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' io rs a ' a) an aid iy Pa r : rn nr | Mi 7 ry - 7 ah : a _ : a> it 7 : " it . en el al : a a | a iF PA ; ww o a “4 ’ VT uf Wy " on : i - 7 ya a i a - : u 7 7 ; wn oF ¥ - : 7 r ‘er "a ‘ : ih : : hi" T. . 7 rah 7 i* Vv J : “i a) ~~ 1S a -e a a. ad f ans : : . 7 a a “0 abe 7 as < its al } 7 _' 7 ut i y - _— 7 7 7” Via i In , oan ines a ; +7) ny 7 id 7 a ’ i 7 ; en nm . a i ioe 7 io th atu o i) eae aa : i 7 “yas se ACD we rs : : ae ‘ 7 _ [ J a me rr * or: é nn ; | _ 7 De cals + _ ay _ - i \ ie er - oY ; pe fn, * hi, - ee ee ara ae vit = - ald ; i? it ; Te i oe, % at oa : : \ he a Ne aAd ie Sy | . wit i q a er 7 i vi i 7 mS At : yn i - ay ey als, a ue ‘ ny Tie rh eo te OS cet i re ae ” ieee | a) _ ; ar 29 a ; 7” ‘ . 7 -_ ao us - ios * it me vy, oe fa , : 1 a ie) iz a) en j Wh i : wu : " i A Ome Van) 7 ey ; 7 han } i a ; 1 aD “oF : ‘Ad hi : ce 4 4 _ Jt a y 4, may _ : ae 7 Bir} 7 at i a ¥; 7 t 7 ae 7 uy) ify 7 : i , 7 a Fa : i : a it / 5 a sf : 7 e wo AN 7 a : : Lope NY : iat “(thy eat ai a *) P ie ie i : \ i iy in ay 7 4) ; qi - t , oa Pa iia wi, : a “y ey en) park ont - Ma | See ‘Piha iy i eee are mi 1% Aa p ; - “ iy < 2) ve ae r ver a \ pity 7 - 7 o _ Tae, ps ae es aii ine iw fi ~~ 7 ee wh i ed iv Opa : . _, OU ro La ©, aay | a ah i ay ae. a | oar ‘aa al i ot ' 7 4 = — rae 7 0 a (oo 7 D,| ay aS <4 2 a y: pea ty = Nal . o : 7 : il 7 Ay A - i ar: a } oe | ia si a i When A se | i + ap ee ; Pe wa oy Pun 7 a ane a st i pe i 2 uns F , a a a A@ q ph cae i} ; 7 VG salar ks iff - wy ou i yi { * eo val : vl a ‘i me. q a ' y a , fam) ip ey a a: wie 7 i Bis : a : a” a ee he ! Fr i ; Pn a)” io (ae eres |) 7 ab aE Lk at it 7 " i” : 1 Tie . 4 aii a ei ptt! : i =. nit Se An iene as aan a a: _ to Dec, 856- Eco. : if B. HATCHER un Cuarce Sea aS EDITED BY Se gare WILLIAM B. SCOTT BLAIR | PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY AND PALAIONTOLOGY, Seon a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY 7s © VOLUME I | ORNITHOLOGY ee er Pani lL. gat RuEIDa—SPHENISCIDE e BY Dopce SCOTT associatep wits R. BOWDLER SHARPE a> BRITISH MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY _ PRINCETON, N. J. THE University STUTTGART Class AVES. Subclass RATITZA. Struthiones, Lath. Ind. Orn. II. p. 662, Ordo VI. (1790). Ratite, Merrem, Abhandl. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1812-13, Physik. KI. Pp. 259: Cursores, part., Illig. Prodr. p. 246 (1811). Procevi (familia), Illig. Prodr. p. 246 (1811). Megistanes (familia), Vieill. Analyse, p. 53 (1816). Brevipenes (familia), Cuv. Régn. An. I. p. 459 (1817). Proceres, Sundev. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 151 (1872). Struthiontformes, Seebohm, Classif. Bds. p. 44 (1890). Ratite, Sharpe, Classif. Bds. p. 67 (1891); id. Hand-List Bds. I. p. 1 (1899). Paleognathe, Pycraft, Trans. Zool. Soc. xv. pp. 149-290, pls. lxii-lv (1900). Order RHEIFORMES: Sharpe, Classif. Birds, p. 67 (1891); id. Hand-List Bds. I. p. 1 (1899). Family Rue. Salvadori, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 570 (1895); Sharpe, Hand- List Bds. p. 1 (1899). Genus RHEA Latham. Type. Rhea, Lath. Ind. Orn., i. p. 665, gen. ]xiii. (1790) ; Bonn. o Enc. Meth. i. Introd. p. xcii (1790) ; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. xxvii. p. 577 Soak Sharpe, Hand- Bicmisas il p.1 (1S99).'. . . epee es) eo eR AIEr CON. (1) (¢4090 2 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Tonjou, Lacépéde, Mém. Inst. iii. p. 519, gen. 128 (1801) (= zea" ath... Tujus, Rafinesque, Analyse, p. 70 (1815). Pterocnemia, G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 2, subgen. 2460 (EFT) ccs A oe = WRedarwiu: Pterocnemys, Sclat. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 154 (1873) (= Pterocnemia, Gtr.). Geographical Range.— Confined to South America. RHEA AMERICANA (Linneeus). Nhandu-gnacu brasiliensibus, Marcgr. Hist. Nat. Bras. p. 190 (1648). Struthio camelus americanus, Ray Syn. Av. p. 36 (1713). Struthio americanus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 155 (1758). Rhea, Briss. Orn. V. p. 8 (1760). Struthio rhea, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 266 (1766); Molino, Sagg. St. Nat. @hil p= 232. (1732) pt.) Touyou, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. I. p. 452 (1770). Rhea americana, Lath. Ind. Orn. II. p. 665 (1790); Drap. Dict. Class d’Hist. Nat. XIV. p. 449 (1828); Darw. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 36 (south of Rio Negro); Gould, Voy. ‘Beagle,’ Birds, p. 120 (1841: La Plata); Darwin, t. c. p. 121 note; Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 527 (1844); Burm. J. f. O. 1860, p. 260 (Mendoza); id. La Plata Reis II. p. 500 (1861); Scl. Trans: Zool, Soc. LV. p: 355) pl e-av ils (1862) Bocking, Archiv fur Naturg. XXIX. p. 213 (1863); Cunningh. Ibis, 1868, p. 126 (Patagonia); Sternb. J. f, O. 1869, p. 275 (Buenos Ayres); Holtz, op. cit. 1870, p. 24 (egg); Gray, Hand. B. III. p. 1, no. 9842. (1877); ‘Cunningh. P.Z. S. 1871, pp-. 105-110, pls VI* (osteology); Huds. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 535 (Patagonia); Sper- ling, Ibis, 1872, p. 78; Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 154 (1873); Garrod, P. Z. S. 1873, pp. 470, 644 (anatomy); Harting, Ostriches and Ostr. Farm. pp. 55-84 cum tab. (1877); Beerbohm, Wanderings in Patagonia, p. 52 (1879); id. Ibis, 1879, p. 386; Schmidt, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 315 (duration of life); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 167 (Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres); Durnf. t. c p. 414 (Buenos Ayres); Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 784 (anatomy); Doer- AVES — RHEID. 3 ing, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves p. 58 (1881); Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 283 (Uruguay); Gadow, P. Z. S. 1885, pp. 308-322 (an- atomy); Beddard, t. c. p. 389 (anatomy); Scl. & Huds. Arg. Orn. Mp 200 (1639); Oust. Miss: Scient. Cap Horn, Ois., p. B. 323 (1891); Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 85 (incubation); Graham Kerr, Ibis 1892, p. 151 (Gran Chaco, Rio Pilcomayo); Holland, t. c. p. 214 (Estancia Espartilla, Buenos Ayres); Scl. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 472 (in confinement); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 214 (Uruguay); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 578 (1895); Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 1 (1899); Carbajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 250 (1900); Pycraft, Trans. Zool. Soc. XV. pp. 154, 155, fig. D (1900); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus., I. p. 1 (1901); Mitchell, Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) VIII. p. 182 (1901: Intestinal tract) ; De Guerne, C. R. Congr. Orn. III. pp. 52-61 (1901); Pycraft, Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool. XXVIII. pl. 31, fig. 2 (1901); Fothergill, Avicult. Mag. VIII. p. 127, pl. E (1902). American Rhea, Lath. Syn. Suppl. II. p. 292, pl. 137 (1801). Churt Nandu Avestruz, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 89 (1805). Rhea rhea, lig. Prodr. p. 247 (1811). Autruche @ Amérique, @ Ambournay, Préc. anal. des Trav. de 1|’Acad. roy de Rouen VI. pp. 142-144 (1819). Rhea nandu, Less. Man. d’Orn. II. p. 208 (1828). Rhea albescens, Arrib. & Holmb., El Natural. Argent. I. pp. 1-4 (1878: Carhué, Buenos Ayres). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. S7ze.— Adult male. Total length, about 52 inches. Bill from gape, 4.5 inches. Marsus, T1—12 inches. Color. — General color gray. Head: Blackish or dusky above. Neck: Grayish white, the feathers having black shafts. A black or dusky band along the nape, which becomes Rhea americana. Profile. ¥ natural size. a broad patch between the shoulders. The under part of the basal portion of the neck is dusky or black, from 4 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. which area proceed two lateral crescents of like color, one on either side of the breast. Wings: Short and imperfect. Secondaries brown on the apical part, some of the inner ones partly and others, a few generally, wholly white. Tail not apparent. Rump whitish. Lower parts in general, whitish. Legs: Feathered portion whitish. Feet and unfeathered portion yel- lowish horn brown, darkest on the tarsus. Metatarsus wetk transverse scutes throughout entire length. (See fig. 2.) Bill: Yellow horn brown. Iris: Dark hazel brown. Adult female paler in color than male. Geographical Range.—From central Brazil, south- ward throughout Argentina. IPWE, 2. The collection made by Mr. Hatcher did not include individuals of this species, but he tells me that the birds were met with a number of times, that some were pre- served and afterward destroyed by vermin while in storage awaiting shipment. So far as known the habits of Rhea americana are not to be distinguished from its near ally, Rhea dar- ‘ wnt, Gould. ower leg oli Rhea It seems probable that Rea americana occurs spar- eee, eoialkte ingly and locally throughout Patagonia, where it is pattern. } natural replaced by the more common Rhea darwint. size. Darwin in the account of his travels in Southern South America dwelt so fully on the habits and modes of life of the Rhea and its close ally, R. darwint that extracts are here appended as follows: “The bird is well known to abound on the plains of La Plata. To the north it is found according to Azara, in Paraguay, where, however, it is not common; to the south its limit appears to be from 42° to 43°. It has not crossed the Cordillera; but I have seen it within the first range of mountains on the Uspallata plain, elevated between six and seven So ae racer si = Saye eerste AVES — RHEID&. 5 thousand feet. The ordinary habits of the ostrich are well known. They feed on vegetable matter, such as roots and grass; but at Bahia Blanca I have repeatedly seen three or four come down at low water to the exten- sive mud-banks which are then dry, for the sake, as the Gauchos say, of catching small fish. Although the ostrich in its habits is so shy, wary and solitary, and although so fleet in its pace, it falls a prey, without much difficulty to the Indian or Gaucho armed with the bolas. When several horsemen appear in a semicircle, it becomes confounded, and does not know which way to escape. They generally prefer running against the wind; yet at the first start they expand their wings, and like a vessel make all sail. On one fine hot day I saw several ostriches enter a bed of tall rushes, where they squatted concealed, till quite closely approached. It is not generally known that ostriches readily take to the water. Mr. King informs me that-in Patagonia, at the Bay of San Blas and at Port Valdes, he saw these swimming several times from island to island. They ran into the water, both when driven down to a point, and likewise of their own accord, when not frightened; the distance crossed was about 200 yards. When swimming, very little of their bodies appear above water, and their necks are extended a little forward; their progress is slow. On two occasions, I saw some ostriches swimming across the Santa Cruz river, where it was about four hundred yards wide, and the stream rapid. Capt. Sturt (Sturt’s ‘Travels,’ vol. 11, p. 74), when descending the Merrumbedgee, in Australia, saw two emus in the act of swimming.” “The inhabitants who live in the country readily distinguish, even at a distance, the male bird from the female. The former is larger and darker coloured, and has a larger head. The ostrich, I believe the cock, emits a singular, deep-toned, hissing note. When first I heard it, stand- ing in the midst of some sand-hillocks, I thought it was made by some wild beast, for it is a sound that one cannot tell whence it comes, or from how far distant. When we were at Bahia Blanca in the months of September and October, the eggs were found in extraordinary numbers, all over the country. They either lie scattered single, in which case they are never hatched, and are called by the Spaniards, huachos, or they are collected together into a shallow excavation, which forms the nest. Out of the four nests, which I saw, three contained twenty-two eggs each, and the fourth twenty-seven. In one day’s hunting on horseback sixty-four eggs were found; forty-four of these were in two nests, and the remain- 6 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. ing twenty scattered huachos. The Gauchos unanimously affirm, and there is no reason to doubt their statement, that the male bird alone hatches the eggs, and for some time after accompanies the young. The cock when on the nest lies very close; I have myself almost ridden over one. It is asserted that at such times they are occasionally fierce, and even dangerous, and that they have been known to attack a man on horseback, trying to kick and leap on him. My informer pointed out to me an old man, whom he had seen much terrified by one chasing him. I observe, in Burchell’s travels in South Africa (Burchell’s Travels, Vol. I, p. 280), that he remarks, ‘having killed a male ostrich, and the feathers being dirty, it was said by the Hottentots to be a nest bird.’ I under- stand that the male emu, in the Zoological Gardens, takes care of the nest; this habit therefore is common to the family. “The Gauchos unanimously affirm that several females lay in one nest. I have been positively told that four or five hen birds have been actually watched and seen to go, in the middle of the day, one after the other, to the same nest. I may add, also, that it is believed in Africa, that two or more females lay in one nest. Although this habit at first appears very strange, I think the cause may be explained in a simple manner. The number of eggs in the nest varies from twenty to forty, and even to fifty ; and according to Azara to seventy or eighty. Now although it is most probable, from the number of eggs found in one district being so extra- ordinarily great, in proportion to that of the parent birds, and likewise from the state of the ovarium of the hen, that she may in the course of the season lay a large number, yet the time required must be very long. Azara states (Vol. IV, p. 173) that a female in a state of domestication laid seventeen eggs, each at the interval of three days one from another. If the hen were obliged to hatch her own eggs, before the last was laid, the first probably would be addled; but if each laid a few eggs at successive periods, in different nests, and several hens, as is stated to be the case, combined together, then the eggs in one collection would be nearly of the same age. If the number of eggs in one of these nests is, as I believe, not greater on an average than the number laid by one female ina season, then there must be as many nests as females, and each cock bird will have its fair share of the labour of incubation; and this during a period when the females probably could not sit, on account of not having finished laying. Lichtenstein, however (‘‘ Travels,’ Vol. II, p. 25), states that the hens AVES — RHEID&. vi begin to set when ten or twelve eggs are laid, and that they afterwards continue laying. He affirms that by day the hens take turns in setting, but that the cock sits all night.” “TI have before mentioned the great number of huachos, or scattered eggs, so that in one day’s hunting the third part found were in this state. It appears odd that so many should be wasted. Does it not arise from some difficulty in several females associating together, and in finding a male ready to undertake the office of incubation? It is evident that there must at first be some degree of association between at least two females ; otherwise the eggs would remain scattered at distances far too great to allow of the male collecting them into one nest. Some authors believe that the scattered eggs are deposited for the young birds to feed on. This can hardly be the case in America, because the huachos, although often found addled and putrid, are generally whole.” (Darwin, “Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle,” Birds, p. 120-123. 