, 1282, 1283, 1284, Tarboro’, N. C.

5. Similar to series 3, with a wash of rusty above, pale rusty beneath and on the tail.
and nose white. Soles naked beneath. No. 1633; Florida.

6. Similar to the last, but still redder beneath the tail, with a great deal of-black ; the lighter
portion of a dark purplish chestnut. No. 2349, New Orleans; Nos. 1280, 1285, Tarboro’, N. C.

The above variations, though probably far from all that the species presents, are yet sufficient
to exhibit the great differences of different specimens, scarcely two of which are exactly alike,
According to Dr, Bachman, our highest authority on American squirrels, certain localities are
characterized by the existence of fox squirrels of particular colors, which, at times, appear to
present tolerably permanent varieties, although, according to the same author, nothing is more
common than to find the same litter composed of gray, black, and fox-colored young.

This unquestioned identity of species in the great variations of color in the southern fox
squirrel is of great importance, as furnishing a test by which to determine the validity of the
many species of North American squirrels, based merely on differences of color; and has a
particular reference to those black squirrels of the north, in which the color is uniform glossy
black, without any trace of annulation anywhere. This character, however, is found equally in
the southern fox squirrel, which, like the other species, passes through specimens in which the
annulation is seen on a part of the body only to those where every hair exhibits it,

The skull of this species is longer, although considerably more slender, than that of the cat
squirrel. Like it, it has but four permanent molars on either side of the upper jaw, except,
perhaps, in very young individuals.

Ears

248 U. & P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The first binomial name applied to this species was, unquestionably, that of S. niger, of
Linnaeus, based on the ‘‘ black squirrel,’ of Catesby, from Carolina, with white nose and ears.
As, however, the term applies only to a single stage of coloration, and not even to a particular
or permanent variety, it cannot be retained. The name next in order is S. vulpinus of Gmelin,
a translation of its generally received vernacular appellation.

The gray squirrel of Catesby and Pennant may be inserted here, although usually ranged
under S. cinereus ; the descriptions are, however, so vague as to apply almost equally well to

either.

The Sciurus texianus, of Bachman, is stated by its author, North American Quadrupeds, IIT,
344, to be a variety of S. vulpinus. The locality of Mexico, as originally given, is probably
erroneous, unless the specimen in the Paris museum may have come from northeastern Texas,
then part of Mexico. I am not aware that the 9. vulpnius is found west of Louisiana, nor
does it appear to reach far from the Gulf of Mexico tothe north. I have seen no specimens from
north of North Carolina. The Sciwrus variegatus of some authors belongs here.

This fox squirrel is found as far north as North Carolina, possibly as far as the Great Dismal
Swamp. It occurs throughout Georgia, Florida, and the Gulf States, but is said not to extend
beyond the Brazos river of Texas.

List of specimens.

Measurements.

a
i=
. eo
5 & Tahal
= 3
5 = Locality. Whence obtained. Nature of speci- Nose to— Tail to end of— Skull—
3 S a Hind ft.
Ep 5 eee ae 2 OG) ae
2 2
a E Occip. | Tail. | Verteb.| Hairs. Length. | Width.
o a
1280-1285 6 |} Tarboro’,,N. © ..-.5... Ss La SBTIGBEN ccc teen Dry skin....... 10.75
344?) ..000. South Carolina ........| J. J. Audubon ..... ccer[eeecDO weecevees 11.25
95 |......| Southern States .......| Phil. Acad. N. Sc......./4400d0 sees 12.00
1633 |.cco0e}| FlOTIdAscceccccevcecece| We- SAVETY.c00 occe cece seecOldae 11.50
1634 |...... aueeQO volsslous wis. nu aenal|ee ~siev Oe ve sinwenissiesiaisl e's) U0) cane 10.25
1483 |...00 Columbus, Ga.... «++. Dr. W. Gesner ooceseee |e -1dO cececceee eccn tens tent ecen| sees eees
2349 |......| New Orleans ......- .».| N.O. Acad. of Sciences.| Skin, in alcohol.) ......-.)eeee eves) seeeeeee
2350 |.....- 00000 secescccccccececelececes dO weccccccccccees naccGO cseccvcns| ecccccclecesnsselvece sos
2284 |......| Tarboro’, N.C ........ J. L. Bridger .......+..| Skeleton .....+ Pec ee | ot aieaed ocone

* Much stretched.

SCIURUS CINEREUS.
Fox or Cat Squirrel, of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia.

Sciurus cinereus, Linnanus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10th) I, 1758, 64.—In. (ed. 12th) I, 1766, 86.
Erxtesen, Syst. Anim. 1777, 418
Guein, Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 147.
Scureper, Saugt. IV, 1792, 766; pl. cexiii. (Virginische graue Dichhorn, in the text.)
Suaw, Gen. Zool. II, 1801, 137. (From Pennant.)
Gopman, Am. N. H. I, 129. .
Bacuman, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lon. VI, 1838, 89.—In. Charlesw. Mag. N. H. II, April, 1839, 159.—
Ts. Silliman’s Am. Jour. Sc. XXXVI, 1839, 297.
Wacner, Suppl. Schreber, III, 1843, 158.
Avup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 145; pl. xvii.

|
I

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SCIURUS CINEREUS. 249

Sciurus cinereus, Kennicotr, Mammals Illinois, U.S. Patent Off. Rep. 1856, Agricul. 1857, (Plate, wood cut figure
from life.)
Sciurus vulpinus, Scuneser, Saugt. IV, 1792, 772; pl. ccxv. B. (Fox colored yar. brought by Schoepf from
Baltimore.)
?- f Deray, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 59; pl. xviii, & 3.
Sciurus virginianus, Kerr's Linnaeus, 1792, 259.
? Sciurus hyemalis, Onp, Guthrie’s Geog. (2d. Am. ed.) II, 1815, 292, 304.
The gray fox squirrel, Catessy’s N. H. Carolina, Ul, 1731, 74; tab. Ixxiv. (This may possibly belong to S.
vulpinus. )
Cat squirrel, Pennant, Arctic Zoology, I, 1794, 119. (May belong to S. vulpinus.)
2? Gray squirrel, Pennant, Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 272.—In. Arctic Zool. I, 1784, 116. (A mixture of S. carolinensis,
cinereus, and vulpinus ; refers best to the first.)

Se. Cu.—Tail vertebre shorter ; tail, with the hairs, considerably longer than the head and body. Head very broad, with
short muzzle. Ears low, broad, with the backs covered with long hairs. Body very heavy and thick. Tail flattened,
ample, Length about 11 or 12 inches; tail about 14. Hind foot usually not exceeding 2.90 inches; skull 2.65 inches.
Color varying from light gray above and white beneath, through various shades of pale rusty, to a grizzly hue above, and
black belly. No pure black varieties noticed. Ears and (usually) nose, never white.

This species presents so many modifications of color as to render it exceedingly difficult to
characterize. The fur is coarse and stiff, less rigid, however, than in S. vulpinus. The ears
are short and broad, rounded, and coated on their convexity with long and rather woolly hairs.
They are shorter and more tufted than in 8. vulpinus. There is a longer tuft of woolly hairs
at the base of the ear. Tail moderately long; not very bushy, but flattened. Palms naked.
Soles partly hairy under the metatarsals, the large tubercle and the end of metatarsals with
their callosities being naked. This character, however, varies with the season. On the fore
feet the 4th toe is longest, then the 3d, 5th, and 2d. On the hind foot the 4th toe is longest,
the 3d and 2d are successively a little shorter, 5th next; the 1st is shortest, its claw scarcely
reaching to the base of that of the 5th.

In one specimen the soft fur of the back is lead color at the base, then pale yellowish brown.
Towards the rump and on the sides this terminal color is more vivid. The long hairs are
plumbeous at base, then black for most of the length, then grayish white, with a narrow tip of
black. The hairs on the belly are lead colored at the base, then dull cinnamon. Interspersed
are some hairs having an annulus of black about the middle. The hairs on the sides of the
tail are pale cinnamon, with the bars of black, the exterior are subterminal and broadest, the
others narrower; beneath, the hairs are nearly uniform with a few faint annuli.

The general color above is a grayish white, with a faint gloss of rusty, and mixed with
black. There is a strong blackish tinge by the admixture of black hairs on the top and sides
of the head. The under parts are yellowish cinnamon, the ears similar but paler. (No. 22,
Carlisle, Pennsylvania.)

Another specimen from Carlisle is similar above ‘ane on the tail. The belly, however, is
black, mixed with obscure rusty in places, the hairs generally being lead colored at the
base, then brownish rusty, and tipped with black. The legs are black all over, except along
the flanks, which are like the back and on the upper part of the feet, where rusty hairs are
intermixed. The sides and underneath the head are glossy black, except a patch in front of
the ear. The basal portion of the ear externally is black, the superior, pale rusty. Nose black.
The soles have less hair than in the last specimen. (No. 345, Carlisle, Pennsylvania.)

Another specimen is somewhat similar to the preceding, but the black of the under parts is

mixed with ash and gray. On the legs are long hairs of the latter color. The tail is more
32 L

250 U. 8S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—-GENERAL REPORT.

deeply ferruginous ; its lateral hairs have only one subterminal black bar, very distinct ; those
above have two; those beneath show a very inconspicuous subterminal black bar. The backs
of the ears are densely coated with long hair, longest on the posterior half, and projecting
backwards, (not vertically,) in tufts. The soles are densely hairy to the tubercles at the base
of the toes, except the large central one. The ears are black externally, like the sides of head;
the long hairs under are chestnut; the nose is white. The color above is a pale cinnamon.
The fur is long and full. (No. 39, Washington, Winter of 1852.)

Specimens from Prince George’s county, Maryland, are more ‘‘ foxy’’ than any described.
Above, the general color is a yellowish gray, mixed with black; beneath, of a pale ferruginous ;
the legs and ears similar but brighter. The tail still deeper in its fox color, with three annu-
lations of black, one sometimes very indistinct. In two males, the soles are slightly hairy as
stated ; in one female they are entirely naked. The nose is similar in color to the rest of the
head. (Nos. 294, 295, 296. Price Georges, Maryland. Mr. Plummer.)

There are several specimens of the cat squirrel belonging to the Philadelphia Academy of
Natural Sciences, in which the colors above are of a very bright grizzled hoary white, with
much less gray even than in the common gray squirrel. The under parts are of a pure white.
There is nothing to distinguish them from the Sciwrus carolinensis to the eye of a casual observer,
except the stouter thicker body, shorter ears, and absence of any rusty stripe on the sides, or
wash on the back.

This species is generally known in southeastern Pennsylvania and Maryland, where it chiefly
abounds, as the fox squirrel; I have never heard it called cat squirrel, as given by Bachman.
Its range appears to be quite limited, though I can give no reliable information in this respect
beyond what is furnished by the list of specimens. I am told that it is not found in Georgia,
nor perhaps as far north as New York, except in very rare instances. In the Ohio and Missis
sippi it is replaced by a different species, likewise called fox squirrel.

List of specimens.

= | Measurements.

ALA ) ae

3 Ee | é Locality. Whence obtained. | Nature of spe- Nose to— Tail to end of— Skull—

° 5” oe cimen. :

3 ah a A Hind ft.

Sie} 2 is a
$)5 | x Occip. | Tail. | Verteb.| Hairs. Length. | Width.
oO o mn

QQ |.ccvee vovees Carlisle, Pa ....+see00. S. F. Baird.......... Dry skin ....... 2.70 11.50 Jreeeeees 12:00 152.90 |sensicepae| dukeabiaen
BAS facveee cevcelecsees dO sceccecnnse cees|esunne GO eae secceseas|e ces sucvscsees 2.70 11.00 9.00 | 11.00 | 2.90 Jrccecescccloccesccece
294 |wwccee evcee Prince George’s, Md ...| Mr. Plummer....ee . [e000 cece cccecsleccscccc|sceseees 9.40 | 13.20 | 2.85 |recccseces neeeeeeens
Cita Aaa peer Sete dOneee Ss cs Fgncdcrlbopses dosedavesedens do Uats axel wate 12.20} 8.90} 11.00] 2.75 anigsi|Eoptseaees
BONG | eeeseeiae arc l tessa MOcenosecaeeteenel reece WO wanreneeaienas dO\s sce cenea| Wareentea|eeeelotss |" 20900 |’ 17240']! “9.80! "| score seus) eeepemeres
3391} 932 | Washington, D. C......| Market.,.......00008 dO. Bees 3.20 | 15.25) 11,00] 15.00| 2.90 2.65 1.55
DSO) | ixceis Sasece'|issnisale OO faancseince bcp cel conesinanepisbisiunan sinless Skin, in alcohol.).... eee. )eeeeeeee 10.00 | 13.50 | 2.95 |.sscscrepes|ecceevacee
QQBB | cccce sevens Clarke co., Va.........| Dr. Kennerly .......+ Dry BRIN wccces, Jasecjastte|aascsves 10.80 | 14.75 | 2.80 |..ccvccess eeececccee
TSB | occcce eosees Carlisle, Pa....., s.css- SOP. Baird ..cesii0000 FU oS AA oo dldae cia er enna leeduvacs|.cocneccliocdelsbats 2.63 1.54
Od Nase reatesese.« Eastern shore, Md .....|s.ee0e GO, dacweancscs enc Ramtec ah iaeealbue Viwas'siedcubae'es cece|e ep'nsie mel dun amning R.57 ||oeveunsnee

14Much stretched.

|
.

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SCIURUS LUDOVICIANUS. 251

SCIURUS LUDOVICIANUS, Custis.

Western Fox Squirrel.

RED VARIETY.

Sciurus ludovictanus, Perer Custis, Barton’s Medical and Physical Journal, IT, 1, 1806, 43. (Red river of Louisiana.)
Haran, Fauna Americana, 1825, 186.
Grirrity’s Cuv. V, 1827, 254.
Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 351.
Sciurus rufiventer, (“‘ Georr. Mus, Par.’?) Desmarest, Mammal. II, 1822, 332. (New Orleans.)
* Grorrroy, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. X, 103.”
Harvan, Fauna Americana, 1825, 176.
Fiscuer, Synopsis Mammalium, 1829, 351.
Scuinz, Synopsis Mamm. II, 1845-6. (Original description from a large Missouri specimen.)
Sciurus macroura, Say, Long’s Exped. R. Mts. I, 1823, 115. (Above mouth of Kansas river.)
Sciurus macrourus, Doucuty, Cab. N. H. I, 1830, 265; pl. xxiii.
F. Coy. Suppl. Buffon, I, Mam. 1831, 297.
Sciurus macroureus, Gopman, Am. N. H. II, 1826, 134.
Sciurus magnicaudatus, Harvan, F. Am. 1825, 178.
Grirritu's Cuv. V, 1827, 255.
Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 351.
Bacuman, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. VI, Aug. 1838, 88.—Is. Charlesw. Mag. N. H. Ill, April,
1838, 156.—Is. Sill. Am. Jour. Sc. XX XVII, 1839, 296.
Wacener, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 166.
Scuinz, Synop. Mamm. IT, 1845, 11.
Kewnrcorr, Mamm. Illinois, U. S. Pat. Report, 1856, Agricultural. (1857,) 56; pl. vi. (Wood-
eut. Original figure from life.) -
Sciurus sayi, Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. II, 1851, 274; pl. Ixxxix. (Missour squirrel.)
Sciurus subauratus, Bacuman, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. VI, 1838, 87.—Is. Charles. Mag. N. H. ILI, 1839, 155.—Is. Am.
Jour. Sc. XXXVII, 1839, 295.
Waener, Suppl. Schreber, III, 1843, 164.
Avp. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. II, 1851, 67; pl. lviii. (New Orleans and Louisiana.)
Sciurus rubicaudatus, Aup. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. IT, 1851, 30; pl. lv. (Illinois and Kentucky.)
?? Sciurus limitis, Barrp, Pr. A. N. Se. Phil. VII, April, 1855, 331. (Devil’s river, Texas.)
?? Scturus lewisiit, Ham. Smrru, Griffiths’ Cuv. III, 1827, 190; plate.
Wacener, Suppl. Schreb. II, 1843, 182.
Scuinz, Syn. Mamm. II, 1845, 13. (From specimen in Paris Museum.)

DUSKY VARIETY.

Sciurus auduboni, Bacuman, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. VI, 1838, 97.—Is. Charlesworth’s Mag. N. H. IIT, 1839, 378.
Wacener, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 175.
Aun. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1854, 260; pl. elii, fig. 2.

? Sciurus occidentalis, Aup. & Bacu. J. A. N. Sc. Phil. VIII, m, 1842, 317.

Se. Cu.—Tail, with the hairs, but little longer than the head and body. Head rather slender, with somewhat acute muzzle.
Ears rather narrow and high, not tufted on the back. Tail broad and full. Length about 11 or 12 inches; tail but little longer.
Hind foot usually not exceeding 2.80 inches; skull, 2.60. Varies in being smaller in the south.

Color usually grizzled rusty gray above; beneath, body and tail bright ferruginous. Belly sometimes black. Sometimes dusky
all over, with the belly chocolate brown annulated. No pure black nor white bellied varieties seen. Nose and ears never white.

This species is among the most variable in color, as well as size, of all the American squirrels,
these peculiarities, as might have been expected, having given rise to a great many synonymes,
As in some other species the more northern specimens are the larger, and the fox color varies
from pale yellowish rusty to rather deep ferruginous ; sometimes again, the animal is dusky

252 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

throughout, and all these phases of size and coloration have had different names assigned to
them. :

The western fox squirrel is among the largest of the American species, being only exceeded
by the fox squirrels of the Atlantic States; it is, however, a little smaller than the California
gray squirrel.

The head of this species is rather narrower than that of the Pennsylvania fox squirrel, S.
cinereus, the muzzle longer and more attenuated, the ears higher, narrower, and projecting
more above the fur of the nape. The back of the ear is coated, generally, with compact short
hairs, though sometimes these lengthen, especially in winter, so as to form slight tufts; there
is also more or less of a woolly tuft adjacent to the base of the ear behind.

The tail of this species is very long and ample, the vertebral portion shorter than the head
and body ; with the hairs it is longer. In length of tail this species exceeds the S. cinereus.

The feet are large, the soles naked in summer, more or less densely furred in winter, agreeing
in this respect with nearly all the North American species.

The colors of this squirrel, as already stated, vary very much, although the foxy type
generally predominates. The most usual condition is a grizzled black gray and rusty above, the
whole under parts of body and tail uniformly yellowish red, without any annulation. The
lateral and superior hairs of the tail are, however, variously annulated. The shade of color in
this respect varies very much.

The more prominent varieties of the species are as follows :

1. The typical coloration as described, with the under parts uniform foxy, &c.?

2. The colors above and on the tail as described ; the whole under surfaces, with the inside
of the limbs, uniformly black, without annulation. (Nos. 179, Racine; 1983, Illinois; 1346,
St. Louis.)

3. Similar to the preceding ; but the hairs of the under parts annulated with rusty, although
the black greatly preponderates. (No. 2352, from Iowa.)

4, A single specimen, No. 2300, received from Prairie Mer Rouge, with a number of fox-
colored skins, exactly similar in all specific features, agrees perfectly with the description of S.
audubont, of Bachman, in having the* upper parts more dusky, the belly of a dark chocolate
brown, all the hairs annulated with black, as on the back. The hairs of the tail are more finely
annulated than in the red variety.

J have never seen any specimens of this species pure grizzled gray above, without a mixture of
red or pure white beneath, as in S. vulpinus and cinereus ; nor, as in the former species, is the
color, as far as my observations extend, ever entirely black, with the hairs unicolor to the roots,
as in S. vulpinus. The species, therefore, does not present as great extremes in coloration as do
the two others just mentioned.

I am not prepared to say that there may not be two fox-colored squirrels in the Mississippi
Valley, one more southern than the other; but investigations conducted mainly on dried
specimens have not satisfied me that there are more than one. I have not the slightest doubt,

1A winter specimen from Fort Des Moines, Iowa, (2553,) has the fur much fuller and softer than in any others I have
ever seen, with a peculiar tinge of purplish red beneath, especially on the tail. Ina summer specimen from the same
locality (2695) the color is a light yellow all over, paler beneath, the tips of the long hairs above nearly white. The hairs
of the tail are of a darker shade or a yellowish rusty. All the caudal hairs, both above and below, are perfectly uniform
to the roots, without any annulation whatever ; nor is there any annulation on the back, the tips of the hairs only being
lighter.

eli gk

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SCIURUS LUDOVICIANUS. 253

however, that the dusky squirrel from Louisiana is identical specifically with the fox-colored
ones from the same locality, and that the same name must be borne by both.

It will be seen from the table of measurements that the western fox squirrel follows the same
law as the other American species in the diminishing size as the locality is more southern.
This is most strikingly shown in the varying length of the hind foot. The table, however, can
only be considered as approximately accurate, owing to the fact that most of the measurements
were taken from dried skins. Next to the hind foot, the length of the tail to the end of the
vertebrae and of the hairs is the most reliable measurement of the skin; the length of body
varies exceedingly with the amount of stretching or stuffing, while a skin long preserved in
alcohol may shrink far within its original dimensions.

Measurements from alcoholic specimens.

Taye rr yo lia
Tip of nose to— Tail to end of— Length of—
Current Locality. Sex. Nature of spe-
number. cimen.
Eye. | Ear. |Occip.| Tail. | Vert. |Hairs.| Fore ft. | Hind ft.
oo — | ———_
| |
2371 Cook co., Ill.---| 3 1.20 | 2.60 | 2.75 1: 10. ible 1. 85 2.80 | Fox_-| Entire,alcohol.
|
2372 | Jackson co., Ill.-| ¢@ 1.30 | 2.50 | 2.75 | Wee, Wesosbecs 14.75 | 1.85 2.85 | Fox.-|Skin, alcohol.
| |

Measurements of skulls.

Att
Current Locality. Sex. Length. Width.
number.
int wee a I
BTS | eri ten of aes Fee ol acich 2.60...) 1.46
2488) | Burlington, lows = <a =<5—-55=|5o55—- 2. 62 1. 59
60) |p Ste sOWIS nena enae on ae |e 2. 60 1. 50
1240 WrestermmissQur anne ooo -|s- ons 2.50 1. 38
al a (| 0 appa pate a P| Ieee ei r 2. 50 1. 38
1143 | Prairie Mer Rouge, La._.-.--.|..---- 2.55 1. 42
LAGS ei estieo28 dot. S12 = .cae sets ZaG2" Peli Ste
S132 jest 2222 - doted: oS. sate cecse|seeede 2.57 1. 48
SUSIE See 0 (ee Se eee epee Pesta) eee ae te ee

This beautiful squirrel is generally known throughout the southwestern and western States
under the name of fox squirrel, a term derived from the pale rusty or fox-color of its under
parts and tail. There are, as already mentioned, two other species going by the same name:
one confined pretty much to the coast regions of the southern Atlantic and Gulf States; the
other found chiefly in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia.

From the list of synonyms at the head of this article, it will be seen that I have thrown a
great many supposed species of American authors under one name, and I trust I shall not be
accused of any wanton action in so doing.. With probably the largest collection of fox-colored
squirrels before me ever gathered together, and those from wide-spread localities, I have found
it entirely impossible to distinguish the differences referred to, especially as series from the
same locality exhibited every shade of color, from dark chestnut, through bright brick red, to

254 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

pale rusty yellow. Similar differences in size occurred, although an average diminution in size
was discernible in the specimens from more southern localities. I have, therefore, had no
other alternative than to combine all in one, and to seek for a name among the earlier descrip-
tions of authors. This I found in the journal of Peter Custis, an emigrant from Accomac
county, Virginia, to Louisiana, published in Barton’s Philadelphia Medical and Surgical
Journal, as quoted above. The description fortunately is sufficiently explicit to admit of no
misunderstanding. The author was familiar with the fox squirrel of the eastern shore of
Virginia, (S. cinereus, but by him called S. vulpinus,) and to it he compared his Louisiana
species, giving the same size for both, but referring to the deeper red color and not bearded
ears.!. A numerous series of specimens from Red river, sent by Mr. James Fairey, and almost
from Mr. Custis’ locality, furnishes the most satisfactory proof of the identity of this species
with the fox squirrels of the Missouri river. These were called, successively, S. macroura,
macroureus, magnicaudatus, and sayi. More northern ones were described as S. rubicaudatus
while the smaller size, from near New Orleans, and resembling those from Red river, were called
S. subauratus.

It is quite possible that the squirrel I described, from Devil’s river, Texas, in 1855, under
the name of Sciwrus limitis, may be a very small variety of the present species, although its
geographical distribution is in its favor, as well as much smaller size, and different color.
Further collections, from western Texas, will be necessary to settle the question.

The Sciurus lewisii, of Hamilton Smith, described from a specimen in Peale’s museum,
brought by Lewis & Clark, in some respects resembles the present species, especially in the
ochraceous belly and feet. The tail is described as thick, cylindrical, and bushy, and ringed
with seven black and six white bands, with a white tip. This ringed character may have been
produced by a twisting of the tail. I do not, however, understand the absence of any red in
the tail. Unless, however, the specimen in Peale’s museum belonged to this species, I cannot
refer it to any known North American species; and, at the same time, it is quite improbable
that a squirrel of these characteristics could exist at the present day without having been
detected by some of the numerous recent explorations in the west.

I have very little doubt that the Sciurus auduboni, of Bachman, is the dusky variety of the
S. ludovicianus, as a skin from Red river, sent by Mr. Fairey, in company with a large number
of fox squirrels, agrees exactly with his description. The S. occidentalis, though originally
described as from the Pacific coast, has recently (Aud. & Bach. N. Am. Quad. III, 354) been
given as a synonym of S. auduboni by its author, and, consequently, of S. ludovicianus.

Mr. Robert Kennicott, of West Northfield, Illinois, one of the most observing and accurate
naturalists in the west, after a careful study of many fox squirrels from and in different locali-
ties, both living and dead, has come to the conclusion that the S. sayi, subawratus, and rubicau-
datus, of Audubon and Bachman, are all of the same species, and has described them as such
in his paper on the Rodents of Illinois, in the Agricultural Report of the Patent Office for
1856, illustrated by an excellent figure taken from life,

The Sciurus rufiventer, of Desmarest, if really from New Orleans, in all probability belongs
to this same species, although it has been referred to the S. fuliginosus of Bachman. The
dimensions, as stated, (64 inches,) are, in all probability, an error of the original description.

1 The description is as follows: ‘‘Size of S. vulpinus.—Body and upper parts of tail, dark gray; belly, inside of legs, and
thighs, and under part of tail, reddish brown ; ears not bearded; tail longer than the body, and very broad.’’ Red river
of Louisiana.

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SCIURUS LUDOVICIANUS.

List of specimens.

255

| Catalogue number.

1 UE (a
172 | coves
BIE eee cis

2298
2299
2300°
2301
2302
2404
1650
2355
2354

3132
3131

1729

1 Belly black, not annulated.

sheen

3149 |.

beens

seneee

seeeee

+) acieiseeQO seven sane

+} eeeceedO ave

Locality.

Port Clinton, Ohio. .....

-| Ann Arbor, Mich ,...++«.

Tilinois bay. ...eeseee voce
Milwaukie, Wis ...
sence eO coves cececens
Racine, Wis... ...
o00needO covesccccreccenes
300 Ssecess
West Northfield, Ill....+.
senses MO oe

Tremont, Ill......eeeeers
SACKSON, UE seaaciee cess
Burlington, Iowa.......+
Fort Des Moines, Iowa...

oeeeeDO eocvceceveccesces

pense sdOreee
maid a eietl Os iete pintoldsialateie'aetels’>
St. Louis, Mo ..scccceeee
sevens dO

see eee eee eneeee

00 tO veces receccaseess

apps ilO sindvainn
tecaeeGO) ote
axe hO\rern
Bsisieisi Osa

+] oeccesDO wccccccccccesenes

e]ecceesAO cocncccvves seceee

Western Missouri....+++.
neecesHO scvcctsnces counted
Lexington, Mo .... ..se0e
Soeess OO cseneccecisnnaie

Fort Leavenworth...
Fort Randall, Neb. ..

Prairie Mer Rouge, (More-
house parish,) La......

wvecesAO coos seccvccecnes

soccer sdOine

weseecHO occensa cee
Maas oO cress

neeenee
Annee ween eens

seeeeedO

Soe rd Pert

.| Winter

When
collected.

seen ee renee

weeececees eee

cane eee eee eens

Summer.....

March, 1857..
Winter, 1854

-| Spring. ....+-|.

Soe ithe
1855
Jan., 1855....

Autumn, 1855
+++-d0

Dec., 1855...

Nov., 1855 ...].
s[ee0eKO ceveeee

Winter, 1835
+e2d0
ee dO) aiveciine
June, 1854...
-+e.d0
Apr. 19, 1856
200. GO scccces
Nov. 27, 1854

tl awa ewww en eneee

Mouth of Vermillion.....|.

er rey

+eeedO.
eee smeeeee
woeeDO sovccee
weeeDO cscsees

Red Fork of Arkansas ...|.

Fort Chadbourne, Tex.,

Brazos river, Tex........|.

Guadalupe Bottom, (near
Indianola.)
TOXAS ..cccesevcesesosacs

Apr. 6,1855..

Siiasen se cin Osiscis nals

Whence obtained. Nature of

specimen.

Dr. Kirtland .......,...| Dry Skin

C. FOX cevevvccvcccsces
Dr. Kirtland .......+06+
MacdceecUOceuverneneicnse

S. Sercomb...

Dry skin....

Dr. P. R. Hoy...
S060 weer dOseversee
A. C. Barry...cescccees
KR. Kennicott ......+.-.| Entire in ale.
UTOvcaesabicaciac ssl OCViAWII. onsls
© WOcccccccces vennlseas

Skin in ale...

Skin in ale...
Dry skin,....|.
coeedOvecncaes

R. Kennicott. ..es.0+ «+
T. Glover.cece eosseses
W. E. Moore ......0005
eoeedOoee
Saeinteisie OO
George N. Lawrence..
cuccevceAOnens
Dr. George Engelmann.|,...do.... ...{2

see ceeeeelenes

UO ccececcssevese| cose seve

salve UO ueieisia alsin n'alelaelé|!\s\cia'vin'cie’s\euiaislen||
pee sAOvecvisnes ceases lle cesee
False ieee CO. ccccnveveceer|e

cece ce eeAOscerccccescces

Dr. Hoy

ume cee

we odetdOsaceccecstenes
Lt. G. K.Warren,U.S.A.| Dry skin.....
Sots eses UDcidt eeu teccedus

Lt. D. N. Couch, U.S.A.}...
Lt. G. K.Warren,U.S.A.

encceeO.cces cosessce
James Fairies cc ceeceses|ecesdQ sees ceerloee
fiw oiv, aieia(e OD oie aise esainiv's in vie
«dO reseee
sO .ceceerees
voce recone vee

vee. O
Mounted ....
Dry skin.....
++do..
SaupilOnets anamirs
50sOcveceesss |.
eoeedOeccceses

sone covedQrcccnccerevoes
accececeDOccvees

see eeeedOceeeecscnsnens

manana
Dr. Woodhouse ....
Dr. Swift, U.S.A......
Capt.R.B.Marcy, U.S.A.'.

1854

2 Belly black, annulated with rusty.

Capt. J. Pope, U.S.A...

cevecceelOree seesevsces

«oe eWQvocccces

| Nose to occiput.

veeedQvveecnce|seve
Mounted ....}..cejsee
sesrdONeavecelvers

eeeeO. ccc ceesleees

veeedOvccessneloecs

© 200. ccerverlenee

Blood! Cosceicand |scnol f

Nose to tail.

Tail to end of vert.

| ‘Tail to end of hairs.

9.80
12.00
12.50
12.00
11.50
| 12.00
12.00

Collected by—

Length of hind foot.

coves] 2.68 | reece cnvese cece

seen eee eesees

12.00 | 2.80 |. ,.seccscecseees

W. E. Moore...
coeds eOrosieecee

peeee seen ene eens

13.00 | 2.80 | Dr.F.V.Hayden.
senese|epecec|enuvisAQcedeunee

2.50
2.38
2.60

2.90 |.
2.60
2.40
2.75
2.75
2.50 | cecccecceeceeee
2.56 |.
2 60

LA0l | Seveearsceae
i

3 Yellowish, without annulation anywhere.

4 Black belly.

5 Dusky.

256 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

SCIURUS LIMITIS, Baird.

Texas Fox Squirrel.
Sciurus limitis, Barrp, Pr. A. N. Se. Phila. VII, April, 1855, 331. (Devil’s river, Texas.)

Length about 10 inches. Hind foot 1.66 inches. Size less than S. carolinensis. Upper molars four. Hairs short and close
pressed. Ears long, coated with very short hairs. Feet small; soles naked and dark brown. Above, mixed cinnamon. Tail,
cinnamon beneath ; above and on the sides like the back, with three annulations of black.

A full description of this squirrel will be found in the report on the zoology of the United
States and Mexican Boundary Survey.

Notwithstanding the marked difference in color and size between this species and all the
other American fox squirrels, I am far from feeling sure now that it is anything but a local
variety of the common western fox squirrel. Had I deferred characterizing the species until the
present time I should hardly have ventured upon a new name with a more ample knowledge of
the North American squirrels than I possessed two years ago. I only retain it now pro-
visionally, until its real character can be better tested by additional specimens. The locality
is considerably further west than that of any fox squirrels that have fallen under my notice.

List of specimens.

Catalogue | Corresponding Locality. Whence obtained. Nature of Collected by—
number. No. of skull. specimen.
Tine |
351 1265 Devil’s river, Texas-.| Col. J. D. Graham, U. 8. A----- Skine=-2- J: BH. ClarkvSiete==-
1415 <b}: in| a domsaenseemtes Major W. H. Emory, U. 8. A.-.-|--do.-.-_- Dr. C. B. Kennerly--
fy ae Be See Western Texas--.--- Captain J. Pope, U. 8. A-.--.-- 2200 eos eae ee

SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS, Gm.

Gray Squirrel and Black Squirrel.

SMALL SOUTHERN VARIETY.

Sciurus carolinensis, Gmewin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 143.
Bacuman, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. VI, Aug. 1838, 94.—Is. Charlesw. Mag. III, July, 1839, 330.—
Is. Silliman’s Am. J. Sc. XXXVII, 1839, 304.
Aun. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 55; pl. vii.
? Sciwrus cinereus, Desm. Mamm. II, 1822, 332.
Grirr. Cuv. V, 1727, 254.
Lesser Gray Squirrel, Pennant, Synopsis, 1771, 283 —Is. Hist. Quad. 1781.
Hudson Squirrel, var. a, Carolina, Pennant, Arctic Zool. I, 1784, 116.
Ecureuil gris de la Carolina, St. Hiraine & Coy. Hist. Mamm. III. Two plates and text.

LARGER NORTHERN VARIETY.

Sciurus cinereus, ScureBER, Sdugt. 1V, 1792, 766; pl. cexiii. (Original and accurate description; the figure from
Buffon.)
Haran, Fauna Americana, 1825, 173.
Fiscner, Synopsis, 1829, 352.
Tuompson, N. H. Vermont, 1842, 45.

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS. 257

Sciurus carolinensis, Gopman, Am. N. H. II, 131.
Doucury’s Cabinet N. H. IL, 1832, 240; pl. xxi.
Sciurus leucotis, Gaprer, Zool. Jour. V, 1830, 206; pl. xi.
Bacuman, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. VI, 1838, 91—Is. Charlesw. Mag III, 1839, 220.—Is. Sill. Am.
Jour. Sc. XXXVII, 1839, 298.
Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 57; pl. xviii, f. 1.
Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. IIT, 1843, 160.
? Sciurus vulpinus, Dexay, N.Y. Zool. I, 1842, 59.
Sciurus migratorius, Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 265; pl. xxxv.
Kewnicort, U.S. Patent Office Report, Agricultural for 1856, (1857,) 62; pl. vi, (from life.)

BLACK AND DUSKY VARIETIES.

Sciurus pennsylvanicus, Orv, Guthrie’s Geography, (2d Am. ed.) II, 1815, 292.
Sciurus niger, Gopman, Am, Nat. Hist. II, 133. (Not S. niger of Linnaeus.)
Gaprper, Zool. Jour. V, 1830, 206.
Bacuman, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond VI, 1838, 96.—Is. Charlesw. Mag. Nat. Hist. III, 1839, 335.—Is.
Silliman’s Am. Jour. Sc. XX XVII, 1839, 307.
Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 60; pl. xvii, f. 1.
Tuompson, Nat. Hist. Vermont, 1842, 45.
Waener, Suppl. Schreber III, 1843, 172.
Aun. & Bacu., N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 261; pl. xxxiv.
? Sciurus fuliginosus, Bacu. Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. VI, Aug. 1838, 97.—Is. Charlesworth’s Mag. N. H. III, 1839, 380.
Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 176.
Aup. & Bacu., N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 240; pl. cxlix, f. 2. (Small southern variety ?)

Sp. Cu.—Body from 9 to 11 inches long; tail usually about an inch longer. Hind feet, 2.40 to 2.70 inches long. Skull
about 2.50. Of largest size in the north.

Gray vartety.—Above, grizzled light yellowish gray; beneath, pure white. A yellowish brown wash of greater or less
extent on the back, and separating the colors of the belly and sides. Back of ears and adjacent region of the occiput usually
with a white woolly tuft.

Dusky varieTy.—Varies from pure jet black everywhere, through annulations on both surfaces of body, to a grizzled grey
above, with the belly white, and only an occasional patch, especially on the throat, yellowish or brownish, annulated.

Tail longer than the body. Ears very high, narrow, and acute, with sparse short hairs on
the exterior surface or concavity ; internally, on their margins and tip they are coated with
short brownish hairs which scarcely project beyond the margins of the ears. The base and
middle portion, however, of the ear is coated with a dense bunch of whitish woolly fur, forming
avery conspicuous mark. The tail is longer than the body, not bushy, but flattened. The
feet are quite large, and the claws strong and much curved. The thumb is a rudimentary cal-
losity, with a broad, flat nail; the fourth finger is very slightly longer than the third; the fifth
or outer but little shorter than the second, each reaching to the base of the claw of the adjacent
toe. The palms are naked. On the hind foot the third and fourth toes and claws are equal
and longest; the second but little shorter; the fifth reaches to the base of the claw of the
fourth, and the first barely to the base of the claw of the fifth. The soles are partly naked
beneath the metatarsals; the exterior half, however, rather thickly covered with short hairs,
which are still more sparse everywhere else, even under the toes, except on the tubercles, which
are naked.

The whiskers are longer than the head. The fore legs have long whisker-like hairs projecting
far beyond the fur ; similar hairs are visible on the belly.

The upper parts and sides generally are of a light ash gray, mixed with black and light

brown. The dorsal surface from head to tail, a saddle mark across the back behind the fore
ao

258 vu. s. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

legs, the sides of the head, the anterior portion of the ears, the anterior and posterior edges of
the fore limbs externally, a narrow line across the flanks, and the exterior surface of the hind
feet extending a short distance up on the leg, are of a yellowish brown; the fore feet are
grayish; the whole under parts are clear white tinged with ashy posteriorly, the hairs being
uniform white to their bases. Above, the hairs are dark lead color at base, then light brownish
yellow, then black and tipped with ashy white, except where the yellowish brown markings are-
seen, when this color forms the tip.

The tail is rather flat and distichous, not bushy ; viewed from below, the hairs extended, the
ground color is brownish yellow, with three narrow and well defined lines of black on each
side, margined for rather more than one-fourth with white. The inner black line is ‘some
distance from the central line of the tail. The upper part of the tail has the hairs as on the
sides, with perhaps fewer annulations, and a few interspersed which are black except at tip ;
the prevailing tint above is a mixed heavy black and yellowish brown.

Another specimen agrees in every respect, except that the ground color of the tail is darker.

Measurements.
Washington, D. C. Washington,
Nov. 16, 1854, fresh.
Inches. Lines. Inches, Lines.

NORD ILOVOCCID Ut a Meier = ea a oan ee a eee aoa e me ae Sele 2 7 2 6
LOVE YC)2e em ee ee es awe ee weak ee ces ese a PUES eee eee eseeooseae 1 7 pala tp be mem
OTOH oo ee ee oS ee oe ee, oe ere ee eres Sees See nee en | 2 y Seal PR es
fo'root of ‘tall. sis. sstseuss asad s je saecssS coc ce Se seth essesee 10 3 oe) SS eee
tong of outstretched hind Weps) 22 2225 = Slee oe oe oe ee eee 16 LO eee esioc oc

Tail from zoobitotendiof ‘vertebra teases oso o node een cen ee eenk ae 7 6 8 6

from root to endvot halts. cassceen= ces s-acee eee eee eese ear eee ae 10 6 1l 4

Preatestiwidth Saco atte eet ee ee a oaeeensee a eee ee one ee Sos soeeehen | Saee epee 4
Mars sheene MOSsStenlOrl vis ..c2 tase ce cen e en oe sas ee eee 1 YR Peco riieers poo ee
NEM MARLenON yy 2 s—s ees aos nee ae ee eee ow eee eee 1 | Sea ees
Anbetnaliy AO VE SKU oes nae sae ee ee ae ne ent ecm ee 1 yal a ee

above the sheade-ce fessor oe ab oct eek cote see one cee cocee eee lene ee eee ae eee eee Se eee 9

greatest height externally from bottom of lowest notch.....--.-----|-----.----|---------- u 2
WIG th eeia pinnae ae ao eee See kbee esac dm eccecmsccneslacaneceeee | Sees elses Soc 5
ATM sDeuveen Claws; ACTOSS BNOULGCY oe oo on-scene noo ances ence aene | Bee es eee oe mess
length oftforeatm=t 2502225 ces owen ccccce saccccceonscnsdossseence 2 1 Ug ee Es
fromelbow to end)ofaclawas 2-222-o28h sib asda a ese cetne ec s5 5k 2 3 See ee ae aa

and from wrist. =: < -ivananeine cb aodantaccencky -cesecuch loaned s| ae seeee as eee ee 1 8
fareroorito end woMelwees ee semen Senne tome eee a ee one eee 1 en Peete ees —- =-
IonPesticla wi. ctecuas ce fees ata seco ee a te cine em eae CaS mem mie | eet mates re Preyer ee a a
opr iicom iknee jointito ‘end of claws .-.222.- cf. 20. Jel ee ee 5 2° ||l St oe eae
MDA ian Sone Saad Sea ash odes thse cth de aeue alee eeasee eee acer 3 2:6 olNisecwe oe oo

hindfoot from heel to endiof claws... ....-----«e-=2---oh—-Sensern ne 2 5 2 6
DONE PSU ICIAW = wenn a san in ene scmacecces sao oca rss emeems ane ae eee eel ebecces ce ee eee ee

DOVES) tray EM eRe CPS SS ee see sae Seal h Sa ecoeog Poser aag berinccona 10

Widthrothead between Zycomata <2 -ss2s5 sess. Reset Soe. ee se ee aL eae cs- | oo eeeaes 1 4

In the preceding portion of this article I have described, at considerable length, fresh speci-
mens of the common gray squirrel of the United States. As is well known, Dr. Bachman has

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS. "959

separated the northern and southern gray squirrels from each other, mainly on account of the
difference in size, and other characters, as given, With every disposition to rely implicitly on
the judgment of this most excellent naturalist, I have been unable, after examining the very
large series of specimens enumerated in the accompanying lists, to come to the same conclu-
sion. I recognize, indeed, a larger size of the gray squirrel at the north than in the south ;
but this is in accordance with the law so well ascertained in regard to nearly all our mammals
and many of our birds that have an extensive northern and southern habitat at the same season
of the year. Of the difference in habits I am unable to judge from want of personal experi -
ence, but in all characters of external form, color, and proportions, I can find no features by
which the gray squirrels of one region can be distinguished from those of another. In absolute
size there is an appreciable difference between skins from extreme localities, and it is not a
little remarkable that the very largest specimens come from the central portions of Iowa, where
also the fox squirrels and the common gray rabbit have likewise the same superior magnitude
to corresponding individuals from other regions. The variations in absolute dimensions are,
however, very appreciable in specimens from the same locality, being quite as great as in picked
specimens from different points. There is, however, no question of the greater average size of
tlie gray squirrel in the north, and of its diminishing size as we procecd southward. I have
accordingly selected a specimen from Washington, as the basis of the description, as furnishing
a mean between the extremes.

Not only have I felt constrained to unite the northern and southern gray squirrels as the
same species, but a careful examination of a large number of specimens before me has convinced
me that the supposed permanently black squirrel of the north is, in reality, only a black
variety of the gray. I am not at present prepared to say whether the same animal passes
through several stages of color until it becomes uniformly lustrous black, but the specimens at
hand clearly exhibit a gentle gradation from the jet black to the pure gray. I may here
remark, that the white tuft at the end of the tail of the black squirrel, as mentioned by Dr.
Bachman, is far from constant, many more being without it than with it,

A series of specimens now before me show very clearly the transition from the jet black color
to the unquestionable gray.

Ist. Color jet black throughout, even to the bases of the hairs of both surfaces. Not the
slightest trace of annulation anywhere, even on the tail. A tuft of white hairs in the tip of the
tail, as in the black foxes. Ears with very short hairs. Soles nearly naked. (No. 1276,
Racine.) '

2d. Precisely similar to the last, save in the absence of the terminal white tuft to the tail.
Soles even more naked. (No. 972, 9, West Northfield, Illinois.)

3d. Precisely similar to the preceding above on the sides and in the tail. The hairs, how-
ever, on the under surfaces, from the lower part of the neck to anus, are black, annulated faintly
subterminally with yellowish brown. Soles naked. (No. 1057, Chicago.)

4th. In this specimen the central line of the back alone is unmixed and uniform black to the
bases of the hairs. The hairs of the tail show obsolete annulations of yellowish brown, only
indistinctly clouding the black. The narrow subterminal annulations of the hairs on the upper
part of the sides and sides of the back are less distinct and narrower than on the belly. (No,
954, Racine, Wisconsin.)

5th. In this specimen the brown annulation has invaded all the hairs of the back. Tips of
the caudal hairs faintly washed with brown, but not distinctly annulated. The soles are quite

260 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

hairy around the naked tubercles, and the hairs on the ears longer than in the preceding
(summer?) specimens. Killed December 3, 1852. Head, 3 inches; head and body, 11; tail
vertebrz, 9; tail vertebrae, with hairs, 11. (No. 178, Detroit, Michigan.)

6th. Similar to the last, but tail distinctly annulated with brown. Soles more hairy. The
hairs of the convexity of the ear still longer. (Wiater, No. 720, Cook county, Illinois.)

ith. Colors above lighter, like a rather dusky gray squirrel. Hairs on the under surface of
body with more brownish rusty ; less black. Tail hairs annulated distinctly ; their tips whitish
or rusty gray. Soles more naked. Hair on the ears shorter. (Spring, No. 721, Cook county,
Illinois. )

8th. General character that of a gray squirrel. Nose, inside of thighs, and region around
genitalia dusky. Hairs annulated. Under surface, from chin to thighs, brownish rusty.
The hairs annulated or tipped with blackish ; a narrow streak on each side the median line of
the belly grayish white. Tail as in gray squirrels. Soles naked. (July, 1853, g, No. 256,
Racine ; 257 similar.) :

9th. Similar to the last, but with no dusky on the inside of the thighs. Hairs of under
surfaces only annulated on the throat and neck, where they are tinged with gamboge yellow.
(No. 970, West Northfield, Illinois.) Another specimen with the light stripes on the belly
larger, purer white, and confluent in places. The region around the teats is, however, more
dusky than elsewhere. (No. 1136, Fort des Moines, Iowa.)

10th. Chin and inside of the fore legs suffused with brownish; an indistinct stripe of pale
brown on each side of the median line of the belly. No annulation of inferior hairs. (No.
1672, Carlisle, Pa.)

11th. The next stage is the regular gray squirrel, in which the prevailing color of the hairs
above is gray, with subterminal annulations of black, more or less concealed by the gray tips.
The entire under parts are white ; the sides of the white with a narrow margin on the flanks of
yellowish rusty. This color also overlays the gray of the upper parts in varying proportions,
sometimes confined to the head ; sometimes along the middle of the back as a narrow stripe ;
sometimes as a broader one ; sometimes forming a cross across the shoulders ; sometimes forming
a uniform wash over the whole surface. The proportion of yellow also varies considerably.

The ears are generally of a yellowish brown color, rather lighter at the posterior surface.
In summer, the hair is everywhere very short, and uniform in length. With the approach of
cold weather, it lengthens on the convex postero-internal surface of the ear, except along a
narrow anterior margin. A similar lengthening takes place in a small patch on the neck at
the base of the ear behind. These lengthened hairs, being white and woolly in appearance,
form a conspicuous mark, not nearly so appreciable, if at all, in summer. The extreme border
of the ear, however, (about one-tenth to one-twentieth of an inch wide,) remains short-haired,
and of a rusty yellow color, strongly contrasted against the woolly white.

Coincident with this change of hair on the ears is a similar one on the soles. In summer
these are entirely free from hair, except for about half an inch from the extreme heel, which is
densely furred. ‘The naked space commences in a transverse line about as far behind the pos-
terior tubercle as its own length. With the approach of cold weather, hairs begin to grow on
the soles until, in midwinter, they are completely covered with close, short hairs, except on the
five large tubercles and the balls of the toes, and perhaps a short distance behind them. In
many cases, too, a similar development of hairs takes place between the tubercles of the palms.

Although in more northern specimens the amount of growth of fur on the ears and soles is

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS. 261

greater than in southern, corresponding alterations take place in all, as well as the other changes
indicated, except that the black and dusky varieties are seldom seen in the south.

In all the gray, black, and dusky squirrels I have seen, the small upper molar anterior to
the series (of five) is persistent throughout. There are slight variations in different specimens
of the same series, but I cannot realize the characters distinguishing the S. migratorius and
carolinensis of Bachman. An examination of a large number from the same locality shows
great differences, especially in the length and width of the muzzle and its several bones,

All the American fox squirrels I have seen show but four upper molars.

Under the supposition, as stated in the preceding pages, that the two gray squirrels described
by Bachman are really no more than local varieties in size of one species of different latitudes,
and that the black and dusky northern squirrels are also the same, I have arranged the
synonyms under the three heads of small gray, large gray, and black or dusky squirrel. It
appears that Gmelin was the first to characterize the small gray squirrel under the name of
S. carolinensis. Other authors applied the name of S. cinereus, properly belonging to a different
species, to both varieties, as, indeed, was done with the S. carolinensis. In 1839, Gapper
described the northern gray as S. leucotis, to which Audubon and Bachman, in 1849, added the
name of S. migratorius.

The name of ‘‘ Sciwrus niger, Linn.’’ has been very erroneously assigned to the black variety
of this species, instead of being restricted as a synomym to the black variety of S. vulpinus.
The first name actually assigned to the black gray squirrel was S. pennsylvanicus, of Ord.

I have given the Sciwrus fuliginosus of Bachman as a synonym of 8. carolinensis, believing it
to be nothing more than the dusky variety of the southern gray. It is very similar in all
respects but size to the black squirrels of the north, and the annulation of the under fur is
quite enough to indicate that it is a variety, and not a distinct and permanent species. The
fact that no such variety has been detected in the south Atlantic States is no evidence to the
contrary, as these varieties of color and size are more or less local, and black or even dusky
varieties of the northern gray squirrel seldom, if ever, occur in eastern Pennsylvania, Mary-
land, or Virginia. Besides, we know so little of the zoology of Florida and Georgia, that a
small dusky squirrel might abound there, and not yet have been brought to the notice of the
naturalist.

The range of this species is indicated, as far as I can speak with precision, by the accompa-
nying list of specimens.

262

U.

Ss.

P. Hos

EXP.

List of specimens.

(Gray squirrels. )

AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Catalogue number.

Corresponding No.
of skull.

|

o

3 | &
2 | 3s
aieys

a
o|s
s | =
Solo

Z| a

: W%41010:

«]eeeeesdO..

+ |seee0edO..

«|eveeeedO...

+ |ecceeefO.. 200

-| Wisconsin, .

Locality.

Liberty county, Ga...
Charleston, 8. C.....

Tarboro’, N. ©. ..e20<|e«

eweeedO.,
ences MOsccnncus cores

Washington, D. C....

Pewee ere cudeciss ses’

tee eeeee

s[enceerdOr,crccccescecs

eevee ee.

ceceee On,

Carlisle, Pa........-+|+

waeeeedO..
Bradford county, Pa..
New Orleans ........
eee sdOv. es sees

heen eeeeees

caver UOvsecessecsceee
Prairie Mer Rouge,La.
eoeceedOrececccssecee
eoveeeAO..
soeves C0sa

Union county, Ill ....

Jackson county, Ill...}.

cence edOreccveceevese

St. Louis, Mo........
veenesAOr.eee
Western Missouri....

Fort Leavenworth....
Mouth of Platte......
Red Fork of Arkansas
Ft. Des Moines, Iowa.
vovweelOce soccvccenes
coecesdOvece
sees AOn.
eves dO.,

Scene elOsscceces

o|a0cc0. Os, cegecccccecs

woccce Oss ceccccsncce

West Northfield, 1.

Detroit, Mich......
Cleveland, Ohio ,....

Middleboro’, Mass...

New York...

Monticello, Miss.....|.

When col-
lected.

May, 1854
December....

oo

Jan. 31, 1855
ek On eaeilaiete
Nov., 1854
Oct. 22, 1855
Jan.,

Sept. 5, 1856

wee wees wees

Se rin

1854
1854
1854
pat UO watea's ous
Jan. 26, 1855
July 1, 1850
Dec., 1855
Summer, *55
necOOccuceces

el oeceGOs.ccscvele

Dec., 1855

Oct. 27, 1855
Spring .....-

1856 |.

cl onecceAOrsccces

e|sccessGOvcee

Whence obtained.

Maj. J. Leconte......
Prof. F. S. Holmes...
J. L. Bridger.........
veecesAQicceses

aeeee

cece sGOrecescespeee «

IMEKEU ss ccieissisieeisieins

Nature of
specimen.

ret

o

2

I

2

ic]
‘te
=]
o

evesesAQscvcees, eves lonesleces

Soopantilas
iabsis'w'oihi Cl Qnateiaisiais

noaisisinlOssipnleniuiee sess
Mr. Digges.....
S. F. Baird.....0cs00«
cosneedOre cece ccvceces
C. C. Martin .
N. O. Acad. Sciences.

Miss H. Teunison....

e| eevee sAOrcccnsccsrenes

J. Faire. coceescccces |-ses

R. Kennicott.........

wneeesGQeenceecencsecs

Dr. Engelmann .,....|----

wale Qscracesucte
Dr. Hoy.. ....
seeee- dO,

wveeesdOs. coscvcveccs

Lt. D.N.Couch....... {++

Lt. @. K.Warren......
Dr. 8.W.Woodhouse.
W.E. Moore........

o0cceedOs.ceccceccvece

RUOss evscindentens

do....

teens

A. C. Barry....

R. Kennicott......... }+

e]ccee sOOrcces acccese

OoOX sees ssvvess ses
Dr. Kirtland. ........

J. W. P. Jenks ......

coceesdOseccccccccccee |=

«GOs. cevecevccecs |e

cen ||eesiv Ore vecsle

020s. cccccs scenes |s

woe GOs. cons
Skin in ale.

Feet e ee eeeeee

-| Entire.....

Dry skin...
Skin in ale.
s[eeeedO.ceve.
--do..
beer|ooeedO..

aoe

sees AOreccce
Mounted ..
e]eceeKO.c cece
e]eeesGOre eve

..do..
eo eeGOse eens

+} eeesdOreeees
Dry skin...
seeeleresdOseeeee

Mounted ..
20eeOreee
See O.

Skin.
+] -00eDOrs eves

...| Mounted ..|.

Dry skin...

Skin in ale.
Dry skin...
Bscst ha crice
s| waeeDOcewe'en
eoeeKO.. oo

soe] ese GOrceves
se Onseee

«| Skull.eeeee

Measurements.

Skin in ale.

Dry skin...}..

Skin in ale.

e000... .00|s

oeMOvecccsfeccee

°o
°
os
es
o =
nv
oS
a

Nose to tail.

sleeneee

teeeee

Tail to end of
verteb.

11.50
11.00

9.00
7.00
8.00

tenes

7,00

11.00}......
10.50} ....05

Tail to end of

11.00)....
11.25)...

hairs.

sl enewes

tenes

| Fore ft.,length

2.65

-| 2.60

2.50

-| 2.30
«| 2.60

2.50

+| 2.55

2.50

-| 2.50 |.
-| 2.60
2.50 |}...
| 2.55
2.40 |eveees

| Skull, length.

2.42°
2.38
2.38

-| 2.60

1 Hairs on the throat annulated ; ears with white tufts.

® Ears with white tufts.

a Bars without white tufts.

1.40

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS. 263

List of Specimens. (Black and dusky squirrels, or not pure white beneath )

x |
Sar a s Measurements.
& to 2 2
See Sales ; I : ee a,
A/S 5]'S | wo] Locality. When Whence obtained. | 3 | Natureof| = |5 .Jo oe Gale || &
o Sa = i} 5 = a sa Bae, l/Oe8/O09 i} °
Blac] ia collected. 3 | Specimen. | = og|o pz 7) 3 _: ak
[bgt | Sa hee 5 fS ieslesl|s2#ie5\esl|a 2
SE ie |e ‘Eo A Eee ales Eee aves
co fo} e aS — le) Had
68/5 |2ala 6 z2lee|s°/4elania |=
«| Dry skin...
«|*
|
MISAS |e Beastcwal) WOAHE OUMIN na nspatacaoestna owe cacnenacs -| Skin in ale.
Ca eae Sea] © \ Fort Des Moines, Iowa.| Summer..... } .| Dry skin...
aaletcenslaees Q | West Northfield, Illinois} Sept., 1855
Nov., 1855 |....
..| Winter, 1855 |....
«| Spring, 1855 |....
o0edO.. cece
Salsteisis do.. ..-
Sept., 1855 |.... ve
Dec. 8, 1852 Ren [ewe LORY SRA «ots
aaisajeesiesisiovee JeoeedO.. eeeeeleees| Dry (head).
-| Cleveland, Ohio... .».| Dr. Kirtland.........|....| Dry skin... O15
- «| Bradford county, Pa....|.ccseseeessees C. C. Martin......00- voce} SKin inale-| 9.50) c.cecsleccae Jeocses B95 besvs cs|lvceges
607 |..... seesleeee| Cleveland; Ohio. ....cs|esccocsesccese Dr. Kirtland......+++ sees] Skull.ceeee vesevs (cece oewres lean vive] cecees | 2.50] 1.32

1 Uniformly black all over, with white tuft at the end of the tail.
2 Uniformly black all over, without white tuft.

3 Uniformly black above ; annulated dusky beneath.

4 Nearly uniform black, but with some annuli above and below.
5 Dusky all over, and considerably annulated.

6 Grayish above; annulated with rusty beneath in places.

SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS ? ?

Mexican Gray Squirrel.

I have before me two skins of gray squirrels from Santa Catarina, in Mexico, which differ
appreciably from any I have seen from within the United States. They are smaller than the
southern gray, with longer and perhaps more bushy tail, and shorter and broader feet. The
hair is coarser ; above, more decidedly black and gray ; beneath, very pure white, without any
indication of the rusty line margining the white of the belly, which I have never found wanting
before. The hairs of the tail are coarser; the exterior white, very opaque, and of a yellowish
tinge, instead of the bluish white of the common gray. The ears show no trace whatever of
white on their convexity.

Although this locality is very different from the usually recorded range of the gray squirrel,
and the differences of these specimens are quite appreciable, I do not feel at liberty to establish
them as distinct species, without further materials.

The skull of this species presents some quite striking characteristics. In the first place, the
small anterior upper molar, so universal in the gray squirrel, is here wanting entirely, as in
the fox squirrels. The zygoma extends further backward, though the muzzle is shorter and

.

264 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

broader. The nasal bones have their edges nearly parallel for the posterior third, instead of
approaching each other gently behind. The teeth are smaller in proportion.

One skull, one of three from San Antonio, shows the anterior small molar. This may be
the same, or it may belong to a distinct species. It measures 2.33 inches by 1.38.

List of specimens.

a : ali

1 °

8 12 5 Measurements.

ey 2 4

¢ ss | Locality. When Whence obtained. s Nature of Q : Biz r Collected by—

Bee | collected. = specimen. | 3 | 5S 3

So |ge = “2 )85)].8

£i5 = go /35|z

ad eS is 5 S S|

5 (6 6 Seale |

337 |esooee | Santa Catarina, New Leon, (North-

EIN MEXICO) .cccseceeeceercsccese April, 1853 | Lt.D.N.Couch,U.S.A.| 177 | Skin...... 2.50 | 10,00)|-2.40 | 120s vce =nanhcemeiiee
336 | 1254 |.eseee eens Os vececcerccccevccscvesee|seeves O.. weee|eovvess- O.. seevecsece| vecees Mounted ..|...+4+)seee0s 2.0 |. Jwacs a cacinee pene
? 1420 | reeeee San Antonio, Texas....0...ssececss|evcceceees ascs]eccccces dO. wc acetainecs|ecces Skull coee dhaseses|seceesenara'e | Dr. L. Berlandier.
1421 |...... Booeagoeod GOsesnsh cscdecisade Ser00e|cavasensincieces|csccnces BBs nninkle one <= )oanesiee Git: 0] seine lenmewall tuoi lee dele nal Os. nest anaes
|

SCIURUS FOSSOR, Peale.

California Gray Squirrel.

Sciurus fossor, PeaLe, Mamm. and Birds U. 8, Ex. Ex. 1848, 55.
Aun. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1854, 264; pl. cliii, f. 2.
Sciurus heermanni, Leconre, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VI, Sept. 1852, 149.
2??? Sciurus leporinus, Aup. & Bacu., Pr. A. N. Se. Ph. 1841, 101.—Is. Jour. A. N. Sc. Ph. VIII, m1, 1842, 314.—In. N.
Am. Quad. I, 1849, 329; pl. xliii. -

Sp. Cu.—Size of S. vulpinus, but more slender. Tail vertebre as long as the body, with the hairs much longer. Five upper
molars. Above, grizzled bluish gray and black; beneath, white, without any differently colored separating line. Tail black,
with the exterior white; the whole under surface finely grizzled. Back of ears and adjacent tuft on the occiput, chestnut.

This beautiful species of squirrel is among the largest of those that inhabit the North Ameri-
can continent, and on the west coast represents the gray squirrels of the Atlantic States.
Judging from skins, however, it is rather more slender and delicate in its proportions than the
latter. .

The head is rather pointed and narrow; the whiskers black and reaching beyond the occiput.
The ears are thin, narrow, and high, somewhat pointed, but rounded at tip; they are coated
with short compact hairs, not at all tufted ; as in the S. carolinensis, however, there is a woolly
tuft at the postero-internal base of the ear, the adjacent region of the latter also somewhat
woolly.

The tail is very long, and rather full and depressed ; in fresh specimens the vertebre alone
equal the head and body. The hairs are long and rather soft. The feet are long but narrow ;
the soles are nearly naked in summer; in winter they are densely coated (especially in the
north) with hairs, except on the tubercles. Even at San Diego, winter specimens exhibit a con-
siderable amount of hair on the soles.

This species presents fewer variations in color than any of the larger American squirrels
within my knowledge. The prevailing color above is a mixed or finely grizzled bluish gray
and black, the former predominating. This color covers nearly two-thirds, at least three-fifths,

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SCIURUS FOSSOR. 265

of the circumference, theentire under parts being pure white. There is not the slighest trace of any
darker line of separation on the flanks. The upper surface of the feet and exterior of the limbs
are like the back; the paws perhaps lighter, but still grizzled. The inner edge of the hind foot,
also, is nearly uniform dull whitish. The lower parts of the cheeks and side of the muzzle are
greyish white, less pure than on the belly. The woolly tuft at the base of the ear, and usually
the convexity or back of the ear itself, are light chestnut, forming a very conspicuous feature.

The tail is a mixed gray, black and white. Beneath, it is grizzled; above, black predomi-
nates, with some white on the outside; on the side the white is very conspicuous, furming a
distinct white border. The inferior hairs are grayish white, with four or five annulations of
black, about the width of their interspaces. The same condition prevails pretty much on the
rest of the tail, with the exception that the subterminal annulation is much broader and
entirely black, and on the sides the terminal white is also very long.

There is no appreciable difference in a number of specimens of this squirrel before me from
different localities; much less than usual in squirrels. One from Fort Tejon has a smaller body
in proportion to its tail than the rest; but the skin has probably shrunk considerably in alco-
hol, and the animal itself was quite young, as shown by the skull. This is the only one in
which there is no chestnut on or behind the ear, the woolly tuft there being dirty whitish. One
specimen (609) shows a slight wash of rusty on the back, and the hind feet are sooty black,
slightly grizzled. This is the most decided variation I have noticed. Winter specimens have
the soles hairy, except on the tubercles, while summer ones have them naked.

Skull.—The skull of this species appears rather more slender and elongated than that of the
S. carolinensis or the fox squirrel of the Mississippi; its closest relationships, as to shape, are
with the S. vulpinus, which it nearly equals in size. It has, however, a longer muzzle and the
zygomatic arch set further back. ‘An old skull has four distinct upper molars and the stumps
of the anterior fifth one, broken down to the level of the socket. In several younger ones this
small molar is well developed and considerably larger than in S. carolinensis, the crown having
a compressed central tubercle and a distinct valley on either side.

This species is mentioned by Lewis & Clark, under the name of “‘the large gray squirrel,’’ as
occurring near the Dalles of the Columbia, and they fully appreciated its difference from the
squirrels of the eastern States. It is a little singular that an animal described with such detail
by these authors should not have been named by the earlier writers, like Ord, Rafinesque,
Harlan, and others, when all the other species mentioned in the narrative of the expedition
were so promptly introduced into the systems.

I am not without a strong suspicion that the Sciwrus leporinus of Audubon and Bachman
may prove to be the same with the S. fossor, in which case it will, of course, take precedence.
_ The only point in the description which cannot be readily referred to S. fossor of Peale isin the
color of the back, which is said to closely resemble that of the English hare (probably Lepus
timidus) in its brown tints. But for this I would be inclined to consider it as a young specimen
of S. fossor, as in the most immature one I have seen (480) the downy space on the back and
base of the ear was whitish instead of chestnut. Indeed, this same specimen I had unhesi-
tatingly labelled S. leporinus before the opportunity was afforded of examining adult animals.

This squirrel inhabits abundantly the whole mountain region of California, from San Diego
as far north as the Columbia River at the Dalles; it does not appear to cross this river. The
extreme limit of its distribution south and east is not yet ascertained. As far as I can learn,
however, it is the only large species found within the region inhabited by it; and I have na

341

266 U. 8S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

doubt whatever that, with very few exceptions, the many species described by Audubon and
Bachman as from California are really from Southern Mexico, adjacent, perhaps, to southern
California, and have no right to a place in a fauna of North America, certainly not of the
United States.

Detailed measurements of a specimen in alcohol.

Tip of nose to— Tail to end of— Length of—
Current | Sex. Locality.
number.
Eye. | Ear. |Occip.| Tail. | Vert. Hairs. | Fore ft. | Hind ft.
| "
2413 ° Petaluma, Calo; 2252.22. - 22 1.35 | 2.45 | 2.8 |11.25 | 11.5 14. 75 2. | Hei!
List of specimens.
x E
2 pis. 5 Measurements.
| aS — SS
a | Sea) oo . E
[hen || en Locality. When col- Whence obtained. = | Nature of spe-|Head| Tail. Collected by—
& |ac] z lected. 3 cimen. and
Sites us & body.
Ss Ea ¥ & Pe...
3 6 3 | = Vert. Hairs,
o |}|o n | °
—_— — SSS —S Ss | Se
|
AD see © | Fort Dalles, O. T......| Jan. 17, 1855.) Dr. Geo. Suckley...... 36 | SKin coc. ccccccleenves {12.50
1003 | 2010| @ je..s.... GO: scccsscvecses Jan. 15, 1855.) cceces cece dO cece cevcee BT ocr cee cocvece 11.25 |10.60 |
1004 | 2011 ie) eccccece dO. seevece eeneee Jan. 15, 1855.}.000ccceee dO ..sseveeees 38 |. .dO...s cesseses 11750 |11,00'|14,25 | ...5. ccceceemeeueeen
1175 |......| ****+| Fort Jones, Cal........ 1855. Lt. R.S. Williamson,..,)..+...|.- Dr. J. S. Newberry.
1173 | Q117 | +--+ Stockton, Cal....ss.00+ Weceeee ceccvcleccees ces dO cscvees seeeleeeeee GO .e cee ceccee|secceslevecns|seeeeslsecencee dO .eceve
2413 |...... QO | Petaluma, Cal .........|....0seeee eee. E. Samuels.....+ sesese} 14 oss caieeacmcipaebien ae
G09 |. .eeclaeeeee San Francisco, Cal.....|.. eet eeee eooe| R. D. Cutts neers eeeeeeleneeee eee sees cece
BAGS | edesd|=seesalaese once COvecaale alas nosis Lt. W. P. Trowbridge... eevee auee vovdecvectcbicess
L174 | occas secveclencevcee Oveccens eocase ede, cevcceces| voceesleees. +eeee-| Dr. J. S. Newberry.
480 | 1604 |...... Fort Tejon, Cal... .... eoceceteccetes Mounted ......|- aveelsavcee|cevece Dr.A. L. Heermann.
2462 |..eees seeees| San Diego, Cal,......, seeeee erences Dr. Thomas H. Webb..)....++ SKIN. ceeec esl eeeeeeleeeee s|eveseeleccececesees eeeeeee
SCIURUS CASTANONOTUS, Baird.
Chestnut Backed Squirrel.
*

Sciurus castanotus, Barrp, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VII, April, 1855, 332. (Typographical error for castanonolus.)

Body about 11 inches. Tail, with the hairs, but little longer. Hind feet 2.60 inches, skull, 2.40.

Size about that of S. cinereus. Five permanent molars in the upper jaw. Tail about equal in length to the body, not
bushy. Ears with rather short hairs, not tufted. Soles naked in winter. Back deep chestnut brown; rest of upper parts
mixed ash, gray, and lead color. Eyelids, upper surfaces of feet, and whole under parts white. Ears and sides of head
ash gray. The sides, tip, and under parts of tail, pure white; above (within the margin) mixed black and white.

A detailed description of this squirrel will be found in the report of the Zoology of the United States and Mexican

Boundary Survey.

This species bears a very close resemblance to S. aberti and may prove to be the same,
although there are abundant differences. The most striking characteristic is the absence of the
beautiful ear tufts of S. aberti. Some of our squirrels which have smooth ears in summer are tufted
in winter, but as the Coppermines specimens were caught in winter, it is not likely that they are
ever tufted. The tufts, too, of S. aberti are long hairs growing from the very margins of the
ears and projecting an inch beyond. The convexity of the ear and a woolly space at their

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SCIURUS ABERTI. 267

posterior bases are grayish white in S. castanonotus. Great differences again are visible in the
tail, which, in the latter, is nearly pure black and white; the inferior hairs pure white, those
on the upper surface and upper part of the sides are black with white tips, grayish at the base.
In S. aberti all the hairs above are annulated several times with dark brown and grayish white,
presenting no decided impression of either color except towards the end of the tail. The tail
here is likewise much more bushy.

S. fossor is without the dorsal stripe and the dark lateral line. The tail is much fuller and
more bushy; the hairs beneath the tail are finely annulated ash gray and black without any of
them being entirely white. The feet, also, are dark colored.

The skull of this species is of very nearly the same size with that of S. carolinensis, from
Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Like this species it has the anterior small upper molar, making five ;
but this is considerably larger in the New Mexican animal, and has a central tubercle on the
crown, with a lateral valley on either side, as in the spermophiles. There are no other differ-
ences of importance.

The name of castanotus, as originally published, was a typographical error, not detected until
too late, and conveys an erroneous impression in regard to the color of the ears.

List of specimens.

|
|
Catalog’e} Correspond'g| Sex & Locality. When Whence obtained. |Nature of, Collected by—

number. | No. of skull. | age. collected. specim’n,
121 1107 Q Coppermines, N. M_----- Winter, 1852 | Col. J. D. Graham .| Skin...) J. H. Clark -.-..
122 UNOR 9 zo ceecssesebee dotess 3222 Sse8 ba dosss3-|- 5292522 dof-=s25-5|-- do ssea| Ss sooo 35 5- Sere

SCIURUS ABERTI, Woodhouse.

Tuft Eared Squirrel.

Sciurus dorsalis, Woopnouse, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VI, June, 1852, 110. (San Francisco Mountains, Cal.)
Sciurus aberti, Woopuouse, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VI, Dec. 1852, 220.—In. Sitgreaves’ Zufi Exped. 1853, 53;
mammals, pl. vi.
Avp. and Bacu. N. Am, Quad. III, 1854, 262; pl. cliii. fig. 1.

Sr. Cu.—Above finely grizzled bluish gray and black ; a broad dorsal stripe of pure chestnut from shoulders to tail ;
under parts and feet white; a distinct dark line on each side the belly. Tail very full and bushy, as long as the body ;
pure white beneath, above mixed black and white. Ears with long tufts springing from the superior border of the ear, as
in Sciurus vulgaris. Head and body about 11 inches long.

This is one of the handsomest of all the American squirrels, on account of its large size, full
and long tail, and tufted ears. It has hitherto been found only in the San Francisco mountains
of New Mexico, from which the specimen I have before me was brought by Dr. Woodhouse.
Many hundred specimens of this species were observed in the same range by Dr. Kennerly, all
of them conspicuous for their tufted ears.

This squirrel is about the size of the western fox squirrel, although it exceeds it in the com-
parative length and fullness of the tail. The ears are high and narrow, and remarkable for the
flattened tuft of hairs which crown the superior half of the ear, springing from the extreme
margin, or on the upper part of the convexity : the posterior margin of the ear is also tufted to

268 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—-GENERAL REPORT.

a slight degree; all the hairs, however, directed upwards, and forming a flattened pencil as
long as the height of the ear. There is nothing of the woolly basal tufting of the eastern gray
and fox-colored squirrels. The fur on the body is full and soft.

The upper parts (about half the cirenmference of the body) with the sides of shoulders and
thighs are of a finely grizzled bluish gray ; the hairs annulated subterminally with black, and
tipped with a lighter shade than that at their bases. On the middle of the back is a distinct
stripe of rich chestnut brown, about an inch wide, commencing at the shoulders (where, how-
ever, it is illy defined) and extends to the root of the tail, (which it does not invade, however.)
The under parts with the feet are white; the colors of the belly and sides separated on the
flanks by a distinct stripe of plumbeous black, about half an inch wide. The sides of the
head are gray, the under surface is like the belly. The pencil of hairs on the ears is glossy
black, tinged with chestnut at the base; the posterior hairs are almost entirely rich chestnut.

The under surface, or under half of the tail, is pure white, the hairs without any annula-
tion whatever except near the body; the hairs on the upper half are brownish white, with a
basal and three other annulations of dark brown. The subterminal annulation, however, is
broadest and black ; the ends of the hairs pure white.

In the report of the Zoology of the Mexican Boundary Survey, I have described a Sciurus
castanonotus, from the Coppermines of New Mexico, which, though similar in many respects,
yet presents tangible differences. The most conspicuous is the entire absence of any indication
of tufts. I am assured that these conditions are constant, all of the specimens in the San
Francisco mountains exhibiting them and none of those at the Coppermines. The tail is less
bushy; the upper hairs entirely black with white tips, or else white with a single median
annulation of black. The wash of chestnut on the back is much broader, the lateral stripe
less distinct.

All these differences may, however, after all, be merely seasonal, or dependent on other
causes, (although all the specimens in question were collected in winter,) and with a better know-
ledge of the American species of squirrels now than when I first characterized the S. castano-
notus (in 1855) I would hardly venture to impose a new name. As this has been done I
retain it, and wait further evidence to verify or disprove what I have done.

This species was first described by Dr. Woodhouse as 8. dorsalis, but finding the name pre-
occupied by J. E. Gray for a species from Caraccas, (Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. XVI, 1848, 138,) he
changed it to the one it so worthily bears, of the liberal and enlightened head of the Topo-
graphical Bureau, Colonel J. J. Abert.

List of specimens.

s Measurements.

5 &
o -
3 Locality. 3S Whence obtained. 3 ee iS 3 Collected by—
& a 3 SEO Ee =] Nose to— |Tailtoendof— Length of— PS é 3 ‘f
z 8 S S53) *3/Ss

+S |es | $5
5 Es 5 Occip.| Tail. | Verteb.| Hairs. | Fore ft.| Hindft. 2 s 3 é

2430) San Francisco mts., Winter! Capt. L. Sitgreaves,| Mounted.) 2.80 | 11.00 8. 22. 1,75 | 2.70 | 1.05 | 1,42 | 1.10 | Dr. S. W. Wood-
N. M. | U.S. A. house,

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SCIURUS HUDSONIUS. 269

SCIURUS HUDSONIUS.

Red or Pine Squirrel.

Sciurus hudsonius, Pattas, Noy. Sp. Glirium, 1778, 376.
Bopparrt, Elenchus Animal. I, 1784, 118. (From Pennant. )
ZIMMERMANN, in Penn. Arktische Zoologie, I, 1787, 115.
Scureser, Saugthiere, IV, 1792, 777; tab. ccxiv. (Labradorische Bichhorn, in the text.)
Suaw, Gen. Zool. II, 1801, 140.
Kuat, Beitrage, 1820, 66.
Dersmarest, Mammalogie, II, 1822, 340.
Jos. Saprne, Zool. App. Frankl. Narr. 1823, 663.
Harran, Fauna Americana, 1825, 185.
Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 349.
Gopman, Am. Nat. History, II, 138.
Ricwarpson, Fauna Boreali-Americana, I, 1829, 187; pl. xvii.
Garrer, Zool. Journal, V, 1830, 205.
F. Cuyrer, Suppl. Buffon, I, Mamm. 1831, 303.
Bacuman, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. VI, 1838, 100.—Is. Charlesworth’s Mag. N. H. IIT, 1839, 383.
Dexay, New York Zool. I, 1842, 61; pl. xvii, fig. 2.
Waaner, Suppl. Schreber, III, 1843, 178.
Aun. & Bacu, N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 125; pl. xiv.
Kennicorr, Pat. Off. Rep. 1856, Agricultural, (1857,) 67; pl. vii.
Sciurus carolinus, Orp, Guthrie’s Geog. (2d Am. ed.) IT, 1815, 292. (Carolina or chickaree squirrel.)
Sciurus rubrolineatus, DesManest, Mamm. II, 1822, 333. (From Warden’s Hist. U.S.)
Tamias rubrolineatus, Scu1nz, Syn. Mamm. II, 1843, 48.
Hudson's Bay squirrel, PENNANT, Synopsis Quad., 1771, 280.
Hudson squirrel, Pennant, Hist. Quad. 1781,No. 274.—Is. Arctic Zool. I, 1782, 116. (Specimen in Leverian
Museum.)

Sp. Cu.—Body seven to eight inches long—longer than the tail. Ears moderate, broad, coated with long hairs springing
from the back and projecting beyond in a tuft. Tail narrow, flat. Hind feet densely hairy to the tubercles at the base of
the toes, the under surfaces of which are themselves somewhat coated ; in summer somewhat naked. Above and on the
sides mixed black and grayish rusty. A broad wash of bright ferruginous down the back and upper surface of the tail.
Lower surface of the body dull white ; hairs not annulated, except in very northern specimens. ‘Tail rusty on the margin,
within which is a narrow band of black, both colors greater in extent at its end. Hairs above uniform ferruginous, not
annulated ; beneath annulated like the sides.

Although not collected by any of the expeditions, I have thought proper to give a description
of this species, to serve as a standard of comparison with several others closely allied to it in sub-
generic as well as specific characters. How far west its range extends cannot at present be
determined, none having as yetebeen received by the Smithsonian Institution beyond Wisconsin.
It is found throughout the Atlantic States, as far north at least as Labrador, and to the Missis-
sippi river. As expressing probably the average of the species, I have selected for description
a specimen from Cleveland, Ohio, presented by Prof. J. P. Kirtland.

Body about eight inches in length, stout. Head rather short and broad. Whiskers black,
much longer than the head, extending back to the axille. Numerous long whisker-like hairs
projecting beyond the shorter fur on the fore limbs. Extreme end of nose hairy, the septum
only being naked. Ears broad, rounded ; their convexity quite thickly coated with long hairs,
completely concealing it from view on that side. Some of these hairs project beyond the margin
more than half an inch, the longest being towards the tip. The concavity of the ear is coated
with short hairs. The two middle fingers are equal in length. The inner or second reaches
to the base of the claw of the one next to it, and is a little longer than the outer. The palms
are naked. On the hind foot, the third and fourth toes are equal ; the second a little shorter ;
the first or inner shorter than the fifth or exterior, which scarcely reaches to the base of the

270 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

claw of the fourth. The under part of the foot, from the heel nearly to the base of the toes, or
to the callosities, is densely coated with short grayish hairs; and the sides of the toes being
similarly coated, the ends of the hairs here project beyond so as almost to cover the inferior
surfaces, which, in fact, are actually provided with scattered hairs.

The tail with its hairs is rather shorter than the body. It is much flattened, as in Pteromys,
but narrow, scarcely exceeding an inch and a half in a natural expansion.

The prevailing color of the upper parts and sides and the under surface of the tail is a yel-
lowish rusty, mixed with black by the fine annulations on the distal third of the hairs, their
basal portion being dark lead color. The dorsal surface, however, for about the width of the
tail, as well as the upper surface of the tail itself, are washed with dark ferruginous. This
color is seen, likewise, on the top of the head. The sides of the head are mixed gray, a ring
around the eye, and the whole under parts dull silvery white. In some specimens the hairs on
the latter surface are unicolored to the roots, which, in others, are lead colored. The colors of
the belly and sides are separated by a dusky stripe. The tail, as stated, is ferruginous above,
grayer beneath. It is margined all‘around by pale yellowish red, darker at the tip. Within
this is a narrow border of black, of greatest extent at the tip. The single hairs at the end of
the tail are brown at base, then ferruginous, then black and tipped with ferruginous; on the
sides they are similar, but the tints lighter ; beneath, they are mixed brown and pale yellowish
brown ; above, they are nearly uniform ferruginous, with little, if any, annulation—a character
seldom seen in squirrels.

Measurements of a dried skin, No. 184.

Inches. } Lines.

Length to root of tail-..-----..-..-=--------- 7 6
Dail to.end ofevertebra==— epee —seceeeen eee 4 “6
Tail tolendot Mairss 2522 ~ 5.) sss ae 7 3
Heipht ofearws. = --.- == nes an eee nen Ie ote Wy
Hind foot trom heel ja eee emanate 1 1l

Measurements of specimens in alcohol.

| From tip of nose to— | Tail to end of— Length of—
Number. Locality. | ea
Eye. Far. Occip. Tail. Verteb. | Hairs. | Fore ft. Hind ft.
ee See eee |
2427 Gaglisle.~ 222 Seen seco eeee ene -8 1. 50 2.00 7.25 | 5. 00 6.50 1. 20 | 1.80
CT ae 5 SE OS Fe a 8 150, ||P pla8h 7.00 5.00 6. 25 1.10 1.75
2429 | Monticello, Mississippi ---------- .8 1.50 1. 85 6. 25 | 3.50 | 4.25 - 80 1,30

Specimens vary from this description in the less intensity of ferruginous above; in a greater
amount of grayish on the sides; in the ferruginous of the dorsal region being narrower and
more concentrated. I have occasionally seen specimens in which the upper parts were nearly
uniform gray and black, the former with the slightest possible mixture of rusty.

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SCIURUS HUDSONIUS. 27)

The Sciwrus hudsonius is thus a very strongly marked species, and is readily distinguished
from any hitherto described by the various characters assigned.

The amount of hair on the soles depends very much upon the latitude and season. The
specimen described at length above is a winter one. In summer the sole is hairy posteriorly
for about half the distance from the heel to the tips of the toes; the region immediately behind
the tubercles at the bases of the digits being naked. The isolated posterior tubercle of all
towards the heel is also nearly naked, though coated with hair in winter.

The tufting of the ears seems to vary in quite a similar manner, in some summer specimens
the tufts being entirely wanting.

The black line on the flanks, reaching from fore to hind legs, is quite variable in its appear-
ance, being in most specimens wanting entirely, in others very faintly indicated. As stated,
the amount of rusty chestnut varies greatly, sometimes diffused over the whole back, sometimes
forming a broad or narrow dorsal stripe, in which the hairs are not at all annulated, and again
quite inconspicuous. The upper part of the tail, however, always seems to retain its bright
light chestnut or rusty, without annulation.

Specimens from Halifax and Labrador present a very interesting difference from more southern
skins in the much grayer cast of the under parts, the hairs at the same time appreciably annu-
lated into black at tip, or subterminally. The fur is fuller, the tail well provided with under
fur, giving a slight resemblance to that of the S. vulgaris, though it is not so cylindrical.
These characters are indicated by Pennant, in his original description of the species from
Labrador specimens.

Specimens from Mississippi have the ear covered with short hairs; the soles hairy to within
a short distance of the digital tubercles.

Last of specimens.

Catalogue | Corresponding | Sex & Locality. When collected.| Whence obtained. Nature of specimen.
number. | No. of skulls. | age.
es
“eri NSA oes eee ee ecrisere Labrador, latitude 56° ._-|-.---- See Dr. J. B. Gilpin --.-- SEini se sseceeeeee
Usti | |b eBe eee corel pace cep escos (the we eee eee cose nce coE Ed PegdtttiansSusesesnc PaO stare ae enns
Ue al Ee ae ee Halifax JIN. Si assosseseclGesectsseree Se: bo eee ee ee Lect (0 Re eS
Aght \eentestetseee| beer lease ee eee eee ete | ee eee Beau ae taree eens wo Neto (yy See Feta
LS» |: SSSR RRAR SRE ES Seee Montreal sseas seecaenre|oon toa eeeace T) Broome==2-~s-- <= bed. toh eoeee
1561 23948 VOlboscc= Hissex! county -Ne Wee 9. 3:|-t Soba S852 Dr. (Ss Hi pHalevs see 2-525 -ee cee
843 1904 Oy fez S25 des 255 ee ee Auge 14. 1855. Sx Bi Baind) 3-222. | Pee kes Se ee
GU) ee SE Ee ee “oeemenrese ie re + epi. 6208550 | D2 Welsh==-- 2-2 ee |i 22s ee eee
US eet states a i | are Detroit, Mich =22.52-=-=2 OctoberwmlGb Ae | CoiOx= ee ee |e ee
S60) Meee eee Sea (ee See ae donate ese eee Mars L050853) |-—2 do. = -Scssann55|->-2--552ecesen5-—
UEP] GES Sees Ce dos csec2gssecccnte Way USO on ene OO beanies oie dn | ome entime Sei ee
335 eres eee RACING WON ches mite oe | == ee eet AQ ©.) Batryee == neon Mounted ---------
ee a ee il pee Cleveland, Ohio\22- 22 2.2|25--2-45-22--- Dra Jy Po Kirtland- el) Skins. cs] -2= oo
ASAI EP | heres mvs eter teatro | Peat = Meadville’ PHISICS Les 2 )Bs tS 22.5 ee J. F.. Thickstun 2. .- In alcohol --------
7 oe ee eee ee ae Mount Joy, Pa--.------- | Seiler ese mia JaStaufleree 3-2 S55 Skingesss-s--—ne
1673 2495 ~. [sesame Canlisle;sPas< 55S 2 35 2c. [ie re oe Sh BoeBaindi= 22ee332 ee Oo ae ie
AD Ta teste oe a ae Cie eee CIS E oo ee, ee Se [eee f osenes se be SAORI SS ras aeons In alcohol--------
Fo Vg | epee ee ee OY Seas loot See Se eee oe See W AOR oe noe ceo Maes Be OO see
EO i ae is oe 3 | Monticelio, Miss.----..-- lnidicecesseend Miss Teunison. - - ---- Be LO en a
|

272 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

SCIURUS FREMONTII, Towns.

Small Mountain Gray Squirrel.

Sciurus fremontit, (‘* Townsend,’’) Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 237; pl. evlix, fig. 1.

About the size of the Hudson’s Bay squirrel, S. hudsonius. Tail shorter than the body. Ears tufted in winter, but not
in summer. Above mixed brown, gray, and pale rusty, the prevalent tint similar to that of the gray squirrel; beneath
bluish white ; a dark line along the sides. Eyelids white. Tail entirely black at end, the hairs tipped with light gray ;
on other parts of the tail a mixture of plumbeous and grayish rusty at the base of the hairs. No rusty visible externally.

The general appearance of this animal is that of the chickaree or red squirrel, (Sciwrus
hudsonius,) which it resembles in size. The whiskers are moderate in length, not reaching
much beyond the ears. The ears are large, the exposed portion of the concavity densely coated
with hair; the inner or convex surface still more, but with no appearance of tufts in summer
whatever—not nearly so much as in S. hudsonius. In the winter specimen described by Audubon
and Bachman, however, the ears are very strongly tufted.

On the fore foot the first finger or thumb is rudimentary, being a mere tubercle, without any
claw ; the second, third, and fourth increase successively ; the fourth is longest (the claw of the
second not reaching to the base of its claws;) the fifth, or outer, is barely shorter than the
second. The palm is naked. On the hind feet, the first toe is a little shorter than the fifth;
the second, third, and fourth nearly equal. The sole is naked from the tarsus; probably hairy
in winter.

The tail is of moderate length ; flattened, not bushy, and rather shorter than the body.

The whole upper parts and sides are finely mottled by the narrow annulation of the hairs
with gray, black, and light reddish brown, none of these colors predominating, though the
general tint is faintly darker along the back. About the head there is an additional shade of
dark bluish ash. Eyelids white ; sides of the snout rusty white ; whole under parts clear bluish
white. The exterior surfaces of the limbs are pale rusty. The separation of the colors of the
belly and sides, between the fore and hind limbs, is clearly marked by a dark line about one-
fourth of an inch wide. The hairs on the body are all lead color for about half their length ;
those above are narrowly annulated besides with pale rusty and black, with light tips.

The hairs on the end of the tail are entirely of a glossy black, except a light tip of grayish ;
towards the root of the tail they become more plumbeous at the base, then pale rusty brown,
black and grayish white.

This species appears to differ from most of the small true squirrels in the nearly black and
white tail, the tip being black.

The specimen described by Audubon is in winter dress, with long ear tufts; the present is in
summer.

There are few well defined species of North American squirrels of which we know so little as the
subject of the present article. The specimen described by Audubon and Bachman was collected
in 1849 by Colonel Frémont somewhere in the vicinity of the South Pass, and is now in the
Museum of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. The one brought home by Captain
Beckwith was found in the Sawatch Pass, and the two are all that as yet have come to the
notice of naturalists.

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SCIURUS RICHARDSONII. 273

List of specimens.

tT 5 a 5

“ = Zz Ss

3 £ 5 z :

o > = bal

3 z a aa
a Locality. Whence obtained. : Nature of *S) z = & Collected by—

= 3 specimen. 2 } 5 2

5 = 3 S g 3

g = = 3 = z=

= a =

6 5 = = S| 4

520 | Sawatch Pass, Rocky Mountains..) Capt. E. G. Beckwith........| 18 | Skin......... 8.00 5.00 6.50 1.05 | Mr. Kreutzfeldt.

SCIURUS RICHARDSONII, Bach.

Richardson’s Squirrel.

Sciurus richardsonii, Bacuman, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. VI, 1838, 100.—Is. Charlesworth’s Mag. N. H. III, Aug. 1839,
385.—In. Jour. Ac. N. Sc. Phil. VIII, 1, 1839, 64 —In. Townsend’s Narrative, 1839, 318.
Avp. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 41; pl. v.
Sciurus hudsonius, var. 8, Ricu. F. Bor. Am. I, 1829, 190.
? Sciurus lanuginosus, Bacuman, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. VI, 1838, 101.—Is. Charlesworth’s Mag. N. H. III, Aug. 1839,
387.—In. Jour. A. N. Sc. Phila. VIII, 1, 1839, 67.—Is. Townsend’s Narr. 1839, 320.
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 180.
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad, I, 1849, 199; pl. xxv.

Sp. Cu.—Size larger than the Hudson’s Bay squirrel. Ears with long hairs, presenting the appearance of tufts. Tail
shorter than the body. Under surface of feet hairy from heel to metatarsals; then nearly naked. Above, reddish brown,
varied with annulations of black, lighter on the sides; beneath, dull white; a dark line separating colors of sides from belly.
Tail bushy, sub-cylindrical, dark reddish brown in the centre, entirely of a pure glossy black at tip. The hairs all long and
coarse. Hairs on the tail generally, (except at tip,) glossy black beyond the rufous portion, and more or less tipped with paler
rusty.

General appearance that of S. hudsonius, or the chickaree, although larger. Whiskers longer
than the head, black. Ears large, rather sparsely clothed on their back with long hairs, which
at the base are four lines long, and but little shorter towards the tip; the ends of the hairs,
projecting beyond the margins of the ears, present the appearance of tufts ; on the concavity of
the ear the hairs are very short.

The limbs are moderately developed ; the thumb a mere callosity ; the fourth finger longest ;
third scarcely shorter; the second and fifth nearly equal. The claws are much as in S. hud-
sonius ; the palms are naked ; the hind foot from the heel is shorter than in the other species ;
the fourth toe is longest ; the third and second successively and slightly shorter; the fifth comes
to the base of the claw of the fourth ; the first reaches to the base of the claw of the fifth; the
under surface of the foot, from heel to metatarsals, is densely clothed with hair, the soles naked
or with a few scattered hairs under the toes. Claws smaller than in S. hudsonius. Tail shorter
than the body, little flattened, hairs at the extremity very long.

The prevailing tint of the upper parts is dull rusty or reddish brown; the hairs being lead
color at the base, then annulated with black and dark chestnut brown. In some specimens
this tint is diffused over the whole back, in others more confined to the dorsal region; along
the sides of the body the ferruginous is a good deal lighter, imparting a grayish tint. The
outer surfaces of fore legs and of hind foot are brighter ferruginous, paler on the latter. The
under parts are of a dull brownish, or very pale rusty white; and there is a distinct line of
dusky on the flanks, separating the upper and under color. In some specimens the lower edge

35 L

274 U. 8. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

of this line is tinged with rusty. There isa light ring around the eye, and the sides of the
nose are of a pale rusty.

The hairs of the tail are long and coarse, scarcely distichous. At the extremity of the tail
they are glossy black throughout, or with a slight base of chestnut; on the rest of the tail
above they are dark plumbeous at the base, then dark chestnut to beyond the middle; then
glossy black to near the tip, which is pale rusty, the latter increasing in extent towards the
base of the tail. Beneath, the hairs are several times annulated with black and pale rusty for
more than half their length; then glossy black to near the tip.

According to Dr. Bachman it would appear that S. richardsonii is about the size of the striped
squirrel, (Zamias striatus,) has less of reddish brown than in S. hudsonius, being even rusty
gray. These specimens, on the contrary, are larger than S. hudsonius, and the upper parts are
deeper reddish brown than in this species. They agree in the colors of the under parts and
the dark line on the sides, as well as in the peculiar color of the tail. The feet appear smaller
too. The description of the ‘‘small brown squirrel’’ of Lewis and Clark, referred to as belonging
to this species, suits better S. douglassii, especially in respect to the ferruginous belly.+

This squirrel appears to be confined to the region between the main chain of the Rocky Moun-
tains and the Cascade range. Its northern and southern limits are not ascertained.

The Sciwrus lanuginosus of Bachman, as far as I can judge from examining. the original
specimen brought by Townsend, is a partly albino and boreal variety of Sciwrus richardsonii.
It is of the same size, and the tail presents the same peculiarly cylindrical tail. The fur is
very soft and full, the sole, from heel to bases of toes, densely hairy. The muzzle, sides of face,
and under parts are white; the sides mottled silver gray; the back with a wash of rufous.
There is no distinct annulation on the tail, though the hairs generally are light gray at the
roots, then broadly pale rufous, then dark brown, and finally tipped with lighter brown or gray.

There is nothing in the color to militate against the supposition that this is the same with S.
richardsonii, and the white head and lighter colors generally furnish strong confirmation of the
idea that the color has been influenced by temperature, latitude, or other causes. Asis well
known, North America has no species in which a head lighter than the body is a permanent
characteristic. The peculiarly cylindrical tail is a strong point in the resemblance. It is
barely possible that it may more properly be referrible to S. douglassii.

The specimen is described by Bachman as coming from Sitka; it is, however, labelled
‘* Columbia river, November 13, 1834,’’ most probably erroneously.

List of specimens. :
Cataloy’e Correspond’ g Locality. When Whence obtained. | Original Collected by—
number. | No. of skull. collected. number.
|
——}- + SEE —
214? | 1185 St. Mary’s Mis’n, R. Mts.| Oct. 1,1853 | Goy. I. I. Stevens - 3 Dr. G. Suckley --
7 Sn es 2 Deak cee (NR eae C eee ee eee Posse -ncees}s-5c.)- “2 |-sdos- sp iceeees do: 3-4-5 --
213 1184 Rocky Mountains ..----|--<-.---2--- se CLG Se 5 a NER Pa al | a a MO... aa tes
I a os a dos--.-sia0+se2e|3 ee ene Beer Gore. coo) I ee eee do--—-<4==
217 Fer as eoeoK | Spokane Plain, W. T-.--| Oct.30, 1853 |..__-- GGves pase = 10 Dr. J. G. Cooper.
. |

! Since writing this description I have examined the original specimen collected by Townsend and described by Dr. Bachman,
now in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy. It is undoubtedly a quite immature animal, of the same species with the
subject of the present article,

2 Length, 9.00; tail, vertebre, 6.00; hairs, 8.00; ear, 0.50; hind foot, 1.83.

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SCIURUS DOUGLASSII. 275

SCIURUS DOUGLASSI, Bach.

Oregon Red Squirrel.

Sciurus douglassii, (‘‘Gray,”’)' Bacuman, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. VI, 1838, 99.—In. Jour. Acad. Nat. Se. Phila. VII,
1, 1839, 63.—Is. Charlesworth’s Mag. N. H. Ili, 1839, 331.—In. Townsend’s Narrative,
* 1829, 317.
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. Saug. III, 1843, 177.
Scuinz, Syn, Mam. II, 1845, 10.
(‘*Bacu.”’) Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad, I, 1849, 370; pl. xlviii.
Sciurus townsendii, Bacu. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. VIII, 1, 1839, 63. (Quoted from Mss.)
? Sciurus mollipilosus, Aup & Bacu. Proc, Acad, Nat. Sc. Phila. I, Oct. 1841, 102.—Is. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila.
; VII, mu, 1842, 316.—In. N. Am, Quad. I, 1849, 157; pl. xix.
Sciurus belcheri, J. E. Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. X, 1842, 263.—Is. Zoology of the Sulphur, 1844, 33 ; pl. xii,
fig. 2.
Sciurus suckleyi, Batrp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. VII, April, 1855, 333.

Size that of Sciurus hudsonius, or a little larger. Ears well tufted; tail shorter than the body, scarcely flattened. Soles
naked in the centre. Above dull rusty, and black, mixed; the latter quite predominant; beneath, clear bright buff,
without mixture of dark or annulated hairs. A dark stripe on the sides, Tail dull chestnut centrally, darker above ; then
black and margined all round with rusty white. Hairs at tip of tail entirely black, except at their extremity.

More northern specimens in winter have the soles densely hairy to the toes, the fur much fuller and softer, the under
parts with dusky annulations, the general hue grayer. Size about that of S. hudsonius, or a little larger. Head short,
broad. Whiskers longer than the head; black. Thumb, a mere callosity ; fingers well developed, the central two longest
and nearly equal; the inner rather longer than the outer; claws large, compressed, and much curved; palms naked. On
the hind feet the inner toe is shortest, reaching only to the base of the claw of the outer, which comes next in size; the
fourth is longest, the third and second little shorter. Claws all large and much curved. In summer the soles are naked,
except along the edges and the extreme heel; in other words, there is a narrow central line of naked skin from near the
heel ; they are more hairy in winter. The ears are moderate, with short close hairs on their concavity ; the back of the
ear is covered with long hairs, those near the upper margin longest, and projecting beyond nearly five lines in some
specimens ; these tufts are nearly black. The tail is small, shorter than the body, moderately flattened; the hairs
rather short, and, as on the rest of the body, coarse and stiff.

The general color of the pelage above is uniform mixed dark rusty and black, the annula-
tion being very fine, The hairs are lead color at the base and then annulated with black and
rusty. Eyelids, sides of the nose, exterior surfaces of the legs, and whole under parts bright
buff. A broad distinct black line on the side between the legs, separating the colors of the
sides from the belly. The tail is not ‘‘foxy;’’ the central portion above is much like the
back, though with coarser annulations; black at the end, where, as on the sides, it is
margined with dull or pale rusty white ; beneath it is very similar. At the end of the tail the
individual hairs are very dark brown at the base, shading into black, and tipped for about
one-fourth the whole length with pale rusty white. On the sides the hairs are dark plumbeous
at base, then dull chestnut or rusty ; then black and tipped with rusty white. Here, however,
as on other parts of the body, these annulated hairs are mixed up with others nearly black,
except at tip.

The hairs of the under parts of the body are lead colored at base, then uniform buff, without
any annulation whatever.

Finding a considerable difference to exist between the specimens collected on Puget’s Sound
and those from the Columbia River, I characterized the former, two years ago, under the name
of Sciwrus suckleyi. A very large number of specimens received subsequently has, however,

1 In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, IV, October, 1836, page 88, Gray names a squirrel from the
northwest coast of America, Sciurus douglassii, but gives no description whatever.

276 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

satisfied me that the peculiar annulation of the under fur is either a condition of the winter
fur or else indicates a more or less permanent variety, such as the squirrels are so subject to.
This is also the opinion of Dr. Cooper, who is very familiar with the living animal. The
description of the supposed species, as prepared at the time, will be found in the accompanying
foot note.!

The changes with season would then be as follows:

In summer, the color beneath is of a uniform bright rusty or tan color, the hairs without any
annulation whatever. The ears are more or less tufted, with long hairs growing from their
dorsal surface. The soles are hairy to the posterior third, the region behind the tubercles being
naked. This character, however, as well as that of the tufts on the ears, varies with the speci-
men in those killed in the same season.

In winter, especially about Puget’s Sound, the fur becomes much fuller and softer, the tufts
on the ears increase, the soles become densely hairy to the very bases of the large tubercles at
the roots of the toes, the colors beneath are much more cinereous, and, in most cases, the hairs
are tipped or annulated subterminally with dusky. The upper surfaces of the hind feet have
lost their bright and uniform rufous color by a mixture of black. The tail appears to undergo
little change.

1 Scrurvs suckieyr.—Sp. Cu.—Larger than S. hudsonius. Tail much shorter than the body; very flat. Ears tufted.
Under surface of feet densely clothed with hair to the bases of the toes. Fur full and soft.

Above, mixed chestnut, brown, and black ; beneath, ferruginous, with hairs intermixed of black and black and rusty
annulated. A dusky line along the sides. Tail black at the end, margined laterally all round with rusty white; the hairs
annulated, except at tip, with chestnut and black, like the back ; (lighter below.)

Size larger than that of S. hudsonius, to which it is closely allied in characters. The head is short and broad; the
whiskers black and longer than the head. The ears appear shorter than they really are from being in a measure buried by
the long fur of the back ; that between the ears being nearly half an inch long. The interior surface or concavity thickly
covered with short hairs ; the exterior coated with soft long hairs; these, near the upper margin, projecting beyond it to
the extent of four lines in a flattened tuft. Fur everywhere fuller, longer, and softer than in other species examined.
Tail much flattened, though not broad; considerably shorter than the body. Extremities not long; on the fore foot the
third toe is longest ; the second scarcely shorter ; second a little longer than fifth or exterior ; palms naked, On the hind
feet the third and fourth toes are about equal ; the fifth reaches to their claw; the claw of the first extends beyond the
base of that of the fifth. The sole is entirely hairy to the base of the toes, the under surface of the tarsus being densely
covered ; and the hairs on the outside of all the extremities generally longer and fuller than usual, not lying close pressed
as in most other species.

Above and on sides, including two-thirds of the tail, is a finely mixed black and rusty brown, or chestnut brown, much
as in S. douglassii. Beneath, the hairs are of a dull ferruginous or buff, mixed with others either black or annulated
black and rusty. This is only visible, however, when examined closely, and at a short distance the general impression is
that of a dull ferruginous. The chin, sides of the snout, and a ring round the eye are purer ferruginous. The outer surfaces
of the feet are grizzled, rusty, and black, nowhere of the uniform tint of other species. There is a dusky line on the
flanks, separating the colors of the sides from those of the belly ; this appears to run more into the belly pcsteriorly than
usual.

The tail, as already stated, is very much flattened, though narrow ; in shape not much unlike that of Pleromys, though
not so soft. The upper surface is much like the back, though with a brownish chestnut tinge and coarser annulations.
It is black at the extremity and margined all round (sides and tip) with rusty white, darkest on the latter. The single
hairs at the tip of the tail are black, except at the extremities ; those on the rest of the tail are dark brown or brownish
lead color at the base, and annulated with black and dull chestnut, (brightest above ;) these mixed with hairs almost
entirely black. All those on the sides of the tail are tipped with rusty white.

This species is readily distinguishable from its nearest ally, S. douglassii, by the softer and longer fur ; more flattened tail,
hairy soles, and the mixture of black and annulated hairs on the under parts, a feature rarely observed in other species.
S. mollipilosus has no dark line on the sides ; no tufts to the ear ; the middle of abdomen is cinereous, not ferruginous ; the
tail is longer and not so much flattened. The tail is without the continuous rusty white border. S. fuliginosus, Bach., from
Louisiana, is said to exhibit the annulations of the hairs below ; but the prevailing color there is brownish ; the prevailing
color of the tail, black above; the ears are clothed with short hair; there is no dusky stripe on the side, nor a rusty
white border to the tail; the geographical distribution, too, is very widely remote. P. lanuginosus agrees in character of
fur as to softness and length, but it has the feet entirely hairy to the claws; the under parts, too, are pure white, with
other differences.

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SCIURUS DOUGLASSII. 277

The specimens collected by Dr. Newberry in the Cascade Mountains are in very high summer
condition, and differ very appreciably from more northern ones. The belly is of a much paler
shade of red and uniform in its tints, the black line on the side very distinct. The tail is
much fuller, the hairs longer, though still depressed. Some specimens exhibit no red at all on
the tail, the colors being throughout black, gray, and white; thus, on the terminal half, they
are grayish white, with a median annulation of black, the tip of the hairs whiter than the
base. Towards the tip of the tail the black increases in extent, until, at the end, it occupies
all the hair, except the white tips and a very obsolete indication of gray at the base. In this
condition the tail exactly resembles, in every respect, that of S. fremontii, and the two, com-
paring numbers 1160 and 520, could not be distinguished from each other, except by the white
belly of the latter. I consider it quite possible, if not very probable, that these may be two
varieties of color of the same species, such as we see in other squirrels, even if the S. douglasii
of Oregon be considered distinct again or not.

Specimens from Petaluma, California, are similar to Oregon ones in the brightness of the under
fur, in which, however, there are some dusky-tipped hairs. The soles are densely hairy to the
_ tubercles, the posterior one not entirely covered. The tail is rather more red than in the
Cascade Mountain skins. This species, if all the specimens I have referred to it are correctly
named, is found on and west of the Cascade Mountains, from California to the head of Puget’s
Sound. Throughout this range it appears to be quite abundant, and supplies the place of the
little Red Squirrel of the eastern States.

It was probably named by Gray in 1836, but certainly not described by any one before Bach-
man, in 1838. Gray described it anew in 1842 as S. belcheri, from the mouth of the Columbia.

I have already referred to the probable identity of my Sciurus suckleyi with this species, and
T have no doubt that the Sciwrus mollipilosus of Audubon and Bachman is the same animal in
the cinereous pelage ascribed to the above species. All the remarks respecting the one in the
preceding article apply equally to the other ; and if these should really be two species, then the
name of S. mollipilosus should take precedence over that which I have imposed. From the
remark that the cinereous of the under parts is in some places lightly tinged with rufous, I infer
that the specimen described of S. mollipilosus was in a transition state between the summer and
winter pelage.

GENERAL REPORT.

U. 8 P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY

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RODENTIA—SCIURINAE. 279

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

In the preceding pages I have presented at considerable length all the species of squirrels which
I have been able to identify as inhabitants of North America, north of Mexico. There are still
a good many species credited to the same region, which it may be as well to notice briefly for the
sake of completing the history of the genus. Comparatively few of these, however, if any,
will ever be detected within our limits, as the unexampled scientific activity of the government
expeditions and private parties that have recently traversed this continent in every direction,
have left few localities unexplored.

A considerable number of these residuary species were described at an early date by Dr. Bach-
man, as coming from ‘‘ California.’ Most of them are, however, probably natives of Mexico,
which, in its southern regions especially, abounds in large squirrels with bushy tails, and so
variable in color as to render it exceedingly difficult to say how many species really exist.
These Mexican squirrels are actually more varied in tint than those of the United States, the
upper parts often showing the same white, yellow, or red, as the belly, in large isolated patches—
a character rarely, if ever, seen in the more northern species. In the many species described
by different authors, and the entire lack of Mexican specimens, I shall not pretend to determine
the actual number of species really existing, or to settle the question of priority of description.
I shall merely enumerate all that have been credited to Mexico and Central America.

The species of Dr. Bachman may have been brought from the southern part of Sonora,
Mexico—the distinction between the lower and upper parts of this State not being as carefully
drawn twenty years ago as now. It is to be regretted that no mention is made of the collector
of his specimens, or of the circumstances under which they were gathered ; we are equally
ignorant of the place where they were deposited at the time of description, or where they are
now. It is possible that Sciwrus leporinus and lanigerus have a real existence as North American
squirrels, and that the former may really be an immature S. fossor.

I shall first proceed to enumerate the residuary species described as North American by
Audubon and Bachman; then the Californian, Mexican, and Central American species, of other
authors; then the South American bushy tailed species ; and conclude with a list of all the species
referred to, alphabetically arranged, with an indication of the page of this report where they
are mentioned.

A Sciurus clarkii; figured by Major C. Hamilton Smith, from a specimen in the old Peale’s
Museum of Philadelphia, said to have been brought by Lewis and Clark from the Missouri
country, furnishes no characters by which it can be identified with any distinct North American
species. It is reasonable to presume that there is some error in the locality as given, since
Lewis and Clark make no mention of such an animal in their very full notices of the zoology
of the regions explored by them.!

Sciurvus crank, Smith, Hab., Missouri river ?—Sciurus clarkii, Smira, Griff., Cuvier, III, 1827; 189, plate.

“Back, upper part of the head, and neck, cheeks, and tail, of a delicate silver gray color; the shoulders, flank, belly,
and posterior extremities, both within and without, white, with a slight ochrey tint ; on the sides of the nose and the fore arms
this tint deepens in intensity. he head is rather flatted and thick ; the ears small’and round ; the eyes far apart, leaving
a wide expanse of forehead ; nostrils semi-lunar—the upper lip cleft; a black spot on the chin. Tail flat and spreading,

280 U. Ss. P. R- R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

1. Species described as North American by Audubon and Bachman.

Scrurus contraEI, Richardson. Hab. San Blas, Mex.

Sciurus colliaei, Ricu. Zool. of Blossom, 1839, 8; pl. i.
Bacuman, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. VI, Aug. 1838, 95, (named, but not described. )—Is. Charlesworth’s
Mag. N. H. III, 1839, 334,—In. Sill. Am. Jour. Se. XXXVII, 1839, 307.
Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 174.
Aun. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 21; pl. civ.

Size of Sciurus carolinensis; tail about as long as the body. Above grizzled with black and
dull yellow. Sides of muzzle, under parts of body, and inner sides of limbs dull white. Tail
moderate, the hairs grayish white, three times annulated with black. Back of ears grizzled
with black and yellow, posteriorly covered with long whitish hairs. Legs and feet dirty cream
color, pencilled with dusky. Nose to root of tail, 10} inches; tail to end of hairs, 9}; hind
foot from heel, 2,5, inches.

This species, as dung coming from the west coast of Mexico, has no claim whatever to a
place in the fauna of the United States. It appears to resemble, in some respects, the small
gray squirrel described from Santa Caterina, Mexico, under the head of Sciwrus carolinensis ? ?

page 263.

Scrurus musteLinus, Aud. & Bach. Hab. California.

Sciurus mustelinus, Avp. & Bacu. Pr. A. N. Se. Phila. I, Oct. 1841, 32 —In. Jour. A. N. Sc. Phila. VIII, nm, 1842
312.—Is. N. Am. Quad. III, 1854, 258; pl. cliii, fig. 1.

‘¢ Neck very long; tail longer than the body ; hair, short, rigid, glossy ; the whole body jet
black. Length to root of tail, 10 inches; of tail, (with hairs?) 13 inches; height of ear, 6
lines ; hind foot, 2,5, inches.”’

This species in many respects resembles Spermophilus couchit, but we are assured that it isa
true squirrel.

.

Scrurus NIGRESCENS, Bennett. Hab. Lower California.

Sciurus nigrescens, Benn. Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. I, 1833, 41.
Bacuman, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. VI, 1838, 96.—Is. Charles. Men N. H. III, 1839, 334,—Is. Sill.
Am. Jour. Sc. XXXVII, 1839, 306.
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 174.
Aun. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 741; pl. exvii.

Dusky, slightly grizzled on the body with gray; sides dusky yellow; beneath dingy gray ;
tail much longer than the body, nearly cylindrical, the hairs broadly tipped with white.
Length to root of tail, 12,4; inches ; tail to end of hairs, 154;; hind foot, 2,8).

Scrurus Laniaerus, Aud. & Bach. Hab. Northern California.

Sciurus lanigerus, Aup. & Bacu. Pr. Ac. N. Sc. Phila. I, 1841, 100.—Is. Jour. Ac. N. Sc. Phila. VIII, 1, 1842, 310.—
Is. North Amer, Quad. I, 1849, 214; pl. xxvii.

<¢ Head all round, ears, and legs black. Fur on the back light plumbeous on the basal half,

very beautiful, narrowed at base, then widening to middle, and diminishing to a point.’’ The figure represents the tail as
rather cylindrical, and with the hairs, rather shorter than the head and body.

This animal has, by some, been referred to as a spermophile, though with no definite reason. I know of no permanent
variety of squirrel resembling this description at all. It has much the characters, in part, of an albino. At any rate, there
is little doubt that no such animal inhabits western North America as a distinct and true species.

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE. 281

then light brown, and tipped with white and black. Hairs of tail brownish black at base, then
light brown, then brownish black, and tipped with ashy white. Hairs beneath, light plumbeous
at the base, and tipped with light brown and black; throat light grayish brown. The feet and
toes are hairy to the extremity of the nails. The tail is large and bushy, scarcely distichous.
The hair generally is long and woolly.

‘Length to root of tail, about 12 inches ; of tail to end of hairs, 11 inches ; hind foot from
heel, 24 inches.”’

There are several peculiar features about this squirrel, although its dusky tipped hairs on the
belly seem to indicate it as one of several varieties of a single species. The figure indicates a
dusky line on the flanks not mentioned in the description, as well as a greater amount of reddish
in the belly than the text would indicate.

Scrurus Leporinus, Aud. & Bach. Hab. Northern California.

For the synonymy of this species, and some remarks respecting its affinities, see S. fossor.

ScIuRUS FERRUGINIVENTRIS, Aud. & Bach.

Sciurus ferruginiventris, Aup. & Bacu. Pr. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. I, Oct. 1841, 101.—Is. Jour. Acad. Nat. Se. Phila.
VIII, 1, 1842, 313—Is. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 292; pl. xxxviii.

Tail longer than the body. Size rather smaller than that of the Carolina gray squirrel. A
line of soiled white on the neck behind the ears. Upper parts a light grizzled gray ; a reddish
brown wash on the outer surface of the fore legs, over the shoulders, nearly meeting on the back.
Under parts, with a line around the eye, and inner surface of the legs, of a uniform bright
rufous. Sides of face and chin light gray. Hairs of tail black at the roots, then yellowish,
then a broad line of black, tipped with white.

Length of head and body, 81% inches; of tail, 10; height of ear, 5,; length of hind foot,
235.

be]

2. Californian, Mexican, and Central American species of other authors.

Scrurus BortaE, Lesson. Hab. California.

Sciurus bottae, Lesson, Centurie Zool. 1830, 221; pl. Ixxvi.—Is."Desc. des Mammif. et Ois. 1847, 140.
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 172.
Scuivz, Synopsis, II, 1845, 10.

Length of head, 2 inches; head and body, 94; tail, 64. Tail rounded, slightly distichous,
and rather pointed. Ears pointed. Thumb rudimentary. Pelage rather stiff. Each hair is
white, brown, whitish yellow, and rusty. The general color is yellow, washed with reddish
and black; beneath, pale yellow. Tail yellow and brown; the tips pale yellow. Tars black
above and on the inner face.

According to John Edward Gray, this species is the same with Spermophilus beecheyi. I do
not recognize this species in it, but think it may be some one of the Mexican or Lower California
Spermophilus.

36 L

282 U. Ss. P. Re. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Scrurus catiFornicus, Lesson. Hab. California.

Sciurus (Macroxus) californicus, Lesson, Desc. des Mamm. et d’Oiseaux, 1847, 143.

‘¢Size of the European squirrel. Ears not tufted. Tail flattened. A whitish ring around
the eye. Hairs on the head above dotted with brown on a vinaceous ground. Cheeks and
throat pale gray. Color above generally vinaceous gray, dotted with pale gray and black ; the
ground color more gray on the nape and neck, more rufous on the rump ; vinaceous rose on the
anterior and posterior limbs. The dotted gray of the back is cut by a straight white band
which extends on each side from the upper part of the shoulder to the chute des reins, before the
origin of the tail. Lower parts and flanks whitish. All the hairs of these parts are half black
and terminated with white only. Tail above white and black, white on the edge; beneath,
white bordered and terminated with black. Each hair is white at base and tip, black in the
middle.”’

This description, in many respects, agrees with Spermophilus beecheyi, especially in the whitish
stripe on the sides of the shoulders. If from Upper California, there is no other species to
which it can be referred.

Scrurus AUREoOGASTER, F. Cuv. Hab. Mexico.

Sciurus aureogaster, “F, Cuvy. Mammif. III, livraison 59.’’
Wacener, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 165. —-
Georr. Voy. de la Venus, Zool. 1855, 136; pl. x, xi.
Sciurus leucogaster, F. Cuy. Suppl. Buffon, I, Mammif. 1831, 300. (Ecureuil de la Californie.)

Above, mixed white and black, or yellowish ; beneath, golden yellow. Length, 10 inches ;
tail, 8 inches.

According to Geoffroy, this squirrel was collected at Monterey, by the French frigate the
Venus ; none of our collections from this locality, however, give any indication of such a species.

Scrurus pytapir, Lesson. Hab. Realejo, Mexico.

Sciurus (Macroxus) pyladit, Lesson, Desc. Mamm. et Oiseaux, 1847, 142,

Scrurus vARIEGATUS, Erxleben. Hab. Mexico.

Sciurus variegatus, ErxLEBEN, Syst. 1777, 421.
Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 352.
Scuinz, Syn. II, 1845, 17.

Above, varied with black, rufous, and orange; beneath, rufous orange; occiput black. Snout
and ears white. Length, one foot.

Scrurus Hypopyrruus, Wagler. Hab. Mexico.

** Sciurus hypopyrrhus, Wac.er, Isis, 1831, 510.’’
‘© Wacner, Minchn. Gel. Anz. VII, 20.”’

Above, mixed black and dirty yellow; beneath, ferruginous ; ears and feet black; tail longer
than the body, uniform in color with the back ; the hairs of only two colors.
Length, 12 inches; tail vertebrae, 12;!;; tail with the hairs, 14,8,.

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE, 283

Scrurus varius, Wagner. Hab. Pine forests of the Cordilleras of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Sciurus varius, WacGNeR, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 168.
Sciurus albipes, Wacner, Abh. K. B. Akad. Wiss. (Math. Phys.) II, 501—Is. in plates of Schreber Siugt. IV; tab.
213 D.
? Sciurus variegatus, ERxLEBEN, Syst. 1777, 421.

Above, mixed white, black, and ferruginous; beneath, ochrey ferruginous; feet, and a spot
behind the ear, white; tail centrally, ferruginous; on the sides, banded with black and white.

Length of head and body, 11 inches; of tail vertebra, 8; of tail with the hairs, 103.

This species, in some respects, especially in the ferruginous belly and white post-auricular
patch, approaches the 9. ferruginiventris of Audubon and Bachman. :

Scrurus socratis, Wagner. Hab. the Tierra Caliente of the west coast of Tehuantepec.

Sciurus socialis, Wacner, in Abh. K. Bay. Akad. der Wissensch. (Math, Phys.) II, 504; tab. v—Is. Suppl. Schreb.
III, 1843, 171.

Above, mixed white, cinereous, and yellowish; beneath, pale rusty yellow; ears fulvous ;
feet white; fur soft. A tuft of snow white hair behind the ear. Tail rusty red beneath, then
black, then bordered with white.

Length, 83 inches; tail a little less.

3. South American squirrels with long bushy tails,

ScruRus LANGSDORFFII, Brandt. Hab. Brazil.
Sciurus langsdorffiit, Branpt, Mem. Acad. St. Petersburg, 1835, 425; tab. xi.
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 184.
Scrurus prumpratus, Waterhouse. Hab. South America,
Sciurus dimidiatus, Wateruouse, Ann, & Mag. N. H. VI, 304.
Wacener, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 184.
Scrurvs vARIABILIs, Is. Geoffr. Hab. Colombia.
Sciurus variabilis, Is. Gzorrr. Etudes Zool. I; tab. iv.
Wacenen, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 184.
ScIvuRUS VARIEGATOIDES, Ogilby. Hab. west coast of South America.
Sciurus variegaloides, Ocitsy, Ann. & Mag. N. H. V, 63.
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. IIT, 1843, 185.
ScrurUs GRISEOCAUDATUS, Gray. Hab. west coast (South?) America.
Sciurus griseocaudatus, J. E. Gray, Zool, of Sulphur, 1844, 34; pl. xiii, f. 2 (animal); pl. xviii, figs, 7, 12, (skull.)

Fox-colored beneath. Head and body, 10 inches

284 U. 8. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Alphabetical list of the different species of squirrels referred to in the preceding pages.

Original name. Referred to under— Locality, real or reputed.
Page
Sciurus © abertii, Woodhouse.---------- Sciurus abertii, Woodhouse -...------ 2674) New;Mexico. 222. 2225 22- CSS eeeeee
auduboni, Bachman-..--------- ludovicianus, Custis ---.------ 251 | New Orleans_.-----.-- aeaes eee
aureogaster, F, Cuvier ---------- GUT EOG CSTE tea ee et lie 282, | California, .-... =< -q6h-eewe os eee
belcher, Gray - >< an esenu==-—- douglassti, Gray .------------ 275 || Oregon... .. =. <2 5 oe ee
bottae, Lesson----.------------ Spermophilus ?.-------------------- 281 \iCalifornia,- ...-s-+ eee —-=ee =e +
californicus, Lesson..----------- Spermophilus?_..-.---------------- 42 Jal See (0 Ee ey =
Comsratus, (BOSC. sae ann enon =m Sciurus vulpinus, Gm. -------------- 246 | S. Atlantic and Gulf States.....-.---
* carolinensis, GM.------------- carolinensis, Gm..---.------- 256 | United States...-- ssc eee
®castanotus, Baird.---------- aS castanonotus, Baird, and S. aberti, 266 | New Mexico.... ------------------
Woodhouse.
% cinereus, Gmelin ------------- cinereus, Gmelin .----------- 248 | Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.
clark, Smith.--..--2..-2=---- Spermophilus 2. - .. == ---25-2-.--=- 280 | Missouri river.....----------------
colliaei, Richardson--.-.--------- ; Collhagt, yRich®. 2 525522 ecese = 280 | San Blas, Mexico..-... .-.2--22.-=5
dorsalis, Woodhouse ----------- Sciurus aberti, Woodhouse-.---------- 267 \eNew Mexico; 623 -29-— wee eee
Qe DATES oma See oe FOSS CEO on SRO Sa 27a, |\sOregon. ——. << sont eee
Serruginiventris, Aud. and Bach~- ferruginiventris, Aud. and Bach. 281 | California ---- -..-----------------
© fossor, Peale _.-...--.------- ifosdon AE eRe aoe sae cae = 264 | California and Oregon..-..---------
* fremontii, Townsend- -- ------- Jfremontii, Townsend..-------- 272 | Rocky Mountains. ---.:..s-2oSo.oee
Suliginosus, Aud. and Bach------ carolinensis, Gm? _..--------- 257 | New Orleans. -------..-----sesese=
griseocaudatus, J. E. Gray------- griseocaudatus, Gray---------- 283 | W. coast of America........-------
heermanni, Le Conte -.--------- Lfossor, “Peale. === == --eReee eas 264 | Californial..229.20222202 oS Eee
® hudsonius, Pallas.-.-.-------- hudsonvis: ball semen ssa 269)|| United! States\.. <n on0 eee
hyemalis, Ord. ---------------- CATTERY fopd 6 00 ai rm 248"\ New Jerseys -.--2--.--.=eno=—eeee
hypopyrrhus, Wagner ---------- hypopyrrhus, Wagner -------- W627 MeXICOs so =e eae oo eee ee
langsdorfii, Brandt-.----------- langsdorfit, Brandt .--------- 280 (Bla o-oo. noe = <Soe ee
lanigerus, Aud. and Bach ------- lanigerus, Aud. and Bach...-. 281 | Northern California.......-.---.-- -
lanuginosus, Aud. and Bach -.--- richardsonii, Bach. ..--------- 218) Sitka) .o6 <5 Soo
leporinus, Aud. and Bach------- leporinus, and fossor---------- 264 | Northern California_.......-.-.-.-.
leucogaster, F. Cuvier----------- aureogaster, F, Curv.--------- 282 | Mexico and California ....-.....----
leucotis, Gapper .. --------=.-=- carolinensis, Gm.------------ 257 | Northern. States____-.-- sos esseeene
lewis, Smith... ..<-.5----an-- ludovicianus, Custis.---------- ZoL | Missour nivers.---—-—.=—=—=e—= ee
© limits, Baird....-.-.-------- limitis, and ludovicianus. --.--- 256 |) San, Pedro,’ Dexasse-- ocese<--. cna
* ludovicianus, Custis.---------- ludovicianus, Custis -.-.------ 251 | Western States......-.----------=-
macrourus, Say..----.------==- eee dOn ee eee ena nee ee eee 251 || SMissOUNl aan oe =n no a ee
magnicaudatus, Harlan-..--.---- me sb Ss sec ee ge eH 251 | Missouri river-.------.------------
mexicanus, Erxleben --.-------- Spermophilus mexicanus, Licht.... ---- 000) | WMexicol< <<. eee =
migratorius, Bach... .- fecoseace Sciurus carolinensis, GM. ------------ 257 | Northern’ States.--..-............<
mollipilosus, Aud. and Bach. -.-.- douglassii, Gray. .----------- aor} eN, Calitornia.....-soss—-=e=eeeeeee
mustelinus, Aud. and Bach .....- mustelinus, Aud. and Bach.--. 280 | California .......-----------------
niger, (Auct. except of Linn.)... carolinensis, GM.... --------- 257 | Ny United States 26-e2s ose se ceeee
niger, Linneus...--..--------- vulpinus, Gm.--- ----------- 246 | Southern coast States .-...-.-....--
nigrescens, Bennett.---.-------- nigrescens, Benn-....-.------ 280 | Califomls=-.2-~ --os~= a= =e eee
occidentalis, Aud. and Bach-..--- ludovicianus, Custis.-.. ------ 251 | Western America......------------
pennsylvanicus, Ord.------------ carolinensis (niger) Gm ..-.~---- 267 | Pennsylvania. <<. -225co-saee=eeee

® Nors.—The species marked with an asterisk are described in full as really good North American species.

S. limitis and
castanonotus are doubtful.

Original name.

ey I LETt | a
© richardsonii, Bach -.--=-------
rubicaudatus, Bach. .-----------
rubrolineatus, Desm ...---------
rufiventer, Geoffroy....-- ------
sayt, Aud, and Bach.....------
Socialis Walmer =< sp cmncmn aan
subauratus, Bach..-------------
RICKI, DANO saa ee 2 ete
texianus, Aud. and Bach----.---
variegatus, Erxleben-.----------
variegatoides, Ogilby.--.--------
Carus WAGED 21 aseemc mma =~
virginianus, Kerr .-------------

Poulmrts, Gm o5<-=5o---5-=5=

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE.

Alphabetical list—Continued.

285

Referred to under—

Page.

Sciurus pyladew....-....-<=-------- 282
richardsonii, Bach....-------- 273
ludovicianus, Custis ..-.--.--- 251
hudsonius,. Pall... --2202<%.2<5 269
? ludovicianus, Custis--.. ..-.-- 251
me isOO ae case ce ecea sss 251
socialis, Wagner..----------- 283
ludovicianus, Custis -...------ 251
douglass, Gray 2222-25-25 275
oulpinus, Grp =. s22 2S S22 22S 246

variegatus aud vulpinus, Gm ... 282

variegatoides, Ogilby.-.------- 283
Uris, WACNGr.. oo saneu sone 283
cinerea: GM) <n a nSaenomsos 249
CUipnus,, GN seta aos =a = 246

Locality, real or reputed.

MCXICOs=cseee sco seese eee
Rocky Mountains.....---.---------.
Mlittois.2.coosSk ee Sekt es.
United) States.23. colt .senaeted- oss
News Orleans. 2 cse—— aes eee
Miskounisn soos osoac sees soe Bee
MexI00. ooo occceecenmenatacane ae

Virginia-.--<<s5- sone cone on
South coast States..........-..-...

286 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

PTEROMYS, Cuvier.
Pteromys, Cuvier, ‘‘ Legons d’Anatomie, I, 1800.’’—Aud. & Bach., N. Am, Quad. I, 1849, 132.

A densely furred membrane, extending laterally from the sides between the fore and hind feet. Permanent molars five.
Muzzle short. A deep supra-orbital notch,

The genus Pteromys is most remarkably characterized by the membranous expansion of the
sides between the fore and hind feet, by means of which the animal is enabled to glide through
the air from one tree to another, supported as by a parachute. Anteriorly this membrane is
attached, in part, to a slender bone springing from the hand.

There are two distinct sections of the genus Pteromys, which may be characterized as follows:

1. Pteromys. Tail rounded. Molars complicated, Post-orbital process very large.

2. Sciuropterus. Tail depressed and flattened. Molars simple, as in other squirrels,

All the American and European species belong to the second division.

In general appearance the skull of the American Pteromys is very similar to that of the short-
nosed squirrels, like Sciwrus hudsonius. The post-orbital processes are a little longer and more
recurved. The supra-orbital notch is very deep, so that the width of the frontal bone at that
point is considerably less than behind the post-orbital processes. The upward bend of the
zygoma at the zygomatic plate is more abrupt than in any other Sciurinae. This plate itself is
nearly plain, and is not perforated as in Zamias, the ante-orbital foramen being more anterior
and vertically elongated. There are always five upper molars, the anterior quite rudimentary,
and barely in advance of the notch of the posterior edge of the zygomatic plate. The inner
outlines of the alveoli are straight and parallel.

The skull is distinguishable from that of Sciwrus by the depth and size of the supra-orbital
notch ; agreeing, however, with that of S. hudsonius in the shortness of the muzzle. It is
much fuller and more convex than that of Zamias, with a shorter muzzle, zygomatic plate not
perforated, and five upper molars. The auditory bullae are very large.

I regret that I am unable to describe any species but P. volucella in detail ; the flying squir-
rels being more poorly represented in the collection of the western expeditions than any other
mammals. Itis not improbable, however, that one, at least, of the species of Audubon and Bach-
man may be a synonym, as the proportional length of the tail and the amount. of expansion of
the flying wing membrane, are not to be determined with any degree of precision in dried
specimens of animals so readily over-stretched as the flying squirrel.

I have not been able to make any comparison of European flying squirrels with the American,
for want of specimens.

PTEROMYS VOLUCELLA.

Flying Squirrel.

Sciurus volucclla, Pauuas, Glires, 1778, 351, 353, 359.

Guetin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 155.

Scurener, Saugthiere, IV, 1792, 808; tab. ccexxii.

Suaw, Gen. Zoology, II, 1801, 155; tab. clv.
Pleromys volucella, DesMarest, Mamm. Il, 1822, 343.

Haran, Fauna Americana, 1825, 187.

Grirrirn’s, Cuvier, V, 1827, 259.

Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 365.

- Gopman, American Natural History, IJ, 146.
‘* Bennett, Gardens and Menagerie Zool. Soc., I, 185.”

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—PTEROMYS VOLUCELLA. 287

Pteromys volucella, YarretL, Pr. Comm. Science Zool. Soc. London, I, 1830, 38. (Anatomy.)
Dexay, N. Y. Zoology, I, 1842, 65; pl. xvi, fig. 2.
Wacner, Supplement Schreber, III, 1843, 231.
Aup. & Bacuman, N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 216; pl. xxviii.
Kennicorr, Rep. Pat. Office, 1856, Agricultural, (1857,) 69 ; pl. vii.
‘* Sciuropterus volucella, GrorrRroy, Dict. Class XIV, 132.’
2? Sciurus acrobates, (Linn,) Scureper, Saugt. IV; tab. ccexxii, B. no text
Flying squirrel, Pennant, Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 283.—In. Arctic Zoology, 1784, 120.
Assapan, Sv. Hitarre, and Cuvier, Hist. des Mammif. III, 1819; plate.

Sp. Cu.—Tail, with hairs, nearly as long as the head and body. Above light yellowish brown ; the tail similarly colored,
or with a more smoke-colored tinge. Beneath creamy white, the hairs white to the roots; under surface of tail more red-
dish. Length of head and body about 5 inches; of tail, with hairs, half an inch less ; hind feet 1. 20 inch.

The ears of this species are large and broad; much thinner and more ample than in the
ordinary squirrels. Their concavity is nearly naked ; the back is covered with very short hairs.
The head is short, broad and depressed. The muffle is entirely hairy, except on the septum
and the extreme edge of the nostrils, which are naked. The upper lip is deeply cleft,” the
fissure extending to the nose, and continued on the septum as a groove. The whiskers are very
long, and extend as far as the axillae.

The feet are only moderately large; the first fore finger is very rudimentary, in fact apparently
wanting ; nor have I been able in preserved specimens to detect the presence of a nail or claw.
The other four fingers are very deeply cleft, so much so that they occupy rather more than one-
half of the total length of the hand from the wrist. The central two fingers are longest and
equal ; the fifth claw reaches to the base of the fourth ; the second finger is a little shorter than
the fifth. The hind toes are long, but less so in proportion than the anterior ones. The palms
are naked ; the soles densely hairy from the heel to the large tubercles at the bases of the toes ;
in some cases even the under surfaces of the toes appear more or less hairy. The claws, the
anterior especially, are excessively short and much curved. The lateral membrane is supported
anteriorly by a bony process articulated to the wrist, and extending backwards, slightly
divergent, from the fore arm; it is longer than the hand, and but little shorter than the
foot, (.82 in 2309.) This bony process is freely articulated with the wrist, and is capable of so
extending or stretching out the flying membrane, that when at nearly a right angle with the
_hand it carries the anterior edge of the membrane with it at the same angle; and then the
anterior portion of the lateral edge will be at right angles with the anterior edge proper, and be
parallel with the arm. In this event such a prominent angle of the membrane will be produced
as is described as characteristic of Pteromys oregonensis, as distinguished from other species. If
not artificially stretched out, as appears to have been done with Townsend’s specimen of the last-
mentioned species, the process lies flat to the arm, and then the membrane appears to start from
the wrist, and extends along the side of the body with little or no appreciable angle.

The tail is very much flattened, though broad, and about the width of the head. The hairs
are arranged on either side somewhat like the flumes of a pen.

The fur of this animal is exceedingly soft and silky ; the upper parts are of a light yellowish
brown ; the tail is quite similar, with perhaps more of a light smoky tint; the hair is of nearly
the same color from the roots; the hairs of the back are dark brown, excepting at the tip; the
under parts are of a creamy white; the tail, with a grayish rusty tinge, the hairs white to the
roots. The sides of the head are grayish ; of the muzzle and cheeks whitish ; there is a suffu-
sion of darker round the eyes.

This species appears to vary somewhat in size. though but little in color. Specimens from
the south are darker above, and the tail has rather a rusty tinge.

288 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SQRVEYS—ZOOLOGY— GENERAL REPORT.

Measurements of skulls.

Current Locality. Length. Width.
number.
Mi2) Carlisle Pa. cosasa-asaaccooe= g by la ee
jie Mia Un Se ome le 1.30. | 388
949 Racine<25--a0-=2- ene 1. 33 . 76

List of specimens.

M
2 Measurements.

= s

eal ee

g | BE Locality. When Whence obtained. | Nature of | From tipofnoseto— | Tailtoend| Length of—

a rie collected. specimen. oe

& | a° ao

S ra

2 | 5 Eye. | Ear. |Occip | Tail. | Vert. |Hairs.|Fore ft. | Hind ft.

o 12)

536 |.eeeee Montreal, Cant:.csccsecccs|ccccctevieccece| LHOMAS BrOOMC.se coe) SKIN is coee |ecuccs}ucess Joccvice| 0.00 |eoe vevece|ceevecce| keaD
2508 |.....-| Middleboro’, Mass........| Spring, 1856..| J. W. P. Jenks.......| Inaleohol..| .60 | 1,18 | 1.50 | 4.70 | 3.40 | 4,90 87 1.20
OUD! | Seuwvn|leccsnsGO ss’ scwuen'eWelocss|caectes dO’ oc... Jee sae cpossinessesins wee-GO0.....| .60 | 1.18 | 1.50 | 4.70 | 3.70 | 4.40 80 1.14
2510 |...0e.| Essex county, N. Y .osecclecceccccsevces| Dr. S. E. Hale .o..00. eieeO) Secce 50 | 1.60 | 1.35 | 3.40 | 2.60 | 3.00 70 1,09

860 |...... New York city..... scvwaklivede ee eseseese| Geo. N. Lawrence ...| SKin .. ....|ecess casanafenunsi 5.00 | 2.90 | 4.10 |.....06. 1.14
cocceelcovces| Washington, D. C..cces..|ccseceeevceces| Dis Nichols ..00cccees In alcohol..|....--|+++ wec|occcer|sccces veceee|ceccee|sacsccce|cccscece
2504 |.....-| Columbus, Ga..... Sasecs|escees ccccceee| Dre W. Gesner coceee|oresO socee 60 | 1.20 | 1.50 | 4.76 | 3.60 | 4,20 73 119
Q5US |ecccealescces dO .ccceee seccccvecelececs eo teeccees On vey 55 | 1.14 | 1.46 | 4.55 | 3.50 | 4.18 -70 1,10
2506 |..e0ce West Northfield, Il a |saeeO festa = 60 | 1.20 | 1.50 | 4.76 | 3.60 | 4.30 73 1.23

827 |......| Racine, Wis.......000 SKM sraae s/spanie'|wadelein' iden cma] pb) 00),| arreeapl mbna enveinece) (LCR0

BBN ieence| ceases dO .see0 susneccelecnscecessuces pee sOO's coneil eeamaisl|anenc seeee | 4.20 | 3.40 | 4.10 |....0006] 1.05

780" | Saves of (COLUMDUH, MISS J, . spe tecn|sacscsecccsces In alcohol... |....0.|sesees|eeeee| 39-00 | 3,60 | 4.10 |......05) 1.10

187 \ecccca|vecens dO. .cccves cecccccce|cccreccscesece 2000 a cees |ecccrsievcces|eecees 4.80 | 3.40 | 3.90 |...ee0ee| 1.02
1259 | 342 | Prairie Mer Rouge, La....|...seeeseeeees Mounted... |..++++ cocvcelevcecs| cocree|evesce|scceceleoee cocsleccvesce
QBSB jeccces|eccecedO . coscccce.ccaseve|vocceveccuccce o| SKin.. ccc] eewece secceelece oe] 5.20 | 3.20 | 4.00 |....0000| 1.08

PTEROMYS HUDSONIUS.

Northern Flying Squirrel.

Sciurus hudsonius, Guextn, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 153.

Pteromys hudsonius, Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1825, 365.

Sciurus sabrinus, SHAw, Gen. Zool. Mamm. I, 1801, 157.

Pteromys sabrinus, Ricu. Zool. Jour. IIT, April, 1828, 519.—Is. Fauna Bor. Amer. I, 1829, 193.
Waener, Suppl. Schreber, II, 1843, 228.
Aup & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 202; plate cxliii, fig. 1.

Severn river flying squirrel, Pennant, Hist. Quad. II, 1781, 418.—In. Arctic Zool. I, 1784, 122.

Sp. Cu.—Considerably larger than the P. volucella, or common flying squirrel. Tail considerably shorter than the head
and bedy; (shorter than the body alone?) Above, yellowish brown; beneath, white; the hair plumbeous at root.
Length of head and body about eight inches; of tail, with hairs, 53. Hind foot, 1. 60 inches.

I regret that the only materials at my command for the description of this species consist of
some very imperfect skins. In these the only differences from Pteromys volucella I can realize
are the considerably larger size, and the under hairs of the belly, instead of being white at the
roots, are lead colored. ‘The tail is proportionally shorter. In almost every respect, however,
the one is a miniature of the other. The upper part of the tail is colored like the back, some-
times with a mixture of darker towards the tip.

ROVENTIA—SCIURINAE—PTEROMYS ALPINUS. 289

List of specimens.

Nose to— | Tail to end of—
Catalogue Locality. Whence obtained. | Nature of Length of | Height of

number. | | specimen. | hind ft. ear.
| |Occip.| Tail. | Verteb. | Hairs.
| | |
193 | Pembina, Minn..-.-- C. Cavileer-...---- iil tat) oe |9.00| 5.00 | 56.50] 1.60 .65
2033) »)| Haltiax: SNe Sass esos Dr. J. B: Gilpin _=.|_-- doten ao. | 1.50 | TO0o Se aa |soes ae LabOM! (Gree See S
2369 .¢31ee Gh ae ey Stl eee Chee ae SG ae ee Ae Ce er ae ere eee ee ey fee) 5. er
2aV0) 2 seae CET an ae St Ss pm d0ss=-=-25-- peed peer are ene se Sec oe IA eo ee a
2823 | Steuben, Me.-.--.-- J. D. Parker_...-. Lc Seca ht Se oa eae eel ala clean aliaanl
|

PTEROMYS ALPINUS.
Rocky Mountain Flying Squirrel.

Pteromys sabrinus, var. 8 alpinus, Ricuarpson, Zool. Jour. I, April 1828, 519.—Is. Fauna Bor. Amer. I, 1829,
195; plate xviii.
Pteromys alpinus, Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 230.
Avup. & Baon. N, Am. Quad. III, 1853, 206; plate exliii, fig. 2.

Sp. Co.—Larger than P. sabrinus. Flying membrane with a straight border, Tail longer than the body, exclusive of
head. (Tail differently colored from the back, and darker ?)

There is a flying squirrel in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences,
labelled ‘‘ Pteromys alpinus, Columbia river, Dr. Townsend,’’ but I am unable to say whether
it is really the type of Bachman’s description or not. The locality is probably the Rocky
mountains, as described by Bachman, nearly all of Townsend’s specimens having been labelled
Columbia river, whether collected there or on the overland march from St. Louis. It is the
largest I have seen, the flying membrane with only a slight angle at the wrist ; the tail very
broad and full. The colors above are of a yellowish brown, much as in P. oregonensis ; the
tail similarly colored, although described as darker, and but little paler beneath. The under
fur is dull whitish ; the hairs lead colored at the base.

The characteristics of the Pteromys alpinus of Audubon and Bachman consist in the larger
size, the tail longer than the body, (exclusive of the head,) and the straight border of the
membrane. They also speak of a shorter process on the wrist for the support of the membrane ;
this process, however, in the Academy’s specimen, measures nine-tenths of an inch, or consider-
ably more than in the P. hudsonius. The blackish brown tail, referred to as distinct in color from
the back, I cannot find, the surfaces of both being very similar. The skin measures 84 inches
to root of tail; the tail is broken. :

Richardson at first believed in the existence of the species distinguished as above, and, in fact,
described a variety alpinus, of P. sabrinus. The receipt of additional specimens, however,
threw some doubt on the subject in his mind. I have not sufficient data before me to come to
any very definite conclusion as to there being two species. I cannot find any characteristic
difference in the shape of the membrane in the specimen here described and P. hudsonius, while
the latter exhibits much the most of a want of uniformity in color of tail and body of the two.

» 3! th

290 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

PTEROMYS OREGONENSIS, Bach.

Columbia River Flying Squirrel.

Pteromys oregonensis, Bactoran, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. VIII, 1839, 101.—Is. in Townsend’s Narrative, 1839.
Aup. & Bacnu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 133; plate xv.

Sr. Cu.—Much larger than Pteromys volucella. Tail, with hairs, longer than the body alone ; shorter than head and body.
Flying membrane very broad, its. antero-external corner exhibiting a conspicuous angle. Color above yellowish brown,
beneath dull white ; the hairs plumbeous at base. Tail becoming more plumbeous towards the tip. Length, 7 inches;
tail with hairs, 64; hind foot, 14 inches.

This species is about the size of P. sabrinus, and considerably exceeds the P. volucella. The
ears are large, their back thinly coated with hair, their concavity nearly naked. The tail is
long, and rather narrow but depressed ; the sides nearly parallel; with the hairs, it is about as
long as the body, exclusive of the head. ;

In the only adult specimen I have seen, that described by Bachman, the spur on the fore leg
supporting the flying membrane stands out at right angles to the wrist, carrying the membrane
to a distance of about an inch and a quarter, (to the margin of the hairs,) when the outline
bends abruptly at a right angle, (the corner rounded.) The exterior outlines of the membrane,
when extended thus, diverge anteriorly, instead of being nearly parallel.

The color of this species is of a dull yellowish brown above ; this color only on the tips of the
hairs. The flying membrane above appears chiefly of a brownish plumbeous. The basal
fourth of the tail above is colored like the back, and an obscure median stripe of the same
extends nearly to the tip; the remainder of the upper surface has a plumbeous cast. The
under parts are dull white; the hairs plumbeous at base, and mostly tipped with dirty
yellowish brown. The under surface of the tail is nearly uniform light yellowish brown, with

a tinge of plumbeous,

Measurements.
Inches.
BLL SG OOD be ete i ee 7
eave tte Die ae apa eee eee eee is
OAS (on See a ho eee ean cence peesneon ame 64
TSbpG Ue RAS SSsc ata OS eRCH oS HesSReasseeesce 1h
Expanse of flying membrane-......---.--.-------.- 8

The specimen from which this description is taken is the original of Dr. Bachman’s
description, and now belonging to the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. Another
specimen collected in California by Dr. Heerman, and presented by him to the Academy, is
smaller, with a grayer or more hoary aspect above, though otherwise similar.

Several very young squirrels, probably of this species, were obtained in Washington Ter-
ritory by Dr. Cooper.

List of specimens.

Whence and how Nature of
obtained. specimen.

When col-
lected.

Number of | Sex and

Catalogue | Corresponding
number. No. of skull.

Locality.

599 aoe Loo Je Bee ek A) ete washington Pere_ 1854
per el a ob 3 od entey oo ee Pee De

Dr. J. G. Cooper --| Skin.
eee do... =2tss,5 =| Alconols

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—TAMIAS. 291

TAMIAS, Illiger.

Tamias Inticer, Prod. Syst. Mam. et Av. 1811, 83.
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 64.
Tenotis, Rarinesque, Am. Month. Mag. I, 1817, 362.

Cheek pouches ample, extending to the occiput. Tail shorter than the body, not bushy. ‘The species with three to five
dark dorsal stripes. Permanent upper molars four. The anterior basal plate of the zygoma perforated by a nearly circular
foramen.

The genus Zamias bears somewhat the same relation to the squirrels that Spermophilus or
rather Olospermophilus does to Arctomys. It is composed of a very limited number of species,
two of which occur in Europe and Asia and the remaining four or five in North America. All
are marked with a median dark dorsal stripe, usually with two others on each side; the
intervals between the stripes either of the ground color or lighter.

The cheek pouches are ample in Zamias, and are capable of great distension, so as to hold a
large supply of food. They open anterior to or alongside the molars, and reach back almost to
the shoulder.

The tail is short, less than the body, and the hairs, though longest on the sides, are com-
paratively short; nor is the tail at all bushy. The feet are large, and the claws well developed,
in accordance with the fossorial habits of the species.

The skull is depressed and narrow and tapers anteriorly to the end of the considerably
elongated muzzle. The dorsal outline is quite convex. The post orbital processes are slender
and styliform. The zygomatic arch is very gently and uniformly curved in its inferior outline
from the temporal bone to where it melts into the intermaxillary on the upper part of the
snout, instead of having a distinct angular bend upwards just opposite the inferior edge of the
zygomatic process of the maxillary. In this character it differs from all other Sciurinae. The
plane of the zygomatic plate of the maxillary, too, is more oblique to the vertical plane of the
axis, and there is a very distinct, nearly circular, foramen perforating the base of this plate, a
character entirely peculiar to Zamias among the squirrels. The tubercle below the foramen is
quite distinct. The permanent molars are only four in number and are quite small. They
are quite peculiar in having the plane of the grinding surfaces horizontal anteriorly, then
twisting gradually outwards, rendering the crown of the last molar quite oblique. The level
of the crown of the last molar, too, is considerably higher than that of the first, the external
outline of the alveoli rising behind in a similar manner, so that if produced it would intersect
the parietal bone considerably in advance of the occiput. Both outlines of the molar series are
gently convex, the anterior molars themselves a little wider apart than the posterior.

The lower molars correspond with the upper ones in the twisting of the plane of the grinding
surface and its gradual elevation posteriorly. The lower jaw is much slenderer than in the
true squirrels; the coronoid process is narrow, elevated, and much curved. The upper
incisors are compressed laterally ; as in Sciwrus the lower have the antero-posterior dimensions
much less in proportion.

The skull of Zamias exhibits a considerable resemblance in shape to that of the Tamias-like
Sphermophiles. It is, however, much more depressed. The anteorbital foramen is in the

292 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

zygomatic plate, not anterior to it; the zygoma without an angular bend; molars four, not
five; incisors narrow and squirrel-like, &c. From Sciurus it is distinguished by the more
depressed and elongated skull; the perforation of the zygomatic plate ; the great obliquity of
the planes of the molars; the straight zygoma; the elevated and lengthened coronoid process
of the lower jaw, &c. The notch of the posterior edge of the zygomatic plate of the maxillary
is opposite the first anterior molar in Zamias, instead of the third as in Spermophilus.

TAMIAS STRIATUS.
Chipping, Striped, or Ground Squirrel; Chipmunk.

Sciurus striatus, Lriynanus, Museum Adolphi Frederici Regis, I, 1754, 8. (Based entirely on an American speci-
men.)—In. Systema Naturae, (ed. 10th,) I, 1758, 64.—In. Syst. Nat. (ed. 12th,) I, 1766, 87.
Scureper, Saugthiere, IV, 1792, 791; pl. ccxix. (Figure a little altered from Catesby.)
Haran, Fauna Americana, 1825, 183.
Gopman, Am. Nat. Hist. II, 1831, 142.
Derxay, New York Zool. I, 1842, 62; pl. xvi, fig. 1.
Myoxus striatus, BoppaErt, Elenchus Animalium, I, 1784, 122.
Sciurus striatus americanus, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 150.
Fiscuer, Synopsis, I, 1829, 348.
Tamias striatus, BarrD, 11th Rep. Sm. Inst. 1857, p. 55.
Kennicorr, Rep. U. S. Pat. Office for 1856, Agricultural, (1857,) 70; pl. viii.
Tamias americana, Kuut, Beitrage zur Zoologie, 1820, 69. (Specimen in Bullock’s Museum.)
Sciurus americanus, Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 349. (From preceding.)
Sciurus (Tamias) lysteri, Ricnarpson, F. B. Am. I, 1829, 181; pl. xv.
Doveurty’s Cabinet Nat. Hist. I, 1830, 169; pl. xv.
Sciurus lysteri, WAGNER in Schreber Saugt. IV; pl. cexiv, C. (Figure only.)
Tamias lysteri, Souwwz, Synopsis Mam. II, 1845, 47.
Aup. & Baou. N. Am. Quad. I. 1849, 65; pl. viii. s
Saurus a Cla. Dom. Lyster observatus, Ray, Synopsis Quad., 1693, 216.
The ground squirrel, Catuspy, N. H. Carolinas, I, 1731, 75; pl. lxxv. (In part.)
Ecureuil de Caroline, Brisson, R. An. (Quadrup.) 1756, 155.
Ground squirrel, PENNANT, Synopsis Quad, 1771, 288.
Cuurcu, Cabinet of Quad. II, 1805 ; plate. ;
. Striped dormouse, PENNANT, Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 286.—Is. Arctic Zoology, I, 1784, 126. (Specimen in Leverian
Museum.)

Sp. Ca.—Tail to end of tho hairs shorter than the body; to end of vertebra about three-fifths the length of the body
Back and sides with five longitudinal black stripes, which do not extend over the rump; the two outer on each side close
together, separated by a white line; the middle or dorsal stripe with a wide interval on each side of a finely grizzled
yellowish gray and brown, like that on the upper parts generally. Dark lines bordered with chestnut brown. Rump pale
chestnut. Body 5 to 6 inches ; tail, with hairs, 4 to 44 inches; hind foot 1. 40 inch.

Description from a freshly-killed specimen, No. 842.—Body rather stout and somewhat depressed.
Neck thick, almost as broad as the head. Forehead arched, snout not very acute. Mufile
covered with hairs on the upper part, so that no naked skin is visible when the head is viewed
from above. The fissure in the upper lip is continued to the shallow furrow separating the
nostrils, which are coated with hairs to their very margin, though their septum is naked.
The lips are tumid, the mouth opening directly upon the naked palate. Palate with a triangular
callosity posterior to the incisors, and behind this are eight transverse ridges, the first three in

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—TAMIAS STRIATUS. 293

a simple curve, the rest in a double curve, (the central portion folded backward,) all of the
latter five interrupted in the middle, except the first. Whiskers arranged in five rows parallel
with the top of the head, each with about five whiskered hairs, although, in the upper and
lower rows, some of the hairs are inconspicuous, being short and white, instead of long and
black like the rest. The eye is rather large, the iris measuring three lines; its centre is just
midway between the tip of the nose and the posterior margin of the ear. The ear is quite large,
narrow, and high, though rounded at the summit. It is coated with short hairs on both sides,
except about the meatus and on the portions covered by overlapping.

The anterior extremities have four well developed fingers with claws. The first finger or
thumb is seen as a small basal tubercle covered by a broad, flat nail. The third and fourth
fingers are longest and nearly equal, (the former rather the longer.) The claw of the second
reaches nearly to the base of that of the third ; that of the fifth half way between the ultimate
and penultimate articulations of the fourth. The palms are entirely smooth and naked, with
five large and broad depressed callosities: three about equal at the bases of the 2d and 3d, 3d
and 4th, 4th and Sth fingers, respectively, and two occupying the entire posterior part of the
palm. These latter are much the longest, and nearly equal. On the hind feet, the three
central toes are longest ; the claw of the first reaches to the end of the toe of the fifth, and to
the penultimate articulation of the second ; the claw of the fifth reaches to the base of the fourth
claw. The soles are densely hairy from the heel to within one-fourth of the ends of the meta-
tarsals, naked on the remaining portion. There are four large tubercles situated on the end
of the metatarsus, between the bases of the toes. There is a slight naked web between all the
fingers and toes at their bases.

The tail, including the terminal hairs, is about as long as the body, exclusive of the head.
It is cylindrical at the base, but soon becomes depressed and flattened beneath, slightly rounded
above ; its average width is about three-quarters of an inch, or the distance between the highest
lateral stripes on either side of the back.

The fur is moderately soft, intermingled with many scattered longer hairs. There are some
long whisker-like hairs in a tuft projecting from the posterior edge of the arm just above the
wrist.

Color.—There are five distinct black stripes on the body, one dorsal and two on each side.
The latter are in pairs, quite close to each other, with the space between them a little wider
than the stripes and nearly pure white; the upper lateral stripe is separated from its fellow on
the opposite side by about the width of the head. None of these stripes extend on to the ramp
or behind the line of the groin, except very obsoletely, the space posterior to this line consti-
tuting the region of the rump, being nearly uniform dark chestnut brown, a little lighter on
the thighs. Anteriorly these stripes extend to the line of the axillae, the lower dark one
shorter than the rest ; the central one reaches to between the shoulders. All the dark lines
are bordered by a suffusion of quite uniform chestnut brown, which extends a little beyond
them and forms a continuation of the dorsal stripe to the top of the head, which is of nearly the
same uniform color, mixed with black hairs. The remaining space between the stripes and on
the shoulders is occupied by annulated hairs of gray, yellowish and black. The eyelids are
pure white, their naked edges and canthi black. The two light stripes and three dark ones on
the face of Tamias are here indicated very obscurely by a lightening of the prevailing yellowish
brown of the side of the head in line with the eyelids, and a darker shade below the lower eyelid
and extending under the ear. The whole sides of the body and limbs are of a light yellowish

294 U. 8. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

brown, darker anteriorly, and on the thighs melting into the chestnut described. The whole
under parts, with the upper lip, are pure white to the roots of the hair. The internal surface
of the ears is grayish white, except on the anterior margin, which, with the external portion,
are like the adjacent region. There is a downy white spot at the base of the ears postero-
internally.

The prevailing colors of the upper surface of the tail are grayish white and black; of the
under surface a uniform light yellowish brown, (darker at the end of the tail,) bordered and
tipped, first with black and then grayish white. On flattening the tail above there is seen,
first a narrow black line on either side of the skin covering the vertebree, then a broader one of
quite light yellowish brown, then another of black, of nearly equal width, and, finally, a
margin of grayish white ; towards the tip the subterminal black increases in extent.

The specimen described was a female, with the mammae much developed. Of these there
are four pairs: two in the groin, one on the sides, and one behind the axillae. Those on the
same side are situated a little closer and closer to each other from before backwards.

The cheek pouches are very large and extend back as far as the shoulder. The opening is
wide and situated along the anterior edge of the buccal muscle. The pouches consist of a very
thin naked sac, separating the skin from the muscles of the jaws and firmly attached to both ;
their opening is anterior to the teeth in either jaw.

Fresh measurements of No. 842.

a — a —+

Inches. Lines. || Inches. Lines.
Nose to.occiput—--Hn5 coc. eens a aao 1 9 Bar width. oat ampind oie a || ee ie 5h
CAD S SEER SSS sone aean Peaseocsss 8 Arm, from elbows to end of claws-- 1 8}
CELE wo cena cle Samia ne 1 5 forefoot to end of claws-}--..------ 10
TOOMOMUL soe see ae ane 5 6 longest toe and claw--..----|--~------- 6
end of outstretched hind legs 7 1l lonpesti claw 2a 2s Seon |S aeeee ee 2
Tail, from root to end of vertebra- 3 8 Leg, from knee joint to end of claws-_ 2 6
hairs--.- t Us hibig2Sees— estes eee 1 4
Ear, height posteriorly...--------|---------- 8 hind foot from heel to end of
anieniorly = Seema see see a= ee 6 (ES tee eee ee See il 4}
internally above skull-| ~-.------- 54 longeste Claw enone ee a tees 2
above; Doth -eec eee |e een ae 84 longest toe and claw-.-...-..-|-...--.--- 6}

—E—E————— EE ee eesos — _———————————

This species preserves quite a remarkable constancy of character throughout, but little varia-
tion being discernible in a large number of specimens. One (1559) from Essex county is con-
siderably grayer, and the black lines of the back have no brownish margin. In a specimen
from Washington the chestnut tints are darker than described above. I am told that entirely
black varieties are occasionally met with. In the case of the Siberian ground squirrel there
appears to be a permanently black variety, known as Zamias uthensis.

A simple comparison of skins of the European and American striped squirrels, which I have
recently been enabled to make, is sufficient to show the radical difference between the two. The
former is the larger animal; the tail is longer, considerably more bushy, and cylindrical.

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—TAMIAS STRIATUS. 295

There are five quite distinct dorsal stripes of brownish black, larger than their yellowish white
interspaces, the three central ones reaching to the root of the tail. The dark dorsal lines have
no brown borders, but are immediately in contact with the light intermediate lines.}

After all the comparisons of the Zamias pallasii are to be made with Tamias 4—vittatus, if
with any American species. It is not a little remarkable that the Siberian ground squirrel has,
until very recently, been without a specific name. As long as the old and new world species
were supposed to be the same, they bore in common the name of Linneus. A simple comparison
of specimens, however, was sufficient to show the differences between them; and as the Siberian
animal was assumed as the type, a new name was given to the American. The one first imposed
was Tamias americana, of Kuhl, in 1820; the next was 7’. lysteri, of Richardson. This author
quotes Ray as the authority of this name, but it is, in fact, his own—Ray only referring to the
species as Sciurus a Clar. Dom. Lyster observatus.

In reality, however, the name of Sciurus striatus was first based by Linnzus upon an Ameri-
can specimen in the museum of King Frederic Adolphus, of Sweden, and described in the cata-
logue of his collection, where Linnzus quotes Catesby’s figure, and makes no mention of any
but an American animal. In the tenth edition of the Systema Naturae, however, he gives both
America and Siberia as localities of the species.

Finding the Siberian animal thus without a name, I have called it Tamias pallasii,? after the
eminent naturalist who was the first to give an accurate account of it to the world.

1 The following is Wagner’s comparison (not quite accurate) of the common European and American ground squirrels.—
Suppl. Schreber, III, 233 :

1. The American species is a little larger, while the tail is shorter; head and body measuring 6 to 6} inches, the tail
vertebra 3, and with the hairs, not quite 4 inches. The Siberian has the head and body 549 inches long, the tail 444.

2. In the Siberian species the color of the upper parts is a dirty ochre yellow; in the American, brownish rusty, with much
gray intermixed on the back.

3. The Siberian species has five longitudinal black stripes, with the yellow ground color, constituting four intermediate
ones. The American has, likewise, the five longitudinal black stripes, but differently arranged ; thus, there is one simple
vertebral black stripe, and the two lateral on either side are considerably separated from the first mentioned, and so arranged
as in fact only to constitute the border of a yellowish stripe which passes between them and runs out to a point at either
end. This yellow stripe, however, is not formed by the ground color, as in the Siberian species, but by a different tint
altogether. The ground color is only visible between the vertebral line and the dark stripe nearest to it, and this again is
not yellow but rusty brown, mixed with gray and yellowish.

4. The central portion of the under surface of the tail, in the Siberian species, is pale clay yellow; in the SOME
brownish rusty red ; in both species, however, with a black and a white hem.

£ Eleventh Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution. May, 1857, p. 55.

GENERAL REPORT,

ZOOLOGY:

AND SURVEYS

8. P. R. R. EXP,

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RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—TAMIAS QUADRIVITTATUS. 297

TAMIAS QUADRIVITTATUS.

Missouri Striped Squirrel.

Sciurus quadrivittatus, Say, in Long’s Exped. R. Mts. IT, 1823, 45. :

Haran, Fauna Americana, 1825, 180.

Grirritu, Cuy. V, 1827, 255.

Waener, in Schreber’s Saugt. IV; plate cciv, A, (from Richardson, no text.)
Sciurus (Tamias) quadrivittatus, Ricnarvson, Zool. Jour. III, 1828,519.—Is. Fauna Bor. Amer. I, 1829, 184 ; pl. xvi.

Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 350.
Tamias quadrivittatus, WAGNER, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 234.
Avp. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 195; pl. xxiv.
Spermophilus quadrivittatus, F. Cuvier, Suppl. Buffon, I, Mammif. 1831, 340.
Tamias minimus, Bacuman, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. VIII,1, 1839,71.—Is. Townsend’s Narrative, 1839, 323.
Wacenyer, Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1843, I, 44.

Sp. Cu.—Tail, with the hairs, nearly or quite as long as the body. A grayish white stripe along the top of the head, with
branches passing above and below the eye. ‘The stripe bordered above and below by darker ones, and separated behind the
eye by a dark line. A gray or hoary patch behind the ears. Sides of body deep ferruginous; back with five about equi-
distant dark stripes, nearly black on the posterior part of the body, their intervals forming four grayish white lines of similar
dimensions to them. Tail when flattened out, ferruginous externally, then black, then ferruginous. Body beneath, dirty
grayish white. Length, 4 to 5 inches. Hind foot, 1.20 inch.

A line of grayish white begins above the nostrils, on each side, and runs from the tip of the
snout along the edge of the head to near the eye. Here it bifurcates, one branch passing above,
the other below the eye, and wider than at first, extend nearly parallel to each other, the lower
one to the anterior base of the ear, the upper nct so far. The upper and lower margins of this
bifurcating line are darker, bordered by rather narrow lines of dark reddish brown, mixed with
dark brown ; the lower extending to the posterior edge of the ear, or in fact beneath it, where
it becomes diffused. The eyelids are black ; this color continuous behind with a stripe of dark
brown, which separates the light stripe, and changing into reddish brown extends up to the
anterior margin of the ear. The dark stripes bordering the upper light ones are confluent on
the top of the snout. Top of the head mixed gray, reddish, and brown.

The concavity of the ear, or its inside, is covered with short reddish hairs; of its convexity,
the anterior half, with the inflected portion, is dark brownish black, the posterior, grayish
white, continuous with a patch of the same half an inch long behind the ear.

A narrow dark dorsal line begins at the occiput and extends to the root of the tail, widening
about midway and then contracting towards the end. Another commences on each side of this,
just back of the gray patch mentioned above, and widening like the dorsal line, and slightly
concave to it, extends likewise to the root of the tail. The sides of the body are broadly reddish
brown or fox color, more grayish posteriorly. Anteriorly the upper edge of this color is deeper
ferruginous, becoming dark brown, nearly black posteriorly. There are thus five dark stripes
on the dorsal surface; the three central ones mixed reddish brown and dark brown on the ante-
rior half of body, then becoming nearly pure blackish brown. They are separated by four
grayish white lines of equal width with the dark ones; anteriorly they are mixed with reddish
brown, especially the two inner ; the outer are nearly pure from above the axillae. The exterior
surfaces of the limbs are pale rusty ; the body beneath is grayish white, with a tinge of rusty.

The tail above is mixed, ferruginous and black; beneath, uniform ferruginous ; of the hairs
individually, the extreme base is black, then rusty, black and rusty in nearly equal proportions,

the black increasing, however, towards and at the tip.
37 L

298 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP, AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

On the fore foot the second toe, with its claw, is longest ; the third, little shorter ; the inner
next longest, not much exceeding the outer. The thumb is very minute. The three middle
hinder toes are longest, the central one a little longer than the rest; the others considerably
shorter, with the claws not reaching to the claws of the rest ; the outer longer than the inner.
(No. 2468.)

In all the specimens from the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone rivers! there is a constant
difference from the preceding description in the much greater lightness of color. The dark
stripes have much less black in them, excepting the central one, which is usually more distinct.
They are also smaller and the tail longer. A specimen from the Black Hills (1908) is inter-
mediate in shade between the Yellowstone and the much darker Rocky Mountain specimens,
especially 2468 from the Sangre del Cristo Pass, a locality very near that of Say’s original
specimen.

As previously mentioned, the Tamias pallasii of Europe has close relationships to 7. quadri-
vittatus, although they are readily distinguished on comparison. The former species is
considerably the larger, in fact, fully twice the size, as shown by the accompanying table of
measurements.” The tail is fuller and more bushy. The dorsal stripes are more distinctly
black and broader, and have no border of brownish, being immediately in contact with the
reddish white narrower intervals. There is none of the rusty color of the side seen in
T. quadrivittatus, this being replaced “by a light brownish yellow. The tail is also much
lighter colored, the hairs being rusty yellow, tipped with grayish white, and with a broad
subterminal annulation of black.

The common chipping squirrel (Zamias striatus) is easily distinguished by the fact that the
spaces between the two outer dark stripes are alone whitish ; those on each side the dorsal line
being mixed like the back. The stripes do not reach to the root of the tail; the hind part of
the back being dark ferruginous.

' “«T first saw this sprightly squirrel at the mouth of the Yellowstone, and encountered it frequently in our passage along
this river. It is abundant in the Bad Lands, preferring rocky ledges, and living on the leaves and seeds of the common
sage, (Artemisia frigida ? and tridentata.) It is occasionally seen about heaps of flood wood along the river. Its movements
are much like those of the common ground squirrel, and its note differs only in not being so loud. They never sit and
chatter, but give two or three chirps as they run along to their hole.’’—Dr. IF’. V. Hayden, in letter, 1855.

Tamias pallasii, (measurements. )

From tip of nose to— Tail to end of— Length of—
Current Locality.
number. |
Occiput. | Tail. Vertebre. Hairs. Fore foot. | Hind foot.
1971 Siberia s = Ue eCe ae SE | SR) | DSSS PEE ee alec en cos cose 1. 40
Ale In| 3-00. slate’). ae eet 1. 65 | 6.75 3.30 4,15 85 1. 40

299

SCIURINAE—YAMIAS QUADRIVITTATUS.

RODENTIA

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300 U. Ss. P, R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

: TAMIAS DORSALIS. Baird,

Gila Striped Squirrel.
Tamias dorsalis, Barrp, Pr. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. VII, April, 1855, 332.
Sp. Cu.—Sides of head with the usual stripes of Zamias, but very distinct and well defined. Above, hoary mixed with
tusty and brown ; beneath, dull white. Sides and buttocks dull rusty. A single distinct dorsal dark stripe ; the others
usually seen in the genus being obsolete, except the exterior light stripe, which is somewhat distinct. Tail, with the

vertebre half the length of body ; the hairs unusually long, black, and chestnut, largely tipped with white.
Body about five inches ; tail sensibly shorter. Hind foot 1. 25 inches.

This species is readily distinguishable from all others by the single dorsal stripe, the others

being obsolete. The more bushy tail, with its conspicuous markings of chestnut, black, and
white, is also highly characteristic of it.

A more detailed description will be found in the report of the United States Mexican
Boundary Survey.

List of specimens.

Catalogue | Corresponding Locality. When col- | Whence and how | Nature of | Collected by—
Number. No. of skull. lected. obtained. specimen.
119-20 3151 Fort Webster, Copper Mines 1851 Col. J. D. Graham -} Skin. ---- J. H. Clark.
of the Mimbres, New Mexico.

TAMIAS TOWNSENDII:

Townsend’s Striped Squirrel.

Tamias townsendii, BACHMAN, Jour. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. VIII, 1, 1839, 68.—Is. in Townsend’s Narrative,
1839, 321.
Waener, Wiegmann’s Archiy. 1843, m1, 44.
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 159; pl. xx.

Tamias hindsii, Gray, Annals & Mag. N. H., X, 1842, 264.1—In. Zool. of Sulphur, 1844, 34; plate xiii, fig. 1.
(California. )

Yamias cooperii, Barry, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila. VII, April, 1855, 334.

Sp. Cu.—Larger than 7. striatus. Tail, with hairs, nearly or quite as long as the body. Sides of head striped. Above
and on the sides rufous brown, with five dark stripes reaching to the tail, the intervals between which are scarcely or but
seldom paler than the ground color; beneath, dull white. Ears dusky brown, hoary posteriorly. Tail bright chestnut
beneath, margined with ashy white, within which is a band of black. Length 5 to 6 inches. Hind foot 1. 40 to 1.50.

Varies in rather paler colors, ash-colored interspaces, and sometimes the back with black hairs interspersed, so as to
obscure or nearly conceal the dorsal stripes.

Description of typical specimens from near the mouth of the Columbia river.—In size T. town-
sendit exceeds all other species of Tamias in this country. It has the same general characteristics
as the rest. The ears are moderate and well coated with hairs, but not tufted. The two middle
fingers are longest, the inner longer than the outer; palms naked. On the hind foot, the
fourth and third toes are longest, and nearly equal ; the second very little shorter; the fifth,
or exterior, does not reach the base of the claw of the fourth; the first bears the same relation

1 “ Rufous brown, with three close black streaks, outer-edged with a white streak. Feet rusty brown. Tail hairs red
at base, with a black subterminal band. Head and body 53 inches, tail 4}.”’

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—TAMIAS TOWNSENDII. 301

to the fifth. The whole under surface of the metatarsus is hairy, the sole naked from the
tubercles. The tail is comparatively long, but shorter than the body.

The sides of the head exhibit the light stripes of the other species. The ears are dusky brown
or nearly black, except for the posterior fourth which is hoary, of a color similar to a patch just
behind the ears. The general color of the upper parts is of a dark reddish brown mixed with
a few black hairs. These hairs are dark lead color, except at the tips, which are plain reddish
brown, without annulation, as far as can be detected. Down the back, from occiput to tail, is a
well defined stripe of black, on each side of which are two others of less extent. The ground
color between these stripes is not appreciably lighter. Beneath, the animal is dull ashy or
brownish white, the line of separation between the colors of the under parts and the sides not
being distinct. The tail beneath is rather light chestnut, margined all round with grayish
white, and with a broad subterminal black border. Examined closely, each hair is black at the
base, then chestnut, black, and grayish white. On the upper part and sides of the tail the
basal black increases in extent.

A specimen from Shoalwater Bay (2469) is smaller, and differs in the brighter reddish of the
back and sides. There is a faint lightening of the interval between the two outer stripes.
The colors beneath are clearer and the contiguous tints better defined.

In the variation from the type of coloration, as described for 7’. townsendit by Bachman,
observable in certain specimens from Washington Territory, especially Nos. 211 and 212, I
characterized these as distinct under the name of Tamias cooperi.1 A much larger series of

1 The following is the description, as prepared two years ago, with the specimens then before me:

TAMIAS COOPERI.—Sp. Cu.—Tail vertebrae little more than half the length of body. Lars large, A light stripe along the
side of head, bifurcating at the eye. Anterior portion of body above and sides grizzled gray and brownish, or brownish ash,
somewhat like the sides of Mus decumanus ; on the middle of side a slight dash of rusty. Three distinct dorsal glossy dark
brown stripes, with two others less marked. 'The intervals between these light grayish, especially the exterior ones.
Beneath grayish white, distinct from the color of the sides. Hairs of the tail dark at the roots, then rusty, then black and
tipped with grayish. Size rather larger than Zumuas striatus.

Body stout; head rather short; ears large ; whiskers black, longer than the head. ‘Tail short, scarcely three-fourths the
length of the body. Feet rather large ; thumb rudimentary ; two middle fingers of equal length ; inner a little longer than
the outer, its claw extending to the base of that of the longest; soles naked. On the hind feet, the first digit or toe is
small, only half the length of the longest, or fourth; the third and second are successively very little shorter than the
fourth ; the claw of the fifth, or exterior, reaches the base of the claw of the latter. The soles appear naked. All the
claws are well developed, brown at the base, with light grayish tip.

A broad band of pale yellowish extends from the nose to the eye, where it bifurcates, the branches passing above and
below the eye, (where the color becomes lighter,) and extending to the ear. Edge of eyelids black ; a dark brown band from
the eye to the ear separating the above mentioned light stripes. Above and below the light stripes is a border of dark
brown and reddish brown mixed.

The ears are thinly coated with reddish and brown hairs on their concavity ; externally they are dark brown; the extreme
margin and about one-fourth posteriorly light gray ; below the eara small patch of hoary ; less than in 7. quadrivittatus.

The sides and anterior portion of the back are grizzled brownish ash mixed with light ferruginous, especially on the
middle of the body ; the exterior surfaces of the limbs are similar. A dark brown, nearly black, dorsal stripe begins on the
top of the head, and extends to the base of the tail; on each side of this is a similar stripe, beginning above the shoulders
and extending nearly as far ; these stripes are separated by the equal intervals of dull grayish ash, and similar but clearer
stripes of the same ash are seen on the outside of the last mentioned dark stripes. There is no well defined stripe of darker
exterior to these, although the upper edge of the grayish on the sides is dusky, making fainter lines parallel to the others.
The dorsal stripe is nearly four lines wide in the middle of the back. The under parts are grayish white, the line of demar-
cation frem the color of the sides being strongly marked.

The hairs of the tail are dusky at base, then light ferruginous, then black, then tipped with gray. Owing to the predom-
inance of black and the gray tips, very little reddish is exhibited above ; beneath, however, it is more distinct.

This species is readily distinguished from the Zumias striatus, by the entire absence of the bright ferruginous of this

302 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

specimens has, however, since convinced me that the differences are perfectly consistent with
one and the same species. This view Dr. Cooper himself has all along insisted upon.

The typical condition of the species will then be that of five broad black stripes, with the
interspaces of about the same width or a little wider, and colored exactly like the sides and
shoulders. There is no margin to the black lines different from the rest of the interspaces.
The color of the body, exclusive of the stripes, varies slightly, being sometimes dull reddish
brown, grizzled with black, sometimes a bright rusty brownish.

In the other extreme, the interspaces are lighter than the sides and shoulders, and more or
less ashy gray ; sometimes it is only the external interspace thus colored, and at others the
whole four. When not grayish, the rusty brown shade is sometimes lighter than on the sides.
These lighter specimens are apparently smaller than the dark ones, which seem confined to the
coast, especially the mouth of the Columbia, the others occurring more in the interior.

The gray striped varieties run sometimes very closely into the characters of Tamias quadri-
vittatus, from which, indeed, they are hardly distinguishable, except by the size. They never,
perhaps, have the external stripe of as pure white as in this last mentioned species; and the
size is considerably larger—the hind foot measuring over 1.30 inches from the heel, while in the
quadrivittatus this measurement is less than 1.20.

Dr. Cooper suggests that there may be some connexion between the coloration of different
specimens of this species, and the localities they inhabit ; the dark ones from the mouth of the
Columbia living in the dense dark forests, while the grayer ones occupy more open regions
more in the interior.

There is still another variety of the western striped squirrel, recently obtained by Mr. Samuels
in the redwoods of California, north of Petaluma, in which, owing to the much darker color of
the intervals between the stripes, and of the body generally, the stripes themselves are scarcely
distinguishable. This obscuration is owing partly to the greater admixture of black hairs
among the brown. There is a strong tinge of rusty brown over the whole under parts, which I
have not observed in more northern specimens. This variety by the measurements, appears
even larger than Astoria specimens, and may possibly prove to be distinct.

There is little necessity of comparing this species with 7’. striatus. From 7’. pallasii it differs
in larger body, thinner tail, less approximation and distinctness of the dark lines, the light
intervals being larger than the dark lines, instead of narrower, &c.

species ; the broad dark stripes extending to the tail, separated by uniform grayish intervals. From 1. quadrwittatus by the
gray (not ferruginous) tips to the hairs on the tail, as well as absence of clear ferruginous generally. The dorsal stripes are
broader and darker; the intervals are grayish, not whitish, the anterior three-fourths of the ear is brown, or more than in
the other.

The species is stouter than 7. striatus, the skull broader and the teeth much larger. The small anterior molar (making
five) is present.

Compared with a specimen of Z. townsendii from the Columbia River, brought by Mr. Townsend, many differences are
observable. Thus, in 7. townsendii the ground color of the upper parts and sides is of a nearly uniform dusky yellowish brown,
with five well defined black or dark brown stripes on the back ; the intervals between these lines are uniform with the rest of
the back ; the under parts are ash gray, shading gradually into the color of the sides through dusky. The claws of the
outer toe on fore foot does not reach to the base of that on the next, as in Z. cooperi; the chestnut at the base of the caudal
hairs is darker. The size is considerably larger and the tail longer in proportion. In 7. cooperi the light intervals between
the lines are grayer than the ground color and the exterior pale ash. The under surfaces are nearly white, and the
line of demarcation from the sides very distinct, There is none of the general dusky yellowish brown tint of 7. townsendit.

Two specimens of this species were procured on the west side of the Cascade range of mountains, in Washington Territory,
ly Dr. J. G. Cooper.

303

SCIURINAE—TAMIAS TOWNSENDII.

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304 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

SPERMOPHILUS, Cuvier.

Spermophilus, F. Cuvier, Mem. Mus. VI, 1822, 293.
Aun. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 76.

Spermatophilus, Wacier, Syst. Amph. 1830.

Citillus, LicHTENSTEIN.

With the general characters of Arctomyina. Cheek pouches well developed. Pupils oblong (?). No claw to the thumb, or
else very small. .

Body more slender than in Arctomys; more or less like the squirrels. Ears variable, well developed or quite diminutive, or
apparently wanting. External outline of upper molars gently curved ; the inner nearly straight and very slightly diverging
anteriorly; the anterior and posterior extremities of the line equi-distant. The upper outline of the skull is gently curved; not
depressed and plane, as in Arctomys; the cranium, too, is narrower and more convex above, and the zygomatic arches: less
divergent.

The outer toe of the fore foot scarcely reaches to the middle of the sole, (without the nail,) the tip of the outer claw of fore
and hind feet does not reach the base of the one adjacent to it. The hairs on the sides of the tail are longer than those above
and below.

The genus Spermophilus, as above defined, is a very extensive one, and embraces quite a
number of subdivisions. Brandt, in the paper above referred to, (page 241,) not improperly
divides Spermophilus into two sub-genera, Colobotis and Otospermophilus. The first includes all
the European species, and resembles most closely the true marmots; the latter coming nearest
to the squirrels, in particular to Tamias. Erecting the prairie dogs into a distinct genus would
leave the typical Spermophili—species with very short tails and ears and naked soles—entirely
Old World, such as S. fulvus, rufescens, erythrogenys, mugosaricus, and musicus, inhabitants
chiefly of the Ural Mountains. The Citilli, or species with short tails, distinct ears and soles,
hairy on the heel and behind the base of the toes, include S. citillus and guttatus in Europe, and
possibly S. townsendii, in America; an intermediate group, consisting of species with tails
longer than either of the above, embraces two species, S. parryi, Rich., and S. eversmanni,
Brandt; of these the former is abundant in Kamtschatka and the islands of Kadjac and
Arikamtchitchi, and is likewise found in Arctic America, whence it was first described. If the
same species be really found in both continents it will be the only instance known of a Rodent
indigenous to the Old World and the New, excepting, perhaps, the muskrat, Fiber zibethicus,
which by some authors is stated to occur abundantly in northeastern Asia, although this is
strongly contested by others.

The great body of North American spermophiles again belong to Brandt’s section Otosper-
mophilus, with moderate or very distinct ears; tail resembling that of the squirrels, and, in
fact, only distinguishable externally by the cheek pouches. None of the otospermophiles are
found in the Old World, and this fact, in connexion with the other differences, is quite sufli-
cient, in my mind, to warrant the permanent establishment of Dr. Brandt’s genus.

The characteristics of the subdivisions of Spermophilus, as given by Brandt, are as follows:

1. Coxozorts, Brandt.—First upper molar one-half or less than one-half the size of the
second; sub-trilobed or quadrilobed and with the edge compressed, transverse, sub-oblique,
tolerably broad, truncate. Second, third, and fourth upper molars with the crowns cuneate-
triangular, compressed on the inner face, considerably narrowed and acuminate. Central
ridges sub-equal in length, tolerably elevated, parallel on the outer margin of the crown, on
the inner, however, approximating at a more or less acute angle. Ears truncate or sub-trun-

: RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SPERMOPHILUS, 305

cate—very short, sometimes almost marginiform. Soles naked or hairy from behind the base
of the toes to the heel, or hairy only at the heel.

The sub-genus, as thus characterized, is divided by Brandt as follows:

Division A.—S8oles in the adult entirely naked, with stiffish hairs on the sides of the heel only,
margined and partly concealed by these incumbent hairs. Ears submarginiform truncate.
Tail moderate or short, about equal to the hind foot.

Species.—S. fulvus, rufescens, erythrogenys, brevicauda, mugosaricus, musicus.

No species of this type are found in America.

Division B.—Soles in the adult more or less largely pilose. ars very short, but much wider
than in the preceding section. Tail elongated, two or three times longer than the hind foot,
and, with the hair, about half the length of the body.

The species of this division, as already stated, are S. parryz and S. eversmannit.

Division C.—Soles in the adult hairy, both behind the toes and on the heel. Lars short, but
distinctly margined. Tail moderate or sub-moderate, one-fourth to one-third the length of the
body.

The species are S. guttatus, S. citillus, and probably S. townsendit.

In reference to the pilose condition of the soles, Brandt remarks, that it is necessary to have
adult specimens, as the soles may be distinctly hairy in the young and perfectly smooth in
adults of the same species.

2. OrosPERMOPHILUS, Brandt.—The first upper molar about one-third less than the second ;
conical acuminate, behind truncated a little obliquely and indented by a slight fossa. Crowns
of the second, third, and fourth molars nearly rhomboidal, slightly narrowed on the inner face,
sub-semilunar, and rounded. Triturating surface with the central ridges slightly elevated,
sub-parallel, unequal in length, anterior one longest, posterior indented in the inner limb.
Ears moderate or sub-moderate, about one-third the length of the head. Tail elongated. Soles
pilose behind the toes. This section is entirely American.

In regard to the pilose condition of the soles, I find that the variation in the same species is
not as much with age as mentioned by Brandt, as with season, and that any characters based
on this feature are likely to be very uncertain. Throughout the eared spermophiles, the sole
is almost invariably naked from the heel in summer, and coated with hairs nearly to the bases
of the toes in winter. A few species of the other American species have a small tuft of hair
on the soles the year round, but the amount of this varies with the season in all. The same
thing takes place in all the North American squirrels.

The following synopsis may serve to facilitate the determination of the North American
spermophiles:

A.—OvtospERMopPHILUs, Brandt.

Ears prominent, as much so as in many squirrels or Zamias. Tail squirrel-like, half as long
as the body, or longer ; sometimes quite full and bushy. Thumb armed with a flat nail only,
not aclaw. Soles naked in summer ; densely covered with short, close, velvety hairs in winter.

Ist. Tail (including the hairs) more than half the length of the body (about two-thirds).

1. Body finely mottled above. A broad hoary white patch on the sides of
neck and shoulders, the upper edge extending back in a narrow line for
a short distance on the sides. Interval between these patches mottled
like the Winder part ot Chel sdeieasaescesanacas<sisisvessestonsveseesstsescsccevsese beecheyt.
39 L

306 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT

2. Similar to the preceding. The interval between the hoary patches dark
brown; nearly black. ......:..2.d2s,cocve dace osmaneaie duheh she ai ppleas seagate voaeeduenst
3. Above, finely-grizzled gray and black. Anterior half of the body of a
pure hoary gray cast ; posterior half with a strong wash of yellowish, in
mar Kedi com trants-a-echie sects te oes eeeacsn deiguee tesaaemanchteh aos Aealas ieee kans ociecieo vacate
A. (Color ‘entitely blacks<-.. 7. -0scssevss0. cvecccepunn debetas nate eRe axetieic te dvlearadyooccnace

2d. Tail about half the length of the body.

5. On each side of the back two black lines, separated by a white one of about

equal diameter. Middle of back finely grizzled, without any line.........
B.—Cotopotts, Brandt.

Ears apparently wanting, or with the auricle very slightly developed. Tail
either very short or half as long as the body, or a little longer ; narrow and
slender. Soles usually more or less pilose throughout the year. Thumb
armed with a distinct sharp claw, (not a nail,) though sometimes quite small.

Ist. Ears rather short, but with a small, pointed, and perfectly distinct
auricle. Tail half as long as the body. Soles pilose in summer.

6. A distinct white stripe on each side, without any margin of black...........
7. Mottled yellowish gray and brown. Head pure gray, without any tinge
Ofi vel lowmiab ial save haddcadg=dnveictn ses snamnaaneveseas a> Seabaisnlveie asedawwetar ues semaaeees

2d. Ears very short, apparently wanting, in the dried skin. Tail variable
in size and length of hair.
8. Tail very long, nearly equal to the body, exclusive of the head ; cylindrical.
Color yellowish brown, finely pointed with black. No blotches or spots...
9. Tail about two-thirds the length of head and body ; flattened ; well haired,
though narrow. Above, with continuous lines of yellowish, alternating
closely with lines of spots of the same COLOL..........csscsececececvcscsseessceees
10. Tail as in the preceding. Above, olivaceous brown, with lines of very
distinct light spots only, these arranged in regular series................0+ ca
11. Tail somewhat as in preceding. Above, yellowish chestnut, with nume-
rous more obsolete light blotches, not distinctly arranged in series, most
conspicuous on the posterior portion of the back...........sececssceeeeneeneeeeee
12. Tail rather full; nearly half as long as the body. Above, with crowded
indistinct subquadrate light spots. Top of the head chestnut.............+.
13. Tail narrower ; one-third the body. Body uniform yellowish brown, with-
out any spots, blotches, or stripes Whatever..........csscesssssseseseeveseeseeeees
14, Tail very slender ; cylindrical ; length one-fourth the body. Above, with
numerous crowded obsolete, light, rounded spots or blotches.............04

douglasii.

grammurus.
couchii.

lateralis.

harrisit.

Sranklinii.

tereticaudus.

tridecem-lineatus.

mexicanus.

spilosoma.
parryt.
richardsonit.

townsendit.

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SPERMOPHILUS BEECHEYI. 307

SPERMOPHILUS BEECHEYI.

California Ground Squirrel.

Arclomys (Spermophilus) beecheyi, Rronarpson, Fauna Boreali-Americana I, 1829, 170; plate xii, B.
Arctomys beecheyi, WAGNER, in Schreber, Saugt. IV; plate ccx, E. (Interpolated. No text.)
Spermophilus beecheyi, F. Cuvier, Suppl. Buffon, I, Mamm. 1831, 331.
Barrp, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VII, 1855, 334.
Otospermophilus beecheyi, BRANDT, Bull. Phy. Math. Acad. St. Petersb. TI, 1844, 379.
? Sciurus (Macroxus) californicus, Lesson, Desc. des Mammif. et d’Ois. 1847, 143.
? ? Sciurus bottae, Lesson, Cent. Zool. 1830, 221; plate lxxvi.

Sp. Cu.—Size of the cat squirrel, S. cinereus. Ears large, prominent. Tail more than two-thirds as long as the body.
Above, mixed’ black, yellowish brown, and brown in indistinct mottlings ; beneath, pale yellowish brown. Sides of head
and neck, hoary yellowish, more or less lined with black, a more distinct stripe of the same, from behind the ears on each
side, extending abcve the shoulders to the middle of the body. Ears black on their inner face. Dorsal space between the
stripes scarcely darker than the rest of the back. Length, 9 to 11 inches; tail, with hairs, 7 to 9. Hind feet, 2 to 2.30 inches.

Size about that of the Sciurus carolinensis, or a little larger. Body rather slender. Head
acute. Ears prominent, acute, covered on both sides with flattened hairs, those on the superior
extremity projecting nearly a quarter of an inch in a scant flattened brush. Whiskers as long
as the head. ‘Tail nearly as long as the body in some specimens, shorter in others, flattened
and well clothed with hairs, although not bushy, except on the under side, where they are very
sparse. The claws are all black, lighter at tip ; the under surface of the soles sparsely haired.
The first finger, or thumb, is rudimentary, with a blunt nail ; the third, longest ; the second
and fourth nearly equal. On the hind feet the three central toes are nearly equal and longest,
the outer longer than the inner.

The fur generally is coarse, thin, stiff and short. The prevailing tint of the upper parts and
sides of the body is a mixed black and light yellowish brown (with some darker brown); on
the top of the head the latter tint predominates. The sides of the head and neck, the eyelids,
and a patch or stripe extending on each side from behind the ear to about the middle of the
body are of a yellowish hoary, not uniform. The exterior face and posterior edges of the ears
are pale yellowish brown ; the inner face with the projecting hairs are black. The under and
inner parts are uniform pale brownish yellow. On the back the hoary patches are distinctly
separated by the prevailing tint of the upper surfaces in a stripe about one-third of an inch
broad at first, then rapidly widening, but throughout like the hind part of the back in color.
The hairs are everywhere dark brown at the base for most of their length above, about half of
it beneath, where there is a slight tinge of lead color. The terminal portion of the dorsal hairs
is of the light yellowish brown, as described, with a short black tip. The mottling is produced
by the varying exhibition of the two colors. Viewed from beneath, the tail exhibits on each
side (when stretched out) a ground color of a yellowish brown, similar to the lighter shades on
the back, and three black lines, the outer one broadest and subterminal. On the upper surface
of the tail these colors are more blended together.

Measurement of skulls.

Number. Locality Length. | Width.
2184 (COGN ye ee ee eee eae 2.21 1.31
936 OPI =e eee pores see cee 2.31 1.51

1598 ORURM e[ONee sa a= anaes oe 2.15 1.28 ©

308 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

A young specimen from Fort Reading is rather darker than usual on the back, and may
possibly belong to S. douglassii. On account of the locality, however, I have entered it among
the present species.

The reception of many additional specimens, since the preceding description was written,
substantiate the permanence of character as given above in the California animal, and as dis-
tinguished from the S. douglassii, These vary in the amount of hoary on the shoulders, but
in none is the back darker than the ground color, and unbroken by mottling. The soles vary
from entirely naked in summer skins, except immediately at the heel, to densely hairy to the
tubercles in winter ones. Only in the latitude of San Diego do the soles appear to remain nearly
naked throughout the year.

This species was not recognized by Audubon and Bachman as any thing more than a variety
of Spermophilus douglassii. Even should this be the case, its name must take precedence of the
last named species, on account of having been published first in the pages of the Faana
Boreali-Americana.

This is the animal so well known in California, under the name of ground squirrel, as
causing so much damage to the farmer by the depredations it commits on grain fields and, in
fact, almost every agricultural product, as well as by the disturbances of the soil by its excava-

tions.

. .
List of specimens. \
s ~
= Measurements.
E | |
x |B |
Ss |F x i i :
< Je 3 From tip of nose to— | Tail to =
2 15 z 3 Locality. When Whence and how | ‘¢ | Nature of endof—| = | 5 Collected by—
o je*|2 collected. obtained. = |specimen, me
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o |o n ° Bil|A!] So BB |}> | \|A/e

Dr. Antisell........ ox
.| Lt. Trowbridge....|....
Dr. J. F. Hammond)... |..

.

see ete wee eee

.| A. Cassidy ......

1600 |...... QD |ecreees dO. eecceee Dee. 28, 1855 eees

468 | 7599 .| Tejon Valley, Cal.|......+.e0 eee B

467 | 1398 A

469) | tanene

AND) |saceus Jeee : . ee

494 | cccccsiones Monterey, Cal. ..)eeseee Lt.W. P. Trowbridge}....

1181 |......|....| Santa Clara, Cal.}......+ --| Dr. J. G. Cooper...}....|..

QBB4 |evecee weee|soucsesGOsecee eveclece Mecsas dO. ccscvcees

GOB |ecscs- «e..| San Francisco...|... ..| R. D. Cutts.......

606 |...... ceccleccccesAQrccveccveleccsees aclececene dO. .cercccees

MOON sccwie's lovee! California .'.s.c0elewnssas ..| Philada. A. N. S...|....| Mounted.
PRES |eceece © | Fort Reading, Cal.|... +-| Dr. J. FP. Hammond.)....) Skin ....}.ee.
PRAOD |occcce O |ecsweccAO,ssccuceufasuvasdsceccss|eccneae dO. .ccccccens sace] UElCr ae

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SPERMOPHILUS GRAMMURUS. 309

SPERMOPHILUS DOUGLASSII.

Columbia Ground Squirrel.

Arctomys Spermophilus douglassii, Riou. F. B. A. I, 1829, 172.
Spermophilus douglassii, F. Cuvier, Suppl. Buff. I, Mamm. 1831, 333.
Waaner, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 247.
Spermophilus douglassii, Aup. and Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 373; pl. xlix.
Otospermophilus douglassii, BRanpt, Bull. Phys. Math. Acad. St. Pet. II, 1844, 380.

Sp. Cu.—Similar in most all respects to S. beecheyi, but with the space on the nape and back, between the light colored
more lateral patches, of a uniform dark brown, nearly black.

A sphermophile from the Columbia river differs from the S. beecheyi, as described from
California, in some important points, the comparison being with six specimens from the latter
locality. The tail is shorter and much less bushy, the hairs being laid quite close down, as in
the small spermophiles, instead of approximating to the bushy form of the squirrels. The
under side of the tail is more densely haired. It is more hoary above and below, and the hairs
show conspicuously only a distinct ring of black near the base and the hoary tip; the interme-
diate dark rings being very faint. The hoary marks on the sides of the neck and shoulders
show much more gray than the other species, while the stripe between, instead of being nearly
uniform in tint with the posterior portion of the back, is darker than this anteriorly, and in

_its wider posterior half is uniformly and conspicuously brownish black without-any mottling.
The hoary patch likewise extends more broadly posteriorly, covering a wide space, instead of
being reduced to a narrow line behind the shoulder. The patch on the inner face of the ear is
more restricted. The feet and claws appear longer in proportion.

Additional specimens received from Oregon, since the preceding description was prepared,
substantiate the characters assigned as distinguishing a northern species. The tails of these,
however, are less compressed, and more like those of S. beecheyi, though apparently less ample.
The ears do not appear so black. The soles vary from being entirely naked except on the heel
in summer, to densely hairy to near the digital tubercles in winter.

List of specimens.

: é =

5 Zz = x z Measurements.

= to. £ 2 3)

= l|ss| ¢ Localit 2 Whence obtained. g = Sa S

9 |z2| 3 me 3 I pa a |Tailtoendof—| ° . Skull

=n ay Zz 2 3 c so <=

Sapes hg g sith ena BE

melee. —\s4 2 Sailers 22 | verted.|Hairs.| 52 |Length.| width

= é H 4

8 |S | a ES Sojeeeye | as al ideal
1005 }...... 3 | Fort Dalles, O. T...... Jan. 24,1855| Dr. G. Suckley, U.S. A.| 39 | Skin 12,00") 8.252 | 9.502) 2,00 |....cccsjecesasee
999 |...... OO | easasatne ign esuadewauast< April 7,1855|......000+ Geirweats eapianns 52 |....do FOL 50%), FicDd* "| 95952). Secale ccs setsloccecss

9D | reccea| ances Columbia river.......+-|seeeseee oe Phila. A. N. Se.....0:5 |easss- | Mounted.|.c0. 000 jeccecese|nccems|casces|ousunsee| seocees
755 | 1881 |.....- Near Columbia river. .,|.-++se+eeeee Dr. J. Evans. o.e. cceece |e cvees SEIM occ0|.. ences. |seee ccc] ccccselecesce 2.47 1.51
1180 | ..cces|eevees | Klamath lake, O. T....|eecseeeveres Lieut. R. S. Williamson,}...... we etdOcece|sseceeee G2 | 8.00 | cceccleceecees|eoeeccee

U.S.A.

+ Measured before skinning.

310 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

SPERMOPHILUS GRAMMURUS.
Line-tailed Squirrel.

Sciurus grammurus, Say, Long’s Exped. R. Mts. II, 1823, 72.
Haran, F. Am. 1825, 182.
Grurita, Cuv. V, 1827, 255.~
Fiscurr, Synopsis, 1829, 350.
Spermophilus grammurus, BacuMan, Charles. Mag. N. H. III, 1839, 390.
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 253.
Barrp, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VII,.1855, 334.

Se. Cu.—Body thick, clumsy ; about the size of Sciurus cinereus ; vertebra of tail about three-fifths of length of the body.
Ears broad and high. Palms and soles entirely smooth. General color above gray, produced by a mixture of black and white,
purest across the shoulders ; rather less so on the sides; posterior half of the upper portion of the back, having the white
replaced by pale yellowish brown. ‘Tail grayish white, with three black lines on each side. Body about 12 inches; tail

with hairs 9. Hind feet 2.25.

Body thick and clumsy, about the size and proportions of Sciwrus cinereus. Tail not three-
fourths the length of body. Head broad. Ears prominent, broad and high, covered with short
hairs on both sides, scattered hairs of greater length projecting above the margin. Limbs and
feet rather short. Thumb rudimentary; third finger longest; second a little shorter than
fourth. Claw of the fifth reaching to base of the claw of fourth. Fourth toe longest; third
and second slightly shorter ; claw of first reaches to end of toe (without claw) of fifth. Nails
all black, moderately curved. Palms and soles entirely naked. Tail rather long, well clothed
with stiff long hair, more sparsely on the under surface; hair everywhere stiff, though
moderately long.

The anterior half of the body, above and on the sides, is of a rather pure black and white
mixed, the subterminal portion being grayish white ; the basal and terminal black. The basal
fur above is black, laterally it is of a bluish ash. On the posterior half of the body the white
is replaced by pale yellowish brown, and the black by a dark brown. On the sides the colors
are purer, the hairs becoming lighter at the base in passing down the sides and to the root of
the tail.

The under parts are of a pale ftilvous white, changing into pale brownish yellow anteriorly,
posteriorly, and on the inner fates of the limbs, the hairs being everywhere brown at the base,
except on the last mentioned region. The top and sides of the head are grayish white and black,
mixed, the latter predominating. The eyelids are white; the exterior surface of the ear is
brownish yellow, as is the posterior border of the inner surface ; the remainder is dark brown.

The tail is white and black, the former predominating and constituting rather a broad border
all round ; there are three distinct rings of black, the outer and sub-terminal one broadest. In
some specimens the white appears more or less soiled.

Specimens collected at the Copper Mines by Mr. Clark, of the United States and Mexican
Boundary Survey, are larger, (body 13 inches,) but in an imperfect pelage. In these there are a
strong tinge of chestnut about the jaw and the edges of the feet.

A specimen (No. 89) from ‘ the Columbia River, Oregon,’’ collected by Mr. J. K. Townsend,
agrees with the above in every respect, and is probably referred to by Aud. & Bach, as the
female Spermophilus douglassi, in which the hoary stripes are obsolete. The distinctions from
S. douglassi and S. beecheyi are well marked, consisting in the much larger and heavier body,
shorter tail, shorter inner toe, more curved nails, smooth soles, and general arrangement of

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SPERMOPHILUS COUCHII. 311

color. This specimen was probably collected in the South Pass, however, as there is no evidence
of the existence of the species west of the Rocky Mountains, and it is well known that Town-
send’s specimens were not all labelled with critical accuracy.

The species was first described by Say, in Long’s Narrative, from a specimen taken in July
on Purgatory Creek, a tributary of the Arkansas, near Bent’s Fort, about latitude 37° 32’, longi-
tude 103° 30’. It has not been since known until its re-discovery by recent government expedi-
tions, for which reason no mention is made of it by Audubon & Bachman.

List of specimens.

8 zg Measurements.

2 (ee

= n= — °

i] es . ac - - i= | = .

aR lei Locality. When col- Whence obtained. Nature of} 3 | & S a = 3 Collected by—

° Ae| a a = = | Sale 3 = =

® |ace|s lected. specimen.| Boe|/se| = s

S os| & = 2siea8| & > =

3 |£4/¢ S la lool Sel ee

ele ‘
o/s |a eae |e | a | aw
519 | 1653 | © | Llano Estacado? Wes-
tern TExaS.c.<ccsesec|cccssssces Capt. J. Pope Ue Anges) SKIN seas scence] nscses|taccnd|uccosclaccccc|scacus|s ava aducteeeereweuae

2638 |...... -es.| Fort Stanton .... s..ees |ecne scence Dre Ge PenigeU aaa e)noaacecepa|ncenen|saaecs|agacea|nccece|sasees|araucelcnccienes ceeeleassee

125 | 1111 |....| Ft. Webster,Coppermines|......+.++ Col. J. D, Graham .....ee|secevssses 13.00) 7.87 | 8.75) 2.30 | 2.50 | 1.57 | J. H. Clark ......

PMPLEED awa) (NEM jecssccccsscccs|satesacses|ssesesed dU... cavvesddvecsenlacerscecec|caceslasesratroenes|lssase 2,52 | 1.65 |...... Ors Sa ceiewee

495 | on 2 aloceslececcece dO. cocccccreccslocescccese Dr. T. C. Henry, U.S. A..|.cceceeeee TOUSOGLOO Wiech lwew'ses|soccsslccnacs|scosteusiccccsccses

BOG |e cccec|ccce|anencece dO . ccccccccvccslevcccescenlcccccses dO. ccccccvcncccce|envemosesaisenensa GaP SAD 21D) | ce wcesllscecee|ween ceesnccnwedece

AQT |. .00% New MEXICO... ccceee|sccecacees Dre cEs WEDD iw amusn cela cy aie/ayailCuinaanibeepasll«casaalanasnc|sccers|arenen eee esas seeseeees
1046?) 2215 |....| Los Nogales, Sonora...) June,1855) Maj. W. H. Emory, U.8.A.| Mounted.|,..... 8.00 | 9.50 | 2.20 | 2.51 | 1.59 | Dr.C. B. Kennerly..

SPERMOPHILUS COUCHII, Baird.

Black Ground Squirrel.
Spermophilus couchii, Barrp, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. April, 1855, 332.

Sp. Cx.—Ears prominent; tail cylindrical, full, about two-thirds the length of the body. Color entirely of a glossy
black. Length of body, 10 inches ; tail, 63; hind foot, 2 inches.

This species is nearly the size of the black squirrel of Ohio, which it also greatly resem-
bles in color. Its form is much like that of S. beecheyi, though the tail is shorter. The ears
are quite large, thin, and squirrel-like, as in the last mentioned species; they are uniformly
covered on both sides with short hairs. The thumb is armed with a short, broad, blunt nail,
not claw. The claws are well developed and strong, as in the genus, and moderately curved.
The soles are naked. The tail is about two-thirds the length of the body, and quite uniformly
and densely coated with stiff coarse hair as on the rest of the body.

Color everywhere a uniform glossy black, without any other marking on the hairs, except a
little white about the edges of the mouth ; most lustrous on the tail. There is a little grayish
at the bases of some of the caudal hairs.

Although the species is unquestionably a spermophile, it approaches the squirrels still
closer than the S. beecheyi and douglassit, and would be considered a squirrel but for the large,
strong, fossorial claws, and the characters of its skull and teeth. I take great pleasure in
dedicating it to Lieutenant Couch, its first discoverer.

The collection of Dr. Berlandier contains several heads of this species collected at Victoria, Mex.

This species, in some respects, resembles the Sciwrus mustelinus of Audubon and Bachman,
but is of a different genus, if these authors are correct in ascribing it to Sciurus.

312 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

Measurements.

Number of skull.

Collected by- -

Catalogue number.

Locality.

When collected

Whence obtained.

Original number.

Nature of specimen.
| Nose to occiput.

Nose to tail.

Tail to end of

Tail to end of

hairs.
Skull, length.

338 | 1255 | Santa Catarina, | Apr.,1853| Lt. D. N. Couch.
N. Leon.
cose) 1422 | Victoria, Tamau- |.....seeee|ccvees AO. seee.see|oeccee| SKUMsoce/covees|ecccee|svecee|scccee|s o/s
lipas.

is | Fore claw, length.
| Hind claw, length.

is | Skull, width.

I
=]

0 | Mounted.} 2.25 10.00 | 5.50

a
i-3
a

a wo
: S | Hind foot, length.

we
8
_
ns
7)

Dr. Berlandier.

SPERMOPHILUS LATERALIS.

Say’s Squirrel.

Sciurus lateralis, Say, Long’s Exped. R. Mts. II, 1823, 46. (Arkansas river, lat. 389.25; long. 1059.20; July 16.)
Haran, Fauna Amer. 1825, 181.
Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 350.
Gopman, Am. Nat. Hist. II, 144.
Gruirritu, Cuvier, V, 1827, 255.
Wacner, in Schreber Saugt. IV; pl. ccxiv, B. (No text.)
Arctomys (Spermophilus) lateralis, Riou, Zool. Jour. II, April, 1828, 519.—Is. Fauna Boreali-Americana, I, 1829,
174; pl. xiii.
Spermophilus lateralis, F. Cuv. Suppl. Buffon, I, Mam. I, 1831, 335.
Waener, Suppl. Schreber Saugt. ITT, 1843, 252.
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 62; pl. cxiv.
Otospermophilus lateralis, Branpr, Bull. Phys. Math. Acad. St. Petersb. I, 1844, 379.
GreseL, Saugt. 1855, 638.

Sp. Cu.—Ears conspicuous; high. Tail, with hairs, more than half as long as head and body ; depressed. Middle region
of the back finely grizzled yellowish gray and black, without any lines; on each side two distinct black stripes, enclosing a
yellowish white one, all of about the same diameter. Posterior half of the thigh and rump dark chestnut brown, without
stripes. Top of the head chestnut. Under surface of tail bright chestnut ; margined with brownish yellow, within which
is a black band. Length about 7 inches; tail, with hairs, about 4; hind foot, from heel, 1.42 inches.

This animal is about the size of the small red squirrel, (Sciwrus hudsonius) or perhaps less,
and in general appearance bears a strong resemblance to Zamias. The ears are quite broad and
high, rounded at tip, and thin, fully equal in size to those of Tamias striatus; they are coated
on both sides with short close hairs. The fore claws are but little longer than the hinder ones,
and are stouter at the base and more curved than usual among spermophiles. The thumb is
obsolete, and provided with a short, broad nail, nota claw. The soles are entirely naked from
the heel. The tail is short; the vertebral portion about half as long as the head and body ; it
is rather broad and flattened.

The most conspicuous feature of coloration consists in two broad stripes of black on each side
of the back, with a yellowish white line of equal width between each pair. These stripes ex-
tend from the shoulders to the thighs, although there is an obsolete continuation of the light
line to the base of the ear. There is no line on the median region of the back, this being of a
finely grizzled yellowish and black. In the middle of the back this grizzled dorsal region is

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SPERMOPHILUS HARRISII. 313

not twice as wide as each adjacent black stripe. The whole rump and posterior half of the
thighs are of a dark chestnut brown, slightly mottled with yellowish and black, especially ante-
riorly, where it runs into the colors of the dorsal region, already described. The sides below
the inferior black stripe, and under parts generally, are light brownish yellow, brightest on the
sides of the fore limbs and anterior half of the thighs. The top of the head is chestnut colored,
the sides are rusty yellow, with a lighter ring round the eye.

The under surface of the tail is a bright chestnut, with a black border, margined externally
with brownish yellow. Above it is mixed, black and yellowish, the former preponderating.

A second specimen of this species (1911) is considerably smaller, and probably immature.
The grizzled portion of the back is wider, the black stripes narrower and less conspicuous.
The chestnut of the top of the head and on the rump are scarcely appreciable. The ring round
the eye is much lighter.

This species bears a closer resemblance to Spermophilus harrisii than to any other American
species, but is sufficiently distinct; the principal points of difference are mentioned in the article
on the latter species. In fact they belong to entirely different sections of the genus.

It may be proper to state, that in number 1272 the head and body belong to two different
animals,

List of specimens.

3
5 Measurements.
— = oa wo
1 ° 2 A Ms 3
= = : E Po | : = 3 s
2 =| 3 5 o > 3 By r= | =
z & “ = 4 = 2 ‘ ie 3 2 Rs | § | Collected by—
a a & S = 5 a 2 = sy 3 = te = o
2 ° s b = & & S 8 sg He & = = = Bic
& | s |z Ey S = 2) 2 | S ioe poeta nee sheers
ad eid be g g 5 =| 2 Ue | Me SP am =m =
= S = 3s o | 6 ‘a = Zz 3
5 lzia A ig, & E a} 2 Puen ec len ce |e tome sited
| 2 4 eal ee
1272 | 2228 |....| Upperdes Chutes, Sept., 1855 | Lt. R. S. Wil- |....| Mounted.|,..... 7.50 | 3.00 | 4.25 | 1.42 | 1.63 | 1.01 | .35) Dr.J.S. New-
oO. T. | liamson. | | berry.
jf) ) Wl oa o?'| Medicine Bow | Aug.7,1856| Lt. F. T. Bryan..|221| Skin..... 2.00 | 5.25 | 2.63 | 3.25 | 1.42 |..sccsleceees -30; W.S. Wood.
| Creek, Neb.
*

SPERMOPHILUS HARRISII, Aud. & Bach.
Harris’ Squirrel.
Spermophilus harrisii, Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1854, 267; pl. cliv, fig. 1.

Size rather less than that of Tamias striatus. Tail vertebra about half the length of the body. Ears short, pointed. Soles
hairy. Above, finely grizzled grayish, or whitish brown and black; under parts, and a stripe on each side, (without any black
or dusky border,) whitish. Tail with one black and one light line, within the marginal whitish, black in the centre; uniform
whitish beneath. Length, 5 inches; tail, with hairs, about 3. Hind foot, 1.45.

This beautiful species of Spermophilus is about the size of the common ground squirrel, Tamias
striatus, or even less, being the smallest yet described from North America. The head is large
and moderately acute. The ears are low but prominent, and more acute than in S. 13-lineatus and
mexicanus. The claws are long, considerably curved, and sharp, as in the squirrels. The
thumb is provided with a stout nail, scarcely to be called a claw. The third claw is longest,
the fourth but little shorter; the second reaching the middle of the third; the fifth to the base
of the fourth. The three central claws of the hind foot are about equal, as are the first and

40 L

314 U. 8 P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

fifth, which extend to the base of those adjacent to them. The soles are densely furred to the
base of the toes. The tail vertebra are rather more than half the length of the body, the hairs
flattened out, so that the outlines are nearly parallel.

The upper parts generally are of a finely grizzled yellowish gray, brown and black, the color
purer on the anterior portion of the back ; under parts, including the tail, sides of the head,
ring around the eye, and a distinct stripe on each side from the shoulders to the hips very pale
brownish white ; near the outside of the shoulder, arms, and legs of a pale chestnut, this color
tinging the grizzled sides below the light stripe; the hairs on the thighs with paler tips and
and some long black hairs interspersed. The tail is very pale brownish white externally, then
black, then white as before, and finally black on the central line; each lateral hair, therefore,
having the base and sub-terminal bar black, the margin and sub-basal bar white. All the
lateral hairs have a very narrow tip of black, scarcely appreciable. The whole under surface
shows a uniform whitish, the concealed bases only being dusky, the basal third above is like
the back. The hairs on the upper part of the body are dark plumbeous at the extreme base,
then silky white for the greater part of their length, then brown passing into black, and finally
tipped with the whitish as described ; interspersed are many hairs entirely black. Under the
light: lateral stripes, the hairs are without the dusky at the terminal portion, or only lead color
and whitish. The hairs on the under parts are all plumbeous at base.

A second specimen, in alcohol, of this rare spermophile was received from J. G. Bell, Esq.,
who was unable to give its locality with precision, but supposed it to be from Wisconsin, as it
came in company with a skin of S. franklini,, labelled as from that State.

This species is readily distinguishable from Spermophilus lateralis by the much smaller and
lower ears, smaller size, entire absence of a dusky margin to the light lateral stripe, &c.

Harris’ spermophile was first described by Audubon and Bachman from a specimen presented
to them by J. R. Townsend, without any indication of locality. This was first accurately
ascertained by Dr. Heermann.

List of specimens.

3 8 | = Measurements.

E | wo 2 : :

Sales E = Slices ie 48

F\lss Locality. When Whence obtained. | 3 | Nature of | 5 | 3 so j£ (3 ([8- ls Collected by—

o| oi = (ols leslie .= (2 (8 -|2 Je

ae collected. g | specimen. | § | S [53/8 4) -3/3/# 5/3/20.

Lo = = ior at = = 2

2 aie o 2 |=2 =s we Ee oo eral ae

B|s ¢|éfe | |§ |S je Ja [a

oa =) ° 2/24/57 | WM WY A IR i

471| 1600 | Mohave desert...,. 1853 Lt. R. S. Williamson.} 3 | Mounted.../1.50)5.00/2.25/2,92).,../1.33) .33) .09) .60) Dr. A. L. Heermann,
2489] ...000 Western America, |....es+ee00e- J. G. Bell wcsecceseece cove) SKIN in AlC.}....Jecce[evee|evee} eBO/L.45|seveloces|oeerlecccsecves preteen ones

(labelled Wis. ! !)

SPERMOPHILUS FRANKLINI.

Grey Gopher.

Arctomys franklini, Sanine, in Linn. Trans. XIII, 1822, 587; pl. xxvii—tIs. in Narr. Franklin’s Journey, 667.
Haruan, F. Am. 1825, 167.
Fiscner, Synopsis, 1829, 343.
Gopman, Am. N. H. II, 109.

Arctomys (Spermophilus) franklini, Ricu. F. B. Am. I, 1829, 168; pl. xii.

RODENTIA —SCIURINAE—SPERMOPHILUS TERETICAUDUS. 315

Spermophilus franklini, F. Cuvier, Suppl. Buffon, I, Mamm. 1831, 328.
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 244.—Is. in Schreb. Sdugt. IV, pl. ecx, A. (No text.)
Aup. & Bacn. N. Am. Quad. II, 1851, 248; pl. Ixxxiv.
Kennicotr, Rep. Patent Office, 1856, Agriculture, (1857,) 79; pl. ix.

Spe, Cu.—About the weight of the small gray squirrel, (Sciurus carolinensis.) Tail, with the hairs, rather more than half the
head and body. Ear with a distinct auricle, but very small. Color above, light yellowish brown, varied with black; top and
sides of head and sides of neck, pure hoary gray; beneath, whitish. Length, about 9 inches; tail, about 5; inches. Hind foot,
2.10 inches.

This species in ite proportions is much like the S. ludovicianus. The tail is longer and more
bushy, and the ears rather larger. The thumb nail is more developed than in the sciurine sper-
mophiles, but shorter and smaller than in S. ludovicianus. The upper parts are of a light
yellowish brown, variegated with black in obscurely sub-quadrate spots; the top and sides of
the head and sides of neck are pure hoary gray ; the under parts soiled yellowish white. The
tail shows a mixture of light brown, white and black; its margin all round is grayish
white, and the hairs generally are of this color, but with three bars of black, most distinct
when viewed from beneath. The soles of the feet are densely furred to the tubercles in winter.

List of specimens.

3 Measurements.
Saal
2 = ; Tip of nose to— | Tail to end | Length of—| Skull—
= |e E Locality. When Whence obtained. | Nature of speci- of—
3 |&s 2 collected. men. -
i i = 5
Silas FI a 3 4
sis | | gleiela| 5 E
SS D alajo|/a] & S
| SKIN... .cecvees|oeeslocce}eos]9.00| 3.75} 4.85
4 AC Giemeceeccce Bond coc d eaeed aeee) occcd inéeace
.| Skin in alcohol.|,...|..../e+e-|-...] 5.35 | 6.50
seaceeasecs Wadlomesvasstesies 4.46 | 5.50
dO .sceccccees 5.20 | 6.25
dO . cecccccvee 3.60 | 4.15
Skull. aisle efeccelccccccleccece 1.20
760) Bee eros | West Northfield, Ill. .| August ...... R. Kennicott, .....| Skin ......+.- sees[eves|eees/9.00) 4.79 | 5.60 sees
1403 } 2238 |..... |sscese dO’. ccccvccess..| Winter, 1855 |...... Or ateiasiaisinaintaiaita'e dO yereecsarana= SOA) wane) COBO haccy lee UATE 1) 1.20
2049 | 3089] ¢ |...... OSE PRA OE Winter ......Jeceees GOs Sesaesen \y<dovsseserevess Fee Coe coca Keen Conca Pere 1.25
1233 |.....sJeecece Quasqueton, Iowa....| May 7, 1854..| Dr. E. C. Bidwell.../..d0 ..sssceeees Welaie!| (nw sel faiein'es| OU AIO| eile ole|| afalernials secefniiee
AOS \snoces|ncaene Wisconsin ?....++++.. [eee esos +eees| J. G. Bell..........| Skinin alcohol.) .98 L.7072-18)8.58 4.30 | 5.20

1 Longest fore claw, .42 inch; of hinder claw .30 inch.

SPERMOPHILUS TERETICAUDUS, Baird.

Round Tailed Spermophile.

Sp. Cu.—Ears nearly obsolete. Tail, with hairs, at least four-fifths as long as the head and body; rounded, with the
hairs close pressed all round; somewhat expanded at the tip. Feet very broad, the soles densely hairy, except on the
sides. Color above, finely grizzled gray yellowish brown; beneath, dirty white. No spots on the body, nor distinct an-
nulations on the hairs of the tail. Length, five to six inches. ‘Tail, half an inch to an inch less. Hind feet, 1.36 inches.

This very curious small spermophile is in several respects very different from any other of the
North American species, exhibiting quite unusual combinations of characters. In size it is
about equal to or, perhaps, a little larger than the common ground squirrel of the Atlantic

316 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

States, (Zamias striatus,) and in everything but the long round tail it is a minature of the
prairie dog.

The head is short and broad, the whiskers black, and reaching to the occiput. The nose is
entirely hairy, the narrow septum of the nostrils being alone naked. The external ears in the
dried specimen appear entirely wanting ; in those preserved in alcohol they appear like a very
low thickened margin to the ear opening. The feet appear disproportionately large and stout,
and very similar to those of the prairie dog.

The anterior claws are larger than the posterior, strong and considerably curved. The
thumb is rudimentary and armed with a short thickened nail—not aclaw. The third claw is
longest, then the fourth, the second a little shorter. The hind feet are very broad, the soles
densely coated with long stiff hairs, except on and between the tubercles at the bases of the
toes.

The tail is long, the vertebral portion alone nearly equal to the body, exclusive of head and
neck ; it is nearly cylindrical, not appreciably flattened or distichous, the hairs close pressed ;
it ends in a slight brush.

The color is very similar to that of a light colored prairie dog; it is of a dull yellowish
brown, very finely grizzled with lighter tips; beneath, it is dirty brownish white. The tail
agrees in color with the corresponding regions of the body; the hairs above are faintly annu-
lated ; it is dark at the end, with a yellowish tip.

This animal is so entirely different from any other known North American species as to
render any special comparisons unnecessary. It was first discovered by Major Thomas at Fort

Yuma.

List of specimens.

Measurements.

8 i Be | pate les

& = 3 & s 3 3

S aS F é | ; S 2 a Ep to

5 2 5 Locality. Whence and how obtained. | Nature of specimen. . i = : AP 5 a

A Ss & S Fy 8 | is 3 = ll eis

gs ° o Cy ° s = = = 3

Ep & = S S ° 2 ® eS 3 *]

i) 3 EI = = = —] 2 2 2

3 g M Fs z g 2 a 3 5 E

ON wa) see feet (Osta Feta ptf (ested eai=peel ft, |)
1584 | #2419 G | Fort Yuma, Cal...... Major G. H. Thomas...,... SKA o ose cessccceee [eveees|eccees 1,60 | 5.25 | 4,42 | 4.84 |...00 1.36
1585 |wccesscclecescelececvers GO Jvucccciccsleceseececs CO iieicosinacececee Body in aleohol,..,| .68 | 1.28 | 1.58 | 6.08 | 3.60 |...... -90 | 1.30
2190 | cccvvece O Jececvens dO cecsscccscsleccccesces dO ..seeeeeeeeeee.| Entire in alcohol...) .55 | 1.14 | 1.30 | 3.84 | 2.80 | 3.27 | .75] 1.20

4 Skull 1.42 + .85.

SPERMOPHILUS TRIDECEM-LINEATUS.

Striped Prairie Squirrel.

Sciurus tridecem-lineatus, Mircurtn, Medical Repository, XXI, Jan. to June 1821, 248. (Brought from the sources
of the Mississippi by Prof. Douglass, U. S. A.)
DesmMarEst, Mammif. II, 1822, 339.

Arctomys tridecem-lineatus, Haruan, F. Am. 1825, 164.
Spermophilus tridecem-lineatus, Aup. & Bacu, N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 294; pl. xxxix.

Hoy, Rep. U. S. Patent Office, 1854? Agricultural, p.

Kennicorr, Rep. U. 8. Patent Office, Agricultural, for 1856, (1857,) 74 ; plate viii.
Arctomys hoodii, Sainz, Linn. Transactions, XIII, 1822, 590; pl. xxix.—ls. in Franklin’s Journal, 663.

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SPERMOPHILUS TRIDECEM-LINEATUS. 317

Arctomys hoodii, Grirritn’s, Cuvier, III, 1827, 186; plate (original figure.)—Is. V, 1827, 247.
Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 544.
Waaner, in Schreber Saugt. IV; pl. ccx, C. (no text.)
Arctomys (Spermophilus hoodit,) Riou. F. B. Am. I, 1829, 177; pl. xiv.
Spermophilus hoodii, ¥. Cuy. Suppl. Buff. I, Mammif. 1831, 337.
Prince Max. Reise in das innere Nord-Amerika, I, 1839, 449.
Waaner, Suppl. Schreb. II, 1843, 251.

Sp. Cu.—About the size of Sciurus hudsonius. Ears very short. ‘Tail vertebrae about half the length of body, or a little
longer. Claws long; that of thumb rather diminutive. Above dark brown, with light stripes and lines of light spots alter-
nating with each other, six of the former and five of thelatter generally very.distinct. Tail with a brownish yellow margin
and tip, and within this a border of black. Length, 5 to 6 inches. Tail vertebrw, 3.50 to 4 inches. Hind foot, 1.30 to 1.40.

This species is in a measure intermediate between the form typified by S. ludovicianus and
that of S. beecheyi. The ears are short and reduced to a mere rim, as in S. franklinii, which,
indeed, it resembles in many other respects. The claws are very long; that on the thumb
being very short, though decidedly claw-like, and not a mere nail. The soles are sparsely
covered with long hair. The tail varies in length, though generally about half the length of
the body, or a little more.

The general color above is of a dark brown, sometimes nearly black, the lower parts of the
sides and under parts light yellowish brown. The upper parts are longitudinally and symmet-
rically striped with continuous yellowish white lines and lines of spots, the number distinctly
traceable varying with the specimen. On each side of the vertebral line there are three well
defined lines, most distinct on the middle of the body, with indistinct traces of one or two below
these. The vertebral line itself is occupied by a row of spots, and all the spaces between the
continuous lines described are similarly traversed, although two on each side the median line
are all that are distinct. Anterior to the shoulders, the spots in each line generally become
confluent. The top of the head is occupied pretty uniformly by spots. In some specimens
there is a slight or obsolete interruption at intervals to the continuity of the stripes, caused by
the darker tips of the hairs. The tail is brownish yellow, with a broad subterminal band of
black, the hairs being each so marked. In some specimens the central portion of the tail has a
chestnut tinge, although the yellowish margin and tip, with the black line within this, are
usually distinctly visible.

In comparing an extensive series of specimens of this species from various parts of the country,
those from Wisconsin are seen to differ quite materially from those further west, in a consider-
ably larger size and darker color. The ground color between the stripes is of a very dark brown,
almost black, and the stripes are rather further apart. The under parts, too, are perhaps a
little more dusky. I do not, however, find any other characters of importance. The spots and
lines are not so large in proportion as in the lighter prairie specimens.

Measurements of skulls.

No. Locality. Length. | Width. No. Locality. Length. | Width.
1264s Ravine ..3..s6sctsuwscd en sas 1.59 - 90 836. «| R.A. Jacques, .Minn.-%: £2 22 S|a-2.---~ - 96
Ope eee Weis See eee ane 3S 1. 68 1.00 1303 | Head of Arkansas. --.-----.-. -- 1. 40 . 82
(eA el a (ee ee a ec 1. 63 1596 E504 fe asics (Oe OH ee mSECnee se Heese Se 1. 46 . 86
1361.) Fort Kearney. .522ss20-4.t2= 1. 56

318

U. Ss. P. R.

R, EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

This animal was first described by Dr. 8S. L. Mitchell, as the thirteen-lined or federation
squirrel, on account of the thirteen lines of stars and stripes which he fancied he detected in its

markings.

It is, however, but rarely that this number can be fully made out.

Sabine, a year after, published the same species under a different name, which, of course,
becomes reduced to a synonym.

List of specimens.

_
o
2
=
5
5
2
=]
p
—
a
=
cs
o

1762
1763}.

1764

1765)..

1766)
1767
1769
1761
1770

1771)...

1772
2503

2516).

2517
1768)

42)
1915

1916) .
1917).

1906;
516
437
438

2519

2520)...

517

oa

Corresponding number

|

Locality.

of skulls.

| Sex and age.

-| Lansing, Mich.........
Racine, Wis.
do.. +.

+ GOs, ee eeeeeeneees

1dO.. ceccceresscces

dO... cesecccsscvcee

Near Racine. ...++++++
woe|ceeeesAOrscececscces
.| West Northfield, Ill....

ener eeee
wenweele seen e wees

aa ceeedOreccesee cecccees

Quasqueton, Iowa.....

seeeee|s...| Fort Ripley, Minn...

seee|.e. | Princeton, Minn........
seeees|....| Minnewakan, Minn....
-.+-|....| Upper Missouri........

Ft. Union& Yellowstone

eveee love eer esOOssscccvece

eocee fo accee c0ecAOrecccccccns:
Geccdelcocs|asesesioveslOsernne escces
vesesslees aedOvccreccccers

2 sGO..cceccceces
eeeeee dO. veeecccece
aloreccensesAQeeccsscccsec

Upper Missouri........

sJeccccecceeDQcccscccccess

seeees{eees| Little Missouri river....
942 Platte river .sccee cece

Pole Creek, Nebraska..
Rock Creek s do.....
Bridger’s Pass, R. Mts..
Sand Hills, near Platte.
Bent’s Fort, N. M......

1303 |....| Head of Arkansas...

1304 coc ceccesAOsecesece
veneer «+»! Red River, Arkansa:

O Jevee coeeeeGOre sevceeceeele
seeees(eees| Fort Thorn, N. M......

wee eedOrecccccccscccessleve

When col-
lected.

weeeeeeeeeeee

sateen eene ees

we ee ee waneees

sveceOQrecsss

Aug.

Aug.

July, 1849...

a] oven ceeedOre oe

July, 1853....

ween eee wc eeee

July 19, 1853
18, 1856
do.....5
19, 1856 |...
20, 1856
25, 1856
16, 1856
20, 1856
. 21, 1856
20, 1856
24, 1856
19, 1356 |....

Sept. 13, 1856
.| Capt. H. Stansbury.).
July 25, 1856
Sept. 21, 1856 |.....
Aug. 18, 1856 ]....
July 17, 1856 |.

Whence and how
obtained.

Chas. Fox.........

| Original number.

«| Dr. PB. R. Hoye cucs | --0«

serseccclOs ccccee
s|neaclennsOsvinwaniee
a] sevaleeeOsccscwnmes

aa eueledtlOsas sade

«© eOs. cececevelee

sfeeccce cedOrerceccecelenes

eeecceesdOve..

seloeaeelOrs ose
8. F. Baird..... .

R. Kennicott.......

«| eenceeecDOs. ee

A ceweiwsadOsncees
E. C. Bidwell...

O. E. Garrison,....
Goy. I, I. Stevens..

Lieut.G.K. Warren
eoevedeedO.,

(RSS scaacoon
.do.
sececeedUOseccccuncs
00 eOs. cccccece
Dr. F. V. Hayden..
soeeveceAOsees

Lt. G. K. Warren..

Lt. F. T. Bryan....

+-d0.. eee
E.G. Beckwith
-do.,

.| Capt. R. B. Marey.

secccecedQssccccvers

{ Dr. T. C. Henry...

w[occcceesdOs. covecesle

-| Dr. J. PF. Heads ..0.|....

Nature of
specimen.

In ale......
Kin saasse
Occ cccone
2 0dO.. coveee
20O.. weceee
p{GOscwccens
2 O.ccceees

Measurements.

From tip of nose to

Tail to

2 eAQ.ccccccelocee

.| Mounted ..|...

Skin ......

ol oe Gia aimalelale

Skin in ale.
..do..

-| Inale.....
il ss siecleece
ssOOreeecensle
a]. dO. cevece
«|. +dO.. sees.

Skin ......
In ale......
Skin ......
«+ dOv.cevees
220. ceveee
«sO. ceveee
olOss wesviss

oedOrecccsesiores

«Ove eceeee

= 0GO.. veeesete

«GOs. vceee.

In ale.....

e]eeO.ee wove
Skin......-|.
Mounted ..|.

Skin .....
«0O.. ceveee
In ale. .

SKin .eceee}eeesleeee

++dO.. eeeees
..do.,

Mounted ..|....

In ale. ....

Skin ......].

7.96)3,.90 4.50)

see eleneelene

end of—| of—
eis
: c
PoE | eS
os a
2/2)0|z
=H a ee =
c os co =
>| \|e |=

)1.38)

alee ween nee

Collected by—

seweee

ee eeeeeaeeee

seneee

slew we eet wenn eeeree

weenie

eee ee ee eeaeeeeeee

lene en newer nweeeee

Dr. Geo. Suckley.

«levcscencOssenccce

Dr. F. V. Hayden.
GO.. .2cnc000
dO. cccencee

eee e ee eeeees ceeeee

weet teen ee wennee

eee ee errr res

seeee ceeee coseee

Dr. F. V. Hayden

W.S. Wood...
secenedQreevcvccce

weveu css snes stew

.| Mr. Kreutzfeldt..

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SPERMOPHILUS MEXICANUS. 319

SPERMOPHILUS MEXICANUS.

Mexican Ground Squirrel.

Sciurus Mexicanus, ERXLEBEN, Syst. Ann. 1777, 428.
Citillus Mexicanus, Licurenste1n, Darstel. Saugt. 1827, 1834; tab. xxxi, fig. 2, (Toluca.)
Spermophilus Mexicanus, Wagner, Supp]. Schreb. IIT, 1843, 250.
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. IT, 1853, 39; pl. cix, (exclusive of fig. of supposed young.)
Otospermophilus Mericanus, Branpr, Bull. Phys. Math, Acad. St. Pet. 1844, 379.
Gimper, Saugt. 1855, 638.
Urion & Ardilla, of the Mexicans.

Size that of S. hudsonius, or larger. Tail vertebra about half the length of body, the outstretched hind feet reaching
about to its middle Ears short, but distinct. Thumb with a stout rudimentary claw, Central line of the soles hairy
halfway to end of metatarsus. Color above dark chestnut brown, tinged with olivaceous, with nine to eleven pretty
distinct longitudinal rows of subquadrate light spots. Tail margined with whitish, within which are two black bands,
(to three light ones,) the extreme base of the hairs being sometimes dusky in addition. Length, 7 to 8 inches; tail, with
hairs, 5 to 53; hind feet, 1. 65 inches.

In size and general characters this species is not very dissimilar to S. 13-lineatus, of which it
is the more southern representative. The head is shaped much like that of the latter species,
being somewhat acute, as in Sciwrus hudsonius, and differing considerably from that of Spermo-
pilus spilosoma. The ears are short though quite distinct, the auricle running longitudinally
and well covered with hairs on both sides. The feet are well developed ; the claws very long
and slightly curved. The thumb is armed with a stout rudimentary claw, rather than a mere
nail, although there is considerable difference in this respect with specimens. The third claw
is longest ; the fourth rather shorter; the second extending to the middle of. the claw of the
third ; the fifth to the base of the claw of the fourth. The palms are naked. The claws of the
hind feet are weaker than those in front; the third is longest; the second and fourth equal,
and but little shorter ; the first shorter than the fifth, which does not extend nearly to the base
of the claws of the longest toes. The soles are coated with scant hairs beneath the tarsus and
part of the metatarsus, principally along the median line. The tail vertebra are about half the
length of the body, or a little more, and the hairs are much longer than usual in this group,
much more so than in S. 13-lineatus. The under part of the tail is sparsely covered, and the
tail exhibits a flattened appearance.

The upper parts and sides generally are reddish brown or a shade of chestnut brown, some-
times tinged with olivaceous, the precise tint varying considerably with the specimen, and
sometimes much overloaded with the black tips to the hairs. This color is relieved by a series
of longitudinal rows of whitish spots extending from the occiput to the tail; of these there can
generally be traced four or five on each side of the median or vertebral one, the spots of different
rows mostly opposite each other ; the intervals between the rows about equal to the spots them-
selves. In some specimens the narrow intervals between the spots of one series are black, in
others of the ground color, though always mixed up with black. The spots are more or less
quadrate, and average, perhaps, the eighth of an inch in size. The hairs are lead color at the
base ; those occupying the light spots are black immediately beyond the root, and have a short
black tip, the whitish being subterminal ; interspersed among the brown tipped hairs are many
that are black throughout. The top of the head is coarsely grizzled with whitish brown and
black. The eyelids and under parts generally are dull whitish or brownish white, clearest on
the head. Those posteriorly exhibit a little dusky at the base; anteriorly, however, they are
unicolored.

The basal portion of the tail is grizzled not unlike the top of the head ; the terminal portion

320 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

is mixed black and dull brownish yellow or whitish, which tint shows almost uniformly beneath
and broadly on the margin and tip of the tail. "When the tail is flattened at the tip it shows
distinctly a very broad bar of black within the light margin, and another narrow bar of the
same half way between this and the extreme base, which is also black. There are thus exterior
to the dark base two bars of black and three of whitish, the basal half of the hairs being light
colored, with a narrow dark bar in the centre, as also at the base; the terminal half black and
light colored, about equally divided, except towards the tip where the black is more extended.

Specimens vary, as ulready stated, in the tint of the ground color above and in other charac-
ters, the length of hair on body and tail, &c. Sometimes the dusky base to the caudal hairs is
obsolete. In one (231) the hairs at the tip are very long, over two inches; but this seems
abnormal. Many of these differences are, however, doubtless those of season.

This species can be readily distinguished from its nearest allies, S. 13-lineatus and S. spilo-
soma. The ground color of the former species is darker, and the alternating stripes and lines of
spots are unmistakably different ; its tail is shorter and less bushy, while the hairs are dull
whitish or yellowish white, with only one median broad bar instead of two. In the skulls
there is a very close resemblance. From S. spilosoma it differs by its more acute muzzle, the
much greater distinctness of spots, more conspicuous ears, longer and fuller tail, its hairs
having two bars of black instead of one bar, which at the tip extends to the very base. The
skulls of the two are very different, in the much shorter and more convex form of the latter, &c.

In Captain Pope’s collection are several specimens from the Pecos river, which may be con.
sidered as the most northern limit yet recorded for the species. They are duller than those from
the Rio Grande, the fur being in very old and ragged condition, probably just about to be
replaced by new.

This is probably the species to which Erxleben gave the name of Sciwrus Mewxicanus in 1777.
It was first accurately described by Lichtenstein from a specimen collected near Toluca. How
much further south it extends I am unable to say. The Rio Grande appears to be nearly its
northern limit.

List of specimens.

3 Measurements.

2 15

Bad att x s |e fe je fs fs Je fs

Eg he BS Locality. When col-| Whence and how Natureof|., |» Jo Jo |e |e he Collected by—
BE js2|& lected. obtained. 5 specimen.|2 |S | iS 3 1B |S ests ale

2 = os 6 BOJF EIR RR S| ge iesics

2 (2°| 2 3 Bly Sls Sle dle Slegicclee

S|s |& s as ||) Ka a = 8 9 (E

€ |5 ¥ = & io jo lo fe 18 Is

o |O0 wn is) BF fF BR & Fe eR

518") 1652 | ....| Pesquieria Grande,Mex.| May, 1853] Lt. D. N. Couch...| 203) Skin ....|....[eee-|----[eeeeleeee/eoee|evee[LsD0| evcccceseseessescs
2A0 |...... O | Matamoras, Mexico....|....0.. «..- nope wsDOrsicans vqaces wees [eedOre seen caval pana} > ucciusan|scealeeus|occs|eces|s ops p=snisephipyneiie
ADSL) scees seeslececvees O.. cesevvcccceclcceecvcscccsleccces Os. sece eevee +ee| Inaleo’l,| .84/1.60 1.90/7.523.€35.50, .95)1.65) Dr. L. Berlandier.
2499 |...... Seccleces 2e-GOrcccccccncucer|enseoneesces|sccece GO.. acccccccccles » lacOracnas +83) 1.65)1.95)6.98)....) e000) .95/1.50)....dO....ecevees
2500 |...... Sens) senesnss GO. cececccccccslosecccsceceecleocone dO... ccecceceee cee [oedOcs cee. 80/153} 1.90/6.80)...0)eeme! o95/1.55} .00.dQee.s cenevses
2501 |...... main Mw a s'acepine GO.. ceccvceveves|rcccanencscs|ecsece MOcs aha sine te cece |e edOre ceee -59/1.10/1.30/3.10 2,002.30 +63)1.00) .04dO.. 2000 sone
2502 |...... Sahil sed anan's dO. cevvcvcccves|coscccceccccleccess dO.. sees veces eves |e dOsccoee +55}1.10)1.30/3. 10,2. 002.30 283) .93)...edOr..cccveeree
352 | 1425*| ....| Brownsville, Texas ....| Feb., 1853 |...+++ dO... esevescees wooo] SKIN .oee| eee] oeee lee es /8.504.505.75)..../1.62).... ccecseeeeccee
140 | 1267 | © | Bagle Pass, Texas.....|......0 1852 | Maj. W. H. Emory,|.... |..d0.. +... She eas bea | evil Deer viss| ss cul esaulanacsoeeepeceeeaee
NGS) AUR lees wheats mained Gs. seccewiccveee| ceeeesns 1852 |. .s00- dO... cececcess[eces |..do adaeas seeeleeee|eees/8.504,255.20)..../1.50) ArthurSchott....
Be Bl ip bbb Ra secre ery GO.n osec cose wees |e aasenss TE5D || A noe. WO... ceeeveccce|sves JecBOvaaces ewasfones +144|8.25/4.25 «0 00}ooes[1.25/000edOreeseeee vere
Rol lo vautllakadl| POLOM pewgssy. sceoedese| <saautas 1853 |...... GO., vcceccscen|evss jos GOs. cc00| cccc|scccleceolecns| oe Jaceefesiee/Le4o) Joie Oli Kssnuviae
bd Cl a an sis] WUWERLEIT “COBRA ic ais sdvi| selec c0ctebants Capt. J. Pope......jevee oe 1G; ote vs coce) omen] eves [OcOU)snbb| seus |avsui Metal ecce oounesiaces Swe
E746" eteaes ..-.| Pecos river, Texas..... May 14, °55|...... MOccsveisssbny Sl ..do...... wdec) soe] SUR eee
2656 |...... cove) Fort Blissy.N. M ...vccrlcescscvsoees Dr. 8.W. Crawford.|.... Inalco’l,| .52)1.521.78 ea ey 1,02/1.65 .ccccccccessccceee

' Eye dark brown; skin of feet white. 2 Skull 1.75 + 1.03 inches.

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE——-SPERMOPHILUS SPILOSOMA. 321

SPERMOPHILUS SPILOSOMA, Bennett.

Sonora Ground Squirrel.

Spermophilus spilosoma, Bennett, Pr, Zool. Soc. I, 1833, 40.
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 251. (Note.)
Barry, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VII, 1855, 332.
Spermophilus mexicanus, Aup. & Baca. N. Am. Quad. IIT, 42; pl. cix, (figure of supposed young of S. mezicanus,
correctly marked S. spilosoma in pl. cix of large edition.)

Sp. Cu.—Size less than Sciurus hudsonius ; ears very short, almost obsolete ; tail vertebrae, about half the length of the
body, or rather less, its hairs depressed and moderate in length ; thumb claw distinct,’ a central linear hairy patch on the
sole, extending nearly to the end of metatarsals; above reddish brown, with indistinct subquadrate spots of reddish white,
most distinct posteriorly and in young specimens, with the posterior border only blackish, the hairs having black at the tip
alone; tail margined and tipped with very pale yellowish brown, within which is a broad black border, the hairs on the
sides of the tail having one median black bar, at the tip of the tail this black extending to the very base; length, about
7 inches; tail, with hairs, a little more than half as much ; hind foot, 1.25 inch.

This species bears a considerable resemblance in several points to S. mexicanus, so much so,
indeed, that Audubon and Bachman have combined them as one. A comparison of many spe-
cimens shows conclusively, however, that they are really more distinct than the latter is from
S. 13-lineatus. Its affinities are quite near to S. townsendit.

The muzzle of this species is remarkably short, more so than in almost any species known to
me, this character being evident in the skin as well as in the skull. The external ear is exceed-
ingly short, appearing as if cut off very close to the skin, with the slightest possible projection
above it. The thumb is armed with a short gouge-shaped claw which, though short, is as
large as the basal half of that on the fifth finger. The nails generally are longer than in S.
mexicanus ; the third longest, the fifth extending beyond the base of that of the second. The
palms are naked, The three central toes are nearly of equal length, the fifth reaching the base
of the claw of the fourth, the first about to that of the fifth. The soles are covered with long
hair down the middle, more densely than in S. mexicanus. The vertebre of the tail of this
species are about half the length of the body, extending for about one-fourth their total length
beyond the outstretched hind feet. The tail is rather thinly clothed with hair all over, almost
cylindrical, with the hairs arranged longitudinally for the basal half, beyond which it widens
out, with the hairs longer though much less bushy and flattened than in S. mexicanus.

The ground color of the upper parts generally is a light reddish brown or cinnamon, varied,
especially posteriorly, with numerous indistinct subquadrate spots of reddish white, about one-
eighth of an inch in diameter, arranged irregularly as far as can be ascertained, and not serially
as in S. mexicanus. These spots are bordered posteriorly by black, and there are other black
hairs interspersed. The hairs are almost sooty black at the base, then reddish brown to the tip,
except in those occupying the region of the light spots, where they are subterminally lighter,
with the extreme tip black. The top and sides of the head, with the basal half of the upper
part of the tail, are finely grizzled with the three colors just mentioned. The eyelids and under
parts generally are brownish or reddish white. The longer lateral hairs on the terminal half
or third of the tail are black for rather more than their central third, with the basal portion of
the reddish brown described, and the apical light yellowish brown lighter than the base. At
the extreme tip, however, the black extends to the very base, thus affording but the two colors.
At no point can two rings of black be distinguished—it is only towards the end of the tail that

the black can be easily detected at all.
41 L

322 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP, AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT,

A specimen (No 141) differs from that just described (142) in being larger, and having the
light spots very indistinct and scarcely appreciable, even posteriorly. It is probable that the
spots are most distinct in younger specimens.

The differences between this species and S. mexicanus can be readily expressed. The ears are
decidedly shorter and more rudimentary ; the tail is narrower, much less bushy, particularly
on the basal portion ; the claws are larger and blacker, the thumb claw larger, the soles more
hairy. The color is brighter, being strongly reddish brown or cinnamon ; the spots are not
arranged serially, and are more indistinct, their posterior portion only, black instead of the ante-
rior likewise, this being due to an essential difference in the colors of the hair occupying the
spots. In S. mexicanus they are black beyond the lead-colored base, with a subterminal light
portion and black tip ; in the present they are reddish brown beyond the basal color, thea light-
colored, and tipped only with black. The basal color, generally, is much deeper. The hairs
on the sides of the extremity of the tail have one black central space, with a narrower base, and
tip of lighter tints, while those at the extreme tip are black to the base, with light tips; in S.
mexicanus all these hairs have two black rings, both at sides and tip, the light portion being
uniform throughout.

It is true that the young animals are more distinctly spotted than the adults, but they may
always be distinguished from small specimens of S. mexicanus by the fact that the spots are not
arranged in regular linear series, and are not distinct on the anterior half of the body. The
ground color is also always more chestnut in tint.

Differences of equal value are discernible in the skulls; that of the present species being
shorter, broader, the orbits larger, the muzzle blunter, &c.

S. townsendii differs in having the ground color above darker, and a much shorter tail.

This species was first described from specimens collected on the western coast of Mexico. The
vicinity of El Paso seems to be its eastern, and the Gila its northern limit. It was erroneously
considered to be the young of Spermophilus mexicanus by Audubon and Bachman.

List of specimens.

{
~ |
2 Measurements.
= is = _=
oes r ¢ |s [3 |z
g ise ie Locality. When col- | Whence and how ob- 2 Nature of | , pS. = 3 Collected by—
a /32/8 lected. tained. = specimen. | 2 = hee |
2 = a 5 r= feta cs il fhm mt | muh
se ou = = 5 = =}
S/% 18 g & Fee eae
Chis - So = = ey
= = xn a a = = &
os ° vo =] = s s o
Oo jo n ° & & & 4
290 | 1651 |....) Chihuahua city........ 1853. weee.ee. SOD OUS ts sat castes ed] sentels Skin ...... 6.50 [icess|areoes L510 |e cette anstereeetn
TO5O Havanss|eces|cecveses GD. sncusscsisess 1855.) comewes|aceuas GO... crcrcnerencves|escee eeUOsusresa e00))) (2.20 1/800 | 1:25 |. 2. cuestsun knee etiee
1042 | 2216 |..../ Janos, Sonora.....,.../ April, 1855 | Maj. W. H. Emory ....}..+... Mounted ../ 5.75 | 2.60 | 3.20 | 1.28 | Dr. C. B. Kennerly.
141 | 11237 QO FLOPEROssiniele(s(e sfalels oie bata | PE5S: Seneees| eect GOs. sate cecs conveefecrees --do........| 6.50 | 3.00 | 3.75 | 1.95 | J. H. Clark........
142 | 1124°]....]...... GG) iss fonisva sits sae 1852.00 er eeee/occees GO... ccceveves wesr|veeeas -GO.. sse0ee} 9.50 | 2.50 | 3.00 | 1.25 |...00. dO.. vececsccee
QB20 Tose. as sea] A OKE EL MOLN. WIN NL eisia'e's!|cleisinisoes/msiviels Dr. T. C. Henry .escoe-Jooveer enUOeucvecccs|sctess| sess orees:| LIS [ove ccccscessce os «
RV eudd sieves] KO Manton, IN. M..dccleesveuvesecicer|ecceits O.. veccscvecescce|seccee as UDirccccee|ccoces|acvas’s}ucen si L.26 |ence ses ccscovcsuats

4 Skull 1.54-- .98 inch; mamme 10, 2 Skull 1,45 -+ .97 inch.

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SPERMOPHILUS PARRYI. 323

SPERMOPHILUS PARRYI.

Parry’s Marmot.

Arctomys parryi, Ricuarpson, App. Parry’s Second Voyage, 1825, 316.
Hartan, I’. Am. 1825, 170.
Grirritn’s Cuvier, V, 1827, 247.
Fiscner, Synopsis Mam. 1829, 344.
Gopman, Am. N. H. II, 120.
Waener, in Schreber Saugt. IV, pl. ecx, D. (No text.)
Arctomys (Spermophilus) parryi, Riou. F. B. A. I, 1829, 158 ; pl. x.—In. var. 6 erythrogluleia, and y phaeognatha, 161.
F. Cuy. Suppl. Buffon, I, Mammif. 1831, 314.
Spermophilus parryi, Branpt, Bull. Phys. Math. Acad. St. Petersb. Il, 1844, 372.
Aup. & Bac. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 77; pl. ix.
*€ Arctomys alpina, Parry, Narrative 2d Voyage, 61.”
“* Arctomys citillus specimina caméschatica, PaLuas, Glires, 127.’’
*« Citilli americani, Pataas, Zoog. Rosso-Asia I, 158.’’
“« Jevrachken or Pischtschungen, Srpiter, Kamtschatka, 126.’’ (The three last references borrowed from Brandt.)

Sp. Cu.—Size of fox squirrel. Tail full and bushy, with long hairs; nearly half as long as the head and body. Soles
naked in summer. Above, mixed black, white, and yellowish brown, with crowded subquadrate whitish blotches.
Beneath, rusty white. Top of the head uniform chestnut. A light ring round the eye. Length about 12 inches; tail,
5 to 6 inches ; hind foot, 2. 30 inches.

It is somewhat questionable whether this spermophile ever comes within the limits of the
United States ; at least, its presence has not been detected by any of our recent expeditions.
For the purposes of completing the account of the American species, I make use of a skin
collected on the island of Arikamtchitchi, in Behring’s Straits, by the North Pacific Exploring
Expedition, under Captain Rodgers. Many specimens were obtained by the expedition, both
as skins and in alcohol, and the published report of the zoology of the party will contain much
fuller details respecting the species.

In size this animal appears nearly equal to the fox squirrel of the eastern United States, or
about the size of the larger specimens of the California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi).
The head is much more curved than in this last mentioned species, and is broad in comparison
with the length. The ears are very short, in fact, they form little more than a rim to the
auditory aperture. The whiskers are long and black. The end of the muzzle only is naked,
or the portion immediately round the nostrils and the septum, which is indented by a furrow.

The feet are large and strong, especially the anterior ones, which are eminently fossorial,
with their claws longer and stronger and a little more curved than those on the hind feet, which
are nearly straight. The thumb is rudimentary, armed with a very small pointed claw, not a
nail. Thethird finger is longest, the fourth and second successively a little shorter. The soles
are quite naked from the heel, except that the hairs on the side of the heel grow over towards
the central line, and impart to it a hairy appearance.

The tail is quite short, the outstretched hind feet reaching nearly to the end of the vertebre.
With the hairs it is about half as long as the trunk, (exclusive of the head.) It is quite full
and bushy, as much so as in the woodchuck, (Arctomys monax,) decidedly depressed, with
terminal hairs half the length of the vertebra.

The prevailing color of this species is a mixed black, whitish and yellowish brown above,

ghter on the sides, and rusty white beneath. On the back the white is in the form of thickly

324 U. 8. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

crowded, not very strongly marked, subquadrate blotches, separated by black and yellowish
brown ; towards the nape this mottling blends into a more uniform grayish, and a similar con-
dition is seen on the sides, where obsolete black forms a faint mottling. The under parts are
of a rusty yellowish white, deepest between the fore legs, on the sides of the head and neck, the
axille. The throat and chin and the genital regions are dirty white. The top of the head is
a chestnut brown, paler towards the occiput. There is a ring round the eye of a lighter color
than the rest of the face. .

The upper part of the tail is a mixed black and yellowish gray, the margin all round a pale
brownish white or yellowish; there is a broad subterminal bar of black, about one-third as
long as the caudal vertebrae. The under surface of the tail, within the light-colored margin,
is a uniform light chestnut, the subterminal black showing through. The hairs beneath the
tail show no annulation whatever, except near the tip, where they are mostly black, but with
chestnut base and pale tip. Above, the caudal hairs are annulated black and grayish yellow.

The under fur is quite full and soft, even in the summer specimens; everywhere sooty black
at the base, then abruptly of a grayish yellow, passing into pale rusty, this latter color deepest
on the back, becoming paler on the sides and beneath. On the back and sides numerous long
stiff hairs are interspersed, either entirely black, or else with a subterminal grayish white or
rusty white annulus, the extreme tip generally black. The mottling of the back is chiefly due
to this annulation.

This species is quite closely allied to the Spermophilus eversmannii of Siberia, (Nos. 1455, 1967,)
but is readily distinguished by larger size, shorter and more bushy tail. The top of the head
is much more rusty, the subterminal black bar of the tail much broader. For the sake of com-
parison I give the measurements of two Siberian specimens of 8. eversmanniti.

Although it is by no méans certain that this animal is identical with Spermophilus parryi,
yet there appears to be no reasonable doubt on the subject. There is nothing to prevent the
mammalia of the northwestern portions of this continent from passing over to Asia, as the strait
intervening is frozen solid every winter. Brandt, and the Russian zoologists generally, give
the Siberian and American species as identical.

Measurements.
Tip of nose to— | Tailto end of— | Length of— | Longest—
Current Name. Locality.
number.
Occip. Tail. | Verteb. | Hairs. | Fore | Hind | Fore | Hind
foot. | foot. | claw. | claw.
2651 | Spermophilus parryi----- Aricamtchitchi....| 2.50 12.00 | 3.40 5.00 1.60 | 2.30 | .63 -35
1455 | Spermophilus eversmanni.-| Buchtorma, Sib-.--|-------- 10.75 | 3.80 5.30 | 1.20) 1.90] .42) .33
IO PSS ee doss-teseseu5 East Siberia .....-. 2. 20 9.50} 4.70 5.85 1.30 | 2.00 44 |) .36
|

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SPERMOPHILUS RICHARDSONII. 325

SPERMOPHILUS RICHARDSONII.

Richardson’s Ground Squirrel.

Arctomys richardsonii, Sasine, Linn. Trans. XIII, 1822, 589; pl. xxviii—Is. Narr. Franklin’s Jour. 662.
Haran, F. Am. 1825, 168.
Grirritu’s Cuv. V, 1827, 246.
Gopman, Am. N. H. II, 246.
Waener, in Schreb, Siugt. V; pl. eex, B. (Interpolated; no text.)
Arctomys (Spermophilus) richardsonii, Ricu. F. B. A. I, 1829, 164; pl. xi.
Spermophilus richardsonit, FE, Cuvier, Suppl. Buffon, I, Mamm. 1831, 321.
Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 243.
Avup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 377; pl. 1.

Sp. Cu.—Rather larger than Sciurus hudsonius. Tail about one-third, or a little more, the length of head and body. Ear
very short, though with a distinct flap. A distinct thumb claw. Color above, uniform yellowish brown, without spots or lines
of any kind. Length, 8 inches; tail, 33; hind foot, 13 inch.

Of this species no specimens were collected by any of the expeditions, and I accordingly make
use of one belonging to the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences for the purpose of
description. It was collected in the Rocky Mountains by Townsend, but is, unfortunately, not
in very perfect condition, the tail appearing somewhat mutilated.

In size, this animal rather exceeds Wisconsin specimens of Spermophilus tridecemlineatus.
The auricle of the ear is thickened and elongated, but low, its greatest height above the base
not exceeding two-tenths of an inch. The whiskers are rather short and black. The
fore claws are longer than the hinder ones; the thumb is rudimentary, but its claw is quite
long and conspicuous, almost equal to the fifth claw. The tail is short, and in this specimen
quite slender, and uniformly cylindrical to the tip, without any flattened appearance whatever.
It is, however, probably mutilated. :

The upper parts are of a light yellowish brown, or dull brownish yellow, nearly uniform, but
with the faintest possible trace of dusky clouding, where the darker bases of the hairs show
themselves. The side of the face is nearly uniformly colored with the top of the head; the
eyelids and an area between the eye and ear are rather lighter colored. The under parts and
sides are dull yellowish, lighter than the back, and shading imperceptibly into it. There is a
faint wash of stronger yellowish on the sides of the neck in advance of the shoulders.

Measurements. ;
Inches.
Head and! bod yin secs asn nese e erate eaten aoe 8. 00 ;
Pail vertebrae oxo eos Ad ata a eeesene sae 1.7 ~~
nnd ne bean. aaa loo oa a eee ee eae 1.3

According to Audubon and Bachman, the tail of this animal, when perfect, measures 2}
inches to the end of vertebrae, and 33 to end of the hairs; the hind foot, 14 inch.

A very imperfect skin of a spermophile, belonging to the National Institute, and obtained
on an island in the Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, approaches this very closely, but is not in such

AE

Ay

\

326 U. 8. P. R. R. EXP, AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

condition as to admit of a satisfactory description. The claws are more sciurine in character,
the anterior being much more curved than in the Spermophilus richardsonii, and more nearly
equal to the hinder ones. The thumb is rudimentary, and armed with a broad, blunt nail,
instead of a well developed claw. The soles are nearly naked, except on the middle, where
they are hairy. The tail and skull are wanting. The fur is very stiff and coarse. The color
is a dull yellowish chestnut above ; beneath, rusty yellowish white.

Dr. Hayden met with a small spermophile in 1855, probably of this species, in considerable
numbers, a little south of the United States boundary line of 49°, and north of Fort Union;
he was, however, unable to obtain specimens. According to Richardson, it inhabits the grassy
plains lying between the north and south branches of the Saskatchewan, living in deep burrows
in the sandy soil.

SPERMOPHILUS TOWNSENDII, Bach.

Townsend’s Ground Squirrel.

Spermophilus townsendii, Bacuman, J. A. N. Se. Phil. VIM, 1, 1839, 61.—In. In Townsend’s Narrative, 1839, 316.
Waener, in Wiegmann’s Archiy, 1843, IT, 45.
Avup. and Bacu. N. Am. Quad. IIT, 1853, 226; pl. exlvii, f. 1.
Arctomys (Spermophilus) guttatus? Rich, F. Bor. Am. I. 1829, 162.—In. Zool. of Blossom, 1839, 12.
Waaner, Suppl. Schreb. ITI, 1843, 239. (Note.)
? Spermophilus gultatus, Scumz, Syn. Mam. II, 1845, 66.

Sp. Cu.—About the size of Sciurus hudsonius ; ears obsolete ; tail cylindrical, very short, with the hair, scarcely twice the
length of hind feet. Above, dark brown, with numerous obsolete and crowded light spots; belly whitish. Length about
7 inches ; tail less than 2 inches; hind foot 1.30.

As no specimens of this species were collected by any of the expeditions, I have based a
description upon the original of Bachman’s article, in the collection of the Philadelphia
Academy of Natural Sciences. The mounted animal is in rather a greasy condition, and does
not admit of a very satisfactory description. It is marked as collected in the Rocky Mountains,
by Townsend.

The animal appears to be rather longer than S. tvidecemlineatus. The ears are very short,
with scarcely any projecting auricle. The tail is very short, with the hairs scarcely twice the
length of the hind feet. The feet are large and broad. I cannot speak of the character of the
soles, as these are fastened to the board on which the animal is mounted.

The upper parts are of a dark brown, with numerous crowded obsolete light spots ; the belly
and feet dull brownish white; the tail above is colored like the body ; beneath, rather reddish ;
there are no distinct bands in the hairs as in most species.

Measurements.
Inches.
Length to root of tail (along the curve of the back) - 8
TAU Vervebre ono enone saoncemar ees ecn mata sees 1. 32
RLU UN sn Sone ee ance cine Ce nitaia om acne 1.90

hind feet. Site 32. eee se aE oe 1. 30

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—SPERMOPHILUS TOWSENDII. 327

This species comes quite near to the Spermophilus guttatus of Asiatic Russia. A typical
specimen (1450) of the latter species has the spots much more distinct and larger, the
ground color of the back very similar to that of S. mexicanus, and with the spots quite similar,
though larger, more quadrate, and more crowded ; as well as without the distinctly linear
arrangement of S. mexicanus. Another specimen, (1643,) from the shores of the Caspian,
however, has the spots much less distinct, and more, as in S. townsendii, owing to their
yellowish rusty color, and the much paler hue of the ground. The tail is also shorter and
more cylindrical. In both, however, the tail is shorter than in S. townsendit.

This species was first described by Richardson as a variety of 8. guttatus, According to
Schinz, an American species first received the name of guttatus, for which reason he calls the
Siberian animal guttulatus. Jam unable to find any description of an American marmot under
the name of A. guttatus prior to the date of 1827, when Temminck gave it to the Siberian
animal. Schinz refers to the Rocky Mountains as the habitat of his S. guttatus, which agrees
very well with S. townsendii. He quotes Temminck, Mon. Mamm. I, p. xxvii, and Cuy. and
Geoff. Mammif. III, Lev. 45.

In the preceding pages I have given all the species of spermophiles that have come under
my notice, and I have little doubt that they embrace all that are well established as inhabit-
‘ants of America, north of Mexico. It will be seen that none are found east of the Mississippi
river, with the exception of Spermophilus 13-lineatus, which reaches as far as the eastern portion
of Michigan, and franklini, which is found in Ilinois. Further west they become more
abundant, and have their greatest development in the region between the Missouri and the
Rocky Mountains, extending northward to the Arctic ocean, and south into Mexico. This is
especially the home of the species with very short ears, rather short tail, and soles usually
more or less hairy. In the Rocky Mountains we first find the Spermophiles with long ears and
long full tail, and having much the appearance and habits of the squirrels; these extend west,
becoming more and more numerous in individuals to the Pacific coast. A single species occurs
in eastern Mexico, south of the Rio Grande, (9. couchii.)

The remaining species, described as North American by various authors, are as follows:

SPERMOPHILUS ANNULATUS, Aud. and Bach.
Spermophilus annulatus, Avp. and Bacu. J. A. N. Sc. Phil. VIII, u, 1842, 319.—In. N. Am. Quad. IT, 1851, 213;
p. Ixxix.

The animal described under this name by Audubon and Bachman was purchased by me
from a dealer many years ago and presented to Mr. Audubon. It was supposed to have been
brought from the west, and, as such, was described by the above authors. I have, however,
little doubt that it is an African species of Sciwrus, and, in fact, it resembles closely, if it be
not identical with, the Sciurus rufobrachiatus of Fraser, in Zoologia Typica, said by him to be
closely related to the Scivrus annulatus of western Africa. In any event, it must be eliminated
from the list of North American spermophiles.

SPERMOPHILUS MAcROURUS, Bennett. Hab. west coast of Mexico.

- Spermophilus macrourus, Brxyerr, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. I, 1833, 41.
Aun. and Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 181; pl. exxxix.
Waaner, Suppl. Schreb. IT, 1843, 246.
Otospermophilus macrourus, BRanpr, Bull. Phys. Math. Acad. St. Pet. II, 1844, 380.

-

328 U. 8. P, R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

“Size of the cat squirrel, (Sciwrus cinereus ;) fur rather coarse; body mottled with black and
ashy white, forming irregular narrow transverse bars on the back and sides; tail as long as
the body, (exclusive of head?) and moderately bushy. Top of head pure black ; muzzle rufous
brown above, whitish on the sides. Back of the ears blackish brown. Hairs of the tail long,
(some of them two inches ;) brownish white, annulated by three broad black rings, the sub-
terminal one broadest. Length to root of tail, 13 inches; of tail vertebrae, 7$ inches; of tail,
with hairs, 10 inches ; height of ear, halfan inch; hind foot, 2;°; inches.’’ (Aud. and Bach.)

This species was described by Bennett from a specimen collected in western Mexico, and has
not yet been fairly established as an inhabitant of the United States. It has a very close
resemblance to S. grammurus, and may possibly prove the same, though I have seen none of
this last mentioned species with the black crown, nor is any mention made by Bennett or
Audubon and Bachman of the purer gray of the anterior part of the body. I have already
suggested the possibility that the specimen from Los Nogales (No. 1046) may be different from
S. grammurus, and belong to this species, but, as its colors have been altered by immersion in
alcohol, it is impossible now to decide.

? SPERMOPHILUS CLARKII. Western America.

This supposed species has already been discussed under the head of Sciwrus clarkii, page 279.
Its reference, by some authors, to the genus Spermophilus rather than to Sciurus, is scarcely
warranted by the vague description of Hamilton Smith.

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—CYNOMYS., 329

CYNOMYS, Raf.

Cynomys, Rarinesque, Am. Month. Mag. IJ, 1817, 45.
Branr’s Muizen,. 1827, 171.
Antsonyx, Rarinesqur, Am. Month. Mag. I, 1817, 45, (Based on an erroneous interpretation of a description by
Lewis and Clark.)

Cheek pouches very rudimentary ; tail and ears very short. Five distinct claws to all the feet. Molars very large; their
lines strongly divergent anteriorly, closely approximated behind. First upper molar as large in horizontal section as the
second. Skull very broad, the lines of the zygomata strongly convergent anteriorly. Pupil round.?

The prairie dogs of America are characterized by various peculiarities which separate them
from the genera Arctomys and Spermophilus, although they have been placed in both. The
genus Cynomys was established by Rafinesque, in 1817, and has priority even over Spermophi-
lus.‘ In the character of the cheek pouches the resemblance to Arctomys is much closer than to
Spermophilus ; these are (in the alcoholic specimen) about one third of an inch deep and very
shallow, very little deeper, if at all, than what is observable in the Arctomys monax. In Sper-
mophilus, on the contrary, the pouches extend back as far as the eyes, and even, in some species,
to the occiput. The thumb, though short, is quite distinct and carries a well developed claw.
The tail is short, from one-fourth to one-seventh the length of the body.

The skull of Cynomys is remarkably broad and short, the extreme width equal to the length,
exclusive of the snout. The muzzle is slightly compressed and quadrangular. The nasals are
slightly concave on their external border, narrowing behind; the nasal process of the upper
maxillary broad, with parallel sides; the suture of the frontal bone, with the maxillary, inter-
maxillary, and nasal, almost in the same transverse straight line. The dorsal outline of the
skull is gently convex, the edges of the orbit elevated somewhat, so that a transverse section
between the orbits would be concave. The post-orbital processes of the frontal bone are very
highly developed, the posterior border nearly in a straight transverse line, though slightly
subulate. The cranium is broad and depressed. The posterior extremities of the zygomatic
arch are much further apart than the anterior, the convergence anteriorly being such that
the lines would meet at about half the length of the skull, in advance of the snout.

The free portion of the zygoma is of greater length than in the other Sciwrinae, and the
direction of the anterior edge of the zygomatic process of the maxillary less oblique. The an-
terior face of this process is also much more deeply excavated, so that it has a distinct exterior
and overhanging wall. The ante-orbital foramina are quite large, though far forward ; they
are elongated and strongly divergent below, so that the thin plate of bone which bounds them
exteriorly has its edge parallel with that of the zygomatic process of the maxillary. The
tubercle at the lower end of this foramen is much larger than usual and is distinctly visible when
viewed from above, projecting beyond the superior outline of the skull, which is not the case in
any American species of the allied genera.

The incisive foramina are moderately large and bounded posteriorly by the edge of the max-
illary, which is considerably nearer the molars than the incisors. The palato-maxillary
foramina are on the suture of these two bones. In consequence of the great contraction of the
palate posteriorly, the foramen behind the last molar is very much reduced in size.

1 Should the two genera be necessarily united, in any event Cynomys would haye to be retained, as having priority.

42 L

330 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The most striking peculiarities, however, of this genus are discernible in the molars. The
outlines of the molar series, instead of being nearly straight and parallel, as in Arctomys, or
curved with parallel chords, as in Spermophilus and Sciurus, are curved and very strongly
divergent anteriorly and approximated behind. Thus the narrowest part of the palate is be-
tween the fifth molars, and measures only half as much as the widest portion between the first.
There is only a slight approximation to this anterior divergence in Spermophilus. The molars,
too, are very large, and occupy a long interval of the skull, equal to more than one-fourth of
the total length, while in Arctomys and Spermophilus this space is less than one-fifth. The in-
terval between the anterior molar and the incisors is less than the length of the line of molars,
while in Arctomys and Spermophilus it is considerably greater.

The first upper molar is very nearly as large as the second, particularly in the section made
by a horizontal plane. It, however, has but one root, and is inserted obliquely forwards and
inwards ; its crown is peculiarly marked by a compressed crest rising at an angle with a lower
ridge on either side, separated by a narrow valley ; these are parallel with the central one.
The general direction of these ridges is forwards and inwards, and their lines, if produced,
would meet in the middle of the incisive foramina, instead of being nearly transverse, as in some
Spermophilus and Arctomys. The second, third, and fourth molars increase but little in size
posteriorly, and are more narrowed internally than in the allied genera. The fifth, however,
is much larger and in the shape of a quarter circle, with the two perpendicular radii forming
the anterior and interior margins of the tooth. Its surface exhibits three distinct valleys, in-
stead of the two usually seen in the slightly worn tooth of the Sciwrinae.

The lower molars correspond in development to the upper. They are shorter in proportion to
their width than in other Sciwrinae, especially the first, while the reverse prevails in the last
molar, which is considerably longer than wide.’ Viewed laterally, the anterior lobe of each
tooth is much larger, higher, and more pointed than the posterior, while in other Sciwrinae
these are of nearly equal height. The shape of the jaw, too, is different.

The upper incisors are large and considerably rounded on the external angle. They are twice
as deep as broad, with faint shallow striz on the anterior face. The enamel shows laterally on
about one-third of the side of this incisor. In Arctomys, the incisor is nearly as broad as deep,
and the enamel covers more than half the side.

From the above description it will be seen that the skull of this genus differs very greatly
from its allies, more, indeed, than any of these do among themselves. In the totality of
characters the approximation to Arctontys is considerably the closest. From this and Spermo-
philus it differs in the divergence anteriorly of the line of molars; the great size of the molars,
especially the first; the greater size and complexity of the posterior upper one; the strong
convergence anteriorly of the zygomata, dc.

The ears of this genus are very short, in fact, nearly rudimentary. ‘The eyes are moderately
large. The tail is short, one-fourth to one-eighth the length of body, thinly haired, and the
lateral hairs longest. The body is very thick and squat. The feet are large; the claws well
developed ; those on the forefeet much larger than the hinder ones, and distinctly five in
number ; that on the thumb unusually large. The pupil of the eye, in an alcoholic specimen,
appears slightly vertical, but it seems circular in a living animal. The ridges of the palate are
considerably more numerous between the molars than the molars themselves. The pouches are
very shallow, and do not extend much deeper than in Arctomys, not as far back as the eye, or
scarcely half an inch.

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS. 331

CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS.

Missouri Prairie Dog.

Arctomys ludovicianus, Orv, Guthrie’s Geog. 2d Am. Ed. II, 1815, 292, 302.
Say, in Long’s Exped. R. Mts. I, 1823, 451.
Haruan, F. Am. 1825, 160.
Gopman, Am. N. H. II, 114.
Grirr. Cuv. IIIf, 1827, 198. (Plate taken fiom Lewis and Clark’s specimen in Peale’s
Museum.)—Is. V, 1827, 247.
Prince Max. Reise in das innere Nord-Amerika, I, 1839, 365.
Wacener, Suppl. Schreber, III, 1843, 261.
Spermophilus ludovicianus, ‘* Lesson, Manual, 244, 658.”
F. Cuvier, Suppl. Buffon, I, Mam. 1831, 316
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. II. 1851, 319 ; pl. xcix.
Kennicorr, Rep. U.S. Pat. Off. Agricultural for 1856, (1857,) 81; pl. ix.
Cynomys soctalis, Rarinesque, Am. Month. Mag. IJ, Nov. 1817, 45.
Brants, Muizen, 1827, 171, (from Raf.)
Lesson, Nouv. Tab. R, An. 1842, 115.
Cynomys grisea, Rarinesque, Am. Month. Mag. II, Nov. 1817, 45.
Brants, Muizen, 1827, 172, (from Raf.)
Arctomys griseus, FiscHer, Synopsis, 1829, 345.
*< Arctomys missouriensis, WARDEN, Desc. U. S. V. 1820, 627.”
Arctomys latrans, Harian, F. Am. 1825, 306.
Barking Squirrel, Lewis and Crark, II, 1815, 175.

Size of fox squirrel, Sc. vulpinus, but heavier ; ears very short, not projecting above fur. Tail short, with the hairs, about
one third the length of body. Claws long, very stout; the thumb of fore feet armed with a long claw instead of a flat nail.
Soles with a patch of hair. Color above reddish brown or cinnamon, with the tips of the hairs lighter and with scattered black
hairs interspersed ; beneath brownish white or yellow. In winter of a more grayish cast above. Hairs on the upper part lead
color at base, then pale cinnamon white to cinnamon, Tail like the back, its tip black, with the hairs light colored at base.
Length about 12 inches ; tail, with hairs, 4; hind foot about 2.25 inches.

This species, in external form and terrestrial habits, approaches the true marmots, as it does
likewise in its internal structure. The cheek pouches are small and not easily detected, even
in a fresh specimen. The body is stout and clumsy, a woodchuck (Arctomys monax) in
miniature. The ears are very short, with scarcely any rim whatever, and. this not projecting
beyond the short fur. The septum of the nose is naked; the hairs elsewhere come almost into
the nostrils. The fore feet are large, and the thumb is armed with a strong claw as long and
stout as that on the fifth or exterior finger. The third finger is largest; second and fourth
nearly equal, and the claw of the fifth does not reach to the base of the claw of the fourth. The
third toe is longest ; the fourth but little shorter ; the second reaches to the middle of the claw
of the third ; the fifth not to the base of that of the fourth; nor the first to that of the fifth.
The palms are naked ; the soles nearly so, with the exception of a central patch under the base
of the metatarsus. The tail is short, usually about one-third the body, sometimes not more
than a fourth ; it is covered nearly uniformly everywhere (with but a moderate degree of flat-
tening) with stiff hairs.

The prevailing colors of this animal in summer are reddish brown, almost a light chestnut
or cinnamon, turning gradually into brownish yellow on the sides, and lighter tint of the same
beneath, without any distinct line of demarcation anywhere. A closer examination above,
however, shows that the reddish brown is tipped with a paler tint of the same or of brownish
yellow, and that there are numerous black hairs interspersed. The hairs individually are very

332 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

dark plumbeous at the extreme base, then very pale cinnamon, then reddish brown as described ;
the latter of greatest extent. There is considerable difference, however, in different specimens
as to the amount of the pale color at the base of the hairs; in some this being displaced by the
reddish brown. The hairs beneath are brownish at the base posteriorly ; anteriorly they are
generally uniform pale brownish yellow throughout. The whiskers and edges of the eyelids
are black ; the iris is also black. The tail generally is colored like the back ; for one-third or
one-half from the tip it is black; the hairs being reddish white at the base, and some of them
tipped with the same.

In examining a large series of prairie dogs collected at different seasons, it will be seen that,
as a general rule, they are much brighter colored in summer, in some cases of a bright rusty or
brick red ; the tips of the hairs lighter. These tints become paler towards the winter, fading in
a measure to a grizzled yellowish gray and dull light brown. The fur becomes fuller and softer
in every way. In summer the sole is generally naked, except an isolated patch of greater or
less extent in the centre ; in winter this patch increases in size, though generally separated by
a narrow line from the hairs on the sides of the feet and on the heel.

In winter specimens the under fur is very dark sooty plumbeous, then pale yellowish or cin-
namon white for most of its extent, and tipped with various shades of reddish brown. In all
cases the under parts are much lighter than the upper ; sometimes they are of a brownish silver
gray, sometimes with a tinge of yellowish rusty, either continuously or in patches.

From the accompanying list of localities it will be seen that the prairie dog has a very exten-
sive distribution, being found over the entire extent of the region between the Missouri River
and the Rocky Mountains. It has not been hitherto recorded as occurring north of the United
States line, as Richardson does not mention it as an inhabitant of the Saskatchewan. Southward
it extends to the Rio Grande, certainly as far as the vicinity of Presidio del Norte, in latitude
30°; it is probable, however, that it does not reach as far south on the river as Matamoras, as
Dr. Berlandier does not mention it in his notes on the zoology of that region.

333

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS.

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ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

AND SURVEYS

R. R. EXP.

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RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—CYNOMYS GUNNISONII. 335

CYNOMYS GUNNISONII, Baird.

' Short-tailed Prairie Dog.

Cynomys gunnisonii, Barrp, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VII, April, 1855, 334.
2? Arctomys columbianus,‘ ORD, in Guthrie’s Geog. 2d Am. ed. II, 1815, 292, 302.
2? Anisonyx brachyura,} Rar. Am. Month. Mag. II, 1817, 45.
2? Arctomys brachyura,+ Haruan, F. Amer. 1825, 304.
Fiscner, Synopsis, 1829, 345.
?? Burrowing squirrel of Columbia, Lewis and Ciarke, II, 1815, 173.

Sp. Cu.—Size less than that of the S. ludovicianus, general proportions similar. Ears very short; thumb armed with a
well developed claw. Tail short, the vertebral portion less than one-sixth the length of tle body, with the hairs, less than
one-fourth. Color above rather light liver brown, mixed intimately with ash, light brown, and black; beneath pale yel-
lowish brown. Tail white along the edges and at the tip, with a subterminal margin of black; the hairs at the tip are
white to the base, with a narrow central bar of black. The black bar sometimes wanting.

In general appearance this sphermophile approaches to the S. ludovicianus, or prairie dog,
although a comparison with many specimens of the latter shows constant and sufficient distinc-
tive characters. Its size is somewhat less.

The body is thick and comparatively short, the head very broad. The septum of the nose
only is naked. The whiskers are black, and not so long as the head. The ears are very short,
forming only a narrow rim around the auditory aperture; they are thickened and densely
covered with hair, except inside. They are somewhat larger than those of S. ludovicianus, and
very similar to those of S. franklini. The feet are weaker than those of S. ludovicianus. The
claws are very long and slightly curved. The thumb is armed with a-stout claw, (not nail,) as
large as the fifth claw would be with the tip broken off. The third finger is longest ; the fourth

. a little shorter than the second. The fifth extends barely to the base of the claw of the fourth.
The palms are naked. The proportions of the toes are much as in S. ludovicianus, though abso-
lutely they are decidedly smaller. The soles are naked, with a patch of Jong hairs in the centre.

The tail is very short, less than that of any species known to me, the vertebra (in No. 501)
being scarcely one-ninth of the length of the body. It is covered rather densely with hair, and
is much flattened.

The upper portions of the body are black, pale brownish white, gray and brown intimately
mixed or mottled, without any appearance of spots or bars. Anteriorly these colors have less
black, posteriorly more grayish. The under parts are of a light brownish yellow, darker on the
legs, lighter under the head and on the throat. The predominance of black hairs on the crown
almost gives rise to a black patch, invaded, however, by brownish gray ; the eyelids are colored

‘like the belly. On the upper parts the hairs are dark lead color at the base, then ashy white
for most of their length, then light brown, with the tips much lighter. The soft concealed fur
is ashy white to the tips ; interspersed are many hairs entirely black. Anteriorly the basal lead
color is almost wanting, posteriorly the ashy white becomes purer and more distinct. The hairs
beneath are dark lead colored at the base, less distinct anteriorly. The tail, for its basal half,
is like the back, otherwise it shows a mixture of black and white, with a broad and uninter-
rupted border and tip of pure white throughout, except towards the base, where this becomes
yellowish. The hairs at the end of the tail are pure white throughout, except a well defined
and narrow ring of black in the centre, for about one-eighth of an inch; in fact, this subter-
minal black border can be traced for nearly the whole length of the tail.

1 Based on the description by Lewis and Clark, as mentioned below.

336 U. 8. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

This species may be readily distinguished from its nearest representative, S. ludovicianus, by
its somewhat less size, much shorter tail, which is white (not black) at the tip, weaker feet, &c.
The prevailing color is not light reddish brown, but rather a liver brown, and the mixture of
the different colors much finer. The fur generally is much softer. From 8. franklini it differs
by larger size, much shorter tail, much larger thumb nail, and general colors, exhibiting none
of the yellowish brown gloss of the upper parts, nor the distinct spotting of black.

The skull differs materially from that of S. ludovicianus in being shorter and broader, the
molars more parallel, with other characteristics only distinctly intelligible from a figure.

Since preparing the preceding description, based upon No. 501, two specimens of a short,
white-tailed prairie dog have been received from Lieutenant Bryan, which possibly belong to
the same species. They are quite similar to Captain Beckwith’s specimen in general character,
the very short tail, &c. This is, however, entirely white for two-thirds its length ; the basal
third being like the back. The terminal hairs of the tail are pure white, and in none is there
any annulation of black whatever. The prevailing tint, even in the midsummer specimen,
lacks the red aspect of C. ludovicianus, the predominant color above being a brownish yellow,
grizzled with paler, the lower parts a pure brownish yellow. The August specimen is
darker above, with more black hairs intermixed. The tails of these specimens are more cylin-
drical than in No. 501; their proportions to the body and colors are also somewhat different,
and it is quite possible that the two may be really distinct, and that the one from Cooachetope
Pass belongs to a species which has its headquarters somewhere in the Great Basin.

Lewis and Clark mention a burrowing squirrel from the plains of the Columbia which
appears to be a C'ynomys, and may possibly be the same with the species here described ; or, if
two be indicated, as is quite possible, then the specimens of Lieutenant Bryan might be
referred to the animal of Lewis and Clark, under the name of columbianus. There are,
however, important discrepancies between the description of the above authors and the Smith-
sonian skins not readily reconcilable. Thus: ‘‘the two inner toes of the fore feet are
remarkably short, and are equipped with blunt nails; the remaining toes on the front feet are
long, black, slightly curved, and sharp pointed.’’ Here it is uncertain whether the authors
refer to two inner toes of one foot only, making the first and second,! or, as is most likely,
whether they mean the innermost one of two, making the inner front toes for each animal.
At any rate the inner toes are said to be remarkably short and equipped with blunt nails, the
remaining toes being long. This, if the meaning of the author is to be taken in its precise
signification, is very different from the species here described, in which the inner toe is quite
large, and armed with a conspicuous claw, nearly as large as most of the others, instead of
having a blunt nail. This is, however, a matter of much uncertainty. ‘‘ The under parts are
of alight brick red, the upper of a brown gray, with a slight tinge of brick red; the long
hairs of the back of a reddish white.’’ There is nothing whatever of this brick red in the
skins before me, the under parts being brownish yellow, even in summer specimens. ‘‘ The
head and body are 12} inches; the tail is 24, flat, depressed, with the hairs inserted on the
sides, the margin white, the bases of the hairs fox red.’’ (No mention of a black median
band.)

Should any of these white-tailed prairie dogs ever show a brick red color, I would have
little hesitation in referring one of them to the Arctomys columbianus, although, as stated,

Rafinesque has based his genus Anisonyx upon this interpretation of the meaning of Lewis and Clark.

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—CYNOMYS GUNNISONII. 337

the summer specimens exhibit no trace whatever of it. The arctomys lewisii of Audubon and
Bachman come much nearer in point of color to the description of Lewis and Clark. It may
be that there is a permanently reddish species on the Columbia, and, as I have already stated,
I consider it by no means improbable that Captain Beckwith’s specimen may be specifically
different from those of Lieutenant Bryan, which would make three in all.

List of specimens.

s Measurements.
o
a= = = = |
= {8 s | ea ea
ale = 7 x i= o elilsia 3 Elg
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501/1636)....| Cooachetope Pass,|.,............| Capt. E.G, Beck-| 22) Skin....... ing, 11,00)1.25)1.92)1.75) 1.84| .50) .33)....)....| Mr. Kreuz-
Rocky Mts. with. feldt.
1903 2601 ref Pole Creek, Neb.| July 30, 1856 | Lt. F. T. Bryan..| 178)..do....... [tees 10.501.85)2.30)....| 2.00 |....|.....2.24)1.56] W.S. Wood.
1973...., O | Medicine Bow | Aug. 28, 1856 |......do.........| 312) Skin in ale? 3.50) 13.50)1.75)2.50)1.55) 2.20 | .52) .35)....|....
Creek, Neb.
1 Probably too short. © Skin stretched,

338 U. 8S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

ARCTOMYS, Schreber.!

Arctomys, ‘*ScureBer, Saugthiere, IV, 1792.’’
Avup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 16.

Sp. Cu.—Size large; body very thick and depressed ; thumb very rudimentary, armed with a small flat nail, not a claw ;
soles entirely naked ; cheek pouches very shallow ; pupil rounded?

It is in this genus that we find the largest members of the Sciurinae, some of them, indeed,
taking the second or third rank in size among North American rodents, being exceeded only by
Castor and Hystrix, and one species of hare, the body is thick and massive, the ears distinct
and well shown above the fur, though short and rounded, The tail is bushy and full, but nearly
cylindrical, the hairs being as long above and below as laterally. The thumb is rudimentary,
with a short flat nail, nota claw. The outer finger of the hand extends as far as two-thirds
the length of the palm, and in all the feet the claw of the outer toe reaches beyond the base of
the one next to it.

The skull is much more flattened than in the spermophiles, in fact its upper outline is not
only nearly straight, but it is decidedly concave between the orbits. The post-orbital processes
are very large, the distance between their apices equal to the greatest width of the back part of
the head ; their posterior margin is rectilinear and perpendicular to the axial line of the skull,
until it passes gently into the temporal ridge of the parietal bone, which is quite prominent
and.concave externally. There is a distinct semicircular notch behind the subtubercular ante-
orbital process of the frontal; the nasal bones extend back nearly as far as this notch. The
malar bone is twisted angularly, and shows externally three principal faces ; anteriorly, it is
wedged between the maxillary and the laehrymal bones. The palate is broad and rather plane,
though flattened concave between the molars—the bottom of the palate on a level with the in-
ferior edge of the root of the zygoma. The external outlines of the upper molars are rectilinear
and parallel in the adult—curved in the young ; the inner outlines are slightly divergent ante-
riorly in the young. The plane of the grinding surface is nearly horizontal at first, but twisted
outwards more and more obliquely behind. There is no very essential difference in the shape
of the lower jaw of Sciwrus and :Arctomys.

The incisors are much less compressed than in Sciurus, considerably rounded anteriorly and
laterally ; the enamel extends half way round the side. There are faint indications of numer-
ous fine striz on the enamel. The crown of the anterior upper molar is about half the area of
the second, and its summit is on the same level with the rest. The other teeth are nearly equal,
but increase gradually posteriorly. The first molar has one root, the others three, each; the
crown of the first molar, in its most perfect state, exhibits a semicircular marginal ridge on the
inner, anterior, and posterior sides, thus encircling nearly three-fourths of the crown; within
this curve rises a transversely elongated tubercle.

In the young skull the deciduous first upper molar is much smaller than its successor; the
crown however, is not a simple conical tubercle, but shows a distinct longitudinal ridge, with a
pit on either side; in this case, however, the direction of the ridge is nearly with the line of

' This is the authority given by Agassiz in Nomenclator Zoologicus. I find the name used, however, by Gmelin, in 1788.

It is probable that Schreber made it in one of the earlier numbers of his volume IV, which was not completed nor furnished
with a title until 1792.

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—ARCTOMYS MONAX. 339

the molars. The deciduous second molar is longer than broad, the reverse being the case in its
successor ; in other respects they are not very dissimilar. The first two upper molars are not

replaced until the animal is more than two-thirds grown.

The preceding description of the characters of the skull of Arctomys is derived chiefly from
~ undoubted specimens of A. monaz. An immature skull from Wisconsin, (1679,) at first sup-
posed to be the same, differs in some very essential points, especially, however, in the size of the
teeth. Compared with a skull of 4. monax, from Essex county, New York, of the same age,
but a little longer, although the incisors are smaller, the molar teeth are found to be larger in
every way. Thus the three posterior teeth measure nearly as much as four in the other skull.
The molars thus extend further forward as well as backward in the Wisconsin specimen. The
palate between the posterior molars is narrower, but between the anterior ones is of the same
width.

It is, perhaps, erroneous to say that Arctomys is without cheek pouches. In A. monawx there
is a distinct indentation on the side of the jaw inside, extending to a depth of perhaps half an
inch.

ARCTOMYS MONAX.

Woodchuck; Ground Hos.

Hus monaz, Lannxus, Syst. Nat. (10th ed.) I, 1758, 601.—Iz. (12th ed.) I, 1766, 81.
Beppaert, Elenchus Animalium, J, 1784, 105.
Glis monaz, Erxtrsen, Syst. 1777, 361.
Arclomys monax, Guetin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 142.
Suaw, Gen. Zool. I, 1801, 117, (from Pennant.)
Desmarest, Mamm. II, 1822, 328.
Saprne, Linn. Trans. XIII, 1822, 582.
Haran, F. Amer. 1825, 158. z
Grirrity’s, Cuvier, II, 170; plate (from Lawson).—In. V, 1827, 244.
Ricnarpson, F. 5. Am. I, 1829, 153; (from Godman.)
Gopman, Am. N. H. II, 100.
Dez Kay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 68; pl. xxi, f. 4.
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 17; pl. ii.
Kennicorr, Rep. U. S. Pat. Office, Agricultural for 1856, (1857,) 82; pl. x.
Glis canadensis, ERXLEBEN, Syst. An. 1777, 363. (Quebec Marmot, of Pennant.)
Mus empera, Patas, Noy. Spec. Glir. 1778, 74.
Bopparrt, Elenchus Anim. I, 1784, 105.
Arctomys empetra, ScuresER, Saugthiere, IV, 1792, 743; pl. ccx.
Saaw, Gen. Zool. Il, 1801, 119.
Gmewin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 143.
Desmarest, Mamm. I, 1822, 329.
Sabine, Linn. Trans. XIII, 1822, 584.
Haruan, F. Amer. 1825, 159.
Grirritu’s Cuvier, V, 1827, 245.
Ricnarpson, F. B. Amer. I, 1829, 147; pl. ix.
Fiscurn, Synopsis, 1829, 343.
Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, 1846 ; pl. vii.
“‘Marmota quebekana, PENNANT, Syn. 270,’’ (as quoted by Pallas.)
Arctomys melanopus, Kunn, Beitrage, 1820, 64. (Canada.)
Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 343.
Ardomys marmota canadensis, Kun, Beitrage, 1829, 64.
Fiscurr, Synopsis, 1829, 341.

340 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Maryland marmot, Pennant, Synopsis Quad. 1771, 270.—Is. Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 260.—Is. Arctic Zoology, I,
1784, 111.

Quebec marmot, Pennant, Synopsis, 1771, 270.—In. Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 259.—Is. Arctic Zool. I, 1784, 111.

Monax gris, St. Hitarre & Cuvier, Hist. des Mammif. III, 1819; plate and text.

Sr. Cu.—Tail, with the hairs, about half as long as the body and head, or a little less. Color varying from nearly pure
black all over to grizzled above, and bright chestnut red beneath. Feet always black, or dark brown. Tail usually black,
sometimes annulated grayish. Length, 15 to 18 inches. Hind foot over 3 inches.

Description of specimens before skinning (847, 854).

Form very thick and clumsy. No constriction at the neck, which is short, the head set ap-
parently directly on the shoulders. Head broad, flattened above. Legs short and thick. Tail
short, full, and bushy, somewhat flattened ; the tips of the hairs reaching a little beyond the
ends of the claws of the outstretched feet. Fur of two kinds—the basal soft and moderately
close, the longer projecting beyond the basal fur half the Jength of the latter, composed of stiff
lustrous hairs; the tail entirely of the latter kind, without any soft fur. Annulations are dis-
tinctly visible on the skin of the tail on separating the hairs.

Head broad and full. Centre of the eye midway between the tip of the nose and the posterior
margin of the ear. Nose broad, the muffle covered with hair to the edge of the nostrils ; the
broad septum between them, with the inside of the nostrils themselves, naked and black. The
upper lip is divided vertically by a broad shallow furrow, running up and bisecting the septum.
This is naked throughout. The lower end of this furrow is occupied by an angular cartilaginous
pad, which lies over the base of the incisors. The lips are very full and fleshy ; the upper ones
inflected into the cavity of the mouth, with its coating of hairs, the boundary of which is marked
by a fringe of short bristles. The lower lip is not attached to the end of the jaw, but may be
slipped down for a distance equal to the length of the incisors.

There is a short shallow cavity between the muscles of the jaw and the cheek, attaining a
depth perhaps of half an inch or less, and occupying the place of the internal pouch of Zamias
and Spermophilus. The inner edge of this is covered by a cartilaginous roughened pad, which
extends backwards so as when the molars are in apposition, to lie against their line of junction.

The cheek whiskers are in five horizontal series on each side, nearly parallel, the upper
somewhat divergent. There are about five large hairs in each series, though sometimes two
spring from the same root, and there are in the lower rows some feebler ones anterior to the
larger ones. All, however, are short, and do not extend back to the ear. Another set of
whiskers (four hairs in the set) is seen above the anterior canthus of each eye, extending
obliquely upwards and backwards. On each cheek, again, and about as distant from the eye
and ear as these are from each other, is a clump of long hairs, about five or six in number.
The tips of these reach some distance behind the ear. There is also a tuft of bristles under the
chin, as well as some scattered shorter ones in advance of these and near the edge of the lip.

The eyes are rather small, the pupil nearly or quite circular, the iris liver brown. In the
anterior canthus is a small thin cartilaginous and triangular flap, which is directed backwards
over the base of the eyeball. It is firmer and black at tip.

The ears are short, broader than their projection above the skull. The upper edge is sub-
truncate, the corners rounded or rather it forms the are of a rather large circle. It has no
appreciable antitragus, and is coated with short hairs on both sides. It scarcely projects above
the hairs of the nape, though very distinctly visible from the sides.

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—ARCTOMYS MONAX. 341

The feet are rather large, the palms and soles entirely naked; the latter from the heel.and
well wrinkled. There are five callosities on the palm—three anterior, and two posterior much
larger. Of the former, the outer ones are situated at the base of the outer (longer) fingers ;
the central one between the bases of the two central long toes, (third and fourth.) This is
largest and as if formed by the confluence of two situated like the others. On the soles there
are six callosities or tubercles—four anterior over the bases of the toes, except the third, which
is larger, and between the bases of the third and fourth. The two posterior are very low and
scarcely appreciable.

The thumb of the hand or fore foot is excessively rudimentary, like a mere wart, and would
be scarcely appreciable but for the broad, short nail, with its subjacent pad. The fore claws
are considerably longer than the hinder ones. In the hand, the claw of the third finger projects
furthest ; the fourth comes next, reaching nearly as far as the third; the second is a little
shorter. The claw of the fifth extends as far as the end of the fourth finger.

The second and third toes of the hind foot, with their claws, are about equal and longest ;
the fourth is a little shorter. The claws of the first and fifth do not quite reach the last
articulation of their adjacent toes. The tip of the claw of the first toe extends about as far as
the middle of the fifth claw. There is a slight web at the base of the fingers and toes.

On slightly everting the anus (of the male) there are visible, just within its inner edge, three
glandular papilla—one anterior, and two lateral—themselves capable of considerable protrusion
(one-fourth of an inch) by eversion, when they are conical, and white and like the teats of a
cow. During life these may frequently be seen in a state of constant protrusion and retraction,
at first sight giving the impression of large ascarides. These appear to secrete a thickened
matter, white, and of a slightly offensive smell.

The stomach is simple, shaped much like that of man; the coecum is very large and full, in
shape and size not dissimilar to the stomach ; no partitions distinguishable. The gall bladder
is distinct.

The predominant color of the outer surface of the hair of the specimen is a lustrous deep black,
especially on the hinder part of the back and belly, the tail, legs, the nape, and top of the
head. On the shoulders, sides of the body and neck, cheeks below the eyes, whole under parts,
except posteriorly, there is a strongly distinct hoariness, caused by a subterminal space of silver
grayish white, which, on the under parts of the body and legs, passes gradually into a brownish
chestnut, (the mesial line of the belly lighter.) There is also a distinct ring of whitish round
the muzzle, the posterior edge of which is about half way between the eye and nostril, or
perhaps the muzzle may be described as grayish white, excepting the extreme end, which is
black.

The above remarks respecting color apply, however, exclusively to the long coarse hairs.
The intermediate soft hairs are generally of a dark plumbeous black at the base, and of a tinge
of whitish at the tip, varying with the region from light brownish to dull gray, through chest-
nut, darkest towards the ends of the hairs. The chestnut tinge predominates on the posterior
half of the body. On the sides of the body, anteriorly, these hairs are more annulated, there
being a second dark bar separated from the basal one by a somewhat lighter one, making four
rings, the terminal one again almost divided into one grayish and one reddish white. The
basal fur on the belly is, however, very scant and mostly black. The hairs on the tail are
entirely black. The incisors are white.

Another specimen, from the same litter in all probability, differs in having all the long hairs

342 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

on the upper parts and sides of a pale yellowish hoary, instead of being black. The top of the
head is dark brown, except on the muzzle, which is black; there is, however, a subterminal
band of grayish white, as described. The feet and tail are entirely black. The bases of all the
hairs in this specimen are almost black. In this, though a male, the teats are distinctly dis-
cernible to the number of four on each side—two on the groin, one inside of the shoulder, and one
behind the axilla. There are none visible on the belly.

We thus see that this species varies very considerably in the color of the lower parts, and to
a less extent in the upper; nor is the color a question of age, as very large specimens are as
different as half grown and young ones. The principal variations before me are as follows:

1. Almost entirely glossy jet black all over. On the back, however, the long hairs have dull
yellowish rusty tips. The under fur on the back sooty brown at the base, becoming faintly
yellowish brown towards'the end. Nose and chin whitish. (No. 1572.) ‘

2. General color dusky. The grizzling of the dorsal surface confined mainly to the sides of
the shoulders. Under fur with light brownish yellow tips. A dark rusty or chestnut suffusion
round the fore legs. Nose and chin whitish. (No. 847.)

3. Similar to the last in all respects, but with the black hairs of the belly tipped mostly with
dark chestnut. (No. 1571.)

4, Under parts still more chestnut, though also showing much black; above, more generally
yellowish hoary. A still deeper chestnut tinge round the fore legs. (Nos. 854, 1575, 1574.)

5. Under parts pretty uniform chestnut, the bases of the hairs still dusky. The hairs around
and between the bases of the fore legs brighter and deeper chestnut. (Nos. 1631, 1573.)

6. Similar to preceding, but the tail is grizzled like the back, the hairs above and below being
all finely annulated with brownish yellow, white and dark brown. (Nos. 1392, 1150.)

As a generalization from these variations, it may be stated that the legs and tail are almost
always black, (in 1392 the tail is grizzled like the back.) Where the belly is rusty, the region
round the base of the fore legs is of a deeper chestnut. The upper parts are not pure black in
any of the specimens before me; where the dorsal surface is hoary, this is most distinct, and
lightest on the sides of the shoulders, as in Spermophilus douglassii and beecheyi. In all the
specimens the soles are naked.

It is worthy of remark that the only specimens enumerated in which the tail is grizzled like
the back, with the hairs annulated, are those from Wisconsin and Missouri. —

This species, so familiarly known throughout the United States as the woodchuck, or ground
hog, has been described under several names. There is now no reasonable doubt that the
Arctomys empetra, so long kept separate from the A. monaz, is really identical with it, as
insisted on by Audubon and Bachman. According to these authors, the species ranges from
Hudson’s Bay to South Carolina, and westward to the Rocky Mountains. It is probable, how-
ever, that at some distance west of the Upper Missouri it is replaced by the species I have
called A. flaviventris.

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—ARCTOMYS FLAVIVENTER. 343

List of specimens.

5 S Measurements.
e134 |¢ i Wh Whence ob- | Nature of speci-| 3 |e wil Se Se ee SS) Sls
2 Ee = Fpl anectéa. Saal. F ee > = 3 z Ese es 8 3 2 = fel . Da
au | 3 ole lot] o (Pee 8) FB] SB RalFulss} o
ero! lined slalom o (fo SS/E 1S beolscign| Ss
eae a z\2\8 |2 e's |SiSE EE le
o {oO D 2/24 | 24 | & |e/E im fa & ie
1G31 |.2..selecceee Middleboro’, Mass..|..... Capon J. W. P. Jenks...| SKin 2... ceccccleve |reeclecca|svceee|ecee ae sece|accclaves|oust|suss| seas
Essex co., N. Y...+ ..| Dr. 8. E. Hale ...|...do... o0e|secclecee|scccecleces |eeeelenes|ooee (3.462.353) coe] ine
os|es'ewee|ncvs|esce|shecleces|acee |eeee
bpeiden fe seahutsa 3.472.46| .81
aleoeesclevee|aees|icee|seesistociaeaol) sealeae.
BASO) Pees Boo ocsed aes Jeves|oce» +++ 3,632.31 +85) .c00
847 | 1905 3 aa aain dO .....0000..| Aug. 25, 1855 fe 1.67/3.00/3.60) 14.50 4.75 6.75 2.33)3.043.19/2.19 64/109
854 | 1910 fol eeeeee dO .ose0e0-02.| Sept. 7, 1855 |.... 1,50)2,10 3.50) 14,005.08, 7.08 2.42)3.14 3,272.00] .60/1.13
she kay GO4:|seees0|/Carlisle, Paco. coe:|siecaianescesne FOCCeE|| aaa fe clei GOs
1150 | 2038 |.-.... Racine, Wis ....... 1855 3,702.29) .78)
iC. aa Pe West Northfield, Ill.| June .... .... ea heed aoe
347 | 1261 |-.-..- Western Missouri..| June, 1854... oe 4 102.61 82
wecces| 788 |eoroee Carlisle, Pa eeeeeee 3.782.40) .79
Sesses BOT |eweee |eeeee dO wel encccecccccce- [eee | a vasl sides fees
seceee| 167! O | Racine, Wis....0.s|eccceae coccees P. R. Hoy .....-- 00 0dO secccecces beaslnecalleacs 3.00 2.06
eee | 2008 |e nsuclleaesse do Sel beesstisweciewe)|seccllO)s) ‘assicciceea|seaUOlucecicesaes|=s==|=0a5]/ans= 3.60) 79
1 To end of outstretched hind legs, 20 inches, 2 To end of outstretched hind legs, 18 inches ; longest fore claw, .60; hind claw, .42.

ARCTOMYS FLAVIVENTER, Bachman.

Yellow-Footed Marmot.

Arctomys flaviventer, Aup. & Bacu. Pr. A. N. Se. Phila. I, 1841.—Is. J. A. N. Se. Phila. VIII, m, 1842, 309.—In.
N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 160; pl. cxxxiv.
Waener, in Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1843, II, 45.

Sp. Cu.—Size of common woodchuck. Above, yellowish brown, somewhat grizzled with gray. Under parts of body and
tail, and the legs all round, inside and out, reddish chestnut.

A skin from the Black Hills, obtained by Dr. Hayden, is of very large size, The under parts,
with the legs all round, are uniform chestnut brown, or dark chestnut, to the roots of the hairs.
The upper parts are rusty yellowish, except in the middle portion of the lumbar region, where
they are paler, and grizzled somewhat with dark brown, owing to a subterminal annulation of
this color near the tips of the long hairs. The top of the head is uniform dark brown, nearly
black ; the top and sides of the muzzle are reddish; the under part of the chin whitish. The
tail is colored much like the belly; the hairs becoming dark brownish towards the roots.
Length of skin, stretched, 22 inches; tail vertebree, 8; with the hairs, 10.

The feet are wanting in part, or else so much mutilated as not to admit of a satisfactory
description. The skull of this animal has fortunately been preserved in good condition, and
presents some very characteristic features, as compared with that of A. monax. The muzzle is
remarkably short and broad, owing to the extent to which the intermaxillaries enter into its
upper surface. This is connected with a much greater proportional size of the upper incisors,
which require more space for their accommodation. There is a more than usual depression or
concavity on the frontal bone between the orbits. The upper molars again are rather smaller

344 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

than in A. monax. The body of the lower jaw is lower, the descending ramus projecting further
backward than in A. monaz.

This animal agrees very well with the 4. flaviventer of Bachman, except in being chestnut
colored beneath instead of yellow. This is, however, a difference of no consequence.

A very imperfect skin, collected at Fort Dalles by Dr. Suckley, is in very imperfect fur, and
does not furnish the materials for a satisfactory description. It is about the size of the northern
hare, (Lepus americanus,) and is just changing its fur, the new hairs being very short. The
prevailing color above of the short hairs is a very pale grizzled brownish white and black,
imparting a hoary appearance. The old soft under fur, however, is dusky at the base, then
light brownish yellow, then brownish chestnut. The under parts are yellowish chestnut, the
base of the fur darker; the sides of the neck and shoulders, and the area round the fore legs,
with the legs themselves, are similar, but more yellowish. The tail is yellowish rusty, becoming
brownish towards the roots of the hairs. The end of the muzzle all round is whitish, margined
all round by a broad band of rather dark brownish chestnut, interrupted under the throat.
The soles of the feet are naked.

This specimen bears a close resemblance to the Arctomys monax, but differs in the yellowish
tail and legs.

Although there are some differences in these two specimens, yet they are hardly of specific
value ; at any rate, for the present I shall combine them and refer both to Arctomys flaviventer,
a species the essential character of which appears to be in having all the legs and feet reddish
inside and out, in distinction to the universally black feet of A. monax.

No locality is given by Bachman to his animal, having found it among some skins in the
rooms of the Zoological Society of London. Supposed to have come from Western Texas or
California.

List of specimens.

|

2 3 x Measurements.

= eo 2

5 5 os * I - - = = i 8

S |e] 8 Locality. When Whence obtained. | = | Nature ofspe- | 3 pele = Sy | ana

%Z|ez|s collected. = cimen. ese ales Sa) 3] 8 ales

x} a & 5 SSS ea] 4 = - |on

= = © ‘So ais a=] 3 =| ie |

a So tp i=} ° ‘3S 3 = z g Rad

o 15 < lo) 2/8 |& mlm | a |e
£9973 | wees Q Fort Dalles, O. T....| May 20, 1855| Dr. Geo. Suckley...... 60) | SKIN ¢ cswevene 14.75) 4.50 | 6.50 | 2.80 |. .cccclevccce|seesee
15252 | 1372 |...... Black Hills, Neb..... | 1855 Dr. F. V. Hayden.....].... Sas O!asisislenass 22.00) 8.00 |10.00 |...... 3.62 | 2.46 94

1 Measured before skinning. 2 Much stretched.

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—ARCTOMYS PRUINOSUS. 345

The following species of Arctomys I have not had an opportunity of examining : :

ARCTOMYS PRUINOSUS, Gmelin.

Hoary Marmot, Whistler.

Arctomys pruinosus, Gmetin, Syst. Nat. J, 1788, 144.
Suaw, Gen. Zool. II, 1801, 121.
Sazine, Trans. Linn. Soc. XIII, 1822, 586.
Harvan, Fauna Americana, 1825, 169.
Ricwarpson, Zool. Jour. III, 1828, 518—In. F. Bor. Amer. I, 1829, 150.
Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 343,
Aun. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad, III, 1853, 17; pl. ciii.
? Arctomys caligatus, Escuscnoxirz, Zoolog. Atlas, 11, 1829, 1; pl. vi.
Ricu. Zool. Blossom, 1839, 7.
Wacner, Suppl. Schreber, III, 1843, 260. -
? Arctomys okanaganus, Kine, Narrative Back’s Jour. II, 1836, 257; plate ii, vol. [.
Arctomys sibila, Worr, Linne’s Natursystem, II, 1808, 481. (Made to embrace both 4. empelra and pruinosa,
supposed to be the same.)
Hoary Marmot, Pennant, Hist. Quad. II, 1781, 130.—In. Arctic Zoology, I, 1784, 112.
? Arctomys monax, Minpenvorrr, Sibirische Reise, II, , 1853, 85.

The whistler appears to be about the size of the common woodchuck, which it resembles in a
great many respects; nor, indeed, have the precise differences been fully pointed out. The
animal was first described by Pennant, as the hoary marmot, in the following terms: ;

“Tip of the nose black; ears short and oval; cheeks whitish; crown dusky and tawny; hair on all parts rude and long; on
the back, sides, and belly, cinereous at the bottom, black in the middle, and tipped with white, so as to spread a hoariness over
the whole; legs black; elaws dusky; tail full of hair and ferruginous. Size of the Maryland marmot.”’ (From F, B. A.)

To this Richardson adds the testimony of some gentlemen of the fur countries, who state
that it is the size of the badger, or smaller, with much the same appearance; covered with
beautiful long silver gray hair, and having a long bushy tail. Another account says that the
breast and shoulders to the middle of the body are of a silver gray color; the rest of the body
and the brush (or tail) of a dirty yellowish or brown.

The first satisfactory account of the supposed whistler is by Dr. King, in his “‘ Narrative of
a Journey to the Shores of the Arctic Ocean, in 1833-’35, under command of Captain Back,”’
2 vols. 12mo. Bentley, London, 1836. He describes a living specimen brought from Fort
Okanagan, and, as furnishing a better means of comparison with the woodchuck, I here intro-
duce it entire. °

“ Arctomys okanaganus, Kixe. Okanagan marmot, with the head somewhat oval and flattened ; nose short, obtuse, and
covered with very minute hairs; incisor teeth slightly curved, upper ones anteriorly of a pale yellow, lower ones whitish;
whiskers few, black, and of various lengths, but none exceeding two inches ; ears semi-oval, shorter than the fur on the neck,
but, from the arrangement of the hair covering the cheeks, perfectly distinct, and thickly covered on both sides with short
appressed hairs ; exiremities short and strong ; fore feet shaped for grasping, having four toes well divided, and armed with
strong claws, which are compressed, curved, and rather sharp-pointed, well adapted for digging ; third toe is the longest, then
the second, next the inner one, and lastly the outer one ; in p!ace of a thumb there appears a rounded projection of the palm,
having a small but well defined claw ; palm black and bare ; five hind toes, of which the middle is the longest, the one on the
right next, and afterwards that on the left, then the outer one, and lastly the inner one ; claws resembling those of the fore
feet; sole bare and black.

‘* Fur around the nose and margins of the mouth grey ; crown inclined to black, with a few long and irregularly scattered
grey hairs ; tip of the nose brown ; from either side of the dorsal aspect of the head a blackish band extends in an arched form-
down to the fore shoulders, somewhat resembling a ram with his horns laid back ; and a slight bar of the same color is Spread

441

316 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

for about an inch along the hind part of the neck ; cheeks reddish brown, of rather a darker hue just beneath the eye ; shoulders
and fore part of the back covered with long coarse hair, grey at the surface and bluish grey at the roots; fur of the hind
parts shorter by at least one half; bluish grey at the roots, light grey in the middle, tipped with pale rusty brown, and fre-
quently pointed with glossy black ; fore legs and feet well covered with short but dense hair, black, excepting just beyond the
insertion of each claw, where a very conspicuous irregular spot of grey isseen ; hind legs and feet perfectly black ; claws rather
lighter ; neck, chest, and whole ventral aspect of the body sparingly covered with a short fur of a buff color, rather lighter
towards the sides ;' tail depressed, slightly convex on the upper surface, but quite flat beneath ; narrowest at the root, gradually
but slightly widening towards the end, where it appears rounded ; color above the same as the hind parts of the back, except
at the tip, where it is dull black ; beneath entirely dull black. Total length from the nose to the tip of the tail twenty-six in-
ches, of which the head is three inches and three-quarters, and the tail eight inches ; palm, including middle fore toe and claw,
two inches and a half, while the sole, similarly measured, is three inches and a quarter ; height of ears posteriorly three-quar-
ters of an inch, and breadth between the eyes two inches.

‘*The Okanagan marmot therefore is separated from Pennant’s hoary marmot innot having a black nose, in the fur not
being universally rude and long,.and in not having on the back, sides and belly any such arrangement of colors as cinereous at
the root, black in the middle, and whitish at the tip. Richardson’s description in the Zoological Journal, which savors of both
Pennant’s and McPherson’s remarks, is too slight to afford anything like satisfactory comparison ; but there are sufficient dis-
crepancies—such as the long coarse fur on the chest—twenty-seven and a half inches being given as the length of the head and
body, and two and a half for that of the head,—to show that it is not synonymous with the Okanagan. Were it not for the
difference in the size of the head, which is very great, the dimensions of McPherson’s animal would correspond pretty accu-
rately with those of the Okanagan marmot, for the slight variation of an inch from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail
might be reconciled by supposing that the arched form of the back had been flattened by pressure. It is very far, however,
from resembling the beaver in the shape of its body, as in McPherson’s specimen, being, if anything, rather broader across the
shoulders than about the hind parts.

‘‘ The length of the head, the grey spot on the upper part of each of the fore toes, which strongly contrast with the black fur
of the rest of the foot—the singularly arched band extending from the back of the head to either shoulder, and the peculiarly
short and scanty fur covering the neck and whole ventral aspect of the body—likewise the dull black of the under part of the
tail distinguish the Okanagan marmot as a new species.”’

** Found on a small tract of country on the borders of the Rocky Mountains, between the Columbia and Fraser’s rivers,
supplying with food and clothing the Okanagan Indians, included between Seechwap lake to north and Spokane river to south.”

From this account it will be seen that King contests stoutly the identity of his animal
with the 4. pruinosus. It is, however, without much question, the same animal as described by
Eschscholtz under the name of A. caligata, which has priority over A. okanaganus.

The specimen described and figured by King remained several years alive in the menagerie
of the Zoological Society of London, and after its death was carefully preserved, and served as
the basis of the figure and description of Audubon and Bachman. This fact must be borne in
mind in the event of there being two northern marmots. To complete Dr. King’s account, I
subjoin the measurements of Audubon and Bachman.

Inches. Lines.
Length from nose to root of tail ...--------------- en ee ee Se
Length of tail, (vertebra) .-.. --.---------------- 5.
Length’ or tail; with*hairs' “3 1222 Sees eee as
From nose: tovocciput-...¢rancese stn sae ene saeee 3
Br Oe tet eeat See ae oe Se Slant oe ee ee eee Ce ee 5}.
Palm: andinail, 025). 0 onsen eae aol dene donee ad 2 9.
TATRUB St. las iw pepe dd aa em Se 3
Nail on hind foot IP ks | ee

Middendorff, in his Sibirische Reise, refers to a large marmot from Kamtschatka under the

RODENTIA—SCIURINAE—ARCTOMYS LEWISII. 347

name of Arcfomys monaa, and says that they agree exactly with the figure by Audubon and
Bachman of A. pruinosa, (the same one just described.) The paws of the Asiatic specimens he
states, however, to be yellowish brown, instead of black, although the intermixture of single
blackish brown hairs suggests the possibility of their varying to this extent. From the analogy
of Spermophilus parryi, it would seem highly probable that the same species might inhabit the
adjacent shores of the North Pacific.

Middendorff is inclined to think that Arctomys caligata of Eschscholtz may be distinct from
the A. pruinosus, as its color is much lighter, and the tail measures ten inches in length, or about
half the length of the body, both according to Eschscholtz’ description and a skin brought sub-
sequently from California by Wosnes’ens’kij, a taxidermist in the employ of the Academy of
Sciences of St. Petersburg, who spent several years in the Russian possessions on the Pacific.

ARCTOMYS LEWISII, Aud. & Bach.

Lewis’ Marmot.
Arctomys lewisii, Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 32; pl. evii.

© Sp. Cu.—Size of the gray rabbit; shape of head and body similar to that of Arctomys monax. Tail, with the hairs, about
one-fifth the head and body. Nose and nails black. Upper surface and esrs reddish brown, the softer dense under fur being
light yellowish brown, the longer interspersed hairs blackish brown at the tips. On the haunches the hairs are interspersed with
black and yellowish brown; feet and belly light salmon red. Tail from the root, for half its length, reddish brown; the other
half to the tip, soiled white. Above the nose, edges of ears, and along the cheeks, pale reddish buff. There is a white band
across the toes, and another irregular one behind them; there is an irregularly defined dark brown line round the back of head
and lower part of the chjn, marking the separation of the head from the throat and neck.”’

Inches.
Length from nose to root of tail ------ -------------- 16
Parls (VEMIEDID) fanaa tas an <2 aan mores ome aaa 2
Wale Withtawrs woos esate ane a sen nee eee ee
NOSE TO CAT eee oe ae. pe aee Seas See see cea eee 3
Nose to eyei= a2 .eeek 28 42 ne Sees sees 1
Heel to middle claw ...---------------------------- 24

The specimen described as above was found by the authors in the museum of the Zoological
Society, where it is labelled ‘‘ Arctomys brachyura? No. 461.’’ It was received from some of
western British fur posts, and supposed to have been collected somewhere in the vicinity of the
Columbia river.

From the description, as well as the figure, I should be inclined to consider this animal rather
as a prairie dog (Cynomys) than as a true marmot (Arctomys). The tail and feet are much
shorter in their proportions than in our other Arctomys, but agree very closely with the other
genus. Thus, in a fresh specimen of the Missouri prairie dog, (No. 1803,) the head and body
measure 13 inches; the head alone, 34; nose to ear, 24; the hind foot, 2.38. The tail is
nearly twice as long as in A. lewisii. A very little stretching of the skin, which it could
scarcely fail to receive after stuffing, and especially if prepared as hunters’ skins usually are,
would bring these measurements to 16 inches for the length to root of tail, and one-eighth of
an inch added to the hind feet would make up three inches. Now, in a fresh specimen of J,

348 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

monax, No. 854,) the head and body measure 14 inches, and the hind foot 8.14. The tail, with
the hairs, measures 7 inches.

The most important point, however, is in the character of the thumb. Cynomys, as already
explained, differs from Arctomys in having the thumb moderately developed, and armed with a
distinct claw, nearly as long as the fifth, the soles hairy ; while in Arctomys, the thumb is more
rudimentary and armed only with a broad flat nail, very different in character from the promi-
nent claw of the other. The soles also are perfectly smooth. Now, Audubon & Bachman
expressly mention that the ‘‘ thumbs, instead of being remarkably short and equipped with
blunt nails, have long nails nearly the length of those on the other toes.’’ Nothing is said of
the character of the soles.

The next question that remains to be discussed is the relationship of the species to the bur-
rowing squirrel of the Columbia, of Lewis and Clark.—See article under Cynomys gunnisonii,
page 336.

It is quite possible, judging from the descriptions, that the Arctomys lewisii may be the same
animal as Lewis and Clark described from afresh specimen 123 inches long, which might easily
be stretched to 16. The dimensions of the tail are almost precisely the same. The flat dis-
tichous tail of a living animal might easily become rounded in a skin, especially if the caudal
vertebree were removed. The discrepancies in the descriptions of the feet are more apparent .
than real, especially if, in speaking of the ‘‘ two inner thumbs of the fore feet,’’ they meant only
one thumb to each foot, as is most probable. Nor do our authors make any special reference to
the claws; they merely say that the thumbs are remarkably short, and equipped with blunt
nails, the remaining toes being long. Now, in Arctomys, the thumbs and their nails or claws
would probably not be mentioned at all by unscientific authors, as they are so minute and
inconspicuous as scarcely to attract attention. In color of body and tail the descriptions agree
almost precisely.

The fact that Lewis and Clark refer to their animal as a squirrel does not militate against it
being a Cynomys, as they call the common prairie dog, the barking squirrel of the Missouri.

For the above reasons I am inclined to consider the Arctomys lewisti rather as a Cynomys,
and quite possibly the same with the burrowing squirrel of Lewis and Olark, called Arctomys
columbianus, by Ord, and. Anisonyx brachyura, by Rafinesque.

Sup-Famiry MYOXINAE.

Molars a rooted unequal. Post-orbital process wanting. No coecum. Tail variable; hairy. Ante-orbital foramen
situated in the anterior base of the zygomatic arch, small, rounded.

I have introduced a short notice of the Myowinae for the purpose of completing the history
of the Sciuridae, although no species are known as inhabiting North America. They have
quite a general resemblance to the squirrels, but differ in many important points, in fact some
authors place them among the Muridae.

The incisors are laterally compressed ; the molars unequal in size, with the crowns not simply
tubercular but complicated ; the series on each side are widely separated and parallel.

There is no post-orbital process in the present sub-family, so conspicuous in the Sciwrinae.
The zygomatic process of the maxillary consists of a broad thin plate extending from the plane
of the palate to the upper surface of the skull; this has a moderately large ante-orbital foramen.
Incisive foramina partly in the maxillary, partly in the intermaxillary ; palatine process of the
maxillary terminating opposite the penultimate molar, followed by a narrow palatine process
of the palatine bone. The interparietal bone is much extended transversely, so as to reach
the temporal bones on either side, instead, as in the squirrels, of not extending beyond the
parietals.

Lower jaw with the branches more diverging than in the squirrels; the descending ramus
forming a quadrate process, which is sometimes perforated. The lower posterior angle of this
process is incurved, and either angular or rounded. The upper posterior angle is acute and
twisted outwards.

The anterior small molar of the squirrels is wanting ; the crowns are traversed by transverse
ridges; the teeth varying with the genera, from a quite simple structure to a very complicated
one.

The intestinal canal differs from that of all other rodents in having no coecum. The gall
bladder is present.

The form of the skull in some respects approximates to that of the Dipodinae.

The genera of this sub-family are Graphiurus, Eliomys, Glis, and Muscardinus—all belonging
to Europe, Central Asia, and Africa.

A species of Myoxrus was described many years ago by Reich,! under the name of MW. virginicus,
and said to have been brought alive from somewhere near the base of the Blue Mountains of
Virginia. The animal was about as large as the house mouse ; the body measuring 3 inches, the
tail 14. The tail was hairy and tufted at the tip; the body reddish brown, paler beneath.
The figure appears to represent a true Myoxus, and certainly differs from any animal now
known to inhabit the United States. It is, however, not impossible that such a species may exist
within our limits, and have hitherto escaped detection, although this is not very probable.

1 Reich, Beschreibung einer neuer Art von Schlifer; Mag. Gesellschaft Naturf. Freunde, zu Berlin, 1810, 243; tab. viii.

Sus-Famiiy CASTORINAE.

Molars it or =, rootless. No post:orbital process, Ante-orbital foramen ‘small, rounded, very far forward, or in the

base of the zygoma ; fore feet with five distinct toes and claws.

The two genera, Castor and Aplodontia, have long proved stumbling blocks in the way of a
systematic arrangement of the rodents. Partly in consequence of the difficulty in getting
specimens, and partly in consequence of the actual combination of characters of other forms,
these genera have been placed, by each different author, in some new relationship, although
there has of late been a decided tendency to place them near or among the Sciwridae. In this
view I am disposed to concur, although there still remains the question, whether the two are
not. typical of as many different sub-families, themselves forming a family of full rank?
Waiving this question until fuller series of entire specimens may serve to decide, I shall, for
the present, unite them as above. d

The two genera, then, Castor and Aplodontia, are confined to the northern hemisphere, the
latter, indeed, restricted to a very narrow region on the west coast. The two are readily dis-
tinguished by the flat scaly tail, webbed feet, and the complicated molars {=} of Castor, and the

4-5

very short and hairy tail, unwebbed feet, and simple molars {=} of Aplodontia.

AP LODON Diy Riek:

Aplodontia, Ricuarvson, Zool. Jour. 1V, Jan. 1829, 334.—Is, F. Bor. Am. I, 1829, 210.
Avp, and Baca. N. Am. Quad. TII,, 1853, 98.

Haplodon, Wacirr, Syst. Amphib. 1831, 23.
Waaner, Suppl. Schreb. LI, 1843, 395.

Apluodontia, Ric. Rep. British Assoc. for 1836, V, 1837, 187.

Haploodon or Hapludon, Branvr, Beit. Kennt. Saugt. Russl. 1855, 150.

Anisonyx, Rariesque, Am. Monthl. Mag. II, 1817, 45. (In part.)

Ears moderate, distinctly visible; muffle as in Sciuridae. Fore claws much larger than hinder ones; the short thumb

with a well developed claw; soles and heels naked. ‘Tail very short, almost rudimentary. Skull very much depressed,

triangular. Molars a= prismatic ; the anterior very small.

The systematic position of this genus has long been a matter of uncertainty, owing to the
fact that the single species has only been known from the specimen described first by Richard-
son, and subsequently by Audubon and Bachman. In many respects, however, it bears a very
close resemblance to the spermophiles, particularly to Cynomys ludovicianus ; having a similar
muffle, fore feet with five claws, rather larger ears, still shorter tail, &c. The outline and
some other characteristics of the skull continue the analogy, which fails, however, in the root-
less molars, the absence of post-orbital proeesses, and the presence of a rounded foramen in the
base of the zygoma. In the rootless molars and absence of post-orbital process, it resembles
Castor. In the absence of information respecting the skeleton, and internal anatomy generally,
it is impossible to say where it should be placed ; in a linear series, however, it would seem to
connect Castor with the squirrels, through the spermophiles. Of any affinities with Myowinae

RODENTIA—CASTORINAE—APLODONTIA. 351

Tam unable to speak further than that both are destitute of the post-orbital process. The
distinct rounded ante-orbital foramen, in the base of the zygoma, resembles somewhat that of
Tamias.

Skull.—The skull of Aplodontia, with the exception of the rootless molars and the lack of a
post-orbital process, offers many points of close relationship to that of Sciwridae generally.
It is, however, most remarkably depressed or flattened, the planes of the upper and under
surfaces almost parallel. Viewed from above, its shape, exclusive of the muzzle, is that of an
equilateral triangle ; the occiput, almost the widest part of the skull, nearly equals the greatest
distance between the zygomata ; its plane is vertical and perpendicular to that of the palate.
The occipital crest is well developed, with a decided fossa anterior to it on each side of the top
of the skull ; its two halves curve slightly forward from the exterior to their place of meeting
on the sagittal suture. The upper part of the cranium is much rounded or arched. There is,
however, a decided spherically concave depression between the orbits, just anterior to the region
of greatest contraction. This contraction is Very great, situated posterior to the centre of the
skull, which at this point is narrower than the nasal bones, and only about half the distance
between the outer borders of the alveoli of the second anterior molars, or equal to the length of
the crowns of the second and third molars. The bony orbits are very large; viewed from
above, they are somewhat right-angled triangled, the shortest side the antero-interior, about
two-thirds the length of the postero-interior, which is nearly straight. The hypothenuse is
considerably curved, and formed by the inner border of the malar bone. The muzzle is large
and much rounded ; indeed, its vertical section across the middle would be nearly circular.

Owing to the extreme age of the specimens it is impossible to trace out the course of the
sutures, and consequently to indicate the connexions of the malar. The lachrymal bone may
be identified, however, in a tubercle at the anterior angular extremity of the orbit, and imme-
diately within and behind this is a distinct notch, with a small process, which represents the
ante-orbital ; the edge of the frontal then curves rapidly inwards, as described, without any
post-orbital process whatever. The cavity of the cranium is consequently very small, compared
with the true squirrel.

The posterior root of the malar bone is thin, and passes out from the temporal in a horizontal
plane, where it is twisted more vertically and passes forward; its lower edge, horizontal or
slightly concave, extends beyond the anterior molar, and then descending very little reaches
the plane of the palate. The palate itself is nearly horizontal from the incisors; although an-
terior to the molars it slopes off on each side of the middle region. The ante-orbital foramen is
not large ; it is oval, the longer axis directed obliquely upwards, outwards and forwards; the
two branches of the zygoma forming its outer walls are nearly equal. The incisive foramina
are large, situated just back of the incisors, and are one-third as long as the distance from in-
cisors to molars. The largest palato-maxillary foramina are between the centres of the fourth
molars ; the palate between the molars is perfectly plane and extends behind the last molar, by
its own length terminating in a concave edge behind. The glenoid cavity is remarkably long,
broad and shallow.

The auditory bullae are quite small, but open rapidly into very wide auditive tubes, much
larger, with thinner walls, than in the beaver; these extend horizontally beyond the posterior
angle of the zygoma, .

The inner lines of molar alveoli are about parallel; the outer are slightly divergent ante-
riorly, owing to the increase in size of the molars from behind—from the fifth to the second in

352 - S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZO00LOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

the upper jaw, from fourth to first in the lower. The first molar above is very small, and
situated against the antero-internal corner of the second ; it is oval and simple. All the molars
are prismatic and rootless. The general shape of their section in the upper jaw is circular, the
inner side quite so; the outer, however, with a prominent salient angle, on either side of which
is a slight concavity. The second upper molar is larger, and has a concavity on the antero-
internal corner. The lower molars are rather longer and narrower, somewhat like the upper,
except that the salient angle is on the inner side ; and there is a decided groove on the outside,
anterior to the middle of the tooth. The molars of both jaws are situated much further back
than usual, the middle of the skull being opposite the junction of the second and third ; the
line of the molars is a little more than one-fourth the length of the skull. The incisors of both
jaws are much rounded anteriorly : the section of the upper nearly circular, of the lower sub-
triangular.

The lower jaw is very remarkable in its shape. The inner edges of the molars of opposite
sides are perfectly parallel. The descending ramus is twisted so as to be perfectly horizontal
behind, its postero-inferior edge being a straight line, almost exactly perpendicular to the ver-
tical plane of the axis of the skull. The inferior angle of the descending ramus, now become
interior, is extended inwards until those of opposite sides are separated by the interval between
themolars. The condyles have their long axis transverse, and are convex externally ; the condy-
loid process is low, its upper edge straight and nearly horizontal, the coronoid process rising
anterior to it, very broad, high and falciform. The junction of the first and second molars is
about midway between the end of the incisors and the back part of the condyles.

From the above description of the skull of Aplodontia, it will be seen that there is a remark-
able predominance of horizontal planes and straight lines perpendicular to the three co-ordinate
planes. Thus the plane of the occiput is vertical and perpendicular to that of the base of the
skull, which itself, as nearly as may be, is horizontal. The general outline of the top of the
head is parallel with that of the bottom; the lower edge of the occiput is horizontal and perpen-
dicular to the horizontal axis of the skull. The lower edge of the zygoma is nearly rectilinear
and parallel with the plane of the palate. In the lower jaw a vertical plane would be tangent
to the condyles and the nearly horizontal posterior edge of the inferior ramus. The planes of
the broad coronoid processes are vertical, though inclined to each other.

From the preceding description, therefore, of Aplodontia, it will, I think, be clearly evident
that its affinities are decidedly with the Sciwridae.

The genus Aplodontia was first established by Richardson as eeaneae expressing the charac-
ters of the animal. Somewhat faulty in its etymological construction, the name has been
variously modified by purists; but as one well established by use, I have considered it best to
adhere to the one originally given by Richardson.

The genus Anisonyx was established by Rafinesque to embrace the general characters of the.

‘burrowing squirrel’’ of Lewis and Clark, as given by them, but entirely misapprehended by
him. As the diagnosis does not really apply in many important points, it will be necessary to
reject the name, especially as it comes much nearer to Cynomys, a genus of the same author,
and well characterized by him about the same time.

ee

RODENTIA—CASTORINAE—APLODONTIA LEPORINA. 353

APLODONTIA LEPORINA, Rich.

Sewellel; Showt’l.

Aplodontia leporina, Bicuanpson, Zool. Jour. IV, Jan. 1829, 335.—Is. Fauna Bor. Am. I, 1829, 211; plate xviii,
C, fig. 7—14.
Prare, Mam. & Birds Ex. Ex. 1848, 56. Wood cut fig. of skull.
Avp. &. Baca. N. Am. Quad. II. 1853, 99; plate exxiii.
Haplodon leporinus, Waatrr, Syst. Amph. 1830,
Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. IIT, 1843, 396.
Anisonyz rufa, RAriesqur, Am. Month. Mag. II, 1817, 45.
Arctomys rufa, Haruan, F, Am. 1825, 308.
Sewelel, Lewis & CuarKe, Travels, II, 1815, 176.

Se. Cu —Size of muskrat, with much of its general appearance; reddish brown all over, with a more plumbeous cast below.

The eyes of this species are very small, and situated about midway between the nose and the
ear. The whiskers are longer than the head, stiff, of a plumbeous brown and dark gray,
intermixed. The ears are short and rounded, covered on both sides with short hair. The tail
is shorter than the hind foot ; it is much depressed—this character very distinct in the vertebrae.
The third finger is longest; the fourth a little shorter, next the third, The claw of the fifth
reaches a little beyond the base of that of the third; the claw of the first does not extend to
the base of the other fingers. On the hind foot the three central toes and claws are nearly
equal. The fifth claw reaches not quite to the middle of the fourth ; the first a little beyond
the base of the second. The palms and soles are naked; the former with two large basal
tubercles, as in Geomys.

The fur consists of a soft dense woolly fur, with longer and bristly hairs interspersed. This
fur is of a grayish plumbeous at the base; at the ends it is of a dull reddish brown. On the
under parts the plumbeous predominates. The interspersed hairs are black. Some specimens
are of a darker cast above.

As the skins before me are somewhat distorted, I add the dimensions of a mounted specimen
brought home by the United States Exploring Expedition, under Captain Wilkes.

General dimensions. Inches. Lines.
Nose tO Geel pits: = aaa scence secon a eee ce solo! 3 "i
CE eae ee ease ree See cee 1 5
Te eae Siete ea ee an ai ee eS 2 5
rootiof tail‘along’ the curve =..-2<..3.s<-5322--.2- 15 6
fran inom: root to.endof vertebrae’ .-.=-+-5-a-ses se oe ase lens acsnse- 10
SITS. oo ea oe eee 1 6
Mar LeIe NU ATOSUCLIONY, canna aisa= nm a-cnSewnaeucatacnosn a|te ween une
TALENT eh esi Ai A i a te ia a | Se
Aum tore toot torend of Clawd’.--2..---~5---2ceses-sse2- 1 Th
USES: Git? 2: Ae Se ne oe ee ee | ee ee 7
Leg, hind foot from heel to end of claws ----.------------- 2 1
USSR NSS te a eS A ee ee er 4}

This animal, though not rare in the'vicinity of Puget’s Sound, is yet very little known to
45 L

354 U. S. P. R. Rs EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

naturalists, although the materials at our command are richer now than a few years ago, when
Audubon and Bachman were unable to find a specimen in any museum of the United States.
Several specimens collected by Dr. Suckley and Lieut. Trowbridge do not admit of any positive
addition to the account given above, based on Mr. Peale’s specimen. I have heard of an Aplo-
dontia from the mountains of California, probably the same species, but have not seen a speci-
men.

The name of Sewellel for this animal is not at present used on the norti:west coast, according
to Dr. Suckley ; it is now called Showt’l, a word quite similar in sound to the old one. Lewis
and Clarke, in describing it under this name, mention that the tail is always removed by the
Indians in dressing, misled by the exceedingly rudimentary condition of fhis member.

It is perhaps a question whether the true name of this species be not Aplodontia rufa, after
Rafinesque. Although his description is incorrect, it was based on the Sewellel of Lewis and
Clarke, which is unquestionably the Aplodontia leporina of Richardson. As, however, Rafinesque
asserts positively that certain characters apply to his Anisonyx rufa, which really do not exist
in Aplodontia leporina, we may be warranted in avoiding the use of his specific name for Rich-
ardson’s animal. It may, perhaps, be well to repeat that Rafinesque bases his description
entirely upon a partly erroneous interpretation of the article of Lewis and Clarke.

List of specimens.

_
3 Measurements.
3
2 [8 : anys
<igeiiblah 1 5 F am i Oe
EI 2 sil ¢ Locality. When col- | Whence and how ob- = Nature of | & = 3 z Collected by—
ee pees 1 aiee lected. tained. 3 specimen. |S 3) 5 ue a
= 6 E a s S ° i=
= id et i 3 =) f= 4 el
a | 5 € g = | =|
Siig] 3 2 Ce ee i ES
oS |S D fs) i | uel
eeceeeleccess|eseses Puget’s Sound. ..+./ssseeeeee-eee-| Us S. Ex. Exped......./se+ee-| Mounted ....)eeesee/eeveee| 2-79 | 2.18 |sseceeseeeen ee: eee
1966 | 2621 3 Steilacoom, W. T’..|..0.cccscccces Dr. Geo. Suckley...... 93 | Skin ........ 154260" locos checcvse] Cans une nasuh eet
1965 | 2620] oO |........ 0,2 Rest pal ahaa went tele eee dons st. gece | dO: oe sn'o eee 13 jase] cqonoeaces aalscatee cayemeeeees ;
RIB \acceca|assbeslesce uxoa DOss.ccen seas NOb4S Ss akine ss Goy. I. I. Stevens..... DLs) SHOn, ace vioncinnae'nsialepaccdhemenas les eine Dr. Geo. Suckley..
GEG | ccces|. rece Astoria, O. T...... June 15,1855 | Lt. W. P. Trowbridge..|...... ssUCivauasaevs ‘1S "]' ABO". coees leased Jas. Wayne........

RODENTIA—CASTORINAE—CASTOR CANADENSIS. 355

CASTOR, Linnaeus.

Castor, ‘* Linnaxzus, Systema Nature, 1735.’
Aup. & Bacu, N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 347.

A double claw on the second hind toe. Hind feet webbed. Tail broad, flat, and scaly. Molars 4=$, complicated or
folded, with one groove on the inner side of each upper molar, and three on the outer, and vice versa below, (the anterior
molar sometimes with more.)

As we have but one species of North American beaver, I shall not stop here to go into more
detail concerning the characters of the genus, but refer for these to the succeeding pages, where
they are given in combination with those that are perhaps more specific.

The systematic position of the genus Castor has long been a matter of considerable uncertainty.
By some authors it has been placed in a distinct family, composed of Castor and Myopotamus.
The last mentioned genus, in everything but external form is, however, most closely allied to
the Hystricinae, while the beaver in many points of structure is closely related to the Sciuridae,
especially to the spermophiles; and it may, therefore, without undue violence be placed as a
sub-family of the Sciwridae. The general resemblance in shape between the skull of the beaver
and that of some of the spermophiles, as S, /udovicianus, is indeed quite striking ; the form and
relations of the malar bones and the ante-orbital foramen are much the same in both.

CASTOR CANADENSIS, Kuhl.

American Beaver.

Castor canadensis, Kuun, Beitrage zur Zoologie, 1820, 64.
Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 288.
*€ Castor americanus, F. Cuvier, Histoire des Mammif. 1821.’’
i Branopr, Beitrage Kennt. Saugt. Russlands, 1855, 64; pl. i, ii, iii (figures of tail and skull).

Castor fiber, Say, Long’s Exped, R. Mts. I, 1823, 464.

Haran, F. Am. 1825, 122.

Gopman, Am. N. H. Il, 21.

Dovueury, Cab. N. H. II, 1833; pl. i.

Warernovse, Charlesw. Mag. N. H. II, 1839, 598; (figure of skull.)

DeKay, N. Hist. N. Y. I, 1842, 72; pl. xx, f. 1; pl. viii, f. a. b.

(Americanus,) Ricuarpson, F'. B. Amer, I, 1829, 105.

Wacener, Suppl. Schreber, IV, 1844, 7.

Aup. & Bac. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 347; pl. xlvi.
Castor beaver, Pennant, Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 251.—Is. Arctic Zool. I, 1784, 98 ; (Leverian Museum).
Le castor du Canada, Gorrr. & F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammif. III, 1819, plate.

The specimen from which the following account of the external form has been taken is quite
young, measuring one foot in length to end of tail, and was preserved entire in alcohol.

The general form of the beaver is that of a depressed ellipsoid, tapering almost equally to
the head and the scaly portion of the tail.

The head is large and broad; the muftle is naked ; the hinder border, or line of separation
from the hairs of the forehead, is slightly concave anteriorly, and falls considerably behind
the nostrils, (in the small specimen described five lines from the tip,) ard the space all round
the nostrils is naked. The nostrils are lateral and widely open. The antero-inferior border of

356 U. 8s. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

the muffle is separated, by a considerable interval, from the edge of the upper lip ; this interval
entirely covered with short hairs. The upper lip is acutely emarginated, though scarcely
bifid ; there is no naked groove running up to the muffle. There are no cheek pouches. The
hairs of the lips extend a short distance on their inner surface, but do not pass into the cavity
of the mouth, as in some rodents. The tongue is very large and fleshy. The eyes are
excessively small, the iris not two lines in diameter ; their centres about midway between the
end of the snout and the auditory aperture. The ears are moderately developed, thick, and
nearly orbicular, densely covered with hair on both surfaces, the hairs extending even into the
meatus. The bristles are in five horizontal series, about five in each series; the upper row,
however, with only one or two.

The limbs are large and stout ; the under surfaces of all the feet entirely naked ; the upper
surfaces coated with short stiff silky hairs ; the fore claws are about as large as the hinder ones.
The hand has five very distinct fingers, each with well developed claws; the third finger is
longest, the fourth a little shorter ; then the second and the fifth ; the claw of the first reaches
as far as the cleft between the third and fourth. There are only two tubercles on the palm,
both large, and placed side by side; the exterior twice as large as the interior, and extending
further back. The hind feet are very large and turtle-like; their plane oblique to the body.
All the toes connected by a thickened web, extending between their very tips; this web is
naked on the upper side between the toes, and when fully extended the foot appears nearly
twice as broad as long. ‘There are but faint indications of broad flattened tubercles at the base
of the toe. The claws are hollowed out beneath, with the sharp edges a little inflexed; they
are curved and rounded. There is a kind of second claw under the claw of the second toe, of a
rather hard horn-like substance, compressed and sharp-edged above where it fits into the con-
cavity beneath of the true claw; in shape, it is not unlike a compressed grain of wheat. The
sole is naked to the posterior part of the heel, and, with the palm and digits generally, is
slightly fringed with short stiff hairs. The tibia is very slightly free, being closely united by
muscle to the femur.

The tail is really as long as the body without the head, though it is so thick for more than
one-third from the base that its commencement can scarcely be made out ; for this distance it
is conical and densely coated with hair, when it suddenly becomes very flat and much depressed ;
the sides somewhat parallel to near the end, where they round off, the shape strongly resembling
that of a mammal’s tongue. This portion is entirely covered with transversely elongated
subhexagonal scales, of which about 110 to 120 series may be counted on the upper side, and
some twenty transversely over the middle of the tail; the arrangement is in quincunx, with
tolerable regularity on both sides, and there are short downy hairs projecting between all the
scales, obscuring but not concealing them.

The principal points in the external form of the beaver, and which may be considered
as of generic signification, are the depressed, flattened and very broad tail covered with scales ;
all the feet naked beneath, with five toes each, with a distinct claw; the hind feet completely
webbed ; upper lips but slightly cleft, hairy with no groove; muffle naked; eyes very small ;
bristles in five series.

The color of the beaver varies considerably in different specimens, even of the same locality,
the usual color being a reddish brown, sometimes quite dark, and again of rather a light
yellowish tint of the same; I have heard of skins nearly black, and albinos are by no means

©

RODENTIA—CASTORINAE—CASTOR CANADENSIS. 357

rare. The lightest specimens I have seen are 1548 from the upper Missouri, and 1337 from
the Colorado river of California.

Measurements of No. 898.

Inches. Lines.
UBER OID item eee tanta ao ae acc cacaes oe sescecnass,
Eye Be bp tense ae ee enc Wee 1 3
GP ot noone Seis oe ose eee see 2 3
Toot Otifail . Sows saesae Seen oe 8 6
Real yi oOMion ss sent eee Sa Se 10 6
end of outstretched hind legs.....------- i ee
Tail, from root to end of vertebree_-.-....------ + 4
from scaly portion to end of vertebre-.----- Bie [ese he
RL Gt Se tere em ae re a ore 1 2
Hargs-heipht,) posteriorly sa. 22s case cosene eee Slo~-oaaeecs 54
shevemotich s25 seo sea5* SOF Lk Sebati ee 7
internally above skull___..--------|---------- 4}
Arm, fore foot to end of claws--.-------------- 1 33
Lord TS eso Soe See nS CARE ee Pee Saal} seas 34
Leg, from knee joint to end of claws__---------- 4 6
hind foot, from heel to end of claws.------- 2 8
TOTP ESE CME Wi ata so pe A a i re i i 4

In young specimens the tibia and fibula are distinct but anchylose with age. The line of junction is, however, quite
distinct, even in old specimens.

Skull.—The skull of the beaver is very massive and heavy, and has many peculiarities not
shared by other genera of rodents. The nasal bones are broad and short, widest anteriorly and
narrowing posteriorly ; the external border a convex curve. The line drawn across the pos-
terior extremity of these bones falls either on the small tuberosity of the ante-orbital process of
the frontal or a little behind it, in no case reaching as far as the middle of the orbit, as in the
European beaver. The nasal processes of the intermaxillary do not extend quite so far back,
but attain a point between the tuberosities referred to. There is no post-orbital process to the
frontal bone, although a tubercle not quite so prominent as that in the anterior process may,
perhaps, be considered to represent one. The malar bone is much as in the Sciurinae, except
that it is proportionally much higher in its middle portion. The anterior border of the zygo-
matic arch is not formed by the malar bone, but by the maxillary which shows a thin edge
applied against the malar for half its extent exteriorly. The malar extends up to the anterior
end of the orbit, which is there constituted by it, and is separated from contact with the frontal
by the small subquadrate external face of the lachrymal. The malar sends up a broad flattened
angular process which constitutes the postero-inferior wall of the orbit. Posteriorly it passes
along the under surface of the malar process of the temporal, and passes a little behind this
process. It also forms the exterior wall of the glenoid cavity.

The incisive foramina are long and narrow, situated about midway between the incisors and
molars, occupying rather less than one-third of this interval. They are situated almost entirely
in the intermaxillary bones ; the posterior ends, with a thin vertical plate, (extending forward
for half their length,) belonging to the maxillary. The palatine bones extend forward in an

358 U. & P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

acute angle between the second molars, (first true molars.) The palatal foramina are situated
on either side the point of the palatines, their posterior extremity reaching to between the
second and third molars. These foramina are situated each in a narrow groove, separated by a
ridge which traverses the entire bony palate from the incisive foramen to its posterior acute
azygos process. The palate between the molars is considerably cribriform.

The ante-orbital foramen is not visible at all from the side. It is hidden from view by a broad
plate projecting forward from the anterior edge of the maxillary ; it is quite small and verti-
cally elongated, and gives passage to no muscle. It is entirely separated from the zygomatic
arch, being far forward of it.

The lines of the upper molars are decidedly convergent, and are nearly tangent with the
side of the incisors. The palate is much hollowed out between the incisors and the molars, in
this respect differing more from the Sciwrinae than in other points. The inner side of the upper
molars exhibits one groove, the outer three ; this being reversed in the lower jaw, except in the
anterior molar, which shows four grooves on the inner side. The anterior molars, in both
jaws, are largest, the rest diminishing backwards very gradually ; the anterior lower molar is,
however, longer, proportionally, than the corresponding upper one, and the lower line of
molars exceeds considerably the upper.

The following table will illustrate the absolute dimensions of the skull of the American
beaver :

Measurements of skulls.

=e ; | 2 =

z Locality. a A - sa Collected by—

E 2 =] BS BS) q

5 4 A EF | E 4
2146 | Cheyenne river, Nebraska ---- Q 5. 80 4.16 1.54 2.00 Drs Hayden... <> eee
2377 «| Upper. Missouri-_.-..-=---+--|-----==< BABS wll Ad04, slp Oe gl 200 es dO .u22 00a
2am Neo aon a eee ae eos Pere 5. 38 3.90 1. 36 Pee aeeaas d0.:.--22cSaeee eee
1003 | Rio Grande, Texas---.-.------ rol 5. 38 3. 86 1. 30 1. 87 ok A. ‘Clark J 226 2soe ene
PAG Matamoras= 9-0 esss Seen |e geen = 5. 32 3. 96 1. 36 1. 80 Lieut. Couch.2. -- 22222 ee Seee
1016 4, 02-2. rat hdd ot Be RM Lies ae Ua Ne iy a Lor pies ee do. 2.6. ee
2031 | Washington Territory-.-.----|-------- 623°" S58% | 1512 —| se. |" Dm Cooper: 2a

Bis seo pper Mikconrins. == =e e eee == 5.17 3.70 1.12 1.70 T. Culbertson -22 2-25 soeeeee
CE eee ieee eee eae 4, 82 3. 48 1.10 1.70 Dr, Hayden. .- 22 <soeeeeee
{i Eee (PASS Snes SES ae Bea 4.73 ha) a See ss UES Da Hepa d0-- <. -- = se= eee
YY Ue ee G6 Soiccwsunnoss seesce fof 4, 67 3. 40 1.10 A. G2") |teoenen 0. -- 4 =. 22See eee
Beno) | bake Siperior 2s 5. so-o6. sa|eancoes- 4:60) |C. S2-—e| eee 1. 58 Dr: Newberty..-s~aeeeeeeeee
D145) 4) Upper Migsouri->-<=-------=-|-----.- 4.59 Sy2b) We sees 1.50 Dr. Hayden....¢5-555-5-—- ee
7A 7. Ss TY CORE ae ea ee eee eet 4,50 3. 29 1.10 B00) | Vee ae Cee ee

The European and American beaver, though apparently very similar, may (as stated by
Cuvier in Ossemens Fossiles, VIII, 112, and by Owen, British Fossil Mammals and Birds, 196;
Catal. Osteol. Series R. Coll. Surgeons, 1853, II, No. 2162) be always distinguished by the
position of the posterior extremities of the nasal bone. In the Old World species the transverse
line touching the point of the nasal bones intersects the orbits behind their middle part, while in

RODENTIA—CASTORINAE—CASTOR CANADENSIS. 369

the American a similar line only intersects the ante-orbital tuoercular process of the frontal,
sometimes, indeed, scarcely falling across the orbits at all. Ina young specimen from New
York, 8. M. 1072, however, this line falls but little anterior to the middle of the orbit ; five adult
skulls, nevertheless, agree in the more anterior position of the line. In the absence of a skull
of the European beaver, [am unable to verify these characteristics, as indicated by Professor
Owen, but they are well shown in his figure, from which, also, it will appear that the distance
from the anterior end of the intermaxillary bones to the end of the nasal is the same with that
from the same point to the anterior molar, or that the two points are situated the one above the
other, while in the American beaver the latter line is considerably the longer. The sides of
the nasal bones are much more convex in the American. The cranium of the European species
seems also longer and more compressed, The cavity in the under surface of the basilar process
of the occipital is much larger and broader than in the American. The palatal foramina appear
to be further back in the European beaver, where they reach as far as the middle of the third
molar, while in the American they only get as far as the interval between the second and third.
The following comparative table of measurements of the skulls of the European and
American beavers may serve to illustrate more fully the above differences. The first column
contains the measurements of a recent beaver from France, as given by Cuvier, (Ossemens
Fossiles, VIII, 96 ;) the other, those of skull No. 823, from the upper Missouri.
The measurements of both are given in millimetres.

Comparative measurements of skulls of European and American beavers.

European. | American.
From summit of occipital crest to anterior extremity of intermaxillary......ceesseeceessccsceers 0.146 0.130
From same point to anterior extremity of nasal....ssceecseseeccccrceccccccccectecccsecssecces 0.142 0.129
Greatest width between zygomatic arches... .sccceccoccscccccccccccvcsccccccccacccccscenscces 0.102 0.0945
Most contracted portion of skull between orbits........seeeecseccesveccenscreveccrecectrecess 0.025 0.023
Width of cranium between zygomutic processes of temporal and auditive tube........2.eseeeesees 0.046 0.047
Minin of, tip tipse NOAP UA eXLCEMN by y oie eisice a ciocle cians uieidinb Sais o\c'elah slo /daceiaiav's (n\n de sicies a cenienclee 0.028 0.029
Distance between external border of the auditive tubes.....sceseccccccceecccsecccncenccssccsecs 0.072 0.075
Height from alveolar border to the summit of the narrowest part of craniuM.....eesseeeeeeseeeees 0.050 0.047
Height from middle part of the incisive foramina to middle portion of the nasal bone..........++.- 0.035 0.035
Height of occipital foramen... ....0-ssceccerccerecccscccceccsrccccencctssescssceccccenecccces 0.018 0.0162
Greatest width of occipital foramen... ...0ccaccccrccccccnccscccccsccccccesccssescaccccccsens 0.017 0.018;
Distance from occipital foramen to posterior border of palatine arch, (concave edge).......sseeee: 0.041 0.039
Distance from posterior border of palatine arch to incisive foramen. .....sssceceecscccccccssccees 0.048 0.0453
Distance from anterior extremity of the incisive foramen to the anterior border of alveolus of incisors. 0.025 0.027
Lengh of alveolar border of molars. .....cseccesccencccccccscccsccsccneccscscccvarccecenvccas 0.030 0.029
Distance between external borders of last molars...e,sccessccessccccccccccecccsccccccccesssees 0.038 0.035
Distance between external borders of first molars... sseccesseccrcecccecrecccccerecesscssecseecs 0.025 0.028
Distance from posterior angle of lower jaw to anterior upper border of the alveoli of incisors....... 0.109 0.105

In a very elaborate series of papers published recently by Brandt—in volume VII of the
Mémoires Mathematiques, Physiques, et Naturelles of the Academy of Sciences of St. Peters-
burg, and also issued in a separate work under the title of Beitriige zur nihern Kenntniss
der Saugthiere Russlands, (St. Petersburg, 1855, 4to.)—the author devotes many pages to the

360 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

beaver, and in them discusses at great length the question of the relationships of these animals
in the two worlds. He sums up the evidence on the subject as follows:

1st. The external distinctive marks given by Kuhl, Oken, and others, have no real value in
showing a difference of species.

2d. The size of the American beaver is not essentially, if at all, greater than that of the
Kuropean.

3d. No distinctive characters between the two have yet been detected in the formation and
structure of the head, ear, feet, and tail.

4th. A comparison of eight European with five American beaver skulls shows very decided
distinctive characters between the two.

5th. Many of these differences in the skull involve variations in external form.

6th. The established difference between the two in the castoreum bag and its secretion
furnish strong grounds of specific distinction.

In reference to the comparative sizes of the beavers of the two worlds, it is quite evident that
Brandt has not known the largest of our beavers in the skulls before him. Thus, the largest
European skull he had observed measured 5.60 inches by 3.91, reducing his scale of French
inches to English ; the largest American measured 5.24 inches by 3.60. From the accompanying
table of measurements of skulls of American beavers in the Smithsonian collection, it will be
seen that the largest measures 5.80 by 4.16 inches, (dimensions taken with callipers,) and that
nearly half of them exceed the size given by Brandt. The largest measurements given of the
Polish beaver amount to about 34 inches for the head and body, and 11 inches for the tail.
These, if French, would be 36.23 inches for the one, and 11.72 for the other. The largest skin
measured of the Smithsonian collection gives to root of tail 35 inches, length of tail. 11 inches,
width of tail 5} inches, length of hind foot 6 inches. I have, however, seen others very appre-
ciably larger ; and this specimen was not stuffed out at all, but the skin was perfectly flat.

It will thus be seen that the largest beaver skull recorded thus far is an American one, thus
inclining the balance of size in favor of our species. The largest weight I have known of an
American beaver was of 56 and 60 pounds, as given by Dr. Hayden ; he is, however, confident
that he has seen them still larger. The heaviest Old World beaver on record is one of 50
pounds, mentioned by Pallas. Brandt suggests that this is the smaller Russian pound ; its
ratio to the English pound I am unable to state.

The differences of the skull are, to a certain extent, such as have already been referred to,
although our author does not find the difference in the upper outline of the head, the malar bone,
and the portion enclosing the brain, mentioned by Cuvier. The most constant and quite appre-
ciable difference was in the character of the nasal bones, which, in all European specimens,
measure considerably more than one-third of the distance from the incisors to the crista occipi-
talis, while in the American they are little, if at all, over one-third this length. The backward
projection of the nasals is therefore much greater in the European animal. Many other less
appreciable differences are indicated in Dr. Brandt’s elaborate article.

An appreciable difference in the castoreum bag of the two animals is mentioned by Brandt. In
the American beaver, this is more elongated and less thick skinned than in the European. The
castoreum itself also is not only less in volume, but when long exposed to the air, or kept a good
while, assumes a more or less lustrous amber-like appearance, not wax-like and lustreless as in
the European. In this secretion of the European animal there is much the largest proportion
of ‘‘etherial oil, castorine, and castoreum-resinoid.’’

RODENTIA—CASTORINAE—CASTOR CANADENSIS. 361

The American beaver being satisfactorily shown to be distinct from the old world animal, of
course, cannot continue to be called Castor jiber. For the proper specific appellation we have two
names, canadensis of Kuhl, and americanus of F. Cuvier. The date of the former is 1820; the
precise place where the latter name is introduced I have not been able to ascertain. The Hist.
des Mammiféres du Mus. is usually given as the reference, but here the animal is merely called
Le Castor du Canada in the 6th fasciculus (1819,) According to Brandt, F. Cuvier first broached
his views of the difference of the species, in the 51st fasciculus of this work, 1825, and there
probably gave the name; but this I am not able to verify at present, not having part 51 at
hand. At any rate the point of priority seems to be settled clearly in favor of Kuhl’s name.

The American beaver has a very wide distribution throughout North America, being found
from the Polar seas to the Rio Grande, and the Gila on the south, or to, at least, latitude 26° on the
east side of the continent, (the mouth of the Rio Grande.) Formerly it extended from the At-
lantic to the Pacific, but it is at present very rare east of the Missouri. A few are still found in
the Adirondac region of New York, as also in the Alleghanies of Pennsylvania, Virginia, North
Carolina, and even Alabama, according to some accounts. Their remains in the bone caves of
Pennsylvania are very numerous, showing that they were once very abundant there.

At one time the fur of the beaver was very valuable, and an extensive trade was carried on,
so that the animal rapidly diminished in numbers. The substitution of silk, and the introdue-
tion of the nutria fur, (Myopotamus coypus of South America,) has greatly reduced the demand
and the price, so that now beaver fur is not worth more than a few dollars a pound. In conse-
sequence, it scarcely pays the expenses of a systematic and laborious pursuit on the part of the
trapper, and the beaver is again multiplying very rapidly, sothat the western streams are
becoming rapidly stocked again.

Fossil American Beaver.—The bone caves at Carlisle yielded a large number of remains of
beaver, both young and old. There are no satisfactory points of difference from the existing
‘species, although in size some of the teeth are larger than any recent specimens I have seen,
indicating a length of quite six inches for the skull. There are a good many jaws, with the
anterior deciduous first molar still implanted. These are provided with distinct roots. The
upper one has three roots, one broad posterior one, and two anterior ; the exterior one longer
and a little forward of the other. The lower molar has two roots, one posterior very broad, the
anterior smaller. The patterns of the teeth do not differ essentially from their successors,
although the crowns are narrower.

362

U..S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

5 5 < Measurements.

= ha) ee 3

gE )/ss/. 2 : ; rs

EUG (ts 7 So Locality. When col-|Whence and how obtained.) 3 | Nature of | 'S 3 a a4 & | Collected by—
3 Bs lice lected. — | specimen. | S| 6 = 3 2.

S ja lle 3 es; = o s :

2 2ala = imi" [ie > iA =

Seale ili = 2 fe i ee fon

8/8 |a fs} %2 |2le|le | aA

TB} ccce Fort Union, Neb.......| Winter..| Ed. T. Denig and A. Cul- |....0-| SKiM coses [eceee jeveees|secncs|ecceee|sesceeleves ceencccstees

bertson. F

1547 |. Upper Missouri.....++.|...+ee0++-| Dr. F. V. Hayden, eecoleccecs|sccece|encsns|icseane apepiaen's
15482). ..005 SedveddOcancusssncccess's (Psaccecess|euncceveGQls soe secenceses 35.00) 11.00) 5.50 .
1549 |. cvcen|evee|seccecd@s ccvecccsencsealecceccccceleserionesdO s vesnsieceeucses oe |eesessleceee ee
W550 | ecees|eeeeleceee On wrereccsceceee|s cess eneeleeenseeedO s seseveesanceee|seset! |eeeeAOrseeeeleeenes eeseesleceeslseeees| ceseslasnetersceen sere
est cecSeall sewn leeteoeO Slekiverosetet cae clot ants de vtle| sere nee GD eooee Seed soeess|ocdsee] NENG EBUMs| cosecleccect|sosess|cecceelesess | toaeeen aaa
wevee| B23 levecleccee GOs sensvccseveces[sceece cece) Le CUIDErtsON . weeeececesleceees| SKUM, sccenleceecs|cocees|cveccslevceee|secscs|socetenecvescece
209 | 1180 |....| Milk river, Neb........| 1853.....| Gov. I. I. Stevens....s.0.|eceees| SKiMescsne Jeveees| secceleccccsleveces|eeeeee| Dr. G. Suckley.

S981 | oe. oe
Seese} 415

1416
1414
1003

aeaeee

.| Lake Superior....

St. Lawrence county,N Y
Medicine Bow creek,
Neb.

Fort Chadbourne, Tex..}.

Fort M’Kavit, Tex. ....
Matamoras, Mex.......
e000: dOs ccccccecsececs

oceecdO. vescccesseece

Rio Grande, Tex..
Colorado bottom, Cal...

-| Chehalis prairie, W.T..

Dr. J. S. Newberry......-
Dr. Hough. ..00sceecccces
Lt. F. T. Bryan, U.S.A..

Aug. 10,
1856.

241

Dr. E. Swift, U. 8. A.....
Dr.W. W. Anderson, U.S.A.
Lt. Couch, U.S. A... ...

sevccsccns|eresccvsAOs nervvevccssene

20 0ceedO s coe neceeveces
Maj. W. H. Emory, U.8. A.

w]eceeenecOs ceeecccccecees

July, 1855) Dr. J. G. Cooper...... +++

seeeee

saneee

seeeee

seeee

Skull......
pas elQscincne
Skin.......

tenes

5.00

20000. wee
Inaleohol..
Skull......
eee GlOse cece
Skeleton, pt
Skull. ....
Skin .....-
woe eGOre ceceleceeee

3.00

15.50

9.50

18.50

4,50

aeeee

-| 29.50) 10.00

sete

1.17

saneee

Pete ewww nweeenee

W.S. Wood...

| enw ee ee awe e wees
seen ee ewe e wane

Dr.L.Berlandier

peccesOOs.nevene

weeeee

ceeee clr. evesse

J. H. Clark....
A. Schott......

eee eee eee wees

1 Nose to eye, 2.75,

RODENTIA—CASTORINAE—CASTOROIDES. 363

CASTOROIDES, Foster.

Molars =, rootless; incisors grooved longitudinally on the outside, consisting of thin laminae of dentine encircled by
closed rings of enamel, united by cement. Of these rings there are three in each tooth, except the first upper and last lower,

which have four,
CASTOROIDES OHIOENSIS, Foster.

Castoroides ohioensis, J. W. Fosrer, 2d Report Geology of Ohio, 1838, 81; fig.
Hatt, Bost. Jour. N. H. V, 1847, 385. (Geol. Position.)
Wyman, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Osteology, V, 1847, 391,401.

I have thought proper to introduce a brief notice of this gigantic North American fossil
mammal, both on account of its close relationship to the beavers and its great size, which con-
siderably exceeds that of the Capybara, the largest of living rodents. In the intimate struc-
ture of the teeth it bears quite a resemblance to this animal, although totally different in other
respects. Of any peculiarities of structure other than those of the skull we are thus far ignorant,
in the entire absence of other remains.

Very few remains of Castoroides have hitherto been discovered; the best known specimens
being those of a lower jaw from Ohio first brought to notice by Mr. Foster, and the nearly
perfect skull obtained by Rev. Benjamin Hale, of Geneva College, and upon which was founded
the able monograph of Messrs. Hall and Wyman, in the Journal of the Boston Society, as
quoted above.

The following description of the principal characteristics of the skull of Castoroides, as com-
pared with that of the beaver, is based chiefly on the excellent plates of the memoir above
referred to.

The general form of the skull, as seen from above, is much as in Castor. The cranium is,
however, much shorter, narrower, and less capacious, and the distance from the posterior margin
of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to the back part of the skull proportionally much
less. ‘The nasal bones preserve somewhat the same proportions, reaching, possibly, not quite
so far back, but instead of occupying exactly one-third of the total length of the upper outline
of the skull, take up more nearly two-fifths of the same length. The malar bone is much less
massive, as for five-sevenths of its total axial length it is quite narrow, the upper and
lower edges nearly parallel beyond the temporal bone, and curving gently upwards; after which
it widens, with the sides again nearly parallel, and bending very rapidly upwards. Anteriorly,
too, it is not prolonged so as to occupy the anterior external edge of the orbit and articulate
with the lachrymal, but the upper maxillary constitutes altogether the anterior root of the
zygoma, and forms the anterior wall of the orbit. The zygoma itself is situated much higher
up on the side of the head than in Castor ; its lower edge being but little more than half-way
between the top of the head and the grinding surfaces of the molars, while in the beaver it is
much nearer the latter. The lower edge of the anterior root of the zygoma being thrown so
much higher up, the ante-orbital foramen ascends also, being midway on the side of the head,
instead of much nearer the lower surface ; this foramen appears no larger proportionally than
in Castor, and is similarly placed anterior to the root of the zygoma; it is, however, more
visible from the side, not being concealed by a bony plate.

The lachrymal bone is very small, and separates the frontal and maxillary bones in the ante-

364 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

rior angle of the orbit ; as already stated, the malar does not extend as far as this bone. The
ante-orbital tubercle of the frontal, just posterior to the lachrymal, seems wanting in Castoroides,
and the greatest contraction of the skull is across the parietal, not the frontal bones, as in
Castor. This contraction, too, is decidedly behind the middle of the skull, instead of being
considerably anterior to this point.

Owing to the more elevated position of the zygoma, the exterior inferior outline is much
longer than the extero-anterior, and is nearly parallel with the crowns of the molars, instead of
having the two lines just mentioned of the same length and the former one quite oblique.

The incisive foramina are very inconspicuous and short, nearer the molars than in Castor.
The palate, however, is similarly furrowed. The palato-maxillary foramina are also small, and
not so far back as the junction of the second and third molars. The posterior margin of the palate
is slightly concave, instead of running out in an azygos process, and the emarginate notch passes
forward, so as to separate a little the posterior molars. The inner wing of the pterygoid pro-
cesses is bent inwards, so as to come into contact, by the convexity of the fold, with its fellow.
The curious sub-quadrate pit or depression of the under surface of the occipital bone of Castor
is not found in Castoroides ; the auditory bullae are much less.

The axial lines of the upper molars are much more convergent than in Castor ; and are longer
in proportion, occupying more than one-fourth of the Jength of the skull; posteriorly this line
reaches within its own length of the occiput, while in Castor it falls short by more than one and
a half lengths.

The pattern of the grinding surface of the molars is strikingly different from that of Castor ;
instead of being formed by the indentation of longitudinal folds of one exterior enamel tube,
one on the inside and three on the outside in the upper jaw, there are in each tooth three closed
transverse loops of enamel, completely separated from each other by cement ; the posterior upper
and the anterior lower molars having four. The incisors on their antero-external faces exhibit
a number of broad shallow grooves. Their projection anteriorly seems much greater than in
Castor. These teeth are much larger and stouter in every way, being three times as thick as
those in a skull of Castor, half the length of Castoroides,

The length of the skull of Castoroides figured by Dr. Wyman, exceeds nine inches from
the occiput to the end of the intermaxillary ; its greatest height is four inches; greatest breadth
between zygomata seven inches. The length of the skull of Castor which served for the pre-
ceding comparisons, is five inches; height, two and a quarter; width, three and three quarters.
Castoroides had, therefore, a skull about twice the linear dimensions of Castor, but much more
than twice as massive, judging from the incisors ; its bulk may be reasonably assumed as six
times that of the large beavers, which are known frequently to weigh 40 pounds; this would
give 240 pounds for the weight of Castoroides.

The specimen of Professors Hall and Wyman was obtained in Clyde, New York, in a swamp
on the summit level between the waters of Lake Ontario on the north, and Cayuga and Seneca
lakes on the south. It was found about eight feet below the surface in a muck bed about four
feet thick, resting on sand with shells of Planorbis, Cyclas, &c., and separated from a similar
layer on the surface by a stratum of fine sand with occasional seams of clay; according to Pro-
fessor Hall, it was found in a lacustrine formation subsequent to the drift.

There is still another fossil genus, Zrogontherium, allied to the beaver and still more to Cas-
toroides, which it closely resembles in the character of the teeth. This is found in peat bogs of
Europe, and was about one-fifth larger than the beaver. Like Castoroides, it occurs in lacus-
trine formations over the drift,

* FAMILY.

SACCOMYIDAE.

With large and distinct external cheek pouches. Upper lip hairy, not cleft. Molars, rooted or rootless, = Temporal
bone enormously developed. No post-orbital process of the frontal. The ante-orbital foramen elther wanting, as such, or
appearing far anterior to the base of the zygoma. The upper corner of the postero-inferior angle of the lower jaw nearly
horizontal. A tubercle outside of the condyloid process, indicating the posterior extremity of the incisor. Tibia and
fibula united. Generally but five toes, with distinct claws on each foot. Fore claws longer than hinder. Coecum distinct.

Pelage composed of stiff hairs, without any under fur.

The above characters serve to define one of the most natural families of the Modentia,
although the component genera have been widely separated by different authors. In the
external cheek pouches there is no other family which exhibits any approach to it. These open
outside of the mouth and are of variable depth, and lined with short hairs to the bottom.
When inverted and dried, they look like sacks on each side.of the head. While other charac-
teristics are shared by one or other of the different families of Rodents, the Saccomyidae possess
the common character of the external cheek pouches, as distinguished from all others. From
the Leporidae, the lack of a second pair of upper incisors, behind the first, will at once distin-
guish them, independently of the other totally irreconcilable features. The Hystricidae,
although having the same dental formula, may be at once known by the very large ante-orbital
foramen in the zygomatic process of the maxillary as well as by the separated tibia and fibula. (?)
The having four lower molars instead of two or three, with the lack of the ante-orbital foramen
separates them from the Muridae, although they agree in the united tibia and fibula; this,
however, separates them again from the Sciwridae. The nearest approach is seen, perhaps, in
the beavers, Castorinae, which, differing altogether in external form, have certainly a close
resemblance in the skull. The most striking points of distinction are seen in the deep malar
bone which extends up along the zygomatic plate of the maxillary to the lachrymal and back-
ward posterior to the molar. Many others, however, could be enumerated.

There are two very distinct sub-families in this group, typified by Geomys and Dipodomys,
agreeing in the family characters, yet very distinct from each other and especially in external
form; the one being the most clumsy, thickset, and sluggish of American rodents; the other
the most delicate, graceful, and agile. Yet the differences are owing to the greater or less de-
velopment merely of common conditions. These may be briefly characterized as follows:

Geomyinae.—Hind legs very short; fore claws enormously developed ; tail short; mastoid
portion of temporal not forming part of upper surface of skull.

Saccomyinae.—Hind legs and tail very long; fore feet moderate; mastoid bone very large,
occupying much of upper surface of skull.

Brandt, in his recent paper on the classification of the Rodentia in Beitrige zur nihern
Kenntniss der Siugethiere Russlands, 1855, 188, establishes a family of Sciwro-spalacoides to
contain Geomys and Thomomys, as constituting a connecting link between the Sciwridae and a
family of Spalacoides, typified by Spalax, Siphneus, Ellobius, &c. THe dissents from the views

366 U. S&S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

of Waterhouse in combining Geomys and Z'homomys into a family with Perognathus and Dipo-
domys. Perognathus he considers rather as a Muroid, and coming next to Cricetus, while
Dipodomys, or rather Macrocolus, is placed as the type of a sub-family Macrocolini under the
Dipodoides. I think, however, a revision of the subject, with more ample materials before him,
will satisfy this eminent zoologist of the soundness of Waterhouse’s view. The common
characters of external cheek pouches, five distinct fingers each, with a separate claw on the
fore feet, the stiff rigid hair, and the many common osteological peculiarities, are quite enough
to separate them from all others, while in the essentials of structure they agree quite as well
among themselves as do the agile and graceful long-tailed squirrels and the short-tailed marmots,
or the various extreme structural types of the Muridae.

Sus-Famiry GEOMYINAE.

Skull massive; incisors very large and thick. The ante-orbital foramen small, appearing far forward on the side of the
muzzle. The nasals extended but little beyond the incisors. Mastoid bone restricted to the occiput. Occipital bone
broad, forming the posterior portion of the skull or the occiput. Body thick-set and clumsy. Limbs about equal, and all
very short; fore claws enormously developed, five in number.

The above characters are among the most striking as distinguishing this family from the
Saccomyinae, although many others will be found detailed in the descriptions of the genera
themselves. The species of Geomyinae, in fact, are as different in appearance from the Sacco-
myinae as is well possible ; the one being clumsy, short limbed, squat, almost entirely subterra-
nean, and so strictly nocturnal, that many persons who have daily seen hundreds of their
mounds have never in their lives observed the living animal; while the typical Saccomyinae are
graceful, agile, and with a development of limb and tail every way equal that of the Jerboas ;
the individuals themselves well and familiarly known in their native localities.

Some further characteristics of the Geomyinae are found in the very great contraction of the
skull between the orbits, which there is narrower than the snout. The palate is horizontal only
between the molars; anteriorly it rises very rapidly to near the incisors, leaving a deep
concavity between the molars and incisors. Its plane, likewise, is much below that of the base
of the cranium. The meatus auditorius externus is a tube projecting forward and embraced in
a notch of the squamous portion of the temporal.

The genera Geomys and Thomomys, composing the Geomyinae, are very closely related, and in
fact differ comparatively little among themselves ; the points of distinction from others are, how-
ever, for the most part, very appreciable. All are confined to North America and Mexico, and
in certain localities west of the Mississippi are very abundant.

The difficulties in determining the species of Geomys and Thomomys have always been very
great, owing to various causes. In the first place, there is the same trouble in procuring speci-
mens of this as of all other subterranean animals, as they rarely see the light, and sometimes
are never observed even by persons who have lived for years in districts quite densely inhabited
by them. They vary, too, with age and season to a considerable extent, so that in the small
number of specimens seen by naturalists, at least of the far western species, each one has almost
served as the type of a distinct species. There is a very strong resemblance among all the mem-
bers of the genus, and owing to their peculiar conformation, the points of structure affording
good distinctive features are easily distorted or obscured. The best characters are, perhaps, to

RODENTIA—GEOMYINAE. 367

be derived from the fore feet or hand ; the size and shape of the claws, and their proportion to
the whole hand; the length of the digits and palm, and the position and extension of the thumb;
but many of these points cannot be taken into consideration unless the hand is perfectly straight
and bent at a considerable angle to the fore arm, which is seldom if ever the case, unless spe-
cially attended to in drying, owing to the contraction and flexure of the joints. The tail is apt
to vary greatly in measuring different skins of the same species, owing to the fact that the skin
and flesh of the body encircles it to a considerable distance beyond its base, the tail itself ap-
pearing to spring from the extremity of a cone. In preparing the specimens, if the entire
vertebra are left in, the skin thus encircling the basal portion of the tail may, in drying, enclose
the vertebrz firmly and closely, and thus the entire length be indicated. As frequently, how-
ever, the vertebre are taken out or cut off and the basal portion stuffed out, entirely obliterating
in that region any vestige whatever of this appendage, represented only by the extremity. It
is, in all cases, a good rule to measure from the end of the dorsal skin, or where the peculiar
short fur of the tail begins, even though other measurements be indicated.

These animals, too, are more than usually liable to being overstuffed, so as to indicate a length
of body several inches greater than in nature.

368 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP, AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT. ~

GEOMYS, Rafinesque.

Geomys, Rarinesque, Amer. Monthly Magazine, If, November, 1817, 45.
Diplostoma, Rar.—Is. (in part )
Saccophorus, Kuni, Beitrige, 1820, 65.
Pseudostoma, Say, Long’s Exped. R. Mts. I, 1823, 406.
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849.
Ascomys, Licutenstein, Abh. Berl. Akad. for 1822—’23, (1825,) 20.
Branrs, Het Geslacht der Muizen, 1827, 23.
Waener, Suppl. Schreber, III, 1843, 380.

A large groove near the central line of the upper incisor. ‘Skull large and massive ; zygomata thickened. Anterior upper
molar, with the two lobes elliptical, much elongated transversely and approximated, nearly equal. Middle two with the outlines
regularly elliptical. Posterior lower molar sub-elliptical. Ears obsolete.

a. A second fine groove near the inner edge of upper incisors. Fore feet much larger than the hinder ones, Third claw of
hand greatly developed; second claw reaching only to the middle of the fourth.

b. Only one groove on or near the central line. Fore and hind feet nearly equal. Third claw much developed ; second

claw and finger nearly as long as the fourth claw.

Form of body thick-set, cylindrical ; heaviest anteriorly, especially about the head. There is
no indication of a neck; on the contrary, the thickest portion is at the back part of the head,
from which the body tapers gradually to the tail, widening a little across the thighs. The
nostrils are small, elliptical, with a papilla above ; they are quite distant apart, situated laterally
on each side of a blunt muzzle. This muzzle has a broad furrow down the middle, with
aslight ridge at the bottom of the furrow. The muzzle is bounded above by a horizontal
furrow having an overhanging ridge, which is coated with short hairs at its upper portion.
The upper lipis not cleft, but passes almost directly in a straight or slightly concave line across
the bases of the incisors ; the space between this outline and the naked muzzle (almost as high
as the muzzle itself) being coated with short hairs.

The opening of the mouth is quite diminutive, although there is an anterior chamber behind
the incisors which narrows behind to the true mouth. The skiu lining this chamber (which
extends above almost as far back as the molars) is covered with short hair, except, perhaps, just
back of the upper incisors, where there is a naked space bounded by a short fold of skin. The
lower lip is tumid, quite free, and capable of much motion round the incisors. The upper wall
of the cheek pouches begins at a point which forms an equilateral triangle with the end of the
upper incisors and the nostril; it ends about opposite the posterior extremity of the lower side
of the lower jaw. The plane of the opening is nearly parallel with the vertebral line. The
pouch runs back to the middle of the scapula, and is capable of much distension. It is well
clothed with hair on the side next the head ; on the other it is nearly naked with a few scattered
hairs. Theears are very rudimentary, represented only by a thickened ridge of skin, narrowest
above and widening below. In drying, this ridge disappears almost entirely. The tail is
thickened, though tapering somewhat to the tip, which is blunt and naked for about half an
inch, and appears to possess some degree of tactile sensibility, as in the opossum. It is hairy,
except at the end.

The upper surfaces of all the feet are covered with short hairs, but they are perfectly smooth
and rather tumid below. There is a very large tubercle at the base of the palm, divided by a
longitudinal groove which passes round behind the inner smaller portion. From the posterior

RODENTIA—GEOMYINAE—GEOMYS. 369

edge of the larger and exterior portion of this tubercle is an obliquely inserted fringe of short
stiff hairs. The fingers and claws are capable of complete flexure on the palm, the longest
claw reaching exactly to this fringe. The claws are all long, curved, compressed, and trenchant
below. The claws on the hind feet are much smaller, though thick, stout, and conical. The
second is, however, expanded into a spoon shape at the end, a character sometimes seen in the
first likewise. ,

Skeleton.—The skull of Geomys is broad and heavy, and considerably depressed ; the muzzle
broad above, with the sides throughout nearly parallel, or even wider near the end. Its general
shape, in fact, is more or less quadrate, with the broad muzzle projecting in front for from two-
fifths to two-sixths the total length. The cranium, with its brain cavity, is small; and in con-
sequence of the widely separated zygomata, the orbits are very large, and unusually open when >
viewed from above. The molars are small; but the incisors, as well as the entire lower jaw,
are enormously thick and massive.

The nasal bones are elongated, rather narrow anteriorly, and tapering behind to a blunt
point. Their backward projection falls considerably short of the posterior extremity of the
nasal process of the intermaxillary, which itself reaches to the line of the lachrymals. The
nasal process of the intermaxillary is broader midway than the nasal, and makes its appearance
on the top of the skull near the end of the muzzle. Its suture with the frontal is difficult to
define in the adult, though that with the nasal is always distinct. |

The frontal bones are much reduced in dimensions, owing to the great contraction of the
skull between the orbits, the interval here being considerably less than the width of the snout.
Their width (the two conjoined, the suture being obliterated at a very early age) is about the
same before and behind ; they are much hollowed out laterally, and anteriorly exhibit three
processes: one central, passing forward to articulate with the nasal; the others lateral’ and
pointed, wedging in between the nasal process of the intermaxillary, and the zygomatic of the
maxillary, the lachrymal resting against their outer bases. Postero-laterally the frontals are in
extended apposition with the very greatly developed squamous portion of the temporal, which,
-coming up on the superior surface of the skull, covers two-thirds of the whole from the middle
of the bony orbit to the occipito-parietal crest. The parietals are thus almost concealed, being
excluded from the orbit, and occupying a rather narrow space in the top of the skull, and
embraced within the frontals, temporals, and occipitals.

The occipital bone is quite fully developed, and forms the posterior portion of the skull or
occiput, which is truncate and broad, and perpendicular to a horizontal plane. The mastoid
portion of the temporal, as in other Saccomyina, is ‘visible in great part postero-laterally. The
basilar process of the occipital is rather narrow, and its sides are in close contact with the petrous
bone, without any foramen lacerum between.

Attention has already been called to the unusually great development of the squamous por-
tion of the temporal bone. This occupies the entire lateral portion of the superior surface of
the cranium, the two squamous bones of opposite sides occupying at least two-thirds of the
whole. Anteriorly it constitutes the interno-posterior wall of the bony orbit, posteriorly it
forms the exterior portion of the occipital crest, and in a notch on the side behind the zygomatic
process is seen the tube of the meatus auditorius externus. The glenoid cavity of this bone is
long and rather open, its axes converging anteriorly. The outer boundary is constituted
entirely by the malar process of the temporal, which extends forwards after bending over the
short malar bone. The mastoid and petrous portion of the temporal are in one bone, entirely

47 L

370 U. Ss. P, R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

distinct from the squamous. They are of considerable extent, entering into the occipital sur-
face, and very largely into the under part of the cranium. The meatus externus is broad and
tubular, with thin walls, its axis projecting forwards, outwards, and upwards; and it is
embraced posteriorly by a thickened process of the squamous bone.

The malar bone is very short; its posterior half is concealed from view from above by the
process of the temporal ; anteriorly it is more or less enlarged, and fits into a notch of the
zygomatic plate of the maxillary, which forms the whole anterior portion of the zygoma, and
sends a thin plate backwards under the malar. Thus, in consequence of the forward projection
of the temporal on the upper surface of the zygoma, and the backward projection of the maxil-
lary on the under, the two points leave but a slight interval between them when the malar bone
is removed.

The bony palate of Geomys is much restricted, being really confined to a narrow space between
the molars. This is convergent anteriorly, where it is not wider than the molars ; it is traversed
by two deep grooves, leaving a central and two lateral ridges of nearly equal height ; the central
one is prolonged anteriorly to the incisive foramina. A plane tangent to the surface just described
would show a considerable interval between it and the cranium or petrous bones behind, and a
still greater one in front, the outline of the under surface of the bone rising rapidly from the
molars to near the incisors, and then curving a little down again. The palatine surface here is
narrow, the cross section being truncate wedge-shaped, the outline widening above. The inter-
maxillary suture is seen on the side of the muzzle, about its middle ; just within it is seen a deep
depression, at the bottom of which is the anterior termination of the ante-orbital foramen ; this,
however, does not open through the bone into the nasal cavity, as in Dipodomys. The incisive
foramina are entirely in the intermaxillaries. The zygomatic plate of the maxillary is broad and
oblique, standing out in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the skull (the two of opposite sides
being nearly in the same plane) ; it is nearly plane anteriorly ; its lower margin rises rapidly from
the alveoli of the molars to a point opposite the centre of the skull, and then curves somewhat
downward again ; it is thickened superiorly with a flattened surface, which expands behind to
receive in its notch the end of the malar. 5

It has already been stated that the lower jaw is very massive ; much more so than in any
other American rodents. There is scarcely any postero-inferior angle, this being represented by
a compressed ridge posteriorly, commencing below the root of the last molar. The upper por-
tion of this ridge turns off horizontally, however, and is continuous with a horizontal thickened
process standing out perpendicularly to the side of the jaw; this represents the upper corner
of the postero-inferior angle. The lower outline of the jaw is a nearly equable and convex
curve throughout, mostly parallel to the inferior surface of the incisor. The condyloid has
scarcely any neck, although rather a deep notch separates it from the coronoid process, which
rises considerably above the level of the condyle. There is a very deep pit below the base
of the coronoid process, and exterior to the last molar. The covering of the posterior extremity
of the lower incisor is seen as a very prominent tubercle (larger than the condyle) which is
situated on the outside of the jaw, and at a height about midway between the condyle and the
horizontal, process already described. There is also an excavation or pit running along the out-
side of the jaw, internal and anterior to this tubercle.

The incisors, as already remarked, are of extraordinary strength and size ; more or less plane
anteriorly ; the upper grooved, the lower perfectly smooth. A section of the teeth is wedge-
shaped ; the base anterior. The groove in the upper incisor is either central, or central and a

RODENTIA—-GEOMYINAE—GEOMYS. 371

finer one near the inner edge; (in Z’homomys the large central groove is wanting, leaving the
fine internal one.) The upper incisors are much curved, and describe nearly a full semicircle,
passing round almost to the base of the root of the anterior molar. In the lower jaw the arc is
also about a semicircle, reaching to the side of the base of the condyloid process.

The upper molars are considerably convergent anteriorly, their inner lines intersecting (if
produced) in the incisive foramina. They are all rootless, and diverging widely at their bases ;
the anterior is inserted very obliquely forward, at an angle of about 45° with the axis of the
skull ; the others more and more near to the perpendicular, and curved, the convexity anterior,
yet without becoming quite perpendicular. The lower molars are equally oblique, except that
here the posterior is most inclined, and that backwards ; in fact, in its curvature it stands quite
parallel to the incisor The anterior upper molar consists of two regular ellipses, much elongated
transversely, of about equal size, and connected by a narrow isthmus which crosses between their
middle portions, or a little interior to this; the second and third molars succeeding are simple
ellipses, of nearly equal size—the second rather largest, the third about equal to the ellipses of
the first ; the last molar is longer, and irregularly three, four, or five sided. The crowns of
the first lower molars show, also, the two ellipses, the anterior smallest, the bridge at about
the centre ; the remaining teeth are also elliptical, the posterior one narrowest.

In the skeleton of Geomys, (@. bursarius, No. 1760,) we find the limbs, though short, to be
quite massive, the anterior indeed appreciably stouter than the posterior. The vertebral
column is short, but the component vertebre broad and firmly knit together. The neck is very
short, its seven component vertebre measuring only about ;°; the length of the skull.. The
second cervical vertebra is large and massive, with a compressed short upper spinous process.
The vertebral formula is 7 cervical, 12 dorsal, 7 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 17 caudal. The posterior
two sacral vertebree have their transverse processes anchylosed and expanded so as to come into
firm union with the ossa innominata, leaving a wide foramen on each side of the spine, between
this junction with the sacrum and that anterior to it, in which the first and second sacral are
involved. The bones of the fore leg are stouter than the hinder. The olecranon process is
much lengthened, its projection behind the centre of the joint being nearly one-third the whole
length of the ulna. The clavicles are well developed. The tibia and fibula are united a little
below the middle of the former, and diverge widely above.

The species of Geomys are confined to the regions east of the Rocky mountains, and, in fact,
have not yet been observed much west of the Mississippi, or near the mountains. They are
very abundant in Missouri, Iowa, and southern and western Illinois ; they exist also in Texas
and all the Gulf States. Florida and Georgia also possess one, possibly two, species, but none
have yet been found on the Atlantic coast north of the Savannah river. Southward they reach
into Mexico, and, possibly, as far as Central America. .

The species are termed ‘‘ gophers’’ in the west, but in Georgia and Florida they are almost
universally called ‘‘salamanders.’’ Where this latter name is prevalent the term ‘‘ gopher’’
is equally well understood to mean the large land tortoise, Testudo polyphemus, to which the
Savannah river also serves as a barrier. When either of these names is used, therefore, by any
individual, it becomes necessary first to ascertain his region of country before it can be told
whether a mammal or reptile is in question.

From the list of synonymes at the head of this article it will be seen that many genera have
been proposed for the gophers. The first, in point of date, is Diplostoma, of Rafinesque, based
on reported characters of the Missouri species. With several accurate indications, we are told

372 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

that the ‘‘ animal has no tail, no ears, eyes covered by the skin, and four toes to all the feet.’’
This is, of course, entirely erroneous, and renders it necessary to avoid this name. The genus
Geomys is, however, sufficiently characterized in the next paragraph to answer very well for
this group, and must be adopted. The genera succeeding, in point of date, though all suffi-
ciently appropriate to the gophers, are, of course, superseded by Geomys.

The following brief synopsis may serve to facilitate the determination of species of Geomys.

A. UPPER INCISOR WITH TWO GROOVES.

Upper incisor with two grooves, a narrow one near the inner edge, and a deep wide one on or
external to the central line of the tooth. Fore feet longer than the hinder, owing to the great
development of the fore claws.

1. Inner groove always distinct ; large groove partly involving the central line of
the incisor. Size large, 7 to 8 inches, fore feet exceeding 13 inches, its longest
Glan three-quarters Of an, Inch: ,.<s.cssasenss¢axe Jonas vanascnnesrcapce ceases datmnsrcing pinnae Oana

2. Similar to the last, but smaller, 5 to 6 inches; fore feet less than 1} inches; its
longest, claw scarcely over half an. inchs. sasevsnpje-cnesocenteosscrignssanseaseoneyseanas sep, DECULCEDBs

3. Inner groove obsolete in old age ; large groove situated external to the central line pinetis.

B. Upper INCISOR WITH ONE GROOVE.

Upper incisor with one large groove exactly in the central portion of the tooth. Fore feet
not longer, or not as long, as the hinder.
4. Color nearly uniform yellowish DrOWD.......00-+...cseoccevseaccecsseecosncassascsacsacseccncs CLOTRUs
5. Color, yellowish brown. Sides of face and head chestnut..............:seesecreeesseeee COStANODS.
6. Color, dark reddish chestnut. Hair very stiff..........:.....ce-sccsscacceccessscccccneses MMSDUOUS.
7. Very large size. Grayish brown. Hair soft........-...ceecsecssensereseeacccssceccsssseees MEXICONMUS.

GEOMYS BURSARIUS.
Pouched Gopher.

Mus bursarius, Soaw, Linnaean Transactions, V, 1800, 237.—Is. Gen. Zool. II, 1801, 100; pl. cxxxyiii.
Mircuit, Am. Jour. Sc. IV, 1822, 183.
Cricetus bursarius, ‘‘ DesM. Nouv. Dict. XIV, 177.’’ Is. Mamm. II, 1822, 312.
Garirr. Cuyv. II, 1827, 138; plate.—In. V, 1827, 235.
‘““B. Cuy. Dict. des Sc. Nat. XX, 257.’’
Saccophorus bursarius, Kuen, Beitrage, 1820, 65.
Fiscner, Synopsis, 1829, 304.
Pseudostoma bursarius, Sax, Long’s Exped. R. Mts. I, 1823, 406.
Hanrwan, Fauna Amer, 1825,153.
Gopman, Am. N. H. II, 90.
. Avup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 332; pl. xliv.
Geomys bursarius, Ricu. F, Bor. Am. I, 1829, 203.
Ascomys bursarius, Expoux Er Gervais, Voyage de la Favorite, V, 1839, 23.
? Mus ludovicianus, Ord, Gutbrie’s Geog. 2d Am. ed. II, 1815,292. (Not determinable.)
Mus saccatus, Mirrcnitz, N. Y. Medical Repository, XXI, Jan. to June 1821, 249. (From west of Lake Superior.

Plumbago colored var.) ,
Ascomys canadensis, Licut. Abh. Berl. Akad. 1825, 13; fig.

Brants, Muizen, 1827, 24. ;
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 383.—Is. Abh. K. Baier. Akad. Munchen, XXII, 1846,
327 (figure of skeleton).
Geomys canadensis, Leconte, Pr. Phil. Ac. N. Sc. VI, 1852, 158.

1 « Feet short, all with five toes and nails; those of the fore feet very long. Mouth asin the genus Cricetus, and with
exterior pouches. ‘Tail round and naked.’’—(Rafinesque, Am. Month, Magazine, 11, 1817, 45.)

.

RODENTIA—GEOMYINAE—GEOMYS BURSARIUS. 373

Geomys oregonensis, Leconte, Pr. Phil. Ac. N. Sc. VI, Sept. 1852, 160.
Gopher ; Pocket gopher ; pouched rat. Vuuco,

Sr. Cx.—Upper incisors, with a small groove near the inner edge, and a much larger one bisecting the remaining space.
Fore feet considerably longer than the hinder ones. Second claw reaching to about the middle of the fourth. Cheek
pouches ample.

Oolor.—Reddish brown above, with a plumbeous tinge along the vertebral region. Under parts paler and more yellowish.
Inside of pouches reddish brown in parts, Skull sub-elongated, the zygomata converging as straight lines behind—widest
apart at the end of the superior maxillary process. Forehead convex.

Sometimes dark plumbago colored above ; tinged with brownish beneath.

The upper incisors of this species have a small, not very acute, groove close along the inner
edge, and a second much deeper and more conspicuous one half way between the first and the
outer edge of the incisor. This second groove is rounded at the bottom and on the sides, and
the two portions of the incisors on either side are nearly symmetrical in shape and entirely
rounded, no portion of their anterior surface being plane; the incisors of both jaws are about
as wide as they are deep, the axes of their cross sections being nearly equal.

The ears are entirely obsolete, or represented merely by a thickening of the skin round the
auditory aperture. The cheek pouches are very wide and well coated with hairs, except
towards the bottom, where they are rather thin. The tail is contained not quite three times in
the length of the body ; in som’ specimens it is densely hairy to the tip; in others it is
somewhat naked at the extremity ; in none examined could the tail be called naked.

The fore feet are considerably longer than the hinder ones; the claws being excessively
developed. The third claw, measured above and applied on the palmar surface, reaches from
the end of the third finger to a little beyond the base of the border of the tubercle ; measured
below, it occupies about three-eighths of the whole length ; the first claw reaches likewise over
about three-eighths of the hand. The cleft between the second and third fingers is quite deep,
extending almost half way from the end of the finger proper to the beginning of the hand,
The fourth finger is decidedly longer than the second, and its claw is much larger and longer,
the tip of the second claw only reaching about half way down the fourth, (measured below.)
The first claw extends beyond the base of the fifth, and the fifth barely reaches the base of the
second. On the hind feet the first claw reaches nearly half way between the tips of the fourth
and fifth ; the second is much longer than the fourth, its claw reaching to the end of the third
or longest toe ; the second claw being, in fact, the largest on the foot.

The upper parts are of a dark reddish or chestnut brown along the middle of the back,
glossed with plumbeous ; the sides are rather paler, and the under parts are even of a yellowish
brown. The edges of the mouth and the chin are yellowish white, as are the outer walls of
the pouches; the inner are chestnut. The tail is chestnut at the base; at the extremity and
the inferior surface generally it is whitish, as are the feet and the posterior edge of the arm.
The hairs are everywhere plumbeous at the base, those on the central area of the back not
varying materially at their tips. —

These specimens may be considered to represent the genuine Pseudostoma bursarius of Say,
as described in Long’s Expedition, having been obtained from the same locality. There is,
however, a Geomys from Iowa, in the collection of the National listitute, in Washington,
which presents some important points of distinction. With a much larger body, and much
stouter incisors, the tail is absolutely shorter, as well as the single vertebrae themselves, and
the feet of much the same size. The grooves of the upper incisors are much as described in the

374 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP, AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

preceding specimens, except that the main furrow is more in the centre, and the portion on
either side more nearly equal, including that covered and separated by the inner groove. The
clor is also quite different, being everywhere of a uniform and rather bright reddish brown, a
little paler beneath. There is no darker wash along the back, where the hairs are very slightly
darker at the points, only appreciable on close examination. These are everywhere plumbeous
at base, in marked contrast to their extremities. The feet, tail, and inside of cheek pouches,
are obscurely whitish.

Among the specimens before me are three from Morgan -county, Illinois, which exhibit a
coloration assigned by Audubon and Bachman to a particular season of the G. bursarius. In
these, the body is of a dark plumbago color, deepest and very lustrous along the centre of the
back. Beneath, the plumbeous hairs are tipped with yellowish gray; above, their extremities
are only a little darker. The hands and posterior portion of the arm are clear white, in strong
contrast to the surrounding fur. The bottom of the cheek pouches is also whitish. The tail
whitish, except the basal half above, which is plumbeous.

The tail itself is long and well clothed with hair. The proportions of the limbs are not
materially different from what has been described in G. bursarius from St. Louis. They may
be a little smaller. The skull presents some differences : in a more deeply-grooved incisor ; the
centre of this groove a little nearer the inner edge; a more slender zygomatic arch, the edges
of the zygomatic process of the upper maxillary being parallel, as viewed from above, instead of
widening considerably to embrace the end of the malar. The molar teeth are rather broader,
and the posterior lower one is nearly as wide as the one next to it. There is also a greater
dissimilarity between the two lobes of the anterior upper molar. The incisors are decidedly
thicker and more massive. If these differences are constant in many specimens, there will be
no danger in separating the lead-colored ones as distinct.

Measurements.
Red—Iowa. 1882, Black—Mor- 614, Black—Illinois. | 357, Red—St. Louis.
gan co., Illinois.
Inches and} Lines. | |Inchesand| Lines. | Inches saat Lines. Length. | ‘Inches and | Lines.
100ths, 100ths, 100ths. | 100ths.

NORE LO O00 OL tall see ae oe eee LU of hy aes, he TOMS eee a 8 (iad es 8 > faye ss
Tail, from root to end of vertebra ~--------- | 2 6 3 2 2 8. Jaeseee 3 Segoe
portion covered with short hairs. .----- ye) ULE} Ce ere | 2 Guniteazee 2 8

Arm, fore foot to end of claws ------------- 1 (P 1 8 1 ee ees ae | 1 7
longest claw ------ 2 Seaee eae ee |-------- | eee + heen RAs ee Pe ees | eee ac 9
Hand, without claw ...2--.--------------- Te |e eco | a 8 dies, Mea. a” | hoes
third finger without claw-------.----|-------- 4 |--------|------||-------- Meads «| SSoeas |= 2 epee 5
Becond ClAW- 2624-206 me eane conan ase ah tena A eat | ert tense = eee Wn Peres 5 ene - = 4h
lip fin per 2 oo eee tee 2 eee eee eer | tere = |e el ee {a djnok 13
fonrinvclanys=— 2-236 ole See Se eee ae 7 | aes Sach) See See eee 1). WiGaed) sees |n------- 63
its finger, (between third) -)-...---- ye F || Seas a | ees eee eee | sv ecaee 1h
Leg, hind foot from heel to end of claws-.--| 1 | 5 t's Ty lane ote 1 4}
longest/claw, (second)< <5 <--- cu <cos|cee acces 2 Third ~~ 3 Thirdae! | /2¢ een san) | eee eee 3
Skull, Jéngthieeremeeeeetet acestes os. Seals. usw. cee esos eee ls Cut Wo VHRR, Ms ae } 20400 Soeeeaee
WIC R Gaeta aim cele oP 2 rane eee Wa0Bi) (aPoees 169./||)" 1, 28, spears

|

RODENTIA—GEOMYINAE—GEOMYS BURSARIUS. 375

Dr. Leconte has recently described some specimens of Geomys in the collection of the
Academy of Natural Sciences, and labelled as coming from the Columbia river, under the name
of G. oregonensis, separating them from his . canadensis, the typical species, on account of
the hairiness of the tail. I have carefully examined these specimens, and can find no char-
acters to distinguish them from the species found in Missouri. The characters given of hairy
tails and white chin, dark red color, and darker back, are all found equally in both ; indeed, I
have yet to see a reddish brown adult Geomys, having bisulcate incisors, with an entirely naked
tail, as an original character. I have satisfied myself that the hairs on the tail are liable to
fall out in patches, and especially is this the case when the vertebrz are removed.

Nor am I satisfied that these specimens were collected in or west of the Rocky Mountains at
all. Mr. Townsend made numerous collections from St. Louis west, and among these must
have been the pouched rats of Missouri, so striking to an eastern naturalist who had never before
seen them. Yet nomention is madeof any specimens in his collections, except those of Oregon.
Furthermore, in the list of mammals published in his Narrative, as having been seen in
Oregon, this ‘‘ Geomys bursarius,’’ (as his specimens are labelled,) does not appear at all.
Richardson never heard of it in Oregon ; nor have either Dr. Cooper or Dr. Suckley, who have
already spent more than two years in Oregon and Washington Territories, ever collected or
mentioned it. These gentlemen express great surprise at failing to find so many species of
birds and mammals mentioned by Townsend as occurring in Oregon, although their time has
so long been devoted almost exclusively to the natural history of that region. I fear, there-
fore, that, in the long interval which elapsed between the collecting of his specimens and
their determination, owing to the loss or misplacing of labels, some at least have been referred
to incorrect localities.

The accumulation of a much greater amount of material than that at my command when
the preceding article was written, enables me to speak more fully in regard to several matters
formerly in uncertainty. There appears to be little doubt that the plumbeous varieties and the
chestnut brown ones are the same species, as they are associated in so many localities.

Specimens vary in the amount of hair on the tail as well in the size of the claws. Asa
general rule, the tail is pretty closely but thinly covered with short lustrous hairs that lie flat
to the skin. In some specimens the extreme tip of the tail is naked, in others it is bare for the
terminal third. In none before me is it entirely naked.

The size of the incisor teeth appears to vary somewhat, independently of the size of the skin,
and the same may be said of the claws. These become not only longer but higher and stronger
every way with age. The colors of the chestnut-colored specimens are generally of pretty
much the same tint; the plumbago-colored ones are sometimes uniform both on back and belly ;
sometimes with a wash of chestnut on the belly. In all I have seen, the whole fore legs were
white.

The first description of this animal was by Shaw, and was based on a drawing communicated
to him by General Davies of an animal said to have been brought from some portion of interior
Canada. It is characterized simply as ‘‘ ash-colored, with short, round, nearly naked tail,
pouched cheeks, and the claws of the fore feet very large, formed for burrowing in the
ground.’’ The figure represents a species with stuffed sacks on each side of the head, (the

876 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

everted pouches,) three claws to the fore feet, six to the hinder ones, and a hairy tail. Subse-
sequently, however, Shaw improved upon this description, having obtained the original
specimen, although still under the impression that the cheek pouches opened from the inside
of the mouth.

The same skin referred to by Shaw was subsequently investigated by Kuhl, and then by
Lichtens .n. It was for a time in the celebrated museum of Mr. Bullock, of London, and is
said to have been purchased by Temminck at the sale of this collection, and is doubtless now
in the Leyden museum.

For a long time it was supposed that the pouches in all the American gophers were naturally
external and pendulous, with their opening inside the mouth. Even Richardson was of opinion
that his Geomys douglassii, and perhaps some other species, were of this character. It is,
perhaps, scarcely necessary to say that it is now a well ascertained fact that in all the species
these pouches open outside of the mouth.

The geographical distribution of this species is not yet fully ascertained. It is known to
occur throughout Missouri, eastern Kansas and part of Nebraska, western and southern Illinois,
Iowa, western Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota. Its extreme northern limit has not been
ascertained,

377

RODENTIA—GEOMYINAE—GEOMYS BURSARIUS.

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378 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

GEOMYS BREVICEHPS, Baird.
Short-headed Gopher.
Geomys breviceps, Barrp, Pr. Ph. Acad. Nat. Sc. VII, April, 1855, 334.

Sp. Cu.—Upper incisors with a small groove near the inner edge, and a much larger one bisecting the remaining space.
Yore feet decidedly longer than the hinder ones. The second claw reaching half way down the fourth. Cheek pouches
quite ample. “

Colors. —Above, dark chestnut brown, with cloudings caused by darker tips to the hairs. Beneath, paler, mixed with
grayish. Inside of pouches and surrounding region entirely yellowish white. Skull short, broad. Forehead plane.
Outline of zygomata, as viewed from above, curved ; separated most widely at the junction of malar and temporal.

This species, from the indications afforded by the skulls of the two specimens under exami-
nation, is much the smallest of those with bisulcate incisors. The ears are quite obsolete in
one specimen; in another, rather more distinct than usual in this group of Geomys, the
encircling ridge of skin being quite prominent. The whiskers are very short. The cheek
pouches are large and deep, amply coated with hair everywhere. The tail is contained between
two and three times in the length of the body. It is scantily coated with hair, most densely
near the base. The fur is moderately full and soft, more so than in G. bursarius.

The furrowing of the incisors is much as in G. bursarius from St. Louis. The inner groove
is, however, somewhat narrower and shorter. The main groove bisects the portion exterior to
the inner groove, the halves being symmetrical and rounded.

The fore feet or hands are but little longer than the hind feet ; their claws are very large and
stout. The middle claw, measured above, reaches from the end of its finger to the tubercle of
the palm ; its under surface occupies a little more than one-third of the whole hand. The first
finger is very rudimentary, its claw only reaching over about one-third the hand, and extend-
ing barely to the end of the fifth finger. The second finger is considerably shorter than the
fourth, and its claw only reaches to about the middle of the fourth claw, and to the endof the
third finger. The fifth claw extends beyond the end of the second finger. On the hind feet,
the first and fifth toes are almost rudimentary, especially the latter. The claw of the fifth
reaches to the base of the first claw ; the second claw reaches to the end of the third toe; the
fourth claw a little beyond the base of the second. The second claw is about as long as the
third, and widened at the end. :

The color is not markedly different from the St. Louis species. The upper parts are of a dark
chestnut brown; the ends of the hairs tipped with still darker along the middle and posterior
portion of the back, imparting an indistinct clouding to the color. The under parts are of a
paler tint of the same mixed with greyish, and showing a good deal of the plumbeous bases of
the hairs.

The inside and edges of the cheek pouches, lips, chin, throat, hands and posterior edge of
the fore legs, are of a uniform yellowish white, perhaps quite white when not altered by alcohol.
The tail is obscurely white beneath and dusky above.