1841.) Major H. Fothergill (Avicult. Mag. VIII. p. 127) writes: “My experi- ence with these birds, during many years, is as follows: The hen lays her eggs promiscuously about the field, and her mate with his beak collects them into a hollow, which he scoops out in the ground. He then sits and hatches out the young birds in 42 days. The female has nothing further to do with the matter, and, in fact, is apt to tease her mate and cause trouble if not removed into another field. The male Riea becomes ex- ceedingly savage and dangerous during the breeding season, and, at that time of the year, makes a loud, booming sound, which I have heard quite a mile away. The female makes no sound whatever. “T have had an interesting experience with my pair of old Rxeas. The female laid twenty-three eggs, some of them many weeks after the male had commenced to sit. After sitting the usual six weeks he hatched out six strong little birds and left the nest with these. I took nine eggs which remained in the nest and placed them under large barn-door fowls, one of which hatched out two young Rfeas shortly afterwards. On the appear- ance of these strange youngsters, when the eggs burst open in two halves with a slight explosion, the hen immediately rushed away with a cry of terror, leaving the chicks to their fate. I thereupon wrapped them in flannel until the evening when they were put under the male R/ea, who took to them all right.” 8 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. RHEA DARWINI Gould. Emu near to the Strait of Magellan, Dobrizhoffer, Account of the Albi- pones (Engl. transl.) IL p. 314 (1784). ji Troisieme espéce d’Autruche, d’Orb. Bull. Soc. Nat. XIX. p. 221 (1829); id. Ann. Soc. Nat. XXI. Revue Bibliogr. p. 16 (1830). Ilhui of the Patagonians, d’Orb. Il. cc. Cosquella of the Pampas, d’Orb. Il. cc. Rhea n. sp. Darwin Letters, p. 16 (1834) [teste Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 5277). Rhea ae d’Orb. Voy. Amer. Meérid. Itin. II. pp. 67 194 212, 303 note (1835-1838: descr. nulla); id. Archiv fur Naturg. V. p. 56 (1839); Wiegm. t. c. p. 56 note; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 54 (1844); Thienem. Fortpflanz. gez. Vogel. Erst. Heft. p. 4 taf. 11 fig. 2, egg (1845); Chenu et Des Murs, Enc d’Hist. Nat. Ois. VI. p. 303. Rhea darwinit, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 35 (Patagonia); Darw. t. c. p. 36 (Rio Negro); Charlsw. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) I. p. 504 (1837); Ed. Mag. Zool. & Bot. II. pp. 92, 93 (1838); Gould, Isis, XXXII. p. 144 (1839); id. Voy. “Beagle,” Birds, p. 123, pl. XLVII (1841); Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 527, pl. 138 (1844); Reichenb. Syn. Av. Gallin. tab. 388 figs. 2196-97 (1848); Hartl. J. f. O. 1854, B. pp. LXII, LXIII; Burm: Syst. Uebers. Thier. Bras. WL p> 352™(1650), ipa eam XLII. p. 847 (1856); Scl. Ibis, 1859, p. 115; 1d) Ee Ze Ss reo; pp: 207-210, fig. 3; id. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) VI. pp. 142, 144 fig. 3 (1860); id. Ibis, 1860, p. 310; id. “rans | Zool soc, Veep: 357 fig. 3 (head), pl. LXX (1862); Leadb. PZe >. seeo mp mn caa: Patagonia); Schl. De Dierent. p. 327 fig. (1864); Phil. & Landb. An. Univ. Chile, XXXI, p. 240 (1868: ‘Patagoma) itelz |i: 1870, p. 20 (egg); Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 2, no. 9844 (1871: S. Pata- gonia); Cunningh. P. Z. S. 1871, pp. 105-110, pls. VI, VI” (oste- ology); id. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 134 (1871)\;)udse ieee oon 1971, Pp: 534; Schl. Mus. Pays Bas, Struth™ p97) (373) amleeyo Excurs. Pamp. Arg. p. 85 (1873); Gigl. Viagg. Magenta, pp. 955, 962 (1875); Martens, J. f. O. 1875, p. 444; Harting, Ostriches & Ostr. Farm. pp. 85-92 (1877); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 46 (Chupat Valley); id. Ibis, 1878, p. 406 (Central Patagonia); Beerbohm, Wand. Patagonia, pp. 50-52 (1879); id. Ibis, 1879, p. 385; Doering, Expl. AVES— RHEID&. 9 al Rio Negro, Zool. p. 58 (1881); Parker, P. Z. S. 1883, p. I41 (anatomy); Gadow, P. Z. S. 1885, pp. 308-322 (anatomy); Scl. t. c. p. 324 (egg); Ball, Notes of a Natural. in S. America, p. 261 (1887); Phil. Ornis. IV. p. 159 (1888; Atacampa); Scl. & Huds. Arg. Orn. NE Ps2t9)(1889);Scl. .P. Z. S: 1890, p. 412 (Tarapaca); Oust. Mis. scient) Cap, Tom. Ois..p. 247 (1891); ‘Scl. P. Z. S. 1691, pps 132, 137, 334 (Canchosa); id. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 472 (in confinement); James, New List Chil. B. p. 14 (1892: Tarapaca); Blaauw. P. Z. S. 1893 p. 532 (nidification); Schal. J. f. O. 1894, p. 11 (eggs); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 582 (1895); Nath. J. f£. O. 1896, Pp: 257 (eggs); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 316 (Andes of northern Chile); Schal. Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 646 (1898: Punta Arenas); Sharpe, Handl. B. I. p. 1 (1899); Martens, Vég. Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. p- 23 (1900; Tarapaca); Carabajal, La Patagonia Part II. p. 250 (1900); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 634 (1900); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I..p. 2 (1901); Prichard, Thr. Heart Patagonia,’ pp. 63, 136, 163, 239 (1902). A vesting petizo, Gosse, Bull. Soc. Acclim. III. p. 297 (1856). Rhea americana subsp. darwintit, Bocking, Archiv fur Naturg. XXIX. p. 213 (1863). Struthio darwint, Sternb. J. f. O. p. 274 (1869) (Buenos Ayres). Pterocnemis darwinit, Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 154 (1873). Avestruz petise, Darw. Natural. Voy. round the World, pp. 92-94 (1882). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.—Adult male. Total length, about 36 inches. Bill from gape, 3.6 inches. Tarsus 10.5 to 11 inches. Princeton University collection, No. 6,704. Color.— General color buff-brown, the tips of many of the feathers of the back, and of all of the quills silvery white. Head: Grayish buff. The hairy long feathers of the brow, crown, sides of the Head of Rhea darwint. Profile. 1, natural size. face and occiput deep umber, giving a dusky appearance. ‘Full title, Through the Heart of Patagonia. 10 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. The throat is pale buffish gray, the hairy long feathers being of the same shade. FIG. 4. Lower leg of Rhea darwint, showing feathering and scute pattern. Bill horn brown. Iris dark hazel. The female is similar to the male in size and color. Downy Young. — Princeton University col- lection, No. 7,853. Taken near Coy Inlet, Patagonia, 12 November, 1896. General character of down much like that of newly hatched ducklings. The head is grayish, the longest Color. Neck: Exclusive of the throat the neck has a similar but noticeably darker ground color, the hairy long feath- ers are lacking but a general finely striped effect is produced by the dark brown median portion of each feather. Wings: Short and imperfect. Secondaries, dark buffish brown like the back and tipped extensively with silvery white. Tail not apparent. Rump brown, each feather with distinct silvery white tip. Lower parts dull grayish white. Legs: Feathered portion dull buffish brown. 7he feathers extend down on the metatarsus as shown m Fig. 4, then comes an area of small reticulate scutes and finally the lower part of the tarsus has transverse scutes. Bare portion of tarsus yellowish horn brown. Feet paler. Fic. 5. feathers darker, giving a general dusky effect. The neck is pale gray, almost white beneath. A dark stripe proceeds from the occiput down the back of the neck, becoming gradually darker, until where the neck joins the body it is deep seal brown. This color also distin- guishes the back, but is broken by two clearly Rhea darwint, Downy chick. Y natural size. From specimens collected by Mr. Hatcher. AVES — RHEID. Hl defined white stripes, one on either side of a median region of seal brown. These three stripes, one dark and two white, are about half an inch in width and starting from just between the shoulders, end at the region of the tail. Beneath the general color is pale buffy white with a median stripe of dusky gray. The downy covering of the legs is buffy white, with a dark Fic. 6. Fic. 7. Fic. 8. Liss (Tks te ait K(f 8 iG 2 7 Rhea darwint. Lower leg Rhea darwint, Lower leg Rhea darwini. Lower leg of downy chick. Profile. Nat- of downy chick. Front view. of downy chick. Back view. ural size. Natural size. Natural size. seal brown area on the back and lighter and less clearly defined area near the front, on the exterior feathered part of each leg. The ¢arsus ts feathered and scutellated precisely as in the adult bird. (See Pigs. 6.7 and*s;)) Geographical Range.— Patagonia. Especially the southern half, be- coming less common in the more northern portions and extending to Tarapaca. A remarkable feature of the feet of the downy young is an extensive soft pad under each toe reaching from the nail to the juncture of the toes, and extending so far on each side of the toes as to give a webbed or semi-palmate appearance to the foot. (See Fig. 9. ) It is well known that both this species and the preceding one are vigor- ous swimmers, crossing wide and swift-flowing rivers and even passing 12 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. from island to island in the sea, where the distance is not great. The remarkable partial webbing of the feet in the downy young here noticed must be of great advantage to these weaker birds in fol- lowing the parent bird during such passages. Fic. 9. Several adults, immature, and nestlings have been received by the British Museum from the Valle del Lago Blanco, re Chubut, January 10, 1900; collected by J. Koslowsky. Rhea darwini. The Princeton Expeditions obtained many adults of Foot of downy Rhea darwint, Gould, and most of these were lost as pre- chick, from be- viously described (page 4 this volume). However, two low, showing the f F : pads. Natural adult and a brood of seven downy’ young form a series of size. great value and are herewith cited in detail: Form. | P. U. O. Coll. No. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Skin. | 7,985 ad. | Mounted. 6,704 ad. Me Skin. 7,848 Juv. Near Coy Inlet, Patagonia. | 12 November, 1896., | 4, ““ | 7,849 Suv. “c “a “ce ““ ““ “6 6c . “ | 7,850 Juv. “ce “c “ $e oc “ ics a “ee 7,851 Juv. “e ce “e ce “e oe ce S, “c 7,852 | Suv. “ce “cc “ee e “cc “ “ o ““ 7,853 | Suv. “ “cc “ce “ce a3 “cc “cc : “ 7,854 | Jw. oe “6 “ 6“ 6c “ “ce Darwin's account of this A/ea is here appended: “When at the Rio Negro in northern Patagonia, I repeatedly heard the Guachos talking of a very rare bird which they called Avestruz Petise. They described it as being less than the common ostrich (which is there very abundant), but with a very close general resemblance. They said its colour was dark and mottled, and that its legs were shorter, and feathered lower down than those of the common ostrich. It is more easily caught by the bolas than the other species. The few inhabitants who had seen both kinds, affirmed they could distinguish them apart from a long distance. The eggs of the small species appeared, however, more gener- ally known; and it was remarked, with surprise, that they were very little less than those of the Rhea, but of a slightly different form, and with a pale tinge of pale blue. * This species occurs most rarely on the plains AVES — RHEID&. rie bordering the Rio Negro; but about a degree and a half further south they are tolerably abundant. When at Port Desire, in Patagonia (lat. 48°), Mr. Martens shot an ostrich; and I looked at it, forgetting at the moment, in the most unaccountable manner, the whole subject of the Petises, and thought it not a full-grown bird of the common sort. It was cooked and eaten before my memory returned. Fortunately the head, neck, legs, wings, many of the larger feathers and a large part of the skin had been preserved; and from these a very nearly perfect specimen has been put together, and is now exhibited in the museum of the Zoological Society. Mr. Gould, in describing this new species, has done me the honour of calling it after my name. “Among the Patagonian Indians in the Strait of Magellan, we found a half Indian, who had lived some years with the tribe, but had been born in the northern provinces. I asked him if he had ever heard of the Avestrus Petise? He answered by saying, ‘Why there are none others in the Southern countries.’ He informed me that the number of eggs in the nest of the petise is considerably less than in that of the other kind, namely, not more than fifteen on an average; but he asserted that more than one female deposited them. At Santa Cruz we saw several of these birds. They were exceedingly wary; I think they could see a person approaching when too far off to be distinguished themselves. In ascend- ing the river few were seen; but in our quiet and rapid descent, many, in pairs and by fours or fives, were observed. It was remarked that this bird did not expand its wings, when first starting at full speed, after the manner of the northern kind. In conclusion, I may observe that the Struthio rhea inhabits the country of La Plata as far as a little south of the Rio Negro in lat. 41°, and that the S/vathio darwini takes its place in southern Patagonia, the part about the Rio Negro being neutral terri- tory. Mr. A. d’Orbigny, when at the Rio Negro, made great exertions to procure this bird, but never had the good fortune to succeed. Dobriz- hoffer long ago was aware of there being two kinds of ostriches. He says: ‘You must know, moreover, that Emus differ in size and habits in differ- ent tracts of land; for those that inhabit the plains of Buenos Ayres and Tucuman are larger, and have black, white and grey feathers; those near to the Strait of Magellan are smaller and more beautiful, for their white feathers are tipped with black at the extremities, and their black ones in like manner terminate in white.’’”’ (Darwin’s ‘‘ Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle,” pp. 92-94, D. Appleton & Co., 1888.) 14 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. As late as 1872, Mr. W. H. Hudson writes in a communication to the Zoblogical Society of London!: “T did not succeed in obtaining specimens of the Avestruz petise (Rhea darwint). It is called by the Indians ‘Molu Chinque’ meaning ‘Dwarf Chinque,’ the name of the common species being Chinque. They are found over the whole country, from the Rio Negro to the Straits of Magellan, and are also met with, but rarely, north of the river. They were formerly exceedingly numerous along the Rio Negro; but a few years ago their feathers rose to an exorbitant price. Guachos and Indians found that hunting the Ostrich was their most lucrative employment ; and consequently these noble birds were pursued unceasingly, and slaughtered in such numbers that they have been nearly exterminated wherever the nature of the country admits of their being chased. I was so anxious to obtain specimens of this bird that I engaged ten or twelve Indians, by offering a liberal reward, to hunt for me; they went out several times, but failed to capture a single adult bird. ‘A few facts I have been able to gather in reference to them may not prove uninteresting, as the Rhea darwint is but imperfectly known. When hunted it frequently attempts to elude the sight by suddenly squatting down amongst the bushes; and when lying close amid the grey-leaved bushes that cover the country it frequents, it very easily escapes the sight. When hotly pursued it possesses the same remarkable habit as the R. americana of raising the wings alternately and holding them erect; it also manifests the same facility for suddenly doubling, in order to avoid its pursuers. It runs more swiftly than the common species, but is also more quickly exhausted. When running, the R. americana carries the neck erect or sloping slightly forward; the R. darwint carries it stretched forward almost horizontally, making it appear smaller than it is. From this habit it is said to derive the ver- nacular name of ‘ Dwarf Ostrich.’ They go in flocks of from three or four to thirty or more individuals. I have not been able to learn if the males fight together as do those of the R. americana, or if they possess like that species a call-note. The strange trumpeting cry of the R. americana is often heard after they have been hunted and scattered in all directions ; it is an indescribable sound, and resembles somewhat the hollow heavy sigh with which a bull often ends his bellowing, and appears to fill the air, so "Proc. Zool. Soc. London (April), 1872, p. 534. AVES— RHEID&. 15 that it is impossible to tell from which quarter it proceeds. The soft leisurely notes are the same in both species. The 2. darwini begins to lay at the end of July—that is, a month sooner than the R. americana i in all the breeding-habits of the two species there is a wonderful simi- larity. “A number of females lay in one nest, the nest being merely a slight depression lined with rubbish; as many as fifty eggs are sometimes found in one nest. But the 2. darwint, as well as the common species, lays many ‘/uacho’ or stray eggs, at a distance from the nest. I inspected a number of eggs brought in by a party of hunters, and was surprised at the great differences amongst them in size, form and colour. The average size of the eggs was the same as those of the common species ; in shape they were more or less oval or elliptical, scarcely two being found pre- cisely alike. When newly laid, the eggs are a deep rich green, and the shell possesses a fine polish. They soon fade however; and first the side exposed to the sun assumes a dull pale mottled green; this colour again changes to a yellowish, and again to a pale stone-blue, becoming at last almost white. The comparative age of each egg in the nest may be told by the colour of its shell. ‘When the females have finished laying, the male sits on and hatches the young. The young are hatched with the legs feathered to the toes; these feathers are not shed from the legs, but are gradually worn off as the birds grow old by continual friction against the stiff shrubs amid which they live. In adults usually a few scattered feathers remain, often only the worn down stumps of the feathers; but I have been told by hunters that the old birds are sometimes caught with the legs entirely feathered, and that these birds frequent plains where there was but little scrub. The plumage of the young birds is of a dusky grey, without any white or black feathers or spots. When a year old they moult, and acquire the spotted plumage of adults, but do not attain the full size till the third year.” This exceedingly interesting account of the habits of R. darwin7 is quoted in full. It is probable that the errors in regard to the feathering of the “legs feathered to the toes’ grew out of the fact of the partial feathering of the tarsus in both old and young birds, a marked character that might readily be exaggerated by the native hunters, for at this period Mr. Hudson had not been able to secure specimens. 16 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Prichard, Through the Heart of Patagonia (p. 163), writes: ‘‘ During the whole of our travels we observed but one kind of Rhea (Rhea dar- wee). The remarks that Darwin makes concerning the habits of this bird have little to be added to them. The male bird, which hatches out the young, will, when approached, feign to be wounded in order to draw off the intruder from the nest of the chicks. I have never seen more than nineteen chicks with a single ostrich at any period within a month or two of the hatching, but I was informed by the Gauchos that this number is not an outside limit.” Subclass CARIN as Huxley, P. Z. S. 1867 pp. 424-472; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds., I. p. 8, (1899). Neognathe, Pycraft, Trans. Zool. Soc. XV. pp. 149-290 (1900); id. J. Linn. Soc. Zool. XXVIII. pp. 343-357, pls. 31, 32 (1901). Order TINAMIFORMES. Crypturiformes, Sharpe, Classif. Bds. p. 68 (1891) (= 7inamiformes). Zinamiformes, id. Hand-List Bds. I. p. 8 (1899): Mitchell, Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) VIII. pp. 173-275, pls. 21-23 (1901: Intestinal tract). Family Tinamip. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 496 (1895); Sharpe, Hand- List Bds. 1. p,8:(1899): De Gueme, C. RaConers Orne iapeos 75 (1901 : Life-history). Subfamily 77/VAMINAE. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 496 (1895); Sharpe, Hand- List Bds. I. p. 8 (1899). AVES — TINAMIDA. 7 Genus RHYNCHOTUS Spix. Rhynchotus, Spix, Aves. Bras. ii. p. 60 (1825); Salvadori, oe Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus..XXVII. p. 547 (1895); Sharpe, Eimdwist Ide; Ip, to (1899). .. . . . .... Rk rufescens. Nothurus, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 345 (1837) . . -. . RR. rufescens. Rhynchotis, Rchnb. Syn. Av. Gallinacee, t. 287. ff. 1 579-80 (1848) (= Rhynchotus). Geographical Range.—South America, east of the Andes, from Brazil and Bolivia to the Argentine Republic. RHYNCHOTUS RUFESCENS (Temminck). LInambu-guasn, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 34 (1805). Tinamus rufescens, Temm. Pig. et Gallin. II. p. 747 (TSI ideals Col. pl. 412 (1826). Cryptura guazu, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XXXIV. p. 103 (Temorvex Azara). Tinamus guazu, Vieill. Enc. Meth. I. p. 370 (1820). Crypturus rufescens, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 67 (1823); Darw. Voy. “Beagle,” Birds p. 120 (1841). | Rhynchotus fasciatus, Spix, Av. Bras. II. p. 60 tab. 76° (1825). Rhynchotus rufescens, Wag). Syst. Av. Rhynchotus sp. I. p. 302 (1827); Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 525 (1844); Hartl. Ind. Azara. p. 21 (oA7) Burm. J. f. O. 1858, p. 161 (Mendoza), 1860, p. 259; id. La Plata Reise, II. p. 498 (1861: Parana; Rosaria; Tucuman; Banda Orien- tal); Gray, List Gall. Brit. Mus. p. 102 (1867: Maldonado); Sperl- ing, Ibis, 1872, p. 77 (St. Lucia river, Rio de la Plata); Huds. & Sel. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 516 (Buenos Ayres); Scl. Ibis, 1873, p. 131 note; id. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 153 (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 166 (Chirilcay, abundant), 1877, p. 203 (Buenos Ayres); Nathus. J. f. O. 1879, p. 258 (egg); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 167; Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves p.-57 (1881: Carhué); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 317 (1884: Entre Rios); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p- 473 (Lomas de Zamora); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 245 (1888: Bahia Blanca); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. Il. p. 209 (1889); Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 83 (incubation); Frenzel, J. - f. O. 1891, p. 123 (Cordoba); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151 18 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. (Lower Pilcomayo); Holland, t. c. p. 214 (Estancia Espartilla); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 212 (Uruguay); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 548 (1895); Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 10 (1899); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mis. 1. p. 12 (190n). Nothurus rufescens, Swains. Classif. B. II. p. 345 (1837). EGaaee | é < > ] yy A Rhynchotus rufescens. Profile. Rhynchotus rufescens. Bill and head y natural size. from above. ¥% natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Stze.— Total length, 14-17 inches. Wing, 8-9 inches. Tail, 2.5-2.75 inches. Culmen, 1.6-1.7 inches. Tarsus, 2.3—2.5 inches. The female is larger than the male. Color. — Head: Crown and forehead black, the feathers edged generally with buffy rufous. Remainder of head buff with a dusky stripe extend- ing from angle of mouth to the region of the ear. The female is more intense in shade of color and definite in barring than the male. Throat: Pale buff, almost white. Neck: Creamy buff with a rufous tinge. AVES — TINAMID&. 19 Breast: Grayish buff with obscure bars of pale cinnamon on each feather. Back: Pale grayish brown, with broad dusky and narrow buffy and paler rufous bars. This color and marking is characteristic of the rump, and upper wing and tail coverts. Wing: Bastard wing, primaries, their coverts and secon- daries bright cinnamon, rufous unmarked. Tertiaries grayish with brown and buffy barring. Under wing coverts rufous. Tail: Like the back but grayer and barred with broader dusky and narrow buffy gray markings. Lower parts: Gray with obscure dusky and buffy barring, most apparent on the sides and flanks. Feet and legs dull brown. Bill horn. Iris hazel. Downy young are characterized by a general rufous tint on head and neck, barred with longitudinal dusky stripes. The — Rhyncho- rest of the upper parts are barred with dusky and grayish white. “5 7/es- The lower parts are pure white, sometimes with a cream tinge. a cane : ; r leg an Geographical Range.— Argentina, northward to eastern and go4. 1 nat- southern Brazil. South to Chubut and the plains of the north-_ ural size. ern portion of southern Patagonia. This Tinamou was not procured by the naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia. The material on which the descriptions are based is the series of birds in the British Museum and from two individ- uals in the Princeton University Museum cited in full below. Sex. | Locality. | Date. Pag ORG: No. | iim 8,817 | Male. - | Prov. of Buenos Aires, Argentine. | August, 1899. | Museo de La Plata. 8,818 | Female. | Prov. of Buenos Aires, Argentine. | August, 1899. _ Museo de La Plata. These two representatives are examples of the pale southern race noticed by Count Salvadori (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., XX VII, p. 549 (1895) Barrows, speaking of this bird, says it is ‘Also called AZartinete, as is also the crested Tinamou (Calodvomas elegans), which is found farther south. The present species is a rather common resident at Concep- cion, where it breeds. It frequents long grass and dense growths of 20 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : ZOOLOGY. creeping vines and brambles, but avoids equally the open grazing grounds and the wooded stretches. It runs with surprising speed, and is very difficult to flush without a dog, but once started flies straight and strong. But, as has been repeatedly noticed by Hudson and others, the second flight is much feebler, and if forced to rise for the third time it soon drops and can then be easily caught by a dog. Its ordinary call consists of four or five mellow notes closely resembling the call of the Baltimore Oriole, and for months I failed to attribute it to the true source. The eggs, four in number, are always laid on the ground in a rude nest of grasses, etc. They are about the size of a hen’s egg, of a beautiful, purplish-chocolate color, and with a polish not met with outside this family. It would be difficult to find an egg which could compare in beauty with those laid by this bird. The species is more or less plenty at all points on the pampas. Its flesh is not particularly good, but is a vast improvement on the dry, tasteless flesh of the following species (ETE maculosa) which, nevertheless, is highly prized because it is white.” (Bar- rows, Auk, I, 4, p. 317, 1884.) Genus NOTHURA Wagler. Type. Tinamus, Spix (nec Lath.), Av. Bras. II. p. 63 (1825). . WV. dovaquira. Nothura, Wagler, Syst. Av. p. 297 (1827); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 558 (1895) ; as Hand list Bids) I.-p aa 1 i(1S0G)amsanaee ae . LV. boraquira. Nothurus, part. Sw. Classif. Bds. I. p. 345 (1837). Nothera G. R. Gray, List Gen. Bds. p. 63 (1840). Geographical Range. — Bolivia, southern Brazil, Argentina and north- ern Patagonia. NoTHURA MACULOSA (Temminck). Jnambui, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 40, (1805: Paraguay). Tinamus maculosus, Temm. Pig. et Gallin. III. pp. 557, 748 peat ? Wied. Reis. nach Bras. I. p. 116 (1820) (= medtus, Spix ?); Temm. Pl. Col., genre Tinamou, p. 2 (1826) (= mayor, Spix) ; ? Wied., Beitr. IV. p. 519 (1832) (= medius, Spix?); Less. Compl. de Buff., 2d ed. Ois. p. 237 (1838) ; Nathus. J. f, O. 1879, p. 358 (egg), 1882, p. 283. AVES — TINAMID. 21 Cryptura fasceata, Vieill. Nov. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XXXIV. p. 109 (1819) (ex Azara). Tinamus fasciatus, Vieill. Enc. Méth. I. p. 370 (1820). Crypturus maculosus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 68, n. 706 (San Paulo) (1823) ; Thienem. Fortpflanz. p. 26 t. v. f. 11 (egg) (1845). Tinamus major, Spix (nec auct.), Av. Bras. II. p. 64, t. 80 (Minas Geraes) (1825). Nothura major, Wag). Syst Av. gen. Nothura, sp. 2 (1827); Wagl. Isic woz, peeya7yy eess) br. diOm: p.513,.n. 2 (1831); Darwin, Zool oy."beacle’, Jil. p: 119 (1841); G. R- Gray, Gen. Bds. IIL. p- 525, n. 2 (1844), Append. p. 25 (1849); Reichnb. Syn. Av. Gal- linacee, t. 286. f. 15°75 (1848) (ex Spix); ? Bonap. Compt. Rend. XLII. p. 881, n. 338 (1856) ; Bonap. Tabl. Parall. Gallin. (Extract), p. 12, n. 340 (1856); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 295 (Ypanema, Cimetirio, Pederneiras, Ytararé, Jaguaraiba), pp. 454, LVI (1871); Alix, Journ. de Zool. III. pp. 167, 252, pls. VIII-XI (skeleton and muscles) (1874). Nothura medius, part. Wagl. Syst. Av. Gen. Nothura, sp. 2 (1827); essai. G.Omep. 513; n. 3 (1931). Timamus maculatus, Less. Man. d’Orn. II. p. 204 (1818); Natter. Fide Thienem. Fortpflanz. p. 26 (Amm.) (1845). Nothura maculosus, Sw. Classif. Bds. II. p. 345 (1837). Nothura maculosa, G. R. Gray, Gen. Bds. III. p. 525, n. 3 (syn. emend.) (1844); id. List. Bds. Brit. Mus. III. p. 53 (syn. emend.) (1844); Hartl Ind. Azara Apunt. p. 21, n. 327 (syn. emend.) (1847); Licht. Nom. Av. p. 87 (Minas) (1854); Burm. Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras. III. p. 336 (part.) (1856); id. La Plata-Reise, II. p. 499 (patisje(tS6n)> sid. ji £0: 1866; p; 259) (La Plata); G. R. Gray, List Gallinze Brit. Mus. p. 104 (1867); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 143 (Buenos Ayres); Sternberg, J. f. O. 1869, p. 274 (Buenos Ayres) ; Holtz, J. f. O. 1870, p. 19 (eggs); Reinh. Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foren. Kjébenh. 1870, p. 51 (Minas Geraes); G. R. Gray, Hand-List Bds. III. p. 5, n. 9902 (1871); ?Leybold, Exc. Pamp. Arjent. p. — (1873); Sclat. & Salv. Nom. Av. Neotrop. p. 153, n. 1 (Brazil, Paraguay and Argentine) (1873); Hudson, P. Z. S. 1874, pp. 167, 170; Garrod, P. Z.S. 1875, p. 343 (plantar tendons); ? Leybold (v. Mart. transl.), J. f. O. 1875, p. 443; Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 165, 1877, p. 203 (Buenos Ayres); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 168 (Buenos Ayres); Schleg. Mus. 22 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. P.-B.; Tinami, p. 42 (part., ‘specim. 1; 2, 3,6) (1é80);’ Dalgleish, Pro: Roy: ‘Phys. Soc. Edinb» Vis p¥249) (1882); White) P2eZaas: 1882, "p. 629) (Missiones);) Reichen. Jet .O% 1882, 9p) ar (Zock Gart.); Sclat. Uist. Vert. An. Sthved¥ p.9547 (1683) (Zool Gard Barrows, Auk, 1884, p. 317 (part., Entre Rios, lower Uruguay) ; Blelmny. tO) 1885)%p. 347" (muscles); sbery lee Oise 7naoes 7 (Pilcomayo; Rioi-Grande du Sul); p.t1275 lucas; Pro Wass iNat. Mus. 1887, pp. 157-158 (osteology); Gibson, Ibis, 1888, p. 282 (Paysandu, Uruguay) ; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 473 (Lomas de Zamora); Sclat. & Huds. Argent. Orn. Il: p: 211 (1889)eiBedd, Ibis, 1890, pp. 62, 63 (with figure of ceca); Sclat. Ibis, 1890, p. 82 (quintocubital), p. 425; Heine & Rchnw. Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn. p- 304 (Chile and Montevideo) (1890); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 214 (Argentine); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 214 (Uruguay); Sclat. Ibis, 1894, P- 453- Tinamus maculosa, Gieb. Thes. Orn. III. p. 636 (syn. emend.), 1877. Perdiz comun, Hudson, P. Z. S. 1892, pp. 547-548 (Valley of the Rio Negro, Patagonia). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. — Adult male P. U. O. C. No. 8,826, Province of Buenos Ayres, July, 1898, Museo de La Plata collection. Szze.— Total length, about 10.5 inches. Wing, 5.2 inches. Culmen, 0.8 inches. Tarsus, 1.3 inches. The adult female is somewhat larger than the adult male. Color Adult Male (ctted).—General color above, pale yellowish brown, barred with shades of dark brown and striped with whitish. Below fulvescent, the breast Nothura maculosa. and sides decorated with brown bars and spots. Profile. 