" RODENTIA—GEOMYINAE—GEOMYS BREVICEPS. 379

Measurements.
eee oa
Nore too0tol tat) == sn sacenn sce ans -nn nano age cssesecscnce| 6 9
Tail, from root to end of vertebra, uncertain-......-..---------- 2 2
short haired: portion, uncertain...---=-..4.-----.2.---.-- | 1 8
Arnnorp sop co end Gf Cla Wasscces coco esne sed sceessccewacces 1 14
SRERESE SSS ES RV a ee ee |--2---+----- 6
and. without! Claws 22.2 Soe cs Soe oh nnn fe tee sce cee week {Were Se oe ae oe 83
Gini coa Per: SWOT CLAN = ae aint ae ale noe mittee alee = ae ai 32
RECON CC] Wire oath ale ee ee ale le learn ele i a 34
Tis finperios = co oete eet eae eae Se eee coe oeae (See ass eS 2
fourth’ Claw: =so04-- + =saecesceses steer wsslaccauasseoes |see eons canes
Lbs hupere (between third) ea 2- hese Socios ec 23
SkolMlencih@ss-eaeon ete seremes Seite no Utes ould 1.564 «sb soko soe
ois ki Ra hee ae En oe ee ee eae A988 | ees ae

As stated, this species exhibits considerable resemblance in color to G. bursarius from St. Louis.
The tint is, however, more uniform on the back and sides, without the concentrated wash on the
dorsal region. The color is rendered deeper, too, by the darker tips to many of the hairs. Beneath,
the colors are more grayish, and the whole lining and edges of the cheek pouches, with the throat
and chin, are whitish, instead of showing a good deal of chestnut. The inequality in the position
and length of the digits is much greater; thus, in the St. Louis animal, the 2d finger is not
much shorter than the fourth, though its claw is much smaller; in this the claw, even of the
second finger, reaches but little beyond the end of the fourth finger. The greatest differences
are, however, discernible in the skulls. In the present species they are broader in proportion ;
especially behind, and the widest portion of the zygomatic arch, instead of being at the end of
the zygomatic process of the upper maxillary, with the zygomata converging in straight lines
behind this point, is really considerably further back, owing to the greater extension laterally of
the zygomatic process of the temporal with the convex outlines of the zygomatic arch. The
- forehead is much flatter and the snout shorter. The teeth are also different ; the isthmus between
the lobes of the anterior upper molars, instead of connecting the middle of these lobes, passes
inside of the middle, exhibiting a shorter sinus inside than out. The posterior upper molar is
more rounded or nearly circular with the angles obsolete. The molars of the lower jaw are
much larger, especially the anterior one. The coronoid process stands a good deal higher and
its axis more vertical.

The skull of the present species resembles quite closely the one figured by Waterhouse in
Charlesworth’s Magazine as Geomys umbrinus.

The absolute determination of the species of Geomys, as of many other American animals, is
a matter of much uncertainty, in consequence of their wide range, and the difficulty of getting
enough materials for satisfactory comparison. Since the article on G. breviceps was written, I
have had the opportunity of examining several other specimens, probably referrible to this
species, from quite remote localities. One of these, from western Texas, Llano Estacado, col-
lected by Oaptain Pope, is quite similar in every external character, but the teeth are narrower,

380 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—-GENERAL REPORT.

and the fore claws considerably shorter in proportion. The fur is whiter beneath. One from
Fort. Chadbourne, Texas, again, has very large incisors and large claws. The fur is much
brighter and more lustrous than in any other I have seen, and the blackish tips to the hairs
impart cloudings of blackish to the shining chestnut of the back. The under parts are pale
whitish cinnamon ; the chin is white. The tail is unusually short.

List of specimens.

a = a
= Measurements.
|

oa ees £4 Ss) Ss) 241-8 = a ae
EI S Locality. Whence and how | Nature of = = 5) = 2 = iS a

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= to o & = =| = = = S 5 = ey “a

= a ° ° ° Gj s S s s = z 2 ro)

5 a | 2 2 $s = € € Ss =| = ee a =
FI = 2), 2) 8) S42 |S ee Se ec es

= au 3 ; Elles 5 5 = hes
6/5 2 fe fe) 8 [ope eel a eae
156 | 1138 | Prairie Mer Rouge, La..| Jas. Fairle.... ...... BEN oi cc|vccccc|eccase | 6.75'| 2.20} 1.13] .97] .50)...... 1.55 | 1.00 35 | .18

1 Gy ef 17 Gas usnoiaweninass[eniesiece flO. \vapeesesceee Giscess|cacss feaaunn 5.60 | 1.95 | 1.00 95 50 13 | 1.48 93 36 | .18
2630 |...... Jove see ple Sea SSecingosee eocod WOiciswevesjesceue Invale....j, 90.) 1/42) ) 0.205 1.75 | 1.20 | 1.08 56 15 | cccccclecereslovcee «| 19
PIG5S2 jacsses Fort Chadbourne, Tex..| Dr. E. Swift........ SEinyeswaladen cal seman abecaetanekae | sania wansahs 2 coerleccccc|evones . ee
PLTIOi hanes 3's Llano Estacado, Texas.| Capt. J. Pope........ }uwGQe. .scclecccce|oscens il 1 ng eS LIS] 263) 18 | evccan BS . -20

|
POOSON eases Fort Riley, K. T.. .....| Dr. W. A. Hammond.!..d0......)..0008 BER OO) HABER \S-ro1aG [eonacol Sooo jroease aarimanl ogoed paca. acne awake
|

GEOMYS PINETIS, Rafinesque.

Salamander.

Geomys pinetis, Rarinesque, Am. Month. Mag. II, 1817, 45. (Pine woods of Georgia.)
Brants, Muizen, 1827, 173.

Geomys pineti, Leconte, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VI, Sept. 1852, 159.

Saccophorus pineti, Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 305.

Pseudostoma floridana, Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 242; pl. el, fig. 1.
?Mus tuzw, Orv, Guthrie’s Geography, 2d Am. Ed. II, 1815, 292.

The Hamster of Georgia, Mircui1t, Medical Repository, V, 1802, 89.—Is. Bewick’s Quadrupeds, Ist Am. ed.

1804, 525.

Sp. Ca.—Upper incisors with a single deep groove placed external to the central line, dividing the surface into two unequal
portions, the inner considerably the larger. Fore feet rather longer than the hinder ones. The second claw of the hand
extending nearly as far as the fourth. Cheek pouches ample. ‘Tail naked nearly to the base. Color above, plumbeous brown,
tinged with yellowish brown on the sides, and grayish beneath.

Color yellowish brown in the adult; young plumbeous? In the young a slight additional groove near the outer edge of My
incisors?

This species is of large size and readily distinguished from any other found east of the Mis-
sissippi river by the single groove of the upper incisors. This groove is not central, as in the
species from western Texas, but is situated wholly in the exterior half of each incisor; the
inner plane portion being therefore wider than the outer, which is entirely rounded. The
external ears are very rudimentary, consisting merely of a thickened ridge of skin. The tail
is, in the stuffed specimen, about one-fourth the length of the body ; as prepared, it at first
sight appears entirely naked ; a closer examination with a lens reveals, however, a few scattered
hairs. The hand, as far as can be determined from its cramped condition, is a little longer
than the hind foot; the claws are very long, stout, and much curved. ‘The middle claw,
measured above, is as long as the palm without the tubercle; measured below, it is contained
about two and a half times in the total length. The second and fourth fingers are nearly equal ;

RODENTIA—GEOMYINAE—GEOMYS PINETIS. 381

the claw of the fourth is, however, much stouter and rather longer, projecting a short distance
beyond the second. The fifth claw reaches considerably beyond the base of the fourth, or the
end of its digit; and the first bears about the same relation to the fifth. The hind feet are
broad ; the first and second toes longer than the fifth and fourth, respectively.

The cheek pouches are very large and ample.

The upper parts are a dark brown, verging to plumbeous, this covering the central region
of the back; on the sides the color is of dusky yellowish brown, extending anteriorly over the
cheek pouches and outside of the legs ; beneath, ashy white; showing, however, much of the
plumbeous basal portion of the hair. The posterior edge of the fore legs, the chin and throat
are a purer white, which color is also seen in obscure patches between the legs. The auricular
region is not conspicuously more dusky. The hairs are rather stiff and very glossy above.

The only opportunity I have had of examining this species was in the hall of the Academy
of Natural Sciences; the specimen was collected in Florida by Dr. Blanding, and is one of
those referred to by Dr. Leconte.. I am unable to say whether it ever assumes a more reddish
brown tint than that described.

Measurements.
Florida.
Inches. Lines.
INose\to) Gye 225.25. Sea eee eee 1 4
PE oe eS Scent SSeS ee TS 2
TOO te fis GAN emcee er i es mer al 10 3
Tail, from root to end of vertebre --..------------ 2 6+
Arm; fore foot to end of claws'..........--.--.-=.| 1 8
ROU PENINOLA Witenes ae te = Ro ears se ae ome
ASS Gs fg re ae ey ae ee ee eet |e eee ee
rele nh W Ean A sb Bes etee aes E eee et coo e Hee eeoee 53
WSBT SE See ee eee Se a eee eS ee ee ee 13
Leg ; hind foot, from heel to end of claws.-----..-- 1 6
TONER CANE eines ee a ee ee ee a oe 3}
and Without CA WS= a= aaa seas oan een eee
AMER I Teg ol OO ee eee Be ey Se See 4t

The first mention I can find made of this animal is under the name of Hamster of Georgia,
as quoted above ; the descriptions appear to be by Dr. 8. L. Mitchill, and are quite minute and
_exact, especially that in Bewick’s Quadrupeds, though nothing is said about the furrows of the
teeth. Other authors refer to it from time to time ; but the first scientific name applied to the
species was that of Rafinesque. This Audubon and Bachman completely ignore in describing
the species as new under the name of Pseudostoma floridanum. Dr. Leconte, however, in his
sketch of the genus, again restores the name of Rafinesque.
The geographical distribution of this animal is not well ascertained. If there be but one
species in the southeastern States, then it is known to occur in northern Florida, and in Georgia
to the Savannah river, and west to the mountains ; it also occurs in Alabama.

382 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Since the preceding description was written, several specimens have been received from Geor=
gia and Florida, agreeing in the main with the preceding description. The large outer groove
is very shallow ; its deepest part in the exterior half. Most of the inner half of the surface is
plane, with a faint though perfectly appreciable groove near the inner edge. In Missouri spe-
cimens the groove is narrower, deeper, more central, and with the plane portion of the inner
surface much less. The tail is perfectly naked nearly to the base. I have no means of referring
to the specimen of the Academy just now, and cannot say whether a fine groove may not have
been overlooked. I shall, however, for the present, range these specimens under (. pinetis.
The case is the same with the specimen in alcohol from Jacksonville. In all these the inner
groove is distinctly visible, but the inner plane portion of the plane surface of the upper incisor
is greater than in Missouri specimens. These are all light reddish brown, lighter than in Mis-
souri specimens ; one in alcohol has the tail flesh colored ; the skin very loose.

A small skin (1500) from Florida is much smaller, and plumbago colored. The large groove
is more central, and the general appearance more that of G. breviceps. The tail is thinly coated
with scattered hairs. It is quite possible that there may be two species in Florida and Georgia,
but I am inclined to believe that young specimens of the G. pinetis have the small inner groove
of the upper incisor, and that this, with increasing age, becomes more shallow and obsolete,
until finally it disappears entirely, leaving the large groove more external than in those Texan
and Mexican species having one large median groove. The color, too, seems to vary from lead
color to reddish with the age of the animal, as in the other species.

Should there be two species, the name G’. pinetis may be retained for the one with two grooves
on the upper incisors, while that with but one may be called G. floridana. There is no question
of the difference of the former from G. bursarius.

List of specimens.

= Measurements.

, AT

as = =a 6 1

E>} S 3 5 4 F| = r=] = z

5 = Locality. Whence and how | Natureof | _ : 2 ; 2 eo =e ee = 3 | 8

5 a obtained. specimen. | § = S = 2 = 2 ral |i a) =

2 Bo o o S s = s cy E E E 5

& & ° ° ° s 3 S = 3 3 s S

e | 3 ee |e le ae ed ee

ch) as e | 2 |, 8 | 8 ee) 2s ol eo 9) ees

= 6 S ° ° ° 3 5S iE Ss A=| 5 =

5 ia) z 2 2 | 4 a & | & & i=) fe Ee
=——_ ns | alae — Ss
1442 |....- Columbus, Ga..........| Dr. William Gesner....| Mounted ..|..eeee/eceee [eseees | 7.50 | 2.70 | 1.45] 1.28 | .70| .24] .16|......
2253 | 3116 | Augusta, Gas........00- Dr. E. W. Harker...... SKim .rcsesleccvecleceoes|eocees 8.80 | EOD aeons | 1.24 |eseee +20 15 |scsnece
QHD [acecce Jacksonville, Fla. ..... Dr. A. J. Baldwin...... | oe| 687 | 1.76] 4.30 | 2,56 | 1.10 | 1.17 |acace |ovcevs| cave arlevseee
A500) thescune Florida........... «| Mr. Burgwyn.....eeees Skin ...... Vewaeealceeuel seepee S500} eBi Mls apes 135) <42') ee 12
NO | eeeces Columbus, Ga..........| Dr. W. Gesner Alcohol....| 1.92 | 1.10 | 2.15 | 5.35 | 2.55 | 1.88 | 1.29 | .65] .22]...... 20

RODENTIA—GEOMYINAE—GEOMYS CLARKII. 383

GEOMYS CLARKII, Baird.
Pecos Gopher.
Geomys clarkii, Barrp, Pr. A. N. Sc. Ph. VII, April, 1855, 332.

Sp. Cu.— Upper incisors with a single deep groove bisecting the surface, the portions on either side similar. Fore feet
nearly equal to or rather shorter than the hinder ones. Second claw of the hand reaching as far as the fourth.
small. Fur soft and full.

Color above, uniform yellowish brown, the hairs with dusky tips. Beneath, paler and grayer. Cheek pouches much like
the surrounding region.

Pouches

This species is not of large size, compared with some others with deep grooves in the incisors.
The incisors are broad; the upper ones with a single deep broad groove, with rounded edges
down their very centre, the portions at either side being of the same width and nearly
symmetrical. The form is stout and the skull very broad and massive. The cheek pouches, as
shown in the dried skins, are unusually small at their mouth, although extending pretty deep.
These are well lined with hair throughout. The external ears are very rudimentary, consisting
merely of a thickened ridge encircling the aperture, without any distinct flap. The whiskers
are moderately long, whitish, with a few black ones intermixed. The tail; which is contained
from two to two and a half times in the body, is covered rather thinly with stiff longish hairs,
which are far enough apart to show an indistinct verticillation of scales on the skin; the hairs
are more crowded towards the tip. The tail cannot, however, be called naked, although more
sparsely covered than in the G@. bursarius.

The feet are very large; the hands when straightened out are about equal to the feet proper.
The middle claw as measured above, when applied to the palm, reaches from the end of the third
finger to the base of the tubercle. Measured below, it is contained not quite two and a half
times in the total length. The 2d and 4th fingers, with their claws, are almost exactly equal
in length, both fingers and claws respectively, although the fourth claw is stoutest. The 5th
claw reaches nearly to the end of the 4th finger, (exclusive of claw,) the first to that of the 5th
finger. The ball of the wrist is very large, and bordered behind by an oblique fringe of,stiff
hairs, the same also margining the fingers. The claws are very long, curved, compressed and
acuminate towards the tip beneath. The hind feet are broad; the claws small, the first and
second spoon-shaped, and respectively larger and reaching further than the fourth and fifth.

The fur is everywhere remarkably soft and full, with a good deal of lustre, with little or none
of the stiffness and harshness of some other species. The whole upper surface of the head and
back is a rather light and dull yellowish brown, the tips of the hairs being finely dark brown
or black, slightly clouding the ground color. This yellowish tint extends about half way down
the sides, with little of the clouding, however, and then begins a purer paler tint of straw
yellowish brown, darker anteriorily. The hairs are everywhere dull plumbeous at the base,
which is shown a good ‘deal on the sides where the fur is thin. The inside of the pouches is
much like the anterior portion of the under surface without any indication of patches of color.
The sparsely haired feet and tail are yellowish brown, somewhat plumbeous along the toes and
near the tip of the tail.

A specimen of this species collected in western Texas by Dr. Kennerly, in July, between the
Pecos and Red rivers, agrees in all essential points, though the colors above are a little darker.

384

U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.
Detailed measurements.
No. 6. No. 447.
Inches Lines. Inches. | Lines.
DRO UG i Gane se se Soca so =e ess Sees oo Ss a ee Lh | eres
fe ee in Sta I | eee a ey [een 1 8
TAGHOT Mane pies ee eee tects ee ae 6 6 >) jseeeeee
Tail, from root to end of vertebra------------ 6 2 5
portion covered with short hair --------- 2 Vn eee
IDENT 4, NS ee ee Ne eae sss ee cese ae DO Ss a oes 24
Arm ; forefoot to end of claws---.---------.-- 1 3} 1 3
HORE ER Sassen e See Saeed ee ke a5 G \eeteaes oem 6
hand, without claw ------ ------ eA bas Ohta pene seme 9}
third finger, without claw 2---.~=2-.s2s]42-52--283 dP see Sees 3
Second (Clawip= so = ae en ee ee ee Big es 4}
its finger. ane ne alee Se - | So eee 2
Leg ; hind foot from heel to end of claws------ if 3} 1 3
longest claw -..-..------- Rei srt tees Rabe oe ct i Ps ee Sees 3
List of specimens.
: Measurements.
=| 5
= |3 ee le le les | ellrx
g\s , : SIS(E(E\Sl2)al.l4lg
SS Locality. When Whence and how = Nature of} | | % S = = WE | 3 |8 | -3 | Collected by—
B ra collected. obtained. 3 |specimen.| 3 | z rs SS (Shapes ic B/S
2) ¢ Z oh ei ela leieiebalelsee
2\¢ a o|2\|2F\n\b| | e/B|S/s]a
2|5 = 8/2/3/8\/s/s|s(/s/2\2|2
5 |5 fo) Z(/B/e/alalalaAlAle lee
re ace Saree hs ee ata lec oy ae a we | ai aa!
6/1624 -| Maj. W. H. Emory |....| Skin ..../6.80/2.50).... 1,301.30 58) -29)1.93 1.27 +39) -23) J. H. Clark...
o++. {1623 Pe possort G0..seeecee-[oeee] SKUM 00] 2..-]e0ce|ece|enee[ereefenee) ene |2-B0) eee] 44} .80]....dO., 00000 eens
447 1581! Pecos river, Texas Lt. A. W. Whipple|....| Mounted |6.00)2.00)....)1.25)1.26) .50, .25).... .ae-[eeee cone Dr. C. B. Kennerly.
1737|.... Capt. J. Pope...... 205) Skin ..../8.50/3.00/3.20]..../1.35| .56 .25 fos feusfacel BQ] cveas ee ences
\ {
GEOMYS CASTANOPS.
Chestnut-faced Gopher.
Pseudostoma castanops, Barry, in Rep. Stansbury’s Exped. G. 8. Lake, June, 1852, 313. (Bent’s Fort.)

Avup. and Baca. N. Am. Quad. IIT, 1854, 304.
Geomys castanops, Leconte, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VI, Sept., 1852, 163.

Sp. Cn.—Upper incisor with a single deep groove bisecting the surface, the portions on either side similar.
Second claw extending as far as the fourth.

shorter than the hinder.

Cheek pouches small,

the fore part of head and sides of neck yellowish chestnut, sharply defined. Pouches whitish.

This species in general appearance resembles the G@. clarkii, from western Texas.

Fore feet

Color, pale brownish yellow;

The upper

incisors are furrowed exactly down the central line by a rather deep broad groove, rounded off
at the sides as well as the bottom, separating portions, on either side, which are almost per-

RODENTIA—GEOMYINAE—GEOMYS CASTANOPS. 385

fectly symmetrical in size and shape. The external ears are entirely obselete, with scarcely a
thickened ridge of skin to represent the auricle. The tail is contained not quite three times in
the body ; it is moderately clothed with stiff appressed hairs of a dusky color.

The fur is quite sparse though moderately soft everywhere. The cheek pouches are small
and not very capacious ; scantily haired within.

The fore feet are decidedly shorter than the hinder ones; its claws are moderately large and
stout, acuminate near the tips. The third claw, as measured above, does not reach nearly from
the end of its digit to the tubercle on the palm ; below, it is scarcely one-third the total length
of the hand. From the heel to the end of the first claw is about two-fifths of the whole hand.
The second and fourth fingers and claws are of the same length, or the second finger is even
the longer ; the fourth claw, as usual, is, however, the stouter. The first claw does not quite
reach the end of the fifth finger ; the fifth claw barely to the end of the fourth finger. On the
hind foot the toes are cleft quite deeply; the first is longer than the fifth (the claw of the
latter reaching to the middle of the claw of the former) ; the second claw reaches nearly to the
end of the third, and is even the longer, besides being very broad and spoon-shaped ; the fourth
claw reaches to the end of the second toe.

The upper parts and sides, generally, are of a pale brownish yellow ; the hairs on the back
and thighs slightly tipped with darker yellowish brown, so as to impart a faint shade of this
color ; the sides and under parts are rather paler, showing a good deal of the dark plumbeous
bases to the hairs. The top, anteriorly, and the sides of the head, are of a pale yellowish
chestnut ; this color extending behind the ears in a symmetrical subcircular patch, having the
ear as a centre, and a radius of about three-quarters of an inch. These patches are distinctly
and sharply defined ; the two on opposite sides separated by a narrow strait, colored like the
back. The chin, pouches, and throat are somewhat of the same color, with a few dusky hairs.
The region immediately around the ears is rather dusky.

The only specimen of this species, at present known to naturalists, is the one in the Patent
Office, which served as the basis of my description in Captain Stansbury’s report. It was col-
lected by Lieut. James W. Abert, United States army, and is labelled as having been obtained
on the prairie road to Bent’s Fort, New Mexico.

*

General dimensions. Inches. | Lines.
NORE NOLCYOSe asec cane soe ann canebaacanes a 4
CBR ol Sena apes ae ae eee al 7
root Of tall’: st 2, Joon ace cen een nan 7 3
Tail 2 5263 eR 2558 oS Soe cae 2 2
ars width: 23 300632 Sore ee eee ae | wears tee 2
Arm ; fore foot to end of claws ---.----------- 1 4
longest liwe-se= see ee ase eee ae eee |p ear 6
hand, without claw .....----.. ..--..-|-------- 10}
third finger, without claw...-...----..-|-------- 3}
BECONON GHW eee a aaa ae een ead 4}
: Lien ee ae ee el eee 24
Leg; hind foot, from heel to end of claws----- 1 54
LOT EGG eee as ae aa ee a | Spa 3
49 L

386 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP, AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The only species with incisors, similarly grooved, to which this approaches at all, is the @.
clarkii, of Western Texas. The differences in color are at once appreciable ; the former having
the well-defined patch on each side of the face; the latter colored uniformly over the whole
back and sides. The claws of the hands are shorter, and the fingers longer, in G. castanops ;
its hind feet are longer in proportion to the hands, and the second toe longer, its claw larger
and more spoon-shaped. The skull is not so broad, nor is the expansion of the zygomatic arch
at the junction of the maxillary process and the malar bone, so great.

GEOMYS HISPIDUS, Leconte.

Geomys hispidus, Leconts, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VI, Sept., 1852, 158. (Mexico.)
Pseudostoma (Geomys) hispidum, Avp. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1854, 306, (from Leconte.)

Sp. Ca.—Upper incisor probably with a single median furrow ; fore feet decidedly shorter than the hinder; second claw
of hand reaches nearly as far as the fourth ; cheek poyches small; fur very stiff and coarse ; color, everywhere a uniform
reddish brown or dark chestnut; the hairs the same color to their roots.

This species, established by Dr. Leconte, is, as stated by him, quite conspicuous among all
others by the great coarseness of the hair and its uniform color throughout. The hairs, in fact,
are quite like bristles, and scattered thinly over the skin, with little or no softer fur intermingled.
The ears are, as usual, very rudimentary. The upper incisors are broken off, but a careful
examination of their stumps in the sockets shows them to have been broadly and deeply grooved
down the central line ; there was probably no second internal groove. The pouches do not
appear to have been very ample.

The forefeet are rather shorter than the hinder ones ; the middle claw measured above is about
as large as the hand to the tubercle, (the claw not included,) its under surface is contained
nearly three times in the whole hand. The second and fourth fingers are nearly equal; the
fourth claw rather longer, and decidedly stouter than the second. The fifth claw does not reach
to the end of the fourth finger, (the claw excluded.) On the hind foot the disproportion between
the first and fifth toes, and the second and fourth toes, is greater than usual; the first claw
reaching even more than midway between the fourth and fifth, or even to the base of the former;
the second again but little shorter or smaller than the third. The hand of this species is very
similar in general appearance to that of Thomomys douglassii, The tail of the specimen, as
prepared, is entirely naked.

The color above and below is a nearly uniform reddish brown or dull chestnut, the hairs being
of the same tint to their very roots.

The only specimen I have seen of this species is in the rich cabinet of the Philadelphia
Academy of Natural Sciences. It was collected by Mr. Pease, between Vera Cruz and the city
of Mexico, during the late war, and is the original of Dr. Leconte’s description.

RODENTIA—GEOMYINAE—GEOMYS MEXICANUS. 387

Measurements.

Inches. Lines.

Nose to root of tail (very uncertain).-......--.------------ 10 6

Tail from root'to end of vertebrat ...--- 22-22 22 cs-4----- BN arto ae

Arm, forefoot to end of claws........---.---... ee aaa 1 9
lonpesiaws (Sd)bse-cstecnoen 8. et oe sal nae jokey 8}
MAIDA Woe teenies eee aan ocean bans cle d wie 5}

Ton Lele Oi Se mecca. oo Cee eee ess 2 Seen 1 4

Bacoudne luieem snes eee ase ee ea ee eon. als osem ams nig 6

BS SINE Br ANOVG ese soe sa ees oe eo ce | ane onee ees

GEOMYS MEXICANUS.

Tucan.

Ascomys mexicanus, (Licutr.) Brants, Muizen, 1827, 27.
Licur. Abh. K. Akad. Wiss. 1827, 113.
Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. II, 1843, 384.—In. in Schreber IV; pl. ccvi, A (interpolated).
CuarLeswortH, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. IX, 1841, 60.
Saccophorus mexicanus, Fiscumr, Syn. 1829, 305.
Eypoux and Gervais, Guerin Mag. de Zool. VI, 1836, 23; pl. xxi, f. 5,6.
Eypoux and Gervais, Voyage de la Favorite, V, 1839, 23; pl. viii, f. 5,6. (Skull.)
Geomys mexicanus, Luconts, Pr. A. N. Sc. Ph. VI, Sept., 1852, 160.
Pseudostoma (Geomys) mexicanus, Aup. and Baca. N. Am. Quad. III, 1854, 309.
Tucan, HERNANDEZ.

Se. Cu.—‘‘ Fur very fine, shining, very dark cinereous, above tipped with black, beneath entirely cinereous; nose and
whiskers brownish ; breast and fore legs slightly tinted with brown. Ears short. Upper incisors with a very deep groove
on the middle of the anterior surface. Feet thinly clothed with brownish hair. Tail covered with hair, which is very dense
and long at the base, gradually becoming shorter and more scanty, leaving the tip almost naked.”’

The preceding diagnosis is by Dr. Leconte, from a specimen in the collection of the Philadel-

phia Academy.1 The length is given at 11 inches; tail 5; fore foot to end of middle claw 1.7
inch ; hind foot to end of middle claw 1.7 inch.
- This completes the record of American animals of the genus Geomys, with the exception, per-
haps of the Saccophorus quachil, of J. E. Gray, Pr. Zool. Soc. XI, 1841, 79, from Coban,
Central America. As no description accompanies the name, we can only learn that the genus
extends this far to the south.

1 As this article is passing through the press, I find (too late for use) a specimen of this species in the collection of the
National Institute, brought from Mexico by Baron Gerolt. It is much larger than any skin of the genus I have ever seen.

388 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT

THOMOMYS, Maxim.

Thomemys, Prince Maxim. Nova Acta Acad. C. L. XIX, 1. 1839, 383.
Branpr, Beit. Kennt. Saugt. Russlands, 1855.
Oryctomys, Expoux and Gervais, (in part,) Mag. de Zool. VI, 1836, 23.—Is. Voy. de la Favorite, v, 1839.

Anterior face of upper incisors plane or slightly convex, and with a fine groove along the inner margin, sometimes
obsolete ; no groove in the centre. Skull not very massive; zygomata slender. Anterior upper molars with two somewhat
divaricated lobes, the anterior considerably smaller.and sub-circular, The two middle molars narrowly and transversely
ovate, the acute pointed end outside. Posterior lower molar nearly circular. Fore feet considerably shorter than the
hinder ones, comparatively small and weak, with the claws not much developed, though considerably larger than the hinder
ones. Second finger and claw nearly equal to the fourth. Cheek pouches moderately large.

The description of the osteology of Geomys will answer very well for that of Thomomys. The
principal differences are seen in the nearly smooth anterior faces of the upper incisors, which
have merely a very fine groove along the inner margin and the ovate crowns of the molars,
which in Geomys are truly elliptical.

For the present I leave the species of Thomomys without any attempt to subdivide them, or to
exhibit their characteristics in a brief synopsis. All the species of the family vary exceedingly
as to color and proportions, especially when these are based on the dried skin. This is exceed-
ingly extensible, and may thus convey the idea of a comparatively short tail, when, in reality,
in nearly or quite all the species, the tail is not much less than half the length of the body.
The size of the claws and teeth vary; the color of the immature, though full grown animal,
differs from the adult, and, as already stated, the exact proportions can only be ascertained from
fresh specimens, or those preserved in alcohol. The descriptions in the following pages were all
made two years ago, and although, with the additional specimens received, a careful revision of
the whole subject might have furnished more satisfactory results, yet the time allotted for the
completion of the present report will not admit of the necessary delay. Iam, however, well
satisfied that I have not materially overstated the number of species described, as whatever may
be the variations of single specimens from the type, there is an appreciable difference in the
series, even though it be difficult of intelligible expression.

The species to be described are as follows :

1. Thomomys bulbivorus.—Coast of California, from Tejon Pass to some distance north of San
Francisco.

2. Thomomys laticeps.—Coast of northern California, (Humboldt Bay.)

3. Thomoniys douglassit.—Lower valley of the Columbia River, and Puget’s Sound.

4. ? Thomomys borealis.—Upper valleys of the Columbia, towards Rocky Mountains; proba-
bly at higher elevations than 7. douglassii.

5. T'homomys rufescens.—Upper Missouri and Saskatchewan.

6. Thomomys talpoides.—Shores of Hudson’s Bay.

7. Thomomys wmbrinus.—Western Texas and New Mexico, along eastern slope of Rocky
Mountains, and along the mountains into Sonora.

8. Thomomys fulvus.—Valley of the Colorado and tributaries, from the San Francisco moun-
tains to Fort Yuma, and across to San Diego.

RODENTIA—GEOMYINAE—THOMOMYS BULBIVORUS. 389

Of these I am inclined to believe that Tomomys borealis may hereafter be referred either to
T. douglassi or to T. rufescens. What other combinations may be required can only be ascer-
tained hereafter.

THOMOMYS BULBIVORUS.

California Gopher.

2? Diplostoma bulbivorum, Ricu. F. B. Am. I, 1829, 206; pl. xviii, B. (marked Diplostoma douglassi.)\—In. Zool. of
Blossom, 1839, 13.
Geomys bulbivorus, Leconte, Pr. A. N..Sc. Phil. VI, 1852, 163.
Pseudostoma bulbivorum, Aup. & Bacu. N. A: Quad. III, 1854, Bye
Diplostoma douglassii, Ricu. F. B. A. I, 1829, pl. xvii, B. (by error.)
Oryctomys (Saccophorus) bottae, Eypoux nr Gurvais, Mag. de Zool. VI, 1836, 23; pl. xxi, fig. 4, (molars.)—Is.
Voyage de la Favorite, V, 1839, 23; pl. viii, f. 4, (molars.)
Thomomys bottae, Lesson, Nouv. Man. R. An, 1842, 119.
Barrp, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VU, April, 1855, 335.

Sr. Cu.—Cheek pouches large, completely furred inside, white to their very margin, which is dark brown, forming a
very strong contrast. Tail from one-third to less than one-half the length of body; slender at base. Upper incisors quite
convex transversely; groove obsolete. Hands small; claws very slender and delicate, nearly straight ; middle claw 44 lines,
its under surface occupying about two-sixths the whole hand, its finger barely shorter than this; claw of thumb extending
over two-fifths of whole hand.

Color.—Reddish chestnut brown above and on sides, finely lined everywhere by dusky tips to the hairs, without any

uniform dark wash on the back. Beneath paler. Tail grayish white, except a short line of dusky along the base above.
Chin dusky ; its extremity white.

This species, although apparently the largest of its genus, does not appear to attain the size
of Geomys bursarius, as the skull of a stretched skin nine inches long presented the appearance of
extreme old age, in a distinct median longitudinal crest on the top of the head. The incisors
are yellow; the upper ones slightly convex transversely, with an obsolete furrow near the
inner edge, the extreme edge being slightly raised into a ridge. The whiskers are short, and
silver gray ; the ears, though short, are distinctly discernible, having an elevation of nearly
a line. The body is cylindrical, or somewhat depressed ; the fur very soft, and rather short
on the middle of the back, not exceeding four lines in length. The feet are quite small, and
weaker than usual in this section. On the hand the third finger is longest ; its claw, measured
from beneath, occupies about one-third the entire length of the palm, and is a little longer
than the toe itself, which, in turn, is nearly one-third the same length ; the second and fourth ~
claws reach nearly the same length, the former a little the longer, extending beyond the
middle of the third claw; the claw of the fifth finger extends to the bulb of the fourth ; the
first finger is very short, its claw not reaching to the end of the fifth finger, nor quite to the
base of the third, extending over about two-fifths of the palm. The palms are naked, and the
fingers are all margined by a fringe of stiff gray hairs. The claws are all long, compressed,
and slightly curved ; not acuminate at the end. The claws of the hind feet, as usual, are much
shorter than those in front, broader and more spoon-shaped. The third toe is longest, the
second little shorter, and longer than the fourth ; the first exceeding the base of the second toe
and longer than the fifth. The soles are naked. The tail is moderately long; about one-
third the total length, covered throughout with close pressed hairs. The cheek pouches, too,
are densely coated with short hairs, which do not exhibit the naked skin between.

The upper parts and sides are of a rich chestnut brown, or dark cinnamon, finely and faintly

390 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

lined with black, not appreciably darker on the middle of the back; the hairs are dark
lustrous lead color at base, reddish brown near the end, and tipped with dark brown or black.
The under parts generally are of a rather lighter tint of reddish brown, without the dark tips
of the hairs, which are, however, lead colored at the base. There is a dusky suffusion around
and behind the ear; the region about the mouth, the chin, and the region along the inner
margin of the pouches, are of a similar dark ashy brown, or black; the inside of the cheek
pouches is clear white, forming a marked contrast to the surrounding color. The feet and tail
are grayish white, the colors of the back running out on the upper surface of the latter to
beyond its middle.

Detailed measurements.

604. 603.1 605.1 613.7
elk ]
Inches. Lines. Inches. Lines. Inches. Lines. Inches. | Lines.
Nose to occiput, about....---------- 1 10 1 PE ors iss salle sens 1 7
BY Os eee ee eae eee eee aan BA | estate | ee | er eee eer 9
GE = Eee eae saa ee em ie a) 55) Se sa) ee ee, 1 3
TOOb Oftall eee see eee ae ooo e 7 6 6 9 Git) eee 6 2
end of outstretched hind legs--|-...------|------ Ms 9s ae) shed Pe lh ll a eae 7 11
Tail, from root to end of vertebra---- 2 6 2 3 3 1
2 8 5 3 2
uncovered portion 2 i ee =|
ATS ROLE Tab S HCC LOLLY. mete es mm me emi nee le ed 4
LGN TRE le ie 4 seem ae peeme se eee Sel emis 5) one eee Sea gsS55||-<--055--- 3
height internally above skull-- Alp male tek Se eee PB G2eeeS555- US rere 4
Width ee eee en eee cen | ee ae oe Sl oe et 30% |. 2S. Sot =| Fae eee 4
Arm; between clayws:aeross suoOuldet=.|- aon -eann|oeere- oo| eee aeene| Semen eee ae a aerate 5 6
length of fore arm-.--.-------- | Be a Bere eee a) eee en ee Seen ee ihe Sa ee Nh es 10
PEO MeL W nO OMe TOL Ie LWA ate | ema ge tn | arte ee a doe ea oe eee ee eee re ee ee 2 4
fore foot to end of claws-------|---------- US elas ase Se = Oe | eS eee 1 eal es = 5
SOUP esy Claw. Sere scan eteme rea ee eee eB bees oss eee Uleae-Seis = anne 4
longest toe and claw---------- See Geo eens Co Pi pal Se oe Rs Le oot Cas nee eee
Leg iirom ikneenointtoend lof claws =|secces=eee|earaenes|= seo ~ ens. | cos ccee poe ccnee| nena nse 2 5
NU S58 one Spo eee sae doce boon > tor SSE ae paseo aces ea eee ea A Eh alt ae | 6
hind foot from heel to end of claws 1 2 1 2 1 Sh | 1 6
lOnPERW OAW acess cn on senna ae basssee ses Zig Nooteeeenee 12 Wiis tel seelets Eas ele eee 3
1

1 Skins. 2 Entire in alcohol.

It is this species that is so well kriown, under the name of ‘‘ Gopher,’’ to the California
farmer and horticulturist as a destroyer of the products of the farm and garden, and against
which, in conjunction with the ground squirrel, (Spermophilus beecheyi,) such a variety of traps
and poisons is prepared and announced, each more infallible than its predecessor. Preparations
of phosphorus and strychnine appear to be most effective.

I very little doubt that in this species is to be found the long lost and very little known
Diplostoma bulbivorum of Richardson, described from a specimen in the museum of the Hudson

RODENTIA—GEOMYINAE—THOMOMYS BULBIVORUS. 391

Bay Company, supposed to have come from the banks of the Columbia. The description of th
mouth and adjacent parts represents very accurately the characters of the group, as may be seen
by comparing it with the account I give under the head of Geomys, and without a single state-
ment that is not well founded in fact. The colors of the fur, the contrast of the white cheek
pouches and chin with the liver brown under the lower jaw, are very accurately indicated, and,
indeed, as a description of the California gopher, there is little wanting. The feet and tail are
almost precisely the same. The only discrepancy is in the size of the skin, which is given at
eleven inches; but a large California gopher would readily stretch to this extent, and all the
more stable measurements agree very well. In the Smithsonian collections are overstuffed
skins measuring over nine inches to the root of the tail, which could readily have been extended
to eleven.

The following are the principal measurements of the skin described by Richardson, compared
with specimen No, 613, from California, entire in alcohol:

D. bulbi- | No. 613.
vorum.

Inches. Inches.

Length of head and body...------------- 11. 00 6.10
headialone: 2. 22226. 23-.sehsc52 3.00 1. 60
tailor Sree see pe 2.50 3. 08

fore foot from heel -...........- 1.00 1.00
longesticlawecss 25-2 scceeced . 36 seb)

hind foot from heel..-.---....-- 1. 50 1.50
longerhclawse S-22eso542s5552 03 ailie 225

These measurements, it will be seen, agree very closely in all essential features except the
length, and the disproportion between these is too great not to render it certain that the specimen
described by Richardson was excessively overstretched.

The next description of this species was by Eydoux and Gervais, in 1836, from a specimen
collected at Monterey. Dr. Leconte is in error in referring their animal to the Thomomys
rufescens of Maximilian, which is widely different.

The reason that Richardson failed to recognize the close affinity that really exists between his
Diplostoma bulbivorum and Geomys douglassit lies in the fact that he supposed the cheek pouches
of the latter to be naturally pendulous from the head, as when inverted in the specimen before
him. The distortion or contraction of the mouth, too, prevented his noticing the peculiarities
so evident in the skin of Diplostoma.

392 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND. SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

- Measurements.
a ee : 7 2 lf#lelala ies
E 3 : Locality. Whence and how 2 Nature of} melee Dis hace bese es Fi Sh lee S By 3
E Zz & obtained. = |specimen. = | 3 = £ iS 2. = S |= E z
2] e | = eis loa | o | Biel eis | sso eanomed
2| 8 | & ojeete | o |S beaeue eq eee
g E |x a a 2 a z = |/s|'2 de i
&§ | 35 |e 5 z\ez |2|2 | 8 |81e6)8 lejal|oa Ele
PATS |ccoses +«--| Tejon Valley, Cal.) Lt.R.S.Williamson| 2 | Mounted.) ......|.ccece|scsees|eveee lessees ata evcclecee
sleesees O.. cece veecer|ceee |asGOr. cave svevarleccces| srveslecceeelsevensieves
Lt.W. P.Trowbridge}....| Skin ....].0. ssjeccees 1.60 | 6.10 | 3.08
caccecAOQscccccccccceloccs| MOUNtEd.|.s000-|ccnnes eccve:|secccclecsces cocelecccce tees
evens dO.. seveccceee Ove caer |svcccv|eccsec|eccces|encecelenennslecosiaseoce|cecvaclecss
A. 8. Taylor In ale yi Me 0 ea enc 50h Aso) CARS Kock [b.3
eecens do. ..d0... . ensecaleeansa}escess| 2208 1,00 | 1.14
elecvecs do. a -O.. 000 87 | 1.50 | 1.70 | 5.70 | 2.27 80 | 1.00
William Hutton....]....] Skull. ..|...ses|eeeees encne|cevcec|scvceelnoce|scccas|evece |s eee
A. J. Grayson...... -eee| Inalc....| .90| 1.52 | 2.05 | 5.85 | 2.70 |....| 1.13 | 1.20
PEON oneaesl|anen|lonencle GO. scccaccisecnlec veesOOs. cans coverslcece|..UQacves -85 | 1.50 | 1.90 | 5.46 | 2.50 |....] .95 | 1.04
ii
1.

2 Collected by Dr. Heermann.

THOMOMYS LATICEPS, Baird.

Broad-headed Gopher,
Thomomys laticeps, Barry, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VII, April, 1855, 335. (Humboldt Bay.)
Sp. Co.—Cheek pouches moderate, well haired. Tail nearly one-half the body, thick at base. Skull very broad and
muzzle short ; the upper incisors convex, the groove quite distinct. Feet very large and broad. Claws of fore foot or

hand small, slender, 4 lines long above; below, about two-sevenths the length of the whole hand, its digit about two-
eighths. Claw of thumb extending over nearly three-sixths the hand.

Color.—Above, yellow reddish brown; the dorsal region with the hairs largely and sharply tipped with blackish; sides

nearly uniform ; beneath, tinged with reddish. Pouches dull white, the dusky of the surrounding region dipping into
them. Tail grayish white, dusky above. /

This species, with one from the upper Missouri, is eminently characterized among all those
with smooth upper incisors by the very broad and powerful feet and larger hands. The ear
flap is short though distinct ; the whiskers short and of a grayish color. The fur is soft, silky,
and moderately long. The tail is much developed, very thick at the base, and almost half the
length of the body, well coated with hair. The pouches are not very large, densely furred
inside next the head, more sparsely elsewhere.

The fore fect are large, especially the palms; the first finger or thumb is short, though
inserted quite far forwards its claw does not quite reach to the middle of the hand, (from wrist
to point of claw.) The claws generally are rather small, much curved, and quite slender ; the
third projects, on its lower edge, to a distance which is contained about three and a half times
in the entire hand, or }ths; its phalanges only about half the length of the palm proper.
The second finger and claw are considerably longer than the fourth ; the point of the fifth claw
extending more than half the total length of the hand; the first claw extending as far as the

RODENTIA—GEOMYINAE—THOMOMYS LATICEPS. 393

base of the fifth or a little beyond. Hind feet broad and powerful; the claws thick and stout ;
the third reaching furthest ; the first longer than the fifth, and the second than the fourth.

The incisors are light yellow; quite convex anteriorly ; the inner furrow obsolete, though
present ; all the incisors unusually thick and stout.

The ground color of the back and sides, and beneath, is a yellowish brown, tending to reddish
between the fore legs ; the hairs on the back and top of the head are, however, largely tipped
with black, less conspicuously on the sides, although this mottling extends to the edge of the
belly ; the hairs are distinctly yellowish brown within the black tips, and everywhere have lead
colored bases. The throat, edges of the cheek pouches, and region about ihe ears, are dusky ;
the chin, inside of cheek pouches, and feet are grayish white. The tail is dusky above almost
to the tip ; elsewhere like the feet.

Measurements of 513.

Inches. | Lines.
NORE OLE WO se a a wr | ed 8
LOMODOL tally wees ma ae aa ee 5 2
to end of outstretched hind legs --------- 6 2
Tail, from root to end of vertebre.....------- 2 6
from root to end of hairs -----/.-.---.--- 2 6
Micovered portions =s-so eee spans —— === 1 1l
Ears, height internally above skull ----.------|-------- 4
"AL Cee CC Oo eee Se nen = Se ae CECE | Serene 3
Arm; fore foot to\end of claws! —--—----- =a -|---==--- 11}
PALO oe eee ee ee a ee ae ee 5}
LOnP PSticla Weer. 2h eee eee eee aan 4
longest toe andvelaw 22) i levi scene 2 ae ac S82 6
Leg, hind foot from heel to end of claws --.--- 1 1
DOMPes iC wiete ss ae a ee ee 24
ie Ee te See ee See Ree eee a 1 1

This species presents some peculiar points of structure, readily distinguishing it from all
others examined. The general color is lighter and more yellowish than any except G. rufescens ?
and the hairs on the back are broadly tipped with black. The feet and tail are very strong and
stout ; the hand very large in proportion to the claw, &c.

The skull is of unusual breadth, and the muzzle, with the nasal bones, very short ; in these
respects very different from 7’. bulbivorus. The hands and feet are larger, while the fore claws
are of much the same size. The tail considerably longer and stouter. The palms and fingers
are also larger, but the claws much smaller than in the Steilacoom species.

List of specimens.

Catalogue | Corresponding Locality. | Whence obtained. Nature of specimen.
number. | No, of skull.

|
513 1648 BuomboldfiBay 22222. -s2----52-=- | Lt. W. P. Trowbridge, U. 8. A--) Skin

50 L ; ; haem ats

394 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

THOMOMYS DOUGLASSII.

Copher.

Geomys douglassii, Ricu. F. Bor. Am. I, 1829, 200 ; pl. xviii, C, fig. 1-6. (Skull.)—Is. Zool. of Blossom, 1839, 12°,
Leconte, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VI, 1852, 162.

Ascomys douglassii, WAGNER, Suppl. Schreb. II, 1843, 392.

Pseudostoma douglassii, Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. IIT, 1853, 24 ; pl. cv.

Thomomys douglassii, GreBEL, Saugt. 1855, 531.

Geomys fuliginosus, Scu1nz, Synop. Mamm. II, 1845, 36.

Sr. Cu. —Cheek pouches large ; sparsely haired on the outer wall. ‘Tail, one third to nearly one half the body. Upper
incisors nearly plane in front, with a distinct and sharp groove. Hand large ; claws very large and stout ; palm and digits
very short. Middle claw 5} lines above ; below, occupying nearly two-fifths of the hand ; its toe about two-eighths. First
finger or thumb very short, barely reaching over two-sixths the hand.

Color.—Above, dusky chestnut brown, but slightly mottled on sides and beneath with an ashy brown tinge. Cheek
pouches whitish at the bottom, the line of demarcation indistinct, and the brownish color of the marginal region running
down into the pouch. Tail grayish ; dusky above.

This species has the depressed form of body, without indication of neck, &c., of the genus.
The ears are quite large, being distinctly evident as a margin to the auditory aperture. The
whiskers are short and white ; the cheek pouches ample; scantily furred within, especially on
the side opposite to the jaws. The incisors are yellow, plane in front, or only rounded at the
edges ; the inner edge of the upper ones with a distinctly marked and sharp though delicate
groove, differing decidedly in the flatter incisors and distinctness of groove from 7. bulbi-
vorus. The tail is moderate, contained nearly three times in the length of the body; it is
depressed and somewhat flattened at the tip, and well covered with short stiff hairs. The fur
is fine, soft, and silky. The feet are large and strong ; the fore feet with the claws much curved,
compressed, trenchant, and long. The thumb is unusually short, almost rudimentary ; the tip
of its claw not extending to the fissure between the second and third, and barely to the end of
the bulb of the fifth. The third claw is, as usual, the longest, and of great development ; it
occupies nearly two-fifths of the total length of the hand from the posterior part of the tubercle.
The palm and fingers are, however, unusually short, the third claw extending beyond the bulb
one-fourth longer than the length of this finger, which indeed is contained nearly four times in
the total length of the hand. The second and fourth claws are about equal ; the tip of the fifth
does not reach quite to the end of the bulb of the fourth finger. On the hind foot the third
claw extends furthest ; the second is a little longer than the fourth, and the first than the fifth.

The upper parts are of a reddish or chestnut brown, not appreciably darker on the back ;
brightest and clearest along the occiput. On the sides and beneath, the lead colored bases of
the hairs are exhibited to a considerable extent, the ends tipped with pale grayish or ashy
reddish brown; anteriorly, on the throat, between the fore legs and region around the cheek
pouches, the prevailing tint is a purer grayish ash. The edge of the lips and the top of the snout
are dusky, but the pouches are whitish on the inside near the bottom and do not exhibit the
sharp and decided contrast of white and dark brown seen in 7, bulbivorus. The region behind
the ear is dusky. The feet are dull grayish white; the tail is similar, with a dusky line along
a part of the upper surface.

The fur exhibits little mottling with dusky; the sides being nearly plain, thus differing
considerably from 7’. bulbivorus. The sides are more ashy and the under parts with less red.

RODENTIA—GEOMYINAE—THOMOMYS DOUGLASSII. 395

Anteriorly the ashy tint prevails, and there is no visible patch of white as in the last; what
there is of this color being confined to the bottom of the pouch instead of coming up to the edge.
The tail is thicker at the base than in the last mentioned species ; the claws are much stouter,
larger, and more curved, but the palms themselves are decidedly shorter, with the first and fifth
fingers smaller, especially the first ; a similar relation exists in the hind feet, which are shorter,
but the claws longer in the present species. The incisors are deeper orange, flatter anteriorly,
and the groove sharper and more distinct.

Measurements.
275. 355. 452.
i |
Inches. Lines || Inches. Lines. Inches. Lines.
BUG G7 ieee eee ere eo Seen me EE esos LOE obi |(terececons ee || secre: ae 6
7820) 0) Bi 0d ES ie pe re ee Re | is Reed eee eae + 6 3 9
Tail, from root to end of vertebra -...---------- 2 1 1 5 1 7
from root to end of hairs.-....------.----- 2 2 1 6 1 8
MN GoVELeOs POLON = =~ ane mae eae eae 1 9 1 5 1 5
Ears, height internally above skull---.------.---|----.----- iy | ee ae iW Wise Setecale eth gees
i UE SR es Fy eg ee Af Ee 23 eee ae | aerate ae |e a a ol
Anny forefoot to\end of claws. :.<> 24.5 bese. 2 <|ecens-4--5 113 eee 10 eee 8
longest claw, (above) Se eee eee | ee ee 5} pons ED Oe | See ee Se 33
DOU Pert Cha We unt LOC) en fr 63 tees Fs TESS. 8 4}
Leg, hind foot from heel to end of claws -------- 1 14 / eee ee as D4 snl /aSocees 8 10
LON PERG ClaW = noe =< = oan ce een es accleaanweee as 2} [enna nna Ze eens See 1}
USL U0 1 ea id A ce RE RS a |e at ll ee | L 2 1 1}

No. 452, from Fort Dalles, is much the smallest of the three above referred to, and may
possibly belong to another species. It differs in having the hair rather longer, and the under
parts considerably lighter. There is no appreciable difference between the colors of the check
pouches and the region surrounding them.

Compared with 7’. wmbrinus, this species has a-rather shorter tail, stouter claw, but shorter
palm, &c. In distribution of coloration, the differences are as much as between it and 7’. bul-
bivorus. :

A gopher, collected by Dr. Newberry, at Canoe creek, California, has the claws of Z.
douglassii, but the under parts are dirty white; the feet and tail clearer. This agrees some-
what with the specimens in the Philadelphia Academy, labelled @. borealis, and brought from
Oregon by Townsend. If this be a distinct species, Dr. Newberry’s specimen may probably
belong to it.

No. 1962 resembles 7. bulbivorus much more in color than 7. donglassii. The large and
much compressed fore claws, however, belong to the latter species. é

396 U. Ss. Pp, R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

= Measurements.
S 3

5g |a | 8 me Site

2\s 5| & g - |3lel5 s/s

= ha | al les Locality. When col-| Whenceand 2} 3 R = s |e) S)ele2]:| 8 | | Collected by—

R12) lected. | how obtained. |3} & |2/8/8)] 3] 5 |S/S/t/Bi/Sle/8

s to | 8 ey; o|o}o = Ss ps eye PB eye re

3 aa ie = 2 oulis 5 = o s Se | ae c I)

teu Meg hs S| § Je lelshsl 2 le lSledeleleata

rae ele lelele|s|zislaleleliflcl=

5 |o la SO} 42 jzlzlzl2/]/e8 |e |Rlelm|mie ls
——— pie Ses See ee —_|—| — — |

275 |....|+...| Ft. Steilacoom, |April 15,1854/Gov. I. I. Stevens) 8|.. 6.00 | 2.05 | .961.13 .47). .+..|/Dr. G. Suckley..

w.T.

355 |1269)....].....+ GO .ccerccslrccevesccees Dr. Geo. Suckley|..|Skin ...|....Jesss|eeee] 4.50 | 1.42 | .83) .97) .B6L.17)..c.Jececleces levees oes ccceccce

CSUN Patel recrca GO. svsecelessces seeeceleccece dO.. s.s05 AO ccc |coor|scccannsfevenss|encces -65) .90) .3] . eo| Al teen cece ees
1962 |...eJeces|eveees ( ORS March, 1856)...... GO... seers |B4).-dO..../oeen|. 22. |enee|conees| veces Jeceelseee| s4Qleveeleoee sovel 015 ce eesevecs asus
Cie Ge Bee een dO... .cccclevcesccccece|cocces dO... seeee ..|In ale..| .66 1,251.57) 4.60 | 2.10 /1.00)1.10) .35).... sees] cesleees|eeeeeceeeees sees
? 914 1965)... cevees Ovcvevcer|recccescecce|ccvce. dO. eeveee oe (SKIN ...)ecesleoec|eces|scceeelevcees téee|conn|rowa(hd49) 89) 220) 20 seacoeee nee eeee

452 |1586.. Ft. Dalles, O.T.)....... eael-eeees do..... » «|-.|Mount?d!....]..../eee.| 3.75 | 1.58 | .67] .83) .30/1.13).... teeelecee lesen rene aees eee

ii Py |i Oi He dO. esseeee ‘April 25,1855)...... dO:zsccess| 59)Skin ...|.... tree eeee] 56934) 1.83%], 0.]" .83) .80|ves [ees |se~ [ecws]eeua eau amaaleame
? 1260 2225, q | Canoe Creek, |August, 1855)Lieut. R. 8. Wil-|..|Mount’d).... eoccleveslecsees|eevces secc|ascy| 'ee)|eossla<en| ass yan Ozanne

Cal. liamson,. | berry.
| | |
1 Measured before skinning.
: THOMOMYS BOREALIS.

Geomys borealis, Ricu. Report British Asso. for 1836, V, 1837, 156.—(Said here to come from Saskatchewan.)
Bacuman, J. A. N. Se. Phil. VII, 1, 1839, 103.
Ascomys borealis, WAGNER, Suppl. Schreb. II, 1843, 391.
Pseudostoma borealis, Aup. & Bacn. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 198; pl. exlii.
Geomys townsendii, (Ricu. Mss.) Baon. J. A. N. Sc. Phila. VII, 1, 1839, 105.
Ricu. Zool. of Blossom, 1839, 12.
Ascomys townsendii, WaGaneR, Suppl. Schreber, III. 1843, 391.

After a careful examination of the specimens in the collection of the Phila. Acad. Nat.
Sciences, upon which this species was established by Bachman, I have failed to find any satisfac-
tory points of distinction from 7. douglassii. These specimens were collected by Dr. Townsend
on the Columbia river, and were named Geomys borealis and townsendii by Richardson; the latter,
however, differing only in the comparative shortness of the stuffed and dried tail. They have
the same peculiarities of the hands as described in the supposed specimens of 7. douglassii, col-
lected by Dr. Suckley at Steilacoom, namely, the very short first finger, the small palm and
large claws, &c. The points of distinction are essentially in color, @. borealis having the upper
parts of a bright yellowish brown or rufous, without any mottling of darker, much as in
T. fulwus of Woodhouse ; this color is replaced on the sides of the body anteriorly, and of the
head by a dull yellowish grayish ; this color seen also on the outside of the legs and the whole
under parts, brightest on the belly. The inside of the pouches is of a clearer whitish. The
tail is grayish white. The specimen labelled Pseudostoma townsendii, is a good deal larger,
with a shorter tail; the colors above are still paler than in the first mentioned one, with
less of the red and more yellow on the upper parts, and white beneath. There is a single
middle patch of hairs, white to the base on the sternal region ; elsewhere they are plumbeous
at base as usual. The inside of the pouches is whitish, except the upper half of the wall next
the head, which is plumbeous. The hairs of the pouch are rather thin set.

I do not feel satisfied, from differences of shade in color merely, to separate specimens as dis-

RODENTIA—GEOMYINAE—THOMOMYS RUFESCENS. 397

tinct which are found in the same locality, and which agree in all essential points of structure.
Ihave noticed almost parallel conditions in 7. wmbrinus, T. bulbivorus, &e. The whitening
of the under parts may be the effect of age (as larger specimens show it most) or of season.
Before this question can be definitely settled, it will be necessary to examine many more speci-
mens of these species than have yet been seen by naturalists. When skulls of 7. douglassii and
of the supposed lighter borealis can be compared, the question will be nearer a solution.

Dr. Leconte is probably correct in referring the specimen in the academy, labelled @. Rich-
ardsonii, to the others above mentioned. In fact, by its darker under parts it approximates
much closer to the typical colors of douwglassii. The greater length of tail is owing to its
having been skinned and stretched by thrusting in a sharp stick intended to replace the
vertebre. An elongation of fully halfan inch can in this way be readily accomplished. The
chin and pouches are quite distinctly white, in strong contrast with the darker parts around
them. The colors above are more ashy than in the other two.

It is quite possible, as Dr. Leconte suggests, that Geomys borealis may be identical with
Thomomys rufescens. Some remarks on this subject will be found in the article on the latter
species.

Since the preparation of the preceding article, Dr. Newberry has collected a small gopher at
Canoe Creek, California, which, though young, yet differs in some respects from Z’homomys
bulbivorus in the larger claws, and from both, this and dowglassii, in the much lighter and nearly
white under parts. The feet and tail are white. If @. borealis be a different species from
douglassii, this specimen may possibly be referred to it.

List of specimens.

| {
= | | Measurements.
s |
“4 E 5 =
ex < | | Plalels
5 3 ree Locality. When col- | Whence and how ob- | Nature of | — S Ey 2 = | Collected by—
las A |} & lected. tained. | specimen, | 3 3 = =| ge =
2 So =) | s = = S 3 S
J eae Coal otal Siete Say lease
= o =] Ries = = S, = =
a|s |% | ig NES a Safir fi ig
5 |-0 | a eile |) eo Bs) |e
| |
| | | | |
21260 | 2225 | J’ | Canoe Creek, Cal...... Aug., 1855 | Lt. R. 8. Williamson...| Mounted... | 4.20 | 1.65] .80 | .95 | .32 | 1.13 | Dr. Newberry.
: | | | | y

THOMOMYS RUFESCENS, Maxim.

Fort Union Gopher.

Thomomys rufescens, Pr. Maximintan, Nova Acta Acad. C. L. C. XIX, 1, 1839, 383.
Wircmann’s Archiv, 1841, m1, 42.
Bairp, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VII, April, 1855, 335.

Sr. Cu.—Cheek pouches rather small ; densely furred. Tail nearly half as long as the body; thick at base. Upper in-
cisors very large ; the groove very shallow and obsolete. Feet very stout and broad. Claws of hand stout ; not very long ;
much curved. Third claw 4 lines long above; beneath, occupying barely two-sixths of the total length; the claw of
thumb reaching over two-fifths the hand.

Color.—Above, ashy or grayish yellow brown; sides similar. Beneath, with the pouches‘’and surrounding area, yellowish
white. Tail whitish ; dusky above at the base.

This species possesses, in common with the one from Humboldt bay, the characteristics of long
and thick tail, very powerful fect, and a size of skull apparently disproportionally great, in

398 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

comparison with that of the body. The cheek pouches are unusually small, which may, how-
ever, be owing in some measure to contraction in alcohol. The specimen was received whole in
spirits, with the pouches everted.

The head is broad and large ; the whiskers very short and grayish white ; the ear margin
quite distinct ; the tail, nearly half the length of the body, everywhere completely covered with
hair, except at the extreme and blunt point, The fur is rather soft, and full everywhere. The
cheek pouches are small ; densely coated everywhere with short, close, velvety hair.

As remarked above, the feet are unusually powerful, the claws particularly so ; on the hands
these are much curved, compressed and high, though not very long; the general proportions
are not dissimilar to the Steilacoom species, though here the feet are actually larger ; the middle
claw, measured below, occupies about one-third the length of the whole hand, (with the claw,)
or is nearly half the length of the palm and fingers; its finger, again, is nearly of this same
length, and slightly shorter than the palm proper. The thumb is very small, reaching barely
over two-fifths of the whole hand. The second finger is longer than the fourth; the fifth claw
does not quite extend to the end of the bulb of the fourth finger. The hind feet are very broad,
the first and second claws reaching further, respectively, than the fifth and fourth.

The incisors are yellow, nearly flat in front, or with but slight convexity in the cross sections.
There is a distinct raised margin to the inner edge of the upper ones, though scarcely an incised
furrow ; they are also large in proportion to the rest of the skull.

The entire upper parts are of a pale grayish yellow brown, with a gloss of darker along the
middle of the back, the tips of the hairs scarcely darker. The under parts generally, the entire
fore legs, the hind feet, tail, and inside of the cheek pouches, are yellowish white with a faint
tinge of reddish, particularly on the edge of the belly and outside of the fore legs. The base
of the tail above has a slight point running on it like the back. There is a dusky spot around
and behind the ear.

The specimen of this species described above was collected somewhere in the vicinity of Fort
Pierre, Nebraska, in the summer of 1853, by Dr. John Evans, and preserved in alcohol, The
measurements of body, head, and tail, were taken before skinning.

Measurements of 610.

Inches. Lines
Nose'to occiput..---<- 2-6 6 <- oo a nee nein een nn 1 6
to: TOOKOL TAU = oe a aoe = a ee ee em ite i 4 6
Tail, from root to end of vertebrae -..-..------------------ 2 1
hairs. seen = cheese eae = seer 2 1}
UmMcovered POYUON ---- seen he ne nee ne ee aE een 1 8
Ears, height internally, above skull...--.-----------------|---------- 1
Arm | fore foot to, end of claws. <on2-en< asks aeeeme sno ansehen in 10
palin jo = - oe nnnwee ee oon soe h a scene ocean ee ---enas|=--~ == oe 43
longest claw, (above)---------------------+----------|---------- 4
and finger: ~-2e502.- aye he ee emia ann o-5| > awn annee 64
Leg, hind foot from heel to end of claws------------------- 1 1
TO BSE CLAW te mie i ae ale hm oe le erase 2
sleille, [iy 4 np od SE ee ee ae eee 1

; RODENTIA—GEOMYINAE—THOMOMYS UMBRINUS. 899

In the absence of specimens of this type of Geomys from the Columbia, especially of the
originals of Dr. Bachman, I am unable to say whether this is identical or not with G. borealis
or townsendii, although this is quite probable. Thatit is the same with the T’homomys ru/fescens
of Maximilian I am satisfied, as the description agrees very well with it, the color being only
more yellowish, and the specimen was collected within the same region with that of Prince
Max. Richardson, in his report on North American Zoology, in the Reports of the British
Association, (but nowhere else,) identifies Geomys borealis with the Saskatchewan species, pre-
viously supposed by him to be G. talpoides. Should the question of priority come up between
borealis and rufescens, after they are conclusively shown to be the same, it must be settled in
favor of the former, as having been published in the same year, but read by Dr. Bachman before
the Philadelphia Academy, August 7, 1838, and by Prince Max., at Breslau, January 29, 1839.
The species was named, but not described, by Richardson himself, in 1837.

Several specimens of gopher, collected at the mouth of the Yellowstone, by Lieut. Warren’s
Expedition, agree in general characters, but are smaller. The upper parts are rather light
yellowish brown, the sides ashy gray ; the under part, generally, grayish white ; there isa dusky
plumbeous tinge about the nose ; the feet and tail are white.

List of specimens.

Measurements.
= =
g|2 : g/e)e]s le
2/5 5 (2 /#/FlSlsle
EI oe ltr Locality. When ~ | Whence and how = | Nature of) | = ee hd £ = | 2 = Collected by—
2 a & collected. obtained. 2 |specimen. Siailals z s =) 4 & a
bo ° o °c = | Ss
a) ez 3 gieleleleieislsia la
Z\eis £ o/ololo}]= | | &] t | te] &
e\s|3 = 8/2 (8/8 (e\/e/8/8 | 518
S/O }]an | ° 2/4 /4/4/8/8 /AlA |x ]A
oo | ee eS | a a) 1 = teens} {<4 ~~ -
| |
6101758 Q Fort Pierre, Neb,| 1853......... 14.50/2.08)2.12) .84)1.09) .33/1.33)....6cecccecscee .
(776.5... 3 Fort Union, Neb.| July 19, 1856 15.00/2.00/2.13)....)....}.00+]+0e-| Dr. F. V. Hayden.
ATi tiwans|voeslovcces GOv. csceness July 24, 1856 |
«. 2512)....)| Fort Randall..... | e:nisneiejeinem oisieie
J =
THOMOMYS UMBRINUS.

Sonora Gopher.

Geomys umbrinus, Ricu. F. B. A. I, 1829, 202.—Is. Rep. British Assoc. for 1836, V, 1837, 157.
??Waternouse, Charles. Mag. N. H. III, 1839, 596; tig of skull.
J. L. Lecontr, Pr Ac. N. Sc. Phil. VI, 1852, 162.

Ascomys umbrinus, WaGNER, Suppl. Schreb. LV, 1843, 389.

Pseudostoma umbrinus, Aup. & Bacw N. Am. Quad. ILI, 1854, 307.

Sp. Cu.—Cheek pouches large, rather sparsely haired on the outer wall. ‘Tail slender, one-third to one-half the length
of body, dusky all around with a white extremity. Upper incisors convex, the groove obsolete. Hand large; claws much
curved, long; middle claw 5 lines, its under surface occupying more than two-sixths of the whole hand, its digit about
two-eighths the same length. Claw of thumb reaching more than two-fifths over the hand.

Color.—Above, reddish brown, with a dorsal wash of very dark reddish brown; paler on the sides and beneath. No
distinct mottling on the sides. Cheek pouches white inside to the margins ; edges of the mouth all round and chin dark
sooty brown, contrasting strongly. (No white.)

In very old specimens, the color above is paler and more gray brown ; beneath, grayish white.

This species is of rather small size, (judging from the specimens examined,) as compared with
others of the genus. The body is somewhat slender and depressed. No appreciable neck, but

the head apparently the termination of the trunk as usual. The fur is soft and silky lustrous ;
not so soft as in 7’. bulbivorus, The external ears are distinctly visible as an elevated

400 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

margin to the auditory aperture. The whiskers are shorter than the head, mixed dusky and
gray. The upper incisors are yellow, rather plane in front, with a very obsolete groove near
the inner slightly raised edge. The cheek pouches are large, extending backwards at least to
the occiput (in the dried specimens) ; densely lined with hair on the side next the jaw, more
sparsely on the outer side. The tail is contained not quite two and a half times in the length
of the body, in one specimen little over twice ; it is well covered with short hairs.

The feet are hardly large, although the claws themselves are more developed than in Zhomomys
bulbivorus. The longest claw projects beyond its digits (beneath) more than one-third the
length of the entire foot, and is decidedly longer than its digit. The first finger is well
developed, its claw reaching a little beyond the base of the central one. The second claw
reaches rather further than the fourth; the end of the fifth to the base of the fourth. The
claws are all large, stout, and decidedly acuminate at the tip. The claws of the hind feet are
short, conical, and but little curved. The first toe is longer than the fifth, the second larger
than the fourth, the third longest ; the palms and soles naked, but the digits bordered by stiff
hairs on each side.

The prevailing color everywhere above and below is a rich reddish brown or dark cinnamon ;
brightest on the sides and neck, duller and more mixed with ashy on the belly ; while along
the vertebral region is a uniform broad wash of dark brown, extending from the snout to the
root of the tail. There is little or none of the fine lining or mottling with dark brown or black
extending over the sides to the edges of the belly, as in ZY. bulbivorus, but this appears
concentrated in a uniform wash as described along the dorsal line, leaving the sides but little
different from the belly, except in being brighter. The bases of the feet and the basal two-
thirds of the tail all round are dusky, like the body ; the digits and extremity of the tail, with
the inside of the pouches are white. The chin, sides of the snout, and region bordering the
pouches are purplish brown, the region of the ears dusky. The claws are yellowish, except
where they show the extravasated blood through them. The fur is everywhere lead color at
the base.

Measurements, (dry skins.)

| No. 154. | No. 149.

| Inches. | Inches.

Nose Loloceipnt; aboutieses-o0 -.aa-e ce eee eee LA0 Dae
toveye; abouti2s222 5 eo. eee ee it FBS] S. eee
tolear=taes Shee 2 Slew Sse eds- see aoe ese URS enn
LOWOOUOL tallin 2225522 2S oes See 6.33 5.50

Tail! from root 40end of vertebra co. -n.- nase eee eee 2.50 2.50

from: root. to, end) Of halts <2 < o<=6 aoe ee eee 2. 54 2. 60
tineoyered jpoxtion —.<nie oe osane dose een Sate 22.08 | ?2.00

Ears, height internally above skull...-----------------| 10 11
WIG on ed tae Sots Sa ee ee ere tae eee eee es Ges ee

Arm, fore foot to end of claws, (cramped)-------------- - 86 . 80
fore foot Monbest Claw =p amen neon se san anaes - 42 .33
(On Sat Cla Win Oe ss ame eases aan aco eee . 54 - 50

Leg, hind foot from heel to end of claws..------------- 1.00 ~ 94
indto0s, LONSeRt ClIAW a --.-- cea eee oe coos ones 21 say

RODENTIA—GEOMYINAE—THOMOMYS UMBRINUS. 401

The specimens No. 154, 149, agree very well with-each other, the colors of the latter and
smaller one being brightest.

A specimen (611) collected by Dr. Henry, probably at the Copper Mines, agrees in all essential
characters, except that the furrow of the incisors is a little more distinct, and the reddish of
the under parts is a little more mixed with paler. Another of much larger size, (612,) appears
bleached ; the under parts being much paler than as above described. The body measures
nearly eight inches. The tail is, unfortunately, mutilated, by having been broken off near the
base ; the wound is, however, cicatrized. This mutilation of the tail is very common among
the species of Geomys, rendering it difficult to apply the proportional length of this member as
a specific character. It is probable that this result is produced in the course of the contests in
which male mammals periodically indulge.

This species, in general appearance, has a close resemblance to 7. bulbivorus, from the Pacific
coast, though a careful comparison shows many points of difference, which, though slight, are
as characteristic as generally prevails in this group. The claws are uniformly longer, stouter,
and considerably more curved. The toes, however, are shorter, as well as the hind feet. The
tail is rather longer, and in most cases is uniformly dusky all round, above and below, except
the terminal third or fourth, while in 7. bulbivorus the tail is grayish white with a dusky line
running to a point on the upper half from the base. 7". bulbivorus exhibits no wash of very
dark reddish brown on the back, but is finely mottled with dusky, almost the same on the sides
and flanks as on the back; instead of having the latter decidedly lighter, clearer, and more
uniform than the back. The groove on the inner edge of the upper incisor is rather obsolete
in both, most distinct in 7. bulbivorus. Ido not find any appreciable difference in the skulls,
except what may naturally arise from the comparison of unequal ages.

In this species I am inclined to recognize the long lost Geomys wmbrinus of Richardson,
received by Leadbeater from the ‘‘town of Cadadaiguos, in the southwestern part of Louisiana.’’
I have not been able to find this locality mentioned anywhere in North America, not to mention
Louisiana ; it may be some obscure locality in Texas, Arkansas, or New Mexico, known at the
date of its reception by Leadbeater, (prior to 1829,) but since forgotten. There are some differ-
ences from the description to be noticed in most of the specimens. Thus I do not find that the
fur has the ‘lustre and appearance of that of the muskrat ;’’ nor are the sides of the mouth
dark brown, the chin and throat white, as described in Geomys umbrinus. On the contrary,
the chin is sooty black or brown, the throat and under parts usually chestnut. Still, Richard-
son’s specimen may have presented these variations from the type, and I do not feel willing to
run the risk of encumbering science with another synonym by proposing a new name without
further opportunities of investigation.

G. umbrinus is described as having smooth upper incisors, but I know of no species entirely
devoid of a furrow, though this may be very obsolete, as is the case with the specimens before me.

51 L

402 U. Ss. P. R- Rs EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

= | Measurements.
x |a@
8 \%s x fs Sie Ziad ke Sallie ee ere
2 z i iq a S/Els|s BiISB/8)/ es
SB lie ic Locality. When | Whence and how [=| Nature| . | . |/-| .,);Q2/a |e] 6 “| 2/8 | 2 | Collected by—
= S, 5 ols /8l/alslsc i &la mi|e!} 3/5
o | 2 ie collect’d obtained. Blofspee| Pls |Silelislolalelel(w/ZI Els
Be ae i SiS Weeds | Bal Sel Salve e Sal veg ues lass
2 |}éis = Siete rele le leis) ete le lala
B/E lx iz 2/2 /elslslelPlFlelP/S/s/3
S a als|§ Ss|i/=is
o 15 |a 5 Zale en es | es | eh ee od ee
2711688) 7 Sand Cr., Cimarron
Fiver, N. M. seceeelovee cess John Potts..ceeeee|+-| SKIN ..Jeces|ecceleceeloecs|envel|seeleceslecce|eves|sees|seselseee|sese| eves
2669}....].. Ft. Stanton, N.M...| 1855...| Dr. T. C. Henry..|-.|...d0s..Jares[oreelere [evee|eeee|eeee]es eivah ses ’
2670) .02.|..)eecees dO.. .ccsceeees «do. . o| ceerfeseeles . -
2671)....|.. PeebecdOseocs. nadeth vaeeedOvesJovse]eceelonse] coelenssleeeslesseferesleces|eecsleves]ereelense]ecceceenceceeees
2625}....].. Ft. Bliss, N., M..... -| In ale..| .66)1.20 1.474.002,00).... 80) 295) 129) .00.,cv0s]s00e|cnen|ecconennmmaniabes
154/1136|..) Ft. Webster, (Copper
Mines,) N.M..... +| Skin... .Jeeee|eeee 1.606.393 2.50/2.54) .83/1.00) .42)....]...+/eeeejeeee| Je H. Clark.....
Gll}....].. seneeedOrececcncsees oe eGOe..|oevelenne se «6.00 cesrlocccleccel|acce| 42 cvcciecsslee elecce|enenccavacus sens
GIA) eo oe] scene sWOseccevercces dO...|eeecleoee 7.83 tes leees|eeas lense! AQ cacreloccs|encs|eveclovevees st eeeeeeee
149/1131|..) Santa Cruz, Sonora.|... 11 sO.../eees/oeee|eeee5.502.50/2.58) .80) '.94) .33/1.36) .84) .30) .15) J. H. Clark.....
1036/2212)..) Espia, Sonora...... «./Mount’d)....|++ « |eceelecerleces|eoaeloe oleveeleeee (1.42) .83) .28) .14) Dr.C.B.Kennerly
?1331)....].. Santa Isabel, Cal...
: -| 1] Skin....]....}.006 sasclosee|sees|ceeslereelenee|oeseleceslevee|sunelevee|/ As SCHOL ceeeas
1

THOMOMYS FULVUS.

Geomys fulvus, Woopuouse, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VI, Dec. 1852, 201.—In. Sitgreaves Exp. Zuii and Colorado, 1853, 51;
pl. v. Mammals.
Pseudostoma (Geomys) fuluus, Aup. and Bacu. N. Am. Quad. IIT, 1854, 300.

Sp. Cu.—Cheek pouches moderately large, well clothed with hair. Tail nearly half as long as the body, thick at base.
Extremities large. Claws large, not much curved. Third claw of hand 43 line slong above ; beneath, extending over
two-sixths the whole hand ; its digits about two-ninths the same length. Claw of the third reaching to two-fifths of the
hand.

Color. —Above and on the sides, bright uniform reddish brown ; beneath yellowish white, with a tinge of chestnut on the
belly. Pouches white at the bottom, chestnut around and in the margins, chin dusky. Tail white; dusky above at the
at the base.

This species resembles in external appearance the specimen of 7’. rufescens, from Fort Pierre,
more closely than any other with which I have compared it; the body being short and stout,
the feet large, the tail long, &c. The cheek pouches are not large, although it is difficult to
ascertain this in specimens preserved either dry or in alcohol, owing to the contractility of the
fibrous tissue. The ear margins are small but distinct; the tail is thick and nearly half as
long as the body, well covered with close stiff hairs. The claws are very long on all the feet,
quite slender, and not much curved. The middle claw of the hand, measured on its lower
side, occupies about two-fifths of the whole hand, its finger being only about two-thirds this
length, and little more than half the length of the palm. The tip of the first claw reaches over
the basal two-fifths of the whole hand; that of the fifth to beyond the middle and nearly, but
not quite, to the base, below, of the third claw. As usual, the first and second hind toes are
longer, respectively, than the fifth and fourth.

The prevailing color on the back and sides is a clear and bright reddish brown; darkened
slightly along the dorsal region and on top of the head by dusky tips to the hairs. The flanks,
outside of forearm, tail, and under parts generally, yellowish white ; the abdomen, with a faint

RODENTIA—GEOMYINAE—THOMOMYS TALPOIDES. 403

- rufous tinge. The ears and the edges of the lips are dusky; the edges of the cheek pouches
like the back but fainter, their inside whitish. The base of the tail is colored like the back.

This specimen was collected by Dr. Woodhouse, in the San Francisco Mountains, and de-
scribed by him in Sitgreaves’ Report. There is no skull accompanying it, but Dr. Woodhouse
states that it has smooth upper incisors, probably with the usual internal groove.

Several gophers from San Diego are rather darker than that of Dr. Woodhouse, but differ in
much the same characters as fulvus from other species. The incisors are more than usually
grooved ; the tail and claws longer than in 7. bulbivorus.

List of specimens.

Measurements.
= = = =}
x siElelise|F|e
a B\eieleiels
g Locality. When Whence and how | Nature of} | eae elites B/2iz Collected by—

5 collected, obtained. -|specimen.|} 2/5) S8\/el/olu/Efl/S/8)/28

s Tilel/os/Slel sisis|s &

= £/f/2\flslelelslsla

D> rt) ° Co Ph = tr to

= g/2/S/8lelzleis|e|s

+S) }2/4/4/42)/e/R}A]A]AIA

Sar ec | aT Ge. | Bac ers

26741 | San Francisco mts., N. M.| 1851....+.... | Capt. L. Sitgreaves.) Mounted) .60).... «+++ 5,00 2,33)/2.42) .92/1.08) .38 .21) Dr. S. W. Woodhouse.
?1330 | Fort Yuma, Cal.......... Jan. 2,1855 | Maj. W. H. Emory.| Skin ....]....|-...]-sce/eses|eees|eces/oceeleeee|eess|eeee| As SCHOtts. cece cceces
: 2642 | San Diego, Cal.......seccleceecesesesess | Dr. J. F, Hammond.| In alc... -73|1.30)L.75 4.90 2.38)... L.O5j1.20) 240). ccclevceccccccsscncccecese
2643 |..cccece GOs ccccves davcerceleccccsececcces|scescecs dO.ssccccee- Bae SAC | -60/1.01 1.35 3,801.57 Sneel aft] cOUl| stUliawanllaicenivecciceestsanalcaunes
2644 |.-...... Ge ccc eiie csuc cecc|vocuccccesisosalevessuae dO. ceccceene Roc (Ree -60/1.03]/1.30'3.50/1.82}....} .80| .92) .23) c0e |.cccncccccncceccsscecs

1 Naked portion of tail, 1.56 inches; longest fore finger, exclusive of claw, .2l.

I have thus concluded what is to me a very unsatisfactory account of the gophers with
smooth incisors, and can only hope that better materials may enable me, or some one else, here-
after to throw more light on the subject. It will be sufficiently evident from an examination of
the different series of measurements that the comparative length of the tail, as derived from
skins, is a very uncertain character, since in the entire animal the tail in nearly all the species
is but little less than half the length of the body.

Ihave enumerated all the North American gophers in the preceding pages described by
authors, with the exception of the Geomys talpoides of Richardson, of which I propose to give a
brief account taken from the Fauna Boreali Americana, for the purpose of completing the
account of the genus.

THOMOMYS TALPOIDES.,

Cricetus talpoides, Riou. Zool. Jour. III, Ap. 1828, 518.

Geomys talpoides, Ricu. F. Bor. Amer. I, 1829, 204.—In. Rep. British Assoc. Ady. Sc. for 1836, V, 1837, 157.
(Stated here to come from Florida.)

Leconte, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VI, 1852, 162.

Saccophorus talpoides, Fiscuzr, Synop. 1829, 588.

Ascomys talpoides, WAGNER, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 390.

Pseudostoma talpoides, Aup. & Baca. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 43; pl. cx.

Thomomys talpoides, Grepen, Siugt. 1855, 530.

Se. Cu.—Hind foot with only four distinct toes; a fifth very rudimentary. Color, grayish black ; chin, throat and tail
white.

Unless Dr. Richardson was in error in assigning four toes to the hind feet as the normal

404 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

character of this animal, it is in this way readily distinguishable from any other described
species of Thomomys. The fore foot is said to have a rudimentary thumb; the middle toe
longest, the first and third equal, (second and fourth?) the outer one is shorter and far back,
the thumb still further back. The rudimentary fifth toe is so small as to be scarcely discernible.

The cheek pouches are covered on the outside with hair of the same color as that on the
back ; but beneath and on their posterior margins their color is white. On the head and body
the fur is of a grayish black color, with a faint brownish reflection in some lights; it is as fine
as that of the mole, but not so velvety. Chin and throat white. The tail is very short and
cylindrical, and covered by a close smooth coat of short white hairs.

Inches.

The specimen described was obtained from Hudson’s Bay, and is now in the museum of the
Zoological Society.

Sus-Famity SACCOMYINAE.

Skull delicate ; snout elongated, tapering, and acute. No ante-orbital foramen, but a wide opening directly into the
side of the maxillary. Nasals projecting considerably in advance of the incisors. Mastoid bone very much developed, and
forming the greater part of the upper surface of the cranium as well as the most posterior part of the occiput. Body
slender, graceful ; hind feet elongated. Taillong. Fore claws moderate, though exceeding the hinder ones.

The skull between the orbits is much broader than in the Geomyina. The palate is nearly
horizontal throughout, The meatus auditorius externus is a simple pit in the swollen mastoid
bone, without any projecting rim. Other characteristics will be found in the detailed descrip-
tions of the genera.

The sub-family in North America is constituted by the genera Dipodomys and Perognathus,
both confined to the region west of the Missouri, although reaching as far north as 48° or 49°.
Mexico has several species. The genus Saccomys' of F. Cuvier finds here its place. But little
is ‘actually known of it, and its locality (‘‘ North America’’) is very uncertain. It. is
supposed, however, to come from some of the West India islands. It has the upper incisors
without any groove. The genus Heteromys® of Waterhouse also probably belongs in the same
group, although I have been unable to find it characterized.

1 Saccomys anthophilus, Fr. Cuv. Mem. du Museum, X, 1823, 419; plate xxvi. Supposed to have come from North
America from having a North American plant in its pouches.

2 A species of Héeromys (I. desmarestiana) is named, but not described, by J. E. Gray, as coming from* Coban, Centr
America. Pr. Zool. Soc. London, XI, 1843, 79.

406 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

DIPODOM YS, Gray.

Dipodomys, Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H, VII, Aug. 1840, 521.
Aup. and Baca. N. A. Quad. III, 1853, 137.
? Macrocolus, WaGner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1846, I, 176.

The species of this genus are characterized by the large, broad, depressed head, large rounded ears, acute snout, ample
cheek pouches, opening externally. Each foot with the first digit rudimentary, but bearing a short claw; the four
remaining, moderately developed, with rather long claws ; those on the fore feet longest. ‘Tail as long or longer than the
body ; covered with hair which is longer and brush-like towards the tip. The hind legs are very long, jerboa-like. The
under surface of the hind feet densly furred to the claws.

Upper incisors longitudinally grooved. Molars rootless. Occipital plane deeply emarginatéd. Zygoma very slender.

The species are generally yellowish brown, or brownish above, with a white spot above the
eye and behind the ears ; the under parts, a stripe from the abdomen-across the thighs to the
tail; the base of the tail and a stripe on each side of it white.

The skull of the genus Dipodomys is very remarkable in its general characteristics, differing
measurably from that of all other American rodents, excepting its allies among the Saccomyinae.
It is excessively broad, and yet much depressed, its greatest width more than twice its depth,
and about equal to the length from occiput to nasal bones. The outline, viewed from above, is
slightly oval, broadest behind, and well rounded at either end, with the narrow and tapering
snout springing abruptly forward, and extending so far that the nasal bones occupy at least
one-third of the total length. The posterior part of the oval shows a deep rounded notch, the
bottom of which is constituted by the occipital bone, bounded on either side by the backward
projection of the auditory bulle, which thus extend far posterior to the occipital bone. The
sides of the oval are interrupted by a deep quadrate notch, forming the boundaries of the orbit.

Viewed laterally, the skull is highest just above the orbits; the dorsal outline slopes
anteriorly with a very gentle concavity to the end of the snout ; posteriorly, it is nearly straight
to the occipital region, where it becomes rapidly convex. The lower outline is nearly straight.

A striking peculiarity in the skull of Dipodomys is the entire absence of ridges or crests, and
the rounding off of all the angles on the upper surface, and the posterior half generally. The
only angular bends in the skull are the upper edge, anteriorly, of the orbit, and the anterior
edge of the zygomatic process of the maxillary.

The snout, as already remarked, is very narrow and tapering, as well as considerably
elongated. The nasal bones project considerably beyond the incisors, applied, however, for
nearly the whole distance, against a vertical plate of the intermaxillary, The edges of the nasal,
and the nasal process of the intermaxillary, are bent downwards into a short cylinder, inter-
rupted below by a slit twice the width of an incisor. There is also a narrow plate which
projects forwards between the upper half of the incisors as exposed, formed by the junction of
their inner alveolar walls. For the posterior half, the nasal bones are linear with parallel
sides, and do not reach back nearly as far as opposite the orbit.

The nasal process of the intermaxillary is also linear, rather narrower than the nasal bones,
and extending a little posterior to these ; they first make their appearance on the upper surface
of the skull along the middle of the nasals.

The frontal bone extends considerably forward, and runs out to an acute point on eithér side
between the nasal process of the intermaxillary and the zygomatic of the maxillary, reaching,

RODENTIA—SACCOMYINAE—DIPODOMYS. 407

however, to the anterior edge of the skull. The parietals are nearly right angled triangles
in shape, bounded behind by the interparietal and the occipital, postero-laterally by the
temporal, and sending a narrow process round the edge of the orbit of which it forms the pos-
teror-internal corner.

The temporal bone is of very great extent and of unusual development—the two, in fact,
constituting more than one-half of the entire skull. This development is principally in the
mastoid portion, the sinuses of which are very large. There is no outer tube to the meatus
externus, which opens directly into the bone; the cavity, however, with a thin wall. As
already stated, this highly cellular mastoid portion constitutes the most posterior part of the
occiput ; the two of opposite sides, in fact, in their projection, presenting a ludicrously close
resemblance to the buttocks of the squatting human figure. The petrous portions, too, are of
large size, and conical ; they project forwards and inwards until they come in contact below
the spheroid, a* little anterior to its junction with the base occipital; the union distinctly
visible externally. The squamous portion lines the posterior half of the orbit.

The occipital bone is most remarkable in its reduced dimensions; it may be considered in
three portions: a posterior, inferior, and superior. The posterior portion is merely an inverted
V, with narrow and linear branches, which, coalescing above into one, pass a short distance
around on the superior surface of the head, when the bone is again bifurcated ; the branches
linear, and but little divergent, and extend forward to near a very short posterior process of
the parietal. The branches thus formed enclose a nearly quadrilateral and elongated inter-
parietal, the anterior end of which alone rests against the parietal. The inferior portion of the
occipital, again, is Y-shaped, the fork bounding the lower portion of the foramen magnum, and
bearing the narrow and elongated condyles, the body of the Y extending forward and abutting
against the anterior and united ends of the petrous bone. There is a narrow fissure along the
whole of the basilar and condyloid portion of the occipital, between it and the petrous bone.
The foramen magnum itself is very large, much higher than wide, and situated two-thirds in
the posterior portion of the occiput, and one-third in the inferior.

The maxillary bone extends far forward on the sides, reaching almost to the incisors. Just
within its lateral suture with the intermaxillary, and about on the middle of the side of the
snout, is a very large perforation in the bone, opening directly into the nasal cavity. This is
nearly as large’as the tip of the muzzle, the aperture rounded anteriorly, straight posteriorly.
This perforation, which I have never seen anywhere else except in Perognathus, seems to
replace the ante-orbital foramen, of which there are no traces. The zygomatic plate of the
maxillary is of moderate extent, and un its superior portion it sends backwards a broad plate,
overhanging the orbit for about one-third, and forming a portion of the upper surface of the
head. It is united to the frontal, and the lachrymal bone is situated in the angle between
these two bones. The inferior edge of the zygomatic plate, springing from the side of the
maxillary, has a very deep rounded notch bounded externally by a narrow acute process, which,
passing backwards, articulates with the very slender needle-like malar bone. The posterior
end of the malar abuts directly against the petrous bone, although also articulating with the
squamous.

The lower jaw is slender and delicate, in fact, unusually small in proportion to the size of
the skull. The distance from the molars to the incisors is very short, and there is very little
contraction towards the incisors, the depth being much the same from the incisor-alveoli to the
coronoid process. The postero-inferior angle of the jaw is twisted so as to occupy an angle of
more than 45 degrees with a vertical. plane, the upper angle being produced upwards and

408 U. & P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

outwards to an obtuse point. The condyloid process is much compressed and quite deep, with
upper and lower edges nearly parallel, and ends in an elongated ovate condyle. There is.a
distinct tubercle at the outer base of the condyloid processin the gap between this and the
ascending point of the angle of the lower jaw. This covers the posterior extremity of the
incisor. The coronoid process is small and prickle-shaped. Its plane is a little exterior to
that of the condyloid process, and in a line with the tubercle just mentioned. There is a deep
pit between the last molar and the condyloid process, on its inner side.

The palatine surface of the skull is very limited, although it all lies in one plane, as far as
the immediate region of the incisors, where it bends downwards for a short distance along the
incisors, Immediately anterior to the molars it contracts and continues very narrow. The
external boundary of the palate here is formed by a ridge, which diverges from its fellow opposite
the incisive foramen, and passes over on to the side of the snout along the maxillary suture.
The incisive foramina are quite large, though narrow, situated one-half in the maxillary, and
half in the intermaxillary. Their anterior extremity is midway between the molars and the
anterior base of the incisors, the entire length about equal to the three last molars. The width
of palate on either side of the foramina is scarcely greater than that of one of the incisive
foramina themselves. On the posterior edge of the palate there is an angular notch at either
side, which extends nearly to the second molar.

The inner lines of the molar alveoli are perfectly straight, but convergent, so that they would
intersect a little in advance of the incisors. The external lines are convex. The total length
of the four upper molars is only from one-eighth to one-ninth of the entire length of the skull.
The molars themselves, four on each side, above and below, are prismatic and rootless: They
are inserted.in a convergent manner, so that the axes of the first and last would intersect at
from one-fourth to one-half an inch from their crowns. The crowns of the molars are trans-
versely elliptical, diminishing from first to last, which is subcircular or trigonal. In the old
and worn tooth, there is a simple compressed cylinder of enamel, enclosing dentine, the centre
of which is hardest. There is also a slight groove on the outer edge of the crowns of both upper
and lower. In the unworn full grown tooth, there is a distinct notch in the middle of the
exterior edge of both upper and lower molars, caused by the indentation of the enamel. This
indentation is but slight, and becomes ground away, until we have, in old specimens, the
perfectly simple external cylinder of enamel, as in some edentates. On the-.anterior molars of
both jaws, however, the indentation is on the inner edge.

The first, or deciduous premolar, remains till very late in life, and is distinctly rooted, its
successor, however, being rootless like the rest. It is considerably larger than its successor,
and has a rather close resemblance to the first molar of the genus Mus, in the three transverse
tuberculated ridges.

The incisors are very small and delicate. The upper incisors have their root just under the
anterior extremity of the ridge separating the anterior face of the zygomatic process of the
maxillary from the superior, and their course is easily traceable by the bulging out of the sides
of the muzzle. The anterior face is deeply grooved, its outer half, at the same time, being
rabbeted out, so that the groove is visible with equal distinctness from in front and on the sides.
The corners, too, of the tooth are rounder. The lower incisors are rounded, but not grooved.

The skeleton of Dipodomys ordii has 7 cervical, 12 dorsal, 9 lumbar, 4 sacral, and 28 caudal
vertebrae = 60. The second, third, and fourth cervical are firmly anchylosed together, with a
joint upper spinous process. The hind legs are disproportionately elongated ; the metatarsal

, RODENTIA—SACCOMYINAE—DIPODOMYS. 409

and metacarpal are five in number, and distinct throughout, although the inner in each is quite
small, and bears a diminutive, scarcely appreciable claw. The clavicles are perfect ; the tibia and
fibula united below, at about the middle of the former.

In Wiegmann’s Archiv for 1846,page 172, Dr. A. Wagner gives a detailed account of a new
genus of rodents from Mexico, called by him Macrocolus. (Species, M. halticus.) Although
Wagner expressly states that there were no external cheek pouches in his specimen, and that,
in consequence, it could not belong to Gray’s genus, Dipodomys, yet the coincidence in every
other respect, skull, teeth, skeleton, and external form, isso very intimate as to render it almost
certain that the cheek pouches must have been overlooked, especially as we are particularly
informed that the specimen was in very defective condition as preserved in alcohol. The species
was probably identical with that described by Gray, viz: D. phillipii, which appears to be the
one common in Mexico. The entire skeleton, with details of the skull, was afterwards figured
by Wagner, in Math. Phys. Abhandlungen der K. B. Akademie of Munich, V, 1848, plate vii.

The determination of the species of Dipodomys is a matter of much uncertainty, in our ignor-
ance of the true value of the characters upon which the species have been based. These are
the amount of development of the antitragus, the color of the fur, the comparative length
of the tail, and the color of the terminal portion of the latter. The uncertainty has been
increased by the determinations having been made on skins stuffed to greater or less than natural
size. Now, judging from analogy, there may be a considerable variation in the proportions of
body and tail without involving specific diversity, and the color of the body may vary with age
and season from light to dark, as it does in other rodents, and particularly in the gophers,
(Geomys and Thomomys.) The specimens before me present every connecting link between the
two extremes of coloration of the tail, and I would not be at all surprised if our North American
species were to be properly reducible to two, one a short-tailed species from New Mexico and the
Rocky Mountains, and the other a long-tailed one from California and Oregon. At the same
time it is not yet certain that either of these species, or which one, is the same with the Dipodomys
phillipti of J. E. Gray.?

The figure and part of the description of Audubon and Bachman are taken from this identical
specimen described by Gray, which resembles the white tipped specimen from Fort Reading,
although the colors on the plate are more yellowish than Gray’s description will warrant.

Whatever the number of species, all hitherto detected in North America belong to the two
following sections:

Section I. Hind foot not exceeding 1.50 inches, usually appreciably less ; about’one-third the
length of head and body. Tail vertebree about 1} times the length.of head and body in nature;
rarely exceeding 5 inches, never 5}. JD. ordii.

Section II. Hind foot, 1.60 inches, sometimes more; always considerably exceeding 1.50; almost
half as long as the head and body in the fresh specimen. Tail vertebrae 1} times as long as the
head and body, always exceeding 5} inches; usually from six to seven inches. D. phillipii,
D, agilis.

The species of Dipodomys are found from Real del Monte, Mexico, along the high lands as far

? Dipodomys phillipit, Gray.—Gray brown, with longer black hairs; sides sandy; sides of the nose, spot near the base of
the ears, band across the thigh, and beneath, pure white ; nose, spot at the base of the long black whiskers, and at the
base of the tail, black ; tail, black brown, with the band on each of its sidesand tip white ; penis ending in a long spine.
Length of head and body, 5 inches; tail, 6} inches; hind feet, 1} inch. Inhabits Real del Morte, Mexico. Specimen in
British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, VII, August, 1841, 621.

52 L

410 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

as the Platte, on one side of the Rocky Mountains, and to the Columbia river on the other;
thence west to the Pacific.

DIPODOMYS ORDII, Woodhouse.

Kangaroo Rat.

Dipodomys ordii, (WoopHovse,) Lec. Pr A. N. Sc. Phila. V1, Jan. 1853, 224.
Woopnovss, Pr. A. N. Se. Phila. VI, Jan, 1853, 235.—In. Sitgreaves’ Report Expl. Zui, 1853,
50; pl. iv, Mammals.
Aup. & Bacu, N. Am. Quad. III, 1854, 317.
? Dipodomys montanus, Barrp, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VII, April, 1855, 334.

Spr. Cu.—Above, yellowish brown, the back little darker. Tail about as long as the body, with an erect crest of long hairs
towards the end. A dusky stripe on the upper part of the tail to the tip, where, however, the hairs are white at the base, A
dark stripe beneath the tail, which runs out on the terminal fourth, leaving the rest white. The antitragus low.

Varies in darker color, white tip to tail, &e.

Head very broad and snout acute. Ears broad and large; antitragus low, narrow. Whis-
kers much longer than the head. Thumb with a short curved claw; the other claws very long;
the third longest; fourth scarcely shorter; the second longer than the fifth ; palms smooth.
The rudimentary first toe provided with a short claw; the third and fourth longest ; the second
a little shorter; the claw of the fifth not reaching to that of the fourth ; all the claws nearly
straight and shorter than those on the fore fect. The under surface of hind feet, from heel to
claws, is densely furred, so as to conceal the skin, even on the toes. Tail vertebrze about equal
to the head and body, or about one-fourth longer, and unusually thick. The hairs of the tail
somewhat close pressed towards the base, but elongating gradually to the tip on the upper
surface ; not materially so on the lower ; this lengthening beginning at about the middle of the
tail, and the hairs standing up like a compressed crest.

The prevailing color of the upper parts and sides is of a clear light yellowish brown, with a
little intermixture of dark grayish on the back. This is owing in great part to the effect of the
lead colored bases of the hairs, the bases of those on the sides being white. The tip and sides
of the snout, a patch above the orbit and behind the ears, the entire under parts, lower half of
the sides, and the limbs, have the hairs snowy white to the base, except a distinct line down the
centre of the soles, which is of a grayish lead color. Thereis also a white line across the thighs
to the base of the tail. The space above, occupied by the yellowish brown described, has the
hairs bright metallic lead color at the base, except on the middle of the sides, where they are
white.

The tail is white, with a broad distinct stripe of grayish lead color above, which extends from
near the base to the tip. The hairs, however, are white at the base, except sometimes towards the
more brush-like tip, where they are uniform in color. On the lower side of the tail is a corres-
ponding strip extending over nearly two-thirds of the total length, when it runs out to a point
and disappears ; the sides of the tail between these stripes is pure white, and the terminal third
also, except on the upper side and extreme tip for about half an inch.

There is not much variation with different specimens of this species; in one or two (533) the
dark band beneath the tail extends further along towards the tip.

In the preceding paragraph I have described a typical specimen of Dipodomys ordii, agreeing
very well with the animal of Woodhouse. Finding among Captain Beckwith’s collections a
large Dipodomys, differing materially in certain respects, I described it as new, under the name

ee

RODENTIA—SACCOMYINAE——DIPODOMYS ORDII. 41]

of D. montanus. ° Since then, however, I have been led to believe that the colors of body and
tail may vary more than was imagined, and I am now inclined to think that this animal is
really D. ordii. It is, however, still quite unique in the white tip to the short tail, and I have
concluded it best to publish the description prepared for it, as follows:

Sp. Cu.—Above, yellowish brown, mixed with a good deal of dusky ; tail rather longer than the body, with a dusky stripe
‘on its upper and under surfaces extending to the tip ; the hairs on the extreme tip, however, being white. The white stripes on
the sides are continued to the end of the tail; a decided crest above at the end.

This animal is among the largest of the genus, and in general characters occupies a position
intermediate between D. ordii and D. phillipiit. The head is broad and the snout acute. The
ears are large, broad, and coated densely behind with long appressed hairs; the antitragus not
much developed. The tail is longer than the body, proportionally longer than in D. ordit, and
thicker than usual in the genus. The hairs upon it are unusually long, elongating crest-like on
the terminal third, and the hairs increasing in length to the tip, where they measure an inch.
On the lower edge this elongation is only distinct near the tip. The fore claws are shorter than
usual, .

The upper parts are dusky yellowish brown, clearer on the sides; the general tints darker
than in D. ordi. There is the usual light spot above the eye, on the side of the face, and
behind the ear, and the light lineacross the thigh, The hairs on the exterior face of the ear,
including the posterior half andinflexed portion superiorly, are dusky lead color. The tail is
white, with a dusky lead colored stripe on the upper and under sides from the base to the end,
the hairs springing from the extreme tip being white to their base; the basal portion of the
hairs on the upper surface of the tail towards the tip being white also ; those beneath, princi-
pally lead color. The lateral white stripes are continuous to the extremity.

This species is readily distinguishable from D. ordii by the longer tail, which has the hairs on
the extreme tip white, not colored, and the under surface also penicillate ; the ears are dusky
exteriorly. The colors above also are duskier. The tail is shorter than in any of the other
species described, the dusky line below extending to the very tips of the hairs. The colors
are generally darker than in D. phillipit, lighter than in D. agilis.

To sum up the whole case in a few words, therefore, I may state that, in the specimens from
New Mexico, there are two distinct types of coloration ; one (Dipodomys ordii) with the upper
parts light yellowish brown, without any indication of plumbeous; the tail with the upper
surface dusky to the tip, including all that portion beyond the end of the vertebre ; on the under
surface the dark stripe ceases on the terminal third or fourth of the tail, the tail being entirely
white except at the end. The bases of the hairs above are, however, more or less white.

In the other section, (D. montanus,) the upper parts are more plumbeous ; the plumbeous
stripes on the upper and under surfaces of the tail extend to the very tip. In one specimen, (490,)
the hairs of the extreme tip are entirely white, in others it is entirely plumbeous, and even for
some distance posterior to the end of the vertebrae. Whether, however, this is any more than
a variation of the same species can only be settled by additional observations,

412

U. S&S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT,

List of specimens.

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534s Cal petsysdO.tecvens ence gs| 0 1G540 | venses GO; veseceaoysceelonea| sees pone ce| corel eect] oeee ae13 Ac 60 eee | lca naan ad ees 38 sie
1739* . |Recos river, N. M,....|May 27,1856 ...... do...... sere bees| 141.00. . we Ts
1741? |... voccesdOrecveseevenece June 24,1856)...... soveweel| (COs omen cs HL.
W74Q® | eee} ve leoeees do... eee +. (July 12,1856) 20.0. dO.. weevee eeeeee 204]. .d0...00. eal.

613" 1764) .. |Western Texas....... 1854 cece sGOrssevessceceee|soes |e edOr.eees
2675+ +. /Waco Tanks, N.M.... Mar.13, 1856) ceeeee O.. seecccceeece|oese|eeGOre vee Seine |sinenll ware

533" -. {Organ mountains,N.M.)..... eeceeee|Dr. T. H. WebD oeceeelecee/eeGO.0..00 -90)..../1.50

531+ . |Fort Thorn, N. M oo (Dr. T. C. Henry eececs|ooee|esdOo. aves

SBD" | caa} os levsvecOsecececs vovccsleccesevvcnesleosnes Os. wnweee coerce sede |e sOvecnss wecvlecesies ccvloces

560? 1066) .. JE] Paso, Texas......../eeeeeseeeees \Col. J. D. Graham ....).000/..dO.. sees seeslecceleceelevee|seeeleceeleveelooes(1.39) .91/Chas. Wright.
1044* 2209 -. [Mesilla Valley.......- 1855 Maj. W. H. Emory....|....|Mounted .|cees|eeee|eees|seeslerss|eeeleeee|seee (1.44 .95/Dr. Kennerly..
143" 1125) .. Santa Cruz, Sonora...|....++eeeees Col. J.D. Graham.....},.../Skin...... 4,25 .|1.46)1.47| .97\J. H. Clark....
372? 1286) © |Durango, Mexico... |Dr. T. H. Webb ....../+++. Mounted .|....)...-Jeeerloees seceleeeslecee|teeeleeeeleecslececeeeneecnes
2621+ «| +» (Coahuila, Mexico® ....}eececevseees Lt. D. N, Couch ,.... eee. (In ale....| .90/1.40)1.604.005.30.5.95) .55/1.46]....].00s|eecee. eneveces

Above yellowish brown.

1 Light yellowish red: D. ordii.

2 More dusky: D. montanus.

3 Dusky; white tip to the tail; type of Dipodomys montanus.
4 Rather dusky; tail dusky at the end.
6 Probably near Santa Catarina.

DIPODOMYS PHILLIPII, Gray.

Dipodomys phillip, Gray, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. VII, 1840, 621.—In. Sill. Am. J. Se. XLII, 1842, 335.

(Real del Monte.)

Waaner, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 295.

Leconte, Pr. A. N. Sc. VI, 1853, 224. (San Diego.) ‘
Dipodomys phillippsii, Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. JI, 1853, 137; pl. cxxx. (The figure derived from Gray’s
specimen ; description uncertain.)
? Macrocolus halticus, Wacner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1846, 1, 172.—In. Abhandl. K. Baier. Akad. XXII, 1845, 319.

GiepeL, Saugt. 1855, 599.

Tail very long, much exceeding the body ; the upper caudal dusky

stripe extending to the tip, although the hairs here are only dusky at their extremities, the
principal portion being white; in some specimens entirely white, the lower stripe becoming
obsolete near the tip.

Two specimens of what I refer to this species were caught at Posa creek by Dr. Heermann and
preserved. They are in the state of moult or change of hair, and it is consequently impossible

to describe accurately their color.

The essential conditions of the species appear to consist in a

thin tail, much longer than the body, the hairs quite close pressed till on the terminal third,
when they gradually elongate on the upper side to the tip, where they measure an inch in
length. They elongate somewhat on the under side near the tip, but do not stand out in a

crest as on the upper.

RODENTIA—SACCOMYINAE—DIPODOMYS PHILLIPII. 413

The general distribution of color is much as in D. ordii and other species of the genus ; upper
parts yellowish brown, with a little dusky intermixed ; lighter on the sides. Sides of snout,
spot above the eye behind the ear, a stripe crossing the groin from the belly to the base of the
tail, fore legs, tarsi and feet, with the under parts generally, pure white. Tail white, with a
smoke-brown stripe on the upper side from near the white base to the tip of the tail, and another
on the lower side nearly to the tip, where it becomes obsolete. On the terminal third of the tail,
however, the dark marking is confined more and more to the tips of the hairs, and at its
extremity the general impression is that of a white tuft.

A specimen from Los Angeles, No. 41, is in more mature condition. In this the head is
narrower than in D. ordii, and with somewhat the same ground color, has this more relieved
by dusky tips to the hairs on the head and back. It agrees in locality with the D. agilis of
Gambel.

I am very far from satisfied that this species, as described above, is really distinct from what
I call D. agilis, as the characters seem to me too intangible to distinguish them. There are
various shades of gradation in the colors of the terminal portion of the tails. Generally the
dusky inferior stripe runs out about an inch from the end of the vertebre, leaving the end of
the tail white, with only a tinge of plumbeous on the upper surface and tip, the basal and
larger portion being white. Sometimes, however, the prevailing impression is plumbeous
instead of white.

Two specimens—one from California, precise locality unknown, the other from Fort Reading—
have the entire tip of the tail, all round, for about half an inch before the end of the vertebra,
well defined white, without any plumbeous. Just before the white tip the tail appears to be
plumbeous all round. In the Fort Reading specimen the tail is unusually long ; in the other
it is only moderately so. The colors of these specimens are quite dark, more like the D. agilis,
as described.

List of specimens.

= es rt ]
3 Measurements.
: |
5 roe
2|% a 3 Blalele
§ S A - 2 Ey rPlsilo|s
Ea a Locality. When col- | Whence and how ob- | ‘Nature of gleielialSisleis Collected by—
e to | bo lected. tained. = specimen.| >/ 3/3/32 slslale
a |¢ i g/o|%s
> |a|s a sisieis/|®/ieiaia
oi|#/§ a Bh bas &)3/] mh) &
SIEIE bo alaial|/al/sl/slela
= =] Ky y=] i) ° 3 C) co | Co) o
Oo |/O/n fo) 214 )a| eS le |e haa
?2628")....] +s».| Southern California ....|..6...eeeeee Te G. Bell, siscnsecasecse -eee Skin, in ale.|....|ee00|.0-/eee+|0.106.97 +501 GD ifadapiinctlocniarce
41°) 943) Q Los Angeles, Cal....... July 21,1847) Wm. Hutton........... cece SKiN-cceeee coveleccclecee|Ze20/0eldlecee| e00 1.54! seovcecccecccce
1679*|....|....| Los Angeles,or Monterey).....+eeeeee Lt. W. P. Trowbridge..|.... .... do...... WT sies'e 1.60.4,12 6.50/7.12 eee |LcOd|\vesieicccel) osnse
472°) ....|+++.| Posa creek, Cal ........ 1853. eevee Lt. R. 8. Williamson...|.... Mounted ..|....)....|.+.|4.67/7.25,8.25),.../1.55|/Dr, Heermann,.
S70") wwulasia si wavel=nee Os vinssenvcececs 1853. ecccccleceevcss GOs, eereseecseesiecee veers dO... oes. coeelocce| voerl[4 I2G.L |vccelecce| Lean] essecs dO. seccee
2626'|..../..0.| Fort Reading, Cal ....../seessseeeees Dr. J. F. Hammond....|.... Inale...... +80 1.25/1.40'3,25)6.10).... 045,160) vevecescvccevee
PERT essa} asicailovesevntdQroweccnesis anse|ccccecisecnee|snecccce dO. sevevevevees see! wines lOr peels -89)1,33/1.53'3.35}5,83}....| .49)1.60) ....ssseccecece
9954} .ccsleves Fort Walla Walla, O.T.) 1854....... Dr. Geo. Suckley .....- 51 Skin....... eee|evcelcee| sees lds f[OcO2].000/LoO0] ones cocce cscs
|

+ Hairs at tip of tail pure white.

® Hairs at tip of tail white at base, with dusky tips.
® Terminal brush pulled off.

« Very similar to 472 and 473,

414 U. Ss. P. R. R, EXP, AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

DIPODOMYS AGILIS, Gambel.

Dipodomys agilis, GamBrn, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. IV, Aug. 1848, 77. (Los Angeles.)
Leconts, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VI, 1853, 224.
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. IIE, 1854, 339.
Barrp, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VI, 1855, 334. (San Diego.)

Sp. Cu.—Above dusky, with but a slight tint of yellowish brown on the sides. Tail much longer than the body ; slender ;
only a moderate crest of erect hairs towards the tip visible on both upper and under surfaces. The terminal fourth or fifth
of the tail uniform dusky, and the dusky stripe on the lower surface extending to the end without interruption.

In this species the body appears stouter than that of D. phillipii. The ears are large, with .
the posterior half of the exterior surface sparsely coated with hairs ; the antitragus is as fully
developed as in D. phillipii. The tail is slender, and much longer than the body, the hairs on
the upper surface beginning to elongate about the middle, and maintaining an average length
of about one-third of an inch to near the tip, where they become rather longer. At about the
terminal fifth of the tail the hairs on the under surface elongate, and are quite symmetrical in
length and angle of insertion with those above them.

The prevailing colors are, on the back and sides, ashy brown, with the sides anterior to the
groin tinged with yellowish brown, and a fine pencilling of the same on the shoulders and top
of the head. The under parts generally, side of snout, spot above the orbit and behind the
ear, with the feet and a stripe from the abdomen across the thighs to the root of the tail,
white. The posterior face of the hind leg, from the hams to the toes, sooty brown. Tail dark
brown, with a white stripe from the base to about the terminal fourth, which is quite uniformly
dusky. None of these dark hairs have appreciably lighter bases.

The hairs on the upper parts of the body are lead color, the tint becoming a little darker to the
terminal pale tips, On the flanks the hairs with the yellowish brown tips are white at the base
only along the line of junction, instead of having this character prevail for a considerable dis-
tance up the sides.

This species differs from D. phillipii in the stouter body, pedudles ears, shorter and less bushy
tail, much darker tints on the body, and the uniform dark colors of the terminal fourth of the
tail. The tail is longer and the colors darker than in D. ordii, which, besides, is without the
uniform dark tip.

A specimen from San Diego, (1062,) with the cinsishetes of the species described above,
has the hairs at the end of the tail longer and fuller, and, when examined closely, they present
a little whitish at the base, instead of being uniform plumbeous to the root.

In the impossibility of settling the question without further materials, I have not thought it
best, as yet, to combine all the long-tailed Dipodomys from the Pacific slope into one, but have
not much doubt that such course will be authorized hereafter. The colors of body and tail vary
very considerably at any rate; and to continue the construction of species on the same data as
guided Dr. Leconte and myself two or three years ago, would now necessitate the establishment
of half a dozen new ones, to accommodate the present large collection belonging to the Smith-
sonian Institution. That we certainly have two very good and distinct species, the first extend-
ing along the Rocky Mountains, from the Platte, to about latitude 26, in Coahuila ; the other
from the Columbia river to San Diego, Fort Yuma, and, possibly, to Real del Monte, Mexico,

RODENTIA—SACCOMYINAE—DIPODOMYS AGILIS. 415

cannot be questioned. Although by no means certain that the true D. phillipit of Gray is the
California one, it is yet highly probable.

If there be but two North American species, they would be readily characterized, independently
of color, as follows:

Dipodomys ordii. Tail vertebrae, about 1} times the length of the head and body ; rarely
exceeding 5 inches, never 54. Hind feet moderate, not exceeding 1.50 inches, or about one-
third the length of the body.

Dipodomys phillipii. Tail vertebree about 1} times the length of the head and body ; always
exceeding 54 inches, usually from 6 to 7 inches. Hind feet larger, usually exceeding 1.60
inches, or more than one-third the length of the body.

There would then remain, as generic characters, the yellowish brown to dusky brown
back, the white belly, white line across the thighs, the dark stripes on the upper and under
surface of the tail, with the intervening white lateral one on either side. The dusky line under
the hind foot is also common to both.

List of specimens.

|
| Measurements.
= } 4

a S | a GT +

-|5 Blzie/si2|.| |

EI Ein Locality. Whence andhow ‘Nature of | | i sis g EZ) 3 ¥ Collected by—

A i i 9) 4 = s)2 |

A a & obtained. specimen. a g 3 3 i ba é S | = Ss

a = z Salon laa leet ici esa bees tl | |S: =

= o |3a FS] Sal | Sosa) 2 Sie aes

=! a o o o CN head | 4 to) = | SS

= ee ts Ss/Si/S)/S/S/eBI/S/S5/5 (2S 18

‘S) Oo |m 2/4/42 /42/8/8 |H/H}/Hl|F\e
2625 |......|....| San Francisco, Cal..... Lt. W. P. Trowbridge..| In ale. ....| .86)1.43)1.56 Ho \tetiU|t 60) cules anae! seis atu uicsde eeedne este

489 | 1630 |....| San Diego or Monterey. |..+.+++..- dO. voocccsces Skin .....- ceases {L.00 6.17) ..00{1.50/1.39 188 150.0... ccccescecs
1 San Diego, Cal... ....00 |e ceeecees do do eve Ways welled lwarnareten sha e's's A. Cassidy ....
1063 |...... Rewahoanve'y Oss jnceec vee cece leccesccnes dO. caesccsuee linlGie dead ae nee |eenulen Da LO) owe AS) ve waieeias! de dialeaeee dO. cccscoee
1348 |...00. O | Fort Yuma, Cal........ Major W. H. Emory...| Inale. ....| .55| .851.03)..../2. .36/1.10 A. Schott......
72624 |...... O'lecscee dO.. saceeee nieeesewecs GOs. vecvcccccs ec OAR eco seeeleeee lowes! AOL LAO]. ce les cclecee eeees GOs anders
DWE eb O. | 8 ace. AOssianssakiaeevlenies Major G. H. Thomas... .. Oman ders .56| .90/1.07/2. 9,25] ‘cdl Le LOlp is dedeaine taldiaaite nee tnleupeeaieeete

The following species of Dipodomys, indicated very briefly by Dr. Leconte, I know nothing of.

DiropoMys HEERMANNI, Leconte, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VI, April, 1853, 224.

Tail as long as the head and body; hair at the tip scarcely longer ; antitragus very short,
indistinct. Tail brown, becoming black towards the extremity, with a broad white vitta on
each side; tip, pure black. Specimen not quite adult. Sierra Nevada, collected by Dr. Heer-
mann.

Drropomys wa@nerI, Leconte, In.

Based on a specimen in the Philadelphia Academy, labelled ‘‘ James Reed, South Carolina.’’
As no species are known east of the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, this is probably an
error, if intended to indicate a locality. Supposed to belong to the division with tail much
longer than the head and body. Agrees in color with D. agilis. ars larger, antitragus large,
broad, and obtusely rounded at its summit. Outer portion of tail wanting.

416 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

PEROGNATHUS, Maxim.

Perognathus, Prince Maxim. Nova Acta Acad. C. L. C. XIX, 1, 1839, 369.
Cricetodipus, Peatx, Mammalia and Birds, U. 8. Ex. Ex. 1848, 52.

Incisors with a longitudinal groove down their anterior surface. Molars rooted; tuberculated in the young, in the adult
with the crowns plane. The auditory bullae are much developed, and project behind slightly beyond the plane of the

occipital bone; the zygoma is slender and low. ;
The thumb and great toe are quite rudimentary ; the former with a rounded nail, the latter with a short claw. The

remaining four digits are nearly equal; the claws on the fore feet longer than behind. The soles and palms are sometimes
naked, sometimes hairy posteriorly. The tail is as long as the body, and covered with short hair; thinly so in the young.

The external cheek pouches open amply, the slit extending from the angle of the mouth nearly to the scapula. * The ears
are small ; in some species the antitragus is developed as a small rounded projecting lobe.

The skull of Perognathus agrees in many respects very closely with that of Dipodomys.
Thus, there is the same elongated muzzle and its semi-tubular projection beyond the incisors ;
a similar development of the temporal bone; the thread-like malar; a similar palate, incisive
foramina, aperture in the side of the muzzle, grooved upper incisors, and their curvature and
pressing outward of their walls, &c. There still remain important points of distinction, how-
ever, by which the two may readily be distinguished. :

The skull is considerably depressed and flattened above; its greatest height more than two
thirds its width, and its width between the temporal bones just half the length. The nasal .
bones are elongated; linear behind and in connexion with the upper edges of the processes from
the intermaxillary, project beyond the incisors, as a short tube, open below. This tube, how-
ever, is shorter and more open than in Dipodomys. The parietal bones are five-sided. The
interparietal is also somewhat five-sided and much developed ; much broader than long, and
largely in contact anteriorly with the parietals, but embraced laterally by narrow branches from
the occipital, which pass forward and connect by an acute point with the parietals. In Dipo-
domys this interparietal is very small, narrow, and longitudinal, in contact with a very small
portion of the parietal, which is more or less three-sided.

The temporal bone, though highly developed, is smaller than in Dipodomys. While it enters
largely into the occipital surface (which is quite plane) it is confined to the sides of the occiput,
the occipital having more prominence than in Dipodomys, and coming into the plane
of the back of the head. The mastoid portion is less developed in front, the meatus auditorius
being tubular anteriorly, with a projecting rim, instead of being a mere hole in the middle of
a bone, without any raised margin. The petrous bones come far forward, but scarcely overlap
the sphenoid and abut as in Dipodomys. The linear opening between the petrous bone and the
base occipital in Dipodomys is closed.

The upper face of the zygomatic process of the maxillary is not produced backward as a thin
plate over the orbital cavity, but is much as in ordinary rodents. There is no ante-orbital
foramen in the base of the zygomatic process or a little anterior to it; this being, as in
Dipodomys, replaced by a large rounded aperature in the side wall of the snout, opening
directly into the nasal cavity.

The lower jaw is shaped much like that of Dipodomys, with a similar outward twist of the
upper end of the postero-inferior angle. The coronoid process is also outside of the plane of
the condyloid. The tubercle indicating the posterior extremity of the incisor, instead of

RODENTIA—SACCOMYINAE—PEROGNATHUS. 417

appearing between the condyloid process and the lower angle, makes its appearance quite
prominently outside of the bottom of the notch separating the condyloid and coronoid
processes.

The molars are all rooted throughout life. Hach one, as far as can be judged, has four
roots ; at least this is the case with the second and third. The molars are slightly convergent
anteriorly, their inner lines being straight. In the unworn teeth the crowns are uniformly
studded with distinct regular tubercles. In the upper jaw the first molar has four such
tubercles, one anterior, one posterior, and one on each side. The second and third molars have
two series of tubercles, exactly transverse to the crown, each series consisting of three tubercles
of nearly equal size, separated by a transverse valley. A similar arrangement may be seen in
the last molar, but in consequence of its diminished size the tubercles become indistinct. The
same conditions prevail in the lower jaw, except that the four tubercles of the anterior molar
are arranged two anterior and two posterior, and the outer tubercles of the rest are rather low ;
indeed, not more than four can distinctly be discerned in the posterior molar. The last molars
of both jaws are less than the second and third, which are nearly equal. The first molar is
larger than the fourth ; in the upper jaw it is nearly equal to the second ; in the lower it is
decidedly less.

The worn teeth, however, present entirely a different appearance, resembling more closely
those of Dipodomys. The tubercles are ground off, leaving two parallel narrow islands of
dentine enclosed by enamel, the centre of the tooth being thus traversed transversely by
enamel, which is obscurely divided into two lines by a faint channel, the bottom of the trans-
verse valley between the tubercles already mentioned. Still further wearing would remove this
partition, throwing the whole dentine into a single island ; of this condition, however, I have
not seen specimens. The deciduous premolars do not differ materially.

In the following table I have endeavored to show the points in which Perognathus and Dipo-
domys differ from each other, as well as from most other genera of Rodents.

Dipodomys. Perognathus.

Paweichwotskull..22s.0.sas.--55 | One-half the width -...--------_---_._. Two-thirds the width.

Pamwanch of skull 2..-.2.-..s--.-- Two-thirds the length.......-..--.-.--- One-half the length.

secbaretal boné.......=.— - eer ord | Subtranpular® $25, 22-55-55 9=--5-502= Subpentangular.

Lb (ning | Small; elongated longitudinally---.----- Larger ; elongated transversely.
DeOcuipitalbOne.=->=---------- 2. Not entering into the plane of the occiput-| Forming part of the plane of occiput.
ih CUE <= Sa a a Deeply emarginated behind.......--..-- Nearly plane.

7. Pit between last lower molar and

COLonoId sy process=——5=....-...-- Present: sicsiccncce secs sacasecnecsee ee Absent.

8, MOAN E = — sae ere ce Rootless ; transverse ridges continuous ---| Rooted; transverse ridges tuberculated.
Ba ee nee eee Veryilonp 2-25 ons= seo soem em ace Moderate.
10. Under surface of soles to the toes-| Densely hairy_--.--------------------- Naked or sparsely hairy.

There appear to be two quite distinct groups in this genus, one having the original
P. fasciatus for its type, the other probably including the Cricetodipus parvus of Peale. They
may be characterized as follows :

Perognathus.—Kars rather large; a distinct sub-orbicular lobe to the antitragus. Soles
naked from the heel. Tail quite densely hairy, sometimes tufted at the tip.

53 L

418 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Cricetodipus.—Smaller. Hars small, without any lobe to the antitragus. Soles covered
with short hairs on the posterior half. Tail rather scantily haired ; not tufted at tip.
The species may be arranged under these divisions as follows :

PEROGNATHUS.
A. Tail crested above at the end,
1. Sides without a lateral fulvous stripe. Size that of Hesperomys leucopus........ penicillatus,
B. Tail simple. Sides with a fulvous stripe.

2. Larger than H. leucopus. Ears large. Above, sandy yellow. Outside of fore

legs and upper surface of feet White.......cscsccsescsesseceeseseeeceeens 2S as Jasciatus,
8. Size of H. leucopus, or less. Ears small. Hairs very rigid. Above, mixed

cinnamon and black. Outside of both fore and hind legs, with the upper

surfaces of the feet, white........ eae ahaa abicie ieenls ius gk 9.5 “fine sain oe san raledoees cee eucsene hispidus.
4. Rather smaller than the preceding. Ears small. Above, cinnamon and

black. Lateral stripe indistinct ; outside of both fore and hind legs like the

SGI ets cairn cette ae RES SENS Sap ee ae Seac anh dena deka seem peas . monticola.

CRICETODIPUS.

5. Tail not longer, if as long, as the head and body. Hind foot about one-fourth

BS One Ae heAd ANA DOW ja acacoms esaN oat enaiehGnaansc ak eaarifencsaiaxanMng@tn das cacsnunras flavus.
6. Tail longer than the head and body. Hind foot more than one-third as long
as head and body...... soonsneee sisigine ue stiaaineseines schiocaseedaauasaae sesieseianeandecaamaaes sesame parvus.

The species of Perognathus have thus far been found from the lower Rio Grande of Texas to
Fort Union, Neb., and westward to the Pacific ocean.

PEROGNATHUS PENICILLATUS, Woodhouse.

Perognathus penicillatus, Woopmousn, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VI, Dec. 1852, 200.—Is. In Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuii &
Colorado, 1853, 49; plate iii, mammals.
Avup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. IIT, 1854, 298.

Sr. Cu.—Larger than LHesperomys leucopus. Ears rather large; antitragus lobed. Tail longer than the body; upper side
with a penicillated crest at the extremity. Feet large; soles naked. Color above yellowish brown. Under parts of body,
hind feet, and entire fore legs to shoulder, white. Tail brown, whitish beneath to within an inch of the end; no fulvous
lines on the sides.

This species is among the largest of the genus, and in many of its characters approaches
closely to Dipodomys. It is about the size of Hesperomys leucopus, or larger. The head is
broad, depressed, and acute. The muzzle is not cleft beneath, and is densely hairy everywhere,
except on the septum and inner margin of the nostrils. The openings of the external cheek
pouches are shorter than in P. fasciatus. The whiskers are very long, some of them reaching
to the middle of the body. The ears are large for the genus, thin, and sparsely coated with
hair ; larger and less hairy than in P. fasciatus. The antitragus is very distinct as a small
rounded lobe. The opening of the ear is covered by a tuft of stiff bristly hairs. The fur is
remarkably coarse and stiff, without any short wool or fur mixed with the longer hairs. The

RODENTIA—SACCOMYINAE——PEROGNATHUS PENICILLATUS. 419

tail is considerably longer than the body, thick at base and tapering gently to the tip; it is
everywhere covered densely with stiff appressed hairs ; those on the upper side commencing to
elongate at about the middle, and soon attain a length of half an inch, standing up obliquely,
like a crest, towards the end of the tail, which is terminated by a condensed brush. The feet
are rather large; the nail on the rudimentary thumb very small; the third claw longest; the
first a little shorter ; the second reaching to the middle of the third; the fifth to the middle of
the second ; the claws of the hand are considerably larger than on the foot. The short first toe
reaches to the base of the second toe; the third toe is longest; the second and fourth equal and
a little shorter ; the end of the fifth claw extends as far as the antepenultimate joint ot the
fourth toe. The soles are entirely naked from the heel, with a few scattered hairs along the
sides, and covered with a pavement of depressed scale-like tubercles.

The upper parts generally are of a dull light yellowish brown or tawney, lined with dark brown,
paler on the sides. The hairs have a lustrous tint of fresh cut lead for about two-thirds from
the base, becoming a little darker outwards; they then assume the dull yellowish brown as
described, and a considerable number are finally tipped with dark brown. Beneath, and on the
lower part of the sides, the entire fore leg and the hind foot are dirty white. The line of sepa-
ration on the sides passes nearly straight along the sides from the cheeks. The ears are dusky,
without an appreciably lighter margin. The tail is dull white below, to within about half an
inch of the end of the vertebre ; from which point, with the entire upper side to the tip, it is
dark hair-brown.

This species is readily distinguished from P. monticola by its larger size; larger and more
naked ears; much longer and penicillated tail; larger feet; shorter pouch openings; lighter
color, and the color of the back not dipping down on the arm at all, instead of extending in a
lighter shade to the wrist. It is without the yellow lateral stripe of P. fasciatus. It is not im-
probable that the specimen caught on King’s River, California, by Dr. Heermann, and referred
by me to P. parvus, of Peale, may prove to be a very young specimen of this species, as they
agree in the large feet, &e. Perognathus flavus is distinguished by the brighter color, shorter
feet and tail, which is not penicillated, and other characters.

The preceding description was taken from Dr. Woodhouse’s specimen. Since then several
specimens collected on the Colorado have been received, all agreeing remarkably in characters
with the first mentioned. The colors of the under parts are better defined, however, the white
of the cheeks extending a short distance below the eye, and involving the entire side and
extreme tip of the muzzle. The extreme tip of the tail all round is plumbeous.

List of specimens.

Measurements.

oa =

= ; ; 2)8lelelelt

z : e Fy s|e/4/2/2/ 8 |g

= Locali When col- | Whence and how ob-|‘E |Natureof) .| .| 2) .;/2/2)2) 8/98) 5 js Collected by—
5 a lected tained 5 |specimen| 82/2/93 /2/3S/S/2/4/8) 8 lee

g & [specimen SSL S Ele lei sls | sls zs

& I 2 |S) Si.) Sh 2th Si alse) ap) alee

| s Sela lta |= | © | sytney | eicee

s “Ep Rilala|al as |; ala|2| 2i~

3 f=] o/e So S Cj a oe o o co |2

o fo) 42\)4/4/2lajajAjalalapr
2676 | San Francisco Mts., | 1851....... Capt. L. Sitgreaves...|....| Mounted.|..../ .92)..../4.12/4,50/5.08! .40) .96! .13} .12] .30) Dr. S. W. Wood-

N. M. house.

1332 | Colorado river, Cal...) Peb.22,1855| Maj. W. H. Emory...| 5 | Skin..... veeelecee| ccee(d.4013, 0013.62) eee] -Dlisceeleecelecee A. Schott.....005
1333 | Near Fort Yuma, Cal.|....00cccscsleceseees dO. . sevecccce. B frnccdO.e cc] sccolecee|oecel4.20/9.00/4,15] 39] .I5}sanslevse| sD0/coccesOns cesscces
1349 | Colorado desert, Cal.|...cesseecesleceeeees GO. ssecceceeslecee| Inale...| 50) .90/1.00/2.50/3,15}....] .34 tT) eseeleces[eeeeleeeeesdOrs eee eeee

420 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

PEROGNATHUS FASCIATUS, Pr. Max.

Perognathus fasciatus, Pr. Max, Nova Acta C. L. C. Acad. XIX, 1, 1839, 369; tab. xxxiv.—Iz. Reise innere Nord-
Amerika, I, 1839, 449.
Waaner, Wiegmann’s Archiy, 1841, mu, 45.—Is. Suppl. Schreb. IM, 1843, 612.
Leconts, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. 1853, 224.
Avp. and Bacn. N. Am. Quad., IT, 1854, 341.

Se. Cu.—Considerably larger than the house mouse. ‘Tail as long as the body without the head. Antitragus conspicu-
ously lobed. Soles naked. Above reddish yellow, closely lined with black; fore legs all round, feet, and under parts
white ; a pale reddish yellow immaculate band on each side.

This animal is perhaps the largest of the genus, and if all the specimens referred to it are of
the same species, has a very extensive range. The specimen before me (1061) is about the size
of Tamias quadrivittatus, or about as long as the larger meadow mice, (Arvicola,) but more
slender. The cheek pouch-openings are large, reaching further back than the lower jaw. The
ears are larger than usual in Perognathus, projecting prominently ; the antitragus exhibits a
conspicuous narrow elongated lobe. The concavity of the ear is thinly haired, the outside is
more densely coated.

The thumb is short but distinct, armed with a flat nail. The fore claws are a little longer
than the hinder ones. The hind feet are moderately long; the soles naked along the central
line from the heel. The tail is about as long as the body, exclusive of the head. It is thickly ~
eoated with rather long, stiff hairs, concealing the annuli; the terminal hairs but little longer ;
the hairs on the upper surface of the terminal half, however, are rather longest, especially over
the joints.

The hair is everywhere stiff, harsh, and lustrous, not very close set, and much like fine spun
glass ; there is no under fur whatever.

The back and upper parts of the sides are of a light yellowish sandy, finely and uniformly
lined with dark brown or black; the individual hairs are of the color of recently cut lead for
the basal three-fifths, then pale reddish yellow, and narrowly tipped with black. The under
parts and inside of the limbs, including the whole fore legs, the feet, and the sides of the
muzzle, are white; on each side of the belly a broad distinct stripe of pale reddish yellow,
commencing a little before the eye on the side of the upper jaw, and, passing across the shoulder,
extends as far as the heel on the outer or anterior face of the hind leg, the exterior face of which
is otherwise, colored like the back. The region immediately around the eye is reddish yellow ;
separated in a measure from the yellow of the lower part of the cheeks by hairs largely tipped
with black. There is no plumbeous at the bases of the hairs on the belly, or in the yellowish
lateral stripe. The tail is white, with the exception of an indistinct dusky stripe on the face.

Although the locality of this specimen is widely remote from that described by Prince
Maximilian, (Chihuahua city, and the mouth of the Yellowstone,) I am unable to detect any
differences in any respect. His is smaller, but the skull and teeth figured evidently belong
to quite a young animal, as the tubercles of the molars are not yet ground off, which takes place
in quite early life.

No mention is made of the lobe of the antitragus, but this might readily be overlooked ; the
naked soles are distinctly indicated in the diagnosis of the genus.

A skin in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy, collected at Fort Riley, Kansas, by
Dr. Hammond, agrees very well with this specimen, and with the description of Maximilian.

RODENTIA—SACCOMYINAE—PEROGNATHUS HISPIDUS. 421

In this the lobed antitragus is very distinct; the soles naked. The hind legs, perhaps, have less
of the dorsal color on their exterior. The size appears considerably larger, but the specimen
was probably somewhat over stuffed.

List of specimens.

Measurements.
Catalogue Locality. Whence obtained. | Nature of spe- | noce to end of — Thatta oh
number. cimen. 4 Ear, from
otch.
Tail. | Verteb. | Fore ft. | Hind ft. aaa
1061 Chihuahua ciiygees as | John Potts ...----- Skins no A-eeea st 4. 50 3. 87 45 1.02 - 40

PEROGNATHUS HISPIDUS, Baird.

Sp. Cu,—Ears small, not projecting beyond the fur ; antitragus with a distinct lobe. Soles naked. Hair very stiff and

coarse. Tail as long as head (and body?). Aboye mixed cinnamon and black ; sides with a fulvous stripe ; beneath white.
Entire fore and hind legs white.

This species is strongly marked even in the genus Perognathus by the very thick, coarse,
stiff and bristly hair covering the whole of the body and limbs, and longer than usual. The
ears are small, and do not project beyond the fur; the antitragus is distinctly lobed. The feet
are very stout and broad, the soles naked from the heel. The tail is broken in one specimen,
(577,) in another it is as long as the head and body. It is covered with rather long stiff hairs
lying flat to the bone, and mostly concealing the whorls; those on the upper surface rather longer.

The upper parts are of a mixed cinnamon and black. The entire surface of the fore and
hind legs all round with the under parts white ; a fulvous band along the sides running out on
the hind legs. The belly hairs are white to their roots.

Another specimen, (576,) probably of the same species, has been so discolored by long
immersion in alcohol, as to render its tints unappreciable. It agrees, however, in general
characters with No. 577.

This species is smaller than P. fasciatus, and differs in the longer and much stiffer hair,
smaller ears, the light colored thighs, and the darker color. It has not the pencilled tail of
P. penicillatus; conpared with P. monticola, it is larger, with stouter feet, and the outsides of
the arm and thighs are white, instead of being colored like the back. The belly hairs are
white to the roots, instead of being plumbeous at the base.

The penis of the male of this species is armed with a spiculum of bone half an inch long,

perfectly straight and tapering to the end, where it is expanded, and the head is divided by a
deep furrow.

422, U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

+ Measurements.
= Ss Se Ie Se a
= = 5 | s =}
3 S 3 = a $ ‘s s 4 a
i=] |
5s | sl¢ Locality. = | Whence and how | 3 Salles LEW dese A =| =| 2 | = |Collected by
Zp |e |e = obtained. eres PF ESI Fe RCP cde ce JecieeJe f (S|
ae 2 > jelelsi2| 3 lelelel2lele
s 3 = len = ee
5 |S )a = | 2 |2lealezl2\e |el|e|Rlalale
577* | 1696 Q Chareo Escondido, Mexico, { 1853 Lt. D. N. Couch...! Skin. 2|°*** seeeleees 2,842,304) o000/eee| B5).04.) 657) +26 f
(24 leagues W. of Matamoras) | .64] .93)1.33:3,122.424|,...| .42) .84]....]....| «37
|
| | 9 2 | go “| 0951) Dr. Ber-
76° |1695 o Matamoras, Mexic0...eeseeee|seuees|eeeees Ore veeees dees sd} | seee/eeee /3.25)3.62 =| -86) .92)1.10) 57) .25 r ner
epee aes 3.80 .45| .92)....]....] .37) § Jandier.
| i | | |

1 The second line of measurements contains such as were made before the animal was skinned. Width of head, .75; length of cheek pouches,
-80; fore claw, .17; hind claw, .11; length of opening of cheek pouches, .55; depth of do., .67.
The second line of measurements contains such as were made before the animal was skinned, Width of head, .75; length of cheek pouches,
.80; fore claw, .17; hind claw, .11.

PEROGNATHUS MONTICOLA, Baird.

Sp. Cu.—Antitragus lobed ; soles naked. About as large as the domestic mouse. ‘Tail rather shorter than the head and
body, fully coated with hair. Hind feet rather short. Color above mixed cinnamon and dusky; flanks scarcely clearer,
beneath white ; tail colored to correspond with these regions. Hairs below as well as above, plumbeous at base, those above
exhibiting this color for nearly two-thirds their length. Outside of fore leg dusky to the wrist.

The specimen of this species, collected by Dr. Suckley, is about the size of a common mouse
Mus musculus, to which it bears no inconsiderable resemblance, though readily distinguished
by the grooved incisors, external cheek pouches, and small ears. The snout is acute and entirely
hairy, except the septum and the inner margin of the nostrils. The whiskers are longer than
the head, and principally white, though the longest are black at the base. The ears are
moderate, not much larger than the orbit , subtriangular; the exterior face naked except on
the posterior half; the margins and inner surfaces coated with short stiff hairs, The tail is
about as long as the body, everywhere densely hairy without showing the murine scaly rings; .
there is a slight elongation of the hairs towards the tip. The claws of the fifth or outer fingers
and toe reach to the bases of those of the fourth, respectively, next them. |

The upper parts of body and sides with the outside of the arm and leg are of a mixed
cinnamon and black, the individual hairs being clear plumbeous for nearly the basal two-thirds,
then cinnamon with a slight tip of black; the belly is dull whitish, the boundary between the
two constituted by a tint of clear whitish cinnamon. There is a considerable mixture of black
hairs on the cheek and top of the head ; though the orbital region and lower part of the cheeks
are yellowish brown. The inner surface and margin of the ears are cinnamon; the hairy ©
portion of the exterior with the inflexed portion dusky ; the lighter margin showing very
distinctly behind this. The feet are dull whitish, the lower part of the legs suffused with
cinnamon. The upper part of the tail is like the back, the lower like the belly, and the sides
have the same cinnamon tint of the flanks.

RODENTIA—SACCOMYINAE—PEROGNATHUS FLAVUS, 423

Skin mounted, from alcohol.

Measurement. Inches.
INGROIO ON Gino ae =e Ann oe oo SE ae ie ee ad - 46
GOWN Sander sce GSES one Snes A ee - 92
QCOPULS saciceemon nan acascb eases aenccecdnce 1. 08
MOCIOM thle ose soos omnes eee Ronee tcecssns 3.00

Tail, from root to end of vertebra, (tip broken)_----- 2. 674+
Bars, height posteriorly. 222. 22.6.- seas 1e5-65-04 ~ 25
internally above notch _.---------.----- +25
Vel eee ee ee any ee ne Ve a awe PP
Arm longest claws <cor-<00- cb sacesoodacec en ekeees 14
Leg, hind foot from heel to end of claws------------- - 80
longest claw ojonnaccnecccucscacacewcuscsscces 12
Skule lenritacsasee ates se cceie fac ee ee eee ee -98
Width 2.25 Ss50s¢ = SSIS tS esse AS - 50

I unhesitatingly referred this animal to the Perognathus fasciatus of Maximilian, until
the reception and examination of specimens more nearly allied to the latter. On a careful
comparison, however, I find that the differences are sufficient to warrant a specific separation.
The ears are much smaller—scarcely half the size—although distinctly lobed ; the feet and tail
perhaps longer in proportion. The upper parts are much darker; the sides lack the conspicuous
pale stripe. The belly hairs are plumbeous at the base, instead of pure white; and the dark colors
of the back extend on the outside of the fore leg to the wrist, instead of being pure white.

The skull, though about the size of that figured by Maximilian, is much more mature, the
tubercles having disappeared entirely.

List of specimens.

Catal’ gue|Correspondi’g| Sex and Locality.” When Whence obtained. /Nature of spe-| Collected by—
number.) No. of skull. age. collected. cimen,
451 1585 Q West of Rocky Moun- 1853. Governor I. I. | Mounted. Dr. Geo. Suckley.
tains, St. Mary’s. ? Stevens.

PEROGNATHUS FLAVUS, Baird.
Perognathus flavus, Bairp, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VII, April, 1855, 332.

Sp. Cu.—Considerably less than the common mouse. Tail equal to or less than the head and body, scarcely different in
color above and below. Hind feet short. Above, yellowish buff, with dusky tips to some of the hairs; clearer on the sides:
Beneath, snowy white to the roots of the hairs. Fore leg white to the shoulders. Hairs on the back plumbeous only on their

basal half,

This species is almost as diminutive as the P. parvus of Peale, although different in color
and proportions. The ears are moderately large; the third claw of the hand longest; the
fourth scarcely shorter ; the second reaching to the middle of the third; the fifth extending

424 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

beyond the base of the fourth. The central three toes are nearly equal, the middle one longest;
the fifth extending a little beyond the last articulation of the fourth toe. A few scattered hairs
on the under side of the metatarsus. The tail is rather shorter than the body, sparsely coated
with short hairs.

The prevailing color of the back and upper part of the sides is a yellowish buff, darkest on
the back, and with the hairs finely tipped with brownish, clouding the buff; clear pale buff
along the flanks. On the dorsal region the hairs are plumbeous at their basal half, and buff
for the remainder, except on the dusky tip. Towards the sides, however, the buff extends
towards the base of the hairs; reaching this on the line of junction of the belly. The hairs of
the under parts are snowy white to the roots; the tail paler beneath. Fore leg entirely white.

This species is smaller than P. monticola ; the tail is shorter and less hairy ; the muzzle is
shorter. The color above is lighter and less varied, and the lead-colored bases to the hairs less
extensive, there being none on the sides and beneath. The color is paler than that of P.
parvus ; the size larger, the tail and feet shorter, &c.

The acquisition of several specimens in alcohol enables me to give the characters of this
species, in respect to its external form, with greater precision than as based on the dried speci-
mens. The head is rather broad and blunt, apparently shorter than in the domestic mouse.
The eyes are rather minute, situated nearer the ear than the eye. The external ear is low,
rounded oblong, its longest diameter in a line with the axis of the head. There is no lobe
whatever on the antitragus, as in P. penicillatus. The ear is sparsely coated with hairs on
both surfaces, most scattered on the concavity. The muzzle is coated with coarse stiff hairs to
the very extremity all round ; the septum and region immediately around the nostrils being
alone naked ; these hairs on the sides and lower part of the muzzle are long, and spring out
like short fine whiskers. These are long and black, and situated in five rows. The cheek
pouches are readily capable of eversion, their lining coated with short white hairs. The fore
claws are rather the longer, the thumb short, though perfectly distinct, and armed with a flat
nail. The soles are paved from the heel, but are rather thickly studded with short white hairs
to near the end of the metatarsi. The first toe is very short and set far back, its claw only
reaching to the base of the second toe ; the central three toes are longest, the middle one exceed-
ing the others; the fifth toe is situated posterior to these, and its claw reaches the penultimate
articulation of the fourth. The tail is formed as in the mice, cylindrical, tapering to a rather
blunt tip; it is covered with whorls of fine scales, with short hairs springing between them,
but not obscuring the whorls ; there is a short pencil of stiff hairs at the end. ‘The tail, with
the hairs, is about equal to the head and body in length, or barely less.

A specimen (2615) from the Upper Missouri is rather larger, and the prevailing colors above
appear more slaty ; the lower part of the sides yellow, or rather yellowish orange. This, how-
ever, is probably of not much importance, as there is a similar difference in specimens caught
on the Mexican boundary line.

RODENTIA—SACCOMYINAE—PEROGNATHUS PARVUS.

List of specimens.

425

- l |
2 | | Measurements. |
BE. | | c e le je le ls le On ee
2/2 | | o 2 |e |S je o 5 5 s
E se] . Locality. When col- Whence and how ob- ie Natureof},, |, lo lo Io |= Z = | Collected by—
& st] 9 lected. | tained. | 5 specimen. /3 16 (|S 2/3 |§Sle che -| oo | = |
> E- = = ec BSED eS Z\°s|oe| oc 2
& &°|z \z lee Oe Ole Se SS SlaSlas| « |
2s 1s = 6 |6 jose 3 S7\3/8
oOo ik Eo net iS a
6 |% ze ee a eee as |S || ome baat [pes
oo |n ° eee ee PW A Ale
QBS .ece}roee Between Milk & Maria |Sep. 4, 1853 Gov. I. I. Stevens....)..-. In alc...) .40) .75, .95.2,252.15} .30) .70) ¥.23}i5<| Bri Suckley..
rivers, Neb. | | | |
2614 ....Jeee. Ree Fork, Neb......... Sep.24, 1856 Lieut. F. T. Bryan... 352)...do..... 45} .80) .952.402.20) .30) .66)....'....
1931 ....] © | Republican Fork, Neb. ./Sep. 27, 1856........ GO. vesceceeee 363|...do Re cis 40) .70, .85,1.821.90) .28| .60|....|....
Aso 1204 +es.| Grand White R., near | 1853 eel Capt. E.G. Beckwith. 6 Mounted.|.... oad dae bt | ae seveleccelevee|
Lit. Salt Lake, Utah.
440 1505|....| Rocky Mts., 38th par...| 1853......./06. sees flo.ncse Becca eoe wedlOrcoesl deae| polaals ASG Peri Pere jones]
270° 1665}....| Cimarron Riv., (Sand | 1853....... John Potts........... baa Skin ....| .42].. 83 2.17,2.00 -60| .83 .25
/ Cr.,) N. M. | |
1043.....).... San Antonio to El Paso, | 1854.......| Maj. W. H. Emory...|-... Alcohol..| .45] .74) .942.202.20) .30} .60)....|..../
Texas. | | | | |
1041... «| El Paso to Los Nogales, | 1855.24.45 )seee ees dow... cece + dOscees -38) 70) .852.001.80) .35) .63)....).... oedOs.cseves
Sonora. | | | |
148 1130 El Paso.....004seeeeeee 1851......4/ Col. J. D.Graham....|....| Skin .e.[eese/eoes 2,002.04] .95] .69]....|....| J. He Clark. 2...
| i |
223 seceleces Chihuhuatrip......-seejeeeeee oe Dr. T. H. Webb...... ro Tn ale 40} .68) .851.851.60) .22) .58}. he|-- «| cece cevess eves ..
wis: s-[eees| Matamoras ....+0eeees- seececeeesss| Lieut. D, N. Couch ..}....|..- do..... ~45) -B0), .95.2.15,2.40 -35| .63)....|....| Dr. Berlandier..
| | |

+ Longest fore claw .11; longest hind claw 08.

PEROGNATHUS PARVUS.

Cricetodipus parvus, Prater, Mamm. and Birds U.S. Ex. Ex. 1848, 53.
Perognathus parvus, Leconte, Pr. A. N.Sc. Phila. VI, Jan. 1853, 225. (His specimen may have belonged to P. flavus.)
Perognathus (Cricetodipus) parvus, Aup. & Bacu., N. Am. Quad. III, 1854, 328.

Spr. Cu.—Smallest known species of American rodent? Above, buff, mixed with dusky; beneath, white; entire fore leg
white. Tail rather longer than the body. Hind foot from heel nearly as long as the head.

The single specimen collected of this species is not quite mature or perfect enough to admit
of a satisfactory description.
species examined, especially in the longer tail and hind feet, both of which exceed those of

P. flavus.

tered hairs, as in the latter species.

54 L

It exhibits, however, decided marks of difference from the other

The auricle is without the lobe of the antitragus, and the sole is covered with scat-

426 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Measurements.
Inches.
Nosésto occiput iS). 2-5 as naan 75
ONG SE Be et Sone Se pose Sen SEE 33
Oy gE aE Se Se eee a: oe See a
iD) OOM: DAU terse es iss ale meer am ie am 1.83
Tail, from root to end of vertebra, (broken)_..--..--- 2.25
fromyroot.tovend of hairs. 25 oo. 0 sto eek eoe ese ene
Mars heipht posteviorly,..c- = 2s. 2-5 onan a= an ees 23
height internally above notch.-.-....--------- - 20
Arm Jlonpestuclanw® aot oe 6 oe eee .12
Leg, hind foot from heel to end of claw -.-..--.----- .70
TONES CBW te on meee eae eee oil
Skule leretho 2.09: s25- -sa-oeee = ooo sere eens - 80
: List of specimens.
|
Catalogue | Correspond’g Locality. Whence obtained, Original | Nature of Collected by—
number. | No. of skull. number. | specimen.

474 1603 King’s river, Cal_| Lt. R. 8. Williamson, U. S. A- 6 Mounted -| Dr. A. L. Heermann.

FAMILY.

MURIDAE.

Incisors =; molars to as usually a, rooted or rootless. A conspicuous opening in the zygomatic process of the
upper jaw, which is generally a vertical slit widened above, but sometimes a rounded aperture, asin Dipodinae. The coronoid
and condyloid processes and descending ramus distinct and well developed, situated nearly in the same plane ; the latter
more or less twisted. - Tibia and fibula united below. ,

The Muridae, as above defined, are spread widely over the globe, and embrace more species
than any other family of the Rodentia. None are of very large size, Fiber, among the largest,
while the smallest quadrupeds known, next to the Shrews, are found here. Many of the species
are cosmopolite, and accompany man in his migrations, and are capable of existing under almost
the same extremes of climate and external conditions.

Exclusive of the Dipodinae, which are somewhat aberrant, and may possibly be differently
placed with propriety, or even erected into a distinct family, the Muridae constitute a very
natural group. Even the Dipodinae, however, agree in most essential points, a principal differ-
ence being in the large and rounded opening in the zygomatic process of the upper jaw. This,
in all the others, consists of a narrow vertical fissure anterior to the corner of the frontal bone,
widening above, and bounded externally by the zygomatic branch of the upper maxillary,
which, instead of standing out more or less horizontally, is bent up, so that its anterior edge,
at least, is almost in a vertical plane, and parallel with its fellow on the opposite side. In fact
the zygomatic process is divided into three parts, one articulating behind with the malar bone,
another completing the enclosure of the foramen just described, and a third articulating with
the ante-orbital process of the frontal. The inferior narrow part of the ante-orbital foramen
serves for the passage of the infra-orbital nerve ; the wider upper portion, the outlet of which
is directed upwards, accommodates a portion of the masseter muscle. The suture of the malar
bone, with the zygomatic process of the upper maxillary, is distinctly visible ; the bone itself
does not extend to the frontal bone, although in some Dipodinae it reaches the lachrymal.

The three families into which the Muridae are divided, Dipodinae, Murinae, and Arvicolinae,
have each their representatives in North America; their characters may be presented, briefly,
as follows :

Drroprnaz.—Molars unequal, generally rooted. Ante-orbital foramen very large ; rounded or
oval; bounded externally in part by the malar. Hind legs greatly elongated.

MortNat.—Molars rooted, unequal. Ante-orbital foramen a narrow slit expanding above, not
bounded externally by the malar. Hind legs moderate.

ARVICOLINAE.—Molars rootless, very rarely with short roots; ante-orbital foramen as in the
preceding. Hind legs short.

To these it will probably be necessary to add a fourth, to accommodate certain European
genera, some of them of comparatively recent discovery, as Ommatostergus, Spalax, and Chto-
noergus, Which may be characterized as follows:

SpaLActnaE.—Fore feet with five toes ; the thumb short, but distinct, with a distinct nail.
Soles covered by stiff long hairs directed outwards. Hind legs scarcely longer than the fore

428 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

ones, with five toes. Tail not prominent, or wanting. External ear wanting. Incisors broad
and flat with the incisive edge rectilineal.

Of this remarkable group there are no species found as yet in America. It is distinguished
from the Murinae and Arvicolinae by the distinct thumb, instead of this being a mere rudiment ;
the hind legs as short as the front ones, instead of being from one and a half to twice as long; in
having the tail either wanting, or not projecting beyond the fur, instead of being decidedly
longer ; in having no external ear, and in having the anterior face of the incisors plane, with
a straight cutting edge, instead of having it more or less rounded with a convex or curved
cutting edge.!

Sus-Famity DIPODINAE.

The characters of this sub-family, as given by Wagner, are found inthe greatly elongated hind legs, fitted for taking long
leaps ; the abbreviated fore legs, the long hairy tail and the large infra-orbital foramen. Additional features may, however,
readily be derived from the conditions of the skull, teeth, and other points of structure.

The incisors are considerably compressed laterally. The molars of opposite sides in each jaw
are widely separated. Palatine portions of the intermaxillary, maxillary and palatine bones
pretty much on the same plane. Incisive foramina and orbit large. Ante-orbital foramen very
large, oval, as wide (or wider) below as above. The arch forming its outer border is not com-
posed solely by the union of the upper and lower processes of the superior maxillary, as in the
other divisions ; but the malar is extended along the postero-external edge of the maxillary arch
to the anterior corner of the orbit, where it is joined to the lachrymal. The zygomatic arches
are long and slender, dipping below the level of the palate.

Not possessing any specimens of this family excepting species of Jaculus, I have been unable
to define the general characteristics of the group more fully, especially as the two principal
authors who have treated of the subject differ considerably in their views of its extent and
features, and neither gave to it the limits which it now possesses. Thus, Wagner has included
the genus Dipodomys, which belongs to an entirely different family. The genera of Dipodinae
are, in fact, quite few ; Dipus, or the Jerboa being the principal old world representative. The
only North American genus is Jaculus, with a very limited number of species—perhaps but one.

'For a very elaboratedisc ussion of this group, see Brandt, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der augethiere Russlands, 1855,
pages 196—217,

RODENTIA—JACULUS. 429

JACULUS, Wagler.

Jaculus, Wacurr, Syst. Amph. 1830, 30.
Meriones, Aup. and Bacu. II, 1851, 251.

Upper incisors grooved longitudinally on their anterior face. Molars =, the upper anterior one very small. Hand
with four fingers and a rudimentary thumb ; foot with five toes. Hind legs and tail very long, the latter thinly haired.

It may be stated, among the generic characteristics of Jaculus, that the under surface of the
hind foot from the heel is perfectly naked ; smooth as far as the first tubercle, then granulated
or paved. There is a distinct web at the bases of the toes. The antitragus is much developed,
so as to constitute a thickened rounded valve capable of closing the meatus.

Further details of structure will be found under the head of J. hudsonius.

The principal characteristics of the skull have already been given under the head of the sub-
family. The cranium is full and large; the muzzle long, especially the nasal bones, which
project considerably beyond the incisors. There is also a sharp crest along the junction of the
intermaxillaries, separating the incisors at their bases. The infra-orbital nerve is provided
with a distinct foramen, which opens from a canal formed by a plate of bone, which, starting
as a ridge, running along the alveoli, widens anteriorly, and, bending over, cuts off this passage
way from the great ante-orbital foramen, which gives passage to the masseter muscle. The
incisive foramina are very large, situated half in the maxillary, half in the intermaxillary
bones, extending backwards as far as the second molars; the septum dividing them much
swollen anteriorly. The palatine bone has two foramina, situated just behind the palato-
maxillary suture, both entirely in the palatine bone. The auditory bullae are quite small, and
have their longer axis nearly transverse to the longitudinal axis of the skull, (much more so
than in the rats.) The petrosal bone appears quite loosely implanted in the cranium. The
zygomatic arch is very broad anteriorly, and perforated by a large foramen, as described. Its
lower edge is on a level with the crowns of the molars, even below the palate ; it becomes very
thin in its horizontal portion. The malar bone is of great extent, reaching along the whole
zygoma from the lachrymal bone anteriorly almost to the auditory bullae. The zygomatic
process of the temporal bone is flattened and bent downwards so as to be nearly parallel to its
fellow on the opposite side. The malar bone is attached along its lower edge. The posterior
part of this process, forming the outer wall of the glenoid cavity, is distinctly notched.

The anterior or first upper molar is very small, with a single root. The remaining three
decrease rapidly in size from before backwards. The crowns in the specimen examined are
broad and very much worn; there is an exterior line of enamel, with three or four islands in
each. The two anterior lower molars are very large and nearly of equal size ; the third is
small, about the size of the last upper molar, and only half as long as those anterior to it.
The lower molars are similar in proportions to the upper ; the small anterior one wanting.

The incisors are slender and much compressed ; colored dark orange. The upper ones have
the outer half of the anterior face rabbetted down below the level of the inner half, with the
corners rounded off ; viewed laterally, therefore, the groove is very distinctly visible.

The tibia and fibula are united ; there is a distinct ceecum, measuring in J. labradorius an
inch and a half. In this species, also, the vertebral formula is: cervical, 7; dorsal and lumbar,
19; sacral, 4; caudal, 29. The clavicle is quite large.

430 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

This genus is distinguished from Dipus, among other characters, by having five toes on the
hind feet, (each with separate metatarsus?) instead of but three articulated to a single.
consolidated metatarsal bone. The tail in Dipus is densely hairy. The upper molars of Dipus
are three instead of four. In Scirtetes the upper incisors are not grooved, and there are two
or three metatarsal bones instead of five.

JACULUS HUDSONIUS.

Jumping Mouse.

Dipus hudsonius, Zimmermann, Geographische Geschichte, I, 1780, 358, (based on Pennant’s long-legged mouse

of Hudson’s Bay.)
Boppaert, Elenchus Animalium, IT, 1784, 115, (from Zimm.)
Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 340.
Meriones hudsonius, Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1851, 251; pl. Ixxxv.
Mus longipes, (‘‘ Paut.’’) ZrmerMANN, Pennant’s Arktische Zoologie, I, 1787, 131.
Dipus canadensis, Davies, Linn. Trans. TV, 1798, 155.
Suaw, Gen. Zool. Mamm. II, 1801, 192; pl. clxi.
Gerbillus canadensis, DesM. Mamm. II, 1822, 321.
Hartan, F. Amer. 1825, 155.
Grurrita, Cuy. V, 1827, 240.
Gopman, Am. N. H. I, 94.
Dipus americanus, Barton, Am. Phil. Trans. IV, 1799, 115; plate.—Is. VI, 1809, 143.
Jaculus americanus, WAGER, Syst. der Amphibien, 1830, 23.
Meriones americanus, Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 70; plate xxiv, fig. 2.
Mus labradorius, Jos. Sastne, Zool. App. to Franklin’s Narrative, 1823, 661.
Gerbillus labradorius, HARLAN, F. Am. 1825, 157.
Gopman, Am. N. H. II, 97.
Meriones labradorius, Ricuarpson, F. B. Am. I, 1829, 144; pl. vii.
Waener, in Schreb. Saug. IV; pl. ccexxvi, B, (from Rich.)
Dawson, Ed. New Phil. Jour. N. 8. III, 1856, 2.
Jaculus labradorius, WAGNER, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 294.
Kennicorr, Mammals Illinois, Pat. Office Rep. Agricultural, for 1856, (1857), 95; pl. xi.
Meriones microcephalus, Hartan, Pr. Zool. Soc. London, VII, 1839, 1, (Philadelphia.)
Meriones acadicus, Dawson, Ed. New Phil. Jour. N. §. ITI, 1856, 2; plate i.
Labrador rat, Pexnant, Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 295.—Is. Arctic Zoology, I, 1782, 132. _

Sp. Cu.—Above, light yellowish brown; lined finely with black; entire sides yellowish rusty, sharply defined against
the colors of the back and belly. Beneath, pure white; feet and under surface of tail, whitish. Body measuring 2.75 to
3.50 inches; tail, 4.50 to 6.00 inches; hind feet, 1. 10 to 1. 30 inches.

The head of this species is quite small in proportion to the body, which is thickest behind, in
correspondence with the great development of the muscles of the hind legs. There is a very
appreciable diminution in size from the rump to the head, without any constriction at the neck.
The fur is coarse and stiff, owing to the development of bristly hairs among the softer fur; it
is rather long and pressed flat to the body. The naked mufile is entirely on the under surface
of the snout, the hairs extending around the very tip of the nose to the anterior surface,
where it is separated sharply from the naked portion by a furrow. It appears as if the hairy
skin could be drawn downwards so as completely to cover the nostrils. The nostrils are lateral,
and separated by a very wide septum, indented by two furrows. The upper lip is scarcely cleft
as far as the base of the incisors, and the space between the notch and the nose is hairy entirely.

RODENTIA—DIPODINAE—JACULUS HUDSONIUS. 431

The ears are moderately large, and differ from those of Hesperomys in the existence of a well
developed and thickened antitragus in the form of a circular thickened pad, naked on the inside,
and capable of being applied against the meatus, so as to close it entirely as in the shrews. The
tragus itself, also, is unusually prominent, and doubtless aids in closing the ear. The eyes are
small, situated nearly midway between the nose and the ear.

The feet and hands are all unusually large, the former especially so. The thumb is very rudi-
mentary, covered by a broad truncated nail. The third and fourth fingers are longest. The
hind feet are very long, exceeding the skull and the tibia. The first toe is small, and placed
so far back that its claw only reaches the end of the metatarsal ; the fifth claw reaches the
penultimate articulation of the fourth toe. The second, third, and fourth toes are much the
longest, the third slightly longest of all. The middle toes are as long as the hand, and half the
distance from heel to end of metatarsals. The sole is entirely naked fromthe heel. There is a
tubercle about midway between the heel and the end of the toes; one at the base of the first
and the fifth, and another at the junction of the second and third, and third and fourth toes,
making five in all. The four at the bases of the toes are small, conical, and not at all conspicu-
ous. The sole to the first mentioned tubercle is quite smooth; beyond this it is covered by a
pavement of granules, except on the toes, which are transversely scutellate. There is a decided
palmation at the bases of the toes, especially between the third and fourth, where it extends to
the penultimate articulation.

The tail is very long, almost twice the body and head. It is éeltedrtat: or tapering gently
to an attenuated tip ; it is covered with verticellate scales, with short hairs of equal length
springing between the whorls and not concealing them at all. There is a very slight pencil at
the end. (2593.)

This species varies somewhat in its tints, although the pattern remains much the same. A
well defined area—bounded by lines commencing at the nostrils and proceeding backwards
immediately under the eye and meatus, and along the sides of the back, slightly divergent to the
rump, and then converging to the root of the tail—is of a light yellowish brown, much darkened
by fine linings of black. Below this, on each side, and in strong contrast to it; is a broad
stripe of nearly pure yellowish rusty, which involves the entire cheeks from the angle of the
mouth, the whole exterior of the limbs to the wrist and heel, as well as the buttocks. On the
middle of the side this is nearly as wide as the dorsal stripe at the same place. The under
parts are pure white to the roots of the hairs; the feet hoary gray. The tail is whitish beneath ;
dusky above.

The colors vary in the lighter or darker tints of the sides, which sometimes have even an
orange cast. Sometimes there is a development of black tips to hairs on the side, obscuring the
colors, although the contrast to the back is always strongly marked.

In the examination of a large number of specimens, I find a great difference in size as well as
in the proportions of the tail. Asa general rule, however, specimens from the Rocky Moun-
tains and the Pacific coast are much larger than eastern ones. I can at present distinguish no
other differences of importance; and although, if they are the same, it would form rather an’
exception to the usual law of geographical distribution of our small rodents, I am not willing
to establish a species on this ground alone.

I hardly think that the Meriones acadicus of Professor Dawson is distinct as a species, as I
find among the specimens in the Smithsonian collection every gradation between types of his
two supposed species, kindly lent by him for examination. The larger feet of the smaller

432 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

animal would be in strict accordance with the law of growth of mammals. As to the darker
colors of his smaller animal, they resemble almost exactly one of our largest specimens, (536,)
in which the fulvous of the sides is much obscured by black hairs.

I find nothing in Dr. Harlan’s description of Meriones microcephalus, which seems to indicate
a species different from the common one.

Differences in the size of the ear has been considered to indicate two species. It must be
remembered, however, that a smaller specimen would naturally have a smaller ear ; and I have’
not been able, in the extensive series before me, to realize any proportional differences in
different specimens.

The following detailed measurement of a specimen in alcohol, from Pennsylvania, will show
the difference in size between it and a large skin collected in the Rocky Mountains by Captain
Beckwith :

Measurements.

BIB) wil Pion? 587.

Penn. /jRocky Mts.| W. T.

Nose:to,occiput.-5:2-- eet eee Se aaa e SOR io a 2k 1.00

BY eee gai SAA os |p sca .40

ry ehh tits ft ec pee St RSL 75

TOOL Of tale. + ane mee eee ae ome 2.92 4.04 3. 08

end of outstretched hind legs..--------- AOS. PLS EELS 4. 04

Tail, from root to end of vertebre --.----------- 4.75 4, 83 5. 04

hainse. $2 s:eaeett las as 4. 92 4.96 5.16

Marg, Height posteriorly... - 552 = -~ == ens en 42 . 38 - 42

PLC ULOULY toca ee A Og | ee - 40

internally above:skally- 2 ope cee p Aatis ac mcm eee ee - 50

WIth 8 oon ee ee ae eee sie Al sckaateae 38

Arm,“lenetin of fore arm’ 2522 ooo teen a See AL |e | Sp fees a - 83

fore foot to end of claws.---------------- 42 - 50 - 56
Jonrest claw. 24=-Sh ose CMe oan eae - 06 2 | See es —

Tipp irbie i. See de pee ee ae eee OBien Wea 1.00

hind foot from heel to end of claw ---.----- 1 Ay, 1.33 + 1.13
longesticlawine ne (ee ee eee een - 08 ep | PSS = =
Longest toe from end of metatarsi --..---------- 740) OG. o5oeee a eee =

Specimen in alcohol. * Dry skin; somewhat defective.

8 | Catalogue number.

ae: | Corresp’ng No. of skull.
: | Sex and age.

RODENTIA—DIPODINAE—JACULUS HUDSONIUS.

Last of specimens.

Locality.

Halifax, Nova Scotia...
cece edOseeeceseccseeees

se000cdO.

wvecesdOsscevccecccccece
Middleboro’, Mass...:.
coceecDQrcccceccccescces
ecceesdOresccacrcccccces
weneecdOes cccccecccccere

sfesanceOQsescsceunsaceses

Burlington, Vermont...
Wethersfield, Conn....

a[eeeneeAO.c cece cevccscees

Waterville, New York...
concer, ecvccecccceees
o [eevee edOsereccveescoece:

seveesAOssascecsccecieece

Raynor Beach, L. I....
New Jersey? ....
Philadelphia. ....
Upper Darby, Penn,

e+ eeeedQrccccceves

eveeesAOssccccce

Carlisle, Penn.........

«| veceeedOr. cccvcevcsseces

0 0000s. cerecceccc cece
wcccesdOs. cecrcccveccces
Williamsport, Penn,...
Racine, Wisconsin ..
.| West Northfield, Ill,

Cass county, Missouri...) -
Upper Missouri.........,

Fort Union, Nebraska..
Platte river, Nebraska...

R. Mountains, 38° par...

Steilacoom, Wash. Ter.
seeeeedQrccserecee
Washington Territory...
Astorian......0.
Canoe Creek, Cal......

1 Type of Meriones labradorius, Dawson.
2 Type of M. acadicus, Dawson.

55 L

Whence and how ob-

J. W. Dawson ; loan.

PaseecOrcessscavevcns

cocceedO.cceeee
J. W. P. Jenks..
sfecveeedOseccees cevcee
eoeeeeAO.cecceerececes
weiccesAOivonccveccecss
messes U0auladise se
Prof. Thompson
Charles Wright.
eoceseOi. .ccce

efececer O.ceceecccr eves
cceeeedOss vecvcecesenels

elovceesGO..cevesecess

Wm. Cooper........+

00rceedOs. secccccevces

-| J. H. Richard........
Del. Co. Institute.

s|neeeesQssicvccscn

enccerdQrcncccese

S. F. Baird ......000-

secescAOccccccccnevcs|secs s5
wevee sss sccc cece cess] SKCICCON./ecee
J. McMinn .... 00.008
Dre Pea Bis) OV cstecavels
R. Kennicott ... .
Dr. Hoy. cocececcrens
.| Dr. F. V. Hayden....
Lt. G. K. Warren....
|} Lt. F. T. Bryan......
Capt. E. G. Beckwith.
Dr. G. Suckley.......
eoceesdO.sccccccvoeees
I. I. Stevens........-
Lt. W. P. Trowbridge!....do....
Lt. Williamson......

Nature of
specimen.

In alco..
Mounted.

seesOrs 5.
weeeAOveee
seeedOve.s
coesdOse..

In alco,.

seeedOn. ye
In alco..
Skin....

In alco,.
boeeGQcece
do..

Skin.....
oe clOss ne
In alco.,
Bonn (Aes
sees awa

In alco..

Alcohol..
Skin ....

Measurements.

| Nose to eye.

ceeedO.e../onee
wensUOsccalesscloseclooes
.| In alco..

Skin.....|....

Skin ....|.

Spee! OASd ace

Mounted.

46) .

SKin...ce[seeelveee

Nose to ear,
| Nose to occiput.

Nose to tail.

Tail to end of verteb.
Fore feet, length of.
Skull, length of.

Hind feet, length of.
Skull, width of,

2.75
3.75)

3.10)
3.26
2. 84/4,

2.70
- |4.20)
2.90)
3.09)
2.35)
2.25)
2.87
2.88)
2.60)

3.05
- |2.50)
2.20)

-|3.02
+. |3.10

3.48

2.35/4,12
2.90)
2,96)4.95) .
2.75/4.53
2.95/5,.30}.
2.74/4,80
»|2.83}.
3,305.35
2.75

2.95)

«+2. (3.88
+. (2.80)

2,80

al eweeeeweeee

433

Collected by—

Pewee nee en eeee eens

teen ee weer wee ee anes

Senne ween et eee e eens

see eee teen en eeeeee

wane eeeeeeee

sateen eeeeene

se eeeetnenee

ee teeeecseeees

eee wees ween en eeeeee

net eee wees teens

ee ory

we teeeee

Sant eee weweee

al tee teen eee eesteeeee

seca teens ween eeeeee

a [teen teen ee wees eeenee

Dr. J. G. Cooper....

leanne ween e eee weeees

Dr. J.S. Newberry..

3 The measurement of this specimen before skinning, previously given.

Sus-Famity MURINAE.

Incisors compressed laterally. Molars $-* or —s rooted, the anterior largest, the posterior smallest. Ante-orbital
foramen a deep narrow slit, widening above. Palate mostly on one plane. Descending ramus of lower jaw with the
angles not situated above the plane of the crowns of the molars.

The above characters furnish some of the most striking peculiarities of the skull by which
the Murinae differ from Arvocolinae. Others will be found detailed at length in the descrip-
tions of the different genera. In many points the two sub-families are very closely related, so
much so, indeed, as to render it somewhat unnatural to separate them. Still, as this can be
done by well-marked characters, it is, perhaps, best to do so, especially in view of the very
large number of species.

In further illustration of the peculiarities of the Murinae it may be stated that the glenoid
cavity is considerably elongated and moderately wide. The posterior margin of the palate is
usually behind the line of the posterior molars. The incisive foramina are large, and situated
partly in the intermaxillary, partly in the maxillary bones. There are two moderately large
foramina in the palato-maxillary suture. The coronoid process of the lower jaw is usually
large, and the condyloid elongated. The descending ramus approaches more or less a quadrate
form. The posterior lower angle is rounded, and the upper angle is acute.

The molars of the Murinae have transverse ridges on the unworn crowns, each ridge usually
broken up into a series of tubercles. There are usually three such ridges on the first or anterior
molar, two on the next, and on the last, one and a half. As the crowns wear away the tubercles
disappear, until there is visible only the border of enamel, with undulations or transverse fol 1s.

The feet of the Murinae are usually naked beneath ; even when the heel is hairy the toes are
naked and transversely ridged ; the number of tubercles on the soles varies somewhat. The
tail is more or less scaly, the scales arranged in whorls, with hairs passing out between the
whorls, sometimes in such number or length as to conceal the scales entirely ; these are, how-
ever, most generally visible.

The characters of the Murinae, as given above, although derived chiefly from the typical
forms, apply pretty well to all the species throughout the world. There are, however, important
differences, which serve to separate the Old World species from the New, and render expedient a
further division into Mures and Sigmodontes—the former confined entirely to the Old World, the
latter found only in America—and neither occurring wild with the other, except through human
agency. It thus becomes possible, in all cases, to decide at once whether a given species caught
on this continent is really native or has been introduced. They may be characterized briefly as
follows : z

Movres.—Old World Rats. Molars very large and broad. Those in the upper jaw with three
tubercles in each transverse series.

Sremopontes.—New World Rats. Molars narrower. Those of the upper jaw with two
tubercles or points in each transverse (or slightly oblique) series.

There are other differences, which will hereafter be referred to. It will be sufficient to add,
that the possession of the larger teeth seems to impart to the Old World rats a greater degree
of ferocity and strength, rendering them more cosmopolite and omnivorous than the American

RODENTIA—MURINAE. 435

species. I can, however, hardly assent to the sweeping generalizations of European writers in
regard to the superiority of their rats, as a class, toours. The fact that the Norway rat displaces
the native species, whenever brought into contact with them, is easily explained by reason of
their superior bulk, and the fact that the American species are much less in the habit of fre-
quenting the vicinity of dwellings, Furthermore, the black rat, likewise a native of Europe,
after it has taken possession of any premises, is displaced and exterminated by the Norway rat,
both in this country and Europe, although not much inferior to the latter in size, and, like it,
an Old World species.

There is a third group of Old World Murinae intermediate between the Muwres and Sigmodontes,
which has no American representatives, and by Wagner termed—

Merronipes.—The molars are not tuberculate nor pointed, but plane, the crowns traversed
by transverse complete lamillae. The indentations of the teeth opposite, not alternate.

This group is distinguished from that of the true rats by having no tubercles on the molars,
the crowns of which are composed of lamellae arranged nearly parallel, one behind the other.
When very young, indeed, there may be transverse ridges, but these are continuous, not tuber-
culate, and, when slightly worn off, exhibit transverse and continuous loops of enamel. Still
more worn, there is seen an encircling border of enamel, which indents the tooth, so that those
of opposite sides are opposite to each other; not arranged in a zig-zag manner, with those of
opposite sides alternating, asin the Arvicolinae and most Sigmodonts. The principal genera
are Meriones, Rhombomys, Psammomys, Mystromys, Malacothrix, and Euryotis. All are natives
of Africa or the continental portions of Asia. None of these genera occur in America, the so-
called Meriones (more correctly Jaculus) belonging to the Dipodinae.

436 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP, AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Tribe—MURES.

Molars broad; tuberculate; the tubercles in transverse series. Upper anterior molar, with three tubercles in each
transverse series or with the tubercles in three longitudinal series. Confined to the Old World.

Although all the members of this section are inhabitants of the Old World, yet from the
number of species introduced into North and South America, and the importance of clearly
understanding the differences of the two groups, I shall describe their characteristics at con-
siderable length, basing my remarks upon the genus Mus, to which all of our introduced species
belong. The other principalgenera are Cricetus, Cricetomys, Phloeomys, Hapalotis, Pseudomys
Dendromys, and Akodon. Of these the genus Cricetus is distinguished from Mus by the internal
cheek pouches and hairy tail; has been assigned by some authors to North America, but further
examination has, in all cases, shown the supposed species to belong to Neotoma Hesperomys, or
some other peculiarly American genus.

MUS, Linneus.

Mus Linnxvs, ‘‘ Systema Natur, 1735.”

Molars as in other Murinae, 3=3; those of opposite sides paralled to each other; with two or three transverse series of
tubercles, three in a series longitudinally ; the central series elevated. No cheek pouches. Upper lips divided; snout
acute, hairy to the fissure, whiskers in five series. Ears large, prominent, nearly naked. Tail long, the scaly whorls very
distinct.

For most of the general considerations here presented respecting the minute features of the
European and American mice I am indebted to Burmeister, who, in his ‘‘ Naturgeschichte der
Thiere Brasiliens, part I, 1854,’’ has given the best view I have seen of the subject.

The number of species of true Mus is very considerable, amounting to over fifty. Of these
only four have hitherto been detected within the limits of the United States, viz: Mus decumanus,
rattus, tectorum, and musculus. Mus leucogaster has been found in Brazil. Several species
described from South America, by Waterhouse and others, are probably varieties of some of the
Old World species, wherever they are really not of American types. Such is Jus Jacobiae,
Waterhouse, from the Gallipagos.

The molars of the genus Mus, as already stated, are broader and stronger than in the other
allied genera. In the unworn condition, each one has two or three transverse ridges, cut up
by depressions into small tubercles. They are coated externally by enamel, which sends folds .
into the dentine from both sides, shown in the worn tooth as indentations opposite to each other,
with islands of enamel between, or even strips of enamel passing entirely across. The enamel
folds on opposite sides never alternate with each other, but always stands in simple transverse
series, a little convex anteriorly. In this point of having the indentations of opposite sides
opposite each other there is a close approach to one of the characters of Merionides, which thus
becomes applicable to all the Old World Murinae.

In the upper jaw the first molar has three transverse ridges, each one somewhat curved and
concave behind. The first and second are divided into three tubercles ; the third has but two;
the smaller internal one being wanting. The second upper molar has likewise three ridges, the
anterior, however, has but one tubercle (the inner;) the second ridge has three, the third,
again, only two, the external one much smaller than the corresponding one on the first tooth.
The third tooth is quite similarly constituted ; as, however, it is much smaller than the second,

RUDENTIA—MURINAE—MUS. 437

its tubercles are reduced in similar proportion. In the smaller species of Mus, as the mice, this
tooth is relatively much smaller, and its constituents are only distinguishable with a pretty
powerful lens.

The molars of the-lower jaw are comparatively smaller, which permits the division of the
transverse ridges into only two tubercles, each about equal in circumference to the central
tubercles of the upper molars. The first lower molar is comparatively longer than the upper ;
it consists of four transverse folds, or ridges, the posterior very small, and having but one
tubercle, and lying enclosed in the concavity of the preceding one. The second and third
ridges are about equal, the first, however, is smaller, and its inner tubercle larger than the
outer. The second molar has three cross ridges, much like the last three of the first molar ;
in MW. decumanus, and perhaps in other species, there is, however, a small tubercle on the
anterior face of the outer anterior tubercle, which may, in fact, be considered as a single and
rudimentary external element of a fourth cross ridge like the first tooth. This tooth is shorter
than the one which precedes it, but of even greater diameter ; it is larger than its fellow of the
upper jaw, in which respect the third molar resembles it; the first lower molar, though
narrower than the first upper, is longer. The third lower molar consists only of two cross
ridges, an anterior bituberculate one and a posterior, of considerable size.

When the teeth are much worn down, the first upper molar is seen to have two transverse
folds of enamel islands, the following two only one complete one. In the lower jaw, the first
molar has at first four, but the posterior soon disappears, leaving but three; the second and
third molars have but one. In teeth of full grown but not old animals, the tubercles only of
the cross ridges are worn off, and each tooth has as many broad, flat, sharp-edged cross ridges
as it possessed originally of tuberculate ones.

The tail in the rats is covered with short, cordiform, quadrate scales, between the successive
whorls of which appear stiff hairs of greater or less extent and number; upon the varying
conditions in this respect depend the greater or less amount of covering to the tail. The
number and degree of continuity of these whorls sometimes furnish good specific characters.
The tail itself is seldom shorter than the body ; in most instances it is longer. The paws are
not naked, but the hairs are so short as usually to allow the flesh color of the skin to show
through. Their nails are tolerably short, pointed, sub-compressed, and moderately curved.
The palms are naked, with five small balls, three under the four toes; the fourth thumb ball
is fused with the toe itself; a fifth ball is placed outside on the base of the hand. The balls
of the hind foot are much more prominent, but similarly placed ; there is a sixth on the inner
edge of the sole, which is naked.

The fur consists of hair of different sorts; a softer, shorter, and woolly basal hair, with
longer and stiffer ones interspersed. In old animals, especially the larger rats, some of the
latter have a still greater development, especially on the lower part of the back. These hairs,
when examined with a lens, are seen to be flattened with a fine longitudinal furrow.

The female has five pairs of teats, three pairs on the belly, between the thighs, and two on
the breast, between and behind the arms.

438 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL EEPORT.

MUS DECUMANUS, Pallas.

Norway Rat--- Brown Rat.

Mus decumanus, Pauwas, Glires, 1778, 91.
Scureser, Saugt. IV, 645; tab. clxxviii.
KeyseRLING und Brasius, Eur. Wirb. I, 1842, 36.
DeKay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 80.
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 1.
Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, I, 1854, 152.
Aup. and Bacu, N. Am. Quad. II, 1851, 22; pl. liv.
Mus norvegicus ERXiEBEN, Syst. An. I, 1776, 381.
Norway Rat, Pennant, “ British Zoology.”
Brown Rat, PENNANT, ‘‘ Synopsis Quadrup.”’

Sp. Cu.—Tail about three-quarters of an inch shorter than head and body. ‘Tail sparsely hairy, with about two hundred
annuli. Above, grayish brown, mixed with rusty; grayer on the sides; beneath, ashy white. Upper surface of the feet
dirty white. Body, 8 to 10 inches.

The general peculiarities of head, feet, and tail, are as in UW. tectorum. The tail is, however,
much shorter, being considerably less than the head and body.

The upper parts are grayish brown, mixed with faint rusty, and darkened by black tipped
hairs; the sides are grayer ; the belly and feet a light whitish ash, not so pure as in Neotoma
or Mus tectorum. The under surface of the tail is a little paler than the upper, which is dusky.
In the dried skin the annuli of the tail are much less distinct than in Jf. rattus and tectorum,
owing to the rather longer hairs.

Specimens from Oregon appear to have the tail slightly longer than those from the east side
of the mountains.

Measurements of a fresh specimen.

Inches. Lines.

INOS@ SLO GCCIDN t= ees eee tee ene 1 | 9
FA ae Se Sen CEO Se Se recs Seen 83
(es eset See ae oe Se CESS ease Sce 1 4
TOYO) TO} EI i ee 6 5
end of outstretched hind legs ------------ 7 eaccceaee
Tail, from root to end of vertebre.--------------- 5 9
EN ee ae ae 5 9
naked portion-..-------- t 1l
Mar, heightiposteniorly— 2.2 — <= cee ee mene an |e i 9
anteriorly -.-.-..---.------=--=---=-|-==------- 7h
internally above 'skull_—<-__.<_-_--.- - S|" ae
BDOVE NOtCh onan sees eae eee eee eee eee 8
width in natural position -.--.-.------|---------- 64
Arm, from elbow to end of claws-- ------ --------- 1 8
forefoot to end of claws.-.-.-------- B93 5-|15 Sao 9
longest /claw =<. .= 2c see= ones eb een eeee eer a|eeoe hese i
Leg, from knee joint to end of claws-------------- 2 6
HDIG ooo poe ts ces owen een Conese nemee ae 1 4
hind foot from heel to end of claws -.-------- 1 6
LORP EB CIAWE = eee oa eee ee eal om am ee 2

Annuli of tail 190 to 200.

RODENTIA—MURINAE—MUS RATTUS. 439

The brown rat is well known over the world for its destructive propensities and the injury it
causes to house and store. According to Pallas, it belonged originally to the warmer regions of
Central Asia, Persia especially. Thence it crossed the Volga, in large troops, in 1737, peopled
Russia, and subsequently overspread the whole of Europe. According to Erxleben, it reached
England in 1730, and France in 1750. In 1775 it was taken to North America, some time
subsequent to the black rat, which it soon drove out and nearly exterminated. At the present
time no portion of the globe seems free from its pernicious presence, although, as it is usually
transported in ships, its first foothold is on and near the seacoast. In 1851, Audubon and Bach-
man spoke of it as not found on our Pacific coast. At the present time, however, it is very
abundant there as far north as the Columbia river.

List of specimens.

5 Measurements.
eRe = SS SSS
= ea 5 3 =| S =
5 |fzel - Locality. When col- |Whence and how obtained.| Nature of : a f & é 2 z
= | 2 = ° S =| | S ° ct s
et ie > lected. specimen. | > a 3 EI I 3 bey bas
3 6 2 ® = 5 5 r-) 3
5p a = ° ° Ss ° o ) a a
2 n § ‘oe = = Ss ° = =
3 |é 3 A a 2 2 | = 2 =
° ° ° ° ‘3

8/8 ja Pa ees Se SEE aS

1567 | 2398 |....| Essex county, N. Y.....|.cesessccsees Dr. S. E. Hale
BASH T900'| 5... locccieces dome saeco sees Aug.14,1855 | S. F. Baird........

1102 |......)++++| Middleboro’, Mass...... Noy. 5, 1855

2816 |...... GO} Wethersfield, Ct.......

RBLT | cescus | O |ecccccce Oe. cove

QBS |. as. re) seed 0

2819 |...... Gulessa eat do siseae

1295 | 2097 Washington, D. C...... |eseessccecers

1994 | 2096 | © |........ ones sees Go |leseoinsoadeine Se
502 | 1637 foi easeceeeAQsvecccccsorcce | RED. 10,1000 |seeccsssccconsee

2826 | 1120 |....| Washington, Miss...... eee Col. Wailes...

=f] eecd SU boonence Gls sentoeesoeee seenechs GBhoccee

2814 |. ...es 3 Petaluma, Cal.... E. Samuels....

BEI lances Q Pe sen 1Olai wate oa ado neectilbanoascnericcosc:
B06 |.ccece «e--| Astoria, O. T....... «frose Lt. Trowbridge, U.S.A...
Pit) meee | Steilacoom, W. T.....- aeeS ‘Gov. I. I. Stevens
389 |...00. Q | Stockholm.........2+0 seseeseeseees| Swedish Acad

1 Collected by Dr. Geo. Suckley, U. 8. A.

MUS RATTUS, L.
Black Rat.

Mus rattus, Linnxus, Syst. Nat. I, 1766.
DerKay, N.Y. Zool. I, 1842, 79.
Aup. and Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 189; pl. xxiii.
GuieBeEL, Saugt. 1855, 555.

Mus americanus, DeKay, N.Y. Zool. I, 1842, 81; pl. xxi, f. 1.

Mus nigricams, Raf. Am. Month. Mag. ITI, 1818, 446.

Sr. Cu.—Tail about as long, or a little longer, than the head and body. Above, sooty black, passing insensibly into

dark plumbeous on the belly ; sometimes a little paler. Feet brown; fur of the back without the longer coarse bristles of
the brown rat.

This species may be readily distinguished from the common brown rat by the much darker
colors. In a specimen from Montreal, the upper parts are of a lustrous sooty black, with a green

440 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

reflection ; this passes very insensibly on the lower parts into a dark plumbeous ; the tail of the
same plumbeous cast ; the feet tinged with brown.

In a specimen from Sweden, on the other hand, the upper parts are not quite so sooty ; the
plumbeous of the belly is of a grayer shade; the line of separation on the sides quite distinct.
This coloration is seen also in specimens from San Diego.

This rat, once better known than the brown rat, is rapidly diminishing since the introduction
into its haunts of the latter species. Its original locality is not well known, as from time
immemorial it has been the ‘“‘house rat’’ of Europe, and of the warmer parts of the world
generally. According to Erxleben, it was brought to the New World about the year 1544, and
spread to such a degree as to have been apparently more abundant there than in the Old World.
Indeed, many authors have insisted that the species came originally from America, but there is
no foundation for such a supposition zoologically ; and it is spoken of familiarly by such authors
as Gesner,-Aldrovandus, Seba, and others, at as early a date as 1550. ‘

The black rat is not mentioned by Burmeister among the animals of Brazil, where the Mus
decumanus, leucogaster, and tectorum, are abundant.

In their article on the black rat, Audubon and Bachman refer to a white bellied variety of
the black rat, from the Edisto river, in South Carolina. This is most probably the Mus tectorum,
described in the next article.

I have satisfied myself, from actual examination of the skin and skull of the original Mus
americanus of DeKay, that it is really a Mus, and of the present species.

List of specimens.

Catalogue | Corresponding | Sex & Locality. When collected. Whence obtained. Nature of
number. | No. of skull. | age. specimen.
390, 4|nsnccwe eo oeeel een e ss Sweden =-2 See ae ooo 1843 Swedish Academy ---------.- Skin.--.-
VATA. | eoeecbensan ate |ersesu Halifax t Nis ten o2 ae a] See eee DriJe BGilpise. 222s == CG Ears
Sf ioe (shee ee es a Se ee Montreal) | Caneaects == a= a6 aoe aan T. Broome....22.-ssanesaece =-dos-2 st
839 UGE = Skeets Tamaqua, (Pe one nome oleae eee Wis Patten s2se-s=>Sece- =e 2s008—-c—

12 O21 2 2 Saas Koxburg,, «Panes sovoewas ae ee oe Bere 6. HS Baird: 222 seen sesee= =-d0- cance
16032 | See oe oe Q | San Diego, Cal.---.-....- Jan. 22, 1856 | Dr. J. F. Hammond, U. 8. A--|--do_.....
UCI Ce) Ee a aoe oe Ree dossseees sees Seu: a) Se ceee doucessdlsenascs-5en~ G0... 5. cocci] eee
1605 suilesee oe Gal aes 0-2 a ie ae ay ae dott 5. hae ee nS eon
514 1649 Q Humboldt Bay, Cale. --|-os2cte-2---- Lt. Trowbridge, U. S. A.....- | sd Oscnmere

1 Body, 7; tail, 7}.
? Body, 8}; tail, 6%.

RODENTIA—MURINAE—MUS TECTORUM. A4l

MUS TECTORUM, Savi.

White Bellied Rat; Roof Rat.

Mus tectorum, Savi, ‘‘ Nuovi Giornale di Lett. 1825.’’
Bonaparte, Fauna Italica ; plate.
Keys. & Buasrus, Europ. Wirb. 1842, 36.
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 405.
Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, I, 1854, 154.
Gieset, Zoologie, 1855, 555.
Mus alexandrinus, ‘‘ Grorrr, Desc. de l’Egypte.”’
Mus flaviventris, ‘‘ Licur. Brants Muizen, 108.’’
Mus infuscatus, ‘‘ Waaner, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 445.
Mus setosus, ‘‘ Lunp, Bras. Dyr.’’
? Mus rattus, var. Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 191, 194; plate xxiii, (Light-colored figures.)
Mus americanus, ‘‘ Seva, Thes. II, 30; tab. xxix.’’
ERXLEBEN, Syst. An. I, 1776, 385.
Leconte, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VI, 1853, 414.
Rat d’ Amerique, ‘‘ Brisson, Reg. An. I, 172.’’

Sp. Cu.—Smaller than the Norway rat ; tail from one to two inches longer than head and body, sparsely hairy, with about
240 annulations; color above, like the Norway rat; beneath with upper surface of feet, pure yellowish white. Like the
Norway rat, the fur of the back is coarse, and mixed with longer stiffer bristly hairs.

This rat, in general appearance, exhibits a close resemblance to Mus decumanus, but may
be readily distinguished by appreciable characters hereafter to be pointed out. The head of
this species is compressed, and rather blunt. The eyes are pretty large, but smaller than in
Neotoma. The whiskers are long, black, arranged in five series. The upper lip is cleft to the
base of the incisors, whence to the end of the snout, a distance of about a quarter of an inch,
it is indented by a furrow which passes along the septum, and the bottom and sides of which
are free from hairs. The hairs come to the extreme end of the muzzle above, so that no naked
portion is visible from above ; the edge of the hairy upper surface is separated by a transverse
constriction from the septum, and below it is another transverse furrow which, with the longi-
tudinal one already described, divides this septal portion into four spaces. The nostrils are
terminal, but situated slightly oblique.

The ears appear very large, exceeding considerably those of JZ. decumanus, and almost like
Neoloma. They are, however, of thicker membrane and entirely destitute of an antitragal
valve ; they are sub-orbicular, rather higher than wide, and very scantily and sparsely covered
with short hairs, so as to appear almost naked on both surfaces.

The thumb of the fore finger is very rudimentary, with a broad flat nail; there are five large
tubercles on the palm ; the two posterior very large. The hind feet are short and broad; the
soles entirely and conspicuously naked, even to a short distance behind the heel; there are six
tubercles on the sole ; two at the bases of the three middle toes, and one each at the bases of
the first and fifth ; these four are very large and nearly equal ; the fifth is considerably smaller,
rounded, and placed a little behind that of the fifth toe; the sixth begins about the same dis-
tance behind the tubercle of the first toe, but is very long and narrow ; slightly crescentic, (the
concavity internal) ; it is about one fifth the length of the whole foot; its posterior extremity
as far from the heel as its anterior is from the base of the middle toes. The entire sole between
the tubercles is perfectly smooth, without granulation; the toes are transversely ridged beneath.

56 L

442 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The tail is rounded, and tapers gently to a truncate tip; it is nearly two inches longer than
the head and body, and has 237 annulations of scales.

The fur of this species is composed of two kinds of hairs, one external, coarse and rigid, the
other shorter, finer, and intermediate.

The color of this species above is much like that of the Norway rat, being of a yellowish
brown, slightly tinged with reddish on the sides of the back, and grayer on the sides. A
predominance of black hairs on the back imparts here a dusky appearance. The entire under
parts, with the upper surfaces of the feet, are quite pure yellowish white, to the very roots of
the hairs. The ears and entire tail all round are dusky.

The only specimens of this species I have seen from America are those entered below, of
which one in alcohol (2811) has served as the basis of the present description. A specimen
received from Niirnberg, and probably caught there, has the long tail, but is not so white
beneath. It has 240 annuli on the tail.

This species is smaller than the common rat, and the tail, instead of being shorter than the
head and body, is much longer. The under parts and feet are nearly pure yellowish white.
The ears are larger.

The Mus leucogaster of Pictet, has the tail not quite so long, and the hairs soft, of equal
length, and without any intermixture of long stiff bristly ones.

The roof rat, so called from its fondness for inhabiting the thatched roofs of houses, is origi-
nally from Egypt and Nubia, from which it was taken to Italy and Spain. It is quite probable
that the early Spanish discoverers and conquerors carried it to America in their vessels, and
thus introduced it on the continent long before the brown or even the black rat. It is now very
common in Brazil and some parts of Mexico; and if, as I have little doubt, the ‘‘ light-colored
variety of the black rat’’ of Audubon and Bachman be this species, it is abundant in Georgia
and South Carolina, (according to Major Leconte, more so formerly than now,) and doubtless
also in Florida. It is said by Mr. Bridger to be very common about Tarboro’, North Carolina ;
further north I have no knowledge of it.

I have myself verified very few of the quotations at the head of this article, and am unable to
say why authors have retained the name of J/. ¢tectorum in preference to the apparently older
one of Geoffroy. The Mus americanus of some authors is, in every probability, this same species,
which, after its very early introduction into America, (probably in the fifteenth century,) became
naturalized, and, at an early date, was described by Seba as Mus americanus, probably from
South American specimens. The roof rat was not formally separated or distinguished as a
European species for nearly a hundred years after, and it is not difficult to understand that an
animal so conspicuously different from the Old World rats known at that time, and brought
from America, should have been described as new. The name of americanus has really priority
over either tectorum or alexandrinus, but is objectionable as conveying an erroneous idea of native
locality.

RODENTIA~—-MURINAE—MUS MUSCULUS. 443

List of specimens.

z Measurements.
<= r=
2 BS Locality. Whence obtained. Nature of spe- Tip of Nose to— > Length of— Skull— g
# | ae Pp S
sy Za cimen. 2 oa
z | Es : :
$ = Eye. | Ear. |Occip.| Tail.| 3 | Fore ft. | Hind ft. Length. | Width. 2
o o | is x
866 | 1919 | Tarboro’, N.C.........| J. L. Bridger.... .. Skin..... cece |anenes|vesees|ancous | crccerlvaccee|srecnenelecauceies 1.60 77 “rn
oH le (Ae ecCe & GOeccs vooneccess|ccccce dO. secvecee.. In alcohol..... -80 | 1.50 | 1.90 | 6.15 | 7.92 -70 Leal |ccaneses|ieenelcna -75
1685 | 563 | Cadereita,N.Leon,Mex.| Lt. D. N. Couch...|....d0.....- veeeleeceee| cevecleecees | seceee|secese| eee ereelseerenec(se ceesslecesereelene .
QOL jcereee|scccecs dO ..0e cecvceveecleoeees Owsecveces «- SKIN ceceee cece|eccees lenses) eccees[ecssee|sccccn|ssescesslescscnns ser |eeceeees .
2812 |....../ Niirnberg, Germany....| F'. Stierns......... 200d eccreecees -76 | 1.45 | 1.85 | 5.95 | 6.78 -60 124 [evavcncclecsccces 73
MUS MUSCULUS, Linn.

Common Mouse.

Mus Musculus, Lixn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 83.
Keys. & Bras. Wirb. Europ. 1842, 37.
Waaner, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 409.
Aun. & Baca. N, Am. Quad. IT, 1851, 277; pl. xe.
Burmeister, Thiere Bras, J, 1854, 155.
GreseEL, Saugt. 1855, 557.

Sr. Ca.—Tail a little longer than the body. Soles entirely naked. Above grayish brown, finely lined with darker,
passing insensibly into ashy plumbeous, with a dull reddish tinge on the belly. No distinct line of demarcation. Tail

dusky all round ; feet ashy brown.

It is not necessary to enter into any lengthened description of the external form of the com-
mon house mouse, as its characteristics are much as in the large rats already described. The
tail is usually a little longer than the body.

The color of the upper parts is usually of a grayish brown, very finely and intimately lined with
blackish, sometimes with a tinge of rusty. This passes very insensibly through the rather
more yellowish sides into the ashy plumbeous of the belly, without any dividing line of any
kind. There is on the belly a faint wash of a light mud color. The feet are ashy brown; the
under part of the tail scarcely lighter than the upper.

While this is perhaps the most constant color, there are occasional variations. Thus, in a
series from Middleboro’, (864,) the under parts are of quite a pure yellowish white ; the upper
parts are lighter than as described; the sides are washed faintly with fulvous, and the outside
of the whitish belly exhibits a brownish tinge, forming a band. The feet are almost pure white ;
the under surface, however, of the tail scarcely lighter. This same condition is seen in speci-
mens from Sweden.

On the other hand, the body is sometimes much darker than usual. One specimen from
Burlington, Vermont, (1316,) is as dusky as in most skins of the black rat.

It is not easy to confound the white-footed native mouse of our country with the house mouse
in any of its phases, as its much larger ears, hairy heels, sharply defined white belly and feet,
and many other characters, will at once distinguish it.

The house mouse is originally a native of Europe and Central Asia. At the present time it

444 Us 78: 4p.

R.

R.

EXP.

AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

is found all over the world. Specimens in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution show its

range to be along the entire coast region of the United States, and far in the interior.

Some

localities, however, even in the older States, are yet comparatively free from them, such as the

Adirondac region of New York, &c.

Here the white-footed mouse enters and occupies the house

and out buildings, without doing as much mischief, perhaps, as the common mouse.

List of specimens.

Catalogue | Corresponding

number. | No. of skull.

2226
chee eee
| ae
2057
945
8451
9632
1223

Sex &

age.

21.10; 3.20; 3.00; 3.10.

Locality. When collected. Whence obtained.
St. \Gothard, Switz-—=-.<<|"s2seo2sasse3 Museum, Geneva--..----
Stockholm, jSweden-—-- 0 |2ooo oe ee Swedish Academy -------
Scotland (2 -< ---2-. —oe Se ee eee Sir, W.. Jardine... ...----
Halifax, Ni Sa.n2e acetate ee Dr Gupine ts esensseaees
Middleboro, Mass 22a ates nce ee oceee do We bs Jenks eee se
Elizabethtown, N. Y_---_| Aug. 14, 1855 | S. F. Baird --.-.--.-1---
Washington, D. C. --.--- INoy.00; 800" Sacne cee See ener eee
Clarke county; Va-—-———ole——5—————s == Ore Kennerlyo.) scene ae
Prairie MersRoute slays oo | ena US Ware 225 na eee ee
St: (Simonis Island! (Ga.- ooo ee DTS Wil SON sone eee
Indian River, Wa... --<=)aseo—meo- oon a ee G. Wurdemann------.----
Brownsville, LOS88 (coceee|aceca=— os eee— Tgeut, "Conch. 2a. case
Parras, Coahuila coast. -|oeeo een eae ee lee ee Ose eee
Guayapuco, Mexico oo o2|- 22 ase econ ==4|eeeees CC Oe meee cee os SS
City of Mexico. sas - see |= eaeee eee Major Rich. ~.----------
Crossing of Pecos, N. M.-| Sept. 1855 Captain Pope...----.----
Roch Riley, eke, (ye ote 25. | Sees a ee Dr. W. A. Hammond ----
Fort Pierre, Neb -------- 1850 TT. Culbertson .=...<.=.-.
Mk river iNep oss -ams> so] - ease een Dr. Hayden= os oreo samo
ort: Conrad GN. Mk oe te eae eee eee Dr Kenney soon secees
Dan DICHO Nala. ane a eee ee ee Dr. J. F, Hammond--..-.--
Kort Reading | Cal@ee. sacateasamee erase =e nee dosiweseee ees
11.00; 3.42; 3.42; 3.43.

Nature of speci-
men.

RODENTIA—MURINAE—SIGMODONTES. 445

Tribe—SIGMODONTES.

Molars complicated, with the points on the crown never more than two in the transverse series, or rather arranged in
two longitudinal series. Confined to the New World.