7% naturalsize, t¥ead: Cap brown, with border of blackish brown and light fulvescent edge to each feather. A broad fulvescent stripe reaching from the bill back over the eye and defining the crown. Sides of head and face fulvescent, more or less obscurely and minutely spotted with dusky brown. AVES — TINAMID-A. 23 Neck: Above fulvescent and spotted or streaked minutely with dusky brown. Chin and upper throat immaculate white; the lower throat and rest of under neck abruptly fulvescent and more coarsely marked with dusky brown than the top of the neck. Sides of the neck fulvescent, marked with dusky brown. Back: Clear pale yellowish or golden brown, each feather with a number of brown bars of varying shade, and with a whitish stripe on either edge just inside of the fulvescent or brownish edge mark of the feather (see fig. 14). Scapulars and lower back F'. 14. similar. The upper tail coverts though similar in color and pattern, are not very long but obscure the rudimentary rectrices. Wing: Most of the coverts similar in color and pattern to the back. Those of the primaries more golden brown, without the whitish streaks, but barred with arrow-shaped dark brown marks. The quills with the outer webs clearly marked with bars of pale creamy or fulvous and dark brown. The width of = Nedwa the light bars at least twice that of the dark ones. The outer i ae primaries generally with plain inner webs, and the succeeding fom back. ones as well as the remainder of the quills with more or less Enlarged. fulvescent barring and marking on their inner webs, the inner- most secondaries becoming much like the feathers of the back in color and decoration. Lower Parts: Clear fulvous, the feathers of the breast spotted with dark brown forming an obscure pectoral band which extends down on the sides, where the markings assume a more barred character, which becomes defined further down on the sides and flanks. Lower wing coverts, lower tail coverts and axillaries clear fulvous. Bill: Dull yellowish brown. if , : nee @ Tris: Dark hazel brown. Maculosa. i sie oe Feet and Legs: Dull yellowish brown. hed The adult female (P. U. O. C. No. 8,627, San Luis, Argen- tine Republic, August, 1895, Museo de La Plata collection) is similar to the adult male in color and markings. Geographical Range. — Paraguay, Uruguay, southern Brazil, Argentina and extreme northern Patagonia (Hudson; Valley of the Rio Negro). 24 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. The naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions did not meet with the spotted Tinamou. The description given is based on a pair obtained in the Province of Buenos Ayres through the courtesy of the Museo de La Plata, and also on the fine series in the British Museum of Natural History. The spotted Tinamou is included in the fauna of Patagonia on the strength of Hudson’s observations on the Rio Negro, detailed in the Pro- ceedings of the Zodlogical Society of London for 1872, on pages 547 and 548. A summary is here appended with Dr. Sclater’s comment as it occurs in the text. Mr. Hudson writes: ‘You will, perhaps, have doubt about this bird being a new species ; so great is its resemblance to the Perdzz comun |t. e., Nothura maculosa (Temm.) P. L. S.], the Lesser Partridge, common everywhere on the Pampas. After arriving in Patagonia, I was told by several persons residing there that there were two species of small Partridge; one I found to be the Perdiz comun of Buenos Ayres, which frequents only the valley of the Rio Negro; the other was the smaller species, of which I send you several examples, and found only on the high tablelands. The adults of the last species resemble the young of the former; and after having observed them for several months, I am satisfied that they are not identical, nor varieties; for they differ not only in size and coloring, but in habits. “JT would far sooner consider the Progue chalybea and P. purpurea, identical in size, language, and habits as these birds are, one species, than Perdiz chico and Perdiz comun. Iwill speak first of the Perdez comun. This bird, so abundant everywhere on the Pampas closely resembles, in all its habits, the Perdiz grande, living entirely amongst grass, as the Rail does amongst reeds; they are seen singly; but a number of individuals are usually seen in proximity. They are tame in disposition, and move in aleisurely manner, uttering as they walk or run a succession of soft whistling notes. When numerous it is unnecessary to shoot them, as any number can be killed with a long whip or stick. This species has two distinct songs or calls, pleasing to the ear and heard all the year round; one is a succession of twenty or thirty short, impressive notes of great compass, and ended by half a dozen rapidly uttered notes, beginning loud, and sinking lower till they cease; the other call is a soft continuous trill, appearing to swell mysteriously in the air; for the hearer cannot tell whence it proceeds; it lasts several seconds, then seems gradually to die away. AVES — TINAMIDE. 25 “The female lays five or six eggs, in colour like those of FPeraiz grande. The valley of the Rio Negro, usually nine or ten miles in width, is a flat plain, resembling the Buenos-Ayrean Pampa; and wherever long grass and weeds abound the call-notes of the Perdzz comun is heard winter and summer; but outside of the valley I have never met with it. “The Perdiz chico is nowhere very numerous, but seems thinly, and equally distributed everywhere on the high bush-covered tablelands, and, like the Martinefa, is partial to places abounding in thin scrub. They have a shy disposition, and, when approached, spring up and run away with the same appearance of terror exhibited by the MJartimefa. Some- times, when running, they utter low whistling notes like the Perdiz comun; their flight is higher, and produces far less sound than that of Perdiz comun. They have but one call note—a succession of short notes, like those of the other species, but without the quick concluding notes; this call is only heard in the breeding season. Its eggs are like those of the Pampa bird. It is never found in the moist, grassy places frequented by the Perd7z comun.” I have included some remarks regarding FPerd?z chico, of which Mr. Hudson sent skins to Dr. Sclater from the point in question. These were identified by Dr. Sclater as V. darwin. (Cf. footnote, P. Z. S., 1872, p. 547). The comparison of the two species by Mr. Hudson and his com- ments seem conclusive. Darwin speaks of two species of Wothura; of Nothura maor (= N. maciulosa) he says: ‘‘These birds are very common on the northern shores of the Plata. They do not rise in coveys, but generally by pairs. They do not conceal themselves nearly so closely as the English partridge, and hence great numbers may be seen in riding across the open, grassy plains. Note, a shrill whistle. It appears a very silly bird: a man on horseback, by riding round and round in a circle, or rather in a spire, so as to ap- proach closer each time, may knock on the head almost as many as he pleases. The more common method is to catch them with a running noose, or little lazo, made of the stem of an ostrich’s feather, fastened to the end of a long stick. A boy on a quiet horse will frequently thus catch thirty or forty a day. The flesh of this bird, when cooked, is most delicately white, but rather tasteless.” (Darwin, Zool. “ Voy. Beagle,” HM, ps) TIO; 1841.) 26 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Mr. Barrows, writing of JV. maculosa as he observed it, says: ‘“ This tailless little bird, hardly bigger than Ortyx virgintanus, is an abundant resident bird all over the Argentine Republic. The only wonder is that it continues to be as abundant, for it is easily snared in many ways, and is hunted in every possible manner, while, according to the best evidence at hand, it rarely lays more than four eggs in one nest, and only raises one brood in the season. ‘‘Near Bahia Blanca, I found a nest containing fresh eggs on the roth of February, but this must have been an unusual case, and probably due to accident. The eggs are laid in make-shift nests on the ground from October to December.’ (Barrows, Auk, pp. 317, 318, 1884.) NOTHURA DARWINI Gray. Nothura minor, Darw. (nec Spix) Voy. “ Beagle,” Birds, p. 119 (1841 : Bahia Blanca). Nothura darwint, Gray, List Gall. Brit. Mus. p. 104 (1867: Bahia Blanca); 1d. Handb. B. 11, p: 5,,No: 9905. (sz) Sclaie Za: 1872, p. 547, note (Rio Negro); Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 58 (1882: Rios Negro & Colorado); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 245 (1888: Patagonia); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn: IT. p.°213, pl. XX (1889); Salvad. Gat) BP Brit Mus: XXVII. p. 562, pl. XIX (1895); Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 11 (1899) ; Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 14 (1901). Perdiz chicho, Tudse: Po Z.7S2 13872, p47 10 Negro). Tinamus darwint, Gieb. Thes. Orn. III. p. 636 (1877). Nothura maculosa. Scl. & Huds. (nec Temm.), P. Z. S. 1872, p. 547 (Rio! Negro); Salvin, “Ibis, 1873, p:| 131," note; Durnf: Ibis, 1877,.0p-145 (Chupat Valley); Schl. Mus. Pays Bas, Tinami, p. 44 (1880: Patagonia); Doering. Expl. al Rio a Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 58 (1881 : Rio Colorado) ; Nothura darwini. Barrows, Auk, I. p. 318 (1884: Bahia Blanca) ; ee er Ce Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part a : X. p. 245 (1888: N. Patagonia); Frenzel, J. f. O. 1891, p. 124 (Cordoba). AVES — TINAMID&A. 27 Nothura perdicaria, Durnf. (nec Kittl.), Ibis, 1878, p. 405 (Chupat Valley and in the Valleys of the Sengel and Sengelen); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 245 (1888: Patagonia). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. Male Adult.—Total length, about 10 inches. Wing, 5.2 inches. Culmen, 0.8 inches. Tarsus, 1.2 inches. The adult female is somewhat larger than the adult male. Color. Adult Male.—Similar in markings and color to VV. maczlosa, but paler and grayer below and without the clear white chin and upper throat. Much browner and darker above and the streaking of the feathers not whitish but fulvescent, and the mesial part of the feathers of the back chestnut brown and the barring almost black; ad the markings as the upper parts much finer. Geographical Range. — Northern Patagonia and the Argentine Republic. Darwin's Tinamou was not obtained by the naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions. The description given is based on material in the British Museum of Natural History. Mr. Hudson’s remarks on this bird and its habits have appeared under the last species, /V. maculosa, as they seemed more pertinent in that con- nection. | Of Nothura minor (= Nothura darwint) Darwin writes: “T procured a specimen of this bird at Bahia Blanca, in northern Pata- gonia, where it frequented the sand-dunes and the surrounding sterile plains. Its habits appear similar to the V. mayor, but it lies closer and does not so readily take to the wing. It is the smallest of the species mentioned in this work, and its plumage is less distinctly spotted. The egg of this bird is described below. Spix’s specimens were obtained at Tijucco in Brazil. The figure in his work on the Birds of Brazil, differs slightly from mine, in being less marked on the breast.” (Darwin, Voy Eh MoS: Beagle,’ Zool, Bds., 1841, p. 119.) 28 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Subfamily 77VAMOTIDINAE. Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. Vol. XXVII. p. 566, 1895; Sharpe, Hand- List Bdss Lape 12a(r6g9)): Genus CALOPEZUS Ridgway. Type. Eudromia, \s. Geoffr., Mag. de Zool. 1832, Cl. II. text to 4 pl. I (1832) (nec [Benes Bole) G ey. . C. elegans. Calodromas, Sclat. & Salv. Nom. Av. Neotrop. 7 pp. I GBS I 156 (1873) (nec Calodromus, Guerin, 1832) . . . . C. elegans. Calopezus, Ridgw. Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash. II. p. 97 (1884) (= Calodromas) ; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVIL. p. 566 (1895); Sharpe Hand-List Bds. I. p. 12 (1899). Geographical Range. — Argentine Republic and lower Uruguay. CALOPEZUS ELEGANS (d’Orbigny & Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire). Perdix martineta, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 31 (1805). Eudromia elegans, d’Orb. & Is. Geoffr. Mag. de Zool. 1832, pl. I (Pata- gonia); Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 116 (Mendoza) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, pi 20 (1847); Boy GR. XLII p, 881 (1856)eebumnr J Oeress, p. 161, 1860, p. 259; id. La Plata Reise II. p. 498 (1861 : San Luis Mendoza) ; Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 6 no. 9910 (1871) ; Scl. & Huds. P. Z. S. 1872, pp. 547, 549) (Rio’ Negro); Leyb. Excurs: Ramip: Argent. p. — (1873); Martins, J. f. O. 1875, p. 443; Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 58 (1882: Rios Negro & Baio Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires III. Part X. p. 245 (1888: Pata- gonia), Part XI. p. 318 (1890: Chupat Valley). Tinamotis elegans, Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 525 (1844); Bridges, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 28 (Mendoza). Tinamus (Eudromia) elegans, Sch\. Handl. Dierk. I. p. 399 (1857). Tinamus elegans, Schl. Dierent. p. 233 (1864). Calodromas elegans, Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 153 (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 45 (Chupat Valley), 1878, p. 406 (Chupat Val- ley, resident); Scl: PZ. S. 1879,\p. 311 (eggs); id: Voy: @halleie AVES — TINAMID-. 29 Birds, p. 152 (1881); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 318 (1884: Bahia Blanca); Sel) & Huds Argent. Orn. Il. p. 214 (1889); Frenzel, J. £. O. 1801, p. 124 (Cordoba); Scl. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, V. p. XXIX (1893), Ibis, 1893, p. 256; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 213 (Uruguay, not observed); Sel sts © p2453. Calopezus elegans, Ridgw. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. II. p. 97 (1884); Sal- vad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 566 (1895); Sharpe, Hand-List, B. I. p. 12 (1899); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 14 (1901); Oust. C. R. Congr. Orn. III. p. 196 (1901: breeding at S. Maria, N. Patagonia); Prich. Thr. Heart Patagonia, p. 49 (1902). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. —Total length, 14.5 inches. Wing, 8.5 inches. Tail, 3.25 inches. Culmen, 1.1 inches. Tarsus, 1.9 inches. Color. — Head, grayish. A dusky or black median streak on each Pics V7. Fic. 18. Calopezus elegans. Profile. Calopezus elegans. Head and bill yy natural size. from above. feather. A recurved vertical crest of dark brown or black feathers, some of which are edged with cinereous. Two whitish buff bands start from the region above the eye and run backward along the sides of the head. 30 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. A similar band proceeds from the base of the upper mandible across the sides of the face below the eye. Neck: Grayish. The two buffy white face streaks prolonged down- ward on the upper neck. Tach feather of the gray parts of the back of the neck has a dusky median stripe, and on the under neck each feather has in addition two paler buffy stripes laterally and numerous obscure dusky cross bars. Back: Grayish, profusely banded and spotted, with dusky or black and pale fulvous, the latter spots being round, well defined and conspicuous. Wings: Primaries blackish, spotted on the outer web and barred on the inner web with light buff, or white with a buffy tinge. The second- aries are barred on dof¢% webs. Tail: Dusky, barred with darker or black and also with white with a strong buff tinge. Lower parts: Generally buffy white, marked with many blackish cres- cent-shaped bars, except on the abdomen which is almost uniform in color. ‘Bill blackish,” feet bluish gray (Sclater). The sexes are similar in appearance and color. Geographical Range.—Southern South America, from southern Uru- guay, throughout western Argentina and Patagonia. The Princeton Expeditions did not meet with this species and the above description is from material in the British Museum, and from three speci- mens in the Princeton University Museum cited in detail below. P, U.O. C. a) Sex [. : Locality. Date. Collector. 