The genera which may be grouped under this head are Hesperomys with its subdivisions,
Reithrodon, Holochilus, Sigmodon, and Neotoma, the latter approaching the Arvicolinae in the
shape of the crowns of the molars. All are found in North America, except Holochilus, and
most of the subdivisions of Hesperemys. Neotoma and Sigmodon do not occur south of Mexico.

In the structure of the incisors, the Sigmodontes do not differ from the Mures ; the molars are,
however, constructed on an entirely different pattern. In extreme youth each tooth exhibits
two longitudinal series of high conical tubercles, connected by somewhat lower transverse ridges.
The first molar has generally three tubercles on each side, the second two, and the third only
one, with sometimes a median one on the hinder edge. The first tooth, however, particularly
the contracted one of the lower jaw, sometimes has the first or anterior pair of tubercles so close
together and reduced as to appear like one, especially when somewhat worn. At the bottom,
between the elevated crests connecting these tubercles, may be seen sharply defined curved narrow
furrows; these furrows or grooves (generally darker than the rest of the crown) mark the
spaces between the enamel folds, which dip deep into the dentine. The direction and size of
these furrows varies on the two sides of the teeth. In the upper jaw they penetrate more deeply
from the outside, and bend around a little backwards, so as to be rather convex anteriorly, con-
cave posteriorly ; in the lower jaw, on the other hand, it is the inner furrow which is deepest,
and this curves forward so as to be concave anteriorly. The furrows of each tooth opposite to
those described (the inner of the upper molars and the outer of the lower) are shorter, broader,
and more perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the tooth. In some forms, a very close
examination will bring to light a small accessory tubercle in the furrows, near the outer edge,
below the level of the others.

The above structure is that presented by an unworn tooth ; it is, however, rare to find one in
this condition, abrasion commencing at a very early age. In time, the tubercles, the most pro-
jecting part of the enamel, as well as the connecting crests, are all ground off, leaving a flat
surface, bounded by a zigzag outline of enamel. After the abrasion is continued still further,
the points of the accessory tubercles are ground off, so that behind each salient angle of the
enamel zigzag is attached a small accessory angle, and the bend of the curve externally is no
longer simple but double ; consisting of a larger and a smaller curvature. Up to this point the
narrow folds in the grinding surface are still open externally, but, with increasing abrasion,
they become obliterated, or ground out externally, leaving narrow curved enamel islands, on
account of being less deep externally than towards the centre of the tooth. This condition of
external folds with islands of enamel marks the maturity of the species; subsequently all the
latter are ground out, leaving merely an obtusely indented border of enamel around the tooth
substance, the folds dipping in deeper on one side than another. This indicates the old age of
the animal. These successive changes do not all take place at the same time in the different
species ; but their general progression and succession is much the same in all.

From the preceding remarks, (by Burmeister,) based on a comparison of a number of skulls
of South American species, it will be seen that the number of folds in the teeth will not afford

446 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP, AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

good characters for the establishing of groups, younger specimens having more folds than old
ones of the same species, for, as the accessory tubercles along the edges of the main ones are
ground off, the two folds originally between these are lost. In the opinion of Burmeister,
therefore, the shape, number, or character of these folds cannot be relied upon for defining
groups, or even of genera, for the reasons above mentioned.

The roots of the molars are much in proportion to each other as are the tubercles, although
fusion of the pairs of roots is more frequent and intimate than that of the tubercles. The first
upper molar has one large root in front, and behind this on the outside are two small roots, on
the inside one larger. The second upper molar has two roots externally, one large one inside.
The third has generally the same number as the second, but they are smaller. The roots of
the lower molars are somewhat differently arranged ; the first or anterior tooth has four roots,
but of these, one anterior and one posterior are large roots, and between these, two other small
ones opposite each other. The second and third molars have each two roots, the posterior some-
what the larger.

The genus Neotoma, and to some extent Sigmodon, are somewhat different from what has been
described above as more particularly characteristic of the Hesperomys group. Their peculiarities
will, however, be adverted to more fully under their respective heads. Thus, the first upper
molar of Neotoma (N. occidentalis, 1662) has but three roots, two external, and one internal and
between the other two, which are also anterior and posterior—all of nearly equal size. The
second molar has two roots—one anterior, one posterior—the anterior, however, looking as if
formed by the fusion of three small contiguous ones. The third has likewise two roots, the
anterior composed probably of two.

I have never seen, either in Sigmodon or Neotoma, any tubercles on the molars, even in the
youngest teeth examined, the crowns being plane with loops of enamel. Some of the other
generalizations do not apply very well to our North American species,

In further illustration of the peculiarities of the American muroids, it may be remarked that
the upper lip is generally thicker, more fleshy, and broader across the nose than in the Old
World species.

The American Sigmodontes, as above stated, belong to the genera Hesperomys, Reithrodon,
Holochilus, Sigmodon, and Neotoma. All these occur in North America, excepting Holochilus,
These may be most readily characterized as follows:

Hesperomys. Small, mouse-like. Molars narrow, with two longitudinal series of alternating
points.

Reithrodon. Like the preceding, except that the upper incisors are grooved anteriorly.

Holochilus. Rat-like ; upper lip not fully cleft ; last upper molar equal to the first.

Sigmodon. Arvicoloid ; upper lip scarcely cleft; two posterior lower molars with the enamel
loop sigmoid ; lobes all rounded.

Neotoma. Rat-like; teeth arvicoloid; crowns composed of triangles ; posterior lower molar
with the enamel outline somewhat 8-shaped.

RODENTIA—MURINAE—REITHRODON 447

REITHRODON, Waterhouse.

Reithrodon, Wareruouse, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. V, 1837, 30.
Waaner, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 545.

Form murine. Ears and tail short, hairy. Upper incisors with a longitudinal channel along the anterior face. Other
characters much as in Hesperomys.

Although the general appearance of this genus is much like that of Hesperomys, yet, as Wag-
ner pertinently remarks, in a group embracing so large a number of species, and resembling
each other so closely as Hesperomys, the fact that Reithrodon has the sharply defined character
of grooved incisors is legitimate ground for separating the two. There are, however, other
characteristics of value which will be adverted to hereafter.

But three species have been hitherto described from South America, all from its extreme
southern portion ; and it is for this reason a matter of some surprise to find the genus repre-
sented in the United States as first announced by Major Leconte. Ours are, however, con-
siderably smaller than the South American, and differ in several other points, as will be indi-
cated hereafter.

The South American species are said to resemble small rabbits in their general appearance.
The North American are more like slender house mice. The body is depressed, the limbs
short. The head is considerably shorter, broader, and more arched than in Hesperomys; the
ears shorter, lower, and quite densely covered with furry hair. The tail is either longer ora
little shorter than the body, and coated with hair. The thumb is rudimentary, with a blunt
nail; the hind part of the soles, at the heel, hairy.

_ The grooving of the upper incisors is much like that of Jaculus, only deeper, (the incisor con-
siderably more curved.) Theanterior edge is rabbetted down on its entire outer half somewhat
below the level of the inner portion, and the edges rounded ; both portions of the anterior face,
as seen from in front, are symmetrical, and strongly convex transversely ; viewed laterally, the
outlines are distinctly visible, parallel to each other, and one behind the other. The molars, in
shape and indentations, are much as in the North American Hesperomys (Calomys). The skull
is short, and the cranium swollen and strongly convex in all directions; the upper edge of the
orbit sharp and continuous, with a low ridge on the cranium. In the great width and con-
vexity of the cranium there is much difference from Calomys. Other differences are seen in the
backward prolongation of the incisive foramina to the line of the first molars; the larger size of
the palato-maxillary foramina; the greater divergence of the axes of the auditory bullae; the
greater posterior extension of the palate, &e.

The most striking difference in the lower jaw is seen in the abrupt twisting inward of the
lower half of the descending ramus. This inferior half is quite horizontal in position; and
when the jaw is viewed laterally, there seems to be as much of the ramus as in Calomys, with-
out taking into account the hidden internal portion, which in the latter is very much less in
extent.

The general appearance of the North American species of Jetthrodon is intermediate between
that of the common domestic mouse and the white-footed mice. The tail is nearly as long, or
longer, than the body ; the ears smaller than in the Hesperomys leucopus, more buried up in the
fur; the membrane thicker and covered with longer hairs. The antitragus is very much de-

448 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

veloped into a valve capable of closing the meatus, much more so than in the H. leucopus.
The thumb is rudimentary, with a broad nail; the posterior portion of the heel is hairy.

The species of Reithrodon in North America are confined, on the Atlantic border, to the
southern States ; they are found about St. Louis and westward to the Rocky Mountains, whence
- specimens were brought by Lieut. Beckwith. Species occur also in New Mexico, Sonora, and
California.

I have never seen either skins or skulls of feithrodon from South America; but judging
from the figures given by Waterhouse, there are considerable differences, not only in size, but
also in other characteristics. It is, however, impossible to indicate these discrepancies without
making a careful comparison of specimens from the two continents.

To Major Leconte is due the credit of first pointing out the existence of Reithrodon as a North
American genus.

REITHRODON HUMILIS.

Harvest Mouse.

Mus humilis, Avp. & Bacu. Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. I, Oct. 1841, 97.—Is, J. A. N. Sc. Phila. VII, u, 1842, 300.—
In. N. Am. Quad. II, 1851, 103; pl. Ixv.

Hesperomys humilis, Wacner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1843, 11, 51.

Mus lecontii, Aup. & Bacu. J. A. N. Sc. Phila. VIII, u, 1842, 307.—Is. N. Am. Quad. III, 1854, 324.

Hesperomys lecontit, WaGNer, Wiegman, Archiv, 1843, 11, 51.

Reithrodon lecontii, Leconte, Pr. A. N. 8. Phila. VI, Oct. 1853, 413.

Sp. Cu.—Tail a little shorter than the head and body (about two-tenths of an inch). Head and body less than 2.50
inches ; usually under 2.25. Hind feet .60. Ears large, with thin membrane covered with short hairs. Color above,
mouse gray brown, or a little darker ; cheeks, and generally the lower part of the sides, fulvous. Beneath, grayish white,
tinged with reddish, with a plumbeous aspect. Oral region, chin, and feet, white.

This animal is considerably smaller than the domestic mouse, (very nearly the size of the
Mus agrarius of Europe,) but resembles it very much in general appearance; so much so, in
fact, that the grooved incisors will only distinguish them at first glance. The head is small and
slender ; the ears are quite large, almost equal to the Hesperomys leucopus.; they are, however,
apt to appear smaller than in reality, from being partially buried in the fur. They are
slightly obovate, rounded at the apex, rather longer than wide; the auricle very thin and
delicate. The antitragus is conspicuously developed as an elongated valve, capable of closing
the meatus; it is much more distinct than in Hesperomys ; both surfaces are covered with short,
close hairs, except around the meatus, which is naked. The nose is as in Hesperomys, the
muffle hairy to the end ; the septum and region round the nostrils naked ; a furrow in the
middle of the septum continued into a cleft of the upper lip. The eyes are diminutive, smaller
than in Hesperomys.

There are no striking peculiarities in the feet; the thumb is rudimentary, armed with a
broad, short, flat nail. There are six large tubercles on the hind feet and five on the fore, as
described in Neotoma and Hesperomys. The toes are as in the latter genus. The soles are
covered with scattered hairs as far as the tubercles, the hairs densest towards the heel. The
remaining portion is naked, with a pavement of moderately large scales.

The tail is somewhat variable in length ; usually, however, it is as long as the distance from

RODENTIA—MURINAE—REITHRODON MONTANUS. 449

its root to the eye, or a little less than the head and body. It is well covered with short hairs,
concealing the annuli.

The colors of this animal are quite similar to those of the common house mouse; the back
being of almost precisely the same shade of brown, perhaps a little darker. The under parts are
grayish white tinged with reddish, but the lead-colored bases of the hairs, usually quite distinctly
visible, impart a plumbeous aspect. The cheeks generally are fulvous, and in many specimens
there is a distinct band of the same on the lower part of the sides. The feet, region round the
mouth, and chin, and under half of the tail are white, much more conspicuous in the alcoholic
specimen than in the dried skin.

Several specimens from St. Louis resemble this very closely, but are not in sufficiently good
condition to be determined.

The first published description of this species was by Audubon and Bachman in 1841, The
Mus lecontii of the same authors appears to be very similar, except. that the fulvous stripe on
the sides is less distinct. As there is no difference except what might naturally result from
age, I have reduced this name to a synonym.

List of specimens.

*

a 7 1 T
5 Measurements.
ae SS
a\s eae
5 6 3 Locality. When Whence and how Nature of é & ; S = = 3
3 eS Sp collected. obtained. specimen. | 5. 3 8 3 z = = 3
|) 2 |e Si eS |e Sener ese lees lias
gies rege || i heen lle Sie [occ [eee he ete |e ae
Cae Sere eect hat ar is
atch (eee sean: | (Society Hill, S.Ges-+.0)| saeco vere -seve| Ms Aw Curtin S\sons.2--|Skinvs ore: |vaecacleaceoe|sccczel ase cs
Miata eee [owes lhe oa rtee dO.. ea_ Nemoare sal la es aalee sare oe | Sc nomas Our cvaaes satanic lhodOcacevans|eaucualiewash lander he rcanls
aia SOA | lee eee cased a, 2a. ors feet.) Auge; 1655s Ses cee, dOracccsicesse.|s-dOsast es eleeres, |sveses |i oeeee| cscs
TELS | eocnoelledad eecriduad (ha easeusicatonn | hoon dnaoes 0ccd eons coock ssccnggcicosdss jock sScsaccd| doe <od bonanallaccded qnecdd hacosd eacase | sensas|scces 5
Pee ete seals Uaracll dlelasipicimis 0 Osa lwiatvie clelo's\aeia.ai| ae dale itwle'a'a as ail voces ne = UOse'c vcicizs’sic.e o.cis|| jell Ossiviaaieisiel vsceirts (sw iaw el cmciemalenleciuapaiceaaldlaeesicell celts | steleleias
2535 38 77 -88 | 2.42 | 2.95 30 | .60]......
2536 .40 80 -90 | 2.10 | 2.01 28 GO iearcrte
2537 .33 66 -85 | 2.10 | 1.90 27 50 |cccee
2538 35 | .70| .86| 2.13] 1.97] .28| .57 |...00
Se wedtweleees | ANErty COUNLYs Gives av loses sevacesecel) MAJOF LGCOULE -. 5. cece) SKIM voccce|cccees|cceses|tvenus|ancssee|ccccse|ucerscleccoas oe
Soa ae acai On cinid sine nla'a cineca: lic aeine/e auineie € aja} acteiainiee /Osnlnwasiciacsiaate's |'<o€@nurcvcecielaccewe |eccsesileces's cl waeuiel aaeseslivectec|seceweleoeeer
nC eee hate cust Usraeundaisecess)lavecacas vaNiccel sans scerdOsciag occwiccecss|ocUOrvetsicces|sscicslIncevac!escec(aeectelessccelesocect tassel commen
Pee GOUT GH | Sta liGWity MO;rsescsace |'rovadelry ccs nace} re Go MMPCIMANM cc esi] «oUO-cieccecc|nccrec|cesccisleseeceluceces|eccecs|cocecslocee 17
ere ee nen oriacin onenie)| caanistenealseed (nen elarite OUas (clowns /ace weisi| ocOOss staniuiajs l(sciseie |aaupits||snenice| ecjanewllesiee a n{iansiunlienssstellaansia °

REITHRODON MONTANUS, Baird.
Reithrodon montanus, Barrp, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VII, April, 1855, 335.

Sp. Cu.—Tail very little less than head and body, which barely exceed two inches. Hind foot.50. ars small, the
membrane thickened, and with long coarse hairs. Above, brown and pale yellowish gray, much lighter than mouse color.
Outside of ears and flanks, pale yellowish brown, without any rufous. Beneath, dull whitish.

The single specimen of this species brought by Captain Beckwith appears quite adult, though
of very diminutive size, that of a half grown mouse. The head is short and considerably
arched, the muzzle hairy, except the septum and the inner edges of the nostrils, on which no

57 L

450 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

caruncle is discernible. The ears are large and broad, rather densely coated with longish hairs,
which, in this case, as well as on the rest of the body, are longer than usual in Hesperomys.
The base of the ear is concealed by the long hairs on the cheeks. The tail is nearly as long as
the body, and the hairs on it sufficiently dense to obscure the muroid scaly rings. The fore
foot is too much distorted to show the comparative length of the fingers. On the hind foot, the
central three toes are longestand nearly equal. The fifth claw reaches to the base of the fourth.
The sole is hairy to near the end of the metatarsus.

The predominant color above is a mixed brown and pale yellowish gray ; beneath, dull
whitish ; on the flanks and the outside of the ear, pale yellowish brown. Nowhere any tinge
of rufous. The hairs above are lead color at their base, then dull grayish yellow, and tipped
with dusky. On the sides, the yellowish is brighter and the dusky tips wanting, in great
measure. The tail is dusky above, whitish beneath and on the sides, the difference of color
scarcely discernible. The feet also are whitish.

General dimensions.

a 441,
Inches. | Lines.
if
INOSERUGIOCCID Uti winetiaa = ae ee ee ie ete ete te earn 10
TOO WO tall ae ae ote eee eo ete 2 2
Tail, from root to end of hairs-.-------------- rs | Bae

Bars; height postenorly oon == ae eae | 33
internally, above notch_..---...-|-------- 4
SVC U1 a a ee ee | rere 23

Leg, hind foot, from heel to end of claws------|-------- 6
SRE Wei See foc SeSetiee ci sceee seaebete| oases 94
ongest hairs onthe back==-.02-—-=-ee—se—==-|o=eee=ae 3h

This species appears to differ from the 22. humilis in longer tail, shorter hind feet, and the
absence of any rufous on the body. The imperfect condition of the specimen prevents more
minute details. The ears, however, are smaller, the auricle thicker, and covered with longer
and coarser hairs than in Hesperomys, more as in Arvicola. The under parts are of a much
purer white.

List of specimens.

Catalogue | Corresponding Locality. | Whence obtained. Original | Nature of | Collected by—
number. | No. ef skull. | pumber.| specimen. |

441 1306 Rocky Mountains, 39° | Capt. E. G. Beckwith, U.S.A. 13 Skins 2222
|

Mr. Kreutzfeldt.

RODENTIA—MURINAE—REITHRODON LONGICAUDA. 451

REITHRODON MEGALOTIS, Baird.

Head and body from 2.50 to 3.00 inches; tail about two-tenths shorter.
Above mouse-gray, lined with darker, and tinged with

Sr. Cu.—Largest of North American species.
Hind foot near .70. Ears large, moderately clothed with hair.
rusty ; on the rump and sides a fulvous wash. Beneath, soiled yellowish white.

Two specimens of Reithrodon were collected by Dr. Kennerly, between Janos, Sonora, and San
Luis Spring, which I cannot readily refer to any of the described North American species.
For a fuller account I would refer to the report of the United States and Mexican Boundary

Survey.
List of specimens.

aE 3 ’

3 |4 g | Measurements.

3 =

= } oes g

z/)e2 Locality. Whence obtained. a = — |Collected by—
oe | ee iS From tip of nose to— /|Tailtoendof— Length of— | ° 2

@ | Bo aoa | aea| Se

z\£ 5 hes | | #2 | Bs

& é E Eye. Ear. Occip.| Tail. | Verteb.| Hairs. peers Bipeee| ¢ - sg
ae ee ee | = : =
1039, 2281 | Janos to San Luis | Maj. W.H. Emory, | Mounted.)......)..000+) ceases 3.00 | 2.25] 2.30 |. sees. .68 -84 | .43 | Dr. C. B. Ken-

Spring. U.S.A. | | | | nerly.

1040}......|.... Gee sCOreswciscuis|(uceciea nels dO.seee esee| Inale....| .40 | 72 88 | 2.42) 2.25 | 30 +50 | ececes|seveeel vecscveces ove

REITHRODON LONGICAUDA, Baird.

Sp. Cu.—Size small. Tail considerably longer than the head and body, (which measure from 2.10 to 2.30 inches.)

usually from three to eight tenths of an inch longer.

tinged with reddish yellow

Hind foot .65 to.70 of aninch. Above dark brown ; beneath white,

A broad wash of bright fulvous on the sides and cheeks.

This animal, in the character of head, ears, nose, and feet, is very similar to what has been

described in Reithrodon humilis.

larger.

It is, however, of larger size, the ear and tail absolutely

The tail is rather longer than the body, instead of shorter.

The colors are very similar ; the back is a dark brown, rather darker than in the house mouse,

but otherwise very similar.
is a broad wash of fulvous extending to the cheeks.
In some specimens, apparently younger ones, the belly approaches more to the
The cheeks are, perhaps, brighter than in

are white.

whiteness of Hesperomys, though never attaining it.

Rt. humilis.

The belly is soiled white tinged with reddish yellow ; on the sides
The feet, chin, and under parts of the tail

The hind feet are considerably longer than in 2. humilis, in accordance with the

increased length of the tail; these two members in mammals being usually in strict proportion
to each other—the longer the tail the longer the hind feet, and vice versa.

452 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

4 Measurements.
3

s a c = z = 1

2|%s j 5 3 a fe = ec

=| é c Locality. Whence and how obtained. = Nature of 7 4 a 2 e 5 5 5 a

= z2|\¢ 5 | specimen.| & = S 3 = zs eet Pees =

© ew | 3 5 o ® ) = 5 =) s So 5

eel seat |igct 3 8 |S lo2 \) 2) .e lhe seein

> rs S 4 © © © © = = o so =

m = * a) Do 77 QD a = = — & =

& |S ja 5 zlelel2/esel/e |e |)haae
1418" | 2282 | Q | Petaluma, Cal......... 75 | 2.08 | 2.25 | 2.33 |..sesclecveee .70
1583: | 2411 |.... 83 | 1.83 | 2.25 | 2.33 |c.cecclscccns|ensee .
1419: | 2283 |,... 83 | 2.25 | 2.42 | 2.60 |...... cecleccecs
2581 |...... see 90 | 2.15 | 2.50 |...... 25)| nolleseees
Q5B2 | receas sales 86 | 2.15 | 2.45 |...... 30 G5 |oecsce
POSS Hewes. @jecue 95 | 2.10 | 2.80 |...... 32 6B |..cee .
Q5B4 [eccces S26 90 | 2.10 | 2.40 |...... 26 60 | cseee
B585 | renee Siri 90 | 2.13 | 3.15 |...... 30 70 | .wcnse
2585. |escses ais 84 | 2.00 | 2.35 |...... 25 63 | .cceee
2587 | revcee S250 90 | 2.30 | 2.65 |....0.] 30 nt Peers .
2588 |..cs0s eevee 90 2,00 | 2.60 30 63 | ...00 .
DOOD) lwerene eee 90 | 2.40 | 2.88 |... 31 165 |ecoes .
2590 |...... as 90 2.10 | 2.70 |... 30/|| 265) scons.
DOOR: sl auete ote 89 2.20 | 2.65 |...00. 30 60). sess
27082 |...... epee 88 Re ec sconce 26 63) heen .

* Measured before skinning. 2 Collected by W. Stimpson.

There is a small mouse, described by Audubon and Bachman, under the name of Mus caroli-
nensis, which appears different from Reithrodon humilis, but in the grooved incisors seems to
belong to the same genus. They mention it as existing very sparingly in the maritime districts
of South Carolina, and found usually in low grounds, partially inundated. The description is
as follows:

REITHRODON CAROLINENSIS.
Mus carolinensis, Aup. & Bacu. J. A. N. Sc. Phil. VIII, m1, 1842, 306.—Is. N. Am. Quad. III, 1854, 332.

Hesperomys carolinensis, Wacner, Wiegm. Archiv, 1843, 1, 51.
Sp. Cu..—Upper fore teeth slightly grooved ; tail, half an inch longer than the body ; ears long; color, light plumbeous;
under parts and hind feet scarely lighter.
Point cf nose, lips, chin, fore feet, and nails, white ; whiskers, dark brown. A narrow fawn-
colored ring round the eye. Ears, legs, and tail, light ashy brown. Fur on the back and sides
uniform light plumbeous ; the under surface scarcely a shade lighter.

Inches. Lines.
Length (of head and bod ywoan ae sac soe aoe eee 2 4
tell SG esse ee ea eee eee 2 9
Height ‘ofeats. 225-2. eee ee aaa eee ee ee en 4
hength of ‘tarsus 2 -fadoe-8) oe oka se geneae doce ees ces sant wa anne oe 63

The grooved incisors distinguish this species from the common mouse, and the Hesperomys
leucopus; from the other North American Reithrodons the dark color of the belly and hind feet
constitute a decided characteristic.

RODENTIA—MURINAE—HESPEROMYS, 453

HESPEROMYS, Waterhouse.

Hesperomys, Waternouse, Zool. of Beagle, 1839, 75.
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. II, 1843, 510.
Burmeister, Thiere Brasiliens, I, 1854, 162.

Form, generally murine ; tail variable, scant haired. Molars diminishing from first to last ; elongated, the sides indented,
the crowns with a single longitudinal furrow. Young; teeth with a double longitudinal series of tubercles ; when worn,
the molars, with angular indentations of the enamel, more or less elongating.

The typical North American species of this genus have the general appearance of Mus, with
their long tails, large ears, and quick movements. They have, however, a more hairy tail, and
the anterior molar teeth have only two tubercles in the transverse series, or two series of tubercles
longitudinally inserted, instead of three, as in the genus Mus.

Most of the species have white feet, and the tail whitish, with a darker stripe above. They
vary in the size and hairiness of the ears, the length of the feet and tail, and in the color.
There is not much variation in the skull.

The genus Hesperomys, as above constituted at the head of this article, is of very great extent,
embracing a large proportion of the American Muridae. It is, properly, the type of the division
of Sigmodontes, the general remarks respecting the latter applying more particularly here than
to the other genera.

Within the limits as assigned above to Hesperomys there are considerable variations of greater
or less importance which induced Waterhouse, the chief authority in respect to the American
Murines, to establish several sub-genera for the South American species, based upon the varia-
tion in the folding and pattern of the enamel, the comparative length of the snout, tail, feet,
and fur, and the existence of claws or nails on the thumb of the hand. Finding, however,
that the characters derived from this feature cannot be relied on in all cases, even for specific
differences, and that the others mentioned seemed more or less intangible, our author, after
erecting the genera Scapteromys, Oxymicterus, Habrothrix, Calomys, and Phyllotis, subsequently
combined them all into one genus, Hesperomys, which has been adopted by most writers. There
are, however, sufficient grounds for arranging the South American species of this genus with sub-
genera, corresponding in the main with those originally given by Waterhouse, excepting that,
as suggested by Wagner, Oxymicterus and Scapteromys may be conveniently combined, as also
Habrothriz and Phyllotis. This would leave three sub-genera, for which, with Burmeister, the
names Calomys, Habrothrix, and Oxymicterus, may be retained. Burmeister, however, makes
Holochilus' another sub-genus of equal rank, differing from Wagner and Waterhouse, who
give to it full generic rank with Hesperomys, Reithrodon, &c.

1 Hotocurtus, Brandt.

Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 518.
Holochilus, Branpt, Mem, Acad. Imp. Sc. St. Pet. (VI Series,) II, 1835, 428.
Burmeister, Thiere Bras. I, 1854, 162.

General appearance rat-like. Upper lip not completely split, hairy above. Tail long. Molars short, broad; last upper
molar as long as the first ; inner side of the central lower molar with two indentations.

In size the species of this genus equal the large rats, the body of one measuring nine inches. The upper lip, instead of
being fissured to the nose, has its upper portion hairy, with the exception of a little fold of skin below. The molars are
very large, the third upper as long or longer than the second, and equal to the first. The genus differs from Hesperomys,
which has the teeth becoming smaller from before behind, in lacking this progression. The relationships to Sigmodon are

454 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The following features may serve to characterize the above sub-genera, the last of which, at
least, is probably entitled to higher rank.

Catomys, Waterhouse.

Calomys, Waternouse, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. V, 1837, 21.
Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 524.
Burmeister, Thiere Bras. I, 1854, 168.

Eligmodontia, F. Cuy. Ann. des Sc. Nat. 1837, 168.

Form highly murine. Tail as long or much longer than the body. Eyes and whiskers large. Upper border of the orbit
sharp, extending backwards as a ridge along the side of the cranium. Indentation of the enamel of the molars consider-
able ; posterior molar moderate.

The species of this section are very monse-like, both in shape and size, although almost always
white on the belly, feet and under surface of the tail. The fur is long and very soft, with still
longer but soft hairs interspersed. The head is pointed, the ears large and coated with very
short hairs. The elongated tail is coated with short hairs, so as usually more or less to conceal
the annuli. The hind feet are long and generally correspond in this respect with the tail, both
being longer or shorter together. .

The skull is rather full, with the nose elongated. The upper border of the orbit is sharP
and continuous, with a blunt ridge, which passes back along the junction of the temporal and
parietal bones to the occipital. The enamel folds are rather narrow and parallel sided, and the
teeth generally exhibit the characters described under Sigmodontes.

Hasrorurix, Waterhouse.

Habrothriz, Wateruouse, Pr. Zool. Soc. V, 1837, 25.
Waenrr, Suppl. Schreber, III, 1843, 516.
Burmeister, Thiere Bras. I, 1854, 178.

Form aryicoline. Eyes and whiskers small. Tail and feet short ; the former with short hairs. Ears weil furred. Skull
elongated. Edges of orbit rounded. Indentations of enamel short. Posterior molar very short. Thumb with a nail.

The species of the sub-genus Habrothriz bear a close external resemblance, except in the sharp
snout, to the Arvicolas, and, in fact, would seem to represent them in South America. The
eyes are small. The ears are quite large, broader than high, and well covered with hair. The
muzzle is long and pointed; the whiskers short and scanty. Tail shorter than the body, rather
densely coated with hair. Tail and feet shorter than in Calomys. Thumb of fore foot with a
broad flat nail, instead of a claw, as in Oxymicterus.

The skull is narrow and elongated, the muzzle especially so; the upper edges of the orbit not
sharp, but rounded off. The malar bone is shorter and less curved than in Calomys. The
lower incisors are narrower; the posterior nearly circular upper molar is decidedly smaller.
The enamel folds penetrate less deeply, and the molars, when half worn, do not exhibit any
isolated enamel islands on the grinding surface. The fur is soft, the longer hairs projecting
less than in Calomys, and the color is of a more homogeneous grayish.

Scapteromys differs in having a claw to the thumb, all the fore claws long, the molars also
slightly different.
very close, extending apparently to the very pattern of the enamel loops; an appreciable distinction, however, is to be

found in the comparative lengths of the molars.
No species of Holochilus have yet been detected in North America. Its affinities appear very close with Sigmodon.

RODENTIA—MURINAE—HESPEROMYS. 455

Oxymicterus, Waterhouse.

Oxymicterus, WAternousE, Proc. Zool. Soc. V, 1837, 30.
Waaner, Suppl. Schreb. Saug. III, 1843, 513.
Burmeister, Thiere Bras. I, 1854, 182.

Form, Lemming-like. Eyes and whiskers small; tail and feet short. Claws very long and sharp; thumb with a distinct
claw. Muzzle prolonged into a trumpet-shaped tube. Central molar in either jaw with only one indentation on each
side ; the very small posterior molar with none at ali.

Where Habrothrix represents the Arvicolas, according to Burmeister, the species of Oxymic-
terus bear the same relation to the Lemmings, as far as the stout body, short tail and feet, long
claws, and the distinct claw on the thumb of the fore foot extend, instead of a broad nail, as in
Calomys and Habrothrix. The muzzle is very large and pointed, more so than in Habrothriz ;
but like it, the fur is short, with the coarse hairs projecting but slightly ; eyes small and the
whiskers feeble. The ears are well furred. The soles are naked from the heel. The edge of
the intermaxillary is prolonged into a tube completed by the elongated nasal bones widening
at the end, somewhat like a trumpet. The incisive foramina extend back between the molars ;
the ante-orbital foramen is small. The upper edges of the orbit are much rounded, the fore-
head broader between the orbits than in Calomys, the nasal bones extending much further hack.
The molars have short wide folds when worn, somewhat similar to those of Arvicola, without
any enamel islands.

A careful comparison of the species of the Sigmodont group of North and South America is
quite sufficient to show that, with the same general characters, the minor conditions vary
throughout. I have not had, as yet, the opportunity of examining more than one South American
species ; but judging from this, and from the very accurate figures and descriptions of Waterhouse,
Wagner, Burmeister, and others, I consider it entirely probable that a very critical and extended
investigation will show that even the genera, much more the sub-genera, are entirely different.

A striking feature of the North American vesper mice, to anglicise Wagner’s name, is their
diminutive size compared with the South American. Many species of the latter are fully equal
to the rats, or even larger, some of them, as Holochilus, with still larger teeth. Scarcely one
of our species exceeds four inches to the root of the tail in the flesh, while most are the size of
the common house mouse or less. The South American feithrodons have a body six inches in
length, so stout and full, and the head so large and much arched, that one species has been called
R. cuniculoides, rabbit-like. The tail, also, does not exceed half the length of the body. Our
species, on the contrary, are the smallest of our mice, scarcely more than half the size of the
house mouse, which they otherwise closely resemble in shape and proportions. The tail is as long
as the body alone, or else longer than the head and body together. The shape and character of
the skull are quite different.

The only one of the South American subdivisions of the genus Hesperomys to which our North
American animals even approximate is Calomys. Even here the South American species are
mostly of large size, only a few as diminutive as the largest of ours. None of the divisions of
Habrothrix, Scapteromys, Oxymicterus, or Phyllotis, not to mention Holochilus, are represented
in any North American species.

It then becomes necessary to seek for some other arrangement for the North American vesper
mice, and this is readily indicated by an examination of the species now known to naturalists
in which sub-generic distinctions, as well defined as those of the South American, can easily be
found. I have satisfied myself of the existence of four groups, readily distinguishable by

456 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

external characters. Two of these differ only in the presence or absence of hair on the soles,
and may, perhaps, be best considered as one; the third is similar in skull, but differs in external
characters ; the fourth is so distinct as perhaps to be worthy of generic separation.

The molar teeth appear to be very similar in all, decreasing regularly from anterior to poste-
rior, each about two-thirds the length of its predecessor in the upper jaw, the disproportion
rather less in the lower. The enamel folds are much more superficial than in the South American
species, so much so as to render it difficult to detect any particular pattern of indentation.
When the crowns wear plane, instead of loops we see usually only a slightly irregular border
of enamel encircling the dentine as a single island. The posterior upper molar is nearly circular,
and very small; it has no appreciable indentations whatever ; the middle molar has one median
internal, and two rather obscure external, and one at or near each end; the third has two
alternating indentations on each side. In the South American specimen referred to, the inden-
tations, even in the much worn teeth, are as deep and as distinct as in Arvicola or Neotoma; those
of opposite sides of the same tooth are opposite each other, and almost touch ; there are two on
each side the anterior, and one median on each side of the middle and posterior, thus presenting
a very different appearance. How constant this may be I cannot say, but Waterhouse’s figures
of skulls represent the same thing in nearly all the South American species. These differences
in the teeth may be tabulated as follows:

North American. South American.
Indentations of enamel of opposite sides
of sthempper. molars’ ---------2.-=--< NIGEL UNS Seis ae naan eee Opposite ......:.-3. 222
Outside of middle molar, with--------- Twolindentations=- == 2 2<scenu- ca -e Oné 2occs tach ke ces eee
Postenonmolansse-ces=-c- eee ste nee Small; circular, with scarcely a trace of | Larger, subquadrate, with a deep in-
indentation. ¥ dentation on either side.

It is very possible, however, that some South American species may be more like ours in the
character of the skull, especially the species of Habrothria.

The first group embraces species most similar in form to the South American, especially to
Calomys. Here the size is very small, none exceeding four inches in the flesh to the root of the
tail. The ears are large, with short close hair; the tail is two-thirds the length of the body or
else a little longer. The belly and feet are generally white; the bright fulvous above of many
South American mice is only faintly represented in one or two species, their golden yellow under
parts, never. The soles in one division are hairy to the tubercles, which are usually six in
number ; in the other division the soles are entirely naked. The tubercles are all large and
conical ; the posterior one especially. The claws are all short and weak; the hinder longest.
The hind feet are longer in proportion than the fore ; the hand half the length of the hind foot.
The bristly hairs of the back are soft, and only a little longer than the under fur, so that they
are but little conspicuous.

The skull has the superior edge of the orbit rather sharply angular, but not provided with a
raised crest or bead, such as is described in the South American species, In the smaller of
these, however, this crest is said to be wanting, as it is in a skull before me from Chile, in which
the orbital edge is only sharper than in our species. Tke molar teeth already described are much
the same in all the North American groups, and bear a close relationship (judging from descrip-

RODENTIA—MURINAE—HESPEROMYS. 457

tions) to those of Habrothrix, as does the skull likewise. Indeed, it may be said that the species
of the group resemble Calomys in external form, and Habrothrix in skull and dentition.

As already stated, this group is divisible into two, one with the soles hairy behind the
tubercles, the other with the soles entirely naked. The two are very similar in other respects.

Although a new sub-generic name might with all propriety be made for this section, I shall
not attempt it now in my ignorance as to how far some of the smaller and least studied South
American species may share the same characters. At the same time, however, I shall not be
at all surprised to find that neither this nor any other section of vesper mice has any direct
representatives on the continent of South America.

The second division resembles the Arvicolae somewhat in external characters. The eyes are
large, the ears rather small ; the fore limbs are stout and powerful, compared with the hinder,
which are much shorter in proportion than in the preceding group. The fore feet are two-thirds
the length of the hinder ; the claws of all the feet very long, the anterior considerably longest.
The thumb, however, is rudimentary, with a nail. The tail is less than half the length
of head and body, very thick at base, and tapering rapidly to an attenuated tip,-well covered
with soft appressed, not bristly, hairs. The soles have but four tubercles, lacking the two posterior
ones of the preceding group. The sole is very densely furred to the tubercles, and consequently
much beyond what is seen in the preceding section, or two-thirds instead of one half. This
furring, too, is much closer and fuller; in fact, somewhat resembling that of the hares, with
almost as long a staple in proportion. The fur is soft; the bristly hairs projecting but slightly.
The skull presents few differences from the preceding division, except that the muzzle and
inter-orbital spaces are broader, the incisive foramina shorter and much more open, and the
teeth rather broader.

In some respects this group resembles Habrothrix, especially in teeth, but differs in having
the muzzle broad and short rather than slender and long, as compared with Calomys. The
long fossorial claws, much longer anteriorly than posteriorly, are not found in Habrothria,
which also has the sole nearly or quite naked, with black tubercles, as in Sigmodon. From
Scapteromys it is distinguished by the thumb nail, not claw, and by the character of the molars.
The name of Onychomys may be applied to it, as referring to the long claws. There is but one
species thus far known: the Hypudeus leucogaster, of Maximilian, or the Mus missouriensis of
Audubon and Bachman.

The third and last group has Hesperomys palustris as its typical, and, as far as known, its
only species. Here the characteristics are very strongly marked. The general appearance is
that of Sigmodon or even of Arvicola, from both of which, the tail considerably longer than head
and body, will at once distinguish it. The fur, though lustrous, is yet very coarse externally,
owing to the great predominance of the bristly hairs, which are double the length of the others.
The hair generally is longer and much coarser than in the other divisions, only less so than in
Sigmodon. The ears are comparatively small, not longer than the adjacent fur. The hind feet
are very long, especially the toes, which are inserted obliquely, as in Fiber. The soles are
perfectly naked, with six tubercles, which are all very small, except the posterior, which is
narrow, linear, and very long, as in Mus. The skull in most respects, the teeth especially, is
as in the preceding sections; a very striking difference, however, is seen in the upper margin
of the orbit, which is extended into a sharp, compressed crest, passing backwards and sinking
on the temporal region. This is seen also in Sigmodon, and is the character described as existing
in the large South American Hesperomys. The posterior margin of the bony palate is consider-

58 L

458 U. 8. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

ably posterior to the last molar, (twice its length,) and there is quite a deep fossa between the
corners of the palatine notch and the posterior molar. In our other Hesperomys the palatine
notch extends as far as the line of the molars, and the fossa just mentioned does not exist. Inthe
skull of the South American Hesperomys referred to, the notch is posterior to the molars, as in
the present group. For this group, with its many distinctive features, I would propose the
name of Oryzomys. .

I will now sum up, in brief terms, the principal characteristics of these different groups, and
then proceed to the discussion of the several species.

Hesreromys, Waterhouse.—Form mouse-like. ‘Tail not less than the body without the head,
sometimes longer. Claws weak; hind legs and feet long, the latter with six large conical
tubercles ; soles naked, or less than half hairy. Upper margin of the orbit sharp, but not
extended into a crest.

Onycuomys, Baird.—Form arvicoline. Tail less than half the head and body. Claws very
large, fossorial, the anterior longest. Soles with only four tubercles, the two posterior of the
other groups wanting; the posterior two-thirds of the soles densely furred. Skull without
orbital crest ; the upper margin of the orbit sharp.

Oryzomys, Baird.—Form rat-like. Ears nearly buried in the fur. Hairs of body coarse.
Tail longer than head and body ; the hairs longest on the under surface. Hind feet very long.
Soles naked, with six tubercles, all very small except the posterior, which is very long and
narrow. Upper margin of the orbit raised into a compressed crest, as in Sigmodon.

The following synopsis may serve to show the relationship of the North American species of
Hesperomys as restricted above. In all, except when otherwise stated, the belly and feet are
of a more or less pure white.

A.—SoLEs HAIRY BEHIND THE TUBERCLES.
a.—Tail nearly, or about as long as the head and body ; hind feet long, exceeding .75.
1. ZLail distinctly bicolor.

1. Above yellowish brown, with a broad well defined wash of darker along

the back. Hars dusky brown, with the extreme edge only hoary......... : leucopus.
2. Above reddish brown, with darker hairs, but no distinct dorsal stripe.

Outside of fore leg like the back? ars smaller than in the preceding,

GUsKY,, WiLDOUt Aye NOALY COPING Mur. .caccoveccuessncaccsstaceoetrastecescescserse texanus.
3. Above yellowish brown, with dark hairs, but no distinct dorsal stripe.

Outside of fore leg white? Lars very large........cc.sssescescsesceccersceceee gambelii.
4, Fur very soft and full. Above sooty brown, relieved, especially on the

sides, by a little yellowish brown. Outside of fore leg dusky.............. austerus.
5. Color light cinnamon red; a tinge of the same on the belly. Ears dusky

BIOMERTUOT <u cic vv eke os scsdeat ses cocecdvuseeeeess TERS sO Nce eT EMRAR POL EEE rains cece steee nuttalli.

2. Tail scarcely lighter beneath (shorter than in section 1.)

6. Larger than H. leucopus. Above rusty yellow, with a dark dorsal band.

AINGEGOT RIO cc oe cceeuls sacctuecyuessss cuctevechanieteudeats sheet suelisuc Octet teaeue gossypinus.
7. Smaller than H. leucopus. Above yellowish brown, with a dusky dorsal

band. Ear dusky, without any light edge. Hind foot about .85........ : cognatis.

is

RODENTIA—MURINAE—HESPEROMYS LEUCOPUS.

459

b.—Tail bicolor, considerably longer than head and body; the end with a long pencil of hairs.

8. Nocheek pouches? Tail three quarters of an inch longer than body.

Body above yellowish brown. Outside of fore leg to carpus like the

DAGK, .:2:2 Se secanevccacesessaoce ss Rane aauecccisissecsssasccawccruccetsrcedcctascelectauseree

9. With cheek pouches. Tail a quarter of an inch longer than head and

10.

Ee

12.

13.

14,
15.

body, or more. Above dusky cinnamon red; beneath white. Outside
AL 1OLeple CMM NOUN aa UBICY sascsssec ccsestactsscseoscenteasccesecncereschecs

boylit.

myoides.

ce.—Tail but little longer than the body without the head ; bicolor.

Larger than the preceding. Hind feet long; exceeding .80. Tail shorter.
Above ashy gray, with a little yellowish brown on the sides. No dusky
CeCe Ste Beas b COte DELO WLC nantes ascncscusackalsaconssr'ecanvancn yess yceseueesreces
Hind feet very short; never exceeding .75, usually under .70. Color
above dusky brown, with a little yellowish on the lower part of the sides.
A distinct darker dorsal wash. Feet dusky except the toes ...........sse00s

B.—SoLkEs PERFECTLY NAKED.

Tail longer than head and body; scarcely lighter beneath. Size nearly of
half grown rat. Above sooty brown, passing into fulvous on the lower
RO ICO ace tend ae dances ant ceelca salecascadeasleSy adansa'engrerdsuseewncseer sys
Similar to preceding, except not half the size. Above grayish yellow,
ROALD BW AUEVOUN UALCIAL SURUPC! cevccvssdccvcceascccdacPocupnasscidenseeacevskneervastende

The remaining species of the Hesperomys group are:

Onychomys leucogaster.
Oryzomys palustris.

HESPEROMYS LEUCOPUS.

White-footed Mouse--Deer Mouse.

sonoriensis. .

michiganensis,

californicus,

eremicus.

Mus sylvaticus, var. ERXLEBEN, Syst. An. I, 1775, 390. (Referring to Pennant’s New York variety.)

Mus sylvaticus, var. noveboracensis, FiscuEr, Synopsis, 1829, 318.
Mus agrarius americanus, Kerr, Linnaeus, 1792, 231. (From Pennant.)
Musculus leucopus, Rarrvesque, Am. Month. Mag. III, 1818, 446.
Mus leucopus, DesMaREsT, Mamm. II, 1822, 307.
Hazan, F. Am. 1825, 151.
Grirritus, Cuv. V, 1827, 233.
Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 326.
Dexay, N, Y. Zool. I, 1842, 82; pl. xxiii, f. 1.
Aun. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 300; pl. xlvi.
Kennicorr, Agric. Rep. U. 8, Patent Office, 1856 (1857), 90; plate x.
Hesperomys leucopus, Leconte, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VI, 1852, 413.
Mus agrarius, GopMan, Am. N. H. II, 1828?
Linstry, Am. Jour. Sc. XLII, 1842, 351.
Mus noveboracensis, Senys Lonascuames, Etudes de Micromammalogie, 1839, 67.

? Hlesperomys maniculatus, Wacner, Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1843, u, 141.—In. 1845, m, 148.—Is. Abhand. K. B.

Akad. der Wissensch. V, m1, 1848, 316, (or Denkschriften, XXII.)

Arvicola emmonsti, DEKAY, in Emmons’ Rep. Quadrupeds of Mass. 1840, 61.
American fidd mouse, Pennant, Syn. 1771, No. 303.
? Field rat, Pennant, Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 302.—Is. Arctic Zool. I, 1784, 131.

? American wandering mouse, BARtoN, Phila. Med. & Surg. Journal, I, 1805, 31. (Notice of great migratory droves
on the north side of Lake Erie. May possibly refer to ZZ. myoides.)

460 U. 8. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Sp. Cx.—Young, dark slaty plumbeous. Adult, yellowish brown; most usually a broad and well defined dorsal wash of
darker. Tail pure white beneath. Tail nearly as long as head and body. Posterior tubercle of sole large, elongated.
Soles hairy for less than half their length. Ears with the edge only lighter. Maximum size of body, in the flesh, 3. 60;
hind feet, .75 to.85. Maximum of skull, 1. 05 inches; in one instance, 1. 07.

This animal is considerably larger than the common domestic mouse, the head and body
broader also in proportion. The more varied colors, longer and softer fur, larger ears and eyes,
and external appearance generally, give to it a much more attractive appearance than that
presented by the house mouse. In localities where the latter species has not yet penetrated, it
often takes up its abode in dwellings and out-buildings, infesting the premises and doing all
the petty mischief for which the other species is so well known.

The head of this animal is rather broad in proportion to its length. The muffle is entirely
hairy to the extremity, both above and below, the septum and region around the nostrils alone
‘being naked. The hair even extends in an obtuse angle a little way on to the septum, but not
reaching the level of the nostrils. The nostrils are elliptical, and partly visible from the side.
The septum is rather wide, with a single median separating furrow, which passes directly into
the deep fissure of the upper lip. This fissure extends as far as the nose, becoming more and
moreshallow. No traces of cheek pouches can be detected. The ears are large and rounded.
There is a long low antitragus, which, however, does not appear at all valvular, as in Jaculus
and perhaps feithredon. It is thinly coated with hairs on both sides, except around the
meatus. :

The thumb of the fore finger is a very rudimentary callosity, covered with a broad flat nail
exactly resembling that on the human hand. The third finger is longest; the fourth but little
shorter ; the second and fifth successively shorter still. The proportions of the hind toes are
much like those of the fingers ; the first toe is, however, longer, its claw not reaching quite to
the penultimate articulation of the second toe. The palms are naked, with five large nearly
equal tubercles, which nearly cover them ; the soles have six tubercles, ‘the anterior five quite
similar in size and position to those of the hands, the posterior single one placed a little
anterior to a point midway between the heel and the bases of the toes. The soles are covered
with short hairs from the heel to near the first tubercle. This character will always serve to
distinguish the white-footed mouse from the common domestic mouse, in which the entire under
surface of the sole is perfectly naked.

The tail is a little shorter than the head and body ; very rarely attaining the same size or
longer ; it is rounded, tapering to a rather blunt tip; its surface covered with whorls of scales,
between which spring short hairs, partially concealing them; the tail appearing considerably
more hairy than in the domestic mouse.

The colors of this animal vary very considerably with age. The most perfect pelage of the
fully adult specimens is of a light yellowish brown color on the back and sides; the middle
of the back, along a space about the width of the head between the ears, having a wash of
darker, owing to a predominance of blackish tips to the hairs; these tips are also seen on the
sides, but in less amount. In some specimens there is a faint indication of a lateral stripe of
quite bright rusty yellowish extending on to the cheeks. The under parts and insides of the
limbs, with the upper surfaces of the feet, are pure cottony white. The line of demarcation
between the colors of the belly and sides commences at the upper incisors, passes backward
under the eye, over the shoulders, and along the middle of the sides to the outer edge of the
hind legs. The outer surface of the hind legs, exclusive of the feet, is always colored like the

RODENTIA—MURINAE—HESPEROMYS LEUCOPUS. 461

back ; the outside of the arm is sometimes pure white below the shoulders, sometimes with a
dusky tinge, sometimes colored like the back nearly to the wrist. The under surface of the tail
is always conspicuously whiter than the upper.

Young specimens, again, differ considerably from the above description ; even after they have
attained their full size they may be of a plumbeous gray above, darker on the middle of the
back, sometimes with the faintest possible wash of brown on the sides. The under parts are
snowy white, but the plumbeous bases of the hairs show through, somewhat obscuring the
brilliancy of color in places. The boundaries of the colors are, however, the same as in the
adult, except that the outside of the fore leg down to the wrist is usually lead-colored. The
change of color generally begins on the lower part of the sides in the assumption of a more
yellowish tint, which gradually extends towards the middle of the back, the top of the head
and nape being the last to change. The extreme edge of the ear is usually whitish, more
conspicuous than in the adult.

The adult colors do not appear to be assumed for some time, perhaps several months or more.
I cannot establish any particular relationship between color and season, all the shades being
found in every month.

‘I have taken the white-footed mouse of Massachusetts as my type in describing the species on
account of the very large series of specimens on hand received from Mr. Jenks, and repre-
senting all the variations of age, sex and season. In comparing with these some skins from
Nova Scotia, probably identical with the Labrador species, called Hesperomys maniculatus by
Wagner, I find little, if any, appreciable difference. They appear rather smaller, the ears,
perhaps, a little larger, and the upper parts of the young havea grayish cast instead of a
plumbeous, somewhat as in the Upper Missouri species. The tail is, however, long, as in
H. leucopus, and the feet of the same character.

On examining the extensive table of measurements of the white-footed mouse it will be seen
that, as a general rule, the tails are always longer than the body, exclusive of the head,
generally a little less than the total length, in a very few instances about one-third of an inch
longer. The length of the hind foot also varies from .75 to .85, never less than the former in
full grown specimens ; the more usual length is .80. ,

Notwithstanding the similarity in external form between the white-footed mouse and the
house mouse, there are certain points of difference externally, in addition to the generic ones
derived from the skull and teeth. Thus the ears and eyes are considerably larger, the head
broader and more pointed, the feet and their toes longer, and the tubercles much larger; the
heel is hairy, instead of perfectly naked; the tail is more hairy; the strong contrast of the
white belly and feet and under surface of the tail are never seen in the house mouse.

_The resemblance between Mus sylvaticus of Europe and the present species is quite close,
although a simple examination of the skull and teeth will at once settle the question. The
4M. sylvaticus, in some of its varieties, is considerably larger, though not ustfally so; and, as
Audubon and Bachman very justly state, the colors are much less vivid, the tail and ears
shorter, the white of the under surface does not extend so high on the sides, and there is a
yellowish spot, edged with dusky on the breast, never seen in H. leucopus.

This species, for a long time, was considered to be the same as Dus sylvaticus of Europe, or
at best but a local variety ; as is now well known, however, they are not even of the same
genus.

The first applicable name is that of Rafinesque, and although nearly all the species published

462 U. 8. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

at the same time by him are palpably wilful fabrications, either of his own or of some one
imposing upon his credulity, the Musculus leucopus is sufficiently applicable to be retained.

Judging from the color and the extreme shortness of tail, I am inclined to believe that Rich-
ardson’s species is the Hesperomys sonoriensis, var. nebrascensis.

The Mus noveboracensis of Selys is an excellent description of the present species.

The Hesperomys maniculatus of Wagner is based on specimens from Labrador, which appear
to be the same as those from Halifax. Should these not be the same with H. leucopus, from
Middleboro’ and elsewhere, then the name will be retained ; otherwise it must be reduced to a
synonym. His comparisons were made chiefly with Richardson’s description of what I consider
to be a different species; and besides this, one strong point of distinction was supposed to be
the hairy heels of the new species, those of H. leucopus being erroneously supposed by him to
be naked.

The American wandering mouse of Barton refers probably either to this species or to the
H. myoides. The Mus leucopus of Thompson is a good description of H. myoides, his original
specimen and type being now No. 833 of the Smithsonian collection.

List of specimens.

aed i “s ene ase ret a
% Measurements.
2
z ne | 5 = g é —
E ELMS : Locality. When col- | Whence and howob- | Nature of | | Bde | Setahieeell om es 21s is
Bliss fo lected. tained. specimen. | S| 8 fsgiajoi/fl|els/2 1s 3
2 /fe| § Soles Slee lsisisisre
Swe Se 2iSilel|Fjeljel[sisislele
B/E | x 218/8iglslslP| P| Fls|s
S/S | a | Blelzlzilelelalalalels
1373 Dr. J. B. Gilpin Bkinjereere|esvelasse| tees BAS ie
2460 | vaccecdO ence cuce Be scl eee rai - solace
F358 | accacc{rcvees +. John Downes. Mounted ..jocscheovefoossjccce| vosfacesleusstensc}sass{ouan
QTAB | <cenes Hingham, Mass......-..+0+ T. M. Brewer........} In alcohol..| .53 -90]1.153.65]3.35/3.53 040}! 2) kel ene
895 | 1944 Middleboro’ Mass. J. W. P. Jenks.. mali 1,25,3.50)3.33 3.60] ..0.feees
893 | 1942 AoeuanlOuneewcsaeesss ++ {L.17:3.17]2.17)2.33}..0.feaea{l.
go1 | 1940 <3] U08'2175|9195| se.) ceeufedeclesce Meal
896 | 1945 .../1.08/3.00/2.50/2.60|...
897 | 1946 ../1.08:3.252.50}2. 66]...
753 | 1938 K Fh fcoc ae ident va «|lontchle tea awUCal tease CaRaAS tes eee ee ae lee a daa cota l occa eee teee | Meer sete ete eee
75 | 1926 Deveecactecal meeal tere liens sikleee
876 | 1927 callers |seealeece| saa
894 | 1943 2.932, 49/2,
878 | 1929 « oeac abt Oras HE
TASC) cna] senses S bart .ee.| Mar. 29, 1856 3,50/3.25
827 .| September...|.. '3,75|3.33
1105 November 9., «oe (4,50/3.40}....4.
1112 |.. veveloee |-secl4/9012.90].
2713 |.. .55| .95/1.16 3.55)2.83}....| .
2714 |.. .50| .92/1.143.41]....}....] «
Q715 .50) .90}L.143.13/3.25]....| .
Q716 | .50| .9U/L.14 3,30|3,00}....
2717 |.. .50} .91]1.14.3.35)3.15}....
2720 |... 50) .90]1.143.30)3.10)....] .34
2721 |.. 52} ,94]L.19 3.45)3.10)....] .40] .83}....)eeeel...
2722 |.. 51] .95]1.15,3.30}3.16)....] .36] .80/....]. veJeoee
2723 |.. .49| .86/1.12 3.00]3,00]....| .36] .78}eeeelesce|enes
2724 |.. .49 se|1.112.95 2.78... £38], 79] #«0u|seuutanee
2725 «| 50] .95]1.10'3,15/3,19]....] .38) .80}..../..../..
2726 .52} .94]1.153.50)3.21)....] 40] .78)...
2727 .54|L.02]1.193,45)3.38)....|.06.] 85

1 These measurements, as of all in the column, 895-827, were taken before skinning. The same specimen after being skinned measured to root of
tail 4.30; tail, 3.00; hind foot, .82.

Q777

RODENTIA—MURINAE—HESPEROMYS LEUCOPUS.

Locality.

Corresp’g No. of skulls.

-| Middleboro’, Mass.......+.

pe | Sex and age.

oceccssOrseceses

@ cceeAOre veces
JesdOse cccecee
ofeawe ceqeEQrsvccccercceaceces
tleceeceesdOreeeccesecessecees
ebedudssOOvencuceticces ences

dedalepeeCAQrccuiscibianuisiensees

s[eceeceeed Ore seve

eerecclanae nedQ.ccceeve
srececiliey An REE

Pre eee 00. cece sccece
Sere GrllanasnanullOscgec scorns seamen:
seeee | O |.Wethersfield, Con..........
seoeee|- coe) Nichols, N. Yiecesssccccces
woceceleeerl essen ccerAOsececerecccccssees
Suuaset=asslcseclecevOQuecvccenasneuvec'e
eeeees s}ovecevecdOsccccccsccecccens
seeeee|eee+] Sag Harbor, L.I......+
eececeleces| wove creed Ore sccccccccvens
seeeeeleees| West Philadelphia, Pa. ....
wavece|-ccclecevcesedOrsccces eosscveces
eovccsieso-| Mount Joy, Pascscce.secces
sevccs|ecee|scesceesQrscccces sesccsves

«} Carlisle, Pa.scccssscscceees
Clark county, Va...

woe eeecsAOs. consesscecs

Pembina, Minnesota........

1666 Q Fort Ripley, Minnesota.....
veseee| © | Racine, Wis .eccevesseecees
weseceleccelncccrcecOrccccccccecccscces
seceee pecesverdQsccccccnsvcveccans
useecs West Northfield, Ill........
deeee seveererdOrs cavecsccccecenes
teeee weceee ccAQsccccsccncnccccess
seecee|.oe-| Cleveland, Ohi0...scccceses
seeee [ove] Salem, Ohi0...coee coveeee
eeanen| cocfececceccAOrnucccesce-teccecs
wees: |eecs|ccccscccAOrscccccscescceccce

St. Louis, M0.... 006 sseeeee

sfeacersGOcveee

of ececerGOrece

o|eecce-CO-cecccccccvccccccse:

List of specimens.

Whence and how obtained.

“a aell 2 LAs |

Je We P. Jenks o.0. ossccvee

cececcesecs
vesccaewens
aincvseAQreccscccaccencioccess
coceecAQeccverscvccvce cecce

eovensdQseccccceccveceeucess

on0cesAOsscvecsccccceccccces

wees edOrecscecccccesecccees

Oa WHEE. ccccccoccgeceees
Be HOWE ll siicasenacs sivscees

veces sdOveseccccccevcceccces

evene dO.

see eeeeee

E. N. Byram

WWini Ss VWMO0d) cweccilescsiaccs
wegess(Oncienieusivavaasicces ss
Ta MtAU Gree wsielvivee pa welasichs
seanasOOrcocectcnccesccncces
Eis Mins AUG cnelon sow nine ss
Dr. Kennerly .
mee) sDQeean
conn elOcs
Gri Gavilechecccacissucsceas:
Dr. J. F. Head, U. 8S. A....
DEON: cfuisieinis sueuis)aviare ovine
A. ©. Barry.ceccscccscessns

caccesAQssceeveevccecceccens

R. Kennicott ....0. seccsces
eeeeeedOre cece
eoeeeeAQs. oe
Dr. Kirtland.
Judge Newton....ssssessees

seeeeeDOrs cecces eovencseess

ceeevedQrecccscccscccccscocs

Dr. Engelmann.......esee005

of weecAOse cece
SecshUisicods

»| oeeedOvee

Measurements.

463

Nature of
specimen.

Nose to eye.
| Nose to ear.

In alcohol.
sens QOscivais
00 cdOre cee
ee0eGOvecees
alee Ohta
ease lOcee scales
elcide U0 'elere oa
o0eedOre eens

epeleCOrsin=s
200eGO.. cone
ee eedOse cece
iiss 10se eaten
«+e O..
eoeedOvevees
o--d0.,
o00cdO.c cece
cee eDOvsenes
eo eedO.coeee

In alcohol.

Bans OOca aa .55 | .98

-do.. ..-| 08} .89
seen UOserie ae .50] .90
SEIN vecccslecsces|soees
In alcohol..|.sope+jeeves

51
+45

e00eGQreseee
on esOOs, ccsie
Rain Oem atea:
seneGOscicee.

Skin.
sa0eOQivannn
e0esdOreasen

3.45
3.42
3.25
3.39
3.36
3.55
3.08
2.95
3.05

3.25
3.01
2,92
3.50
3 55
3.25
2.97
3.62
2.70
3.43
3.40
3.25
2.94
3.25
3 00
3.32
2.92

3.30
3.26
3,25
3.50
3.05
3.10
3.34
2.70
2.61
2.90
2.90

3.08
3.20
3.04
2.46
2.90
2,24
2.85
2.67
2,98
2.60
2.83
2.50
2.84
2.65

2.90 | 2.20
3.06 | 2.40
3 03 | 2.46
3.07
3.32
2.70

3.05
3.30
3,10

we eeee

renee

weeeee
seeeee

2.93
2.75
3.06

seeeee
seeees
wees
se eeee
weeeee
aeeeee
weeeee
weeees
aeenee
seeeee
seeeee

se eeee weeeee

tenes

+36

a ae —
: rd “a =
Blaieie
E > = = 3 :
= 4 S Ss 5 & 3
i) = 3 o a °
° oe = =I w &
° = 5 = o o eo
S S =
=] = ° ° = 4 2
o © bes S 7 to ra
n a t= = i] = -—
So o s i) cy o oS
a a & & 4 4 =
+90 | 1,17 | 3.40 | 3,30 | 3.53 -&2

seeeee

+ |eeeeee

weeeee

48

weeeee

seers

464 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY,“ GENERAL REPORT.

HESPEROMYS TEXANUS, Woodhouse.

Hesperomys tecana, Woopuovse, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VI, Feb. 1853, 242.—Is. Sitgreaves’ Rep. Exp. Zuiii, &c.
1853, 48; pl. ii. Mammals.
Arvicola (Hesperomys) tecana, Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1854, 319.

Sp. Cu.—Size and proportitns about as in H. leucopus. Ears small; tail rather shorter than head and body. Color above,
reddish brown; brighter than in H. leucopus, and more like H. awreolus, but darker. No conspicuous wash of dusky on the
back. Feet, belly, and under surface of tail pure white. Outside of fore leg like the back?

I find it very difficult.to characterize this species as distinct from H. leucopus, although it is
very probable that the two are different. The proportions of the limbs are quite similar,
although the posterior tubercle of the sole appears smaller and further back. The sole is
densely hairy from the heel to this tubercle. The tail is rather shorter than the head and
body. ‘The ears are rather smaller than usual. The general color above and on the sides is a
reddish brown, brighter than in H. leucopus, or more like H. awreolus. The tint is quite
uniform throughout, there being no indication of darker on the back, as in the other. The
under parts and feet are pure snowy white, the tail decidedly bicolor. The young are of much
the same general plumbeous above as in H. leucopus.

From the list of references it will be seen that the species at present is only recorded as found
in the lower parts of Texas and along the Rio Grande to El Paso.

List of specimens.

T

a Measurements.

=
ae Jelslel¢|
2|% : | el2/2leioi.
E S é Locality. When col- | Whence and how| 2 | Naturcof| . | — he q l= 's|2| B/S | Collected by—
Fl] pw | & lected. obtained. 3 |specimen.| 2/3 |S) S}si/s/e\= a |%
B| = |= 3 S/S) F/e sleds ls)s ls
s| 2/5 £ sjelelelelelslalale
5/6 (3 So 2 (24/4 (4/5 fF lajai Ale
2559} .ceescleses| Western Texas. cccss-|socsees +... Capt. L. Sitgreaves)..../Skin in al.| .50 Bal 1: .35) .78 -| Dr. Woodhouse.
2654) ...008 «+++| Fort Bliss, N. Mexico.|....++ eeeees Dr. 8. W. Crawford vooelIn alcohol.| .50 -38) 82
7145] 1127 |....] El Paso, Texas.....cslececcevevess \Col. J.D. Graham.|.... Skin ..... eee |
1736}... O | Western Texas.....c.|ecceessecess(Capt. POpe s seeees eels wAO-stentel deee ctualeees [ce edl st
1734}..600. © | Waco Tanks, N. Mex.| Oct. 3, 1855 |....d0.ssseeeeeee.| 143.0. s005 soul oo] vous eneees oe
44>) 1582 fol Pecos to Rio Grande..|....1853....|Cpt. A. W.Whipple!....|..d0...... ive ..| Dr. Kennerly...
1037) 2217 |....| Turkey Creek, Texas.| Nov., 1854 Major Emory..... wtve(Motinted .|cccc faces | eal owee|aeue|secelecice| seek LO) cOutes pain GOs. cacese
1038} ..cccsleces|ove esAOscvcvcccieeeess weet Oueistece seeeOOtsupatevedee se. Inalcohol.| .43] . avec Ges ieeeen
579) 1702 |....| Chaco Escondido, Mex| Mar., 1853 |Lt. D. N. Couch...|.... Skin...... sees os Secces

1802 |....| Brownsville, Texas...|....+.++++..|Capt. Van Vliet.../.... Skull..... word / Usesee tecee

os Ree wk Ae eh hs i te

HESPEROMYS GAMBELI, Baird.

Se. Cu.—Very similar to H. leucopus in size and proportions. Feet perhaps shorter. Ears larger. Tail generally less than
head and body, sometimes a very little longer. Above, yellowish brown, much mixed with dusky, but without a distinct broad
wash of darker on the back. The entire outside of the fore leg below the shoulder, white? ,

Body stout, with long fur. ars very large, thinly coated with short hairs; the antitragus
distinct. Fore feet rather large, hind feet small. Tail shorter than the body, scarcely reaching
beyond the ears when bent over; the hairs only slightly elongated at the tip. One specimen
(369) with 24 caudal vertebree.

RODENTIA—MURINAE—HESPEROMYS GAMBELII. 465

Oolor.—Above, mixed glossy brown and yellowish brown, the former predominating on the
back. Sides but little paler. Ears dusky. The white of the fore leg extending as far as the
elbow. Under parts and feet white. Tail white, dusky above; the difference of color very
evident.

Several specimens of Hesperomys were caught at Posa Creek by Dr. Heermann, differing in
some respects from the others brought in from the west by exploring parties. As they appear
not quite grown, I hesitate about describing them as new, and, for the present, at least, prefer
to place them under H. gambelit.

This species differs from H. boylii in the much shorter tail and less number of caudal verte-
bree, more villose ears, with longer fur at their inner base on the top of the head, shorter hind
feet, &e.

This species, in size and general appearance, represents very closely the Hesperomys leucopus of
the eastern States to such a degree, in fact, that as yet I have not found any easily expressed
characters to distinguish them. There is the same plumbeous hue in the young, the yellowish
brown of the back, &c. Ido not find, however, a tendency to a distinct darker stripe on the
middle of the back, as in H. leucopus, and the general appearance of a series of each is quite
different. It is barely possible that my H. austerus may be a northern variety of the common
Californian species, of smaller size and darker color, somewhat like the gray and smaller H.
leucopus of Nova Scotia, and probably Labrador. The differences, however, are considerable,
and further materials will be necessary to decide the question.

List of specimens.

= Measurements.
x | Ss =
z\s : 3 slelelelelals
EI = Locality. When col- Whence and how | Nature of asl se = ta Nes 5 £ Si & Bs Collected by—
ey alice lected. obtained. Z |specimen| >|S)/S ies jerlslcolelel/2iez
& fo = calbonlie lioness leepieoe ite cans
S a 5 ee | ee Wes Ge Wecinere [ied eet St lc
gs |: ‘© 2)/8)el/e|sle)\PlBl Pisce
6/8 6 zleiz|2/@|8/3)8)a/ 5 |e |
663 |1844) Nachess Pass, Cascade) July 1,1854 | Gov. I. I. Stevens..|....| Skin..... seee|eees|eeee|d.00/2,85/3.00 7 .65, Dr. J. G.Cooper.
mountains, W. T.
78101 /2012) Astoria, O. T.........|eeeee coos | Lit. Trowbridge o.00|s0c-|oeerDOr.ss|eccslevcs|aeve its
?998 |2224) Fort Dalles, O. T..... Feb., 1855..| Dr. Geo. Suckley...} 42 |....d0....|s+0.Jee+ -
1262 |....| Klamath lake, O.T.:.|.....0eeeees Lt. Williamson ....|....| Mounted.|....|..+.|.++
2561 |....| Petaluma, Cal... cecceccncees E. Samuels......e./eeee Inale...| .
2562 |. -.do
2563 |... ..do
2564 |... «do
2565 |. «do
2566 |.... ceclec nego [Neen Grass
2567 |....| Tomales bay, Cal..... woceescecnes ° weee|seeeGQ....) «
RIGS |. onclecsescecDQsccccscccnec(eces coscser do.
QSED |... Jerre cece AOnecceee ee aee00ce a.
QTD JoccelecsevecedOs. savcccccelooes sees us| copy Oss
284 |....| San Francisco, Cal,,.| Winter.... Sens} SEAMS. 555 sone] same) alefaiin
368 |1282) Monterey, Cal........|/.sceeseveees Lt. Trowbridge....|....| Mounted.|....|... |....
369 |1283)........d0...... eesvcelece bwccclecs| veer secs do..... + encelecce|seecDQre.
A76 1601) Posa creek, Cal. . 5 | .00sd0s... Jove eee
ATT | ccccleeccces ADrscccrcnvces|scccccsccccs:|sececces dO. seccces 4 | oneedO.e.Jocee|.cocleoes ae wad |boee
478 1002 |-aeereeedOe wesevsrreeleoreeeeveens secceser GOs secccece 7 |nsetGOs.s0loves vewe|een|daes|ccce|aans

1 Possibly H. boylii.

59 L

466 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

HESPEROMYS AUSTERUS, Baird.
Hesperomys austerus, Batrp, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VII, April, 1855, 336.

Sp. Cu.—Fur very full and soft; rather smaller than ZZ. leucopus; feet larger ip proportion.

Young, dark slaty plumbeous. Adult, almost sooty brown, slightly pervaded by yellowish brown on the cheeks and
lower part of sides, the dusky of the sides extending, even in the adult, to the wrist; both feet above and under parts
white; tail well haired, as long as head and body, lower half white.

This species is of rather small size and of darker color than any of the North American
species, except H. michiganensis, from which it may always be distinguished by the longer tail
and hind feet.

There are no distinguishing peculiarities in the character of the head. The feet are large,
the tubercles of the soles also larger than in H, leucopus, the posterior one elongated ; the soles
are hairy from the heel to the posterior tubercle, the anterior end of which is just half way be-
tween the heel and the ends of the balls of the toes. The thumb is not so rudimentary as in
the H. leucopus, and covered by a pretty large nail.

As far as can be judged, the tail is rather shorter than the head and body, not very stout at
the base.

The fur of this species is very dense and full, more so than in almost any other species. The
prevailing color above is a smoky brown, with a faint grayish yellow tinge on the cheeks and
sides, rather more vivid on the former. The colors of the back and sides, however, extend
down to the very wrist. The feet and under half of the tail, with the under parts generally,
are quite pure white. The tail is well coated with hairs, so as to conceal the annuli, The
ears are large, brown, with the edges grayish white, in decided contrast.

The young are of a nearly uniform dark slaty plumbeous above and on the sides, without a
dorsal stripe of darker. This color also extends plainly down to the wrist.

As already stated, the longer feet and tail distinguish this species from H. michiganensis of
Illinois. Neither is there any dusky spot on either fore or hind feet. The dark colors of the
back are mixed uniformly, shading imperceptibly on the sides, instead of forming a distinct
broad dorsal stripe.

Compared with the Upper Missouri species the color is much darker and the tail con-
siderably longer. Hesperomys leucopus is much larger and has not the sooty tinge; its tail,
also, is rather shorter.

Two specimens of Hesperomys (2577, 2578) in alcohol, from Steilacoom, exhibit some quite
peculiar features among the genus, and very probably constitute an undescribed species. I shall
not, however, venture to name them, as the material is not sufficient for a full and satisfactory
description. They have much the appearance of the domestic mouse, but are really Hesperomys.
A striking peculiarity is seen in the extreme brevity of the hind foot, which in 2578 measures
but .70 of an inch. The tubercles are all much larger than in the other Hesperomys ; the feet
broader ; the digits shorter and more nearly equal. The sole is densely hairy to the first
tubercle. The tail is about as long as head and body ; scantily haired, without concealing the
annuli, and but little lighter below than above; the colors in very slight contrast. The back
appears to be dark brownish, the belly and feet yellowish white. One of the specimens is a
suckling female. .

The Hesperomys austerus has thus far only been found in the eastern part of Washington
Territory.

RODENTIA—MURINAE—HESPEROMYS NUTTALLI. 467

List of specimens.

r
a4) Measurements.
= 4 | | Wess lt walt ase lees
s |%5 : Slee lese lus
2 : | 5 2/2) oP
E |. Locality. - When col- | Whence andhow | 2 | Natureof| || |S] |/s|% Els = | Collected by—
a co | Sp lected. obtained. 5 | specimen.| 2 |S /S/a/sl/e/2/4/2
s Sas 5 }Fisfol/Syjeisi sis ]s
= |e| z |2b& S/S!) soles eth a
3 /3|6 oa elololo|/=|*| a] a] &
Beh e.| i = $/8/s|s|/B|2/s|5] 5
& |S |a | S zi/zl2l2)ele/a};a\4
29 +) Spokan Plain, W. T../Oct. 31, 1853, Gov. I. I. Stevens..| 11 | Skin..... sleoee 3,002. 80)3.00)....|....|...-| Dr. J. G. Cooper.
1964)....|....| Steilacoom, W. T....|Mar. 15,1856] Dr. Suckley.......| 86 |...-do...... seeeleeee|eeee|3+00/3,40/3,.50}....] .
363) 1277 seeeeseeeees selecceleceslee alee
364 +«/3.00/2.85)2.90) ..
365 3.10)....|2.50
916, 1.00)/2.75)3.08)3.25)....) .
2576 1.18]... |3.20)....| .48) .
22577 1,02/2.67/2.76)....| .33) .72
|
?2578) 1,20/3,10)3.20},...| .34) .
72579) -86)/1.80/1.38)....) .27) .
22580 -83)1,85/1.50)....| 28) .
|

HESPEROMYS NUTTALLI.
Red Mouse.

Arvicola nuttalli, Hartan, Monthly American Journal, April, 1832, 446.—Is. Med. & Phys. Res. 1835, 55; plate.

Mus (Calomys) aureolus, Aup. & Bacu. J. A. N. Sc. Phila. VIL, um, 1842, 302.—Is. N. Am. Quad. II, 1851, 303;
pl. xev.

Hesperomys aureolus, WAGNER, Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1843, 11, 51.

Sp. Cu.—Size and proportion of H, leucopus. General color bright’yellowish cinnamon ; darker on the lower part of the
back, Ears cinnamon. Feet and under portion of the tail white ; on the latter, however, not sharply defined ; belly reddish
_ white, tinged with cinnamon, the line of demarcation quite indistinct ; the outside of fore leg colored to the wrist.

This species is about the size of the H. leucopus, which it otherwise resembles very closely.
The head, however, appears shorter and considerably broader. The feet are short, the tubercles
large and much crowded together; more so than in H. leucopus; the tubercles themselves consid-
erably larger, the toes shorter. The soles are densely covered with very short hairs, shorter
and more velvety than in H. leucopus. The tail is cylindrical and about as long as the head
and body ; it is covered closely with short hairs.

The upper parts and sides of this species are of a bright reddish yellow, a light yellowish
cinnamon will perhaps best express the tint; or in some cases yellowish rusty ; the lower part
of the back and rump darkened by black tips to the hairs, but without forming a distinct dorsal
stripe. The color is brightest on the sides of the shoulders, and extends all the way to the
wrist ; the cheeks are only less bright than the shoulders. The ears are cinnamon; both
membrane and hairs being of this color. The feet are white above, as is the inferior half of
the tail; the under parts generally are of a yellowish white, strongly tinged in places with
cinnamon. There is nothing of the sharp line of division of the colors of the belly and sides
seen in H. leucopus. The cheeks are cinnamon almost to the edge of the upper lip, involving
appreciably more of the face than in H. leucopus.

468 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

I have already referred to some of the differences between this species and H. leucopus. They
may always be distinguished by the bright cinnamon color of nuttalli, and especially by the
cinnamon ears; in the other species, though there is an approximation to the bright colors of
the back, the ears are always dusky brown, with or without a hoary edging. The under parts,
too, of nuttalli are never pure white, but yellowish cinnamon, with the line separating the
colors of sides and belly indistinct.

The skull of this species differs from that of H. leucopus in the broader muzzle, and a greater
width of the space between the pterygoid processes. The notch at the posterior portion of the
bony palate is thus considerably wider. t

It is with very decided regret that I am impelled, by a strict regard for the law of priority,
to change the expressive name of awreolus, hitherto applied exclusively to this species, for the
less meaning one of nuttalli. There can, however, be little, if any, doubt that the species
described by Harlan, in 1832, belongs to the present animal. It could belong only to one of
two species, awreolus of Audubon and Bachman, or leucopus. The description refers to the
fawn color of the upper parts, the whitish of the lower, (not sharply defined white as in Jewcopus,)
and concludes by remarking the very striking similarity in color to the Gerbillus canadensis.
This comparison would not apply at all to ZH. leucopus, although very suitable to the other.
The figure, moreover, is quite a good representation of the color and size of the species, and
indicating very appreciably the cinnamon ears, the indistinct line of demarcation of the colors
of back and sides of body and tail, and the extension of the reddish of the sides to the wrist
joint.

The use of Arvicola as the generic term for this animal is quite in accordance with Harlan’s
views of the genera of North American Rodents, Sigmodon and Neotoma, as well as the Oryzo-
mys palustris, being all placed in the same genus.

List of specimens.

& | Measurements.
Balle Tee
= é . Locality. Whence and how ob- Nature of EK oe e = g aa
a 4 So tained. specimen. S 5 3] =| S Ss 2 = = 3
el eetl ltrs SS ap Set ete Seg Be eae
g\2s S| Se Se lo
o o |a a Zz Zz za & & & x n i]
? 966 |....| Carlisle, Pa... sscooees S. F. Baird............ Skull........ Pe Gene esi PMs me fd) HLA 1.00 Jeccecs
?548 | 1667 |....| Falls of Schuylkill, Pa.) J. H. Richard.......... BED crcsjeens nia sone uiaisial festre «5 Stl ames SOO oceania’ 1.05 |escccs
981 | 2023 |....| Society Hill, S. C....., Rev. M. A. Curtis &sons|,..do......... {iohSea banede] cocker | ebeWanlwenosuiupeee dies: eehiaseuate LoUd Joddeas
QSL |awsesslecccloccecs dO... cc ceee cccevclecece dO.. cevececcceeces dO. cove sccclcscerelecccndlccccssleccces|evcces|evecce|soccee|scsces|secses|eseess
652 | 1805 |....| Charleston, 8. C.......0|sse005 dO. pcccsccceccvece weeOrsecccccelccccasleccnce|vecce [escecslccvver(coccce|scces [ocvus: |¥eeteu|eummnle
653 | 1806 |....Jsecee- Ov. ccccvecccesces Dr. J. MOrrow...... cece |sesdO.ceeeceee |svecccleccses|cccesc|eccevclescecs|cccccclescces|coosedieus « |seecee
32 947 |....| Kemper county, Miss ..| D. C. Lloyd........se0s eee AGseusajsess| bqoceh|| anes eaeeceleccese) vocues|nsscenltscpeslecesss 1,01 |occoss
1580 | 2416 | @ | Knoxville, Tenn........ Prof. J, B. Mitchell ....]...dO.cceessss[eoecec|covecs 1.17 | 2.83 | 3.00 | 3.08 |......Jeeeeee 1.05 |eceeee
QTI2A. |vccccslecee|eccce. Ode sccans welesisccclooccea GO. secccrccocceee
511 | 1646 | © | St. Louis,Mo.........+ Dr. Engelmann
700 | 1863 | © |eeeee. Udine xnuiescanens'y| on’ une GOsccovececses pace
Cairo, Ill coccvevcescecs R. Kennicott .
Columbus, Georgia....| Dr, Gesner...... esses

RODENTIA—MURINAE—HESPEROMYS COGNATUS. 469

HESPEROMYS GOSSYPINUS, Leconte.

Cotton Mouse.
Hesperomys gossypinus, Leconte, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VI, Oct. 1853, 411.
Hypudaeus gossypinus, Leconte, M. Murtries Cuvier, I. 1831. App. (No. desc.)

Sp. Cu.—Larger than ZH. leucopus. Tail considerably shorter than the head and body; above, rusty yellowish brown,
brightest on cheeks, a dorsal wash of darker. - Beneath, ashy white. ‘Tail scarcely, if at all, lighter below than above. .
Hind foot from heel .90.

In size this animal considerably exceeds the specimen described of H. cognatus, though the
essential characters appear thesame. The ears are large and thin; higher than broad; entirely
dusky. The upper parts are of rather a rusty yellowish brown, the median portion of the back
darker. The under parts are dull ashy white; the feet are grayish white. The tail is brown
above, passing beneath into a dark ashy brown, little, and in one specimen not at all, different
from the upper part. The dull brownish rusty on the cheek is more clear than elsewhere.

I am hardly satisfied that this animal is different from the smaller H. cognatus, as the
difference in size is no greater than is to be seen in series of Hesperomys from more
northern localities. The tail is still duskier beneath than in H. cognatus, and the sides more
rusty ; otherwise, I can realize only the larger size. Should both prove to be the same, the
name H. gossypinus must, of course, take precedence.

There is every reason to consider this mouse as specifically distinct from H. leucopus of the
north ; although skins, when much stretched, (as Nos. 1105, 1112, from Middleboro’, Massa-
chusetts,) of the latter, may measure as much as those recorded here, yet they are certainly
actually smaller, as shown by the feet, which never attain anything of the length of .45 for
the anterior and .90 for the posterior.

List of specimens.

Measurements.
= “2 z
5 = = 2 :
2 Bolg | a Nee
g Locality. Whence and how obtained. Nature of 3S 5 = =
5 specimen. | 3 Zs 3 = 7 s
3S = 5 by Ss 6 =
3 = s s & € =
g z = = 2 e :
3. I Ci =
5 z & 5 g z a
SEMMPMICEHDIO’, Caeacslcsececcapecsss scceceuy Major J. Leconte .....cccccccecces Skin ...... 4.56 2.65 | 2.70 45 -90 .60
1361 | South Carolina...........ccee.ssseecees William Cooper .............eeeee« Oss. sas | 4.00 2.35) |e 2A la emees D0 |. citease
{

HESPEROMYS COGNATUS, Leconte.
? Hesperomys polionotus, WAGNER, Wiegmann’s Archiv. 1843, 1, 52. (Georgia.)
Fesperomys cognatus, Leconte, Pr. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sciences, VII, Dec, 1855, 442.
Sp. Co.—Smaller than H. leucopus. Tail considerably shorter than head and body. Young, slaty plumbeous. Adult,

yellowish brown, with a dorsal wash of darker. Under parts and feet soiled white or light ashy. Under surface of tail,
ash gray, not conspicuously different from the dorsal color. Ears without hoary edging.

This species is a very near relative of the Hesperomys leucopus of the north, but differs by
quite appreciable characters. In size it is considerably inferior to the last mentioned species,

470. U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

though resembling it in form. The ears are large and very thin, scantily covered with short
hairs, so as to appear almost naked. Their color is a uniform dusky, without any white
edging. The fore feet appear rather longer in proportion than usual. The hinder are, however,
quite long, and their soles are covered with hair from the heel to near the first tubercle, which
is elongated, as in H. leucopus. The thumb is more developed than in ZH, leucopus, with a
larger nail.

The colors of this animal are somewhat like those of H. leucopus, but duller. The upper
parts are of a yellowish brown, darkened along the back by a preponderance of black tips to
the hairs. The under parts and feet are of a soiled white, (in one specimen light ash colored.)
The tail above is brownish ; beneath, it is ashy gray, without the strong contrast of color seen
in the ZH. leucopus.

Young specimens from Mississippi have the same lead-colored tinge as seen in immature
HT, leucopus.

The principal points of difference from H. leucopus have already been adverted to, consisting
in the uniformly dusky ears and less purity of white beneath. The lack of contrast between
the colors of the upper and under surfaces of the tail is also a striking feature. All these
characteristics, if not specific, indicate a very decided and easily recognised variety.

The Hesperomys polionotus of Wagner, in all probability, refers to this same species, especially
if the only small Hesperomys in Georgia be the subject of the present article.! The description
speaks of the small size, the whitish, not white, belly, and the ungrooved incisors. By the
omission to speak decidedly in regard to the color of the tail, we may conclude that this is not
bicolor. Still, as there is an uncertainty in the case, it may be well to retain Major Leconte’s
name, until the question can be more definitely settled.

Last of specimens.

]
a Measurements.
4 z | t= = . ee ee
elas ERED
2/5 S|} psi) oe) OSS
5 S SG Locality. | Whence and how Nature of : & : fe 5 2 = = g
5 7 =p obtained. specimen.| §&, =| = = = ms & a a 2
2 po =o a 2 ° = = = = 5 5 Ge
= | & |e 2 3 i} 2 = 3 3 = 3 3
= 2 = | ) © 2 © Ea = Ep Bo & =
3 H » a 2 DR oA =) | a a a =
3 o oul o ° So ° ° ij a ° 7) 3° o
5) Oo |m a a a A et I n Hn 4 i=}
2810 |...... sess! Tarboro’, N. C..s.seeeeee J. L. Bridger .... 2.00 In alcohol.. -73 | 1.17 | 2.94 | 2.05 | 2.19 32 73 | eeceee 48
-| Hillsboro’, N. C... -| Rev. M. A. Curtis...... SKIn ...0 22] eeececleccce:lecvece 3-00 | 2.35 |...0e. -35 | .75 | 1.00 45
«| Society Hill, S. C......se)esceee dO... veccvcvecscoes
Oxford, Miss. 02.000 ssusee Col. Wailes
Washington, Miss........ sees dO... seacece
daceecos GO. cecccccvsccens levcceeGOs. ccs cene
.| Columbus, Georgia...... Dr. Gesner....
-| New Orleans .......ee00s | Se Wardenvicssvccssesee Pe

+ Measured before skinning.

1 The description is as follows: ‘‘ Supra flavido—plumbeus ; subtus, pedibusque albidis ;_auriculis mediocribus ; dentibus
primoribus integris ; cauda pilosa, abbreviata,’’ Body, 2;4 inches; tail, 14%; ears, 74; hind feet, yy. Hab, Georgia.

RODENTIA—MURINAE—HESPEROMYS BOYLII. A7]

HESPEROMYS BOYLII, Baird.

Long-tailed Mouse.

Hesperomys boylii, Barrp, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VII, April, 1855, 335,

Sr. Cu.—Body stout. Ears very large, with very scant hairs, appearing almost naked. Tail stout, considerably longer
than the body, with long hairs at the end, (and 32 vertebra?) Above, mixed brown and yellowish brown; paler on the
sides. The outside of fore leg colored to near the wrist.

This species is rather larger than H. leucopus, and is quite distinctly marked in other respects
among the North American Hesperomys. The head is broad, and the snout quite acute and
pointed ; the whiskers longer than the head. The ears are very large, and appear naked on
both surfaces, especially the exterior, but a close examination shows them to be thinly coated
with a very fine short pile; the antitragus is almost obsolete. The tail is cylindrical, and con-
siderably longer than the body ; the hairs are moderately close, and slightly elongated towards
the tip. The feet are moderate, the hinder ones rather long. The under surface of the metatarsi
is thinly coated with short hairs. The fur is everywhere full and soft, and the general bulk
greater than in most other species.

The upper parts are of a mixed glossy brown and pale yellowish brown, the former predomi-
nating on the back and thighs, the latter on the sides, still brighter on the outside of the fore
leg and the side of the head. The lower parts and feet are white, the fore feet, with a brownish
tinge; the color of the sides reaches nearly to the carpus. The white of the sides is
bordered above by a suffusion of reddish buff, which melts insensibly into the color of the upper
parts. The outside of the fore leg is colored nearly to the wrist. The tail is white, with the
upper side dusky, though the line of separation of the two is not as distinct as in some species.

The specimen upon which this species was founded was collected by Dr. C. C. Boyle, in Eldorado
county, California, on the middle fork of the American river. It had 32 caudal vertebrae, while
a specimen from Monterey, of H. californicus, had but 24. It is the very appreciably greater
length of the tail that distinguishes the two species at first sight.

A specimen from Shoalwater Bay, collected by Dr. Cooper, has the tail still longer than the
preceding.

List of specimens.

Measurements.
= |
* | is a 4 S >
2|3 Rm fom =e Ie = (ee
E 5 : Locality. Whence and how obtained. | Natureof | & 5 % £ = 2 2
o ® 3 os oI
5 2.2 specimen. | 3 | 3 | Ge comallrseelt geo ee 2
=|2|z cals. Wee colsaclta (eee he
hg cal ae BP lice ole Silt Sealactinbrey |lolbee,
= = x 2 an | = =] = = as
os i} o c i) | ) 3 2 eo 2 i=]
o ee a 4 | | & 4 4 | a
eer ae | | ere
356 | 1270 |...... Middle Fork, Am. riv., Cal... | Dr. C. C. Boyle..........++++ | Mounted... 1.25 | 5.25 3.80 | 4.08) .31/ .85 1.09 -60
| |
578") 1701} Q | Shoalwater bay, W. T....... Dr. J. G. Cooper....scsc.veee | Skin....... 1.08 | 3.08 | 4.08 | 4.17 |...... BO Mat erates
COU SSAA enc ARtOMA Osi sans saes'ssleane e's Lt. Trowhridge.....+..seeeee |..do ajoes clan} w e.a'ninia | 4.00 | 3.65 | 3.80 }...... BBA) leases agence

1 These measurements were taken before skinning. The dried specimen measures to root of tail 3.40; the tail to end of hairs 4.05.
* Possibly H. californicus.

472, U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY~—GENERAL REPORT.

HESPEROMYS MYOIDES.

Hamster Mouse.

Cricetus myoides, GAPPER, Zool. Jour. V, 1830, 204; tab, x.
? Mus leucopus, ''Hompson, Nat. Hist. Vt. Appendix, 1853, 13.
? Hesperomys gracilis, Lecontg, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VII, Dec. 1855, 442.

Sp. Cu.—Size of H. leucopus or larger. Tail vertebra generally .25 of an inch longer than head and body, with a decided
pencil at the end. Jaws with moderate cheek pouches. Color above, cinnamon brown, lined with dusky ; ears and upper
part of tail, similar. Under parts and feet, pure white, the color extending over the whole fore leg. Immature speci-
mens fuscous, much as in H. leucopus.

My attention was first called to this species by noticing that all the white-footed mice from
near Burlington, Vermont, had much longer tails in proportion than those from Middleboro’,
Massachusetts. It then occurred to me to see if the former were in any way related to the
Cricetus myoides of Gapper, and, much to my astonishment, I found decided indications of
cheek pouches in all the alcoholic specimens examined. I then investigated a considerable
number of Middleboro’ specimens, and in none could I detect the slightest indication of
anything of the kind.

These pouches are not very deep in the alcoholic specimens, as might naturally be expected
from the highly contractile character of their walls. In fresh specimens, according to Gapper,
they extend to the ear ; here, however, they only reach back as far as the posterior edge of the
eye, or about .30 of an inch from the edge of the mouth. They open on each side of the fleshy
palate, between the incisors and the molars, and pass obliquely backwards. The walls ‘are
thickened and corrugated, probably by immersion in alcohol; naked, or with a scattered hair
here and there. In the bottom of one were a few bits of a blackish substance.

In external appearance there is very little to distinguish this species from H. leucopus from
Middleboro’. The ears are very similar, except, perhaps, a little narrower and higher,
and less rounded above. The antitragus is long and quite well developed. The nose and feet
are precisely similar, except, perhaps, that the tubercles of H. myoides are larger. The tail
only is generally longer than the head and body instead of being shorter. It has also a long
pencil of hairs at the tip.

I fear I shall find it quite difficult to define this species so that it will be recognized without
anatomical examination. The colors, however, differ in some points from those of H. lewcopus,
resembling more those of H. aureolus. I have never seen so vivid a yellowish brown in
H. leucopus as pervades the upper parts of H. myoides. There is more or less of a dusky band
along the back, not so conspicuous, perhaps, as in H. leucopus. In the only two adult or red
colored specimens before me the membrane of the ear and the upper part of the tail, instead of
being fuscous brown, are yellowish or cinnamon, a feature not seen inthe other. In the more
plumbeous or grayish young, however, this character is inappreciable. The entire under parts
of body and tail and the feet are snowy white, the line of demarcation passing high up on the
sides, leaving the whole outside of the fore leg white.

More immature specimens, instead of the yellowish brown, are more fuscous, as in the

H. leucopus, the dusky color extending even to the wrist.

As far as I can discern there is nothing whatever in the skull and teeth of this species in
any way different from that of Hesperomys leucopus. It bears no resemblance to that of
Cricetus, and as the only common character lies in the mutual possession of cheek pouches, it

RODENTIA —MURINAE—HESPEROMYS MYOIDES., 473

will not be proper to place the species in this genus. Unaccompanied by any other features of
external form or internal structure, the presence or absence of a cavity in the mouth can
scarcely be looked on as other than specific characteristics merely.

The description and figures by Dr. Gapper, in the Zoological Journal, agree very well with
the specimens before me. He speaks of the species as abundant in the district of Upper Canada
between York and Lake Simcoe. The tail of his specimen measures 3} inches; the body,
(probably stretched,) 33. ;

For an excellent specimen of this species the Institution is indebted to the Montreal Natural
History Society.

In another specimen, 2776, from Waterville, New York, referable probably to the same
species, I found the cheeks crammed with large seeds, and on cutting them open could see that
the latter occupied a pouch of considerable size. It is possible, indeed, that this specimen
(immature) may not belong to the H. myoides ; if so, we must conclude that in the ability to
distend the cheeks very much, even temporarily, the H. leucopus approaches very closely to the
H, myoides, and this diminishes still more the propriety of placing the latter in a distinct
genus. It is quite possible that others of our species may have cheek pouches more or less
developed. ;

The Hesperomys gracilis of Major Leconte, from Ohio, agrees very well in length of tail with
this species, and otherwise resembles one of the Burlington specimens. It is, however, in the
dried specimen, impossible to ascertain whether cheek pouches were ever present or not. The
tail vertebree measure 3.60 inches, 3.70 with the hairs; the body (stretched) is about 3.70.
The hind feet, .85. In the length of tail, so much greater than what is usual in H. leucopus,
I have little hesitation in referring it to the H. myoides. The specimen came from Michigan
or northern Ohio.

List of specimens.

Measurements.

Nature of
specimen.

Locality. Whence and how
obtained.

Original number.

Catalogue number.
| Sex and age.
| Nose to eye.
| Nose to ear.

Nose to tail,

Tail to end of hairs. |
| Length of fore foot. |
| Length of hind foot.
| Height of ear.

: | Oorresp’g No. of skull.
2 | Tail to end of vert. |

ys a
. ose to occip.
9 p

.| La Prairie, near Montreal, | Montreal N. H. Society} 46 | Mounted..| .60 |...... 4.20 | 3.76 | 4.16 |..... | 85 67
Canada.
833%) ....0+/+...| Burlington, Vt. .......06+ | Prof. Z. Thompson ....
713123
13133
Q741 |...
2742 |...
2743
Q744 |...
2745.
2746 |...
2776

+ Measured after being mounted.
* Original of Thompson’s description of Mus leucopus.
® Measured before skinning.

60 L

474 U. Ss. P. R, R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY GENERAL REPORT.

HESPEROMYS SONORIENSIS, Leconte.

Tlesperomys sonoriensis, Leconte, Pr. A. N. Sci. Phila. VI, October, 1853, 413. (Sonora.)
Arvicola (Hesperomys) sonoriensis, Aup. & Bacn. N. Am. Quad. III, 1854, 296, (from Leconte.)
? Mus leucopus, Ricu. Zool Jour. III, 1828,—Is. F. B. Am. I, 1829, 142.

Sp. Cu.—Young, light ashy gray; adult, with a tinge of yellowish brown ; in neither is there any dorsal stripe. Tail
scarcely longer than the body, exclusive of the head. Posterior tubercle of sole small, rounded, far forward. Soles hairy
for half their length. Tail white, except a narrow line above of dusky. Lars large, with long hairs; one-half of the ear
hoary, in strong contrast with the dusky of the remaining portion.

This species has the general characters of the white-footed mouse of the eastern States; and
it is only after the comparison of extensive series that I have been able to detect differences
which, though slight, are so constant and of such a character as to appear something more than
a mere local variation. JI shall, however, be obliged to indicate the differences rather by com-
parison than as absolute characters.

The hands, feet, and tail are considerably stouter than in eastern white-footed mice; the
second finger is longer. The tubercles of the soles are smaller, especially the hinder one, which
is a simple, small rounded cone, instead of an elongated eminence. This, too, is situated con-
siderably more forward, its base anteriorly being about half way from the heel to the end of the
balls of the toes, instead of less. The soles are more hairy, too, the hairs covering fully half
the sole from heel to balls of toes, or as far as the posterior tubercle.

The tail is very thick and quite short in its proportions, scarcely longer than the body,
exclusive of the head. It is unusually thick and densely hairy, so as to conceal the annuli
and junction of the vertebra, even in the dried specimen. ;

The distribution of color in this animal is much as in the Hesperomys leucopus. The tints,
however, are considerably different. Most specimens are of an ash gray, finely lined with black,
nearly uniform all over the whole back, without forming a dorsal band. The under parts, with
the feet, are very pure white. The hairs on the concavity of the ears are unusually long and
of a hoary gray; the margin of the back of the ear is also of this color, forming a strong
contrast to the dark brown of the remaining portion. In Hesperomys leucopus the hairs are
shorter, with little or none of the hoary. The colors of the tail are in a very strong contrast,
the dorsal dusky being quite intense and much more restricted than in the other species,
occupying scarcely one-third of the entire circumference, instead of nearly one-half.

In some specimens there isa slight tinge of yellowish in the ash gray of the upper parts.
This is, however, not so vivid as in the other species. I have seen no specimens of a dark slate
color. The specimens of Hesperomys, upon which the preceding description has been based, are
from the upper Missouri.

RODENTIA—MURINAE—HESPEROMYS SONORIENSIS. A75

Although I have not the slightest doubt that this species is distinct from H. leucopus, I have
been unable to decide whether it is different or not from the mouse from Sonora, characterized
as H. sonoriensis by Major Leconte from specimen 146 of the Smithsonian collection. This was,
however, not quite mature, and more perfect specimens, collected by Dr. Henry at Fort Thorn,
enable me to give the peculiarities of the animal with more precision, as follows:

Sp. Cu.—Size larger than IZ leucopus. Body stout. Ears very large, rather densely coated with long appressed hoary
hairs. Tail much shorter than the body or about two-thirds this length. 'Tarsi short. Above, mixed gray, lead color and
yellowish brown, without any reddish tints whatever.

Size larger than that of the typical Mus leucopus of the east. Fur soft and short. Body
very stout and full. Ears very large and broad, the outer surface covered with depressed hairs
on their posterior half. Tail unusually short. scarcely reaching to the occiput when bent over
the back ; the vertebree very stout and tapering rapidly to the tip. Hind feet rather short.

The prevailing color above is a mixed gray, dark brown, and pale yellowish brown; the
dark brown predominating on the back, the gray on the sides. The single hairs on the back
are dark lead color, with a light grayish end terminated by very faint yellowish brown. On
the sides the gray is very distinct, becoming obsolete towards the back. In fact, there is a
decided hoary tinge above. The under parts of the body, the feet, including the entire fore
arm, and the tail, except a dusky surface above, white. The extreme tip of the tail is formed
by white hairs. The ears are dusky, becoming hoary towards their margin on both surfaces.

The young of this species, after immersion in alcohol, are of a rather dark slate color above
and on the sides.

It will thus be seen that the general characteristics are very similar, proportions, coloration,
&c., the only differences now appreciable being in the considerably larger size of the skins of
the Sonora and New Mexican animals. Though this would give some color to a distinction of
species, I do not feel authorized to impose a new name without further data, especially as the
regions inhabited by the H. sonoriensis are, zoologically, very much the same with the Upper
Missouri. It is quite possible, too, that if the largest of the Missouri specimens catalogued
had been skinned when fresh, and then somewhat stretched in stuffing, they would have been
little inferior in size to those from Fort Thorn.

The Mus leucopus of Richardson appears to be the same with the H. sonoriensis, and if all the
other specimens quoted below are the same, it will indicate a very extensive range, from Sonora
along the Rocky Mountains and Black Hills to the Saskatchewan, or even further north

476 U. 8S. P. R. R, EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

= | Measurements.

. e | ~ _—— = = ci

o = one on eee

2 4 | le) glelele

E ee! . , 2 | JF /ealeo/sle 5

ES} Sie Locality. When col- | Whence and how | Nature of AS = a ecaal Ses tee ~ | & | Collected by—
3 a Sp lected. obtained. specimen. | >| 3/8/38) 2/3 | S e\s oe

lal z efels)|e] 2 | sie cals poole
= o | a olole|a |2)3 | m/e] Sle

= = * fa | er ee] en |g | eee Ae tee eee

co o 2 S i) So i) o a|o o oe o
LS) 16) R 2\/4/2/4/8 |eixal/al{als
204 | 1175 |....0. St. Mary’s, R. Mts..,.} Oct. 1, 1853) Gov. I. I. Stevens...) SKin.....4.)-+00)eee+) eee |.nas| coee|-wns|sesc|oveel enacts nal DInGuNaeklams

eeeees| Milk river,Neb......| AUg.21,°53|........d0......++++| In alcohol .|....|.«.-|. shen) ser|eceeloeesleees|eeee|enee cocseedQcavees
fdo:. fuse seeee.| Aug., 1855) Dr. F. V. Hayden..|....do......| .57/1-00)1.153.282.70)....) .35) .79)s+4.) 000.) seeee
BECO: ney ces esee| -osd0seara:| -59|1.10)1.173.402.60)....| .35) .80). sae
Osc ser ee hi eses dase : -50| .93/1.133.052.16]....| .35] .65).... Brbscattboote
-58) 91 1.173 00'2.50}....| .40) .85).. Dr.F.V.Hayden
-52| -90|L-13/3:00}9519})....|.00.] .80). <5) -cnelessapekiiuenaan
47] .80) .92}2.302.03}....)..0.] .65]...-|eeee|sccceeOvccees
50} .95)/1.15)3,18.2.93)....] 138) 75] .. -|evee|sesseeAOsoevee
-59)! 00/1. 17)3.12:2.40]....| 40) 84) ...}0000| -oseeedOucencs

+50) .95/1.15}3.10.2.46)....| 40) .74)..0.]..0.]eeceeeDO.oeees

QSAT | .eceesloce mie'ni| sure =tsiste Ors ctepia rire aw sorxeUOniee oil's

eeeeee
aeeeeeeens +50) .90)1.05/2. 75/225}... .BO) «78).000)-.-eleeceesAOrcsces
Sac neoed 50 -80/1.07)2.65 2.00)... -A0) .77|.. aneecl® cuncu

-55/1.00/1.163 002.50}... .45] .
-53]1.00)1.13'3.00)2.40)....] .40) .
-51) .90/1,15}2.66)2.58)....| .37] .

seccesDOevceee

s0ceesdOvscene

ewelvetee sees secslenac{accs|ucce|coee|sccslecesoves|ogsconUOvraens
ilaleiareie! Sanne ce al herr) acd eee) Bacal Bead parc! Foor Je auliteg ao cnecflOxceses
Aug. 6,°56 dase] sciss{x0v} eae s{'e cine Bee seid teed esos oc! ime ln sas
Aug.16, 756 Panes | sen vecslecce|ssccleous|ecce|ecseesQnecsce
«| July 28, °56 A sae (seis secsleaceleces|eoee|scee|eeesesdQscceee

Aug.16,756 |........ woes U0 pecan
obs AO reece
See COneerey

deuv el Ownaaae

ghan...|....

sees|eeneecdOseeces

TLR Bsc | (Ge | Esee asact bnssedtineooae [seston coveen| yaaa GOs. veediacon|anusascareas)| sees |asmni ls QO snee|seeeee€Oseeece
1927 |....--|..+--.| North Platte river....| Aug.21,°56| Lt. F. T. Bryan....| In alcohol.| .45 .73)}1.00)2.40\....|..0. +35] .73)..06/e06-| W.S. Wood.
DORB iH ccccn stab cis site Medicine Bow river..| Aug. 7,756 |........O..e..eeeee|.+++GOe. eee) $50) .87/1.09/2.60:2 20)....| 135) .73)...-).00.| secre AO. evens
1932 |......| ...-.| Engelmann Creek of | Oct. 13,56 |......6.dO..eseseeee[eeeGOseeeee| +45] 75) .95/2.19]1 G5)... .)0000| .70}saceleoes|eeveesAOseeeee
| Rep Fork.
Used Rosary Coro ROSer rrr. Ue nase mericey Meee cy
144 | 1196 |......) Santa Cruz, Sonora..
SSG NEES Soesien|| (eeeie'sa Oss cece eeeees
UES R Span) Coicocren Usp aaa. acsonl loacae

ve 6) |s06s cee >| nena LcO4l sci funs sa eOmemen
5 .| J. H. Clark..
++++|3,25 1,932.00 228) 275). cowl eos] ceuesOnaaeue

seine cee eAOre cccececclces AO. cave falc |lnsivia| wiswe| wees

Col. J. D. Graham.

nis sell dois anole (Os s\0cidis\wnas fese’e

ceeeleceeleeweleeee|enee|seeeleeeeeedOrevees

9 A209) sees cal Panoetlex.s/.ceecel scstantensne ameweneedO.tuceer act soos eens Per) Rl | a FB a | el
542 |.. 2.:|-.-e0s] Fort Thorn,N.'M...:|.-..ceesec|| DroT./O. Henry...2| ‘Skin'......| 50} /...|0...13.75)2 25].222|) 39) 75] -coa}) GD ceeaemeeeaaene
BAB "| snes: |b 2 ee0s|lennniseosUOssnscainveania|eecessneseas|sovelecesG0)s avenieeus|eserQOrcecesleees|cnsa|eens{.0}2.2Mlenee]se0]//0 26) nasi ance enc atae cane
BAN Fo aes | asecae| ce entensed0ssvevs,ce cs vel Coeeten Sears | aeenecesdOrsuasascce| FecedQeuacesfecas| saus| wes sfSUBUD O5]-celesocl emilee | <0 ae

SAS | vecsesloovecs|voseseesdQsece

sees

eee [de27) 21D). ...) e000! 80) .000)e

HESPEROMYS MICHIGANENSIS.

Prairie Mouse.

Mus michiganensis, Aup. & Bacu. J. A. N. Se. Phil. VIII, 1, 1842, 304.—Is. N. Am. Quad. III, 1854, 326.
Hesperomys michiganensis, Wacner, Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1843, mu, 51.
? Mus bairdii, Hoy & Kennicorr, Agricultural Report U.S. Patent Office for 1856, (1857,) 92; pl. xi.

Sp. Cu.—Smaller than H, leucopus; ears and feet much smaller and shorter. Above, blackish brown; crown of the head
almost black; sides of the adult with an intermixture of grayish yellow brown; a district dorsal wash of darker; beneath»
snowy white. Upper surface of fore and hind feet dusky to the base of the toes. Tail white beneath. Maximum length of
head and body, usually 3.00; tail one inch to half an inch shorter; hind foot seldom exceeding 0.70; never 0.75.

RODENTIA—MURINAE—HESPEROMYS MICHIGANENSIS. 477

This is, perhaps, the smallest species of Hesperomys found within the limits of the United
States, and possesses certain characters by which it may be readily distinguished from its allies.
The ears and feet are smaller than in H. leucopus, the latter conspicuously so; the tubercles of
the soles are large; the posterior, however, small and conical, its anterior base posterior to a
point half-way from the heel to the balls of the toes. The soles are densely coated with hair
from the heel to the posterior tubercles.

The shortness of the hind foot is seen in the approximation of the tubercles of the soles ;
thus the posterior tubercle is as near to the first anterior on the inner edge as to the first outer,
while in H. leucopus it is considerably nearer to the first outer.

The tail is short and conical, rather thick at the base; it is but little longer than the body
alone—considerably shorter than the head and body together. It is well coated with short
hairs, concealing the annuli.

The prevailing color of this species is a dark brown, sometimes almost black in young speci-
mens, always with a distinct stripe of darker, about the width of the head, along the middle
of the back. In old specimens there is usually a mixture of yellowish brown on the sides, but
the tint is never so conspicuous as in H. leucopus. The cheeks often show a rather brighter
shade of the same. The ears are dark brown. The dusky of the sides extends beyond the
wrist, usually as far as the bases of the fingers; the upper part of the hind feet is also dusky
to the toes. The under parts are generally snowy white, the color strongly defined against
that of the sides; the tail is dusky above and white beneath. In some specimens the plumbeous
base of the fur shows through the white tips, so as to impart an ashy tint.

This species is at once distinguishable from the H. leucopus by the much darker color at all
ages, the shorter ears and hind feet, and the dusky surfaces of the feet. The dusky specimens of
HI, leucopus are without the broad central wash of darker. The shade of color is much like the
dark varieties of H. austerus, but in this species there is not the distinct line of darker on the
back ; the feet are snowy white ; the ears and hind feet much larger.

Mr. Kennicott distinguishes a Mus bairdii from the M. michiganensis by the strong contrast
of color between the belly and sides in the former, as compared with the more ashy color
beneath, and indistinct separating line in the latter. In the specimens before me are two of
larger size than the majority of short dusky-footed ones, and having the characters indicated as
belonging to MZ. michiganensis, but Iam not able to appreciate any other differences; and the
same features are observable in some of the smaller ones. Still, I have much confidence in the
judgment of so able a naturalist as Mr. Kennicott, supported as he is by Dr. Hoy. The MW.
michiganensis is said to inhabit open woods near Racine, and not to be found at West Northfield,
which is strictly prairie in its character. For the present, however, I shall consider them the
same.}

1 Since writing the preceding article, I have received a note from Dr. Hoy, in which he says: ‘‘I consider the difference
between the oak opening deer mouse (michiganensis) and the prairie deer mouse (bairdii) to consist mainly in the more
uniform color, longer tail and larger head of the former, giving to it the look more of the common house mouse than the
latter. The bairdii has a black stripe on the back ; the white belly is separated from the yellowish fawn color of the sides
by a distinct line of demarcation.’’

“One thing is certain—we find one species in the openings, while the other is confined to the prairie ; so far, at least, as
I have observed.”

Ii is quite possible, after all, that none of the specimens before me belong to the H. michiganensis, as restricted by Messrs.
Hoy and Kennicott.

478 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. ANUD SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

| Measurements.
g | 2 | g/£l3|s
= S = S\/e/Sle]e
5 6 5 Locality. When col- | Whence and how ob- Nature of B).is/s | z = g
a gs 5 lected. tained. specimen. S g 3 FI zis , a2 s
= a b=] rey eee fect eae = Se |e 2 e|\e
a 7 =] \elelelelcolo|s sie
Zg/Ele gle\2|elalsl|PlEIFIS
s 5 Ep ° o o o s i] = co o o
SM FOU ae | 2|4|4|4|/8)/&|4iaja le
989 Racine, Wisconsin....... eecelocecle seceleeeeleeeeleeerlevenleeerlenee
25531 .50} .83)1,04]3.00)2.17/2.33] .42) .70] .97) .44
REBT |eescenlasncns|essancGO, cneusiacissioees cess 48) .80)1.00)3.18)2,22),...| .34) .74)....| .40
Pv acbe leases! Fadssa) Msadacd Msaaapacstopssoecos 45) .85).. 30) .70)....| .50
72669 ene cceeccceences 44) .85).. 30) .68). 43
650 field, Ill....«+| April 18,1855 RB. Kennicolt ....ceep4 || SEil«.00s000|\s000] 0-000] os00)| sane] esanl cmos] Uene ieee ae
739 Be Ree ery Ser bard > Se) o--
2756 2.70/1.70)....| .35) .68)....| .44
2757 3.03}1.92/2.02) .30) .70)....| .48
2758 2,95/2.02)....| .30) .68) AS
2759 3.20/2.25/2.33} .35) .70}....| .48
2760 2-94). 33)2.45 32) .71 48
2761 2.85)/2,20/2.37| .30) .68 46
. 2763 3.43/2,55/2.72| .36) .70)....] .55
2764 2.92/2.05)....| .30} .65)....| .50
2765 3.20/2,192.35| .35) .75)....| .48
2766 8/2.90 2.08)2.26 +30) .65)....| .48
2771 3.322. 182.32) 232] «10 eecclenee
782 wleccalsccclecesleccelsceclecenleces
645? 8.00}1.64)2.00).... Bed ce Meee
646° 2.93]1.93/2.00]....]..02|eeesleoee
701° abl Goh eee Pe | Poe

1 Measured before skinning, Fore arm, .55; from elbow to end of claws, .90; longest fore and hind claws, each, .06; from knee joint to end of
claws, 1.42; tibia, .83; mamme 4 abdominal, two pectoral.
2 Measured before skinning.

HESPEROMYS CALIFORNICUS.
Mus californicus, Gampet, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. IV, August, 1848, 78, (Monterey.)

Sp. Cu.—Very large. Size of third grown rat. Lars very long, angular. ‘Tail rather longer than body. Color above,
sooty brown, passing on the sides to fulvous. Under parts white, tinged with fulvous and ashy. Feet white. Tail
brown, a littler darker on the dorsal line. Soles entirely naked.

This is one of the largest, if not the largest, of the North American Hesperomys, with the
exception of the H. palustris of Georgia. The ears are enormously large, in this respect cer-
tainly exceeding any other species; they are considerably higher than broad, and, instead of
being rounded uniformly at the tips, are cut at nearly a right angle with the corners rounded.
They are uniformely coated with short white hairs, which do not form a fringe, as on Neotoma.

The hind feet have the soles naked from the heel. The tail is considerably longer than the
body, very thick and stout, as in the rats. The fur is very soft and full.

The middle of the back of this species is a mixed black and grayish plumbeous, the former
greatly predominating ; towards the sides there is less black, and light brownish yellow makes
its appearance, forming quite a conspicuous stripe on the lower part of the sides, less distinct
on the cheeks. The dusky extends to the wrist and heel, though the upper surfaces of the feet
are entirely white. The under parts are dull whitish, strongly tinged in places with fulvous,

RODENTIA—MURINAE—HESPEROMYS EREMICUS, 479

especially between the arms, while the chin and throat have a more grayish aspect. The tail
is brown, only a little darker along the median line.

This animal is more than twice the size of the naked heeled species from Fort Yuma, and is
much darker throughout, though in many respects quite similar.

This species inhabits nests of Neotoma fuscipes, in Santa Clara valley, composed of sticks,
twigs, and leaves, and forming a large mass. On setting fire to these nests, both species rush
out together. The precise character of the domestic relations of the two animals is not known.
At first the Hesperomys was taken by Dr. Cooper to be the young of the Neotoma, but an
examination clearly revealed the generic peculiarities of each. The feet of the mouse are
longer in proportion, especially the toes, and more naked ; the tubercles smaller, and the ears
larger and differently constituted.

There is little doubt that this is the species briefly indicated by Dr. Gambel in 1848, as no
other on the west coast presents anything like the size of body, tail, and ears. It is somewhat
to be regretted that the very appropriate name of parasiticus, selected by Dr. Cooper to express
the habits of the animal, as mentioned above, could not be retained. Dr. Gambel’s specimen
was taken at Monterey, which thus extends somewhat the known range of the species.

List of specimens.

Measurements. |
z 7a Cd ae

3 |: ¢ | & 6 =)

Sls Op ssh eis ea oar ales

E 6 C Locality. When Whenceandhow| & : te es 2 e & = s Remarks.

& 2 | & collected. obtained. 3 EI 2 is & 3 a a | 6

9 wo | © 3 3s = = i we Ss |

5 = [lcs S eC) o x a a a Sete

2| 3/64 o/o/2/2/e]h.| |] 3/8

eee. | 3 By ieee ee ae WP ee fe sete (te fe

Oo |S |a ey We Mist EP) cet Si | eso |] ee
LISG |occcee G | Santa Clara, Cal...) Nov. 1855 | Dr. J. G. Cooper.| 1.35 | 4.60 | 4.75 | 4.80 | .52| 1.05 |....../eeeeee «75, Dry skin 2... cscece
DLSG) mn eiee Seca Maree GO. cceccccccs|snne Ovisisssduvenes 1 Ontaininlamiaiaiets 1.25 | 4.50) | 4.75. | evens! evenes 1.08 |..esesleeeee ....| Before skinning....
1157 | 2039 | © |...... GO. ccocscrscer [aces GOs. cscelsecees Os. ccsrccee|ocecee ZA cacnc Subd. Bleconue 1.003} 1.11 | .56 |....| Dry skin ....s.s00.
L157 |ecceee vecelveccce CO... ccccecelocee dO.. vecclcccece Owe cece vecelreccce 4SS0) | 400) |e secen|lewscins|(esceni|ecislee| cnn ay Before skinning....

HESPEROMYS EREMICUS, Baird.

Desert Mouse.

Sp. Cu.—Size of ZZ. leucopus, or less; ears, very large; tail, considerably longer than the body ; fingers and toes, short ;
color above, grayish yellowish ; a pale fulvous band on cheek and sides; tail, scarcely lighter beneath ; feet, and under parts,
snowy white. Soles entirely naked.

This species is at once characterized among the smaller American species by having the soles
entirely naked from the heel, and covered with a pavement of granular scales. In other respects
the feet resemble those of Hesperomys leucopus quite closely, except that the middle toes of the
hind feet are shorter, the fifth claw reaching to the base of the fourth, instead of falling a little
short of it. The posterior tubercle is smaller and rounder than in this species, and its anterior
edge is posterior to a point midway between the heels and balls of the toes. The next anterior
tubercle (or the outer edge) is smaller, and much less than in H. leucopus. The fore feet exhibit
the same brevity of the fingers. The feet, generally, are more like Neotoma than Hesperomys.
The ears are very large, longer than broad, not quite as much rounded at the tip as in H.

480 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENEKAL REPORT.

leucopus ; they are thin, membranous, and sparsely clothed with scant hairs. The tail is very
long, considerably exceeding the body; it is more finely annulated than in H. leucopus, and
covered with hairs, which, however, do not conceal the annuli.

The hair of this species is quite long, though not particularly soft. The upper parts are of a
light grayish yellow, finely lined by the black tips of the hairs; the cheeks and lower part of
sides with rather a distinct stripe of light ochrey yellow. The under parts and the feet are
pure white; the tail is uniform in color, or, at most, a little lighter beneath, the line of sepa-
ration entirely inappreciable. :

The colors of this species are more yellow, and much lighter, in every way, than in H.
leucopus. It is much smaller and lighter colored than H.°californicus, in which we have
similar characters of naked soles, very long and unicolor tail, &c.

List of specimens.

Measurements.

Seal 3 = i a Exaa) See es

adi ona #/£is)2

a s a 2

E ites a Locality. When Whence and how Nature of . 9 3 Sa es = g Collected by—

Se ey collected. obtained. specimen. | 2] 8] 8 |! | Sales

= tp o o eo ° =] | = =) S| S +

Ege lies ie Ph Persie Paci ere fae eae pees =A bess

Ss 7 = = J - = [-} S = s =

= 2S ] o o o ROA AS to | & | ‘ep

= | Belts s é/6|/6)|6 E a|s|5/\%s

o | 5 la zi2l2/42lelel/a]/a/s
| | eS ae ee SS aa | | | — |e
1581 | 2416 | @ | Fort Yuma, Cal......] 1853......... Maj. G.H.Thomas. Skin ...... coor |ooe{L.08/3.17-4,08/4.25)....] -76 ....| aeeene eesenceece
ROLE wissen) ase n]avsce's GO. cevecccvcess o1GOs. voe.sceleveveces do.....s0c0| Imiale..... 48 +95/1.07 Rae BakOl cece} 00). G0) <GD) voce mn\cmemnnieaen
SRI) acecaleee-| <a ces gts Me «toare ont Sdor,.s cueecles sacs dbsspeaser etsy dois acs .42| ,85)1.00}2.583.14)....| .30) .80 .66|.......0000+ ae
1334 | Colorado bottom, Cal. | Feb. 24, 1855 | Maj. W. H. Emory. Skin..... aeleweh fe }

1835) | Gcocie|eindg) pencur dhoonpapseisaes Ef tehoney Cilhga| ce ceeas dO... us oats sen lac dOssieweans Ben CeOAl

13S6 | veeeee cece |seeees Ovecenvre veces NeOnr clan dO... }aecsceee dO.sceeveces ve Oss cccccsjever|oaes |

| \ {

HESPEROMYS (ONYCHOMYS) LEUCOGASTER.

Missouri Mouse,

Hypudaeus leucogaster, Prinz Max. Reise in das innere Nord-Amerika, II, 1841, 99. (Fort Clark.)
Mus Missouriensis, Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad, II, 1851, 327; pl. c.

Sr. Cu.—Color above, grayish brown, passing into yellowish red, and finally into a stripe of fulvous on the sides. Feet,
including outer surface of the fore arm and under surface of the body and tail, white. For generic characters see page 458.

This species, in some respects, bears a resemblance to Arvicola, especially in the short tail,
and rather short ears ; it is in general appearance, however, nearer to the ordinary white-footed
mice. Still, in many respects, there is a striking difference from both, to be hereafter
referred to.

The head is proportioned much as in Hesperomys leucopus, though with a broader muzzle ; the
muzzle is entirely hairy, except on the septum; there is rather more hair than in H. leucopus.
The lip is cleft nearly to the septum. The eyes are large, the whiskers long, and white and
black. The ears are small, about two-thirds the height, and half the area of H. leucopus. The
antitragus is low and very slightly valvular, less so than in H. leucopus. The membrane is
rather thick, the surfaces of the ear well coated with short hairs, longest on the convexity, and
nearly naked around and anterior to the meatus,

The most conspicuous feature of this mouse is in the peculiar proportions of the limbs. The

RODENTIA—MURINAE —HESPEROMYS LEUCOGASTER. 48]

anterior of these are larger, the posterior smaller in proportion than usual, the fore feet are
very strong, and appear quite fossorial. The fore arm is as long or even longer than the
hind foot from the heel, instead, as in H. leucopus, of being appreciably shorter. The fore feet
are not appreciably different from those of H. leucopus, except that they are much larger, the
toes longer, and the claws fully twice the length of the hinder ones; the tubercles are similar.
The hind feet are short in proportion to the anterior ; the first claw does not reach beyond
the base of the adjacent toe; there are but four tubercles, as far as I can ascertain, the two
posterior in Hesperomys leucopus not being represented at all. The sole is very densely hairy
from the heel to these tubercles, or for nearly two-thirds the length of the foot; this hairiness
more extended and much more dense than in H. leucopus, the tubercles themselves appear quite
similar in size.

The tail is short, about twice the length of the hind feet, and contained two and a half times
in the head and body. It is thick at base, quadrate, and tapers rapidly to an attenuated tip ;
it is very closely covered with shortish hairs, pressed flat to the surface.

The fur is rather long and full; it is, however, soft and fine like that of H. leucopus, or even
finer, and without any of the rough appearance of Arvicola and Sigmodon. The general color
of this species above is a grayish brown, finely lined with black ; this color predominating on
the buck. Towards the sides there is an infusion first of reddish and then of yellowish brown,
until finally, on the lower part of the sides, is seen quite a distinct band of fulvous, The entire
under parts, the feet, and outside of the fore leg, with the lower half of the tail, are white, in
the alcoholic specimen, with a yellowish tinge.

In the following table I give the measurements of some parts of this animal, (from a specimen
in alcohol, 2549,) compared- with a large H. leucopus, (2732,) to illustrate the differences in
proportion :

INOSe tolocciputtas seas seneceosconeee eee 1, 25 1. 26
Toot of taileys=2- Sse 3.2 34S ees 4.10 3.55

iO Nga See ae 5 ia el ae Sa 46 60
Waa OXGe OTe aaa ate ot ema aaa ee 1. 65 3. 05
hairs ss5-25 acssacenc cs wtesecee-ssss5cs 1.70 3.15
(OK erent yore er ae ee a ee er re 82 | 66
Hen deen oe Sone eana retake hee le toon 55 44
Longest finger and claw.---.-.---.----.-----=- . 34 . 25
Lisi claweas. sess sae kee ane . 20 - 06
HNemure so oseawe ae aos tosoee wees coat aoe ee . 85 80
Mibiays = £05 00S = ee SS eee SS 1.05 1. 05
Band foots o52 + aannesees oo a eee se 85 87
ibongest toeiand Claw=.-- 2-6 saan eee ae . 30 . 30
iteeliws alone) a2 oe a Sane ae 14 - 07

To show the peculiar proportions of this mouse, I need scarcely do more than to refer to the
preceding table.

In external appearance this mouse bears quite a close resemblance to an Arvicola, so much
80, indeed, as to have been described by Prince Maximilian, several years before Audubon and
Bachman, as Hypudaeus leucogaster. His specimen was taken at the Mandan village, where it

61L

482 U. 8S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

was said to be abundant in the prairie. That of Audubon and Bachman was found near Fort
Union.

List of specimens.

Measurements.

Whence and how | Nature of
obtained. specimen. | From tip of nose to—

Locality. | Length of--

Catalogue number.
Corresponding num-
ber of skull.

Tail to end
of verteb.

Fore ft.) Hind ft.

ile When collected.

] ]
Eye.| Ear. Occip.| Tail.
| |

_
oc
i)
=

880 Bijoux hills, Neb., near Mo. river...) 1855 | Dr. F. V. Hayden,.| Skin ...... |...
2549 |......| Vermilion prairie, near MO. river...|}..00.-|secccscccsacescncees Alcohol ...| .60

|
|
|
J 38s,

1.07) 1.25 | 4.00
| |

HESPEROMYS (ORYZOMYS) PALUSTRIS.
Rice-field Mouse.

Mus palustris, Harwan, Sill. Am. Jour. Sc. XX XI, Jan. 1837, 386, (Fast Land, near Salem, N. J.)
Isis, 1840, 178.
Hesperomys palustris, WaGNeR, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 543.
Leconte, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VI, 1853, 410.
Arvicola oryzivora, Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 214; plate exliv, fig. 3

Sp. Cu.—Color above mixed black and pale brownish ash, sometimes with a tinge of yellowish brown on the sides;
beneath ashy white without any distinct separating line. Tail dusky, scarcely lighter beneath. Feet whitish. For generic
characters see page 458.

This species is quite different in appearance from the ordinary species of Hesperomys, as found
in the United States, and indeed would be taken rather for an Arvicola or Sigmodon than anything
else. In size it exceeds any North American species, unless that from Santa Clara, California,
be an exception. The ears are unusually short for the genus, in the dried skin, scarcely projecting
beyond the skin, although distinctly visible from the side; they are rather higher than broad
in life, but nearly orbicular in the skin, the edge completely rounded without any angle.
The antitragus is rather lower and less distinct than in H. leucopus. The ear has much the
appearance of Arvicola in respect to its hairs, which are long and coarse instead of being short
and velvet-like, as in H. leucopus. A peculiarity of this group is seen in the existence of a
patch on the concavity of the ear of longer hairs than elsewhere, a short distance from the
naked area around the meatus.

The eyes in this species are small, appreciably less than in H. leucopus. There is a peculiar
appendage to the lower internal corner of the nostril, in the shape of a cartilaginous pad,
indented by two furrows which meet below, enclosing an elongated depressed eminence. The
axes of these eminences of opposite sides would, if produced, meet on the lower border of the
nose ; in fact, the pads themselves are very nearly in contact. Something similar is seen in H.
leucopus, but it is much less conspicuous. The upper lip is cleft or acutely emarginate to the
base of the incisor ; the furrow, continued thence to the nose, is shallower than in H. leucopus,
and does not permit as great a separation of the parts, causing the lip to appear less deeply
cleft.

The feet present many striking peculiarities, among which is the complete nakedness of the
sole from the extremity of the heel. There are six tubercles, the posterior one very long and
narrow, as in Mus, measuring 0.15 of an inch in one specimen, or more than one-seventh

RODENTIA—MURINAE—HESPEROMYS PALUSTRIS. 483

the whole foot. This is situated near the inner edge of the sole, and so far back that its anterior
extremity is scarcely more than half way from the heel to the bases of the toes. There are two
tubercles at the bases of the second, third, and fourth toes, and one each at the bases of the first
and fifth. The sixth tubercle, a little anterior and exterior to the posterior one, is so small as
to be scarcely appreciable. The space posterior to and immediately alongside of the posterior
tubercle is perfectly smooth, without granulation; the rest of the sole is covered nearly
uniformly with rather coarse small rounded granular tubercles, which extend a short distance
along the bases of the toes, which beyond this are transversely furrowed. The normal tubercles
(except the posterior) are all so small as to be with some difficulty appreciable in the surrounding
granulation. The hind feet themselves are quite long, and set obliquely on the leg, as in the
muskrat and some other aquatic rodents; the toes are elongated; the third is longest; the
fourth scarcely shorter; the second but little less; the first claw reaches to the base of the
second toe; the fifth claw to the penultimate articulation of the fourth toe; the longest toe is
considerably more than half the distance from heel to base of the toes; there is a decided though
slight web at the bases of the toes.

The fingers of the fore feet are quite long, the tubercles small, as in the hind feet. The
thumb is rudimentary, enveloped by a broad nail; the claws are shorter than those of the hind
foot.

The tail is nearly or quite as long as the head and body ; it is formed much as in the common
Norway rat, the hairs, though moderately long, not concealing the annuli.

In general appearance this animal is very similar to a half grown Norway rat, for which, at
first sight, it would be taken by most persons. The fur, though rigid and coarse, as in Sigmo-
don, is lustrous and rather compact. Above, it is of a mixed black and pale brownish ash,
much darkened along the back by the great preponderance of black tipped or black hairs,
grayer on the sides, the colors passing, without any very decided line of separation, into the
ashy white of the belly. This white is of no great width, amounting, perhaps, to one-third the
entire circumference of the body. The upper part of the tail is dusky brown ; the lower half is
ash gray ; the upper surfaces of the feet are whitish, the hairs very lustrous.

Specimens vary in a greater amount of yellowish brown on the sides, and with a purer white
on the belly and feet, and a lighter shade on the under surface of the tail.

As already stated, this species differs very greatly from Hesperomys in the much smaller ears,
more rigid and coarse hair, and differently constituted feet. These have the hind toes longer,
the soles entirely naked, instead of partly hairy, and the posterior tubercle greatly elongated.
The tubercles are much smaller, but the granulations between them are much larger. The
outer toe is much longer than in Sigmodon, reaching to the middle of the second toe instead of
extending but little beyond its base. In Sigmodon hispidus, too, the plantar tubercles are
larger, and the granulation does not extend beyond the bases of the toes.

Compared with young ‘specimens of Mus decumanus of the same size of body, the head is
much shorter, the ears are much thinner and more membranous; there is a distinct antitragus,
(wanting in 1, decumanus.) The feet are much more delicate, though of much the same length;
the sides of the heel are more hairy, and the granulations under the anterior half of the meta-
tarsus are entirely wanting in the Norway rat, its sole being throughout perfectly smooth.

Specimens of this animal from western Georgia are appreciably larger than those from the
coast, but I am unable to discern any other difference. A female from Columbus has four pairs
of teats.

484 vU.s. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

This species is very remarkable for the combination it presents in the skull of the characteristics
of Hesperomys and Sigmodon, as might have been expected from the external form. The teeth are
very similar to Hesperomys, except, perhaps, that the salient angles of the upper molars are more
opposite, and the lower molars rather broader. The zygomata are parallel in general direction,
as in Hesperomys, instead of diverging posteriorly, asin Sigmodon. There is, however, the short
and broad muzzle of Sigmodon; the deep emargination of the anterior extremity of the zygo-
matic arch as viewed from above ; the sharp compressed ridge bounding the upper border of the
orbit, starting at the narrowest portion of the inter-orbital space, and continued less distinctly
to the occiput. The notch at the posterior extremity of the bony palate differs from either, in
being more posterior ; in fact, behind the posterior molar, by half the length of the molar
series, instead of being nearly on a line with the posterior molars. There is a fossa in the bony
palate behind, and a little within the posterior upper molar, as in Sigmodon, but the two of
opposite sides are not separated by an elongated compressed azygos process, as in Sigmodon.

Other remarks on the subgeneric affinities of this species will be found under the head of
Hesperomys, at the head of this article.

This species was first described by Harlan, in 1837, from a specimen said to have been caught
near Salem, New Jersey. If this locality be correct, and the animal the same, it will indicate
a much wider range along the coast than at present known to naturalists.

The generic name is borrowed from its habits, as given by Audubon and Bachman, of
frequenting the rice fields, and doing considerable damage to the crops.

The insertion of the species in the genus Arvicola, by Audubon and Bachman, is a mistake,
all its affinities being with Hesperomys. -

List of specimens.

6 | Measurements.

3
5 é a a
2 [8 | : 2/¢j]4e4)|4 |
= wo B Locality. Whence and how | Nature of = ¢ = 7 ES | 2
3 /63/ ¢ obtained. specimen. | ¢ £ 3 | Ss ° § s 4 a S
5 so Sp Be =; = = 2 = = =k Sp = °
o 5 a o o S 6 8 = S 2 S| =] zz we
& |& iE S ° ° ° 3 2 Ss S 2 Es 2
3 a = = = = ° c 2 = a4 es
= o 3 ° ey ey o = ha os = = io
2 |e | « By Beeld el Bo les J Be) | eee
ey iS pao! 2) 2 )2 (4 |e [et se fe | eo
1305 | 2107 |...... Society Hill, S.C....| Rev. M. A. Curtis | Skin ...... Racesel cnectel necaeslasnewuliGtcan) stecs eonwval eens 1.20) |voenen [ascot

and sons.

1310 PO) sinus svaecs| sins on
2603 .-| Inale.. 54 | 1,12
2604 «dO os. 60 | 1.10
2605 ..do.-. 52 | 1.00
2609 +96
2610 1,10
2611 -90
2612 | 1,00
2702 -90
2606 | .....| oO | 1,12
2607 |. ase. Q 1,19

RODENTIA—MURINAE—HESPEROMYS PALUSTRIS. 485

In the preceding pages I have mentioned, either as distinct species or as synonyms, all the
described Hesperomys of North America, with the exception of the following :

HEsPEROMYS CAMPESTRIS, Leconte.—New Jersey.

Hesperomys campestris, Lecontr, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VI, 1853, 413.
Arvicola (Hesperomys) campestris, Aup. & Bacu. N. Am, Quad. IIT, 1854, 295.

‘Hair plumbeous black, above tipped with brown, beneath with cinereous brown, darker
about the mouth ; head large ; ears large, oval, blunt, thinly covered, both within and without,
with very short, closely appressed hair ; legs and feet brown ; tail well clothed with tolerably
long hair.

*‘Length, 3.40 inches; head, 1.20; ears, .55; width, .40; fore leg, .45; hind leg, 1.60;
taal, 2.70,

‘«This species was found in the collection of the (Philadelphia) Academy, and labelled Jus
campestris, New Jersey. The specimens were preserved in alcohol, and therefore scarcely fit to
be described ; there was, however, enough to show that they were different from any hitherto
described animal.”’

Of the affinities of this species I will hazard no conjecture, never having seen the specimen
described.

486 vu. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

NEOTOMA, Say and Ord.

Neotoma, Say & Orv, J. A. N. Sc. Phila. IV, 11, 1825, 346,
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 31.

Form closely rat-like. Tail long, more or less densely hairy. Ears very large, nearly naked. Molars rooted, teeth
strongly arvicoline, composed partly of straight-sided triangles. Heels hairy.

The genus Neotoma is peculiarly North American, and occurs throughout the whole United
States, excepting the New England States. It embraces very large species, some of them
greatly exceeding the house rats in size, and much superior to them in beauty and docility.
One species (N. magister) occurs fossil in the caves of Pennsylvania.

The fur of the species is soft and very full in the bushy-tailed species. The ears are very
large, as are the eyes, exceeding, in this respect, the house rats.

The molars are all rooted ; their grinding surfaces plane, whether tuberculate in the young
has not yet been ascertained. They are narrow, those of either jaw of nearly equal width
among themselves, (the lower narrower.) Above, they diminish progressively from the first, the
last, two-thirds as large as the first. Below, the first two, are equal, the last, two-thirds as long.

The upper molars have each two indentations or re-entrant loops of enamel on the outer side;
the first or anterior one has two on the inside, the other two but one. The additional inner
one of the first molar is very shallow, situated far forward, and, in fact, is a mere indentation
in what would otherwise correspond to the anterior triangle of the other teeth, the pattern of
all three being otherwise quite similar. Here, as in Sigmodon, the re-entrant enamel loops of
two sides of a tooth which are nearly opposite each other, come into actual contact, and the
hinder outer one extends across to the opposite side, completely separating the dentine into
three islands. In the lower jaw there are two re-entrant angles on the outside of the first and
second, three on the inside of the first, two of the second, the third has one on either side.
The anterior inner indentation of the first molar is much like that on the upper first molar ;
all the re-entering loops on opposite sides are in the same line and touch each other, the indica-
tion of alternation being scarcely discernible.

The loops, both salient and re-entrant, of both jaws, are quite acute, scarcely rounded, the
edges or sides, especially the posterior limb of the external upper loops, nearly straight. In
fact, a line drawn longitudinally down the crowns of the teeth would divide them into a series
of triangles, especially in the lower jaw, where the opposite ones would be placed nearly base
to base. :

The molars of Neotoma have the enamel folds somewhat like those of Sigmodon, in the upper
jaw, excepting that the angles and lines are more rounded. The lower teeth differ much more ;
thus the second molar has two indentations on either side, opposite each other in the one, while
Sigmodon has but one, alternating. The teeth of Neotoma are longer, narrower, the sides more
parallel, and the salient lobes more divaricated.

There are two very strongly marked sections of Neotoma: one with the tail short haired and
not more conspicuously hairy than in the common rats, with short snout; the other with a very full
densely haired, even bushy, tail, very long muzzle, &c. To the first belong N. floridana,
micropus, mexicana, and fuscipes; to the other, N. cinerea and occidentalis. There are very
striking differences in the skulls, which, in the bushy-tailed species, have the muzzle greatly

RODENTIA—MURINAE—NEOTOMA FLORIDANA. . 487

elongated ; the orbits much indented, the frontal space between them very narrow, especially
behind. In both, the malar bone is very short, the posterior margin of the palate, between the
last molars. In both, the nasal branch of the upper maxillary passes back of the end of the
nasal, as in Sigmodon, instead of terminating in the same line, as in Mus decumanus. The
upper incisors in both sections are almost as wide as deep, and have the anterior surfaces plane,
bevelled off a little at the corners, instead of rounded completely, as in Sigmodon. The shape of
the lower jaw is much like that of Sigmodon.

Species of this genus are found throughout most of North America. One inhabits the south
Atlantic and Gulf States, sending stragglers further north ; one belongs to eastern Texas and
Mexico, and the others belong to the more western regions. As already remarked, a fogsil.
species occurs in Pennsylvania.

The following synopsis may serve to facilitate the determination of the species of Neotoma :
A.—TalIL scANT HAIRED, (as in the rats.)

a. Feet entirely white ; tail not longer than the body alone ; lighter beneath.

1. Size of the black rat. Tail about as long as the body alone. Color of the
Norway or brown rat. Hind feet, 1.40°to 1.50 inches. Maximum of skull,

PMU UBITMCHER Cesare cena ces cre teccc tes eta eck sete corer cece er eee deco ote nce ectipuaebeebe vee floridana.
2. About the same size, or rather larger. Tail about three-fourths the head and

body. Color, brownish yellow above. Hind feet, 1.15-1.40 inches....:........ mexicana.
3. Rather larger than preceding. Tail little more than half the head and body.

Color, uniform grayish slate above. Hind feet, 1.40..........cscceseesseeesees seoeee micropus.

b. Hind feet dusky ; tail nearly as long as head and body.

4. Largest of slender-tailed species. Size and color of the Norway rat. Upper
surface of metatarsus dusky ; toes alone white. Tail uniform dusky all round.

itard ifcet sal A016 Os seamen cseams deacheseoestawecosn seridesicesectessners BOA ABGARY S qoLegdTOG05 Suscipes.
B.—T alt DENSELY HAIRY, (as in Myoxus.)
5. Fur harsh, rigid ; the caudal vertebr about as long as the trunk. Above, dark
RUNEyMOrOW N's dbeneath,, ashiys WHIteHcati..deswlsieceitsdeacset odabes csbheatwesedecdsntcaeece occidentalis.
6. Fur soft; caudal vertebra considerably shorter than the trunk. Above, yel-
lowish plumbeous ; beneath, snowy White.:........sscsseseseseeees SaRBEDE a eeaneccse cinerea.

NEOTOMA FLORIDANA, Say & Ord.
Wood Rat.

‘* Mus floridana, Orv, Bull. Soc. Philom, 1818.’’
(Say & Orp) Say, in Long’s Exped. R. Mts. I, 1823, 54.
Desmarest, Mammalogie, II, 1822, 307.
Arvicola floridana, Hartan, F. Am. 1825, 141.
Neotoma floridana, Sax & Orn, J. A. N. Sc. Phila. IV, m, 1825, 352; plate —.—Is. Zool. Journal, II, 1825, 294 ;
pl. x, fig. 1-4. (From preceding.)
Isis, XX, 1827, 1035.
Grirrity’s Cuvier, III, 1827, 160; plate.

488 U. 8S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Veotoma floridana, Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 32; pl. iv.
Kennicorr, U. 8. Pat. Rep. 1856, Agricultural, 1857 ; plate —.
Lemmus floridanus, Fiscuer, Syn. 1829, 299.

Sp. Cu.—Tail with short stiff hairs, not concealing the scaly annuli; about three-fourths the length of the head and

body. Ears very large. Feet large.
Color.—Above, mixed lead color, dark brown, and yellowish brown; lighter on the sides. Under parts and feet, white.

Tail dusky above, white beneath. Skull elongated and narrow.

General aspect and dimensions of Norway rat, Mus decumanus. Head rather acute. Whiskers
gray and brown, much longer than the head. Eyes moderate. Ears very large, broad, and
‘thin, with very scanty hairs on both surfaces; naked anteriorly. Antitragus low, narrow.
Tail about as long as the body, exclusive of the head, covered with annuli of separate scales,
with short stiff hairs springing from under them. These hairs are thick enough to obscure or
nearly conceal the scales, which, however, can be discerned through them. The tail is decidedly
more hairy than that of the Norway rat. The feet are rather short, the soles naked, although
the hairs grow over the sides of the heel almost to the central line. The fur is moderately
soft, more so than in the Norway rat, and without the bristly hairs intermixed,

The tubercles of the sole are very large; of these there is one at the bases of the 3d and 4th,
and one, each, to the Ist, 2d, and 5th, making four to the five toes, all nearly equal, the outer
one with a small supplementary one on its outer slope; there is a fifth, of about the same size,
near the inner edge of the sole, and situated about midway between the heel and the base of the
toes; a sixth, considerably smaller, is placed about midway between this and the large tubercle
at the base of the fifth toe, or a little exterior to the line connecting their centre. Most of the
sole isnaked ; the hairs, however, grow over the inner edge, behind the posterior tubercle, to the
middle line of the sole, exterior to which it is naked ; the sides of the tarsus, or heel, are over-
grown so as to meet in the centre, where the hairs are more sparse; there is, however, a naked
space on the extreme heel.

These tubercles are much larger than in the house rat; the posterior one is broad and connical,
instead of elongated and narrow; the inner half of the sole, behind the tubercles, with the
heel, is hairy, instead of being perfectly smooth, to the very posterior extremity.

The general color of the upper parts is a dull plumbeous, mixed with dark brown and pale
yellowish brown, the latter predominating on the sides, especially on the flanks and in advance
of the shoulder; the dusky of the sides extends down the outer surface of the limbs to the
carpus and tarsus, the feet themselves, with the entire under and inner parts, being white.
The line of separation of the two colors is far down the sides, so that when viewed in profile
but little of the white of the belly is visible. The upper half of the tail is dusky, the lower
white. The ears are like the back. The hairs above are plumbeous for the basal three-fourths,
then pass gradually into pale yellowish brown, and then tipped with dark brown. The dorsal
region is generally decidedly darker than the sides, where the yellowish brown is of greater
extent and the dusky tip very slight. Beneath, the hairs along the ventral region are uniform
white to the roots; laterally assuming more and more of a plumbeous tinge.

Specimens vary considerably with age and season. Sometimes the contrast between the back
and sides is more striking, with the more decided yellowish brown tinge on the latter; at times
there is a greater mixture of yellowish brown on the back, producing a strong similarity to the
Norway rat.

In a young specimen, which I refer to this species, collected in Arkansas, by Capt. Whipple,

RODENTIA—MURINAE—NEOTOMA FLORIDANA. 489

the color on the back and sides is a nearly uniform grayish plumbeous, a little lighter in tint
than the bases of the hairs. There are no other appreciable differences. The same color is
seen in specimens from Georgia.!

Measurements.

373. 449, 82.
= en
‘Inches. | Lines. | Inches. Lines. | Inches.| Lines.
—— |
Noe to ocniputrse sete ease ecee ase eee eee ae. 4 1 11 2 2
Yee ane et et eee et Wi gniscine! ote) las Seem eee o\Boec cee: 103
GIO A eR eH eee. ee or ee oe 1 9 1 54 1 94
Toutlofrtasl S32 ok etn shawnee eh sees Biv} 5 Th 7 2
Tail, from root to end of vertebre......---------- 5 8 a 10 ate eee
HRN See See eee eee Se 5 11 3 103 5 1
FoaEn ele ty GORLOMIOL Yemen aa ae eal o ha otis Oh eee aos, (En Sasa 9%
(AEA NS Oe EEE Se Rae magus hurr en eee (12 Spe Ried = 10
internally, above skull_-------------- \po m= oe UF lee se 2 ey eee ed ee >
mega Beets Seen ica Sea od Pe Mine a eon! 10
te Ee, Fb; SURG AIP oe Eeaaaic: Pe viten Soci Che ae 4 8 9
Aam, forefoot.to:end.of claws. <2=5-2-)---<2.--s0-2|sos2--- Bie ilies Cases Rid, |e) _ 8%
iy le UN Fe es ee Pe ee ae eee 3 Ll eee ee 1D | eeeeeeec ee sen se
Leg, hind foot from heel to end of claws-----....-- 1 6 1 4 1 5
longest claw ~----.----..- 2. |e 7S eRe fo ese ase 24
Skull dength’=- 2 cao soc eco. ce ee ee en See ee . | Be eee 1 Th 1 9

This species is very abundant throughout the southern Atlantic and Gulf States, although
none were found by Mr. Curtis at Society Hill, South Carolina. A few specimens of unusually
large size were captured some years ago by J. G. Bell, near Piermont, on the Hudson river, but
I have not heard of any in intermediate localities. It is said to extend a considerable distance
up the Missouri river, and the specimen of Capt. Whipple seems to indicate its occurrence far
west in Arkansas.

1 The recent reception of a fine series of Neotoma, from Dr. Hammond, at Fort Riley, enables me to give with more preci-
sion the characters of the species. The prevailing color of the upper parts is a yellowish brown, on the back darkened by
black tipped hairs. The yellowish brown, almost fulyous color, is brightest on the shoulders, as well as on the flanks.
The head is ash gray, with a slight wash of fulvous on the crown and on the cheeks. The under parts generally, with
the upper surfaces of the feet, are pure white; the hairs on the breast, throat, median line, and lower parts of the belly,
white to the roots; on the sides of the middle of the belly, plumbeous to near the tip. Anterior to the fore leg, on the
lower part of the sides of the neck, is a large rounded spot of pale yellowish brown, almost saffron; the two of opposite
sides separated only by about an inch or less. This is a purer tint of the same color as seen on the flanks. The tail is
quite hairy and depressed ; the lower half white, in strong contrast with the dusky plumbeous of the upper portion.

These specimens agree exactly with Mr. Bell’s specimen from near New York, and are much larger and brighter colored
than any I have seen from the south.

62 L

490 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

5 | Measurements. ‘
=a ] ~ =
en | a 3 =
ale joie a kee = 3] hae
5 SREB e Locality. Whence and how obtained. | Nature of spe- a > 2 = = 3 5
= alo arth, 6 = . oe 5 =| = 2 Ss
ai = fire VRE cimen. Si) ont 8 | S = a = a | o
Sess = eS | 6 3 | s = pare po S s |e
a jc = r) ) ° o S
Shae Cane g S 2 = s s Pal bee:
3 = re | @ | Cr] Pte 9 & to ig we = =
Sit |e A a | @ A = 5 =] = kf pe
oo o | o S Ss Fee Te Be oe o ce o
oO |o Ja] fe |e |e ee | ee ee x
| ee | I ST
| | | ] | |
riot Pee «.+.| Rockland Co., N.Y... John G. Bell....... Wereaas Mounted ....|+.++++ | anos-es|\soce as | 8.02 | 5.55 |....00 1.54 |... ed ee)
82 |? 144 |....| Charleston, 8. C..... | J. J. Audubon...... secceee| SKIN«.... .../eoceee Jesseeeleeenes 6.85 | 4.85 |..c008 1.46 1.55 83 | .80
282 |7:978 |....| Georgia.....-..ss000- owen GOs Anais Bdeivcsoweed thy Al eeweds | sc antve'lonatew’ 6.38 | 4.05 |....06 1,32 | 1.70 | .90| .75
++es..| 2056 |....| St. Simon’sisland, Ga.| J. P. Postell..... ;
cate ur dO... cceeuscvccssncnce
Dr. S. W. Wilson.
eovens Oss es ccsnievecssmussnis
eceees dO. cccccevesves
sepeee do..
eeere do..5-.. |
2677 |..... |....| Indian river, Fla. ...| G. Wurdemann......... Zeslbi en alcohol... see Baas snes boos. 6.40] .70 | 1.38 |...0.-| canons]
2678 | 1682 |....| Washington, Miss....| Col. Wailes...-...sseeeeees oe DOvccccvece eee ae 200 [1.00 | oeeesfowsame eae
? 449 | 1583 |.... Antelope Hills, Ark..| Capt. Whipple, U.S. A.*...| Mounted ..../.....- Jesccn= jensees |-5.75 | 4.12 |...... 1.35 | 1.65 |......| .69
QOS1 | ceveee Q | Fort Riley, K. T..... Dr. W. A. Hammond....... SKin...secceslevcees {iste ana Lessee | 9.00’ | 500}! ..cceloacsnctliseccs| Reena sees
| '
> 1 Collected by H. B. Méllhausen ; color, plumbeous.

NEOTOMA MEXICANA, Baird.
Bush Rat.

Neotoma mexicana, Barrp, Pr. A. N. Se. Phila. VII, April, 1855, 333.
Neotoma floridana, Gxorrroy, Voyage de la Venus, Zoologie, 1855, 154; pl. xiii.

Sp. Cu.—Ears very large. Feet small. Tail three-fourths (?) as long as the head and body, covered with stiff hairs, so as
to conceal the annuli. Fur long and very soft.
Cclor.—Above, light yellowish brown, lined with dark brown ; on the sides clearer fulyous. Feet and under parts white.

Of two specimens of this species the largest is about the average of WN. floridana, or less.
The whiskers are longer than the head, mixed gray and black. The ears are very large, larger
than in either N. floridana or micropus ; they are thin and coated scantily with short hairs, so
as 1o appear nearly naked. The tail in the larger specimen is broken off; in the smaller it is

longer than in NV. micropus and more thickly haired, longer even than in N. floridana. The ~

feet are small, as in NV. micropus ; the third and fourth fingers longest ; the claw of the second
reaching to the end of the third finger; the fifth claw beyond the base of the fourth; the
second and fifth being thus but little shorter than the third and fourth. The palms are naked.
The first toe is very short, scarcely extending beyond the base of the second ; the second, third,
and fourth are equal. and longest; the fifth claw reaches to the base of the fourth; the soles
are hairy towards the heel; naked towards and under the toes.

Color.—The upper parts generally are of a pale yellowish brown, or even brownish yellow,
much lined on the back with dark brown ; the former, however, very decided on the sides, which
are still more distinctly colored along the line of junction of the white of the lower parts. The
outside of the legs are like the rest of the sides ; the feet and whole under parts white, with a

—_—

RODENTIA—MURINAE—NEOTOMA MEXICANA. 49]

yellowish tinge. The hairs above and on the sides, as well as those on the middle of ‘the belly,
are plumbeous at base. The tail is dusky above, whitish beneath.

The skull of this species offers striking points of distinction, from both N. floridana and
micropus, though most closely resembling the latter. The upper outline of the skull is slightly
convex, less so than in these other species. The nose is longer than N. micropus, the incisive
foramina larger ; the zygomata further separated than in N. floridana, but more nearly parallel
than in NV. micropus. The upper surface of the head is strongly concave, longitudinally, the
temporal crests well marked. The nasal bones and the slender nasal postero-superior process
of the intermaxillary end on the same line posteriorly, and do not extend as far backwards as
the anterior extremity of the orbits, while in the others the intermaxillary processes extend
considerably backwards of this ; the nasal bones, too, are broader at their middle point than in
the others. The rami of the lower jaw are higher than in any other species examined; the
neck of the condyloid process elongated, its axis forming an angle of fully forty-five degrees
with the base ; the highest point of the condyle is even higher than the coronoid process, instead
of being considerably below its level. The lower part of the post-coronoid notch is acute, the
coronoid process smaller than usual; the notch behind the condyloid process is very long.
When the lower jaw is placed on a horizontal surface, a perpendicular at the posterior extremity
will be tangent to this and the posterior extremity of the condyle, instead of falling consider-
ably in advance of it as in other species. The body of the bone in advance of the molars is
less deep than usual. The lower molars are narrow and quite parallel, the lobes narrower, and
their sides more parallel.

I do not feel sure, however, that all these peculiarities of the skull will be found characteristic
of the species, as individual specimens sometimes vary considerably.

| 565?

| 289.
General dimensions. l
Inches. | Lines. || Inches. | Lines.
as |

INORG LO OCOD Ul s 5 arn ac ea enews ne eee t aoa aoe \eeceeses |HEeoee ee 94

CREE ae ee ae setae ee ae os ae on a aa ae | | 1 8
RODE OMtAll Sones ease ee eo ee eee eae 7 3 Se Vi eae
Tail, from root to end of vertebrae -.- -..---------. Lost Lost | 5 e+ -----

LP oe oes tee ee ae See eel eee | 3
Bard help iu NOstenionly =a. Saas see ee ae as soe loam on = Wo petessee jeseecoee
BN ECTIOU i= olen Son ta epee = peSeesss| tie | Es See
internally above notch ---------------- |-n------ 103” |/Essaes- 3 We as

Axm, fore foot to end’ of claws...<-=-22-4ss-s25e2--- elo ee 7 eee eee 7
longest) claw=+ >32 {soe 222256. sete se [eect == re cee

Leg, hind foot, from heel to end of claws ------------ 1 2 | 1 2
TOTIRGR in CLAN Se ett a eee ar a oe ee teas ot red wie ||~ mie |--------

tociand: claw s2= 5.22555 =- 6 asa ca toe See Shy asee= = 4

The specimen collected by Dr. Webb was captured in October, 1852, at Chevate, near Ojo
Caliente, on the road between El Paso and Chihuahua, about one hundred miles from the latter
place. Their curious structures were seen in various directions between the rocks, and consisted

492 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

of arched galleries of sticks and twigs, filled up with mule dung and moss, and from four to
eight feet long, terminating usually in a bed of moss or hair under a rock.

This spceies is readily distinguished from N. jloridana by its much smaller feet and rather
more hairy tail, as well as by the much lighter color above and on the sides. The fur is longer,
fuller and softer than in either NV. floridana or N. micropus. There is no indication of the slate
gray of WN. micropus, and it has a more densely furred tail, which also appears longer. The
feet, also, are even smaller than in NV. micropus. Skull broader than in N. floridana.

Since preparing the preceding article, a large number of specimens has been received, which
tend to establish the species more fully. Among them are several from the Colorado river,
collected by Mr. Schott, and three from the Pecos, collected by Capt. Pope. These are generally
similar, except that one (No. 1730) is of a light grayish slate color, lined with darker. This
is lighter than as described in NV. micropus. I have not been able to examine the skulls, to see
if they agree with the characteristics derived from the first specimens.

A very good figure of this animal has been published in the Atlas of the Voyage of the Venus,
taken from a specimen collected in Lower California by M. Neboux. This extends its distribu-
tion from the Pecos river to the Gulf of California, and gives to it, compared with N. micro-
pus, somewhat the same range as Spermophilus spilosoma, compared with S. mexicanus.

Inst of specimens.

————— T ] = —y
= Measurements.
ebay: s|2g\|ele
e's x s|ei2e\é
2 s o Peles Ps pa We
g s ’ Locality. When col- | Whence and how |e Natureof} |S/% 5 z FI 3 | « |Gollected by—
a eo | Sp lected. obtained. | 3 |specimen.| = | Bilal i/H|/2\/3|6
2 I a | 5 § Fy ee SS eS ee ie
2 |2| 3 E SLES /S/e(sls]s
OR & + |2l2lslelelala
s i ae | ‘bb Sislis|PlFli2zis|=
I i} a \s i} i} os © o rT) =I o
So |o| m Rs) Z2/e/le)alalale|a
ae ) ee eee | Soe. hate! a ee
289 |1674)...... Chihuahua City.... .ssj..cscccccesces -60/1.18) +85) .84
SEIN a sel a wines Chevate springs, Sonora)......-.e.+008 SSL 17] tes} onselacec|enues tun eneven
1033 = /2201)...... San Pedroriver, Sonora.|.....+s0++ 0.05 eleece +|«ees/eee-| Dr. Kennerly.
ims |....| O | Colorado bottom, Cal,.} Mar. 31, 1855 |....-... ++ |1,33]....].+./1.00) A. Schott....
1329 2160) Q |........ GON cereaen Bee April 4, 1855 1.30/1.80] .98] .95|....do....eees

1339 to i
Tpage F[oee | eeeefeeeeee testes ceeeeeeeeeee|eeeeeneceecesslsceeereseesesererse sesslecsensereslesseee|seee|sres/eces/eecelecea]seee|ecee/eeaencarensuas
1606 jowseleceees San Diego, California ..)......+0e+e008 56)1.18).. 1.05)

71731 |....| @ | Pecos, New Mexico....| June 14, 1856 | Capt. J. Pope..... see /e.dO.ee oe] 8.00 |...|enee) enon! S| BR Be eee cs
U7G2 Jrvns| QD Jevcvncceceercrennenncees | May 12, 1856 L40]|22-| case |osue| scenes aenenaee
Es) | aseel hs e)e_| ssas5onc: ‘oceaccaco-e-t | June 5, 1856 1.33).. 70) .cosnsinn=e@abe

|

t Five young ones, belonging to 1329.

NEOTOMA MICROPUS, Baird.
Black Wood Rat.
Neotoma micropus, Barrp, Pr. A. N. Se. Phila. VII, April, 1855, 333.

Sr. Cu.—Above grayish slate, beneath with feet white. Feet small. Tail hardly two-thirds the length of body ; scantily
haired. Feet entirely white.

This species is about the size of the Florida rat, Neotoma jfloridana, or a little larger, and
belongs to the same section of slender tailed species. The head is broad and pointed, the
whiskers longer than the head, mixed black and gray. The ears are very large, broad and

RODENTIA—MURINAE—NEOTOMA MICROPUS. 493

thin ; the antitragus low; the two surfaces with scattered rather short hairs, except inside near
the meatus, where it is naked. The fur is moderately soft, about like that of N. floridana.
The tail is quite short, not as long as the body, exclusive of the head; it is clothed with short
stiff appressed hairs, which obscure without concealing the scaly annuli; they are rather more
sparse than in NV. floridana. The feet are small; the first finger very rudimentary, with a
closely applied nail; the third and fourth about equal and longest; the second but little
shorter ; the fifth claw not reaching to the base of the fourth. The claws are all short, high,
and much curved; the palms are naked. On the hind foot the central three toes are longest ;
first claw falling a little short of the base of the second ; the fifth reaching to about the base of
the fourth ; all the claws are stout and much curved, larger than those on the fore feet. The
soles are naked, with only a few scattered short hairs, more numerous apparently than in N.
floridana, especially towards the heel.

The upper parts are of a grayish lead color, finely lined with dark brown; the sides of the
body and limbs similar, but paler. There is an occasional tinge of faint yellowish brown,
especially along the shoulders and flanks. Beneath, with the feet, white. Above, the hairs are
dark plumbeous at base, assuming a still darker tinge towards the tip, which is either bluish
gray, as described, or dark brown, nearly black. On the sides the tips become lighter. Beneath,
the hairs are plumbeous at base on the middle of the belly, anteriorly they are uniform white.
The tail is dusky above, grayish white beneath.

Measurements.
554. 561.
Inches. Lines. Inches. Lines.
IST Tio TDD te ee EEO BEBE EY CE OS ESE SSS See Se nee Ber sear | Pepe anaes 1 84
MOOV Olam ne mete ee am ela ee ee Se ee aaa ee ew em ne|on Sona sooe mornoomcnce| omen co ne 103
OF VIS Less ner shee toaoor Sess doe ese neoe mer beso se See ee se a ceSsecees ESaeecgence 1 53
EOS STP a Se Se Oe pa Oe a ee 8 4 7 1
fo endiot outstretched hind legs -- ..52-=-+ -.--H2- 22-2 e05--- 22s 9 ll. jetecce-ott| Se epee
emir TOGO end Of vertebrae). <-.--—-— - meen nn nn sono nes 4 10 4
PepHerede) (CHG) ONAN Scene ccaan) Hs Saneeen en owas see a eee seen = Bo pe eee 4 2
RINE ert POSCUION gh emen a a een ans ow ee eee ea ee een eee |e ee one TU ai Rae A se Lee AI
OP sAUSCMON ioe weer oat eons aa ee eels oes aaa aol ee ten ae A 10 fea auity acta lh es 2 oie
EDT VIED Ch CMe ORE RE Se ee i See Se A eS asl ee eee eee 104 5 leon eee eee
ODN sao sod ba BSE SE Stes Hae HSS Sea oe SEES SHEE eee Pe A Rese csecss S555,
PEuincOUtOen Of ClaWiasaceesos one aaa ldecena= sree someone | enone oko 7 ab NA lan 7h
RHEE RAC Waele Ser oe Debit wee SLi ey Seek d tS ae a ees esis Lees Soe 1}
Leg, hind foot from heel to end of claws-..----.------------------------ 1 4} | 1 4
(ORG HT GLOW ioneeie cin Senne cog ea cee En SoS SiCCHSSeece no Scbeetse sed SR Ber ero! 2 Bees ae, 2

Skins much distorted.

As already stated, this species bears a close resemblance to WN. floridana, from which, however,
it exhibits considerable differences both in the skin and skull. Comparing specimens of as
nearly similar character as possible, the present species is found to havea shorter tail, rather less
hairy; rather larger ears, and decidedly smaller feet and hands. In WN. floridana, the third and
fourth fingers are longest, and project considerably beyond the second and fifth, the claws of which

494 U. S. P. Re. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

scarcely reach to the bases of the claws of the digits next them ; in WV. micropus, the claw of the
second finger reaches nearly to the middle of the third. The toes are similarly circumstanced.
In JX. jloridana, the first claw reaches to the penultimate articulation of the second toe; the fifth
claw to the base of the fourth. In NW. micropus, the outer toes are longer and the inner shorter
than in the other species. The color of NV. micropus, even in adult specimens, is much darker
and more plumbeous, with less mixture of yellowish brown on the sides. The white on the feet -
and legs is more restricted.

Compared with WV. jloridana, the skull of this species is much broader between the zygomata,
in this respect approaching to N. occidentalis ; the divergence, too, of these bones behind is
greater. The nose is longer. The concave depression in the top of the head between the orbits
is deeper ; the posterior wall of the orbit more vertical, and nearer to a perpendicular with the
axis of the head. The orbital opening is wider. There is a firmly attached rudimentary
lachrymal bone which I have not obtained in other species. The outline of the head above is
gently convex, as in other thin-tailed species. The temporal ridges are more distinct than in
NV. floridana. The molars are broader and the angles more rounded ; in fact, larger every way.
The outlines of the lower jaw, too, are different. The neck of the condyloid process is longer ;
its axis more horizontal ; the articulating surface is larger and more below the level of the
coronoid process ; the bottom of the notch between the two more horizontal ; the notch below
the condyloid deeper ; the entire ramus lower, and the body of the bone anterior to the molars
deeper. The incisors, upper and lower, are wider and larger.

The dark colors of this species, although resembling somewhat those of the immature Florida
rat, and of many young rodents generally, appear to be permanent, as the specimens examined
appear perfectly adult, even larger than the Florida rat. The shade, too, is quite different from
the immature tints above mentioned, in being more lustrous, and more like the colors of the
black rat. An additional confirmation of the idea that the species does not become lighter, is
found in the MS. description by Doctor Berlandier, who was very familiar with it, and who
mentions it as ‘‘ grayish ash on the sides, darker on the back ; throat, breast, belly, feet, and
hands whitish.”’

A very striking difference between the skulls of N. micropus and floridana is seen in the
shape of the posterior outline of the bony palate. This, in the former, has the outline of the
notched part narrow, wedge-shaped, truncate anteriorly, and scarcely reaching beyond the
middle of the posterior molar. Between the last molar and the side of the notch is a width of
bone of the diameter of the molar itself, the greatest width of the notch not being more than
twice this strip of bone. In N. floridana, the notch extends as far as the middle molar, and
involves nearly the entire space between the posterior molars on either side. NN. mexicana
differs from floridana in the same character, except that the notch extends further forward than
in NV. micropus. In fact, all the slender-tailed species from the west agree in the narrow notch,
as described.

The skull of WV. fuscipes exhibits, in a marked degree, the peculiarity of the western Neotomas,
in reference to the notch of the palate. This is very narrow; the sides parallel, the anterior
end transverse, the notch being thus exactly rectangular, and only about .08 of an inch wide
at any part ; about the width of the molars, or one-fifth the distance between the outer edges of
the two rows of the latter.

RODENTIA—MURINAE—NEOTOMA FUSCIPES. 495

List of specimens.

Ss Measurements.
x | 6 :
2 |4 5 oF
§ to Wh er aS f 2 S = =
= el ee Locality. ie Whence obtained. 5 anne 2 \s = F S
& | = ep collected. & | Specimen. |S] § Silos} 2 ee
e|2 | = | £2/22/28/3 | 5
2 |3 5 = BP | 2 a) Bl ves eee
s | 5 " ERA) $ 3 $ = cl
So |° D Shi & |e |x = | =
554 | 1676 | @ | Charco Escondido, Mexico....| March, 1853) Lieut. D. N. Couch, U. 8. A..| 86 | Skin ...... 9.00 | 4.25 1.40 | 1.05 90
27114 BeSsee Adee Santa Rosalia, Mexico.........|..+++ (spacdlagkdemoncooue dumtaexeescitesess 38 dOveaceen Gc50i|s.tece 1.40 |...... 70

NEOTOMA FUSCIPES, Cooper, Mss.

Sp. Co.—Larger than the house rat (Mus decumanus.) Tail nearly as long as the head and body, compressed at tip.
Color above, yellowish rusty brown, lined with black. Beneath, soiled white. Hands and toes of hind feet white; the
upper part of metatarsus dusky. Tail uniformly dusky all round.

(2679. f) This animal is about the size of the largest Norway rats, to which, in many respects,
it bears a not distant resemblance. In the alcoholic specimen, however, the head appears
narrower. The ears are very large and wide, rather longer than broad ; their longest diameter
in the line of the axis of the head ; both surfaces coated with short hairs, except around the
meatus. ‘he nose is covered with hair to the end; the septum is naked, with a groove which
extends to the incisors, and is naked at its bottom. The upper lip is deeply cleft to the base of
the incisors, the cleft continued to the furrow of the nose, as described. The whiskers are very
long, extending far behind the occiput, and at least as far as the axillae. The eyes are small,
situated about midway between the nose and the meatus ; its distance from the base of the ear
is about the length of the ear itself.

The feet are rather small, and the fingers and toes appear short and thickened. The thumb is a
thickened tubercle, armed with a small flat nail, which does not reach to the end of the tubercle, and
bears a striking resemblance to that of the human hand. The third finger is longest; the fourth
but very little shorter; the second isa little shorter; the fifth claw reaches to the base of the adjacent
fourth claw. The palms are naked, with five very large and angular tubercles almost covering the
surface: one at the bases of the second and fifth fingers, respectively, one at the conjoint base of the
third and fourth, and two.large ones on the posterior part of the palm. The hind {eet are short,
(the fore ones about two-thirds their size.) The toes are short, occupying about one-third the
whole length of the hind foot ; their proportions are much as in the fore feet, the first one, how-
ever, less rudimentary, of course, its claw reaching to the penultimate articulation of the second
toe. The soles are naked under the entire metatarsus ; the tarsal portion is hairy, although a
strip of naked skin penetrates it a short distance from near the outer edge of the metatarsal
portion of the sole, and, in fact, appear, almost to be continued to the heel on account of the
shortness of the hair. There are six very large tubercles on the sole; one under the posterior
third of the foot, the other five arranged almost precisely as in the fore foot. The tail is thick,
cylindrical, and tapering to a rather obtuse tip ; it is longer than the body, without the head ;
nearly equal to the entire length of head and body ; it is covered with short hairs, usually more
or less concealing the annuli, which are much shorter than in the Norway rat. In the dried
specimens the tail becomes much compressed towards the end, like that of the muskrat.

496 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The general color of this animal above is a mixed black and light reddish brown, the latter
color predominating on the sides, so much in some specimens as almost to constitute a stripe ;
on the dorsal region it is much obscured by black tips to the hairs. The under parts are of a
soiled yellowish white, the line of demarcation passing low on the cheeks and belly, where the
white does not occupy scarcely more than one-third of the entire circumference. The exterior of
the limbs, including anterior and posterior edges, is like the back, the color coming down to the
very wrist of the hand, and not only reaching to the ankle joint of the hind foot, but extending
over the metatarsus to the bases of the toes. This character is constant in all the California
specimens I have seen. The tail is uniformly dusky all round; not lighter below.

The fur is rather long, coarse, and somewhat stiff. I have not been able to detect any under
fur, even in winter specimens.

The five specimens from Santa Clara and Petaluma all present a striking constancy in the
great length of tail and its dusky color, the dusky hind feet, and other characteristics. In
many respects—size, color, dusky feet, &c.—there is a very close resemblance to the Neotoma
occidentalis, from which the nearly naked tail will at once distinguish them.

The considerably longer tail, dusky feet and tail, and larger size, will readily distinguish this
species from all the others described as North American.

List of specimens.

T a iF STL nse,
g Measurements.

5B | 5 %

a = ; : Tip of nose to— | ° Length of— | Skull— :
2 | 62 3 Locality. When Whence and how | Nature of speci- = |
et AC. I bec collected. obtained. men. 23 2
Setise 2 x b=} 5 é | | Be jee
elias a | a pls 24
SE | x slellale |8|z2/F/2/%
6 |S | a elal/OlaA le | a | jalel em

| | | SS —_———— — —— ' — — ———$. ——— —_ | —_

2679 |......| @ | Petaluma, Cal....... Feb., 1856...| E. Samuels .......- In alcohol ..... 1.07,2.00/2.40'8,20, 7.90 | .85 | 1.58 ee ee secs
QBED | vances |anccoe|cccece O cecccecccccccles ves dO ceevelerecee dO wccce cece ce) .sdO sececvevees . 86/1,56]1.93/6.25| 6.15 | .76 | 1.22 |...c}oss-|. neve
1158 | 2040 | @ | Santa Clara, Cal...., Nov., 1855 Dr. J. G. Cooper...) Skin .....0+-.. 2.25|9.00| 8.50 75 | 1.55 2,151.15 .
1159 | 2041 | GJ |.ceeee dO « accccarececs| sveves dO wecveleccens do dO .cccecccece 6.50 80 | 1.60 |.cceieees| oe
WIE | vecee|eeneerl sane cs MOlaresestaesasee|saened TG nweee| soahed MO Fapcenseasee LO Fetes anicie nis 9.50| 7.00 |....0. 1.42 | ashen 90

NEOTOMA OCCIDENTALIS, Cooper.

Cv
Hairy-tailed Rat.

Neotoma occidentalis, (Cooper, Mss.) Barrp, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VI, April, 1855, 335.
Neotoma drummondii, Avp. & Bacu. N. Am, Quad. I, 1849, 223; pl. xxix.

Sp. Cu.—Size that of the Norway rat. Fur rather harsh, not compact. Tail densely hairy; the vertebre as long or
longer than the body, exclusive of the head ; above, broadly grayish lead color, the basal wool but little lighter. Posterior
third of soles furred. Body above, brownish plumbeous, with a slight mixture of yellowish brown. Under parts of body
and tail, with feet, bluish white.

In size this animal equals or exceeds the Norway rat, Mus decumanus, to which, however, with
its large ears and bushy tail, it has little resemblance. The whiskers are stiff, and longer than
the head ; the head elongated and acute. The eyes rather large. The ears large, broad, and
thin, scantily clothed with pretty long hairs. The feet are moderately large ; the thumb, as
usual, a rudimentary tubercle or knob, with a broad nail; the fourth finger longest ; the third,

aves

~

$9

:

RODENTLA—MURINAE—NEOTOMA OCCIDENTALIS. 497

however, not appreciably shorter, the second claw reaching to the middle of the third; the
fifth a little beyond the base of the fourth; palms naked, with large tubercles or pads. The
first toe short, its claw reaching to about the middle of the second, exclusive of its claw; the
third longest ; the second and fourth equal and but little shorter; the fifth claw reaching a
little beyond the base of the fourth. The sole is densely hairy from the heel to the first pad,
or for about one-third the length of the under part of the foot ; from this point it is naked, with
very large pads. All the claws are concealed by long hairs springing from their bases. The
fur is rather harsh, not conspicuously softer than that of JZ. decumanus would be with longer
hairs. The tail is longer than the body, exclusive of the head; thick, and densely clothed
throughout with long hairs, more than an inch long, with a coarse crumpled fur between their
bases ; it is cylindrical at the base, but towards the end is depressed and widens a little.

The prevailing color of the upper parts is a very dark brown, nearly black, with a slight
lining of yellowish brown, much overlaid by the former color; with this there is a mixture of
plumbeous, caused by the exposed bases of the hairs; on the sides there is a tint of yellowish
brown mixed with the black hairs, but becoming purer and clearer towards the belly. The
outside of the limbs to the carpus and tarsus is much like the back; the upper surface of the
feet and under parts generally are dirty bluish white, mostly plumbeous at base. Interspersed
everywhere over the back and upper part of the sides are black hairs, longer than the rest of
the fur. The tail is white beneath. Above, it is like the back towards the base, but towards
the tip it becomes of a more uniform brownish plumbeous. Viewed from above, the white of
the lower surface is not distinctly visible. The hairs above at their bases, with the coarse wool
intermixed, are grayish plumbeous.

In a series of specimens collected both in winter and in summer there is no appreciable differ-
ence in color, nor is there any closer resemblance to the true NV. drummondii (N. cinerea) than is
described above. There is, however, an appreciable variation in the size of the ear. The tail,
appears to be less bushy in summer, and the soles less densely hairy.

Measurements.
572. 3 462. 3 463. Q
J Inches. | Lines. | Inches. | Lines. | Inches. | Lines.

NOSE niin OCIDU Geo sate ne anwar tele ae oe 2 Ly ere Rec eee eee Heoneces ls eeesce
ONG = odose6 Sone seceeoes eoees coc 1 PSs se sec |e Pees Se on! Bee
220 Some ote ods ote seckbeoree esse 2 Sef |waceama| Sane Skee aac somes
BOM Glieted lee ana i tae ee 10 |-------- HO ecen ose Tg ees

Tail, from root to end of vertebre_-------.--- Go| 5 Srrorlavcanscos 6 5

Hatiheosemceseeloase 9 8 9 | 3 7 6
Mare heir hin Ostenlonlys <a) 34-2 oa esse esol eon leans on | ea-ceeee MO Verte sell Ee eee
internally above notch-..----.-- 1 eS eer 2 1 ee ee eee ee ee
Arm, fore foot to end of claws_.----.--------- teed eecereetoeeeeet fe 210g es \osnseon2 eee
LGDP est! ClaWaueseeinene sane onc | ase e Pee le Le lorem Ponanere

Leg, hind foot from heel to end of claws_----.- 1 | 8 Le 94 1 iG
ROU PES t Cla Woo ae nea eee ee ee 2s |Soaaes= Og | eter |e

498 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS——ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The specimens agree in all essential characters of color and proportions—No. 87 only
having a greater admixture of yellowish rusty on the sides, and a still longer tail.

The skull of this species differs from all those with slender tails in the greater elongation of
the nasal bones, and consequently longer snout. The outline of the skull above, from the
parietals to the middle of the nasals, is perfectly plane, or even slightly concave; the interval
between the orbits very narrow and the outlines concave. The bone between the parietals and
occipital is narrower anteriorly than in other species and advances further forward between the
parietals.

This species was described by Audubon and Bachman as NW. drummondii, but the possession
of a specimen of very different character, collected east of the Rocky mountains by Dr. Suckley,
and which seems to be a fair representative of the last mentioned species, enables me to separate
the two. The fur of WN. occidentalis is much coarser and crisper, without the soft, eompact
feeling of N. cinerea. The ears are perhaps smaller. The tail is longer, with more plum-
beous above and less white laterally. The back is much darker, though mixed with yellowish
brown. For other differences, I would refer to the article on WV. drymmondii. It is probable
that the present species is confined to the country west of the mountains, or even near the
Pacific coast ; NV. cinerea occurring in the main chain, or east of it.

The bone caves of Pennsylvania have furnished me with several lower jaws of a fossil Neotoma,
considerably larger than that of the largest specimen even of any recent species which I have seen.
The body could not have been less than twelve inches in length ; it differs from the others in
the wider and more massive molars, the lobes of which are all more nearly equal than in the
rest, and all rounded, not angular. The inner and outer sides of the molars are very nearly
symmetrical, and the indentations or folds of nearly equal depth. The axis of the condyloid
process is quite oblique, and the condyle below the level of the coronoid. The species may be
called N. magister.

List of specimens.'

S Measurements.
eo
x |2 § =a line
3 |e Pa & S 2 g =
—£ | a= Locality. When col- | Whenceand | 3 8 3 eg = Ep , _ |Collected by—
ze 3 2 $ lected. how obtained. g a 3 2 e a poo = =]
si 7% Baa Se, le] es eee
Sie | 2 z 2 S|) eee eae) Aly Se ea ce
o |o n tS) a a a i B = n 77)
2397 |oeceee 3 | New Dungeness, | Jan. 1857 | Dr. Geo. Suck- | 149 | Skin..... 2.38 | 9.75 | 7.50 | 8.38 | 1.70 |..cccslecvecs|eecscscccvecce
Sts. of de Fuca. ley.
462 | 1662} G' | Shoalwater Bay, | June, 1854] Dr.J.G.Uooper, 16 |..do.....|...... 10.00 |...... 8.50 | 1.75 |..e0e. 1.10 |.cccesceeeecce
Weeks
463 |...00- Oa Wastes Osacrveccee Sept. 1854 ]...... GO. cneves 16") 51dOs'cseslene see] 9.00 |. 00s 7.00 | I65 |nosecelcensstoes ceseeenanee
B72 | ccc. Ch \\nseeos GOgs ccc c ans |lapocsvaccsiecss|:sones dO .gercccslevees ndO ocsuclescvse 10.00 |...00- 8.50 | 1.85) | -cnece|ncvces|senwsvcsesevas
BD | rccnseleccoce Columbia river...|....eee.eeeees Phila. Acad. |.....- Mounted.|...+.. 10,00 |...... 8.50 | 1.75 | ccceceleceves | J. K. Town-
Nat. Se. | send
968 | 2019 |...... Astoria, O. T....| June 30,1855 | Lt. W. P. Trow-|.....- SKIN. 2... Jescees BAT sewue 6.67 | 1.75 | 1.85 |...00. | Jas. Wayne.
bridge.

1 All the measurements except those of the feet taken before skinning.

RODENTIA—MURINAE—NEOTOMA CINEREA. 499

NEOTOMA CINEREA.
Rocky Mountain Rat.

Mus cinereus, Onv, Guthrie’s Geography, 2d Am. ed., IJ, 1815, 292.—(Based on the ash-colored rat of Rocky
Mts. of Lewis & Clark.)
Alyoxus drummondii, Ricu., Zool. Jour. IIT, Apr. 1828, 517.—(R. Mts.)
Waaner, Schreber Saugt. IV, tab. 227. A.
Neotoma drummondii, Ricuarpson, F. B. A. I, 1829, 137; pl. viiii—(Not of Aud. & Bach.)
Prince Max. Reise. I, 1839, 365.
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. IIT, 1843, 560.
Rat with hairy tail, Lewis & CuarK, I, 1814, 289; U1, 178.

Sp. Cu.—Size of Norway rat. Fur very soft and smooth. Tail densely hairy, the vertebre shorter than the body
without the head; above narrowly lead gray, with the short basal wool light gray. Posterior third of soles furred. Above
light yellowish brown, with some darker hairs intermixed, deeper on the sides. Under surface of body and tail, with feet,
snowy white.

A single specimen of this species was obtained by Dr. Suckley, on Milk river, Nebraska, on
the 20th of August, 1853, where it was known as the prairie rat. It is not in sufficiently good
order to supply a satisfactory description, but seems to agree perfectly with the account of
Richardson, and differs in essential points from those specimens of Neotoma collected on the
Pacific coast by Dr. Cooper. The fur is long, full, and very decidedly softer than that of N.
occidentalis; the hairs are nearly of equal length, a few rather longer ones interspersed. The
ears are very large and broad, scantily coated with short grayish hairs on both sides. The tail
is shorter than the body, densely clothed with long hairs, with coarse wool interspersed. The
posterior third of the soles is wooly.

The prevailing tint of the upper parts is a clear, pale yellowish brown or light buff, clouded
by the- dusky tips of the longer interspersed hairs. Most of the hairs, however, are without
dusky tips at all, being lead gray to near the yellowish tips. The outside of the legs is like the
back, but the feet, with the whole lower parts, are white. The tail above is grayish lead color,
the longer hairs being dark ash, the short wool intermixed, clear gray. Beneath, the tail is
white, and this color is distinctly visible, viewed from above. The hair on the belly is pure
white to the roots.

Measurements.
224,

Inches. | Lines.
INOSetEG ey esa canna hele een coe cco es poataea seco at eee oe eenas! i | 23
None RORLOGt Ob tallest ae ec eee eae Se ee ee ko el) meg
‘Taub tromroot tolend ou vertebiae=- asc) ssecac Gene e nse A eee =
Werle fromiroot,to) end) of Has. ~=2s-,-2- So n0cacensceesocteesas 5 10
Har eheiehe posteriorly =s- o=se-aas cnn koe cans enows ac cen|eeese aa 11
Ears, height internally above notch.....---------------------- i cn ee
Asin. LOLS ONm Oren UOt CIAWN R= se oe ee ae coe ance (oe Raem = 5 9
Leg, hind foot from heel to end of claws.--- ------.------------ 1

500 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT:

In this specimen of Dr. Suckley’s I, without difficulty, recognized the original Myoxus drum-
mondii of Dr. Richardson, so different from the animal given by Audubon and Bachman. It
is hardly possible that the distinctions between this skin and those collected by Mr. Townsend
on the Columbia, and which served as the basis of the descriptions of Audubon and Bachman,
can be less than specific. Four specimens of this NV. occidentalis, one of Mr, Townsend’s original
specimen and three sent by Dr. Cooper, agree in all points, and were collected, respectively, in
the months of June, September, and October; Dr. Suckley’s in August, a period covered by
that of the others. The fur of the present species is very much softer, both above and below ;
the tail shorter, with more white on the sides, less brown above, and the coarse wool at the
base lighter gray. The ears are larger. The color above is a very light yellowish brown or
fawn, instead of a brownish lead color mixed with a little yellowish brown. A comparison of
the portion of the skulls remaining in the skin exhibits important differences. The molars are
decidedly broader, though of the same aggregate length ; the hinder one shorter and more con-
densed. The shape of the lower jaw is decidedly different ; it is much shorter and more mas-
sive, thicker below the molars, the symphysis longer and stouter, the body deeper, and in every
way calculated for greater strength.

A skin received from Dr. Hayden, since the above description was prepared, and collected on
the Yellowstone, agrees in all essential characters.

This species was first mentioned and very accurately described by Lewis and Clark, from
a specimen taken near the falls of the Missouri, who, however, imposed no scientific name.
This was done in 1815, by Ord, in his little known list of the animals of North America, in the
second American edition of Guthrie’s Geography. In 1828, it was called Myoxus drummondii,
by Richardson, from its close resemblance to that genus. Subsequently, however, an examina_
tion of the teeth showed him that it belonged to Neotoma. The species described by Audubon
and Bachman as NV. drummondit belongs to quite a different species, (JV. occidentalis.)

List of specimens.

Measurements.
5 2 =

: % 5 | 3 gz =}

2\* a} |e 1212 [a he

§ 6 Locality. Whencol- | Whence and how| & Le 5 = “3 = Collected by—

A | lected. obtained. a = ee = 5

o a a = we ay o

z po S s = = -) ro) >

& o 2 = | 9 3 = | 2

2|& Se ae a oe

3s S os 6 | 3 ‘3 o a a

o o z yf 5! B i 4 a

224 | 1694 | Milk river, Nebraska.......... Aug. 26, 1853 | Gov. I. I. Stevens..| Skin...| 7.75 5,00 | 5.83 | 1.42 |...... 1,00 | Dr. Suckley, U.S.A.
1331 | 2159 | Fort Sarpy, Yellowstone river.| Aug. 1854 | Col. A. Vaughan...|..do....| 7.00 4.00 | 4.50 | 1.42) 1.75 .90| Dr. F. V. Hayden...

RODENTIA—MURINAE—SIGMODON. , 501

SIGMODON, Say & Ord.

Sigmodon, Say & Orv, J. A. N. Sc. Phila. IV, mu, 1825, 352.
Waaner, Suppl. Schreb, III, 1843, 555.
Avup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 227.

Sp. Cu.—General appearance, arvicoline. Ears and tail moderate. Molars rooted, surface plane ; the two last in the lower
jaw with the enamel forming a sigma, or an §.

In external appearance, the species of Sigmodon closely resemble the larger arvicolas, in the
stout body, the long hair more or less concealing the ears, and the tail shorter than the trunk.
The under hair is tolerably soft, but there is so great a development of longer hairs as to
produce quite a hispid appearance, whence the name of one species.

The muzzle is very blunt, as in Arvicola, the ears are large, but much buried in the fur ; the
muzzle hairy, except on the septum. The upper lip is emarginate, but not very deeply
cleft. The antitragus is large and valvular. The thumb is rudimentary, covered by a broad,
flat, nail. In the hind foot the lateral toes (1st and 5th) are very short, and nearly equal,
their claws reaching barely to the bases of the adjacent toes, instead of projecting considerably
beyond them, as in Neotoma, Hesperomys, Mus, &c. The soles are perfectly naked from the
very heel, and exhibit six black tubercles much smaller than in Neotoma or Hesperomys; the
skin around these tubercles is granular, very different from Mus. The claws are longer than
in Mus or Neotoma,

The incisors are rather stout and a little compressed ; the upper ones are much rounded on
the anterior face which has, besides, one or two faint ridges. Owing to the convexity transversely
of these incisors, a considerable portion of the anterior face is visible from the side. The lower
incisors are about as wide as the upper, and bevelled off on the outer edge so as to be triangular
in cross section.

The anterior upper molar is the largest, the second and third diminishing successively. The
second is as broad as long, as wide or wider than the first ; the third nearly as long, but narrower.
The enamel folds have the same general characters as described for the sigmodonts, (viz: their
convexity posteriorly above and anteriorly below, deeper indentation on the outside above, &c.)
All the upper molars have two indentations or re-entrant loops of enamel on the outer side; on
the inside, the first has two, the remainder have each one. There are nowhere on the folds
any acute angles with straight sides, but all are regular rounded loops. The first and second
inner loops of the first molar are a little anterior, respectively, to the first and second on the
outside; on the second and third the anterior outer loop is a little anterior to the single inner
one, but so near that they appear in one nearly continuous slightly oblique transverse line.
Theloops are greatly indented, so much so that those of opposite sides meet, and the posterior
outer single ones extend across to the opposite side, thus dividing the dentine into three or
more nearly complete islands.

In the lower jaw, the first molar is the longest, widest behind and tapering forwards ; the
two others are about as broad as long, similarly shaped, the second rather largest; in fact,
somewhat wider than the first. The first molar has three indentations or re-entrant loops of
enamel on the outside, and two inside, the others have one only on each side; here the inner
loop is anterior instead of the outer, as in the upper jaw; those of opposite sides considerably
separated. The folds are indented as much as in the upper jaw. The second lower molar, in

502 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

one specimen, (1667,) has a small accessory peninsula of enamel on the inside, which almost
indicates a second loop ; it is, however, slight, and must disappear at quite an early age.

The skull, in some respects, has a not inconsiderable resemblance to that of Mus decumanus,
especially in the well defined, compressed, elevated ridge which margins the upper border of
the orbit, and extends backwards along the temples, until it bends off downwards nearly at a
right angle. The head is, however, much broader across the zygomata, and shorter, the muzzle
wider. The nasal process of the maxillary extends back behind the nasal and lachrymal bones;
the thin plate at the anterior end of the zygomatic arch is broader, thinner, extends further
forward in a more nearly vertical plane, and is produced above into a point, with a broadly
rounded emargination below it. The zygomatic process of the temporal stands out nearly
perpendicularly. The malar bone is very short, The incisive foramina are much larger,
extending behind to between the anterior extremity of the first molars. The palato-maxillary
suture is between the line of the posterior end of the second molars, instead of the first, as in
the Norway rat; the palatine bone itself is curiously excavated on each side of a median crest,
with two foramina at the bottom of each excavation.

The lower jaw has the ramus quite convex externally, the posterior end of the incisor
protruding on the outside, just below the notch between the coronoid and condyloid processes
and high above the last molar, instead of terminating just behind it, as in the Norway rat.

The species of Sigmodon are confined to the southern portions of the United States—from
Carolina, westward, to western Texas.

SIGMODON HISPIDUS, Say & Ord.
Cotton Rat.

Sigmodon hispidum, Sax & Ory, J. A. N. Sc. Phila, IV, 1, 1825, 354; pl. x, f. 5—8, (read March, 1825.)—Inz. Zool.
Jour. II, 1825, 296; pl. x, f.5—8.
Waener, Suppl. Schreb, IIT, 1843, 556.
Aun. & Baca. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 229; pl. xxx.
Arvicola hispidus, GopMan, Am, N. H. II, 68.
Arvicola hortensis, Haruan, F. Am. 1825, 138.—Is. Med. and Phys. Res. 1835, 49.
? Arvicola ferrugineus, Hartan, Am. Jour. Sc. X, Feb, 1826, 285.—Is. Med. and Phys. Researches, 1835, 57.

Sp. Cu.—Tail less than the trunk. Color above, reddish brown, lined with dark brown. Claws very strong.

This species is about half the size of a Norway rat, Mus decumanus. The head is rather
blunt and compressed. The ears are large, nearly orbicular, the antitragus much developed,
covered on both sides with short hairs, except around the auditory aperture, which is naked.
The tail is shorter than the body, exclusive of the head, covered with short stiff appressed
hairs, which do not conceal the annuli, and with a very slight tuft atthe end. The third finger
is longest, the fourth not appreciably shorter; the claw of the fifth reaches a little beyond the
ante-penultimate articulation of the fourth finger ; that of the second to the end of the ball of
the third. The central three toes are equal and much the longest. The tips of the claws of
the first and fifth are about on a line; but the first claw being considerably the larger, its toe
is shorter, though set further back. Soles entirely naked from the heel.

The prevailing color of the upper parts is a reddish or rusty brown, varying a little in tint,
and lined with dark brown; the sides are brightest, and their color extends on the outside of
the limbs to the fingers of the hand and the tarsus. The under parts generally, with the

RODENTIA—MURINAE—SIGMODON HISPIDUS. 503

upper surfsce of the hind feet, dirty grayish white. There is no marked difference in the colors
of the tail, which is dusky above and paler beneath.

The hairs are everywhere plumbeous at base, this color being darkest above. On the upper
parts they are pale reddish brown at the ends, with the extreme tips brown; the principal
mixture of dark brown is, however, produced by long hairs of this color projecting far beyond
the others.

Description of a specimen in alcohol.—In general form, this animal closely resembles the
large Arvicolae, the hair being long and coarse, and not forming a smooth, compact, glossy coat,
as in the true mice generally. The tail is longer, and the ears larger, however, than is usually
seen in the field mice.

The head is rather narrow, but the muzzle is very blunt, and hairy, even anteriorly ; the
septum and region immediately around the nostrils alone being naked. The nostrils are
termino-lateral ; the septum with a groove, which is continued into the acute emargination of
the upper lip.

The ears may be called very large, but are much covered by the long adjacent hairs of the
head; they are quite orbicular, as broad as high, the convexity and posterior half of the concavity
coated with quite long coarse hairs which lie flat, but do not form a glossy, smooth coat. The
antitragus is well developed, elongated and quite valvular in character, capable of closin,s the
meatus completely.

The feet are quite large; the thumb of the fore foot is rudimentary, but provided with a long,
flat nail, which completely covers it. Thethird and fourth fingers are longest; the second claw
reaches to the base of the third; the fifth to the base of the second; on the hind foot, the central
three toes are longest, and nearly equal; the first and fifth much shorter, their claws reaching
only to the bases of the adjacent toes. The whole under surface of the hind foot is perfectly
smooth from the extreme heel, and not at all granular as far as the first tubercles; beyond this
the skin is rather finely tubercular, with larger tubercles interspersed; of these, there are six,
two at the angles of intersection of the second and third, and third and fourth toes; one each at
the bases of the first and fifth; and another behind each of these, near the inner and outer edges,
the latter most posterior. On the fore foot there are five tubercles: one at the junction of the
third and fourth fingers; at the bases of the second and fifth; and two on the posterior edge of
the palm. These last are much largest; the others, as well as those on the hind foot, being
quite small, and appearing asif set in the surrounding skin. The skin of the soles is blackish,
the tubercles darker.

The tail is rather less than the body without the head; it is conical; thick at base, and annu-
lated. The bairs springing between the annuli, conceal them to a great extent. (2683.)

The tubercles on the feet of Sigmodon are much smaller than those of Neotoma; the entirely
naked soles and black skin of the former are also conspicuously different.

This species was described as Sigmodon hispidum by Say and Ord, and as Arvicola hortensis
by Harlan, at nearly the same time ; the former name, however, has priority in point of actual
publication. It is very probable that the Arvicola ferrugineus of Harlan belongs to the same
species, though this is not quite certain.

504 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

: Measurements.
= z sizf/el]e
a ee
2) See Locality. When Whence and how obtained. | Natureof | || | &] = |5 a £ z = s
a a Ep collected. specimen. 5 g 8 3 Z\s = Sa =
=| 2/2 slelslele|ilsleiale
=| 2 s o/ol/olo}/=|2 | &| &| &| 4
SW AEe ie 2/2/8/8/F/8/s)8 | sts
o o D 2/2/2424 /2/8/8 |/ale {ale
12371
to . «| Society Hill, S. C....0.2. |eeseeeseee+ee-| M. A. Curtis & Sons....... SKine 2.002]. ..0Je0ee eceslecee|cecsfonastsvcs serelee eleeee
1249
1984?
to } seesQO. aosenceces sons |nvncesiecceccanlecevense do dO. cccven | rene] ovo] cccelseee| onen|'s jenfinmnn] aaah edie *
1992
T7Oilseases wocnneeeOs ceccescassienss
1303 | 2105 | @ |......-. do
1304 | 2106 |....]....000. do
1306 | 2108 SeenweenO0
1307 | 2109 Bn nfeacice Gis cee is caisintniolcisie|| sow sleveietsldswel tas cijsot Os ineletem esis aeteieee in| oUls ipaemunll ween ced meth
QBBS |ocescelecce|ssnseees GOs eden an ebeccres)|scessssceiscdel shentors sO! cninclvctocoeteess||( Oi QCstelsen
DEBE | cece. Jeneslense cess dO. cnncececeasees |omcencincesiesea| aveciserOQs tsnusesnmeinesesie||siOQx aeeees
QBS | weccleves|.cceevce do
2686 |. eecOp avekivnce cuscsiel|teccinweiciisbe|<eveincccilOs siistictcsemciisie facta levecne
2687 |. do
QBBB |. cecclecselecee ieee dO. ccccccccee sees [eseccesccscces|sceeveecdO. sesecssseccecces [oeG0s soeeee | -66/1.301.55)5.05/3.30).., | .63/1.20)....
PGBS |. coveloeec|e-caevee MOS sucnncccuivesees|lcncaneisessionnc|secsivccnGQcienenesiscvccvicsee|-s0Os socens
QEQD | 2. oe Jacee|ecccvees WO. ccccncsceccese'|cocccccccccaes|scoe usec Os cocccsccrcecccee [oss cosves
QGOL |occeneleves|ssceevee dO. sececessccece |cecvccccccccee (sees ceerdOn ssveceeecscneccs |o-GOe sosvee
ED I wales sas en lieisia'aseieice OG BeeSames Sodas |aorooerts-ocoed locdenocd ils ssaS5asssocoocare ein scadag
2693 |...00. see wee GOs tei seiseie + eeeeee | -62)1.301.45/4.50/3.23)....) .58)1.20)....
2694 |... oe Snes | i ate wn 8 AOs mele ve ole os dO. seveee ween] ccceloues Fe Pl
35 |eceeee -»+-| Orangeburg, S. C......... Skin ......|+0. coeslecce
20 Hescswe +.++| Liberty co., Georgia ..... SO OY esa) OO saun}| sees | cece] cess] ofan ame] atem
34 | cecnclevec|eocccees do. eevee =eGO. secees ++ (6.00/4.08/4 25)....)..../enesloes .
713 \coces ielsluil's wwe) eisi=in dO. seccvene G0. weccee Seles coes|ccenlsceeleocclecselennsiece
281 | 1675 |....| Georgia ....c.ecceecces wedO. tr ecene -75/1.50 1.75, 5.66|3.50/3.58)..../1.20)1.42) .60
1625 |...... +++.| St. Simon’s island, Ga.... weGO. secece Bn oxs|sses| eee
DIOL, |cccsnslleves|ccosnecelO. scccseinnse) me's Alcohol ... eos [LUD se0 .
909 | 1955 Indian river, Fla......... 200. sevcce |evee . seee
2 13 specimens. * 9 specimens.

SIGMODON BERLANDIERI, Baird.

Sigmodon Berlandieri, Barry, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VII, April, 1855, 333.
? ? Arvicola texiana, Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 229; pl. exlvii, f. 2.

Sp. Cu.—Tail equal to or longer than the trunk. Color above, grayish yellow brown, lined with black. Claws weaker
than in S. hispidus.

This species is about the size of S. hispidus, though perhaps more slender, and with a longer
tail. The ears are large and rounded, projecting beyond the long hairs of the head; the anti-
tragus well developed ; the surface of the ear with short close hairs. The whiskers are about
the length of the head. The tail is uearly equal to the trunk in length; it is covered with
narrow annuli not concealed by the few hairs which spring from between them at regular
distances ; they are narrower and more numerous in a given space than in S. hispidus, and less
concealed by the hairs. The third finger is longest, the fourth scarcely shorter; the claw of the
second extends to the end of the bulb of the third, that of the fifth barely to the base of theclawof

Oe

_——— qm,

Seal

RODENTIA—MURINAE—SIGMODON BERLANDIERI. 505

the fourth. The central three toes are equal and longest, the first and fifth extend to the same
distance (just beyond the base of the longer toes) and rise nearly opposite each other. The first
claw is, however, the larger ; the palms are broad and naked from the heel.

The upper parts, generally, are of a gray yellow brown, lined with dark brown, a little clearer
along the sides. The under parts, with the top of the hind foot, are dull grayish white. The
hairs everywhere are plumbeous at base, this color above becoming darker near the yellowish
brown ends, which are tipped with black. Everywhere interspersed on the back are many
longer hairs entirely black.

Measurements.
| 566 O
ee
Z Inches. Lines
SOS LOC CRY SE ieee cs te rte es se 1 8
OiG@ scoseccoctct coast eens asson tore een censreoss| oSeeotodse! 83
GE Pec Oe sine eo enseoeaicbe dane ps cCOE SEE Sens 1 6
POO Ur OL Galle 5 etalon aera ets aie lle as alata a 5 8
end of outstretched hind legs....-...-.----------- eaters
Tail, from root to. end of vertebre.-.--..----=----4----.-. 4 uf
ars) heipht POstenlOrly==aqne— naa en ae ee ae eee ane ee 64
intemally above: N0teh ~~ = <2 so<cems 22 cesessee|—<-2-oee a 74
Arm, between claws across shoulder....------------------ 4 2
fOKE TOO tOleNd Obs CLAW es wea se ee ee aie el 7
lone estir ela wre ea we ar ta a tte lear eels
Leg, from knee joint to end of claws---.....-.....-------.-=- 2 1}
UL a ee nee: MNS ea Cent Se ee nie epee Meine eae 8
hind foot from heel to end of claws_--..-.------------ 1 23
Nonipesticl ewes ten ete ae ae er a aes ere aan 2
lOnP eRigtoe ale Claws teen anne aeints aoe io ie [neo 4}

This species is readily distinguishable from S. hispidus by the much lighter color above,
where it is grayish yellow brown, instead of distinct reddish brown; the tail is considerably
longer and covered by finer annuli. The toes are shorter and the metatarsus shorter, while
the feet are nearly the same length. The claws, however, are much weaker. The tail is com-
posed of twenty-one vertebra.