8,646. | Female. | Bahia Blanca, Argentina. August, 1895. S. Pozzi. = 8,645. | Male. Bahia Blanca, Argentina. ae ugust, 1895. S. Pozzi. 8,816. | Male. Province Buenos Aires, Argentina. 1S September, 1899. |Museo de La Plata. The British Museum has lately acquired a series of males and females of this species from Colhue-huapi, Chubut; collected, from July 22 to August 9, 1902, by J. Koslowsky. Mr. Barrows says of the ‘‘martinete’’ (a term applied in Spain to a heron or its plume. Here it undoubtedly refers to the long feathers of the crest), that unlike the species just described, this one is always found in small parties, and usually running in single file. In the neighborhood of Bahia Blanca it was not uncommon, but it was not elsewhere met with, being confined pretty rigidly to the shrubby country bordering the pampas on AVES —TINAMID&. 31 the south and west. The eggs are polished, but of a greenish tint, and are said to be commonly five or six in number. The flesh is fairly palata- ble. (Barrows, Auk, I, 4, p. 318, 1884.) Genus TINAMOTIS Vigors. Type. Timamots, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1836, p: 79; Salvad. Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 567 (1895) ; ae Hand-List Bdsm E2(ISOO), . .. . LT. pentland.. Geographical Range. —South Anwvasien oon the (sgarites of Peru and Ecuador, southward to northern Chile and also northern Patagonia. TINAMOTIS INGOUFI Oustalet. Tinamotis mgoufi, Oust. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. IX. p. 18 (1890: Santa Cruz, Patagonia) ; id. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 105, 106, pl. 1 (1891); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 569 (1895); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 12 (1899). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size.— (Female type.) Total length, 15.5 inches. Wing, 8.0 inches. Tail, 2.75 inches. Culmen, 1.0 inch. Tarsus, 1.25 inches. Color.—(Female type.) Upper parts slaty with a buff tinge, each feather having a V-shaped brown mark of varying size, bounded by a narrow creamy buff margin. Head: With dusky slate and buffy white fl stripes. Upper part of head dusky slate, with a buffy white band on either side join- eee ier aren ing on the or ; , tern of ate head and eigty Throat: Buffy white, with dusky slate jatural size. spots. 32 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Neck: Two buffy white stripes on each side, one beginning above and the other below the eye proceed down each side of the neck. A single dusky slate stripe on the back of the neck, and one on each side of the neck between the buffy white stripes. Back and wing coverts: Slate with the V-shaped marks of brown having narrow creamy buff borders, con- Spicuous. Wings: Primary quills, es2form bright cinnamon. Secondaries, bright cinnamon with dusky markings, zof band's. Tail: Coverts like back. Feathers slaty olive with irregular barring and markings of creamy buff. Lower parts: Upper breast much like back with similar V-shaped marks to each feather. These are more slaty and the narrow cream buff border- ing is paler. Lower breast: Paler, almost white as to ground color, with dusky crescent marks on each feather. Lower abdomen and under tail coverts fale rufous. Feet lead color. Iris pale yellow. Geographical Range. — The type, the only representative so far known, was taken in eastern Patagonia, in the vicinity of Santa Cruz, 18 October, 1882, by M. Lebrun. The type of this species described by Dr. E. Oustalet is, so far as yet ascer- tained the only specimen in any of the collections made in South America. , I have by the courtesy of the authorities of the Paris Museum, Jardin des Plantes, been able to examine carefully and study the characters of this little-known bird. While in certain ways it betrays its relationship to 7zzamotis pentland., its close ally, yet as pointed out both by Dr. Oustalet and Count Salvadori, it is readily distinguishable from that species by its wszeform bright conna- mon primary quills. Order COLUMBIFORMES. Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. Vol. I. p. 51 (1899). AVES — COLUMBIDA. 33 Suborder COLUMB-Z. Salvadori, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. XXI. p. 2 (1893); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 51 (1899). Family Cotumsipz. Salvad. t. c. p. 240. Subfamily COLUMBINAE. Salvad. t. c. p. 240. Genus COLUMBA Linnzus. Type. Columba, Linn. S. N. I. p. 279 (1766); Salvadori, a Cat. Bds. Brit’ Mus. XXI. p. 241 (1893); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 68 (1899)... . C Avia. Palumbus, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 107 (1829. . . C. palumbus. Les Picazuros, Less. Compl. de Buff VIII. p. 95 (1837). Alsocomus, ‘ Vickell,” J. A.S. B. XI.1. p. 461 (1842). C. punicea. Dendrotreron, Hodgs. in Gray’s Zool. Misc. p. 85 (W644 . C. hodgsont. Patagienas Rchnb. ake Syst Nat. “pl XXX 1852) C. leucocephala. Lepideenas, ibid. . . Be soe a (Ga Speczosa: Lithenas, Rchnb. ibid. . . . . ... . .. C. hia. Lamanas, Rchnb. ibid... . . . . 1°. . . . C. albitorques. CHiogenas, Rebab. ibid... «sw. tw wo C fastiata. Stictenas, Rchnb. ibid. . . . . . . . . . . C. arquatrix. Fanthenas, Rchnb. ibid. . . ee ee Chanting Picasurus, Chenu & Des Murs (1853), fide Des Murs in Chenu, Enc. d’Hist. Nat. Ois. VI. p. SOMOS es cn 4. a a GC Preazure. Strictenas (errore?), Des Murs in Chenu, Enc. d'Hist. Nat. Ois. VI. p. 4o (1854?) (= Stc- tenas). Leucomelena, Bp. Consp. Av. II. p. 44 (1854... . C. leucomela. Fanthenas, Bp. op. cit. p. 44 (1854) (= Fanthanas). Lvocaza, Bp. op. cit. p. 45 (1854); id. Compt. end, DOXGXIXS, pyaao4 (1854)... . . . . C frocaz, 34 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Columba, subgen. Palumbena, Bp. a Jie, JL DE4On(1S54)) meee . C. enas. Tenienas, Bp. op. cit. p. 49 (1854) (= Teenienas). Crossophthalmus, Bp. op. cit. p. 55 (1854) . . . C. gymnophthalme. Chlorenas, Bp. Ann. Sc. Nat. Zool. (2), I. p. 140, n. 1659 b (1854) (= Chlorenas). Stictenas, Bp. ibid. n. 1660 (1854) (=.Séctenas). Patagienas, Bp. ibid. n. 1661 (1854) (= Patagie- nas) Lefidenas, Bp. ibid. n. 1662 (1854) (= Lepedenas). Leucomelena, Bp. Compt. Rend. XXXIX. p. 1104 (1854) (= Leucomelena.) Palumbena, Bp. Compt. Rend. XLII. pp. 838, OAS TCSO)N a. -s ay ok NE Wee. Meee a OLS Leucomelaina, Rchnb. Tauben I. p. 52 (1862) (= Leucomelena). Leucotenta, Rchnb. Tauben, II. p. 167 (1862) . . C. wnzctncta. Dendrophaps (ubi?) fide G. R. Gr. Hand-List, II. p. 233 (1870) (Dendrotreron.) Columba, subgen. Rupicola, Bogd. Cons. Av. Imp. Rossy tase. Wop. (1e8A)e ae. bet assay al Cap / 00/12), Columba, subgen. Sylvicola, Bogd. aya) Cit; p.. 3 (TOGA Nee oe uc Whee ens 6 Os C7757 Celotreron, Heine, Nomencl. ‘Mus. men Orns p: 275 (1890) (= Palumbenas). Patagenas, Heine, op. cit. p. 276 (1890) (= Pata- ganas). Geographical Range. — Throughout the world. COLUMBA MACULOSA Temminck. Palomacobyas manchadas, Azara, Apunt. III. p. to (1805). Columba maculosa, Temm. Pig. et Gallin. I pp. 113, 450 (1813); Gray, Gen. B. Il. p. 470: (1844); Hartl. Ind? Avarayp: 20 (184.7 )ee sea Z. S. 1865, p. 239; id. & Salv. P: Z: S. 1868; pride, 1re6o0 mip: 600; Scl. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 665; 1deaeluds;/ bs Z0S) ae 7anepp: AVES— COLUMBID&. 35 545, 549 (Rio Negro); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 132 (1873: pt.); Leyb. Excurs. Pamp. Argent. p. 89 (1873) ; .Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 42 (Chupat Valley, breeds), p. 193 (Baradero, April, common) ; 1878, p. 401 (central Patagonia, common resident) ; Witte eZ. >. 1882) p. 626 (Fuerte de Andagala, Catamanca, Sept.) ; Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 55 (1882: Carhué: Rios Colorado & Negro); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 274 (1884: Concepcion, common resident, breeds in Nov.); Gibson, Ibis, 1885, pezo2) burnin, Mus) Nac: Buenos Aires, Ill. Part X. p. 245 (1888: Northern Patagonia); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 140 (1889); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 328, part (1891); Huds. Idle Days in Patag. pp. 80, 125 (1893); Salvad. Cat, bebrit, Mussecn, p. 273 (1893); Sharpe, Hand-List B: I. p. 70 (1899) ; Prich. Thr. Heart Patagonia, p. 158 (1902). Columba paciloptera, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XXVI. p. 344 (1818: ex Azara); D'Orb. Voy. Il. pp. 303, 318 (1844). Columba maculipennis, Licht. in Mus. Berol., Bp. Consp. Av. IIL. p. 55 (1854). Columba gymnophthalmos, Reichenb. (nec Temm.) Syn. Av. fig. 1268 (1847). Palumbus gymnophthalmos, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xxv (1852). Crossophthalmus veichenbacht, Bp. Consp. Av. II. p. 55 (1854). Patagienas maculosa, Burm. La Plata Reis. II. p. 496 (1861: Mendoza Cordova; Tucuman); Frenz. J. f. O. 1891, p. 123 (Cordoba). Picazuros maculosa, Gray, Handl. B. II. p. 235, no. 9267 (1870). Crossophthalmus maculosus, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 274 note (1871); Heine & Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 276 (1890). Chlorenas fallax, Schl. Mus. Pays. Bas. Columbz, p. 80 (1873: Rio Negro). Patagenas maculosa, Carbajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 269 (1900). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Total length, about 14 inches. Wing, from 8.75 to 9.3 inches. Tail, 5 inches. Bill, from 0.50 to 0.55 inches. 36 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Tarsus, I.1 inches. Color.—General color above dusky or sooty brown, below dove gray with a strong tinge of vinaceous. Head: Gray with vinous tinge, the sides and cheeks darker and lacking any vinaceous shading. Neck: Gray, with a vinaceous tint. Back: Entire mouth, the scapular and upper wing-coverts dusky brown, or sooty, tipped with white triangular spots, most conspicuous on the upper coverts. The outer greater wing-coverts are gray with a strong bluish tinge, and Soarleved with white; their tips, the rump and upper tail coverts are deep lead color. Wings: Primary and secondary quills deep dusky gray with narrow white edging. The under sides of the wings are light lead color. Tail: Deep lead color with a black terminal band. Lower parts: The entire lower parts except the under tail coverts, are gray dove color, with a vinous tint. The under tail coverts are deep lead color. “Tris white or light slate” (White). ‘Beak grey; legsired! s(Aseecel)}e The sexes are similar in appearance. Geographical Range. — Uruguay, Argentine Republic and northern Patagonia. Columba maculosa Profile of head and neck. % natural size. This bird is not represented in the collections made by the Princeton Expeditions and the descriptions here given are based on specimens in the British Museum of Natural History, and on a single individual in the Princeton University Museum. P.U.0.C.No. | — Sex. | Locality. | 1 Date. | Collector. Male. | La Rioya, Atgentina. | February, 1895.| Museo de La Plata. Barrows says of this pigeon: “A common resident at Concepcion, where it is found in large flocks through the year. Many nests were found early in November, all placed in trees in dry woods, and only ten or fifteen feet from the ground. AVES — COLUMBID&. 37 ‘Each nest contained a single white egg. Either the variation in size of the eggs of this species is very great, or else a few of the preceding species were breeding with them; for several eggs were found which were very much larger than the others. I failed, however, to detect a single specimen of C. Jrcazuro among the birds which left the trees as we ap- proached. This species was again met with at Carhue.”’ (Barrows, Auk, I, No. 4, p. 274, 75, July, 1884.) Of this pigeon as he saw it in Patagonia Mr. Hudson writes: “This bird appears in winter in the settled parts of the Rio Negro; they come in large flocks, and gather in great numbers on the ploughed fields, eager to devour the wheat; so that the farmers, when sowing broad- cast, have to be constantly firing at them, or to keep trained dogs to chase them from the fields. When on the ground, the flock keeps very much crowded together, all the birds running with great rapidity, and eagerly snatching up the grain or seed they find. The lively, brisk manner of the Patagonian Pigeon is in strong contrast with the slow, stately steps and deliberate manner of picking up its food of the Buenos-Ayrean Species (2.2, Columba’ picazuro- v. Sci. et Salv. P. Z. S., 1868, p. 143 —P. L. S.); but the voice of the former is exceedingly hoarse, while that of the latter is the most agreeable dove-melody I have ever heard.” (Eiwcdsonn ir. Z. S 1972, p: 545-) COLUMBA ARAUCANA Lesson. Columba araucana, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. p. 706, pl. 40 (1828) ; Gray, Gena ballon 47o: (1644), Des Murs: in Gay's, Hist. Chil? Zool. I. p- 376 (1847); Hartl. Naum. 1853, pp. 215, 221 (Valdivia); Bibra, Wenkechie Aks Wien. Vip. 120 (1853); Cass. U. S. Expl: Exped: Birds, p. 254 (1858: Chile) ; Pelz. Novara Reise, Vég. p. 108 (1865) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 330, 339 (Chile) ; id. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. INeott p» 132 1(1673)); James, New List Chil: B..p. to (1892); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXI. p. 296 (1893); Lataste, Actes Soc. Scient. Chile, III. p. cxv (1893: Cordilli¢re d’Andes) ; Schalow. Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 671 (1898: eggs); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 71 (1899) ; Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 89 (1901). Columba denisea, Temm. PI. Col. pl. 502 (1830: Chile); Less. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 209 (Valdivia: Chile) ; Schl. Mus. Pays Bas. Columbe, p. 67 (1873). 38 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Columba fitzroyit, King, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 15 (Chiloe Island); Darw. Voy. “Beagle,” Birds, p. 114 (1841: Peninsula of Tres Montes, Valparaiso) ; Fraser; P. ZaS) 1843; .p) mu5e(andes-ot Chile). Columba meridionalis, Peale (nec King), U. S. Expl. Exped. Birds, p. 111 (1848: Rio Negro, Patagonia); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Ayres, III. Part X. p. 245 (1888: Southern Patagonia, Straits of Magellan). Chlorenas denisea, Bp. Consp. Av. II. p. 51 (1854). Chlorenas avaucana, Heine & Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 277 (1890). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Total length, about 16 inches. Wing, 8.5 inches. Tail, 5.5 inches. Bill, 0.65 inch. Tarsus, 1.25 inches. Color. —General color throughout chestnut with a vinaceous tinge. Head: Vinous chestnut. Neck : Vinous chestnut, with a whztish band on the nape. The feathers of the head and neck shaded with metallic bronzy-green. Back vinous chestnut. Rump lead color. Upper tail coverts: The basal upper tail coverts are like the rump, but the longer upper tail coverts are gray with a strong tinge of brown. Wings: Scapulary vinous chestnut. The wing coverts are grayish brown, lightest on the outer and greater coverts. The quills are dusky or blackish with narrow whitish margins. Tail: Lead color, with a subterminal band of black, and a terminal band a little less than an inch broad, like the body color of the tail. Lower parts: Generally vinous chestnut, the breast with an iridescent amethyst tinge. The under wing coverts and sides lead color. “Tris red-yellow; bill black; feet dark rose-red”’ (Philippi, fide Hart- laub) ; Salvadori, Cat. B. Brit. Mus., X XI, p. 296 (1895). The female is similar to the male and young or immature birds lack the whitish band on the nape of the neck. Geographical Range. —Central Peru, Chile and Patagonia to the Straits of Magellan. AVES — PERISTERID. 39 The above description is based on material in the British Museum of Natural History, as this form was not secured by the naturalists of the expeditions sent out by Princeton University to Patagonia. Family Perristeripa. Salvad. Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. XXI. p. 372 (1893); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 76 (1899). Subfamily ZENAIDINA2Z. Salvadeet. €:p: 37/2> Sharpe, t. cp. 76. Genus ZENAIDA Bonaparte. Type. Zenaida, Bp. Comp. List, p. 41 (1838); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXI. p. 379 (1893); Sharpe, Hand- icteodss le apa7Ou(TOOO), i. se 6 ww 8 4 Ze amabils. Stenurena (subgen.) Rchnb. Tauben, I. p. 20 (1862). Z. stenura. Platypterena (subgen.) Rchnb. Tauben, I. p. 20 (1862). Z. pentheria (=nificauda?). Geographical Range. — Florida Keys, throughout the Antilles, Yucatan, and southward in South America throughout Chile and northern Patagonia. ZENAIDA AURICULATA (Des Murs). Paloma parda manchada, Azara, Apunt. I. p. 17 (1802). Columba aurita, part, Temm. Pig. et Gallin. I. pp, 247, 467 (1813). Columba maculata, Vieill. (nec Gm.) Enc. Méth. I. p. 376 (1823); Burm. La Plata Reise, I. p. 306 (1861). Columba meridional’s, King (nec Lath.) Zool. Journ. IV. p. 92 (1828: Straits of Magellan); Scl. P; Z..S. 1867, pp. 330, 339 (Chile). Columba aurita, Licht. (nec Temm.) Verz. Doubl. p. 66 (1823: Monte- video); Darw. Voy. “Beagle,” Birds, p. 115 (1841). Zenaida aurita, Fraser (nec Temm.) P. Z. S. 1843, p. 115 (Chile); Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 20 (1847); id. Naum. 1853, p. 21 (Valdivia); Leyb. Excurs. Pamp. Argent. pp. 49, 52 (1873); Macfarl. Ibis, 1887, p. 202 40 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. (Coquimbo) ; Phil. Ornis. IV. p. 159 (1888: Atacama); Lataste, Actes Soc. Scient. Chile, III. p. exv (1893: Nuble foot of Cordilleras, Chile, Nov.). Peristera auriculata, Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chile, I. Zool. p. 381, pl. 6 (1847); Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 221 (Valdivia). Peristera chrysauchenia, Reichenb..Syn. Av. pl. fig. 1429 (1847). Zenmda chilensts, ‘‘ Bonap.” Reichenb. Syn. Av. Columb. pl. 2452, figs. 3529-30 (1851). Chlorenas meridionalis, Bp. Consp. Av. II. p. 52 (1854: Straits of Ma- gellan). Zenaida auriculata, Bp. Consp. Av. II. p. 82 (1854); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, pp- 330, 339 (Chile); Heine & Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 284 (1889: Chile); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXI. p. 384 (1893); id. Boll. Mus. Torino, 1887, No. 12, p. 32; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 671 (1898: Santiago); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 77 (1899) ; Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 93 (1901). _Zenaida maculata, Bp. Consp. Av. II. p. 82 (1854); Burm. La Plata Reis. IL. p. 497 (1861); Sel. & Salvi P9ZS. 1666, p. 143) (Conen- tas); Sternb. J. f O: 1860; pp. 193, 273, (Buenos Ayres); tiolvz a f, ©. 1870, p. 19° (eggs); Gray, Handl” By Il p. 241, No wosn am (1870); Sel. éSalv. Nomencl Av. INeott p: 132(16 73) slanudsare: Z. S. 1874, p. 170 (Patagonia); Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 163 (Buenos Ayres, Aug.), 1877, p. 193 (Baradero, April, common) ; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 8 (Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres, breeds Sept. to March) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 9 (Coquimbo); Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 55 (1881: abundant in the valleys of the Rio Negro and the Rio Colorado); White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 626 (Fuerte de Andegala, Catamarca, Aug.): Barrows, Auk, I. p. 275 (1884: Concepcion abundant throughout the year, but not observed breed- ing); Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 282 (Uruguay); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 245 (1888: Patagonia): id. Part XI. p. 318 %(1sg0:" Rio Chico); Sclm é& Huds: Argents@rns Wieipeeran (1889); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 (Buenos Ayres); Frenzel, J. f. O. 1891, p. 123 (Cordoba); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 207 (Estancia Espartilla, resident breeds Sept. to Feb.) ; James, New List Chile B. p. 10 (1892) ; Huds. Idle Days in Patagonia, p. 125 (1893); Carba- jal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 269 (1900). AVES — PERISTERIDA. 41 Columba (Zenada) aurita, Burm. J. f. O. 1858, p. 160 (Mendoza). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.— Total length, 9 to 10 inches. Wing, 5.5 to 6.25 inches. Tail, 3.75 to 4.5 inches. Bill, 0.55 to 0.6 inches. Tarsus, 0.85 to 0.9 inches. The female is smaller than the male. Fie, 21. Color. — General coloration throughout vinous dove color. Lightest below and darkest above. Head: Crown of head and occiput grayish, the f rest vinous dove color with a metallic blackish Uy blue spot behind the eye, and a larger spot, some- j i} }\ what elongate in shape below the ear coverts. fl Neck vinous dove color, with an area on each = “”##da auriculata, Pro- side of metallic purple having golden iridescence rae Se pe fo and reflections. Back and upper parts heavily shaded into olive brown. Wings: Coverts olive brown like back. There are many erregular black spots of variable size on the outer webs of the inner upper wing coverts, and on the outer webs of scapulars and tertials. The quills are dusky brown with narrow lighter brown and buffy edges on their outer webs and tips. Tail, from above: Two middle feathers like the back, with an indication of a subterminal black bar. The next two gray with a strong brownish tinge and a marked subterminal black bar. The rest grayish with some ‘brownish washing, and subterminal black bars. The tips in these is clear gray, with a tendency to become whitish which grows stronger, culminating in the two outer ones. The outer feather is tipped broadly with white and its outer web is white, breaking the subterminal black bar. The second feather of the tail has simply a broad grayish white tip. From below the tail unopened appears black with a broad white tip. Lower parts: vinous dove color paling almost to white on the throat; the sides, flanks and under wing coverts are dove gray; and the under tail coverts and abdomen are decidedly buffy in color. 42 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. The female is noticeably darker both above, below and on the head, which lacks the gray crown and occiput of the male. ‘Bill black; part of a red flesh-colour’’ (Burmeister). A young male, 7,923 Princeton University Collection, taken at Rio Chico, Patagonia, 12 March, 1898, is in the first Alumage. This bird is grayer below and darker above than are adults and the vinous dove color of more advanced age is lacking. The feathers on the breast and neck are tipped narrowly with light cinnamon giving a slightly scaled ap- pearance. The upper coverts of the wings are tipped in a like manner. There is a decided whitish area in front of each eye. The feathers of the crown are tipped with bright rufous. This color is also conspicuous on the shoulders, and while the dark spots of the inner upper wing coverts, scapulars and tertials are apparent, they are not well defined and all of these feathers are strongly marked with bright rufous in an irregular way. The edging of the wing quills is rufous or deep buff. The tail is like that of the adult. The blackish blue spots back of the eye and below in ear are not apparent. There are no iridescent areas on the neck. The bird is full grown. An older bird, also a young male, 8,302 Princeton University collection, taken at Santa Cruz, Patagonia, 15 February, 1898, is much like an adult, but many feathers on the breast, back and shoulders have median silvery white triangular markings. The throat and forehead in this bird are whitish and a few feathers on the crown have the same median mark- ings already referred to. The blackish blue spots. behind the eye and below the ear are indicated but are not so conspicuous as in the adult. The iridescent areas of the neck are faintly indicated. Geographical Range. —South America. From Ecuador southward on the west, and on the east from Fernando de Noronha to Brazil, the Argentine Republic and Patagonia, probably to the Straits of Magellan. The collections made by Mr. J. B. Hatcher for Princeton University include five of these birds, but there is no adult male bird represented. The description of the adult male is based upon material in the British Museum of Natural History, and that from the Museo de La Plata, and S. Pozzi collections in the Princeton University Museum. Mr. Hatcher in his MSS. notes says of this dove “common along valleys where there is AVES— RALLID&. 43 considerable growth of bushes, but not observed on the higher pampas nor in the forests of the Andes.” A single specimen of this bird from the Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, November 5, 1901, collected by J. Koslowsky is now in the British Museum. Skin. | P.U.O. Coll. No.| Sex. Locality. Date. | Collector Skin. 7,921 | Qad. Rio Chico, Patagonia. | 4 March, 1808. | a o 7,922 Qad. ss f ee 4 March, 1808. x a6 7,923 ejue. | se se 12 March, 1808. | a * 8,301 sim | « cs a 12 March, 1898. | a a 8,302 aifjuv. | Vera Cruz, Ss \25 February, 1808. g Grech AEE ORMES. Sharpe, Hand-List Bds., I. p. 93 (1899). Family Ratup-. Sharpe, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. XXIII. p. 1 (1894); id. Hand-List Bds. P. 93 (1899). | Subfamily RALLINAZ. Sharpe, Hand-List Bds., I. p. 93, (1899). Genus RALLUS Linnzus. Type. Rallus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 261 (1766); Sharpe, tk Gay esprit, Mus. Xoo p. 6) (1694); id. Hand-List Bds. I. p. 93 (1899). . . . &. aquaticus. Biensts, Pucher. Rev. Zool. p. 278 (1845) . . . &. madagascariensis. Limnopardahs (nec Cab.), Heine & Reichen. ; Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 320 (1890) . . . R&. elegans. RALLUS ANTARCTICUS King. Rallus antarcticus, King, Zool. Journ. IV. p. 95 (1828: Straits of Ma- gellan) ; Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 435 (1847) ; Scl. 44 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. P. Z:.'S: (1867, p. 333 (Chile); 1d, & Salv. Ps ZS) 1e6eiip: Aa. id. Exot: Orn. p. 163, pl. LX XXII (1868); Phils é& Landiv@atn Aw Chil. p. 38 (1868); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 139 (1873) ; iid.’ P. Z. S..1878, pi 437 (Sandy ‘Poimt); 11d: Voy. Chall) IieBinds; p. 108 (1880) ; Barrows, Auk, I. p. 276 (1884: Carhué) ; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 471 (Lomas de Zamora) ; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 246 (1888: Straits of Magellan) ; Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 148 (1889); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn Oiseaux, p. 133 (1891 : Punta Arenas) ; James, New List Chil. B. p. 10 (1892); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIII. p. 19 (1894); id. Hand-List B. I. p. 94 (1899); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 110 (1901); Phil. Ano Mus: Chile, XV. pl..28\(1902): Rallus rufopennis, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 116 (1844); Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia). Ortygometra antarctica, Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 594 (1846). Rallus uliginosus, Phil. Arch. f. Nat. p. 83 (1858: Santiago); id. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 38 (1868). Aramus antarcticus, Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 59, no. 10420 (1871). Rallus antarcticus. Profile head and neck. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Total length, 7.5 inches. Culmen, 1.2 inches. Wing, 3.6 inches. Wail jauelies: Tarsus, 1.35 inches. I) Color.—General color above buffy brown striped with dusky brown or. black; below lead color, with whitish and buffy brown suffusion. il Head: Crown blackish brown, with each feather edged and tipped with sandy buff. Sides of face lead color. A stripe beginning in front of and Natural size. above the eye, pale buff almost white at its origin so as to appear as a spot, shading then into deeper buff, this in its turn shading into lead color like that of the sides of the face. Region in front of the eye and lores black- AVES —RALLIDA. 45 ish. This color extends backward below the eye to the region of the ear coverts, where it gradually fades into the lead color of the sides of head. Throat: White shading into the clear lead color of the foreneck. Neck: Above and on the sides like the back, each feather blackish, bordered with sandy buff, the edgings becoming more pronounced and broader as the neck joins the body. Below the neck is lead color, at first clear, then shaded with sandy brown as it joins the breast region. Back: Dusky black, each feather broadly margined with sandy buffy brown. Rump and upper tail coverts like the back, but the black area on each feather comparatively less. Wing: The scapulars are like the back but the black area on each feather is proportionately less. Wing coverts uniform sandy brown, with a rufescent tinge. Bastard wing, the primary coverts and primaries sooty brown, unmarked; secondaries of a like color, but with faint white tips and one or more broken white bars, and brownish markings becoming -on the inner ones like the back and scapulars in color and pattern. Tail: The feathers are much like those of the back in color and pattern, the brown edging preponderating, however, over the dusky brown center of each feather. Lower parts: Breast lead color, with a strong suffusion of brown and with grayish white fringes to many of the feathers. Sides and flanks black, each feather strongly barred, and slightly fringed with clear white. Abdomen lead color with sandy buff tips and fringes on each feather. Under tail coverts black, barred and tipped with white. Under wing coverts and axillaries dusky, the coverts broadly tipped and the axillaries both barred and tipped with white. This description is based on a specimen, sex not indicated, No. 7800 Princeton University collection, taken at Lower Rio Chico, Patagonia, 30 March, 1897. This bird is apparently adult. The collector's notes describe the iris as ‘‘brown.” ‘Upper mandible dark red, lower one bright red; feet and toes dark purple; iris reddish brown”’ (F. Withington). Geographical Range.— Argentine Republic, to central Chile and throughout Patagonia. The only individual of this species that was secured by the expeditions sent out by Princeton University to Patagonia, has been cited above. 46 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. ; Sex. i ee is ; Hes 0.C. No. Date. ———'|_—Colllector. Skin. | 7,800. Not Known. | Lower Rio Chico, Patagonia.| 30 March, 1897. J. B. Hatcher. A female of this species from the Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, col- lected by J. Koslowsky on November 27, 1901, is now in the collection of the British Museum. The similarity of this Rail to the Virginia Rail (2. vrgintanus) is no- ticeable. Almost the same size, this bird is materially different in color, though the pattern of the color areas is much alike in both. The habits of these small rails have been dealt with by a number of authors and they do not seem to differ greatly from their congeners throughout the world. Genus LIMNOPARDALIS Cabanis. Type. Limnopardalus, Cab. J. f. O. 1856, p. 428; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIII. p. 27 (1894) . . . JL. maculatus. Pardivallus, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856). . . . . L. maculatus. Ortygonax, Heine in Heine & Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein.ap.A 321 (TS9O)) ek: ee ee a Limnopardatis, Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 95 (1899) (= Limnopardalus). Geographical Range. —Cuba, Trinidad and South America. L. rytirhynchus. LIMNOPARDALIS VIGILANTIS Sharpe. Rallus rythyrhynchus (nec Vieill), Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 55 (1882: Abundant on the Rios Negro and Colorado) ; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Ayres, III. Part X. p. 246 (1888: Patagonia). Rallus antarcticus, Sharpe (nec King), P. Z. S. 1881, p. 14 (Tom Bay). Limnopardalus vigilantis, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIII. p. 31, pl. IV. (1894); id. Hand-List B. IL p. 95 (1899); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) xx. p. 626 (1900: Keppel Isl., Falklands, Aug.). AVES—RALLIDA. 