This species bears some resemblance to the Arvicola texiana of Audubon and Bachman, and
may possibly be the same. According to these authors, however, this last mentioned species is
of a very different genus ; the tail is very little shorter than the head and body (4 inches to
4,",,) the hind feet 1.25 inch ; the back brownish yellow, spotted with irregular small blotches
of black, a faint, obscure stripe of black on each side ; sides reddish brown, belly whitish gray.
All these features, if properly belonging to the species, render it very different from S. ber es ne.
although it is quite possibly a Sigmodon. LK A Jan

64 L

506 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

3 | Measurements. *
z |= =
2% 2 Si;e@l/elale
Ee 5 4 Locality. When col-| Whence and how ob- | Nature of &)/2)3}2)5 | = | Collected by—
Z| oA) ec e : pSlelsiloelels |2ieilate
F124 | & lected. tained. specimen.| 2/5 /Siej}/o/S&/S/2/4%)]9
3 [ead 24 STlS/o/SIEISISISlsls
2 |e\% Blaisisisialalalals
Oo |}o{a 2\2\/2/ 42/8 |AlAlAl|ele
S= ss a ee el ce
566 |1667 Q Rio Nasas, Coahuila, Mex.} 1853..... Lt. Couch ..... seseee| SKIN. ..0./e00ejoe0- 1.67 5.67 4.60) 260/1.20]1.33}....] 60}... ceesecccccne
264 |....|....| Sta.Caterina, N.Leon,Mex|....dO....).ceeeeesUOseveccerecerleeesAQseeelecesleccs|eces eeeslecnslecce|sses|secs|enerlsuue|eces seseesseneee
574 |...-]e000| Tamaulipas, MeX......cccleveedO.ccsleccccceeAQevevesccvecelece:AOe: slececiorss

sees! sane leweeleeeelaweeleeeelteee wees leeeeee towne wee

occ ees Os cceccce. cccceslecvcnsece
Santa Rosalia, Mex....,..| Mar.,1853
2681 |....|....| Matamoras 2.0.0... cece

8 |1072)....| West of San Antonio.
232 }....|....| Eastern Texas....

eeeeAOcccrfecee| sacleccclesce| ressloccsleceslocccleces|osee
efaceedO.cesleccalarceleces|seer|race
Inalcoho]l) .
1851.....| Col. J. D. Graham....| Skin.. ..
seseeeeeee| Maj. W. H. Emory,..|..-.d0....|..--|.--+
2682"). ...)....| Ringgold Barracks........|esesesceeslseeeee edOseeeeeeeee-s| IN alcohol) .65)1.30
1034 |2213)....| Los Nogales, Sonora .....

weneleneeleeeelewee eeeeleeeees weeeee anne

...| »70) Dr. Berlandier.,
.| J. H. Clark...
coe, fowccesOcsioncuns
sees) «70| A. Schott....00
.81....| Dr. Kennerly...

nee ceccccleccecsesGOcccccccceece| MOUNtE.).e0e)ecee

2 Taken from the stomach of a snake.

Sus-Famity ARVICOLINAE.

Incisors as broad as deep, molars a5 rootless, or with very short roots composed of alternating triangular prisms.
Ante-orbital opening moderate. Intermolar portion of the palate descending below the level of the anterior portion; the
space between incisors and molars excavated. Descending ramus of the lower jaw situated above the plane of the crowns of
the molars.

To the above general characters may be added: ears short and generally hidden in the fur.
Muzzle broad and rounded. Tail short, less than the body, sometimes not as long as the head,
mostly clothed thickly with hair. Whiskers (as in J/wrinae) in five horizontal series.

The genera hitherto described of this sub-family are Arvicola, (in its most general sense,)
Myodes, and Fiber, the species of which are confined to the northern half of the globe—Myodes,
in fact, being the most northern form of Rodents known. All are abundantly represented in
North America, though Myodes proper has not yet been positively detected within the limits of
the United States. iber is peculiar to this country.

In external appearance, the Arvicolinae differ from the Murinae in the blunt snout, (not
pointed,) short ears nearly concealed in the fur, very short and hairy tail, &c. The skull is
shorter and deeper than in the Murinae, much broader ; greatly compressed in the inter-orbital
region. The incisors are much broader, sometimes wider than deep. The molars are rootless,
growing constantly from a persistent pulp ; they are composed of triangular prisms aggregated
together.

The genus Neotoma, which has molar teeth similarly constituted, but provided with roots,
serves to connect closely the Arvicolinae and Murinae, although in all other respects of shape,
size of eyes, ears, tail, &c., it accords perfectly with the rats.

In very old individuals of some forms of the Arvicolinae, the supply of new tooth matter
sometimes diminishes, and finally stops altogether ; this is accompanied by the formation of
irregular fangs, which may, however, be readily distinguished from the genuine fangs of the
rooted molars, by their irregular form. Genera belonging to other sub-families are liable to the
same condition, as in the case of the Beaver,

To mention more fully the characters of the Arvicolinae, it may be stated that the anterior
root of the zygoma is thrown up from the plane of the palate in the form of a thin plate,
obliquely placed ; its lower edge is emarginated. The malar bone does not form part of the
outer boundary of the ante-orbital opening, which is rather wider below than in the Murinae,
and has its upper division bounded below by a lamellar process, bent back from the upper max-
illary bone. The malar bone is broad and vertically compressed, and does not extend back far
enough to enter into the glenoid cavity.

The temporal bone is produced anteriorly and laterally, so as, in some species, to form an
angle.

The palate is more or less contracted in front, the inter-molar portion (with the skull ina
natural position) descending generally below the level of the anterior portion. The palate is
generally moderately broad, and but slightly contracted between the anterior molars ; it does not
extend as far back as in the rats, but ceases about opposite the middle of the last upper molars.

The incisive foramina are large, and situated partly in the maxillary and partly in the inter-
maxillary bones.

508 U. S. P. R. R. EXP, AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL KEPORT.

There are three genera of this sub-family, all of them found in North America, which may
be briefly characterized as follows: r

Arvicola,—Field mice, Size small; soles naked anteriorly. Tail moderately short, cylindrical,
hairy.

Fiber.—Muskrat. Size large; soles naked; tail long, and much developed in a vertical
direction; nearly naked.

Myodes.—Lemmings. Size of Arvicola; tail very short; soles hairy.

RODENTIA—ARVICOLA. 509

ARVICOLA, Lacep.
‘‘Arvicola, LacerepE, Tableau, 1803.’’

Soles of the feet nearly naked. ‘Tail as long as the hind foot, usually longer, from } to 3 the length of the body ; cylin-
drical, or nearly so; well covered with hairs. The posterior upper molar composed of five or six prisms; the posterior
lower one of three; its re-entrant angles opposite to each other.

The above characters will serve to separate the Arvicolas from Fiber and Myodes, although.
there is abundant room to make several subdivisions. The species of the genus are distributed.,
. . . . ‘Bs

over the northern hemisphere of America, Europe, and Asia, none, as yet, having been detected

in South America or Africa, as, indeed, is the case with the whole family. Many species are
eminently aquatic, and have avalve to the ear in the form of a much developed antitragus, by which
itcan be closed when under water ; others live in dry pastures, or high lands, where they fre-
quently do great mischief by their consumption of grain and fruit, or by destroying young trees
in eating off the bark.

The upper incisors are stouter than the lower, the latter much rounded. The molars decrease
from before behind, and the lines of their outer edges at the same time approximate behind so
as nearly to intersect. Hach is composed of triangular prisms placed in two alternating series,
so that the edges have.a zigzag or serrate appearance. These prisms vary somewhat with the
species, and afford excellent specific characters. The molars are all rootless, except in one form
represented in this country by Arvicola gapperi.

The skull differs strikingly from that of Mus in being much shorter and broader, with a sudden
contraction of the inter-orbital region of the frontal bones. The zygomatic arches are much
shorter, and stand more apart. The ante-orbital opening at the anterior root of this arch is
rather broader than in Jus, and the thin lamellar plate forming its outer border, instead of
projecting considerably beyond the junction of the upper anterior branch of the zygomatic arch
with the frontal bone, is emarginated concavely just below this region, not extending, in fact,
beyond the naso-frontal suture.

The palate presents considerable differences, some of which have already been adverted to.

The stomach is provided with a strong constriction, dividing it into two halves ; on the right
one there is an additional swelling, like a third stomach, The coecum is large, with many
constrictions. The colon is twisted spirally for a considerable part of its course. The gall
bladder is generally present. The end of the rectum is surrounded by a gland, which discharges
a fetid fluid into it, near the anus. © 2

The testicles, prostate, and Cowper’s glands have an enormous development, especially during
the rutting season.

The genus Arvicola, or field mice, embraces many species, spread over the northern hemi-
sphere of America, Europe, and Asia, and in the number of individuals probably far exceeds any
other among mammals. Distributed uniformly throughout the countries enumerated, some
species inhabit the vicinity of the water, others occupy the high lands, while others again fre-
quent rocky elevated regions, or even Alpine mountain heights. The thick moss and sphag-
nous swamps of the regions in the vicinity of the arctic circle are said to abound in species both
of Arvicola and Myodes to an extraordinary degree, and to furnish the starting points of the
armies of Lemmings which play so conspicuous a feature in the natural history of the north,

510 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP, AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

In more southern countries the field mice sometimes multiply and swarm to an enormous
extent, appearing suddenly in regions where but few were previously supposed to exist. In
America the injury to young trees and shrubs from the ravages of field mice has been some-
times very great; but it is of European species that the most extraordinary accounts are given
as to numbers and destructiveness. Thus, in the year 1837, four-fifths of the entire harvest in
the province of Piombina, in Italy, were devastated by the field mice, which had been driven to
the high grounds by heavy floods in the meadows. In a single province in Germany, in 1822,
1,570,000 mice were captured in fourteen days, as shown by official reports.

As will be seen hereafter, there is good reason to concur with Keyserling and Blasius in
separating a genus, or, at least, sub-genus Hypadaeus! from Arvicola. The former differs
little externally from Arvicola, except, perhaps, in the more prominent ears, and some other
minor points. In all, however, the head is short and blunt, the body stout, sometimes very
much so. The upper lip is bifid, and a shallow groove extends to the nose and passes between
the naked nostrils, which swell out a little on each side. This groove, when the skin is stretched
apart, is seen to be naked ; but in the ordinary condition, the region between the nostril and the
lip appears to be densely furred ; ‘the hair also extends to the extreme end of the muzzle, leaving
only a naked space around the nostrils. The lips are tumid and hairy to within the mouth.
The bristles are in five horizontal series. The ears are variable in size, usually concealed in
the fur ; the surfaces covered vith hair, or nearly naked. The eyes are very small.

The fur is generally long and loose, sometimes short and compact. It is always plumbeous
at the base.

The thumb is obsolete externally, or very rudimentary, the corresponding claw almost
springing directly from theskin. It is variable in size and shape ; sometimes conical, sometimes
flat, always inconspicuous. The third and fourth fingers are longest ; the second and fifth
shorter. The palm is perfectly naked. The fore feet are half as long, or more, than the hinder,
The hind foot has the sole hairy for one-half or one-third its length from the heel, or as far as the
tubercles. The first and fifth toes are inserted on much shorter metatarsals than the second,
third, and fourth, which are longest.

The tail is variable, sometimes nearly half as long as the head and body ; more usually from
one-third to one-fourth, or even less ; never shorter than the hind foot, as in the Lemmings. It
is sparingly or densely covered with stiff hairs.

In Hypadaeus, in addition to the characters embraced in the preceding description, the
general form is slenderer than in most Arvicolae, and the appearance more like that of Sigmodon.
The size is small ; the head rather narrower and pointed. The ears are very large, projecting -
far beyond the fur, and well covered with short, close hairs, which have almost the finish of the
squirrel’s ear. The antitragus is large. The feet are small, the anterior more than half as
long as the posterior, and with naked palms and small thumb claw. The sole is hairy for the

The genus Arvicola was established ‘cy eeesede in 1803, according to the Nomenclater Zoologicus of Agassiz. I have not
been able to ascertain upon what particular species the genus was based ; but it was applied by him both to 2. amphibia and
A. arvalis, types of two very different sections. In 1811, Illiger, in the Prodromus Syst. Mammalium et Avium, made the
genus Hypudaeus, and included in it as types the Mus lemmus, amphibius, and arvalis, or nearly the same as Arvicola. The
genus Lemmus was proposed by Linck, and was of still greater extent as defined by Fischer. These genera were generally
considered as synonymous until Keyserling and Blasius, in Wirbelthiere Europas, 1842, defined two sub-genera, rvicola and
Hypudaeus, and restricted the latter to the species with partly rooted molars, having -Arvicola glareola as the type. Not having
the means of reference to the works of Lacéptde and Linck, 1am unable to say whether Lemmus should be used in preference

to Hypudaeus, or whether it belongs more strictly to the true Lemmings, and in this case whether or not it supersedes Myodes
of Pallas.

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—ARVICOLA. 511

posterior third. Tail as long or longer than the head ; the hairs on the posterior third longer
than those anteriorly. ;

In the American specimens hitherto examined, the tail is twice as long as the hind foot, less
than one-third the head and body, darkest at the tip.

The skull of the Arvicola possesses certain very uniform cranial characteristics, although
variations in subordinate points afford the means of establishing subdivisions which greatly
facilitate the comprehension of the species. It will not do, however, to attach too much
importance to all the variations of bones and teeth, as in no group do we find a greater latitude
within specific limits. It is only by the examination of many specimens that we can seize an
average of conditions that may be considered as typical.

The principal points in which the subdivisions of Arvicola differ, are in the extent of the
nasal branch of the intermaxillary bone, the nature of the bony palate, the number of closed
triangles in the molar teeth, with the position and number of the salient angles, and some other
features hereafter to be mentioned. These usually vary little in different species of one group.
The specific variations are in the proportions of the skull, the shape of the occipital foramen,
the size of the teeth, and rarely in the outline of the enamel folds. I have not been able to
appreciate any constant difference in the sexes, but the adults differ from the young in the size
and proportions of the skull, the greater angularity of outline, &c.

As a whole, theskulls of American Arvicolae differ from the European, as in only one species
(Arvicola agrestis from Sweden) have I found an accordance in every general respect with an
American, In the above mentioned Arvicola the skull is almost entirely like that of A. riparia,
although certain specific differences may be noted. An exception must, however, be made for
the species of Hypadaeus, in which there is a close concordance.

After an examination of many skulls of Arvicolae, Huropean and American, (over 20 species,)
I am inclined fully to agree with Keyserling and Blasius, in separating Hypadaeus from
Arvicola, and even to raise it to generic rank. It is true the differences are not very great, but
they are strongly marked and constant; and ina group where the number of closely allied
species is so large, what would otherwise be a trifling character may take an important place.
I find also some characters to distinguish the two, to which the above mentioned authors do not
allude, and which are even more striking than any they mention. The chief external feature of
Hypadaeus is in the large ears prominent above the fur, the surfaces densely coated with short,
close hair, asin the squirrels. The skull differs in the palatine vault, the double roots to the
molars, the shape of the crown, and some other features.

* The skull of the restricted genus Arvicola is short and broad, as wellas high. The length is
a little more than twice the greatest width, which occurs at about the middle of the axial line.
Viewed from above, the muzzle is narrow and its outlines nearly parallel; it occupies the
anterior third or fourth of the head, which suddenly widens along the anterior wall of the
zygomatic arch, and then curves round to the temporal region. The confluent orbital and
temporal fossae are large, their posterior internal boundary generally sharply angular in the
adult. The nasal bones are about one-fourth the length of the head; the nasal branch of the
intermaxillary is as long or a little longer than the nasal bones, and reaches to a point between
the roots of the zygomatic arch ora little beyond, as far as the small lachrymal bone, or to the
inter-orbital region. The cccipital foramen is sometimes higher than wide, and sub-triangular,
or as high as wide, and rounded. The auditory bullae are large. The bony palate is nearly
plane between the two anterior molars of each side ; opposite the last molar on either side it is

512 U. Ss. BP. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

abruptly indented by an élongated fossa situated against the root of the posterior molar; the
two leave between them a short azygos process. Between these fossae is a fissure which reaches
to a point opposite the middle of the molar. There is thus a step from the plane of the bony
palate to the bottom of the fossa, and another thence to the base of the skull or body of the
sphenoid. The palatine lateral outline is considerably excavated anterior to the molars, rising
rapidly to the incisors. The incisive foramina communicate with each other, and extend from
the anterior molar over two-thirds the distance to the incisors.

The lower jaw is short and massive ; the distance from the molars to the tips of the incisors
about one-third the whole length. The condyloid process is long, its sides sub-linear and
narrow, the coronoid process curved, and rising as high or higher than the level of the condyle.
The descending ramus is long, narrow, and bent upwards, with, at the same time, an outward
twist.

The incisors are stout, the upper ones rather short, rounded off anteriorly a little on the
internal edges, more extensively externally, so as to cut down to the middle line of the lateral
outline. Sometimes the anterior surface is more plane, and only one-third of the anterior surface
visible from the side.

The molars are all prismatic, with acute salient and re-entrant angles on each side, and
without roots, even in the adult, the teeth appearing to grow for a considerable time from a
persistent pulp. Each tooth is composed of an aggregation of triangular prisms, more or less
alternating with each other, or, more strictly, of a prism of dentine with a continuous enveloping
wall of enamel, which is indented in subacute re-entrant angles which either alternate or are
opposite. When the enamel of opposite sides meets, the apex of an angle against a side or
another apex, the two lines generally fuse into one no wider than either separately ; this is
especially the case in the upper jaw. Sometimes, however, both are distinguishable.

The anterior outline of each upper molar is a transverse, slightly curved line, which is itself
the longest side of a spherical closed triangle. The anterior molar, in all species, exhibits four
succeeding triangles—two internal and two external—the first being internal, the second external.
In the second molar, the anterior triangle is succeeded by either three or four lateral triangles,
and is very similar to the first molar, except that here the first one is external, not internal.
Where there are but three lateral angles, there is one internal and two external. The posterior
molar has one internal and one or two external angles, with either a crescentic loop ending the
tooth, or else a V or Y-shaped lobe. When the lobe is crescentic, the convexity is external,
the posterior outer triangle being borne on its back, or just at the stem of the crescent; the
anterior loop of the crescent forms one of the internal salient angles; the posterior is the last
internal or terminal salient angle ; between the two there is sometimes a third salient angle.

The lower molars are somewhat similar to the upper, but the transverse triangles are posterior,
not anterior. Inthe anterior molar there are two or more lateral triangles on either side
anterior to the transverse one, and an anterior trefoil loop with one or more lateral indentations.
The tooth varies in exact pattern with the group. The middle molar has one posterior trans-
verse triangle, and generally two lateral alternating ones on either side anterior to this.
Sometimes one or both lateral triangles are opposite to and confluent with each other, giving
rise to one or two additional transverse triangles ; if to two, then the whole tooth is composed
of three transverse triangles. The posterior molar is narrower than the rest, and always
composed of three transverse spherical triangles or ellipses. This last lower molar and first
upper one are very unchangeable ; all the rest vary more or less.

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—ARVICOLA. 513

Although I have not had the opportunity of examining all the American Arvicolae, they will,
probably, all be found in one or other of several groups which will hereafter be characterized.
Externally, the differences are in the size and shape of the feet and ears, the length of the
tail, the condition of the fur, &c. The variations of the skull have already been referred to.

Hypudaeus.—The description of Arvicola has necessarily involved that of many points
common to it and Hypudaeus, and it will, therefore, here be only necessary to advert to the
characteristic features. The most striking of these is seen in the molars, which, in the adult,
have two fangs or roots, each separated by a slit sometimes nearly half the length of the tooth.
Some other points, to which attention may be called, are as follows: The nasal bones and nasal
branches of the intermaxillary are of equal length, and scarcely extend beyond the anterior
insertion of the palatine arch, never to the interorbital region. The interparietal bone is acute
angled laterally, not truncate. There is a slight concavity in the top of the head anterior to
the parietal bones. The posterior end of the bony palate is a projecting shelf, with the wings
of the sphenoid and palatine bones dipping and disappearing under it by sinking to the level
of the base of the head. There is, therefore, no mere fossa on each side of the anterior molars,
but the whole intermolar space is broadly excavated and open. The incisive foramina are long
and wide. The coronoid process of the lower jaw is long but low, and does not reach to the
level of the condyle.

The anterior upper and posterior lower molars are much as in Arvicola. The middle
upper molar has one internal and two external triangles. .The posterior molar is shaped much
as in the drvicola riparius section, viz: one anterior triangle, two external and one internal,
with a posterior crescent, the two loops of which form the two last internal salient angles.
The corners of the angles are all rounded off, however. The middle lower molar, like the
posterior, is composed of three transverse triangles, although it is considerably wider. The third
molar has a posterior transverse triangle, and the lateral salient angles are more or less opposite
each other, so that their dentine is confluent with transverse triangles ; there are usually two of
these lateral open triangles on each side, and a trefoil loop anterior to all.

The incisors are narrower than usual; the entire skull narrow and depressed. The line of
molars is very short and narrow, not more than one-fifth the length of the skull.

Thus far, I have only found one, perhaps two, species of Hypudaeus in America. There are,
however, several in Europe, in addition to the typical H. glareola, upon which the sub-genus
was founded. Among them are H. rubida and H. rutila of northern Europe, so similar to
A. gapperi. Arvicola arvalis of southern Europe, and Arvicola agrestis, of northern Europe,
supposed to be identical with A. arvalis of authors, fall legitimately in the other genus.

To sum up, therefore, in a few words, the characters of Arvicola and Hypudaeus, we have the
following diagnoses :

Aryicota.—Molars rootless. Bony palate with a fossa on the inner side of each posterior molar, and between these fossae
an opening to the basi-sphenoid one-third the intermolar space. Coronoid process as high as the condyle of the lower jaw.
Ears more or less concealed, coated with rather loose hairs. :

Hypuparvus.—Molars with two roots each. Bony palate behind a projecting shelf; no fossae, but the entire space between
the posterior molars excavated and open to the basi-sphenoid. Coronoid process not as high as the condyloid. Ears
very distinct, covered with short close hairs.

Although, by defining Hypudaeus as distinct from Arvicola, the labor of ascertaining the
species is somewhat lessened, still enough are left in the latter to render it very desirable to
construct further subdivisions. I have, after a somewhat protracted examination, succeeded in
finding characters by which the Arvicola may be thrown into five or six smaller groups, each

65 L

514 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

presenting features which are readily appreciable. These I shall now characterize, after
presenting their chief features in a tabular abstract. In this I shall include Hypudaeus, for
the sake of showing some of its peculiarities, as compared with those of the different groups

mentioned.
ANALYSIS.
Ears hidden, small ; margins incurved, surface naked.............ssesseeveee B
a a IMBTPMS NOL ANCURVED aneercacdaceesnascenee eaaereeeeenaese sa ; iD:
‘¢ larger, scarcely hidden, not projecting conspicuously ...........esse0008 A.C
‘¢ projecting conspicuously...... eneookceccectteleeee tenecdy saerecdsncsrsardusterans Hypudaeus.
Fore feet about half the length of hinder, their claws not larger than
DOBURTION voc sab cwiede) gee nde concn epnes seat ae seep eenoepeeeeso<asepeees A. B.C. Hypudaeus.
fe two-thirds the hinder, fore claws largest.........s.-ssessssesseceenees D.
HOLES AWA PLVETULDCLCLEN.cocchacceeuresps tiene recess sce veencencsensecetneeseerienceetee B. C.D.
ce six tubercles....... a ceavaliesiisenteacde tes dsamecoeetnenneteeieeens nasetss A. Hypudaeus.
Interparietal bone, subtruncate laterally.............cecsessessesscccessecseeees ASBAC. .
2 ACUbETAN GEMS cer ctkesewensss eteeree cece ateecbsceseeneseunass D. Hypudaeus.
Second upper molar with two interna] triangles..............scceceseeeeeeeeeees A.
sf rs Orie Miernal dA ele.Vecevsasssssceccssvevaseesaaenmes B.C. D. Hypudaeus.
Third upper molar with two external triangles and a posterior crescent... A. Hypudaeus.
ce oe one exterior triangle and a posterior V or Y...... B.C. D.
Anterior lower molar with three internal and two or three external closed
PriAN GIES s..cecesecescac Mote seeder cesesesteaees seat aes A. B.
Ce oe with two internal and one external closed triangle OC. D.
Anterior lower molar with salient angles mostly alternating............ AY Be CAD
66 of oe OPPOSibO.s.ccocesasresees Hypudaeus.
Middle lower molar with one posterior triangle and two lateral on each
side, lateral salient angles alternating........ ata eae
0 with one posterior triangle, one anterior, and one
Adtetal Omieach Bid e:a..scasecuscge denna aseevesnseerees C. D.
gh with an anterior triangle, a middle, and a posterior.. ~ Hypudaeus.

In throwing the various species of the genus Arvicola (as restricted) into sections, I shall be
obliged, for convenience of reference, to give names to these, although I do not present them as
of even sub-generic value. It is, however, very possible that careful anatomical investigations
of the American species, which I have not now time to make, may render it expedient to adopt
many more sub-genera, or even genera, than are at present admitted. Whoever will undertake
the critical revision of the entire sub-family in all its species, whether Old World or New, and
show exactly their relationships and limits, will do what, more than any other labor, will tend
to relieve the study of the smaller mammals from many of its embarrassments. ‘There is no
other group of Rodents in which the species are so difficult to define, nor is there any in which
the representatives from the two continents approach each other so closely. I have before me
a large proportion of all the species known, but the limited time at present at my command will
not allow me to attempt any monographic investigations. Even of the species of American
Arvicolae I shall attempt no critical revision, but satisfy myself with giving those which appear

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—ARVICOLA. 515

positively distinct in the collections before me, without any special synoptical arrangement, as
as in other genera. Much more material and labor will be required before this can be done
properly.

In giving the subdivisions of Arvicola, I shall precede them with a brief diagnosis of Hypu-
daeus, referring for particulars to the preceding pages. It is to be understood that, though no
special prominence is given in the descriptions, yet that Hypudaeus is much more distinct from
sections A, B, C, and D, than these are from each other, and consequently more likely to be

erected into generic rank.
Hypupagvs, Ill.1

Ears large, broad, and prominent. Margins not inflexed. Antitragus moderate, though capable of closing the meatus.
Fore feet about half the length of the hinder. Soles with six tubercles, the posterior rather small. Tail about two and a
half times the length of the hind foot; considerably longer than the head. Female with four pairs of teats, two pectoral /

and two inguinal.

Further details concerning this section will be found in the preceding pages, where its charac-
ters are compared with those of the restricted genus Arvicola. But one species, H. gappert, is
thus far known in North America. It constitutes an excellent connecting link between the
arvicoline Hesperomys and Sigmodon and the Arvicolae proper.

ArvicoLa.—A. Hemrotomys, Selys.?

Ears large and broad, with a highly developed antitragus. Feet large. Anterior rather less than half the length of

posterior. Claws moderate, the anterior not longer. Soles with six tubercles; the posterior very large. Females with

four pairs of teats, two pectoral and two inguinal. Second upper molar with two internal triangles, third with two external.

Anterior lower molar with three internal triangles, and two or three external.

Embracing the largest American species. Hind feet very long. Toes long, inserted obliquely
on the metatarsus, as in the muskrat, for swimming. Fore feet a little more than half as
long as the hinder ; their claws not longer than the hinder ; posterior third of sole hairy.
Ears large, though more or less concealed by the fur, coated with long hairs. Antitragus a
large, almost semi-circular, valve, capable of closing the meatus. Tail considerably longer than
the head, usually about one-third the head and body. Plumbeous portion of the hairs uniform
thronghout. Tail not darker at tip.

Skull rather narrow. Interparietal bone truncate laterally. Nasal branch of intermaxillary
very little longer than the nasal bone, and barely reaching to the interorbital region. Second
upper molar with five closed triangles; the two last sometimes sub-confluent. The third upper
molar with one anterior, two external, and one internal closed triangles, and a posterior C-shaped
or sub-crescentic loop, the convexity external, sometimes with an additional internal spur.
Anterior lower molar with one posterior triangle, three internal, and two or three external,
with also an anterior trefoil loop. When there are three external triangles, the outer lobe of
the loop is changed to a triangle. Middle lower molar with five triangles.

The shape of the crescent loop of the posterior upper molar may vary in the same species ;
sometimes with two lobes only, sometimes with a third inner lobe, making three salient inner
angles. Sometimes the posterior lobe is not bent inwards, but is simply directed backwards,

1 Myodes of Selys Longchamps, Etudes, 87.

? Hemiotomys, Selys Longchamps, Etudes de Micromammalogie, 1839, 85.
Arvicola amphibius, terrestris, &c. The skull of these, however, is more like that of section C.

Constructed to accommodate the European

516 U. S. P. R. R, EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

with an internal concavity. The difference of two or three external triangles to the anterior
lower molar depends only on the greater or less indentation of the anterior re-entrant angle,
and may vary in the same species. +

It is to this group that by far the greater number of the American species belong, especially
those of largest size. While new species remain to be discovered, it is highly probable that
many of those indicated as distinct will, on a critical examination, prove to be the same. The
law of specific character in our American species has not yet been fully ascertained, but it is
beyond a doubt that species may vary considerably (even if within fixed limits) in dimensions
in the size and amount of hair on the ears, the length of the tail, and the color of the fur.

The species of this group described in the following pages are:

West coast AND Rocky Movuntarys. | Eastern NortH AMERICA.

|

Arvicola townsendii, | Arvicola riparia,
montana, “¢ longipilis,
longirostris, breweri,
occidentalis, rujidorsum.
californica,
edax,
modesta.

ArvicoLa.—B. Cutnotus, Baird.

Ears small, orbicular, the marginal portion or helix incurved all round, bounding a distinct fossa innominata ; the upper
and lower roots so close together as to be confluent anteriorly, and thus enclosing the meatus entirely in the anterior rim,
however low; surfaces of the ear almost naked; tubercles of soles fine, asin A. pinetorum ; fore feet but little more than
half the hinder; fore claws not longest; tail about one-third the head and body. Second upper molar, with one internal
triangle ; third, with one external ; anterior lower molar with three internal closed triangles and two or three external.

Size very small. Fur close, short. Ears short, naked, with scattered short hairs. Feet
rather small and weak ; anterior little more than half the posterior; claws not longer. Tail
longer than the head.

Skull rather broad. Nasal branch of intermaxillary as long as the nasal bone, and not
reaching to the inter-orbital region. Interparietal bone subtruncate laterally. Occipital
foramen round ; as wide as high. Second upper molar, with four closed triangles. Posterior
upper molar, with one anterior triangle; one lateral on either side, and a posterior Y or trefoil.
The anterior lower molar has one posterior triangle, three internal and three external triangles,
with an anterior trefoil loop. Middle lower molar with five triangles, the opposite salient
angles alternating.

I know of but one species of this group, the A. oregona of Audubon and Bachman.

\Arvicola agrestis, from Sweden, in the character of its skull and teeth, belongs strictly to the group having A. riparius for
the type. The anterior lower molar has three lateral triangles on each side.

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—ARVICOLA. 517

Arvicota.—C. Prpomys, Baird.

Ears small, very broad; the anterior edge not inflected. Antitragus well developed into a valve. Feet very broad ;
anterior about half as long as posterior; claws weaker than in section D, the anterior shortest ; soles with five tubercles
only ; the tubercles well defined, elevated, as if set in the skin; the posterior very small. Tail, with the hairs, a little less
than twice the hind feet; about equal to the head. Female with two pairs of teats, only; inguinal. Second upper molar
with one internal triangle ; third, with one external; anterior lower molar, with two internal and one external closed
triangles.

Size large. Hind feet moderate. Toes short. Fore feet about two-thirds as long as the
hinder, broad, and fossorial. Posterior half of sole hairy. Ears small, concealed, about half
as long as the hind feet, sparsely furred near the margins. Antitragus very large. Tail a little
longer than the head, less than one-third the length of head and body. Plumbeous portion of
the fur becoming darker just before the brown tip. Tail duskier at the tip.

Skull moderately broad. Interparietal truncate laterally. Nasal branch of interparietal reaching
considerably beyond the nasal bone to the interorbital region. Second upper molar, with four
closed triangles, without any spur to the posterior. Third upper molar, with one anterior, one
external and one internal triangle, with a posterior V. Anterior lower molar, with one posterior,
two interior, and one exterior triangle, with an anterior lobe or trefoil, with two salient angles
on each side. Middle lower molar, with five triangles.

The skull and teeth of A. amphibia resemble this, except that the anterior trefoil has but one
indentation on each side, lacking the anterior shallow one. A. ratticeps has two lateral triangles
on each side of the posterior upper molar, instead of one. The lower molars are much like those
of A. riparia. Arvicola agrestis falls in the group to which A. riparia belongs.

At present I know of but three species for this section, A. austera, cinnamomea, and haydeni.

Aryiconra—D. Pirymys, McMurtrie.!

Ears short ; the anterior margin and concha not inflected. The antitragus scarcely valvular. Fore feet more than two-thirds
the hinder. Fore claws longest. Hind feet very short, with five tubercles on the soles. The tubercles broad, low, conical,
apparently like mere elevations of the skin. Tail scarcely longer than the hind feet; considerably shorter than the head.
Female with only two pairs of teats, in the groin. Second upper molar with one internal triangle ; third with one external ;
anterior lower molar with two internal and one external closed triangles.

Size very small; body slender, depressed, closely resembling the shrews in compactness of .
fur ; fore feet stout, broader than hinder, nearly as long, with longer claws, &c. Ears very
small, concealed ; the meatus large, with a narrow auricle; rather thinly coated with longish
hairs. Antitragus very small. Tail very short, considerably less than the head, scarcely
exceeding the hind feet.

Skull very broad, width exceeding .60 of the length, convex above. Interparietal acutely
angular laterally. Nasal branches of intermaxillary longer than the nasal bone, and reaching
between the orbital spaces. Occipital foramen rounded, as broad as high. Second upper molar
with four closed triangles, without any spur to the posterior. Third upper molar with only one
lateral triangle on each side, an anterior triangle and a posterior V. Anterior lower molar,
with two internal, one external, and one posterior triangle, and an anterior lobe or trefoil, with
two salient angles on each side. Middle lower molar with four triangles, one lateral triangle
on each side, the salient angles anterior to those opposite, and forming one triangle. Anterior
surface of incisors nearly plane ; one-third of lateral surface only covered with enamel.

The American type of this section is A. pinetorum, of which there appear to be several varieties.

* Smaller McMurtrie, Am. ed. Cuvier, Regne Animale, I, 1831, 434 ; perhaps equal in part to Microtus, Selys Longchamps
Etudes de Micromammalogie, 1839, 86.

518 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

ARVICOLA (HYPUDAEUS) GAPPERI, Vigors.

Arvicola gapperi, Vicors, Zool. Jour. V, June, 1830, 204; pl. ix.—(Canada.)
Dexary, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 91.
Scuinz, Syn. Mam. II, 1845, 252.
? Arvicola fulva, Aup. & Bacu. J. A. N. Se. VIII, m1, 1842, 295.
2 Arvicola dekayi, Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1854, 287.

Sp. Cu.—Size small and slender, about like that of the domestic mouse (33 inches long.) Skull about .9 of an inch. Ear
large, two-thirds the hind foot; prominent above the fur; well and closely furred, with short hair. Antitragus large. Tail
vertebra about twice as long as the hind foot. Back with a broad stripe of uniform bright rufous brown ; sides sharply defined
yellowish gray, mixed with brown; muzzle similar; beneath, dull yellowish white. Tail sharply bicolor, grayish and black
mixed above, whitish beneath, dusky at the tip.

This species is of small size and of slender form compared with the others found in the northern
and eastern States. The proportions are those of the house mouse, but the size is rather larger
or about that of the white-footed mouse of the northern States.

The hair is soft and full, but rather short, measuring about .35 of an inch above and half as
much below. The head is rather pointed, at least in the dried skins. The whiskers are as
long as the head; black and grayish white. The eye is rather large, and appears situated
nearer the nose than the ears. The ear is large, longer than wide, and clearly visible beyond
the fur at all times, which it usually exceeds by nearly a quarter of an inch. Its length is more
than two-thirds that of the hind foot. It is uniformly and densely coated on both sides with
short hairs, and has almost the finish of a squirrel’s ear, thus differing much from the common
northern species. There isa large, nearly semi-circular antitragus, apparently capable of closing
the meatus.

The feet are rather short, slender, and weak, the anterior long in proportion to the posterior,
being more than half the length. There is a short, blunt claw enveloping the rudimentary
thumb. The sole is covered with close fine hair from the heel to the tubercles, or for a little
more than one-third ; there is also some hair growing over the edge of the sole anterior to this
point. The tail is long; the vertebra about twice as long as the hind foot, though the pro-
portion varies in specimens; it is also rather more than one-third the head and body. It is
well covered with stiff appressed hairs, a little longer towards the tip, and at the tip forming
a pencil.!

The prevailing color of the upper parts is a lively uniform rufous or chestnut brown; the
color commencing on the crown and passing backwards in a well defined dorsal stripe about the
width of the head. The sides and anterior of muzzle are pale brownish gray, with a tinge of
yellowish; the color well defined against the dorsal stripe, but passing rather insensibly into
the yellowish grayish white of the under parts. The sides of the muzzle are like the belly.
There are numerous longer fine hairs interspersed among the fur of the back of a dark reddish
brown or clear brown color ; but these do not obscure the brighter tints. The feet are grayish
white. The tail above mixed grayish and brown; darker and almost black near and at the
tip. The under parts are like the belly.

There are slight variations in the color of different specimens, the above description being

1 The following notes are derived from a specimen in alcohol: This animal is much more like the long-tailed mice in ex-
ternal form than the Arvicolae. ihe ears are large and prominent, the membrane thin, and not inflected at its anterior edge.
The antitragus is well developed into a valve. ‘The muzzle is quite acute, almost as much as in the mice ; the whiskers are full
and long. The feet are slender, and not very long ; the soles have six tubercles, the posterior inner rather small.

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—ARVICOLA GAPPERI, 519

taken from an average winter specimen. ‘There is usually a tendency in the rufous of the back
to run down more or less on the sides just anterior to the hind legs. There is frequently, also,
a yellowish brown spot in the insertion of the whiskers, sometimes a dusky one instead. A
midsummer specimen (864) is of a more vivid rufous, this color tinging the sides of body and
head, (but not of the shoulder.) There is a bright fulvous yellow spot on each side the muzzle.

Two specimens of Arvicola, borrowed from the cabinet of Professor Agassiz, and labelled
“¢ Lake Superior,’’ exhibit a close resemblance to the A. gappert, and, in fact, are scarcely to
be distinguished but by the rather larger size and a few other peculiarities. It is possible that
they may be from Massachusetts, and labelled by mistake. Were this the case with the present
materials only, I would have little hesitation in considering them the same; but if really from
Lake Superior, (the north shore,) the remoteness of the two localities, and the difference in
their zoological characters, might go far to give a specific value to the otherwise trifling
distinctions.

The size is rather less than that of the common Arvicolae of the eastern States; the head nar-
row and rather acute. The ears are large, longer than broad, projecting beyond the fur, and
always visible. They are coated with short close hairs on both sides. Antitragus large.

The hind feet are quite large and broad ; the sole hairy for nearly half its length from the
heel, and involving the first tubercle. The tail is quite thick, tapering but little to the tip,
which is terminated by a pencil of hairs, and otherwise well covered ; it is considerably longer
than the head, and more than one-third as long as the head and body.

The upper parts, from the crown to the rump, area bright and uniform rufous brown or
chestnut, mixed with, but not obscured by, black hairs; the fur is generally soft and glossy.
The entire sides of the head and body are a dirty brownish yellow, obscurely mixed with black
hairs. The whole head anterior to the eyes is similar, with rather more black hairs. The
color of the sides is well defined against that of the back; beneath it passes not very sensibly
into the yellowish white of the belly and under parts. The feet are grayish white. The tail
above is light brown, becoming darker near and at the tip; beneath it is like the belly; the
line of separation very distinct.

The female is similar, but smaller, with a more slender tail.

The specimens are very similar to those received from Mr, Jenks, except that the male has
considerably stouter feet and tail. The belly is rather yellower. The size generally is larger.
The nose appears to be longer.

io 3, Lake Superior.—The skull of this animal is rather long in proportion to its width,
but at the same time considerably depressed. There is a decided indentation or shallow con-
cavity in the forehead just anterior to the parietal bones. The nasal bones and nasal branches
of intermaxillary are of equal length, and do not extend back as far as the orbit, reaching, in
fact, but little posterior to the anterior base of the zygomatic arch. The contracted interorbital
portion of the frontal bones is quite broad, as wide as is the muzzle, (.15 of an inch,) and
exhibits a small hole or foramen in the bone on either edge, situated at the beginning of the
contraction, and a little anterior to the middle of the longitudinal axis of the skull.

The interparietal bone is somewhat lozenge-shaped, broadly obtuse anteriorly, more rounded
behind, on either side extending outwards in an acute angle. The line connecting the extreme
lateral points of the bone would cross about or a little behind its centre. The occipital foramen
is nearly round. The distance from the line of upper molars to the posterior base of the incisors

520 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

is about one-third the distance from the incisors to the occiput. The line of molars is short,
only about one-fifth the length of the skull, (.20.)

A rather striking peculiarity of this species and its allies is seen in the construction of the
bony palate, which ends sharply like a thin shelf, with a cavity below and behind it, (when the
palatal surface is superior,) the shelf with nearly a straight edge. In the other American types
there is a step from the palatal surface to a fossa opposite the inner face of the posterior upper
molar, from which there is an additional step to the plane of the basi-sphenoid and basi-occipital,
the palatal surface ending in an acute angle behind. The incisive foramina are unusually long
and open.

The lower jaw is lower than in the large Arvicolae, the coronoid process shorter, not rising
to the level of the top of the condyloid, and more erect posteriorly. The descending ramus is
longer, narrower, and more horizontal.

The incisors are small, and narrower transversely than antero-posteriorly. The molars are
small and narrow. There is little characteristic in the anterior upper one. The middle is
composed of one anterior, one interior, and two exterior closed triangles, four in all; the pos-
terior an outer one; instead of five, the posterior an inner one, as in A. riparius, &c. The
posterior upper molar is longer than the middle one. It is composed of an anterior triangle,
two external and one internal, and terminating in a bent crescent-like loop, the back of which
is external and nearly straight or slightly concave. There are four salient angles on the inner
side, and three on the outer, besides the long nearly straight line of the posterior loop.

In the molars of the lower jaw the outlines of the enamel ridges in the crowns are formed
entirely by the indentations of one single outer enveloping sheet of enamel. When these
indentations or re-entrant angles meet from opposite sides in the crown, their parietes are dis-
tinctly double, instead of fusing into one. There is thus a much less tendency to lateral enclosed
triangles, the triangular spaces when indented going usually entirely across the tooth. The
posterior molar, as usual, is composed of three triangles, or sub-triangular spaces. The middle
molar has two indentations on either side, which meet and divide the crown into three triangles,
each extending across the tooth. There are three salient angles on each side, which, like the
indentations, do not alternate with each other on opposite sides, but are opposite. The anterior
molar has three indentations on the outside, and four inside, with four salient angles outside,
and five inside, counting the angular sides of the anterior loop, (which are sometimes quite
obsolete.) The dentine of the anterior loop with its angular edges is continuous with that of
the succeeding inner salient angle.

In the female skull (1957) the posterior external triangle of the posterior upper molar is not
cut off from the posterior loop, but, on account of the shallow indentation behind it, is continuous
with the loop. The anterior outer re-entrant angle of the middle lower molar slips a little past
the opposite one, so as to form an imperfect lateral triangle on either side, instead of a continuous
one completely across. The dentine of the anterior loop of the anterior lower molar is con-
tinuous with that of the first external salient angle as well as the internal ; indeed, there is a
constant tendency to variation in the closeness of approximation of the opposing re-entrant
angles, and the consequent number of complete enclosures. The angular outlines of the enamel
lines are generally more rounded off. The skulls of specimens from Massachusetts in general
agree in all essential respects, allowing for their belonging to younger animals. ‘The inter-
orbital portion of the skull is wider, measuring .18 of an inch. The muzzle is shorter and
more arched. There is no important difference in the teeth,

RODENTIA™ARVICOLINAE-——-ARVICOLA GAPPERI, 521

The skull bears a very close resemblance to that of Arvicola rutila, so close, indeed, that with
the limited materials at my command I am unable to indicate reliable characters to ‘separate
specimens from Massachusetts and Lapland.

This species exhibits a very close resemblance in many respects to Arvicola rutila of Pallas,
as shown by a comparison with specimens from Sweden and Kamtschatka. The size, general
shape, peculiar pattern of coloration, and characteristics of skullare nearly the same. Both have
the rufous back well defined against the lighter sides, the whitish feet and under parts. The ears,
however, in A. rutila are smaller and more densely covered with short hairs. The hind feet
are shorter, scarcely over .65 of an inch; the sole much more densely pilose from the heel,
beyond the first tubercles, or for more than half the length; the hairs longer. The most con-
spicuous distinctive feature, however, in addition to the shorter, more hairy soles, is the
shorter tail. The vertebral portion of this is shorter than the head, and not more than half as
long again as the hind foot ; it is very thick and does not taper till very near the end. It is
covered very densely with long, stiff appressed hairs, longer beneath and terminally than above
and at the base, and with a rounded pencil at the tip projecting more than one-third the length
of the vertebral portion. The American species, on the other hand, has the tail thinner,
longer than the head, nearly twice as long as the hind foot; less densely coated with shorter
hairs, which are not appreciably longer in the posterior than the anterior half; the terminal
pencil in which is shorter.

The species appears quite distinct from the Hypudaeus glareola of Keyserling and Blasius.

The Arvicola gapperi was first described by Gapper in an article on the mammals of the dis-
trict of Canada between York and Lake Simcoe. He supposed it to be the A. noveboracensis of
Rafinesque, but Dr. Richardson having pronounced it undescribed, the editors of the Zoological
Journal called it after its discoverer. It has not hitherto been indicated as occurring within
the limits of the United States, though apparently not rare in eastern Massachusetts.

I am very much inclined to consider the Arvicola fulva of Audubon and Bachman as identical
with this spec’es.

List of specimens.

oe |
= Measurements.
2
: = ee
5 |3 ¢/ 2 Pa hr |
| o 2/4 |
@ | od ' ‘ Ele |e|s| 2]
5 | eZ 5 Locality. When col- | Whence and how ob- | Nature of spe- | cer Ng | aid Bo ero |r
= |\s* 3 2 : - los -|/°|slisiszsi42ia :
Sl He =) lected. | tained. cimen. | HG fa (ae (= Mm ha PN SW SE
Sl euedee [S/S /S/S/B/E/e)e]/F1/2\e
& | & = lols lieve (Ss 2 fel Ss mF ics
g\z2 | 8 yey Ce eM ee Sal ee ey eg hs
a8 |. 3 e2\2)2)elSlelelzlzl es
o |S Rn lz|42la2|2l/el|ale|Blala|a
1359 Ristwcoi us! leis ie'aieha Malitar. Ne Scocsscscalsiossacos aces Jno. Downes .....+6+ | Mounted .. cee Jeccclecce|eoce “Bec ace ses Pees wa} aacalocce
| ‘ | |
910% 1956 roi Lake Superior......... [stew teen wees Prof. Agassiz......+. | SKin.....ceeses bade Faas 1.17)3.83)1.42'1.60) .40) .7. 11.03} +55 .48
S11") 1957 | OD |...ceeee WO visdcclcteacesctuscase ceases |reeeess Ae vcucioccsiencalfeasdOsecuceseeenl|ssies jes 1,08)3.60/1.501.75 .40 .70) .99] .52 .50
«! | | | |
2530 |...... (0 | Leansaoe iitodeenscancog bessoneccees Weeesem Mieco sconce | In alcohol.....| .45| .901.10|3.84|1.58]....| .47| .73]....[..../e00
€84*| 1936 | | Middleboro’ Mass...... July: ...00. J. W. P. Jenks ...... Skin scrscerese |... |oee. 1.00]3.49/1.25)1.50) .40| .70| .93) .50 .48
885") 1937) di |........ GOreitnneoacdidewra|a as AC. .cecce|seccees dOivcesecsicecvse HeetdOretcccclen teres eves 108 3.25)1.25 1.42 =) .69| .97) .54..
= | . |
Mdladunealdngsss\|a<se'eess Oss cases csascclecescsccce-s|coccess Os cc ccccicccecs In alcohol......| .40 80 1,04/3.22)1.25 1.42 -30| 75) SOW Rood eos
-40) .75 . 98/2 681.15 1.27 .28 siUlense|ecesl sone
| 42) .801.04/3.18)1.20/1.40) .40) .70..../.... 45
| } | |
48 .85.1,16)3.50,1,56 1.78 +39, 012! cacclecce cece
-46 .851.03 3.13} 1.99 1.58 s40)| 72) Fcoleccetevae

* Measured before skinning.

66 L

522 U. 8. Pp. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

ARVICOLA RIPARIA, Ord.

Meadow Mouse.

Arvicola riparius, Onp, J. A. N.Sc., Phila. IV, 1, 1825, 305.
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. IIT, 1854, 302.
Arvicola palustris, Haru. F. Am. 1825, 136.
Arvicola pennsylvanica, (ORD,) Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 341; pl. xiv.
?? Arvicola riparius. Kennicott, Agri. Rep. U. S. Patent Office for 1856, (1857,) 1045. pl. xiii. (Zongipilis.)

Sp. Cu.—Size large. Head and body measuring 43 inches. Tail more than one-third this length. Feet very large,
scaly. Hair rather short. Above, dark brown, varied with reddish or yellowish brown ; beneath, pure ashy plumbeous ;
tail and feet dusky, the former scarcely lighter beneath. :

As Ihave not yet satisfied myself of the precise limits within which this animal may vary,
and how far the numerous species described by authors are worthy of retention, I have coneluded
to give a minutely detailed description from a specimen so near in locality and appearance to
the original A. riparia as to serve as a suitable standard of comparison. I have accordingly
selected a fresh specimen caught at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in September, and agreeing exactly
with one from Philadelphia, presented by Major Leconte as the type of 4. riparia,

Fresh specimen from Carlisle, Pennsylvanta.—Body broad and stout. Head considerably
pointed ; the muzzle projecting .15 beyond the upper incisors. The upper Hp is bifid to near
the nose, to which there extends a shallow naked groove, continued across the nose, sepa-
rating the two nostrils, which are slightly swollen around their aperture. The extreme tip
of the nose is thus naked, the hair, however, so far forward that this naked tip eannot be
seen when viewed from above. The eye is small, about .15 an inch in longitudinal axis; its
centre midway between the nose and the ear. The ears are almost orbicular, nearly as broad
as long; the antitragus much developed, almost semicircular; the chord of its are .2 long 5
its surfaces are thinly covered with long hairs, which project beyond the margin, but do not
obscure it.

The thumb of the fore foot is obsolete, the corresponding claw springing directly from the
skin; this is well shaped, and similar to the others, but not so large and blunt at the point.
The third and fourth fingers are about equal; the second claw reaches the end of the third
finger; the fifth claw reaches the end of the second finger. The sole of the hind foot is
sparsely hairy from the heel to the tubercles. The central three toes are longest ; the fourth
longest of all ; the first and fifth are inserted on shorter metatarsals than the central ones ; the
claw of the first extends to the cleft between the second and third; the fifth toe (exclusive of
claw) reaches the cleft between the third and fourth.

The tail is about four-ninths the length of head and body ; it is subquadrangular, tapering,
and sparsely covered with stiff hairs, which do not conceal the annuli; there is a scanty peneil
of hairs at tip.

Teats, four inguinal, and four pectoral.

The prevailing color of the back and sides is a reddish brown, the shade of reddish dis-
tinctly appreciable, the hairs being broadly marked subterminally with this color. They are
tipped with black, which, with the intermixture of black hairs, causes a strong shade of dusky,
uniformly diffused. The lower parts of the sides are rather purer yellowish brown; the belly
whitish ashy, tinged with plumbeous, and the faintest possible shade of brown. The feet and
tail are dusky, the latter scarcely paler beneath.

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—ARVICOLA RIPARIA. §23

Measurements.
}

| Inches.

Nose to QUAP OE rfarin's seiria's* <eicinie Ponies # Fores u se al 1.40

CYS ve ccrccsreccecccccsseccecsscccisecees 59

CAT: ccc cerecccccccccerecccmecccssecccces 1.16

BOGOR LHe claltuls cfolcincisie wile ec clatiewieeias 4.40

end of outstretched hind legs....--+2,.++2-.., 5.90

Tail from reot te end of vertebra. .....cceceecenccees, 1.75

FURELS stntescreioleietesgeta laine’ clestala.ciala 2.00

From Jong hairs of back to end of vertebrez........0. 46 1.45
Ears, height, posteriorly...........- eer ccccrevccsccdecetecsecace

anteriorly ...ccsreccccccccsccescccsces +55

internally above skull. ..eee.seeseeeeees +39

WIGU Gieis sieis po «)bye pain ela/=\s, «a \n «ler.e.cineinesje.sdcieip -42
Arm...... siainia/o]a\nvip)ninieialn\s'aie(elecigie ea /a\a ole asin einielacicicle|sie.nicsis's\asie'ce

length of fore arM...ccesseccccscccccsscccceses| -66

from elbow to end of claws..-eeee-ceceesccacess| 1.15

forefout to end of claws. ......sccccsescecceces 745

longest, tae and ClawWetu, <icsm'sinja'vuie(nivio voices dicicisclal 27

ONS ESIG Ex socdacaqa ndponccos SOC cboGGOS oad || -10

Leg, from knee joint to end of claws.......sseesesees 1.56

SRA aS AOS OU x A OT 2 90

hind foot from heel to end of claws....seeeessees 80

longest toe and Claw. wcececccccsccecsosseccns -32

Longest Claws.» s0000900sctcclcescccctecccncecns -li

In giving an account of the skull, I have selected that belonging to the specimen of Major
Leconte, above referred to, as perhaps serving better for the purpose I have in view than that
of the animal just described.

The skull in this specimen (1;5',") is unusually long and narrow; its width, 503 hundredths its
length, or barely over half. The molars are about 23 hundredths of the total length ; the mea-
surement being: Length of skull, 1.18 inch ; width .60; length of molars, 28. The occipital
foramen is rather broader than high. The cranium projects antero-externally into the inter-
zygomatic cavity as a well defined obtuse angle. The interparietal bone is long, and is truncated
on the outer sides, sending out a point to the backward prolongation of the temporal bone.

The upper incisors are broad ; their cutting edges, taken together, about as Jong as the crown
of the anterior upper molar. The anterior surface broad, convex, although, as usual, there isa
very shallow concavity towards the outer edge. The last molar isa little longer than the middle
one. It has three vertical groves on each side. There are three salient angles on the outside,
besides the C-shaped loop which succeeds those as a long curve, convex externally, and passing
round to the inner side of the tooth. Here there are three salient angles; or four, including
the end of the C; in fact, the two ends of this curved loop constitute two of the four inner
salient angles. There are in all five islands of dentine, completely enclosed by loops of enamel ;
one anterior, one posterior, one internal, and two external ; all are triangular except the pos-
terior, which is curved as described.

524 U. 8. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

In the lower jaw, the anterior molar occupies about one half of the entire grinding surface.
There are five salient angles on the inside, and four on the outside, besides the terminal anterior
rounded loop, which is slightly angular on either side, thus presenting an obsolete salient angle
in addition to those described. It rounds off, however, obliquely, outwards, the direction of its
axis being the same. The dentine in this loop is continuous with that of the adjacent salient
angles on either side, so that there are but seven dentine islands completely enclosed by enamel ;
one anterior, one posterior, three internal, and two external.

This skull differs from 18°92 from Middleboro, Mass., in being narrower and considerably
more elongated ; this excess of length is chiefly in the cranium ; the occiput projects unusually
far behind the interparietals, The zygomatic arch extends further behind. The muzzles are
of about equal length. There is little appreciable difference in the outlines of the molars. The
interparietal is truncate externally, instead of extending outward toa point ; there is, however,
a point produced outward from the posterior corner of the truncation.

Variety longipilis.—Specimens from West Northfield, Illinois, and Racine exhibit decided dif-
ferences in many respects, but I am not prepared to consider them as distinct species, especially
as all are either winter or early spring skins, and as such naturally different in color and texture
of fur. I have not seen any, however, from other localities possessing the same.characteristics.
Further examinations must show their real position. They are among the largest of the United
States species, and eminently characterized by the great length, fullness, and softness of the fur,
in these respects considerably exceeding any other skins in the Smithsonian collection. ‘The
fur is so close that the skin cannot be seen between the hairs when these are blown apart. The
shortest hairs of the back measure half an inch ; the long bristly ones three-quarters of an inch.

The prevaling color of the upper parts is a very dark brown, almost black, without any of
the reddish or yellowish impression which most of our other species convey. There is a slight
shade of yellowish brown at the tips of the hairs, especially towards the sides. The under
parts are of a plumbeous ashy, without any tinge of rusty, or pure white. There is no line of
demarcation between the colors of the back and belly, one passing insensibly into the other.
The upper surfaces of the feet are plumbeous, (not brown nor reddish.) The under half of the
tail is hoary plumbeous, rather lighter than the belly, and quite distinctly defined.

The feet are moderately long ; the soles with six tubercles, the posterior very large.

The essential characters of this animal are found in the very long and soft fur; and the
nearly black color of the back and sides, without any of the prevalent reddish brown of other
specimens. The under parts, too, are of an unusually pure plumbeous ash ; the tail very dis-
tinetly bicolor. If, as I think very probable, further investigation will prove this to be an
undescribed species, the name of longipilis may be very appropriately applied to it.

In the synonomy of this species I have omitted any attempt at introducing any of the many
species of later authors which will, in all probability, find their place here. The only question
that needs any special discussion here is in reference to the name A. pennsylvanica of Ord,
This was based by him on the ‘‘meadow mouse”’ of Wilson, (Ornithology, VI; pl. 1, f. 3,)
and first named in the second American edition of Guthrie’s Geography, II, 1815, 292. I have
not the description of Ord at hand to see how fully it agrees with his 4. riparius, but the figure
of Wilson amounts to nothing. In the account of A. pennsylvanica by Harlan, (F. Am. p. 144,)
the animal is described as brownish fawn above, grayish white beneath, eyes very small, ears
short and round. Length of head and body, four inches; of tail, three-quarters of an inch.
Teats of the female in the groin. Now this description applies quite well to A. pinetorum,

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—ARVICOLA BREWERI. 525

very much better than to 4. riparia, in which not one of these characters exists, the differences
being in color, length of tail, and position of teats. Thus, the tail of riparia is fully twice
the proportional length indicated, the color is much darker, and there are two pairs of pec-
toral teats, in addition to the inguinal ones. Even if A. pinetorum be out of the question, there
is another species in Pennsylvania, which I do not now describe, of redder color and shorter
tail than riparia, and of nearly the same size. I feel, therefore, fully justified, in view of the
uncertainties of the case, in preserving the name of riparia.

ARVICOLA BREWERI, Baird.

Gray Mouse.

Sp. Cu.—Size large. Feet very broad and stout ; soles with six tubercles. Furcoarse. Ears small. Above, pale grayish
yellow brown ; beneath, with the under surface of the tail and the upper surfaces of the feet strongly hoary or ashy white,
with a tinge of yellow.

This species is among the largest of those found in the eastern United States, in fact con-
siderably exceeding any I have ever seen from within this limit. The head is very broad, the
upper outline much curved; the ear only moderately large, orbicular, the antitragus much
developed, the auricle well covered with hairs on both sides.

The feet are broad and stout, the hind claws longest; the thumb is armed with a short but
pointed and curved claw, rather larger, apparently, than in some other species. There are six
tubereles on the soles, the posterior inner large, the posterior outer quite small and incon-
spicuous.

The prevailing color of this species above is a yellowish gray, or grayish yellow brown ;
quite different in its pallid tint from any other American species I know of. The entire under
parts are of quite a pure yellowish white, this color extending nearly half way up the sides.
The under part of the tail is similar, imparting to it a strongly bicolor appearance ; the upper
surfaces of the feet are also white, with perhaps a faint tinge of plumbeous.

The skull is strictly that of section A, but presents some peculiarities in the narrow dimensions
behind the zygomatic arch, and other features. The most prominent among these is in the
shape of the interparietal bone, which is longer than usual, and laterally sends out on either
side a long point, the axes of which are in the same straight line, and but little behind the
middle of the bone. In most of the other species this bone is truncate laterally, without the
long point.

This species differs decidedly from any other I know in the pallid tints above and the white of
the under part, where the hairs are white for nearly half their length. The fur is very coarse,
and not compact; much like that of Sigmodon.

The only specimens of this species I have ever seen were collected by Dr. Brewer, on the island
of Muskeeget, on the eastern coast of Massachusetts, where they are said to be abundant.

526 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

nA | Meastrements.
| laa
ae ean| Liners 2|& ne
STS iz ls _ ‘S é s
= = S o | = ‘Ee
5 | S * Locality. When col- | Whence and how > 3 h , EB ; ka | S = | = 3 ~
Elo) & lected. obtained. o Sel ee ee ii ee
2/e/% 6 = S 2 = 4) ge 6 | 5 S 5s |
al\e 2 ® s = ‘] 21.08 ei 8 & Tee, ze
6 | | R 7 mote) a | em fe eee ee
a ee SSS ———
| | |
2828 |: 3 Muskeeget Island, Mass.| July, 1856 | Dr. T.M. Brewer. Inalco...) .57 | 1,12 | 1.37 | 4.60 1.77 2.07 | .42 8B | .ccces|eceeee
2829 |.... ro -55 | 1.10 | 1.31 | 4.42} 1.56 | 1.81] .41 90 |\iscscsletewss
2830 '3213 ie) -56 | 1.08 | 1.35 | 4.30 | 1 65 | 1.94 |...... -85 | 1.11 65
283) 3214 J 59 | 1.18 | 1.40 | 4.67] 1.84 | 2.94} .45 -90 | 1.22 69
2832 (3215 3 40} .81 | 1.04 | 3.00 | 1.28 | 1.48 38 80 |ecceae .
QESZ ree eens -40 -86 | 1.08 | 3.10 1.31 | 1.54 | .40 =) We FS sees
| | |

ARVICOLA RUFIDORSUM, Baird.

Sp. Cu.—Size large. Above, bright rufous, or reddish chestnut; this tint paling very insensibly to the belly, where it
changes rather abruptly to reddish white. No dorsal band. Feet reddish. Under surface of tail whitish.

This species is of large size, nearly equal, indeed, to the A. ripairus. There are no very
prominent peculiarities in form; the ears being moderately large, well furred, and concealed by
the hair of the head. The feet are large and broad; the soles with six tubercles; the posterior
rather longer than usual.

The upper parts and sides are a bright chestnut red, slightly obscured by dusky tips to the
hairs, although these are only visible on close examination. The under parts of body and tail
are white, tinged with dull yellowish ; the feet are reddish.

This species, in its bright colors, resembles no other found in the eastern portion of the conti-
nent, except, perhaps, 4. pinetorum. This, however, belongs to a different section, with much
shorter head, tail, and feet. From A. gapperi, the uniform red of the back and sides will at
once distinguish it. It comes much nearest to A. occidentalis, but is larger; has the red more
vivid, and has no trace of the darker broad dorsal band. The tail, also, is shorter.

The only specimen of this species I have ever seen was obtained at Holmes’ Hole, Massachu-
setts, and belongs to the Boston Society of Natural History.

List of specimens.

| | Measurements.
Catalog’ e'Correspondinug, Locality. Whence and how Nature of S zy = T “a a
| > we
number. No. of skull. obtained. specimen. g | #2] 8s 3S 3 zy 3
| SH i ° % os ta i = a
| Stal Witch | sot lace | s =)
ea” |ae | es | 88] 2 | B
a LM apa [iss petal a
901 1946 Holmes’ Hole, Mass.| Boston Soc. N. H. | Skin.-...-- 4.20 | 1.55 | 1.85 82 | 1.11 | .62
(borrowed.)
|

|

-,

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—ARVICOLA TOWNSENDII. 527

ARVICOLA TOWNSENDII, Bachman.

Oregon Ground Mouse.
Arvicola townsendii, Bacuman, J. A. N. Sc., Phila. VIII, 1, 1839, 60.—Is. In Townsend’s Narrative, 1830, 315.

Waaner, Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1843, 11, 53.
- Aup. & Baou., N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 209; pl. cxliv, fig. 1.

Sr. Cu.—Very large, (head and body 5} inches.) ars large; two-thirds as long as hind foot; well furred. Tail, in-
cluding the hairs, rather less than half the head and body ; the tail vertebra twice the length of hind foot. Thumb claw
conspicuous. Toes long; one-third the whole foot. Fur measuring a little over one-third of an inch, with a slight gloss,
Above, dark fuscous brown, with but little yellowish brown visible. Sides paler; beneath, ashy white. Tail almost
uniformly brown throughout, Feet liver brown. Skull, 1.27 + 71, or as 100 : 56.

This species is one of the largest of its genus in North America, perhaps the largest of those
occurring in the United States, though less than the Arvicola amphibia of Europe. The head
is broad and blunt ; the whiskers are as long as the head; some black, the others light gray.
The ears are quite unusually large and broad ; .62 of an inch, or nearly two-thirds as long as
the hind foot, (1.02 inches.) They are well covered with hair on both surfaces, except around
the meatus, and project about an eighth of an inch beyond the fur when laid back flat.

The feet are large; the anterior, measured from the carpal joint, as long as the ear, (.62 of an
inch.) The thumb is short, and armed with a small claw with the point worn off; the third
claw is longest, the fourth a little shorter ; the second claw reaches a little beyond the base of
the third ; the fifth is shorter than the second. The hind foot is about half as long as the tail
vertebra ; the sole is hairy from the heel to the tubercles; the toes are long; the middle one
equalling half the rest of the foot. The first claw reaches to the notch between the second and
third toes ; the third toe is a little longer than the second and fourth; the fifth claw scarcely
reaches the base of the fourth.

The tail is long ; with the hair, it is a little less than half the head and body in- the dried
skin. It is covered with short stiff appressed hairs of nearly equal length throughout, and ter-
minated at tip by a scanty pencil. The hairs on the body are rather coarse, and measure a
little over one-third of an inch above. There is a slight gloss to the fur.

There is nothing in the coloring of this species which distinguishes it specially from others of
the genus in the east ; the prevailing color above being a yellowish rusty brown, so much over-
laid with black hairs as more or less to conceal it, especially along the back. The sides are
paler, with much less black. The cheeks are a shade brighter than the sides. The under parts
are dirty ashy white, with a very obscure wash of light brownish. The feet are pale liver
brown. The tail is. dark brown above, passing insensibly into a little paler shade beneath,
There is a dusky tinge on the side of the nose, and the edges of the lips are white. One speci-
men (1382) has the under parts tinged with a very pale dirty yellowish brown.

A skull of this species (+,°°°) is larger than that of any North American species with which
I am acquainted, measuring 1.27 inches by .71, and .4 from the molars to the incisors. The
occipital foramen is higher than broad, with a distinct emargination above. The middle upper
molar has but four triangles, the posterior having merely an inner heel, giving it a quadri-
lateral shape. The posterior upper molar is composed of one complete triangle anteriorly, one
interior, and two exterior. The posterior portion is composed of a closed crescent, with the
ecnvexity exterior, and a spur on the inner face. The posterior loop of the crescent, however,
is not an internal salient angle, but a posterior ; its inner side, however, is concave. There

528 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

are thus three exterior salient angles besides the long curve, and four interior besides the pos-
terior rounded point. The anterior Jower molar exhibits four salient angles on each side, and
an angular lobe which almost presents a fifth external salient angle. There is one posterior
closed triangle, three exterior, and three interior. The anterior lobe is connected with the
adjacent interior salient angle, but not the exterior. The middle molar is scarcely narrower
than the anterior. 7

The skin 1275, from Crater Pass, differs in having the upper parts more dusky, and the
line of separation between the colors of the sides and belly more distinct. There is also a dis-
tinct light tinge along the sides just above this line. The skull varies a little in having a
simple crescent at the posterior extremity of the last upper molar, and only two external tri- -
angles in the anterior lower molar ; the trefoil having both lateral lobes.

No. 1270, from the Upper Des Chutes, approaches near 1275, but is too young to determine
with accuracy. I have preferred referring it to A. montana.

This species was first described by Bachman from specimens brought from Oregon by Town-
send. I am unable to speak of its relationships to the large Arvicola from the British territory,
described by Richardson.

List of specimens.

= | Measurements.
3 | . ;
= ca Locality. When Whence and how 5 | 3 Pls = BS = |; | Collected by—
BIS | ¢ collected. obtained. Ell lsls|/s/8l)e/sl/2/2
& |s3 | 3 | «a elalo (= l/Hl/sjlel; ule
o |& s i we ‘Ss = e Se 1 = je hee pa,
5 ois =| °e SAO [eo Sey es S| PR las
0 mls S ° 2 ra HY Ae EEE | HS =
a a N=[) (c= fee Wossie|(eee ty ecclesia (eed =e Wee ce
Sele Be eS) Siig | | eee ie is
S 2 - o os 2 |
6 |S | a S| 4 lalelaelaialalzlalé
| aan a | oa (a | [7 =o
464* 1595),...| Shoalwater bay .-....+0000- TESA es sees Gov. I. I. Stevens... sees Skin. '5,502,00/2.95) .62/1.02) .34 -71, Dr. J. G. Cooper.
580 |eocsleseclcccoee do Sept. 1854..) Dr. J. G. Cooper....| 19 + do .- 5.00 2.00)2.25 -60)1,02) .33 ee
1382? . Q secees do ane Aug. 1855..}...008 dO. secccccene| seve |,.do ../5.002.00/2.20) .59)1.00) .32 «|
|
2396 sees leeee Puget’s Sound, ...e.+eeeee 1856... esas Dr. G. Suckley. ...| .../.. do «.|6.00}....|2.00)....Jesseleseel.oo- tees leeee,
1275 3235 ....| Crater Pass, Cascade Moun-| 1855....... Lt. R. S.Williamson}.... ..d0../5.25)1.75/2.00) .60)1.01) .35 -68 Dr. J. S. New-
tains. | bery.

2 When fresh this specimen measured 7§ inches with the tail; the ear } of an inch in length by } an inch in breadth. The iris was black,
* When fresh this specimen measured to root of tail 5.50 inches; tail, 2.50; hind foot, 1.00; fore foot, .50; (?) ears, .60,

ARVICOLA MONTANA, Peale.

Arvicola montana, Prare, Mamm. & Birds of U. 8. Ex. Ex. 1848, 44.
Aup. & Bacn. N. Am. Quad. III, 1854, 302.

Sp. Cu.—Size of A. riparia, or a little less, (4.75 inches.) Fur about half an inch long. Ears short, as long as fore foot,
about half the hinder; sparsely coated with longish hairs. Feet short; hinder ones .80 of aninch, ‘Tail long; about
two-fifths of the head and body; vertebre more than twice as long as the hind foot.

Above, dull yellowish brown, uniformly and equally mixed with black; lighter on the sides ; beneath, dull whitish ash.
No rusty tints. Tail distinctly bicolor.

Skull, 1.12 + .62, or as 100: 56. Distance between upper molars and incisors less than one-third the whole length of
the skull. .

1269. This species is about the size of the largest of the Arvicola found in the Atlantic States,
but is considerably less than the 4. townsendii. The body is stout and full; the hair rather

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—ARVICOLA MONTANA. 529

loose and not compact, quite bristly and coarse, with little lustre. The’hairs on the back
measure about half an inch; those beneath, half as much. The ears are short, and probably
concealed in the fur in fresh specimens ; they measure but little over half the length of the hind
foot, (about .4 of an inch,) but about equal the fore foot from wrist; they are sparsely covered
with rather long hair on both surfaces, except around the meatus. There is a segmental anti-
tragus of moderate size.

The hind feet are rather short, (.8 of an inch,) about twice as long as the fore foot. The
toes are rather short, about one-third the whole foot. The thumb is armed with a small blunt
claw.

The tail is moderately long, rather more than two-fifths the head and body in the dried skin;
it is closely covered with appressed stiff hairs of equal length, and terminates in a scanty pencil.

The prevailing color above is a dull yellowish brown, pretty uniformly mixed with black, and
rather lighter on the sides. There is nowhere any rusty tinge. Beneath, the color isa dull
whitish ash, mixed with the plumbeous of the base of the fur. The feet are brownish white.
The tail is brown above; dirty white beneath, with a moderately distinct line of demarcation.

The skull of this species is broad and short, 1.12 x 62, or as 100: 56. The distance from
the molars to the base of the incisors is about one-third the distance from incisors to occiput,
(.35.) The line of molars measures .24. The posterior upper molar has three external salient
angles in addition to the rounded crescentic lobe, which is simple, or without a supplementary
lobe on the inner side, springing from the concavity. The anterior lower molar has one posterior
closed triangle, three interior, and two exterior, with a trefoil lobe anteriorly, the lateral divisions
of which each add a salient angle, making five interior and four exterior. ‘The anterior and
middle molars are nearly of equal width. :

This species is most nearly allied to Arvicola edax, resembling it in size and color. The feet
and ears, however, are much smaller, as will be seen by the table of measurements. From J,
townsendii its grayer colors, smaller size, smaller ears and feet, &c., will at once distinguish it.

It is with very considerable hesitation that I refer No. 370, from Monterey, to this species.
It comes very near A. edax in color, but agrees much more closely with the present in the short
feet and ears. The line of separation between the upper and under colors of the tail is, much
more strongly defined. The feet are dirty white. The principal ground for suspicion as to the
identity of the two species is based on the striking dissimilarity in the skulls. The proportions
of breadth to length in 175 are 1.03 to .61, or 100: 60 nearly, quite an unusual proportion
in this group. The distance from upper molars to base of incisors (.30) is not quite one-third
that from incisors to occiput ; the crowns of the upper molars measure .25, or about one-fourth
the total length of the skull. The anterior lower molar differs widely in having an additional
lobe to the anterior trefoil on the inner side. There is one posterior closed triangle, three inte-
rior, and two exterior, as usual; the anterior lobe, however, is not a simple trefoil open loop,
as in the other species, but its anterior branch, instead of rounding off antero-internally, has
a salient angle there, giving rise to six of such angles on the inside of this tooth and five on the
outside, the anterior of the latter rounded, however, leaving but four very sharp angles.

As, however, the teeth and skull often vary considerably in the same species, I do not feel at
liberty to regard this specimen as distinct without further materials, although its locality is
widely remote from that of the rest. Should future examinations substantiate the species, I
would propose for it the name of A. trowbridgii, from its accomplished discoverer and collector,
Lieutenant Trowbridge.

67 L

530 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The description of A. montana, given by Mr. Peale, is too short to describe fully its characters,
and omits to mention some of most importance. As far as it goes, however, it agrees pretty
well with the animals collected by Dr. Newberry, and, as both gentlemen gathered their speci-
mens in much the same region, I have given them the same name. Mr. Peale obtained his near
Mount Shasta, as he informs me. Several specimens belonging to Lieut. Bryan’s collection,
from the upper waters of the Platte, though differing in some slight points, I refer to this
species, rather than to make a new one.

List of specimens.

a Measurements.
ag 2 aay : |
Pe a = | | | ae eo "
s|%s lens an esa 33 la rs |
E eee Locality. When col- | Whence and how} = SMe al el S ES ES We) NS, | _ | Collected
Be | eo lected. obtained. 2 Zan =e ee ta sl2l=l/s)eleié by—
3 /2#/5 Bett VORA = ore Va (Pa FN = a = oe = =
#|3|2 z e /ereyeyetais [es |ay Seng
gi Els B| 2 [gizi2iglalgizizizlgisle
So |S ja Oo} 4 lzlzlzl2\sj/alelelalalals
—— —|— eae ee er —! fae
| | | fiat |
1263 2219) J Upper Des Chutes,/1855........ Lt. R. S. William-|....)/Mount’d ....|..../..-- 3.50)1.331.53 .36) .77 42.25) Dr. New-
1 | |
| Our. | | |
1270 2221) d |... d0.cesse asics Pidom | seealeeas|soee Jsse0] +. Ve sse) wsan| sseslasee| seen
|
1269 2223) CG (Upper Klamath Lake GOs. cs leces}eous{uses 4.75/1.802.00 .40
1271 | 2223)....|Lost River, Cal..... Bc) leno ead Seca Parr /4.50|1.55 1.70) .37)
22534 3219)... Petaluma, Cal ..... .-.(Skin...| .55)..../1.38)....(1.76 | .42
? 370 1284)..../Monterey, Cal...... Jeever- ce cv-{iut. Trowbridge... +++ -/Mount’d P65 vee. {eee«/4.00)1,40/1.50 39.
721907' 2607|.... Pass Creek, Neb....|Aug. 10,1856/Lt. F. T. Bryan, ..| 243/Skin ..,|....|..../1.25,5 Oe ee 00 wah . bos Neate W.S.Wood
| |
271926 3218)....| Medicine Bow Creek, Aug. 26,1856)...... dO... ..0 ee 307|..do....) .45 -90.1.10)3,28)1.20).... 40.73 or ane e0eedO.. cee
| Nebraska, | | |
POL9D5 loinc Ge on|eences GO. vrepeec cass moe Oeslvsa 309In ale.., .40 801,103.20 1.19... 34) 010). ccc lewen BAT EO aseedO.aee*
|
AMES yl aoaslansl Facade COs emcis\smsieaie'| Sstaikiselo canes eoee|..0....| e490) .88.1.15,3.10/1.25).... +38 et2laese|see*lconsfuccalbage do....-
771923 | ++++|++../Laramie river, Neb.,|Aug. 5, 1856, 201)..do.... ~57/1.20 1.40)... voveleves sal +80) .ceeloce hes dO. . eee
: | |

} Measured before skinning.

ARVICOLA LONGIROSTRIS, Baird.

Sp. Cr.—Size large, (43 inches.) Skull, 1.08 inch. Fur long, .55 of an inch above. Ears rather small, three-fourths
the length of hind foot, sparsely coated with short hairs. Feet very short ; hinder ones less than three-quarters of an
inch long. ‘Tail % the body, the vertebre twice as long as the hind foot.

Above dull yellowish chestnut, or rufous brown, mixed with black, yet without any distinct rusty. Beneath dirty
whitish ash Line separating the colors rather distinct. Feet light brown. Tail nearly unicolor, paler beneath at the
base. :

Skull 1.08 % .61, or as 100 to .55. Muzzle of skull very long. Distance between upper molars and incisors more than
one-third the whole length of the skull.

4385 2.) This specimen is indicative of a large and stoutly built animal, nearly equal to the
largest eastern species. The whiskers are not as long as the head, and mostly of a light gray
color ; a few black ones are interspersed. The hair is rather loose and coarse, with but little
lustre ; this may, however, be owirg to immersion in alcohol. The hairs on the back measure
about .55 of an inch in length and about half as much on the belly.

The ears are rather small, almost as broad as long, or nearly orbicular, and about three-
fourths the length of the hind foot, or longer than the fore foot ; they are thin and coated on
both sides with rather sparse and short hairs. The antitragus is not large. The feet are quite
unusually short for members of this group, the hind foot measuring less than 75-100ths of an

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—ARVICOLA EDAX. 531

inch. The tail, in the dried specimen, is about two-fifths the length of the body; it is well
covered with hair and has a scanty pencil at the tip.

The upper parts in this species are of a dark dull yellowish chestnut, or rufous brown, mixed
with black ; no indication of rusty, however. The under parts are dirty whitish ash. The feet
are light brown ; the tail brown ; slightly paler at the base beneath. The line of separation
between the colors of the sides and belly is rather distinct.

Skull.—The skull belonging to skin 1268 has some striking peculiarities, which distinguish
it from others with which it has been compared. It measures 1.08 inch by .61(100:55.) The
most prominent feature is the length of the skull anterior tothe molars. Thus the distance
from the molars to the base of the incisors (.37) is considerably more than one-third that from
the incisors to occiput, or even rather more than one-third the length of the entire skull. The
molars are thus thrown further back than in other species. The line of upper molars measures
.24 of an inch, or less than one-fourth the length of the skull.

The posterior upper molar has three exterior salient angles besides the posterior bent crescentic
lobe, which is without any supplementary loop on its inner side. On the inside there are
three salient angles, in addition to that of the posterior branch of the loop, or one anterior
triangle, two exterior, one interior, and a posterior crescent, with two loops, both pointing to
the inner side of the tooth. The anterior lower molar has one posterior triangle, three internal,
two external, and an anterior trefoil lobe, the lateral loops of which are somewhat reduced.

This species differs from A. townsendii in the smaller size and the proportionally less feet
and ears, while it approximates to it in color. From A. edaz its color and the smaller feet and
ears will distinguish it. It is of a darker and more rufous color than A. edax and montana,(?)
while its wider head and longer muzzle separate it from the latter, which it otherwise resembles
in the small feet and ears. The feet are still smaller, however, than in the 4. montana.

List of specimens.

- Measurements.
= =
x | @ 3 a |
3 SS | By 3s | a | |
a I —
5 S “ Locality. Whence and how | Nature of % S | = a = _ |Collected by—
a a Sp obtained. jspecimen.| = = 3 | =| 2 = < S
e| = \% ee re ee re he ents
2s 3 | 4 = S e|& & ete || gon 3
= ee eh Meester ea Eat ete Mtn eee
S| 6 |a erie eo ce ita dae a elas
——| }— =e: aw oe ee ee pias |
| |
1268 | 2220 Q Upper Pit River, Cal...) Lt. R.S.Williamson| Mounted.| 4.50 | 1.50 | 1.60 | 40 -73| 1.08 | .61 45 .26 | Dr. Newberry.

ARVICOLA EDAX, Leconte.

California Ground Monse.

Arvicola edar, Leconte, Pr. A. N. Se. Phila. VI, 1853, 405.
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1854, 270; pl. cliv, fig. 2.

Sr. Cu.—Size moderate (head and body four inches ;) less than 2. riparia Ears large, longér than the fore feet; as long
as hind feet, minus the toes ; well furred. Tail about two-fifths of head and body, little over one and a half times as long as
hind foot. Hind foot .9 inch; toes long. Color aboye, pale dull yellowish brown, without any rufous ; uniformly sprinkled
with black. Beneath grayish white. Tail strongly bicolor. Feet grayish white.

The fur of this species is loose and harsh, not lying compactly, and without gloss. The hairs

532 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

are rather long, those on the back measuring about four-tenths of an inch, those on the belly
about half as much. The whiskers are mostly whitish gray, the upper shorter ones are black.
The ears are large and broad, measuring as much as the hind foot, exclusive of the toes, or .55,
and exceeding the fore foot. The tail is well covered with short hair, which does not quite
conceal the scales ; it measures about two-fifths the length of the dried skin.

The fur at base is a dull lead color, not so dark as in many species. The upper parts are a
dull pale yellowish brown, without any rufous tinge whatever, and only thinly mixed with
black, distributed uniformly over the upper parts, and not concentrated along the back. The
sides are rather lighter. Beneath the fur is tipped with dirty grayish white. The feet are
brownish white; the tail brown above and at the tip, dull white beneath ; the line of demarca-
tion very well defined.

The incisors of this species are orange yellow ; the upper ones have an obsolete groove along
the inner edge of their faces.

The preceding description is taken from a specimen collected in California, somewhere south
of San Francisco, by Dr. J. L. Leconte, and is the original of the species as described by Major
Leconte.

This species differs from the A. townsendii in its smaller size, grayer color, smaller fore
feet, &c. .

I am not perfectly sure that it will not be necessary to unite 4. montana and edaz, although
the difference in the ears is quite appreciable. The edax seems to be confined to southern
California, while montana is more boreal. In alcoholic specimens from San Diego, the tubercles
of the soles are large ; the soles themselves densely hairy from the heel to the first tubercle.

List of specimens.

= | | Measurements.

eat ee |

3 | 2 a a = :

2i/ = o 2 e = = =

Bilas Locality. Whence and how |Natureof, % = : o é 2 z = = s

ce | 4 obtained. specimen.| & 4] Serle Ss = & | 2 a e =

2 = 3 5 ° £ = = S S S 5 S =

|e Pais ]/e ae | 2) 2 1a |-o los ee

= > | 5 = = bs: = Se = =

| = o
5 | 36 412 |S | 4.8.6 ) 4 |.6 89) oe
| eee ee | Sake ase =. |
sisines jseeee| California, 8. of S. Fr.) Maj. Leconte .......) SKIN cose |eeeeee {seers sevens] 4,00 Li25: | 260. 550i! GOO sen ciee | onmel paeee .33
SION sions | Monterey, Cal........ A. S. Paylor......6: Inale...| .52 | 1.09 | 1.30 } 4.15 | 1.90 ]...... 40
|
25241) SQIS |.ccaceee (ty peesoccenc|loccaese. dO. 2 cee, eee] Skin .00e| .08 | 1.27 | 1.40 | 4.52 | 2.00 |...... 46
2596 |...... | San Diego, Cal....... Dr. J. F. Hammond.) Inale..,| .52 | 1.10 1,30 | 4.30 | 1.80 |...... 45
2527 | S217 |... 00. CO\. 652. ccccucleccesses Oise oesivaem | Skin .... H 45 -99 | 1.20 | 3.40} 1.58 |...... 40
22528 | 3216 |....00.. dO . cevcccccer|eccccves dO. wecesevce| INale,..| .52 | 1.10 | 1.40 | 4.40 | 1.90 |...... 50
| | | ! (

+ Measured before skinning.

ARVICOLA CALIFORNICA, Peale.

Arvicola Californica, Peate, Mamm. & Birds, U. 8. Ex. Ex. 1848, 46.
Leconte, Pr. A. N. Se. Phila. VI, 1853, 408.
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1854, 293.
Sp. Cu.—About the size of 4. riparia or little less. Fur very long and soft (.6 of an inch.) Ears moderate, five-eighths the
length of hind foot, which is .8; well furred. Fore feet half as long as hinder. ‘Tail twice as long as hind feet, more than one-
third the head and body.

Above lustrous and distinct light yellowish brown, obscurely mixed with black ; sides paler ;

_

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—ARVICOLA CALIFORNICA. 533
belly grayish white, the colors passing quite insensibly into each other. Tail bicolor, upper
and lower surfaces not distinctly separated. Skull, 1.14 by .65, or 100: 57.

This animal in size nearly equals the larger species of the Atlantic States, and is provided
with soft and unusually long fur, measuring nearly six-tenths of an inch above. The whiskers
are as long as the head, and grayish white in color. The ears are rather large, and scarcely
concealed beneath the fur, about five-eighths as long as the hind foot; they are well covered
with long hairs on both sides, except about the meatus, and have a distinct segmental anti-
tragus. The feet are broad and stout, the hinder rather short, the anterior a little more than
half as long as the posterior. The thumb of the hand is obsolete, and its place indicated by a
blunt claw. The tail is moderate, about twice as long as the hind feet, tapering considerably,
and uniformly coated with appressed hairs to the pencilled tip.

The prevailing color above is lustrous, light yellowish brown, varied with the black or dark
rufous brown points of the longer hairs. These do not obscure the ground color much, however,
leaving the general tint a yellow brown or brownish reddish yellow. The sides are rather
paler. The under parts are grayish white with a yellow tinge, due, perhaps, to alcohol. The
feet above are brownish gray ; the tail is dark brown above, passing insensibly into a paler
beneath. The feet and tail have a rufous tinge, in addition to the colors described.

Skull.—The skull of this species is large and broad ; the width about 57 hundredths of the
length. The muzzle is long in proportion, and the narrow interorbital portion of the frontal
bone widens out behind at a point about midway between the end of the nose and the occiput,
instead of being considerably forward of this point, as in A. occidentalis. The anterior extremity
of the upper molars is distant from the posterior face of the incisors one-third the distance from
the incisors to the occiput.

The posterior upper molar has one anterior triangle, two exterior and one interior, besides
the posterior bent crescent. This sends out a short lobe outwards near its posterior portion or
bend, a character rarely observed in American Arvicolae. We have thus, instead of three
external salient angles with a rounded space behind them, this last mentioned space indented
by a shallow furrow, so as to produce two short, blunt salient angles, making five external in
all. The anterior upper molar has one posterior triangle, three interior, two exterior, and an
anterior tri-lobed trefoil, the lateral exterior lobe of which is produced backwards to form nearly
as decided a salient angle as the three behind it. There are thus four external salient angles
and five internal, besides the sub-angular anterior loop of the trefoil.

Measurements.
| Inches.
Head and body (@ricayee: Sec aaeee set ee ee ee eecenes | 4.00
Pail; (vertebre)*< 2222s coe sb shosss asst oes Pek aeee | 1.50
Hail: with bains)=- 22. = Lessl sess tte eee ees 1.65
Mindifeetsiromincells= ae asta yt2 shed ety ole - 80
LONG CRE LOC Sh ee aia an ee ae pcheata aa ew dewase +40 ~
OTE GOUT ATOM: WN ate = om = Se ee ee Se el - 50
PRG een nied ee 5 ee Sn oon wes ae emai ee a - 50
Trees inci se el Sea el alba 1.14
Wile (here earner ea een oe toes noua eens daa asase . 65
Proportions of skull..-100 : .57.

34 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The specimen described was collected by Mr. Peale in California, and is the original of the
species as presented in the Report on the Mammals and Birds gathered by the United States
Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes.

This species and A. occidentalis differ in their decided clear and bright rufous tinge from any
others I have yet seen from the Pacific coast. Indeed, there are none belonging to their division
among Arvicolae which resemble them among eastern specimens, except one from Holmes’ Hole,
Massachusetts, already described on page 526.

From its ally, A. occidentalis, the A. californica differs in being larger, with shorter tail and
feet, andlonger ears. The fur is longer. The color above is more yellowish and more inter-
rupted by the dark tips of the longer hairs, and the tints of the back, sides, and belly pass much
more insensibly into each other. Indeed, there is but little differenceappreciable between the
back and sides in this respect.

ARVICOLA OCCIDENTALIS, Peale.

Arvicola occidentalis, PEALE, Mamm. and Birds, U.S. Ex. Ex., 1848, 45.
Leconte, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VI, 1853, 408.
Aup. & Bacu., N. Am. Quad. III, 1854, 294.

Sp. Cu.—Size rather small. Length 3} inches ; tail half this length or more ; nearly twice as long asthehead. Lars short
concealed, less than half the hind feet, well furred. Feet large ; anterior half the posterior. Hind toes two-fifths the rest of the
foot. Fur soft, short, .35 of an inch.

Above, uniform bright rufous, paler on sides, grayish white, tinged with yellow beneath ; colors not distinctly separated. No
appreciable mixture of black hairs above. Skull, 1.12 X .62, or as 100 : 55.

The fur of this species is soft and fine, with considerable lustre; it measures about 35 hundredths
of an inch on the back and half as much beneath. The whiskers are light gray and black,
shorter than the head. The ears are short and rounded, concealed by the fur which projects an
eighth of an inch or more beyond them; they are a little less than half the length of the hind
foot, coated on both sides with rather short hairs which are more closely implanted than in
many species ; the region around the meatus, however, is bare. The antitragus is moderate.

The feet are quite large; the anterior, measured from carpal joints, are about half as long as
the posterior. There is a short, rather obtuse claw to the thumb. The hind feet are hairy
beneath from the heel to the tubercles ; the toes are rather short ; the longest scarcely reaching
2th the length of the tarsus and metatarsus. The tail is large, nearly twice as long as the head ;
thick and tapering, uniformly coated with hair of equal length to the tip, which is terminated
by a pencil.

The predominant color of this species is a rather bright and uniform rusty along the back
and cheeks, paler and more yellowish on the sides; grayish white, with a tinge of yellow
beneath, the line of demarkation not distinctly defined. There are the usual long hairs inter-
spersed among the shorter ones on the back; these, however, are tipped with very dark rufous
instead of black, and ‘to them the darker color of the back is mainly owing. The feet above are
sparsely covered with rufous hairs; the tail is also rufous; passing insensibly beneath with a
slightly paler tint.

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—ARVICOLA MODESTA. 535

Measurements.
Inches.

Hendraneihody. (died) 222s sere = SeeS Seelee 3. 50
PRUIMENLeDiipe= Et Asn so otiass eS 22s Deedes 2.00
WMD ATS ee ee Se a was teen qed = 2. 20
i GmeetstiOM: DCR n as Sta ce ae oe ao oe ee oe . 90
(ROY Ses nit) brennan eee eet tn Se eae ee ea 27
Likes goes tele} 9 = Sp ea oe eee - 45
Wales Sane deee san eee on Meas aa ea nconascaes cae 41
Skull, Jenwth 2 esee secs see ee cece see te tone nace 1,12
Width. 22 ege Sa se. eee Sere asa SE! - 62

Proportions of skull-..---.--- 100 to 55.

Skull.—The skull of this species has rather a short muzzle, and a long cranial portion which,
when it is narrowed into the interorbital space,is anterior to the middle point of the skull.
The distance from the upper molars to the posterior face of the incisors is one-third that from
the incisors to occiput. The posterior upper molar has a supplementary internal lobe projecting
from the inner edge of the posterior bent crescent, making five internal salient angles, and
three external, besides the posterior rounded space. The anterior lower molar has one posterior
triangle, three external and three internal, besides the anterior trefoil, the external lobe of
which is thus converted into a triangle ; in this trefoil, again, the indentations between the ante-
rior loop and the lateral on either side come so close to each other as very nearly to isolate the
anterior loop from the inner lateral, and add a fourth internal triangle. There are five well
developed salient angles internally, and five externally, the fifth formed by the anterior loop of
the trefoil, the inner side of which almost produces a sixth internal angle.

The specimen described above was collected by Mr. Peale on Puget’s Sound, and is the original
of the species, as established in his report of the Mammals and Birds of the United States
Iixploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes.

ARVICOLA MODESTA, Baird.

Spe. Cu.—Size of A. pinetorum, or larger. Ears moderate, well furred, rather shorter than the large fore feet, (. 35 to . 40).
Tail vertebrie scarcely longer than the head, (. 9); with the hairs, one-third the head and body. Fur long, soft, .4 of an
inch. :

Above, almost black, hairs with faint yellowish brown tip. Beneath, hoary plumbeous, the line of separation not very
distinct. Tail like the corresponding regions of the body. Feet dark brown.

Middle upper molar with five triangles, although the indentations between the two last do not quite meet.

Although the specimen collected of this Arvicola is not quite grown, the skull shows that it
would not attain to much greater size, and that it consequently is among the smaller of the
American species. The whiskers are nearly ‘as long as the head. The ears are entirely con-
cealed beneath the fur, although they are quite large, .35 of an inch long, and about as broad,
with well developed antitragus ; they are covered quite densely with long hair on both sides.
The hind feet are somewhat mutilated, so that it is difficult to determine their exact proportions,
but they appear short in proportion to the fore feet. These, indeed, seem unusually long,
measuring .4 of an inch, as far as can be made out; the longest finger, .22. The estimated

5386 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

length of the hind feet is a little less than .7 ; the longest toe, .23; the tail is about an inch
long, well covered with hair. The fur is long and loose, the under hair measuring .4 of*an
inch. - Much longer hairs are thickly interspersed ; some are .55.

The specimen described appears almost black, its general tint is so dark. The hairs, how-
ever, on the back and sides have short tips of grayish brown, barely with a pale fulvous tinge,
most conspicuous along the side of the head. The under parts are dark lead color, with a hoary
gray tinge caused by the colored tips being hoary, the general impressing being a plumbeous
hoary. The line of separation between the colors of the sides and belly is appreciable, but not
distinct. The tail is dark brown above, plumbeous hoary beneath. The feet are dark brown.

The posterior upper molar has one anterior triangle, one interior, and two exterior, besides
an unusually long posterior bent crescent which occupies nearly half the tooth. The posterior
outer triangle, however, is very small, and rests on the curve of the crescent. The crescent
sends forth a supplementary lobe from its inner side. There are four salient angles on the
inside of the tooth, besides the posterior loop of the crescent, which may be called a fifth, and
three exterior ones, besides the convexity of the crescent. The anterior lower molar has one
posterior triangle, three exterior, and three interior; the anterior trefoil thus has its external
loop converted into a closed triangle, the anterior loop and inner lateral one opening broadly into
each other. There are five interior salient angles, besides a partial one produced by the bending
in of the anterior loop. The exterior angles are four, besides the convexity of the anterior
loop.

A still younger Arvicola (593) was brought from the same locality, Sawatch Pass, and is
probably distinct, although too immature to characterize with any safety. The feet and tail
are shorter in proportion. The ears are similar, and also concealed beneath the skin. The
upper parts and sides have a clear uniform wash of yellowish rufous, with a slight mixture of
black, which scarcely obscures the color. The belly is an ashy white, showing the plumbeous
base of the fur. The feet are brown; the tail brown above and white beneath.

List of specimens.

= Measurements.
z Laggan
ae § al ge dosal =
s | hee? Ei i ae ye | FS
Ses Locality. Whence and how | 2 ey 2 & Sailers ; AN ce | Collected by—
R obtained E} = = 2 & = 2 yeah
© = 5 ee s z = = te S S aS
Sais 3 3 ee heise eae cea, cane eee ns SS
s % = = ate |e s al = Bi ees
2 |£ ele a ee eae P=) ae aie Bree
= So = I a 3 5 ) 3
3) 5 fe) Zz aS ee Sheer sel siellok
ea | aaeaaa, ioe wf one id |
594 | 1717 | Sawatch Pass, R. Mts..| Capt. Beckwith....| 16 | Skin.... 2.75 -90} 1.00} .40| .70) .23 22 .35 Mr. Kreutzfeldt..
|
POS | 1716 | csc ccc dO. sccccee cevece|scccces Oven ps acs 17, Alc ehOsnp ne 2.75 |eeseas 1.00) .35 65 Sil ates +35 | eseeee dOzsceseccve
i | if }

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—ARVICOLA OREGONI, 537

ARVICOLA (CHILOTUS) OREGONI, Bachman.

Arvicola oregoni, Bacuman, J. A. N. Sc. Phila, VIII,1, 1839, 60.—Ixs. in Townsend's Narrative, 1839, 315.
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 232; pl. exlvii, f. 3.

Sp. Cu.—About the size and shape of Arvicola pinelorum, (3} inches). Skull .92. Fur short, (.3 of aninch). Head
short, broad. Ears moderate, barely concealed, quite naked, with a few scattered inconspicuous white hairs, Antitragus
small. Tail vertebre not one-third the head and body, longer than the head, one and one-half times the hind feet. Soles
hairy for posteriort hird, (. 65 long). For additional characters see Chilotus, page 516.

Above, dark brown, without any rufous tint. Hairs with obscure tips of yellowish brown. Beneath, lustrous hoary
plumbeous ash. Tail corresponding in color to the body, but not sharply bicolored. Feet grayish brown.

This diminutive Arvicola is about the size of northern specimens of Arvicola pinetorum.
The head is short and broad ; the whiskers about as long as the head, mixed gray and black.
The ears are moderate; barely covered by the fur; the upper margin inflexed ; the auditory
aperture is small ; the antitragus short and low. The membrane of the ear is rather thick ; at
first sight it appears perfectly naked on both sides, but a close examination reveals a few short
scattered hairs, except on the upper part of the convexity, where they are long, as on the neck.
The feet are moderate, the hinder ones proportionally longer than in A. pinetorum. The sole
is hairy for rather more than its posterior third. The tail is longer than the head and about
one and a half times the length of the hind feet ; it tapers gently to the tip.

The fur is compact, close, and has considerable lustre ; it measures about three-tenths of an
inch, rather less beneath. The prevailing color above is a dark brown, without any distinct
rufous or chestnut; the hairs are tipped with yellowish brown, but so much overlaid with black
tipped hairs as to produce a fine and equal mixture of the two. The under parts are ashy
plumbeous. The feet are light grayish brown. The tail is brown above, plumbeous ash
beneath, the colors passing insensibly into each other.

Skull.—The skull is short, broad, and depressed ; less so, however, than in A. pinetorum.
The interparietal portion is widest at its posterior portion, the lateral extremities being obliquely
truncate. The nasal bones and nasal branches of the intermaxillary are of equal length, and
reach back as far as the lachrymal. The distance from the anterior extremity of the upper
molars to the posterior base of the incisors is not quite one-third that from the incisors to the
occiput. The line of upper molars is contained about four-and-a-half times in the total length
of the head. ‘ The width of the head is about 58 hundredths the length.

The middle upper molar has four triangles, the posterior one exterior. The posterior molar
has one anterior triangle, one internal and two external, besides the posterior loop, which is
somewhat Y-shaped, if the posterior outer triangle be included in it ; the loop has a re-entrant
angle indented in its inner side. There are three salient angles on the exterior of the tooth,
with a long concave line behind them—three inside, or even four, counting the angle behind the
indentation of the posterior loop. The first and third upper molars are about equal, the middle
one a little smaller.

The anterior upper molar on the left side has one posterior triangle, and three on each side,
besides an anterior trefoil loop, the external lobe of which is obliterated. That of the right
side is similar, except that there are but two external triangles, the first anterior outer being
confluent with the anterior loop, and forming the outer lobe of the trefoil wanting in the tooth
of the opposite side. There are five internal salient angles and four external, besides the anterior
loop.

68 L

538 U. Ss. P, R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The only American species with which this Arvicola need be compared are those of which J.
pinetorum is the type. From these, however, it differs not only in its much darker color, but
by the large, more orbicular and naked ears, smaller fore feet, larger hind feet. The fore claws,
also, are not longer than the hind. The differences in the skull are considerable.

A specimen in alcohol, from Steilacoom, received since the preceding description was prepared,
is, in size, much as described. The ears are low, orbicular, the membrane thickened, the mar-
gins or conchal portion much inflected or incurved, like a half open apple blossom, the concha
being inflected all round. The antitragus is well developed, but rather low. The surfaces of
the ear appear perfectly naked, with, however, a ciliation of long hairs towards the roots of the
concha, on the dorsal surface. A close examination of the auricle in the dried specimen shows
a few scattered, very short, white hairs. ;

The structure of the ear, though in many respects similar to that of 4. pinetorum, is yet
essentially different. Thus the upper and lower roots of the margin of the ear meet anteriorly
s0 as to form even a low rim to the meatus anteriorly, completely enclosing the aperture ; the
edge of the concha is inflected ; the region inside the auricle, around the meatus, naked, and the
antitragus so much developed as to be capable of completely closing the meatus. In A. pine-
torum the roots of the upper and lower margins of the ear are widely separated, by a space of a
quarter of an inch, the space between these roots and anterior to the meatus perfectly plane ;
the edges of the concha, or of the auricle, not inflected at all ; the inner space around the meatus
partly hairy ; the antitragus very slightly developed, not valvular, nor capable of closing the
meatus at all.

The eyes are very small; about asin A. pinetorum. The feet, also, resemble that species ;
the sole is hairy from the heel to the first toe.

An alcoholic specimen from Tomales Bay agrees with this in nearly all respects, except that
the ear is smaller, and, though nearly naked, has a few long hairs on the inside of the ear, just
within the concha.

I cannot make out the character of the tubercles on the soles of the Steilacoom specimen ; in
that from Tomales Bay there are but five, as in 4. pinetorum ; a sixth may be present, but it is
very rudimentary.

List of specimens.

S Measurements.
2
2 5 >
5 |& 3 2 1) qeiel She
aula = =| 33 2 & |s/e
£ to Locality. 3 Whence and how S 2 ae 4 SP). 5
2 |52 & 5 obtained. * |slel3 gles l2|2i8lals
ia = | te 8 gs S 5 wile aeleaia
&/e |: 8 er lelel ee | oe) Shen
e|é E 5 2 aie alee = 8 2 | geal es
ee : 2 |glg/8 2)ala lelzlz|zl2
o |o | 5 4 z2lia|la 4/8/48 |e | lolalo
1383: | 3292 | J | Shoalwater Bay, W. 'T...| Aug. 1855 | Dr. J. G. Cooper..... et Pd ed eed eras 3.50 | 1.10 | 1,25 | .38| 65] .92| 51) .28
2529 | eevee +++.| Steilacoom, W. T........ 1855 Dr. G. Suckley ...... In ale...| .43|.75} 1.00 3.23 | 1.20 ]...... 40 | GL |ecee| crelenes
2533 | wcccee +++»| Tomales Bay, Oal........ 1855 E, Samuels.,....s00+ «2.0 oee.| 40] .80) 1.05 2.88 | 1.08),..... 130 | 56 | cecleeem{oace

+ Length of body before skinning, 3.60; of tail, 1.13.

ee

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—ARVICOLA AUSTERA. 539

ARVICOLA (PEDOMYS) AUSTERA, Leconte.

Prairie Meadow-Mouse.

Arvicola austerus, Leconte, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VI, 1853, 405. (Wisconsin.)
Aup. & Bacon. N. Am. Quad. II, 1854, 289. (From Leconte.)
Kennicort, in Agric. Rep. U. S. Patent Office for 1856, (1857,) 97, pl. xii.

Se. Cu.—tize of A. riparius (44 inches.) Skull 1.10 inch. Winter fur long (half an inch.) Ears short, concealed, more
than half the length of hind foot; thinly coated with long hair. Fore feet long and broad, more than half as long as hinder,
which measure .8 of an inch. Half ofsolehairy. Toes short. Tail short, scarcely longer than head, less than one-third the
head and body ; the vertebrae 1} times the hind foot.

Above, pale cinnamon rufous, variegated with black, paler on the sides. Beneath, pure pale cinnamon, brighter than
above ; the colors of the back, sides, and belly melting insensibly in each other. Tail sharply bicolor, like the correspond-
ing regions of body; darkest at tip. Basal plumbeous of the fur becoming darker towards the extremity.

Skull rather broad. Length to width as 100 to 56. Line of molars about one-fourth as long as the head.

This species is of rather large size, and very stout in proportion to its length. The fur is
only moderately soft, and thickly interspersed with loag bristly hairs projecting considerably
beyond the rest and overlaying them. The winter fur measures about half an inch above, half
as much below, the summer fur about .35.

The muzzle is short and broad, the whiskers shorter than the head; brown and plumbeous.
The ears are short and broad, completely concealed under the fur ; more than half the length
of the hind foot; they are thinly covered with long hair on both sides except around the meatus;
the antitragus is very large, semicircular, and apparently capable of closing the meatus
entirely.

The hind feet are rather small in proportion to the anterior, which are broad and quite
fossorial. There isa short blunt claw attached to the obsolete thumb; the third finger is longest ;
the fourth a little shorter, the second claw extends to or a little beyond the base of the third;
the tip of the fifth barely reaches the base of the fourth claw. The hind foot is apparently
covered with hair for the posterior half of its lower surface, although a careful examination
shows that the median line of this hairiness anteriorly is bare and overlapped by the lateral
hairs. The toes are rather short ; the first shortest, its claw scarcely reaching to the fissure
between the second and third ; the third is longest, the fourth barely shorter; the second still
shorter ; the base of the fifth claw is opposite the fissure between the third and fourth. The
claws are rather long, and considerably curved.

The tail is short, the vertebrae scarcely longer than the head, in some specimens even shorter,
it is well covered with appressed stiff hairs about equal in length, and there is a scanty pencil
at the tip.!

The upper fur is dark lead color, becoming a little darker just before the grayish pale cinnamon
tips. There are many long black hairs equally interspersed which relieve the cinnamon, and

1 The following account of the head and feet, taken from an alcoholic specimen, will serve to give a more accurate
idea of the portions of the body than what I have derived from the examination of skins merely.

The head of this species is short and broad, as in the Arvicolae generally; the eyes rather large for the genus; the
muzzle hairy except on the septum. The upper lip is emarginate, but not actually cleft beyond the base of the incisors.
The ear is quite large ; the membrane thickened ; the anterior edge apparently not inflected ; the antitragus much developed
into a semicircular valve capable of closing the meatus. The inferior edge of the ear, near its lower root, or what, perhaps,
corresponds to the antitragus better than the valve, just referred to, is dilated more than in other forms of Arvieola, so as to
render the auricle considerably broader than high.

The palms are rather weak, the soles naked, with five tubercles. The hind feet are short, stout, and with but five

tubercles, the posterior one on the outer edge of the sole being obsolete, or wanting entirely. ‘The sole is densely hairy
from the heel to the first tubercles.

540 U. S. P. R. R, EXP, AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

in some specimens they predominate along the back. The sides are rather paler. The belly
is a pale cinnamon, brighter than that of the upper parts; the colors of the sides and belly
meit quite insensibly into each other, The basal lead color of the under fur is generally seen
to a greater or lessextent. The feet and upper part of the tail are colored somewhat like the
back, or cinnamon brown lined equally with black, the tail darkest, sometimes nearly uniform
blackish brown, especially towards the tip ; the under part of the tail like the belly.

There does not appear to be much variation in the colors of this species, except that in a
midsummer specimen the colors are a little brighter and darker cinnamon, Winter specimens
are paler. A skin from St. Louis has the longest fur of all the skins in the collection, and has
the cinnamon color of the belly very distinct. ’

1469.! No. 740.) No. 987.7 | No. 266.2
Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches.
Head and body.......... 4 4.50 4.60 4.25
Tail, vertebrie.....20.0. 1.20 broken. 1.00 1.30
taste’ eicjaikelele were/dls ABDI Aivale(cieiunainjolnin 1.20 1.50
Efind) foot 5 .<'s\s\seniscjsasee 80 . 80 80
longest toe.......- 20 22 «28 new ccercccce
Wore foots<ccnccascccs cen 45 -43 SAS ie Al eie'sclnieniainiclete
longest toe.......- 25 o22 nw weccrccces Jee ccccsece .-
Ria vite is clon iotsiale/enleieiaistete’s 35 45 BD Nenipinwins oat .

1 From West Northfield * From Racine.

1999. The skull of this species is of average breadth among Arvicolae, its dimensions being
(in No 1999) 1.10 inch by 63, or as 100: 57. The cerebral portion is rather short, the narrow-
ing of the interorbital space commencing about the middle of the axial line of the skull, or even
a little behind it. The nasal branches of the intermaxillary extend further back on the fore-
head than the nasal bone, and in some cases pass the line of the lachrymals. The line of
molars is short in the upper jaw, less than one-fourth the length of the skull. The distance
from the upper molars to the posterior face of the incisors is about one-third that from the
incisors to the occiput, or a little more in some specimens.

The posterior upper molar is about equal to the middle one, and shorter than the anterior ;
it is composed of one anterior triangle, one exterior, one interior, and one posterior loop or
hook, This loop is somewhat V-shaped, connected with the pedicel of the interior triangles by
its outer leg; it is rather acute behind, and both legs are slightly concave both on the inner face
of the tooth, and the outer. There are thus but three salient angles on either side, including
the posterior loop.

The anterior lower molar is less than half as long asthe other two. It presents five internal
salient angles and four external, besides the anterior loop which is angular on the side and may
be considered as forming an additional angle, especially externally. There are, however, of com-
pletely closed triangles, one posterior, two internal and one external; the anterior lobe has two
salient angles on either side, and an anterior sub-angular loop, the dentine in all broadly

communicating.
In one specimen, 1997, the skull of which is larger than others, the teeth are wider ; the first

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—ARVICOLA CINNAMONEA. 541

anterior pair of re-entrant angles in the anterior lower molar come so close together as to cut off
the isthmus of dentine ; the result of this is to divide the anterior indented lobe into two spaces,
an anterior sub-quadrangular and a posterior sub-triangular, and extending across the tooth.
This can scarcely be considered an exception to the characteristics given above, however.

This, the most common arvicola about West Northfield, varies a good deal in its characters,
being sometimes almost black above; sometimes the dull faded cinnamon of the belly is
brighter, sometimes paler ; occasionally almost absent, leaving the basal plumbeous color most
distinct.

The description I have given of the species differs somewhat from that of Major Leconte ; but
his original (belonging to the collection of the Smithsonian Institution) is one of the few in
which the cinnamon tips of the hairs are inappreciable. There can be no question of their
being the same.

List of specimens,

a s Measurements.

g|s :

4 =

5 ES 3 Locality. Whence and how ob- 3 3 re a ' 5 3 é z = =

2 |ea| 2 tained. & Slse) 8 | S| sel Saber les | 2.13
Ble | 2 2 S/28}2 | |\chlezle8lee{ 2] F
Bene. ch Sol 2 WaSelnsor SubeeyalS ole ahles
6 |S | a zZ ES oleic | PS YEE sea Se Nee
266 | 1999 |... .| Racine, Wis...... sccoe| Dr. P. Re HOY ..0- coe Skin ...... aeabeiilmainosh lexneeb| daaset|losdacidltdsece\|cceens\| ee coct 1.12 62
ORB | 220s Ci e\enestsdO' cscs tet etree We tite Barry...eseeeeees| Inalcohol..| .49| .91 | 1.19 | 3.75 | 1.25 | 1.44} .38 |....ce[occee «|secces
2897 |...00- secces|eocce dO cccce Scecccceee Dr. P. R. Hoy 2.22. 0000|22+dO covese 45 | ccccca|evacce|sneecs 1.17 | 1.42] .37 Na laeonsadled sees
2923 |..000- G | West Northfield, Iil....| R. Kennicott ......+... «2 edO secces -41} .88] 1.10} 3.75] 1.11 ]1.31] .38 Taeaeune es
QG2QS |oreve Ze eocceeEO ecccccccce ecceslecccce dO. scccecce cones 200 ccvece 42 88 171.05 | 3.25 | 1.04 | 1.14 37 92! | ccccce| acces
Q9BL eevee] Qo [eweeee do wee. Secveceees iced eceese deececces|se GO veces 50 99 | 1.26 | 4.18 | 1.27] 1.53] .40 BL | ceccceleccace
2IB2 |eeevee| Qo leveeee GO ceccvesccccvcesleccecs GO ccc cscccscacs © 0GO coccce 48 98 | 1.30 | 4.00 | 1.28 | 1.61] .38 OL) wewaieul onaaes
2933 |...) g 00cedO ceevcevccccscesfeccnes dO cecccecees Bie ss| tec) vessel © .a0 93 | 1.19 | 3.40 | 1.21 | 1.48] .40 1S Welw dal ovcace
QYTB Josevee| OC [reece OO 1. cavssecceecscelesaces GO .s000 . 200 ceccve 50 98 | 1.26 | 3.70 | 2.17) 1.40] .35| 70 |..cccelsceee .
ZBOS |ancccs|sccces St. Louis........ Dr. Engelmann,........ ag O) auene 47 | .85] 1.10 | 3.35 | 1.00 | 1.13 32 720! neges al tatters
BAD | GAT |e ce ssf occccedO ccced:ccccccces|sccses dO weccecicccveces DKitiisevce|csesh-|ecccss| scones 4.00 | 1.20} 1.40 | .30 80 | 1.06 61
453 | 1587 |......| Calcasieu, La..........| G. Wurdemann..... .6/44.dO ceceeel|eeceesleee ceclecseeclere secleccsccleccessleececeleccecs } 1.10 |. oe

ARVICOLA (PEDOMYS) CINNAMONEA, Baird.

Spe. Cu.—Size of 4. austerus, 4.50 inches. Skull 1.12. Head narrow. Fur coarse, .4 of aninch above. Ears small; well
furred ; half as long as the hind feet. Feet rather large ; hinder ones hairy beneath for half their length. Tail vertebra one-
third the head and body ; not twice as long as hind feet.

Above and on the sides, yellowish brown, mixed finely with black, but not obscured by it ; less black on the sides. A wash of
dark rufous along the back. Belly pale cinnamon. | No distinct line of demarcation between the colors. Fur above darker

plumbeous, just before the brown tips. ‘Fail strongly bicolor, colored like the corresponding regions of the body ; darkest at
the tip.

Skull very narrow. Length to width as 100 to 50. Muzzle very long. Line of molars scarcely one-fifth as long as the head.

This species is of rather large size, and stout in proportion. The fur is rather coarse and
stiff, especially the longer bristly hairs ; it measures about four-tenths of an inch above. The
ears are small, longer than broad (.4 inch) ; rather thickly: covered with long hairs on both
sides so as to hide the margin; the antitragus is of considerable development. The feet are
large and stout; the thumb of the fore foot rudimentary or obsolete, enveloped or encircled in

542 U. Ss. P, R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

its upper half by a broad, blunt nail. The first toe of the hind foot is short; its insertion far
back and falling opposite to the middle of the foot, or even posterior to this point. The under
half of the sole is hairy from the heel. The tail is rather long for species of this group; ex-
clusive of the hairy tip, it is about one-third the length of the head and body; well covered
with hairs to the tip.

The upper fur is plumbeous from the base to near the tip, where the color deepens in intensity,
and is succeeded abruptly by a yellowish brown tip. Interspersed are numerous hairs entirely
black, which mix with the yellowish brown without obscuring or overshadowing it. This con-
dition prevails on the upper parts and sides generally ; the side of the body being only a little
less mixed with black. There is also a faint wash of darker rufous brown along the middle of
the back. Beneath, the lead colored fur is tipped with pale rufous orcinnamon. The feet and
tail above are brown, finely lined or streaked with pale rufous or cinnamon in less quantity
than the brown. The tip of the tail is brown; its under parts like the belly. The sides of
the muzzle and the tip of the chin are dark brown, but the bend of the lips is whitish.

The skull is remarkable for its elongation, especially of the nasal portion. It is just twice ©
as long as broad, measuring 1.12 by 56, or as 100 to 50. The nasal branches of the intermax-
illary extend backward beyond the lachrymals, and exceed the truncated extremity of the nasal
bones by one-tenth of an inch. The distance from the anterior extremity of the line of upper
molars to the posterior base of incisors is more than one-third the distance from the incisors to
the occiput (.37 to 1.05). The line of upper molars is short, (.27,) or about 24 hundredths
the total length. The nasal bones measure .33 of an inch, or .294 of the total length.

The posterior upper molar has three salient angles on both the exterior and interior sides;
the posterior outer, however, is quite small, and even almost obsolete. The indentations of
enamel are such as not to cut off any lateral triangles, there being one anterior and one middle
one going entirely across the tooth, instead of an anterior and an exterior and interior. There
is also the usual posterior loop. The anterior lower molar has one posterior closed triangle,
two interior, one exterior, and an anterior lobe with an indentation in each side, making five
internal salient angles, four external ones, and an anterior loop.

Judging from the skin alone, it would be rather hazardous to establish this Arvicola as dis?
tinct from A. austera, the external differences being but slight. The skull, however, has
several peculiarities which I have not observed in a considerable number of specimens ; none of
those in the collection from Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri, or Louisiana, sharing them in any
way, although varying considerably among themselves. The rudimentary thumb nail is armed
with a nail rather larger than usual, being, in fact, like one of the other claws, with the point
worn off bluntly, and not continuous beneath nor enveloping the phalanx below. The tail is
longer than in the others; with the hairs, measuring over 14 inch, or one-third the length of the
head and body ; it is thinner than in all the allied species. The ears are smaller. The cin-
namon of the under parts is rather deeper, as is the brown about the muzzle.

The points in which the skull of this specimen differs from those of A. austera are the nar-
rowness compared with the length (one-half); the elongation of the nasal bones, and of the
muzzle generally ; the shortness of the lines of molars; the absence of any lateral triangles in
the posterior upper molar, &c.

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—ARYVICOLA HAYDENII. 543

List of specimens.

= Measurements.
| ve ~ 2
3 S 3 a ‘d = € = =
E 6 Locality. Whence and how ob- | Nature of | 2 f e é 2 z = 3 5 Remarks.
5 tal tained. specimen. | 2 = S 9 & & a a 3
3 | » a PRP VPS =a = ke pee yee |e
Bi Serevent tsb ae als
a|é Zio) 80d S jused. Solodule sel ete
] i-} cs o o
5 | 5 ele er M emi pose | een cat eel key |
ee Saree eA |e ee Re | ee ye bee tal pel |
591? | 1714 | Pembina, Minn..... cece! C. Cavileer ......cceees Skin ...... 1.25 | 4.50} 1.42 | 1.66 |......|s..00. 1.13 | .57|......| Fresh ..soue
eecees 4.20 | 1.30} 1.50] .40| .79|.....-Jecceee 40 | Skin ....006

+ Measured before skinning.

ARVICOLA (PEDOMYS) HAYDENII, Baird.

Sp. Cu.—Larger than A. austera. Length, 4} inches.
feet. Fur coarse, half an inch long above.
Feet broad; sole hairy for half its length.

Tail vertebra one third this length; not quite twice the hind
Ears short, half as long as hind foot; sparsely furred with longish hairs

Above, yellowish brown, uniformly mixed with black; the whole with a gray tint. Sides grayer and with less black.
Beneath, grayish white without any cinnamon. Line separating the sides and belly distinct; cheeks light colored. Tail

sharply bicolor ; colored in correspondence with the body. Plumbeous of fur deepening just before the brown tip. Skull
1.14 by .65, or as 100 to 57.

This species is amongst the largest of those occurring within the limits of the United States.
The head is broad and rather obtuse. The whiskers are shorter than the head, black and gray.
The ears are short, almost broader than long, rather sparsely covered with long hairs on both
sides, except around the meatus; the antitragus large and semi-circular. The feet are stout,
rather large ; the nail-like claw of the rudimentary thumb well developed. The sole is hairy °
beneath for half its length from the heel ; the insertion of the first toe is opposite the centre of
the foot. The tail is short, about one-third as long as the head and body, tapering to a slight
pencil at tip, and coated with stiff hairs throughout.

The hair is quite coarse and bristly, especially about the head; on the back it measures about
half an inch ; half as much on the under surface.

The fur is plumbeous from the base to near the tip, where there is a penultimate deepening
in color, succeeded by a tip of yellowish brown. This being relieved by black tipped hairs
gives a uniformly mixed color above, the prevailing tint of which is a grayish yellowish brown.
The sides are grayer and less mixed with black. The under fur is broadly tipped with grayish
yellow white, having a tinge of pale yellowish rusty across the belly. There is, however, no
trace of cinnamon. The feet are pale rusty yellowish white above, with a few black hairs; the
tail above is brown ; beneath, like the belly, with a very distinct separation.

The skull resembles more Arvicola austera in shape than A. cinnamonea, although the con-
traction of the interorbital portion does not extend so far back, falling anterior to the central
point of the skull. The distance from the anterior extremity of the upper molars to the pos-
terior base of the upper incisors is one-third that from the incisors to the occiput. The line of
upper molars measures .25 of an inch, or .22 of the total length. The posterior upper molar
has an anterior triangle, next one exterior, next one interior, and behind these a broad V-shaped
loop, with concave exteriors, The lower jaw is very massive; the anterior molar with one

544 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

posterior triangle, two internal, one external, and an anterior lobe indented on each side so
deeply that the enamel nearly meets ; there is also a shallow indentation anterior to these on
each side. There are thus five distinct salient internal angles, four external, and a slight addi-
tional one on each side of the loop anterior to the others.

This species is rather larger than the Arvicola austera. It differs from it also in the more
bristly character of the hair. Theears are shorter and broader. The colors differ considerably
in a prevailing grayer tint above. The cheeks are much lighter, as is also the side of the
muzzle. The under parts are whiter, the light tips being longer; they are without the
cinnamon tinge of the other species. The feet are whiter.

In some respects this species seems to approach the A. drummondii. The latter, however, is
said to have the tail shorter, (one inch,) and the prevailing color above, a brownish gray tinged

with red. In the A. haydeni, however, the tail is 1} inch long, and the prevailing color grayish
yellow brown, without any tinge of red or chestnut whatever.

List of specimens.

te
©) Measurements.
G]
2 =
s (8 e)z] . i
5 nS 3 Locality. When col | Whence and how | Nature of} & | | S/S | E |e " | i Collected by—
Be sa Se lected. obtained. specimen. | 3 | 3 | z Flan % s/2]/8
o/s : Zz) Sie
&|/2 |¢ glelelelelsl2ls1 8
ci ee le 2/PleleleBlels) 2/2
= ° s s = | =)
Sa Sate zizlelelmlalajala
699'| 1862 | GQ | Fort Pierre, Nebraska| 1854.......| Col. A. Vaughan...) Skin...... 1.25/4.50/1.50)1.60 1,14 65. «-|-eee| Dr. F. V. Hayden.
ecvveslevcces|cccsleces nse nessarsestse nerve cece lcccnccccecescnnetees|sspeesesecce| pee 4.25)1.40)1.55) .81 . ; 40] 135)... cece veceeeceeee

* The first line gives the measurements taken before skinning ; the second, those of the dried skin.

ARVICOLA (PITYMYS) PINETORUM, Leconte.

Psammomys pinetorum, Lecontr, Annals N. Y. Lyceum, III, 1, 1829, 132; pl. ii.

Pitymys pinetorum, McMurrnie, Cuvier, R. A. Amer, ed. Appendix, I, 1831, 434.

Pinemys pinetorum, Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. R. A. 1842, 12.

Arvicola pineorum, Auv. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1851, 216; pl. Ixxx.
Lecontr, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VI, 1853, 409.

Arvicola scalopsoides, Aun. & Baca. J. A. N. Sc. Phila. VIII, m, 1842, 299. (Long Island.)
Waener, Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1843, m1, 53.
? Lecontg, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila, VI, Oct. 1853, 409.

? Arvicola apella, Leconte, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VI, 1856, 405.

Sp. Cu.—Length, 3} inches. Body elongated; head obtuse, short. Ears concealed, rounded, less than half the hind
foot, covered with short, close hairs, Antitragus nearly obsolete. Tail shorter than the head. Fre feet large, three-fourths
as long as the hinder, shrew-like ; fore claws longest. Hind feet six-tenths of an inch long.

Fur short, close, lustrous; about one-fourth of an inch long. Above, dark, clear, chestnut brown; paler on the sides ;
beneath, hoary plumbeous. Feet light brown. Tail pale rufous beneath.

Skull, . 95 by .58, or as 100 to 61. Muzzle rather short; its projection beyond the root of the zygoma less than the
length of the line of upper molars.

Body cylindrical, narrow, and elongated. Head short and blunt. Whiskers shorter than
the head ; mixed black and gray. Eyes very small. Ears short, nearly orbicular, but broader

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—ARVICOLA PINETORUM. 545

than long; less than half the length of the hind foot; covered with short close hairs ; entirely
concealed under the fur. Antitragus nearly obsolete. Hind feet very small, and fore feet very
large, the latter with its claws, nearly as long as the former without them. Middle fore claws
longer than hind ones; rudimentary thumb enveloped by a rather large blunt nail-like claw.
Third finger longest ; fourth and second successively shorter ; claw of fifth reaching to the base
of the fourth claw. Hands broader than the feet. Hind feet very short, about two-thirds the
length of the tail vertebree ; the soles hairy for about the posterior third from heel, the hairs
not reaching to the tubercles. The tail is very short ; the vertebree not so long as the head,
tapering very slightly to near the tip; the hairs short, appressed, and with a short close pencil at
the tip.

The fur above is very short, soft, and compact, scarcely over a quarter of an inch long ; little
shorter beneath ; there are no longer bristly hairs projecting beyond the fur. In the smothness
and lustre of the fur, the cylindrical and elongated body, the short tail, and large and broad
palms, there is a close resemblance to the larger American shrews.

The color of this species appears to present some variations with season. The upper parts
and sides are a rich and rather dark chestnut brown, minutely and ‘almost inappreciably lined
with black. This last shade is imparted not only by interspersed hairs entirely black, but by
black extremities to most of the chestnut tipped hairs. The sides are rather lighter chestnut.
The under parts are dark plumbeous, with a wash of hoary whitish gray, and in some specimens
a faint trace of pale rufous. The lead color is that of the base of the fur, and shows most con-
spicuously on the chin and throat, where the hair is very thin. The feet are light brown; the
tail dusky at the tip; mixed brown and grayish above, and pale rufous below.

Specimens are sometimes so dark above as scarcely to convey the impression of a rufous or
chestnut tinge to the fur.

The following table of measurements may serve to illustrate the difference between specimens
before being skinned and after.

Measurements.

879. 879. 882. 882. | 1224, 1224. 1229. 1229.
Fresh. | Dry. || Fresh. | Dry. | Fresh. Dry. | Fresh. | Dry.

ited «Sa coeiee dpi Riacembi ger Dilek mein TROO’ |e eee erte tee [eee er ISTObe | Seasat eS 1800} loosens
Tipil cacy i 5 Se a rr 3.00 3.00 || 3.50 3. 00 3.70 3.40 || 3.10 3.50
Mievertebicors 2 oot oe Soe Le ae 2 1.00 . 85 . 50 . 60 . 80 .70 -90 278
cain TADS ae a 1.12 |. 1.00 .67 .70 . 90 .80 || 1.00 .92
STea Tl nat: 2 EE Le (8 re eee 60s ||=-826e45 H66% |ccs==e5" 60
LOUETTT GIT Aap oe: See oe os a J Oey Weeas tees ae | ee eee Be eee .10
Sto 2 ee ee D ks wees mee! egy |e ey oni 145
Ieee @lITR sce aie ail ee ele | ois 5 ah | anced as sal races Se i (area 13
See ee a nn Sadea choses t|eccomons Wes |e ee 1h eee | De || mma = 25
Cog alia) av Bad I Se oe a ng MRT Ba MOD || Bpeeeeen neers. BM let es Seek” .94
erage LaMielaus si irate) et) Yy albies!_». gee le olin 5 sacl maby) a bo! |loiataes 55
rnpomions as LODito ec. 2222.82. ~ 2c ee eae h 61 one Beg lees ae. lea tarce Nips oho 59

546 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

In the alcoholic specimen the body is elongated and cylindrical; the fur short, close, and
compact ; the muzzle very blunt and rounded; the eyes very small, rather nearer the muzzle
than the ear; the upper lip emarginate, but scarcely fissured or even furrowed beyond the
emargination. The ears are very small, not as long as the adiacent fur; the concha slightly
inflexed above; the two roots of the margin separated by a plane interval. The antitragus
moderate, appearing scarcely sufficient to close the meatus ; the surfaces of the ear apparently
naked, with only a small fringe of long hairs on the concavity, near the superior margin. The
legs are very short and weak. The fore feet very large, compared with the hinder, or rather
longer than from heel to base of toes. Fore claws longest; thumb with a distinct, though
short and obtuse-pointed claw ; palms with five tubercles. Soles with only five tubercles ; one
at the bases of the third and fourth toes ; one each at the bases of the second and fifth, and a
fifth near the inner edge of the sole, as far behind that of the first toe as this is from the tubercle
of the fifth ; its anterior edge is about midway between the heel and the end of the balls of
the toes. These tubercles are all large and conical, or pyramidal, and nearly of equal size.
There is no trace of the sixth, usually seen near the exterior of the sole. The sole is hairy
as far as the anterior edge of the posterior tubercle, though the hairs do not come up very close
around it. The tail is very short, scarcely twice as long as the hind feet, which reach as far as
its middle; it is well covered with hairs.

In a suckling female but two pairs of teats (inguinal) could be detected.

The skull of this species (1933) is very short and broad ; the proportions of breadth to length
being .60 to .97 of an inch, or as 64 to 100. The upper surface is considerably convex in every
direction. The muzzle is short, the projection anterior to the base of the zygoma being .24, or
about one-fourth the total length. The nasal bones are subtruncate behind, and extend back a
little beyond the anterior of the external outline of the zygomatic arch ; the nasal branches of
the intermaxillary pass about a twentieth of an inch beyond or into the interorbital region.
The interorbital portion of the forehead is rather broad, as wide as the widest part of the
muzzle; about .19 the axial length. The cranium narrows suddenly to form the posterior
portion of the orbit proper, the outline passing directly to the narrowest part of the interorbita]
portion perpendicular to the axis of the head, which is intersected a very little anterior to it
middle points. The distance between the vertices of the angles of the cranium is .35 of an inch,
or rather more than half the diameter of the head. The interparietal bone is subtriangular,
obtuse angled anteriorly, slightly and irregularly convex posteriorly ; the lateral extremities
acute angled, sometimes blunt or rounded, scarcely truncate, nor with a projecting point from
a posterior corner, as in A. riparia. The occipital foremen is nearly round, a little wider than
high.

The lower jaw is short and stout, the coronoid process long and curved, rising a little higher
than the condyle; the condyloid process rather deep.

The incisors are rather narrow. The upper are deeper antero-posteriorly than wide; their
anterior surfaces nearly plane or rounding off very slightly ; the width of the cutting edge
about equal to the length of the anterior upper molar (.09 inch.) The distance from the pos-
terior base of the incisors to the anterior extremity of the molars is one-third that of the occi-
put. The line of the molars is one-fourth the length of the skull (.24 of an inch.) The bony
palate posteriorly has a fossa on either side against the inside of the posterior molar.

The anterior molar is composed of one anterior, two exterior, and two interior closed tri-
angles; the first or anterior lateral triangle is interior, the last exterior. The second molar

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—ARVICOLA PINETORUM. 547

has one anterior, one interior, and two exterior angles, the first and last lateral being both
exterior, or the reverse of the first molar. The posterior upper molar has hardly any lateral
triangles, the indentations of opposite sides being opposite and meeting, instead of alternating.
There are, then, an anterior and a middle transverse triangle, with a posterior V-shaped loop,
the outer leg of which connects with the adjacent inner salient angle. This V is usually
slightly concave on either side, so as to make a Y. ‘There are thus three inner salient angles,
and two external, besides the V; the upper part of the external leg of this may sometimes carry
a small additional external salient angle.

In the lower jaw the anterior molar is about as long as the two succeeding; the middle
longer than the last, which is narrower than the preceding. The anterior molar has one
posterior triangle, one external, and two internal ; the anterior lobe has a deep re-entrant acute
angle on either side, cutting off salient angles, and the sides of the anterior terminal loop are
slightly indented, so as to be concave. There are thus an anterior loop, five salient angles on
the inside, and four on the outside. The dentine of the two anterior on either side communicates
with that of the loop.

The middle lower molar has an anterior and a posterior triangle, and a lateral on either side,
making four. The posterior has the two lateral thrown into one transverse, making three
transverse triangles.

With a limited number of specimens before me, when I first took up the examination of this
species, I felt constrained to establish several species on what I considered good characters. A
revision of the subject, however, with much more material at my command, has shown so many
connecting links between the species, as established, that I can scarcely do less than throw them
all into one. The size of the ear and of the body varies in different specimens from the same
locality. The colors vary from rather bright chestnut to a darker tint, almost brown. This
seems to be more usually the case with specimens from Illinois, although some are very similar
to South Carolina skins. As a general rule, specimens from the low lands of the southern coast
are smaller than those in the mountains or to the north. A specimen in alcohol, from Long
Island, (Sag Harbor,) the locality of the original Arvicola scalopsoides, of Audubon and Bachman,
exhibits no difference of apparent importance.

In one skin from Society Hill, the middle of the back is of a dark rufous brown; the
sides bright yeilowish chestnut as a broad stripe sharply defined against the color of the back ;
the belly is hoary whitish ash. The tail is bicolor. The contrast of color between the back
and sides, I have observed in no other specimen.

It is quite possible that theremay be more than one species included in the specimens enumerated,
and it is more than likely that those from Illinois may eventually prove distinct.! Their most
striking characters are the longer and looser fur, and its darker or more purplish color and gloss.

I find no permanent characters, however, by which to separate the Long Island scalopsoides
from the southern pinetorum.

1 Should this Illinois species really be distinct, it may very appropriately be called Arvicola kennicotlii. It cannot, with
propriety, bear the name of scalopsoides.

548 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

°
6 7
List of specimens.

ie Measurements.

3

a ¢ os A S =
ps Day oy) 2 Zz r=) 2
or = 2 Slee ps
& = 5 Locality. Whence and how g é i= ee 2 = “

. 9 - o = ° | 3

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Clark county, Va..... | Dr. Kennerly.
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of 42 -84 | 1.05 | 3.38] .78 | 1.00 +38 -60
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PBIB |e ccsen|osesss|eeneesd0.+. a0 cencscceee, o].-dOv.g0s-/, 46] 290 1.15 |.o000.] 78] .97} .40] 63
2836 /......|..... | Sag Harbor, Long Island) E. N. Byram.......|..d0......| .43] .88] 1.13] 2.99] .82]......] .40| .65
SUB eccceg] KO, [POM sd cbc tadenh'e ope) Gite OnMiCottys skp el Sep s. dflateuten!| Cees ci bcle ede hes deel lowe o shi hele wictllcleiscteislftee abate
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{ Skull, .98 by .57.

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—ARVICOLA. 549

Having thus described all the species of North American Arvicola which I am now prepared
to present, I shall proceed to an enumeration of the remaining ones described by authors, taking
them up alphabetically. Most of these belong to section A. of Hemiotomys, and the greater part
will, in all probability, prove to be synonyms of other species.

ARVICOLA ALBO-RUFESCENS, Emmons. Massachusetts.

- Arvicola albo-rufescens, Emmons, Rep. Quad. Mass. 1840, 60.
Dexkay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 89; pl. xxiv, f. 1.

This species is characterised as having the fur entirely white ; the hairs pale yellowish brown at the extremities; beneath
white ; upon the belly and chin paler than above. Feet and tail brownish. Head and body 3.80; tail vertebrae 1.30 ;
ears .25; hind legs 1.00.

From the peculiar character of the white fur, colored only at the tips, this would seem, as sug-

gested by Audubon & Bachman, to be merely a variety of some other species, such features
being so far unknown as permanent ones in the Arvicolae. The two specimens collected by

Professor Emmons were found at Williamstown, Massachusetts.

ARVICOLA APELLA, Leconte. Pennsylvania, (in fields.)
Arvicola apella, Leconte, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phil. VI, 1856, 405.
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am, Quad. II, 1854, 289, (from Lec.)

Above, brown, redder on the sides ; beneath, gray, inclining to brownish on the chin and throat. Head short, blunt ;
ears very short, slightly hairy on both surfaces, entirely concealed. Legs very short; feet pale brownish. Tail very short;
above brown, beneath grayish. Head, 1.00; head and body, 4.00; tail, .70 ; ears, .20; hind leg, 1.10 (including tibia).

This species, in all characteristics of form, and apparently of color, is the Pennsylvania
Arvicola pinetorum, referred to above ; at least I am unable to appreciate any difference from
the descriptions.

ARYICOLA BOREALIS, Rich. Great Bear Lake.

Arvicola borealis, Ricu. Zool. Jour, III, 1827, 517.—In. F. Bor. Am. I, 1829, 127.
Avup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 134; pl. exxix.
Hypudaeus borealis, Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 593.

Tail as long as the head. Fur very long and fine, (ten lines ;) thumb nail long, strap-shaped, somewhat as in the Lem-
mings. Fore claws longer and stronger than the hinder. Color above, dark umber or liver brown, without spots ; beneath,
lead gray, a rufous spot under the ears. ‘Tail brown above, grayish white beneath.

In the description of Audubon & Bachman from Richardson’s specimens, the prevailing color above is described as dark
reddish brown ; the hairs on the feet ochreous white.

Head and body, 4.50 inches ; tail, 1.00 ; head, 1.25 , height of ear, .33 ; width of ear, .25 ; fore feet, .38 ; hind feet .63.

The characters of this species are quite remarkable, and seem, as Richardson suggests, to
indicate a connecting link between the meadow mice and the Lemmings. Nothing is said of
the character of the soles, as to hairiness, &c.

ARYVICOLA DEKAYI, Aud. & Bach. N. New York.

Arvicola dekayi, Aup. & Baca. N. Am. Quad. III, 1854, 287.
Arvicola fulua, Aup. & Bacu. J. A. N. Sc. Phila, VII, mu, 1842, 295, (name preoccupied.)
Wacner, Wiegmann’s Archiy, 1843, nm, 53.

Fur short, smooth, compact, and lustrous; ears prominent, rising two lines above the fur. Tail longer than the head.
Legs long and slender ; the whole animal having the appearance of lightness and agility seen in the mouse. The hairs,
which are very short, are above tipped with brown, causing a bright chestnut color; legs and toes a little lighter ; color
cinereous beneath. Incisors yellowish white. Head and bedy, 3.75 inches ; tail, 1.33; height of ear, .21; tarsus, .60.

This animal, in all probability, will be found to belong either to Hypudaeus gapperi, or to
a closely allied species. It is very different from most other American Arvicolae. Unless the
learned authors have actually compared their specimens with those of Dekay, I should be
inclined. to consider them mistaken in quoting A. oneida as a synonym ; at any rate, the descrip-
tion of Dekay would seem to indicate an entirely different animal.

550 U: Ss. P. R. Re EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—-GENERAL REPORT.

Audubon & Bachman first quoted their species as probably coming from Illinois. In the North
American Quadrupeds, however, they speak of receiving their specimen from Mr. Fothergill,
who obtained most of his animals (and very probably this one) in St. Lawrence county, New
York. Should the species of Dekay and of Audubon & Bachman be the same, the name of
the former must be retained.

ARVICOLA DRuMMoNDII, Aud. & Bach. Rocky Mountains of British possessions.

Arvicola noveboracensis, Ricu. F. B. A. I, 1829, 126.
Hypudaeus noveboracensis, WAGNER, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1841, 591.
Arvicola drummondii, Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 166; pl. cxxxv, (fig. with short tail.)

Ears projecting slightly from the fur. Tail more than half the length of the head, with scant hairs not concealing the scales.
Legs very short ; feet small ; claws weak. Thumb witha nail. Fur coarse ; on the back about eight lines long. Hair above,
grayish black with a reddish brown subterminal annulus, and tipped with black. Prevailing colors above, a mixed dark reddish
brown (or dark umber brown in some lights) and black ; beneath, yellowish gray ; around the eye, yellowish red, or a rufous spot
beneath the ear. Tail above brown, beneath grayish white. Feet dark gray, tinged with rafous. Head and body, 4.25; head,
1.33. Tail, 1.42, (according to Aud. & Bach. only 1.) Length of feet not given.

This species is found in the northern Rocky Mountains, in company with 4. xanthognathus.

I had at first been inclined to refer the Arvicola haydeni to this species, but its much darker
and redder color, as described, appeared sufficient ground for distinction. It very possibly
belongs to the same section, Pedomys.

ARVICOLA HIRSUTUS, Emmons. Mass.

Arvicola hirsutus, Emmons, Rep. Quad. Mass. 1840, 60.
Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 86 ; pl. xxv, fig. 2.

Above tawny, or reddish brown, intermixed with black tipped hairs; beneath, ash gray, never white. External ears partly
concealed in the hair.

According to Dekay, the color above is similar to that of the brown rat ; this passes on the belly intoslaty gray. Feet dark
brown. Tail brownish, lighter beneath. Length of head and body, 5 inches ; of tail, 1.90.

This species appears to be very similar to A. riparia, to which it is referred by Audubon and
Bachman.

ARVICOLA HypoLEucus, Wagner. Labrador.
Hypudacus hypoleucus, Wacner, Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1843, II, 142.

I have not found where, if at all, this species is described. It is only named in the above
quotation. The author refers to a notice by Schubert in Miinchner Gelehrte Anzeige, XVIII,
417, of Animals of Labrador, where the vernacular name, but no description of the animal, is
given.

ARVICOLA LABRADORA.
I have seen somewhere a reference to such a species, but cannot find that it is anywhere
described. It may possibly refer to the same animal as the preceding.

ArvIcoLA NAsuTA, Aud. & Bach. Mass.

Arvicola nasuta, Aup. & Bacu. J. A. N. Sc. Phila. VIII, 1, 1842, 296.—In. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 211 ; pl. exliv,
fig. 2.
? Leconte, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VI, 1853, 407.

Very large. Tail shorter than the head ; hind feet very short, little more than one-fourth the head. Nose sharper than
usual. Color above rusty brown ; the tips of the hairs yellowish brown and black ; beneath soiled yellowish gray ; legs and tail
light brown ; chin soiled white.

Head and body, 5.75; head, 1.83 ; tail, 1.17; hind foot, .50.

This species presents a combination of characters in the acute nose, large size, and short tail
and feet, I have never seen at all. I can hardly help thinking there must be some mistake in
reference to the brevity of the hind feet, so much less in proportion than that of any other
known species.

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—ARVICOLA. 551

I have had several skins of Arvicola exhibited to me as belonging to 4. nasuta, principally
on account of the sharpness of the nose. This, however, has proved to result from a neglect to
replace the muscle of the head in stuffing; in none has there been any approach to the short-
ness of the hind feet described. In hundreds of specimens in alcohol, examined from Massachu-
setts, Vermont, and New York, I have seen nothing of the kind.

ARYICOLA ocHRoGASTER, Wagner. North America.

Arvicola ochrogaster, WacNneR, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 592. :
Scuinz, Synopsis, II, 1845, 247.

This species, supposed to have come from America, is of a mixed yellowish brown and black ; beneath light ochry yellow, more
rusty towards the sides. The middle of the throat is whitish. Tail dark brown above, ochry yellow beneath, the two colors
sharply defined. Length of the larger of two specimens along the curve of the back, 4.50 inches ; in a straight line, 3.94 ; tail
vertebrae, 1.08 ; with the hairs, 1.25.

I have never seen nor heard of any authentic American Arvicola of an ochry yellow beneath.

ARVICOLA ONEIDA, Dekay. New York.
Arvicola oneida, Dexar, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 88; pl. xxv, fig. 1.

Ears nearly hidden in the fur. Above, brown or dark mouse color, with a slight mixture of tawny. (In the diagnosis, amber
brown should probably read umber brown.) Beneath, light blue gray. Feet brownish black. Length of head and body, 3.20 ;
tail, 1.25 ; fore legs, .40 ; hind legs, .70 (feet?). Fur about .20 long.

This species, as described by Dekay, presents few appreciable characteristics to distinguish it
from young specimens belonging to the typeof riparia. Audubon and Bachman are, I suspect,

in error in referring their 4. fulvus to this animal, probably belonging to Hypudaeus gappert.

ARVICOLA RICHARDSONI, Dekay. Rocky Mountains of British America.
Arvicola riparius, (Ord) Ricu. F. B. A. I, 1829, 120.
Arvicola richardsonii, Drxax, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 91.
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 163; plate cxxxv.

Ears somewhat concealed by the fur ; tail about the length of the head; thumb armed with a nail ; hind claws longest ;
incisors very large. Fur on the back about .66 of aninch, not very fine. Color above, dull dusky dark brown; the
shade nearly uniform. Beneath, blush gray; margin of upper lip, chin, and feet, dull white. Tail, dark brown above
whitish beneath: these colors separated by an even line. Head and body, 7 inches ; tail, 2.

This species appear to be well characterized and distinct from A. riparia. By a curious
coincidence the same name was given to it by Dekay and by Audubon & Bachman, the latter
authors not aware of what the former had done in the case.

ARVICOLA RUBRICATUS, Richardson. Behring’s Straits.

Arvicola rubricatus, Ricuarpson, Zool. of Blossom, 1839, 7.
Wacener, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 594.
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III. 1854, 297.

Size, a little greater than the common mouse. Slate color on the back; belly, ash-colored ; sides, nearly scarlet ; tail,
rather short.

This species, were the colors of back and sides transposed, might be reasonably referred to
the Kamtschatkan Hypudaeus rutilus. The well defined areas of dorsal and lateral colors
distinguish it from Arvicola occidentalis of Peale, or A. rufidorsum of Baird,

552 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL RRPORT.

ARVICOLA RUFESCENS, Dekay. Northern New York.

Arvicola rufescens, Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 85; plate xxii, fig. 1.

Ears large ; rounded. Soles with six tubercles. Fur about three lines long. Upper molars with nine external angles.
Color above, a bright reddish brown ; the hairs light rufous at tips, intermixed with black pointed hairs. Beneath, bluish
white ; lighter on the inside of the thighs. Muzzle, darkish brown. Feet, light brown. ‘Tail, dark brown above, cincreoug
beneath. Length of head and body, 3 inches; of tail, 2.

Whether this species is more than a rusty variety of some other, I am unprepared to say. It
does not attain the vivid and continuous chestnut brown of the A. rujidorsum.

ARVICOLA SAYI, Bachman.

I have somewhere seen a reference to a species under this name, but cennot find that it has
been anywhere described.

* ARVICOLA TEXIANA, Audubon and Bachman. Texas.
Arvicola teriana, Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 229 ; plate exlviii, fig. 2.

Smaller than the cotton rat; ears large, ovate, extending beyond the fur. Outer and inner hind toes of equal length ;
the central three much longer, and nearly equal. Soles naked from the heel. Back brownish yellow, spotted with irregular
small blotches of black. When the hair is laid smooth there is an obscure black stripe on the sides of the back, running
from behind the shoulders towards the rump, and converging across the buttocks to a point at the insertion of the tail; the
remainder of the back is irregularly or slightly waved or barred with dark brown spots on a yellowish ground. Head,
yellowish brown. Sides of neck, and along the flanks to the hips, brownish yellow. A narrow line of yellowish white
under the chin and on the belly. Tail, grayish white beneath. Ears, brownish yellow. Length to root of tail, 4.60
inches; to ear, 1.25; to eye,.50. Tail, 4; hind foot, 1.25. Found first on the Brasos, afterwards seen along the Nueces
and Rio Grande.

This species is, in every probability, a Sigmodon, as shown by the short and nearly equal inner
and outer toes, the naked soles, the long tail, &c. It appears to differ in important points of
coloration from S. berlandieri, (page 504.) Should it really be a Sigmodon, there will be no
record of the occurrence of Arvicolain Texas. Indeed, the only species of this genus I know,
from the southern and gulf States, are the A. pinetorum and A. austera.

ARVICOLA XANTHOGNATHUS, Leach. Labrador and Hudson’s Bay Territory.

Apvicola xanthognatha, Leacu, Zool. Misc. I, 1814, 60, pl. xxvi.
J. Sazine, Zool. App. Franklin Narr., 1823, 660.
Ricn, F. B. A. I, 1829, 122.
‘ Avup. & Bacn., N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 67 ; pl. exv, (description from Richardson.)

Ears large ; tail shorter than the head, palms broader than the soles, the posterior half of the latter hairy. Fur long and soft;
nine lines long on the back. Color above, a mixed dark brown and black, without spots, and varying in shade with the light ;
sidesa little paler. Beneath, silvery bluish gray, darkening into blackish gray in two patches anterior to the shoulders. A
blackish brown stripe along the centre of the nose, on each side of which is a reddish brown patch extending from the mouth to
the orbit. Tail whitish beneath, Length to root of tail, 54 to 8 inches. Head, 1.83; tail 1.50; ears, .60 ; hind foot, 83.

This species has never been established as occurring within the limits of the United States.
DeKay', indeed, gives it as found in New York, but, as suggested by Audubon and Bachman,
he probably had a variety of some better known species before him.

1Arvicola xanthognatha, Dn Kay, N. Y. Zool., I, 1842, 90; pl. xxiii, f. 2.

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—ARVICOLA, 553

I have thus mentioned all the residuary species of N. American Arvicola that have come to
my knowledge. There are still some others described as Arvicola, but really belonging to other
genera, and have been already quoted under their appropriate heads. These are principally as
follows:

Arvicola campestris, Aud. & Bach. = Hesperomys campestris, Lec. page 485.

Jerrugineus, Harlan = Sigmodon hispidus, Say & Ord., page 502.
hortensis, Harlan= the same species, probably.

nuttalli, Harlan = Hesperomys nuttalli, page 467.

oryzivora, Aud. & Bach. = Hesperomys, (Oryzomys) palustris, page 482.
sonoriensis, Aud. & Bach. = Hesperomys sonoriensis, Lec. page 474.
texana, Aud. & Bach. = Hesperomys texana, Woodhouse, page 464.
texiana, Aud. & Bach. = Sigmodon texiana?, page 552.

Hypudaeus leucogaster, Max. = Hesperomys (Onychomys) leucogaster, page 480.

The species in the preceding enumeration most likely to be additional to those I have described
in detail are: Arvicola borealis, drummondii, nasuta,? richardsonii, rubricata, and xanthognathus.

70L

554 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT,

- MYODES, Pallas.
Lemmings.
Myodes, Patias, Zoog. Rosso—Asiatica I, 1811, 172.

Fore feet large ; its claws very long, fossorial, longer than the hinder. Soles (and palms?) hairy to the roots of the toes. Tail
shorter than the hind’foot. Skull very broad; the zygoma high. Posterior lower molar composed of four subtriangular prisms,
the anterior of not more than five. Root of lower incisor not passing beyond or under the posterior molar, as in Arvicola.

The Lemmings, with the same general appearance as the Arvicolas, can be readily distinguished
externally, by the more or less hairy soles, very short tail, and long sickle-shaped claws, fitted
for digging, the external ear either very small, or altogether wanting. The last lower
molar is ecmposed of four or five triangular prisms which alternate with each other as in Fiber,
instead, as in Arvicola, of having three prisms composed of a greater number of triangles
placed with their bases opposite each other and confluent, (the indentations opposite also,) and
the tooth exhibiting therefore only three prisms, or three islands of dentine.

The species of this genus are confined to the arctic regions of the northern hemispheres.
Three or four species belong to North America, but none have yet been found within the United
States.

Not having access to all the authorities, I am unable to say whether the name of Myodes or
Lemmus should be retained for this group. Pallas includes the Arvicolae with the Lemmings
in establishing Myodes ; and it is to Keyserling and Blasius that we owe the restriction of the
name. It is possible that Lemmus was established by Linck after Myodes, and with the same
wide application ; in which case Myodes will be left for the Lemmings; <Arvicola having been
made by Lacépéde in 1803 for the genuine field mice.

In any event the name of Georychus, used by Richardson and Audubon and Bachman, is
inapplicable to the true Lemmings, as it was constructed by Illiger to receive the cape rat of south
Africa, Georychus capensis ; which, however apparently similar in external form, is so essen-
tially distinct as to belong to an entirely different family.

In the absence of any specimens of typical Myodes from America, I am obliged to select one
of the European species for the illustration of the genus. Of the four species in the collection
of the Smithsonian Institution, MW. lemmus, torquatus, obensis, and schisticolor, I choose the
first mentioned as the best known type.

The body is stout ; the head very broad and short; the legs are short and strong; the tail
shorter than the hind foot. The hair is very coarse and bristly.

In the general character of the muzzle Myodes agrees with Arvicola, According to Keyser-
ling and Blasius, the whiskers are arranged in five horizontal series. The ears are short and
orbicular, and margin narrowly the large auditory aperture. They are thickened and nearly
naked ; very sparsely coated with short whitish hairs. (In I. lemmus they project above the
head .2 of an inch; in some species they are much shorter.) There is no antitragus at all
prominent, as in the Arvicolae.

The feet are short and strong ; the fore feet much developed in size, measuring with the claws
as much as the hind feet without them. The fore claws are very long, stout, and fossorial ;
considerably longer than the posterior. The palms are naked. The thumb is very short,
nearly obsolete, armed with a compressed elongated strap-like nail, truncate at the end, .15 of

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINA—MYODES. 555

an inch long, and reaching to the base of the second claw. The third nail is longest ; the fourth
is a little shorter ; the second reaches beyond the base of the third.

The hind feet are short and broad. The soles are densely hairy, except under the toes; the
tubercles are naked, however. The three central toes are longest and nearly equal; the first
claw extends nearly to the base of the second ; the fifth beyond the base of the fourth; the first
claw again reaches as far as the middle of the fifth. The longest toe, with claw, is about one-
third the whole foot; without the claw, about one-sixth. The claws are long, curved, and
compressed, channelled beneath; more curved than the anterior, which likewise are much
channelled and blunted. All have stiff bristles covering their bases.

The tail is very short, shorter than the hind feet ; densely coated with hair.

Myodes thus differ from Arvicola in the much broader head, shorter tail, much more fossoried
fore feet, with very long claws ; a long compressed strap-shaped nail to the thumb. The sole
of the hind feet with hair to the roots of the toes.

The skull of this species is very massive and broad, measuring 1.30 by .87, or as 100 to 67
neatly. The muzzle is long in proportion, projecting beyond the zygoma between one-third
and one-fourth the totallength. It slopes very rapidly downwards in nearly a straight line ;
viewed from above, the nasal bones and nasal branches of the intermaxillaries are of equal
length, and reach a little behind the anterior outline of the anterior root of the zygomatic arch,
not to its posterior. The orbits proper are very large; the temporal fosse small; the outline
of the cranium proper nearly square. The interorbital’region is much contracted, considerably
narrower than the muzzle; there is an acute central crest, which bifurcates at the end of this
region, and, passing backwards in a sigmoid curve to the nearly plane and vertical occiput,
encloses a plane space on the top of the head. The interparietal bone occupies the posterior
part of this plane; it is quadrangular, a little wider than long. The zygomatic arch is
emarginated anteriorly at its base ; its lateral outline is very high.

The bony palate ends behind ina shelf, projecting a little over the cavity of the internal
vases ; the structure here is intermediate between that of Arvicola and Hypudaeus. Thus, there
is a fossa on each side against the inner side of the posterior molar, but these, in a measure, are
pushed under the posterior extremity of the palatine arch. This posterior outline is broadly
emarginated,

The line of molars is rather short, about one-fourth the total length ; it is situated far back,
the centre of the axis falling about opposite the middle of this line, or a very little anterior to
it. The distance between the molars and incisors is more than one-third the total length. The
lines of molars converge anteriorly, their inner outlines meeting at the incisors.

The incisors are thick and large ; very much rounded anteriorly. The upper are bevelled on
the exterior so much that no dentine is visible laterally. In fact, the tooth is an enamel tube,
nearly meeting on the posterior side, their lower or terminal half, with half the tube cut away
behind, and enclosing very little dentine. !

The anterior molars of both jaws are longest ; the others, successively, a little shorter. The
lateral indentations of the enamel or re-entrant angles are very deep, extending almost entirely
across the teeth ; very conspicuously different in this respect from Arvicola, the triangle, also,
being generally very narrow and elongated. The first upper molar is composed of five
triangles, one anterior and two on each side; the first lateral being internal, the last external,

* The root of the lower incisor ends on the inside of the line of molars opposite the middle of the posterior molar, instead of
passing under the posterior molar, and extending to the posterior edge of the condyloid process.

556 U. Ss. P. R. R, EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

There are two re-entrant and three salient angles on each side. The middle molar has four
narrow elongated triangles—the first and second entirely transverse ; the third internal; the
fourth external. The first and second triangles are in contact on the inner edge of the tooth.
There are three external and two internal salient angles, and two re-entrant external, one
internal. The posterior molar has four triangles, the two anterior entirely transverse, and
united on the inner edge of the molar, as in the middle molar ; the two posterior triangles
likewise transverse, but united on the exterior of the tube ; the stem connecting the second and
third a little exterior to the middle. There are three salient angles, and two re-entrant on
each side.

The lower anterior molar has one posterior, one external, and two internal triangles, and
an anterior small quadrangular loop. The middle molar is very similar, the anterior
quadrangular loop, however, replaced by an internal triangle, making two lateral on each side,
or five in all. The posterior has four triangles, the two posterior entirely transverse, and con-
nected on the exterior of the tooth; the outlines of each distinct. The other triangles are
lateral on either side.

To sum up the whole statement in reference to the molars, the anterior in both jaws have
five prisms, each with closed triangular or sub-triangular sections; the posterior with four ;
the middle upper has four, the middle lower five. The posterior molars are as wide as the
anterior.

Myodes schisticolor differs a little from . lemmus na less hairy sole, smaller fore claws, a
Tather narrower head, pentagonal interparietal, and a few other minor features of skull and teeth,
to which I need not here enumerate. Both have the palate ending as in Hypudaeus, not Arvicola.

By the preceding description it will be seen that there are many points of difference between
the skulls of Myodes and Arvicola, as in the former we have a much greater width of head,
more contracted interorbital space, longer interparietal, deeper zygomatic arch. In the teeth
the differences are very striking, especially in the depth of most of the re-entrant angles, which
so often extend to the opposite side of the tooth. The posterior lower molar is composed of
four sub-triangular prisms, not three, the anterior lower of five, while in Arvicola the number
is always much greater.

I have given a minutely detailed description of the external anatomy of a European species
of Myodes, (M. lemmus or Lemmus norvegicus of authors,) for the sake of illustrating a very
remarkable specimen received from Mr. William Cooper, of Hoboken, and having all the external
appearance of an Arvicola. In fact, truly a Myodes in its teeth, it constitutes a perfect link
connecting the two genera. I cannot now say whether any of the Lemmings of arctic America
are like it or not, but judge from the descriptions that they are all true Myodes.

The specimen in question, (No. 1367,) is in very imperfect condition, the tail, skin of the
head, and all the feet, except one of the anterior, being deficient. A smaller skin, (1368,)
lacking both the skin of the head and the skull, accompanied it, and probably belongs to the
same species. No locality was assigued, but the animal is undoubtedly North American, prob-
ably from the New England States, or New York ; possibly from Iowa or Minnesota.

The size is a little less than that of A. riparia. The fur is remarkably soft and full, over
half an inch long, and has lenger black hairs interspersed. The color isa light yellowish
brown above, relieved by black, precisely as in Arvicola; the sides are rather paler ; the under-
parts are hoary white.

The single remaining fore foot has lost the palm and the thumb claw, the rest of the hand is,

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—MYODES. 557

however, as in Arvicola, and is, indeed, rather weaker than usual—the claws no longer in
proportion.

The second specimen referred to is probably of the same species. In it the fore feet have a
thumb claw rather longer and more linear than in Arvicola, but not as large as in Myodes. The
hind feet are short; the soles sparingly hairy to the roots of the toes; more pilose than in
Arvicola usually—less than in Myodes ; the toes about two-thirds as long as the rest of the foot.
The proportions are as in Arvicola. The tail is short; densely hairy ; the longest hairs on the
terminal third, where the tail also appears to be depressed ; it is about one and a half times as
long as the hind foot. The feet and tail beneath are whitish ; tail above, brown, with a distinct
line of separation.

The skull is broader than in Arvicola, though the exact proportions cannot be ascertained,
owing to its mutilated condition. The line of molars is long, and about equal to its distance
from the posterior base of the incisors. The nasal bones and nasal branches of intermaxillary are
equal, and scarcely pass the anterior line of the root of the zygoma. The cranium projects into
the inter-zygomatic cavity much more than in Arvicola, filling it, as in Myodes, at the expense
mainly of the temporal portion of the fossa. The zygomatic arch is very high in the middle
portion, as in Myodes. The posterior extremity of the palate ends in two fossx, as in Arvicola,
not in a projecting shelf, as in Myodes and Hypudaeus.

The lower jaw differs considerably from Arvicola in the greater size of the descending ramus,
and the width of its posterior edge. As in Myodes, the root of the incisor passes along the inner
and lower edge of the body of the jaw, and ends opposite the inner side of the root of the posterior
molar, instead of passing on under this molar to the posterior edge of the condyloid process, as
in Arvicola. The passage of the incisor along the inner edge of the body of the lower jaw gives
to the jaw avery great massiveness, as seen from below. The deep excavation between the
molars and the ascending ramus of Arvicola is wanting here.

The incisors are very thick and strong. The upper have the inner edge rounded a little, but
the exterior is so strongly bevelled that nearly the entire surface is antero-external, instead of
anterior. There is a conspicuous, rather brcad, groove near the external edge of the tooth.
Viewed laterally, the anterior two-thirds of the tooth is covered with enamel. The end of the
incisor is channelled deeply in its central portion.

The molar teeth have exactly the structure of Myodes. The re-entrant angles are very deep,
extending mostly to the opposite side of the tooth. The anterior upper molar is composed of
five triangles—an anterior and posterior, two internal and one external lateral—though the
posterior triangle may be considered as an external lateral. The middle molar has four triangles,
an anterior, posterior, and one lateral on each side. The first and second triangles, however,
really extend across the tooth the inner being the only truly lateral one. The posterior
molar has four elongated triangles extending entirely across the tooth.

The anterior lower molar has five triangles, of which the anterior and two posterior extend
entirely across the tooth. The first lateral is internal, and next to the anterior triangle; the
second alternates with this, and is very small. The middle molar has four triangles, the ante-
rior and two posterior going entirely across the tooth; the fourth is external, next to the anterior
triangle, and hardly distinguishable. The posterior molar has, likewise, four prisms or triangles;
it is a little smaller, but otherwise almost exactly like the middle one. The posterior molars of
both jaws are equally wide with the rest.

The only difference in the teeth of this animal from Myodes is in having only four triangles

558 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

in the middle lower molar, the anterior fifth one of MZ. lemmus and schisticolor being deficient.
Neither of these last species has anything like the conspicuous groove on the extero-anterior face
of the upper incisors.

The differences from Arvicola are too great to need special expression. The four prisms of
the posterior lower molar and the five of the anterior are all sufficient as characteristics.

Although there are not the means at hand to characterize this animal perfectly, either
generally or specifically, yet its peculiarities are such as to render it not improper to give it a
place in the zoological system by calling it Synaptomys, (S. cooperi,) in reference to the close
connexion it exhibits of the characters of Arvicola and Myodes.

I have already stated that no specimens of true Myodes from North America have fallen under
my examination. For the sake of completing the account of the North American mammals, I
propose to introduce brief diagnoses of the species described by authors. According to Midden-
dorff,! who has had unequalled opportunities of investigating this genus in its native localities,
many nominal species have been introduced into the system by describing the Old and New
World Lemmings as distinct, when, in reality, they are the same ; and this author finds a further
source of error in the fact that the very different coloration of varying age, sex, and season, so
little understood before the publication of his paper, has been made the basis of other nominal
species. Middendorff reduces Richardson’s four species, with a fifth from Sitka, described by
Wagner as Myodes albigularis,? to two, M. torquatus and J. obensis. His synonomy, as relates
to our species, is as follows:

MyYopdEs TORQUATUS.

Mus torquatus, Patias, N. Sp. Quad. Glirium, 1778, 206.
Myodes torquatus, Keys. & Bias. Europ. Wirb. 1740, pp. vii and 32.
Mippenporrr, Sibir. Reise, II, 1, 1853, 87; pl. iv to vii, and x.
Mus hudsonius, Partas, N. Sp. Quad. Glirium, 1778, 208
Myodes hudsonius, Wacner, Suppl. Schreber, III, 1843, 604.
MippenporrF, Bull. Classe. Math. Phys. Acad. Imp. St. Petersb. III, xix.
Wiecmann’s Archiv, 1845, n, 34.
Mus lenensis, Pari. N. Sp. &c. 1778, 195.
Lemmus hudsonius, Sabine, Suppl. App. Parry, 1824, 188.
Arvicola (Gerychus) hudsonia, Ricn. F. B. A I, 1829, 132.
Georychus hudsonius, Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 81; pl. cxix.
Mus groenlandicus, TRrat.u in Scoresby’s Greenland, 1823, 416.
Arvicola (Georychus) groenlandicus, Ricu. F. B. A. I, 1829, 134.
Cuniculus groenlandicus, WAGLER, Isis, 1832, 1220.
Myodes groenlandicus, Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. III, 1843, 606.
J. E. Gray, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. XVI, 1848, 43.—Is. Rae’s Narrative, 1850.
Georychus groenlandicus, Aup. & Bacu. N. A. Quad. III, 1854, 315.
Lemmus ungulatus, Barr, in Baer & Helmersen Beitrige 1V, 1841, 283.

From the preceding list it will be seen that Middendorff makes Myodes hudsonius and groen-
landicus synonyms of torquatus. The peculiarity of hudsonius isin having the two middle fore
claws very large, much compressed, the extremities blunt, and divided by a terminal notch
into two points, one above the other. This, however, has been observed in Asiatic specimens to
a still greater degree than in American, giving rise to the Lemmus ungulatus of Baer.

There seems no good reason to contest the decision of Middendorff in regard to the species,
as he examined all the English specimens upon which the descriptions of Richardson, Audubon
and Bachman, and others, quoted above, are based. His article is very full, describing and

Middendorff, Sibirische Reise, II, 1, Wirbelthiere, 1853, 87—108.
Wagner, Suppl. Schreber’s Siugethiere, III, 1843, 602.

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—MYODES, 559

figuring the variations of color, the osteology, &c. The animal is strictly circumpolar, coming
further south, along Behring’s Straits, than elsewhere. The N. P. Exploring Expedition,
under Captain Rogers, collected specimens on the island of Arikamtchichi, in Behring’s Straits,
near the Asiatic shore.

Myoprs opensis, Brants.

Myodes obensis, Brants, Muizen, 1827, 55.

Keyseriing & Bras. Wirb. Europ. 1840, VI, pp. vii and 32.

Mippenporrr, Sibirische Reise, II, ur, 1853, 99 ; pl. ii, figs. 7-9; pl. viii, ix. x. f. 2.
Arete (Georychus ?) helvolus, Ricu. F. B, A. I, 1829, 128.
Georychus helvolus, Aup. & Baca. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 84; pl. exx, f. 1.
Arvicola (Georychus) trimucronatus, Ricu. Parry 2d voyage, 1825, 309.—In. F. B. A, I, 1829, 130.
Georychus trimucronatus, Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 86, pl. exx, figs. 2. 3.”
Myodes alkigularis, Wacner, Suppl. Schreber, III, 1843, 602.

This species is distinguished prominently from the preceding, according to Richardson, by
the existence of a strap- -shaped nail (claw?) to the thumb, instead of having the thumb very
rudimentary, and without any nail.

The remaining species of myodes found in the Old World are J. tari 3 in Norway and
Sweden, the typical Lemming of old authors; M. schisticolor, in Norway, and recently obtained
on the west coast of the sea of Ochotsk, and M. lagurus, on the Ural river, and the steppes of
Grand Tartary. Good specimens of all the known Old World species are in the collection of
the Smithsonian Institution, with the exception of I. lagurus. The following diagnosis of the
species is taken chiefly from Keyserling and Blasius.

a. With a sharply defined dark dorsal stripe from the middle of the crown to the tail.

1. A whitish collar, bordered before and behind with brown. (Very obsolete in
some specimens.) Above, watered with pale yellow and reddish brown; paler on

the sides. Beneath, whitish. Whiskers black.............scccecsssscossccesecsesccescsees torquatus.
2. Without white collar. Above, pale gray, mixed with dark brown hairs.
Beneath,whitish gray. Upper whiskers brownish, lower whitish..............s0.ee0e- lagurus.

b. Without a sharply defined dark dorsal stripe.

3. Above, uniform brownish yellow, mixed with black hairs; the sides brighter
yellowish. Under parts and legs, pale rust-yellow; toes and feet yellowish white;
EMA RAR i. Solan ogc dotecdssctnseeteceais dasuctaseeth<dWia¥ocdicshenhasewegucd Rvedasedbedodhe obensis.
4. Black areas on the rusty red ground of the upper parts. Head, neck, and anterior
part of the back brownish black; the hinder half of the back and the remainder
of the upper part of the body with irregular black spots. Two elongated spots of
yellowish red between the ears; beneath, rusty yellow; toes, dark brown; feet,
VENOWISH ice. dccrescdesses Foreacestecetor ces otasotle cantetescanaenorcectcenmarenemenetoecarrnenmteee lemmus.
5. Nearly uniform slaty plumbeous all over, with a reddish spot on the back. Fore
claws but little developed ..... .....s.00 Miseacrecteacetecases noodcot hagsandotc -pontionoosos Maven schisticolor,

560 | U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

FIBER, Cuvier.

Fiber, Cuvier, ‘‘Lecons d’ Anat. I, 1800.”

Form somewhat arvicoline, except the tail, which islong, much compressed vertically, with scant hair; hind feet partly
webbed ; fore feet with stiff bristles. Teeth arvicoline, the posterior lower molar composed of four or, perhaps, five prisms,
the re-entrant angles alternating, (if four, the anterior with a re-entering angle.)

The genus Fiber, based on a single species—the well known muskrat—is confined to North
America, where it has an extensive range, except, perhaps, in its extreme northern and south-
ern extremities. Although, in many points similar to the Arvicolas, yet the peculiarities of
the tail and feet are not found in any Arvicola, all of which it greatly exceeds in size. The
skull, too, although very similar in the two genera, yet possesses some appreciable distinctive
characteristics.

The outlines of any single series of molars are formed by two straight lines approximating
a little behind, more so above than below. The first upper molar is longest; the third is longer
than the second, though not so wide. The crown of the first has two re-entrant angles on
each side (and, of course, three salient ones); the second, two outside and one inside; the
third, three outside and two inside. There are five prisms on the first molar, four on the
second, and five on the third ; these are mostly sub-triangular. The enamel loops, in all cases,
alternate with each other, and extend across to the opposite enamel, completely isolating the
dentine in each prism. In the first molar, the anterior indentation or re-entrant angle is
internal, in the other two it is external.

In the lower jaw the first molar is much larger than the others; the second and third about
equal in length. The first has five indentations or re-entrant angles inside and four outside ;
the second and third have each two on each side. These, with the triangles separated by
them, are alternate, not opposite; most anterior in the first molar inside; in the others outside,
as in the upper jaw ; when the corresponding teeth of the two jaws are superimposed, however,
these conditions are reversed. There are nine prisms in the first molar, and five in each of
the others.

The re-entrant enamel folds in all the teeth extend across to the enamel on the opposite side,
except in the case of the anterior pair of the first lower molar, which do not meet, and, perhaps,
the posterior pair of the last upper molar.

The upper incisors are rather broadest; plane anteriorly, but considerably bevelled or
rounded off at the outer edge; the lower are still more bevelled externally, so that their section
is a spherical triangle with rounded corners.

A striking peculiarity of the skull in Fiber consists in the great expansion over the head, of
the temporal bone, which, by the great compression between the orbits (the skull reduced to a
less width than that of the end of the muzzle,) anteriorly forms a right angle projecting far into
or over the orbit, the anterior legs of the two angles on opposite sides of the head in a straight
line perpendicular to the axis of the head. The parietals are reduced to a small sub-orbicular
space with various angles, The interparietal bone is nearly as long as broad, and one-third as
large as either parietal. The occipital foramen is as broad as high.

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—FIBER ZIBETHICUS. 561

FIBER ZIBETHICUS.
Musk Rat.

Castor zibethicus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 79.
ERxzeBen, Syst. 1777, 444.
Boppaerrt, El. Anim. I, 1784, 166.
Patras, Zoog. Rosso-Asiat. I, 144.
Mus zibethicus, Garerin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 125.
Scureper, Saugt. IV, 1792, 638; tab. clxxvi. (Ondatra in text.)
Suaw, Gen. Zool. Mamm. II, 1801, 44; pl. cxxix.
Myocastor zibethicus,1 Kerr’s Linneus, 1792.
Fiber zibethicus, Cuvier, R. A. I, 1817, 192.
Desmarest, Mamm. II, 1822, 279.
Haran, F. Am. 1825, 132.
Grirr. Cuv. V, 1827, 208.
Ricuarpson, F. B, A. I, 1829, 115.
Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 75; pl. xx, fig. 2; pl. xxxii, fig. 3. (Skull.)
Aun. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 108; pl. xiii.
Kennicorr, Agric. Rep. U. 8. Pat. Off. for 1856, (1857) ; plate xiv.
Lemmus zibethicus, Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 289.
Ondatra zibethicus, Waternouse, Charlesw. Mag. N. H. II, 1839, 594, (fig. of skull.)
Musk beaver, Pennant, Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 252.—In. Arctic Zool. I, 1784, 106. (Leverian Museum.)

Body thick and clumsy ; in shape resembling thearvicolas. Neck indistinguishable. Feet
moderately large. Tail about equal to the body without the head.

Head broad, depressed, acute. Eye very small; its long diameter not equal to the width of the
two upper incisors ; its centre about midway between the tip of the nose and the posterior mar-
gin of the ear. The ear is quite small; nearly as broad as high: truncate and rounded above;
there is no distinct tragus, the cartilage being entirely straight in this region. The antitragus
is, however, quite prominent, as a rectangular projection at the bottom of the external ear; there
does not appear to be any natural arrangement in the ear to exclude water, but the dense fur
with which both sides are coated, and completely concealing it, answers the same purpose.
The external surface of the outer ear, however, is only hairy near the upper margin posteriorly,
leaving the rest of this surface to the anterior edge of the ear, and around and above the meatus,
entirely naked. The septum of the nostrils is thick, as wide as the upper incisors, and is
marked longitudinally by a broad shallow groove. There is a small papilla on the posterior
edge of the nostril which may serve asa valve to close it under water. The upper lip is not
split, but is hairy between the incisors and the nose. The lips are thick and fleshy, the upper
covered with hair a little within the margin. On each side of the upper lip there is an internal
projecting flap, which, when the two are brought together, completely overlap and conceal the
anterior portion of the palate, and reducing the opening of the mouth to a square aperture.
There are somewhat similar flaps on the lower lip folding over the base of the incisors. On
the inside of the upper lip, again, and placed behind the flaps above mentioned, is a square
patch of stiff hairs pointing backwards and inwards, and when the flaps are brought together, as
above described, are in contact with each other, and serve to diminish the size of the free open-
ing of the inner mouth; these patches are completely isolated from all the other hairs. There

’The genus was established for Myopolamus coypus—should not Kerr’s name take precedence for this?

T1L

562 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

are six horizontal rows of whiskers, the central with the most bristles. There is a short series,
also, over the eye and under the chin.

The thumb of the fore foot is quite rudimentary, with a distinct claw as broad at the base,
but little more than half as long as the second claw. The third claw extends considerably the
furthest ; the fourth is a little shorter; the second and fourth claws reaching to the end of the
bulb of their adjacent fingers. There are two very large tubercles at the base of the hand,
nearly of equal size, separated by a deep groove ; anterior to these on the palm are three others,
the exterior at the bases of the second and fifth fingers ; the central one between the bases of the
third and fourth. The hind feet appear as if twisted slightly, the inner edge being consider-
ably posterior to the outer, although the anterior edge of the foot is really formed by the fourth
metacarpal. This arrangement enables the animal to “‘ feather the oar,”’ technically speaking,
or bring the foot forward in swimming. The fourth claw extends rather the furthest; the third
is but little shorter ; the second a little shorter still; the tip of the first and fifth claws do not
reach the bases of those adjacent to them. The hind claws are all short, compressed and deep,
not much curved and rather blunt: the fore claws are similar but not so deep. There is one
very large elongated tubercular -callosity on the inner edge of the base of the metatarsals.
Anterior to these, there are three quite small depressed tubercles, situated respectively at the
base of the first toe, the base of the second toe, and between the bases of the fourth and fifth ;
none to the third toe. The under surface of all the feet is entirely naked, the skin of the
hinder black and finely wrinkled, as if possessed of much tactile sensibility. All the feet have
a distinct web between the basal half of the digits; their upper surface is covered with very
short lustrous hairs, and the edges of the feet and digits generally, especially behind, are cili-
ated with close laid stiff bristly fringes.

The tail is cylindrical at the base, but almost immediately becomes greatly compressed,
especially on the middle half, where it is from two to three times broader than high, the dispro-
portion increasing posteriorly. When the tail is stretched out, the upper and lower edges are
gently convex, the tip somewhat pointed; in its natural position, however, the tail is sickle-
shaped, the lower edge concave. The tail can be bent into a complete circle in a vertical plane
towards the belly, but is capable of but little flexion upwards and backwards. The skin of the
tail is entirely black and covered with small isolated but contiguous hexagonal scales, arranged
in quincunx, without any traces of annulations or whorls; at first sight it appears naked, but
sparse hairs may be detected, most abundant along the upper and lower edges and the tip.
The uncovered portion of the tail is nearly as long as the body without the head.

The hair is of two distinct sorts; the basal, long, silky, fine, and slightly wrinkled; this is
very close and compact, especially on the belly ; it is light bluish gray, except at the tips, which
are light rusty brown. Interspersed among this and concealing it on the upper surface, are
longer coarser hairs, which are of a rich chestnut brown on the belly and sides of head and
body. The upper parts generally, from the nose to the tail, as well as the outside of the hind
legs, are very dark brown or nearly black, with paler hairs intermixed anteriorly, and on the
thighs ; on the lower part of the back the color is uniform.

The preceding description was taken from a specimen (No. 951,) before being skinned, The
following measurements were also made while the animal was fresh.

RODENTIA—ARVICOLINAE—FIBER ZIBETHICUS. 563

Measurements.
No. 851. No. 851.
Inches. Inches.
Nose to occiput......++ eeeecene sissvevsccerecs 2.83 Arm, from elbow to end of claws.......++++ eee 3.50
CYC rcscceseccees oe eee tare se eseeeecees 1.30 fore foot.....+++ ees ccercccs se eeeeeeees 1.33
CBF cccccccecns wc cevecevacces eerccees 2.15 longest claw....+..+ wp eiaseap ence ces eons -40
root of tail ...seeseeere sccce-coeceese| 11.50 Leg, from knee joint to end of claws........++. 5.50
naked part of tail........+. ecceesene --| 13.50 tibia .......6 ove cece ccasaccccccccccnene 2.93
end of outstretched hind legs...... ecees) 17.50 hind foot from heel to end of claws........ 3.17
Tail from root to end of vertebr@....eeseseeeees 11.00 longest claw...... ec ccee ceccece eevccces -48
Hairseccesseacscescacc's| 11517 Skull, length........ ataib, bala @] 8(e\sid (a\alele cecvece 2.62
Uncovered portion of tail......... oeseccsccdens 9.50 WIGEH So ce cle nen cnccunaie se ccccccceecs 1.63
Ears, height posteriorly ......2eeeeeseseecseee: 92
anteriorly ....ccccecee occ eccccceeelee eecerecees
internally above skull.....e+...++- -70
above notch ...ssses-ceceseececees -83
Width ...scccrccccscccerveccocscccccecs -80

The largest skull I have seen is No. 2300 from Washington ; this measures 2.85 inches by 1.75.

Specimens vary from the preceding description in a more fuscous character of the tips of the
under fur, the reddish here sometimes nearly replaced by grayish brown, giving a much darker
impression to the animal. This is more particularly the case in winter killed skins. The size
is sometimes considerably greater than that described.

The well known musk rat of the United States appears to have as wide a range throughout
North America as the beaver, and, unlike this species, maintains its foothold successfully -
against the destructiveness of mankind. It extends at the present day from the Atlantic to the
Pacific, and from the Rio Grande to the barren grounds of arctic America. The species is
quite abundant in Washington Territory, and appears to extend almost to the extreme north-
western point of America. It was at one time supposed, indeed, that the musk rat was found
on the Asiatic side of Behring’s Straits; but it appears now to be ascertained that the skins
obtained from the Tschucktchis, of Kamschatka, are procured from the tribes on the American
shore,

I have seen no specimens of muskrat from California; but there is every probability of its
occurring there.

Brandt mentions a dealer in St. Petersburg who possesses the art of so dressing the musk rat
as to impart to it the appearance of the fur seal, both as to color and quality.

564 Us SP.

R. R. EXP.

List of specimens.

AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Catalogue ig les coin g cer Locality.
number. skull. age.
961 |. eseeeeeceeee] OQ | Middleboro’, Mass......--
1576 DADS” ivsise 5 Essex county, N. Y.......)-
851 1907 @ | Saranac lake, N. Y...e0e.
te Rarcescesise 35 badass Grosse Isle, Mich.......-.
1902 2603 & | Passcreek, Neb........2..
DIST eisisisalesisianien sic ceises] OLt WNOLMEG, Ns Uilsnictae me
Dif nepisnacscespesicacees| FOLL SLONaCODM, Wis dis cee
20a | Badagaaseasacd baaaed Baca occeedO.cosseccnesccs

Ce eeeeressiseeeeeseeesece

Oregon .ccccecccccsccccce

1 Collected by W. S. Wood.

When
collected.

Oct. 1855

Sept. 7, 1855

Aug. 10, 1856

Jan. 28, 1854
1856

Whence and how | Original | Nature of
obtained. number. | specimen.
J. W. P. Jenks. .ccclecccsccces] SKMcscces

sdOscsescas

Dr8.5. Hale<cc.
See eet Baaseooee

ee re

ooo 0 ose es sfc sUOh nse amie

secccccenls AOcasesece
Lt. F. T. Bryan!... 242
Dr. T. C. Henry...+}..cseecces|ssdOceeeeces
Gov. I. I. Stevens? . 5
Dr. Suckley........ 117

Dr. J. Evan os 10.0.0] s:00.00.0010,5(e|s\0'n's = eaten

«1 Osiclutenieiate

2 Ovacscces

? Collected by Dr. Suckley.

FAMILY.
HYSTRICIDAE.

Molar teeth, =; muffle, or terminal portion of the muzzle, clothed with small hairs; the skull with a large ante-
orbital opening through which a portion of the masseter muscle passes as well as the infra-orbital nerve. Lower jaw with
the angular portion joined to the outer (not the under) surface of the bony covering of the inferior incisors. Tibia and
fibula distinct." ?

The family of Hystricidae, of which the porcupine is a well known example, is almost entirely
American, and in fact chiefly confined to the southern portion of the continent, where most of
the species of Rodents belong to it. The only Old World species belong to the genera Hystriz,
Aulacodus, and Petromys. North America possesses but one genus, [rethizon, but Mexico, in
addition, has Cercolabes, and perhaps some of the South American types may be found on its
southern borders. A few species occur in the West Indies, of which Capromys fournieri is the
most remarkable.

The family Hystricidae, embracing as it does so great a variety of different forms, cannot be
so sharply defined as that of Leporidae with its two genera. Very great diversity of opinion
has in fact existed as to the arrangement of the genera, many of which have been widely sepa-
rated from their allies in a natural system of classification. By uniting those having the
features given at the head of the article, it will be found that the forms most closely allied in
reality are brought together, and an equal degree of harmony is established in the geographical
distribution of the species.

The Hystricidae, as arranged by Waterhouse, are divisible into six sub-families, viz: Hystri-
cinae, Dasyproctinae, Echimyinae, Octodontinae, Chinchillinae, and Caviinae ; of these, only one,
viz., Hystricinae, is represented in the United States by species of Hrethizon, erroneously referred
by most American authors to Hystrix, a genius of a different division of the sub-family. Mexico,
however, has an additional genus, Cercolabes, belonging to the same division.

The chief characteristics of the six sub-families of Hystricidae, according to Waterhouse, are
as follows :

I. Cavunar.—Molars rootless, divided by folds of enamel so as to form lobes having acute angles; the series of molars
on opposite sides of the upper jaw converging and nearly meeting in front; incisor teeth comparatively short, those of
the lower jaw not being extended backwards as far as the springing of the angular portion or descending ramus. Four
toes to the fore feet, and three to the hind. Tail wanting, or rudimentary. Upper lip entire. A strongly developed hori-
zontal ridge on the outer surface of the lower jaw; the angular portion of this jaw produced much beyond the condyloid

portion, descending below the level of the dentary portion, and with a curved lower margin. Clavicles wanting.
The principal genera of this family are Dolichotis, Cavia, and Hydrochoerus, the latter, in-
cluding the Capybara, or Capinche, the largest of living Rodents.

TL. Curnenrrar.—Molars rootless, with parallel or nearly parallel transverse plates of enamel ; the series of molars on
either side of each jaw converging in front. Tail long, or of moderate length, recurved and bushy. Clavicles perfect,
slender. Fibula very slender. Hind feet with less than five toes.

1Waterhouse. Nat. Hist. Mamm. II, 1848, 147.

556 U. Ss P. R. R. EXP -AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY---GENERAL REPORT.

The species of this sub-family inhabit the mountain regions of Chile and Peru, one only
occurring in the plains of La Plata: They belong to the genera Lagostomus, Lagidium, and
Chinchilla ; the latter embracing the species which furnish the valuable fur called chinchilla.

III. Ocropontrvaz.—Molars rootless, with but a single indenting fold of enamel oa cither side, or rarely with an extra
fold on the inner side of tho molars of the lower jaw. Zygomatic arch, with an angular process on the lower edge. Hind
feet with five toes ; fore feet likewise with five toes, sometimes only four.

This family is readily distinguished from the other sub-families with rootless molars, Caviinae
and Chinchillinae, by the possession of five well developed toes on the hind foot; the presence of
a distinct tail separates it from the Cavies, while the short hairs of the same member prevent it
from being confounded with the Chinchillas. The genera Habrocoma, Octodon, Schizodon,
Spalacopus, and Ctenomys, are all confined to the middle and southern regions of South America,
occurring on both sides of the Andes. Most are of small size, and some present quite a close
resemblance to forms of other families. Thus Ctenomys, with its short tail, enormous incisors,
broad depressed body, small ears, and very long fossorial claws, resembles Geomys most remark-
ably, except in wanting the external cheek pouches.

TV. Ecumryryar.—Molar teeth complicated and (with one or two exceptions) rooted. Malar bone with a distinct angular
process on the lower edge. Both fore and hind feet with five toes.

The genera of this sub-family are Capromys, Plagiodonta, Myopotamus, Cercomys, Petromys,
Dactylomys, Loncheres, Mesomys, Echimys, and Aulacodus, These are confined to South America
and the West Indies, excepting Petromys and Aulacodus, which are African. The species are
more numerous in this than in any other sub-family of Hystricidae.

V. Dasyproctinar.—Molars semi-rooted and arranged in parallel series. Cranium elongated; nasal bones rather short
and broad; malar bones destitute of a descending process on the lower edge. A tolerably distinct post-orbital process
formed chiefly by the frontal bone, but in part likewise by the squamosal. Scapula, with the emargination in the fore part
of the spine, but moderately deep. Clavicles wanting. Feet formed for running, with the toes 5—3 or 5—5, terminated
by sub-solid nails, which are but little arched. Tail rudimentary. Body clothed with hair only, no admixture of spines.

The two genera, Coelogenys and Dasyprocta are inhabitants of South America, ranging as far
south as Paraguay and Bolivia, occurring also in some of the West India islands. The genus
Osteopera of Harlan was founded by him on a skull picked up on the banks of the Delaware,
and erroneously supposed to have floated down from the interior of Pennsylvania, where it
existed as a native. It has, however, proved to belong to a Paca, Coelogenys paca, which had
probably died in some menagerie and been thrown into the river.

VI. Hysrriomvar.—Molars rooted or semi-rooted. Skull with the malar bone destitute of angular process on the lower
margin. Frontal bones very broad. Feet short; the toes 5—5, 4—5, or 44. Body more or less armed with spines.

The species of the group as thus defined are found in both the Old and New World. Water-
house, however, is inclined, with Brandt, to establish two main divisions of the porcupines,
and even to raise them to the rank of independent sub-families. These may then bear the
names of Hystricinae proper, and Cercolabinae; the former confined to the Old World, the
latter to the New. The characteristics of these sections are as follows, beginning with the
Philogaeae, or

Hystricinae.—Consisting of porcupines which live on the ground and seek shelter in burrows
which they themselves form. They have five toes to both the fore and hind feet. The soles
are naked and smooth. The upper lip is divided by a vertical groove which runs up to join a

transverse fissure which unites the nostril openings. The skull is more or less elongated and

RODENTIA—HYSTRICIDAE. 567

provided with a distinct lachrymal bone which partly encloses the lachrymal foramen. The
molars are semi-rooted, and arranged in parallel series; those of the upper jaw have one internal
fold of enamel, and three or four folds entering from the opposite side of the tooth, but which
soon assume the form of small isolated areas, disconnected with the margin of the tooth. The
lower molars are like the upper, but with the enamel folds reversed. All the species are
peculiar to the Old World. Genera Hystrix and Atherura.

The next section, called Philodendreae by Brandt, on account of the habit of living in trees
possessed by the species, may be characterized as follows :

Cercolabinae.—Feet usually provided with but four toes, and these nearly equal in length,
armed with long compressed curved claws; sometimes the hind foot has five toes. The soles
of the feet are thickly studded with minute depressed warts. The upper lip not divided by a
vertical groove. The skull is short and broad, provided with a minute lachrymal bone, which
forms no part of the lachrymal canal; the portion of the palate which lies between the molars
is distinctly on a lower level than the anterior portion, and the bony partition which separates
the incisive openings, (being part of the intermaxillaries,) runs back above the palatal portion
of the superior maxillary bones; whilst in the Old World porcupines the iucisive septum joins
the superior maxillary by a serrated suture, and is continuous with the plane of the palate,
which latter is throughout on the same level. (Distinct anterior and posterior clinoid processes
bound the pituitary depression in the skulls of the Old World porcupines, but are wanting in
the New World species.) The series of molar teeth of opposite sides of the jaw converge in
front ; these teeth are distinctly rooted. Each molar has a distinct fold of enamel on either
side, and the crown, when but little worn, presents a deep transverse cavity, surrounded by
enamel on each of the two lobes, which are separated by the enamel folds. Incisor teeth small.
To this division belong the genera Erethizon, Cercolabes, and Chaetomys, the latter differing
considerably in the structure of its molars from the others,

568 U. S. P. R, R. EXP, AND SURVEYS---ZOOLOGY---GENERAL REPORT.

ERETHIZON, F. Cuvier.
Brethizon, F. Cuvier, Mém. du Mus. TX, 1822, 426, 432.

For the principal characters of the skull and teeth, I would refer to the diagnosis of the family
Hystricidae and sub-family Cercolabinae. In distinction from Cercolabes, the tail is short,
thick and depressed ; covered above at the base with hairs and spines, at the apex and on the
under surface with stiff bristles. Nostrils closely approximated. Feet short and broad. Toes
(4, 5,) all armed with long and curved claws.

The genus Lrethizon is confined to North America, exhedting perhaps, into Mexico on the

south, and ranging to the parallel of 67° on the north, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
It is very closely allied to the South American and Mexican Cercolabes, but is readily distin-
guished by the much shorter and stouter tail, which is well covered with hairs and spines, and
is incapable of prehension. The nostrils are more approximated, being separated by an
extremely narrow partition. The anterior molar is usually considerably larger than all the
others.
The hind feet differ in having a distinct inner toe, which is armed with a large claw; the
feet lack the projecting semi-circular lobe on the inner side, seen in Cercolabes. The naked soles
are covered with minute tubercles. The upper lip is slightly notched above the incisor teeth,
but there is no dividing groove, or naked mesial line, as in the Old World porcupines ; even
the narrow septum between the nostrils is not destitute of hairs. The body is stout, and
covered on the upper parts with a long and dense fur, which hides the spines. The limbs are
short and strong.

The most important differences between Erethizon and Hystrix will be found detailed in the
characters of the sub-families to which they respectively belong.

ERETHIZON DORSATUS.

White Haired Porcupine.

Hystriz dorsata, Linn. Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) i, 1758, 57.—Is. (ed. 12) I, 1766, 76.
ERX LEBEN, Syst. 1777, 345.
Bopparrt, El. Anim. I, 1784, 128, (from Pennant.)
Gme.in, Syst. Nat. I. 1788, 119.
ScHREBER, Saugt. IV, 1792, 605; tab. clxix.
Saw, Gen. Zool. Mamm. II, 1801, 13; pl. exxv.
Kunt, Beitrage, 1820, 70.
DesMarest, Mamm. IT, 1822, 345.
Cozzens, Ann. N. Y. Lye. I, 1, 1823, 191, (habits.)
Harian, F. Am. 1825, 190.
Grirr. Cuy. IT, 127, 206, original fig.—In. V, 1827, 263.
Fiscner, Synopsis, 1829, 368.
Aun. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 278 ; pl. xxxvi.

RODENTIA—HYSTRICIDAE—ERETHIZON, 569

Erethizon dorsatus, FE. Cuy. Mém. du Mus. IX, 1822, 432; tab. xx, f. 1, 2.—Is. Dict. des. Sc. Nat. XLII, 531.
Branpt, Mém. Acad. St. Petersb. 1835, 387.
Warernouse, N. H. Mammalia, II, 1848, 27,
Giepet, Saugt. 1855, 478.
Frethizon dorsata, WaGcner, Suppl. Schreb. IV, 1844, 27.
Hystrix pilosus, (Catespy,) Ricu. F. B. Am. I, 1829, 214.
Doveury’s Cab. N. H. I, 1830, 241; pl. xxi.
Tystriz. hudsonius, (Brisson,) DeKay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 77; pl. xxvi, f. 1; pl. viii, f. 2, a,b,c, (skull.)
Pore epie de la Baie de Hudson, Brisson, R. A. Quad. 1756, 128.
Canada porcupine, PexNant, Syn. 1771, 266.—Is. Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 257.—In. Arctic Zool. I, 1784, 109, (sp.
in Leverian museum.)

Porcupine ; Canada porcupine ; hedgchog ; Vuuco.

Sp. Cu.—Fur, dark brown; the long projecting bristly hairs, dusky, with white tips; spines white, the points dusky.
Nasal bones not more than one-third the length of the upper surface of the skull.

I regret not to have a sufficiently perfect specimen of the common eastern porcupine before
me to furnish a satisfactory description. The differences, however, from the EH. epixanthus
are not very great, consisting chiefly in the color of the tips of the long hairs, and one descrip-
tion will answer very well for both, except where the peculiarities of each are specially indicated.

The range of this species is much more limited than previously supposed, as it is replaced
west of the Missouri by the E. epixanthus. It is found as far south as northern Pennsylvania,
in some localities, in which State it is not rare even now. Northward it reaches to the Barren
Grounds.

For an elaborate and very satisfactory account of the porcupine, both as to its external features

and its habits, I would refer to the article in the Quadrupeds of America by Messrs. Audubon
and Bachman.

List of specimen.

| |
Catalogue Corresponding No.| Locality. Whence obtained. Nature of

number. of skull. | specimen.
| ———— a
38 | 931 St. Lawrence county, N. Y.----..--- Dr ESB Hough s2s02cce es aes eee Shona

ERETHIZON EPIXANTIIUS, Brandt.

Yellow-haired Porcupine.

Erethizon epizanthus, Branpt, Mém. Acad. St. Petersburgh, 1835, 389, 416; table i, Animal; table ix, fig. 1—4,
Skull.—Is. Mamm. exot. 55, (same as preceding.)-
Scuiyz, Synopsis Mamm. II, 1845, 266.
Wareruovuse, N. H. Mamm. II, 1848, 442.

Sr. Cu.—General color dark brown, nearly black; the long hairs of the body tipped with greenish yellow. Nasal bones
nearly one half or two-fifths the length of upper surface of the skull.

This animal is of large size, almost equal to the beaver. As usual in the porcupines, the

1 The Zrethizon buffoni of F. Cuy., based on the Coendu of Buffon, is supposed to be merely a Canada porcupine, with the
quills exposed by the absence of the long hairs, as is frequently the case.

72 L

570 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS---ZOOLOGY---GENERAL REPORT.

mufile is entirely hairy. There are but four fingers on the fore feet, without any rudiment of a
thumb; the palms are sub-quadrate, longer than broad; flat, and closely granular—tuberculate.
They are divided by a transverse fissure from the fingers, which are likewise naked beneath.
The soles are plantigrade, very broad ; the surface of the sole, like that of the palm, plane,
without any prominent tubercles, but covered with a pavement of depressed granulations, re-
sembling very much that of a bear in general appearance; it is about 14 inch wide, by 23 long.
This is separated by a furrow from the toes, the bases of which are hairy beneath, but naked
towards the balls; even these appear hairy from the overlapping of the long bristles of the
side. The first toe is very short, the remaining four appear of nearly equal length. The
claws of all the feet are very long, nearly equal; the posterior stoutest. The tail is short,
very thick, and much depressed.

The animal is covered on the upper parts and sides with a dense growth of short spines.
These become thinner and thinner, till on the lower part of the sides they pass through
thickened spinous hairs, to coarse bristly hairs. On the middle of the belly there are no spines
at all, nor on the lower part of the limbs. The muzzle is also free from them.

The under fur of this species is rather soft and of a dark sooty brown, nearly black, much
like the hair of the black bear. This is, however, mostly concealed by long bristles, six to
eight inches long, the tips of which are of a greenish yellow. The concealed portion is dark
brown, except the extreme base, which is whitish. The proportion of light and dark varies
with the hair and the specimen. The central line of the belly is sooty brown, lighter than
above. The limbs also are brownish, where not covered with spines, with their inner surfaces
tinged with ashy. The spines are yellowish on the back, whitish on the sides, tipped with
brown.

There are certain peculiarities in the skull of this species, as compared with that of Z.
dorsatus, which appear to be constant, at least as far as the specimens before me go. The chief
of these is the great size of the nasal bones. These are of nearly uniforn width throughout,
the sides nearly parallel, except that at about the posterior third they are wedged in between
the frontals, the two forming an acute angle, projecting back as far as the eye-ball. This length
of the bone is always two-fifths of the upper surface of the skull, sometimes even more. This
character is well shown in Brandt’s figure.

In £. dorsatus, the nasals begin to narrow almost from the anterior extremity, and do not
extend as far between the frontals. Their length is rather less than one-third that of the upper
line of the skull, or, at most, not exceeding one-third.

In both species, the anterior molar of both jaws is considerably larger than the rest.

* RODENTIA—HYSTRICIDAE—ERETHIZON

EPIXANTHUS.

571

The following table will illustrate the peculiarities of the nasals above referred to :

~ F » - a) nD Se 1
. 2°S a4 a Sd gk
5 days a $ = 2 a2
S73 S are 3
3 Seo lt 2 yo eh ae
e Species. 3 a goo = 6 3 F 5) Locality.
Le | ise) ° 9) Rm
2 a 6 3 sa = Go Oo >
g Piers! ce | mY | 3a
[=| ees S| eee : | ®
: GS A
oe | a a Sane ale
a | |
G22) | Ee. epicanthus ........-.-------- 3.834 (s.57% Hh 2) 82 liad, 20 90 | Upper Missouri........-------
WebSe || sec ee = Omen a settee oe ame 3.70 3.48 | 2.55 1. 40 -76 | Bill Williams’ Fork....-....--
i ny RR JE BTS IS eel Stor 95. | 2.3% | Mees HU aa Ut ae didn ee) eee
Phd willie. ohh does. Rabelais eat 4, 23 3.95 2.85 1.,60; “|, ,..80) | Republican Work....-.-222----
7 a WO ee A em 4.23 4. 00 2.85 1. 80 DO ei mein DO 8 i acer oe en
ULL DENG 7 EY ne et RES Cn Bene eel |e ee ea 1.08 | .65 | St. Lawrence county, N. Y._-.-
CAs gh See dOpee Josten nen canacues 3.58 3.35 2 55 1. 20 (60! ||| 4RENNSYLVANIA n= = alas essences
2800" \=s= casas d0veasssessancsenccne- 3.90 3.70 2.75 1. 30 ; (oO | HSSex* COUN, NS enn eas see o
S066? [PE2UR ME do. SE See Bibs te 4, 35 3. 75 2.90 1.21 Pia (thal Pe te Gozeestiere See.

This species was first separated from the common American porcupine, by Brandt, in 1835.

It appears well worthy of specific distinction.
Unalaschka.

everywhere, from the Upper Missouri, north and west.

List of specimens.

Brandt’s specimens came from California and
This will give a wide range to the species, as it probably replaces Z. dorsatus

= —+- + > ~-- -
=
= Measurements.
o
2 a == 5
: (=| o s z
alee 3 = & e 8 2
E wr Locality. Whencol- | Whence and how ob- 2 a | = e- es Collected by—
2 \|22 S, lected. tained. eI = 3 2 2 =
Bel Sel ae Pr [cP Fe Ey (
Bie | z Sy een peeey By) Ga
sae tS & 3 2 2 = =
3 5 % ast 3 S $ ‘a a
iS) n ° z a Fi VSI &
Biss Eee wees s | MOK LMUGUS NED mare llliaussceictetesis |) Pr CUDCMBON aie) causal sxsven | SRELCLOW | cnuna |aazime sete wel uess.sn acecisiaeiclawen scat cae csa
| |
1896 | 2594 |...... Republican Fork....... Oct. 6, 1856 | Lt. I’. T. Bryan... 370 | Skin' ,..| 6.50 26.00 | 6.50 | 8.75 | W.S. Wood ........
1897 | 2595 3 ecccecee G0 Sceecnconrnce Oct. 7, 1856 |....5.5 Gy ieee neha meld 371 | Skin? ...) 6.75 |25.75 | 7.00 | 8.50 |...... GO Mperaaeandcnct
348 | 1262 |...... Bill Williams’ Fork, 1854 Capt. A. W. Whipple..|..... MEGANE | tae setae sates | seeeelereees Dr. Kennerly and H.
N.M. | B. Millhausen.
SADNIDGS |e canes |e en cece 1H) BoerAscrccass 1854 |iwenees GUS Aa sacogrinnecod focbortic Gn Ait) Jase) easing Se S8eel basic osasac beBsactonéoce@ssatssaa
HED | coc. |eceeee Fort Reading, Cal......|s.2.eeseeeee | Lit. Williamson....0..-|-.0.+. SKIN 0.0 }secces|eaeee | sesesleesees Dr. J. S. Newberry. .

1 Measurements taken before skinning.

FAMILY.
LEPORIDAE.

rootless. Skull with the two optic foramina united.