47 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Total length, 15.5 inches. Culmen, 2.55 inches. Wing, 5.3 inches. Tail, 3.0 inches. Tarsus, 1.85 inches. The female is slightly larger than the male. Color. — General color above olive brown; below slaty lead color. These colors are almost unbroken in their respective areas. Head: Crown olive brown. On the sides of the face slaty lead color. A superciliary line reaching forward to the base of the upper mandible slaty lead color. The entire area in front of the eye, and a narrow region above and below it, as well as a triangular shaped area behind the eye, olive brown. Eyelids slaty lead color. Neck: Above olive brown, shading into slaty lead color below. The slaty lead color is more or less suffused with olive brown, particularly on the sides of the neck just back of the head. Back: The feathers of the lower back are mottled and have black bases. Those of the rump are simi- larly marked. Wing: The scapulars are marked like the feathers of the lower back and have black bases. The inner secondaries are black with broad margins of olive brown. Quills dusky, with the exposed parts of the 7.);. profile of head outer webs olive brown. and neck, 44 natural Lower parts: Slaty lead color with more or less _ size. olive brown shading, which becomes dusky on the lower flanks. Under tail coverts dusky or blackish with sandy brown edges. Tail olive brown. ‘Bill dark green; legs and feet red; iris red”’ (Dr. Coppinger). The female is similar to the male in color. Geographical Range. —\slands of the Straits of eee and the Pata- gonian shores of those waters. Lim:vpardalis vigt- The Princeton Expeditions did not secure this species, as the region where it occurs was not dealt with by the corps of naturalists composing 48 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. the party. The description given is based on the material in the British Museum of Natural History. From my studies of this material and the allied forms Z. sangaznolen- tus, Swains. and L. rytirhynchus, Vieill., I am convinced that they are all three specifically distinct.’ L. rytirhynchus and L. sanguinolentus do overlap in their geographical distribution, but their differences in size and color readily distinguish them. Not touching even the borders of the range of either of the others, L. vigilantis in color closely resembles L. xyrhynchus, but their great difference in size would readily distinguish them, even if they inhabited the same or adjacent regions. The average total length of ZL. ~yirhynchus is about 10.5 inches, while that of ZL. wgzlantis is 15.5 inches. JL. san- guinolentus is intermediate between these two in size, the total length averaging about 12.5 inches, but is essentially different from its two allies in color. It would be of great interest to know more of the life history of these birds, especially as to whether they are Aevmanent residents in the several regions where they occur, or if they are migratory. I suspect that the for- mer of these alternatives will prove to be the condition so far as this part of their life history is concerned, and that their extremes represented by L. rytirhynchus on the one hand and by ZL. vigédantis on the other, are but another example, added to the many already known, of the influence of environment on the descendents from a common stock. Genus ORTYGOPS Heine. Type. Coturnicops, Bp. C. R. XLIII. p. 599 (1856). . . . O. noveboracensts. Ortygops (nom. emend.), Heine, in Heine & Reich- enow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 320 (1890) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIII. p. 126 (1894); id. Hand-List Bds. I. p. 104 (1899). Geographical Range.— North America: north to Nova Scotia and Hudson’s Bay, west to Utah and Nevada, the Greater Antilles, eastern Mexico. South America: southeastern Brazil; Uruguay to Patagonia. Southeastern Africa. Northern China, to eastern Siberia and Japan. AVES— RALLID&. 49 ORTYGOPS NOTATA (Gould). Zapornia notata, Gould, Voy. “Beagle,” Birds, p. 132, pl. 48 (1841: Rio Plata). Ortygometra notata, Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 594 (1846). Porzana notata, Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 456; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr., p. 140 (1873); Scl. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 255 (Uruguay). Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Ayres, III. Part X. p. 246 (1888: Patagonia); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 155 (18809). Aramides notata, Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 61, no. 10445 (1871). Ortygops notata, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIII. p. 121 (1894); id. Hand-list B. I. p. 104 (1899). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Total length, 5.3 inches. Culmen, 0.45 inch. Wing, 3.1 inches. Tail, 2.25 inches. Tarsus, 0.8 inch. Color. — General color above chocolate brown mottled and spotted with black and white; below grayish white, mottled on the breast and barred on the sides and flanks with dusky, or blackish markings. Head: Crown of head darker chocolate brown, Fic. 24. with many markings or spots of white. Lores Ss dusky brown, with a whitish streak above. Sides of face and cheeks dusky blackish with numerous white spots. Neck: Chin and upper throat whitish, the throat mottled with dusky brown. The rest of the front f of the neck whitish, mottled with the dusky black OEY PS file of head and neck, centers of each feather. Back of the neck darker Siemenlon usar: chocolate brown than back, shading on the sides into Natural size. the lighter region of the front of the neck. Back : Ghocalene brown, generally mottled with black centers to the feathers and white spots. On the lower back and rump the white spots 50 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. sometimes assume the form of bars. The upper tail coverts chocolate brown decorated with minute white spots. Wing: The wing coverts chocolate brown, mottled with blackish cen- ters to the feathers and with white spotting sometimes assuming the form of bars. The inner secondaries chocolate brown, mottled like the back and barred with white. Bastard wing and primary coverts brown, with little or no white marking. Quills dusky brown, the middle secondaries being white on the inner web. When the wing is spread this white por- tion of the secondaries forms a definzte white patch varying somewhat in size. Under wing coverts and axillaries white, mottled with brown bases to the feathers. Tail blackish brown. Lower parts: Upper breast whitish mottled with dusky brown, or black- ish centers to the feathers. Center of breast and abdomen whitish, with dusky brown cross bars. Sides of body and flanks blackish brown, with narrow white bars and tips on each feather. Under tail coverts blackish with vinous tips. Geographical Range.— Uruguay and southward into Patagonia. The Expeditions sent out by Princeton did not obtain specimens of this little known bird. The description given is taken from the type which is in the British Museum and which was collected by the late Charles Darwin, at Rio Plata during the voyage of H. M. S. ‘‘Beagle” around the world. A second individual, an immature bird, was taken at sea off Cape Santa Maria, Uruguay. Subfamily AUL/CINA2. Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIII. p. 209 (1894); id. Hand-List Birds, p. 109 (1899). Genus FULICA Linnzus. Type. Fulica, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 257 (1766); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIII. p. 209 ee id. Hand-List Bdse apa voonGisoo) iat ie So tags be eho ps aR ane AVES — RALLIDA. 5l Phalaria, Reichenb. Syst. Av. p. xxi... 2 1)... F gigantea. iysca, eichenb. Syst. Av.p. xxi. . . . . . . . F avdestaca. Eapha, eichenb. Syst. Av. p- xxi... fF. cristata. Lophophalaris, Heine, in Heine & Eaehenag, Nemench Miismrlemn ps 317 (1890). 7. F. cristata. Geographical Range.— Nearly all poniene af Bern Continuo. the Malay Archipelago and Australia. FULICA ARMILLATA Vieillot. Foca de ligas voxas, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 474 (1805). Fulica armillata, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XII. p. 47 (1817: ex Azara); Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 600 (1845); Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 28 (1847); id. Naum, 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia); Burm. La Plata Reis. Weep 505 (1661: Mendoza; Rio Parana); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. B345°339) (Chile); id: & Salv: Ee ZS. 1e08; p: 465 (Chiles Pata- gonia); iid. Exot. Orn. p. 115 pl. Iviii (1868); iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 140 (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 195 (Buenos Ayres) ; 1878, p. 66 (Buenos Ayres, eggs), p. 401 (central Patagonia, common in the lakes and on the Sengel and Sengelen rivers); Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 55 (1881: abundant on the lagoons in the valleys of the Rios Negro and Colorado) ; Barrows, Auk, I. p. 277 (1884): Entrerios): Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 478 (Lomas de Za- mora); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 157 (1889); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 246 (1888: Rivers of Pata- gonia and Straits of Magellan); id. Part XI. p. 319 (1890: Rio Chico, Santa Cruz: Deseado: Rio Singuer); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 (Buenos Ayres); Frenzel, J. f. O. 1890, p. 125 (Cordoba); Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap. Horn. Oiseaux, p. 136 (1898: Rio Gallegos) ; James, New List Chil. B. p. 80 (1892); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 280 (Estancia Espartilla, very common throughout the year, breeds early in Sept) onarpe, Cat, Brit: Mus. XXIII. p. 218 (1894); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 302 (Chile); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 661 (1898; La Serena, Oct.; El Pozo, Lago Llanquihue, Nov.; Susanna Cove, Straits of Magellan, May); Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 180 (1899); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 130 (1901). 52 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. fulica chloropoides, King, Zool. Journ. IV. p. 95 (1828: Straits of Ma- gellan); Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 438 (1847); Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia); Leyb. Excurs. Pamp. Argent. p- 54 (1873). Futica frontata, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part iii. p. 124 (1844); Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia). Lysca armillata, Reichenb. Syst. Nat. p. xxi (1852). Fulica chilensts, Landb. (nec Des Murs) Arch. fur Nat. XXVIII. p. 215 (1862); Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 39 (1868). Futica leucopyga, Sharpe (nec Wagl. nec Licht) P. Z. S. 1881, p. 14 (Talcahuano). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.— Total length, 18 inches. Culmen including frontal shield, 2.25 inches. Wing, 8.5 inches. Tail, 2.15 inches. Tarsus, 2.6 inches. Fulica avmillata. Profile of head Fulica armillata, Showing shape of and neck. 1% natural size. frontal shield. 1% natural size. Color. — General color dark lead, deepest above, paler below. Head velvety black, throughout. Neck velvety black, throughout. Back, lower back, rump and upper tail coverts, deep lead color, with a faint wash of olive. Wing: Like the back; quills blackish, the first primary having a dis- tinctly white edge to its outer web, Tail blackish. AVES — RALLID-A. 53 Lower parts : Generally deep lead color, a little paler in shade than the back and without the olive washing of that region. The central under tail coverts are deep lead color and the lateral ones pure white. Princeton University collection, No. 7,803, male adult. Rio Coy, Pata- gonia, 25 January, 1898, J. B. Hatcher. The frontal shield is pointed and reaches well back on the forehead. “Bill and shield primrose yellow’’ (Durnford); ‘base of upper mandible and a small portion of the shield bright blood red ; legs olivaceous with a pale red garter above the knee” (Durnford). “Bill yellow, with a dark red patch on the culmen; legs olive green; claws brown; iris yellow ” (Coppinger). Geographical Range.— Patagonia and Chile, northward to Bolivia, Argentina, and southern Brazil. The Princeton Expeditions procured a series of seven of these birds which do not vary greatly from the bird no. 7803 of the collection which formed a basis for the foregoing description. The colors of the external bare soft parts of birds of this genus and allied genera are subject to very marked modification. They vary much with the age of the individual, seasonal change is also very appreciable and finally sex is another factor to be reckoned with. It is also well known to competent field naturalists that the bills and more especially the frontal shields change very rapidly in color after death and an hour or more often furnishes ample time for the natural color to have been lost. Further field notes made as soon as examples are shot would be of great value. Immature birds have a tendency to a general lighter color especially on the lower surface. This in its extreme shows fine white tips to each feather on the belly. An immature male, No. 7,967, taken at Arroyo Eke, Patagonia, 15 April, 1898, has a decided reddish brown intermixture of feathers in the region in front of the eye. This is also apparent on the head, neck and body in a varying degree. The region below the lower eyelid in this bird is decidedly whitish. Nos. 7,964 3 im., 7,965 ¢% im. have similar brown washing. Number 8315, @ adult, is darker throughout than the other birds com- posing this series. 54 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. A female adult and nestling of this species has been lately received by the British Museum from the Valle del Lago Blanco, collected by J. Koslowsky on November 20, 1900. P. U. 0. C.No. | Sex. Locality. Date. | Collector. Skin. 7,903 | adult. Rio Chico; Fatagonia. 16 March, 18908. | — me | 7,904 immature. | “ 14 March, 1898. | re ce | 7,905 | immature. « Santa Cruz, “ 1 March, 1808. : “e 7,966 Jadult. ee 1 March, 1898. x | 7,907 immature, Arroyo Eke, ‘“ 15 April, 1898. 3. s 7,803 adult. Rio Coy, cs 26 January, 1808. ce ss 8,315 adult. sa Weseadonme: | 31 March, 1808. ; FULICA RUFIFRONS Philippi & Landbach. Fulica leucopyga, Gray (nec Wagl.), Gen. B. III. p. 600 (1845); Burm. Th. Bras. III. p. 390 note (1856: Montevideo); Schl. Mus. Pays- Bas, Ralli, p. 64 (1865: Santiago); Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vég. p. 135 (1865: Chile); Sck& Salvs P. Z. Si 1868; pwae7 fie som dehiles Patagonia; Falkland Islands); iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 140 (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 42 (Chupat Valley, very. common breeds numerously); 1878, p. 66 (note on the nesting), p. 402 (lagoons and pools in the valleys of the Chupat, Sengel and Sengelen); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 247 (1888: Straits of Magellan and Falklands); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. Il. p. 157 (1889); James. New (List .Chilaes Sp ionmicos): Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIII. p. 220 (1894); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Supp. IV. p. 667 (1898: Villa Rica, Oct.; La Serena, Oct.). fulica leucopygia, Yartl. J. f. O. 1853, Extrah. p. 84; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 471 (Lomas de Zamora); Oust. Miss. Scient. en Horn, Oiseaux, p. 135 (1891). Futica chloropoides, Abbott (nec King), Ibis, 1861, p. 157 (Stanley Har- bour, Falkland Islands). Fulica vufifrons, Phil. & Landb. Arch. f. Nat. XXVIII. p. 223 (1862); iid. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 39 (1868); Leybold, Excurs. Pamp. Anjent. p. 20 (1873); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 110 (1899); Oates, Cat. Bds, Eggs, Brit: Mus. ph 3r (190): AVES— RALLID&. 55 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.— Total length, 14 inches. Culmen including frontal shield, 2.2 inches. Wing, 6.5 inches. ail 2.4 inches. Tarsus, 2.2 inches. Color.— The color of this bird is almost identical with that of Awdica armillata,' Vieill, but the birds are readily distinguished both by their difference in size, and by the absence of a white outer edging to the first primary in Fulica rufifrons. Geographical Range.