6-6 5-5
5-6 5 oo

Incisors +, molars

The general characteristics of the Leporidae have already been adverted to in the remarks
upon the Rodentia. The following more detailed remarks, from Waterhouse,! will serve to
complete the diagnosis of the family.

‘* Openings of the skull large; palate, imperfect; nasal processes of the superior maxillary
bone perforated; orbits very large, meeting in the mesial line of the cranium; temporal fossae
small. Incisors and molars more numerous than in any other rodents. The extra pair of
incisors in the upper jaw is small and placed behind the principal pair, which is grooved in
front. All the incisors are less deeply implanted in the jaws than in other rodents and are
always white. ‘The molars are always rootless.

‘«The stomach is simple or partially divided internally; the coecum, which is very long, is
divided into numerous cells by tendinous bands, the partitions being indicated externally by a
corresponding number of constrictions; similar constrictions are discernable on the first part of
the colon, but this soon contracts to a diameter which is nearly equal to that of the small
intestines. At the point of junction of these latter with the coecum is a small glandular
cul de sac.

“‘The spine of the shoulder blade or scapula terminates in a moderately long acromion
process, which, near its extremity, sends down a long branch at right angles with the spine.
The fore feet are provided with five well developed toes, the hind feet with four. At the lower
half of the shank the two bones (tibia and fibula) are always anchylosed.

‘«The inner surface of the cheeks is clothed with small hairs; at least there is a moderately
broad band of skin which is thus clothed, running backward from the angle of the mouth.
The tail is rather short and bushy, and carried erect or exists only in a rudimentary
condition.”’

Species of this family are found distributed in most quarters of the globe, but are most
abundant in North America,

The family contains but two genera, Lepus and Lagomys, the former with six; the latter
with five upper molars.”

1 Natural History of the Mammalia, II. 1848-9.

2 The generalities respecting this family have been derived chiefly from the admirable work of Watcrhouse, as quoted
above.

RODENTIA—LEPORIDAE—LEPUS. 573

Mes... Linn.

Lepus, Linnaeus, ‘‘ Syst. Nat. 1735.”

Molars, $=: 3 ears large, nearly as long or longer than the head ; tail short and bushy ; hind legs powerful, and much
longer than the fore legs.

The hares are distinguished by the above characteristics essentially from the Pikas (Lagomys,)
to which others, derived from the shape of the skuJl,as mentioned under Lagomys, may be
added. About twenty species are considered by Waterhouse as well established for the Old
World ; not quite so many in North America. This continent does not appear to possess any
genuine rabbits like the European ZL. cuniculus, characterized by living gregariously and con-
structing burrows in which the young are raised, while the hares proper are more or less
solitary, and merely make nests or forms of grass on the surface in which they sit. The young
rabbits are born blind and naked, while the hares are said to have the eyes open and the body
covered with hair at birth. Waterhouse points out some differences in the osteological structure
of the European rabbit and common hare, but he does not show that these are other than
specific, or whether the peculiarities of either are shared or not by any other species. As before
stated, there do not appear to be any true rabbits in North America; nor, indeed, are authors
clear as to whether the habits and peculiarities of Lepus cuniculus are shared by any other
species of Old World Lepus.

I have omitted any generalities respecting the skeleton, skull, and teeth of Lepus, as these
have been given by Waterhouse in a much more detailed and comprehensive manner than my
time and ability will allow. In the examination, however, of large series of skulls of the
American and European hares, I have detected certain characteristics which exhibit quite a
remarkable relation to the different groups into which they are divisible, as based on the pro-
portions of the feet and ears. These refer chiefly to the absolute size of the skull, as compared
with the body ; its proportions and curvature above ; but most particularly to the character of
the post-orbital process of the frontal bone. Thus, in the varying hares of Kurope and America,
including Lepus timidus, in addition to L. variabilis, var. borealis, glacialis, americanus, wash-
ingtonti, and campestris, the skull is very broad, the width being very nearly, if not quite, one-
half the length. The muzzle anterior to the molars is higher than wide. The upper outline
is much curved, especially posteriorly. The post-orbital processes of the frontal bone have their
exterior borders strongly divergent behind, so that they would meet if produced anteriorly
considerably within the end of the suture of the nasal bones. The divergence of their posterior
border is still greater, and the process itself does not come in contact with the cranium behind,
but bounds a wide notch.

elIn the next section, composed of L. californicus and callotis, the skull is much narrower, the
width considerably less than half the length. The muzzle anterior to the molars is wider than high-
The nasal bones are longer ; the upper outline less curved. The exterior borders of the post-
orbital processes are nearly parallel ; the postero-internal less divergent. The process usually
extends back so as to come in contact, by its truncated extremity, with the cranium, but there
is seldom any anchylosis, and quite frequently there is a slight interval. When in contact, the

574 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

.

process forms the outer margin of an elongated foramen, the anterior extremity notching widely
the frontal bone. ‘

The skull of Lepus cuniculus forms a sort of connexion between these two groups. In this the
post-orbital processes are widely divergent, and bound notches; the muzzle is very slender in
all diameters, and much elongated ; the width greater than the height. The nasal bones are
very long. Compared with the skull of Z. americanus, of nearly the same length, the muzzle
is little more than three-fourths as high just anterior to the molars; the nasal bones one-fifth
longer. The incisors are larger. .

The next section embraces L. sylvaticus, bachmani, and artemisiae. Here the width of the
skull is again almost half the length. The cranial portion of the skull is short, in comparison
with the facial; its upper outline is very convex, especially in the portion occupied by the parietal
bones; the posterior projection of the occipital bone is much below the level it exhibits in the
other groups. The muzzle anterior to the molars is wider than high. The post-orbital
process of the frontal bone is linear, and, projecting backwards, becomes anchylosed by its tip and
terminal portion of the inner edge with the cranium (the suture visible, however); there is left
a narrow, ovate foramen at the basal half or third of the process, the space enclosed not being
quite filled up. Lepus auduboni differs only in having a very narrow interval between the
posterior extremity of the post-orbital process, leaving a narrow notch instead of a foramen.

Lepus trowbridgii differs still more in having the post-orbital process shorter and more diver-
gent, so that the notch is more conspicuous, somewhat as in the first form mentioned.

The remaining section, embracing Z. aquaticus and palustris, is most remarkable of all, Here
the skull and incisors are much larger in proportion to the body (the latter especially) than in
any others. The skull is narrow; the width, considerably less than half the length. The
incisors of a skull of L. aquaticus, an animal apparently not heavier than LZ. americanus, exceed
those of any I have ever seen, excepting one very large Lepus timidus. Another striking pecu-
liarity is the entire fusion of the postero-internal margin of the post-orbital process of the
parietal bone with the cranium so completely that the suture is not even visible. There is,
therefore, neither notch, nor foramen, though the latter is indicated by a fossa. In one or two
cases there is a small perforation in this fossa, but very different in character from the foramina
of the other groups.

In addition to these prominent points of difference, there are some others: such as the shape
of the lower jaw, the shape and size of the superior outline of the occipital bone, &c. I have,
however, said enough to indicate the general fact of a relationship between peculiarities of skull
and external form. The principal features, however, as described, will be brought out more
prominently by the following synopsis and table of measurements of sixteen species :

A. Skull very broad and high ; much curved ; the muzzle short ; higher than wide, anterior to the molars.

Post-orbital processes very large, widely divergent ; bovnding a wide notch. .....sesseeseeeceees L. timidus.
borealis.
glacialis.
americanus.
washingtonii.

campestris.
B Skull narrower ; Jess curved above ; muzzle wider than high. Post-orbital processes very large, more

parallel ; the posterior extremities nearly or quite in contact with the skull, but without complete
fusion ; the foramen enclosed, long and wide......... FCT OODOCOCRICOT ojajeeeisiss't'e.ecain’slecemepeise, 23) \ORMsURTSGIIED

callotis.

y

RODENTIA—LEPORIDAE—LEPUS. 575

C. Skull more than twice as long as wide ; muzzle and nasal bones very long; the former wider than
high, anterior ‘to the molars; post-orbital processes divergent; not in contact behind with the
- SKIL) « o'00n 0.010 0.00 0000010 celalbinelsislahjele 0 s(e/sle\se|sle cipiacsic o(s'ewis vessisiecwevensccccivesecccescccscace Lx cuniculus.
D. Skull about twice as long as wide; very convex and much arched behind. Muzzle rather wider than
high, post-orbital processes moderate; united behind by anchylosis with the skull, (suture
distinet,) and bounding a small narrow foramen anteriorly........eeeseeeseeeecseccecessceees L, sylvalicus.
bachmani.
artemesia.
kK. Similar to preceding ; the post-orbital process not in contact with the craniuM.....sssseeeeeeeeeees L. trowbridgii.
auduboni.
F, Skull and incisors very large and massive ; muzzle about as wideas high. Post-orbital process completely

fused with the skull for its entire length, leaving neither foramen, notch, nor suture.........++++ L. aquaticus.

palustris.
Comparative measurements of skulls.
Skull. Distance between— Nasal bones, |
taken together. |
oe tae eee eee
5 Name of species. aie | er | Locality.
= 85 |=26 aa ’
5 +] 8 iI FS 5 ‘S
= Seales \aiee | ee
2 Sve tbeay vais Sli Sips s8 leh Se (lyeed: al
= i S fm 1390) 26 5 Ley il
5 A =e [P| pata ier 4 |
1857 L, timidus, Liesescssccccccccscccecesees | 4,03 1,97 1.60 63 2.50 1,75 -93 | Germany.
1048 L. variahilis, var. borealis, Nilss.........| 3,61 1,81 1.36 64 2.07 1.34 .78 | Sweden.
2277 L. glacialis, Leach. . se | 3.65 1.85 1.34 65 P30 1,48 -80 | Newfoundland,
1670 L. americanus, Erxl.s, sessesesesecsees | 3,34 1.61 1.12 +48 2.01 1,35 -75 | New York.
2158 E. cuniculus, Li sisvecescesccssccessceces| 340 1.62 1.01 45 2.04 1.55 -66 | Washington, D. C.
3227 | L. californicus, Gray sere} 4,00 1.75 1.23 43 2.35 1,80 -87 | San Francisco, California. ,
1260 ZL. callotis? Wagl...cccccssesecscessees| 3.80 1.75 1.14 52 2.17 1.65 82 | Fort Conrad, New Mexico.
1215 | L. callotis, var. flavigularis? Wagn.....| 3.75 1.75 |ecenvcee| 02 2.04 1,53 -85 | Western Texas.
1352 L. campestris, Bach..cccccccseseeceevee| 3.07 1.76 1,22 -55 2.25 1.60 83 Fort Kearney, Nebraska.
1223 | L. washingtonii, Baird......ececeeeesees| 2.93 1.50 94 48 1.67 1.15 66 | Washington Territory.
595 L. cuniculus and sylvaticus, hybrid®..... 2.95 1.45 -90 50 1.71 1.20 -50 | Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
2093 | L. sylvaticus, Bach....... 00-005 eee 2.95 1.44 -90 52 1.80 1.15 50 Do.
2094 ee weceeeeecceses |osetenee 1.54 1,05 48 1.86 1,33 .65 | Fort Des Moines, Iowa,
1232 | L. -| 2.60 1.35 +93 43 1.55 1,10 -55 | West of San Antonio, Texas,
1193 | L. bachmani, Waterh...... 2.7 1,34 +95 43 1.70 1.15 -50 | Brownsville, Texas.
2041 L. auduboni, Baird......c.ssseccceeceee| 2.66 1,34 90 -48 1.57 1.10 .55 | San Francisco, California.
1871 L. trowbridgii, Baird........seeeeeeeeeee | 2.52 1,25 +70 44 1.50 1.12 44 Do.
2089 L. palustris, Bach........0..0-- 3.20 1.50 Ue | paga sce, 1.98 1.20 .46 | Society Hill, South Carolina.
1228 | L. aquaticus, Bach......... . 3.55 1.63 USUI Sse | be lvl 1.48 -65 | Caleasieu, Louisiana.
1

1 The measurement of length is taken with dividers, from the transverse occipital crest to the anterior face of upper incisors in most cases; to the
end of the nasals, the distance is somewhat less in some, though not in all.

* This skull belonged to a hybrid of the second generation, between L. cuniculus and sylvaticus, and exhibits in a marked degree the cranial pecu-
liarities of both species. Thus, we have the rather short muzzle and nasal bones, with the rounded and arched cranium proper of the latter, and the
divergent and free post-orbital processes of the former.

576 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLUGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The following synoptical arrangement may serve to facilitate the determination of our species!
of hares:
A.—SKULL WITH DISTINCT POST-ORBITAL PROCESSES.
a. Hind feet considerably longer than the head; size of body large.
I. Post-orbital processes widely divergent, bounding a notch. The
American species change to white in winter.
Ears about as loug as the head, or less. Tail short.
1. Very large. In summer, sooty yellowish gray. LEars with black tip on
both surfaces. In winter, fur pure white to roots ............sssecscoseoseeosees L. glacialis.
2. Insummer, cinnamon brown. Tail sooty above. LHars with most of dorsal
surface whitish. Winter under fur lead colored at base, then brownish
MEG seewec sa ciacscicevsccessansaceetwrerae Ime eeneds ee eeckittts RS eE Rt oMEnEen tee caiceceieciineise LL. americanus.
3. Smaller. In summer, rich cinnamon. Tail brownish above. Ears with
dorsal surface, light cinnamon, and with a good deal of black. Pads of
the toes abruptly lighter than those of the metatarsus...........ssssseseseseees 1; washingtonii.
Ears considerably longer than the bead; tail long.
4. In summer, yellowish brown gray. Tail white on both surfaces; as long
as the head. Winter, under fur white at the base, then reddish............ LL. campestris.

II. Post orbital processes divergent, but in contact behind by their extremi-
ties with the cranium. Tail black above, this color running up on

the rump.
5. Above, yellowish gray and black; rump ashy; tail and body beneath,
sw hidbithissceca mice 85 sity wieten ac dil caies sania wtBences sdseedgecbe hse neee suns rere esp ens L. callotis.
6. Above, cinnamon, red, and black; rump not dissimilar. Under surface of
fail and" bod yaliohticinmamons,..conc.ccceesccrettoccceceesacse RWG ddsweueverioseweaee L. californicus.

b. Hind feet nearly the length of the head. Size medium; inner edge of post-
orbital processes united behind and laterally by suture with the cranium.
I. Soles very densely furred; fur on back, with two yellowish subterminal
brown bars, enclosing a dusky one. ‘Tail two-thirds as long as the ear.
7. Skull nearly 3 inches long. Lars shorter than the head. Above, yellowish

Iino waayewAl nga MADE eC Oba e AS I Aca ges Seta fear nko abies sana ashmasiniodheteannne L. sylvaticus.
8. Smaller. Skull about 2.65 inches long. Ears as long as the head. Above,
Sua VAs Ay Cll ows LOM M sewcieiceenpiceeh acess debe dx moaeppelsovece-auseaemaansentel L. artemisia.

II. Soles rather scantily furred; fur on back, with only one yellowish
brown bar, external to a blackish one.
9. Tail very short; scarcely half the length of the ear....... Sdoonncucer HEOHOPERGCORDE L. bachmanit.

c. Hind feet apparently shorter than the head. Post-orbital processes scarcely
in contact with the cranium behind.
Kars nearly as long or longer than the head.
10. Tail long. Fur on back, with only one yellowish brown subterminal bar. L. audubonii.
11, Tail very short. Fur on back, with two subterminal yellowish brown
Bars Cn ClOSIMe ARAMA KY ONG, om--s0cesenirs voaseapeeeroason enc vmnteeereseeameet asics L. trowbridgii.

RODENTIA—LEPORIDAE—LEPUS GLACIALIS. 577

B.—SkKULL WITHOUT ANY POST-ORBITAL PROCESS.

Post-orbital processes so fused in the frontals as not to exhibit a suture. Feet
very short; fur very scanty, exposing the toes.
Te Larl long, pure White beneath | isos. ecescescnsccsessdunce Wdatoegecsastevacidtlests © | LOCUS.
13. Size much less. Tail very short; dull brownish white beneath.............. L. palustris.

LEPUS GLACIALIS, Leach.
Polar Hare.

Lepus glacialis, Leacu, ‘* Ross’ Voyage, 8vo, II, 1819, App. iv, 170.”
Ep. Sasine, App. Narr. Franklin’s Journey, 1823, 664.—Is. App. Parry’s First Voyage, 1824, 187.
Ricu. App. Parry’s Second Voyage, 1825, 321.—In. F. Bor. Am. J, 1829, 221.
Haruan, F. Am. 1825, 194.
Grirr. Cuv. V., 1827, 265.
Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 373.
J.C. Ross, in App. J. Ross’ Narr. 1835.
Bacuman, J. A. NS. Phila. VII, 1, 1837, 285; pl. xxi.—Is. VIII, 1, 1839, 76.
Waener, in Schreb. Sdiugt. IV ; pl. eexxxv. D, (original figure. No text.)—In. SuppJement Schre-

ber, [V. 1844, 101.
Warernotse, Nat. Hist. Mamm. II, 1848, 102.
. Avup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 242; pl. xxxii.

Lepus timidus, Farr. Fauna Groenl. 1780, 25.

“7. arcticus, LEacu, Ross’ Voyage, II, 1819, App. 151.’’ ?

Varying hare, Pennant, Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 242.—In. Arctic Zoology, I, 1784, 94, (in part.)

Spr. Ca.—Size very large ; exceeding a large cat. ars about four-fifths the length of the head. Hind foot considerably
longer than the head. Color in winter, pure white to the roots of the hairs; the ears, however, black at the extreme tip
on both surfaces. In summer, yellow-brownish gray above, varied with black; rump and upper surface of tail sooty
plumbeous; under parts whitish, everywhere with a strong sooty tinge. Ear almost uniform glossy black, with the

posterior margin whitish ; the membrane dark brown ‘

This species is among the largest, if not the largest, of the varying hares, not only of this
country, but of Europe. The ears and legs, however, are far from assuming the dimensions of
the more southern Texas and California species.

Taking an adult in winter as the type, the head is much arched and broad. The ears are
about four-fifths the length of the head; they are broad, ovate; the membrane somewhat
rounded, but appearing more pointed on account of the hair. They are closely covered with
hair on both sides, except towards the bottom of the concavity, which is nearly naked. The tail
is rather short, and so densely covered with hair as to be appreciable only on close examination.
The under surfaces of the feet are densely furred, so much so as very nearly to conceal the nails,
which are nearly black. The fur is very full, soft, and fine all over the body.

The color of this species in winter is a pure white to the very base of the hairs; the brushy fur
on the under surfaces of the feet only being of a dirty yellowish white. The edges of the orbit,
the eyelashes, the nails, and the membrane of the ear are black; there is a triangular patch

‘ Thave not this work at hand to ascertain why the name of arclicus should not be retained, as taking precedence in the

paging of the same work.

73 L

578 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

of black on the extreme tip of the ear, on both surfaces, about three-quarters of an inch long
and about as wide.

A spring specimen, 355, about changing, has the fur as if soiled with yellowish. The new
summer fur is making its appearance in irregular patches of a brownish gray, washed with
dirty yellowish, almost precisely as in Lepus campestris. The under fur is a dirty white at the
base, with rather a more brownish tinge towards the tip; the long bristle hairs are black,

- lighter at the base, and with a subterminal annulation of grayish. :

In a young summer specimen the prevailing color is a mixed yellow-brownish gray and black,
with, however, a strong plumbeous sooty tinge, which is very distinct in the fur of the sides
and belly, where the bristle hairs are wanting. The rump is very decided sooty plumbeous,
this color extending narrowly along the upper side of the tail, which elsewhere is a dirty sooty
white. The exterior of the hind legs is tinged with sooty, of the fore legs with yellowish
brown. The pads of the feet are dusky yellowish brown; the anterior faces of the hind legs
whitish. The ears are entirely of a glossy black, mixed a little anteriorly at the base with
yellowish brown ; the extreme posterior edge is whitish. The under fur is as described in the
preceding specimen.

A winter skin from Greenland appears to have shorter feet and ears; the former more densely
furred. The black tip to the ears is only barely visible.

I cannot find any character by which to distinguish the Lepus glacialis and L. variabilis of
Europe when in their winter fur. The summer dress, comparing the young Newfoundland
skin with one of L. variabilis var. borealis, from near Stockholm, is also much the same in both.
The ears of the former, however, are much more intensely black. The whitish under fur above
is less reddish ; the tips or subterminal annulations of the coarse hairs are more gray instead
of being of a reddish brown. The head has less of a cinnamon tinge. The resemblance is,
however, certainly very close both in size and proportions, and with the difference indicated,
both have the sooty on the rump and upper surface of the tail, the sooty tinge to the pectoral
band, &c. In the American animal the sooty tinge extends to the extremity of the chin instead
of this being rather whitish.

Winter specimens of ZL. variabilis, from the Highlands of Scotland, appear to have dispro-
portionately smaller ears than those from Sweden, of either of the varieties, canescens or
borealis.

The skull of this species is very similar to that of LZ. variabilis of Europe; so much so as to
render it very difficult to discern any difference in the specimens before me. It is much
broader, shorter, and more curved than in L. californicus or callotis ; it is considerably longer
behind the post orbital notches than in L. Americanus.

The polar hare is peculiar to the arctic portions of the American continent, the island ot
Newfoundland, where it is quite abundant, being its southern limit. Its western boundary is
not known, though it probably extends across to Behring’s Straits. It is also an inhabitant of
Greenland.

RODENTIA—LEPORIDAE—LEPUS AMERICANUS.

List of specimens.

579

5 Measurements.
= =e

rey ra iS x < S

ees Si [fra foes: Sere 3 iter
Ey é Locality. When Whence and how Nature of é Oe = © = = 2

= - m=. | 5 ° o = P= es i
a a collected. obtained. specimen. a 8 3 a 3 € } = a
y to 3 6 § A a S Ss | s g
S| e 2}s | 8s elselala)8 12
S £ 2 2 2 = = 2 = = >
= ww = =| =

& | 356 Btsfoee oy eee ped | + Be elcid) sae) ecvad ea
1030 |...... Greenland.........| Winter........| S. Steenberg ...... SKin 20. cece 2.20 | 5.00 | 25.00 | 2,00 | 3.20 | 2.50 | 5.60 | 3.85] 3.20
353 |......| Newfoundland.....| Early spring...) J. G. Bell...... ess.| Mounted.....| 2.30 |...... 2SE OI Sceadatennenn seeves| 6,40 | 3.90 | 3.80
TOO |avescs|'cesces GOs sevccecees| SUMMEF. conc.) Ue DOWMESs vccce. oe] KIM esnecsss|ssceccls aucce| cocescceleceses(scves shacnnsis 5.90 | 3.80 | 3.30
L557 jeccces| cceecedO. sececccee.| Winter........| De. J. M. Skues* ..|..d0......00s+) 00 seee| 5.00 | 20.00 | 2.00 | 4,00 | 3.10 | 6.20 | 4.20) 3.40
L124 | 2276 | ..000edO. veri eeeee ference. + vevess[oceeeeAO. ceceveces | Head im alc,.|....cs)eeceee |ecccccce|eeccvel|sccccelenes . eseleces .
WYRE [BATT es ccccdd. vescccccce|vceshOs cccccese|scccne Oe cccecenvee| eedOsreedOe eleccee (recene looconens bocooty cat elecncesle eeccelccccee eeseee

Spr. Cuo.—Larger than the common gray rabbit.

Lepus americanus, ERXLEBEN, Syst. 1777, 330.

+ Longest claw of fore and hind feet, .60.

LEPUS AMERICANUS, Erxl.

Northern Hare.

Guin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 162.
Suaw, Gen. Zool. Mamm. II, 1801, 202.
Ricwarpson, App. Parry’s 2d Voyage, 1825, 324.—Is. F. Bor. Am. I, 1829, 217.
Bacuman, J. A. N. Sc. Ph. VII, 1837, 403.—In. VIII, 1, 1839, 76.
Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 95; pl. xxvi, f. 2.
Waenrr, Suppl. Schreb. IV, 1844, 104.
Warernouse, N. H. Mamm. II, 1848, 108.
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 93; pl. xi, xii.
Lepus hudsonius, Pauias, Glires, 1778, 30.
Bopparrt, Elenchus Anim. I, -1784, 99.

ZucmerMANN, Pennant’s Arktische Zool. I, 1787, 96.
Lepus nanus, Scureser, Saugt. I, 1792, 881.

Lepus virginianus, Haran, F. Am. 1825, 196,
Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829.
Dovucuty’s Cab. N. H. I, 1830, 217; pl. xix.
Bacuman, J. A. N. Sc. Phil. VU, 1837, 301.—Is. VIII, 1839, 76.
Tuomeson, N. H. Vermont, 1842, 48.
Lepus variabilis, var. virginianus, GopMaN, Am. N. H. I, 164.
Lepus borealis, Scutnz, Synopsis II, 1845, 286.
American Hare, Forster, Phil. Trans. LXII, 376.
Pennant, Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 243.—Is. Arctic Zool. I, 1784, 95.
Thudson’s Bay Quadruped, Barnineron, Phil. Trans. LXU, 11.

White Rabbit.

(From Forster & Pennant )

Ears about the length of the head. Hind foot much longer.

(In part only, the figure pl. cexxxiv, B. appears to be L. sylvaticus.)

Tail

short. Color, in summer, very similar to that of the European hare; rich reddish or cinnamon brown above ; tail sooty

brown above, dull grayish beneath ; body beneath white ; ears black at the tip of the dorsal surface, this extending down
the margins ; the fringe and posterior edge white.

In winter, white, though usually showing a good deal of yellowish brown between the tip of the long hairs; the under

fur plumbeous from the roots for the basal half, then brownish red.

Ears white, except the external band.

580 U. S. P. R, R. EXP. AND SURYEYS—ZOvLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

This species, the smallest, as far as known, of those that become white in winter, with the
exception, perhaps, of L. washingtonii, has the ears decidedly shorter than the head, in the
skin, though sometimes even a little longer when fresh; the body slender, and the limbs
elongated. The ears are naked for a portion of their concavity, elsewhere thickly furred ;
thinner on their convexity. The tail is rather short.

Winter pelage. (No. 67.) A specimen in winter fur, from northern Pennsylvania, is
everywhere white, with a shade of yellowish; the concealed darker colors of the body of the
hairs showing through in places where the fur is parted. The under surfaces of the feet are
deeper yellowish. The ears are white, with the distal half of the external band mixed
reddish yellow and white ; the upper part of the posterior margin dark brown; the edge of the
ear more white. The fur on the upper part and sides is light plumbeous for the basal half,
(paler at the extreme base,) then pale brownish red or cinnamon, and tipped with white ; mixed
with this fur are stiffer and longer hairs, of pure white. In passing round to the lower part of
the sides, the reddish fades out until on the belly it disappears entirely, and the white tips
invade the lead color almost to the disappearance of the latter.

In a very richly colored specimen of this species, from Middleboro’, Massachusetts, the pre-
vailing color above is a rich reddish brown, or cinnamon chestnut, on the upper parts, sides,
and across the throat. On the back, the black tips to the hair relieve the chestnut. The region
around the eye is not appreciably lighter. The ears show a good deal of white, especially on
the inner band, and on the dorsal surface. The outer band is like the back. The fringe of the
ear and the posterior edge are almost white. There is a very narrow border of black on the
end of the ear, extending about half way round posteriorly, and one-fourth anteriorly ; the
black is more extended over the ear at the tip, though confined throughout to the convexity or
inner surface. The tail is sooty brown, almost black above, (the color not extending on the
rump,) and dull grayish white beneath.

Some specimens have a decided tinge of yellow in the chestnut. The under surfaces of the
feet are snuff brown. The under fur is bluish gray for the basal half above; beneath, it is
entirely white.

The colors of this species are very similar to those of the European hare, Lepus timidus,
although the hairs on the back are plumbeous at the base instead of silky white. The long
hairs are reddish brown towards the end, with a black tip, instead of having the tip reddish
brown with a broad subterminal annulus of black.

Somewhat similarly colored to the ZL. californicus, this species lacks the very long ears, the
long black tail and black line on the rump, and the cinnamon under parts. The hind feet are
actually longer, though the animal is smaller, while the ears and fore feet are much smaller.
In fact, in these respects, as well as in the peculiarities of coloration of the fur above, the differ-

ences are somewhat as mentioned in regard to L. timidus.

~

RODENTIA—LEPORIDAE—LEPUS AMERICANUS.

Measurements from fresh specimens.

No. 316. | No. 317.
Inches. Inches.
INCRE (MGC EDN Ce oa ee CO ee eA a Sees ee ear eee 3.50 3. 25
OMG se meet oe tole So Se Sa ec Se See e a2 Bie ese cece 1. 66 1. 58
Pie Seo. ot con ons (CS Epon eC Geek cHacemr ser cree as 3.17 3.00
BOGE 0 fig GA le ieee ae een eas 19. 50 16. 00
én ob Outsiretched hinW lefsn nono e sere ceenee as nano 28. 25 25. 84
Tanetrom ‘rootvo'end ob vertebrwes-o. sens ace os eo ect cease secs shel 1.58 1033
HN ey oo ce ae Bn ane apy ee gee eC ae 2. 42 1.75
Ears, height, posteriorly.....-------- Sips SSeS sessey sane eee 3. 58 3. 42
SATO) Ale sere eno 92 SO PRC Coe anc Sees See eer ees 3. 33 3. 08
iLermial iy 8 DOV CIS bee eae ee eee oe eee 3.00 2. 84
WIGGH = = onc ace ne sacta mete aan a saaeacaccesresaeaccsceseeserscases 2.00 175
Arm, between claws, across shoulders’. -=------ 2-22 -- cece m eee aes cen= 21.00 19. 75
Lycra CyB ae Ga ye AE ee Se ee er er ee mr Re ee 3. 58 3.08
froma elbow tol end) of Claws= a2. cn—nem=asen oan eee aoe anew e = 6. 08 5. 50
frommtore to thtaL end Ot. CluW iat aman eee ae oe ote oe ee io a 2. 50 2.58
ERS ik Cl a Wie ee ee et a ee -33 -33
Hep, irom, knee joint torend’ of claws~---<-------2s---se--enesececen an 10. 25 8. 50
tiblars o5 oe see oo ade ee ene oee ae see ascends cs eucceteue cate ccs 5. 42 4.58
hind foot from heel to end of claws.---------..------------=------ 5. 50 4. 84
Jongeshiclaw=4=s2---52% 2522 5s Sas ae atest Ben eee ee - 50 25
WKH Tin Geen so sStece Ceti Seecopees Sberdtate poecreSeck sees se see 33 Ibs. 3 Ibs,
Measurements of skulls.
Taz 1236
Spas 316°
Inches. | 100ths of | Inches. | 100ths of
length. length.
Movlment thas. sesee eat ence n sea aoe oes 2.77 1.00 3.09 1.00
Ger calestWwuGth 3 2 see 2 oe eee ae en nie 1.46 . 53 1.55 - 56
Distance: between! orbits)--=.-=--.------5--.--=--- td -25 . 83 27
Nasal Ones Len tae — naan een eo 1. 08 ESw Tat .39
Width pehind 2 s= oaee eee ae - 65 .23 . 62 . 20
LUE eee Seer ee ee RE 44 -16 42 14
Upper incisors, from front to molars --------------- 82 .29 . 96 «i
hinder margin of palate_ 1.16 +42 1. 30 42
ei htins Seer ss eS eben ol .28 .10 3 -10
width between external edges -------) 16 - 06 20 -09
Upper molars, length taken together-_--.-.------- | - 52 019 | . 56 215
distance: between...---.===+-.-...-=-- - 50 18 | -46 ~15
Mower jaw, lenpthans scscscecanene sees cons osees = 2.11 716 =} 2042 .78
PAT bot Me ye ee eens mene 1.30 -47 | 1.49 .48
BEC 2s aie Bina Japs sone cb SRS o 2.21 79 | 2. 50 . 80

581

582 U. Ss. P. R. R, EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The skull of this species is actually shorter than that of LZ. cuniculus, the domestic rabbit ;
it is, however, svider and larger in the cerebral portion ; the muzzle much shorter and higher,
the nasais being shorter and considerably broader. The differences between the species are very
great.

This species, in summer dress, is readily distinguished from L. campestris by its prevailing
tint of reddish brown, instead of gray, the black border on the posterior portion of the con-
vexity of the ear, &c. In winter, the fur in LZ. americanus is lead color on its basal half; in
LI. campestris, pure white ; both have the median bar of reddish. In all seasons the tail and ears
are much shorter ; the internal surface of the ears less densely furred and not so pure white ;
the black in a narrow band on the posterior margin of the ear, instead of a terminal patch at
the tip, &c. The size is every way less; the difference particularly observable in the skulls.

This hare is very abundant in the northeastern portions of the United States, and, according
to Richardson, reaches as far north as latitude 68°. In the regions north of the Missouri plains
it is replaced by the L. campestris, and on the northwest coast by the L. washingtonti. South-
ward it is common as far as the northern counties of Pennsylvania, and extends along the
Alleghany range into Virginia. It is not rare along the summit level of the Baltimore and
Ohio railroad.

Owing to its habit of keeping in thick tangled swamps, especially cedar swamps, this species
is not so readily met with in localities even where it abounds as the small gray rabbit, D.
sylvaticus.

The synonymy of this species has been somewhat confused, but has been very admirably dis-
entangled by Dr. Bachman in the several articles quoted above. Some remarks on his reference
of Schreber’s article on L. nanus will be found under the head of L. sylvaticus.

List of specimens.

Measurements.

2 = se | 2 >
g Ss Fl Locality. When col- | Whence and how ob-| Natureofspe-) || =| &| |. |S /% a Sse =|
a to & | lected. tained. cimen. esa ae ed =P Ped et Mec es =|) ||
a ea o) 3) 8) 2 (s)8 2) es) e1 ene
Seer Ie 218)'8 1 Silo | tealo. sala ea
ct ie feleleislelglelslelele
6/5 |} a | zlzlz(/2/e|e|elelalala
250 | 1202 | Quebec................,Aug. 1853..| S. F. Bai | SKIN ccs cececel veces 3.33/4.00/20.00)1,50/2.25) 5,50 . 3.00
seeees Middleboro’, Mass ..... Nov. 27, 1855 «+/3. 7521.00) ....)0000/2.25,5.15 3.35
Dee, 8, 1855) : wceeleces| sees [18.50) 006 °
Nov. 30, 1855 KG seeslsschQrne Se bee ed ey Cece nia CaBh 3
. Noy. 23, 1855
««|Oct, 23, 1855
Oct. 17, 1855
+-|Dee, 2, 1855) . 5 . ar
. |Dec. 24, 1855], Pi seeelee eden seeeleces! : .
. May 7, 1856 i" Peeticweslsorc}acsss Pe ne:
| Winter seve sleeeeleoees
cos GO..s00. ceceleceu|coem
Sept. 6,1855] S. F. Baird... c.c000) 2. sdOsccceas cee cnpeleces| cece) LO-00).... [e005 33.05 ..../3.60
Oet. 14,1855 2.50 1,40/3.17
Winter......| Market....esesecee see sd0scecseeeeee! Seee|eees|eoes|21.00].000] 00 3.17 1.61|3.60
GOs. 000 | evccsshOrccsrecvcsever!sssOsseccccvees ce 3ibs ..., )3.40
. 1,1854 idee ctioeenimeetl as Oss ctiea desl aves loves 3.15 1.60]...
ie 2, 1855 ese weedleeedQscece cecclres ++./3.60 18.00/1,15 2,25) +++. 5,683.25 1,.65/3.38
66 | 969 |...... | Northern Pennsylvania. Winter..... »./4.18 19.00/00. )eeeseeee seesleeee wees 3.40
af 9705) cececs|aquassves GG.s vopn ance vens leapaldsveess 4,37 22,001.00 1,752.55 5.50) ....!.... (8.40
= | ;
|

13.52 17.00)....| e006 Br a fiche ca

RODENTIA—LEPORIDAE—LEPUS WASHINGTONII. 583

LEPUS WASHINGTONII, Baird.
Red Hare.
Lepus washingtonii, Barrp, Pr. A. N. Se. Phil. VI, April, 1855, 333.

Ears shorter than the head; hind feet much longer than the head. Size about that of Z. sylvaticus, or a little larger.
Fur very soft and full on the body and beneath the feet. Tail very short. Back, sides, and throat reddish brown ; the
former with many glossy black hairs. Tail lead color above, rusty white beneath. Abdomen pure white. Ears black on
the posterior margin and tip of their inner surface ; the rest of this surface pale reddish brown, except on the exterior band.

This beautiful species occupies a position intermediate between L. sylvaticus and L. americanus.
It is about the size of the former, and colored somewhat like the latter. Two specimens received
agree in color. It is not yet known whether the species changes in the winter ; the specimens,
however, were procured in February, March, and April, when the winter dress is usually still
retained.

The fur is dense and soft, very different in this respect from L. sylvaticus. The feet are very
well furred ; in fact, the pads are so full that the hairs curl not unlike prepared horsehair.
The ears are rather shorter than the head, though longer than in L. sylvaticus. The tail is
very short.

The upper parts and sides of the head and body, throat, and external surfaces of the limbs,
are of a rich reddish brown, or dull chestnut, darkest on the back, where the color is lined with
black. There is a slight mixture of black hairs on the other regions more or less distinct.
The tail is rusty white beneath ; above, dark lead color. The abdomen is pure rich white ; the
chin grayish white. The posterior edge of the fore legs, and the interior face of the hind ones,
are whitish, more or less mixed with reddish. The posterior edge of the thigh shows a good
deal of dark lead color.

The fur on the back is dark lead color for most of its length, shading through a very faint
rusty tinge inte black; it is then reddish brown, and finally tipped with black. Interspersed
are many long hairs entirely glossy black ; the abundance of these posteriorly imparts a pre-
vailing black tint. On the sides, the pale rusty beyond the lead color is more intense, and the
brown is very light. In one specimen all the hairs on the belly are lead color at the base; in
another they are white anteriorly. In both, the pads on the under surface of the tarsus are
strongly relieved against the portion underneath the toes, which is dirty yellowish on all the
feet.

The external and internal bands of the ears are like the back ; on the exterior surface the
hairs within the internal band are whitish. The posterior edge of the ear is whitish, invaded
above by the brownish black of the inner face. This face is black on the posterior margin, the
color commencing about one-fourth its length from the base, and, widening above, forms a tip
to the ear of half an inch in length, slightly invading the external band. The rest of the ear
is pale reddish brown. The nape and back of the neck are of the same reddish brown with the
back, without any black, no appreciable variation being discernible as in L. sylvaticus, L.
palustris, and other species.

The skull of this species (1223) is remarkable for its straight outline above, and its general
depression, compared with L. sylvaticus and americanus. The portion anterior to the molars
is longer, narrower, and the sides more vertical than in L. sylvaticus.

§84 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP, AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The species is readily distinguishable from LZ. americanus by its smaller size and shorter ears,
which are more reddish internally. The tarsi are much shorter. The colors are not dissimilar,
but the Z. washingtonii has much softer fur, and a richer, darker, reddish brown.

From ZL. sylvaticus it is distinguished by its longer tarsi and ears; the latter bordered with
black behind ; the fur is reddish brown not yellow brown; there is no gray on the sides any-
where, and the nape is not different from the back, as in L. sylvaticus, palustris, artemisia, and
other species.

~ Since the preceding description was prepared, Dr. Suckley received several imperfect skins
of hares from the latitude of 54° 40’, which, in all, probability, belong to the same species.
One in summer dress appears to be immature, and although the general appearance is as
described, yet there is rather more yellow in the cinnamon color. The feet and ears are wanting.
The other skins, two in number, are similarly mutilated. In these the color externally is snowy
white. The under fur, however, is light plumbeous for more than its basal half, darker
towards the end ; it is then of a pale yellowish brown, of two shades, the outer half abruptly
and appreciably darker, this color forming the tip of the fur. The white is due to the long
hairs which are pure white to the roots. On the belly the hairs are without the brown, although
the basal plumbeous is quite distinct. In this respect the colors are very similar to those of
LI. americanus, although the fur is longer.

In all the specimens I have seen, the portion of the pads under the toes is of a brownish
white, sharply and distinctly lighter than the remaining portion, which is strongly tinged with
sooty. This may be considered a pretty good specific mark.

As already stated, this species is very similar to Z. americanus, and should the more northern
individuals turn white in winter, the resemblance will be still greater. The color, in perfect
specimens, is much the same. The size of L. washingtonii is, however, much less ; the tarsi
especially. There is considerably more black at the tip of the ear, and its dorsal surface is
light cinnamon, instead of being nearly white. In fact, there is scarcely any white on the ear,
this being confined to the extreme margin, instead of having the fringe and much of the dorsal
surface of this color. ;

Thus far, this species has only been found in Washington Territory, on and west of Puget’s
Sound, unless, as is highly probable, Dr. Suckley’s specimens from the latitude of 54° 40/
should belong here. It constitutes the western representative of LZ. americanus.

RODENTIA—LEPORIDAE—LEPUS CAMPESIRIS. 585

List of specimens.

=| Measurements.
=

2\% la |< | Slagle /e] 21s
= % Locality. When col- | Whence and how ob- | 2 | Nature of z oy Wells Sal es s B | Collected
a |4 lected. tained. 5 | specimen. | 53 | 8 | 3 = Sears 5 a by--
2 sy ee a/o s ha a eS & a
& |e ls lefele/S)8lei2) 8 1s
can: é zle|2 /£|2/#/®| = |s
Es = Saiceii ac. [tah |e) | Bollre ieee lies
é |&s \5 Blelme |eleafala| & \a

nae) SS SS SS See oo | —

|

280 |1223) Steilacoom, W.'T...... Apl.1,1854 | Goy. I. I. Stevens...... 7| Skin ...... + +++ 3,42 18.50) .66)1.50)..../4.42) 2.603.295) Dr. Suckley
2808 |3199}....000. AO . sicccisencsecs Noy., 1856 | Dr. Geo. Suckley ...... LSS) seen teria Ererajel jatar Ese LO | astrer\lereteie\tajtaroit Sica (<2 GOW |lare ate'l cipteiu inten apt

1422 2403 Vancouver......... eves| Febsy 1856 ].... 0005 ie Aosodebonenad Wesel ceeCOncenins tote lececleccces [ieee jteeeleeee 3.52] se sees +++», Geo. Gibbs,

303?|.,..| Shoal Water bay, W.T..| Mar.5,1854| Gov. I. I. Stevens...... HG aed ASringic 1.75.3.00) 16,00} .841.751.90)4.13)...... -...| Dr. Cooper.

.

1185 |....| Cape Flattery, W. T. ..|......cs0e0s Lt. W. P. Trowbridge..|....|.++.d0...... eecclcccsleccees|ecee sieiai|naen |x wc |len(ainiele siviaie\} sle(a'sloie winless
72400 |....| Pacific coast, 54° 40’....| Summer,’56| Dr. Geo. Suckley ...... | 142!Piece of skin|.... woes] secnes|scee Sool lodoal Asse lisse seeclscccvuec ese
PQBOB |. ccslececeees do. Winters... 2|'s0sccsee Oi peyeia Seine casts «| 140)....d0....06 Doble | ee ene) 0 |Neten|edep|estirilessn| sala sile soslanraess Scr
22999 |. .../eccevcecs do. sccedOxcacce|ocecvece AQ otawksaaisisia is 144]....d0.. 0000 Srararai| atninis mimareininl laralacal| Steyme lin ateralt Riate's eebiaiei Welais||suisciaiaasjsne

* Length before skinning, 17 inches; radius and tibia each 4 inches; iris brown.
® Width of ear 1.70.

LEPUS CAMPESTRIS, Bach.

Prairie Hare,

Lepus campestris, Bacu., J. A. N. Se. Phila. VII, 1, 1837, 349.—Is. VIII, 1, 1839, 80,
Warernouse, N. H. Mamm. II, 1848, 197.
GiexeL, Saugt. 1855, 449.
Tepus townsendii, Bacuman, J. A. N. Sc. Phila. VIII, 1, 90; pl. ii.
Townsenn’s Narr., 1839, 325.
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 25. ; pl. iii.
Lepus virginianus, Ricu. F. B. Am. I, 1829, 224.
Pr. Max. Reise, I, 1839, 508.
Lepus virginianus, var Harxan, F. Amer. 1825, 310.

Sr. Cu.—Larger than Lepus americanus Ears about one-fifth longer than the head. Fur soft and full, especially in
winter. Tail as long as the head. Hind feet considerably longer than the head ; somewhat longer than the ears.

In summer, back, rump, sides of limbs, external and internal bands of the ear, and the throat, yellowish gray, varied more
or less with brown. Beneath white. Tail entirely white, above and below ; in some specimens only with a faint wash of ash
above. Nape and interior surface of ears white, except as stated; the latter tipped with black.

In winter, pure white all over, with a yellowish tinge. Ears white, tipped with brown ; the external and internal bands rusty
gray. Fur on the ears and elsewhere much longer and fuller than in summer. Fur on the upper part and sides pure white on
the basal half.

This species is among the largest of the North American hares, and is characterized essentially
among those with ears considerably longer than the head, by having no black or even dusky
on the upper part of the tail and the rump. As far as known, too, it is the only one of the
very long eared hares in which the fur becomes white in winter. The ears are not quite so
long, however, as in the LZ. californicus and callotis. The summer fur is full and soft; the
winter still more so, being quite valuable as an article of commerce. The tail is very long.
The legs are long and stout, well furred beneath. The ears are about one-fifth longer than
the head.

Summer pelage. The general color of the upper parts of the body and the buttocks is a pale
yellowish gray, mixed with a dark brown, the former predominating. The hairs are light ash
at the base, turning gradually into pale reddish or rusty gray, and finally, tipped for a slight
extent with darker brown or black. There are numerous longer hairs interspersed, which are

741

586 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

entirely black. The sides are of a more unmixed ashy gray. The upper part of the chest and
the throat are gray, with a slight tinge of rusty. The anterior surface of the fore legs, with
the exterior faces of the hind legs, similar. The under surface of head, the eyelids, the abdo-
men, limbs, with the exceptions as stated, with the tail are smoky white; the latter ash colored
along the median line above. The sides and ends of the snout are tinged with rusty. The
under surfaces of the feet are grayish brown. The nape and back of the neck are smoky white,
(grayish on the median line,) this color running up and occupying the entire inner surface of
the ear and its posterior margin, except for three quarters of an inch at the tip, where they are
sooty brown, the margin at the same time becoming creamy in color. The external and
internal bands are like the back. The anterior fringe is composed of very long hairs of a red-
dish white color. ;

The specimen thus described, No. 85, was collected by Mr. Townsend on the banks of the
Columbia river, and corresponds to the Lepus townsendii of Dr. Bachman.

Another specimen, No. 223, collected at Fort Union, in 1853, by Dr. Suckley, agrees in all
respects except that the sides of the head are tinged with pale rusty. There is more white on
the legs, and the tail is pure white. The ears are rather shorter, although the specimen is
smaller.

A specimen, No. 69, collected in winter, at Fort Union, by Mr. Alexander Culbertson, is
pure white all over, with a yellowish tinge. The hairs on the back are snow white for half
their length from the base, then shading into very pale reddish brown, and finally tipped
largely with yellowish white. The central darker color, however, does not show except when
the fur is parted. On the sides of the neck and shoulders these hairs are slightly plumbeous at the
base ; along the flanks and beneath, as well as on the entire tail, they are pure white throughout.
The internal and external fringes are reddish white, the hairs brown at their bases; the tip of
the ear, for an inch, (except on the outer band,) is brown. The soles of the feet are yellowish.

The fur is very soft and full, more or less crimped and curled at the basal half. The long
scattered hairs on the back are two inches long ; the average of the fur about one and a half inch.

The skull (972) of the winter specimen, No. 67, compared with that of LD. callotis, (1191,)
of the same size, shows the molars further removed from the front of the canines ; the anterior
upper molar considerably smaller ; the zygomatic arch much lower anteriorly, and the sepa-
ration of the zygomata and the temples greater; the lower molars narrower ; the lower jaw
narrower and shorter.

This species inhabits the northern part of the United States from the Missouri river to
the Columbia. It is quite abundant on the Missouri, and extends as far south as the Platte at
Fort Kearney. Dr. Suckiey collected one specimen near Fort Boisé.

This species was first described by Dr. Richardson as the Lepus virginianus, supposing it to
be what is now known as L. americanus. Dr. Bachman gave to it the name of L. campestris,
and subsequently receiving a specimen from Mr. Townsend, and assured by him that it did not
turn white in winter, he named it LZ. townsendit. He has, however, since then suspected that
the L. townsendii did become white in winter, and was identically the same with L. campestris.
This supposition has been verified by the reception of specimens from Fort Union, both in
summer and winter dress ; the former agreeing precisely with a summer specimen collected by
Mr. Townsend on the banks of the Columbia river.

RODENTIA—LEPORIDAE—LEPUS CAMPESTRIS. 587

Additional specimens received since the preceding description was written substantiate the
identification of the white and gray hares of the upper Missouri. The summer skins vary but
little, chiefly in a yellowish wash to the gray of the back, and in the greater or less purity of
the white of the back of the ear. In one specimen, 456, this is of a snowy whiteness. In most
specimens the long tail is pure white thoughout ; in others there is a slight tinge of ashy along
the central line.'

1The following description and measurements are taken from Prince Maximilian :

Lepus virginimus, (campestris,) Pr. Max. Reise in das innere Nord-Amerika, I, 1839, 508. This hare in winter is entirely
snow white, except the tip of the nose, sides of the upper lip to the corner of the mouth, upper surface of the fore foot,
and outer border of the fore arm, which are beautiful yellowish red color, (coffee and milk). The ear is black at the tip,
more or less yellow on the anterior edge ; down each foe of the hind feet is a bright yellowish red stripe. The incisors are

yellowish ; the iris yellowish gray brown.

Measurements.
Inches. Lines.

Total length to end of caudal hairs -....- --------- 23 6
Wanltorenctowhainsp ee - ae osee nae e eee eee 5 +

NRE) 5) 0) ge 3 6
Renrthvofhesd ane scene cee re see wee een we 3 itis
Width of head between eyes.......--.------------ 2 1
Height of ear, (above crown) ---- =.2-.--..----.-- 4 6
Greatestiwidth) of earn == 2s— ssa a—- eee soma 1 8
IBMISHeR eos ao = oe wet te see ero es ee Ch i Pee See
Fore leg from elbow to tip of claws--------------- 6 9%
BOE Cke ONG Nae eee ae ee eine eee becaccetas 6}

: Pn G send) ee Oe ee ee ee ee 62
Hind fectsse n= anette nena ee eae ease ae ae ee 6 6
Circumference at thorax fe eee ase oa aes ae 13 5
Length from snout to end of outstretched hind foot-- 29 9

The largest specimen seen of this hare measured 25 inches from nose to tip of hairs of tail. Found above Fort Union.

588 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT,

Measurements of fresh specimens, made by Dr. Hayden.

A. 1794.

Inches. | Inches,

2 (ee a ee 2.00 2. 25

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rootof tails. 5- 2s2 ssa se Et oa eee cee eoee 21.00 22. 25

end of outstretched hind legs.----.--.-------- 29. 50 31. 50

Tail from root to end of vertebre._.-.-.-------------- 2. 50 3.25
AIS ee one coe ae ee 4.25 | 4, 50

Wars: height; postenlorly,o-2-=---eee ee eee eee e er 5. 25 5. 00
anteriorly 22 sess cera a ee ae ee 4.75 4,75

intermally above the skullei222 oe eo esl eee a | See
Width)o=-ceiecciecre cetera Seee ees eee 2.16 2.75
Arm, between claws across shoulder. ---.-----------.--|-------- 22.50
lengthrof, fore‘armsss22eh S22 sass -2 aan eso 12. 50 10. 50

from elbow, to endiot (Claws sess - ese = =e 6.50 7.75

fore footmorend Ol Clawseae sn] soe ae aamen = eee m ae 2.50 3. 00
longest claw!=-<2s=<2---2--seceeeesec eee eee eee - 50 td

Leg, from knee joint to end of claws.--.-------------- 10,138 10.75
$ibiac 2 she Sasa ee eee See ae ee 6. 00 6.00

hind foot from heel to end of claws -------------- 5.76 6. 00
longest claw 22222 -<-aecesseniene eee seo ee een ee Go| bem eeeem

589

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LEPORIDAE

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590 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

LEPUS CALLOTIS, Wagler.

Jackass Rabbit; Texas Hare.

Lepus callotis, Wacurr, Nat. Syst. Amph. 1830, 25.—In. Isis, 1831, 511.
Waaner, in Schreber Saugt. IV ; pl. cexxxiii, E. (original figure.)—Is. Suppl. Schreb. IV, 1844, 106.
Warernouse, Nat. Hist. Mamm. II, 1848, 138.
Avup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. IT, 1851, 95; pl. Ixiii.
GreBeL, Saugt. 1845, 449.
Lepus nigricaudatus, Bennett, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. I, 1833, 41.
Bacuman, J. A. N.S. Phil. VIII, 1, 1839, 84.
? Lepus flavigularis, Wacner, Suppl. Schreb, IV, 1844, 106.
? Lepus texianus, Wateruovuss, N. H. Mamm. II, 1848, 136, probably not of Aud. & Bach.

Sp. Cu.—Rather smaller than the European hare. Ears very long and broad ; nearly one-third longer than the head and
one-fifth longer than the hind foot. Hair on the buttocks short and close. Color above, yellowish gray, blotched and
lined with black. Upper surface of tail and central line of rump, black ; tail beneath, grayish white. Sides of rump, clear
ash gray. Legs, ashy. Nape, black, (sometimes whitish ?) Beneath, dull whitish, with a yellowish brown color on the
throat. A light ring round the eye. Tip of the posterior surface of the ear black.

In a considerable number of specimens before me of the Lepus callotis, I find appreciable
differences in color, length and texture of fur, and size of the ears, which, however, pass from
one extreme to another by such gradual stages as to leave very little base for subdivision into
species. In what may perhaps be considered as a typical specimen, (299,) the ears are nearly
one-third longer than the head, and at least one-fifth longer than the hind feet. The tail is
more than half the length of the ear. The prevailing color above is a yellowish gray, lined and
waved with black in irregular amount of aggregation ; the two colors quite distinct. The upper
part of the tail (all visible from above) is black to the bases of the hairs; this extending up the
rump for full the length of the tail, and separating on either side a patch covering the rump and
thighs of a whitish ash color, finely lined with black, and in strong contrast to the more yellowish
fur anterior to it, which is strongly blotched with black. The nape is sooty black. The
under parts of body are white, the collar on the throat alone of a pale dirty brownish yellow ;
the under part of the tail is grayish white. The long hairs on the anterior margin of the ears

_are brownish white ; the posterior margin of the ear pure white ; the back of the ear is dirty
brownish white ; posterior face and margin of the tip of the ear are black.

Nos. 134 and 252 agree in the black nape. In all the others the nape is grayish white, with
a brownish line down the centre. In some specimens there is a dusky tinge in the white. In
some specimens there is a very distinct yellowish white ring round the eye. Sometimes the
light color of the internal surface of the ear is a pure white in strong contrast with the terminal
black. The yellowish gray of the upper parts is sometimes rather more of a buff; never as
much as in the L. californicus, however.

In specimens from the Llano Estacado the fur is much fuller and longer. I can, however,
appreciate no other difference. The fringe of the ear is very long.

Several specimens collected by Dr. Suckley at Fort Boisé, on Snake River, Oregon, agree in
general characters, though differing in some respects. In one the fur.is very thin and
scant, being probably the old summer fur. The gray of the back is quite pure. The black of
the tail and rump very broad and distinct. The color of the nape cannot be made out. The
ears are as described ; the black at the tip behind about an inch long. The under parts are
of a smoky white ; of the tail rather more brownish.

RODENTIA—LEPORIDAE—LEPUS CALLOTIS, 591

In the other specimen (455) the fur is very long and full. The prevailing color above is
nearly a pure gray, blotched with black, the hairs being of this latter color subterminally for a
quarter of an inch. The fur in its length and fulness is much like that described from the
Llano Estacado ; the subterminal annulus, however, is much blacker.

It is barely possible that an additional species may exist in the central highlands of North
America; but for the present I prefer to consider the peculiarities described as rather the
result of a more elevated and boreal climate.

I have never met with any specimens having the peculiar characters of L. texianus of Aud.
& Bach. The nearest approach is in a pair of ears from Red River, Arkansas, in which the
prevailing color is more of a faded cinnamon.

This species is similar in general form to LZ. californicus ; the latter is, however, much more
cinnamon colored ; the under parts of the body, legs, and tail being of this color instead of
whitish. The legs appear to be rather longer and more densely padded.

An article on Z. callotis, based on other specimens, will be found in the report of the United
States Mexican Boundary Survey, and in this is a notice of a specimen collected west of San
Antonio by Mr. Clark, in many respects quite different from the typical Z. callotis, and ap-
proaching somewhat to L. flavigularis. In this specimen (301) the fur is much longer and
softer beneath ; the tail is very long, with the hairs, measuring 4.08 inches. The prevailing
tint beneath is light gamboge yellow instead of white. The nape is grayish, and the ears
tipped with dark brown. The feet are very densely furred beneath. There are also some
differences noted in the skull. These will be appreciated, in part, by the accompanying table
of measurements and proportions of the skull of this variety (1215) compared with two others of
the more typical Z. callotis.

The Lepus callotis will be found, from the list of localities given below, to have quite an ex-
tensive range, especially if the Fort Boisé specimens should really be the same. It has not yet
been found in California, and the locality given by Bennet for his nigricaudatus may be sup-
posed, from this evidence, to be much further south and east of that generally understood.
Thus far, if I recollect aright, not a single one of the species assigned by him to ‘‘ California,
adjoining Mexico,’”’ has been found in that State. The probabilities are, that they came from
the southern part of Sonora, west of the Sierra Madre, perhaps not far to the northeast of
Mazatlan, and from six to ten degrees south of California.

1 The L. texianus of Waterhouse agrees very closely with the pale naped variety of L. callotis here described, and if distinct
will be entitled to the name. The L. texianus of Audubon and Bachman appears sufficiently distinct from either.

592 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY---GENERAL REPORT.

Measurements of skulls.

No. 1215. No. 1191. No. 1118.
Skull.
Inches and | 100ths of | Inchesand) 100ths of | Inchesand | 100ths of
100ths. length. 100ths. length. 100ths. length.
} .
Total length? «cen ssacemesoasae eo seeees ee a= 3. 62 1.00 3. 60 1.00 3. 40 1. 00
Greatest width between zygomata --..---------- 1.75 - 48 1.72 48 1. 66 - 48
Distance between ante-orbital notches-_---------- 1,02 | . 28 1.00 . 28 . 84 25
Nagai bones Wenethist Utes oe 3 lee 1.50 -41 1,52 42 1.52 44
widile behinds 2222.28. Se est 222 - 84 - 23 74 . 20 -72 ail
befores soe sees ee eee ee 59 -16 - 50 214 p pepe cach Babee eee
Upper incisors from front to molars --.--.-------- 1.18 32 1. 22 . 33 1.05 - 30
hinder margin of palate 1. 54 43 1.54 - 43 1.42 42
ele hteee == eee - 36 -10 . 40 Ae (i ee eee (eS
width between external edges--..-- 26 . 07 . 23 “06> |-o. seapese [Sastmesaes
Upper molars, length taken together-....-..---- . 65 .19 . 67 -18 - 60 Sly
distance between.--.------------ .53 14 - 43 .12 46 | -13
ower sanilcneths sc. eee ee St a: 2.90 . 80 a 2.76 | .80
Ad eat Ml hs A EE 1.68). 45 1. 60 245 1.71 . 50

1 The measurement is to the anterior extremity of the nasal bones. To the anterior face of the incisors it is a little more.

593

LEPUS CALLOTIS,

RODENTIA—LEPORIDAE

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594 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

LEPUS CALIFORNICUS, Gray.
California Hare.

Lepus californicus, Gray, Charlesw. Mag. N. H. I, 1837, 586, (named only in Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. IV, 1836, 88.)
Bacuman, J. A. N. Sc. Phil. VII, 1, 1839, 86.
Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. IV, 1844, 110.
Warernousk, Nat. Hist. Mamm. II, 1848, 131.
Avup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. II, 1853, 53; pl. exii.
Grepet Saugt. 1855, 450.

? Lepus richardsonii, Bacu. J. A. N. Sc. VIII, 1, 1839, 88.
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. IV, 1844, 111.

Lepus bennettii, Gray, Zool. Sulphur, Mamm, 1844, 35; pl. xiv. (In color rather nearer Z. californicus.)

Sp. Cu.—Size large. Ears and hind feet much longer than the head, (the ears longest.) Tail as long as the head.
Limbs elongated ; not very densely furred. Fur rather soft. Upper parts light cinnamon and black. Sides of the body
anteriorly, chest, and outer surfaces of limbs cinnamon, with a slight mixture of black. Under parts whitish cinnamon on
the median line, darker externally and on the inner surfaces of the limbs. Tail dull cinnamon; the upper part anda line
ranning up a short distance on the rump, black. Extremity of the dorsal surface of the ear, with the adjacent edges,
black. Internal and external bands, dusky ; rest of the dorsal surface of the ear, with the posterior edge, fulvous white ;
rest of the external surface, with the anterior fringe, pale cinnamon. Under surface of the head lighter than the chest.
Bases of the hairs and fur above, grayish white ; below, white; on the sides, light plumbeous. Nape, dusky grayish.

General color above, mixed black and light cinnamon red; the longest hairs being light
smoky ash, or whitish ash, for about half the length, then dark sooty brown, then pale
cinnamon red, and tipped with black; the intermediate shorter hairs are similar but without
the terminal black. The fur proper is without the terminal black and sub-terminal cinnamon,
The sides are similar, but with less black. The under parts are a very pale cinnamon, becoming
darker along the edges of the abdomen, and the inner surfaces and edges of the limbs. These
hairs on the median region of the belly are nearly white at the base, but towards the sides
their bases are pale lead color, becoming darker externally. The sides of the body anteriorly,
the entire throat and chest for some distance from the fore leg, and the external surfaces of the
limbs are of a light cinnamon, but with very little black intermixed; a small proportion of the
hairs only have annulations of this color, and these principally the longer ones. The fur here, as
on the sides, is plumbeous at the base instead of ashy white, as on the back. The under part
of the head is of a dirty yellowish white, clearly defined against the band on the neck just
mentioned, where the fur is also much fuller. The nape behind the ears is covered with very
short fur of a smoky gray, without any median line of darker; the eyelids are cinnamon, the
sides of the head behind the eyes like the back, with less black.

The base of the dorsal surface of the ear is a pale fulvous white, this color running up on the
posterior margin of the ear, which is densely clothed with soft compact hairs. The same color,
less pure, extends over the rest of the dorsal surface or convexity, with the exception of the ex-
ternal band, hereafter mentioned, and about an inch of the tip, which is very dark brown, (this
color not invading the external band, except at the very tip.) The internal surface of the ear,
or the concavity, (with the exception of the internal band,) is like the dorsal, but more fulvous.
The internal and external bands (of Waterhouse) are mixed black and light cinnamon, like the
back. The anterior fringe is light cinnamon, with black tips to some of the hairs. The edge
of the upper part of the ear, opposite the dark patch, is also dark.

RODENTIA—LEPORIDAE—LEPUS CALIFORNICUS. 595

The tail is light cinnamon beneath and on the sides; above, it is black, this color extending
up on the rump for several inches. These black hairs become sooty brown towards their bases.
The long hairs on the soles and heels are dusky. There is a small white spot on the top of the
crown.

In the preceding account I have given a detailed description of askin from San Diego, the
locality whence Dr. Gray’s specimen was obtained, There is no great amount of variation in a
large number of specimens before me, from localities extending between the Colorado river and
Oregon. An extreme is seen in a very large skin from Petaluma, in which the cinnamon color
is everywhere considerably more intense. The basal fur of the back is not so pure white, being
strongly tinged with plumbeous.

The colors of this Petaluma specimen almost exactly resemble those of the European hare, L.
timidus. In the latter, however, the belly and tail (excepting the dorsal line of the tail) are
white, not cinnamon ; the medial black line of the rump extends much less forward ; the legs
are more rufous. The ears are very much smaller and narrower ; the hind feet rather longer ;
the fore feet considerably so.

The variations in this species consist chiefly in the depth of the cinnamon shade, and in the
introduction of plumbeous as an element of coloration in the under fur. The more northern

specimens are usually the larger,

GENERAL REPORT.

ZOOLOGY

AND SURVEYS

Ss. P. R. R. EXP.

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RODENTIA—LEPORIDAE—LEPUS SYLVATICUS. 597

LEPUS SYLVATICUS, Bachman.
Gray Rabbit.

Lepus nanus, Scureper, Saugt. II, 1792, 881; pl. cexxxiv, B. (In part only, especially the figure.)
Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 93; plate xxvii, fig. 1.
Waener, Suppl. Schreb. TV, 1843, 114.
Lepus americanus, DrsMAREsT, Mamm. II, 1822, 351. °
Hartayn, F. Am. 1825, 193.
Avup. Orn. Biog. II, 51; plate.
Bacuman, J. A. N. Sc. VII, u, 326; plate xvi, fig. 3—4. (Har and foot.)
Tuomrson, N. H. Vermont, 1842, 48.
Lepus sylvaticus, Bacuman, J. A. N. Sc. VU, 11, 1837.—In. VII, 1, 1839, 78.
Warernovse, N. H. Mamm. II, 1848, 116.
Avp. & Bacu, N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 173; plate xxii.
Der Nord-Amerikanische Haase, Scuorrr, Der Naturforscher, XX, 1784.

Sp. Cu.—Hind leg, from heel, longer than the head by the length of the claws. Ears about two-thirds the length of the
head. Fur full, and moderately soft. Pads of the feet full. Back light yellowish brown, banded, and lined with black ;
this color extending along the anterior edge of thighs. Side much grayer; across the rump clear ash, gray and black.
Nape, fore legs, and outside of hind legs, yellowish rusty, anterior face of the latter whitish; throat, yellowish gray.
Lower parts pure white. Tail above. like the back; beneath, pure cottony white. Ears with the posterior edge whitish ;
the edges of the dorsal surface, towards the tip, black, the other portion, except the external band, ashy brown. Concavity
of ear whitish. Fur everywhere lead color at the base, except under the tail. Among the largest of the short-eared rabbits

of North America. Ears considerably shorter than the head ; measured from the base of the cartilage, of equal length.

No. 304. The dorsal region and the upper part of the tail exhibit a mixed yellowish brown
and black—this color imparted by the long hairs, which are lead color for two-thirds their
length ; then black, then yellowish brown, and then tipped with black. The fur proper is lead
color, except the extreme tips, which are blackish brown. The sides of the body and thighs
and throat are mixed yellowish gray and light brown ; the hairs being lead color at base, then
brownish white, shading into pale rusty, and then yellowish gray (the principal color) and tipped
with black. The entire rump, top, and sides, are of a much purer ashy gray, the black tips to
the hairs giving somewhat the appearance of concentric circles. The fore shoulders have a light
wash of rufous, this, in fact, invading the throat. The back of the neck and upper part of the
back, the fore legs all round, (paler internally,) the outer surface of the tarsus and lower tibia
are clear yellowish brown or pale rusty, more or less mixed on the hind legs with reddish white.
Along the anterior edge of the thigh is a band of the color of the back. The sides of the head
are reddish gray, with the black tips to the hairs obscurely arranged in crescent-shaped lines.
Whiskers are mostly black. Entire under parts, with the exceptions stated, pure white, with
a patch of pale rusty along the groin.

The ears are nearly naked on their concave surface, except posteriorly and terminally ; on the
back part of the ear the hairs are quite sparse. The posterior edge of the ear, with the anterior
fringe, are rusty white, the internal and external bands like the back; the latter clear pale
rusty towards and around the tip of the ear; the former, with a concentration of black hairs
superiorly so as to form a dark line on the anterior flexure, running into a dark brown margin
around the tip of the convexity of the ear. The remaining portion of the dorsal surface of the
ear is a mixed dark ash and brown, paler below where it runs into the rusty of the nape. The
fur everywhere is lead color at the base except under the tail, where it is pure white.

528 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The fur is everywhere full, especially on the rump. The under surfaces of the fect are
broadly and densely furred.

Measurements of fresh specimen.

No, 304. No. 304.
Nose to occiput ~.-------------- pete Sars 3. 25 Arm, between claws across shoulder--------- 17. 25
OY se eee RS ee Sees 1.93 Jength tof forevarms =-2--- --5-s--- === 3.08
Ce EE ni OS ee een | 3.17 from elbow to end of claws------------ 4.75
MOOGOU bale eee oe eat leit 16.75 » fore foot to end of claws..----.------- 1.93
end of outstretched hind legs --------- 26.75 longest Clawis-s2a<-===== === e==eeee 25
Tail from root to end of vertebre-.----------- | 2.00 Leg, from knee joint to end of claws--.------ 7.50
hiairs'===-+-- == eee 2.75 PD ett oe lee eae = 3.42
Ears, height posteriorly .-------------------- 3. 00 hind foot from heel to end of claws- ---- 3.58
SGOT ee oe te 2.93 longesticlany = en .-sosaeneesee==aeee ee .33
internally above skull ------ ---- 3.00
WAL a mee meas GECSCORE ame Sane 1.75
Measurements of skulls.
No. 1227. Skin 305. No. 1231. | Another skull.
Inchesand| 100ths of || Inchesand) 100ths of | Inches and | 100ths of
100ths. length. 100ths. length. 100ths. length.
|
Natalislen gihleaesee= aes aaa eee nes ee 2.77 1.00 3. 00 1.00 || 2. 85 1.00
Gretestiwidthie se eeeees ese aa eee a 1. 46 . 62 1. 40 AT 1. 43 -50
Distance between orbits....-.------------------ . 68 24 oth) 23 || . 80 oe
Nasal bones, length_--:-.-.--.=-.------------- 1. 20 -43 1. 28 +43 1. 20 42
widthebehineite. 222s a== see eee - 58 - 20 - 60 - 20 . 67 - 20
id thuherOLewhe ames eae = ae eee -37 .13 34 elit -41 14
Upper incisors, from front to molars------------- + 92 - 33 87 - 32 - 90 . 32
from front to hinder margin of palate 1. 20 .43 1. 28 243 | 1. 20 42
IDG 0 as Sa ee ee ae 25 -09 - 28 -09 | 25 .09
width between external edges ---- . 20 -07 22 07 . 20 . 07
Upper molars, length, taken together ----------- -55 - 20 . 56 -19 66 ot soeeeeee
distance between ---------------- - 43 -15 - 40 -13 Yee Sane
Muewer jaw, Jenptl--- 25 ea ene 2. 22 - 80 2. 38 .79 2.24 | ecpceeeeee
heiehticess .oe cease ee eee ees PHY -43 1.35 45 || 1.24 “|
hha aeo Se. boa Ae Re Eee ae RID 1. 27 3 al [poeeeeeacs | smecace a lee ry Sa ee

' These measurements are taken from occiput to end of nasals. The length is a little greater to the anterior face of the

Incisors.

Of a number of skulls of L. sylvaticus not entered in the list of specimens, the largest (1231,
from Washington) measured 3.05 + 1.41. This is the largest I have ever seen from the eastern
States. The rest ranged mostly from 2.80 to 2.95 in length by 1.35 to 1.49 in breadth. A
skull from Fort Des Moines, belonging to one of the skins, had a breadth of 1.55 ; this indicates

a very large size.

RODENTIA—LEPORIDAE—LEPUS SYLVATICUS. 599

In a large series of rabbits, from Iowa and Wisconsin, I find the average size considerably
greater than in the eastern States. There is a greater mixture of black on the back, where the
general colors also are grayer. The upper part of the tail is grayish. The fur beneath the
tips of the long hairs of rather a sooty plumbeous tinge, instead of the decided yellowish brown
of the eastern rabbit. The ears are more densely furred ; the inner and outer bands mixed
gray, brown, and black ; the cavity of the ear grayish white ; the back of the ear ashy white ; a
black margin encircles the dorsal surface of the ear, beginning a little above the anterior root,
and extending some distance round the tip. Notwithstanding the larger size, the ears appear
absolutely shorter than in the other. The white of the belly, too, appears more restricted.

Specimens from the southern States are rather smaller than those from Washington city, and
have the fur harsher and coarser, the ears thinner. Winter specimens show a greater amount
of black on the back than in those from Washington. This is also seen on the cheeks below
the ears.

The transition to the Z. artemisia is very gradual, and, in the case of several specimens from
the upper Missouri, I find it very difficult, if not impossible, to decide to which species they
belong. This is rendered the more difficult, from the fact that the western specimens of Z.
sylvaticus are more gray in color than the eastern ones, this being the color of artemisia also.

It is not a little remarkable that this, one of the best known animals of North America,
should not have received a distinct scientific name until 1837, when Dr. Bachman, to whose
critical investigations so much of the accuracy of our present knowledge of North American
species is due, gave to it the name of L. sylvatiews. The full history of the species will be found
detailed at length in the articles of Dr. Bachman, as quoted above. I will only remark, in
reference to the citation of Z. nanus of Schreber, that, while, from the unquestionable mingling of
the characters of L. americanus and sylvaticus in its diagnosis and description, it cannot be taken
as the name of the latter species, yet that the detailed description belongs mostly to sylvaticus.
Most of this was derived from the article of Schoepf, with unnecessary interpolations from
Forster and Pennant. The animal of Schoepf refers entirely to the Z. sylvaticus, as will be
clearly evident from the translation I give below ;! that of the two first mentioned authors, to
the L. americanus. The diagnosis of Schreber applies exclusively to LZ. americanus.

1Der Nord-Amerikanische Haase beschrieben von Johann David Schopf. Der Naturforscher, 20 Stiick, Halle, 1784.
[Written at New York, (March?) 1783.]

The North American hare has universally been confounded with the common European hare, (Lepus timidus, L.,) which,
however, is not found at all in this country, and differs greatly from the first named in more than one particular, Even
Kalm considered it merely as a smaller variety of the European hare, which was, perhaps, the reason why Linnzus makes
no mention of the American species.

The people of this country have no fixed name for the species, calling it sometimes hare, and sometimes rabbit. I have,
however, learned from various hunters that it is everywhere the same, and that they have never met with any animal
similar to the European hare. The greatest length of a full grown specimen seldom equals, or never exceeds, 1} foot, the
weight being about 2} or at most 3 pounds.

600 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS---ZOOLOGY---GENERAL REPORT.

[Note continued. }
The following table presents the dimensions of one of the largest of these hares in the London scale.
i
Inches. | Lines. | Inches. | Lines.
|
From tip of nose to anus. .------------- 15. |esecces= | Distance between the two inner orbital
anus to tip of tail---------..---- AP Westen fe oh 6 Ree Se aE Sr 1 2
UMeTUS see te tenet 2 2 | Between the outer orbital canthi---~---- 1 2
elbowsor fore arma. 2S. ec - 2 6 || Breadth of forehead between eyes...----|-~------- 7
carpal joint to end of longest finger_ 1 8 Lougenidiameterofieyes=- .co—2-5<-.-—s6)-see—oe 7
AONE 52 oe eons cee SSSI Se 3 2 From angle of mouth to tip of nose-----|---.---- 7}
tiblaitanene ae eee eee nes ase 3 5 lowerjaw-|-------- 5
heel to end of longest finger------ 3 2 | Total length of lower jaw-------------- ) el
tip of nose to tip of ear-..----.--- 5 4 || From hinder end of skull to shoulder
inner canthus of erbit- 1 5 blade2..vssksereten ee ee 2 5
inner orbital canthus to the base Distance between outstretched fore and
Of therm sett 1 3 A aa aig ie A | - 29
ensthtomean ss 2s asosse ae eee 2 5

Color. Forehead, cheeks, back, sides, arms, and thighs, light brown, mixed with black. The basal portion of each hair is a
clear gray, this passing insensibly into a feeble black, followed by a ring of variable breadth, and of a more or less light brown
or roe color. The tips of the hairs again are black fora considerable space. The long and stiff hairs are all as described ;
between them, however, is a softer, shorter, and waved fur, likewise gray at the base, then light brown, rarely with a black tip.

The throat is white ; the lower portion of the neck light brown; the tips of the hairs mostly white, never black ; rest of
under parts white ; the base of the fur, however, always gray.

The fore and hind feet are densely beset with short hairs of a clear, light brown, without black, shading off on the inner side
into grayish white.

The upper part of the tail is like the back ; the under portion entirely white ; this as well as the white hairs around the anus
are more wavy than the rest, and without the usual gray at the base.

The color is the same summer and winter, varying not the least in the coldest weather.

The two upper incisors project a quarter of an inch beyond their socket. Removed from the head, each forms an arch, the
two extremities half an inch apart.

The molars are five, distant three-quarters of an inch from the incisors,

The lower incisors are one line broad.

The length of the ears, measured in what way you will, never much exceeds two inches, five to eight lines. Brought for-
wards, they cannot be brought, without violence, to the tip of the nose, Laid back, they reach to the shoulder blade. The tips
are rounded off rather bluntly. Internally they have only a few thin, light hairs on the margin. On the outer margin there is
a very narrow black border half a line broad, and reaching to the tip, which itself is either not at all black, or else not more so
than the dusky border referred to. :

The iris is black. The sclerotica white.

This animal is far inferior in speed to the European hare. It makes its form usually in the bushes, but also in hollow trees,
clefts, and cavities in stone walls.

From the preceding description it will be seen that this species differs from the Enropean hare : 1, by its invariably smaller
size ; 2, by its weight ; 3, by its ears, which, a, if not shorter, at least are not longer than the head, 6, have blunter tips, with
only a narrow border of black, y, and are entirely naked behind.

From the rabbit it differs in the white eyes, and in not digging a burrow.—(The white eyes are erroneously given.)

N. B. The description of Schreber is taken almost entirely from Schoepff, with an occasional interpolation by Pennant and
others.

In comparing this description of the ‘‘ American hare ’’ by Schoepff with specimens, it will be found to form an exceedingly
admirable account of the common gray rabbit, such as is seldom found in the older writers. The most characteristic points are
found in the measurements; as, for instance, the hind feet, 3,%, inches ; the ears, 2;°5 inches, &c. The fur above is said to be light
brown; the basal portion gray, passing into a feeble black, followed by a ring of light brown, and tipped with black. In
L. americanus there is no subterminal black ring. The base of the fur beneath is said to be gray ; in L. americanus it is pure
white to the roots. The upper part of the tail is said to be like the back, the under part pure white to the roots ; in L. ameri-
canus it is of a sooty black above, very different from the back ; beneath it is of a smoky, light, plumbeous ash throughout.

There are many other distinctive features of the gray rabbit, as distinguished from L. americanus, which Schoepff presents in
his article so as to leave not the slightest uncertainty as to the species he had before him.

RODENTIA—LEPORIDAE—LEPUS SYLVATICUS.

List of

specimens.

601

Catalogue number.

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Correspond’g No. of skull.

2231

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Washington, Miss ......e+eeeesseeee
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Fort Des Moines, Iowa,

caescreadOreccncces ceveccecescocscs
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Fort Pierre, Nebraska...... ...++ees
Fort Union, Nebraska ....

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-| Oct. 28, 1856
Eighty miles above Council Bluffs...) .

When col-
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“Whence and how
obtained.

Nature of
specimen.

. 28, 1854
. 25, 1854 |
. 30, 1854
8, 1854
. 31, 1854
Oct. 20, 1855
Feb’y, 1856)
January, 1856

1856... 20000.
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Jan. 20, 1855
April 21, 1856
April 23, 1856

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July 19, 1856

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Tip of nose to occip.

Tip of nose to tail.

16.25
15.00
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602 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

LEPUS ARTEMISIA, Bachman.
Sage Rabbit.

Lepus artemisia, Bacusan, J. A. N. Sc. Phila. VUI, 1. 1839, 94.—In. in Townsend's Narrative, 1839, 329.
Warernovse, Nat. Hist. Mamm. IJ, 1848, 126.
Avup. & Bacn. N. Am. Quad. I, 1851, 272; pl. Ixxxviii.
Lepus artemisiacus, (BAcH.) Wacner, Suppl. Schreber, IV, 1844, 114.
? Lepus nuttalli, Bacu, J. A. N. Sc. Phila. VI, 1837, 345; pl. xxii—In. VII, 1839, 79.—Is. Townsend’s Narr.
1839, 313.
Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. IV, 1844, 116.
Wareruovuse, N. H. Mamm. II, 1848, 122.
Aup. & Bacn. N. Am. Quad. II, 1851, 300; pl. xciv.

Sp. Cu.—Among the smallest of the American rabbits ; considerably less than J. sylvaticus. Ears about as long as the
head. Tail moderate. Hind feet longer then the head; very densely padded. Fur soft and full.

Above, mixed black and brownish white; the black much developed posteriorly. Sides rather paler. Thighs and
rump gray. ‘Tail above like the back. Back of the neck and fore legs rust color. Throat and sides of the neck with a
tinge of pale rusty; along the edge of the abdomen this color concentrated almost into a lateral stripe ; paler than the
back of the neck. Edge of the ear whitish; external and internal bands grayish brown. ‘The internal face rusty at base,
then hoary, as on the exterior, for much of the surface. A narrow margin of black along the tip. Fur nowhere passing

from the basal lead: color to dark brown without an intermediate bar of yellowish brown.

Size considerably less than L. sylvaticus. Ears about as long as the head, pretty well furred.
Feet moderate, very densely clothed with fur. Fur everywhere rather soft and full, especially
ontherump. Tail moderate.

General color on the back, mixed black and brownish white, the former rather predominat-
ing. Sides lighter and with less of black, the transition, however, not abrupt. Rump and
sides of thighs ash gray and black, different from the back. Upper part of the neck, clear
pale rufous ; this color seen also on the outside surface of the fore legs. The under surface of
the head white; the abdomen and inside of limbs white, with a tinge of yellowish rufous,
especially about the thighs ; this tint concentrated along the edge of the abdomen almost into a
band. The under part and sides of the neck are yellowish brown, decidedly different in tint
from the sides of the body posteriorly. The anterior edge of hind legs is white tinged with
rufous. Tail above like the back; beneath, white. The ears are whitish on their posterior
edge. At the base of their dorsal surface they are rufous, shading into a very pale tint of the
same, then ashy. A narrow border around the tip of the ear is black; the external bands
mixed grayish and brown, like the lower part of the back. The inside of the ear is ashy white,
brightest along the margin above ; the internal band is like the external.

The fur is everywhere lead color at the base. On the anterior portion of the back, below the
rufous portion, it shades into rufous, then brown, then light yellowish brown and with a slight
tip of black ; proceeding towards the rump the rufous bar becomes more brown, then paler and
paler, until the prevailing tint here is brownish white or gray. The subterminal brown band
continues much the same until near the ramp, when it gradually almost disappears. The sub-
terminal light bar is anteriorly very light yellowish brown, then becomes paler, until it is light
gray posteriorly. The black ends to the hairs are much developed on the back. On the sides
the colors are lighter to begin with, and become paler posteriorly to such an extent that, on the

RODENTIA—LEPORIDAE—LEPUS ARTEMISIA. 603

thighs, the subterminal brown band is an obsolete trace, separating an ashy white portion from
a gray. The same condition prevails on most of the rump.

The preceding description is made from a very finely colored specimen from Chihuahua, which I
have referred to the Lepus artemisia of Bachman. Although it does not agree exactly with
his description, compared with a specimen, No. 86, brought from the Columbia river by Town-
send, there are no essential differences. The principal distinction is a less degree of black.
There is a little more black on the tip of the ear; the ear, too, is a little more fully furred. A
specimen collected by Dr. Suckley, on the Missouri river, 100 miles above Fort Union, agrees
precisely with those from Chihuahua.

A small hare from between San Antonio and El Paso, collected by Mr. Clark, differs in some
points, and especially in the prevalence of a yellow tint over those portions of the body usually
light-colored. I would have less hesitation perhaps in separating it from L. artemisia on this
account, did I feel assured that this coloration has not been caused by the skin while in alcohol,
having become impregnated with some foreign substance. The ears have less hair upon them,
and the black tip is more decided ; for the present,however, I prefer to call this Z. artemisia.

Measurements of skulls.

Skull. Inches. | 100ths of | Inches. | 100ths of
length. length.
Total length (to end of nasals)_-----.-----..-.---..-- 2. 64 1.00 2. 54 1. 00
Greatest width=~--- so —. ssasce ec sceette woo nee tacee 1. 36 51 126 -49
Distance between lorbits!. =. - 222 <5 = 2.5.2 2s tac cease - 68 » 25 - 64 25
*Nasal bones, length-.-..------ eee ead er ose t 1.12 43 1.09 .43
Width peli mae en aan eee ace ones - 56 21 - 50 . 20
petore —- ae = ae eo cone ee secee - 36 -13 BE -13
Upper incisors from front to molars__----------------- - 86 - 33 . 84 -33
hinder margin of palate---- 1,15 43 1. 06 -42
heightSo_ 32. 3ee2. Jee eet 31 -1l 28 wl
width between external edges----------- sal) 07 - 16 - 06
Upper molars, length taken together--.--------------- - 48 -18 -43 -17
distance: befween':s =.= es soso esaeacs . 37 -13 -31 12
Mower jaw, lengths -- 2-25 oa-= 25 cauessee-seo- acess 2. 07 . 78 1.94 . 74
REIERG. sa cee ina e es ec eae we ee 1. 26 48 1. 24 - 48
BCE LES Se Ae seen ean ee a ae 2.11 . 80 2.04 . 76

These skulls are from the Texas plains. They were measured a good.while ago, before being entered, and cannot now
be readily identified.

Since preparing the preceding article a large number of additional specimens have been
received from various localities, and I have been very much perplexed in the attempt to find
satisfactory characters for distinguishing the Lepus artemisia and sylvaticus. Thus taking a
skin of each, one from Fort Dalles, O. T., (992,) and one from Washington city, (465,) both males,

601 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

in winter, I find but little difference in size; the feet very nearly the same length—those of
992 a little shorter, and the pads deeper and fuller. The ears of 992 are absolutely a little
larger and broader. The general color is grayish instead of yellowish red, or reddish brown,
the subterminal black bar less distinct. The ears are more fully furred, and more hoary on
their dorsal surface.

The specimens from the plains of the Columbia are all remarkable for the softness of fur, the
amount of hair on the ear, and the density and depth of the fur of the pads of the feet. Those
from the plains east of the Rocky Mountains, in Texas and New Mexico, are of shorter fur on
the body and pads, and the ears thinner, rather narrower, longer, and more pointed.

They are of rather smaller size, though this would not appear from the measurements given
in the following table, but the longest mentioned are very much over stuffed. A rather darker
hue is discernable in some than in those further north.

With every willingness on my part I have been unable to find any satisfactory distinctions of
species in this series, owing, possibly, to the fact of the imperfect condition of most of the Texas
skins.

Should the small Texas hare of Audubon and Bachman be really the LZ. bachmani of Water-
house, as asserted by him, and identical with the Columbia river and Missouri species, then this
name will have priority over artemisia; if different, it will still remain to be determined
whether ZL. nuttalli be not really an immature specimen of the little sage rabbit. An examina-
tion of the specimen of Lepus, now in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural
Sciences, upon which this species was based by Bachman, satisfies me that it is a very young
animal, far from being mature, and that, consequently, it has no real existence in nature as the
smallest known of all hares. Every feature about itis that of a half-grown animal, as shown by
the comparative shortness of the ears, the oblique inclination of the upper incisors to each other,
the soft shapeless woolly texture of the fur, &c.

Although no absolute certainty can be arrived at in regard to its exact character, the proba-
bilities are that it is the young of Lepus artemisia, which is the only small hare that inhabits
the region where it was found. It has the rather long full tail of this species, its long well-
furred legs, and other features which distinguish the L. artemisia from L. trowbridgii. The
name of nuttalli has precedence of one year over bachmanit, and two over artemisia.

A very young rabbit, (1161,) (as shown by the teeth, in which the anterior molar is not yet
up in place,) collected by Dr. Newberry, at Rhett Lake, agrees very strikingly with the descrip-
tion and dimensions of ZL. nuttalli, as does also No. 258, from Fort Pierre.

605

LEPUS ARTEMISIA.

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606 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

LEPUS BACHMANI, Waterhouse.

Bachman’s Hare.

Lepus bachmani, Waternovse, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. VI, 1838, 103.
Bacuman, J. A. N. Sc. Phila. VIII, 1, 1839, 96.
Warernouse, N. H. Mamm. II, 1848, 124.

Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 35; pl. cviii, (description and plate from Waterhouse’s
specimen. )

Se. Cu.—Size less than that of L. sylvaticus. ars, tail, and tarsi shorter in proportion. Ears dusky along the anterior
edge ; above very sparingly clothed with hair. Above yellowish brown mixed with black ; the fur on the posterior half of
the back lead color at base, then dark sooty brown, yellowish brown, and black, there being only one bar of rusty or
yellowish brown on the hair; fur everywhere gray at base, Sides and fore feet much paler, and with less brown. Sides of

rump gray. Back of neck, fore legs, and hind legs in part dull brownish rusty. Under parts dull white.

This species is somewhat less in size than L. sylvaticus, and seems remarkable for its small
head and ears compared with ‘the size of the body. The orbit is equally small in its propor-
tions. The ears are a little shorter than the head, and are very scantily furnished with hair.
That on the external band is very short and close; the internal scarcely perceptible, while the
rest of the two surfaces appear almost naked, although a close examination shows short scattered
hairs. The fur over the body generally is rather short, especially on the abdomen. The legs,
too, are scantily furred ; in this respect somewhat like L. palustris. The hair, however, is not
so stiff anywhere, especially on the feet. The tail is short.

The general color of the upper parts is a yellowish brown, lined and banded with black. On

‘the sides and throat this brownish turns to yellowish gray ; lower down, or along the color of the
belly, there is a very light rusty tint. The fore legs and the back of neck, from the occiput to
between the shoulders, are rusty chestnut; this color extending further than usual down the back,
quite broad, and the hairs very short. The color is lighter on the sides of the neck above. The
neck beneath is colored like the sides; the belly and under part of the head brownish white ;
the anterior edge of the hind legs dull whitish ; the posterior dull rusty. There is a general
dark effect on the sides of the head produced by the black hair; this not arranged so clearly in
crescentic bands. The edge of the orbits is black, especially above ; around the eye a rather
distinct circle of rusty whitish. The ears are very plainly colored ; dull yellowish white at the
base interiorly ; the short scattered hairs blackish; the external band like the back, with a
crowding of black along the anterior margif, and a narrow dusky margin to the superior half
of the ear, and passing a short distance round to the posterior edge. On the external edge of
the ear the internal band is very pale uniform yellowish ; the hairs on the remaining surface,
with the anterior fringe, grayish white.

The fur is everywhere lead color at the base ; on the back it gradually passes into black, then
yellowish brown, and slightly tipped with black.

Compared with L. sylvaticus, the head, feet, tail, and ears are shorter in their proportions.
The rusty on the back of the neck and legs is less bright. The ears are much more scantily
haired. A striking distinction is observable in the fur of the lower part of the back. This is
lead color at the base, then dark sooty brown to black, then yellowish brown, &c. In
L. sylwaticus, on the contrary, the lead color passes through pale rusty to brown before reaching

RODENTIA—LEPORIDAE—LEPUS BACHMAN]. 607

the yellowish brown, the dark brown being thus between two light bars, instead of a light and
lead colored one.

The skull of this species is intermediate in size and shape between those of sylvaticus and
artemisia. Itis less curved than in either, the horizontal crest of the upper part of the occipital
region standing further from a horizontal plane. The post-orbital processes are fused behind
with the cranium, enclosing a foramen instead of a notch. The character of the skull is
entirely different from that of L. palustris.

Measurement of a skull.

; ne
Skull.
Inches and) 100ths of
100ths. length.

Wotal length) to end of nasals)....--.-..s.s.ccaocen--s 2. 68 1.00
Greatieshawidulleniaaces sete cee epee ee aon on eee ie 1. 30 . 48
Distance between ante-orbital notches.......-.--.....- - 63 . 23
Nasal. bones, lenpth = 2. a2-s-sesscceus-~sneecensasae 1215 . 43
widthibehind\:*22ese 10. oo eae ee ceas - 50 = UG)
efore Aten ons ee ee ae 34 .13
Upper incisors from front to molars ---- ---------.-.-- . 86 . 32
hinder margin of the palate-| 1 1i 41
heiphti22 22 eee asa sean eceencecee 26 09
width between external edges__--..-.-- . 28 . 10
Upper molars, length taken together__--_---.-...-.---- . 50 wo
distance between. --------- eS sss Lee: - 40 5 ile
bower jaw, lenpth, sou sfesso0 sto ase et tao ose Yan 15)
elo hie = sete ee ee a ae te 2G | tase!
CO ee a ie a a a ee eee 2. ony |e ee oe

The identification of this species with the L. bachmani of Waterhouse is with some considerable
degree of uncertainty, although the characters agree better than with any other before me. I
had previously given this name to a widely different species (Z. audubonii) from California,
chiefly on the ground of locality, although recognizing many differences. The locality of Cali-
fornia, as given by Audubon and Bachman to Waterhouse’s specimen, isapparently very incorrect,
as this author gives ‘‘ southwest portions of North America, perhaps California.’’ In another
article, however, he speaks of a specimen of ZL. palustris as having been received in the same
collection. This renders it much more probable that Texas was the ‘‘ southwest portion of
North America’’ referred to, as the skin of L. palustris, described by Gray under the name of
L. douglassii, var. 2, was in all probability a portion of the Texas collections of Douglas.

The specimen 234 agrees pretty well with Waterhouse’s measurements, allowing for rather
larger dimensions, (Waterhouse suspected his animal to be rather immature.) The difference
in the length of the ear is probably owing to the fact that his measurement was made from the
extreme end of the cartilage, while mine is from the projection above the skin anteriorly. The
character of having the fur on the back lead colored, then almost black, then with a subterminal

608 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

pale bar, as described, is a very peculiar one, only found in some small California species, (other-
wise very different,) and in the LZ. aquaticus and palustris. The only important discrepancy is
in regard to the feet, which are said to be densely furred, while in the specimens before me they
are scantily furred, intermediate in this respect between ZL. palustris and sylvaticus. How constant
this character may be here, I do not know; but if the species be not bachmani, I know not how
otherwise to identify it in the many hundreds of skins of hares before me from all parts of
North America. It cannot be either of the small California species, as I shall endeavor to show
hereafter, while its reference to the small hare of the high plains of Texas and New Mexico, as
made by Audubon and Bachman, is prevented by the peculiarity of color of the dorsal fur, which,
in these Texas animals just mentioned, has the fur plumbeous at base, then reddish, then dusky,
and then the subterminal yellowish brown bar, instead of a nearly black bar immediately suc-
ceeding the plumbeous, to be followed by the yellowish brown annulus.

At any rate, this species is very different from any other American hare except bachmani ; and
rather than run the risk of loading science with a new synonym, I place it, for the present at
least, under this species. Its scantily furred and short feet approximate it to L. palustris ; but
it is otherwise very different in texture of fur, color, skull, and all important characters.

List of specimens.

= Measurements.

2

an

Om =

ro) 2 : 3 rc
ee B12 | 8 Bee
= z Locality. Whence and how obtained.| Nature of = ie 5B = = a a
= to x = be Rg = =| = 5 ~
E = specimen. & K S 3 2 & | 5 e
= 3 2 3) a = os a C7 = ° 2
o A m 8 Ss = = - = =a ~ ee
= a ° ° ° 9 = = = r=) ° °
8 @ = = = 2 ia (ei = Fae ere Pp || =
gs] a er | ee arte oe Ue eel et Py yf
re 5 3 3 ° = ‘3s Ss oS Cc)
6 | 38 2 |e | Blobs |e hee] a | | eae
234 | 1193 | Brownsville, Texas ...... Lieut. Couch,...eseeeeee SKIN .cccccesfeccece 2.60 | 12.60) 1.25 | 1.58 | 3 00 | 2.72 | 1.35 | 2.35 |....06
243 | 1234 |...cceeeee dO is isiviewisiene coos Capt. Van Vliet ........- vidOscccccceve 1,25 | 2.70 | 15.00} 1.33 | 1.66 | 3.00 |...... 1.32 | 2.10] 2.42

LEPUS AUDUBONII, Baird.

Audubon’s Hare.

Sr. Cu.—Size a little less than that of L. sylvaticus ; ears longer than the head ; hind feet rather short, not longer than the
ears ; fully furred beneath. ‘Tail rather long.

Above, mixed yellowish brown and black, paler on the sides and throat; beneath, pure white. Thighs and rump grayish.
Back of neck rusty ; fore legssomewhat similar. Hairs lead color at the base, on the middle of the back (over the loins) passing
directly through dark brown to black, then yellowish brown ; on the sides, rump, and fore part of back, the passage into the
first brown or black ring is through grayish, yellowish, or reddish brown.

Size less than Z. sylvaticus ; ears longer than the head, moderately coated with hair inside and
out. Fur rather harsh, but softer than in L. sylvaticus. The feet smaller in proportion ; well
furred beneath, about asin L. sylvaticus. Tail rather long.

The general color of the fur above is a rich yellowish red brown, more yellowish on the sides.
On the back this color is mixed with black, on the sides with brown. The sides are without
the gray tint of L. sylvaticus; this, however, occurs to a certain extent on the rump and outside
of the thighs. The color of the back runs down the sides along the anterior edge of the thigh,

RODENTIA—LEPORIDAE—LEPUS AUDUBONI. 609

as in many species. The upper part of the tail is like the back, but grayer, the rest pure white
to the roots. Head beneath and under parts generally, pure white, with a slight tinge of
yellowish rusty externally, this color glossing the adjacent regions of the sides. The throat is
like the sides. The nape and upper part of neck to between the shoulders are uniform pale
rufous, deeper behind, where it tinges the variegated hairs of the back. The posterior edge of
fore limbs and the inner of the hind ones, with the upper face of the hind feet, are pure white ;
the upper surface of the fore feet somewhat similar, but much mixed with rusty. There is a good
deal of light yellowish brown on the sides of the head. The dorsal surface of the ears is like
the back of the neck at their extreme roots, then abruptly grayish or greenish white ; this color
pervades the rest of this surface, especially along the posterior margin and edge of the ear;
superiorly, however, it runs into a clear decided black, which covers the tip of the ear, including
both edges, to the extent of more than half an inch. The external band is mixed gray and
black, with scarcely any yellowish, and the hairs are very close pressed ; along the anterior
margin, just within the anterior fringe, dusky predominates, so as to be continuous with the
black tips. The anterior fringe, with the whole concavity of the ear, are of a greenish white,
the hairs brownish at the base along the internal band, and slightly rusty along the tips.

The hair is everywhere lead color at the base, except on the back of the neck and part of the
tail; darkest on the back. In the middle of the back it passes directly through dark brown
into black, then yellowish brown and tipped with black. On the fore part of the back, in the
region of the rufous margin, the lead color changes into rusty. On the sides the lead color
passes into very pale yellowish brown, which on the thighs is rather grayish. On the posterior
portion of the back the lead color passes first into pale yellowish brown, and then has a grayish
tint, especially on the whole rump.

This species may be distinguished from Z. sylvaticus by its smaller size, proportionally longer
ears, with their closer fur and well marked black tips and gray and black external band, shorter
feet, &c. There is more red in the color of the back of LZ. sylvaticus, in which, too, the hairs
on the back pass from lead color, through a yellowish brown or rusty, intothe brown, and the
rufous nape is lead color at the base. There is more difference between the back and sides,
and the line of separation more strongly marked. J. palustris has the ears much shorter and
more obscurely marked, the fur harsher, the feet more scantily clothed ; in fact, different every
way. The color is darker than in L. artemisia, the ears much longer, the tarsi shorter and
more thinly padded.

Without any authentic specimen of L. bachmani for comparison, this species appears to differ
from the descriptions of Bachman and Waterhouse, in still longer ears, which are decidedly
black at the tips.

The tail is much longer, (2 to 3 inches instead of 1.25,) the hind feet considerably shorter in
proportion. The colors are somewhat similar, and there is a close coincidence in the absence of
any sub-basal light rusty bar to the fur on the back. I have, however, found some specimens
from the lower Rio Grande of Texas which I consider much nearer the true LZ. bachmani, and,
as they are widely different from the subject of the present article, I have no alternative but
to impose upon it a new appellation. I have therefore given it the name of John James
Audubon, the world-renowned naturalist, artist, and author—the honored teacher, friend, and
benefactor of the writer of these pages.

77 L

610 U. S. P. R R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The species I here describe appears to be restricted to the coast of California, as, of the
numerous small hares in the collection before me, from Texas and New Mexico, all belong to
another species. It is possible that, in referring to Lepus bachmani as abundant in Texas,
Audubon and Bachman had this other species in view, which I have considered the same with

L. artemisia. :

Iist of specimens.

= Measurements.

a}

“ :

r=) pel! ==" ge -
8 |s 2|/£/3 el¢
= 4 Locality. When Whence and how | Natureof| _ 2/8 —la|./| | &| Collected by—
I = A collected. obtained. jspecimen,) & . CY SSNS Mee a) 1 Se apa aes
= =| 3 2 = glu |S /"/3/5/5
2 & Ey 8 Ss Elals [ee loia| we
3 ° a o/o|/°;9 o| 6
& a |s ° ° a ese
2) we els A Se Nel 1) ele
=) 8 | 2|/ 3 |2\/2/5/8|2\2\2
O15 |a 2|/ 2 /e|el/ajal/e |i

| as | ane fm ae eee

309 |....0. eee! Presidio, Cal.....+.|scceee ee ecvece Lt. W. P. Trowbridge.| Skin ..../3.00 14,501,50'2.25 3 LF) ooes| over 20 %0\3: 08) ve cses cone eee
1163 | 2045 |....] San Francisco, Cal. |.... esses. eee Lt. Williamson ......|..d0...... 3.20 15,00....|..../3.052,.66)1.34 3.00). Dr. Newberry...
LEGIT Bee aar ».-.| San Diego, Cal..... Feb. 19, 1856 | Dr. J. F. Hammond ..|..do...... sereleeeeelees|seee lees |seeelenee | ceeeleecalenenenas tens ees
1594 |...... S)i Res d0sccaccsesene Dec. 28, 1855 | ........ dOsacc-csceese lapd0sceeee 3,93} AAS50) | o-(B. US| scan |oeetteoes 2280 lvene|seeiemenne sass
1596 |....0. Gillessoer MOrMeoeiseeenl| sacet losses nae lace LOnsameelone«ci| SadOueiseeell eteey eLLN 00 2.00)... 3.25] secveenees seeees

LEPUS TROWBRIDGII, Baird.
Lepus trowbridgii, Barrp, Pr. A. N. Sc. Phila. VII, April 1855, 333.

Sp, Cu.—Size small, less that of L. auduboni. Head small. Ears about equal to it in length. Tail very short, almost
rudimentary ; hind feet very short, well furred, considerably shorter than the head. Color above, yellowish brown and dark
brown, beneath, plumbeous gray. Sides not conspicuously different from the back, but paler. Back of neck pale rusty. Ears
grayish and black on the external band ; ashy gray elsewhere, with little indication of darker margin or tip.

No. 310. Size considerably smaller than Z. sylvaticus. Head small, orbit small. Ears about
as long as the head. Tail very short, almost rudimentary. Hind feet very short, densely
furred. Fur of moderate length, softer than in ZL. sylvaticus. ~

The upper parts generally are yellowish brown, paler than in Z. sylvaticus, mixed with dark
brown (not black). The sides, with the throat and chest, are paler, not conspicuously different
from the back. The prevailing tint of the under parts is ashy, mixed with lead color and gray,
the former predominating ; the under part of the head ashy gray. The sides and the tip of the
snoutare ashy. The nape and back of the neck are light rufous; a very slight tinge of the
same on the legs and upper surface of the hind feet, which are whitish. The ears are quite
plainly colored. On their dorsal surface they are rusty at the extreme base, then ashy; the
external bands mixed gray yellowish, red, and brown, the prevailing tint, however, grayer than
on the back. There is very little, if any, indication of a duskier margin anteriorly, where the
fringe is grayish. On the concavity of the ear the hairs generally are grayish ; somewhat
variegated on the internal band.

The fur is everywhere lead color or dark ash at the base ; on the back generally it shades into
a kind of chestnut brown ; it is then yellow brown and slightly tipped with brown. The sub-
terminal dark ring is thus a chestnut brown, not black as in LZ. auduboni, and has a lighter
shade of the same between it and the ash color. On the sides the arrangement is somewhat

RODENTIA—LEPORIDAE—LEPUS TROWBRIDGII. §11

similar, but the shades are paler and the basal lead color more extended. Beneath, the hairs
are principally lead color, but pass gradually into ash gray. The tail is dark brown with ashy
and rusty tips to some of the hairs; the under surface at the base is white, very little con-
spicuous.

Another specimen (311) from the same locality is smaller and the colors purer. The rufous
on the back of the neck is paler and there is less on the hind legs. The sub-terminal dark bar
on the back is very dark brown, separated from the basal lead color by a faint, rusty tint. On
the sides this bar is lighter, and that separating it from the lead color is broader and more
distinct. The ears are similar, with a rather duskier margin anteriorly.

in a third specimen (312,) from the same locality, still smaller, the back of the neck is still
paler, being, in fact, almost grayish in the middle. The basal lead color of the hairs on the
back is still more extended and the throat more rusty. The belly is rather more silvery.

The three specimens of this very curious little species were collected somewhere on the coast
of California, by Lieutenant W. P. Trowbridge. They come from Monterey or San Francisco,
immediately on the coast. The lead color or ashy gray of the belly is quite peculiar among
American rabbits, not having been observed in any other species. The very short hind feet are
also peculiar. In these characters it is readily distinguished from others of the same size. Its
closest alliance is to Z. auduboni, as described in this report; from this it is distinguished by
the shorter and uncolored ears, very short tail, shorter hind feet; less black in the dark
markings, the fur on the back passing from lead color through pale rusty to brown, &c.

A large additional series of specimens received since the preceding description was prepared,
verify the claims of this species and enable me to extend somewhat the account of it. The most
perfect of these (from Santa Clara, California, 1183,) is rather darker on the back ; the band on
the throat is very broad and is entirely destitute of any rufous tinge, the color being like the
sides, or a yellowish brown gray lined with black.

In winter the fur appears a good deal longer, and the preponderance of black is so great
as almost to impart this hue to the back.

There seems to be a good deal of difference in the length of the ears, although these always
maintain the character by which they are distinguished from LZ. auduboni, the species with
which they are associated, namely, the absence of any black edging to the tip of the ear. The
feet and tail are always much shorter, and the under parts much less pure white.

612 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

List of specimens.

= | « Measurements.
z
3 | Pan ee ee ae lignes
2\s| | 3 Blal@i(Sl2/2l/Fls
alc] : - = >| 5 213 13 | & | & | Coltectea
=| : Locality. Whencol-| Whenceand how | Nature of a © Ns HS Cee Neal en ollecte:
= . . y 2 } , - = 5 S S cleal*#ls = ¢
f&la2|& lected. obtained. specimen.| 2 | 5/8] = St Veh foci fe Bat P=) Py
5 ao = o|/o/} 6 S = lzisis ls Sea] el ee
lal Selo |ho ° P19 lalsg|s els|o
S al TE) a=] = = = elo = s = rl
ele|n e212] 8 jslsleleleliaigis
Siri HR q a = Sede
5/8 |a zl2\z|2 [6/8 /3/aljAale |e |e
| ———| — — ——
! }
1871|....| San Francisco.....+.. [seesersees| LEWD. Trowbridge SKU...) +200]e selec | saree |eeee ees) a be 1+ }2.5911.95)..0.[e00. Ja cctanwawe
eens 1872)... do dO. so seeeee|eeeedOs celece. [oseeleere|ennens[erea|scesleece|seee|eeee|1.22]o000|eoes|oneecenane
3101935 .. Jt gacndae Skin ....|1.42)2.582.66 13.00) .42.
BIL}. ..sJoees seseeleeeeGO, ../1.25)2.422,50) 12.17] .50'.. seeeceens
BID| ie as|eoee «do. ../1,08)2.08 2.25) Bees
| )
705). wees} San Francisco, Calieses|.. ce ceeeee| seer veer Os ce eeees- ..do
706). “|e ..do
107). ca|cces|occceweeDO o coccecccccce|sacecccsee|sancuceedO's ovnaneed Flop mnae sae
1171 wa |cetoens- GOs es coscevess|essicecce Lt. Williamson ....}....d0. ..\ ee. 4 { berry.
669... -| Bodega, Cal...... Baa Feeoospees Lt. Trowbridge ....|....do... ..| T.A.Szabo
1183) ....}---! Santa Clata, Cal.......|sesesscece Dr. J. G. Cooper ...|....do. 26 FBgnc as] ecccce vee
2974)... |«---| Petaluma, Cal....sssees|coenssees E. Samiuels.......+ Skin,inal. 1,46)2.
D975) ..4.|oree|eren vee, dO stadews teense Snteseieess orem ane GOB ee soeee Poece ae Mee vIPE Sa
| | |
1590)... | San Diego, Cal... .| Mar., 1856, Dr. J. F. Hammond) Skin..... baa
1592)... | QO) |assenes d0jawes.-s . Feb.19,%56 -.do coles.
repeal OM Ba Benes GlD5 Adonascoeece | Feb.27,°56) ..do
| ' '

LEPUS AQUATICUS, Bachman.

Water Rabbit.

Lepus aquaticus, Bacuman, J. A. N. Sc. Phila. VII, 11, 1837, 319; pl. xxii, f. 2.—Is. VIII,1,18 ,78.
Warernuouse, N. H. Mamm. II, 1848, 112.
Aun. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 287 ; pl xxxvii-

Lepus douglassi, var. 1, Gray. Charlesw. Mag. I, 1837, 586.

Sp. Cu.—Considerably larger than L. sylvaticus. Head and incisors very large. Ears scarcely half the head; hind fee¢
shorter than the head ; pointed ; the claws uncovered. Tail as long as the ears. Color above, yellowish brown, closely lined
with black. Sides grayer. Tail above, rump, and legs, chestnut rusty brown. Tail beneath, and belly, cottony white; a
black spot on the forehead. Under fur on the anterior portion of the back, without any yellowish brown tip.

This species possesses many of the peculiar characteristics found in ZL. palustris, but differs
by several strongly marked characters. Like it, it is aquatic in habits, and the hind feet exhibit
the same slenderness, owing to the reduced depth of the pads; they are pointed at the toes,
instead of being bluntly truncated, and the claws are all distinctly visible.

This animal is of very large size, scarcely inferior in weight even to our western hares ; it is
certainly larger than ZL. americanus. With this bulk, the very short hind feet and ears give
to it a very peculiar appearance. The head and incisor teeth are enormously large in propor-
tion, the latter especially. The ears are very short, but little more than half the length of the
head ; they are very broad, and rounded at the apex. They are well covered with rather long
hairs, not very compactly arranged. ‘The feet are very short, considerably less than the head.
The pads are scanty, and the terminal portion of the foot is acute; the claws visible from
above. The tail is rather unusually long, with the hairs, equalling, or exceeding the ears.

The fur is very coarse and harsh, owing to the length and predominance of the bristly hair.

The predominant color of the upper parts and sides is a light yellowish brown, but so much
overlaid with black as to have this very prominent. In some specimens the black is much
aggregated ; in others it is more uniformly distributed. The sides are considerably paler, with

ae

RODENTIA—LEPORIDAE—LEPUS AQUATICUS. 613

less black. The rump, upper surface of the tail, outer and anterior surfaces of the feet, are
dark chestnut brown. The under half of the tail, the belly, and the under surface of the head,
with the lower part of the chin,-are pure cottony white ; the band across the lower part of the
throat is light yellowish brown. There isa black spot in the middle of the forehead between the
anterior base of the ears. The ears are hoary gray in their concavity, the margin of which,
however, is yellowish brown. The anterior band is grizzled like the back; the rest of the
back of the ear is dull ashy. There is much black on the sides of the head, sometimes
aggregated into a broad patch on the cheeks.

The under fur on the back, anteriorly, is lead gray, tinged with sooty at the tip. Towards
the rump, however, there is an infusion of yellowish brown in the tips. The bristly hairs are
black, with a median bar of yellowish brown. There is the usual chestnut brown patch on
the nape.

This species is readily distinguished from ZL. sylvaticus by its disproportionably larger head
and incisors and its absolutely larger size. The ears and hind feet are shorter, the latter mucn
thinner and more pointed. The tail is longer and narrower. The colors are somewhat similar,
but there is much more black on the back and head. The rump and legs are much redder, and
the fur on the anterior portion of the back lacks the yellowish brown tip.

This species is very similar in many characteristics to L. palustris, as in the short ears, and
short and slender hind feet, disproportionate size of skull and incisors, &c. The size is, however,
much larger ; the tail much longer ; the under parts of tail and belly pure cottony white, &c.

Measurement of skull.

No. 1228. ‘|| No. 1228.
3 4 a a
Skull. = Eo Skull. S So
onl =I ce a
o | oO
g eal | i) =
a ‘ok «| E S
| & a | 3 I
ie te asiet | 3 3S
| q S P| rr
= = bea =
Total length to end of nasals._--_------ 3. 40 1.00 || Upperincisor, height....-.--.-.---..-- . 34 - 10
Grenier Witthe an eases cca csscuanosees 1.61 47 || width between external
Distance between ante-orbital notches---| .84 24 | (So Eg ees ce eee 24 07
MOSH Op ih Gio 1 a Ee 1. 46 -43 i) Upper molars, length taken together---- - 66 19
wadth behind’ 5. ---..-- . 66 - 19 | distance between -------- -43 13
| |
width before..-..-----..-- ier. b +b). || Lower jaw, lengths...2---..<s-.-<---: 2. 80 - 82
|
Upper incisors from front to molars_---- 1, 14 . 34 | heiphtred=s-- Sosa eee. 1. 65 49
from front to hinder mar- | SUC eae ea ee ee 2. 68 79
gin of palate......-.-- 1.52 | .45 |

This measurement was made with a less accurate rule than that used for the table in the
introductory article.

It is a question whether Dr. Bachman and Waterhouse are correct in their identification of
the Lepus aquaticus of Bachman with the Z. douglassi, var. 1 of Gray. Waterhouse gives a
much more elaborate description of Gray’s specimen than the author does; in the course of
which he mentions that the ears are rather shorter than the head ; the abdomen rufous yellow,

614 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

inclining to white; ears internally clothed with yellow hairs, becoming almost rufous at the
point ; the back of the ear bright rusty yellow, like the back of the neck, except the apex,
which has a distinct though smallish black patch, with a black line running down the hinder
margin; the extreme edge of the ear rufous yellow ; tail pencilled with white and dirty yellow
below. Hairs on the back pale gray at root, then pale brownish yellow, then black, then a
subterminal broad brown-yellow ring, and a black tip. On the abdomen, hairs white, with a
very indistinct trace of gray next the skin. Length to root of tail, 17 inches; to ear, 3.60; of
ear, 3.25 ; width of ear, 2.25; length of hind feet, 4.00; of tail, including fur, 3.00.

I have before me eight specimens of Lepus aquaticus from various localities in Louisiana and
Mississippi, and all agreeing very well in character. In all these the abdomen and under sur-
face of the tail are pure white; the interior of the ear is hoary gray, (not yellow,) becoming
yellowish brown towards the exterior; the back of the ear is dusky, with a tinge of hoary
plumbeous ; a small patch of hoary near the base behind. There is a faint dusky edge to the
tip of the ear on the dorsal surface, but nothing like a black patch; nor is there a black line
running down the hinder margin. The bristle hairs of the back are black, with one annula-
tion of yellowish brown, not two. The hairs on the abdomen are grayish plumbeous for their
basal half, instead of nearly pure white to the roots. The ears are considerably shorter than
the head. For these reasons, therefore, I have little hesitation in separating L. douglassi No.
1 from ZL. aquaticus, although I do not know where to refer the first named species. Its locality
is supposed to be in Texas.

This species and the next have the striking peculiarity of living near the water in swampy
or marshy places, and of swimming and diving without hesitation when pursued. Full
accounts of their habits, in this and other respects, will be found in the papers by Dr. Bach-
man, and in the work on the Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America.

The Lepus aquaticus appears to be most abundant in the swampy tracts bordering the Missis-
sippi river, in Louisiana and Mississippi. Mr. Kennicott mentions a ‘‘swamp rabbit”’ as
occurring in the wet grounds of New Madrid, Missouri, which, if this species, as is quite
probable, would give it a considerable range to the north. There is some doubt of its being
found in the southern part of Texas. It has not yet been found in the southeastern States,

List of specimens.

Ss Measurements.
5
’ 3 7 a } oo
£2 | 3 Blal4 :
= w= Locality. When col- | Whence and how | Nature of 2 a a a ns a
I es | . . = = = ro) ° 2 4 < =!
5 3 & | lected. obtained. specimen. $ 3 q 3 3 = © a & 2
ane eer) ts yo he aS ees
2 /£ | 2 | 2 utr ia sell 2 ieee
Ss 3 ° CS) Cc} a = 3
61s 2 |e | 2 | 8 ) 8.) Bl} oe
———— a ee _——|—|-—
697 | .eseee Garlandsville, Miss ...... | April, 1855 | Mr. Robinson...... Def. skin, .|+++0++ 3.25 | 19.00 |.ccccelevcecelsscecs|eccvee|evcese fs
5 AL MLBRIABIDDL occ acos apicesc'cc|uvasteresies ce | Col.B.L. 0. Wailes. i | . 3.65 |rcccc.[oceeee| 2
2306 | cess Prairie Mer Rouge, La....| Winter....| Jas. Fairie......... By AAG : : . 4.07 |... coos! 3.
B07 | occve|evcevees WGivasseneecivaves lices’do.sceclceneen WO ncesseusuee we -85 . . 3.88 |... | 2.
2308 |..+.- coceee 0dO ccscecssececces eee do... |eveees dO. seeeeseeee ac : 4.20
2309 | .ccceleccccese GO wcccesnesioseccelucus Ovscne ae BOiee seb aches = * i 3.75 Y
2310 | 3133 |........ “hee Rae Leen Ose eet] seeeer MO eeces see Se 3.68 | 3.32 | 1.55} 2.75
291 | 1228 | Calcasieu, La .......0+++ Aes lee a cees G. Wurdemann....} Ski dj j A -92 | 4.08 ] 3.55 | 1.63 | 2.66
|
ee re Cee a ee a es ae 2 Pe | i ee i ee yet led Bete ee

* The tibia measures 4.50; the longest hind claw, .58,

RODENTIA—LEPORIDAE—LEPUS PALUSTRIS. 615

LEPUS PALUSTRIS, Bachman.

Marsh Rabbit.

Lepus palustris, BacuMan, J. A. N. Sc. Phila. VII, 1, 1837, 194, 336 ; pl. xv, xviiIs. VIII, 1, 1839, 79.
Avp. Birds Amer. IV, 510; plate.
Warernouse, N. H. Mamm. II, 1848, 119.
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 151; pl. xviii.

Lepus douglassi, var. 2, Gray, Charles. Mag. N. H. Nov. 1837, 586.

Sp. Cu.—About the size of the common gray rabbit. Head and incisors disproportionately large. Ears scarcely two-
thirds the length of the head ; without any gray or black. Hind foot shorter than the head, acute at the toes, the nails
all visible. Tail very short, and not cotton-white beneath. Fur coarse and bristly. Above, pale grayish yellow brown,
much covered and lined with black on the back and head. Rump, upper surface of tail and outer surface of leg dusky

rusty. Beneath, grayish or ashy white.

This is one of the most peculiar of all the American hares, on account of its short and thinly
furred hind feet, very large head, short tail, &c. It is really larger than L. sylvaticus, but the
head is disproportionately greater than in this species.

As just stated, the head is very large, the skull longer, the incisors much broader and more
massive than in ZL. sylvaticus, or nearly one-third larger. The nose is large; the fissure of the
upper lip narrow. The ears are very short; scarcely two-thirds the length of the head; they
are broad and much rounded at tip; more so than in L. sylvaticus; the ear itself considerably
shorter. The hair on the ear is rather coarse and scant.

The feet are very small and weak for the size of the animal, the hinder ones especially, the
length of which is considerably less than that of the head, and but little longer than the ear.
Owing to the shortness of the hair forming the pads on the sole, the hind feet appear very thin
and slender, and are acutely pointed at the toes; the nails almost entirely uncovered. In the
slender and pointed character of the feet, the resemblance to an Agouti is quite striking. The
tail is very short, scarcely half the length of the ear, and forming only a slight prominence at
the rump.

The fur is very coarse and bristly, the bristle hairs stiffer and more abundant than in Z,
sylvaticus, especially in the winter.

The colors of this species exhibit very little of the contrasts of the wood rabbit, the white
being much less pure. The upper parts are of a dull obscure yellowish brown, lighter on the
sides of the body, rather more reddish on the middle of the back, where the light color is much
overlaid with black tips to the hairs. There is a strong tinge of dull rusty brown on the rump
and exterior of the limbs. The band on the throat is like the sides ; the belly, and under the
head, are of a dull grayish ash, or whitish ash. The sides of the head are rendered very dark
by a uniform mixture of black tips to the hairs. There is a slightly lighter shade around the
eye. There are no light patchings or edgings to the ear, which is of a dirty yellowish brown,
lined with blackish, with a slight tinge of rusty on the outer band, nor is there any dusky line
or patch. The pads of the feet are dull brownish ; the tint above is dark rusty, beneath it is
pale whitish brown. The nape is of a uniform brownish chestnut, not very conspicuously
different from the surrounding fur.

Winter skins differ ina greater length and coarseness of the bristly hairs, which have so

616 U S. PP. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

much black as almost to form a continuous tint on the back, with only a slight break here and
there. There is also a greater amount of black on the cheeks. The white of the under parts
is rather purer. D

The slightest comparison of specimens of this species with sylvaticus will show the very great
differences between them. Of approximately the same size, the head and incisors are very
much larger ; the hind feet, ears, and tail much shorter; the former very slender and acutely
pointed. The colors are very different, in the absence of the light yellowish red, or ligh,
reddish brown of the back, and in having the rump dark rusty instead of gray. The under
parts lack the clear cottony white of the other species, especially under the tail. The under
fur of the back is entirely of a uniform dark smoky gray, except towards the rump, where it is
tipped with paler. The bristly hairs of the back, which in winter are an inch and a half long,
are entirely of a glossy black, with a subterminal annulus of yellowish brown about a quarter of
an inch long, and about that distance from the tip. The anterior face of the hind legs is rusty.
In Lepus sylvaticus the under fur is of a much paler plumbeous, with a well defined broad tip of
yellowish brown. The long hairs of the back are much shorter, the black much more restricted,
the yellowish brown median annulus much more extended. The anterior face of the hind legs
is nearly white.

The differences from LZ. aquaticus have already been given under the head of that species,
where, also, will be found a reference to its peculiar habits.

This animal is found in the south Atlantic States, from North Carolina (according to Bach-
man) to Georgia and Florida. Audubon and Bachman mention it as occurring in Louisiana
and Texas. I have never seen any specimens from the regions west of Georgia, and should be
much inclined to doubt the correctness of Texas as a locality.

List of specimens.

|
= Measurements.*
3 |
= = allie l
x e Hele] =
a sy | 2/2 /e/e|
= : a } oo
5 S Tee Locality. When col- | Whence and how ob- | Nature of spe- | & SaaS eS = 5/43
5 =o =p lected. tained. cimen. aes Wi Halak fe Bu bec ae =| alslié
Se ee i 8) Se lslelslslel=
& : z = 2 | elfes;e i aes A 2
S = K | Ce ers si=/|e{z Ss ilsilss
a Ate S S elal/ojs|i|eizazisa
.) Oo | m 2) 4&4 RR eB] | m nie
| “eg ) ko ‘aa aes | Fe, paar il al
lsee'a's Society Hill, S.C...... .....| Winter....) cess awe 1.49 2.50
1,502.32

1 The following are additional measurements of skulls from St. Simon’s island, Ga: 2203, 3.04 + 1.50; 2204. 3.25 + 1.50; 2205, 3.16 + 1.51;
2206, 3.15 + 1.54; 2207, 2.97 + 1.45; 2453, 3.17 + 1.60; 2454, 3.03 + 1.45; 2455, 3.14 + 1.55, &c. The usual range is from 3.05 to 3.20 for length,

and 1,46 to 1.62 for width.

In addition to the species of hares which I have characterized above, there are two or three
others which the materials before me do not permit me to describe or discuss. These are as
follows:

a

RODENTIA—LEPORIDAE—LEPUS., 617

Lxpus textanus, Aud. & Bach. Texas.

? Tepus texianus, (Aup. & Bacu.) Warernouse, N. H. Mamm. II, 1848, 136.
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. IIT, 1853, 156; pl. exxxiii.

Sp. Cu.—Larger than the Californian hare; ears very large; a dark brown stripe on the top of the neck, and a black
stripe from the rump, extending to the root of the tail and along its upper surface to the tip. Upper surface of body
mottled deep buff and black ; throat and belly, white; under side of neck, dull rufous. A black patch on the inner surface
of the ear at its base; anterior margin of ears, buff; posterior portion of the ear, for an inch and half from tip, whitish ;

extreme tip of the ear with a brown margin. Length to root of tail, 21 inches; to ear, 47,; ear, externally, 6f;; tarsus,
5 inches; tail 44%.

The distinctions of this species from JZ. callotis are not well defined. The color seems to
approximate to that of LZ. californicus ; nor is there any mention made of the gray rump of callotis.
There are strong grounds for considering this as distinct from either of the above mentioned
species. The Lepus tetanus of Waterhouse, however, appears entirely different from ‘the
animal of Audubon and Bachman. It is described as having the fur long and soft; the color
pale, inclining to ashy gray, but strongly mottled with black and brownish white on the upper
parts of the body ; the throat and abdomen, white; haunches and outer surface, gray ; tarsus,
nearly white ; back of neck, pale ashy gray ; tail black above, grayish beneath ; a large black
patch on the rump ; ears with a large black patch at the apex externally. Length, 20 inches ;
ear, 6.50; tarsus, 5.00; tail, 4.

The hairs on the upper parts of the body are white (very slightly tinted with gray) at the
root, brownish towards the middle, black above the middle ; with a broad, sub-terminal, almost
white ring, shaded into reddish near the black tip.

This animal of Waterhouse resembles very closely the pale-naped varieties described of Z.
callotis, very much more than L, texianus of Aud. & Bach. Should it be distinct from either
this or callotis, it must take priority over the former, (1848 to 1853,) which would then
require a new name.

Lepus Nurratti1, Bachman. Columbia river.

Under the head of L. artemisia, I have already given the synonymy of this species, which
I strongly suspect to be an immature specimen of the same. Should the identity be positively
ascertained, the name of Z. nuttalli must take precedence as prior in point of date,

Lepus cunicuLarius, Lichtenstein. Mexico.
Tepus cunicuarius, (Licurenstern,) Wareruouse, N. H. Mamm. II, 1848, 132.

‘* Probably allied to the short-eared hares of the United States. Fur said to be short and coarse ; the general hue of the
upper parts of the body brownish black; the hairs on these points being pale ashy gray at the root, light brown in the
middle, annulated with yellowish white towards the point, and with a long black point. Ears internally clothed with short
cream colored hairs; externally pale gray brown, but assuming a blackish hue towards the tip; back of the neck, yellow;
orbit of the eye, throat, and abdomen, white. Length to root of tail, 15.50 inches; of tail, 2.75; of ear, 3.42; of
tarsus, 4.00.'’

This species from Mexico, which must be considerably larger than L. sylvaticus, appears to
have been merely named by Lichtenstein in the Berlin museum, and notes in manuscript made
by Dr. Bachman, and communicated to Waterhouse. May not this be the Lepus douglassii,
var. 1, of Gray, mentioned under the head of ZL. aquaticus?

Lepus povetasstt, var. 1. Gray. Mexico?
A reference to this species will be found under the head of ZL. aquaticus, page 613.
78 LG

618 U. Ss. P. R, R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

LAGOMYS, Cuv.

Lagomys, ‘‘ Cuvier, Tableau élémen. 2797.’’

No visible tail; ears short and rounded ; hind legs short. Molars —

The species of this genus are small, the largest not exceeding a Guinea pig in size. They
are confined to the northern hemisphere, and generally occur in elevated districts. But one
species is found in North America; this, within the limits of the United States, occurs in the
region of the Rocky mountains, near the British line, north of which it is more abundant.
Others occur in Siberia, as well as in central Asia.

In general appearance the pikas, as they are called in Siberia, bear a not inconsiderable
external resemblance, both in shape and color, to the wild Guinea pigs (Caviae) of South Ame-
rica, some of which, too, have the same habit of being among almost Alpine altitudes. This
is especially the case with the Cavia australis, which in the high regions of Uspallata is found
in great numbers, and is known as the mountain rabbit.

‘The pikas present other important differences from the hares besides those above referred
to. Thus the skull is more depressed and more dilated behind ; the interorbital space more
contracted ; the supra-orbital process is wanting ; the orbits are directed more upwards; the
malar bone is prolonged behind greatly beyond the zygomatic process of the temporal, reaching,
in fact, nearly to the opening of the ear chamber. Instead of the numerous perforations of the
nasal process of the superior maxillary bone of the hares, there is but one chief opening in the
same bone in Lagomys. Viewing the skull from below, the bodies of the sphenoids and the
vomer are brought nearer to the plane of the palate than in the genus Lepus. The posterior
sphenoid wants the mesial perforations, and the openings on either side of this bone are smaller ;
the vomer joins the anterior sphenoid, while in the hares an oblong opening separates the bodies
of these two bones. The incisive openings are sometimes separated from the middle or chief
palatine openings, but in some species the openings are confluent, as in the hares. The occiput
is broader than high, and the zygomatic arch remarkably short.

‘‘In the lower jaw the chief differences consist in the smaller antero-posterior diameter of
the angular portion, and in the condyloid portion being sloped less backwards; the long thin
plate representing the coronoid process in the true hares is in the pikas replaced by a small
tubercle, and there is a second still smaller tubercle placed just below the one just mentioned,
and, in fact, but little removed from the posterior molar teeth. The mental foramen, instead
of being placed in the fore part of the jaw, is situated near the middle of the outer surface of
the horizontal ramus.

“‘The principal incisor teeth in the upper jaw are broad, but have a very small antero-
posterior diameter ; each of these teeth has a deep vertical groove on the outer side, and termi-
nates in two points, there being a strong notch at the extremity. The lower incisors are simple,
and smaller than the upper. The upper molars are much as in the hares; they have the same
three transverse ridges of enamel, but on the hinder part of the last molar an extra loop is
visible, which is placed nearer to the inner than to the outer angle of the tooth; this molar
corresponds to the penultimate molar of the hare. The lower molars have the grooves in the

i ath eet

RODENTIA—LEPORIDAE—LAGOMYS PRINCEPS. 619

+

side deeper than in the hares; the body of the tooth is therefore more contracted in the middle,
and the salient angles of the two halves of the tooth are more prominent ; the foremost molar,
as in the Hares, has two grooves on the outer surface ; the last molar has but one salient external
and internal angle, and in bulk does not equal half of one of the preceding molars,

‘Small naked pads at the ends of the toes have been noticed amongst the distinguishing
characters of Lagomys, but in two Old World species these can scarcely be traced ; excepting
these pads, the soles are densely clothed with fur.’’—( Waterhouse.)

LAGOMYS PRINCEPS, Rich.
Little Chief Hare.

Lepus (Lagomys) princeps, Ricu. Zool. Journal, 1828, 520.—In. F. B. A. I, 1829, 227; pl. xix.
Bacumay, J. A. Nat. Sc. VII, 1837, 354.
Lagomys princeps, WAtrernouse, Nat. Hist. Mamm. II, 1848, 28.
Aup. & Bacn. N. Am. Quadrupeds, II, 1851, 244 ; pl. Ixxxiii.

Sp. Cu.—‘‘ General hue of the fur on the upper parts of the body, grayish ; but these parts are strongly pencilled with
black and yellowish white. On the sides of the body, yellowish brown, and on the under parts dirty white, considerably
suffused with pale brown yellow. Feet white, tinted with yellow on the upper surface. Ears rather large, with a distinct

white margin.
‘Total length, 7 inches. Ears 8 lines long, 10 lineswide. Fore foot and nails, 8} lines ; hinder foot, 1 inch 2} lines.’’—

Waterhouse.

No specimens of this species were brought in by any of the recent expeditions, and I have
made use of the one collected in the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains by Townsend, now in
the collection of the Philadelphia Academy, for the purpose of description. It is not in very
perfect condition, however, lacking entirely the lower jaw, and being mounted in such a manner
as not to allow any minute examination of its characters. The diagnosis of the species I have
taken from Waterhouse, as giving its distinctive features as compared with the Old World
Lagomys.

The size appears to be about that of a Norway rat, rather shorter and stouter, perhaps. The
incisor teeth are stout, about eight-hundredths of an inch in width each. Their anterior face
is deeply grooved, the greatest depth being on the anterior third, and rounding gradually from
this to the exterior edge. The muffle is too much distorted for description, although it appears
to be like that of a rabbit. The ears are considerably shorter than in Lepus, broad and rounded
above, in shape not unlike those of Neotoma cinerea. Their posterior face is covered with
long, silky fur, the concavity concealed by long bristly hair. The tail is entirely wanting. The
feet are short, thin, and depressed. The fore foot has a large thumb claw, situated above the
level of the remaining four. The hind feet have four toes, the central rather longest. The
’ claws of both feet are large and much curved ; the hind ones especially are curved, instead of
being almost straight asin Zepus. The bases of the claws are all more or less overgrown and con-
cealed by stiff curved bristles, springing from the upper surface. The under surface of the feet
is covered densely with rather short stiff bristly hair, the bulbs of the toes above being entirely
naked. There are thus four naked pads on each foct, perhaps a fifth under the thumb of the
fore foot, although this cannot be determined in the specimen. The fur is long and full, com-
posed of stiff, rather bristly, hairs, without any under fur at all. The longest of these hairs
on the back measures about three-quarters of an inch.

620 U. S. P, R. R EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The general appearance of the animal as to color is that of a young rabbit. The upper parts
and sides are light yellowish brown, relieved by dusky points to the hairs, especially on the back
and loins, and passing on the rump into a grayish tinge. The region around the anus, the feet,
and the under parts generally, are dull yellow brownish, or pale rufous white. The silky hairs
on the back of the ear are the color of dirty cotton; anteriorly, more dusky. The ears are
narrowly margined with white. The hairs of the back are lead colored for their basal two-
thirds.

The estimated length of the animal is 8 inches. Hind foot from heel 1,% inches. The ear
is about an inch high. Collected in the South Pass by Townsend.

Mr. Townsend, in his adventurous journey across the continent to the mouth of the Columbia,
obtained the single specimen just described, and, as far as I know, the only one ever taken
within our limits. They are met with in ‘about latitude 42°, high up on the alpine region of
the ridges dividing the waters of the Columbia, Colorado, and Missouri, (in the South Pass of
the Rocky Mountains,) hiding among loose piles of rocks or stones, such as are generally seen
beneath broken cliffs. They uttered a slender but distinct bleat, much like that of a young
goat,”

According to Richardson, this species inhabits the Rocky Mountains as far north as 60° 4’
north latitude. Itis not known whether, like the other pikas, the ‘‘ little chief’’ lays up astore
of winter provisions, although this is quite probable.

ORDER IV.

TDN bene aliges

Teeth simple, or none at all ; always wanting in the anterior part of the jaws.

The ELdentata of modern authors correspond to the Bruta of Linneus, which embraced, how-
ever, several genera to which the diagnosis, as above given, does not apply. Setting aside these,
(Trichechus, Elephas, and Monodon,) we have left, as constituting the Bruta of Linnezus,
Bradypus, Myrmecophaga, Manis, and Dasypus, to which more recent authors have added -
Choloepus, Chlamydophorus, Orycteropus, &c., together with Echidna and Ornithorhyncus.
These constitute the principal living genera of Hdentata, but there are several extinct ones to
be added to the list, as Megalonyx, Megatherium, Mylodon, &c.

The genera of Zdentata, though few in number, are yet so different from each other as to
admit of being arranged in three families, Bradypoda, Effodienta, and Biclaviculata.! These
may be briefly characterized as follows:

I. Brapypopa.—With canine and molar teeth. Malar bone with an additional inferior process. Stomach divided. Ante-
rior limbs very long. Mammae, pectoral. Tail very short, or wanting. Fur dry and coarse.

Of this family, embracing the sloths proper, no representatives are found in North America.

Fam. 2. Erroprentia.—Teeth uniform, or none. Malar bone simple, or wanting. Muzzle elongated. Limbs short, stout ;

the hinder ones longest. Stomach simple.

This family, embracing the armadillos as the most prominent form, has one living repre-
sentative in North America, Dasypus novem-cinctus, found abundantly on the lower Rio Grande of
Texas.

Fam. 3. Bictayicutara, or Monotremata.—Clavicles double. Mammal papillae, wanting, Well developed marsupia
bones. Cloaca simple. Males provided with spurs to the eet.

This family embraces two very extraordinary forms of animal life, the Hchidna and the Orni-
thorhynchus, both natives of Australia.

It is proper to state that high authority, such as that of Waterhouse and others, place the
Monotremata at the end of the Marsupialia.

There is a very striking contrast between the H/ffodientia, as characterized above, and the
Bradypoda,

In the latter, the structure of the animal is adapted to a residence upon trees, and it is
only exceptionally that the sloths are found on the ground. In the armadillos, on the other
hand, the solid covering, and the long fossorial claws, indicate a terrestrial habitat, and that
rather beneath than above the surface. The food of the two groups is equally diverse ; that of
the sloths consisting of the leaves and twigs of trees, while the armadillos seem created espe-
cially to keep in check the myriad insects of tropical regions, and especially the ants, the most
abundant of all.

‘Wagner, Suppl. Schreber, IV, 130.

622 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

More active than the sloths, the armadillos are, nevertheless, ill fitted for rapid progression,
although they move with comparatively great quickness through loose soil. The limbs are
short and stout; the hinder ones longest; the claws are long and well fitted for digging. The
nruzzle, which in sloths is very short and blunt, is here elongated, sometimes to a very great
degree. Teeth are sometimes present, sometimes entirely wanting ; in the former case they
consist entirely of molars. A single species only has a tooth on either side of the upper jaw,
which, from its implantation in the intermaxillary, is to be considered as an incisor, although
in shape and lateral position it agrees altogether with the molars. The malar bone is simple,
or else entirely wanting. The stomach is not compound. The external covering consists either
of hair, of bony plates, or imbricated scales, but however varied in this respect, the internal
structure exhibits a marked conformity in the different genera. Their food consists of insects
and worms, obtained mostly by digging.!

There are two divisions of this family, one embracing genera with teeth, as Dasypus, Chlamy-
‘ dophorus, and Orycteropus ; the genera of the other are entirely destitute of teeth in both jaws,
as Myrmecophaga and Manis, which are thus true Edentata, in the strictest sense of the term.

1Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. IV, 1844, 160.

EDEN!LATA—DASYPUS NOVEM-CINCTUS. 623

DASYPUS, Linneus.

Dasypus, Linnxus, ‘Syst. Nat. (ed. 2,) 1740.”

Edentata, with a solid bony carapace, divided centrally into a varying number of movable zones. Molar teeth numerous,
simple ; ears distinct.

The armadillos, with their coat of bony mail, constitute a remarkable feature in the zoology
of the continent of America, to which they are confined. The skeleton presents many con-
spicuous points, as compared with most other mammals. The skull is a cone, drawn out into a
narrow muzzle at one end, subtruncate at the other, without any temporal crest. The teeth are
very simple, and of a firm uniform material, consisting of ivory or dentine, with usually a thin
coating of cement. Canine and incisor teeth are wanting ; in Dasypus sexcinctus alone is there
an incisor on either side at the extremities of the jaws, although these, by their lateral position,
take their place with the molars, without differing in any way from them. The number of
teeth varies from 32 or 34 in D. longicaudalus, to 92-98 in D. gigas, the largest number to be
found among the terrestrial mammalea, The shape of the teeth varies with the species.

By some authors, the genus Dasypus, as above constituted, is considered as a family, with
several genera, of which Cheloniscus, Xenurus, and Euphractus have the fore feet five-toed,
while Zolypeutes and Dasypus have only four toes anteriorly. It is in the restricted genus
Dasypus that our North American species falls.

DASYPUS NOVEM-CINCTUS, Linneus.

Texas Armadillo.

Dasypus novem-cinctus, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12,) I, 1766, 54.
Scureser, Saugt. I, 1775, 223; tab. Ixxiv and Ixxvi.
Wacener, Suppl. Schreb. IX, 1844, 179.
GieBEL, Siugt. 1855, 421.
Dasypus octo-cinctus, (Linn.) Scureser, Saugt. I], 1775, 222; tab. Ixxiii and Ixxvi.
Dasypus peba, Desm. Mamm. II, 1822, 368.
Aup. & Bacu, N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 220; pl. exlvi.
? Dasypus longicaudatus, ‘‘ Pr, Max. Beit.’’

Sp, Cu.—Eight molars on each side of each jaw ; none of them implanted in the intermaxillary. Tail as long as the body,
exclusive of the head, or a little longer. Eight movable rings in the middle of the shell, and a ninth partly free on the sides.
Tail covered with twelve jointed whorls to near the end, where it is plaited and imbricated, but not enveloped by a horny
cone. Molars, thirty-two. Color, blackish.

A detailed description of this animal will be found in the zoological report of the United
States and Mexican Boundary Survey, from specimens preserved in alcohol. There is some
uncertainty as to the precise name of the Texas species, on account of the probable combination
of more than one under the same name in South America. Lund, in endeavoring to settle the
question, gives three species as most closely allied, in the following diagnoses :

D. novem-cinctus, Linn. (D. longicaudaius, Max.) Largest species ; with seven molars, nine bands, and a tail the length of the
body. Inhabits Cayenne and northern Brazil.

1Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. I, 1844, 160.

624 U. §. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

D. octo-cinctus, Linn. (D. wroceras, Lund.) Medium sized species, with eight molars, eight bands, and tail somewhat shorter
than the body, and enveloped at the tip in a horny sheath.

D. septem-cinctus, Linn. (D. hybridus, Desm.) Smallest species, with seven molars, seven bands, and tail much shorter than
the body. Inhabits Paraguay and Patagonia.

The Texas species is as large as the D. novem-cinctus of the above diagnoses, and has the tail,
in the young, as long as the body, exclusive of the head; in the adult, as long as the body
and half the head. It has eight free bands on the median line of the back, and nine on
the sides. The tail has twelve free whorls, the tip plaited, but not enveloped in a sheath.
The molars are eight on each side of each jaw. These characters are remarkably constant in a
considerable number of specimens. There is, therefore, a good deal of uncertainty as to the
species, which can only be settled by critical comparisons of a large amount of material from
different localities. A single shell from Brazil has nine free bands on the back, and is other-
wise quite different from the Texas armadillos.

List of specimens.

=
a Measurements. |
3 : ae. ne =
x | a 3 | £ laa) fe | |
s om 1 | Bod ai telio lz
AS : 3 > le|/ ee et
5 é - Locality. Whence and how = . | & es |elels ile le] 3 3 Collected by—
R14 | & obtained. SSeS toe Ta ls lesisel’s | Sao
53 poet i= Ce >|s)}9 <= |e rlarlsctos|e | &
=] PS °o o | o ° = 5 >=} oc ee a S io} s |
2 aS 2 2 2) Sie e l/eif@is je |e| 4s = |
ae | a .4212)2) 24 oo Sete eo ee alee
S CS) C) c Ee = iS
6 | 5 |a | 2 [2le2lealae |e jelee Byala) &
ian aes rae fe | nl el) ae
2959 | coves o | Matamoras, Mexico Lt. Couch............ ) In ale../1.12)1.931.96} 6.00, 3.60) .901.27) . seeeeeieeeees
2960 «efO.004 1.17/1.96 2.00 5.72) 3.32) .82.1.26) .39) .30) Ol) .ccccslecceee onc Gao 54- ee
2961 wee[eed0..../1.16)1.941.99] 5.47 |
.| Shell. |.... |
Skull..|... sel eeecee socnce sesscssecceses
230 |... ....| Lower Rio Grande.) Maj. W. H. Emory...| Skin..|.... 5 «.| 10.25, 12.50 J. MH. Clark...
POLIS |ncea]) DIAZ scscucensnecs T. Ewbank.....ecos. Shell..]....|eccclevss|snccesieseece . 12.00 15:00 cw esesen eeeces
|

+ This skull measures 4.07 inches by 1.65.

ORDER V.

PACHYDERMATA.

Animals with from three to five toes, enveloped, or furnished with hoofs instead of claws ; metacarpal and metatarsal bones
short and distinct.

In the sketch of the orders of mammalia, on page 1 of this report, the diagnoses of the
Pachydermata and Ruminantia were accidentally transposed, while the form was on the press,
and the edition of the sheet printed off before the error was detected. The paragraphs should
read :

VIII. Pachydermata, with more than two hoofs.

IX. Ruminantia, with two hoofs.

The error, however, is sufficiently palpable to be corrected at once. The diagnoses given of
these, as well as of the other orders, are not presented as expressing their true or essential
peculiarities, but merely as a convenient artificial analysis in which the characters assigned should
be readily evident to the most casual observation. The Ruminantia have, in most cases, more
than two hoofs, although there are but two in contact with the ground ; above this level there
may usually be seen two others of much smaller size. The American antelope, however,
(Antilocapra americana) has in reality only two hoofs on each foot, the smaller ones begin
entirely wanting.

In the existence of only one living native species of Pachydermata, it will not be necessary to
go into any minute account of the characters of the order and of its subdivisions. Nearly all
the principal systematic writers differ in their views on this subject, some of them very widely.
For my present purposes I have selected the arrangement of Giebel, as based upon a combination
of all the living and fossil forms.

The Multungula, according to this author, or Pachydermata, in the most extensive sense of
the word, are almost entirely of large size, embracing the most colossal of recent or fossil land
animals. Their body is covered by a thickened skin, beset, more or less thickly, with bristly
hairs. The number of toes varies from three to five, not always of the same size on the fore
and hind feet. The muzzle is usually much developed, often extended into a snout of greater
or less extent. The eyes are mostly very small, The neck is short and thick ; the body stout,
and supported on short, massive limbs, showing little indication of joints. The tail is short
and slender, except in some fossil forms.

The teeth vary very much in number, shape, and structure. The incisors, canines, and
molars are usually all present, the two former are never both absent at the same time.

The subdivision of this order, according to Giebel, are into the following families :

1. Proboscidea. Animals of colossal size, with the nose extended into a very long, prehensile snout, the upper incisors changed
to enormous tusks ; the head short and expanded above by large sinuses ; neck very short ; body short and thick; the limbs
high, and without any angles or bends ; the toes five, united to the hoofs.

It is in this family that we find the elephant of modern, and the mastodon of ancient times ;
79 L

26 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL KEPORT.

the former, however, occurring abundantly also as a fossil genus, in America as well ag the Old
World. The teeth differ much from those of the other families, in the constant absence of canines,
and of lower incisors in any but very young animals.

2. Genuina. The members of this family are distinguished from the Proboscidea by the absence of the elongated, prehensile
nose; and by the existence of small canines, instead of the enormous tusks, as well as of incisors in both jaws. The feet are
three or four toed, with hoofs of unequal size, the limbs are short, the body, neck, and head more elongated, The body is

usually full and rounded, the skin very thick and naked ; the nose and ear flap much developed.

The living genera of this family are Zapirus, Rhinoceros, Hippopotamus, and, according to
Giebel, Hyrax. The most important of the fossil are Palaeotherium, Titanotherium, Anchi-
therium, Lophiodon, Anthracotherium, &c., many of these with North American representatives.

3. Suina. Animals of comparatively small size. More compressed body, pointed head, large ears, blunt snout, slender,
thin legs ; hoofs arranged in pairs, and the skin covered with rather close bristly hairs.

The living genera of this family consist of Sus, Dicotyles, Poreus and Phacochoerus, the fossil
chiefly of Entelodon, Choeropotamus, Hyopotamus, Hyotherium, Adapis, &c., nearly all with
North American representatives in the bone beds of the Mauvaises Terres. ‘

The genus Sus embracing the common hog is characterized by having four-toed feet, and in
being without any gland on the back or fleshy lobes on the face. Dicotyles, with two species,
one of them the common Peccary of Texas, has differently constituted canines, but three toes on
the hind feet, a very rudimentary tail, and a peculiar gland on the back.

The genus Porcus, with the well known Babyroussaas its type, is chiefly characterized by its
enormous canines, which curve upwards and outwards in a large semicircle.

The remaining genus, Phacochoerus, or wart hog, has the minimum number of incisor and
molar teeth in the family, four-toed feet, four fleshy lobes on the face, large tusks, and a com-
pressed and powerful body.

4. Toxodontidae. This family and the next, 5. Anoplotheridae, are composed entirely of extinct genera and species, some of

which belong to our continent, the Toxodontidae, indeed, restricted to South America. It is in the Anoplotheridae that we find
the transition from the Pachydermata to the Ruminantia.

It is much to be regretted that in his account of the fossil genera and species of the Pachyder-
mata, Giebel should have entirely lost sight of the numerous species from North America, so
ably and satisfactorily defined by Dr. Leidy.

PACHYDERMATA-—DICOTYLES TORQUATUS. ' 627

DICOTYLES, Cuvier.

Dicotyles, Cuvrer, ‘ R. A. (Ist ed.) I, 1817.’’
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 233.
The genus Dicotyles, embracing the peccaries, has been sufficiently indicated in the preceding
article for my present purposes. Time will not allow me to go into any extended description of

its essential peculiarities of form and dentition.

DICOTYLES TORQUATUS, Cuv.

Texas or Collared Peccary 5; Mexican Hog.

Sus tajacu, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1766, 103, (in part.)
Sus tagassa, ERxLEBEN, Syst. 1777, 185, (in part.)
Dicotyles torquatus, F. Cuvier, Dict. des Sc. Nat. IX, 1817, 518.
Desm. Mamm. IJ, 1822, 392.
Hartan, F. Am. 1825, 220.
Waener, Suppl. Schreber, IV, 1844, 306.
Aun. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. I, 1849, 235; pl. xxvi.
GreBeL, Saugt. 1855, 234.
Sus lorquatus, Wacner, Schreber’s Saugt. VI, 1835, 498; pl. ccexxv, ceexxv, A. (Sus fagassu on plates.)
Pecari a collier, St. Hitaire er Cuv. Mamm, III, 1819; plate.

Sv. Ca —A white collar, more or less distinct, proceeding from the shoulders on each side of the neck.

The preceding brief diagnosis, taken from Wagner, is sufficient to distinguish the collared
peccary from the only other known species, the D. /abiatus, in which the lower jaw is white and
there is no white collar. The materials before me are not sufficient to furnish any satisfactory
description of the external form of the animal, consisting only of two hides, without head and
feet. For full details on the structure and habits of the species, I would refer to the admirable
article on the quadrupeds of North America, as quoted above.

The peccary has a much wider range in North America than is supposed by European syste-
matic writers. It not only occurs through Mexico, but even as far north in the United States
as the Red river of Arkansas, in latitude 34°. Its western limit is not well ascertained, though
it is said by some to occur in California,

List of specimens.

Catalogue | Locality. | Whence obtained. Nature of
number. | | specimen.
; = —
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1747 WIESteIns LOxabe= a aeioneae em mee sae ee (Captain: POpte san <saee ere ree Seon a tC | a GG papeecseac

ORDER VI.

RUMINANTIA.

Feet bifid; metacarpus composed of a single bone, bifid at its lower extremity. Stomach compound.

In the preeceding diagnosis from Wagner is contained, in very brief phrase, the most essential
peculiarities of this extremely natural order of the Mammalia. The species vary comparatively
little from one type of structure; the proportions of the body, as well as the size, differing,
however, very much in different families. As a general rule, the neck is long and flexible,
the body compressed, the tail sometimes very long, sometimes almost rudimentary. The legs
are usually long and slender ; the head armed with horns, which are either solid or hollow.

The best known characteristics of the ruminants are found in the structure and functions of
the stomach. This is composed of four different compartments, each having a particular office.
(The Camelidae have but three.) The food is hastily chewed and passed into the largest
stomach, or paunch, and thence into the second ; from this it is returned to the mouth and
there completely masticated. It then passes back to the third stomach, and thence to the fourth,
from which it goes into the intestines. The arrangements by which the food is directed first into
one stomach and then into another, are very interesting and peculiar, but need not here be
referred to.

The horns constitute another chief peculiarity of the ruminants. These are protuberances
from the frontal bones, sometimes persistent and enclosed by a horny sheath, as in the sheep,
ox, &c., or else they are solid and fall periodically, as in the deer.1 These two different condi-
tions give rise to the divisions of hollow and of solid horned ruminants.

The feet in the typical ruminants are bifid, the third and fourth fingers alone being developed
the first finger is wanting entirely ; the second and fourth are either very rudimentary, or else
visible externally as accessory hoofs, above the level of the rest.

The ruminants may be arranged in three very natural groups; the first, with the horns solid,
and usually deciduous, as the deer; the second, with permanent horns consisting of an exterior
hollow horn encasing a process of the skull, as the sheep, goats, antelopes, oxen, &c. ; the third,
embracing the camels and llamas. These last have two incisors in the upper jaw, and the
normal number of canines; no horns, and feet with two toes, without hoofs. No living repre-
sentatives of the last named family exist in North America, although the majority of the species
inhabit the South American continent, A fossil member of the group has, however, been char-
acterized by Dr. Leidy,? from Kansas Territory.

Un the giraffe, (Camelopardalis) the horns are mere knobs on the forehead, coyered with skin, and not deciduous.
2 Camelops kansanus. Leidy, Pr. A. N. 5.

FAMILY.
CHERVIDAE.

Incisors } ; canines —, or wanting ; molars e=6. Horns solid, deciduous, (except in the giraffe,) not encased by horn }

sometimes wanting. Feet bifid.

The members of this family agree with the following in the dentition and structure, and shape
of the feet ; they differ, however, in the character of the horns when present, (they are wanting
in the musk deer.) There is not the same variety of shape as in the hollow-horned ruminants,
although there are several very distinct forms of generic and sub-generic value.

The deer are very widely spread over the whole world, few regions being without one or more
peculiar species: They appear able to withstand the rigor of an arctic winter, or the fiercest
rays of the tropics. The new world possesses quite a notable proportion of the species ; no less
than nine of which are found in North America alone.

There are three principal divisions of this family; the musk deer, the true deer, and the
giraffes. The musks differ from the true deer in being without horns, and any lachrymal sinus.
The male has canine teeth usually projecting far beyond the mouth. Their size is very small,
some of the species being by far the smallest known ruminants. Thecamelopard has short,
solid horns, which are covered by the skin. The feet, too, though didactyle, are without the
accessory hoofs of the deer.

Of the musk deer, there areno living representatives in America, Some of the fossil forms
from the Mauvaises Terres of Nebraska approach very closely to them, however. There is
nothing at all similar to the giraffe on this continent.

Sus-Famiry CERVINAE.

Horns solid, always present in the males; sometimes in the females, not covered with skin. Feet bifed, with two small

hoops behind and above the large ones.

The preceding diagnosis is that of the genus Cervus, of older authors, although the great
number of subdivisions, many of them quite different from each other, would seem to render it
desirable to establish a sub-family to include them. The systematic arrangements of Sundevall,
Gray, Pucheran, Wagner, and others, may be referred to for information respecting the varia-
tions in the different sections of the group; for my present purpose, however, I need merely
mention those having a direct relation to the North American species. Of these there are
three which may be briefly characterized as follows, (from Wagner :)

1. Auce.—Horns very broadly palmated throughout, found only in the male; nose entirely covered with hair, except a

small naked spot between the nostrils ; very broad anteriorly.

The single species is the Alce americanus, or American moose.

2. Ranairer.—Horns broadly palmated at the tip; found in both sexes. Nose entirely hairy ; hoofs dilated ; sub-oval.

Of this genus, embracing the reindeer, America possesses two species—the 22. caribou and
groenlandicus.

3. Ceryus.—Horns more or less rounded, or cylindrical, or conical ; sometimes partly flattened, or subpalmated., Nose
naked and moist. Sub-orbital sinuses distinct.

It is in this genus that our best known North American species fall: such as Cervus cana-
densis, virginianus, leucurus, mexicanus, macrotis, and columbianus. It has been generally
customary to place the Cervus canadensis under another genus, Hlaphus, but, for my present
purposes, I prefer to retain all the deer with naked muzzles together,

ee

RUMINANTIA—CERVINAE—ALCE AMERICANUS. 631

ALCE, Ham. Smith.

Alce, Ham. Satu, Griffith’s Cuv. V, 1827, 303.
Alces, GRAY, Knowsley Menagerie, 1850, 56.

Muzzle very broad, produced, covered with hair, except a small moist naked spot in front of the nostrils Neck short
and thick ; hair thick and brittle ; throat rather maned in both sexes; hind legs have the tuft of hair rather above the
middle of the metatarsus; the males have palmate horns. The nose cavity in the skull is very large, reaching behind to
a line over the front of the grinders ; the intermaxillaries are very long, but do not reach to the nasal. The nasals are
very short.

In the preceding carefully prepared diagnosis, borrowed from Dr. Gray’s elaborate article on
the Ruminantia in ‘‘ Knowsley’s Menagerie,’ are embodied the chief peculiarities of the
European elk and American moose.

ALCE AMERICANUS, Jardine.

Moose.
Cervus alees, Hartan, F. Am. 1825, 229. (Description from European animal ?)
Gopman, Am. N, H. II, 279.
Ricwarpson, F. B. A. I, 1829, 232.
Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 15; plate xxix, fig. 2.
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. IT, 1851, 179; plate Ixxvi.
Alces americanus, ‘‘ JARDINE, Nat. Library, III, 1835, 125.’’!
Barrp, Rep. U. 8. Pat. Office, Agricultural for 1851, (1852,) 112.
Alces machlis, Ociney, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. IV, 1836, 135.
Alces malchis, Gray, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. XVII, 1850, 224, (in part.)—Is. Knowsley Menagerie, 1850, 67, (in
part.)
Cervus orignal (DYERVILLE,) Rercuensacn, Vollst. Naturg. Saugt. III, Wiederkauer, 1845, 10; plate i, figs. 4, 5, 6.
Cervus lobatus, AGAssiz, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. I, Dec. 1846, 188.
Alces muswa, Ricuarpson, Zoology of Herald, Fossil Mammals, m, 1852, 101; plate xx, xxii, xxiy. (Detailed
account of osteology.)
DT’ Orignal, Cuvier & Sr. Hinarre, Hist. des Mammif. IV, 119; plate.

In the generic diagnosis I have given the chief characteristics of the American elk, as distin-
guished from the other American deer. It is not in my power to give any full description of
the species, as the collections of the Smithsonian Institution embrace nothing but horns. This
is of the less importance, however, as the description of external form and of habit by Audubon
and Bachman leaves but little to be desired.

Authors disagree very much as to whether the moose of America is different or not from the

‘Swedish elk. The prevailing opinion is, however, in favor of their identity.

Sir John Richardson, in the article on Fossil Mammals in Zoology of the Herald, calls our
species Alces muswa. He gives a very elaborate account of the osteology of the species, and is
quite inclined to believe, from actual comparison of skeletons, that the American and European
species are distinct. Among other facts, he mentions that the breadth of the face at the most
protuberant part of the maxillaries is less in the American than in the European animal.

As far as I can ascertain, a distinct and specific name was first applied. to the moose by Sir
Wm. Jardine, in 1835, in the name of americanus. I have not the work quoted above at hand,
but borrow the reference from Reichenbach.

1 I make this quotation from Reichenbach, not haying the volume of Nat. Lib. at hand.

632 U. Ss. P. R. R EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

For the sake of illustrating the characters of the horns of the moose, I have given figures of
antlers of an adult from Maine, and of a young male, probably in the second year, from New
York. An extensive series of antlers from Sweden, in the Smithsonian collection, though
somewhat different from the American, before me, yet furnish nothing of apparent specific

value.

Fig. 1. Alce americanus, No. 857. Maine. Adult. Left horn seen from the front. Size, 5.09

inches to the inch of the figure.
Fig. 2. Alce americanus, No. 782. Hamilton county, N. Y. Young male of second year. Right
horn from the front. Size, 4.10 inches to the inch.

The moose is the largest of the American deer, quite equalling a horse in bulk. Its
range at the present day extends, on the west coast of America, from the shores of the Arctic
ocean nearly to the Columbia river. Further east, the northern limit is about latitude 65, and
thence through Canada to Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and the northern parts of New
York. <A few are still killed every year in Essex, Hamilton, and the adjacent counties of the
last mentioned State, although, owing to the comparatively inaccessible nature of their resorts,
their pursuit has become extremely difficult. :

It is somewhat unfortunate that the European name of this animal, the elk, should be
applied here to an entirely different deer. Much confusion has been produced in this way, and
it becomes necessary to ascertain the nationality of an author before it is possible to know
exactly what the word e/k is intended to convey.

RUMINANTIA—CERVINAE—RANGIFER CARIBOU 633

RANGIFER, Ham. Smith.

Rangifer, Ham. Smit. Griffith's Cuvier, V, 1827, 304.
“< Tarandus, (GRAY,) Kaur Europ. Thierwelt, 1829.”
(Gray,) Knowsley Menagerie, 1850.

Muzzle entirely covered with hair; the tear-bag small, covered with a pencil of haics. The fur is brittle ; in summer,
short ; in winter, longer, whiter; of the throat, longer. The hoofs are broad, depressed, and bent in at the tip. The
external metatarsal gland is above the middle of the leg. Horns, in both sexes, elongate, subcylindric, with the basal
branches and tip dilated and palmated ; of the females, smaller. Skull, with rather large nose cavity ; about half as long

as the distance to the first grinder; the intermaxillary moderate, nearly reaching to the nasal; a small, very shallow,
suborbital pit.

The preceding diagnosis, like that of Alce, is taken from Gray’s ‘‘ Knowsley Menagerie,”’
and appears to embrace all the characteristics of the reindeer. The number of species is some-
what uncertain. We have two, in all probability, in North America, one peculiar to this
continent, including Greenland, the other possibly identical with that of the Old World.

RANGIFER CARIBOU.

Woodland Caribou—Reindeer.

Cervus tarandus caribou, Kerr, Linneus, 1792, 297.
Rangifer caribou, Aup. & Bacu., N. Am. Quad. IIT, 1853, 111; pl. exxvi.
Cervus tarandus, Harxan, F. Am. 1825, 232. (Desc. from Europ. Sp.?)

Gopman, Am. N. H. II, 283.
Rangifer tarandus, De Kay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 121.
Cervus tarandus sylvestris, Ricu. F. B. Am. I, 1829, 238.
Tarandus rangifer, OcitBy, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. IV, 1836, 134. (In part.)

J. E. Gray, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. XVIII, 1850, 225. (In part.)

Cervus hastalis, Acassitz, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. II, 1846, 188.
Tarandus hastalis, Barrp, Rep. U.S. Pat. Off. Rep. Agricultural for 1851, (1852,) 108.

Coror.—Tips of hairs light dun gray, whiter on the neck than elsewhere ; nose, ears, outer surface of legs and shoulders,
brownish. Neck and throat dull white ; a faint whitish patch on the sides of shoulders. Belly and tail white ; outside of legs
white ; a band of white around all the legs adjoining the hoofs.

Length of an animal about two and a half years old: To root of tail, 72 inches; tail vertebrw, 4 inches; with hairs, 6.50;
height of shoulder, 42 inches ; from nose to ear, 14; height of ear behind, 5 inches.

I have condensed the description of the color of this species from Audubon and Bachman, not
having at hand the means of furnishing an original account of the animal. The horns vary
exceedingly, scarcely two, even of the same individual, being alike. In the accompanying
figures I have given outlines of some of those in the Smithsonian collection ; one an adult from
Isle Royale, Lake Superior ; the others, younger, from near Montreal.

The relationships of this species to the European reindeer are not well ascertained. By some
zoologists it is supposed to be the same; by others different. The opinion is gaining ground
that the barren ground reindeer is distinct, and as this species cuts it off from the arctic circle,
it would seem most probable that it cannot be the same with the animal inhabiting the circum-
polar region of the Old World.

80 L

634 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The woodland caribou, as it is called by Dr. Richardson, is much larger than the barren ground
reindeer found further north, but with smaller horns. According to this author, its northern
limit is to the south of Hudson’s bay, in a stripe of low primitive rocks about one hundred
miles wide, and reaching as far west as Lake Superior. To the south it extends through
Canada as far as New Brunswick and Maine, and possibly, in former times, to the northern
parts of New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. Itis not known as an inhabitant of the
Rocky Mountains.

Fig. 3. Rangifer caribou, No. 900. Isle Royale, Lake Superior. Right horn from inside. ’ Size, 6.30 inches to

the inch.
Fig. 4. Rangifer caribou, No. 1198 Trois Rivieres, Canada. Young, of probably second year. Right horn, view

from inside. Size, 4 inches to the inch.
Fig. 5. Do. The left horn of the same animal viewed from the outside. Size, 3.14 inches to the inch.
Fig. 6. Do., No. 1199. Another horn from the same locality. Right side from inside. Size, 3.38 inches to the inch.

RANGIFER GROENLANDICUS.

Barren Ground Caribou.

Cervus tarandus groenlandicus, Kerr, Linneus, 1792, 297.
Cervus tarandus, var. a, arctica, Ricn. F. B. Am. I, 1829, 241, (fig. of horns.)
Kine. Narr. Capt. Back’s Exped, II, 1836, 207.
Tarandus arcticus, Bairnp, in U.S Pat. Off. Rep. Agricultural for 1851, (1852,) 105.
Cervus tarandus (Tuktu,) Ricu, Zoology of Herald, Fossil Mammals, 1, 1852, 98; m, 1852, 15; pl. xxiii. (Desc.
of skeleton and figure of skull and horns.)
Tuktu of the Esquimaux.

RUMINANTIA—CERVINAE—RANGIFER GROENLANDICUS. 635

Of this species, as of the preceding, I have not the means of presenting any satisfactory
diagnosis, although the opinion appears to be gradually gaining ground that it is distinct. The
animal is much smaller than the woodland reindeer; the does not larger than a good-sized
sheep. The bucks, when fat, weigh, after being cleaned, from 80 to 125 pounds. Nothwith-
standing this inferiority in size to the caribou of Maine and Canada, the horns are actually
much longer, and more graceful in shape, as will be seen by the accompanying figures, taken

from Greenland specimens :

Fig. 7.—Rangifer groenlandicus, No. 906. North Greenland. Male. Right horn from inside, showing the palmated
brow antler. The left horn is without it. Size, 7.08 inches to the inch.

Fig. 8.—The same species, No. 905, from the same locality, supposed to be a female. No palmated brow antler on
either side. Right antler from inside. Size, 6.83 inches to the inch.

The most positive statement in reference to the difference of the barren ground and woodland
reindeer is to be found in the work of Dr. King, quoted at the head of this article. In this,
the author, after saying that his investigations and collections fully prove them ‘distinet, regrets
that the loss of the latter prevents him from substantiating his assertions. He, however,
mentions that the barren ground species is peculiar not only in the form of its liver, but in not
possessing a receptacle for bile.

The barren ground reindeer, as its name implies, is found in the barren district of arctic
America, constituting the northeastern corner of the continent along the Polar Sea, bounded to
the west by Great Slave, Athapasca, Wollaston, and Deer Lakes, and the Coppermine River, and
to the south by Churchill River. It, however, ranges along the shores of the Arctic Ocean,

636 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.
probably to the northwest coast ; to the north it reaches as far as Melville Island, or even still
further. It is also found in Greenland, whence the skulls and horns in the Smithsonian col-
lection were obtained.

It is a question, admitting this to be a distinct species, whether it should bear the name of
groenlandicus or arcticus. Following the strict law of priority, however, I have retained the
former, although objectionable on account of its local character.

RUMINANTIA—CERVINAE—CERVUS. 637

CERVUS, Linn.

Nose tapering, ending ina naked moist muffle; tail usually well developed. Rather long false hoofs. Fawns, and some-
times the adults, spotted. Fur shorter and fulyous in summer, longer and grayer in winter. Skulls with a mode ate nose

cavity, and the intermaxillaries reaching to, or nearly to, the nasal bones.'

The preceding diagnosis, taken from J. E. Gray, embraces the peculiarities of what he calls
the deer of the temperate or warm regions, as distinguished from the arctic deer, as Alce and
Rangifer, in which the nose is very broad at the end, and entirely covered with hair; the tail
short, the horns palmated ; the fawns not spotted, but uniformly colored like the adults; the
skull with a large nose cavity, and the intermaxillaries not reaching the nasal.

The deer of the temperate regions again are divided by Dr. Gray as follows :

1. The Hlaphine deer, with a distinct anterior basal snag to the horns; the muffle broad,
and separated from the lip by a hairy band; the tuft of hair on the outside of the hind leg,
above the middle of the metatarsus. Sub-genera Cervus, Dama.

2. Rusine deer, with a distinct anterior basal snag to the horns ; the muffle very high, and not
separated from the edge of the lip; the tuft of hair on the outside of the hind leg, above the
middle of the metatarsus. Sub-genera Rucervus, Panolia, Rusa, Axis, Hyelaphus, Cervulus.

3. Capreoline deer, without any basal snag to the horn, the first branch being some distance
above the burr; the sub-orbital crumen (and pit in the skull) generally small. Sub-genera
Capreolus, Cariacus, Blastocerus, Furcifer, Coassus.

All the North American deer belong to the sub-genus Cariacus of the third group, with the
exception of the elk, which is a typical Cervus in the first section.

As already remarked, I shall not attempt to divide the North American deer with naked
mufiles, but throw them all in the same genus—Cervus. There are, however, three very dis-
tinct sections, which may be indicated as follows:

Section A. Size very large. Horns large, curving backwards, with the snags all directed
forward, one of them immediately above the burr. ‘Tail very short, the base surrounded by
a pale patch. Naked muzzle, separated from the naked edge of the upper lip by hair, but
connected with it by a narrow naked isthmus; no naked glandular space on the metatarsus.
Hoofs broad and rounded. Cervus canadensis.

Section B. Muzzle broadly naked entirely to the edge of the upper lip. Tail long. A
narrow short naked glandular space on the outer side of the metatarsus. Hoofs rather elongate.
Horns smaller, curving forwards, with the first snag short, some distance from the base, directed
upwards. All the other branches proceeding from the posterior edge of the main stem, and
directed upwards. Cervus virginianus, leucurus, mexicanus.

Section C’. Muzzle, hoofs, and tail in general, as in the preceding. Naked glandular space
on the outside of the metatarsus longer. Horns with the lowest snag as in the preceding
section, but smaller, sometimes wanting ; main stem forking almost equally about the middle,
each fork dividing again nearly equally at about its middle; in other words, the horns are
doubly dichotomous. Cervus macrotis, columbianus.

? Gray, 1. Soc. Lond. 1850, 226.

638 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS---ZOOLOGY---GENERAL REPORT.

CERVUS CANADENSIS, Erxleben.
American Elk.

Cervus elaphus canadensis, ERXLEBEN, Syst. An. 1777, 305.
Bopparrt, Elenchus Anim. 1784, 135.
Cervus canadensis, ScureBER, Saugt. V, 1835 (!), 990; pl. cexlvi, (A).
DesMAREsT, Mamm. II, 1822, 433.
Haran, F. Amer. 1825, 236.
Max. von Wixp, Reise, II, 1839, 24, 84.
Gray, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond, 1850, XVIII, 1850, 226.
Pucueran, Archiv du Mus. VI, 1852, 386.
GueseEL, Saugt. 1855, 348.
Cervus (Elaphus) canadensis, Smita, Griff. Cuv. IV, 1827, 96 ; plate.—Is. V. 1827, 308.
Elaphus canadensis, Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 118; pl. xxviii, fig. 2.
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. II, 1851, 84; pl. Ixii.
Barep, Rep. U. S. Pat. Off. Agricultural for 1851, (1852,) 116.
Cervus strongyloceros, ScurnBER, Saugethiere, V, 1836 (!) ; pl. ccxlvii. F. G.1
Ricu. F. B. Am. I, 1829, 251.—Is. Zool. Beechey’s Voyage, 1839, 10.
SunpevatL, K. Vetenskaps Akad. Handlingar, for 1844.—In. Arch. Skand. Beit. II, 1850, 131.
Cervus (Elaphus) strongyloceros, WAGNER, Suppl. Schreb. IV, 1844, 348.
Cervus wapiti, Barton, Am. Phil. Trans. VI. 1809, 70.
Leacu, in Journal de Physique, LXXXV, July 1817, 67.
Cervus major, Orv, Guthrie’s Geog. (2d Am. ed.) II, 1815, 292, 306.—Is. Journal de Physique, LXX XVII, 1818,
150.
Desmarest, Mamm. II, 1822, 432.
? Cervus occidentalis, Ham. Smiru, Griffith's Cuv. IV, 1827, 101, (fig. of horns in Brit. Mus. bogie to be from
N. W. coast Am.)—Is. V, 1827, 303,
Stag, Pennant, Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 45.—In. Arctic Zool. I, 1784, 28. (Sp. in Leverian Mus.)
Elk, E. H. Smiru, Medical Repository, II, 1805, 157 ; plate. (Notice of habits, &c.)
Le Wapiti, Sr. Hin. & Cuv. Hist. Mammif. IV, 1819 ; plate.

Sp. Cu.—Hoofs short, broad, and rounded. Tail very short and depressed. lLarmiers nearly as long as the eye ; naked
portion of the muzzle inferiorly only half as wide as the septum of the nostrils. No naked glandular space on the outer
edge of the hind legs, but a short whitish patch of hairs near the upper part of the metatarsus.

In summer, general color light chestnut red ; darkest on the neck and legs ; throat and median ventral line dusky, almost
black. Chin dusky, with a narrow patch of light yellowish on either side ; a broad median yellowish patch under the head.
Rump yellowish white, bordered by a dusky band which extends down the posterior face of the hind legs.

Winter colors more gray.

With nothing but skins before me, I find it impossible to present any very definite idea of the
form and proportions of the American elk. In general shape there is not a great dissimilarity
to the horse, the stature of which is fully equalled by some individuals.

The ears are rather short in proportion to the size of the animal ; considerably less than in
the Virginia deer. They are narrow and acuminately pointed; the anterior edge nearly
straight ; the posterior convex ; both surfaces covered with rather long hairs; thinnest on the
concavity.

1 The article in the text, page 1074, refers to C. virginianus, mixed a little with C. canadensis. The horns described are

unmistakably those of C. virginianus ; those figures are C. canadensis. The date of 1836 is that on the title page of the copy
consulted, (in Phil. Academy,) although the first portion of the volume was published from 1792 to 1800.

RUMINANTIA—CERVINAE—CERVUS AMERICANUS, 639

The naked mufile, fig. 9, differs from that of the Virginia deer in being longer, and in having
the hairs on the side of the muzzle beneath the nostrils to come forward in front until there is
only a narrow naked isthmus, less than half the width of the septum, connecting this with the
narrow naked border to the upper lip at the extremity of the muzzle.

Fig. 9. Cervus canadensis. End of the nose as seen obliquely from above and in front. ‘The figure
not strictly accurate, having been taken from a dried and distorted skin.
Fig. 10. The same. Under view of left front hoof.

The larmiers are very conspicuous, their posterior extremity situated about half the diameter
of the eye anterior to the orbit, with which they are connected by a naked skin ; they are
narrowly elliptical in outline, their longitudinal axis directed a little obliquely forwards and
downwards, and of nearly the length of the orbit itself, certainly of the diameter of the eye.
This secretes a yellowish waxy substance, usually found in considerable amount in the skin.

The upper border of the orbit is fringed with distinct eyelashes; on the lower lids are long
scattered bristles. These bristles are also seen in the upper part of the muzzle, and scattered
over the naked muffle. ,

The hoofs of the elk, fig. 10, are very different from those of the smaller deer ; instead of
being narrow and pointed, they are short, broad, and with the outer edge of the under surface
much rounded; in fact, they bear a very close resemblance beneath to those of the buffalo.
They are, however, about as long as deep behind, the lateral profile, therefore, somewhat of an
isosceles right angle, while in the buffalo the posterior leg of the (obtuse-angled) triangle is
about one and a half times the superior. In the hind foot of the elk the hoof is rather longer ;
in both feet, however, the basal outline is a broad ellipse, emarginate behind; the length but
little greater than the width of both hoofs together. The anterior hoofs are rather the largest.

The tail of the elk is very short ; in fact, almost rudimentary for so large an animal. In the
largest skin before me it measures only six inches, the vertebral portion only four ; in shape it
is very broad, and much depressed, rather uniformly coated with hairs throughout.

There is a patch of whitish hairs on the outer edge of the hind leg, about one-third the length
of the metatarsus from its upper edge. This is narrow and about two inches long ; there is no naked
space between these hairs, as in the Virginia deer. I have not observed the bushy bunch or
patch of long hairs seen on the inside of the tarsal region in the Virginia deer, though it may
possibly exist.

In the summer skin, the hair on the back and sides is short and compact; that on the neck

640 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

and shoulders is abruptly much longer and more bristly. The hairs immediately along the
median line are considerably longer, but does not form a mane. The hairs along the throat on
the under surface of the neck, extending to between the fore legs, is much longest and
- pendulous. The hairs in the whitish rump-patch are longer than elsewhere on the buttocks.

The prevailing color of an adult male before me is a reddish brown, darker on the head and
neck, lighter and with more of a yellowish tint on the back and sides ; there is a decided tinge
of brownish chestnut about the head, and on the inferior line of the body from the chin almost
as far as the hind legs; throughout this region it is much mixed with black, especially on the
throat and under the belly. On the lower part and sides of the throat the bristly hairs are ofa
very dark brown, almost black, the tips only chestnut; the extent of this tip decreasing
inferiorly; the ventral line of dusky is without chestnut tips. The upper surface of the muzzle
is rather dusky ; the sides of the upper jaw of a paler chestnut than elsewhere on the head; the
anterior portion of the upper lip whitish. There is a very conspicuous mark on the chin in the
presence of a brownish yellow patch on each side, (the two confluent on the anterior edge of the
lip,) which run back three or four inches, then suddenly contracting and runinng out to a point,
cease before reaching the angle of the mouth. These enclose between them a dark brown space.
There is also another inferior median yellowish patch about opposite the middle of the lower
jaw. There is a yellowish patch on the anterior and posterior edges of the ear, the concavity of
which is yellowish, in strong contrast to the chestnut of its dorsal surface. ;

The edges of the orbits are dusky, but there is nothing of any light ring round the eye, except
an occasional lightening of the ground color.

On the posterior part of the back, about a foot anterior to the tail, is a patch of pale yellowish
brown, commencing as an angle and passing obliquely backward on each side, intersecting the
posterior outline of the body about as far below the tail as it commenced anterior to it. This is
well defined against the darker shade of the body, but is rendered still more conspicuous by a
distinct broad dusky border beginning on either side, about opposite its middle, and passing
backwards, then down the posterior face of the hind legs until it is lost in the general tint of
the legs. All the legs are of a dusky chestnut brown, considerably darker than the ground
color of the body.

I have no winter skins before me, and cannot describe their colors at this season, although,
according to Audubon and Bachman, the hair is of a dark gray all over the body. n

Summer specimens vary in having the ears much more dusky brown, with a narrow line of
the same along the back of the neck. The legs are sometimes darker, sometimes as light as
the back. The back is sometimes redder than as just described. In none have I ever seen
anything of a pure or even tolerably pure white color in any part of body.

Length of No. 2013, from nose to root of tail, 8 feet 8 inches.

I have never had an opportunity of examining the skin of the European stag, the analogue of
our species, but the differences are said to be very decided. Thus, according to Audubon and
Bachman, the American animal is fully one foot higher at the shoulders ; the upper parts and
lower jaw yellowish brown, instead of blackish brown ; the circle around the eye brown, instead
of white, &c. J. E. Gray gives the diagnosis of the two species as follows :

CreRvUS CANADENSIS. Hoofs broad, semi-circular ; tail very short; withers covered with softer

RUMINANTIA—CERVINAE—CERVUS CANADENSIS. 641

hair in winter. Color, red brown; rump with a very large pale disk extending far above the
base of the tail, and with a black streak on each side of it; male with hair elongated, black,
with reddish tips.

Cervus ELAPHUS.—Hoofs narrow, triangular; tail moderate; hair harsh. Color, brown; -
rump with a pale spot extending rather above the upper surface of the base of the tail.

The characteristics here given are very appreciable, and will readily serve to distinguish the
two.

Sor

Ss

sss

SS

———

SS

SS
SV

Fig. 11. Cervus canadensis, No. 3253. California. Right horn from inside. Size, 9.90
inches to the inch. :

The horns of the elk, (see fig. 11,) in their perfect condition, are nearly cylindrical, or rather
slightly oval, in transverse section, the compression antero-posteriorly for the basal half, after
which they flatten outa little more. The surfaces are covered very thickly with warts or pus-
tular elevations, arranged in lines separated by longitudinal grooves ; the points of the antlers
are generally worn smooth and sharp, these bone white; the rest of the horn in its perfect con-
dition is almost a walnut brown.

In the elk all the snags spring from the anterior face of the horn. Two long ones start from the
very base of the horn, one immediately above the other, the lower proceeding parallel with
the axis of the head, the upper more divergent laterally, so that the points are about eight
inches apart. At the ends of the first and second thirds of the main stem, from the base
spring a third and fourth snag, up to which point the posterior outline is tolerably straight ;

81 L

642 U. Ss. P. R. R, EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

half way between the tip of the sixth snag arises the fifth, the two forming a fork directed
upwards, the posterior branch of the sixth snag usually a little longest. There are thus in the
normal horn four points, the two lower much longest, (about one-third the curve of the main
- stem.) The third and fourth snags are smaller and nearly equal, the fifth and sixth still
smaller. The two lower snags curve rapidly upwards near their tip; the third curves more
gently ; the others are nearly straight.

Sometimes the horns are much more cylindrical throughout, having the proportions of the
Virginia deer. At others the palmation at the end is much greater; this is especially the case
in No. ; from the Yellowstone, where the flattening is more like that of the moose. This
specimen has nine points, the largest number I have seen; seven is not very unusual, the
seventh being either a bifurcation of one of the terminal snags, or else springing from the forks
of two of them.

The two basal snags are generally very regular and symmetrical.

In one specimen the upper
one on one side is bent abruptly downward.

The young buck in its first horns has these a mere club-shaped spike, truncate at the end,
curved asin the adult, and without branches; about eighteen inches long. 1 am not able,
with the materials before me, to trace them through their progressive stages of development.
One horn, possibly of the second year, is bifurcated at the tip; in a young male of five points
it is the terminal fork that is wanting. In one instance, an elk kept in a park always repro-
duced, for several years in succession, a mere spike or club on one side, the other horn attaining
its normal development. This was owing to an injury to the growing horn of that side in
youth.

The size of the horns of the elk varies considerably. The largest I have seen measures 11}
inches in circumference above the burr, and 74 to 8 above the two basal snags. The longest
horn before me measures 54 inches along the curve of the posterior edge; the chord of the
arc, 43; the extreme divergence of the tips of opposite horns, 30 to 36 inches. The heaviest
pair of horns weighs, with the skull, 383 lbs. (the lower jaw wanting.) I am assured, however,
that much larger horns exist; some, indeed, of such size, that when inverted on their tips, a tall
man can walk beneath the skull without touching.

Cuvier, in Ossemens Fossiles, (2d ed. Atlas II, pl. clxiv,) figures in part the succession of
form in the American elk, from youth to maturity. In figs. 18, 19, 20, are represented horns
of the elk with but one basal snag, instead of the two usually seen; these, however, are
horizontal, and were grown in confinement. In plate clxvi, fig. 35, is shown a horn sent to
the museum from New York, by Milbert, and said to have been brought from the northwest
coast by Lewis and Clark, The form of this is entirely different from the horn of an elk;
having, it is true, the snags anterior, but there is only one at the base, which is turned up sd
as to be parallel with the main stem. As Cuvier remarks, this is almost exactly the horn of
Cervus hippelaphus, an Old World species, (from Java.) I have no doubt that the locality and
collectors assigned are entirely erroneous, as Lewis and Clark make no mention of such horns, and
nothing of the kind is to be seen in the numerous collections of horns from Lewis and Clark’s

localities, in the Smithsonian Institution and elsewhere. Milbert, as is well known, made many

grievous mistakes in the localities of his American collections, such as assigning to New York

—— as

RUMINANTIA—CERVINAE—CERVUS VIRGINIANUS. 643

species of Ameiva and other reptilia, known to be exclusively South American ; and it is more
than probable that the present is another of his errors.

The elk is the most widely distributed of any American deer, reaching from the Atlantic to
the Pacific, and ranging through many degrees of latitude—according to Richardson, as far
north as the 57th parallel. At the present day the only well ascertained eastern localities are
the Allegheny regions of Pennsylvania and Virginia; the fact of its occurrence in New York
being very uncertain. It is not met with until we reach Minnesota, (or perhaps northern
Wisconsin) ; to the westward of this it becomes abundant, and appears most numerous on the
upper Missouri and Yellowstone.

A very complete account of the habits of this species will be found in the article of Audubon
and Bachman.

List of specimens.

R | Measurements.
> 2 | < 2
Bis 3g > |e
g S : Locality. When col- Whence and how | re] Nature of a & 5 Collected by—
5 Zz ea lected. obtained. | 5 specimen. | & = z= = .
= hel Sages ft | = Sy ASS salle
2 e = 2 g s ° °
1 in ie |= 2\/g¢lela
a Ss o |; = So 3° cy a
o);} 90 n ° a a & BH
Pennsylvania......0-.2.jecessee Walsfala'sie Prof. S.8. Haldeman.... ...++- Antlers ....
487 | 1628} @ | Clarke county, Va ..... Oct., 1854....| Col. Jos. Tuley .... 2... eeeeee Skin in ale.|.
488 | 1629] QO |...... GGast ve tiesdeteainanc Jan., 1855....|.0<00« COP OA OR eT CoE Se oe eIee One RasdOt.cce.|'s
2013 2847 | ¢ | White Earth river, Neb | Sep. 12, 1856 | Lt. G. K. Warren...... «.«++.| Skin ....
2020 2854 | OO | Little Missouri .. -+-| Sep. 15, 1856 |...... dO. secccesseccess covces se eAOvese
2018 | 2852 Q | Fort Berthold....... ...| Sep. 16, 1856 |...... 0) fae iajs oh aienn'e alewad fs cd Oeics
2019 2853 | © | White Earth river...... | Sep. 8, 1856 |.....-d0...06 pnociveepenmen eds fGted.
2015 | 2849 |: q | Yellowstone ........... | August..s.<s0|asssne dh <sacas icc doen Eee Mido.t.
1881 | 2579 & | Republican Fork....... Oct. 4, 1856 | Lt. F. T. Bryan........ 369 |...do....
1880 | 2578 | © | Medicine Bow river..... Aug. 22, 1856 |...008 dO. ceeeecee 296 |...do... 8.50
1882 | 2580 | od} }...... Otainnowiescalsanans Aug. 23, 1856 |.....- Oeics sticessiscne 327 |...do 6.00
3253 San Francisco, Cal.....|.sscseeseeeees Lt. W. P. Trowbridge... ......) AMIE ..00) ceeees|eeeeee|eeeeee eerece

1 [ give these measurements as being on the labels, but there is evidently an error of some kind in the excessive length.

CERVUS VIRGINIANUS, Boddaert.

: Virginia Deer.
Cervus virginanus, Bopparrt, Elenchus Animalium, I, 1784, 136.
ZimMMERMANN, Pennant’s Arktische Zoologie, 1787, 31.
Geen, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 179.
Kerr’s Linnezus, 1792, 299.
Scureser, Saugt. V, 1836.1(!); tab. cexlvii, not of text.
Suaw, Gen. Zool. II, 1801, 284.
DesmAreEst, Mammalogie, I, 1822, 442.
? Say, in Narr. Long's-Exped. I. 1823, 103. (var.)
Hartan, F. Am. 1825, 238.
Gopman, Am. N. H. II, 306.
Doveury’s Cab. N. H. I. 1830, 3; pl. i. B, Q, 0.
Dexay, N. Y. Zool. I, 1842, 113; pl. xxviii. f. 1.
Waenrr, Suppl. Schreb. IV, 1844, 373.
Aup. & Bacn, N. Am. Quad. IT, 1851, 220; pl. Ixxxi, exxxvl.
Pucneran, Mon. du Cerf, Ann. du Mus. VI, 1852, 305.
Cervus (Mazama) virginianus, Ham. Surin, Griffith’s Cuv. IV, 1278, 127, V, 315.

SunpEvatt, K. Sy. Ak. Vet. Handl. for 1844.—In. Archiv Skand. Beit. II, 1850, 134.
tSee note p. 644

644 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP, AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Cervus (Cariacus) virginianus, J. E. Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, 1850, 66; tab. xlvi. (winter sp. from Texas an
C. mexicanus?)—Is. Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. XVIII, 1850, 238.

Cervus dama americana, ERXLEBEN, Syst. An. 1777, 312.

Cervus strongyloceros, AUTENR1ETH, in Schreber Saugt. V, 1836.*(!) 1074. Text, not the figure.

Virginian deer, PENNANT, Synopsis, 1771, 51.—Is. Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 46.—Is. Arctic Zoology, I, 1784, 28.

Le Cerf de Virginie, Sr Hitaire & Cuv. Hist. des Mammif. IV, 1819, plate, ¢, o.

Cerf a dagues, Is. (Spike buck.)

Cerf dela Louisiane, In. (female.)

Sp. Cu —Horns with the branches all from the posterior edge. Ears scarcely more than half the length of the tail.
Gland of hind Jeg not one-eighth the distance between the articulating surfaces of the bone. Tail depressed, hairy beneath ;
dark brown near the tip, but encircled by white on sides and tip; entirely white beneath. Winter coat, pale grayish
chestnut, faintly annulated ; summer, bright uniform rufous. Chin with a transverse band of black ; and behind this one
of the color of the sides of the head.

Young male, killed September 10, 1855. Not quite three months old. Elizabethtown, New
York.

Form very slender, delicate and graceful. Head, acutely pointed ; the outline of the muzzle
slightly concave. Anterior canthus of the eye abort midway between the end of nose and the back
of head, or posterior base of the ear. The eye itself is full and large, with a fringe of eyelashes
on the posterior half of the upper lid, and longer scattering bristles above these and on the
lower lid. The larmier is quite deep, elongated obliquely ; its deepest part about half an inch
in front of the eye ; it is naked except around the margin, as also is the space between it and
the eye. The naked muffle is broader than high, and extends back on the upper surface of the

Fig. 12. Cervus virginianus: End of the muzzle, as seen obliquely from above and in front. The figure is to be considered
simply as a di-gram, having been taken from a much distorted skin (not from the animal here described) ; it is only inten-
ded to show the general outline of the naked portion.

muzzle for nearly its-height at the end ; its postero-superior edge is straight ; its infero-lateral
ones are likewise straight, but inclined to each other, so that if produced they would unite below
and form an equilateral triangle, with a line connecting their upper ends. The nostrils are
crescentic ; the convexity inferior ; their direction parallel with the outline of the muzzle ; the
anterior half of the crescent is in the naked mufile, the posterior covered with hair far over the
inside; anteriorly they are distant about seven lines, or nearly the width of the lower part of the
muffle. The nostrils, however, have almost everywhere short, sparse hairs. The surface of the
naked muffle is divided by narrow furrows into subhexagonal spaces.

The lips are fleshy ; the edges and inner margins dark colored, covered with short, angular,
flat, tooth-shaped, cartilaginous processes.

*I cannot find the date of the original edition of this portion of Schreber's work ; it is probably about 1792. The title
page of the volume as completed gives 1836. .

RUMINANTIA—-CERVINAE—CERVUS VIRGINIANUS. 645

The ears are long and broad ; the antero-superior edge nearly straight ; the posterior very
convex on its inferior half, (the upper part nearly straight.) The greatest width of the ear, in
its unflattened state, is about half the length of the anterior edge. The length from the notch
is equal to the distance from the posterior part of the orbit to the muzzle; the total length of
the cartilage is as long as the lower jaw, and about two-thirds the length of the head. The ear
itself is very simple ; the lower half of the anterior edge is inflexed. The antitragus is a short,
low ridge, running parallel with the lower edge of the ear ; above this is a second low ridge,
nearly parallel with it and longer ; but these ridges are covered with long whitish hairs. Above
the last mentioned ridge is a long shallow wrinkle, the salient portion in the concavity of the
ear. The inside of the ear (its external surface) is naked, with scattered hairs, except on the
two cartilaginous ridges and the margins ; the internal surface or convexity is covered with close
short hairs, except near the tip, which is almost naked.

The hoofs (see the accompanying plate) are narrow and long; the lower side scarcely more
than half as broad as the internal face, and its external border very gently convex ; its length
about three and a half times the breadth. In the hind foot, the disproportion is not quite so great
as in the fore foot. On the outside of the hind leg, and about halfway between the heel and
the tip of the hoofs, is a longitudinal, narrow, naked space, about as long as the bone is wide at
the same place, (about 8 lines.) This is margined all round by a depressed tuft of long white
hairs. On the inside of each hind leg, again, opposite the insertion of the tendo Achillis, is a
large full bunch or tuft of long stiff hairs, the object of which may be to keep the legs from
knocking together in running.

The tail is long and bushy, the hairs longest laterally, which gives it a greatly depressed
appearance. The vertebre are a little longer than the skull.

In this male, the four nipples are distinctly visible in their place, as in the female.

The prevailing color of the back and sides (except on the spots) is a light chestnut red; the
buttocks, the lower part of the sides, side of the head, the outside of the limbs, and the sides
and anterior surface of the neck to between the forelegs, of a pale cinnamon. ‘The under parts,
from the belly to the tip of the tail, including the inside of the fore arm and thighs, are pure
white to the roots. The inferior half of the inner surface of the limbs is a dirty whitish cinna-
mon. As stated, the under surface of the tail is white, as also are the extreme edges. The
hairs on the upper surface are dark brown or sooty at the base, with rusty tips. The white
spots on the back and sides are quite symmetrically arranged. There is a row extending from
the head to the tail, on each side of the spine, the two parallel, and separated by about the width
of the neck. On the neck these spots are confluent with a continuous white line. There is a
row of larger spots on each side, separating the red from the cinnamon portion, and between
these are twenty-five or thirty irregularly placed spots, besides a cluster on the outside of the
shoulder and thighs.

The top of the head is like the back. The muzzle is of a fine pepper and salt color, or with a tinge
of cinnamon. The lower part of the head is dull white, as is a spot above the eye. There is a_
black band encircling the end of the muzzle, crossing over the posterior portion of the nostrils,
broadest on the upper jaw, narrower below. The space between this bar and the end of the
snout is of a purer white than elsewhere on the head. The skin on the convex surface of the

646 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

ear is a light sooty brown, as is the lower portion and tip of the opposite side. The hairs
themselves are dull whitish near the base, pale cinnamon elsewhere.

Measurements.

Inches.

INE AOD OE WM ee sane soa asses ooo. eee 7.50

TONG Yi ee al et ee 00

LOlCaT ae eae oes Se a eee = see eee eee 7.00

LOSS TOPO) OC) iy PE i i pee ae a a Ss 31. 00

to end of outstretched hind legs.-.----------- 53. 00

Then g Ehiof Onbit Sama mone See ee ee ote ae 93

Tail, from root to end of vertebre------------------ 8.00

fromsTOoOutOlenG. Of DAs een sae ee ee 10. 00

Hars; heieht postenotly ee sass separ ee =— eee 5.75

Help ht anterior) yee a ene eae eral 4.50

height internally above skull ----. .----------- 4. 50

height above notches. site 322-20 2- See tees ee 4.50

Width sos sae sie phen Sieaeots ioanap ee sess 3. 08

total length iof cartilare= ~~~ ee oe ea 5. 66

Arm, between claws across shoulder ---------------- 50. 00

lene thkofmore arm See ane pee eee eee 7.00

from elbow to end of claws------------------- 16.50

M@LACAND OS == ate a = a mete et ete 6. 50

fore foot, from end of metacarpus -------------- 4.00
longesticlawe <=5 as =ememan nme sea ate al en lem

Leg, from knee joint to end of claws--------~------- 21.00

tila cca eenecen cease sence oS e ee eee aes 10. 00

hind foot, from end of tibia to foot-_----------- 7.50

hindoobioewe se ae ee oases eee sees sere ese 4.00

Commissure of mouth = s22--2ae-—5-- hee anne 08

WWidthrotynostrilh: S58 eee ee a ee 1.00

Circumference at shoulder -.-...------- ae 19. 00

atpmiddleiol bodynn-s--—n seen oa— == 25. 00

In the preceding detailed description of the Virginia deer I have presented the principal
features of form as seen at all ages. As characteristic of the adult, I may add, that in summer
the hair above and on the sides is of a uniform bright bay or yellowish red, without annulation
of any kind, and only a little paler towards the roots. The under parts are mostly white. The hair
is also very thin and close pressed.

The winter coat varies considerably, however. The hairs are much longer and denser. The
prevailing tint all over, except where otherwise indicated, is a light yellowish red, with a
strong tinge of gray, and finely mottled or variegated with brown. The hairs, taken singly,
are of a light ash at the base, then brown, (darkest at tip,) with a subterminal annulus of
light grayish chestnut or grayish red. The space between the fore legs, and extending in a
point a little posterior to this is like the back? but with no distinct annuli. The whole under

RUMINANTIA—CERVINAE—CERVUS VIRGINIANUS. 647

parts, from near the fore legs, including the inside of the thighs and the buttocks, and the
under surface and sides of the tail, are white. There is also a white and abruptly truncated
patch on the throat opposite to the space between the rami of the jaws, of which color are also
the region around the eyes, (except the dusky eyelids,) the end of the chin, the sides of the
mufile, and the posterior portion of the ears near the base. There is a dusky ring passing over
and around the posterior margin of the naked muffle and encircling the lower jaw just behind
the white tip of the chin; on the upper jaw, again, there is a lighter space just behind the
dusky one. The tail, as already stated, is white beneath, and on the sides, this color showing
conspicuously from above ; the upper surface is reddish at the basal half; the rest of it (coming
to a point in the white) is of a nearly pure sooty brown in some specimens; in others, this is
overlaid with rusty so as to be obscured. In all cases, however, the white margins the dusky
of the tail all round as seen from above. There is generally a dusky shade towards the tips of
the ears. The tail is very full and bushy ; broad and depressed ; well covered everywhere with
hair.

Sometimes, in old males, there is a very strong tinge of dark chestnut on the top of the head
and on the lower portion of its sides, the muzzle posterior to the light patch behind the
nostrils being quite dark and mottled with whitish.

A single head, (1489 ¢ ,) marked ‘‘ Black Tail deer,’’ the precise locality of which is unknown,
but either from Western Texas or the Upper Missouri, in general character of length of ear
resembles the Cervus virginianus. The hair of the muzzle comes down over the naked mufile
more in a point, however, instead of passing nearly transversly across. The ears are densely
coated with hair, and nearly black on the terminal half of the convexity. The chestnut of the
cheeks is continuous across the chin posterior to the white terminal patch. The white patch
between the rami of the lower jaw is considerably more restricted than in C. virginianus.

This deer is very different in many respects from the western species, C. macrotis and colum-
bianus. For the characters in which the distinctions consist, I would refer to the articles on
these species. A peculiar feature is seen in the very short and broad gland on the outer
edge of the hind leg which is about as long as the bone is wide, and is encircled by white hairs,
For the differences from the supposed C. leucurus, see the next article.

The peculiarities of the horns of this deer will be best understood by reference to the accom-
panying figure (13).

From this it will be seen that the horn bends first backwards and outwards, then forwards
and outwards; and that beyond the sub-basal snag, which starts from the inner face of the
antler and is directed upwards, all the branches spring from the posterior part of the main
stem. The figure represents an average horn; more usually there are but two posterior
branches. Sometimes the basal snag is much longer than in the figure ; the curvature of the
horn, too, varies a good deal. Sometimes a perfectly adult, full grown male will have but a
single slender spike, thus resembling the buck of the second year.

The Virginia deer is the best known, and probably the most abundant of the American deer.
According to Audubon and Bachman, it is not found north of Maine, from which limit it is
spread over the entire area of the United States east of the Missouri river. Although less
common than formerly, it is met with in large numbers in the mountainous portions of New York,
Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and States further south, as well as on the seacoast region.

648

U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

On the Upper Missouri, and west, it is replaced by an allied species, and it probably does not

extend {o the western borders of Texas.

mexicanus.

Fig. 13. Cervus virginianus, No. 3062.
Size, 4.16 inches to the

York. Right horn from inside.

inch.

Essex county, New

In Mexico and Sonora it is replaced by the Cervus

It is a well ascertained fact that the more northern specimens of this deer are appreciably

larger than those found further south, and that the deer of the southern seacoast and its islands

are smaller than those of the uplands and mountains of the same latitude.

This fact is well

established by the comparison of specimens in the Smithsonian collection, from New York and

from St. Simon’s island.

3
3 ad
BR a2
i] ‘)
=, i)
a A
g to
bo iy
aes
ae:
oS
2357 | 3144
2256 | 3119
1555 | 2384
852 | 1908
853 | 1909

Sex and age.

Locality.

St. Simon's island, Ga. -
Rowleysburg, Va--.-.--

List of specimens.

Measurements.

Aug. 5, 1856
Feb’ry, 1857
Feb’ry, 1856
Sept. 7, 1855

When collected.

Whence and how
obtained.

Dr. 8. W. Wilson----

Nature
of specimen.

Zz

‘3

ao) eee

S| Sale

ro) $ =

S| 3 ae

o o =

wa 2 loml

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A A a
10.00) 54.00} 9.00
13. 00 | 59. 00 }-.---.

RUMINANTIA—CERVINaE—CERVUS LEUCURUS. 649

CERVUS LEUCURUS, Douglas.
White-tailed Deer.

Cervus leucurus, Doucias, Zool. Jour. IV, Jan. 1829, 330.
Ricwarpson, F. Bor. Am. I, 1829, 258.
Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. IV, 1844, 375.—In. V, 1855, 372.
Pucneran, Mon. du Cerf, Archiv du Mus. VI, 1852, 322.
Avup. & Bacu. N, Am. Quad. III, 1853, 77; plate exviii.
? Cervus (Mazama) leucurus, Sunprvatt, K. Sy. Vet. Ak. Handl. 1844, (from living specimen in Ménagerie du
Museum, Paris.)—Is. in Hornschuch, Archiv Skand. Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte
II. 1850, 135.
? Cervus macrourus, RarinEsquz, Am. Monthly Mag. I, 1817, 436.
Ham. Smiru, Griffith’s Cuvier, IV, 1827, 134—V, 1827, 316, (from Kansas river.)
Long-tailed red deer, Lewis & Cuark.

Sp. Cu.—-Horns and gland of the hind legs asin C. virginianus; tail, appreciably longer; hoofs, long and narrow ; fur,
compact. General color above, in autumn, yellowish gray, clouded and waved, but not lined with dusky. Chin, entirely
white, with only a small dusky spot on the edge of the lip. Ears gray, with a basal white spot behind. Anal region and
‘under surface of the tail, but not the buttocks, white. Tail, reddish above, without exhibiting any dusky.

(1885.) This animal has the general appearance of the Cervus virginianus, in many respects,
though differing appreciably from the specimens with which I have compared it. The ear is
rather narrow, but long, measuring 6.20 along its anterior edge; its greatest width 4.50.
They are thinner and more acuminate at the tip than in C. virginianus. Both surfaces are
well covered with hair: that on the concavity being long and loose, that on the convexity
short, compact, and close.

There is nothing in the dried and distorted skins to indicate any peculiarities in the naked
mufie.

The feet are very delicate and slender, appreciably more so than in C. virginianus. The
hoofs, too, are long, narrow, and acute. That surface of the anterior one which is applied to the
ground is three times as long as wide (2.20+-.65,) the false hoofs long. The distance from the
tip of the fore hoof to the posterior extremity amounts to 3.15; in a skin of virginianus of
the same size, 2.60. The entire length of the posterior hoof is 3.20 inches, its width .65, or
almost exactly that of the anterior. The outer border of the basal portion is nearly straight,
instead of much curved as in C. virginianus. The gland on the outer edge of the hind leg is
situated a little below the middle of the metatarsus. It is short, the naked portion measuring
only about an inch.

The tail is moderately long and bushy, of uniform width from the base to the pointed tip,
rather depressed ; the hairs of equal length on the sides from the base to the tip. Its length
does not exceed that of the head.

The prevailing color of this species in the fall’ of the year, and probably in the winter, is a
yellowish gray, clouded and waved with black caused by the dusky tips to the hairs. This
color is purest and grayest on the neck (nearly the same all round) and head, the long hairs
on the top of the head only being more fulvous. The chin and throat are dull white, the former
without any band, but merely a dusky spot on the side; there is also a suffusion of dusky on
the sides and on the top of the upper jaw just behind the mufile, but no continuous ring. The

82 L

650 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

ears are uniformly brownish gray, lined and pointed somewhat with dusky, the concavity and
the basal portion behind being white. The under part of the neck, from the white patch
beneath the head to between the fore legs, is of the same brownish gray, with a slight sooty
tinge posteriorly ; the rest of the under parts to the tail are opaque white. The under part of
the tail and the region around the anus are also white, but apparently less conspicuously so
than in C, virginianus. The upper surface of the tail is of a uniform reddish brown, brighter
than elsewhere on the body. The legs are of a nearly uniform pale brownish yellow, rather
lighter internally.

In another specimen, (1886,) killed about the same time, there is rather more fulvous in the
yellowish brown and gray tints, approximating the colors somewhat to those of C. columbianus.
Specimens from the upper Missouri agree in most respects, but are still grayer; indeed, the
color of the back is exactly that of a Cervus macrotis, killed at the same time.

There is no old animal of this species before me in full summer dress. A female from the
Republican Fork, possibly a true C. virginianus, is of rather a lighter red than in the eastern
specimens. The fawns are spotted much as those of C. virginianus. In no one of the many
specimens before me is there anything of the dusky ring below the chin, the nearest approach
being in the small dusky spot on each side. :

In the preceding description I have proceeded on the supposition that the animals described
are specifically distinct from the C. virginianus. In placing a series side by side of each, there
are certainly very appreciable differences, some of which have been already referred to. The
size is about the same. The fur of the Rocky Mountain animal is much closer and more
compact, and appears somewhat finer. The peculiar waves of dusky I have not seen in the
C. virginianus. The colors are much paler throughout, more like those of C. macrotis. The
legs appear to be more slender; the hoofs narrower and longer. The nearly immaculate
chin is a strong feature, this region being without the black ring bordered behind by
reddish. The ears are more uniformly gray. The horns, tail, and gland of the metatarsus
are very similar in both, and exhibit nothing distinctive.

The horns of this animal resemble very closely those of C. virginianus from the eastern portion
of the United States. There isa basal snag starting from the inner face of the horn, about
three inches from the base. All the snags above this spring from the posterior edge of the
horn, those of opposite sides corresponding to each other in the two horns, sometimes nearly
parallel, sometimes convergent. There are usually three of these posterior snags, equidistant
and diminishing in length successively, the terminal one about as long as the end of the main
stem. ‘I'his bends abruptly a little before it reaches the middle; the two branches of the
curve nearly straight.

The horns are more inclined to have three posterior snags than in C. virginianus. In extreme
age the horn becomes more compressed and the warts towards the base very prominent. Asa
general rule there is a much greater diversity of form here than in the C. virginianus, as will
be seen from the accompanying wood-cuts, which are far from exhausting all the varieties in
the Smithsonian collection. One of these, figure 17, is from Puget’s Sound, and belongs to the
typical C. leucurus. It is in some respects quite different from the others, and may be distinct.

RUMINANTIA—CERVINAE—CERVUS LEUCURUS. 651

Fig. 14. Cervus leucurus. No. 2920. Yellowstone river. Right horn from inside. Size, 3.68 inches to the inch.

Fig. 15. Cervus leucurus. No. 658. Upper Missouri. Left horn from inside. Size, 5.04 inches to the inch. The
horn is remarkable for the amount of flattening, and consequent elongation antero-posteriorly, of the cross section at
any point.

Fig. 16. Cervus leucurus. No. 2928. White Earth river, Nebraska. Both horns from
the left. Size 3.91 inches to the inch. This horn is much compressed antero-posteriorly,
at its terminal or upper half, as in the moose or reindeer. It may possibly be a C. macrotis,
but is labelled by Lieutenant Warren C. virginianus, and most probably is the white-tailed
deer of the Upper Missouri.

Fig. 17. Cervus leucurus. No. 3203. Whidby’s island, Puget’s Sound. The true C.
lexrurus of Douglas, Right horn from inside. Size, 5.09 inches to the inch.

652 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The only skin before me from any point near to the original locality of C. leucurus is a por-
tion of a hide sent from Steilacoom by Dr. Suckley. It has the general appearance of the
C. virginianus, but is considerably redder, the annulation more distinct, on a darker ground,

Fig. 18. Cervus leucurus. No.829. Big Sioux, Nebraska. Head from before, showing a remarkable

development of points. Size, 6.20 inches to the inch.

and the hair generally fuller, longer, and finer. There is a decided deepening of color along
the dorsal line. Thickly interspersed among the other hairs are numerous single ones entirely
white. There is quite an appreciable difference in the color of the hair.

To give the full history and characters of this deer will require a larger amount of material
than that at present at my command, although I have little doubt of its difference specifically
from the Virginia deer. Whether the skins I have described from the Missouri and Platte are
really the same with those from the Columbia river and Puget’s Sound, is far from being satisfac-
torily ascertained. One thing is certain, that the former are by no means characterized by great
length of tail; this, as far as I can judge, being but little longer than in the C. virginianus.
In none of the skins does it exceed twelve or fourteen inches. The Cervus macrourus of Rafin-
esque, based upon the vague description of Leraye, probably refers to the Missouri white-tailed
deer, although the indication of 18 inches as the length of the tail is probably an error. Should
the species of the Missouri and Columbia be distinct from each other, as well as from the Vir-
ginia deer, I would suggest that the name macrourus be retained for the first mentioned ; though
if the two former are the same, Jeucurus had better be used, as most eligible under the circum-
stances.

This species is very abundant on the Upper Missouri and Upper Platte, where it replaces the
Virginia deer. It probably extends along the eastern plains of the Rocky Mountains into
Texas, but in Sonora appears to be replaced by the Cervus mexicanus. If the same with the
Oregon species, it is found all along the Columbia river, as well as on Puget’s Sound.

RUMINANTIA—CERVINAE—CERVUS MEXICANUS. 653

List of specimens.

= Measurements.
sf bill
¢ Fa
= |S 5 = chiles
5 CS} $ Locality. When col- | Whence and how ob- Ee Nature of | = = | S | S Collected by—
5 a ee lected. tained. = specimen. 8 ai|3i\sa
& e z = S ° o |. 06
ele es & Spal ec Mt os
I = is = = = =
BR euie 5 Shige ag ;
iS) ‘S) Q ° 4 4 Sd halle
Bagh) ences lavenas | PStCMMCOONIY Wier Lindam seealedde cece scasn | pr. G. Suckley.........|sssee- Piece of skin|......|..+0+. Veesnus|teseus)|canatossonverten
1889 | 2587 | OO | Medicine Bower.,W.Fork| Sep. 6,1856 | Lt. F. T. Bryan........ 322 | Skin...... 9.50) 40.00 8.00) 10.00) W. S. Wood...
1887 | 2585 | O d' | South Platte Sep. 9, 1856 327 | .4+.dO.. eee 9.00) 33.50 8.00 11.00)...... do.
1888 | 2586 JOG'O)}........d0. seeeeee «| Sep.10, 1856 a} OBO eesOra cece 10.50) 39.50 8.50 10.50)...... dO. eee ens
1885 | 2583} Gi |........ AO i ,wemsisvesie dene s| saan dO.. veeejecce cose ev cecscccccses| S28 |reeeDOrevcee 17.58) 78.00, 12.00, 15.00} ...... MOS eeeaae
1886 | 2584] © ]........ WO meaevcvoatue ct li: Sap: 71856015. -.,c0<: GOL, .deeesaceces 326 |....d0...... 12.50/ 51.00, 9.00, 13.00)...... Ose s-cee
i
1891 | 2589 | OO | Platte river..............| July18, 1856 |........ .-| 120 |....do......| 8.00) 37.00, 7.00) 8.50)..... dolichit
21890 | 2588] © | Republican Fork.......+- Oct. 9, 1856 |........ dO... veeesececees 7S |e eee dOve wees 13.25) 59.00, 11.00) 13.50),..... dO... secees
1837 | 2879 | G | Upper Missouri..........+ Sep. 5,1856 | Lt. G. K. Warren......|...00+ sept
1839 | 2878 Oo White Earth river... «| Sep. 8, 1856 |.... cece dO... daahee ocver|cas bes oabe eee |
. | |
2038 | 2873 | O | Yellowstone .......seeeee | Aug., 1856 |...seee- dO.. coccnccceccs senceclecesGOc.sece|eecees Wea | ences [rete lee eees dos.s<<<<=
1831 | 2509 | © | Blackfoot country........|..... dO.. vece|-csecees GO. .cccecececcen|«ececcleccesscseses seeees |ewscesleccees Jesavee |eveose dose? ==2>=
ZETIA) |e sesnie O | Pecos river ....esee cooce) July: 4,1656 | Capt..J. Pope. .s.cssexv| 203 lendmaass cane Reese (eae | Poe lxaiede'c: |) since eheeamees™
|

CERVUS MEXICANUS, Gmelin.

Sonora Deer.

Cervus mexicanus, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 179.
LicuTensTeEIn, Darstellung, 1827-1834 ; pl. xviii.
Wacner, Suppl. Schreber Saugt. IV, 1844, 378.—Is. V, 1855, 375.
Pucueran, Mon. du Cerf, Archiv du Mus. VI, 1852, 362.
GiesEL, Saugt. 1855, 340.
Cervus (Mazama) mexicanus, SuNDEVALL, K. Sy. Vet. Ak. Handl. for 1844, 182.—Is. Archiv Skand. Beit. 1850, 135.
(original description.)

Sr. Cu.—Resembling C. virginianus in horns and general characters, but smaller. Color varying but little with season ; ashy
or grayish brown, pointed with light gray annulation to the hairs. Tail but little longer than the ears, white beneath and on
the sides ; whitish with yellowish rufous tinge above, except near base, where it is like the back. Gland on hind leg as long a

the bone is thick.

The single specimen collected of this deer is of very small size, though fully adult, as shown
by its suckling a fawn when killed. No experiment was made as to its weight, but this could
not have exceeded 70 pounds, as Dr, Kennerly, after killing it, threw it across a mule with perfect
ease.

The general impression conveyed of this deer is that of Cervus virginianus in winter dress,
though the specimen was killed in May, and in summer fur. The head is slender and delicate.
The ears are moderately long and rather unusually broad ; they measure 54 inches above the
notch and 44 in width. They are rather thinly coated with hairs on both sides, though the hairs
are much longest on their concavity or interior.

The larmiers are not very large, and the space between them and the eye is covered with short
velvety hairs. There are no appreciable peculiarities in the form of the muzzle.

The tail is short, but little longer than the ears ; it measures only about 7 inches to the tips
of the hairs, and about four to five to the end of the bone. It is depressed and hairy beneath.

The hoofs are rather short and broad. In the hind foot the width of the side, measured along

654 U. Ss. PP. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

the line of junction of the hair, is about three-fourths the length along the upper edge. The
extreme width of the entire hoof is about four-fifths this length. In the fore hoofs, the length
along the upper edge, is a little less in proportion to the other dimensions than in the hind legs.

The gland on the hind leg is much as in C. virginianus. It is situated along the middle
of the bone, and is rather longer than the bone is wide ; it is narrower than in C. virginianus,
but perhaps longer. It is surrounded by a dense tuft of hair a little lighter than on the rest of
the leg, but otherwise’ not so conspicuously different as in C. virginianus.

The prevailing color of this animal is an ashy brown; pointed with light gray or dull whitish.
The hairs themselves are generally light gray at the base, the terminal portion becoming of a
pure brown, (without any shade of red or yellow,) darkest near the tip, where it is rather broadly
annulated with light gray, clearer than at the base, and with perhaps a faint tinge of yellowish.
The under surfaces are lighter; the only pure white appears to have been in the inguinal region.
The tail is entirely white beneath and all round. At the base above it is gray like the back ;
the subterminal portion is whitish with a pale rufous tinge. The bases of the hairs above,
however, except perhaps at the extreme end of the tail, are dark brown, darkest towards the tip.

The head, including the convexity of the ears, presents the same grayish or pepper-and-salt
color of the rest of the body. The end of the muzzle is encircled by a dusky ring passing just
behind the naked muffle ; this ring is quite distinct on the side of the lower jaw, but for the
rest is rather obsolete, being replaced by a grayish shade. The side of the muffle on either side
of the nostrils and the tip of the chin are white. There is an increased amount of light in the
mottlings of the muzzle just behind the dark band referred to, but no distinctly light ring.
The under surface of the head is white. -

No reliable measurements of this specimen can be taken, owing to the shrivelled state of the’
skin. It is not more than two-thirds as large, however, as the female C. virginianus, and may
be still smaller. -

This species, now for the first time included within the limits of the fauna of the United
States, has, as already stated, many points of close relationship with the C. virginianus. It
differs from it, however, in its much smaller size, shorter and whiter tail, grayer color, and
other features. The colors are much grayer than in any winter C. virginianus I have ever
seen, exhibiting no trace of the rusty or chestnut of the latter. The hoofs are shorter, broader,
and higher. The tail is considerably shorter and lighter above, exhibiting no exposed black
whatever. The ears are thinner. The head generally is much more uniform in its markings
than in C, virginianus.

I regret that no horns of this species were brought home, and that the single specimen is in
such condition as to prevent any very accurate description. There is some doubt as to whether
it is the true C. mexicanus of authors. I shall, however, apply the name provisionally.

It is a little curious that this species, which, from the testimony of Dr. Kennerly, does not
change color materially with the season, should present, as the permanent color in its southern
clime, a grayish tint that resembles most closely the winter color of C. virginianus. A similar
analogy is seen in the mottled owl; the Scops asio of the north, like the deer, being found both
red and gray, (in the same season, however,) while its southern representative, Scops McGallii,

from the Rio Grande, like the Sonora deer, is exclusively gray.

RUMINANTIA—CERVINAE—CERVUS MEXICANUS. 655

Much still remains to be done in defining with precision the characteristics of the smaller
deer of America, and in the discrepancy of descriptions of authors there is some doubt as to
whether the present specimen is really the C. meaicanus or not. It agrees sufficiently, however,
with this animal, as described by Lichtenstein, Wagner, and other writers, and in its geo-
graphical position is not very remote from the region assigned by these authors to the Mexican
deer. The new Gadsden boundary line between the United States and Mexico probably marks
its extreme northern range. Southward it extends through the wooded mountain region of
Mexico, beyond the city of Mexico. ;

The horns of this deer are described as resembling the C. virginianus, but, perhaps, with
fewer points. The following measurements of a buck are taken from Lichtenstein :

Feet. | Inches.
Totalilenrth: tolrootobtall:— ==. oat masa aa anne are ee 4
bengrth von tele S23 55 aes se es Se Ss a eee
Head toybetween, card: 22-122 Se ete se eh sees. ee ae 1 ees eee
Horn, from the burr to the tip of the posterior point -.--.__._-___|________ 93
antenoripomt~o< 226. ees-|oao-~ oe 11}
Wher ils Ob CB 8 5 re hem etal tte ee ee ae eee one ae oe 5}
Wild th Of Cars. oe om caer he ee te GS a ee, ee d Bylpaktty 33
Height of bodysanterorly) «ee se = oe ee eee ae - ee 2 9
» posteriorly so ot 5 ee eee eee 2 10

The female is smaller than the male.

The characteristics which distinguish this species from the (. virginianus will also serve to
separate it from the C. leucurus, such as its different color, very small size, short tail, &c.
They agree in the slightly marked character of dusky band across the end of the lower jaw.

List of specimens.

tha b= all |

Se |

Be ikents | |

zee MS Sl Dar

a am} &n . | T:

2 1p nae es Locality. When collected. Whence and how Nature | Collected by—
a) = it | . .

fo | Be z | obtained. | of specimen. |

= | o

@ | & :

1048 2360 Q | San Luis Springs, Sonora.) May, 1855.-.-| Maj. W. H. Emory.--| Skin._____- Dr. C. B. Kennerly.

656 U. S&S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.
>

CERVUS MACROTIS, Say.
Mule Deer.

Cervus macrotis, Say, Narr. of Long’s Exped. If, 1823, 88.
Hartan, F. Am. 1825, 243.
Gopman, Am. N. H. II, 204.
Peae, Phila. Advocate of Science, I, Aug. 1834, 11; figure-—In. Mammalia and Birds U. S. Ex.
Ex. 1848, fig. of hoof.
Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. 1V, 1844, 371, (in part only.)—Is. V, 1855, 368.
Pucneran, Mon. Cerf, Archiv du Mus. VI, 1852, 369.
GiesEL, Saugt. 1855, 342.
Cervus (Cariacus) macrotis, Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, Ungulata, 1850, 67.—Is. Pr. Zool. Soc. XVIII, 1850, 239.
*© Cervus auritus, Warven, Hist. U.S. V, 640, French edition,”’ (fide Richardson.)
Mule deer, Lewis & Ciarx.

Sp. Cu.—Larger than C. virginianus. Horns doybly dichotomous, the forks nearly equal. Ears nearly as long as the tail.
Gland of hind leg half as long as the distance between the articulating surfaces of the bone.

In winter, ashy brown with light gray tips and annulations. Beneath, like the back, except about axillae and groin. Entire
rump with basal two-thirds of tail all round white. The tail is cylindrical, a little longer than the ears, very slender, naked

beneath, except at the end, which is a black tuft.

The C. macrotis appears to be considerably the largest of our American deer, after the elk,
exceeding the C. virginianus and C. lewisii very appreciably in size. From the examination of the
portion of a skin brought by Dr. Newberry, Iam unable to substantiate the distinctions in
the hoof from C. lewisit, as stated by Mr. Peale in the report of the Wilkes’ Exploring Ex-
pedition. In fact, the character there given of a broad hoof to the former, and a narrow one to
the latter, are completely inverted by my comparisons, the C. macrotis having a very long and
slender sole, very different from that of the elk. The gland of the hind leg is very large,
fully twice as long as the hind hoof, measured along its upper surface ; its lower end is distant
by its whole length from the lower articulating surface of the bone, in which it is placed. It
occupies two-fifths of the distance between the upper and lower articulating surfaces of the bone,
falling on the second and third fifth of the bone, starting from the upper articulation.

The hoofs of this specimen are long, slender and tapering; in the fore foot the side along
the line of hair is about two-thirds the length of the upper edge, and nearly half this length
in the hind foot. The greatest width between the exterior of the first hoofs is about two-thirds
the length of their upper edge ; in the hind foot about four-sevenths, or nearly the width of the
outer side of the hoof.

The skin of the head exhibits in a marked degree the propriety of the name macrotis, the
ears measuring seven inches from the notch, and standing, when fresh, according to Dr. New-
berry, eight inches above the head.

The hair is very coarse and brittle, resembling that of the antelope. The winter coat is very
dense and full, almost shaggy, and without the compact smooth character of C. virginianus in
winter dress. The ears are particularly well coated with hair, resembling somewhat those of
a Newfoundland dog.

The prevailing color of the adult is an ashy brown, pointed or varied with gray, and with-
out any rusty tinge whatever. There is a distinctly marked stripe from the crown of the head
to the root of the tail, the hairs in which are much darker throughout their extent than

RUMINANTIA—CERVINAE—CERVUS MACROTIS. 657

elsewhere. The under parts generally appear to be ashy brown, like the back, but without
annulation of the hairs. The only whitish portion of the inferior surface is seen beneath the
head, around the axillae, and in the groin. On each side of the tail, on the end of the rump,
is a dull white patch, crossing above the tail and involving its entire basal half or two-thirds.
The tail itself is quite slender and cylindrical on the basal two-thirds; the hair there being
compact and close and then expanding into a dense tuft, which is entirely black. A narrow
line along the under surface of the tail, which in summer is quite naked, in winter is thinly
coated with hair. The legs are of a yellowish rusty. The ears are of a sooty tinge along the
edges of both margins, the centre and basal portion of the concavity being white, that of the
convexity like the back; there is a whitish patch in the basal portion of the outer edge behind.
The muzzle presents a hoary appearance ; on each side of the naked mufile is a black spot,
seen also on the side of the lower jaw, anterior to these the muzzle is white.

The horns of a mule deer, from Fort Union, at the mouth of the Yellowstone, are, in shape,
almost precisely like those of one specimen of C’. columbianus, from San Francisco. They are doubly
and nearly equally dichotomized. The first fork falls a little short of the middle of the antler,
the second fork of each branch falls a little beyond the first third of the remaining distance.
The posterior fork is rather the larger of the two. There is a small point on the upper edge of
the antler, midway between the base and the first fork.

Fig. 19. Cervus macrotis, No. 831. Big Sioux, Neb. Right horn from inside. Size, 8.23 inches
to the inch.
Fig. 20. Same species, (2918.) Yellowstone. Right horn from inside, Size, 5 inches to the

inch,

83 L

6458 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

This species was first described by Say, from specimens killed in the Cedar ridges, on the
head waters of the Arkansas, near but not in the Rocky Mountains. Whether the mule deer
of the Missouri and Saskatchewan and of the Des Chutes is identical with this cannot, at
present, be determined, for want of specimens. There are certain discrepancies not easily
reconciled in the various indications of the supposed C. macrotis. One of some importance is
that of the hoof, which is said, by Mr. Peale, to be broad and cordate in the original U. macrotis,
while in Dr. Newberry’s specimen, as well as those from the Upper Missouri, it is unusually
narrow and linear, exceeding, in this respect, C. virginianus.

The characters of the horns, the long ears, the white buttocks, the elongated gland of the
hind leg, and the black-tipped tail, with its other peculiarities, will at once distinguish C.
macrotis from the C. virginianus, not to mention its much greater size. From C. columbianus it is
known by its greater size, the graver colors, the long gland of the hind leg, the white buttocks
and base of tail, the concentration of black on the tail in a small tuft at tip, the longer ears,
the absence of the frontal mark, &c. The tail is very differently constituted in being cylin-
drical and attenuated, except at the tufted tip, instead of being uniformly full and bushy.

I have before me only an imperfect summer skin of Cervus macrotis. In this the character of
the hair is much like that of C. virginianus in its thin, coarse, scant character. The color is of
a yellowish tawny or mud color, much lighter than in C. virginianus. The individual hairs
are nearly uniform brownish yellow from the base, without any terminal annulation whatever.

In the accompanying note! I give the description of this deer from life, as prepared by Prince
Maximilian during his visit to the Upper Missouri. It will be found to contain some interesting
details not to be derived from the examination of the dried skin. The animal has its greatest
development in point of numbers on the Yellowstone river, and the list of specimens below
expresses very nearly what is known of the distribution of the species. It is not yet ascertained
with certainty whether it is found north of the American line.

In a large number of specimens, received since the preceding description was prepared, I still
fail to find anything in the hoofs resembling the elk ; these, in fact, are every way as long and
acute (if not more so) than in the Virginia deer.

' Cervus macrotis, Prince Maximilian, Reise in das innere Nord-Amerika, I, 1839, 404.

The black-tailed deer is larger than the Virginia, and more stoutly built; the hoofs are larger; ears much longer; the
spring is not as light nor the gait so rapid ; in fact, the speed is not greater than that of a Buffalo cow. In running the
black-tailed deer does not carry the tail erect, like the Virginia deer, nor does it wag this member from side to side, as in
the last mentioned species. The rutting season is in September; the horns are cast in March, and are perfected again in
August. The usual number of young is one, though sometimes two are dropped. These are spotted with white on a pale
yellowish red ground, and the tail is formed as in the adult.

Description of a buck of eight tips, from three to four years old.—Shape somewhat like that of the Virginia deer, but the top of
the nose seems a little morearched. Eyes with a decided sinus lachrymalis; ears very large and broad ; frame considerably
higher behind than before ; legs and hoofs as in the Virginia deer; the hoofs, however, are larger, particularly the hinder
ones, which stand wide apart. The tail is thin and nearly naked beneath and on the sides; it is short haired above, with
a small black bushy tip; scrotum sparsely haired; penis long and cylindrical, a little depending at the tip.

The hair on the body is hard and scant; the whole body is pale yellowish red, more of a grayish brown under the
anterior part of the body ; under the belly whitish yellow; inner sides of the legs whitish. Ears yellowish gray exteriorly,
darker towards the tip.

RUMINANTIA—CERVINAE—CERVUS COLUMBIANUS. 659

List of specimens.

: Measurements.
Z| s 3 Salas
£ 3 4, Locality. When collected.) Whence and how = Nature of a & Collecied by—
5 2 | obtained. = | specimen. | ‘8 = g =
= esta ie iE a fini ltd al
Sats. Wis s 2 liek pci
a = 4 e a =| =
iJ i-) > i i} i] i) os
o o nD ° a Zz & H
1840 | 2881 | 4 | Upper Missouri ............| Summer, 1856 | Lt. Warren........ B_ | Skin .....-} caeee! 70.00) 8 00 | 12.00) Di. F. V. Hayden.
1841 | 2882 3 eter do A 0200s. nee: eeesleeeece|sncceslececes|coveeeDOsscccccccs
TRaB Veeck = sees] Yellowstone... ....eeee cen August, dhe cleqery 10 eOO.cacaee ashe se[eeveeeleesses| severed cccccee.
1501 | 2361 | 4 | Sage Creek, Nebraska......) Winter, 1855| Dr. F. V. Hayden..|...+++ are Anne ciecalelllciajeie c's) (bsiasie's|[n(s'ssisu'|'sisieeicis| viewieieslse)sleaalee eee
1502 | 2362 Q seeecens dOvvecceccseccee tens Os. eves |eccece Os. escccecees| cones do perleeceee| seene|ccccen|-cenes|coveeeecscteee rere
oats | Ci G65 sows apeelGh Bococsoo core coed |neidr Heceecnn end oor pot Ohacec a eeeee a|veceee cerlOrcuccer|sccec:|cocece| cncass|cvucesleanrecrecesescsece
1883 | 2581 | @ | W. fork Medicine Bow Creek} Sept. 2, 1856/ Lt. F. T. Bryan....| 316 |...do....... F -00) W. S. Wood.....
1884 | 2582 Q sececeee Ose cececccesceccers|tecsee dO... ceases] seeves dO.. veccee rece B17 | .2.dO...006 ae ene sede,
1200 | 2028 © | Head of Des Chutes river, | September,1855 | Lt. Williamson.....| ..... Head & feet)...... ORS eet rete Dr. J.S. Newberry
air |

Nore.—The measurements recorded above were taken before skinning.

CERVUS COLUMBIANUS, Rich.
Black-tailed Deer.

Cervus macrotis, var. columbianus, Ricuarpson, F. B. Am. T, 1829, 255; pl. xx.
Cervus macrotis, Ricu. I*. Bor, Am. I, 1829, 254; pl. xx.
SunpevatL, K. Sv. Vetenskaps Akad. Handlingar, 1844.--Ip. Archiv Skand. Beit. II, 1850,
135. (From Richardson.)
Cervus lewisii, Peate, Mammalia and Birds U. S. Ex. Ex. 1845, 39.
? Cervus (Cariacus) lewisii, J. E. Gray, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. XVII, 1850, 239.—Is. Knowsley Menagerie, 1850, 67
pl. xliv, summer; pl. xlv, winter.
Cervus richardsonii, Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. II, 1851, 211.—Is. III, 1853, 27 ; pl. cvi.
Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. V, 1855, 369.
? Cervus (Cariacus) punctulatus, GRAY, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. XVIII, 1850, 239; pl. xxviii.—Is. Knowsley Menag.
1850, 67.
Black-tailed fallow deer, Lewis & CLarK.

Sp. Cu.—About the size of C. virginianus, or less. Horns doubly dichotomous, the forks nearly equal. Ears more than

half the length of the tail. Gland of the hind leg about one-sixth of the distance between the articulating surfaces of the
bone. Tail cylindrical, hairy and white beneath ; almost entirely black above. The under portion of the tip not black.

Winter coat with distinct yellowish chestnut annulation on a dark ground. Without white patch onthe buttocks. There
is a distinct dusky horse-shoe mark on the forehead anterior to the eyes.

The differences between this and the Virginia deer are very strongly marked and readily
appreciable. Itis with the Cervus macrotis of Say that its closest affinities exist, and to distinguish

The horns had four tips on each antler, arranged somewhat as in C. elaphus, except that the frontal tines are short and
small, placed more internally, and tending outwards; then follows a very long tine curving upwards, (this in older deer
divides) ; above this is a fork.

Measurements.—From snout to tip of tail, 5 feet 9 inches 8 lines; tail to tip of hairs, (measuring on the upper side,) 10
inches 8 lines; tail without the hairs, 6 inches; head, 12 inches 8 lines ; length of ear, measured on the side next to the
head, 8 inches 7 lines ; greatest width of ear, 3 inches 2 lines; height anteriorly, (feet outstretched,) 2 feet 9 lines; height
behind, 4 feet 3 lines.

In a two year old female the color is the same as that mentioned above, although rather a purer clear yellow. There are

four inguinal teats; ears dark gray at the tips.

660 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

it from which some extent of detail is necessary. Both have very long ears, the same bifurca-
tion of horns, and somewhat similar colors. What the differences really are will be hereafter
mentioned.

In the absence of any but much wrinkled and corrugated skins, I cannot give any minute
detail respecting the character of the muzzle, lachrymal openings, &c. The former appears
much like that of the Virginia deer. The lachrymal openings are very large, commencing
about half an inch in front of the eye, and are nearly three-quarters of an inch in length. The
space between them and the eye is bare of hairs. The ears are large, measuring over 63 inches
from the notch ; the breadth is about five inches or more. Both surfaces are well covered with
hair, though this is not very long or dense. The tail is rather short and thin, not bushy, and
scarcely as long or not longer than the head. It is covered with hair beneath,

The limbs are slender, perhaps more so than in the C. virginianus. The hoofs are rather
short and broad. In the fore foot, the width on the side along the line of hair is about three-
fourths the length of the upper edge, and about two-thirds the same length in the hind foot.
The greatest width between the exterior of the hoofs, in the fore foot, is about six-sevenths of
the length of the upper edge of the fore hoof; that of the hind foot is about three-fourths the
length of the hind hoof. There is no gland on the fore leg; that on the hind leg is about the
length of the upper edge of the hind hoof, and situated on the outside, a little within the
posterior edge. It is, however, so densely overgrown by the hair as to be with some difficulty
detected in the dried skin. It occupies about one-sixth of the distance between the articulating
surfaces of the bone on which it is placed, its lower end about two and a half times its own
length from the lower articulating surface, the upper end about twice its length from the
upper articulating surface, and its middle point is nearly midway between the two articulating
surfaces of the bone, (a little nearer the upper one.)

Fig. 21. Cervus columbianus, No. 1618. Monterey, Cal. Right horn, from

inside, size 8.30 inches to the inch.

Fig. 22. Cervus columbianus, No. 3204. Puget’s Sound. Right horn, from
inside, showing the absence of fork on one side, as well as of basal snag
Size, 5.74 inches to the inch.

RUMINANTIA—CERVINAE—CERVUS COLUMBIANUS. 661

The horns of this species, when fully formed, are quite different from those of the Virginia
deer, and almost identical in character with those of C. macrotis. They rise from a well
developed pedicel above and behind the eyes, and bifurcate almost equally before reaching quite
half their length. Each branch bifurcates again near its middle; the anterior tine in each
secondary fork is rather the longer of the two. The posterior secondary fork is rather larger
than the anterior. Midway between the forehead and the first fork is a small tine of a few
inches, situated a little forward of the postero-internal edge. There are thus but five points.
The essential character, then, is that of a nearly equal bifurcation of the horns near the middle,
and a second bifurcation of these forks in their middle, the posterior fork rather largest, and
the anterior point largest in each. The Cervus virginianus has the same brow point, but the
other points are all sent off from the posterior edge of the main stem, instead of bifurcating
nearly equally. In some specimens the brow antler is entirely wanting, and it often happens
that even in old bucks there is but a single bifurcation of the horn. In most cases there is a
greater or less amount of warty roughness at the base of the antlers, less, however, than in C.
virginianus.

In some cases there is an erect snag a little above the base ; in others this is wanting. Some-
times there is only one fork ; sometimes one branch of one or other fork is wanting, leaving but
three terminal points.

The hair in the winter coats is shorter, thinner, and considerably finer than in C. virginianus,
and lies very close to the skin. ;

The general color of this deer in winter is a yellowish chestnut, finely mottled with black.
This black is concentrated and intensified along the dorsal line, so as to produce an appreciable
and broad streak from the occiput to near the root of the tail, less distinct in some, however,
than in others. The neck all round and the exterior of the thighs and shoulders and the sides
are much like the back, but rather lighter. The under parts, from between the legs to the
umbilicus, are mottled like the back, with a strong sooty tinge on the chest. Towards the
navel, however, this mottling is confined to the ventral line, on each side of which is a lighter
region, separating it from the colors of the flanks. The axillae and upper half of the inside of
the fore leg, the posterior part of the belly, and the inside of the thighs, are white. The lower
half of the legs is of a chestnut tinge, (lightest inside,) lighter than the back, and without
any black.

In the head the chestnut tints are more or less replaced by grayish, especially on the ears
and upper part of the muzzle. The top of the head is chestnut and black, but there is a very
decided dark stripe over each eye, converging anteriorly, and meeting in the middle of the fore-
head. The end of the chin and the sides of the naked mufile are white; behind this is a black
patch, crossing and involving the posterior half of the muffle and passing round on the chin,
where it is most distinct on the edges of the lips. In some cases it forms a more or less obsolete
border only to the white of the apex of the chin, occasionally interrupted towards the centre.
Posterior to this dusky circle on the chin is a space similar to and continuous with the light
mottled chestnut of the side of the head ; behind this, for a space corresponding with the area
between the rami of the lower jaw, the color is a dirty white, as are also the concavity of the
ear and the base of the ear posteriorly, and extending a little way up.

The tail is entirely covered with hair, uniform jet black above, except near the base, where it

662 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

shades into the color of the back; beneath, it is entirely white, although very little of this is
seen when viewed from above.

The mottled hairs, examined individually, are nearly black, with a subterminal annulus of
bright yellowish chestnut, very distinctly defined ; the basal portion is cinereous. The black
colors predominate on the back, the cinereous on the sides. The annuli are about ;'; of an inch
long on the back, where they are narrowest, and widen to about a quarter of an inch on the
sides and on the shoulders.

I have not had an opportunity of examining any but winter skins of this animal; the summer
coat is much lighter, according to Dr. Newberry, being of a nearly uniform fulvous brown, and
the colors generally less distinct. According to Dr. Gray, of the British Museum, the summer
hairs are not ringed at all. .

There is great uniformity in all the skins as to color, the only difference being in a specimen
from Monterey, in which the subterminal annulus on the hairs is much lighter. Specimens
from San Diego are considerably smaller than those further north, following the same rule with
the Virginia deer.

The C. columbianus is readily distinguishable from the other American species. Its horns
and color are entirely distinct from C. virginianus. Its affinities are closer to C. macrotis,
having much the same horns; it is smaller, however; its general color is darker ; it has a dusky
border to the forehead, and is without the white patch on the rump. The hair is finer. The
gland on the leg is shorter. My comparisons of the hoofs with those of Dr. Newberry’s speci-
men of C. macrotis lead me to different conclusions from Mr. Peale, as I find them to be shorter,
broader, and higher, and thus more cordate beneath, in C. columbianus than in C. macrotis.

This species was first brought to the attention of naturalists by Lewis and Clark, who called it
the-black-tailed fallow deer of the Pacific, fully appreciating its differences from the mule deer
of the Missouri. For many years, however, it was without a scientific name, owing to the

.general impression that it was the same with the Cervus macrotis of Say. Dr. Richardson
unwittingly described specimens in the museum of the Zoological Society as the C. macrotis,
his description agreeing very accurately with the subject of the present article. He figures a
fine specimen of rather unusual development of horns, and the plate and description of Audubon
and Bachman are likewise taken from the same animal. i

In 1848, Mr. Peale described this species as C. lewisti, having been the first naturalist who
fully understood the relations between it and C. macrotis. For this he was well fitted, having
been with Mr. Say when, in 1817, the Cervus macretis was discovered near the Rocky Moun-
tains. Audubon and Bachman subsequently described it as C. richardsonii.

Richardson; however, in 1829, gives a notice of Lewis and Clark’s black-tailed deer, under
the name of Cervus macrotis, var. columbianus, referring to the article of the above authors.
This it would seem proper to retain as being really a scientific name for the black-tailed deer,
even though not supposed to be entitled to full rank, but only as a variety of C. macrotis.
Where an author considers an animal as a variety of some other, and gives to it a suitable
systematic name, as such, it would seem but right and proper, if a species is to be established,
to take the name already prescribed, rather than to increase the list of synonyms by a new
one. The same principle will apply equally well when a sub-genus is to be raised to the rank

of a genus.

ee

RUMINANTIA—CERVINAE—CERVUS COLUMBIANUS.

663

I am in some doubt as to the true characters of the Cervus lewisii and punctulatus of J. E.

Gray. The former is described as very similar in its horns to the C. virginianus, but wanting

the basal snag.
unlike those of C. virginianus.
A similar uncertainty applies to the Cervus punctulatus.

Now, the basal snag is more frequently present than absent, and the horns are

The most essential characteristics of the speciés are omitted.
I have not at hand his figures of either

species, and cannot therefore use them in ascertaining whether they are synonyms here, or of

C. leucurus, but have provisionally placed them with C. columbianus.

Catalogue number.

1487
1488
1950
1479

1192
1193
1485

| Corresponding No.

Qs 40 Oy | Sex and age.

Locality.

Shoalwater bay, W. T.

San Francisco, Cal---

List of

Mar. 26, 1856
Feb., 1856

Nov., 1855

When collected. |

specimens.

Whence and how
obtained.

Dr. Cooper
Lt. Williamson------

Lt. Trowbridge------
Dr. J. F. Hammond -

| Original number.

Nature
of specimen.

Collected by—

Titian Peale, esq. --

FAMILY.

CAVICORNIA.

Ruminants with the horns permanent, hollow, and enclosing a process of the frontal bone. Incisors, 33 canines, none;
molars, =a

The above diagnosis in its first sentence expresses in brief terms the principal points in which
the Cavicornia, or hollow-horned ruminants, differ from those with solid horns, the North
American species of which have just been discussed.

I have not the time, nor is the present the occasion, to go into a general discussion of the
various systems of classification proposed by authors for the animals of the present group. In
the limited number of species inhabiting North America, it will be sufficient to state, that, of
the several divisions of the family, namely, the antelopes, the goats, the sheep, the musk oxen,
and the bulls, America possesses a representative of all, excepting the goats, the Rocky Mountain
goat of authors being really an antelope. The following synopsis will serve to show how the
different genera are related to each other.

A. Awntitopinar.—Horns rounded or conical, without sharp angles; variously curved; annulated or wrinkled. Muzzle

elongated, attenuated, end of upper lip with a shallow groove ; generally hairy.
Antilocapra—F alse hoofs, none. Horns rounded and recurved at tip, broadly compressed at base, with an angular process

in front.

Aplocerus.— With false hoofs. Horns conical, nearly erect, slightly recurved. Hair long and silky.

B. Ovinar.—Horns more or less angular and compressed, usually twisted and curved backwards, wrinkled. Muzzle broader
than in the last ; hairy, except sometimes between the nostrils ; with a shallow groove.

Capra.—Horns curving backwards. Head, without any lachrymal sinus. Nose for the most part straight in its upper outline ;

chin bearded.*
Ovis.—Horns curved backwards, and variously twisted so that the tip is brought forwards again. Head with a distinct

lachrymal sinus. Upper outline of nose curved. Chin without a beard.
Boyinar.—Horns rounded. Muzzle broad, without any vertical furrow at the end, usually naked.
Ovibos.—Horns curving outwards and downwards. Muffle hairy, except between the nostrils.
Bos.—Horns curving outwards and upwards. Muffle entirely naked to the edge of the lip.

The number of species of the antelopes is very great, the latest list I have seen (that of
Wagner, 1855,) embracing about ninety species: of these, two belong to North America,
Aplocerus montanus and Antilocapra americana ; two to Europe, the gazelle, Antilope saiga, and
the chamois, (Capella rupicapra) ; nearly all the rest to Africa. It is not a little remarkable
that the entire family of hollow-horned ruminants should be altogether wanting as original
species in South America. Of the Ovinae, including the sheep and goats, America has but one
species, nearly all being confined to the mountainous portions of Asia and Europe. Of the
Bovinae, there are not many species, (about ten in all); two are North American, one European,
the rest belong to Africa and Asia. The affinities of Ovibos are more strictly with the sheep,
however, and a natural arrangement would probably place them there, as has been done by

some authors.

1 The common domestic goat is our only representative of this genus, the so-called Rocky Mountain goat being truly an

antelope.

RUMINANTIA—CAVICORNIA—ANTILOCAPRA, 665

ANTILOCAPRA, Ord.

Antilocapra, Orv, Journal de Physique, LXXXVII, 1818, 149.
J. E. Gray. Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1850, 137.
Aun. & Bacn. N. Am. Quad. II, 1851, 193.

Dicranoceros, Ham. Smitu, Griff. Cuy. V, 1827, 312.

Horns erect ; the base compressed, with a flattened process in front, the end conical, recurved. Nose ovine, entirely hairy at
the end except a narrow centralline. Tail very short. No false hoofs behind the large ones.

I have taken the above diagnosis from J. E. Gray, altering it, however, in respect to the end
of the nose. This is described by him as hairy, without any mufile, as in the sheep, whereas,
there is a narrow strip of naked skin extending from beneath the nostrils to the naked edge of
the upper lip. In addition to the characters just stated, Dr. Gray mentions, among other
peculiarities, that the fur is very close, the hair stiff, coarse, flattened and wavy ; the tear bag and
inguinal pores wanting; legs rather slenderer than in its allies, (Nemorhedus, Capricornis, Aplo-
cerus, and Rupicapra, called goat-antelopes.) Skull without any sub-orbital depression, but with a
lengthened fissure. Grinders without supplemental lobes; cutting teeth equal sized and shelving.

The horns of the American antelope are very peculiar in the entire group, on account of the
great compression of the basal portion of the horn with the prominent angular flattened process
on its anterior edge. The absence of the small false hoofs at the back part of the feet, just
above the regular hoofs, is also a very striking character. According to Prince Maximilian,
(Wagner, Suppl. Schreber, V, 1855, 461,) a trace of one (never two together) of these false
hoofs is sometimes seen in the fore feet. I have never detected any, however, in the skins
which have fallen under my inspection.

According to Dr. Gray, the nearest ally to our American antelope is the European chamois
(Capella rupicapra, or perhaps, rather Rupicapra tragus).

The generic name of Mazama, as established by Rafinesque in the American Monthly
Magazine, II, 1817, 44, has been quoted by some authors for the American antelope as well as
for the mountain goat and the smaller deer. An examination of his diagnosis will show very
satisfactorily that the name cannot be used at all, on account of its embracing too many incon-
gruous elements, as follows:

Mazama.—Kight front teeth in the lower jaw, none in the upper, no canine teeth, grinders truncated ; head with solid, simple,
straight, round, and permanent horns, uncovered by a skin ; neck and legs not very long, cloven hoof. Tail short. Obs. This
genus differs from Cervus by having simple permanent horns, from the genus Giraffa by not having a skin over the horns, nor a
jong neck, and from the genus Gazella by its horns not being hollow. It belongs to the family Ruminalia, sub-family Stereoceria,
next to the genus Giraffa. It appears to be peculiar to America, and contains many species which had been taken for deer,
sheep, antelopes, &c.

Mazama tema. Raf.—Yellow brown above, white beneath. Horns cylindrical, straight, and smooth. Thisis the Temamazame
of Mexico.

Mazama dorsata. Raf.—Entirely white and woolly, a mane along the neck and back ; horns conical, subulate, acute, slightly
curved backwards, base rough. Obs. This animal has been called Ovis montana by Ord, but the genus Ovis, or rather ries,
has hollow and flat horns, &c.

Mazama sericea. HKaf.—White with long silky hairs, no mane, &c. This is the Rupicapra americana of Blainville, but he has
not ascertained the horns to be hollow.

Were the genus J/azama less decided in its expressions, it might be taken for either the
antelope or the mountain goat, (better the latter,) but when we are positively assured that it
differs from the antelopes in having solid horns, and from the deer, merely in the horns being

84 L

666 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

simple and permanent, instead of branched and deciduous, there is no alternative but to
expunge the name from the systems, or to keep it until we find an animal with horns like the
giraffe, only much longer, and not covered by a skin.

In reality, Rafinesque seems never to have seen, certainly never to have examined critically,
the animals he refers to.

ANTILOCAPRA AMERICANA, Ord.

Prong Horn Antelope: Cabree.

Antilope americana, Orv. Guthrie’s Geog. (2d Amer. edition) II, 1815, 292, 308.
Haran, F. Am. 1825, 250.
Gopman, Am. N. H. II, 320.
Doventy, Cab. N. H. II, 1833, 49; pl. v, (figure taken from Lewis and Clark’s specimen, in

° Peale’s museum.)
Maxnr1an, Reise in das innere Nord-Amerika, I, 1839, 403.
Antilocapra americana, OFD. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1818, 146.—Is. Journal de Physique, LXXXVII, 1818, 149.
J. E. Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, 1850, 19.—Is. Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond, XVIII, 1850, 137.
Aup. & Baca. N. Am. Quad. II, 1851, 193; pl. lxxvii.
Barrp, Rep. U. S. Pat. Off. Agricultural for 1851 (1852) ; plate, (from Richardson.)
Dicranoceros americanus, TURNER, Pr. Zool. Soc. xviii, 1850, 174.
“* Cervus hamatus, BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Philomat. 1816, 73.’
Antilope furcifer, Ham. Smitn, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. XIII, 1822, 28; pl. ii.—Is. Griff. Cuy. IV, 1827, 170;
plate. .
Desmarest, Mamm. II, 1822, 479.
Ricu. F. Bor. Am. I, 1829, 261; pl. xxi.
Waaner, Schreber’s Saugt. V, 1836 ; plate cclxxix, A.
Gurset, Zoologie ; Saugt. 1855, 305.
Antilocapra furcifer, DesMarxst, Mamm. II, 1822, 479.
Antilope (Dicranoceros) furcifer, Ham. Smuru, Griffith’s Cuv. V, 1827, 323.
Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. IV, 1844, 403 — Is. V, 1855, 461.
Mazama fureifer, Oairsy, Pr. Zool. Soc. IV, 1836, 137.
Dicranoceros furcifer, SuNDEVALL, Kong. Sv. Vetensk. Handl. for 1844.—Is. Hornschuch, Archiv Skand. Beit. II,
1850, 268. -
Antilope palmata, Syarn, Trans. Linn. Soc. XIII, 1822, 31; plate III, (horn.)—In. Griffith’s Cuvier, IV, 1827, 323.
Desmarest, Mamm. II, 1822, 479.
Ocitpy, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. IV, 1836, 121.—Is. Lond. & Ed. Phil. Mag. XI, 1837, 126.
Waener, in Schreber’s Saugt. V, 1, 1836, 1250; pl. ccxliv, D,* (horns.)
Antilocapra palmata, DesMarest, Mamm. II, 1822, 479. ;
Antilope (Dicranoceros) palmata, Ham. Swurn, Griff. Cuv. V, 1827, 323.
?? Izalus probaton,’ Oaiiey, Pr. Zool. Soc. 1836, 119, (Artic America ?)
? Antilope antefleca, GRAY, Pr. Zool. Soc.
Teuthlalmacgame, HeRNaNnvEZ. (According to Berlandier.)

Berendo, of the modern Mexicans. (Berlandier.)

Sp. Cu.—Color above yellowish brown, or pale dun color; a narrow transverse band between the eyes, the top and sides of
the muzzle, and a patch beneath the ear, (wanting in the female,) liver brown; edges of upper lip, chin and sides of face,
spot behind the ear, a narrow crescent on the upper part of the throat, a triangular patch below this, the entire under
parts and a square patch on the rump, white. Horns, hoofs, and naked parts of the nose, black.

Horns rudimentary or wanting in the female.

7 Sundevall refers to this as the Ovis izalon of Blythe, from Chile.

RUMINANTIA—CAVICORNIA—ANTILOCAPRA AMERICANA. 667

This animal is larger than the domestic sheep, while its proportionally much longer legs,
and longer and more erect neck, give to it a much greater altitude.

The hair is everywhere very coarse, thick, and exceedingly spongy and easily torn apart ;
it is tubular, slightly crimped or waved, and has much the appearance of short lengths of
coarse thread, cut off abruptly at the extremity. I have not noticed any woolly hairs between
the coarse ones just mentioned, though they may exist in winter skins.

The head is broad, much hollowed on the forehead, the ridge of the muzzle narrow, high,
and convex ; the outline of the head very narrow and tapering. ‘The horns are situated very
far back, their posterior faces only about as far from the occiput as their own diameter. The
orbits are nearly circular, and project much laterally; they are situated almost immediately
under the base of the horn, so that the eye does not pass beyond the anterior outline of the
latter in the males. The horns themselves are much compressed antero-posteriorly, with a
broad compressed pointed snag directed upwards and forwards (generally in the plane of the
basal portion of the horn) ; beyond this anterior snag the horn becomes rounded and tapers to
an acute and compressed tip; when near the tip the direction of the horn, instead of being
upwards with a slightly outward divergence, changes abruptly and bends inwards and a little
backwards. The terminal portion of the horn is smooth and polished ; the basal, on the con-
trary, is generally warty, and roughened by angular tubucles of greater or less size.

There is a very considerable variation in the shape of the horns; so much so, that authors
have attempted to establish several species on some of their numerous modifications. Thus the
basal portion is sometimes one-half the total length, sometimes one-third, sometimes two-thirds.
The antero-posterior thickness of the horn is sometimes twice, sometimes thrice the transverse
diameter. The anterior snag varies very much also. The curve or hook at the end of the horn
is variable in its direction and angle, sometimes less, sometimes more than a right angle. The
tip is generally compressed or flattened, and separated from the more conical portion by a con-
spicuous collar. In one instance the horn lacks the entire anterior snag, leaving the shape
quite similar to that of the chamois, though without its annulated wrinklings. These variations
are shown in an accompanying plate.

The female sometimes has no horns externally ; frequently, however, there is a short pointed
horny tubercle of a few lines, occasionally two inches long. It does not show any curve, how-
ever, although usually warty at the base. When horns appear wanting in the female, they
may sometimes be found concealed among the hair of the head.

The eye of this species is large and full ; there is no larmier either externally or in the skull.
There is a prominent ciliation of bristles or eyelashes on the upper lid.

The end of the muzzle is hairy, only parted along the median line by a narrow naked space of
about two lines, extending from the edge of the upper lip to the anterior end of the nostrils,
then bifurcating and extending along the entire upper edge of the nostrils. The nostrils are
much more horizontal than in the deer, and their anterior extremities more elevated above the
edge of the lip, and much closer together, the septum measuring but little over a quarter of an
inch.

The hoofs are similarly shaped on both feet; the anterior rather largest. They are very
narrow and acute, about three times as broad as long; the lateral outlines nearly straight, the
exterior even a little concave, very different from the deer. Their postero-external border,

668 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP, AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

however, viewed from the side, is about as long as the superior. There is not the slightest
indication on either foot of the short supplementary hoofs above the others, usually seen in the

ruminants.

Fig. 23. Antilocapra americana.—Male. End of muzzle, as seen from above and in front. (Taken
from a well mounted head.)
Fig. 24. The under surface of left front hoof,

The tail is very short, almost rudimentary, measuring only a few inches. It is much
flattened and densely covered with hairs, which have a distichous arrangement on the under
surface.

The ears are long, narrow, and acuminate ; straight anteriorly. They are well covered with
hairs on both surfaces. Their length, measured along the posterior outline, is about equal to
the distance from the nose to the eye.

The prevailing color of the back and upper half of the sides is yellowish brown, with
rather a hoary aspect. The entire under parts, with the exception of certain marks on the
throat, are white ; this color extends up on the sides so as to occupy half the circumference,
and be abruptly defined as a slightly waving line. The color of the back extends down on the
thighs and outside of the forelegs so as to form nearly aright angle with the white region.
There’ is a broad square patch of white on the posterior part of the back, commencing a few
inches anterior to the tail as a transverse line, then passing backwards with nearly parallel
sides, involving the whole of the buttocks as seen from behind, and continuous with the white
of the belly and inguinal region. There is sometimes a reddish central line dividing this patch
on the back, and extending to the tail, which is itself occasionally colored like the back, some-
times white. The size of the patch on the rump varies somewhat; sometimes beginning as
much as six or seven inches anterior to the tail.

There is a considerable variety of marking about the head and throat. Thus, the central
half of the head is light yellowish brown above, pointed with dusky, and becoming paler on
the sides. The sides of the head and the chin are white, this color commencing at the nasal
septum and running, about an inch from the edge of the upper lip, backwards below the eye,
and extending so far as to be separated from a white patch below the base of the ear only by a
narrow isthmus of an inch. A very faint narrow reddish yellow line extends backwards from
the angle of the mouth through this white patch, curving slightly upwards, and running into
the tawny anterior to the eye. The lower part of the sides of the under jaw, for its posterior
half, is like the back, but the colors of opposite sides are separated by an extension backwards
of the white beneath the head. The neck all round may be described as of the color of the

RUMINANTIA—CAVICORNIA—ANTILOCAPRA AMERICANA, 669

back, except that there is a narrow crescentic patch of white on the throat, just back of the
head, the branches extending high up on the sides; below this is a much narrower and longer
patch of white, in the shape of an isosceles triangle, the base anterior. This is sometimes
confluent posteriorly, with the continuous white of the lower throat and belly sometimes sepa-
rated from it. On the back of the neck there is a low, compressed, narrow mane of dusky hairs,
with a short indistinct light patch on either side back of the ears. The anterior half of the
upper part and sides of the muzzle are of a uniform dark liver brown, in strong contrast with
the white of the lips; there is also a narrow transverse band of the same across the forehead
just anterior to the horns. The orbits are dusky. There is a dusky patch on the sides of the
head just below the base of the ears, which is wanting in the female. The horns, hoofs, and
naked part of the nose are black.

I am not aware whether the winter specimens of antelopes differ in color or texture of hair
from the summer ; the summer skins do not vary appreciably among themselves. The markings
are fainter in the female, the dusky patch below the ear being generally entirely wanting. The
concavity of the ears is whitish, the edges dusky, the back of the ear yellowish brown.

The young of the species in general have the same markings as tne adults; the brown of
.a different shade, however. Even in foetal specimens there are no traces of the light spots of
young deer.

The geographical distribution of the American antelope is pretty well indicated by the list of
specimens given below. According to Dr. Richardson, it is found as far north as the north
branch of the Saskatchewan, in latitude 53°. It is spread all over the plains between the
Missouri river to the Rocky Mountains, and as far west as the Cascade range of California and
Oregon. To the south, it reaches the Rio Grande at its mouth, and probably extends some
distance into Mexico, at least throughout the State of Tamaulipas, according to Dr. Berlandier.

1 The following notice is from Maximilian’s Travels :

Antilope americana, Max. Reise, I, 1839, 403.—Measurements.—Total length from snout to tip of tail, 4 feet, 10 inches and 8
lines; tail, lifted up from the rump, 7 inches and 3 lines; head, 11 inches and 4 lines; height, anteriorly, from the outstretched hoo!
to the withers, 2 feet, 6 inches and 10 lines; height, posteriorly, measured the same way, 3 feet and 1 inch; height of the horn,
ina straight line, 8 inches and 8 lines. I have seen horns which measured 10 inches. The bucks are frequently without the
end or the anterior furcate process of the horns, especially in the young, and in the females, where the horns have generally
a length of only from one to two inches, and have the points bent back and a little inwards. The horn of a large buck has been
considered as a kind of deer (Cervus hamatus) and figured very accurately.

670

U.

Ss.

P. R. R. EXP.

List of specimens.

Catalogue number.

z
a
&
i}
S
z
bo
oy
z
o
=
=
o

No. of specimen.

seteee

Oy
Poh)

oO
Oo

WAAIOIO!

Locality.

Sex and age.

Yellowstone river.........0005

DelegievwcidOcsee ve lueniy clelssvaulsiee a

Ort: UNION. wesc seise's seciisl sans
White Earth river............
Cannon Ball river........+-++
Grand river

OyOsOsOs10 0505

sweclawss 40s8
se ee cess AO.

.

enoe pe csOse cosceccece cnanieves

nna ipesiOcniuwno sm

W. fork Medicine Bow creek.
Bridger’s Pass......s+eeeeeees

San Francisco mts., N. M....

Presidio del Norte, Texas. ....
San Elizario .......+0.---
Fort M’Kavet, Texas..... +++.
Fort Chadbourne, Texas.....

Matamoras, Mexico......

.| Llano Estacado, Texas, .....).

When collected.

August, 1856...)
July and Aug.,
1856. |

1850....00 seeeee
1850....
September, 1856 |
October, 1856

twee ewes

JO54...5 ss sieeces
August 25, 1856
August 9, 1856

1853...00000ee

Pees cece seeeeees

Seas concKDe case

ie nelsfatectlOanie'eis's fn ate

Dr. Anderson, U. 8S. A........

Whence and how obtained.

Lt. G. K. Warren, U. S. A...

s0neccceDOs, cevrasccveseccevce

T. Culbertson,.....
PENOD Ae odericehe las

Lt. Warren, U.S. A..
eveceeeeGO..

Henne eenee

Col. A. Vaughan.....

weccceerGOs. coccenccsccesccces

Lt. F. T. Bryan, U.S.A..

woee ceeedOscccee cece sees cocces

Capt. Pope, U. S. A......0.s.
Capt. Whipple, U. S. A.......
Maj. W. H. Emory, U.S. A...

Riniaee O.. cecccesscececs

Dr. E. Swift, U.S. A.........
Lt Coneh, WoSs Avcscscctace

Original number.

304
282

«| SKin. ...ec. cece

|-.do.? ,

«| Skull..

= SRM oso wae
+|..d0....

Nature of speci-
men.

Entire skin, and
skins of head.

Hind feet.......

AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Collected by—

Dr. Hayden..

woes. evecceeees

Tee eee eee ee eee

a teen ween tees wwe eee

dO Osi he wSemtens
Skin'..
onllOse accenseoss

oe GOr. cocepenses

Skeleton.

2 Measurements before skinning: To occiput, 13.50; to tail, 59.00; tail to end of bone, 6.50; of hairs, 7.00.

Do.

do.

13,50

do, 52.00 do.

4.00

do. 6,00.

Dr. Hayden......
onesAOrsddecnwenee
po 0sGOscnsupms cums
20. .ecccseee
0dO,. cacceeccee

o0eedOre cece vevecs

. do...

oO... .s. ccvces

wee teweee

000 es. cscecccces

seeadQss esos pevese

do.

Dr. Kennerly ...
H. Millhausen...

J. H. Clark ......

ve e+GOr, cecesevees

slaw ew ee twee ween ween

Dr. Berlandier....

RUMINANTIA—CAVICORNIA—APLOCERUS MONTANUS. 671

APLOCERUS, Ham. Smith.

Aplocerus, Ham. Smiru, Griffith’s Cuvier, V, 1827, 354.

Haplocerus, Wacner, Suppl. Schreb. IV, 1844, 462.

Mazama, Rarinesque, Am. Month. Mag. I, 1817, 44. (In part only.)
J. E. Gray, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1850, 136.

‘Horns small, conical, nearly erect, slightly inclined, and recurved at tip ; ringed at the base. Nose, ovine, hairy. Muffle,
none. Tear bag, none. Fur short ; under fur woolly ; outer very long, hairy, and dependent. False hoofs present.’’—Gray.

The white goat of the Rocky Mountains is, in all its essential features and affinities, a true
antelope, having little in common with animals of the type of the domestic goat beyond what
belongs to all ruminants of its family. The jet black and polished, slender, conical horns, are
much like those of the chamois, which, in fact, connects the genus with the American
antelope. The true characters of Capra I shall refer to in the next article.

In the quotations at the head of the article, Mazama has precedence in point of date, but is
utterly inadmissible as a genus of mammals. In the remarks on the genus Antilocapra, in the
preceding article, the subject is discussed and explained more fully.

APLOCERUS MONTANUS.

Mountain Goat.

Ovis montana, Orv, Guthrie’s Geography (2d Am. Ed.) I, 1815, 292,309.—Is. J. A. N. Sc. I, 1, 1817, 8.—Is.
Journal de Physique, LXXXV, 1817, 333.
Capra montana, Haran, F, Am. 1825, 253.
Gopman, Am. N. H. I, 325.
Sunpevatt, Kong. Svensk. Vetens. Handl. for 1844.—In. Archiv Skand. Beit. Il, 1850, 279.
(From specimen in Leyden Museum.)
Aplocerus montanus, Ricuarpson, Zool. of Herald; Fossil Mammals, IL, 1852, Saat pl. xvi-xix. Osteology.
(Rupicapra americana on the plate.)
Antilope ace) americana, BuaInvitLE, ‘‘ Nouy. Bull. Soc, Philom. 1816, 73, 80.”
Desmarest, Mamm. II, 1822, 478.
Capra americana, Ricu. F. Bor. Am. I, 1829, 268; pl. xxii.
Ocitpr, Pr. Zool. Soc. IV, 1836, 137.
Barrp, Rep. U. S. Pat. Off. Agricultural for 1851, (1852,) 120 ; plate. (From Rich.)
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. II, 1853, 128 ; pl. exxviii.
Mazama americana, GRAY, Knowsley Menagerie, (hoofed quadrupeds,) 1850, 19.—Is. Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. XVIII,
1850, 136.
Aplocerus americanus, TURNER, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. XVIII, 1850, 174.
Mazama sericea and dorsata, Raf. Am. Monthly Mag. I, 1817, 44.
Antilope lanigera; Ham. SurtH, Linn. Trans. XIU, 1822, 38; pl. iv.—Is. Griff. Cuv. IV, 1827, 286; plate.
Waener, in Schreber Saugt. V, 1836, 1246.
GiepeL, Saugt. 1855, 303.
Antilope (Aplocerus) lanigera, Ham. Sautu, Griff. Cuv. V, 1827, 354.
Antilope (Haplocerus) lanigera, WAGNeR, Suppl. Schreb. IV, 1844, 462.—In. V, 1855, 460.
Capra columbiana, ‘‘ Desmoutiys,' Dict. Class. III, 580.’
Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 487.
Rocky Mountain Sheep, Jameson, ‘‘ Wernerian Transactions, II, 1821, 306.’
Mountain Goat, Mountain Sheep, White Goat, §c. Vuuao.

Sp. Co.—Entirely white. Horns, hoofs, and edge of nostrils black. Hair long and pendant. A beard-like tuft of hair
on the chin.

*T have not been able to verify the date of this reference, which Fischer considers as prior to the other names quoted
above. If anterior to 1815, Desmoulins’ name will take precedence of that of Ord.

672 U. 8S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

T regret very much not to have it in my power to furnish a satisfactory description of this
species, but the only specimens at my command consist of fleeces, without head, legs, or tail.
I cannot, therefore, speak with any certainty in reference to such details as the character of the
nose, &c. This is said by Sundevall, who examined a specimen in the Leyden Museum, to be
like that of Capra hircus, or the common goat, which is hairy, except between the nostrils.
The same thing, however, is stated of the antelope, which really has a narrow naked strip to
the nose, reaching to the edge of the lip.

Judging from the fleeces hefore me, the size is considerably larger than that of the average
of common sheep. The hair is entirely of a yellowish white color, and is composed of a coarse
brittle material, with intermediate softer and silky hairs. The hair is very long, and hangs
down all over the body, tail, and upper part of the legs, much as in the merino sheep. There
is a long goat-like tuft of hairs on the chin.

According to Richardson, ‘‘ the long coarse hair is abundant on the shoulder, neck, back, and
thighs. A considerable tuft of it attached to the chin forms a beard, and there is likewise
much of it on the chest and lower part of the throat. Under the hair of the body there is a
close coat of fine white wool. The hair on the face and legs is short, and without wool.”

The figures and description of the skull and other bones of this species by Dr. Richardson
show very clearly that the affinities are much more with the antelopes than the goats or sheep.
In fact, none of the more modern systematic writers place it in the genus Capra, or, indeed, in
the Ovine group. The mere general resemblance externally to a goat is a matter of little
consequence ; indeed, its body is much more like that of a merino sheep. The soft silky under
hairs are very different from those of a goat, as well as the jet black horns, which are without
any ridges, and smooth and highly polished at the extremities.

The mountain goat is found in the higher portions of the northern Rocky Mountain and
Cascade ranges, at an altitude considerably greater than that of the Bighorn. It is most
abundant in the elevated peaks and crests in Washington Territory, and is found as far north
as 65° north latitude, according to Richardson. It occurs sparingly near Fort Benton. Owing
to the almost inaccessible character of the localities it inhabits, it is very difficult to obtain
good specimens, the robes brought by the Indians being always much mutilated.

List of specimens.

]
Catalogue Locality. Whence and how obtained. | Original| Nature of spe-
number. | number. cimen.
[Sp eS SS ST, ee a a ae ss Le
1948 Cascade mountains, near Upper Nisqually.--| Dr. George Suckley-------------- | 89 Rohe ~-2ceeeeee
1474 | Cascade mountains, north of Mt. Rainier ---| Lieut. Nugen, U. 8S. A-.--------- eRe cas 2-300 Gees. ace
favo meee ae. 3 dovenne ss eeeee do. 5 echocec tes | hee ees Clan et 3.58 hath Ee [S.e dose
EUS | es 03 Ce Be pa me dOteeeeee eee epee fo hoy oe np he ae oe = be OO ot ae ecterpteees

RUMINANTIA—CAVICORNIA—OVIS MONTANA. 673

OVIS, Linn.

Ovis, Linnxus, ‘‘ Systema Naturae, 1735.’

Horns curving so much backwards that the tip is brought forwards again. Tear bag generally present, sometimes very
small, Nose convex; chin without a beard; nose entirely hairy, except between the nostrils; a secreting gland between
the hoofs.

The above diagnosis will serve to distinguish the sheep proper from the goats. According to
Sundevall and Keyserling & Blasius the lachrymal sinus (tear bag of Gray) is small. The tail
is very short, except in the domestic species. Horns, trigonal, the greatest diameter of their
cross section at the base transverse to the axis of the skull; they bend round, so as to form
part of a circle, or more than one being sometimes twisted spirally ; the diameter of the curve,
however, less than the length of the head.

In Capra, on the other hand, the forehead is much arched. The lachrymal sinus and glands
between the hoofs are wanting. The chin is bearded. The hoofs not less high on the inner
side than on the outer. Horns present in both sexes. The horns are compressed, with a sharp
edge before and behind, strongly angular, curving backwards, the greatest diameter of their
cross section nearly parallel with the axis of the head; the horns do not nearly complete a
circle, nor do the tips ever come forwards ; their curve forms part of a circle, whose diameter is
much longer than the head.

In both sheep and goats the horns are generally of a dull yellowish brown color, very different
from the polished black of the antelopes.

OVIS MONTANA, Cuv.

Mountain Sheep; Bighorn.

Ovis ammon, Mircuit1, Medical Repos. X, 1807, 35.
Orp, in Guthrie’s Geog. (2d Am. Ed.) II, 1815, 292, 308.
Haran, F, Amer. 1825, 164. (Desc. from specimen of Lewis and Clark.)
Gopman, Am. N. H. II, 328.
Ovis montana, Cuvier, R. An. I, 1817, 267.
Orv, Jour. de Physique, LXXXVII, 1818, 151.
Desmarest, Mamm. II, 1822, 487.
Ricnarpson, F. Bor. Am. I, 1829, 271; pl. xxiii—Is. Zoology of the Herald, Fossil Mammals,
I, 1852, 87; pl. i. (skeleton.)
Doventy’s Cab. N. H. I, 1830, 193 ; pl. xvii, (from specimen of Lewis and Clark.)
Waener, Schreber’s Saugt. V, 1836, 1367 ; pl. eclxiv, D*.
Prince Max. Reise Nord-America, I, 1839, 549.
Briytu, Ann. N. H. VII, 1841, 197, 259.
Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, 1850, 37.
Aun. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. II, 1851, 163 ; pl. Ixxiii.
Bairp, Rep. U.S. Pat. Off. Agricultural for 1851, (1852,) 123, fig. plate. —Is. Stansbury’s Exped
Great Salt Lake, 1852, 312.
GiEBEL, Zool. Siugt. 1855, 282.
i Capra montana, Fiscuer, Synopsis, 1829, 488.

85 L

674 U. &. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Aegoceros (Ovis) montana, WaGNen, Suppl. Schreber Siugt. 1V, 1844, 505.—Is. V, 468.
Ovis pygargus, Ham. Smiru, Griff. Cuv. ITV, 1827, 318; plate.—Is. V, 1827, 359.
Ovis californianus, Dovceiass, Zool. Journal, [V, 1829, 332.
Ovis californiana, Buyru, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. VIII, June, 1840, 65.—In. Ann. Nat. Hist. VII, 1841, 199, 260.
Ovis californica, Wacner, Schreber’s Siugthiere, V, 1836, 1371.
222 Ovis nivicola, Esuscuoitz, Zool, Atlas, I, 1829, 1; tabi.
Buiyrn, Ann. Nat. Hist. VII, 1841, 197.
Ovis cervina, Desmarest, Nouv. Dict. XXI, 1818, 553.
Mountain Ram, McGiiiivray, N Y. Med. Rep. VI, 1803, 237; plate. (Shot on side of R. Mts. between Mis-
souri and Saskatchewan.)
Belier de montagne, Gzorrr. Ann. du Mus. II, 1803, 360; pl. Ix. (McGillivray’s specimen.)
Tayé, a species of sheep, Banton’s Med. and Physical Journal, II, 1806, 106. (Refers to Bighorn, 1, 1805, 75.)

Sp. Cu. Much larger than the domestic sheep. Horns, in the male very large, curving round, but not completing a full circle,
and with but little of a spiral twist, compared with other svecies. The tips of the horns not more than twenty inches apart.
General color grayish brown, paler about the head ; a light patch under the lower jaw. Legs like the body, with a narrow
line of white on their posterior edges. Buttocks, for some inches anterior to the tail, and belly white. Tail like the back.

Female with smaller horns, more like those of the goat.

In this species the muzzle is short but rather acute. The nostrils are much as described in
the antelope, except that in most specimens there is no appreciable strip of naked skin extend-
ing from the septum to the edge of the upper lip. In one skin a narrow black line of naked
skin is barely appreciable; in the others nothing of the kind is apparent. The nostrils

Fig. 24. Ovis montana, Male. End of muzzle, as viewed from above, and in front. (Taken from the mounted specimen
brought by Captain Stansbury.)
Fig. 25. Under surface of left front hoof.

are elongated, nearly horizontal, about a quarter of an inch apart anteriorly, and diverging
behind. Their upper border is naked, the lower hairy: In a very young specimen there is a
short growth of short hair over the entire border of the nostrils.

The ears are moderately long ; shorter and much more rounded at the apex than in the
antelope.

In a young specimen there is an apparent indication of a larmier anterior to the orbit,
although overgrown with hair. I notice nothing of the kind in the skull.

The under surfaces of the hoofs are shaped much as in the antelopes; very long, narrow,
triangular, acutely pointed anteriorly, with the sides nearly straight, and convex behind;
viewed laterally, their posterior outline is one and a half times the superior. The anterior
hoofs are the longest. Both feet are provided with the second pair of small hoofs, above the
first.

RUMINANTIA—CAVICORNIA—OVIS MONTANA. 675

The tail is very short, with the hairs only two or three inches long, in the female. It is
covered with hair, rather depressed and somewhat pointed.

The general color of this animal is a grayish brown, watered in some parts with darker, or
perhaps ashy plumbeous brown would express the tint more nearly. The skins before me do
not permit any very critical account of the variations in shade in different parts of the body,
except that the tints about the head are a little paler, and of a dirty white about the muzzle and
chin. According to Mr. Audubon there is a darker vertebral line along the back to the rump.
The entire neck, and a little beyond the fore legs is as described, with a darker plumbeous
tinge posteriorly, and a whitish patch between the rami of the lower jaw. The legs all round
are of the ground color, a narrow line on the posterior face only being white. The belly,
inguinal region, and on a patch on the rump, beginning some six inches anterior to the tail,
and extending backwards to the posterior outline of the buttocks, (which it intersects about as
far below the tail as it commences anteriorly to it,) are white. The tail itself is colored like the
back, connected with it by a narrow line of the same color. The hoofs are black; the horns

yellowish brown, as in the common sheep.

Fig. 26. Ovis Montana.—Male. Upper Missouri. Left horn from the left side.

Fig. 27. The same from the front.

Fig. 28. Base of the horn. Scale: 4 inches to the inch.

Fig. 29. Ovis Montana.—Female, No. 2593. Bridger’s Pass. Left horn from the left side. Size,
3.42 inches to the inch.

676 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

The hair of this species is very coarse and spongy in the summer, coarser than in the deer,
rather finer than that of the antelope, which it resembles in crimping, sponginess, brittleness,
and coarse thread-like appearance. In summer there appears to be no under coat, but in
winter there is probably more or less of it, as in an autumn specimen there is a considerable
amount of a rather fine wool, of short staple, but probably never in sufficient amount to be of
any value.

According to Mr. Audubon, a large bighorn will weigh about 350 pounds, perhaps more.
It is larger than a Virginia deer, much more so than the domestic sheep.

The horns are of immense size, and provided with transverse ridges or constrictions. They
arise above the eyes, the middle of their root being about opposite the posterior border of the
orbit. The inner bases of the horns are almost in contact, separated only by the space of half
aninch. They rise for a short distance, then curve gently backwards, diverging throughout
their course until they have described rather more than a semi-circle. Their section is rather
triangular throughout, becoming much compressed towards the apex, which is twisted outward.
Their curve is such that, with the base of the skull in a horizontal plane, the truncated tip
comes back to about the vertical plane of the occiput, its upper edge about one and a half inches
below the horizontal plane. In one old animal the horns are 19 inches apart at the tip; they
measure 154 inches in circumference at the base, and 28 inches in length around the curve.
They weigh 184 pounds with the perfectly clean skull, lacking the end of the nose and the
lower jaw. Inthe specimen brought by Captain Stansbury from the Rocky Mountains, how-
ever, the horns are 18 inches in circumference at the base; the horn along the convexity
measures 363 inches, and the tips are 18 inches apart.

The section of these horns at the base is sub-triangular, the outer and upper sides of the
triangle nearly straight, the inner convex. Thus there are two planes to the outline of the
horn, and one curved surface. The exterior face of the horn is quite plane, the application of a
straight edge showing it to be only slightly convex. In no one of many horns have I seen
anything like the very decided valley (or notch in cross section) exhibited in Middendorff’s
figure of his supposed O. montana, from the Sea of Okotsk. The upper face of the horn is
likewise only gently convex, the two planes meeting at less thana rightangle. The remaining
face of the horn, or that constituting the internal and posterior surface, is convex. Generally
the transverse diameter of the horn at its base is as long, a little longer, or but little shorter
than the antero-posterior.

In a bighorn from California, on the 35th parallel, fig. 30, the horns are less massive, measur-
ing only thirteen inches in circumference at the base, and two feet along the external upper ridge,
along the convexity of the curve. The plane character of the exterior and superior faces, is
very decided ; as is also their triangular section, the base of the triangle (anterior) being less
than the straight side. The horns are very much compressed towards the end, and terminate
in a rounded tip. These tips are 19} inches apart, and distant eleven inches in a straight line
from the anterior base of the horn; the ordinate of the arc, of which the straight line is the
chord, measures 8} inches from the convexity of the horn. ‘The orbits are appreciably larger.

In the female the horns are much smaller, and more like those of a male goat not fully
grown, They are compressed laterally, the sides curved, and more flattened to the tip. They

ee

RUMINANTIA—CAVICORNIA—OVIS MONTANA. 677

rise gently from the head, and curve a little backward and outward. They measure six or
seven inches along the curve.

The divergence of the axes of the horns of the bighorn at the base is at an angle of about
67 degrees.

Fig. 30. Ovis montana, male, 1608. San Francisco Mountains, New Mexico. Left horn from
left cide.
Fig. 31. Left horn from in front.
Vig. 32. Base of the horn.
Size, 5.61 inches to the inch.

I have already referred to the figure, by Middendorff, of a supposed horn of O. montana,
from the Sea of Okotsk. This differs appreciably from any I have seen, in being quadrilateral
rather than triangular, thicker behind than before, and with a groove or furrow in the external
plane. There is an abrupt bend upwards of the tip of the horn, which I have never observed
in American specimens. In these, the exterior surface of the horn is only gently twisted,
the basal half remaining in almost a true plane. The principal part of the twist is at about
the middle of the horn, or at the base of the terminal third ; after which, there is again
very little twist to the end. ‘l'o bring back the outer surface of the horn to one plane, would
only require the point to describe an arc of about six inches. In the Upper Missouri horns, the
curve of the upper outline of the horn, viewed perpendicular to its plane, forms an apparently
nearly true segment of a circle, (about three-fourths). In the California horns, this curve is
more cycloidal. ,

I have never had an opportunity of examining the Siberian argali, (Qvis argali, of Pallas,)
supposed to be very similar to our species, and by some authors quoted as identical, nor have
I found anywhere any satisfactory comparison of the two. Judging, however, from the very
minute description of the argali, in Pallas’ Naturgeschichte merkwiirdiger Thiere, Sammi.
x1, 1779, p. 1, tab. i, ii, it would appear to be rather smaller than the big horn, weighing but
310 pounds (to 350); the total length, 5 feet 10 inches, The greatest apparent difference is in

678 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

the horns. These, in the argali, appear to be more widely divergent at the base. The
horns, too, in the old animal, after coming forwards after their curve backwards, have the ends
curving gently upwards and then bent quite abruptly outwards, so that the distance between the
tips of the horns measured across the forehead is about 32 inches, (possibly 26 in a straight
line). The length of the horn around the curve is about 47 inches. In the bighorn there is
only a slight outward twist of the horn, the tips of which are not distant more than 18 inches,
(or 20 in the California variety,) while, though the larger animal, the horn measures only 364
inches. These peculiarities will be readily appreciated in comparing the wood cuts given above
with Pallas’ figure.

While considering the bighorn as distinct from the argali, I am far from considering it the
same with the Kamtschatkan Ovis nivicola of Eschscholtz, as asserted by most authors, It is
with the argali that the latter is to be compared, both having the same peculiarity of an excessive
twist outwards and upwards of the ends of the horns, which also curve over a greater number
of degrees. Judging from the figure of Eschscholtz, the tips of the horns must be at least
three feet apart, instead of the 20 inches of our species. All these peculiarities are those of the
argali; and without pretending to decide whether the Kamtschatkan and Siberian species are
the same, I will only state that they are so considered by Pallas, who gives the measurement,
description, and figure of a young ram from Kamtschatka in the article quoted above. The
same remarks will apply, in great measure, to the supposed horn of O. montana, figured and
described by Middendorff, as referred to above. Jam far from admitting that any of our North
American mammals occur in eastern Asia, unless it be Spermophilus parryi, although some
authors have attempted to prove an identity for the beaver, the brown bear, the sable, the large
marmot, as well as the large sheep. :

Excluding Asia from the area occupied by the bighorn, as I think we have abundant reason
to do, its range extends from the region of the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone to the Rocky
Mountains, and the high grounds adjacent to them on the eastern slope, as far south as the Rio
Grande. They are not found to any considerable distance east of the Black Hills, however,
although said to be abundant in the Mauvaises Terres. Westward, they extend as far as the
Cascade and Coast ranges of Washington, Oregon, and California, and follow the high lands
of the mountains some distance into Mexico.

RUMINANTIA—CAVICORNIA—OVIS MONTANA. 679

List of specimens. ;

x 6 f

SB |2 x

2 ae 2

a 3 = Locality. When col- Whence and how obtained. I Nature of speci- Collected by—
z a> lected. = * men.

2 }3s° 5

S /& ‘Ep

s S =

o oO m °

Fort Union, Neb. ........ eceeccleceeeceeveeeee| General Land Office.... ......

maulainp as UQeneweupsnd sven unpauc|suioces doer cees'! festiesssOOis

seeeee| Mounted ......| Dr. J. Evans........
efevcees| Headsevee tesa eeesQO seen! om
socccelenesAOvee
eessee| SKM cceacecces

eee coeeees Sedeiscciecesos| Le CUIDEREONisccsscencsere
Aug. 18,1856 | Lt. G. K. Warren, U.S. A....00s-

Wawa 097 00se 5 05 eenec scence cesces|sceees GO,

Dr. F. V. Hayden...

eve] ececcentlOscirvnnccevcccciscccoceseslousace|seesOrensvecsrei|ecessveeO over weeeve

Upper Missouri......+00+ cesees| 1854.........| Col. A. Vaughan. .....c0eeece eee
Bi b's cect UOede ccd scadc cusecdiecaces| LO08 ccceccas|reccecesdQres

s|ewaeiee|ecins Ose inex ieniee) nescence AO wees ovine ola

aielsid ol] LOAM celvelduidiesa, |ieeensenOOceaclwcsees

sees ceesdOrevccscecescecescesece| [854.000 eveeleveeeves dO
eee eeesdOrs sens vecscsccccsssees| 1804.,..0.06

setae Sea cAGs cinrenieten cn) |Pelem ania vll Otte aide ean

oe MO...

se Lecce eeesO coeneevece

evievesUOrccecescvervic veveee

«e».| Capt. S. Van Viiet,U. S. A.......
Maj. J. H. Carleton, U.S. A......

ws caer lin -ocaeess cucccnssesies|csivelnccctenset|encncoosGQssinens

40.10 10 03 A510 10101095 | Sex and age.
: rm

e

5

z

g

8

eeAOrc veces servevce

QO AOI: W

cries vevecees polnece|socens| FOIMS cccnecess luccdcvesesecoeaarsced

Medicine Bow creek, Neb......| Aug. 30,1856 | Lt. F. T. Bryan, U.S. A..........| 313 | Skin......... | W.S. Wood....s..,
Bridger’s Pags .osccccecesse vnc) AUS: 19, 1856 |i occ eneedOscsecavccccscnsesecesens|| 283 |o0..d0,
Xemez, N. M., westof R.Grande)......+++. «.+| Dr. Edwards, U.S. Avscccssvesees
San Francisco mountains, N. M.|.........+.+...| Capt. Whipple, U. 8. A..

HOrMms..s.00 wee
Skull...

Dr. Kennerly and H.
t|eeee rene ensens sae ceerdQvecvcsccesenccesnvcccees|ssece. | HOIMS vescecces B. Mollhausen....

wae c0eeDOrrverecccrcccccccvece

+ Measurement before skinning: to occiput, 15} inches; to tail, 66; tail vertebra, 3; with hair, 4 inches.
“ Measurement before skinning: 15 inches to occiput; to root of tail, 64; tail to end of vertebre, 5—of hairs, 6 inches.

680 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT,

OVIBOS, Blainville.

Ovibos, BLAINVILLE, ‘‘ Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816.”’
Avup. & Bacon. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 46.

Hoofs broad, inflexed at the tips. Tail very short. No naked muffle, except a small space between the nostrils, which
is not furrowed. Horns very broad and much approximated at the base, bending rapidly downwards. Hair very long

and pendent.

‘The musk ox is one of the most interesting of American animals, and at the same time one
of which, on account of its geographical distribution, is very little known. In the hairy muffle,
long, straight, pendent and soft hair, and short tail, with other features, it bears a strong re-
semblance to the sheep and goats, and in a strictly natural arrangement will be placed quite
near to them. But one living species is known, although several fossil ones are indicated by

authors,
OVIBOS MOSCHATUS.
Musk Ox.
Bos moschatus, ZIMMERMANN, Geog. Geschichte, II, 1780, 86.
Gmetin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 205.
Gopman, Am. N. H. III, 29.
Waaner, Schreber’s Saugt. V, 1, 1838, 1706; pl. eccii A, cccii B.
Bos (Ovibos) moschatus, Wacner, Suppl. Schreber, IV, 1844, 512.--Is, V, 1855, 471.
Ovibos moschatus, ‘‘ BLAINVILLE, Bull. Soc. Phil. 1816.’’
Desmarest, Mamm. II, 1822, 492.
Haran, F. Am. 1825, 265.
Ricuarpson, F. B. Am. I, 1829, 275.—Is. Zoology of Herald, Fossil Mammals, 1, 1852, 66;
11, 119; pl. ii, v, xi, xii, (osteology.)
Ocitpy, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. IV, 1836, 137.
Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. III, 1853, 46; pl. exi.
Barro, Rep. U. S. Pat. Off. Agricultural for 1851, (1852,) 121; plate.
Musk bison, Fennant, Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 9.—Is. Arctic Zool. I, 1784, 8.
Sp. Cu.—‘ Adult male, size of a two year old cow. Horns united on the summit of the head, flat, broad, bent down

against the cheeks, with the points turned up. Color brownish black.’’—Aud. & Bach.

Without any specimen at hand of this species, I refer to the authors quoted above for a
description of its habits and peculiarities. As already stated, some of its characters approach
that of the Ovine group, especially the end of the snout, which is hairy, with only a small
naked space between the nostrils. I have given a rude diagram of this feature, as hastily
sketched from the mounted animal in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural

Sciences. °

The musk ox is very rare in collections, the only one in the United States being that in the
Philadelphia Academy, presented by Dr. Kane, who received it from the arctic seas.

This animal, as a living species, is confined to the barren grounds of arctic America, beyond

60°, extending northward as far as land is found. It is said to occur fossil at Eschscholtz bay,

RUMINANTIA—CAVICURNIA—OVIBOS MOSCHATUS. 681

Fig. 33. Ovibos moschatus. End of muzzle, from above and in front. (The figure is a mere diagram.)

on the northwest coast; and a fossil skull has recently been brought to light in a railroad
cutting in England. Some fossil remains of oxen, found in various parts of the United States,
approximate in many respects to the musk ox, and have received from Dr. Leidy the generic

name of Bootherium.

86 L

682 U. Ss. Pp. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

BOS, Linneus.

Bos, ‘‘ Linnxvs, Syst. Nat. 1735.’
Bison, Aup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. II, 1851, 32.

End of muzzle very broad, entirely naked. A wide interval between the nostrils. Hoofs very broad. The two
together, wider than long. Ears large, oval. Horns arched, at the base directed outward. Tail rather long.

The. wild oxen constitute, in the main, a very natural group, although some forms are
quite aberrant. The genus Bos, however, is easily distinguished by the above characters.
There are several distinct groups in the genus, which may be called the oxen, the buffaloes,
and the bisons, typified by the domestic bull, the Asiatic buffalo, and the American buffalo,
and very appreciably characterized by Sundevall’ and other authors. Much information
respecting the osteological characters of the genus will be found in Sir John Richardson’s
Report on the Fossil Mammals of the Herald, and in Dr. Leidy’s paper on the Fossil American
Oxen, in Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge.

The American buffalo belongs to the sub-genus Bison or Bonasus of authors.

BOS AMERICANUS, Gmelin.

American Buflalo.

Bos americanus, Gmewin, Syst. Nat. I, 1788, 204.
Desmarest, Mammal. II, 1822, 496.
Haran, F. Am, 1825, 268.
Gopman, Am. N. H. III, 4.
Ricuarpson, F. Bor. Am. I, 1829, 279.
Dovuaury, Cab. N. H. II, 1832, 169; pl. xiv.
Waaner, Schreber, Saugt. V, 1, 1838, 1513; pl. cexlvi, ecxlvi A.
GreseL, Saugt. 1855, 271.
Bos (Bonasus) americanus, WaGnwr, Suppl. Schreb. IV, 1844, 516.—In. V, 1855, 472.
Bison americanus, Smiru, Griff. Cuv. V, 1827, 374,
Turner, Pr. Zool. Soc. Lond. XVII, 1850, 174.
Sunpevatt, Kong. Sy. Vet. Akad. Handl. for 1844.—Is. Acrhiy. Skand..Beit. Il, 1850, 154.
Avup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad. II, 1851, 32; pl. lvi, lvii.
Bainp, Rep. U. 8. Pat. Off. Agricultural for 1851, (1852,) 124, plate.
Bison, Pennant, Hist. Quad. 1781, No. 19.—Is. Arctic Zool. I, 1784, 1.
Bison d’ Amerique, Sv. Hinarre et Cuy. Hist. des Mammif. IV, 1819; plates of male and female.
*¢ Taurus mexicanus, HERNANDEZ.”’

For a satisfactory account of the external form of this,-the largest of the American quadru-
peds, I must refer to the excellent description by Mr. Audubon in the Quadrupeds of North
America. Dried and distorted skins give but a faint idea of the shape or even size of this
monarch of the American prairies. The elevated hump between the shoulders, the broad full
chest, the narrow loins, and the slender legs, can only be fully realized in the living animal, or
from the descriptions of those who have had an opportunity of seeing it alive.

The naked mufile is somewhat as in the deer, extending from the broad septum to the edge of
the lip anteriorly, and widening below until the naked edge of the lip is about twice as wide as
the space between the nostrils. The naked skin of the muftle extends on the upper outline,

' Kong. Sv. Vet. Ak. Hand. for 1844, 1846, and in Archiv Skand. Beit. H, 1850, 151-154.

RUMINANTIA—CAVICORNIA—BOS AMERICANUS, 683

along the upper side of the nostrils, which are thus entirely naked, even within the cavity; the
under side of the nostrils is, however, densely hairy. In the deer the naked skin does not
extend so far along the nostril.

Fig. 34. Bos americanus. End of muzzle from above and in front.
Fig. 35. Under surface of left front hoof of the same.

The line of hair on the end of the muzzle forms a gentle curve, convex anteriorly. There is
no indication of a larmier.

The hoofs are broad and short, their basal outline a broad ellipse, the sides much rounded ;
their posterior outline, as viewed from the side, is generally considerably longer than the
superior.

The tail is rather short ; in summer it is very slender at the base, with very short hairs, and
appearing almost naked ; at the tip, however, is a tuft of very long hairs, nearly or quite as
long as the vertebral portion.

The horns are very thick at the base, but short, and tapering rapidly to a sharp pointed tip ;
their axes at first are nearly in the plane of the forehead, they, however, almost immediately,
slope slightly upwards until, at half their length, they bend abruptly upwards, at nearly a
right angle; the axis gf the terminal pointed portion is curved a little backwards, rendering
the anterior outline of the horn somewhat convex.

In the old male the entire head is thickly covered with a dénse growth of long shaggy hair,
which constitutes on the lower surface of the chin a long pointed beard. These hairs, on the
side of the neck behind the horns, measure as much as eighteen inches, those of the beard about
nine. The shoulders and fore legs as far as the knees are also covered with similar shaggy
hair. The anterior half of the back and sides is covered with a shaggy coat of woolly hair ;
the hairs on the posterior portion abruptly much shorter ; in summer specimens the hinder part
of the body and the hind legs appear almost naked.

The hoofs, muffle,and horns of the buffalo are entirely black. The hair, too, is generally of
a sooty black, except the middle of the back, which is of a brownish color.

In the skin of a young calf the color is throughout of a chestnut brown, with large patches
of white on the belly. This is probably an unusual color, as it was considered ‘‘ medicine’’ by
the Indians.

For further details as to size, weight, and other points connected with the American buf-
falo, I must refer to the article of Audubon and Bachman.

The buffalo of America is very closely related to the European bison, (Bos wrus,) the Auerochs
of the Germans, and the Bonassus of the ancients. I am unable to state satisfactorily in what

681 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL KEPORT.

the differences consist ; in fact, some authors, at this late date, attempt to prove that the two
species are mere varieties of each other.*

The American buffalo was formerly found throughout the entire eastern portion of the United
States to the Atlantic ocean, and as far south as Florida. In the Hudson Bay country it did
not pass east of the latitude of Red river; to the south it extended over the entire Mississippi
valley, through Texas and into Mexico.

At the present time its range is very different. The progress of civilization has crowded
it off towards the west, until now it is never seen east of the Missouri, except in its northern
portion. To the north, it is found in Minnesota and on Red river. The main range is,
however, between the Upper Missouri and the Rocky Mountains, from Great Martin lake, lati-
tude 64°, and the Saskatchewan, to northern Texas and New Mexico. In western Texas it
is very seldom seen, nor do I know whetlier it is now found in Mexico at all. Of late years only,
it has found its way through the Rocky Mountains to the upper plains of the Columbia.

List of specimens.

a S

# |S

Bless ae

2 a Bo} @ Locality. When collected.| Whence and how obtained. Nature of specimen.

s a w

yA eg ee ee | Fort Union -----.--------|-------------- Ed. T. Denig and A. Culbertson_.| Head ---------..-
2009 | 2843 | o@ Yellowstone -.----------- August, 1856 |«Lieutenant G. K. Warren------- Skint. ===
2007 | 2841] Q_ |..---- dite Slee api ese PPS ey arsine, § Be id 3! ae) Set ne dora tL aaa
2008 | 2842 | od eee o (ae arr pans tase ESE Eee Gee —a=n| eee eae does a ases ene eee dos. 264seeeeeeee
2010 | 2844 | of |---.-- Os eee ts ee ae ae too Gijza se. |e ance ci ed Close cect desc = Skin (four months.)
2006 | 2840 | ¢ White Earth River-------- Sept. 8, 1856 |---------. (Os sa desea grtccccoe Skin... eee
ZO11 | 2845 | ¢ Fort: Berthold. --..---...- July 8, 1856 |--------.- Gl) ns sas Sega SSeS Head -.<--2 seem
2012 | 2846 | Q |-.---- doses sane s ie ten eee a | eee CORR Se bae ae se GbR ses See te se5 Sates |e 0-2 eee
1829" (eo s2. fo) RortiBierree.sas2-—= j= 2-2 -|----2--------- Mir AtKINSON.==—-a52— cease eee Spotted skin ~-....

1 Jager, Wiitemburgische naturwissenschaftliche Jahreshefte, III, 176-203.

=e?

APPENDIX A.

LIST OF AUTHORITIES REFERRED TO IN THE PRECEDING REPORT.

In the present Appendix I have endeavored to furnish as complete an account as possible of
the articles and works quoted in the preceding pages. They have nearly all been examined
by myself, with reference to the present report; and the few titles which have not fallen under
my observation, but have been borrowed from other authors, will be found placed between
quotation marks. Whenever these marks do not occur, either here or in the synonymy of the
report itself, the references are to be understood as having been personally verified.

All the works referred to without quotation marks are to be found in the library of the
Smithsonian Institution, unless some other depository be assigned, such as the library of the
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, and a few others. In many cases, where the works
previously consulted were not at hand when preparing this list, abstracts only, either of the
volumes or of their contents, have been given, instead of the full title of each separate article,
unless these were to be found in the Nomenclator Zoologicus and Bibliographia Zoologiae
of Professor Agassiz, or in the Bibliotheca Historico-Naturalis of Engelmann. Of these »
important bibliographical aids I have made free use throughout, although I have copied the
titles, as far as I could conveniently, from the works themselves. The titles given between
quotation marks have, however, in nearly all cases, been taken from the volumes just mentioned.

LIST OF AUTHORITIES.

Academy Natural Sciences. —See PuimapELputa.

Acassiz.—On American Moose and Caribou.—See Bosron, Society of Natural History : Proceedings.*

Aaass. Nom. Zool.-—Nomenclator zoologicus, continens nomina systematica generum animalium tam viventium quam
fossilium, etc. Autore L, Agassiz. 4to. Soloduri. Jent etGassmann. Fasciculus I, continens Mammalia, Echinodermata et
Acalephas. 1842,—Fasciculus XII, continens indicem universalem. 1847.

Annals & Mag. N. H.—See Lonpon.

Archiy Skand. Beit.—See GreirswaLp.

Archiv fur Naturgeschichte.—See Brruin, Archiv.

Avupuson & Bacuman.—New N. Am. quadrupeds.—See Paitaperpni1a, Academy of Natural Sciences: Journal and Pro

ceedings.

Avup. & Bacu. N. Am. Quad.—The viviparous quadrupeds of North America. By Joun James Avpupon, and the Rey.
Joun Bacuman, D.D. 3 vols. 8vo. New York. Vol. I, 1846; vol. II, 1851; vol. III, pp. 1-254, 1853 ; pp. 255-end, 1854,

(The plates of this edition are in royal octavo, intercalated with the text; all the plates, with a few exceptions, were pre-
viously published in large oblong folio, in numbers, without text, commencing as far back as 1840.)

Aynres.—On Scalops californicus.—See San Francisco, Acad. Nat. Sc.

Bacuman.—New Hare. Observations on the N. Am. Hares. On the genus Sorex. Additional note on Lepus. New N.
Am. quadrupeds. List of Townsend’s quadrupeds. Additional remarks on Zepus. Additions to list of Townsend's quad-
rupeds.—See Pumaperruta, Academy Nat. Sciences : Journal. .

Bacuman on the N. Am. squirrels.—See Lonpon, Charlesworth’s Mag. : Zoological Society ;—New Haven, Am. Jour. of
Science.

Bacuman.—On Scalops.—Sce Boston, Society of Nat. History: Proceedings and Journal.

Bacuman.—On generation of Opossum.—See Paraperputa, Academy of Nat. Sciences.

Bacx’s Expedition, King’s Narrative of.—See Kina.

Barr & Hutmersen.—Beitrage.—See Sr. PererspurG, Beitrage.

Barrp.—Ruminants of N. America.—See Wasuuneron, U. 8. Patent Office : Agricultural Report.

Barrp.— Tumias pallasiiSee Wasninaton, Smithsonian Institution : 11th Report.

Barrp.—New mammals.—See Pumapa., Acad. Nat. Sciences : Proceedings.

Barrp.—Zool. Stansb. Exped.—See Stansbury.

Barrincton.—On N. Am. hare.—See Lonpon, Royal Society.

Barron, B. §.—On Dipus.—See Pumana,, Am. Phil. Soc.

Barron, B. S.—Wandering Mouse. White Bear. Tay, &c.—See Pumapa., Med. & Phys. Jour.

Beaciz.—The Zoology of H. M. S. Beagle, under the command of Capt. Fitzroy, during the years 1832-1836. Edited
and superintended by Chas. Darwin. London. 4to. 1840-1844, Mammalia by G. R. Warernovuss. Parts 2, 4, 5, 10.
(In Library of the Boston Society of Natural History.)

+ Beecuey’s Voyage.—See Brossom.

Bennett,—Cala. mammals.—See Lonpon, Zool. Soc.
Bennett, Gardens and Menag.—The gardens and menagerie of the Zoological Society delineated. 8vo. Quadrupeds.
Vol. I. London, 1835. (Author, E. T. Brnnert.)
BERLANDIER.—On Mexican wolves.—See Pumapa., Academy of Nat. Sciences: Proceedings.
Beruw.—Archiy fur Naturgeschichte gegrundet von Wiegmann. Fortgesetzt von Erichson und Troschel. 8 yo. 1835
to 1856,
Waaner.—Berichte iiber die Siugethiere, &c. (In the series of annual reports on the progress of natural
science. These contain many important notices of American mammals, as in the vols. for 1836, 281; 1837, 356 ;
1838, 45; 1842, 306; 1843, 32, 141; 1845, 148.)
Wiecmann.—Uber die Gattung Procyon, III, 1837, 1. 356-371.

~

ll

»- =

MAMMALS—LIST OF AUTHORITIES. 687
Brrun.—Konigliche Akademie der Wissenschaften: Abhandlungen etc. der physikalischen Classe.
4to. Berlin.
ie -
Licurenstew.—Uber aussere Backentaschen an Nagethieren. Von Lichtenstein. Abh. (1822-1823) (1825) 13.
Ts.—Erlauterungen der Nachrichten des Franc. Hernandez von den vierfiissigen Thieren Neuspaniens. Von

Licurensvers. Abh. (1827) (1830) 89.
Is.—Uber die Gattung Mephitis. Von Licnrensrrrn. Abh. (1836) (1838) 249.

Brertiy.—Magasin Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin.
Reicu.—Beschreibung einer neuer Art yon Schlafer aus Virginien. 1810, 243.

Brwick.—A General History of Quadrupeds. The figures engraved on wood, chiefly copied from the originals of T.
Bewick, by A. AnpErson. First American edition; with an appendix, containing some American animals not hitherto
described. 8vo. New Yori, 1804. (The appendix probably prepared by Dr. 8. L. Mrrcui1.)

Brainvitte.—Gray Bear of America. Rupicapra americana.—See Paris, Jour. de Phys.

Brossom.—The Zoology of Captain Beechey’s Voyage. Compiled from collections and notes made, &c., during a voyage
to the Pacific and Behring’s Straits, performed in his Majesty’s ship Blossom, under the command of Capt. F. W. Brrcuey,
R.N, &. 4to. London, Henry G. Bohn. 1839. Mammalia by Dr. Ricwarpson.

Brumensacu, J. F., Abbild.—Abbildungen naturhist. Gegenstande. 1-x. 1796-1810. 8vo. Gottingen. (In Library
of Phila. Acad.)

Bryru.—On Ovis.—See Lonvon, Zool. Soc.: and Annals & Magazine.

Bopp, Elen, Anim.—Elenchus Animalium. Volumen I, sistens quadrupedia hic usque notata, &c. Auct. P. Bopparrr.
8vo. Rotterdami, 1784. (Lib. Phila. Acad.)

Bonaparte, C. L.—Iconografia della fauna Italica, per le quattro classi degli animali vertebrati, di Canto L. Principr
Bonaparte. TomolI. Mammiferie uccelli. Folio. Roma, 1832-’41.

Bonararte.—On American Mustela—See Lonpon, Charlesw. Mag.

Bonite.—Voyage autour du Monde, exécuté pendant les années 1836 et 1837, sur Ja corvette la Bonite, commandée par
Vaillant. 8vo. Paris, 1839-44.

Zoologie, par Eypoux et Soutnyer. 1841.

Boston.—Boston Journal of Philosophy and the Arts. Conducted by J. W. Wessrer, M.D., and Danren TREADWELL.
8vo. Boston. (In Library Phila. Acad.)

“Harris, T. W.—On Condylura prasinata. II, 1825, 582.

Boston Society of Natural History: Boston Journal of Natural History, containing papers and communi- .
cations read to the Boston Society of Natural History. 8vo.

Bacaman.—Obseryations on the genus Scalops, (shrew moles,) with descriptions of the species found in

North America. By J. Bacuman, D.D. IV, January 1842, 26. :
Hait.—Notice of the geological position of the cranium of the Castoroides ohioensis. By James Haun, Esq. V,

June 1846, 385. rs
Wryman.—Anatomical description of Castoroides ohioensis. By Jurrriss Wyman, M.D. In.

Bostox.—Soc. N. H. continued: Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. 8vo. Boston.
Acassiz.—Some remarks on the Moose and Caribou. By Prof. Acassiz. II, December 1846, 187.
* Bacuman.—-Observations on the genus Scalops, with descriptions of the species found in North America.
By Mr. Bacuman. I, 1841, 40.
Branpr.—Beitriige.—See Sr. Pererssurc, Acad. imp. des Sciences.
Branpt.—Mam. Exot.—See Sr. Pererssurc, Acad. imp. des Sc.
Brants, Muizen.—Het geslacht der muizen door Linnaeus opgesteld, volgens.de tegenswoordige toestand der wetenschap
in familien, geslachten en soorten, verdeeld door A. Brants, 12mo, Berlyn. Akademische Boekdrukkery. 1827.
Brestau anp Bonn.—Kaiserliche Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Akademie der Naturforscbher.
Also, Academia Caesareo-Leopoldina Naturae Curiosorum: Verhandlungen, and Nova Acta.
Maxnutran.—Uber einige Nager mit aeusseren Backentaschen aus dem westlichen Nord-America. Von Maxt-
MILIAN, Prinzen zu Wied. XIX, 1, 1839, 366-384. (Thomomys and Perognathus.)
Maxiit1an Von Wiep and Mayer,—Uber die Selbstandigkeit der Species des Ursus feroz, Desm. Von Prinz
Max. Von Wiep, mit anatomischen Bemerkungen yon Dr. C. Mayer. Aus den Verhandlungen der Kais.
Leop.-Carolinischen Akademie der Naturforscher. Breslau. XXYVI, 1, 1856.
Brisson, R. A. Quadrup.—Le régne animal divisé en IX classes. Quadrupédes et cétacés, &c. Par Maruurin Jacq.

Brisson. 4to. Paris, 1756. (In Lib. Phila. Acad.)

688 U. S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—-GENERAL REPORT.

Burron, Hist. Nat.—Histoire naturelle, générale et particulitre avec le description du Cabinet du Roi. Par Burron et
D'Avupenton. 4to. Paris, 1765. I—XY. 15 vols., containing the mammalia.

Burron.—Supplem. Cuvier.—See Cuvier, F. be

Burmeister, Erlaut.—Erlauterungen zur Fauna Brasiliens, enthaltend Abbildungen und ausfihrliche Beschreibungen
neuer oder ungeniigend bekannter Thierarten von Dr. Herm. Burmeister. 1 vol. folio. Berlin. George Reimer, 1856.

Burmeister, Th. Bras.—Systematische Uebersicht der Thiere Brasiliens, welche wahrend einer Reise durch die Provinzen
Rio de Janeiro und Minas Geraes gesammelt oder beobachtet wurden von Dr. Hermann Burmeisrer. Erster Theil, Sauge-
thiere. Svo. Berlin. G. Reimer, 1854.

Cassin on Scalops aeneus.—See Pamapa., Acad. Nat. Sc.: Proceedings.

Carespy, Carol.—The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands. By Marx Carespy. 2 volumes,
folio London, 1731-1743. (In library of Col. Force.) *

CuarteswortH, on Mexican Mammals.—See Lonpon, Zool. Soc.

Cuvurcu, Cab. Quad.—A cabinet of quadrupeds, with historical and scientific descriptions. By Joun Cuourcn. 2 vols., 4to.
London. 1805. (Lib, Phila. Acad.)

Curmton, Dewirr.—On American Bears, &c.—See New York, Literary and Philos. Soc.

Cooper, W.—New N. Am. Bats.—See New Yorx, Lyceum Nat. Hist.

Copennacen.—Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab: Naturvidenskabelige och Mathematiske Af-
handlinger. 4to.

Lunp, P. V.—Blik paa Brasiliens Dyreverden, &c, VIII, 1841.

Cozzens.—On the Am. Porcupine.—See New Yorr, New York Lyceum.

Cusris.—Journal.—See Puia., Med. and Phys. Jour.

Cuvier, F.—Renard fauve ; Zura; Mustela huro.—See Paris, Dict. des Sc. Nat.

Cuvier, F.—Saccomys, Spermophilus, Erethizon.—See Paris, Annales du Mus.

Cuy. Suppl. Buffon.—Supplément a l’histoire naturelle générale et particulitre de Buffon. Par M. F. Cuvier. 8vo., tome
I. Mammiféres. Paris. 1831. -

Cuvier, G.—Legons d’anatomie comparée, recueillies et publiées sous ses yeux, par G. Dumerm et G. L. Duvernoy.
6 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1800-1805.

Cuvier, G.—Le régne animal distribué d’aprés son organisation, pour servir de base a I’histoire naturelle des animaux et
d’introduction a l’anatomie comparée. 4 vols., 8vo. Paris, 1817. (In Library of Phil. Academy.)

Cuv. Ossem. Foss.—Recherches sur les Ossemens fossiles ou l'on rétablit les caractéres de plusieurs animaux dont les re-
yolutions du globe ont détruit les espéces. Par Georces Cuvier. Quatriéme édition. 10 vols. 8vo. ; 2 vols. 4to. Paris.
Edmond d’Ocagne.

Davies. —On Dipus canadensis.—See Lonpon, Linnean Society.

Dawson.—On Nova Scotia Meriones and Arvicola.—See Epixsurau, Ed. New Phil. Jour.

Dr Kay, N. Y. Zool.—Zoology of New York, or the New York Fauna. By James E. De Kay. 4to.. Part 1. Mammalia.
Albany, 1842.

Description de l’Egypte.

Georrroy Sr. Hitarre, Etienne.—Zoologie de l’Egypte. Mammiftres, reptiles et poissons du Nil. (1 canmot
ascertain the precise date of this work.)

Drsmarest.—On Condylura, and Hamster de Virginie.—See Paris, Journ. de Phy.

Desmarest.—On Ovis cervina ; Sciwrus rufiventer—See Paris, Nouv. dict. d’hist. Nat.

Dresm. Mamm.—Mammalogie, ou description des especes de Mammiftres. Par. A.G. Desmarest. Premiére partie, 1820.
Seconde partie, 1822. 4to. Paris. lol. (Lib. Phila. Acad.) 5

Dovouty’s Cab.—Cabinet of Natural History and American Rural Sports, with illustrations. Philadelphia. Published
by J. & T. Doventy. 4to. I, 1830; II, 1832; II, rrv. 1833. (Lib. of Phila. Acad.)

Dovaras.—Cervus leuceurus and Ovis californianus.—See Lonpon, Zoological Journal.

“‘ Dupratz, L.—Histoire dela Louisiane. 8vo. Paris, 1758.”

Durratz.—The History of Louisiana, or of the western parts of Virginia and Carolina, containing a description of the
countries that lie on both sides of the river Mississippi, with an account of the settlements, inhabitants, soil, climate, and
products. Translated from the French of M.le Page du Pratz. A new edition. 8yo. London, 1774. (Lib. of Peter
Force.) (The original French edition I have never seen.)

MAMMALS—LIST OF AUTHORITIES. 689

Duvernoy.—Sur les musaraignes.—See Panis, Mag. de Zool.—Srraspoura, Soc. d’ Hist. Nat.
Epryporcu.—The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, &c. New Series.

Dawson.—Notice of the species of Meriones and Arvicola found in Nova Scotia. By Jonny Witt1am Dawson.
Til, Jan. 1856, 1.

Emmons, Quad. Mass.—Report on the quadrupeds of Massachusetts. By Esenrzer Exons, M.D. 8vo. Cambridge, 1840.

Erman, A. G.—Reise um die Erde durch Nordasien u. die beiden Oceane in 1824-30, ausgefuhrt. (The Atlas sometimes
bearing a separate title of—Verzeichniss von Thieren u Pflanzen welche auf einer Reise um die Erde gesammelt wurden.)
Text in 8vo., Atlas in folio. Berlin, 1833-1841.

Erxiesen, Syst.—Io. Curist. Poryc. Erxuesen. Systema regni animalis, per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietates,
cum synonymia et historia animalium. Classis I, Mammalia. 8vo. Leipzig, Weygand, 1777. (The introduction dated
Gottingen, November, 1776.)

Escuscnotrz, Zool. Atlas.—Zoologischer Atlas, enthaltend Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer Thierarten, wahrend
des Flottcapitains v. Kotzbue zweite Reise um die Welt auf der Russisch Kaiserlich Kriegschlupp Predpriatié in den Jahren
1823-1826, beobachtet von Dr. Frrepr. Escnscnontz. Folio. Berlin, G. Reimer. 111, 1829; 1v, 1831; v, 1833.
(The last part edited, after the death of Eschscholtz, by Dr. M. H. Raruxe. Contains figures and descriptions of Canis
ochropus, Arctomys caligata, Ovis nivicola, &c.)

Eypoux er Gervais.—Zool. de la Favorite. —See Favorrre and Paris, Magasin de Zool.

Eypoux gt Sourryer.—Zoologie de la Bonite.—See Bonire.

Fasricius, O.—Fauna Groenlandiae, etc. 8vo. Copenhagen, 1780.

Favority.—Voyage autour du monde sur la corvette de l'état La Favorite pendant les années 1830-1832, sous le com
mandement de M. Laplace, capitaine de frégate. 8vo. Tome V. Paris, Arthus Bertrand, 1839. Zoologie par MM.
Eypovux et Paur Gervais.

Fiscuer, Synopsis.—Synopsis mammalium. Auctore Joanne Baptista Fiscumr, Med. et.Chir. Doctor. 8vo. Stuttgardt,
J. G. Cotta, 1829.

Fiemrne, J.—‘' Philosophy of zoology, or a general view of the structure, functions, and classification of animals. 2 vols.
8vo. Edinburgh, 1822.”

Forster, J. R.—Quadrupeds from Hudson’s Bay.—See Lonpon, Royal Society.

Foster.—On Castoroides,—See Onto, Geol. Surv.

Frankuin, Narr.—Narrative of a journey (first) to the shores of the Polar Seas in 1819—1822. By Captain Franxuin.
With an appendix on various subjects relating to science and natural history. (Mammals by Josrrm Saprne.) 4to. London,
1823. (Phil. Ac.)

Fraser, L.—Zoologia typica. Folio. London, 1848. (Library of Phila. Acad.)

GampBet.—New Cala. quadrupeds.—See Puinapretpaia, Acad: Proceedings.

Gaprrer.—Canadian quadrupeds.—See Lonpon, Zool. Journal.

Gerorr. St. Hmatre, Is.—Bélier de montagne.-—-See Panis, Annales du Mus.

Georr. Sr. Hinairr.—~Sorer.—See Paris, Mém. du Mus. and Mag. de Zool.

Georrnoy Sr. Himaree, Isidor.—‘‘ Etudes zoologiques, comprenant histoire et la description d’un grand nombre d’ animaux
récemment découverts, et des observations nouvelles sur plusieurs genres déja connus. 8vo. Paris, 1832.’

Gizpet, Zool. or Saugt. —Die Saugethiere in zoologischer, anatomischer und palaeontologischer Beziehung, umfassend
dargestellt von C. G. Gresen. Leipzig. Ambrosius Abel. 1855. (This work, published in numbers, was finished in 1855,
but commenced several years before.)

Gmuetix—ZJsatis.—See Sr. Pererspure, Acad. imp. des Sc.

Guewiy, Syst. Nat.—Caroli Linné Systema naturae, per regnatria naturae, &c. (Ed. 13th.) Cura Jo. Frm. Gann.
Tom. I, Leipzig, 1788.

Gopman.—On Condylura.—See Pumapenputa, Acad. Nat. Sc.

Gopman, Am. N. H.—American natural history. Part 1. Mastology. By Joun D. Gopman, M.D. 2d edition. 3 vols.
8vo. Philadelphia, Stoddart and Atherton, 1831. (This is the edition which I have quoted. I have never seen the
first edition. From the copyright clause in the beginning of the volume, however, I find that the certificate of Vol I. was
issued on the title, June 26, 1826 ; of Vol. II, July 3, 1826; and of Vol. III, February 1, 1828. There does not appear to
be any alteration in the second edition, and I suspect this is printed from the same stereotype plates as the first. The
ignorance of exact date, however, has prevented me from giving it, although the edition used is that above quoted.)

Gray —On Dipodomys.—See Lonvon, Annals and Mag., and New Haven, Am. Jour.

87 L

690 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Gray.—Knowsley Menag.—Gleanings from the menagerie and aviary of Knowsley Hall, By J. E. Gray. Folio. London.
Part 1, 1846. Part 2, Hoofed quadrupeds, 1850. (Lib. of Phil. Acad.)

Gray.—New Mammalia.—-See Lonpoy, Annals Mag., and Charlesworth’s Mag.

Gray.—Pr. Zool. Soc.—See Lonpon, Zool. Soc.

Gray.—-In Rae’s Narrative.—See Ran.

Gray.—On Sorex.—See Lonpon, Zool. Soc.

Gray.—Zool. of Sulphur.—See Sutrnur, Zool of.

GrerrswALp.—Archiv Skandinavischer Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte. Herausgegeben Von C. F. Hornscuvcn. 8vo.

Greifswald.
Methodische Uebersicht der wiederkauenden Thiere, Linnes Pecora. Von Cart Sunpevatn. II, 1850,

78-160, 291-320. ‘Translated from Kong, Sy. Handl.

Grirr, Cuv.—The animal kingdom, arranged in conformity with its organization. By the Baron Cuvier, &c., with ad-
ditional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed. By Epwarp Grirrity, F, L. §., and
others. 8vo. London. George B. Whitaker. The class Mammalia, arranged by the Baron Cuvier, with specific descrip-
tions by Epwarp Grirrirn, F. L. S., Major Cuartes Hammiron Situ, F. R. §., and Epwarp Pipcroy. Vol. I-V. 1827.
(Vol. V. consists of a general synopsis of the species of Mammalia.)

GuLpEnstaEDt.— /vlis ruffa.—See Sr. Pererssure, Acad. imp. des Sc.

Gurnriz’s Geog.—A universal geography, or a view of the present state of the known world. Originally compiled by
Witiram Gururin, Esq., the astronomical part by James Feravson. Second American edition. 2 vols. 8vo. Philadelphia,
1815. Is. Third American edition. 2 vols. 8vo., and one of maps. Philadelphia. Benjamin Warner, 1820.

(The second American edition of Guthrie’s Geography is one of great importance to naturalists, on account of the remarks
on the natural history of North American animals, by George Ord. These commence on page 291, of vol. II, with a list of
the systematic names of North American mammals as far as known, followed by short notices of the more interesting
species. The list contains scientific names imposed by Ord on nearly all the species described by Lewis and Clark, referring
to the subsequent paragraphs in which they are described in detail; and the specific appellations thus assigned take pre-
cedence of many subsequent ones. The work is exceedingly rare, and I have never, even in Philadelphia, been able to see
a perfect copy. The Library of the Philadelphia Academy has the natural history portion, separate.

In the third edition the lists of systematic names of American animals are omitted eutirely, but all the other notices are
reproduced, as in the second edition, on pages 141-189 of vol. I. In this third edition Mr. Ord’s name is no where men-
tioned in connexion with the work.)

Hawpeman.—On Zuamias striatus. —See Poitapeipura, Acad. Nat. 8c.: Proceedings.

Hat1i.—On Castoroides.—See Boston, Society of Natural History: Journal.

Hatte.—Der Naturforscher. Halle bei J. J. Gapavrr. XX, 1784. (Library of C. Zimmerman, Columbia, §. C.)

Scuorrrr. Der Nord-Amerikanische Haase, 32.

Haruan. F, Am.—Fauna Americana, being a description of the mammiferous animals inhabiting North America. By
Ricuarp Hartan, M.D. 8vo. Philadelphia. Anthony Finley, 1825. ,

Harian. Med. and Phys. Res.—Medical and physical researches: or original memoirs in medicine, surgery, geology,
zoology, &c. By R. Hartan, M.D, 8vo. Philadelphia. Lydia R. Bailey, 1835. (Reprint of his minor papers.)

Hartan.—Arvicola ferrugineus.—See New Haven, Am. Jour.

Harian.—Arvicola nutialli.—See Purapa., Monthly Am. Jour.

Hartan.—On Meriones.—See Lonvon, Zool. Soc.

Hartan.—On Mus palustris. —See New Haven, Am. Journal.

Hargis.—On Condylura prasinata.—See Boston, Boston Journal, of Philos.

Heratp.—The zoology of the voyage of H. M. 8. Herald, under the command of Captain Henry Kellett, R. N., C. B.,
during the years 1845-51. Published under the authority of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. Edited by Pro-
fessor Epwarp Forsrs. 4to. London. Reeve & Co.

Fossil mammals, by Sir Joun Ricuarpson, Knt. C. B., M.D, F.R.S. 1-1, 1852. (With numerous plates
illustrating the osteology of the recent and fossil ruminants of the arctic regions.)

Hernanvez, J.—Nova plantarum, animalium et mineralium Mexicanorum historia, &e. Folio. Rome, 1651.

Hornscuucu.—Archiv Skand. Beit.—See GreirswaLp.

MAMMALS—LIST OF AUTHORITIES. 691

Horsrretp & Viaors.—On Felis maculata. —See Lonvon, Zool. Journal.
Incicer’s Prodromus.—Carort Intiaert, D. Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium, additis terminis zoographicis
utriusque classis eorumque versione germanica. 12mo. Berlin, C. Salfeld, 1811.
JanpinE.—The Naturalists Library. Conducted by Sir Wm. Jarpive. 40 vols., 12mo. London and Edinburg, 1834-
1843. (A portion only of the series in the Smithsonian Library.)
‘«Jarpine.—Ruminating animals, containing deers, antelopes, camels, &c. By Sir Wu. Jarpivz. Vol. XI,
of the entire series, or vol. III of the Mammalian portion, 1835.’’
Ssata.—Natural history of Dogs, wild and domestic species, By Hamitron Smitu. 2 vols. I, 1839; II,

1840. (In Lib. Phila. Acad.)
Swurn.—Introduction to the Mammalia. (Vol. XIII of series Mammalia, vol. XXXV of whole series.) By

Lt. Col. C. Hammron Smita. Edinburgh, 1842.

Jounston’s Physical Atlas.—The physical atlas of natural phenomena. By A. Kerra Jomnston.

Tables of the Orders Rodentia and Ruminantia, Philology and Zoology. No. 5. 1849. By G. R. Warer-
HOUSE.

‘*Kaop, J. J.—Skizzirte Entwickelungs-Geschichte und naturliches System der Europaischen Thierwelt. 8vo. Darm-
stadt, 1829.’”

Kennicorr.—Quad. Ilinois.—See Wasutnaton, U. S. Patent Office: Agricultural Report.

Kerr's Lixyxus.—The Animal Kingdom of Linnzus. Class 1. Mammalia. From the edition of Prof. Gmelin. By
Rosert Kerr. 4to, Lonpon, 1792. (Lib. Phila. Acad.)

Keyseru. & Biuas.—Wirb. Europ.—Die Wirbelthiere Europas von A. Graf Keyserire und Professor J. H. Brastus. Erstes
Buch ; die unterscheidende Charactere. (Mammals and Birds.) 8vo. Braunschweig, F. Vieweg und Sohn, 1840.

Kine.—Narr. Back’s Exped.—Narrative of a journey to the shores of the Arctic ocean in 1833-1835, under the command
of Captain Back, R. N. By Ricnarp Kine, M. R. C. §., Surgeon and Naturalist to the Expedition. 2 vols. 12mo. Lon-
don. Richard Bentley, 1836. (Contains notices of Arclomys okanaganus, Barren ground Reindeer, Sc.)

Kirtianp.—Obs. of a Naturalist.—See New Haven, Am. Jour.

Kuunt, Beitrage.—Beitrage zur Zoologie und vergleichenden Anatomie. Von Henrico Kuan. 4to. Frankfurt am
Main, 1820.

‘«Lacepepge, B. G.—Tableau des divisions, sous-divisions, ordres et genres des Mammiftres, des Cetacés et des Oiseaux.
4to. Paris, 1799.’’ (Quoted from Agassiz Nomenclator.)

Lac. er Cuv. Mén du Mus.—La ménagerie du museum d'histoire naturelle, —&c. Par Lacerkpr et Cuvier. Folio.
Paris, 1801. (Lib. Phila. Acad.)

Leacu.—Cervus wapiti.—See Paris, Journ. de Phys.

Leconte, Joun.—On Arvicola, &c.; on lost species of American animals; on American bats; on new Hesperomys.—See
PuiapeLpuia, Academy Nat. Sciences: Proceedings.

Lxcontz, Joun.—New Rodent.—See New Yorx, Lyceum Nat. Hist.

Leconte, Dr. J. L.—New Sciurus ; on Geomys; on Dipodomys and Perognathus; on Scalops.—See Puitapeipara, Academy
of Nat. Sciences: Proceedings.

Lrrecu.—Zool. Misc.—See Lonpon, Zool. Mise.

Lewen.—Tijdschrift voor Natuurlijke geschiedenis en physiologie. Uitgegeven door J. VAN per Hoeven, en W. H. pe
Vrusze. 8vo. Leiden. (Icopied from Agassiz’ Nomenclator a reference to Urotrichus, as being described by Temminck in Vol.
V. (1838) of this work. On examining it, however, I do not find any such genus, although Urocryptus, a genus of bats, is
given on p. 31.)

Lerezie.—Isis. Von Oxen. 4to. Leipzig, Brockhaus. (The volumes not numbered at first.)

Wacter.—Ejnige Mittheilungen tber Thiere Mexicos. Von Wacter. 1831, 510.
Say anp Orp.—Neue Saugethicrsippe. Von T. Say und G. Op. (Neotoma, Sigmodon.) XX, 1827, 1035-'6.

(Copied from Journal Phila. Acad.)
Waa ier.—Neue Sippen und Gattungen der Saugthiere. XXYV, 1832, 1220.

Lerezia.—Zoologisches Archiv. Herausgegeben von T. A. A. Meyer. 8vo. Leipzig. Vol. I, 1796. (Library Phila.
Acad.)

Lesson, Cent. Zool.—Centurie zoologique ou choix d'animaux rares, nouveaux, ou imparfaitement connus, &. 16
livraisons. In one vol. 8vo. or 4to. Paris, 1830-1832. (In Lib. of Phila. Acad.)

Luss. Desc. mam. et d’ois.—Description de mammiféres et d’oiseaux recemment découverts, &c. Par M. Lesson. 12mo
Paris, 1847. (Library Phila. Acad.)

692 U. 8S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Less, Nouy. Tab.—Nouyeau tableau du régne animal, Par R. P. Lesson. Mammiféres. 8vo. Paris, Arthus
Bertrand, 1842.

Lewis AND CLARK, Trayels.—History of the expedition under the command of Captains Lewis and Clark to the sources
of the Missouri, thence across the Rocky mountains, and down the river Columbia to the Pacific ocean. Performed during
the years 1804~’5-’6, by order of the Government of the United States. Prepared for the press by Paun Auten, Esq. 2
vols. 8vo. Philadelphia, Bradford & Inskeep, 1814. (Library of Peter Force.)

Lewis AND CiarK, Travels.—Travels to the source of the Missouri river and across the American continent to the Pacific
ocean. Performed by order of the Government of the United States in the years 1804, 1805, and 1806. By Captains
Lewis and Crark. lvyol. 4to, London, Longman & Co. 1814. (From a reference in Richardson's F. Bor. Am. it would
appear that another English edition has been published in three yolumes. An abridged edition forms part of Harper’s
Family Library series.)

Licutenstewn.—Darstellung neuer oder weniger bekannter Saugethiere, in Abbildungen und Beschreibungen yon funf-
und sechzig Arten, &. Von H. Licarensrrin. Folio. 2 vols., one of text and one of plates. Berlin, 1827-1834.
(There is no indication of the date of publication of the different pages.)

Licurenstery. —Uber Backentaschen ; Erlaut. des Hernandez; iiber Mephitis. See Berit, Konigl. Akad. der Wiss.

Linnarvs, C.—Museum 5S. R. M. Adolphi Friderici, Regis Suecorum, &c. Folio. Stockholm, 1754. (In Library Phila.
Academy.)

Liynazvs, C.—‘! Systema naturae, sive regna tria naturae systematice proposita, per classes, ordines, genera, et species.
First edition. Folio. Leyden, 1735.’’

Liynazvs, C.—Systema naturae, &c. Edit. X. 2 vols. 8vyo. Stockholm, 1758.

Linnaeus, C.—Systema naturae, &c. Edit. XII. 3 vols. 8vo. 1766—68. I, 1. Mammalia et pisces. 1766.

Linnarvus. —Syst. Nat. ed. Guerin—See Guertin. Syst. Nat. ed. Worr—See Worry. Syst. Nat. ed. Turtroy—See Turron.
Syst. Nat. ed. Grirrira—See Grirrita. Syst. Nat. ed. McMurrris—See MoMurrrm.

Linstey.—Catal. Mam. Conn.—See New Haven, Am. Jour.

Loypon.—Annals of Natural History, or Magazine of Zoology, Botany, and Geology. (This is the title of vols. I-V ;
from yol. VI, it is called Annals and Magazine of Natural History, including Zoology, Botany, and Geology.)

Bryta.—An amended list of species of the genus Ovis. By Epwarp Bryra. VII, 1841, 195.

Gray.—Descriptions of some new genera and fifty unrecorded species of mammalia. By J. E.@ray. X,
1842, 261.

(jnay.—Descriptions of some new genera and species of mammalia in the British Museum collection. By
J. E. Gray. XJ, 1843, 117.

Warernovuse.—Observations on the Rodentia. By G. R. Warernovsr. VIII, October 1841, 81. (Continu-
ation of the series published in Charlesworth’s Magazine of Natural History.)—Is. X, November 1842,197-203.
Is. December 1842, 344-347. (I did not discover the existence of these papers until too late to make use of
them to any extent.)

Wisemann.—On the genus Procyon, with a description of the new species. By Prof. F. A. Wiecmann.
(From Wiegmann’s Archiv.) I, 1838, 132. :

Lonpon.—British Association for Advancement of Science: Report, &., for 1836. London, 1837.

Ricwarpson, J.—Report on North American Zoology.

Lonpvon, Charlesw. Mag. N. H.—The Magazine of Natural History, and Journal of Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy, Geology,
and Meteorology. Conducted by Epwarp Cuarzeswortu, F. G. 8. 4 vols. 8vo. London, 1837. (This constitutes, in
reality, a new series of the journal of the same name established by Loudon. The first volume alone bears the above title ;
the remaining ones are called simply Magazine of Natural History.)

Bacuman.—Monograph of the genus Sciurus, with descriptions of new species and their varieties as existing in
North America. By Joun Bacuman, D. D. III, March 1839, 113-123.—Is. April 1839, 154-162.—In. May
1839, 220-227.—In. July 1839, 330-337.—In. August 1839, 378-390.

Bonapartn.—Remarks on the species of the genus Mustela, by Cuartes L. Bonaparte. II, January 1838, 37.

Gray.—Descriptions of some new or little known Mammalia, principally in the British Museum collection.
By J. E. Gray. I, November, 1837, 577.

Wareruovusn.—Observations on the Rodentia, with a view to point out the groups as indicated by the struc-
ture of the crania in this class of animals. By G. R. Waternousn. III, February 1839, 90-96.—Is. April
1839, 184-188.—In. Jone 1839, 274-279.—In. December 1839, 593-600. (For continuation, see Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, &c.)

MAMMALS—LIST OF AUTHORITIES. 693

Loxpoy.—Linnean Society: Transactions of the Linnean Society. 4to. London.

Davirs.—An account of the Jumping Mouse of Canada, Dipus canadensis. By Major General Tuomas Davies. .
IV, 1798, 155.

SanivE, Jos.—Account of the Marmots of North America hitherto known, with notices and descriptions o¢
three new species. By Josep Sabine. XIII, rz, 1822, 578.

HAw.—Description of the Mus bursarius and Tubularia magnifica, from drawings communicated by Major Gen
Thomas Davies. By Grorce Suaw, M. D. V, 1800, 227.

Smita, C. H.—Observations on some animals of America allied to the genus Antelope. By Cuartrs Hamir-
ton Smitu, esq., XIII, 1, 1821, 28.

Lonnon.—The London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 8vo.

Ocitsy.—On some hollow-horned Ruminants. (In report of Proceedings of Zool. Society.) XI, July
1837. 124.

Lonpon.—Royal Society .-—Philosophical Transactions, &c.

Barrincron.—Inyestigation of the specific characters which distinguish the rabbit from the hare. By Hon.
Daines Barrineton. LXII, 1772, 4.

Forsrer.—Account of several quadrupeds from Hudson’s Bay. By Mr. Joun Reinorp Forsrnr. LXII, 1772,
370.

Lonpoy.—The Zoological Journal. 5 vols. 8vo. London, 1825-1835.

Dovcras.—Observations on two undescribed species of North American Mammalia. By Davi Dovanas. IV,
Jan. 1829, 330. (Cervus leucurus and Ovis californianus. )

Gapprr.—Observations on the quadrupeds found in the district of Upper Canada, extending” between York
and Lake Simcoe, with the view of illustrating their geographical distribution, as well as of describing some
species hitherto unnoticed. By Dr. Garren. V, June 1830, 201.

Horsrievp & Vicors —Observations on some of the Mammalia contained in the collection of the Zoological
Society of London. By Tuomas Horsrietp and N. A. Vicors. (felis maculata.) IV, Jan. 1829, 380.

Ricuarpson.—Short account of a few quadrupeds procured on Captain Franklin’s late expedition. By Joun
Ricuarpson, M. D. III, April 1828, 616.

Ricuarpson.—On Aplodontia, a new genus of the order of Rodentia. By Joun Ricwarpson, M. D. IV, Jan.
1829, 333.

Say & Orp.—A new genus of Mammalia proposed, and a description of the species upon which it is founded.
(Neotoma floridana.) By Mr. T. Say and Mr. G. Orv. II, Oct. 1825, 293. (Reprinted“from Journal Phila. Acad.)

Say & Orp.—Description of a new species of Mammalia, whereon a genus is proposed to be founded. By
Mr. T. Say and G. Orv. II, Oct. 1825. 296. (Sigmodon hispidum.) (Reprinted from Journal Phila. Acad.)

Loxpox.—The Zoological Miscellany, being descriptions of new or interesting animals. By Witt1am Exrorp Leacu, M. D.
8vo. London, McMillan.

Leaca.—On Arvicola xanthognatha. I, 1814, 60.

Lonpon.—Zoological Society of London: Proceedings of the committee of science and correspondence of the
Zoological Society of London. 8yvo. Part I, 1830, 1831. Part IT, 1832. (This work preceded the regular Proceedings of
the Socicty.)

On the spotting in the young of the Pumas. (Jélis concolor.) I, Dec. 1831, 158.

Yarrett, W.—On the anatomy of the lesser American flying squirrel, (Pleromys volucella.) I, Feb. 1831, 3.8

Lonpox.—Zoological Society: Cont. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, commencing in 1833.

Bacuman, J.—On the habits and characters of the North American squirrels ; with descriptions of the newly
characterized species. VI, Aug. 1838, 85-103,

Bennett, E. T.—Characters of new species of mammalia from California. I, March 1833, 39.

Brytu, E.—On the species of the genus Ovis. VIII, July 1840, 62.

Cuartesworrn, E.—On the habits of the Bassaris astua, Lichtenstein, and of the Ascomys mexicanus of the
same author. IX, July 1841, 60.

Gray, J. E —Revision of the genus Sorex. V, Nov. 1837, 123.

Gray, J. E.—Synopsis of the species of antelopes and strepsiceres; with descriptions of some new species.
Part XVIII, 1850, 111-146. Synopsis of the species of deer, (Cervina) with the description of a new species in
the gardens of the Society. Ip, 222-242.

Harwan, R., M. D.—On a new species of Meriones. VII, Jan. 1839, 1.

Martin, W.—Notes on the dissection of a Pekan, (Mustela canadensis.) I, Aug. 1833, 97.

Manin, W.—Notes of the dissection of a Puma, (Flis concolor.) I, Nov. 1833, 120.

Martin, W.—On the sea otter, (Znhydris marina.) IV, June 1836, 59.

Ocitzy, W.—On the generic characters of Ruminants. IV, Dec. 1836, 131.

694 U. 8 P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

H. N. Turyer, jr.—On the evidences of affinity afforded by the skull in the ungulate mammalia. Part XVII,
1849, 147.—Is. On the generic subdivisions of the Bovidae or hollow-horned ruminants. Part XVII, 1850, 164.

Warernovse, G. R.—Characters of the genus and two species of Reithrodon. V, Feb. 1837, 29.

Warernovse, G. R.—On a new species of hare from North America, (Lepus bachmanii.) VI, Aug. 1838, 103.

Wareruovss, G. R.—On the skull and dentition of the American badger. VI, Noy. 1838, 153.

Lonpoy..—Zoological Society, Cont.: Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. 4to.

Warernovse.—On the skull of the North American badger, Meles labradoria of authors. By G. R. WATERHOUSE,
Esq. Il, v, 1841, 343.

Lona’s Exped. R. Mts.—Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819
and ’20, under the command of Major Srepuen H. Lona. Compiled by Edwin James. 2 vols. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1823.

Lunp.—Bras. Dyr.—See Corpennacen, Kong. Dansk. Vidensk. Selskab.

McGitrivkay.—On the Mountain Ram.—See New Yorx, Med. Rep.

McMourrrir’s Cuvier.—The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. By the Baron Cuvier, and
translated from the French, with notes and additions, by H. McMurrrim, M. D. In four volumes, 8yo. New York. Caryill,
1831. (Vol. 1 embracing Mammals and Birds.)

Marriy.—On Anatomy of Pekan; of Puma.—See Lonpon, Zool. Soc. Proc.

Maxm.—Naturg. Bras.—‘‘ Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte Von Brasilien. Von Maximilian Prinz yon Wied. 4 vols. 8yvo.
I. Saugethiere. 1826.”

Maxim.—Reise Nord. Am.—Reise in das innere Nord-America, in den Jahren 1832 bis 1834, yon Maximilian Prinz zu
Wied. 2 vols. 4to. Coblenz. J. Helscher. I, 1839; IL. 1841.

(Of this work a translation into English has been published in one quarto volume, and another into French in three octavo
volumes. The numerous critical and important notices on the animals of North America, scattered through the German
edition, are only partially reproduced in the French edition, and scarcely at all in the English.)

Max. Von Wisp und Mayer.—See Bresiav.

Meyrr.—Zool. Ann.—See WEen1aR, Zool. Annalen.

Meryer.—Zool. Archiv.—See Lzrrzia, Zoologisches Archiv.

Micuen.—On generation of Opossum.—See Pumapa., Academy of Natural Sciences: Proceedings.

Mircnm..—On the Bighorn, &.—See New Yorx, Med. Rep.

Mircum.—On Mus bursarius.—See New Haven, Am. Jour.

Mippenporrr.—Dr. A. Th. v. Mippenporrr’s Sibirische Reise. Band Il. Theil 2. Wirbelthiere, Erste Lieferung, 4to,
St. Petersburg, Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1853.

Mincuen.—K 6Onigl. bayer. Akademie der Wissenschaften: Abhandlungen der Math. physikal. Classe.

Wacner.—Beitrage zur Kenntniss der warmblutigen Wirbelthiere Amerikas, von Prof. Dr. ANpREAs WAGNER.
Il, 1837, 417, (vol. XIII of Denkschriften.)
Wacner.—Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Saugethiere Amerikas, von Dr. Anpr. Wacner. V, 1847-49, 119;
269; 405. (Lhe last part embraces Macrocolus halticus, Ascomys canadensis, §c.) (This volume forms XXII of the
series of Denkschriften.) .
Mixcuen.—_K. B. Akad. der Wiss. (Continued.): Gelehrte Anzeigen, herausgegeben yon Mitgliedern der

K. bayer. Akademie der Wissenschaften. 4to Munchen. (Of this work the series in the Smithsonian library lacks vols.
I-VUl.)
Sonvpert.—Verzeichniss der in Labrador befindlichen Landsaugthiere, von Schubert. XVIII, March 1844,
418.
Naturforscher.—See Haute.
New Haven.—The American Journal of Science and Arts: Vol. I, under the title of —The American Journal of Science,
more especially of Mineralogy, Geology, and the other branches of Natural History, including Agriculture and the
ornamental as well as useful arts; conducted by Bensamiy Sutuman. Conducted first by Bensason Sriumtan, then by

BensaMin Suuuiman and B. Suman, jr., then by Srtriman and Dana.

Bacumax.—Abstract of a monograph of the genus Sciurus, with descriptions of several new species and
varieties. By J. Bacuman, D. D., XXXVII, 1839, 290. (This is copied from an article in Charlesworth’s
Magazine of Natural History, and embraces only part of the original.)

Gray.—On a new glirine animal from Mexico, By J. E. Gray. XLII, 1842, 334. (From Proceedings

of British Association.)

MAMMALS—LIST OF AUTHORITIES. 695

Harwan.—Description of a new species of North American quadruped, (Arvicola ferrugineus.) By Ricuarp
Haran, M. D., X, 1826, 285.

Hartan.—-Description of a new species of quadruped of the order Rodentia, inhabiting the United States.
(Mus palustris.) By R. Hartan, M. D. XXXI, 1837, 385.

Kretitanp?—On certain fossil animals in the cabinet of the Zanesville Athenwum, with figures. By Dr.
Kirtiann, XXXI, 1837, 79-83. (This is an anonymous article, entitled—Miscellaneous Observations of a Naturalist
made during a tour in May, 1835, to the falls of Cuyahoga, near Lake Erie. The animals referred to are Ovis
mammillaris of the author, and a rodent subsequently called Castoroides ohioensis by Fosrer.)

Linstey.—A catalogue of the Mammalia of Connecticut, arranged according to their natural families. By
Rey. James H. Linstry. XLIII, 1842, 345.

Mircs111.—Detection of a mistake into which naturalists have been led in relation to the Mus bursarius or
pouched rat of Canada. By Samuen L. Mircuiy. IV, 1822, 183.

Piusmrer.—Scraps in Natural History, (quadrupeds.) By Dr. Joun T. Prummer. XLVI, 1844, 237.

Rarrvesque.—Description of a new species of North American marten, (Mustela vulpina.) By C. §. Rariesque.
I, 1819, 82.

Wooprurr.—The mole carnivorous. By Samusn Wooprurr, XXVIII, 1835, 168.

New Yorx.—American Monthly Magazine.—The American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review. 4 vols., 8vo. New
York. Published for H. Bigelow.

C. S. Rarrvesqur.—New species of mammifers noticed in the notes to the Tableau Méthodique des Mammiftres,

by Desmarest. I, Sept. 1817, 361-363.

Is.—Extracts from the Journal of Charles Le Raye, relating to some new quadrupeds of the Missouri region,
with notes by C.S. R. I, Oct. 1817, 435-437.

Is.—Description of seven new genera of North American quadrupeds. I, Nov. 1817, 44-46. (Mazama,
Diplostoma, Geomys, Cynomys, Anisonyx, Mynomes, Lynx.)

Is.— Further discoveries in Natural History, made during a journey through the western States. III, Oct:
1818, 445-446. (Describes among others Musculus leucopus and nigricans.)

New York.—New York Lyceum of Natural History: Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New
York. 8vo. New York.

Coorer.—Description of five species of Vespertilio that inhabit the environs of the city of New York. By
Witrram Coorrr. IV. 1837, 53. (The volume as completed bears date of 1848, but the number containing the
article was printed and distributed long before.)

Cooper —On two species of Molossus inhabiting the southern United States. By Winr1am Cooprr. IV, 64.

Coorer.—On two species of Plecotus inhabiting the United States territory. By Wuitu1am Coorrr. IV, 71.
(See remarks under first article of Mr. Coorzr.)

Cozzens.—Observations on the manners of the Hystrix dorsafa, or Porcupine of North America. By FREDERICK
§. Cozzens. I, 1, 1824, 190.

Le Conre.—Description of a new species of the order Rodentia. By Major Joun Le Conts, U. S. army-
(Psammomys pinelorum.) TIL, 1830, 132.

New York —The Medical Repository and Review of American Publications, &c. Conducted by Samuen Lataam Mrrcuiu,
M. D., and Epwarp Mittrr, M.D. 8vo. 22 volumes. (The substance only of the titles is given.) (Library of the Phila-
delphia Library Co.)

McGitttvray.—On the Mountain Ram of North America. VI, 1803, 237.
Mircnm1.—On the Bighorn, Ovis ammon. By Samuet L, Mironttr, M.D. X, 1807, 35.
Mircsit1.—On Seiurus tridecemlineatus. XXI, 1821, 248.

Mircnitt.—On Mus saccatus. XXI, 1821, 249.

Mircuitn.—On the Hamster of Georgia. V, 1802, 89.

E. H. Swira.—On the Elk. II, 1805, (3d edition,) 157.

New Yorx.—Literary and Philosophical Society of New York: Transactions, &. 4to. Vol. I, 1815.
Only one volume published.

Dewirr Crinron.—An introductory discourse delivered on the 4th of May, 1814, by Dewrrr Cuiton.
19-184. Note O, p. 114. On the bears.

Nussoy.—Skandinavisk Fauna, af S. Nilsson. Forsta delen, Daggdjuren. 8vo. Lund, 1847, (Mammalia.)

Ociztpy.—On hollow horned ruminants.—See Lonpon, Lond. and Ed. Philos. Mag.

Onto, Geol. Surv.—Second annual report on the geological survey of the State of Ohio. 8vo. Columbus. Samuel
Medary, 1838.

J. W. Fosrer.—On Castoroides ohioensis. 80. (In article on the geology of Muskingum, Licking and Franklin
counties.)

696 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

‘« p’ORBIGNY

Voy. Am. Mer.—Voyage dans l'Amérique méridionale exécuté dans le cours des années 1826-1833. Par
M. Alcide d’Orbigny. Mammiftres et oiseaux, vol. IV.”

Orp.—On Antilocapra and Ovis.—-See Paris, Jour. de Phys.

Orpv.—In Guthrie’s Geog.—See Gururie’s Geography.

Onp.—New N. Am. Animals.—See Puiraperpnia, Acad Nat. Sciences.

Orp and Say.—See Leresic, Isis,—Lonpon, Zool. Jour.—Pumaperpaia, Acad. Nat. Sciences.

Patias.—Naturg. merk. Th.—Naturgeschichte merkwirdiger Thiere in welcher vornehmlich neue und unbekannter
Thierarten durch Kupferstiche, Beschreibungen und Erklarungen erlautert werden. 4to. Berlin. I, Sammlungen 1-x,
1771-1778, aus dem latein. von E. Baxpryesr. Eilfte (11) Sammlung, 1779, durch den Verfasser verteutscht. (Ger-
man translation of the spicilegia zoologica.)

Pattas.—Noy. Sp. Glir.—Novae species quadrupedum e glirium ordine cum illustrationibus variis complurium ex hoc
ordine animalium. Auctore Perro Suv. Patras. 4to. Erlangen, 1778.

Patias.—Spic. Zool.—Spicilegia zoologica, quibis nova imprimis et obscurae animalium species iconibus, descriptionibus
atque commentariis illustrantur. 4to. Berlin. I, 1x, 1767-1774. II, 1-1v, 1776-80. (This is the original, in
latin, of the Naturgeschichte merkwurdiger Thiere. The latter is the only edition in the Smithsonian library.)

Patias.—Voyages.— Voyages de M. P. S. Patras, en différentes provinces de l’empire de Russie et dans 1’ Asie septentrio-
nale. 5 yols., 4to. Paris, 1789-93. (This French translation is the only edition in the library of the Smithsonian Institution.)

Patias.—Zoog. Rosso-As.—Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica. Sistens omnium animalium in extenso imperio Rossico et ad-
jacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem domicilia, mores et descriptiones, anatomen atque icones plurimorum.
Auctore Perro Pattas. 3 vols. 4to, Petropoliin officina Caes. academiz scientiarum impress. 1811, edit. 1831.

(This work was commenced in 1811, but its completion retarded by the desire of the author to have the plates executed
by a particular engraver in Leipsic. The remainder was finally, however, published by the Academy of St. Petersburg, in
1831, without all the plates referred to in the body of the work. Six out of ten fasciculi had appeared up to 1831. One
or two have been quite recently issued, but there is still a deficiency.)

Paris.—Annales des Sciences Naturelles. 8vo. Premiére série, 1824-’33. Deux. série, 1834-43. Trois. série,
1844-53. Quatr. série, 1854-’57. (Of this work the Smithsonian Institution lacks the volumes from 1837—'49 inciusive.)

Covier, F. On Eligmodontia, 1837, 168.

Paris. —‘‘ Dictionnaire classique d’histoire natwelle, par une société de naturalistes. 17 vols., 8vo. 1822-’31.’’
(Contains an article by Drsmourin, IIT, 580, and Gxorr. XIV, 132.)

Paris.—Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles. 8vo. Strasbourg-Paris. Lrvravtr.

F, Cuvrer.—Le Renard fauve de Virginie, VIII, 1817, 568. (No scientific name is given, but the author
speaks of (‘'Ce renard, que M. Palisos de Beauvois a décrit.’’)

F. Cuvirr.—Loutre de Canada, Lutra canadensis; and Loutre de la Caroline, Zadra lataxina; XX VII, 1823, 242.

¥F. Cuvirr.—Marte des Hurons, Mustela huro, XXIX, 1823, 256.

Panris.—Journal de Physique et d’histoire naturelle. (The purport of the title only given below. The work was edited

in 1815-’20, by Buarnvitre.) (Lib. of Phila. Acad.) ;
Bravitte.—On the gray bear of America, LXXXI, July 1815, 416.
BLatNnvILLtE.—On Rupicapra americana, LXXXV, 1817, 333.
Desmarest.—On Condylura cristata, LXX XIX, 1819, 230.
Drsmarest.—On Hamster de Virginie, LXXXIX, 1819, 159. (Geomys pinetis.)
Leacu.—On Cervus wapiti, LXXXV, July 1817, 67.
Orpv.—On Antilocapra americana, LXXXVII, 1818, 149; LXXXVII, Jan. 1819, 314.
Orpv.—On Ovis montana, LXXXVII, 1818, 151.

Paris —Magasin de Zoologie, &c., par F. E. Guerin. (The editor subsequently changes his name to F. E. Guerin-

Menevittz. The work is not paged consecutively.)

Duvernoy.—Notices pour servir a la monographie du genre musaraigne, (Sorex.) Par M. Duvernoy, 1842.
Eypoux rr Gervais.—Voyage autour du monde de la Corvette la Favorite. Mammiftres, par MM, Forruns
Eypoux et Paun Gervais. 1836.

MAMMALS—LIST OF AUTHORITIES. 697

Grorrroy Sr. Hinarre, Is.—La musaraigne masquée. (Sorex personatus.) 1833.

Temminck.—Description d’ un nouveau genre de mammiftres. (Urotrichus.) Par M. C. J. Temmince. 1842.
Panis.—Museum d’ Histoire Naturelle: Annales du Museum d’ Histoire Naturelle. 4to. (In Lib. of Phila. Acad»)

Bosc.—On Seiurus capistratus. I, 1802, 281.

Cuvier, F.—On Saccomys anthophilus, X. 1823, 419.

Cuvier, F.—On Spermophilus. IX, 1822, 293.

Cuvier, F.—On Frethizon. IX, 1822, 426. e

Gerorrroy Sr. Hinarre.—Bélier de montagne. II, 1803, 360. (Ovis montana.)

Paris.—Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, (Cont.): Mémoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle. (In Lib. of

Phila. Acad.)
Gxrorrroy Sr, Hitarre.—On Sorex personatus. XX, 1828, 419.
Paris.—_Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, (Cont.): Archives du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, publiées par les

» professeurs—administrateurs de cet établissement. 4to. Paris. Gide et J. Baudry.
Pucneran, Mon. Cerf.—Monographie des espéces du genre cerf par M. le Docteur Pucneran. Premiere partie,
généralités, VI, 1852, 265—492.
Paris.—Bull. Soc. Philom.—Société Philomatique: Nouveau bulletin des sciences par la Société Philomatique.
8 vols. 4to. 1807—1826. (In the Lib. of Phila. Acad. but the set not perfect. It contains articles by Orp, 1818, 146;

BiAInvILLe, 1816, 73; Patisor pe Beauvois, 1816 ?)
Panris.—Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, &c. 8vo. Paris.
Desmarsst.—Le bélier de montagne ou mouflon d’Amerique, (Ovis cervina nob.) Ovis montana, Geoff. (Ann,

Mus. I, pl. 40.) X-XI, 1818, 553.
DesMAREsT.—LKcureuil a ventre roux, (Sciwrus rufiventer, Geoff.) X, 1817, 103. (The name does not appear to

have been published elsewhere by Geoffroy.)

Paris.—_Société Géologique de France: Bulletin. Deuxitme série. 8vo.

Pomet.—On the geographical distribution of the Insectivora, VI, Noy. 1848, 56. (The volume is in the
binder’s hands, and I am unable at present to give the exact title.)

Parry.—Jour. first Voyage.—Journal of a voyage for the discovery of a northwest passage from the Atlantic to the
Pacific, performed in the years 1819 and 1820, in his Majesty’s ships Hecla and Griper. By Capt. W. E. Parry; with a
scientific appendix, &c 2 vols. 4to. London, 1821.—Supplement to the Appendix of Parry’s Voyage in 1819, 1820.
Vertebrata, by Epwarp Sanme, 4to.sLondon, 1824. (In Lib. of Phila. Acad.)

Parry.—Jour. second Voyage.—Journal of a second voyage for the discovery of a northwest passage from the Atlantic
to the Pacific, performed in 1821-23, in his Majesty’s ships Fury and Hecla. By Capt. W. E. Parry. 4to. London, 1824.
Appendix to the above: Vertebrata, by Dr. Ricuarpson, 4to. London, 1825. (In Library of Phila. Acad.)

Peatr.—Ady. Sc.—See Pamapetpnta, Ady. Science.

Peate.—Mamm. and Birds, Ex. Ex.—Report on the Mammalia and Birds of the U. 8. Exploring Expedition under
Captain Winkes, 4to. 1848. By Timran R. Peate. (This work is excessively rare, only 100 copies having been printed, and
a large portion of these burnt with the Congressional Library, in 1852.)

Pennant, Taomas.—Arctic zoology. First edition, 3 vols. 4to. 1784-87.—Is. Second edition, 2 vols. 4to. 1792. (Lib.

of Phila. Academy.)
Pennant.—Arctische Zoologie.—See ZIMMERMANN,
Pennant, Tuos.-—A synopsis of quadrupeds. 8yvo. Chester, 1771. (Lib. Phila. Acad.)
Pennant, Tuos.—A history of quadrupeds. Ist ed. 2 vols. 4to. London, 1781; 2d edition, 1792. (Lib. Phila. Acad.)
PuitapetpHia.—Academy of Natural Sciences: Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

First series, I—VIII, in octavo, 1817-1842. Second series in large quarto.

Aup. & Bacu.—Description of new species of quadrupeds inhabiting North America. By J. J. Aupupon, Esq.,
and the Rey. Joun Bacuman, D. D. VIII, m1, 1842, 280.

Bacuman.—Description of a new species of hare found in South Carolina. By J. Bacuman. (Lepus palustris.)
VII, u, 1837, 194. :

Bacuman.—Observations on the different species of hares (genus Zepus) inhabiting the United States and

Canada. By J. Bacuman, D. D. VII, 1, 1837, 282.

Bacuman.—Additional note on the genus Zepus. By Joun Bacuman. VII, 1, 1837, 403.

Bacuman.—Additional remarks on the genus Lepus, with corrections of a former paper, and descriptions of
other species of quadrupeds found in North America. By Joun Bacuman. VIII, 1, 1839, 75.

Bacuman.—Description of several new species of American quadrupeds. By Rev. J. Bacuman. VIII, 1,

1839, 75.
88 L

698

U. 8S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS——-ZOOLOGY—=GENERAL REPORT.

BacuMan.—List of quadrupeds procured by Mr. Townsend and sent to the Academy of Natural Sciences. By
J. Bacuman. VIII, 1, 1839, 75.

Bacuman.—Additional species to the list of Mr. Townsend’s quadrupeds. By Joun Bacumay. VIII, 1,
1839, 101.

Bacuman.—Some remarks on the genus Sorer, with a monograph of the North American species. By Joun
Bacuman, D. D. VII, 1, 1837, 362.

Orp.—An account of a new species of the genus Arvicola. (A. riparius.) By Gzorcr Orv. IV, uy, 1825, 305.

Orp.—Account of a North American quadruped supposed to belong to the genus Ovis. By Grorcr Orv.
I, 1, 1817-8, with a figure of the horns. (This is the Aplocerus, or mountain goat. The author quotes Rupicapra
americana, Blainyille, as the same species.) p

Gopman.—Note on the genus Condylura of Iliger. By J. D. Gopman, M.D. V, 1, 1825, 109.

Say and Orp.—A new genus of mammalia proposed, and a description of the species upon which it is founded.
By T. Say and G. Orv. (Neotoma floridana.) IV, 1, 1825, 345.

Say and Orp.—Description of a new species of mammalia wheron a genus is proposed to be founded. By
T. Say and G. Orp.. ( Sigmodon hispidum.) IV, 1, 1825, 353. ‘

Townsenp.—On the giant wolf of North America. (Lupus gigas.) “By Joun K. Townsenp, M. D. Second
series. II, 1, 1850, 75.

Woopuousr.—The North American jackal, (Canis frustror.) By S. W. Woopnousr, M. D. Second series.
Ua yi

Pumaperrura.— Academy of Natural Sciences, Cont: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia. 8vo.

Avp. & Bacu.—Description of a new North American fox (Vulpes utah). By Avpuson and Bacuman. YI,
(Presented to the Academy at the meeting of June 29, 1852,) 114.

Avup. &. Bacu.—Description of new species of quadrupeds inhabiting North America. By J. J. Aupuson and
J. Bacuman, I, Oct. 1841, 92. .

Bacuman.—Notes on the generation of the Virginia opossum, (Didelphis virginiana.) By Joun Bacuman, D. D.-
IV, April 1848, 40.

Barrp.—Characteristics of some new species of mammalia, collected by the United States and Mexican
boundary survey, Major W. H. Emory, U. 8. A., Commissioner. By Srencer F. Barry. VII, April 1855, 341.

Barrp.—Characteristics of some new species of North American mammalia, collected chiefly in connexion
with the United States surveys of a railroad route to the Pacific. VII, April 1855, 333.

Berianpirer, Dr, L.—On the species of Mexican wolves. VY, Feb. 1851, 156.

Cassin.—Description of a new mole of the genus Scalops, from Oregon. By Joun Cassin. (S. aeneus.) VI,
1853, 299.

GampBeL.—Description of two new Californian quadrupeds. By Wm. Gampet, M. D. 1V, August 1848, 77
(Dipodomys agilis and Mus californicus.)

Harpeman.—On some albino specimens and a black variety of Zumias lysteri. By 8.8. Hatpeman. VI, De-
cémber 1852, 198.

Leconrs.—Description of ‘three new species of American Arvicolae, with remarks upon some other American
Rodents. By Joun Leconte. VI, October 1853, 404.

Luacontrt.—Notice of American animals, formerly known but now forgotten or lost. By Joun Leconte. VII,
January 1854, 8.

Lxecontr.—Observations on the American species of bats. Is. VII, December 1855, 431.

Lrconts.—Description of two new species of Hesperomys. In. VII, December 1855, 442.

Leconrr.—An attempt at a synopsis of the genus Geomys. By Joun L. Leconte, M. D. . VI, September 1852,
157.

Lecontr. —Remarks on the species of Scalops in the collection of the a Academy. _ By Joun L.
Leconts, M.D. VI, June 1853, 326.

Leconrs.—Description of a new species of Sciurus, (heermanni.) By Joun L. Leconte, M.D. VI, September
1852, 149.

Lrconte.—Remarks on the genus Dipodomys and Perognathus. By Joun L Leconte, M. D. VI, January 1853, 224.

Micuer.—Facts on the generation of the opossum. By Mippreron Micurt, M. D. IV, April 1848, 46.

Woopuovse.—On the North American Jackall, (Canis frustror.) By 8. W. Woopuousr, M.D. V, February
1851, 147.

Woopnovsr.—Description of a new species of Sciurus (dorsalis.) By 5. W. Woopuousr, M.D. VI, June 1852,
110. (Changed afterwards to aberti, 220.)

Woopnovse.—Description of a new Geomys. Is. VI, December 1852, 201.

Woopnovuse.— Description of a new Perognathus. In. VI, December 1852, 200.

Woopnovsr.—Description of a new species of Hesperomys. In. VI, February 1843, 242.

MAMMALS—LIST OF AUTHORITIES. 699

Paitapetpura.—Advocate of Science and Annals of Natural History, vo]. I. Philadelphia, 1834.
Peate, T. R.—On Cervus macrotis. I, 11, August, 1834, 11, figure.

Pumaperpu1a — American Philosophical Society: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, held
at Philadelphia, for promoting useful knowledge. 4to. Philadelphia.
Barton.—Some account of an American species of Dipus, or Jerboa. By Bensamiy Soira Barron, M.D. IV,
1799, 114.
Barton.—See Warkins, infra.
Warxins.—Notices of the natural history of the northerly parts of Loulsiana, in a letter from Dr. Joun War-
Kins to Dr. Barron. VI, 1809, 69. With notes by Dr. Barron.
Pamapetpn1a,—Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural Sciences. Edited by C. S. Fearuerstonuauan. 1 Vol.
8vo. Philadelphia. Vol. I, 1-288, 183]; 289-528, 1832.
Harran.—Arvicola nutalli. Description of a new species of quadruped of the genus Arvicola. By R. Hartan.
April 1, 1832, 446.
PuinapeteutaA.—The Philadelphia Medical and Physical Journal. Conducted by B. 8. Barron, M. D., Philadelphia,
(Abstract of titles given only.) (In library of Philadelphia Library Co.)
Barton.—On the American Wandering Mouse. II, 1805, 31.
Bartron.—On the White Bear. I, 1, 1805, 75. _
Barton.—Taye, a species of sheep. II, 1, 1806, 106.
Custis.—Journal of Perer Custis. II, m, 1806, 43.

Pisa.—Nuovo giornale dei Letterati.
“Savi P.—Descrizione di alcune nuove specie di mammiferi e rettili italiani. No 102. 1825.”

PrumMer.—Indiana Mammals.—See New Haven, Am. Jour.

Pomer.—On distribution of Jnsectivora.—See Paris, Soc. Géol, de France.

PucnEeran.—Mon. du Cerf.—See Paris, Mus. d’hist. Nat ; Archives.

Raz’s Narrative.—Narrative of an expedition to the shores of the Arctic seas in 1846 and 1847. By Joun Rar. London,
1850. With a zoological appendix, in part, by J. E. Gray. (Lib. of Peter Force.)

Rarimesque.—Amer. Monthl. Mag.—See New Yorr, Amer. Monthl. Mag.

Rarinesque, C. §., or Rariyesque Scamarz.—Annals of nature, or annual synopsis of new genera and species of animals,
plants, &c., discovered in North America. Pamphlet 8vo. 1820. (In Library of Phila. Acad.)

Rarivesqur.—New American Martin.—See New Haven, Am. Jour.

Ray, Synopsis.—Synopsis methodicus animalium quadrupedum et serpentini generis. Auctore Joanne Raro. 12mo.
London, 1693.

Rercu.—See Berti, Mag.

Reicuensach.—Regnum Animale. (This is the same work as the next, the text in Latin, the plates the same. Iam not
aware that any portion but that of the Carnivora has been published in Latin.)

Rercuensacu.—Vollst. Naturg.—Die vollstandigste Naturgeschichte des In-und Auslandes. Von H. G. Lupwic Reicuen-
BAcH. Syvo. Dresden and Leipsig. Expedition der Vollstandigsten Naturgeschichte.

Naturgeschichte der Raubthiere, (Carnivora,) 1852.

‘Naturgeschichte der Wiederkauer, (Ruminantia,) 1845.
Ricuarpson.—On Aplodontia ; on Quadrupeds of Franklin's Expedition.—See Lonpon, Zool. Journal.
Ricuarpson.—App. Parry.-—See Parry’s Journal of Second Voyage. ;

Ricu.—F. Bor. Am.—Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the Zoology of the northern parts of British America. By Joun
Ricuarpson, M. D., assisted by Wu. Swatnson, EsqQ., and the Rev. Wu. Kirsy. Part first, containing the Quadrupeds, by
Joun Ricnarpson. 4to. London, John Murray, 1829.

Ricuarpson.—Rep. on N. Am. Zool.—See Lonpon, British Association.

Ricnarpson.—-Zool. Beechey.—See Brossom.

Ross.—Appendix to the narrative of a second voyage in search of a northwest passage, and of a residence in the arctic
regions. By Sir Jonn Ross, &c., Captain in the Royal Navy. 1 vol. 4to. London, 1835. Including—Account of the
objects in the several departments of natural history seen and discovered during the present expedition. By Captain Jamps
Cruark Ross, R. N. (Nephew of Sir John Ross.) Articles on Vertebrata, Insects, and Crustacea.

Saiz, Ep.—Suppl. Parry’s Journal.—See Parry’s Journal, first voyage.

Sang, Jos.—Franklin’s Narr.—See Franxiin.

SauINE, Jos —On N. American Marmots.—See Lonnown, Linnean Society

700 U. S. Pp. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Sr. Himarre, Is.—Zool. of Venus.—See Venvs,
Sr. Hinarre et Cuy.—Hist. Nat. des Mam.—Histoire naturelle des mammirfées. Par Ermewne Georr. Sr. Hinarre et F.
Cuvier. Paris. 4 vols. folio, 1819. (Lib. Phil. Acad.)
Sr. Pererssure.—Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg: Bulletin de la classe
physico-mathématique de l’Acad. 4to.
Branpr.—Sur les differentes esptce¢ des Souliks de Russie, &c. Par J. F. Branpr. IL, 1844, 358.
Sr. Pererssurc.—Acad. Imp. des Sec. cont.: Novi commentarii academiae scientiarum imperialis petropolitanae.
GuLpenstaEpT.—Chaus, animal feli affine descriptum. Auctore A. I. GuipensTagpT. XX, 1776, 483. (In-
cludes description of Flis ruffa or Lynx rufus.)
Gmuetiw.—Animalium quorundorum quadrupedum descriptio. Auctore J. GrorGe Gmetin. V, 1760, 338.
(Jsatis, 358.)
SreLier.—Dissert. de bestiis marinis. II, 1751, 289.

Sr. Pererspure.—Acad. Imp. des Sc. cont.: Mémoires Sciences mathématiques, physiques et naturelles.
Branpt.—Beitrage zur nahern Kenntniss der Saugethiere Russlands, von J. F. Branpt. Aus den Mémoires
Mathématiques, Physiques, et Naturelles, (de l’Acad. Imp. des Sciences, Tome VII,) besonders abgedruckt. 4to.
St. Petersburg, 1855. F
Selbstandige Mittheilungen uber den aeussern Bau des Zobels, (Mustela zibellina, var. asiatica and americana, )
im Vergleich mit dem des Baum—und Steinmarders, 2-24.
Beitrage zur nahern Kenntniss der Gattung Castor, 42-71.
Untersuchungen, etc., uber die Nager, &c., 123-138.
Branot, J. F.—Mammalium exoticorum novarum, vel minus rite cognitorum Musei Academ. Zool. descrip-
tiones et icones. Mem. 1835. Also published as a separate article.
Sewastianorr.—On Mustela brasiliensis. Mem. IV, 1811, 356.

Sr. Pererssura.—Barr & Hetmersen, Berr.—Beitrage zur Kenntniss des Russischen Reiches und der augrenzenden Lander
Asiens; auf Kosten der K. Akademie der Wissenschaften herausgegeben von K. E. yon Barr, und Gr. v. HeLMERsEN.
8vo. 1839-'56.

San Francisco.—California Academy of Natural Sciences: Proceedings of the California Academy of
Natural Sciences, taken from the society’s records. (The proceedings of the California Academy were originally published
only in the California daily or weekly newspapers. (Alta California and Pacific.) In 1854, the pages were taken from the
newspaper forms and arranged into an octavo series with double columns, which plan is still continued. The proceedings
now appear first in the San Francisco ‘‘Golden Era.’’ The first proceedings published regularly as emanating from the
society, and in pamphlet form, are those of September 4, 1854.)

Ayres, Dr. W. 0.—On Scalops californicus, I, May 1855, 54.

Savi.—Descrizione di mammiferi.—See Pisa, Nuovo giornale.

Say, in Long’s Exped.—See Lona.

Say & Orp.—On Neotoma and Sigmodon.—See Lonvon, Zool. Journal.

Say & Orp.—On Neotoma and Sigmodon.—See Lerrsic, Isis.

Say & Orp.—See Pumana. Acad. Nat. Sc.

Scninz.—Europaische Fauna oder Verzeichniss der Wirbelthiere Europas, von Dr. H. Scuiyz. 2 vols., 8vo. Erster
Band. Saugethiere und Vogel. 1840.

Scurwz.—Syn. Mam.—Systematisches Verzeichniss aller bis jetzt bekannten Saugethiere, oder Synopsis Mammalium, nach
dem Cuviers’ chen System. Von Dr. Hetnrici Scuinz. 2 vols. 8vo. Solothurn, Jent, und Gassmann. Vol. I, 1844; vol.
TI, 1845.

Scuorrrr.—Nordam. Haase.—See Hatur, der Naturforscher.

Scureper, Saugt.—Die Saugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen, etc. Von J. C. D. Scureser.
4to. Erlangen. Vol. I, Il, 1775; Ill, 1778; IV, 1792. Fortgesetzt, von Dr. Jouann AnpREAs Waaner. V, 1, 1836;
V, uo, 1838. (In Lib. Phila. Acad.)—In. Supplementband, I, 1840; II, 1841; II, 1843 ; IV, 1844; V, 1855. (The
entire work embraces the most complete series of descriptions and figures of the Mammalia extant.)

Scuusert.—Animals of Labrador.—See Mincugn, K. B. Akad.: gelehrte Anzeigen.

Scorgssy, Greenland,—Journal of a Voyage to the Northern Whale-fishery, etc. By Wuti1am Scorespy, junior. One yol.,
8vo. Edinburgh, 1823. (The zoological appendix contains an article on the mammals of Greenland, embracing among
ethers the first description of Mus (Myodes) groenlandicus, by Dr. Traill, p. 417, In Lib. Col. Force.)

MAMMALS—LIST OF AUTHORITIES. 701

‘Sepa, Thesaurus.—Locupletissimi rerum naturalium thesaurus accurata descriptio et iconibus artificiosisimis expressio,
per universam physices historiam. 4 vols., folio. 1734~'65.”’

Setys Lonccu.—Etudes de Mic.—Ep. Senys Lonacuames. Etudes de Micromammalogie, revue des musaraignes, des rats,
et des campagnols, suivie d’un index méthodique des mammiféres d’Europe. 8vo. Paris. Roret, 1839.

Srwastranorr.—See Sr. Pererspura, Acad. Imp. des Sc.

Ssaw.—On Mus bursarius.—See Lonpon, Linnean Soc.

Suaw, Geo.—Museum Leverianum, containing select specimens from the museum of the late Sir Ashton Lever, with
descriptions in Latin and English. 2 vols., 4to. London, 1792, 1796, (In library of Phila. Acad.)

Suaw, Gen. Zool.—General zoology, or systematic natural history. By Groran SHaw. 8vo. Mammalia. Vol. I,
1800. Vol. II, 1801.

Srriman’s Journal.—See New Haven, Am. Jour.

Srrereaves, Expl. Zuii.—Report of an Expedition down the Zuii and Colorado rivers. By Captain L. SrtGREAVEs, Corps
Topographical Engineers. 8yo. Washington, 1853. (Public document.)

Woopunovuse.—Report on the mammals by Dr. Woopuovuse.

Suir, C. H.—-On American antelopes.—See Lonpon, Linnean Soc.

Swirn, C. H.—Int. mamm.—Scee Jarpinz, Naturalist Library.

Smirg, E. C.—On the elk.—See New Yorx, Med. Rep.

Sranspury.—An expedition to the valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah, including a description of its geography,

natural history, and minerals, and an analysis of its waters, with an authentic account of the Mormon settlement, &c. By
Howarp Sranspury, Capt. Corps Topographical Engineers. 2 vols. 8vo., (one embracing the maps.) Philadelphia, 1852.

The preceding title is that of a separate edition issued from the same stereotype plates as the government edition. The
latter bears the title of—

Exploration and survey of the valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah, including a reconnaisssance of a new route through
the Rocky Mountains. By Howarp Sranspury, Capt. Corps Topographical Engineers. Printed by order of the Senate of
the United States. Philadelphia; Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1852. (An edition of the same work was subsequently
printed by the Public Printer for the House of Representatives, in 1853. This is much inferior in typography and
illustrations.) ~

The Zoological portion of Sranspury’s report was published in a separate pamphlet by the Smithsonian Institution, from
the same stereotype plates, under the title of—

Zoology of the valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah. Mammals, by S. F. Barrp, &c. Extracted from

Capt. H. Sranspury’s report to the United States Senate, March 10, 1852. 8vo. Philadelphia: Lippincott,
Grambo & Co., June, 1852.

The entire work was published early in 1852. The pamphlet edition of the Zoology was published and distributed in
June, 1852.

‘*STeLLeR, G. W.—Beschreiburg von dem Lande Kamtschatka, &e. 8yvo. 1774.”

Sreizer, De Bestiis, etc. —See Sr. Pererspure, Acad. Imp

Srocknorm.—_Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien: Handlingar. 8vo.

Liynarus.—Beskrifning pa et Americanskt Diur, som Hans Kongl. Hoghet gifvit til undersokning. Af Carb

Linnazus. VII, 1747, 277. (Procyon lotor.)

SunpEVALL.—Om Slagtet Sorer. 1842, 163.

SunpDEVALL.—Methodisk ofversigt of Idislande djuren, Linnés pecora. Af C. J. Sunpnvaun. (1844) 1846, 121.
“‘Srorr.—Prodromus Methodi Mammalium et Avium. Diss. 4to. Tubingen, 1780. 43 pp.’’ (Quoted from Agassiz’
Nomenclator.)

Srraspourc.—Soc. d’Histoire Naturelle: Mémoires de la Soc. d’Hist. Nat. de Strasbourg. II, 1835.

Duvernoy, G. L.—Fragment histoire naturelle, systématique et physiologique, sur les musaraignes. Avec-

supplément. (Published also as a separate work under the above title.)

Sutpuur, Zool. of.—Zoology of the voyage of H. M. S. Sulphur, under the command of Captain Sir Enwarp Brrcuer.
Published under the authority of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. 4to. London, 1843-45. Parts1, u. Mam-
malia, by J. E. Gray. (In Library of Congress.)

Sunpryati.—Archiv Skand. Beit.—See Greirswap.

SunpevatL.—Kong. Vetens. &c.—See Srocknoim, Kong. Sy. Vet.

702 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP, AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

SunDEVALL on Ruminantia.—See Stockuoitm, Kong. Handl. and Grerrswaxp, Archiv Skand. Beit.

SunpEVALL on Sorer.—See Stocknotm, Kong. Sv. Handl.

Tes.—Mon. Mamm.—Monographies de Mammalogie, ou description de quelques genres de Mammiféres, dont les especes
ont été obseryées dans les différents musées de l'Europe. Par C. J. Temminck. 2 vols. 4to. Paris. G. Dufour et Ed.
d’Ocagne. I, 1827.

Tremminck on Urotrichus. See Paris, Mag. de Zool.

TremMinck on Urotrichus.—See Lerwrn, Tijdschrift.

TureneMann, F, A. L.—Naturh. Bemerk.—‘‘ Reise im Norden Europas vorziigl. in Island; in den Jahren 1820-21. 2
vols. 8vo. 1824-27. (Of this work part I bears the special title of ‘‘ Naturhistorische Bemerkungen gesammelt auf einer
Reise im Norden von Europa, &c. Abth. I, Saugthiere, 1824.’ (Quoted from Nomenclator Zoologicus.)

Tuomrs.—Hist. Vt.—History of Vermont, natural, civil, and statistical. In three parts, with anew map of the State,
and 200 engravings. By Zapock Tuompson. 8yo. Burlington. Chauncey Goodrich. 1842.

Appendix to the History of Vermont. Burliagton, 1853.

TiepeMaNnn, Fr.—Zoologie zu seinen Vorlesungen entworfen. Erster Theil, allgemeine Zoologie des Menschen u. der
Saugethiere. Svo. 1808. (In Library of Phila. Acad.)

Townsenp.—On Lupus gigas.—See Puirapa., Acad. Nat. Sc. : Journal. ’

Towns. Narr.—Narrative of a journey across the Rocky mountains to the Columbia river, and a visit to the Sandwich
Islands, Chili, &c., with a scientific appendix. By Joun K. Townsenp. 8vo. Philadelphia. Perkins, 1839,

Trattt in Scoresby’s Greenland.—See Scorespy.

Terton’s Linnaeus.—A general system of nature through the three grand kingdoms, &c. By Sir Cuarzes Linn. Trans-
lated, &c., by Wiuram Turton, M.D. 7 vols, 8vo. London. Vol. I, 1806 (containing the Vertebrata).

Venus, Voyage de la.—Voyage autour du monde sur la frégate la Venus, commandée par Abel du Petit Thouars.
Zoologie. (Vertebrata.) Mammiferes par M. Istpore Géorrroy Sr. Hmarre. 1 vol. 8vo. Paris, Gide et J. Baudry, 1855.
(The Atlas in folio has been published many years.)

Voyage de la Favorite.—See Favorite.

Voyage de la Venus.—See Venus.

Waater, J.—Naturliches System der Amphibien, mit vorang. Classification der Saugethiere und Vogel." 8vo. Stutt-
gart, 1830.

Wactier.—Thiere Mexicos ; uber Saugethiere.-—-See Lerrsic, Isis.

Wacner.—Berichte.—See Berry, Archiv.

Waaner, J. A.—Suppl. Schreber.—Sec Scureser.

Waaner.—Saugethiere Amerikas.—See Munchen, Konigl. bay. Akad; Abhandl.

Warvren.—Hist. U. §.—A statistical, political, and historical account of the United States of North America, &c. By
D. B. Warprn, 3 vols. 8vo. Edinburgh, 1819. (Lib. of Peter Force,) This edition of the work contains numerous
notices of American mammals, compiled from authors, but without any systematic names. As far as I can learn, these
were first imposed by Desmarest, in his Mammalogie, unless the French edition (which I have not seen) may have them.)

Wasuinaton.—_Smithsonian Institution: Eleventh Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian
Institution, &c. for the year 1856. 8vo. March, 1857. 5

Barrp.—Note on Zumias pallasii. By 8. F. Barrp. In Report of Assistant Secretary, 55.

Wasuinaton.—U. S. Patent Office ; Report of the U. S. Patent Office, Agricultural. Washington, 8vo. Public Docu-

ment.

Barrp.—On the ruminating animals of North America, and their susceptibility of domestication. By S. F.
Bamp. Report for 1851, (1852,) 104-128, (with plates of the species.)

Kennicorr.—The quadrupeds of Illinois injurious and beneficial to the farmer, By Roperr Kennicorr. Report
for 1856, (July, 1857,) 52-110. (with ten plates.)

Warernovusr.—On American Badger.—See Lonpon, Zoological Society : Proceedings and Transactions.

Warernousr.—Johnst. Phys. Atlas.—See Jomnsron.

Warernovuse.—On Lepus bachmani ; on Reithrodon.—See Lonvon, Zool. Soc. Proc.

Warenn. Nat. Hist. Mamm.—A Natural History of the Mammalia. By G. R. Waternovuse. 8vo. Vol. I, Marsupiata
or pouched animals, 1846. Vol. II, Rodentia or gnawing animals, 1848.

Warernovuse.—On Rodentia.—See Lonpon, Charlesworth’s Mag. and Annals & Mag.

Warernouse.—Zool. of Beagle. —See Beacie.

-MAMMALS—LIST OF AUTHORITIES. 703

Warxins.—Nat. Hist. Louisiana.—See Puan. Am. Phil. Soc.

Wermar —Zoologische Annalen, herausgegeben yon F. A. A. Meyer. Erster Band. Vom Jahre 1793. 8vo. Weimar,
1794.

Wreemann’s Archiv.—See Berti, Archiv.

Wiremann.—On Procyon.—See Beri, Archiv fur Naturg. and Lonpon, Annals & Mag.

Worr.—Linné’s Natursystems.—Des Ritters Carl yon Linné vollstandigen Natursystems; Fortsetzung nach der 13ten
lateinischen Ausgabe: yon Dr. Jonann Worr.—(his name on title page of second volume only.) 2 vols.8vo. Nurnberg.
Vol. I, 1796; II, 1808.

Woopnovuse.—On Canis frustror.—See Purtapa., Acad. Nat. Sciences: Journal.

Woopxovse.—On Canis frustror ; on Sciurus dorsalis and aberti ; Geomys fulvus ; Perognathus ; Hesperomys.—See Pariapa., Acad.
Nat. Sci.: Proceedings.

Woopnousr.—In Sitgreaves’ Rep.—See Sivareaves.

Wooprvurr.—On the mole.—See New Havey, Am. Jour.

Wrman.—On Castoroides.—See Boston, Society of Natural History: Journal.

YarreLt.—Anatomy of flying squirrel.—See Lonpon, Zoological Soc.: Proc. Comm. Sc.

ZIMMERMANN.—Pennant’s Arctische Zoologie.—Thiergeschichte der nérdlichen Polarlinder aus dem Englischen der Herr
Thom. Pennant, mit Anmerkungen und Zusatzen durch C. A. W. Zimmermann. 2 vols. 4to. Leipzig. S. L. Crusius, 1787-

ZIMMERMANN, Geog. Gesch.—Geographische Geshichte der Menschen und der vierftissiger Thiere. Von C. A. W.
ZIMMERMANN. 8vo. I, 1778; 11, 1780; III, 1783. (Lib. of Phila. Acad.)

Zoology of Beagle, Blossom, Fayorite, Herald, Sulphur, Venus —See these names.

Zoology of Beechey’s Voyage.—See Brossom.

APPENDIX B.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF LOCALITIES REFERRED TO IN THE PRECEDING
REPORT.

The following list is intended to explain more fully than could conveniently be done in the
body of the report, the geographical position and character of the various localities at or near
which the specimens enumerated were collected. The notices are, however, to be considered as
only approximately accurate, as they have been compiled very hastily, and without the opportunity
of consulting any one on the subject. Very few latitudes and longitudes are given exactly,
with the exception of a few belonging to the military posts, as the object has been, not to
furnish an accurate table of geographical positions, but merely such an approximation thereto as
might aid in giving a general idea of the distribution of the species of North American mammals.

The principal works used in preparing the account of the localities given are as follows:

Reports of Explorations and Surveys to ascertain the most Practicable and Economical Route
for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Made under the direction of
the Secretary of War, in 1853-’54. Vol. I. 4to. Washington, 1855.

Statistical Report of the Sickness and Mortality of the Army of the United States, from
Records in the Surgeon General’s Office. Prepared under the direction of Brevet Brigadier
General Thomas Lawson, Surgeon General U.S. A., by Dr. Richard H. Coolidge, U.S. A.,
Washington. 4to. 1856.

Explorations of the Dacota Country, in the year 1855. By Lieut. G. K. Warren, U.S. A.,
Topographical Engineer of the Sioux Expedition. 8vo. Washington, 1856.

Report of the Superintendent of the United States Coast Survey, for the year 1855. 4to.

A New and Complete Gazetteer of the United States. Compiled by Messrs. Baldwin and
Thomas. 8vo. Philadelphia, Lippincott, Grambo & Co. 1854.

Map of the United States and their Territories between the Mississippi and the Pacific Ocean,
and of part of Mexico. Compiled in the Bureau of the Corps of Topographical Engineers.
Washington, 1850.

Map of the Territory of the United States from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean. Ordered
by the Hon. Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War, to accompany the Reports of the Explorations
for a Railroad Route, &c. Compiled from authorized explorations and other reliable data, by
Lieut. G. K. Warren, Topographical Engineer, in the office of Pacific Railroad Survey, War
Department, under the direction of Brevet Major W. H. Emory, Topographical Engineers, in
1854, and of Captain A. A. Humphreys, Topographical Engineers, in 1854—’7. (Not yet
completed and published.)

Map of Routes for a Pacific Railroad. Compiled to accompany the report of the Hon. Jefferson
Davis, Secretary of War, in office of Pacific Railroad Survey. 1855. (Revised January, 1857,
by G. K. Warren, Lieut. Topographical Engineers.)

A New Universal Atlas of the World, (Mitchell.) Folio. 1857.

Britton & Reys’ Map of the State of California. Compiled, &c., by George H. Goddard, C, E.
San Francisco. 1857.

.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF LOCALITIES.

Axspeyitte, S. C.—In Abbeville district, near the southwestern border of Soutlf Carolina .....+++e.e+-

Apironpac Mountains, N. Y.—A range of mountains in the northern part of New York and about
50 miles west of Lake Champlain ....0es..ccccccccccccgeccccscccccsccssecetcccscceseccsecces

Axton, Inut.—On the Mississippi river, about 20 miles north of St. Louis ...eseeeseeeeeeeecreeenceves|s

Anyarapo River, Mex.—South of Vera Cruz, near the Pacific coast. About ...cessecsecerecerecces
American River, Cat.—Middle fork, separating Placer and El Dorado counties. Mouth about......-
Ann Arzor, Micu.—About 20 miles west of Detroit. .....ccccccscccccssccseccseccccsssnccsecccacs
Antevore Hiris, Arx.—South side of Canadian river. About ...cecccsccsscccssccscccveccssvscces

Anikamrcuitcut [stanp.—An island in Behring’s Straits off the extreme northeastern corner of

JSST: ARRON AAI OOO COO SHIDO DCE COG OCI OOq IC DODD ODOC COO TOCA IGG CONDO CA UCGCROCOROODd

Asroria, O. T.—At mouth of Columbia river, on south side. (Coast Survey report)....+.eeeeeeeeees

Aveusta, Ga.—On the northeastern border of the State....c.cscccscsccccccccccancccvescccscceres

Arum Lext-—Capitallofthe State. -AGOUL sts cla sieldteiciatele sielecie'env clots le(s oi\ela cnis citieleieleeit'aia'e/sraialeteress

Benr’s Fort, Arx.—North side of Arkansas river. Near....cccccccscccccsecccccsccseccsecesccecs

Bicuorn River, Nes.—A tributary of the Yellowstone, from the ssuth, running nearly north and

BUPA VLON Ulta LGUs ralelate se ere alaey'ale'elelasla' a’ cloluatsial slelacie’e evielciecielelvisitle'eciaialale Gricteldeisia’es cle’ cnletctetats

Bie Sioux River.—Tributary of the Missouri from the east, running north and south. Sioux City is
situated at its mouth, the altitude of which, according to Lieut. Warren, is 1,250 feet ; its
Tatitude and lonpitiide. oc. o's cecceiadcnnssscv cece c0'0ccccece asc cncjerccccesnccsccemtesecesiccsie

Dron (GRoninae boobisu0 dene OC CgCUOCCS ObOn OCLC ULICOD CCDOUCDOACIORCOLIDALODOOLCUTOENOOOD OOr CAL

Broussais NEE ——Hast or te Wisspurin PANO tslels s cledicld svletelsiu'e clclelee's cleleivs dlcve'w ac uieiciviele slelegioresicle
a
Birt Wixurams’ Forx, New Mex.—Tributary of the Colorado from the east. Mouth about .......+..

Brack Hirrs, Nes.—An offshoot of the Rocky Mountains on their eastern side. Its northern
extremity is between 200 and 300 miles west of the Missouri river. The southern extremity is

NUP HaCs tae Cotesia ksL IAI etaal a a\ l'as) alaten) etmiotatetaratal aetalereiaietslanisiaraeiy/a]els\uleistelalolcbislajaciela\s'eisisvelelsiels eiaisimcte/aiele

Bioomincron, Irt.—Seat of McLean county, near the centre of the State.....ssesseeeseeccereeceees
Biount County, Tenn.—In the southeast portion of Tennessee bordering on North Carolina.......++.

Brive Movnrarns, O. T.—About 200 miles east of and nearly parallel with the Coast Range, extending

from about 46° north latitude towards the southeast .....ccecceccsccccsccccsecccesccrcsceseccesle

Bopeca, Cart.—On the coast of California, north of San Francisco. About ....e.ccesecceccccesecces
Bois pe Stoux, Min. Ter.—Near the head of Red river of the north. Mouth near......ssssessseeees
Borse River, O. T.—Tributary of Lewis’ fork of the Columbia river, on the west side. Mouth near...

Bone Cave, Cartiste.—On the south bank of the Conedoguinet creek, one mile north of Carlisle, the

county town of Cumberland county, Pennsylvania. In the limestone rock......eeseeeereeereeeesls

PISA SMD UAE Nase ONE telat otacia vais slacta|uie oinare vice ce ce’e else cisinisia’ einsie sise'eieiss\e/s,ceis oiei0 aviviaieje.os.c\6 eee ams

89 L

Latitude.

Omer,

eeeesreo res

ee eereens

18 43
38 52

100 00

46 11

ele ew erewoerls

. 30 22
38 00

46 30

eee eereee
ee

seen eennee

Longitude.

Ciner

95 43
121 08

35 48

123 47
98 10
103 00

107 10

96 26
99 20
114 00

96 20
116 30

seer wees

71 00

706 U. S. P. R. R. EXP, AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Alphabetical list of localities—Continued.
—

— -

Latitude. |Longitude.

©) jf Dee
Braprorp Country, Pa.—In the north-northeastern part of the State, bordering on the New York line.

The Alleghany mountains run through it....sseccsssccseccccccvccrectenccccccccvccesessscccetltecesssccsleccccesece

Brazos Santiaco, Tex.—On the Gulf of Mexico, near Point Isabel, about 35 miles east of Browns-

Ville oc ccccccccccrccccerccc cere c cence esac ee st ee eee e ees e eee tencce sere eect ccsvcccesecessle cesses eilsescccsces

Brazos River, Tex.—In eastern portion of Texas. Mouth about 40 miles southwest of Galveston ....|..eeecseesjeoeeeseses

.
Brivcer’s Pass, Nes.—Rocky Mountains, southwest of Fort Laramic, About ......eeceeeseeeeeees 41 30 107 30
BrownsvitLe, Trex.—On the north side of Rio Grande, about 35 miles from the Gulf of Mexico,
directly opposite Matamoras. Near..ssscceccssccccsccctecccnsscccrscccseccssccesessesnssees 26 00 97 40
Buruineron, lowa.—On Mississippi river. Neareececccssctcccccccsccrcccccvcccccscccccsscccssocs 41 00 91 00

Buruincton, Vr.—Northern part of Vermont, on east side of Lake Champlain... .ec.eeecssecceecccsiscccsecccslsceerccccs
Cacue Le Poupre Creex, Nes.—On Lieutenant Bryan’s line of 1856. Locality not ascertained... ..e.|,seeeseeeslececneeeee

Cavereita, New Leon, Mex.—A town of the province of New Leon, northern Mexico, a few miles
east of Monterey, Mexico. About ..scccccccrcecccccccccscccccscccsensescecsrecccscesssccces 25 30 100 00

Caro, Itu.—A town at the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. About. ..eececee-coeeeseeees 37 00 89 00

Carayeras Co., Car.—A county a little north of the central portion of California, and east of San

Byancisc sp eeeeereccecrceccereceetsecenercceereenessnctsnessctresensseeerecesseassessioeerlescsesisaslesseresans
Caxcasrev, La.—On the Gulf of Mexico, near the western border of TiOUISIANA. /ele o.v ueiele c'e\uvis\clev allele sole vjastsic\e lala} a taut
Cannon Bart River, Nes.—A tributary of the Upper Missouri river, on the west side. Mouth near 46 30 100 00

Canoe CREEK, Car.—A tributary of the Sacramento, on the east side of the Sierra Nevada range.
M Month wbout 5. as ob «nes eerie sas oars inasacio gn ce plapig tec naiceh cia: se emchuse ene sega reaaticgs ati iaae

Care Frarrery, W. T.—The extreme northwestern point of Washington Territory, on the Straits of
De Fuca. About....ccrcccccrcccsccccscccsscccccrccessecccccrenestrecesssecesssesesccsoves 48 30 124 40

Caron Sprines, Va.—A village in Hampshire county. ..eecsescceccscccccsccccsscccsccccussscetsslseceeesesslsencseseee

Caruiste, Pa.—County town of Cumberland county, Pennsylvania. According to ‘“* Army Medical

Statistics,’’ about ....0creccencscccnccccnccscecnunscescccscscesesscecccces scsscsasseceisscess 40 12 77:14

Cascape Movunrains.—High range of mountains running through Oregon and Washington Territo-

ries, parallel with the coast, and about 150\ milos’distant) 0.0 c0% <yjeajes,ecieis:s able 0 cls wes sis cistern aleie'e] s s\e us alaeie Laie ee eee

CascapE RANnGE.—Same as the last...cercccecccrcccccccccscccsecsccccseccseccrecenescccenscsettlsecnssesetisecesevene
Cuarco Esconpipo, Mex.—A town of northeastern Mexico. Not far south of lat. 26......eeeseeeesleceeeesceslcseecrecs

CHARLESTON, S, C.—Near....secerececerecceceecerecsccreccneseceeereceneseensenebreneerenerens 33 00 80 00

Cuenauis Prarie, W. T.—Probably near the Chehalis river, emptying into the ocean on the west
coast of Washington Territory. Mouth about...sesseeresenscccscsccscees serescnccssssrenees 47 00 124 00

Cueyenne River, Nes.—A tributary of the Upper Missouri river, west side. Mouth about........... 45 00 100 40
Cuevate Sprines, Mex.—In Chihuahua?.......cccsscccccvcccccccseccerscccceccccccsescsecccsesisesecssesslsscccesses
Crickwass.—In Washington Territory ?..ceee.ceeececccereccee cocccecccsecccessnecsseesetsesssslseceeesesclsensesenes
Cumvanva Crry, Mex.—Capital of the province of Chihuahua. About.....+++eseeeeeeeseeseeeeee 28 30 106 00
Cuite.—The bivicclex region referred to is about Santiago. ....sseeeecesccecececccsscccsescssecceslsececseraslsersreenee

Cimarron River, Anx.—A tributary of the Arkansas river. The particular locality referred to is
Sand creek, where it is crossed by the Santa Fé road. About...cecccecsesseecseecceseseecseees 37 30 101 20

Crarxe Co. Va.—A county towards the northeastern part of Vitginia .....seeeeeeeeeceectseccccrenalseerceteecalesscrences

CLEVELAND, Oxnjo.—On Lake Erie. -ADbOUt so: 0 cies wane 010.0 5010.0. 000.0'g suc side sisncccven civivess bens 41 30 81 30°

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF LOCALITIES.

Alphabetical list of localities—Continued.

707

Coauvurta, Mex.—A province in the northeastern part of Mexico, south of the Rio Grande........+..

CoLoravo Borrom, Cat.—Along the Colorado river, near Fort Yuma......... stalsin ia’ <ic’usila/sinin'sisinie ie:
Cororapo Deserr, Cat.—Near Colorado river?........... Peres: Sat Se ee aiesis’ataies bis
Cororavo River, Car.—Emptying into the head of the Gulf of California .......0..esseceseegeecees

Coxumsia River, O. T.—Emptying into the Pacific ocean at Astoria, (which see).....+e..2e.eeeeee
Co.tumsvus, Ga.—Near the boundary line between Georgia and Alabama. Near...ssssseccsscsceees
Cotumsvs, Oxn1o.—Near the centre of the State. About ...-.fecccccccccccrcccccscccrscccccssssccs

Cooacuerore Pass.—In the Rocky mountains, in the ridge dividing the waters of Grand river, (of the
Colorado of California,) and of the upper Rio Grande, and near the head waters of the Arkansas.

ADOUE ce ccceccscccccscccccrecsreccnesssscevessressesres ccs ccecceeecceceessccccesccssceees
Cook County, I1t.—In the northeastern portion of Illinois, bordering on Lake Michigan and Indiana.

Corrermines, N. M.—A former station ef the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, subse-
quently called Fort Webster. Not indicated clearly whether ona tributary of the Gila or Mim-

PEPPER HNCaie e/a nia alanis nw alanisla aalelslceia'sts\siay a'x'ala/sajais aatola delnie(a,ale's)e's/asjejelae/ain\aalaiaie(einwye eisc,c/etemieieys

Couneit Biurrs Ciry, Jowa.—On the Missouri river, a little above the mouth of the Platte, and not
far from Major Long’s station of Engineer Cantonment. Near,.........---------- occ cccctcoen

Gusrer Pass, Caccane Mounvains; OREGON.—-NEar fe.c.cs 00.0100 00.ec.c ocr vain cc cectcjcce bese csecee's

Crossinc or Pecos River, Texas.—At the mouth of Delaware creek, on the road from San Antonio

FOP EMERHO:, CAD OTIE Ss wisie wats: ale! aluiaa ble:alw seal efuls ocola/ebl sree alaislelo'délel « wie aniaccl eli ntslviciets(a cre ateicte’s actevelee ee

Daye County, Wis.—In the southern central part of Wisconsin, including in its limits Madison, the

CAPILANO! tHe) StALO! ojcisinie.a/ajer wleie)ejsis:c,6[sloielslsiejele eh\a'e [dein wisleise olaraisleaiv'e claidels's'ss d slale ae sislesieaits we ces

De Kats County, Itxu.—In the northern part of Illinois... 2c... cccccscccccsecssccccccccncscccvecesls

Deraware Creex, Tex.—See Crossing of Pecos.

Des Cuoutes River, Orecon.—A tributary of the Columbia river from the south, east of the Cascade

PEACHES TILL ala oinels nice aiataio salute estetaraelclsisieielvlaieie'e + \0(s.0 av 9/0 u'a(e/a's 6\eloicteia'<s/0\s\ee/e\0/emie(aleu ial aieta
MibreniartsteVinerEC-——PL DUG siee'c ainsiele wrelverelerore’ ne 'cie's'= wele' sie’ eles ic'e-c's acc c's s've'c sissies cts site cians feja upsiave ciciais

Deviu’s River, Tex.; atso San Pepro.—Tributary of the Rio Grande, on the road from San Antonio
BEAR MENTO TPL LULsmelsferinis se iersiaee steric meals caieeeclolsrec's « tote eine trce.cn cclcicts ececreala ce'cd sve’

Dona ANa, N. M—West of Organ mountains, on the Upper Rio Grande. About......sscseecesseeees
Dvuranco, Mex.—In the province of Durango, Mex. About.....,..cscccccscccccscccccccsccssscecs
Face Pass, Tex.—On the Rio Grande, at Fort Duncan. About. ..c.cccccccsccerccccccccccccceces
EAsTERN sHORE oF MaryLanp.—On the eastern side of Chesapeake bay......sesseecsccesccsccscsess
Evizazerutown, N. Y.—In the northern part of the State, about eight miles west of Lake Champlain.
Eck River, Nes..... plubdiste sinldieloleielaisiviaeials ERS aa 02s RNG NR CR Se Pee Ip a

Ex Paso, Tex.—The town of El Paso is really in Mexico, very near the boundary line. The locality
referred to is near to it on the onposite or American side of the Rio Grande. About........seeeee-

ENGELMANN’s Creex, Nes.— On Lit. Bryan's route, in 1856... 0... ccc ccc cer scscvcssccccnecacssees
Espia, Sonora.—A station of the United States Mexican boundary survey. About....e.ceeeesseeee:

Essex County, N. Y—On the western side of Lake Champlain............ alelefelianteintatelaVialels\ntenierale/a/

’
Evuraw, Ata.—Capital of Greene county, west of Black Warrior river...ssseceecscccceressetsscees

Latitude.

or

wee w an eee
er
sees eerees
see een aee

sew wee eee

32 30
40 00

38 00

33 00

41 00
44 00

32 00

eter e ewes

42 20

29 30
32 10
24 00
28 50

se eeeeweerl.

31 50
31 20

Coote wees

Longitude.

Ovuk

eee merece
tee eeereee
stew werene
see weerece

se eee we eee

85 00
83 00

107 60
108 00

95 00
121 30

104 00
>

121 00
83 00

101 00
106 40
104 00
100 30

eeereecese
ee eeewnes

see eeewees

106 30
108 00

See er ween

708

U. 8S. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Alphabetical list of localities—Continued.

Fort Be.gnap,* Tex.—On the Brazos, on the road from Preston to El Paso. Altitude, 1,609 feet?....

Bertuoip.—On the Missouri river, (trading post,) just below the mouth of the Little Missouri.

ADOUE 2.2 cc cccccccrcteccvccccccccccccccecssccenrenc ccs sescrecccisescessesecteseces
Buss, Tex.—Directly opposite El Paso, (which see) ....esscecccsccceccccccceccscessecccoess

Boisé, O. T.—On Snake river, just above mouth of Boise river, about half way between Wind
river and Cascade mountains. ADbOUt....cessseeccssccccssccccssccccineccctneccccsssess

Brown, Tex.—(Brownsville.) Altitude, 50 feet. ..secccccccscccscccoccsscctecccscccsccccces

Cuapsourne, Trex.—On a tributary of the Colorado river of Texas, north of Fort M’Kavett.

Altitudes 2,120 66h oc \n,s/nlasinia ou as\n\0\010 sa [0 \0\s0\0\n\u a sujniale\n\tsie/wiclalss'nisieo/s iseie.s is acinieen/eieiel=/s

Crarx, Nes.—Trading post on Missouri river, about 100 miles below mouth of Little Mis-

SGURIAME A DDUL « sa'a'nis a wils'deinivie.cide(al e'e\eise (oleic eisulelu’ala)dafetu/e/elvcla’cinfeleria/era ulupiaisieluluniata/eimisutcinin GMs

Conrap, N. M.—On the Rio Grande, 150 miles above El Paso. Altitude, 4,576 feet......+.+--
Daxies, O. T.—South side of the Columbia, between Des Chutes river and Cascade mountains. .
»-

Des Moves, lowa—South of the centre of Towa. About..cccccccccsccccccccsccccccccescces

Fittmore, N. M.—Near Mesilla, on the Rio Grande, forty miles above E] Paso. Altitude 3,937

REOL pied nleitelp a'aw dela o'e 'hiralk wia\a/¢eln.o|e/a a6ie'e'sin/S'e'niu\t'pieeinis[nime wiv'® o&\uin'e lan eine (> apin(eie\e'ae s/aiun'a Min Sie

Jones, Car.—On Klamath river, about half way between the Pacific ocean and the Cascades.

Altitude, 2,570 feats. ic. c cccecccesctcesecveuscecccncccvtviecaciéccoiccun sui enene vue ss
Kearney, Nes.—On the Platte river. Altitude, 2,000 feet. (Lt. Warren)........eeseeeeeees

Laramir, Nes.—At the junction of Laramie river and the north fork of the Platte. Altitude,

4,250 feet .recccccccccccccccncceccccvccrcccresseesccccssenesseccsnssecenwescnsccees

LeavENWorTH, Kansas.—On the west side of the Missouri river, above the mouth of the Kansas

WIVOR Ts wis uiclsmnisie'n's Seb Ap ivi we cc on'w’e' wi Wleeiualaia aniwinia cine g ataeinee au ujekn’sjeiiicm'b ele\u/neletataiulenie meter

M’Kayir, Texas——On the San Saba, a branch of the Colorado of Texas. Altitude, 2,060 feet..
Massacuusetts, N. M.—On head of Rio Grande, in San Luis valley. Altitude, 8,365 feet.....

ORnKoRD; Onecon;—On the) Pacnic Coast cs neissjeieins(siciss cleus misioya(placte/elosieisinerelsicialaiciemiessiamininis siciale

Pierre, Nes.—On the Missouri river, (Lt. Warren.) Altitude, 1,504 feet.......seeeeeeeseees)

Reapine, Cat.—On the Upper Sacramento, west of the Sierra Nevada. Altitude, 674 feet......

Ritey, Kansas.—Mouth of Republican river, west of Fort Leavenworth. About .......sseee-

Latitude.

Oo.
33 08

47 30

eee teweees

44 00
25 53

32 02

47 10
33 34
45 36
41 30

32 13

41 36
40 38

42 12

39 21
30 55
37 32
42 44
44 20
40 30
39 00

Rieter, Miv., now Forr Gaines.—Near the head of the Mississippi river, a little south of west
from the western,end of Lake Superior... << = 00js 0,00.0.0.0510.000 0s 000.vc8 osas cn 0s isveeu)ransmiees

Sarpy, Nezs.—An old trading post on the Yellowstone river... ..-.e-sseeccsseccccrcccecseces
Sera, AnK.—On tho: Arkansas rivers pia a\oniajaina\Binjad{ale a'clsinetiailesisiesislcisn Cle siswivlciasinicianiots 665
Stanton, N. M.—On the Bonito, east of the Sierra Blanco. About .....cccsceccssecccssceces
Sremacoom, W. T.—Near the head of Puget’s Sound, on the east side......ssecccsccecseces:

Trson, Car.—At the head of the Tulare valley, lying between the coast range and the Sierra
Nevada of California. About..ccccccercecccrcccccsdvccteccccsccccssccccrscccssecees

Tuorn, N. M.—On west side of Rio Grande. About .....cccccccccrecccsscsccssccccsvecces

Union, Nes.—Trading post at the junction of the Yellow Stone and Missouri rivers. About...

46 19

_ 35 23
33 30
47 10

35 00
32 40
48 00

Longitude.

Oo
98 48

102 00

eee w ewes

117 00
97 26

100 05

101 00
107 09
120 55
94 00

106 15

122 52
99 06

104 31

94 44
100 05
105 23
124 29
100 24
122 05
97 00

94 19

94 29
105 00
122 25

119 00
107 00
104 00

* The latitudes and longitudes of the military posts are taken éhiefly from the ‘* Medical Statistics of the United States Army.”

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF LOCALITIES.

Alphabetical list of localities—Continued.

709

Latitude. |Longitude.
or (om
Forr Vancouver, W. T.—North side of Columbia river, opposite mouth of Willamette. About half
way between the Cascade mountains and Pacific coast....-+++.++++ occ cersceetrccescoons 45 40 122 30
Wattawatta, W. T.—On the south side of the Columbia, west of the Blue mountains. About. 46 00 118 40

IWiIASISE SULNDIAN AY eioveaticaiae's\s/ansia\slaine/siainv ae nie edcie ete .esie cie,nice 0.0 ce 'c o\on slatwisievic’w/s ulerie/ameieneejeias
Wessrter.—See also Coppermines. Altitude 6,350....scccessccsccrccccerscsreceesesessses
Yuma, Cat.—At mouth of Gila river. Altitude 355 feet..ccccesscccccscvcsecceccsseccsecces
Foxsure, Pa.—Junction of Clarion river and Allegheny river ......essececcecccceceneteceresesees
PION DER Als EGA — SEO) El MARO\s aon (ein aie,0 01<0ie,0\ma/pu:ele(ele!u\e.c'4[0\0.0(e)0.0u,0\n\a)s.e8)6 se'n ole 0 (amen (ejn. 018/40 aj) aes
GarLanpsvILLE, Miss.—In Jasper county, towards the southeastern part of the State...sesssssseeees
GarreETTSVILLE, O.—A village of Portage county, Ohio ..cceccccssccsnccccerccsecetseccncsecseses

Gira River, Cat.—A tributary of the Colorado river of California, running nearly east and west near
the parallel of 33. Its mouth is at Fort Yuma, which see......cecsscccccscccccccccsccccsscces

Granp Istanp or Pratre.—A long island of the Platte river, at Fort Kearney, which see....+seee0+

Granp Wuire River, near Lirrte Sarr Laxe.—Near the Wasatch mountains, in the central por-

POMS Ou ULalis(c: ajo, 0ins.s © se.oln wieiou'e u\nieie ou \s\sis'e0'n\0\00,0.5,018\9u\a}0,a[0\6)8\s 0\e we wleie.n olaieice nx! Gwibe's.clew e's niain o
Great Bear Laxe.—In the British possesions, about.......srvscceesssscacecssccnctesscscccscccsec
Great Benp or Mo.—A short distance above the mouth of the Little Missouri. Near......seseeees
GREAL Sar WAKE —In Utah) Territory? scieciaisvsccnis cciscleicieise sicicsnicielsSsnlssulare ce. ce'cciecicaiy ccs
Greennorn Mountains, Nes.—Locality not ascertained... ccssccccccscccccecccccscccscccsccccess
Greentanp.—The locality referred to is the Danish settlement on the western Coast. .sessssccseessees
Grosse Isr, Wienke island in Detroit river, a few miles below Detroit .....eesesseccessecess

Guapature Bortom, Texas.—Along the Guadalupe river, about 40 miles west of Indianola, on the

RA CtO Atl AMLODIO walsisistsiue vivivelalaelniealciefatslscias ciciavialescicle ce seicle ceeds ced sees twesiecersteaclalae
Guyaruco, Mex.—In north eastern Mexico, not far south of the Rio Grande of Texas.....eeseeeece:
Hatirax, N. S.—In the middle southern part of Nova Scotia. About..ccesscssscecccccscccessences

Hays County, Texas.—lIn the central part of the State, about 60 miles northeast of San Antonio

Heanr River, Nes.—A tributary of the Missouri from the west. Mouth about....essscsseccornenece
Hineuam, Mass.—A village on Massachusetts bay, about 18 miles southeast of Boston......s..eeees
Hiiissoro’, Onro.—In Highland county, Ohio, about 60 miles east by north of Cincinnati...........

Hormes’ Horr, Mass.—In the northern part of the island of Martha’s Vineyard, about 60 miles south-

Saut Ols HOSE ss cans e'e oar clclsla.sc ccletacia ete dein esclce cancicctace catccemie edn cicicleeiee de'elntad aula oe Ui

Hvuerrano River, Kansas anp N. Mex.—A tributary of the Upper Arkansas, from the south. Its

MINED CMM CAYAC Ke otalpsl ec tnbels) sist aia) cnle/elu\e\aicie/a)«°p a/e'daiu/ainta/as's| sfatmins aislvioieuiate dae{e's(«)shiela/-(e/s0)n.e Siaiesia’e oiaian etele

Meant ss Co ¥ets HIMES OY 91 CAN ni nravatniate niuiclaniaieia’ b/ax\c 0) a\6 me gip1ésioceyayalduya oe cianlejele/ ate aise’ Wen aeteisced cinimolants sian ties Sete
Humsorpr River, Urau.—A river on the Great Basin, without outlet, near the parallel of............

Inpranoia, Texas.—A town on Matagorda bay, Gulf of’ Mexico, now called more usually Powderhorn.

EME NeaTLOR Atala ein) o\eiojacalnislaisisieixa’al sipintnal dl aim(n[aila)s\ ss spieio'e'e aiVo\w © oienic'e/e) 010 wclaiasyelstn'alaiste dlaiciee ale esieis entice

Inpian Riyer, Fra.—On the eastern coast of Florida, a little below its middle portion ....

Jackson County, N. C,—In the western part of North Carolina, bordering on Tennessee and South

32 47
32 32

s|eeeereecer

65 00
48 00

eee ewereee

44 40

47 00

38 00
40 46
41 00

28 30

er rr

se eeneeese

108 04
114 36

seeereecee

Peewee esine se seeee

see ee eeeetineeeeseees

seeteeeeee

tle ewes eeeetiseccsseces

OO

teow eww ese sssesseeses

102 00

Pewee eee etle nesses

Pe rere. fry

see e esses slseseseeene

te er

Ce ee ry

63 30

100 30

tle see eseeetineeeseeces

tle eesreeeesiseseesesee

See te ee eens seer esese

104 20
* 124 09

se ee eseees

96 30

se eeetsene

MS RES IN wt ntavloTal eloreste/ ales ciate’ sictere a(cWvie stole, sa, 'a:o|wta'd/e’eh ave! d's\avlose.elereu's ve\eies'aleie s o's eb:e'e de <iaiawiere Gieldeeieceteredln cate

710 U. Ss. P, R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Alphabetical list of localities—Continued.

Jackson, ItL.—A town about 140 miles W.N. W. of Chicago. ..-..ccccesccccrecnsscccscctescceecs
JacksonyiL_e, Fia.—On the St. John’s river, and near the northeastern corner of Florida.........++.
JANOS, SSONDEA.—-AVOMML s\ca/a\s |v as a n/ain'p c/01c(on'e|a,u5 0/010 \uiun\s/eia]usinje\e/aioieinissinininia Sepiaial®s 014 iaseisiolaipeee cleat ak
Jornapa pEL Muerto, N. M.—A strip of desert to the east of the Rio Grande, and north of El Paso.

Jupirn River, Nexs.—A tributary of the Upper Missouri from the south, east of Fort Benton. Mouth
ADOUL. ce cccccccccscrcvarevcteresercctssceerreceserecccsccecescecvesecsssssvesecersesees

Kemper County, Miss.—In the eastern part of Mississippi, bordering on Alabama......-+eeeeeeeees

Kine’s River, Cat.—A small stream near the north border of Tulare county, emptying into the

‘Tilarewueke, ey MouthaAbOUt ie, sic0;a:as\o.a\s(n/asin pin's|s0i01s/a1s-n0ojaininindpsb(ojasant el aiseinisipipionraisisinnielninaial=)0aialole

Kramatu Lakes.—Two lakes forming the head of Klamath river ; the lower on the line of Oregon

and California ; the upper in Oregon, just east of the Cascade mountains... ..seeeesscceeseeseee:

TGAGH EIA O Micintelatejaiie(olclantale aicis(aia siualeis oieiavs\pisisie/elnialeleinieisiuie\civveralsievniaiantaictapiptaiaietetinistaelelaieiatetals ala alaarataiasiateta

LIAR SUPERIOR \ele/oiielaie\a)n'o'e!s]ais\eieis:on\nia(njuis'siainjeisia,nlo,6/hinie cule nisin wiajeiniv isi ninale(@ piavininleajaaisie isineie aianini saree

Lansine, Micu.—Near the middle of the State, W. N. W. of Detroit ...... sscessscccscnncescesees
La Prairie, Canapa.—A village of Canada, just opposite Montreal... ..speccccseecceseccseceeeeees

Laramie River, Nes.—Tributary of the north fork of the Platte, from the south; its mouth at Fort

DGS TATOO AMV ICI SEO kl elstwiclsiivie/eiss'w eye is.aciels/an'cinjaipianis)s) ai) nalain cis fola/sminbinialyniela/siein siaateisiniwisapeiaials pleas (als

Lexineton, Mo.—A town on the Missouri river, near the western border of the State....esssecreeeeels

Liserty County, Ga.—In the southeastern part of Georgia, bordering on the ocean ......sesseeeees
Limpro Mountains, Texas.—In the western part of Texas? Near.,sccccssssscneccvecccccecssccces

Litre Bive River, Kansas.—A tributary of Kansas river from the north, between Forts Leaven-

worth and Riley. Mouth about......cccccsescccsccccccccecccsenccrccccscccseccssssseccsnces
Littte Missouri River.—Tributary of the Upper Missouri, from the southwest. Mouth about......
Liano Esracapo, Texas.—High plateau of western Texas ; sometimes called Staked Plains.......--.

Lone Laxe, Nes.—Locality not ascertained ; probably on or near the Upper Missouri, below Fort

MURAD sets elastin letalereslaieie alt iaie ocals s/ersiusToisja(s'ania!elaielbr/ais\epietaloinive ninielalevtsinielerenintslarinte’spiei= tele lesie(aina sia

Los Ance.es, Cat.—About forty miles from the coast, on the road from San Pedro to Fort Tejon.

VADDUG isa Ginleclole/s viuieley clete\nbuatorutoletastelajsiale ovactofeletalwatate sivielw sie ts'e)aolalat dua Gain wip eles ais eiols nislelecie'k cies
HGR INOGAUES | SONORA c= ADOUL cr svolerere/elelalsiciolaiu"s ei cofpieteleta'e’oteidel sie’ sku bia’a’ch s/s /e'a"ab ele’elelelie‘els'clatctewte\efslc'e
Lost River, Cau.—In northern California, connected with Rhett lake, which see....esssesececeeeees

Mapriv, N. Y.—In St. Lawrence county, northern New York, a little south of the St. Lawrence

TUVODs oo wie 00.0 ccc 060 c 00sec cies a0 0cce cc cnc n0cees cee ce 650.02 000o.0dncnce ne seus eva nc ese ocisscnes se

Maramoras, Mexico,—On the south bank of the Rio Grande, opposite Brownsville, and about 35

SVLERWER OP Loo GrilfiorsWlexiGo, OADOMM tras ne'sleceisictove cine o.s10 s)u a slelvela\a/auias)sis/aeiaisteaie/nie)» apin\s shin

Mavvaises Terres, Nes.—An extensive tertiary deposit between the Upper Missouri and the Platte...

Meapyiitir, Pa.—Near the northwestern corner of Pennsylvania, not far from Lake Erie....-+eeeeeee!s

Mepicine Bow Butre —Hills near the head of Medicine Bow Creek?...cesseeceseccssccseccsctsces

Mepiciwe Bow Creex.—Tributary of the north fork of the Platte, near its head, and west of the Black
Hills. Mouth some 150 miles east of the South Pass, and about 2.0 wecccceccccccccecceccssccccs

Mesitia Vautey, Texas.—In western Texas, on the western side of the Rio Grande, below Dona

Airy, in tie GAGEGEH EUYCHEEOL cculusas vislec c'cce.cbias's'o vs clsida ulelepiuslec\s sian s's\s'sic'eeelviceielusloeliblala’s

Latitude. | Longitude.

ow, OD £

31 00 108 00

47 40 109 30

se ee m tetas wee eeeeee

36 10 119 50

seer eee eetleeeereseee
See ew ewe ra weeseeeee
ee ry
Ce eer iy

|
se ewer eerlsaseseseee

31 00 104 00

39 10 96 30
47 30 102 00

Fee ereetiseeeasseee

eee ee

34 00 118 00
31 20 111 00

Seem mee ete e ee eeneee

Seem wee ee tlew ee eeeeee

25 50° 97 20

ee ee
eee ete meee e we ee eee

eee eee eee eee)

42 20 107 00

Pe eee tweet w ee eeeeee

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF LOCALITIES.

, Alphabetical list of localities—Continued.

Mexico, Ciry:—Capital of Mexico. About... 0. ciics cccniccsesacececcceccbeccsccvecns ve cceveveeses
Muwptesoro’, Mass.—On the Fall River railroad, about 40 miles south of Boston.......eseeeeeeeeees
MIEKs) DEXAs—Oni tha lower Rio Grande. “About: .\./ cue aalccenisicllsusccctecesccssecceccccecinceccs

Mirx River, Nes.—Tributary of the Upper Missouri, running nearly parallel with it on the north.

Hts HViOUth aPOUE . 60's viv oicic's'e'e'e c'sieeltinion'n ele visie'vlclele'ee ovis uielee ceivs oe bce cisseeieieslelsdicialdels/eves sie ele'ols
Mitwauxie, Wis.—On the eastern side of Wisconsin, on Lake Michigan. About ......sseeeseeeeees
Minrwaxan Laxe, Min.—In northwest Minnesota. Near ...ccecscececscccececscccscccscecsecesecs
Monave Desert.—Near Mohave river, east of Fort Tejon and the Sierra Nevada. About...........
Monterey, Cat.—On the coast of California, south of San Francisco, (M.S. U.S. A.,).....eeeseeees
Monterey, Mex.—In the northeastern part of Mexico. About..... tye tenet e eee e eee caer entree cree:
Monrticetio, Miss—A village on Pearl river, about 85 miles south of Jackson.....esseeeescceesenec:
Monrreat, Canapa.—On the St. Lawrence river. About.....sccccccccccccccscccesscssceceses sials
Movnr Joy, Pa.—A village of Lancaster county, not far from the Susquehanna river...s2s.e+s.ee00e

Moskecet, Mass.—An island about five (?) miles long, half way between Martha’s Vineyard and

PNSMENC ROLE NOLITEE) ILO nrelm (alu o's /alsciale|e/uiaalaiaie-eiseie/6'es)0/6/erales\eldie/ains/s/ciea'a/sixciaiseeis’sie av sive cies cies
WNacuess Pass, W. T.—In the Cascade mountains, north of the Columbia. About .....e:eeeeeseeees

Nara Vater, Car.—In Napa county, situated about 30 miles northwest of San Francisco, and east

Of Sonoma County ...ccccscccccccccccrecsrcccsccsccccateccccccerscensccscscscccsscccacssees
Nasas, Rio (Coanuria.)—A stream in the northeast portion of Mexico; tributary of the San Juan?...
New Dunceness, W. T.—A port on the Straits of De Fuca, a short distance east of Cape Flattery ...

Newrounpianp Istanp.—The principal point referred to here is the town of St. John’s, almost the

extreme eastern point of North America. About... ..s.ceccccocccccscccccccscveccoscscenseccs
INE WELLER RON Yet LND OE DO VV LOSI TLVEKale/sian siele/siais'cls ciaid'en s's\e.eetie's.ecaslnieeicie esisleiteteccicineeie ex
nawa CN Ahr Soy VAc—Ah ONE cafe lei ap esain’ biasisiole/slaminiaie'siase/sie\aia,aG Ta jalainoiei«\a o1s/s/selafo.e mim’olc ojo e\eiejenipieisieissjajaisinre
NEW YORK Cit y.— About ..ccccocccrcccrccicverevecieveccrcccetscccrecscercccssvenssscssccssccces
NAGE DIis au INCE Ni — LIN) WGA (COUULY sila aveietwicinare acter ele \a siailn wle'e/chieiaitle ateleie, c\clealelare’slenie'aiu'cldele/a/eictceia'era eld
Norru Prarre River, Nes., or Nortu Fork or Pratrre.—The principal branch of the Platte river ..|
IN IDG-AY SI ON YAY wi ptatoie/el oja1010\s)0/0.0\0,5,5,010)0,5, «14/07, 5,0(0,0/0,5)5]0\¢n\n\e]e,9/ap a 5/€, 0/0|n, ¢{010,0,0/8\0)0;0(4. 0016 010,0)416\0,010:0) «10, 00\0)0, ¢elelaie'eis
Oaxaca, Mex.—A province and town of, in the south of Mexico. About....sccseseccrecceesceseces
Ogpenssurec, N. Y.—On the St. Lawrence river, in northern New York. ...scccccccccccecccsecseves
Oxanacan, W. T.—A British trading post, at the mouth of the river of the same name. About......
Oxymerra, W. T.—At the headsof Puget’s' Sound. About. .....ccscccccsasccccccccccccccccccasccccs

>

Oneiwa county, N. Y.—The locality referred to is the town of Waterville ....ss.scececseeceeeeseecs
Orancesurcu, S. C.—A village and district in the southwest central part of South Carolina.........-
OMEGON LEREXTORY i00/eia'srixi6ie[a1 s\a\u!vielerioid s'ais\sie\e/e vje\viv.0's)Se's0\0\p,oiss/nleiaie 00 a/c ae\plaie'¥is\e dein siévisis ic epee e cis

Orcan Mountains, N. M.—A range of mountains extending north of El Paso and east of the Rio

Rett U Brea aferaia{exiolalnialeinia'= ac ofetaeielaldnials alata (sas e\\e/aiunieiute;s esa s/o 60 6 e/o'e svlnwie o'uciaicieniecievia ass. ens 66.

Oxrorp, Miss.—In Lafayette county, about 18 miles north of Jackson ...... aos denscochooncacronone|

Parras, Mex.—On the border line of the provinces of Durango and Coahuila. About.......sseeesees

Latitude.

Ons
19 30

26 30

48 00
43 00
48 00
35 00
36 36
25 40

se eteeeeee

45 30

POL er eeewels

41 30

47 00 |.

i
eee eeeesee

Pee eeeeeee

47 30
30 00
40 40

17 00
48 00
47 00

pee ee eeeeeine

see ewereee

25 30

711

Longitude.

sew eeseece
see eeeeeae

52 50
90 00
74 00

97 00
120 00
122 40

see eeeeoes
see eeeee

ee

Pewee neeee

eee eweweee

102 30

712 U. Ss. P. R. R. EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT.

Alphabetical list of localities—Continued.

Pass Creex, Nes.—Crossed by Lieut. Bryan’s route of 1856. Precise locality not ascertained.......

Pecos River, Tex.—The principal tributary of the Rio Grande. Crossed on the road from San
Antonio to El Paso, at Delaware creek, which. se@.. css nescess sees sinnccansscassvercssscoseses

Pemsina, Min.—A town on Red River of the North, on the borders of Minnesota. About ....es.++e-
Pesquierta GRANDE, Mrex.—In New Leon, on the San Juan river. About......sseccecssccesecceses

Peratuma, Cat.—In Sonoma county, at the head of Petaluma creek, about 35 miles north of San

Hirsi CCHS ADA DDUL/<uic.0'ajmindl> mininion'ninin'= eels wince /aininininplo\elaa’=\=)> mianiniaha(erloinminton otsticlals etales|~iele\='= slots
Pir River, Cau.—Head of upper Sacramento river, near the northeastern corner of the State ........
PLATE RIVER; ANEB «| «<:o%\s'w0\s le(ule old's sfelelyis lule swele alsla=.ue'alule sjm'pian siale tele’) bigiepiaialavlnis 'oiaiWlolsleteisielewiale/siat
Pium Sprines, lowa.—In Delaware county, near the middle of the eastern border of the State.......-

Pore Creex, Nes.—Sometimes called Lodge Pole creek. A‘tributary of the south fork of the Platte.

Along the line of about....cccccrccccssccsscsceccccsccccscseccnsrccccesescscccsesccccurscess
Port Curwton, On1o.—On Lake Erie, at the mouth of Portage river.....20..sseceeeerecsseceeeress
Port Townsenp, W. T.—On the Straits of De Fuca. About... 2.0.2 ccccccccscccccccccccscccsccces

Posa Creek, Cat.—In Southern California, on Lieut. Williamson’s line of 1853. Precise locality

MIG MECECLAITION j=» ufone! areie:>)»elnnistelele's\s oletelwisiticinid ele saa nia ale'n als wis buidiale olen mele’ belalacalslenelalemleh aisle eM

Prairie Mer Rover, La.—In Morehouse parish, in the northeastern part of Louisiana, east of the

Wisehiita: river eecinmeiciicicic.s sviclovs(oiesis\sjenie)a ujeiainisjeles (pia anielsinis ain ins/niacia\nisignio\ninioiay ninois mainie(an in ieinia

Presipi1o, Can.—Not far from San Hrancisco?’. <c.1.s.s cs.=.«.0l0os «js te\e « e.cs/uivisje'bs 0c/e\s oxia'clbieleriae sve aleiela

Presip10o De Norte, Mex.—On the south side of the middle Rio Grande, of Texas. About.......++| ©

Prince Georce’s, Mp.—That portion of Maryland on the northeastern border of the District of Co-

UTD Ife lew laleieielsrinisfuaian\sieiaiwlasialots'a\najac/es'ois suis (sel6\es1n sine inia(nininsipioleniaisiele(s'elu\elealnie(eistsielele(o\= eie(ale sles

Princeton, Minn.—In Benton county, a county on the east side of the Mississippi river, near the line

Of 46 dep. ..ccccereccccrcccrccnasrecccesecsseceressescssececessrnccctsccesccenerccessscees

Pucer’s Sounp, W. T.—In the northwestern part of Washington Territory, connected with the Pacific
by the Straits of Juan de Fuca ..ccccsccccsccccscccccccvssccscsrcccccscccerscccsscccscsceses

Quasqueton, lowa.—In Buchanan county, towards the middle of the eastern border, about 55 miles

northwest of Towa City ..00siciesscccnedee ss ans siaicsccieecvenise 0s cvercescenccsiaarneccasscecesese
QyraEc, CANAD As— GAL enicinintete slelcice lstuterinistersiiclslalaleleclateypie ab/nt= mis'welcielweiveisievalalavin’oaletnetclete siesta (e/eteetert
Racine, W1s.—On the western shore of Lake Michigan, a little south of Milwaukie. Near........+.
Raxricu, N. C.—Near the centre of the State. About. .ccccrsccsccccersccsccssoccss sees cccvesccs
Raynor Beacu, L. ¥.—On the south side of Long Island, a shoat distance east of Brooklyn......+..+-
Rep Fork or Arkansas.—Tributary of the Arkansas from the west, near the parallel of 36 deg......
Rep River, Arx.—Tributary of the Mississippi fromthe west.....s..cecescccseccccceecseccssrececs
Repwoops, Car.—Not far from Petaluma, which see. ....s.se0sceseecccrccccescccecees cle wtacieinioniateie

Ree Fork, Nes.—Sometimes called Arickaree Fork. Tributary of the Republican Fork of the Kan-
sas from the south. About. ....ccacssccvesoccnrscecccruccsevesevesescvvemccccnscccssensees

Rervusiican Fork or rue Kansas.—Sometimes called Pawnee river. ‘Tributary of the Kansas from
the north. Mouth at Fort Riley, which see ...sssccvciessccsesccccnscccscsccnscccscccsececsces

Ruerr Lake, Cat.—Near the northern line of California, east of the Cascade range. Connected with

Tinat TivEr, oeADOLIbsleiccsiofelcisvn/els'e's svaieelactiac vee t wl cee Gane sivaved a dett ces neue sale ME cert banat

Latitude.

oO v

see eneseee

49 00
26 00

38 20

41 00

48 00

se eeerroee

lew weesrces

29 30

tee ee tenn

47 00
43 00
35 58

rs
sweeten nee
er

40 00

42 00

Longitude.

6

se eeewwees

see erewone

97 00
101 00

122 40

see eeeee

104 30

see e mse eee

sewer eeeee

71 00
88 00
79 50

feet een wnn
steer eeeee
see eee eee

102 00

see eee eee

121 00

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF LOCALITIES.

Alphabetical list of localities—Continued.

713

Ricesoro’, Ga.—In Liberty county, Georgia, which see ...sseesseccccrcccccncceccccccsececerccees

Rinecoip Barracks, Tex.—On the lower Rio Grande, about 130 miles west of the Gulf. Geographi-
cal position from Med. Stat. U.S. A.cccsccsecoccincccrsccccescccscnccescseceetssccsessrecces

Rio Granpe, Tex.—River separating Texas from Mexico ...-...eseeccseccesrenereeces
RIAN Sop COA UII As SEE | LARA» in pip .aap) pinininlswivioasiolalaie\ais\e/aia's bivicisiarejectels wjeleleislalaye, slojsieudefeleap dl etenyeja)s

Rock Creex, Nes.—Tributary of the Republican Fork of the Kansas, west of the Ree Fork. Crossed

by Lt. Bryan‘s:route of 1856. Nearesescicsecccincceccccuccscccscciccccccccicccccccccccedecccons
LEGS CIT EA WCRI Bap OM er ODL Oe Ci BOE ams Hebe OCLO COS CL) BOBDE DRO COE OD UECTICOOIOCD

eeeeeee

Row.eyspurc, Va.—Preston county, Va. On the Cheat river, west of the summit level of the Balti-

MAMET SUTABIEAR CRLALCN I Fur 1) TOM Cota ra's\slaialsinl<s)a(inialaniniaie\aiad olele(aien'aiaiaiate eisleiaeieie salaiaie(aiaeieinja)efeinele|=\sieieia/siolels|

Sac Harsor, L. I.—Near the eastern end of Long Island.......eecereccecscccccrsccssreccverecensles

Sr. Joun’s River, Fxa.—In the northeastern part of the State....ssessesesees

Sr. Lawrence County, N. Y.—In the northern part of the State, bordering on the St. Lawrence river.
Perel rin tee VK =—275 NOT Gia loimintninictdiaiesiuicixsiaieiainieeisveloin usisvereialasisiciere eelelsieleie siecle ivie citeiece’e wishelsietaiwera cto ereicte

Sr. Mary’s Mission, Rocky Mrs.—A Catholic missionary station among the Flatheads in Washington

Territory, west of Rocky Mountains, on the St. Mary’s Fork of the Bitterroot. Near........++e+
Sr. Simon’s Istanp, Ga—On the coast of Georgia, below Savannah.......seesseectscccseccecsccces
Sa.em, N. J.—Western part of the State; on the lower part of Delaware river....e+seeeseecsereeees
Sartitto, Mex.—In Coahuila, west of Monterey, Mex. About...cecscccssccssccscccscccccsscceees
SR MMMPAIL ET aU IAT“ ——</A DOG eleleticisisaleieien c'a waviecie mlesiece sss cece crise cea cenein cs svistelederelwesievicctte cists
San Anronro, Tex.—On the San Antonio river. Altitude 600 feet. (M.S. U.S. A.).....eeeeeeees
Sanp Creek or Cimarron.—See Cimarron......

COCR ee Ome meee OHH EH Hee ESE EH HEHEHE HEHEHE EHS EEE

San Dieco, Cat—Near the southwestern point of California. Altitude 150 feet.
POsitone trom the: VES. Less A )ea/ausiolevclasiveacisecnsandicjeiescccs

(Geographical

eee eee eee eee ee

Saw Exizario, Tex.—On the Rio Grande, just below El Paso........+.

ee ee ee ry

San Francisco, Car.—Coast of California.

San Francisco Mountains, N. M.—On the routes of Captains Sitgreaves and Whipple. About......
Sanere pet Cristo Pass,—Pass in the Rocky mountains, near Fort Massachusetts, which see ........
San Jose, Car.—In Santa Clara county, near the town of Santa Clara...cessescacceccccsecccssceecs
PADOULE c\niew.sajeleib pinnicloininizalqialsipisaiciain’nlsn/a:siula/neta’a’ala|splaia'anisys atalae'ele’sievaitica elas

San Luis Sprines, Son.

San Micvet, Cat.—The westernmost of a series of islands off the coast of California, on the 34th
parallel, and about 30 miles south of the main land. The island about ten miles long..........+.-

San Paso Bay, Cat.—North of the bay and city of San Francisco .....eeseseeecseccsscccssesesecs
San PEDRO ENVEHs Avex. —Se6) DSVil s:TiVEls, L OX8Gs.c.o.00 alo 0's 0c'0.a,00.0,¢0)0\00'0 61a\0.e 0. 0n0e\e 0.6 ese alee ov nine as
Santa Caterina, Mex.—A few miles west of Montercy in northern Mexico...+++essseessecesscecees

Sanra Crara, Cau.—In Santa Clara county, California, near the head of San Francisco bay, about

BU Males sOULneRstOn Sal HE TaNCiCOs AHONE ts occeicic.csacicics ccs cicics oes ssleinlavicieiesic.e ciicfe sissies
Santa Cruz, Sonora.—In Sonora, south-southwest of Tucson.

Sawra Isaser, Cat.—In southern California, on San Diego river, about 35 miles northeast of San

Pie i matmaadeie efalereriptetele(eaie ios topes o\sindiewiein' asia wince n sig asis oe isisiadiemaleoee evicdne ce esses cjcnacicc

90 L

sls eee ersees

AOE cieialsidie' eletsichletactet cpielelseleies's sisiat

tee ew eraee

Latitude. | Longitude.

‘Ont or

Ce

26 22 98 47

ee

ee ee

40 10 102 10

Stee ere eereeeesssee

etre ew asle ee sreeeee

—

se eee eeeeale

38 40

90 20

46 30 112 00

Ree e eer eesiseesoerine

25 20 101 20
41 00 113 00
29 25 98 25

seem eww erlie ee ereeeee

32 42 117 14
37 48 122 26
35 00 111 30

eee ee ees

Fee eee ete ees eseee

31 20 109.00

ee
Peete meee tens esesene
ee eer eeesles

seeeeceee

37 20
31 00

122 00
‘110 20

714 U. 3s: 2. oR. Ri

Alphabetical list of localities—Continued.

EXP. AND SURVEYS—ZOOLOGY—GENERAL REPORT,

Santa Rosatia, Mex.—Northeastern Mexico, west of Matamoras. Precise locality not ascertained...
Saranac Lakes, N. Y.—In the northern part of the State, among the Adirondac mountains ........+.
CAIDOUETS (oss a.c.c'vine'e's new ele/nles\ais'cls oisiaelaisla cs 6's a> e\a\sblalu eiwlupinialateiwe waa

Savyannau, Ga.—Near the coast.

Sawatcn Pass, Rocky Mrs.—Probably at the entrance of Sawatch valley, and near the Coochetopa

Pass 5 6.6 0 cese'e didv'eie've c'v'ch bb wielst a's bisieh oe e'b cb a.6 nisin ac'cb's'cle'S aps ele s'w'e'c'e ulb'e's/e'e'ole'es'u's wip Sieh a .Giw e's}

Serma, Ara.—Near the centre'of the State .....cccsccccsveseedecccvccerccvesccccsccccescsccascce
SEMIPALATINSE, SIBERIA. co cscccccccscccescccsrsc cscs cc cr esses ccseceneccceeeseccesrecesasccesees
Suoatwatrer Bay, W. T.—A shallow bay on the Pacific coast, just north of the mouth of the Columbia
river. Aboutticccicvectevlcn cvlsie cele e/ctele cicletaiele’s «(e'epiciuiniad~'u.oleuic cle alee 'elalallsinjas'oine(s'ennaienldaic’s oc wal
Stoux City, Iowa.—On the eastern side of the Missouri, near the mouth of Big Sioux
Tiver (Lt. W)..cccccscccscccccrccccssccccsrccccsrscccesnsessssssssseesesssssrsseeesesssese

Swaxe River, O. T.—Head of Lewis’ fork of the Columbia. Mouth about,..s.sseeseeceeseeerecees

Snoquatme Pass, Cascape Mrs.—At the head of the Yakima river, probably now called Yakima Pass.

UATp rite aleiswiwiniats ota ten/o:nlale: otis acts eiaie wniaie ep aisles oleae diula(w\esieielesisiwieln tnie.e ciso's's0/ao's v.e'v.s'e(sele aleaie/nie'm’s|

Society Hitt, S. C.—In Darlington district, in the northeast portion of the State. Near the Great

peion iv ORaeA DOWER cc ot oaicuienitotans vaiecaisdeiee aistsiotie'-ascieeie saeisie las ncke's.00 ieicisienie set alenine
Souru Pass oF Rocky MounrTAins.—About ..ceccccrcccecccccccvsccsccsccccressveccccesssecsesces
Spokane Pray, W. T.—Near the Spokane river..cecscccceccccccscccccceceseccrcccccccsevssccees
Sporrsytyanra County, Va.—Near the middle of the eastern part of the State. Its centre about......
Sremacoom, W. T.—On Puget’s Sound, near the head ...ssecseccecrecccrsccccursccncreseesrecuns
Srevsen, Me.—In Washington county, in the eastern part of the State. About .....ssseseseeesees
Srockron, Cau.—In San Joaquin county, about 65 miles nearly east of San Francisco ...+ses.sseeees
Tamagua, Pa.—In Schuylkill county, near the foot of the Broad mountain. ....s.seeesscesecesrececs
Tarsoro’, N. C.—In Edgecomb county, on the Tar river. About. .ccccsceccsscsccerecceessceres arn
Tcuucktcut Country.—The northeastern corner Of ASia ...ceescecccecerccecerecteccsssecessesess
Teson Vattey, Car.—Near the Tejon Pass and Fort Tejon, which see.....ssceesseessecscesececees
Tomares Bay, Car.—Coast of California, about 40 miles north of San Francisco ...sesseeesseeeeees
Tremont, ILuiors.—In Tazewell county ..cceescccccrscccereccccrecccsressccrecensseseeesssssens
Union County, Inimors.—Near the southern puint of the State....esccccessccccesccccsrecensrecees
TINTON COUNTY, MO...ccccccccccscascccccccccscccccrsscccscccrccesccccccsccccereseceesccesecs
Urrer Darsy, Pa—lIn Delaware county, a few miles west of Philadelphia... .cecccscceccreccccsecs
Upper ves CuuTes River.—See Des Chutes river. .seseccccscccccsepeccceseseccssccssscccssrscess

Uprer Missoyri River.—The portion above the mouth of the Platte... ...eeessecceereceeeseccsecees

Vancouver Istanp.—Immediately north of Washington Territory, on the Pacific coast......ssssee-

Latitude. |Longitude.

Sete wee weele

32 00

CO eee were eter eeeee
Seem ee welt eee eeeee

eee wee eel eee ere e eee

46 30 124 00
42 32 96 26
43 30 117 00

47 20 121 20

34 30
42 30

80 00
109 00

38 15 77 30
47 00 122 30
44 25 67 50

35 50 77 40

eee eee eee eee

Vancouver, O. T.—See Fort Vancouver, .ccosscccccrccccsrecccssccercceessncccsrccsesssserensaslesscsssseslsecsrceses

Vermition Prarrie, Nes.—Prairie on the Vermilion river ?..+.ee..+e.+
Vermition River, Nes.—On the north side of the Missouri, about 60 miles above Sioux city......+++.
Vicrorta, Mex.—In the northeastern portion of Mexico, province of Tamaulipas. About..........+.

Waco Tanks, Texas.—A short distance northeast of El Paso.

INGAY. « 0:6,0.0.0.p\0c0 0.0s'0'0,smiatio'yie.nta.pinialvls

eee ee

23 40 99 00
32 00 106 00

sete ee wet eeewteeee

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF LOCALITIES. “15

Alphabetical list of localities—Continued.

Latitude, |Longitude.

(oem or
Wasuincron, D, C.—Latitude nearly ...ccecccsccsreccccecccccvcccccccscccrccceccccccesccccscors 38 54 77 30

WAsaineron, Mrsa.—In Adams county, neat Natchezic «csc ccicsrccs ccrcccvccccenccccescccncccsscsieccccccccclecccnsccos

WAR VIEL Sete’. — Oneida COUNtYs INGWNOFK..c\cclclr¢0.c0.s'vlecine os cicie's env dleie eld emeasalvies assseiecins|ssusc bowel

seeerecees

West Norruriexp, I1t.—In Cook county, in the northeast corner of the State, about 15 miles from
Chicago. . Ahontsasiasscrecccesccicpeacndcriesccvcccevecesccccecccccsceesccvcccsccscsseces 41 40 87 50

Tene REND, On —— Near tne COnLTe Of tHO SEALED: ele aiacie 0.0 0.0,0\6\00.0,0\0.0\asic'v.cialn oc clone pisianaie.asiajeeininela ois|esisier cece

eee ewecene

Wuire Earra River, Nes.—( White river?) Tributary of the Missouri from the west. Near ......- AS 00) |ecicic cas sale

MIME NVR, CASCADE: VLOUN TAINS, Wis) L'slsjajoc's'accltielanls sine’ sle'sine o c(elslsv b nialse\aacdieeiciceideeeencn are

tle we ew eee estes esrese

Yettowstone River.—The principal tributary of the Upper Missouri; its mouth at Fort Union,

FOuENCIE REG Uatolaiaisiatalnisiaiaiailinl«/ufnle'pyalalaatniaitip ajaie's| sjatay cin /e(n\s vfoelo/s ates) asie/aleda a\wie nisielelais’s (ave uia(eien /nfaole efainiel sata raniat even) aietete ciel mele

* = ‘al a Leyes - ae
Ta Fs A rs eye. Pa 4 Y ’
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> écia a, 4 Ud Ril Ad. Lael yA jd do > (ta 8

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hak Sas ve das tC :

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onde eahnd A ; ~~ one dl) ADL mige z rapenk eee

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ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

I. SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF COMMON NAMES,

A.
Page

American Badger -------.---- 202

DEA OR sie mimi 5 ois 355

iis be aa ee 682

Field Mouse-------- 459

Hes ame ma eee aes 638

ees Rae ae 579

Re averiitier 62.2225 52. 4%. 184

Panther so- oan= aa 83

Bablessccce one == 152

AT a eee Ss 86

Wandering Mouse--462, 459

Wald Cat™.—- == 90

Antelope, Prong-Horn.-.--..- 666

EAU yl ep re ee 129, 137

EASLEY, cael es Se i a ae 319

Armadillo, ‘Texas’ >.-.-.=--=-- 623

ASMADAN tes = nao aeee = 287

Audubon’s Hare ~.-.--....-.- 608

B.

Bachman: s Hare —------s---=< 606

Badger, American_..-----.--- 202

of Columbia river ---- 202

NAVEEN ee a SO 205

Barking Squirrel _....-....0-< 331

Barren Ground Bear.---.----- 229

Caribou ...--- 634

eave CRU cies alee sam sana 90

Bear, Barren Ground ...------ 229

PACKER tare on amiod = 225

BYG Will seis oe oo) 219

Gray Soon aes sa nnc-- 5 219

Gray of America -....... 219

Grimlyieas sada sseeo aS as 219

Wihitet=sso=2-s22 5555. 219

Beaver, American....-----..- 855

WERLON ae = ts 355

Fossil American---..- 361

Miskves = 2s 2s aos 561

Belier de Montagne -.....---- 674
Berend J 5 == 2acscee enous = 666 |

Woliti fess see sae ea ate
Bridled Weasel
Broad-headed Gopher

Buffalo, American
Burrowing Squirrel of Columbia

California Gopher

Ground Mouse

Capreoline Deer

Caribou, Barren Ground

Page

Castor Beaver.<.225,-<-..-25=5 355

du:Canada...---.----=-- 355

Cab Bays sae. iol es 90

Bags ia boone ae 149
Civetacs2-2-5Sscc5532 555 147
Mountain’ s<.5 5-22 snseene 91
Redises steeaeem eee ace 96
Squitrel/s2- Je eee sent 9
Tigers. 2=-s 250 ness ee 96
CerfasDapies, ---sese naa sees 644
de Ja Louisiane ~------..- 644
dela Virginie-22-- ===" 644

Chestnut-backed Squirrel ~---~. 266

Chestnut-faced Gopher_-----.- 384

Chinches 22252 -s22oeenccee ee 195

Chipmunk secsee sae aes 292

Chipping Squirrel ---.-.------ 292

Civet Cates 22 ano ae 147

Coast Rox 252222222222 seenee 143

Coendut aetna see senate 569

Collared" Pecdary-none ease eres 627

Columbia Ground Squirrel. ---- 309

River Flying Squirrel 290

Common American Fox.-.-...- 123

Mini ee eee 177
Moletss2se2 ttle 60

MOnstEa x. oo seers 443
Wedsel.<~-=---ec-=- 159, 166

Corsak foxes s-e- eee ees 138
CottonsMonke= =i eee e- en 469
RAG= = a aacs oe at aaca nS 502

Couper. Secs. eee eee sax 83

CoupoUaI Seen ee te 83

Coyote <2 ae sees. - >, SaaS 113

Cross Woe sae wns = a seenn- 6 127

D.

Deer, Black-tailed....-----.-. 659
Black-tailed fallow-.----- 659
Capreoline_-..-.-----.- 637
Blaphine' <= ==52-s2---— 637
Long-tailed red__.------ 649

718 SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF COMMON NAMES,

Page.

Mas lle ee 459
Wises aaa a owe 656
RORING So = 5 sa —5ssse eae 637
BONGKS oe nn san cere 653
Wirginigne- oe —so=e 644
White-tailed .....=-.--. 649
Desert, Mouse. == 2-2. —--—-—--— 479
Diur, Et Amerikanst ....---.. 209
Dormouse, Striped -.------~--- 292
Dugky \Wol eee ae 111

EK.
Ecureuil de Caroline.--------- 292

gris de la Carolina---. 256

Blaphine Deer=--<-..--.---== 637
Bi a ae SS 632, 638
JAAMeNCaN ease cesses sea 638
Ermine, Kane’s..-----.----.. 172

F.
Ferret, Black-footed ---------- 180
Bueld Mouses=3--=-<5-05-<=-=— 459
Ratios saccansoscscasss 459
IRN GY - 21 se eee es 149
Flying Squirrel -.-.---------- 286
Fort Union Gopher----------- 397
Fossil American Beaver------- 361
Fox, Arctiehcseas-se-ee ee o= 137, 129
Blagkeeseneee: = nae nee 128
\Cosstss=s-5-——5--=---=—> 143
Common American ----.-- 123
Corsske p= een a 138
Cressi. aac seeoss=ens=— == 127
Giayeasnaaaaee ene eas 138
Ritsossesssencsseaceecs 133
Praitie=222-2-2s Sele soe 130
Red (sscesecceseeeee see 125, 123
Short-tailed .--.-------- 143
Squirrel ..-..-----.----- 248
Swiftiss- ss es2=-= ee = 133

Gi
Gila Striped Squirrel --------- 300
Goat, Mountain..------------ 671
VW hoon ace Sense 671
Gopher -------------------- 378, 394
Broad-headed -.------- 392
Califomia = ——----~--- - 389
Chesnut-faced....----- 384
Fort Union---...--=..- 397

Page
Gopher, Peeos ----..-.-.__-.- 383
Pocketesee oo teagan 373
Ponched .j. == === 2-4 -=== 372
Short-headed -..-.----- 378
Sonoras-2- pees 399
Gray Bear == — 2s. oa ee eee 219
Roxs 23 fos oe 138
Gray Gopher oo amen 314
DOTISG feats oe ieee eee ea 525
PoxsSquimel’.s-—-—ces=er 249
Rabbit-n sss = sea eee 597
Squirrel.....------ 246, 249, 256
fie, Monaxe- ot - seo eae 340
Grizzly Bears oo -- =e one 219
Ground Hop \=--=—--3.---=-=— 337
Squirrel==------ 292
H.
Hairy-tailed Mole -------.---- 68
iO 496
Hamster Mouse -------------- 472
of Georgia --.-.----- 380
Mere, ‘Americans -~ eee ae 579
Audubonts/=--=—eee === 608
Bachmanis 22=---5-a—5— 606
@alifomia 2-2 =—22 2=— == 594
Little Chief--.s==-=2=- 619
Noythern=---- ese = 579
Polar ossvescses Voss 677
Prairigae nso so a 585
Red U5. cacccsaceeseene 583
(exss222ee2 see 590
Varying eee eome sean 577
Harms’ Squirrel-—n2 eos eee 313
Harvest Mouse. --.----------- 448°
ed? chopeeseceee= Sees a =e 569
Hoary Marmot-.-.----------- 345
Hudson's Bay Quadruped- ----- 579
Squirrel)..c.<==-* 269
Hudson Squirrel -...-------- 256, 269
J.
Jackass Rabbit....--------- ~= * 590
Jaguar or American Tiger----- 86
Jevrachken 2=--==>es2===---= 323
Jumping Mouse--.----------- 430
Ke
Kane's Ermine -..-...-..----- 172
Kangaroo Rat ....----------- 410
Kit NOx coc cescnncemencesrnn 133

L . ~
‘ Page.

Tabrador Rat. 2.45.25 2e5e— 430

Least’ Weasel... 2---=-Goa anne 159

Lemmings -.-=..5-———= eee 654

Lesser Otter, 2: <- .<22s22S25e— 178

Lesser Gray Squirrel_.-------- 256

Lewis’ Marmot .-.=.=- =25ee2. 347

Line-tailed Squirrel----------- 310

Little Black Mink....-------- 180

Ohief, Hare S228e-2S-eEe 619
Striped Skunk --------- 197
Long-tailed Mole..----------- 72
Mouse 2=225c5ces= 471
Red Deer--------- 649
Vygis ene et 80
Canad oo. ss=052eeeen 99

M. ,

Marmot, Hoary--.------------ "545
PPWist2 25. osaaenaee 347
Maryland --..--..-=-= 340
Party (8 =35-aesse eee 323
Quebec...------coeee— 340
Yellow-footed ------- 343

Marsh Rabbit=..-..-.--.-<--— 615

Marten, Pine-------5oos-s= on 152

Maryland Marmot ----------- 340

Meadow Mouse -------------- 522

Mexican Badger ------------- 205
Gray Squirrel ------- 263
Ground Squirrel ----- 319
Hobo Wolf = ss--o—ee= 113

Mink, Common-...----------- 177

Little Black -------.-=. 180
WEES pe wae aoe ee 178
Missouri Mouse-------------- 480

Prairie Dog.---.---- 331
Striped Squirrel ----- 297

Mole, Brown -...------------ 60

COMMON s-.4<.——>— se 60

Hairy-tailed --.-------- 68

Long-tailed...--.------ 72

Oregon ...-------.---- 65

Radisted 22 =e eee 12

Star-nosed --.--- ----- ” 71

Vellow c2-2-== eee 60
Moose... 22-2 -- eee ene ene 631
Mouse, American Field ------- 459

California Ground----- 531
Common-....-<------ 443
Cotton: a--h2 = se=n eae 469
Deer Loe eee ee 459

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF COMMON NAMES.

Page.
Monkey Gray as<s2s-S2Su so... 525
Hamster’ o.soes-se == 472
Harvest. -=---shsss- 448
pRMping ISS iss suas 430
Long-tailed .........- 471
Meadow:=s$2si222522< 522
Missouri s2o— shoe a 480
Oregon Ground-.--... 527
Prairie... 22922 Seu 474
Prairie Meadow-.--.-. 539
Red aass toi aseke 467
Rice Field_---..------ 482
White-footed -_------- 459
Mountain Cat..=---22-.------ 90
Goafec < 2cas525-%-5 671
Ramses s202 23. S58 671
Sheeprssfssc0s2238 671, 673
Mule 0 ee ee 656
Wiesk: Beaver) 22-303. 22245. 561
BikObbrems otis a Siu de - 680
OS weswivec ewe ste ettes 680
Rabicemusewessad.f25e55 561
N.
Nord-Amerikanische Haase ---599,597
Northern Flying Squirrel_-_-.. 288
Hato ees Shenae 579
Norway ttt= 222522 --s=s5=--— 438
O.
Cieen ene rene = nee eae 87
OE OIE eee eer eee Seer 232
Oregon Ground Mouse ---.---- 527
Li eric ccarncHesstes 65
Red Squirrel_..------- 275
(QOURIPD ao dccces SSeS 631
Otter, American --...-...-... 184
Usitiormig,--—-=- 2-2-3 187
Sia ee ns esae aera an 189
Ours noir d’Amerique--------- 226
(GST) = es 680
Pe
Panthery American....------- 83
Parry’s Marmot.-.-..--------- 323
Peecari a coliier.-..--..-..-.. 627
Peccary, Texas, or Collared.-.- 627
eons Gopher a. oan n= ae -an 383
evan W ChEOlan —a—0casc—-5-== 149
LTS a ee 149
Rite MA0te as en=m=—=- <= ==—=— 152
Pocket Gopher--.-...-..------ 373

Page.

Polar. Hares note ee onceee 577

Pore epic de la Baiede Hudson. 569

POLCKplhoa sane sence ewes ae 569

Canada; tenccaa ofas 569

White-haired -...... 568

Yellow-haired -..--- 569

Possum, Texassees=csee lett s 233

Pouched Gopher ------------- 372

Rate eee eer ese oe 373

Praiie. Dopesss sees tae as 329

NARSOUTIG ) aes 331

Short-tailed ---..-. 335

Prainie Hox epee n soe eee- se. 130

ISR: See ranesseepeeie 585

Meadow Mouse-------- 639

Mouse's ==" *<22*tes-e- 474

Wolf S255: Sethe sacece 113

Prong-horn Antelope --------- 666

DSL 000: ee eee as Se 83
Q.

Quebec Marmot ...........-.. 340
RB;

Rabbit; Gray-- 4-— = = aos 597

Jackass = >= oo oe ees 590

Marah oo eee 615

Sage 2 Sno op geet 602

Waters. au = - ee 612

Wohite:-.:<. .223sss3e. 579

RA RODON Seater = 207, 209, 219

Black-footed . ---.---- 22

Radiated Mole....----------- 72

Ram, ‘Mountain: =. --.-s--s-= 674

Rat Blak yee = aes mee = ee 439

Black, Wood._=—-.---. ==. 492

UG ime eae SeceE Sass 490

BLO Wie Sama ron 438

Conan yeaa eae aes oan 502

G7 AiMeniGue =e aioe ia 441

Field) Saea2~,-25-s0-555 = 459

Hairy-tailed == eceene- a= 496

KAN PETOO an eee eee 410

Pabradotteo see s= = aero 430

DUES Eee le eo ee 561

NOD Way sae aoa eater er 438

Pouche@e sees aon aaa 373

Rocky Mountain --------- 499

ROObey ae one aa ea 441

White-bellied.-...------. 441

with hairy tail.......---- 499

Woodie =. sae sees 487

719

Page.
RE Catmecmce seercsescusete 96
EO mene en eee eee 125, 123
Hare\.=.socncee ec esawece 583
Mouse's Saeesseencson- 2 = 467
Wolfssts sesamiae 113
Beindeer_<c—. sce ecaceesoe 633
Renard argenté)...-2----.2 0 124
thicoloy) oe aeeee ee ae 138
Rice Field Mouse-.--.-------- 482
Richardson’s Ground Squirrel-_ 325
Squirrel’ 2=ess-—= 273
Rocky Mountain Flying Squirrel 289
Rapsseseeees 499
Sheep-ss-=—s- 671
Root Rat 22025 .- S252 es=5 441
Round-tailed Spermophile- ---- 315
Rusine Deer--...- eR ss eee 637
8.
Sable, American s--.5--.----= 152
Saco Rabbit's 5-2 -c-sanee 602
Salamander’= <-----.-<--.-s-5 380
Bes Obie ae eee ee ees 189
Severn River Flying Squirrel_.. 288
Sewelleli 222 2. = Sse eeeerees 353
Sheep, Mountain-.-...--.-... 673, 671
Rocky Mountain..-.... 671
Short-headed Gopher -....---- 378
Sphermophile, Round-tailed--. 315
Short-tailed Fox ......---.... 143
Prairie Dog----.-- 335
Showtloo 222 ooo oe ne ee 353
Shrew Nitd- =. - nea 7
SHC WSie ose a eee eee 7
Skunk: -)2< 2222 - sean eesseeae 195
California .... ....-..- 194
Little Striped-..--.-..- 197
Wexdsy=~oosssoheeeo mer 193
White-backed ......--. 192
Small Brown Weasel_.----..-- 161
Mountain Gray Squirrel. 272
Sonora Deer. -=-===-==.- ean 653
Gopher! sees cseees——— 399
Ground Squirrel-.-.... 321
Southern Fox Squirrel .-..---- 246
Squirrel, Barking ......-....- 331
places sna ncen ee 246, 256
Black Ground -.-.----- $11
Burrowing, (of Colum-
j OR a i 335
California Gray -.-.-- 264
Ground-.-. 307

720 SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF COMMON NAMES, :
° Page . Page. Page.
Sip Teasc yn Cl pee gear Saas 249 | Striped Prairie Squirrel -.....- 316 | Weasel, Common -...-.-... -- 159, 166
Chesnut-backed--.---- 266 Squirrel) 2. ==s) chee e202 beast; 5-22, =suseeene 159
WInppiig Scones anne 292 a with OSA ope == seen 133 Pekan eee e nee eee 149
Columbia Ground..-. 309 m Small Brown ..--.--- 161
Columbia River Flying 290 Wis). 25 Senses ee 178
Higgs 286 |- Tayé -----------2----------- 674 White co: --2 ees 166
ROE acca ek backe B4G)7| TOMA ~~ -aane nano ~egnnee 665 Yellow-cheeked ..... 176
Gila Striped ..-.----- 300 | Tenotis.-------------------- #91) Whistler. i.-icte:\/oeseeset 345
Griyi ee 246,256,249 | Tepe Maxtlaton ....+-------- 147,212 | white-backed Skunk -..----.- 192
Gray Fox 2es2:2---=- 249 | Tenthlalmagame --..-.- -...-- 666 | ‘White Bean. --.=sinqsenkesee 219
Groond.<t2sis i «.-- 292 | Texas Armadillo--.-.------.- 628 bellied Rat........---- 441
Homing’ /52-28 ohebnes 313 Fox Squirrel --.------- 258 footed Mouse..-------- 459
Hudson.....------- 256, 269 IBTO oo om nn eee 520 Goat s2nnnntesee eee 671
Hudson's Bay----.---- 269 Peccary..--~----------- 627 haired Porcupine. ------ 568
Lesser Gray ....----- 256 POssUM.--------------- 238 Babbit,.k.s2-- See 579
Line-tailed .....---- 310 Skunk. -..------------ tus tailed Deer....-.--..-- 649
Mexican Gray --.---- 263 Wild Cat.------------- 93 Wieasel .-- 2-502 ee 166
Mexican Ground ....-- 31g | Tiger, American -...-----.--- 86 | wild Cat, American .....----- 90
Missouri Striped ----- 296 Cat ---------------- 88, 87,96 Texas = =s2=-e- se 93
Northern Flying. .--- 2gg | Townsend’s Ground Squirrel--- 326 | Wor Black ..1-----------«- 113
Oregon Red --------- 275 Striped Squirrel--. 300 DOGS, Sede eee 101
Richardson’s -.------ B73 | Pca ----=--n<n---=2-2-0--- ous Mexican Lobo .-------- 113
Richardson's Ground. 325 | Tuft-eared Squirrel-..-------- abr Prairies} <cusascoeeeee 113
Rocky Mountain Flying 289 We Red cus2ees2ese~secene 113
Severn River Se 288 SUP sepia nts ich age 319 Wiolvenne =n sas ae ses 181
Small Mountain Gray. 272 Wood"Cartbou_-- == 5-5. -ee 633
Sonora Ground ....-- 321 Ve Wioodchuck 222s so 2-2 "=e 339
Southern Fox - -..--- 246 | Varying Hare -.-.--- abby daa wef bry | WoodRat. 2-2 — 2 see 487
Striped ------------- 292 | Virginia Deer ..---------- a= 644 Y “
Striped Prairie---.-.-- 316, Opossum ....------ 232 :
Mexas Pox a2 ssen n= PAL PGs coset la em bd, a9 151,177 | Yellow-cheeked Weasel-.-...- 176
Townsend’sGround.-. 326 footed Marmot-.-.....- 343
Striped-.. 300 W. haired Porcupine------ 569
Tuft-oared:< i224 20 267 | Wandering Mouse......----- 462,459 | Yellow Mole ....-............ 60
BAP eee ee eee eons GbE PP \ Wein oe sae rsee een ae poses - 638
_ Star-nosed Mole_.-.---.----.. 71 || Water Rabbit--s5225-2 2-222. 612 Z.
Striped Dormouse...--------- 292 | Weasel, Bridled ...2-..----.- 3 4) AOR 5 Societe een 197

ALPHABETECAL INDEX.

II. SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES."

A.

Page.
met; Savvis. ~.--22css- 267, 245, 266
acadicus, Meriones-.---.---.-- 430
acrobates, Sciurus ------------ 287
Panleniag ses =As2255 esse tS 7,4
Agoceros (Ovis) montana-_------ 673
Aeneus, Scalops -------- oe 65
agilis, Dipodomys -----~---- 414, 409, 413
Pugtela s2-- 52558. 525 165
Putorins 22S 245225-<: = 164
agrarius, americanus, Mus ----- 459
Miutnere ae sass onese 459

aprestis, Arvicola’-2-==-=-.-- 511,516
Agriodus megalotis ----_.-..-. 141
‘i G(0) een eee Se 436
albigularis, Myodes..--...---. 559
albipes, Sciurus..-.-<.==--=s2- 283
albo-rufescens, Arvicola.....--~--- 549
albus, Canis, (Lupus)-.-------- 104
lease os SOE Rae 5 18 630, 631
Alece americanus....------- 632, 630, 631
Cesena tones eeesekend 631
machli¥es. .<2.sfes2.2u 631
Mipichipya= 4 pease 232 631

MUS WA a4. Soe ees 631

et (Coe a a 631
alexandrinus, Mus.-.--...---- 441
alpina, Arctomys ---------.-- 323
alpinus, Pleromys ---..--------- 289
americana, Antilocapra .666, 625, 667, 669
Antilppe..-ce2sese5 666

Antilope (Rupica-

Pe) aS eeersest 671

Capresso. sesecte:s 671

(0s) ee ae eer me 355

Cervus dama----.... 644

* Chincha........---- 195
Mazama...---.-..-- 671
Mephitisjsa-2i2-2322 195

Wale = a 3 sort 152

Mustela zibellina -..152, 155

Mustela (Mephitis) -. 195

amMinR= S55 55 oie 292

Page.

americana, Taxidea ------------- 202
Mephitis var. hudsoni-

CWLloasseeesa ena 195

Giallie= Se Seon = 323

americanus, Alce ---------- 631, 630, 632

Aplocerus.2222222e-< 671

(BISON aaa = oe 682, 683

BOS nee ae 682

Bos, (Bonasus) ------ 682

Dicranocerus - - - - - - - - 666

IDipussos— ose — 430

Abvavtlh oe eee 55 430

i) 579,576, 597, 599

Meles...- 33332222. 202, 204

Meriones ----------- 430

Music ss eee = 439

Sciurus striatus ----- 292

Oras Se 225, 217

Ursus var. cinnamoneus. 228

Amerikanskt Diur-.---------- 209

a@mmon:, Ovis:.-55-e22e eee 673

amphibia, Arvicola -.--------- 510

Amphisorex seee= son eesera= == 9

lesueril-ea2se2e== = 27

palustris...------- 55

angusticeps, Blarina ------------ 47,10

{si Ott Cae ee = 54 329, 350

brachyura ~.-------- 335, 348

Mla) eos sc eee 353

Anoplotheridae -.-. ----.----- 626

ASTON eee = = cee ees 36

carolinensis, Sorex_----- 45,46

annulatus, Spermophilus ------ 327

anteflexa, Antilope ----------- 666

anthophilus, Saccomys -------- 405

AniOCApTO <n oe come = oe 665, 664

americana -.666, 625, 667, 669

palmata ..-2==-2-.- 666

Antilope americana ---.-- ~-.- 666

janipern ..oeeeae see 671

anteflexa)..2-...==-c¢ 666

(Aplocerus) lanigera_.. 671

(Dicranoceros) furcifer. 666

Page.
Antilope (Dicranoceros) palmata 666
PUNCHEL tee eter rs 666
(Haplocerus) lanigera. 671
lanipera ~.=-s-+ ----- 671
palmate 22--—- s--.--~ 666
(Rupicapra) americana. 671
Antilopinae_--.-.-.---------- 664
apella, Arvicola _-=- ---==-=--= 549, 544
CA DLOCERUS totale = ale ta 671, 664
americanus-.-.-------- 671
montanus === o22e----= 671
Aplodontia - ------------------ 350
LEDOR STD ama eee ee 353
Apluodontia -----.----------- 350
aquaticus, Lepus ..-------- 621,574, 577
Se nee eae 60, 63
BOE S222 ee eo 60
SIcuenk,, Glo —---=———==—= == 181
PepusS-——neeee ee 577
Warandus*sas eee =e 634
ATCLOMYINats wae = ee eee 242
PATTY Sa ee 338
Spa) Aree eee 323
brachyura 4===-22-——= 335, 347
caligatnb = ~-5~— eee ea 345

citillus specimina camt-
schatica-22-->-=s-= 323
columbianus .-------- 335, 348
CULpCita nese see tetas 339
Jlaviventer ----.-------- 343
franksliniie==2-—e2ess2 = 8314
SUSOR eee === eee 331
hoodit=222220s0-0-2. 316
|stransss2s- eee ne = oot
lewisit === ps es seer ae 347
ludovicianus .-..------ 331
marmota canadensis --. 339
melanopus - ------ ---- 339
missouriensis - -------- 331
MOM 22 ee oa a 339, 345
okanaganus-..-.----.- 345
PALLY =e == anes 323
PTUNOIUS «a aces connate 345

? The names adopted are given in italic, the others are synonyms. The first reference to italicised names is that of the page where the name

is used as a heading.

91 L

722 SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC
Page. - Page.
Arctomys richardsonii.-....--- 325 | Arvicola Hemiotomys (A.)..---.- 515
AUC Dy Se 353 (Hesperomys) campestris 485
Rip ate sane 345 (Hesperomys)sonoriensis 474
(Spermophilus) beech- (Hesperomys) texana... 464

Syl See eee ae 307 far niiae= = S= aoe 550, 502, 503 |
(Spermophilus) dou- hortensis --.----- 502, 503, 553
Glassic-oss2=—---— 309 TEPULUCUR oe ee ee ea 550
(Spermophilus) gutta- (Hypudaeus) gapperi ..--518, 521
VOSS ooee == ae aan, 326 kennicottii See = 547
(Spermophilus) later- TST 1 ape ee Se 550
Asean ee ae 312 longirostris....-------- 530,516
(Spermophilus) par- SNOUES ns amo 5 ae 535, 516
Neeser s- a SSe 323 yaonlana ss nates ess ~~ 528, 516
tridecem-lineatus_-.. 316 ASU non eee oe 550,553
arctos, Ursus ---217, 219, 221, 223, 229 noveboracensis ------- 550, 551
argentatus, Canis fulvus ------ 124 UE Te 2S = 467, 553
PS COLON pe a nas 63 occidentalis...----- 534, 516, 551
UTE ieee oe 124 ochrogaster ....--------- 551
Vulpes fulvus_------ 124 PNG) aa ee ee 551
armillata, Felis ...... ---..=.. 87 crepphae =~ eeeee = = = 516
artemisiacus, Lepus ----------- 602 Ory ZiNOta--=— eee - 482,553
artemisia, Lepus -...------ 602, 603, 617 palustris - ------.----.. 522
artemisiae, Lepus..---------- 574, 576 Pedomys (C.)---------- 517
arvalis, Arvicola - ------------ 510 (Pedomys) austera ~---.-- 639
Arvicola ...--.-- 509, 482, 507,508,513 (Pedomys) cinnamonea_--- 541
G2TESMS seen ease ess 511,516 (Pedomys) haydenii ....-- 543
albo-rufescens..--..----- 549 pennsylvanica_--.----- 522
amphibia -...--------- 510 pinetorum'—-_-..s2<=- 526,544
Riis aS see Sas 549, 544 Pitymys (D.)-------.-- 517
SEVENS oo cece cee 510,513 (Pitymys) pinetorum - ---- 544
DR CWETS nm pe tonne 525,516 richardsonii ...-------- 551, 553
NIRS es ee I 549, 553 TAPE aan ete ae 522,516
eahforvicd <= .--—==\===- 532, 516 riparia longipilis..---- 516, 524
CAM PCSWIS amare tas ae 553 PEAT AUS ea ae -513, 551
Chilotus (B.).--.------ 516 rubricata -..-. ~ Sg cee 553
(Chilotus) oregoni-..-~--- 537 PUDTACOLUA) teen woe 551
OLN Toe EE A, SER RLS 518, 549 MU ESEDE ae ace ates 552
drummondii ....-------- 550 rufidorsum....---- 526,516, 551
CL ee ee a a 531,516 rutila zest. casesle se 521
Emmons -—s.cseb = 459 aay. — See See ee 552
ferrugineus -..--. 502, 503, 553 scalopsoides..--------- 544
OTIGANG ow 2 a= ae 487 sonoriensis - ---------- 553
LCL Sepa et 2 521, 518, 549 ROXaN A oo ese i ee 553
eT oe oe re 613 vetiihates =< s2S2es 552, 504, 553
(Georychus) groenlandi- townsendii ......------ 527,516
Ch ae ea 558 trowbridgii -....----.- 529
(Georychus) helvolus-.. 559 zanthognatus ..--.----- 552, 553
(Georychus) hudsonia-. 558 | Arvicolinae .....------------- 507, 427
glareola -2 none omeiraw = 6510 | Ascomys =~o-2-et--52s-2-2-.- 368
(Georychus) trimucron- borealis ~............ 396
BAGS no pet mete ea er 559 DUTSAE S cat oan an 372

NAMES.
Page.
Ascomys canadensis---.------- 372
douglassii ..--.------ 394
mexicanus ...- ------ 387
talpoides/=2=2e = sere 403
townsendii -..- -.---- 396
UMbYINUsss=.=5aoee== 399
Astroniycter 22222482242eeee 71
asaig, Basar so2 ee 147
ater, Canis (Lupus)...--------- 113
ater, Canis occidentalis var-------- 113
audubonti, Lepus ....-- 608, 576, 594, 607
Sciurus=-<-S-22- eee 251
auritus’ Cervusissss Soe eee ee 656
aureolus, Hesperomys-.------. 467
Mus (Calomys)------- 467
aureogaster, Sciurus ..---- ------ 282
austerus, Hesperomys -- - - -- 466,458, 465
austera, (Pedomys) Arvicola------- 539
B.

bachmani, Lepus.. 606, 574, 576, 584, 604
aurds, Mis=—-== 2a eee 476
Biearis: 222552252222 147
Cstul es eee 147

beecheyi, Arctomys (Spermophi- ~
lus) = - 22S Sa 307
Otospermophilus ---.- 307
Spermophilus 307, 281, 305, 390
belcheri, Sciurus_-..--------- 275, 277
bennettii, Lepus--.---- 22-2222 594
berlandieri, Blarina ------ ------ 53,10
Sigmodon .---------504, 552
Toxidea 22 —ae= nee 205, 204
Biclavicnlalta=qccoc-ese=== eee 621
bicolor, Mephitis.....--.-------- 197
Bison americanus------------ 682, 683
Blas. oe Se 36,9, 10
angusticeps .-.---------- 47,10
berlanther =.=. See = 53,10
brevicauda =2.<- LSE = 42,10
carolinensis... 5 -=<=-- 45,10
CNET EE. 5 co oc SO 48,10
ealipes |. caesar 51,10
talpoides ===> eee ee 37,10
boccamela, Putorius ---------- 165
(Bonasus) americanus, Bos --... 682
Bootherium----..--.-SSess.-- 681
borealis, Arvicola ..----------- 549, 553
Astanys =2S-26-—e-4=-—- 396
Helis So saeco ee eee mn 99
396

Geomyss-=-25--S- ees

‘ SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC
Page. - Page.
bérealis;Gulo...- 5. sects. 181 | californicus, Hesperomys ..--478, 459, 471
Lepusssss<anaeeedccs 579 Lepus.594, 573, 576, 590, 591
Diynens: 2 asa eeaesd 99 100. 186
Pseudostoma--._----- 396 (Macroxus) Sciurus-. 307
Thomomys.------ 396, 388, 395 MUG e a oan os 478
D0 SS ee eee aes 682, 664 Scalope. So oe os 65, 67
CRETICIBUA). «= 2 se = 682 BAUR nnn oe mas 282
(Bonasus) americanus. _...- 682 | caligatus, Arctomys-.-.-.----- 345
BRORGH iii oo 680 | callotis, Lepus .....- eee 590, 573, 576
(Ovibos) moschatus.._..__- GRU CAUDNEY RS 6 ee 447, 453, 454
bottae, Oryctomys (Saccophorus) 389 aureolus, Mus -.--...- 467
Sregyg- 22... sone 281,307 | Camelops kansanus--...---.--- 628
Thomomys ......--.-.. 389 | campestris, Arvicola-...---..- 553

Do aii <a ep eae 664 Arvicola (Hespero-
boylii, Hesperomys.....-..----- 471, 459 mys) ----=--<25 485
Beichveorexys2 2 = 5) oe 36 Hesperomys--.---- 485,553
brevicaudus_.--..- 37 057) ee 585, 576, 586
harlani, Sorex____- 56 Mugs = — 2. ote 485
brachyura, TTT 6 eee a 335,348 | camtschatica, Arctomys-------- 323
Arctomys.-....... 357347 || Campsiuring ~—— -- 2 241
brasiliensis, Lutra ......-_____ 184 | canadensis, Ascomys ---------- 372
Muastels 5-2 soi 173 (OT AS Sea ae ae 355
brevicauda, Blarina......--..._- 42,10 Cru vcncsaeie 638, 639, 641
Brachysorez -..-..--- 37 Cervus elaphus -.--..- 638
‘ PTE ca a 37, 42, 43, 44 Dipus saan ee 430
breviceps, Didelphys __..__._-- 233 Feligi<-eas5s0525—=) 99
Geonis a So sos oc " 378 Geomypryaaes cea 5 372
breweri Arvicola _....-....---- 525, 516 Gerbillus -.------ 430, 468
Scalops (Scapanus) ....--- 68 Glide eee ee 339
buffoni, Erethizon __..._-______ 569 Lataxina mollis-... 184
bulbivorum, Diplostoma ..___- 389, 390 ID REE 0 = 184, 188
Pseudostoma -___- 389 Lutra vulgaris ----. 184
bulbivorus, Geomys...-..__-_- 389 UL RSC COS Oe ete 99, 89
Thomomys- -388, 389, 400, marmota Arctomys- 339
401 Mustela var. vison-. 177
bursarius, Ascomys ___._____.- 372 Mustelay<_.~.+ => 149
Grlectus: =~... 372 Scalopsi-scigqne<s== 60, 65
Geomyste isn ceouceese 372 Wiverza 52 -. = 149
IT a Ee 372 | cancrivorus, Procyon ---- ----- 214
Pseudostoma__._.._- 372 | candescens, Ursus -...-.-.. Te 1
Saccophorus ...----- 379)|| Cadac 22. -2-. = ----- 25-2 =. 102, 216
Cons) =a ee 104
C. cinereo-argentatus --133, 138, 141
CAppMb) Melis en fa8 oo ee 88 COVBEO 25505 - ~ enter ae 135
cajottis, Lyciscus .....__...... 113 gecnssatis!- =.= sae 124
californiana, Ovis............- 674 HVPLWAIS = So oe eee pcan a oe 123
californianus, Ovis........---- 674 fulvus var. 6 decussatus-. 124
californica, Arvicola ...-...---- 516,532 fulvus var. y argentatus-. 124
Didelphys ..-..----- 233, 232 PIStON as a aa 113, 115, 117, 118
ET SOE 187 GYISCUS sah os oases 138
Ong aan eg 674 Sietist se - ooo sa oo once 137

NAMES. 723

P Page.

Canis latrans .......------ 113,115, 119

lasopine =< saa ee LON

Ipuslse ee oat a 113

(Eupus) albus--...5-.2..- 104

(Lupus) ater: ==.2-5 aos 113

(Lupus) griseus---.-----.. 104
(Lupus) occidentalis var.

@QISeURy . 2 => eee 104
lycaon’s----=,=---=sseee- 113
magellanions <— a2 = comes 114
MUSAlOUR ie = seg eo ee 141
MEXICANUS S20 = sae 109
MCR ORS hoes 133
mpibilus.- - = 4 << 25- =n ae 111
occidentalis <=5..--.. -- 4 104, 109
occidentalis var. aler_.-.----- 113
occidentalis var. griseo-albus.. 104
occidentalis var, mexicanus..- 113
occidentalis var. nubilus -..-. 111
occidentalis var. rufus..----- 113
@ChYOpUS | 22—=——/=- 22 ene ee 113
Yarlabilis.-—.--.-<- 2-5. 105, 110
Welox 2.26 ohn oo se, 133, 136
ViT SiN anOs eee eee eee 138
(Vulpes) cinereo-argentatus 133
(Vulpes) lagopus_-------- 137
vulpes var. dpennsylvanicus 124
(Vulpes) virginianus--.-- 138, 141

(Vulpes) vulgaris, var. ful-

VOR = a = oo nm oe 124

Pt Se EOE Be cee 102
capistratus, Sciurus --------.-. 246
Caprajaee ahaa seca ga cee eceo 664

a@mericana (oon. 2 - eae 671
columbiana-....----.... 671
montana --.--- Sa aeee 671, 673
(Cariacus) lewisii, Cervus------. 659
virginianus,Cervus-.. 644

caribou, Cervus tarandus---...- 633
JET ope eecae ese 633, 634
COONWOT G o- wareeeeeeias Ss 78
carolinensis, Blarina ...--------- 45,10
Hesperomys ------- 452

WO Se eoecoS ee ae 452
Reithrodon -------- 452

Sciurus... 263, 245, 256, 257

Borex s-<o5-- top 37,45, 46

carolinus, Sciurus ....---.... =) 269
castanops, Geomys -------------- 384
Pseudostoma ~--.-... 384

castanatotus, Sciurus .....------ 266, 245

*

Page.
Chilo Beet ee 355
americanus ------ ------ 355
canadensis ..---- -------- 355
1H Te ay ee eo i 355
zibethicus:< —--=s--5=-55 561
Castorinae 22 2sccccciece se esse 350
Castoroides2 = . SaaS S88 363
ohioensis-2222-------- 363
catenata, Felis-s22->-.22:--2.- 87
cauda elongata, Ursus _--- ~--- 209
Cavise .sossr2r.2ses25 Fe 2Uc 618
CaviCOrNia <2 24258 sors EEE. 664
Caviinae 222 -~sewe soe 22228 565
Cercolabinae.s 32205 566, 567
Céntetions 4 ==2+s22222-222e 6
Corvidae sare 8 SSS 629
cervina, Ovis' .25<<2--22 4 acai wel Let
Creinde ss 630
Cos. 270 OR 630, 637
sleés: <2 St ee 631
auritugsssccces ase S922 656
canadensis.-.------ 638, 639, 641
(Cariacus) lewisii -.----- 659
(Cariacus) macrotis.-... 656
(Cariacus) punctulatus. 659, 663
(Cariacus) virginianus--. 644
columbianus....--.----- 659, 660
dama americana----...- 644
elaphus canadensis --- ~~~ 638
hamatusoo-as tee be 666
hastalis 2s seo oaesee 633
hippelaphus --.-------- 642
leuCurus coos =- 649, 651, 652
lewisii -2-cs2en SOREL 659, 663
lobatns 2e 2 Se 631
macrolis...=..---- 656, 657, 569

macrotis, var. columbi-
anus! 3222 See eee 659
macrourus. ....-...-.-.. 649
MIAjOLS ssa eee eee 638
(Mazama) leucurus.--.-- 649
(Mazama) mexicanus.... 653
(Mazama) virginianus-.. 643
MeXICANUS ----- ~~~ 653, 648, 652
occidentalis. ..-....___- 638
ONPNALE es .o2SOSees . 631
richardsonii - -----..... 659
strongyloceros -......- 638, 644
taranduscaribou.....--. 633
tarandus groenlandicus.. 634
tarandus sylvestris... ... 633

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC

Cervus tarandus (Tuktu)...---- 634
tarandus var. d. arctica. 634
virginianus- ~--- 643, 638, 644, 648
wapitlis 25 2 eeessze 638

Cétates 22ssocsre see eS 1

Cheiropterass<o5 5522222522355 1

Chilotus 2225 -322224-- Saeeeese 516

Chincha americana ----.------ 195

chinche, Mephitis .--.-------- 195

Chinchillinae yo s2s- s2sresesoee 565

chinga, Mephitis....-----.--- 195, 197

Chtonoergus!as2255223 225828 427

cicognanii, Mustela__-....--- 161, 162

Putorws 2523200 = = 161,159

cinerea, Blarina-s-20---.-.----- 48,10
2 Nestomane 8852292 499, 486, 487

cinereo-argentatus, Canis-133, 138, 141

cinereus, Mus_ oon. ees = 499

cinereus, Sciurus ..------- 248, 245, 256

Sorex ccsden res lss5 48
Disus...=- sere. 2s 219

cinnamonea, Arvicola (Pedomys)--. 541

cinnamoneus, Ursus americanus. 228

Citilli americani_---.-..------- 323

Crtihtus . sosssesse2s Beis. 304

mexicanus==-s=8252=<- 319
specimina camtschatica,
Arctomys = ---.---- 323
darkti, Geomys-=-~ === dan == = 383 |
Sciurust=oot 3 Misate$ 2: 279, 328 |
Spermophilus ---------- 328

cognatus, Hesperomys .---- ----- "469, 458

colliaet, Sciurus ssss22s=:2225- == 280

Colobotigss ass 2s Sete. = 304

columbiana, Capra___--------- 671

columbianus, Arctomys- ------ 335, 348

Certs see 659, 660
Cervus macrotis. 659 |

Poncoldn, elias =. <== Sane ee 83, 88

Conepatustesss-=-2=2< 222 192

Condylura ~s22ssss2sesose se 71

crisala ==s2se esse kt 71
longicaudata_--.----. 72
macroura = -----.---- 72,73
prasinatar: = === 22°22 72

coopert, Soretasecscsaconecee 27,10
Synaptomys ASE Ronee 558
amiga secee 2 ose Aer 300

corsac, 'Cantss. doe oe 2 135

Corsira (Blarina) talpoides_...-- 37

forsterlseessoss-2 Se 22

NAMES,

Page.
Corsira temlyas......-.-.----- 7
iropicalisiesesoaeesase 7
couchit, Spermophilus..--------- 311, 306
coypus, Myopotamus--.-..----- 561
Cricetodipusyl_..- ==292se8es 416,418
fe MlavUs.<<ss—ecenae 418
parvus ..----417, 418, 425
Cricetomys.... 252225228 Jee 436
Cricetus .s<2254222ss9s5ceesee 436
bursatiusse ic Sessa ae2 372
Myoidesssa+ SSSSeEE 472
talpoides-_---- osteuee 403
cristata, Condylura..------------ 71
cristatus, Rhinaster-.....----- 71
SorexXws .anion—stew eee 71
Crocidura_ 5.52406 he 9
Crossopusi===.555-2eee eee 8,11
palustris¢=-s=-425_—— 55
Cry ptotisi.22. 2s. e see 36
Cuniculus groenlandicus__----- 558
cunicularius, Lepus ------------ 617, 573
Cpnomys: = sone =< 2 == tee 329
prises... eee 331
gunnisonit ------------- 335
ludovicianus.------+----- 331
socialis...--.2e5:33532u 331

‘Dp:
dama americana, Cervus------. 644
Dasyproctinae-_-.-.-- s2=eeee= 566
Danis ferdx.2=. ~--e=Saseee ees 219
Diayppus. .. 22-= jess 2e ene wee 623
hy bridus,=.- 9sass22--= 624
longicaudatus -~------- 623
novem-cinclis.--------- 623, 621
octo-cinctus --------- 623, 624
pelia..----. 23eee-es 623
septem-cinctus-------- 624
ULOCANAS Ss 5 -=-.— nee 624
decumanus, Mus---436, 438, 483, 488, 496
decussatus, Canis -.----------- 124
Canis futvus .------ 124
Vulpes .22:-scse24e 124
Vulpes fulvus ------ 124
dekayi, Arvicola ..--.--------- 549, 518
SoreX-sausecne state eee 37
Dendromys ro sssscuos see eee 436
Dermoptera..==--=----------- 4
desmarestiana, Heteromys - --- - 405
Ditghyjles 2590s atk ea ee 627
lorqualtitizacccaae ste 627

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Page.

Dicranoceros)-S22=)..assteen 665

americanus. ------ 666

faroifersvess=eus 666

palmata -.--.---- 666

Diddpliidaten anna 224 252=— 231

WidAphiefai a are 2s SSS 232

Dieviceps.s-2-<1-222= 233

californica) «=. ssssse~ 233, 232

marsupialis -..-..--.. 232

pruinosa_.-.--------- 233

. virginiand ....-------- 232

Digitigmdas=.....-.=8-Wass-- 78

dimidiatus, Sciurus ------------- 283

Mipdinad 825... eesti. 428, 427

DAES acacia naa co ease 406, 405

(ie ees 414, 409, 413

heenmanil: - asses. 415

OA) 533 410, 408, 415

phillipii -..-412, 409, 414, 415

montanus_..----.--- 410

WAS MOT mmm ai 415

DA AS a ns- teeee = 430

americanns,....222s=e=. 430

caYindensishe: . nea. 430

hgdsoning; 3-253. .--= 4. 430

Raplestominr sans <eoS ee 368

bulbivorum------- 389, 390

douglassil_ 2s se=.= 389

discolorsMelis,.22.-:22.stetee-= 83
douglassii, Arctomys(Spermophi-

Wyi8) Mee hea es 309

Ascomys...2 3352 vet - 394

Diplostoma.-..----- 389

Geomyee=-haeseosee 376, 394

Otospermophilus---. 309

LeDNR i= <= 607, 612,615

bepus;.Var- = —i= =e 617

Pseudostoma -.----- 394

PLT UE co weno Be 275, 246

Spermophilus 309, 220,306,308
Thomomys ..394, 386, 388, 396

dotsalis, ‘Scinuris sass sos 228 - 267
TOURS os ia td 300
dorsata, Hystrix...---=------- 568
Mazama, . -..-2\sssee2 661, 665
dorsatus, Erethizon.------------ 568, 569
drummondii, Arvicola _...------- 550
Myoxus\..===22saue 499, 500
Neotoma ----. 496,498,499

E.
Mobimyinnee. = desi a 566

Page.
Eehinogaliens: ---=...-..s=--- 6
elas, Arvicolds==--=222---'5-.<- 531,516
Falenide a2 22 2002-22 2 Paes 621,1
Miradientia..-2-. 2/2Se2osses% 621
Claphus. Cervus 2-=-eees———= == 641
canadensis, Cervus---- 638
Bligmodontia ....---.----.--- 454
elongata, Ursus cauda.-------- 209
emmonsii, Arvicola ----------- 459
empetra, Arctomys ----------- 339
WOT ye Se 339
DnY dr Oana ne ee ae 189
MONG == bs aes Ie 189
diy rises nee eee ee a 183
prackhsie= =. soc se ee 189
Marina’ 22 222-2-os2= 189
stelleri 22253-=2==--is. 189
epizanthus, Hrethizon...--------- 569
eremicus, Hesperomys.---------- 479, 459
Prethacon= =F == 52S 2a Be sce n 568
buffoniz===2-S2s=s=.-- 565
doxpatas Sn Sae eho ose 569
dorsiius=2o eee Saas 5 568
epicanthus:s == = San Saes x 569
erminea, Mustela (Putorius)--.164, 169
Putoriusr: s22ssss222 161, 166
Wntyotistss= aaa 435
eversmannii, Spermophilus --.. 324
exilipes, Blarina ..-.----------- 51,10
CURLY HEIRS tama a 88
’ ine
faleiper. Ursus. <= -- = ea 221
fasciatea: Welis=..s=---e 325s 96
FURR LG] (re ee ee 96,89
Perognathus--.--- 420,417,418
TOUTE Aa Se ee ee = eae 80
VC{D BAD. See Oe eee 81
ermillata. =e see se ea 87
borealis 2 99
eacomitl a oe 88
canadensis. = ee 99
catenata.s-e~=—ses=-=———-— 87
(yl) pen en eee ee oe 83,81
discolor) = seeneee = 83
CYT Oe 88
G0) ee eee BE oe ae eee 96
pili eee See 87
maculata... =.o---beose 93
TE XICAN Assign ene 88
mMontanus ——...--ssneaace 90

Page.
Hels 070dee eee aee == ena 86
pantheranss<ss<- oes see 86
WOT dais meme ee ae la et 87
puma -.-~--------------- 83
Tufe) 255- cence cee 90, 93,96
folig.<-6--2ssecaasesmees 90
unicolor.<===c=<s2 S=--se= 88
YAQUATUNEL = <8 a2 ween = 88
ferox, Danis... .--<--cca-seee 219 ©
Ursus, =--- siete secces 219, 225
ferrugineus, Arvicola ~...502, 503, 553
Serruginiventris, Sciurus...-.----- 281
LMM Ope BOOS 560, 507, 508
sibehicus: 4 =<ss=5<2.5anee 561, 235
fiber, Castor Sosa y2a2= Ss -see- 355
Sanbripes Sorex-==- 2-2 +th<5=>25 55, 12
flavescens, ‘Talpacs==-s===2822= 60
flavigularis, Lepuses == s-e ees 590
flaviventer, Arctomys ------------ 343
flaviventris, Mus ..------.---- 441
flavus, Cricetodipus ----.---.-- 418
Perognathus-....-=- -=---- 423
floridana, Arvicola-_..-...__._ 487
Museisscscceeseedouh 487
Neotoma, 487, 486,488,490,492
Pseudostoma _-___---- 380
floridanus, Lemmus -..--.----- 488
Lynxass2 2-520 Sees 90
foina, Mustela <+s=--2202esee 157
forsteri, Corsira,===.~ 228225222 22
Roreti ss ene5s25 53208 22,10, 25
fosor, Sciurus.cossasassssacee 264, 245
franklini, Arctomys----....._- 314
Spermophilus -... ---- 314, 306
Sremontii, Sciurus ..----------- 272, 246
frenata, Mustela...-.02--+-2-- 173
Patosius sos ss22252% 165, 173
Srenatus, Putorius .---.----.--- 173,176
frustror, Canis ~---.- 113,115, 117, 118
fuliginosus, Geomys--------.-- 394
Sciurugi22-922 4 = 257, 261
fulva, Arvicola .........< 518, 521, 549
fulvus, Canissso25<=5.02522+ —- 123
Canis, var. 8 decussatus. 124
Canis, var. y argentatus. 124
Geomys\.2---222-t2 2 402
Thomomys .------- 402, 388, 396
Pseudostoma (Geomys)-. 402
Vulpes*.=-.=28522 123, 124, 130
Vulpes var. argentatus-. 124
Vulpes var. decussatus.. 124

726 SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC

Page
furcifer, Antilocapra ---------- 666
‘Antilope ~.--..5 -asex= 666
Antilope (Dicranoceros) 666
Mazame)-.---s-een=—= 666
fasca; Mustela_.-.------------ 161
Tal pan =< Sosa] =a 60
fuscus, Putorius --.------ === 161
Suscipes, Neotoma -- --- 479, 486, 487, 495

G.

Galechiniens -------- .-------- 5
Galictis)2--~ <= << ~ 2 e emem 148
gambelii, Hesperomys----------- 464, 458
gapperi, Arvicola- -------.---- 513
Arvicola (Hypudaeus) ---518, 521
Geomyinae.------------------ 365, 366
GeOmys ~ <<< en== = == ~ = a == 368
borealis: os ase? ala Ob
breviceps ----- ---------- 378
bulbivorus=--- een 389
iii Meas Cn ee 372
canadensis------------- 372
castanops --------------- 384

Ahi seaear ose ns Se 383
douglasii --.---------- 376, 394
fuliginosus ------------ 394

ni Whee. cose ose 402
hispidus . ---2---------- 386

ANETICO NOS alia ale etre 387
oregonensis - ---------- 373
DINGO a= oan 380
pinelis —--=—--------==-< 380
richardsonii----.-.----- 397
falpoides ~~~ 22.-=<ea-—~ 403
townsendii -..-.-. ----- 396
umbrinus--------- 379, 399, 401
Genuina..--<-------. eno 626
Georychus ------------------- 554
groenlandicus -. ---- 558
helvolus_ -...-.--.- 559
hudsonius-.-------- 558
trimucronatus ------ 559
Gerbillus canadensis - --------- 430, 468
labradorius ...-..---- 430
gibbsii, Urotrichus -------------- 76
gigas, Lupus---------------- 105, 109
glacialis, Lepus -.------------- 577,576
glareola, Arvicola------------- 510
Hypudaeus ---- -.--- 513, 521
Glis canadensis. -...----.----- 339
MONAEesacn co ee cee ae 339

godmani, Mustela

gossypinus, Hesperomys
gracilis, Enhydris-------------

grammurus, Sciurus

griffithi, Felis

grisea, Cynomys

griseo-albus, Canis, var. occidentalis -
griseo-caudatus, Sciurus
griseus, Canis (Lupus)

Cervus tarandus-

Cuniculus.s.te

gunnisoni, Cynomys ------------
guttatus, Arctomys (Spermophi-

halticus, Macrocolus

hamatus, Cervus

lanigera, Antilope--
leporinus= o— pean a=

NAMES.

Page
haydeni, (Pedomys) Arvicola-. ---. 543
fo he Ry oe ne 29,10
heermannii, Dipodomys ---.--- 415
Sciurasieassa-- === 264
helyolus, Arvicola (Georychus). 559
Georychus -. =. 2- =o 559
Hemiotomys ----------------- 515
hernandezii, Procyon ----------- 212, 208
Procyon var. mexicana 215
Hesperomys ------ 453,431, 446, 457, 458
auredlus.....ia2.seeoe 467
austerus.------- 466, 458, 465
boyhts =. eee 471,459
californicus .---- 478, 459,471
campestris -------.- 553, 485
carolinensis_----.--- 452
cognatus.----------- 469,458
CEMILUS on anaes 479,459
gambelii....-------- 464, 458
ossypinus ....------ 469,458
eracilis-—....pa= ee 472,473
humilis.-3-— eee 448
Jecontii,__. 2.253 ee 448

leucopus. --459, 418, 458, 464,
467,470,472, 480, 482

maniculatus -.-459, 461, 462
michiganensis . .--476, 459, 466

myoides -------- 472,459, 462

nuttalli _..--.-- 467, 458, 553
(Onychomys) leucogaster 480, 553

(Oryzomys) palustris - -482, 553

palustris -...-..... 457, 478
polionotus -..-.--.-- 469

sonoriensis . 474, 459, 462, 553
texaleos === === 553

texanus ..---« ae 464, 458
Heteromys ~----------------- 405
desmarestiana ------ 405

hipdsue Wandiaken a= oe 300
hippelaphus, Cervus-.-----...- 642
hirsutus, Arvicola ....---------- 550
hispidum, Pseudostoma(Geomys) 386
hispidus, Arvicola_...-------- 502, 503
Goomys,s.---aaeee—es 386
Perognathus..-------- 421,418

* Sigmodon .---.-- 502, 483, 553
Holochilus-.--.----- 445, 446, 453, 454
hoodii, Arctomys ------------- 316
Spermophilus ----.---- 316

horribilis, Ursus -.219, 217, 223, 225, 229
hortensis, Arvicola ..--..502, 503, 553

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC

Page
Roy, Soren = 22-2223 Seles ed = 32,10
hudsonia, Arvicola (Georychus). 558
hudsoniea; Tmtra‘i255.5-2 22:2 184
Mephitis americana.. 195
hudsonius, Dipus-.----------- 430
Georychus-.--.---.. 558
Piysirix 2 aaa - 569
Vachs iacn is STS 430
Hemmua.a"S2ss25 558
Tepus. so S2eeee se 579
Meriones == 2---/-.2- 430
Mua 24s SS <3 558
Wiycdesi esse == eee 558
Pleromys..--------- 288
Sciurus ..-269 246, 273, 288
humilis, Hesperomys --------- 448
Mune = oa ene 448
Reithrodon....-------- 448
Buco: Mnstely eee ees 152
Wh 2 0 YRS oe 102
hybridus, Dasypus.-..-------- 624
hyemalis, Sciurus._....---... 249
hypoleucus, Arvicola ...--------- 550
Hypudaeus -~----.-. 550
hypopyrrhus, Sciurus .---------- 282
Hypudaeus ---....-.- 510, 513, 514, 515
plarevla —....~-2.:4 513, 521
gossypinus .------- 469
hypoleucus.-------- 550
leucogaster ---457, 480, 553
noveboracensis - ---- 650
rubidass 2. = 222482 513
LCA | a ee ae 613
muitos)... soeseee 551
Hijatricidae ._.-.---- 2222 565, 236, 239
Mestiremaes; === 2-5. .2fee 566
Hystrix dorsata -.....--.-.2:- 568
hudsonins=_~.- sace 569
pilomnssseu. 5. 22k oss 569
lis
inftiscatus,, Ming) =.= 222225. 2. 441
ne COUOL EET a= <a sa eee ae 4
interrupta, Mephitis --...__-- 197,198
ina.tis, Caniso“iss25 sels “ 137
Ixalus probaton - -..---..---- 666
J.
gerpbiac,, Mugs... --2e-sboe 436
SU NO Ee Sos oe = te 429,428
americanus --.-..------ 430

Page.

Jaculus hudsonius.....-.....---- 430

labradonius S-- <2 oe 429,430

jeffersonii, Meles.............. 202
KS

Rohe, Putoriss ee. ees see. 172

kansanus, Camelops----------- 628

kennicottii, Arvicola-..-... ane 1047
L.

labradoria, Arvicola ..-.--..---- 550

Txides-- 22225. = 202, 205

Meles*s-2s-2=3 202, 204, 205

Gerbils sae aso 430

URCULGNS eee Sanne: 429, 430

Meriones . --=2t)-42~< 430

Mug’ 223 2222-2 sees 430

MANUS reese aa 202

UTSUS) e223 a Sastee 202

CACTI Seana a pene ee 618

TINGED S a wan = aes 619

Ipzopus; Canis>.- 2. =. .c sees 137

Canis (Vulpes)---.---- 137

Vulpes ...--.---- 137, 129, 135

lagurus, Myodes-=-..-====---- 559

langsdorffii, Sciurus..-...-------- 283

lanigera, Antilope -_-.-..-.--. 671

Antilope (Aplocerus)-- 671

Antilope (Haplocerus). 671

lanigerus, Scwrus. << --s—5 05sec 280, 279

lanuginosus, Sciurus -----..--- 273

Latax marina .....----------- 189

lataxina, Lutra......----=.-- 184, 186

mollis, Lutra. .~-2<2-= 184

lateralis, Otospermophilus ---.- 312

Sciunusia-see See eees - 312

Spermophilus _--- --.- 312, 306

laticeps, Thomomys.------------ 392, 388

latimanus, Scalops..--..-------- 65

latrans, Arctomys ~.-.-.-...__ 331

Canis namna Bee Sas ee 113, 115

lecontii, Hesperomys_--..- Pea aS

Mus... 50chtstoa—... 448

Reithrodon --.-=-.... 448

Lemmus floridanus.-..---.-.-- 488

hudsonius -------.--. 588

ungulatus -.-_....... 558

zibethicus --.-------- 561

Genimins:, Mise ee Sees ek 510

Myodes...22sei< 2253 554, 559

lenensis; “Mus! .. == sss2s ecb 558

NAMES. 727
Page.

Meporidas leo aocee ask eee 572, 236, 238
leporina, Aplodontia --........ 353
leporinus, Haplodon ----__ ~_.- 353
Seiuirts canned 281, 264, 279

lesuerii, Amphisorex..-.--.-.. 27
BOPeX csscos wee tee eee 27

DPUR Soa ao am SESS Se See eee 573
AQUANCUS eee ene S 612,574,577
americanus ....-- 579, 576, 597, 599
arcticug) Los... See aeeee o 577
arbemisia ni. ceed wn 617
artemisiacus....---...-.. 602
artemisiae .... -- 602, 574, 576, 603
audubonii .-.---- 608, 574,576, 607
bachmani...606, 574, 576, 584, 604
bennettit << cw sastenece 594
boreajis :2ectule<eeee 579

* californicus, 594,573, 576, 590, 591
COONS nce Bt eee ae 590, 573, 576
campestris... -==- == 585, 576, 586
cuniculas. <2. eee ae 573
CUNICULETUUS:.5 oe Bese @ 617
douglassii - ---.-... 607, 612, 615
douglassii var. 1.--.....- 617
Havigniaris 7c -<cec=soes= 590
Glacialis: won nccsener 205 576,577
hudsonius 22a ee 579
(Lagomys) princeps -..... 619
NANUS. Wceewcensecn 579, 582, 597
nigricaudatus --.---.-.-. 590
NUUAN So ace oe 617, 602, 604
palustris = 222 ccee 615, 574, 577,
richardsonii..2-.s..-2... 594
sylvaticus. ..597, 574, 576, 582, 603
letianus 2s Sen oe =o. 617,590
timidus,.soso5.----=-.. 577
townsendil.JL22L2..._- 585, 586
trowbridgii....------ 610, 574, 576
Variabilisc<<<exeees U2) 578
variabilis, var. virginanus. 579
virginianus ~...579, 585, 586, 587
washinglonii-......--.--- 583, 576

leucogaster, Hesperomys (Onychomys)480, 553
Hypudaeus ---- 457, 480, 553

Mus) S5osuc 22 eekuee 436,442

DOURUS- snc st eetes 282

leucopus, Hesperomys..459, 418, 458, 464,
467,470, 472, 480, 482

Mus... sce sce 205 459,472,474
Museulus. + <<sseees 459

Mustela :cceecidaes 152

728

Page.
leuconota, Mephitis.---------- 192
(Thiosmus,) Mephitis... 200
Jeucotis, Sciurus__...-..->-=- 257
leucurus, Cervus..--------- 649. 651, 652
tans, Arcomys =. -====1222-2-~ 347
Cervus = 22-52 -- 659, 663
Cervus (Cariacus) ------- 659
Sciuris see. e- =e 251
limitis, Sciurus ------- 256, 245, 251, 286
littoralis, (Urocyon,) Vulpes. .----- 143
Wolpessee see ee 102
lobstag, Cervus th. * Sess ee 631
longicauda, Mustela --.------- 169
PULOT IIS oie oa 169
Reithrodon ..--.----- 451
Talpa i= =~ = Seseeee 71,72
longicaudata, Condylura --..-- 72
Rhinaster_.-..-- "72
longicaudatus, Dasypus-------- 623
longipilis, Arvicola riparia----- 506, 524
Jongipes, Mus-— 2s. -o22-4esee 430
longirostris, Arvicola....------- 530, 516
BOLEX Seeman 30
Hotor:Meles.-< 2. s- stk te ae 209
PrOCyON oa = os eae 209, 208
JOTsUs — 52 2s-555-ceeeese 209
ludovicianus, Arctomys--.---.- 331
Cynomy saan sae e a 331
Muss 22s seeabeke 372
Scie aaen see 251, 245
Spermophilus ~---315, 331
Taipinie es § eee ae 103
Lupus (Canis) albus...-------- 104
eter haf. eee Re 113
occidentalis, var.
griseus....--- 104
erigeus, 28 eo.-=- 104
pipas 2 eS aebeteebker 105
kpecus, ‘Gulo--=-----.-ssseeeen 181
Melés saonacso edie 181
is 2-3... ose Ree 181, 182
LD 0 Ee, ne Se 184, 183
BIaMMENSIS See 184
CU ORC ia = ates ae timo 187
californicus\-.-=..--22- = 186
Canddenne = = ee SES. < 184, 188
canadensis, var. Lataxina
motive = see eae 184
udsonica SS.=s-c=- ae eee 184
lataxina- .25-~seneceene= 184
lutrig..- -2 2225 5-s%eeuee~ 189

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC
Page.

ihvtra marina...------ seek 189
WISOR Laces sees = belie
Vulgaris... 2 Bes 186
vulgaris var. canadensis-.. 184
lutreocephala, Mustela -----.-.- 177
lutreola, Mustela __...----.-- 177,178
(Lutreola,) vison, Mustela_-..-- 177
Dhetrinde sss5555<5 25.533 5258 183, 148
lutris, utras-s-<seoees cose 189
Wiustelata. = eee cee aa 189

Phoca s==+ <= 32S22u5 252 189
Tiycalopex e225. -= 225224. 103, 104
iby caon'canise!—-.-2.22Lseee-- 113
hyciscus:cajottis. == S2s2- 252.2. 113
Iyncus.--- ee ee Sees 89
boreslis' So. Fete seas 99

rufus .2.=s-seeu SSeS. 2- 90

LLY (OBE Ro Se eS So SE 89, 90
CONGAENHS Secu eee Ree ees 99,88
Fascalus:s «accent tutes 96,89
floridanus!ss<ss= + 5552-22 = 90
MACHaNis saaaa> eee SS ae e 89
montanus) -sosse2-2se==—= 90
TUB Beds = sce Soe c eee ae = 90,89

var maculatus -.------- 93

lysteri, Sciuruss=5<2s822s5-=0- 292
Tamias..<.-ch0-s26=23 292

M.

Machairodus=—=-.-25-=esee-— 80
machlis; Alces!=.- 2223552 285 631
Macrocolugins-e<s-cs=--seeae 406, 409
halticusy=sosseeee= 409, 412
Macroscelides’= =s=0 2-. 22se5-. 7
macrotis, Cervus.-.-------- 656, 657, 659
Cervus (Cariacus) ----- 656
macroura, Condylura -..-.---- 72,73
Mephitis .....------ 200, 193
Rhinaster/3.2223=--= 72

SQUnvs|~- sea seaee = 251
macrourus, Cervus...--------- 649
Otospermophilus --. 327

Beturns- 22 = -=a8 251
Spermophilus -..--. 327

Vilges. -—Seeen eee 130

maculata, Welis,;--.----=-fos.- 93
maculatus, Lynx .---.-------. 89
Tynx rufus, var..---- 93

Macroxus californicus..------- 307.
magellanicus, Canis...-.------ 114
magister, Neotoma .....---.- 486,498

NAMES.

: Page.
magnicaudatus, Sciurus-.--..-- 251
major, Ceryuss22=) Seee ee 638
Malacothrix J... -cevb fae 435
malchis, Alees*+. 5.82 seeeesee} 631
maniculatus, Hesperomys.459, 461, 462
marina, Enhydra ....---------- 189

Hnhydris'= = 356s soe 189

hutra <3 cS Sees 189
marinus, Ursts. 2 Ssseeeseee = = 229
martimus, Ursusc=-=--seeneose 229, 223
marmota canadensis, Arctomys- 339
Marmota quebekana -...-.---- 339
Marputius -=2.--=-s2sese-ee = 192
Marsupialia_...--------.. =a 1
marsupialis, Didelphys -------- 232
MOT Sunda = wae ee 230
martes,. Mustela. ..----- 22222 152, 156

vison, Mustela -------- 177
Martina Jo 02 Sa ces secen eee 148
Mazamasioncesesee 2 eee ee 665, 671

americana <-=ss2eo2-s5 671

leucurus, Cervus --.--- 649

virginianus,Cervus ---. 643

dorsata_. 22sace seen 665, 671

faxcifer_ 2 ~-25225-2ae 666
RELICea is ca <2 seco ee cee 665, 671
UST i 665
megalotis, Agriodus.....------ 141
Caniseeseeoceeeeee 141
Reithrodon ...------- 451
melanopus, Arctomys ~-.-..--- 339
melanorhyncha, Mustela --.... 149
Moles - 2222 ---—=<—-—eee 201
americanus ---seeseeea 202, 204
jeffersonil,-- === 22- soe "202
labradoria ~~... ---- 202, 204, 205
lotor..~=.<25-5 eee 209
IUECUS (= =~s==5==e =e 181
taxus var. 8 americanus... 202
Te ee tt ee et te 190, 148
mephitica, Mephitis .----.------- 195
Wiverra ae 195
DOD ee eee 191
americana =. 25 ssc—~"e= 195
americana, Mustela---.. 195
americana var. hudson-
Bay eee a Sn 195
ticle see eee ae 197
qhinche,--- 5. assesses 195
china... -seeeee 195, 197
interrupta -s-eeeeeene 197,198

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC

Mephitis leuconota_--.-------
MILES OUL = ae ame 200
mephilica-— «=== ===
mésomelas ..-..-.--=< 199
mexicana....---...-.
Th (Oe oe
TRASH GA = a ee
occidentalis .-..------
(Thiosmus) leuconota - - -

mesoleuca..-

VOTING ts hes eee es os 193
(IATL Ren te SI ES

BAS ya ees eh pears 197

WEENION CRS a enetes an 429
CROCUS a ane tm SS
americanus-_--------.
hudsonitis= =~. <2. 2---
labradorios-—.24-..>

microcephalus -..--. 430

Mexiomdes,——- s-----5----5

mesoleuca, Mephitis (Thiosmus) ----

mesomelas, Mephitis _-.-------- 199

mexicana, Welis'= -..-=..-.---

Nephitis’=-<s=csaes
Neotoma ....-- 490, 486
STS ef es eae
mexicanus, Ascomys----------
(OPE Spe ee i
Cervus == === =< 653, 648
Cervus (Mazama)- --
Gillns=------=+—-
ROOUBY RY xsi whet am
Otospermophilus- ~~
Pseudostoma (Geo-
TNE) ae eee
Saccophorus-.-----
Se oa ees 319
Spermophilus --319, 306
Wautus|s2sses—— m=
Canis occidentalis, var.
michiganensis, Hesperomys --476, 459
WS) eh Se
microcephalus, Meriones - - --- 430

micropus, Neotoma...-492,486, 487
mucrotus, Canis: ==: 22-2.<5-=
migratorius, Sciurus..--------
minimus, Tamas) £2 =. 2.222.205
minx, Mustela----=>=-=---+-.
missouriensis, Arctomys
SSaeeeeeee 457

modesta, Arvicola.....-.-.-. 516
92 L

, 193
195
, 194
200

192
, 194
200
, 198
, 435
430

435
192
, 194
88
200

86

, 652
653
319

387
, 320
,321

682

113
466

476
, 432
, 490

133

, 480
, 535

Page.
Molin: Latixind= 25205. 2s/22 184
Lutra canadensis, Latax-
bY: ast Sa 184
mollipilosus, Sciurus ----.---- 275
monax, Arctomys ------------- 339, 345
Gliszscssseate ne ose 339
Mus!.25 2425. -425<-~4-- 339
Monotremata.=-.=:-----.<<.. 621
montana, Aegoceros (Ovis) ---- 673
PANIACOUE: Sate epee a 528,516
Oapriitass= seca 671, 673
Ovis..673, 671, 674, 675, 677
montanus, Aplocerus..---------- 671
Dipodomys-_--------- 410
Relies aa aa coe 90
Ry nixiee in toe orn 90
REURTOdO 23 = == 2 oe 449
monticola, Perognathus.-------- 422,418
moschatus, Bos ....=2=-=...-..< 680
, Bos (Ovibos) .---—- 680
Ovioareee 2s ace 680, 681
Multunprila, -<-2 2.22 - oe eae 625
WMuregns 2 25253 socecsacccc 436, 434
I Cit oC ep ee 427, 236, 239
WUrntnne wan aeat eee eee 434, 427, 504
Musics. o2ashassanesee ae ance 436
apTaTlUsysceaeao == ee 459
agrarius americanus ------ 459
alexandrinus! sos] ==-s==-= 441
americanus... =-s.-5— 439, 441
balrdll, (S222 255 s2se5-c= 476
PUrsanluUs! esse. eee = 372
Calitomicns=- 6 s-=- == 478
(Calomys) aureolus-_------ 467
CAMPeSWMSm asa eae soe 4€5
CATOLINENSIS ae = =e oa 452
CIDCNBUN s= ssa ae eer 499
decumanus .-436, 438, 483, 488, 496
e@mpetiar ss 252-=2-- secs 339
AaVviventris)-=-..— —-2---= 441
flOnigainetaas=s2s6---52= 487
groenlandicus -..--.----- 558
hudsonius]-*232--2.-4-—= 558
humilitj-co— ssse= see === 448
INfUSCHtUS so oe ae 441
NACODIA Crate aay as = 436
labradoxius=-----5222--—< 430
lecontiit eS Saeco mean 448
Nepstar ie a 510
Jencopasten—-~ = ----2---— 442
JeOnesisie asa = eee eae 558

NAMES. 729
Page.

‘Mustlongipes,-<--=--"-5--~e8- = 430
lencogasterc== bess. St . 436
leucopus “=sn------ 459,472,474
ludovicianus .-..-. <-...- 372
michiganensis -.....----- 476

missouriensis --.... ----457, 480

monax\225 = Cee 339
nuscilig2 ss 28s 2eeen 443,197,436
nigricans ss 52 o— se 439
noveboracensis ~..--.---- 459
HOTVePICUs S252 So sean 438
palustris 25225222 .%=-2- 482
C061) 2 ae pee EES 439,436, 441
SUCCES 2a ase a eee 372
SeLOsUsiar 2 aoe ee ee 441
sylvaticuss222-2-..- === 459,461
sylvaticus var. novebora-

CONBIB) sone = ae tenes 459
UTM 2 Aran oe 441, 436, 438
torquatus.: 92s "2se0 soe 558
Le 1 Nh a ep St 380
wibethicus 2222-26 =se a= 561

Musculus leucopus ----------- 459
Mus -...-- 443,197, 422, 436
Wustla toc- 22 cose ee a ree 149

DAS lio ee ee tp ete)

QPS! casea ee aoe ee 165

americana “©. os2— esse 152

canadensis 2--= ====-= 149,177

CICORNANIT = sss 2-se= = 161, 162

erminea Sass 2seeoeeee 164, 169

{Olina f22ecee ee ee ee 157

frenataco ese 173

fiscatss2s ee 161

Godman =*24 222 o2e5- 149

gulo! cuca ce sstescee 181

brasiliensis: 222-3 -s2- 173

hurots22 2s sees eae 152

leucopus cecersene seem 152

Yonpicandarss- oo.-ssec— 169

. lutreocephala-_-..------ 177

lotredlatceewccnccstss. 177

(Lutreola) vison. _....-- 1i7

martes)~S2-/ 2.2 eee. 152,156

(Martes) vison--------- 1i7

melanorhyncha ---.---- 149

(Mephitis) americana--. 195

Mae ce ee 1i7

MOTH), > 1) 22 Sone 149

pennantii ---- ---------149, J51

Danie eee weer Y eeee 159

730 SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Page. Page. Page.
Mustela (Putorius) erminea. - - -. 164,169 | Neotoma mexicana..--.---- 490,486,487 |Onychomys_-....------------ 457,458
(Putorius) vison -------- li7 micropus ...-~ 492,486,487, 490 leucogaster, Hesperomys 480
Tichardsonil.-----....-- 164 occidentalis. ------- 496,486,500 jordii, Dipodomys --.------ 410,408,415
TU Aes essen s eee LY) «niger Sciurus oop soe. 246,257,261 joregona, Arvicola ....-.....-- 517
WISOD oe cee ae on 1i7 Ursus, americanus-...-. 226 joregonensis, Geomys --------- 373
UIP AIS Sn ae ee 159, 161 niora, Mustela....--2----5e= 149 Pleromys asa ape 290
VUIPINA os ao ceeeee 152 | nigrescens, Putorius ...-- oseeee 180 —joregoni, Arvicola (Chilotus) ------ 537
WiDIDPUS \--=<— 5/5 Psa rie RWEHITUS = =o eee 280, jorignal, (Cervus —=2- =e 631
xanthogenys ----- foo 2 ) AG oll @mipricank: «Nis sn ee ee 439 jornatus, Ursus....----- capt aes 216
mibelling.. =p amma 152,155,156 | nigricaudatus, Lepus---------- 590) -,\Oryctomys---5-==-— sae 388
zibellina, var. ameri- MAUOT AER, WEA OT SUS = ne te 180, 169 (Saccophorus) bottae. 389
Chane sca ceases 1525155 | nivalis, Poutorius 225. ---.---- 160 —_joryzivora, Arvicola --.------- 482,553
ASTER eee ee Se ee 148° | snivea, Procyon .--2,-------—- 212) sOryZomMys —=- <0 .—--—eee ee 458
mustelinus, Sciurus..----------- 280 snivicola,/Ovis-.-_ epee = 674 palustris, Hesperomys -- 482
MUSWa;, (AICES oa enn neocon ae 631 | norvegicus, Mus -....-----.-- 438 palusitis <= - eee 468
Myocastor zibethicus._.------- 561 | noveboracensis, Arvicola ----- DAL O00. A OUROTCR = — ome 9
Motes em eee onion 554, 507, 508 Hypudaeus--- 550 platyrhinus.---.----- 25
albievlarisia---- sees 558, 559 Mus SS nes. 459 |Otospermophilus --.-.-------- 305
groenlandicus_--------- 558 Putorius .----- 166, 161 beecheyi --.-=- 307
InWMRONUB Sse ee ee 558 | novem-cinctus, Dasypus--------- 623, 621 douglassil ---. 309
demmus=ssee-s>24 554006, 009 | enubilas; Canis 22-0. 22a oe a - 111 lateralis... -- 312
JEN aie p ye ons Senet ge ae 559 Canis var occidentalis-.-- 111 macrourus---- 327
ODENSE soc. cane 559,554,558 | nuttalli, Arvicola _-...------ 467, 553 mexicanus.-.-. 319
schisticolor_------ 554, 556, 559 Hesperomys---- - - 467, 453, 458 Ovibos: = Jo22 322 oe ee 680, 664
torquatus ---.---- 554, 558, 559 Ihepus(aseeooeseeeas 602, 604 MOSChOWUS <= oe = omnes 680, 681
myoides, Cricetus --..-..----- 472 Ovinae 2252 5eseene ae 664
Hesperomys - --- - 472,459, 462 O. Opis 52a Set ee eee 673, 664
Myopotamus coypus -----.---- 561 | obenis, Myodes ..------------- 559,554 J aMmons.2622 -o2225 ese 673
INV OROT CX ees oe as 9) || sobscurus, Procyon 222228 - = 214 californiana 2os2sossseee6 674
my otis, Mephitis---=....-..-- 200 | occidentalis, Arvicola ..---- 534, 516, 551 californianus ---.-------- 674
Me oni Sota sic rae SE 349 CaD1B eee =e 104, 109 californica 22-225 5—-esee— 674
Myoxus drummondii--------- 499, 500 Canis, var. ater------ 113 cervilia 2222s asteceeree G74
Shriatine se task ore ee 292 Canis (Lupus) ------ 104 montana ....673, 671, 674, 675, 677
WiNCINICUS Sense se 349 Canis, var. griseo-albus- 104 nivicola.<ososaP eee 674
AVIV STON WS ee ee 435 Canis, var. mexicanus-- 113 PYPALPUR =..ce2 soe 674
Canis, var. nubilus.--. 111 |Oxymicterus...--...-------- 453,455
N. Canis, var. rufus. -- - - 113 .
nanus, Lepus.------ 579, 582, 597, 599 (aint == Seances 638 P.

nasuta, Arvicola..------------ 550, 553 WUC RES mine Ae 194 .|Pachydermala= === nena eee 625, 1
Mephitis = sone n 192 Neotoma...---- 496,486, 500 Pachytrus <= -hasss-scsep eee 214
TRIOSMNG Ao nn a n= 192 RGLUTUS Soe moe oe 251 ON a = am on ee 20,10
navigator, Neosorex.------------ 11,10 | ochrogaster, Arvicola.....------- 551 __,|palllasii, Tamias.---.-~ =. 295
NEGRI EN pe oi am wien ie e 115.9480) sochropus,.Canis-- oe eee 113 |palmata, Antilocapra --...-.-. 666
FLOP So cit ni 1 0) SOctodontinae jesse. =a 566 Antilope =.= Soe 666
EEO ee mo a alm = 486,445,446 | octo-cinctus, Dasypus-------- 623, 624 Antilope (Dicranoceros) 666
(op eet eee 499,486,487 | ohioensis, Castoroides.----------- 363 = |palustris, Amphisorex -----.--. 55
drummondii ----. 496,498,499 | okanaganus, Arctomys-------- 345 JATWICOLA oes 522
Jloridana, 487,486, 488,490,492 | Ommatostergus ...----------- 427 Crossopus --- =a 55
Suscipes ..---- 479, 486,487,495 | Ondatra zibethicus --.-------- 561 Hesperomys --..-.-- 457,478

Hesperomys ---------- ASG || Onc, Hens a ene eee sa ai 86 Hesperomys (Oryzo-

magister = os aacesnp 486,498 | oneida, Arvicola......--------- 551 MY) caencaeees 482,553

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC

Page.

palustris, Lepus ---.----- 615, 574, 577
VISES ete ot ener ores 482

Oryzomys ----------- 468

ORR a cantante 55

panthera, Melis’----_---.<---- 86
RRBUNNE. Heese se = aoe emo 87
Parry), ATctOMys..--=-------- 323
parryi, Spermophilus...---- 323, 235, 306
parvus, Cricetodipus ----- 417,418,425
Perognathus ---------- 425,423

Ide ene et 56, 24,48

eve Dasypus ee. enone 623
Pedomys, Arvicola, C --------- 517
penicillatus, Perognathus_.------- 418
pennantii, Mustela....--------- 149, 151
pennsylvanica, Arvicola------- 522
Scalops-—-4---- 60
pennsylvanicus, Sciurus------ 257, 261
Canis vulpes sige aE

EOFS a occa t= = 416, 405, 407
Sasciatus ...--- 420,417,418

AIT ap ne he fat ees 423

HSE eae = oe 421,418
monticola...------- 422,418

Fao ei a 425, 423
penicillatus....------ 418

personatus, Sorex ..-.---------- 30, 10
phillip, Dipodomys -.-412, 409, 414, 415
phillipsii, Dipodomys ------.-- 412
Ehilodendreae =---- ==> o-- =o 567
RRNULOM Votes eee ee aaa 436
DMOPACRE eet oases coe 566
LANG HI Ct ny (epee ae Sk ea 189
BOW NOME eee ene ecco 453
puosus, Hystitcs-—---—5-+------ 569
pinetorum, Arvicola --------- 526, 544
PINnémysi-2------—55 544
FPitymiys!=-22----<= 544

Arvicola --.- 544
Psammomys------- 544

Pinemys pinetorum--------.-- 544
pineti, Saccophorus -----.---- 380
pinetis, Geomys---.------------ 380
PANG ALEew ees ee oon aaa 1
Bimnipedia.«.c22s-5---- cannes 1
PISCALOY, VIVEIIL-=--- 2-5 ---— 149
Pitymys, Arvicola, D -.-..---- 517
pinetarum-s--—- === 544
ERSTE ease a See 79
platyrhinus, Otisorex --.--.---- 25
OTe an a= om ah 25,10

Page.
platyrhynchus, Sorex..------- 25
polionotus, Hesperomys------- 469
prasinata, Condylura_..---.--- 72
princeps, Lagomys.------------- 619
Lepus (Lagomys)------ 619
probaton,, Ixalugs22o° 222s 2 666
BYGHOSCGUCR o> cot eset eae = 625
EFOO/ON ao ae a case eae ee ae 207, 210
CANCTIVOLUS: ~----=-----— 214
fag) EE a 5 ie all al 209
hernandezit .--------- 212, 208
hernandezii, var. mexi-
(617 1 em 215
1 ee 209, 208
? MVR seo se eens en —e 212
OUSCHTUS2- == ae e= 214
POST Oot anata oe er 215, 212
pruinosa, Didelphys --.------- 233
pruinosus, Arctomys .-.--------- 345
PSAMMONLYS) soe eee eee 435
pinetorum ------- 544
Preadalopexc-----25-----=— 103, 104
Pseudontys-2 5-22-22 2-2- 436
Preadostomi'sso2s22-2--009-— 368
poreslis'--2-+---- 396
bulbivorum ..---- 389
Dursatiiese se 372
castanops-------- 384
douglassii ------- 394
foridana =22----- 380
(Geomys) fulvus_. 402
(Geomys)hispidum 386
(Geomys) mexica-
MUS Stee soa 387
talpoides _------- 403
umbrinus---.---- 399
PRONG a EOC ae ee eae 215, 212
PLCTONA Seen nae = 286
QMS ta eons 289
RTGS ee 288
oregonensis....-------- 290
BA DNS tate net oer 288
sabrinus, var. £ alpi-
Hist ssc see 289
DOLCE I oP eee ees 236
ehOt Ulta eee te ae ee 183
Donia, Welisee sess eee 83
punctulatus, Cervus (@aria-
(i OS) reap ee 659, 663
purpurascens, Talpa.--------- 60
pusilla, Mustela .-.----.----- 159

NAMES. 731

: Page.
pusulas, Ponce.) 222025 159
Porat ace see aan econo 159

pW pe, 8 ee 164

hoccdthela = oe eens 165

CROQTUN = ws ae 161, 159

OMminés 2. 2s -2cnene 161, 166

frenata =~ 2. see 165, 173

GIGS aa. see ae 173, 176

TURCURS eo ee eee 161

RONG a2 = 2 ae ae 172

tongicada = ae eae 169

visou, Mustela_..._-- li7

RUIVER aan sees 180, 169

TUGTORCENS = 2 ae eo 180

Hivalis\=-=ce Sasso s ae 160

noveboracensis ...- ---- 166, 161

URU UES nia aan 159

richardson -2-.-=-=--- 164

OWON, Sa tase wea coon 177

wolearishss-s--2"2e 159, 160

xanthogenys’ -.-.------ 176, 165
pygarcus, Ovis =--12-------26 674

pyladi, Sciurus ..------------- 282
Q.

quachil, Saccophorus -----.--- 387

quadrivuttatus, Sciurus ---.-.-- 297

Spermophilus-. 297

Tamas as =e 297

Qnadrumana «=. ~~. ~~. ee 1

quebekana, Marmota--__-----. 339
fh.

radiata, Talpats-s-c-----een ce 72

radiatus; Sorex*2 ses ss sae 72

Rang fer rose ca ae 633. 630

COPDOU wa Se een 633, 634

groenlandicus --------- 634, 635

TAEANGUS sen ae se 633
VOT ie marae Soe MERE 3,1
Ratellus -...--....-- Sriiooe 148
Osh ea Eien ee alate nl eres 210
ratluss, Mus’ 22 secant oo 439, 436, 441
Reithrodon ote nean ass = 447, 445, 446

carolinensis. - - - - ---- 452
[OD J LIE a ae ee = 448
fecontil~s-22- ees 448
longicauda.--------~- 451
MEQUON = eee 451
TONLONUS oe mo nin als 449

732 SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Page
bmanter eo esas eeech meen 71
CuBtatus .oco------ 71
longicaudata- ------- 72
MACTOUM <<26),<5-—= 3 72
PBOMHOMYyAcsecacee soe se woe 435
MbyncocyOnV== 2 <--—- == nee 7
richardsonii, Arctomys-.------- 325
Arncola'-<- 22552 551, 553
Cenvusiceoanee=ne 659
Geomys:====-=>-~ 397
epus 2-2-5 = 594
Miustela.< -.-2.=. 164
Putorius eas ase 5 164
PSCHITUS SOs SAS 5 273, 246
NR ee a 24,10
Spermophilus ..-- - 325, 306
riparia, Arvicola ...--.------- 522,516
tiparius, Arvicola --..--- 513, 522, 551
Redenti¢ca2 ==. 2205 SSS - tess 55 235,11
rubida, Hypudaeus ..--.----- 513
rubicaudatus, Sciurus----.---- 251
tubricata, Arvicola -.---.--.-- 553
rubricatus, Arvicola ..-.-------- 551
rubrolineatus, Sciurus -..--.-- 269
Waniidg;2o22 3252 269
mifa, “AMinONyKo ss =5525-0055-~ 353
Arctomystese- ---eSsecee 353
Gls At Seco eee 90,93, 96
iMustelavsc tune saceseee 177
rufescens, Arvicola...-.-------- 552
Thomomys..----- 397, 388, 402
Miia, Melis seaSee ose ote e = See 90
rufiventer, Sciurus --...----- 246, 251
rufidorsum, Arvicola ....-- 526,516,551
rufobrachiatus, Sciurus ------- 327
Tetus, Lynceus soo. suso se SA. 90
HOY NG ie meme mia SHEE SS 90,89
Canis occidentalis, var.-..-- 113
Biiminanlia wow = eee esse 628, 1
(Rupicapra), americana Antilope 671
mila, Arvicola,..--s¢-222.2 521
Mypudaeus..- 2.=.=...- 513
rutilus, Hypudaeus_-....----- 551

8.

sabrinus, Pteromys -------..-- 288
saccatus, Mus.-2. =~ .<s-uc.-=- 372
Saccomyidae.....-------- 365, 235, 239
BQCCOMPUAE ain a nis = ee 405, 365
BaCcOMys Se 2 ose nama eee = 405
anthophilus...-...-- 405

Page.
Saccophoruss@=2- oa. ee 368
bursarius ...-.---- 372
mexicanus..------ 387
pineti-—- ~~ eee eee 380
quacghil..-seence5 387
talpoides ._----..- 403
Sayh, Arvicold == io - ane nee 552
Sclunus 223-5 s52-c ees See = 251
Scdlaps oss s a aes oe 57
geneus = eee ee =e eee 65
AguiMlicus === eae ee 60, 63
OP OCRUTUS nm maim Ria sm mn 63
californicus = =.c.525. 55. 65, 67
eGanadensis\~ -2onee sn == 60, 65
latimanus=S.s=ssee ===" 65
pennsylvanica..-------- 60
(Scapanus) breweri ~~~ ---- 68
townsendii ---- . 65
taeniata--Lece2 tesa. c= 61, 65
townsendii=.22-2.5 == - = 61
scalopsoides, Arvicola_-------- 544
Scandentia =~ Leena aeeee 4
Scapanus pecs ee ee eee es eee m= 58,59
NcapLeromys===s==——- eee 454, 453
schisticolor, Myodes.-------- 554, 559
Seintetes = = Sa yee a 430
NGiNrOplenis===e— hese a= 4 286
volucellaijss==—- =. 287
Seundae ooo os = eee 240, 235, 239
Sagas. oo ee ee meses 240
Se aE SS eS 243
Obes ae 267, 245, 266

a Cla. Dom. Lyster ob-
BELVaUUB eee eee 292
acrobates' =< ..-s2s-se< 287
albipes =-an=e eee ee = 283
audubont = aa. en= eee =o 251
aureogaster -...--------- 283
ibeleher! 22=s5 32s 2505 275,277
DOU Dn ae tee 281, 307
COSONTACURE = aaa aa 282
capistratus ----.------- 246
carolinensis .263, 245,256,257,263
CATOMING (2 eno aeeera 269
castanatolus....----.--- 266, 245
CINETEUS.. == ns oem ao = 248, 245, 256
Clatkiie os. ese =seeaee 279, 328
COMMER re ole wm aes 280
dimidtaius...-. 6. s<c2- 50 283
COYRALIE eae een a 267

Sciurus ferruginiventris ..-.------ 281
JOR 2s Jas eee 264, 245
Jrenonit.. =, -sese anor 272, 246
fuliginosus-=--= pee 257, 261
PTAMMUTUS, = << 6mee eee 310
griseocaudalus ...-------- 283
heermanni 2256-5 264
hudsonius ~~ --- 269, 246, 273, 288

byemalis, ..:----eeeeee 249
hypopyrrhus ---.-------- 282
langsdorfiit -.-=-----==-8 283
lamigertis= Sa 4. =e 280, 279
lanuginosus ----------- 273
lateralis: --.=-o252---ee— 312
leporinus...------- 281, 264, 279
leucogaster..-.---------- 282
leucotis: 2.22. 32s5e 257
Sy dlgwialt Soe. oo eeeee 251
limiis. >= oe se aa 256, 245, 251
ludovicianus .---------.- 251, 245
macroura -elsccet soe 251
MAacroureus S2o2s- sees 251
MacrouLlus ss saeee eee 251
(Macroxus) californicus-. 307
magnicaudatus -.---..- 251
mexicanus..< << snes 319, 320
migratorius)=o2- sees 257
mollipilosus==-s--s—e—4 275
MUSEUNUS oe a= ots 280
MISEP See tc ese 246, 257, 261
TAGVESCENS ote = sone 280
occidentalis _--..----.-- 251
pennsylvanicus -.--..- 261, 257
piladii <. .0=- 222 282
quadrivittatus .-.....-- 297
richardsonii ......----- 273, 246
rubicaudatus --..--..-- 251
rubrolineatus -.---.---- 269
rufiventer. --.«=<-sses 246, 251
rufobrachiatus--.------- 327
Saylpoeees See 251
S0cIaS > = 3 2 mee 283
striatus. -. .23.. cena 292
americanus... -- 292
subauratus)-.--5--s2s0e 251
buckleyi'sos2 5. cceeeeee 275
(Tamias) lysteri-------- 292
texianns =~ =25-ee5cueeu 246
townsendii ---..---.-.. 275
tridecem-lineatus --- -- = Le
variabilis)<2 <2 pec ee oe 283

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 733

Page. Page. TT.

Sciurus variegatoides ..---------- Gait PSGFER SUCKIEYL. see ane oom me 18, 10 Page
variegalus..------- 282, 248, 283 tal POIdER oa = = 37,43 | tagassa, Sus.-..--__. Seeds 627
virginianus -__.. ----- = 249 thomiptoni-= 22 ey= <== .=- 34,10 | tajacu, Sus-----..._. Bates. 627
VeRupessss So See oes 283 trowbridyii --.----------- 13.10) |) Wlalpae. so = j—-a5= eee 59
WOlECR A =. OSE 286 | VOGTANS = oie eee oe ae 15, 10 flavescens2= 22) ees 60
vulpinus - .---- 2agug45e 249.267 || (Spalacinae ....-25.2-525....- 427 TUS CA = i oe 60

septem-cinctus, Dasypus------- 624 | Spalacogaliens ---- ---------- 5 longicaudata ~-.....___- (ele

sericea, Mazama --.--------- (GAO fo ES ae ee ee 427 purpurascens ---.-_-____ 60

setosus, Mus ------- emer! 441 Spermatophilus -...---------- 304 radiata, <2 2asaesene 72

sibila, Arctomys ------- ----- S450 1| *Spermophilusia =< - =< ---s5-s—= 304 TACO RCA me eee 67

Bigmodnn 2-22 oss205 2505 501, 445,446 | annulatus --..---- Som) |) elalpasorex: -.. =. > aoe eee 36,71

berlandieri -...------- 504, 552 beecheyi --307, 281,305,390 | Zalpidae-----------------_-_- 57,4,7
hispidus --.-- 502, 482,483, 553 glarkiis=--=a2-5 328) || flalpiens (== 2 eee ae 5
texianaie- =. tee toc 553 | couchii..-.-.----- 311,306 | talpoides, Ascomys-----..___- 403
IGUUMIONILES woo ons === =~ 32/53 445,434 douglassii. 309, 220, 306, 308 Blaring, onion a= 37,10
socialis, Cynomys .------.-..-- 331 eversmannii ------ 324 (Blarina) Corsira ~~~ 37
WSetimesy tessa tee ere 283 franklinii ...----- 314, 306 Cricetis === -aeeeeas 403

Bel onodons 226.05 ee oes fl grammurus ------- 310. 306 Geomys.-o2-4 45-95 403

Solidungula.-5 205-236 2220. 1 puttatus’.--=4--2- 326 Pseudostoma -..-.-- 403

sonoriensis, Arvicola -.------- 553 harris. #2 285 oo 313, 306 Saccophorus----.-.- 403

Arvicola (Hespero- hoodineess2 Us2ee = 316 SOlex--— 2 ae eee 37,43
Myp) eos se ee 474 lateralis. -- 2-250 312, 306 Thomomys -.--- ---- 403, 588
Flesperomys 474,459,462, 553 ludovicianus - .-.- 315, 331 Wrotrichist asses 17

Morddeeee ns Le ee SE 4,7 macrourug----=..- Sat) | Lamas. 2 soso eee 291

RIAN eta ear ee ee 7,10 mexicanus ~.--319, 306, 321 americana@-n225------- 292

ints ree eee 13, 8,9, 10 Fee aa 323, 235, 306 cooperii=..- 22a e aaa 300

(Anotus) carolinensis --.. 45,46 quadrivittatus --.. 297 dorsalis: — - = oes 300
ENGH AAT es tai ee 60 | richardsonii ~...-- 325, 306 hinds) 322-3 eee 300
(Brachysorex) harlani--- . 56 spilosoma. ~ - - - 321, 306, 492 LW SbO Clie ee ee 292
brevicaudus ---.--. 37, 42,43, 44 terelicauda_..---.- 315, 306 lysteri, Sciurus -...._-- 292
carolinensis -...---.---- 37,45 townsendii -------- 326, 306 POMS ae ate 297
Mpereus soos a SS. 48 tridecem-lineatus-~--31€, 306 Pallasii:,. 2225S ae 295
RBIS a =P et wiry fone 27,10 | spilosoma, Spermophilus ----321, 306,492 quadriviliatus ---.------ 297
GUStALUS 2.2 5 = 5555 71 | stelleri, Enhydris ......--.-.. 189 rubrolineatus-...-._... 269
dekayit s- 253252 -ssastc 3 striatus americanus, Sciurus -.. 292 striatus 2. .--=--- 292, 298, 313
LU Ee aes 55, 12 My ORUS oeiaconn SSeS 292 fownsendit\—— == Soee eee 300
POR ee eee cee 22,10, 25 Sciutus) —-- 2 seeeeene 292 wihensis) qo e ee ee 294
harlante <= Stee os 56 DONAS can Soe 292, 298, 313 Tarandus =< s2< 26-= espe o eee 633
UO ee et 29,10 | strongyloceros, Cervus ------- 638, 644 arcticus’— ===. - ssn 634
1, a 10,32 | subauratus, Sciurus.......---- 251 hastalis;s. .s<<.<26¢- 633
UOC) Sees 27 || \stekleyi, Sciurus—_. -37-= . 3... 275 TADS e ae ae 633
lon PALOstrIsY 5 ooo 30 SOTEE cae See eee 18710 sylvestriguseess-see- 633
UCR UBS om ws oe 20510 | tSning esos ce eee 626 | tarandus, Cervus..---.-....-- 633
YN Sea bd, 14:"| + Sup tacassa, oo 5.252 Sessa 627 | Taurus mexicanus.-------.--- 682
REPU no Se | 56, 24,48 taipcissccieo- + SCOeneee, (RA) WUD... te aoe Bee 201
POF SONUBS ono SE em 30, 10, 28 LOTQUBUUS stoma creas tee 627 ONERICON mei eon a 202
platyriagigy. s2-- == 25,10 | sylvaticus, Lepus.-597, 574, 576, 582, 603 berlandieri ......-=2--= 205, 204
platyrhyncus -----.....- 25 Mise ss ss teneeeee 459,461 labradornia- =... 2a. 202, 205
radiatus<)22 252-3255 72 | sylvestris, Cervus tarandus---- 633 | Taxus labradoricus -.-..------ 202
richardsonii - -..---.----- 24,10 | Synaptomys cooperi ....-.---- 558 | taxus, Meles var. B. ameri-

GENUS <2. eee ee eee ite 202

734

Page
LAMe TENE os 8S 2 o6 ose ce n= 202
tectorum, Mus.--.---.- coaeby uD 436,438
temyas,(Oorsira 200522522256 uf
tereticauda, Spermophilus ------- 315, 306
Rosana ATVICOlA . 22558525 - 22. 553

Arvicola (Hesperomys)- 464

Hesperomys -----.-.-- 553

texanus, Hesperomys.---------- 464,458
teviana, Arvicola...------ 552, 504, 553
Siptiddonsc2ss--2-—— 553

lemma; eps sean een 617, 590
SCLULUse meee sae 246
(Thiosmus) leuconota, Mephitis - - - - - 200
mesoleuca, Mephitis. - - -- 192

masta = 2722's o-co. 192
TTROOMYENS Be See cce teem ae 388
borealis .....--- 396, 388, 395.

hotels =2=—=——e— = 389

bulbivorus .-389, 388, 400, 401
douglassii...394, 386, 388, 396

Fulous Sees S 402, 388, 396

Ty ES 392, 388

Tufescens ------- 397, 388, 402
talpoides.-.--------- 403, 388

umbrinus ------- 399, 388, 395

thompsoni, Soret.-------------- 34,10
timidus, Wepus’ 2222222222 ---= 577
Tieriksmexicanas.-22220-=-—-2 = 86
taeniata, Scalops.-------.--.- 61, 65
Walpiesssee se eoe aa 67

torquatus, Diotyles....--.------ 627
MUSS===22eh2o sooo. 558

Myodes ==2--.-- 554, 558, 559

Susase2 "eee ceo 627
SToxodontidar® 2222262 ee 626
j townsendii, Arvicola..-------- 527,516
ARCOMYS)==5e—~ eee 396
Geomys-222t25-222- 396

Hepusies ee. 2s 585, 586

SCHOpSeen sees ee = 61

(Seapanus) - - - 65

BCLONUA ee eae ese te 275
Spermophilus...----- 326, 306

SUBS < oe eis ce oo 300
tridecem-lineatus, Arctomys--- 316
Sciurus ----- 316

Spermophilus 316, 306

Trogontheritim £==-225------- 364

trimucronatus, Arvicola (Geory-

Page.

tropicalis, Corsira -----.-:-..- 7

trowbridgii, Arvicola ~-----_-- 529

Lepus = -=-=- 610, 574, 576

Borer ea2sesccen == 13,10

Tuktu, Cervus tarandus ------- 634

tua, MUS=A2= cae eae ee nee 380
we

umbrinus, Ascomys ---------- 399

Geomys ------ 379, 399, 401

Pseudostoma ~~ .---- 399

“Thomomys. - - - - 399, 388, 395

Unpuicitiatgeesssaseeecs = 1

Wngulata' 22 -lsccseas--sece a= 1

ungulatus, Lemmus ------.--- 558

MmicOlor, Hels = ase meee 88

uroceras, Dasypus----------—- 624

OLOINDE sa Sy 121

littoralis, Vulpes ..----- 143

virginianus, Vulpes. .--- 138

Drones nascent emer eee 76,55

FEO BSUD te teeter eaten 76

a pPVIdeRs = ees 77

CORSAGE tae eee ee 206

DiE DIE patos eye eee 216

QMETICONUS 2-3 aoa 225, 217

americanus, var. cinnamoneus 228
arctos ..--217, 219, 221, 223, 229

candescensit 222-7 sen~== 219
cauda elongata__-----.-- 209
CINGKOHS fest cannes ee 219
falciger2<=+=522Seesec- 221
ferox 2s2 2522222222 eee 219, 225
gulo ....- shat. Ales Fae 181, 182
horribilis. --219, 217, 223, 225, 229
labradonus t= =-2-2s-= 202
Jotor/ssss cece enccaace 209
WOSCUS Seo. 2 Sccsesec cece 181
MATS 2S SA SSS 229, 223
niger, americanus ------- 226
OMNIS ee eee eet 216
DATOS eae ee et ee 202
uthensic,"Lamins=<2 22225222 294
utah, Vulpes ...------------ 130, 131
Wis
VOGTANE, (SOT Rt eacetea noes ee 15,10
variabilis, Canis ~-..--.----- 105,110
Eps se ehee ana 578

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Page.

variabilis, Sciurus - --.--------- 283
. varians, Mephitis ..----------- 193,194
variegatoides, Scturus .....------ 283
vartegatus, Sciurus..------ 282, 248, 283
OGTUS, ISCHNUS == = = anes ae eee 283
VeloxMCanis-=- ese eee 133, 136, 137
Vulpes's22 2 aeons eee 133
virginiana, Didelphys.----------- 232
virginianus, Canis_-...-.----- 138

Canis (Vulpes)---138, 141
Cervus ..643, 638, 644, 648
Lepus --579, 585, 586, 587

SLOMAN ee == 249

(Urocyon) Vulpes.-- 138

virginicus, Myoxus.--.-----.- 349
WIGON! 3.52 ese ccc ee ee 1i7
Lutrays22 $32 2i2s8 eee 1li7
(Lutreola) Mustela.--~-- 177
Mustela'<222< 2282522255 1i7
Pulorns' £225. 222s0 see 1i7
(Putorius) Mustela ------ 177

villaia, Mephitis <= 2252 oeesene = 200
Viverra canadensis ----------- 149
mephitica=---52-s2--= 195

pistator™: - 2-20 322 149
Vaverridae:* ==> 35 2205s eee eetee 146
volucella, Pleromys....--------- 286
volucella, Sciuropterus -.---- ye si/f
SCLULUS = tae eee 286

vulgaris; Tutrs 222525222 o eee 186

Lutra, var. canadensis 184

Mustela =< 2!8=2"-= 159, 161
iPutonus= oss ssce=oe 159, 160
Vulpes 2=_ =<.) =—=eee 129
(Vulpes) Canis, var.
FUlVOS- 22 ee eee 124
Wulpes 2See=s <=. ees eee 121
argentatus ~..-- 4-26 124, 128
cinereo-argentatus, Canis 133
decussaius:=2e--—---=— 124, 127
YT Jee re ea 123, 124, 130
fulvus, var. decussatus-. 124
lagopus, Canis-----..-. 137
lagopus. =ss6=c==— 137, 129, 135
liftoralis==2ee. eae 102
MACTOUTUS Sa o=~ ane aan =e 130

pennsylvanicus, Canis... 124

(Urocyon) littoralis - .--- -- 143
(Urocyon) virginianus. ---- 138
utah'*-22> = Ete ssecere 130, 131
QUE ns a ele a eee 153

SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC

Page,
Vulpes, virginianus, Canis...-138, 141
vulgaris -..... eo tee ae 129

vulgaris, Canis, var.fulvus 124

vulpina, Mustela..........-.- 152
la Cetera ns ol eee ona ae 121
vulpinus, Sciurus .---- 246, 245, 249, 257
W.
wagneri, Dipodomys-_---..---- 415
MAD COPVUB sas ao c.o eo on a= 638
=
s

Page.
washingtonii, Lepus ..--.....-- 583, 576
winingus, Mustela........_.-- 1li7
xe
xanthognathus, Arvicola -------- 552,553
xanthogenys, Mustela ____-..- 176
TOMER eee 176,165
Ve
yaguarundi, Felis.....--------- 88
>

NAMES. (ict)

Z.

. Page.

zibellina, Mustela__....- 152, 155, 156
zibethicus, Castor -.....------ 561
TRG oso a 561, 235

emmMuss S56 asaen = 561

Muses <a> sneak 561

Myocastor -.-.-..- 561

Ondatra: 2 = eee 561

zerda anise oo =- = eee 102
zorilla, Mephitis _......=-_<. 197,198

a

Yi; ty
“ tatkh a aa & abe

aa Hes ee) Fae ea

ages’

ied aulkinaiet
PP Hh, whe. S57t HR
co

v d } byes tos eee a.
Safed ipa age Saeroral +e)

bras,

+ eet
°

fie. r= thi iin ERE lA RR ae
co gontes rein. cara, os ueunisrel eae
ith bs Be iti, 087

| tlh Nad hei mena)! od " “7 n08 et: ety natty ‘ba ipr ~~
CR 9a yy: ‘ ‘ t f any - 10 se A, oon sal
We <! ‘

ofr ty»

cs)

sautSwdbam

ie %

av eth, %i ee! Gdgutowes “ ° i . oe i

. Pe

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. *

PLATE I. (California and Oregon.)
; , F Page.
Fig.—Vulpes littoralis, Bd.—Coast fox.—Island of San Miguel, California............... 143

PLATE II. (47th parallel.)

Vig. 1—Lynx fasciatus, Raf—Red cat, adult.— Washington Territory.......cccceeecceeee 96
Fig. 2—?Felis concolor, L.—Panther, very young.— Washington Territory...........66. 83
(This may possibly belong to the preceding species.)

PLATE III. (California and Oregon.)

Fig. 1—Putorius xanthogenys.—Yellow-cheeked weasel.—San Francisco, California... 176
Fig. 2—Spermophilus beecheyi, Rich.—California ground squirrel.—Tejon Pass, Cal... 307

PLATE IV. (41st parallel.)

Fig. 1—Spermophilus grammurus.—Rock squirrel.—Fort Webster, N. M...........0006. 310
Fig. 2—Cynomys gunnisonii, Baird.— White-tailed prairie dog.—Cooachatope Pass.... 335

PLATE V. (41st and 47th parallels.)

Fig. 1—Dipodomys ordii, Woodh.—Kangaroo rat.—Rio Grande valley.........0...0086. 410
Fig. 2—Tamias townsendii, var. coopert.—Puget’s Sound........... Godcnbonooncacdsacdaccosce, Gill

PLATE VI. (41st parallel.)

Fig. —Sciurus fremontii, Towns.—Fremont’s squirrel.—Rocky Mountains............66. 27

PLATE VII. (47th parallel.)

Fig.—Sciurus douglassii var. suckleyi.—Steilacoom.—Variety with the hair on the
TEAOGE PAL ANMELANCM coca cesdeusse0ecsussssceccreareaeseeacsoncacescugens setesels oe ommmnEn

PLATE VIII. (35th parallel.)

Fig. 1—Hesperomys texanus, Woodh.—Texas mouse.—Pecos river.......cssesseeseeesseeeee 464
Fig. 2—Perognatus flavus, Baird.—Fort Union, NeD........cc.sccsseseicnecessesceeseesecseeee 423
Fig. 3—Hesperomys boylii, Baird.—Middle fork American river.....- . ..csssceeseceeseeeeee 41

* The following list of illustrations embraces all that have been prepared for the present volume, as well as those intended to
accompany the special reports of the different railroad parties. The plates of the latter series bear on their upper border the
official name of their respective surveys, as mentioned also in brackets after the number of the plate in the list, and it is to the
reports of the parties thus indicated that reference is to be made for any figures not found in this volume. The names of the
officers in"*command of the different lines of survey are as follows :

47TH Parattet.—Governor I. I. Stevens in command. Zoologists, Dr. George Suckley, U. S. A., and J. G. Cooper, M. D.

38th, 39th, 41st Parattet.—Captain J. W. Gunnison first in command, succeeded by Captain E. G. Beckwith. Zoologists
Mr. Kreutzfeldt and Mr. Snyder.

35rH Parattet.—Captain A. W. Whipple in command. Zoologists, C. B. R. Kennerly, M. D., and H. B Méallhausen.

32p ParaLLeL.—Captain J. Pope in command.

Cauirornia.—Lieutenant R.S. Williamson in command. Zoologist, A. L. Heermann, M.D.

Catirornia AND OreGon.—Lieutenant R. 8. Williamson in command. Report presented by Lieutenant H. L. Abbot.
Zoologists, E. Sterling, M. D., and J. S. Newberry, M. D. Report prepared by the latter.

Additional references to the expeditions under which the collections described were made, will be found in the introductory
remarks at the beginning of the volume.

The numbers placed after the specific names are the catalogue numbers of the particular specimen, which constitutes the
vriginal of the figure.

93 L

738 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE IX. (47th and 35th parallels.)

Fig. 1—? Dipodomys agilis, Gambel......csscccssscesssccesencecssseaeerecsssesseaeessaeassesaunecs “Mid
Fig. 2—Neotoma occidentalis, Cooper.—Bush-tailed rat.—Shoalwater Bay....... gatacnns 496
PLATE X. (41st and 47th parallels.)
Fig. 1—Thomomys rufescens, Max.—Gopher.—Fort Pierre, Neb........sscssesseeseseeseeees 397
Fig. 2—Geomys castanops, Lec.—Gopher.—Bent’s Fort........s0ese0 Soha isite se once amen roe 384
PLATE XI. (35th parallel.)
Fig. 1—Thomomys bulbivorus.—California gopher.—San Francisco..........sseccsesecesees 389

a—view of soft parts of mouth; 6—under view of left fore foot; c—side
view ; and d—under view of the longest claw ; e—under view of the left
hind foot.

PLATE XII. (35th parallel.)

Fig. 1—Thomomys laticeps, Baird.—Gopher.—Humboldt bay, California............0000 392
1. a—under view of left fore foot ; 1. b—side view, and 1. c—under view of
its longest claw ; 1. d—under view of left hind foot.
Fig. 2—Thomomys fulvus.—Gopher.—San Francisco Mountains ......sssessesseresseeneeees 402
References to details same as the preceding.

PLATE XIII. (35th parallel.)
Fig.—Lepus audubonii, Baird.—California rabbit. —Califormia........sseccessssersseeeeenees 608

PLATE XIV. (385th parallel.)
Fig.—Lepus trowbridgii, Baird.—Califormia,..... ....ccsseccssssccnsccecesccennces snsceeecaceone . 610

PLATE XV. (47th parallel.)
Fig.—Lepus washingtonii, Baird.—Red hare.—Washington Territory........ eer eeeeceeee 583

PLATE XVI. (35th parallel.)

Fig.—Antilocapra americana, Ord.—Prong-horn antelope, young male.—Texas.—
The figures drawn from a living animal brought to Washington........... 666

PLATE XVII.

Fig. 1—Scalops aquaticus.—Mole.—Carlisle, Pa.—Drawn from an alcoholic specimen 60
a—view of muzzle from below ; 6—view of muzzle from above ; c—view of
muzzle from the side; d—under surface of left palm; e—upper surface
of hind foot ; f#—tail, showing the naked portion.
Fig. 2—Scalops townsendit, var. californicus —California mole.—San Francisco.—From
DOGTUIN.. Sevens tach 0. leet aR I casa tied acd URRITOCRS MR ee es oe 65
a—muzzle from above ; b—muzzle from below ; c—under surface of palm ;
d—under surface of hind foot ; e—tail.

\

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES,

Fig. 3—Scalops breweri, Bachman.—Hairy-tailed mole.—Cleveland.—From dry skin
a—muzzle from above; 6—muzzle from the side; c-- muzzle from below;
d—under surface of left palm ; e—under surface of hind foot.
Fig. 4—Scalops brewert, Bach.— Waterville, New York.—Young.—From alcoholic
S/SSOMENC Bie 0036. iss oo PARNCUCHOECCOC EOL OCU HERB De COAOCCHCOnS.. |. eouseUCDL DESC CtiGoc teneccace
a—muzzle from below ; b—muzzle from side ; c—muzzle from above; d—
under surface of palm ; e—under surface of hind foot.
Fig. 5—Scalops townsendii, Bach.—Puget’s Sound.—Alcoholic specimen...... ave veeee
a—muzzle from below ; 6—muzzle from the side ; c—muzzle from above.

‘

PLATE XVIII.

Fig. 1—Condylura cristata.—Star-nosed mole.—Carlisle, Pa.—From alcohol, (No.
GD emtatvan nar at euie avin te<sveseceecantsnss Wadi asjiends succes box cedtemamaade doen se aenntde
a—muzzle from below ; 6—muzzle from above; c—front view of muzzle ;
d—left palm from above; e—left palm from below; /—left hind foot
from below ; g—left hind foot from above ; A—tail.
Fig. 2—Condylura cristata. —Male.—Middleboro, Mass.—Showing a different character
of the nasalgenest?——Nom 22NO has Banaras ate ve seemees ventcuisits’s casts ses cesearees
Fig. 3—Urotrichus gibbsti, Baird.—Cascade Mountains, W. T.—No. 662.—Dried skin
moistened and magnified two diameters..........ssccccsccccssecscescecssseceeces
a—muzzle from below; b—muzzle from above ; c—muzzle from the side ;
d—left palm from above; e—left palm from below; left hind foot
from below ; g—left hind foot from above,
Fig. 4—Blarina talpoides.—Shrew mole.—Columbus, Ga.....sscceccsscsecesesccessessenesens
a—head from the side ; 6—head from beneath ; c—ear magnified, showing,
x—the short auricle, bent a little back; yy—the anterior border of the
meatus ; z—the antibelix ; and v—the antitragus. The upper end of the
antitragus should pass beneath the antihelix.
Fig. 5—Sorex vagrans, Cooper.—No. 1261.—Cape Flattery, W. Territory............06.
Fig. 6—Sorex vagrans, Cooper.—No. 1259.—Cascade Mountains, Oregon Territory.—
Magnified twodiameters. These figures both represent the same species,
and the latter, taken from a specimen with the feet much shrunken, was
engraved by mistake.
a—head from the side; b—head from beneath ; c—under surface of left
fore foot ; d—under surface of left hind foot.

PLATE XIX.

Fig. 1—WMephitis mesoleuca, Licht. —White-backed skunk.—No. 790.—Western
Mexas:——Driediakimesoftieneds sts tid. csteccsssceteveccauasetusadtecs <oveesstevccen sacs
a—muzzle from below ; 6—muzzle from above ; c—muzzle from the side.
Fig. 2—Putorius richardsonti, Bon.—Weasel.—No. 654.—Fort Steilacoom.—Skin
pbieritremibenioteatieiiirsy | v5 a6e3 30) eo S022 le se ATR ee Rae aaa vans ce -
a—ear ; b—left fore foot from below ; c—left hind foot from below.

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740 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Fig 3—Putorius xanthogenys.—Yellow-cheeked weasel.—No. 536.—San Francisco.—
Dried) Skins SOMENE 5 s.ce.ce ese enaes dageh consenlos'gensh csi cssbiiens Veviviomssems.esn ema
a—ear.

Fig. 4—Putorius cicognanti.—Brown weasel.—Boston
a—side of head.
Fig. 5—Putorius frenatus.—Brownsville, Texas.—Half grown ; in alcohol
a—side of the head.
Fig. 6—Putorius richardsonii, Bon.—lIllinois
a—side of the head.
Fig. 7—Lutra canadensis, Sab.—Otter.—Washington, D. C.—Dried skin softened ;
(skin of feet toommuchystreteled) sere sercestiesiiesine seisivas ieee saiealenbeseemeabe lena
a—side of head reduced one-half; b—muzzle from below; c—left fore foot
from below ; d—left hind foot from below, (half size.)
Fig. 8—Lutra californica, Gray.—California otter.—Cascade Mountains.—Dried skin
Sottened, (feet shrivelled!)\isceccrairctetatetcccusessnnenescenecesaeeeseatsen snes temee
a—muzzle from in front, (nat. size;) b—left fore foot from below ; c—left
hind foot from below, (half size.)

ePeeEUERUEE ESOC E SOS S UE E CEOs)
Peewee eeeeeee

POO eee Cee TOO E RHEE HEE E HEHE HEHE SEES! SHEET H SESE EEEEe

PLATE XX.

Fig. 1—Scturus douglassi, Bach.—No. 1265.—Upper des Chutes, Oregon Territory.-—
Thay Reto) 10) 3b Bebo no secéissedoon sho buaddoce: idocaqe sak spoosqsdeccpOOsodoeA gob odo. wienenda55
a—side of the head; /—front view of head ; c—under surface of left fore

foot ; d—under surface of left hind foot.
Fig. 2—? Tamias quadrivittatus.—Four-lined squirrel—No. 1266.—Cascade Moun-
tains, Oregon Territory ; lat. 44°.—Alcoholic specimen............sseeeeeees
a—side of the head; b—front view of head ; c—under surface of left fore

foot; d—uwunder surface of left hind foot.
Fig. 3—Spermophilus lateralis.—No. 1272.—Upper des Chutes.—In alcohol............«
a—side of the head; —front view of head ; c—under surtace of left fore

foot ; d—under icties of left hind foot.
Fig. 4—Aplodontia leporina, Rich.—Sewellel.—No. 966.—Astoria.—Dried sin soft-

a—front view of the muzzle; b—ear; c—under surface of left fore foot;
d—under surface of left hind foot.
Fig. 5—Perognatus penicillatus, Woodhouse.—San Francisco Mountains, N. M
a—ear ; b—side view of tail, (from mounted specimen.)

PLATE XXI.

Fig. 1—Dipodomys ordii, Woodhouse.—Monterey, Mexico.—In alcohol
a—side view of head ; 6—under surface of head, with the jaw closed, show-
ing the pouches and the hairy ante-chamber of the mouth ; c—jaws open,
showing the interior of the mouth and the transverse ridges of the palate ;
d—under surface of left fore foot ; e—under surface of left hind foot ; 7—
lateral view of a hind toe and claw.

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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Fig. 2—Arvicola montana, Peale.—No. 1271.—Lost river, California.—In alcohol...
a—side view of head ; b—front view of head ; c—front face of upper in-
cisors ; d—under surface of left fore foot ; e—under surface of left hind
foot, (twice nat. size.)
Fig. 3—Perognatus flavus, Baird.—Missouri river, above Yellow Stone.—In alcohol...
a—side view of head ; 6—under surface of head, with jaws closed ; c—under
surface of head, with jaws open, showing the roof of the palate, with its
transverse ridges ; d—under surface of left fore foot ; e—under surface of
left hind foot.
Fig. 4—WNeotoma occidentalis, Cooper.—No. 968.—Astoria, 0. T.—Dried skin softened
a—side of left ear; b—under side of left fore foot ; c—side view of toe of
left fore foot ; d—under surface of left hind foot; e—side view of toe of
left hind foot.
Fig. 5—Jaculus hudsonius.—Jumping mouse —Carlisle, Pa.—In alcohol ; twice mag-
a—side of left ear ; B—under surface of muzzle ; c—under side of left fore
foot ; d—under side of left hind foot.

PLATE XXII.

Fig. 1—Geomys bursarius.—Gopher.—St. Louis.—In alcohol..........cccceceeceeeeseeececees
a—side view of head; b—under surface of head, with the jaws closed,
showing the pouches; c—under surface of ‘head, with the jaws open,
showing the tongue, the hairy ante-chamber of the mouth, and the
naked space behind the incisors; d—under surface of head, with lower
jaw removed, showing the belt of hair across the palate, the naked space
between this and the incisors, the naked portion of the palate, with its
ridges, and the upper molars ; e—under surface of the left foot ; f—under
view of middle claw of left fore foot ; g—side view of the same ; h—under
surface of left hind foot.
Fig. 2—? Thomomys borealis.—No. 1260.—Canoe creek, Cal.—In alcohol.............0068
a—side view of head ; /—under surface of head ; c—under surface of left fore
foot; d—side view of its middle claw; e—under-surface of left hind foot.
Fig. 3—Geomys pinetis, Raf.—Gopher.—F lorida.—Dried skin softened..............s00008
a—under surface of left fore foot; b—side view of its middle claw; c—
under view of its middle claw ; d—under view of left hind foot ; e—front
view of upper incisors, showing the single median groove.
Fig. 4—Geomys hispidus, Lec.—Mexico.—Dried skin softened........ccecscssccsececsecseeeee
a—under surface of left fore foot; b—side view of its middle claw; c—
under surface of the same; d—under surface of left hind foot.

PLATE XXIII.
Fig, 1— Cervus macrotis, Say.—Mule deer, female.—No. 1200.—Upper Des Chutes,

a—side view, and 6—under surface of left fore foot ; c—side view, and d—
under surface of hind foot.

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742 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Fig. 2—Cervus columbianus, Rich.—Black-tailed deer, female.—No. 1192.—San Fran-
CISCO; (Cal Sccedaruvcteccahteeseaurissaect ewe oeccceGh sess utirt deethdelh cen senaeeseeanseee
a—side view, and 6—under surface of left fore foot ; c—side view, and d—

under surface of left hind foot.

PLATE XXIV.

Fig. 1—Cervus virginianus, Bodd.—Virginia deer.—New York...........0..-sseseeeeeeeeees
c—side view of hind foot ; d—under view of hind foot.

Fig. 2—Cervus mexicanus, Gm.—Sonora deer, female.—Sonora,.......sseesecseeeeseeseceecs
a—side view, and b—under surface of left fore foot ; c=side view, and d—

under surface of left hind foot.

PLATH XXV.

Fig:—Antilocapra americana.—Antelope......cocerssoes cecosccercescensaccsssceerenscencees evous
Figures of various horns of the American antelope, (mostly of the right
one,) one showing the inner side, the other, the same horn viewed from
behind, and exhibiting not only the outline, but the angle of inclination
with the skull; these views are marked respectively a and 6. Views of
horns of the European chamois are added to illustrate the differences.
The numbers used are those of the Smithsonian osteological catalogue.
Fig.—Antilocapra americana, Ord.—Antelope.—No. B—Male, Upper Missouri. No.
1912—Young male, Fort McKavit, Texas, (from thespecimen figured on
Plate XVI.) No. 963—Fort Union, Nebraska, No. 1081—San Elizario,
Texas. No. 655—Fort Union, Neb. No. 2471—Fort Chadbourne,

Texas. No. 890—Laramie Peak. No. C—Upper Missouri. D—Diagram
showing the inclination of horns with the vertical plane of the skull.

Fig.—Capella rupicapra.—Chamois.—No. 1854.—Switzerland. No. 882, female.—
Tyrol.

PLATE XXVI.

Figures of Soricidae, with views of the skulls magnified three diameters.

Neosorex navigator, Cooper.—No. 629.—Vancouver, Oregon Territory......:..sccereeeeeee
Sorex trowbridgit, Baird.— Astoria? Oregon Territory......cssssscssscsecsecascenscensceseeees :
Sorex vagrans, Cooper.—No. 1675.—Shoalwater bay, Oregon Territory........c.ssceeeee
Sorex coopert, Bach.—No. 2047.— West Northfield, Illimois.............cceessesenseeeeeeeeees

PLATE XXVII.

Figures of Soricidae, with views of the skulls magnified three diameters.

Sorex pachyurus, Baird.—No. 1674.—Pembina, Minn..............se1e ceecereeeeeneeseneeeeees
Sorex suckleyi, Baird.—No. 1677.—Steilacoom, Washington Territory.......se..sseeeeeeee
Sorex thompsoni, Baird. —No. 1686.—Burlington, Vermont..........s000. seseceseeeeeneeeees
Sorex haydeni, Baird.—No. 1685.—Fort Union, Nebraska........csescsrsseccaseeesereeesenes

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15
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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE XXVIII.

Figures of Soricidae and of Urotrichus, with views of skulls magnified three diameters.
Sorex platyrhinus.—No. 1699.—Middleboro’, Mass.........sssccscscsscsesscsccecsscsveececcecs
Sorex hoyi, Baird.—No. 1688.—Racine, Wisconsin.............scceecsecseeseeeceececcscerseeces
Blarina berlandierti, Baird.—No. 2159.—Matamoras, Mexico
Blarina exilipes, Baird.—No. 2157.—Washington, Miss......... ..ccccececesseecesscsceseceees
Urotrichus gibbsii, Baird.—No. 662.— Washington Territory

eee eee ee eee eee ee eer)

eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee rT)

PLATE XXIX. (California and Oregon.)

Fig.—Wephitis bicolor, Gray.—Spotted skunk.—Santa Clara, California

PLATH XXX.

Figures of skulls and teeth.
Fig. 1—Scalops townsendii, Bach.—No. 1275.—Steilacoom, Washington Territory.—
Nia GTA SIAC cm cnas a wactees 8 dnie es adiceatcn adaitio sa og te slp ose Ualaise sa aeiaiein ate AASB cls'oect soe.ce
a—head from below; b—head from above; c—head from the side; d—~
lower jaw ; e—lower jaw from above.
Fig. 2—Scalops breweri, Bach.—No. 1779.—Cleveland, Ohio............sccccesecseeceeeenene
Old, and teeth, much worn ; natural size ; references as in fig. 1; f—teeth
of left side of upper jaw magnified ; g—teeth of left side of lower jaw
magnified.
Fig. 3—Scalops townsendii, var. californicus.—California mole.—Petaluma, California.
a—head from the side; 6—lower jaw from the side, twice magnified ;
c—head from above ; natural size.
Fig. 4—Sorex forsteri, Rich.—No. 1773.—Carlisle, Penn...............cssccesccenscrseeceeees
a—side view of the head; 6—side view of the lower jaw, magnified three
diameters ; c—head from below; natural size. Note.—All the remain-
ing figures on the plate have the same references.
Fig. 5—Blarina brevicauda.—No. 3107.—Fort Berthold, Nebraska
Fig. 6—Blarina talpoides.—No. 1776.—Racine, Wisconsin........scscsececscsesseeeeceecssees
Fig. 7—Blarina angusticeps, Baird.—No. 2120.—Burlington, Vermont
Fig. 8—Blarina carolinensis.—No. 1779.—St. Louis, Mo
Fig. 9—Blarina cinerea.—No. 1771.—S. Carolina............ccsssecsecsccsccscceccscscesaceces
Fig. 10—Blarina cinerea (parva.)—No. 3103.—Carlisle, Penn

Pee eee eee e oer neeeereeenes

Sette eee eee ee esses

PEP ORO Oe e meee eee eee rene seer eeeeseeee

FER e Cotte esas eee ee eeeseceee

PLATE XXXI.

Fig. —Canis occidentalis.—Gray wolf.—No. 1804.—Adirondac mountains, New York.
Skull two-thirds natural size; 1—skull from below; 2—skull from above ;
3—skull from the side ; 4—lower jaw from the side ; 5—lower jaw from

above.

PLATE XXXII.
Fi

08

—Vulpes fulvus.—Red fox, adult male.—No. 683.—Carlisle, Penn
Skull natural size ; figs. 1-5, as in plate XX XI.

Foe ee ween eeeees

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744 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES,

PLATE XXXII.

Fig. —Vaulpes macrourus, Baird.—Great-tailed fox, adult female.—No. 1325.—Fort
Keeurnby,, SNGbCHSEA v2. vsen-0000nsesannasseeaneansiss oss cap cance adeeex ase
Skull natural size.—Figs. 1-5, as in plate XXXI.

PLATE XXXIV.

Fig. —Vulpes velox.—Kit fox.—No. 1345.—Fort Kearny, Nebraska......... ieeeenees ve
Skull unusually large; natural size ; figs. 1-5, as in plate XXXI.

PLATE XXXY.

Fig. 1—Vulpes (Urocyon) virginianus.—Gray fox.—No. 771.—Perry county, Penn ...

Skull natural size; a—skull from below; b—skull from above; c—skull
from the side ; d—side of lower jaw ; e—lower jaw from above.
Fig. 2—Vulpes (Urocyon) littoralis, Baird.—Coast fox.—No, 2154.—San Miguel, Cali-
AOLMI deter es cesscevecsarecedes secerceeciersiearareterseedeecstendsecst se ssecetcs tense reat
Skull natural size; a-—e, as in fig. 1.

PLATE XXXVI.

Fig. 1—Wustela pennantii, Erxl,—Fisher.—No. 1073.—St. Lawrence county, New

Rather young; skull natural size. The under view of the skull exhibits
the transverse ridges of the skin of the palate, dried against the bone;
a-e, as in plate XX XV.
Fig. 2—Wustela americana, Turton.—American sable.—No. 1668.—Hssex county,
INTER POE: So6c op dbos nse apap so sopnetarcedoadiae «node enlnoaaontocodsdo idoosn dua nsbadinsocc
Skull natural size. View of head from above to show its narrow, elongated
shape, as compared with fig. 1 on next plate.
Fig. 3—Putorius noveboracensis, De Kay.—White weasel.—No. 624.—Carlisle, Pa.....
Male; figs. a—e as in plate XX XV.

PLATE XXXYVII.

Fig. 1—WMustela americana, Turton.—American sable.—No. 1163.—Essex county,

INI) Od es paptoechaconncdachebc SORE cade coped nocd Ba cRCODIC IBSOCARCAQSOO ADS HOODENeE OaC
Skull natural size; a-e as in plate XXXV.
Fig. 2—Putorius vison.—Mink.—No. 753.—Carlisle, Penn......scssesseesseseseeeeeeeeeeeeees
Very old skull; natural size; references as in preceding.
Fig. 3—Putorius vison.—Mink.—No. 718.—Carlisle, Penn.........s0.ssssesenserseeneseenes .

Immature skull with the milk teeth. References as in preceding.

PLATE XXXVIII.

Fig.—Lutra canadensis, Sab.—Otter.—Washington, D. C........ssseeeeeeseererees eaaeeaacee
Adult skull.—Natural size. References as in Plate XX XI.

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PLATE XXXIX.

Fig. 1—Tawideaberlandieri, Baird. —Mexican badger.—No. 1391.—Matamoras, Mexico.
Mature skull.- Natural size. References as in Plate XX XV.

Fig. 2—Taxidea labradoria.—Missouri badger.—No. 1178.—Bois de Sioux, Neb.......
Under view of left side of upper jaw, to show the differences from 7.
berlandieri.

Fig. 3—WMephitis mesoleuca, Licht.—W hite-backed skunk.—No. 1886.—Western Texas.
Very old skull; the sutures all obliterated and the teeth much worn.
References as in fig. 1.

PLATE XL.
Fig.—Procyon hernandesit, Wieg.—Black-footed racoon.—No. 1875.—Bodega, Cal-
LOND PO rena coc ccaa sees Seer o Sean are Seer anes ne Fe Cet ee
Rather immature skull, the posterior portion wanting. References as in
Plate XXXI.
PLATE XLI.
Fig.— Ursus horribilis, Ord.—Grizzly bear.—No. 1219.—Pacific coast.......ceccscceseeeee

Very old skull. Figs. 1-5 as in Plate XXXI. All about one-third
natural size. Fig. 6, left upper teeth from outside. Fig. 7, left upper
teeth from below. Fig. 8, left lower teeth from outside. Fig. 9, left
lower teeth from above.

PLATE XLII,

Fig.— Ursus horribilis, Ord.—Grizzly bear.—No. 1220.—Pacific coast............ssseeees
Rather immature skull; the deciduous teeth just shed. References as in
Plate XLI, except that figs. 1—5 are half natural size.

PLATE XLII.

Fig. 1-9—Ursus arctos, L.—Brown bear.—No. LOSS:—BWeden. i dssteviscazevevesecwacess sn
Marked two years old. About the same age as the skull on the preceding
plate. References as in Plate XLI, except that figs. 1-5 are one half

natural size.
Figs. 10-13—Ursus americanus, Pallas.—Black bear.—No. 1154.—Prairie Mer Rouge,

A OUINIATIN TE Sf oeks fe ecce uae es acten sone saten takes skas Cenvacepectuessaeeslecnacrecdaccecttes
Teeth of natural size. Fig. 10, left upper teeth from outside; fig. 11,

left upper teeth from below ; fig. 12, left lower teeth from outside ; fig.
13, left lower teeth from below.

PLATE XLIV.

Fig.—Ursus maritimus, la,—Polar bear.—No. 903.—Greenland....... ceseseesseees re eveene
Adult skull. References asin Plate XLI; figs. 1-5 one-third natural size.

94 L

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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE XLV.

1—Spermophilus douglassi, Rich.—Oregon ground squirrel.—No. 1881.—Oregon
MOLTO. st avddas de -chadsids Savapilaenecobnemwstedte tense nt of sc oeebe'dute Sepaltgnanss «iaases
a—skull from below; b—skull from above; c—skull from the side; d—
left side of lower jaw; e—left side of lower jaw from above.
2—Sciurus carolinensis, Gm.—Gray squirrel.—No. 1626.—Washington, D. C....
References a—e as in fig. 1.
3—Sciurus douglassi, Bach.—No. 2229.*—Upper Des Chutes, Oregon Territory...
References a—e as in fig. 1.
4—Tamias townsendii, Bach.—No. 2226.—Cape Flattery, Wash. Territory.......
References a-e as in fig. 1 ; # left upper molars from below ; g—left lower
molars from above. These last two magnified nearly three diameters.
5—Spermophilus lateralis, Say.—Squirrel.—No. 2228.—Upper des Chutes, Oregon
IDeriitory,.< wosislasseesanieemeenens danepratesnie saaseocd se eee wavees annonce: ae adaasdsseles
Figs. a-g; references as in the last figure.

PLATE XLVI.

1—Sciurus hudsonius, Pallas.—Red squirrel.—No. 727.—Carlisle, Penn.......... aa
Skull a-e as in preceding plate.

2—Tamias striatus. —Ground squirrel.—No. 1898.—Essex county, New York....
a-g, as in fig. 4 of preceding plate ; f-g magnified two diameters,

3—Spermophilus beecheyi, Rich.—No. 1598.—Tejon valley.......11ssseeseceeeseees apnoS
a-g as in preceding figure.

4—Spermophilus franklini, Rich.— 9 No. 1885.—Racine, Wisconsin.............00008
a-e as in fig. 1.

PLATE XLVI.

1—Arctomys flaviventris, Bach.—Yellow-footed marmot.—No. 2372.—Black hills.
Skull, a-e as in plate XLVI.

2—Cynomys ludovicianus, Raf.—Prairie dog.—No. 1350.—Fort Kearney.......... :
a—e as in the preceding.

3—Cynomys ludovignanua, Rat.—No, 1349,,,...sssysrsssnncssssceccccssecececsscedsecenneosens
Molars of a very old individual, much worn obliquely ; a—under view of

right upper molars ; /—upper surface of lower molars.
4—Oynomys gunnisonii, Bd.—No. 1636.—Cochetope Pass.......sscccecseeseseeeseeeeseee

References a-g, as in fig. 4, plate XLV; fg slightly enlarged.

PLATE XLVIII,.

1—Castor canadensis, Kuhl.—Beaver.—No. 1003,—Rio Grande, Texas..........+ :
Skull, reduced to two-thirds natural size; a—skull from below; 6—skull
from above; c—skull from the side; d—left side of lower jaw; e—left

side of lower jaw from above.

*Incorrectly printed 2269 in the st of specimens.

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Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

2—Sciwrus cinereus, L.—Fox squirrel.—No. 932.—Washington, D. 6 AS pean
References a-e, as in fig. 1.
3—Spermophilus harrisii, A. & B.—No. 1600.—Mohave Desert.¢...........sseeeeeeee

a-e as in fig. 1; /—left upper molars from below, (inverted by the en-
graver ;) g—left lower molars from above. The two last figures magni-
fied nearly three times.

PLATE XLIX.

1—Arctomys monax, Gmelin.—Woodchuck.—No. 1261.—Western Missouri.......
Skull natural size ; a—e as in the preceding plate.
2— Aplodontia leporina, Rich.—Sewellel.—Puget’s Sound..........sccsescssesseeeeeeees
Natural size ; a-e as in the last; view of occiput from behind.
PLATE L.
1—Geomys clarkii, Baird.—No. 1623.—Presidio del Norte...........csccsecceseeeseeees

a—under view of skull; b—upper view of skull; c—the same from the side;
d—upper molars of the left side, magnified ; e—lower jaw from the side;
j—lower jaw from above; g—lower molars of the left side, magnified.
2—Geomys bursarius.—Gopher.—No. 1767.—St. Louis..........cceccssssseeeeereeeeeeee
References as in fig. 1.
3—Thomomys bulbivorus.—California Gopher.—No. 1280.—Monterey, California
References as in fig. 1.
PLATE LI.

1—Dipodomys ordii, Woodh.—Kangaroo rat.— Western Texas.......ssscssscsereees '
Skull. All the outlines three times the natural size ; a—skull from below ;
‘6—skull from above ; c—skull from the side; d—left side of lower jaw;
e—left side of lower jaw from above ; f—occiput from behind.
2—Dipodomys ordii; Woodh.—No. 1125.—Sonora, Mexic0.....ssssecscecsseeeseesceees
Another skull, natural size; a—e as in the preceding figure; /—upper
molars from below ; g—left lower molars from above ; h—upper incisors
from the front; 7, g, h, magnified about twice.
3—Perognathus monticola, Bd.—No. 1585.—St. Mary’s, Rocky mountains.........
Quite old; references a—h, as in the last figure; /, g, and h, magnified
nearly three diameters.
4— Perognathus hispidus, Bd.—No. 1695.—Matamoras..........sccceecscsscceeeeseeeeees
Male ; teeth not worn; references a—g as in preceding.

PLATE LI.

1—Thomomys bulbivorus.—California gopher.—No. 1280.—Monterey, California.

Skull. References a-g as in fig. 2, plate LI ; fand g magnified two diameters.

2—Geomys breviceps, Baird. —No. 1138.—Prairie Mer Rouge.........ccscseeeeereceeee

References a-g, as in preceding figure; f and g magnified about three
times.

747

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339

353

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372

389

410

410

422

421

389

378

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

All

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

. 8—Hespéeromys boylii, Baird.—No. 127 0.—Middle fork of American river, Cal....

References a—-g, as in fig. 1; fand g magnified nearly three diameters.

. 4 Hesperomys (Oryzomys) palustris, — & —No. 2111.—Society Hall, 8, C...........

References a—g, as in fig. 1.

ge. 5—Hesperomys texanus, Woodh.—No. 2217.—Turkey creek, Texas..........-.+++++++

Grinding surfaces only of the molar teeth ; a—of left upper molars ; b—of
left lower molars, magnified rather more than twice.

. 6—Mus tectorum, Savi.—White-bellied rat.—No. 1685.—Cadcreita, New Leon...

References a-g, as in fig. 1; f and g magnified twice.

PLATE LIII.

1—Neotoma fuscipes, Cooper.—Bush rat.—No. 2040.—Santa Clara, California...
Male quite old. a—skull from below ; )—skull from above; c—skull from
the side; d—left side of lower jaw ; e—left side of lower jaw from above;
jf—upper molars of left side ; g—lower molars of left side. The two last
magnified three times.
2—Neotoma floridana, Say & Ord.—Wood rat.—No. 2056.—St. Simon’s island,
GeOrpiaiceecten custome coast onakescke set tascsnessrscehoncssacsensmrsshscssnnnsscice
Very large and old. References a-g, as in the last. Two last magnified
three times.
3—Neotoma occidentalis, Cooper.—Brush-tailed rat.—No. 1591.—Shoalwater bay,
Washington Morritory se qeses- cote. o- cease a- comes tot snise ces tease acre eeanes -seneenaer
Not very old. References a-g as in fig. 1; f and g magnified twice.

. 4— Neotoma magister, Baird.—Fossil ; from the bone cave at Carlisle, Pa..........

a—left side of lower jaw; b—left side of lower jaw from above.

. 5—Neotoma cinerea.—Rocky Mountain rat.—No. 2159.—Fort Sarpy? Yellow-

Stone Trivers Nebraskar....cassea-tecseteees cas chnccactes ovarettcdsocesssxecacsseussees
References a—-g as in fig. 1; f and g magnified rather more than twice.

. 6—Sigmodon berlandieri, Baird.—Texas cotton rat.—No. 1672.—West of San

ANTONIO... cave cccascuseee eh <catecbsehesaskt ener ne :cremonenshs criennanmecanenrancanstoas
Very old. References a—g as in fig. 1; fand g magnified rather more than
three times.

. 1—Sigmodon berlandieri, Baird.—No. 1681.—Santa Rosalia, Mexico....... sss.
Rather young. a—grinding surface of left upper molars; b—grinding
surface of left lower molars. Magnified nearly three times.
PLATE LIV.
the figures in the present plate represent the grinding surfaces of the molar teeth

on the left side of the jaw. The one above the number belongs to the
superior molars, the lower figure to the inferior ones.

. 1719—Arvicola pinetorum, Lec.—No. 45’? .—Georgia.........sccecsenersesececeeseceseees
. 1714—Arvicola cinnamomea, Bd.—No.
. 2211—Neotoma mexicana, Bd.—No. 2344.—San Pedro river, Somora......s.cseeeeeees

$96
i o . Pemibin asin. cedeietedes eee ne

Page.
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441

496

487

496

498

499

504

504

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 79

Page
No. 626°—Fiber zibethicus, L.—No, 626°.—Carlisle, Pa........c.ccssccsseesececceseecccecceee 561
No. 1587—? Arvicola austera, Lec.—No. 1488;'.—Calcasieu, La........c..ccccceeeeceeeeceeees 539
No. 1306—Reithrodon montanus, Bd.—No. 122,°.—Rocky mountains..........cs0.cc0eeeeee 449
No. 978—WNeotoma floridana, Say. & Ord.—No. %,'8.—Charleston, S. O..........es0000- 487
No. 1595—Arvicola townsendii, Bach.—No. 453! eae Day Uae sdateeetteeeee cee 527
No. 1694—WNeotoma cinerea, Bd.—No. 1,5°4.—Milk river, Nebraska..........c.c.eeeces eee 499
No. 939—? Neotoma fuscipes, Cooper. ie Ss Ss —Los Angeles, California.............. 495
No. 1674—Neotoma meaicana, Bd.—No. 48,5.—Chihuahua..........scccscessssecenecacceees 490
PLATE LY.
Fig. 1—Zrethizon epixanthus, Brandt.—No. 1263.—Yellow-haired porcupine.—Bill
fudiarnarork, New Moxicd, 2... .cn9-0tnslhoevodsadess ance ant aot 569
a—under surface of skull ; b—upper surface of skull ; c—side of skull ; d—
side of lower jaw-; e—upper view of lower jaw.
Fig. 2—? Frethizon epixanthus —No. 822.—Upper Missouri.............sssesceccesseeeeeecees 569
Upper view of skull.
Fig. 3—Lrethizon dorsatus, F. Cuv.—Canada porcupine.—No. 3066.—Essex county,
BMG WORM cece ce scar Cs autesccivavs-vien fomins tel senscnia tester MACLEN, cc 568
Upper view of skull.
PLATE LVI.
Fig. 1—Lepus glacialis, Leach.—Polar hare.—No. 2277.—Newfoundland................ 577
Skull. References a-e as in preceding plate.
Fig. 2—Lepus campestris, Bach.—Gray hare.—No. 972.—Fort Union, Nebraska....... 585
References a-e as in preceding plate.
PLATE LVII.
Fig. 1—Lepus callotis, Wagler.—Jackass rabbit.—No. 1191.—Brazos Santiago, Texas, 590
Skull. ‘References a—e as tle preceding.
Fig. 2—Lepus californicus, Gray.—No. 2273.—Petaluma, California... ........cccccceese 594
References a—e as the preceding.
PLATE LVIII.
Fig. 1—Lepus sylvaticus, Bach.—Gray rabbit.—No. 625.—Carlisle, Pa.eeeeeccecccess. 597
Skull. References a-e as the preceding.
Fig. 2—Lepus audubonii, Baird.—No. 2045.—San Francisco, Oalifornia.................. 608
References a-e as the preceding.
PLATE LIX.
Fig. 1—Lepus aquaticus, Bach.—Swamp rabbit.—No. 1228.—Calcasieu, La............. 612
Skull. References a-e as the preceding.
Fig. 2—Lepus palustris, Bach.—Marsh rabbit.—No. 2054.—St, Bean sisland,Ga. 615

References a-e as the preceding.

750

Fig
Fig

Fig

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE LX.

. 1—Mephitis mephitica.—Common skunk.—No. 670.—Carlisle.........ssccscesesseeves
Skull. References a-e as the preceding.

. 2—NMephitis varians, Gray —Texas skunk.—No. 1117.—Eagle Pass, Texas.......

References a—-e as the preceding.
. 3—Hephitis bicolor, Gray.—Stupid skunk.—No. 2182.—Santa Clara, California,
References a—e as the preceding.

LIST OF WOOD-CUT FIGURES.

Fig. 1—Alce americanus, Jardine.—Moose.—No. 857.—Maine......c0.cecsceneceeesseeeeees
Adult. Left horn seen from the front. Scale 5.09 inches to the inch of
figure. S
Fig. 2—Alce americanus, Jardine.—Moose.—No. 782.—Hamilton, New York...........
Young male of second year. Right horn from the front. Natural size 4.10
inches to the inch of the figure.
Fig. 3—Rangifer caribou, Aud. & Bach.—Wood caribou.—No. 900.—Isle Royale,
hake SUperiOG.6se.-aeascnetecdcawde geen sbubseas obaplésves « pRSbapea Ate Cepdtere -bcoweeeee
Right horn from inside. Natural size 6.30 inches to the inch of figure.
Fig. 4—Rangifer caribou, Aud. & Bach.—No. 1198.—Trois Rivieres, Canada..........
Young, probably of the second year. Right horn viewed from the inside.
Size 4 inches to the inch of the figure.
Big. 5—Rangifer’ carbon, Aut. 85 BACH... <2 <...0) hénenopeee=non Wants -apeaeWaarne sib eeatemowsear
The left horn of the same animal viewed from the outside. Size 3.14
inches to the inch of figure.
Fig. 6—Rangifer caribou, Aud. & Bach.—No. 1199.......cceccccecesesceeecesccseeceeeeeeesers
Another horn from the same locality. Right side from inside. Size 3.38
inches to the inch of the figure.
Fig. 7—Rangifer groenlandicus.—Barren ground caribou.—No. 906.—North Greenland.
Male. Right horn from inside, showing the palmated brow antler. The
left horn is without it. Size 7.08 inches to the inch of the figure.
Fig. 8—The same species (No. 905) from the same locality. Supposed to be the female.
No palmated brow antler on either side. Right antler from inside. Size
6.83 inches to the inch of the figtrre.............scsecccesssccerscscecsecssececscecs
Fig. 9—Cervus canadensis, Hrxl.—EIk .........cccseeeeeeeeesseteeeeecneeceeeeeneeeeeeereeeenenees
End of the nose as seen obliquely from above and in front. The figure is
to be considered only as an approximation to accuracy, having been
taken from a distorted skin.
Fig. 10—Cervus canadensis, Erxl.—HlK ....ssessecessseeeseneeeeeseeesseeeeenannnneneesees pidseaanel
Under surface of left front hoof. :
Fig. 11—Cervus canadensis, Erxl.—Elk.—No. 3253.—Califormia .........-.s1srseseeseeees
Right antler from inside. Size 9.90 inches to the inch of the figure.
Fig. 12—Cervus virginianus, Bodd.—Deer.......s.sseseeeeeeeeeereeeerneeeseesenseetecensesennens ;

End of the nose as seen obliquely from above and in front. The figure is a
mere diagram, having been taken from a much distorted skin.

632

632

634

634

634

634

635

635
639

639
641

644

Fig.
Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.

Fig.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

18—Cervus virginianus, Bodd.—Deer.—No. 3062.—Essex county, New York.....
Right horn from inside. Size 4.16 inches to the inch of the figure.
14—? Cervus leucurus, Dougl].— White-tailed deer.—No. 2920.—Yellowstone river
Right horn from inside. Size, 3.68 inches to the inch of the figure.
15—? Cervus leucurus, Dougl.—No. 658.—Upper Missouri..........cssccssseceseceecees
Left horn from inside. Size, 5.04 inches to the inch of the figure. This
horn is remarkable for the amount of flattening and consequent elongation,
antero-posteriorly, of the cross section at any point.
16—? Cervus leucurus, Dougl.—No. 2928.—White Earth river, Nebraska..........
Both horns from the left. Size, 3.91 inches to the inch of the figure. This
horn is much compressed antero-posteriorly, at its terminal or upper
half, as in the moose or reindeer. It may possibly belong to a C. mac-
rots, but is labelled by Lieut. Warren C. Virginianus, and most probably
is the white-tail deer of the Upper Missouri.
17—Cervus leucwrus, Dougl.—No. 3203.—Whidby’s island, Puget’s Sound........
The true C. leucwrus of Douglass. Right horn from inside. Size, 5.09
inches to the inch of the figure.
18—? Cervus leucurus, Dougl.—No. 829—Big Sioux, Nebraska.......cccseeccseccesece
Head from before, showing the remarkable development of snags. Size,
6.20 inches to the inch of the figure.

19—Cervus macrotis, Say.—Mule deer.—No. 831.—Big Sioux, Nebraska............
Right horn from inside. Size, 8.23 inches to the inch of the figure.
20—Cervus macrotis, Say.—No. 2918.—Yellowstone........ccsccsssssecceccnscceseecesees

Right horn from inside. Size, 5 inches to the inch of the figure.
21—Cervus columbianus, Rich.—Black-tailed deer.—No. 1618.—Monterey, Cal...
Right horn from inside, Size, 8.30 inches to the inch of the figure.
22—Cervus columbianus, Rich.—No. 3204.—Puget’s Sound..........ccceeee ceseeccceee

Right horn from inside, showing the absence of fork on one side, as well as
of basal snag. Size, 5.74 inches to the inch of the figure.
23—Antilocapra americana, Ord.—Prong-horned antelope...........++ dooutede sosweeee
End of muzzle, 'as viewed from above and in front, (taken from a well
mounted head.) Fig. 24. Under surface of left front hoof.
24 — Ovis montand, Covs—Bighornr. :.....c.cssccbsscdecedaccecencdecesvecdedececccaeccoaecece
Male. End of muzzle, as viewed from above and in front, (taken from the
mounted specimens brought by Captain Stansbury.)

ao—Usider surface of lett ‘front hobf) i. .tiu eles hestiwal Waa dbs ev iecasccnce

26—Ovis montana, Cuv.—Bighorn.—Upper Missouri.............ccacccsscccseeecceeecees
Male. Left horn from the left side.

Bi Phoeisame; from the fronts. ccsesonscvevs deavsacsecdesanseeeeeee ee Terre

DB —ISHBO OL HO BOTW aa caccacns ssooaqdex cosdancue eden descr itudrs dover tte SeTa Mens. ccte
Scale, 4 inches to the inch of the figure.

29—Ovis montana, Cuv.—No. 2593.—Bridger’s Pass........ccsccc0 scseccseecescesceeecs

Female. Left horn from the left side. Size, 3.42 inches to the inch of the
figure.

751

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651

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651

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652

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657

660

660

668

674

674
675

675
675

676

752 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Pgae.
Fig. 30—Ovis montana, Cuv.—No. 1608.—San Francisco mountains, New Mexico..... 677

Male. Left horn from left side.

Fig. 31—Ditto, from the front........cccccessecccsssencccenssescessececccoees ane sico tase assnancoended re

Fig. 32—Base of the horn............ssssssssecssesstseeeseeeeeseeesseesseesseecssssscessenseceeseeeens 677
Size, 5.61 inches to the inch of the figure.

Fig. 33—Ovibos moschatus.—Musk 0X.......000.seeseseeneves bevevobucee Sop deSgusoncenssrersacencen 681

End of muzzle from above and in front. This figure is merely a rude out-
line, having been hastily copied from the mounted specimen in the

Philadelphia Academy.......icsseseseteisccscsssrscrscsvevccscoscnscesasssseese ceceeee 681

Fig, 34—Bos americanus.—Buffalo........ccsssseccssecsennensenonens eceneoessevecesrsnes onuesneunen 683
End of nose from above and in front.

Fig. 835-—-Under surface of left front hoof....... satoooath scape acererie ate. salepger i: 683

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, 753

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

SORICINAE.

Neosorex navigator, Cooper.—Animal and skull, Plate XXVI, No. 629.
Sorex trowbridgii, Baird.—Animal and skull, Plate XXVI.
vagrans, Cooper.—Details of external form, Plate XVIII, figs. 5 and 6. Animal and
skull, Plate XX VI, No. 1675.
suckleyi, Baird.—Animal and skull, Plate XXVII, No. 1677.
pachyurus, Baird.—Animal and skull, Plate XX VII, No. 1674.
Jorsteri, Rich.—Details, Plate XXX, fig. 4.
platyrhinus, Wagner.—Animal and skull, Plate XXVIII, No. 1699.
coopert, Bach.—Animal and skull, Plate XXVI, No. 2047.
haydeni, Baird.—Animal and skull, Plate XX VII, No. 1685.
hoyi, Baird.—Animal and skull, Plate XXVIII, No. 1688.
thompsoni, Baird.—Animal and skull, Plate XX VII, No. 1686.
Blarina talpoides, Gray.—Details of external form, Plate XVIII, fig. 4, and Plate XXX, fig. 6.
brevicauda, Gray.—Details, Plate XXX, fig. 5.
carolinensis.—Details, Plate XXX, fig. 8.
angusticeps, Baird.—Details, Plate XXX, fig. 7.
cinerea.—Details, Plate XXX, figs. 9 and 10.
exilipes, Baird.—Animal and skull, Plate XXVIII, No. 2157.
berlandieri, Baird.—Animal and skull, Plate XXVIII, No. 2159.

TALPINAE.

Scalops aquaticus.—Details of external form, Plate XVII, fig. 1.
townsendit, Bach.—Details of external form, Plate XVII, fig. 5, Plate XXX, fig. 1.

townsendii, Bach., var. californicus.—Details of external form, Plate XVII, figs, 2 and
6; Plate XXX, fig. 3.

brewer, Bach.—Details of external form, Plate XVII, figs. 3-4; Plate XXX, fig. 2.
Talpa europaea, L.—Muzzle, Plate XVII, fig. 7.
Condylura cristata, I11.—Details of external form, Plate, XVIII, figs. 1-2.

Urotrichus gibbsti, Baird.—Details of external form, Plate XVIII, fig. 3. Animal and skull,
Plate XXVIII, No. 662.

FELINAE.

? Felis concolor.—Animal, very young, Plate II, fig. 2.
Lynx fasciatus, Rat.—Animal, Plate II, fig. 1.
95 L

754 SYSTEMATIC LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

LUPINAE.

Canis occidentalis, var. griseo-albus.—Skull, Plate XXXI.

VULPINAE.

Vulpes fulvus, var. fulvus.—Skull, Plate XXXII.
macrourus, Baird.—Skull, Plate XX XIII.
velox, Aud. and Bach.—Skull, Plate XXXIV.
virginianus, Rich.—Skull, Plate XXXV fig. 1.
littoralis, Baird.— Animal, Plate I. Skull, Plate XX XV, fig. 2.

MARTINAE.

Mustela pennantii, Erxl.—Skull and gum folds, Plate XXXVI, fig. 1.

americana, Turton.—Skull, Plate XXXVI, fig. 2, and Plate XX XVII, fig. 1.
Putorius cicognanit.—Details, Plate XIX, fig. 4.

richardsonti, Bp.—Details, Plate XIX, fig. 2-6.

noveboracensis, DeKay.—Skull, Plate XXXVI, fig. 3.

frenatus, Aud. & Bach.—Details, Plate XIX, fig. 5.
Putorius xanthogenys.—Animal, Plate III, fig. 1. Details, Plate XIX, fig. 3.

vison, Rich.—Skull, Plate XX XVII; fig. 2, adult, and fig. 3, young.

LUTRINAE.

Lutra canadensis, Sab.—Details, Plate XIX, fig. 7. Skull, Plate XX XVIII.
californica, Gray.—Details, Plate XIX, fig. 8.

MELINAE.

Mephitis varians, Gray.—Skull, Plate LX, fig. 2.
mesoleuca, Licht.—Details, Plate XIX, fig. 1. Skull, Plate XX XIX, fig. 3.
mephilica, Shaw.—Plate LX, fig. 1.
bicolor, Gray.—Animal, Plate XXIX. Skull, Plate LX, fig. 3.
Taxidea americana, Waterh.—Upper jaw, Plate XX XIX, fig. 2.
berlandiert, Baird.—Skull, Plate XX XIX, fig. 7.

SUBURSINAE.

Procyon hernandezii, Wagler.—Skull, rather young, Plate XL,

URSINAE.

Ursus horribilis, Ord.—Skull, very old, Plate XLI. Skull, rather young, Plate XLII.
arctos, L.—Skull rather immature, Plate XLIII, figs. 1-9.
americanus, Pallas. —Skull, Plate XLITI, figs. 10-13.
maritimus, Linn,—Skull, Plate XLIV.

-

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 755

SCIURINAE,

Sciurus cinereus, Linn.—Skull, Plate XLVIII, fig. 2.
carolinensis, Gm.—Skull, Plate XLV, fig. 2.
hudsonius, Pallas.—Skull, Plate XLVI, fig¢ 1.
JSremonlii, Towns.—Animal, Plate VI.
douglassii, Bach.—Details, Plate XX, fig. 1. Skull, Plate XLV, fig. 3.
douglassii, Bach., var. suckleyiimAnimal, Plate VII.
Tamias striatus.—Skull, Plate XLVI, fig. 2.
quadrivittatus, Rich.—Details, Plate XX, fig, 2.
townsendiz.—Skull, Plate XLV, fig. 4.
townsendit, Bach., var. Coopert.—Animal, Plate V, fig. 2.
Spermophilus beecheyi, Rich.—Animal, Plate III, fig. 2. Skull, Plate XLVI, fig. 3.
douglassii, Rich.—Skull, Plate XLV, fig. 1.
grammurus, Bachman.—Animal, Plate IV, fig. 1.
lateralis, Rich.—Details, Plate XX, fig. 3. Skull, Plate XLV, fig. 5.
harrisiit, Aud. and Bach.—Skull, Plate XLVIII, fig. 3.
Sranklini, Rich.—Skull, Plate XLVI, fig. 4.
Cynomys ludovicianus.—Skull and teeth, Plate XLVI, figs. 2-3.
gunnisonii, Baird.—Animal, Plate IV, fig. 2. Skull, Plate XLVII, fig. 4.
Arctomys monax, Gmelin.—Skull, Plate XLIX, fig. 1.
flaviventer, Bachman.—Skull, Plate XLVI, fig. 1.

CASTORINAE.,

Aplodontia leporina, Rich.—Details, Plate XX, fig. 4. Skull, Plate XLIX, fig. 2.
Castor canadensis, Kuhl.—Skull, Plate XLVIII, fig. 1.

5

SACCOMYINAE.

Geomys bursarius, Rich.—Details, Plate XXII, fig. 1. Skull, Plate L, fig. 2.
breviceps, Baird.—Skull, Plate LII, fig. 2.
pinetis, Rafinesque.—Details, Plate XXII, fig. 3.
castanops, Leconte.—Animal, Plate X, fig. 2. Skull, Plate L, fig. 1.
hispidus, Leconte.—Details, Plate XXII, fig. 4.
Thomomys bulbivorus.—Animal, with details of external form, Plate XI: Skull, Plate L, fig.
3, and Plate LII, fig. 1.
laticeps, Baird.—-Animal, with details, Plate XII, fig. 1.
Thomomys borealis. —Details, Plate XXII, fig. 2.
rufescens, Maxim.—Animal, Plate X, fig. 1.
fulvus.—Animal, with details, Plate XII, fig. 2.
Dipodomys ordii, Woodhouse.—Animal, Plate V, fig. 1. Details, Plate XXI, fig. 1. Skull
much enlarged, Plate LI, fig. 1. Natural size, fig. 2.
agilis, Gambel.—Animal, Plate IX, fig. 1.
Perognathus penicillatus, Woodhouse.—Details, Plate XX, fig. 5.
hispidus, Baird.—Skull, Plate LI, fig. 4.

756 SYSTEMATIC LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Perognathus monticola, Baird:—Skull, Plate LI, fig. 3.
Jlavus, Baird.-~-Animal, Plate VIII, fig. 2. Details, Plate XXI, fig. 3.

DIPODINAE.
Jaculus hudsonius.—Details, Plate XX, fig.-5.

MURINAE.

Mus tectorum, Savi.—Skull, Plate LIT, fig. 6.
Reithrodon montanus, Baird.—Teeth, Plate LIV, No. 1306.
Hesperomys texanus, Woodhouse.—-Animal, Plate VIII, fig. 1. Skull, Plate LI, fig. 5.
boylit, Baird.— Animal, Plate VIII, fig. 3. Skull, Plate LI, fig. 3.
palustris, Wagner.—Skull, Plate LII, fig. 4.
Neotoma floridana, Say. and Ord.—Skull, Plate LI, fig. 2.
mexicana, Baird.— Teeth, Plate LIV, No. and No. 1674.
Juscipes, Cooper.—Skull, Plate LILI, fig. 1. Teeth, Plate LIV, No. 936.
occidentalis, Cooper.—Animal, Plate IX, fig. 2. Details, Plate XXI, fig. 4.
Skull, Plate LIII, fig. 3.
cinerea.—Skull, Plate LIII, fig. 5. Teeth, Plate LIV, No. 1694.
magister, Baird.—Lower jaw, Plate LILI, fig. 4.
Sigmodon berlandieri, Baird.—Skull, Plate LIII, figs. 6-7.

ARVICOLINAE.

Arvicola townsendii, Bachman.—Teeth, Plate LIV, No. 1595.
montana, Peale.—Details, Plate XXI, fig. 2.
austera, Lec.—Teeth, Plate LIV, No. 1587.
cinnamonea, Baird.—Teeth, Plate LIV, No. 1714.
pinetorum, Leconte.—Teeth, Plate LIV, No. 1719.
Fiber zibethicus, Cuv.—Teeth, Plate LIV, No. 626.

HYSTRICINAE.

Erethizon dorsatus.—Upper view of skull, Plate LV, fig. 3.
epixanihus, Brandt.—Skull, Plate LV, figs. 1-2.

LEPORINAE.

Lepus glacialis, Leach.—Skull, Plate LVI, fig. 1.
washingtonii, Baird.—-Animal, Plate XV.
campestris, Bach.—Skull, Plate LVI, fig. 2.
callotis, Wagler.—Skull, Plate LVII, fig. 1.
californicus, Gray.—Skull, Plate LVII, fig. 2.
sylvaticus, Bach.—Skull, Plate LVIII, fig. 1.
audubonii, Baird.—Animal, Plate XIII. Skull, Plate LVIII, fig. 2.
trowbridgii, Baird.—Animal, Plate XIV.
aquaticus, Bach._—Skull, Plate LIX, fig. 1.
palustris, Bach.—Skull, Plate LIX, fig. 2.

SYSTEMATIC LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 757

CERVINAE.

Alce americanus, Jardine.—Horns, adult, wood-cut, fig. 1; young, fig. 2, p. 632.
Rangifer caribou, Aud. & Bach.—Horns, adult, wood-cut, fig. 3; young, figs. 4,5 & 6, p. 634.
groenlandicus.—Horns, adult male, wood-cut, fig. 7; adult female? fig. 8, p. 635.
Cervus canadensis, Erxl.—Muzzle, wood-cut, fig. 9; hoof, fig. 10, p. 639; horns, fig. 11, p. 641.
virginianus, Boddaert.—Feet, Plate XXIV, fig. 1; muzzle, wood-cut, fig. 12, p. 644;
horns, fig. 13, p. 648.
leucurus, Douglass.—Horns, adult, wood-cut, figs. 14, 15, 17, p. 651; fig. 18, p. 652.
? Young, fig. 16, p. 651.
mexicanus, Gmelin.—Feet, Plate XXIV, fig. 2.
macrotis.—Feet, Plate XXIII, fig. 1. Horns, wood-cut, figs. 19-20, p. 657.
columbianus, Rich.—Feet, Plate XXIII, fig. 2. Horns, wood-cut, figs. 21-22, p. 660.

ANTILOPINAE.

Antilocapra americana, Ord.—Animal, Plate XVI; various horns, Plate XXX; muzzle and
hoof, wood-cut, figs. 23-24, p. 668.
Capella rupicapra.—Horns, Plate XXV, figs. 1854 and 882.

OVINAE.

Ovis montana, Cuvier.—Muzzle and hoof, wood-cut, figs. 24-25, p. 674. Horns, male and
female, wood-cut, figs. 26-29, p. 675. Horns of male, figs. 30-32, p. 677.

BOVINAE.

Ovibos moschatus, Blainville—Muzzle, wood-cut, fig. 33, p. 681.
Bos americanus, Gmelin.—Muzzle and hoof, wood-cut, figs. 34-35, p. 683.

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