— Falkland Islands, Patagonia, Chile, southern Brazil and Argentina. This species was not secured by the naturalists sent out by Princeton University to Patagonia. The descriptions given are based on material in the British Museum of Natural History. FULICA LEUCOPTERA Vieillot. Focha, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 472 (1805). Fulica leucoptera, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XII. p. 48 (1817: ex Wzata), Gray, Gen. B. Ill. p. Goo (1845); Martl. Ind. Azara, p. 28 (1847); Burm. La Plata Reise, II. p. 505 (1861: Parana); Scl. & SdlvePZ. >: 1608, p: 468 (Parana) ; id. Exot. Orn. p. 119, pl. 1X (16638) Gray, andl. B: Ill, p. 68, no. 10520 (1871); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 140 (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 195, 1878, p. 67 (Buenos Ayres, eggs); Doering Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 55 (1882: Rios Negro and Colorado); White, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 43 (Cordoba); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 277 (1884: Carhué); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 (Lomas de Zamora); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. iV-p) 158*(1889);) Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XII. p..137 (1889: Sandy Point); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 (Buenos Ayres); Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 134 (1891: Beagle Canal); Frenzel, J. f. O. 1891, p. 125 (Cordoba); James, New List Chil. B. p. 10 (1892); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 210 (Estancia Espartilla, com- "See ante, page 52, this volume. 56 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. mon throughout wet years, in immense numbers in winter, breeds early in Oct.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIII. p. 224 (1894); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 302 (Sacaya); Schalow. Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 667 (1898: Lago Llanquihue, Nov.); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 110 (1899); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 626 (1900: Uscinaia, June); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 132 (1901). Fulica gallinuloides, King, Zool. Journ. IV. p. 96 (1828: Straits of Ma- gellan); Sci. PR. Z) S. 1878, p. 2913) Gibson) Piece, Wyss Soe: Edinb. 1876, 78, p. 184. Fulica leucopyga, Wagl. Isis, 1831, p. 516. Fulica stricklandi, Hart). J. f. O. 1853, Extrah. p. 86; Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 339. Fulica chloropoides, Phil. & Landb. (nec King) Arch. f. Nat. XXVIII. p. 218 (1862) ; iid. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 39 (1868). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — (Male, P. U. C. No. 7,962.) Total length, about 14.50 inches. Culmen including frontal shield, 1.80 inches. Wing, 8.1 inches. Tail, 2.40 inches. Tarsus, 2:2, inches. Color.—(Male cited above). The general coloration of this species MIG 927. Fic. 28. Fulica leucoptera. Profile of Fulica leucoptera. Showing shape head and neck. % natu- of frontal shield. ral size. resembles closely that of Au/ica armillata Vieill., but the olive washing of the upper parts is clearer and the lower are decidedly lighter and more slaty. The outer feathers of the bastard wing are white, as is the outer edge of the first primary. 7/e outer secondaries have broad white tips. AVES — RALLIDA. 57 These characteristics and the size and ‘shape of the frontal shield, as well as the difference in size, will readily distinguish the species from its congeners in Patagonia. Dr. Hahn gives the following data as to the color of the external soft parts: ‘Frontal shield chrome yellow; bill chrome yellow with the tips of the mandibles greenish; feet very pale sea green, with the webs, joints, and claws black; iris fiery red.” Geographical Range.— Patagonia, and Chile northward to southern Brazil, Peru and Bolivia. In general appearance this species is much like /awdca americana, Gmel., but the shape of the frontal shield, its color as well as that of the bill, both mandibles being entirely yellow, together with the general darker coloration of the entire plumage, readily distinguish /* /eucoffera, Vieill., from fulica americana, Gmel. The Princeton Expeditions secured a small series (4) of this species. Two birds obtained in January, both females, are in worn breeding plum- age, and beginning to moult, many of the new feathers of the upper parts contrasting sharply with the worn and faded condition of the feathers of that region and of the wings. Another bird, also a female taken in May, presents a similar condition of moult, while a bird taken March 16, a male, is in fine unworn plumage and has the feathers of the breast and lower parts generally, strongly tipped or fringed with white; there is a strong admixture of similar feathers on the throat, sides of the neck and chin. These fringes extend well up on the sides of the face and a few are apparent on the occiput. This bird appears to be a young bird of the year which after having mou/ted the first Alumage is assuming the adult dress. The white tips to the outer secondaries are very narrow in this bird No. 7,962. | eon ORGa No: Sex. | = eae, ? : Date, Collector. Skin. | 7,801 Q adult. | Rio Coy, Patagonia. 22 January, 1898. J. B. Hatcher. s 7,802 | Qadult. | Palaike, as | 18 January, 1898. ¢ ss | 7,961 | Qadult. | Arroyo Eke, “ | 13 May, 1898. | 7 | 7,962 | oly.o.y.| Rio Chico, “ | 16 March, 1898. | PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS : 53 ZOOLOGY. Order PODICIPEDIDIPFO@ RV: =. Sharpe, Classif. Birds, p. 71 (1891); id., (1899). Family Popictrepipa. Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. XXVI. Hand-List Bds. 1. p. 113 (1899). Genus PODICIPES Latham. Colymbus |Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 33 (1760)]|; Illiger, Prodromus, p. 281 (1811) i ee ee Podiceps, Lath. Suppl. Gen. Syn. p. 294 (1784) Dytes, Kaup, Nat. Syst. p. 41 (1829) Pedetaithya, Kaup, Nat. Syst. p. 44 (1829) Proctopus, Kaup, Nat. Syst. p. 49 (1829) . Lophaithyia, Kaup, Nat. Syst. p. 72 (1829) Dasyptilus, Swains. Class. B. 11. p. 369 (1837) . Pottocephatlus, Selby, Cat. Gen. & Subgen. Types Aves, p47 (1840) - Pedeatthyia, G. R. Gray, Ci Bile ile OF 632 (1846) id. Hand-List Bds. iii. p. 93 (1871). . Lophaethyia, L. Agassiz, Nomen. Zool., versalis, p. 620 (1848). i ; Tachybaptus, Reichenb. Av. Syst. ol e Nat. Syst. Vog. p. ii (1852). spi mek Otodytes, Reichenb. Nat. Syst. Vég. p. iii. (1852). . Rollandia, Bonap. C. R. xii p. 775 (1856) Centropelma, Sclater & Salvin, Exotic Orn. ii. ‘p. me (1OGO)in «. Calipareus, Bonap. 1865; ale Sam 94 (1871) . Colymbetes, Heine in Heine & Remeron, Nomerek Mus. Hein. p. 364 (1890) Podicipes, Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus, XXVIE Pp: 502 (1898) ; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. 1. p. 113 (1899) = Podiceps. tudes Uinie (1849); id. Slamk et iilep: Hand-List Bds. 1. p. p. 502 (1898) ; ney. Sharpe, Type. P. cristatus. P. cristatus. P. aurttus. P. grisergena. P. nigricollts. P. cristatus. P. polocephatis. P. polrocephatus. P. griseigena. P. cristatus. P. fluviatilis. P. nigricollts. P. volland.. P. micropterus. P. calipareus. P. polocephalus. AVES — PODICIPEDID. 59 Geographical Range.— The world at large. Fic. 29. Podicipes dominicus, Female. Showing relative length of primaries and secondaries. From material in the American Museum of Natural History. Natural size. PODICIPES DOMINICUS (Linnzus). MerGreve de riviere de 5S. Domingue, Briss. Orn. VI. p. 64, pl. v. fig. 2 (1760). Colymbus dominicus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 223 (1766) ex Briss.; Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 87 (1823: Montevideo). Le Castagneux de Saint-Domingue, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. VIII. p. 248 (1731). White-winged Grebe, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. 1. p. 291 (1785). Podiceps dominicus, Lath. Ind. Orn. II. p. 785 (1790); Gray, Gen. B. iil. p. 633 (1846); Burm. J. b. O. 1860, p. 268 (Mendoza); id. La Plata Reis. II. p. 521 (1861); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, VI. Urinat. p. 47 (1867: Chile); Baird, Brewer & Ridgw. Water Birds, N. Amer. II. p. 438 (1884); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. pt. X. p. 249 (1888: Patagonia). Colymbus dominicensts, D’Orb. in Ramon de la Sagra Hist. Cuba, Ois. p. 282 (1839). Scott, Auk, VIII. p. 354 (1891) (Jamaica breeding September). Tachybaptus dominicus, Bonap. C. R. xlil. p. 775 (1856); Scl. & Salv. 60 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Nomencl. Av. Neotr p. 150 (7873); Durnt, Ibis) 1876," pye065 (Montevideo); White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 629 (Punta Lara, Buenos Ayres). Sylbeocyclus dominicus, Coues, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862, p. 232; Scl. & Salv. Exotic Orn. II. p. 190 (1869). Lachybaptes domimicus, Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 203 (Buenos Ayres); 1878, p. 405 (Chupat river: Sengelen & Sengel Valleys); Withington Ibis, 1888, p. 473 (Lomas de Zamora); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 205 (1889); Holland Ibis, 1892, p. 214 (Argentine Republic). Podicipes dominicus, Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 520 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 113 (1899); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mis isp. 1g4)( 190%): Fic. 30. Podicipes dominicus. Male. From material in the American Museum of Natural History. 4 natural size. is) GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze (adults in breeding plumage). —Total length, 8.5 inches. Culmen (from feathers of forehead), 0.8 to 0.9 inches. Wing, 3.70 to 3.85 inches. Warsusy 1215, to 12 aniehies: Co/or (adults in breeding plumage).—General color of upper parts brownish black, with a faint greenish gloss; of lower parts greyish on the neck, becoming shining polished white on the breast and belly, mottled somewhat with dusky. AVES — PODICIPEDID. 61 Head: Forehead and crown black with a greenish gloss; sides of head ashy grey. Neck: Upper part blackish with a green gloss, strongest at the portion nearest the head. Chin and throat dull sooty black. Rest of the neck greyish ash, shading into brownish grey in the region where the neck joins the body. Back: Brownish black with a slight greenish gloss; sides of the lower back and rump white. Wing: General color like the back. The inner webs of the outer pri- maries chiefly white, increasing so that the inner primaries have white inner webs. The secondaries are white with a brown band on the mar- gin of the outer web. Under wing-coverts white. Lower parts as described, with the chest, sides and flanks washed with shining reddish brown. The thighs and vent as well as the under tail coverts are dusky. Tail: Like the back but more dusky. “Tris orange; bill black with whitish tip; feet black tinged with greyish.” (George N. Lawrence.) PIG egies Podicipes dominicus. Immature female. From material in the American Museum of Natural History. ¥% natural size. Adults at other than breeding season, have the top of the head, neck and upper parts as well as the foreneck and chest much browner, the chin and throat being w/e. Geographical Range.—The Greater Antilles, Southern Texas, Central America and South America to Patagonia. 62 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. The Princeton Expeditions did not procure this species in Patagonia and the description is based on material in the British Museum of Natural History as well as in the Academy of Sciences in Philadelphia, and in the American Museum of Natural History, New York. “Mr. Gosse found nests with four eggs in August, but as the birds had almost assumed their full breeding plumage in January, I conclude that the record of August nesting must be that of a second brood. : “At Priestmans River (Jamaica, W. I.) January 7, 1891, I found this a rather common species apparently mated. A male taken in full plumage had the testes as large as the largest buckshot. At the same locality, January 20, 1891, a male taken (10485) is apparently in the plumage of the first year. No black about the throat and much lighter throughout in color than birds in full plumage. . . . The sides were dull greenish yellow. At the same locality on January 23, 1891, I took four individuals in a shallow pond. Three were females and one a male. The females all appeared about to breed. In one the yolk was almost or quite developed and the first egg would have been laid in a week at latest. The other two would have bred in the next four or five weeks. These four birds were all in full plumage. Many individuals were seen beside those that were captured, and the birds were abundant at this point though of course local in distribution. “From Mr. Taylor’s notes I add the following: ‘Three eggs in my possession were taken in the month of September, 1888, from a pond at ‘New Works” a few from Linstead in St. Calhumus’’’ (Jamaica, W. I.) (Scott, Observations on The Birds of Jamaica, West Indies. Auk, VIII. 4, Pp. 354, 355, 1891.) The above details of the breeding period of this grebe in a restricted geographical range seem to show a prolonged breeding season, from late January to September; or it may be more probably a matter of individual variation as to the breeding time. Mr. Frank M. Chapman in the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XII. p. 255, December 1899, has described two geographical races of Podicipes dominicus which he discriminates as being the mainland representatives of this little grebe. Under the head of Colymbus dominicus brachyrhynchus, a bird from Matto Grosso, Brazil, (No. 34872, Coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., male, Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil, September 19, 1883. Collected by H. H. Smith), being dis- AVES — PODICIPEDID. 63 criminated from the insular form as having a bill much shorter and more slender,and with less fuscous color on the sides and flanks. In addition a race is described from Texas (based on No. rr. Coll. of George B. Sennett, male, Lomita Ranch, Lower Rio Grande, Texas, April 27, 1878. Collected by George B. Sennett), which is character- ized as being similar to Colymbus dominicus, but with shorter wings and bill, and having less fuscous on the sides and flanks as well as being whiter on the underparts. Through the kindness of the authorities in the American Museum I have examined both of these types and conclude that they present sufficient valid characteristics to discriminate them from the insular form; but inasmuch as I have been unable to examine speci- mens from Patagonia, I must refer the bird from that region to Podicipes domimucus, though it seems probable that it will be found to approach, if not to be the same as, the Colymbus dominicus brachypterus of Chapman. PODICIPES AMERICANUS Garnot. Podiceps americanus, Garn. Voy. Cog. Zool. L p. 599 (1826: Chile) ; Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 633 (1846); Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 465 (1847); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, VI. Urinat. p. 42 (1867: Chile) ; Gray, Hand-List B. III. p. 95, no. 10769 (1871); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 235 (1891). Podiceps chihensis, Garn. Voy. Coq. Zool. I. p. 601 (1826: Concepcion) ; Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 633 (1846). Podiceps albicoliis, Less. Traité d’Orn. p. 594 (1831); Puch. Mag. de Zool. 1851, p. 571. Podiceps chilensis, Gould, Voy. ‘Beagle,’ Birds, p. 137 (1841: Buenos Ayres); Gay, Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 464 (1847); Reichenb. Syst. Av. iNatatores, pl 13. fis. 750 (1849); Sel: P. Z. S..1867, p: 340;Gray, Hiand=List 5. Ili. p. 94, no: 10767 (1871). Podiceps rollandi, Gould, (nec Quoy et Gaim.) Voy. ‘Beagle,’ Birds, p. 137, part (1841: near Straits of Magellan and eastern coast of Chiloe)j mrasen, P: 2S: 1843, p- 119 (Chile);Gray, List B. part. 111. p. 151. part (1844); Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 463 (1847); Pelz. Reise Novara. Voy. p. 140 (1865: Chile) ;Scl. P. Z. 5S. 1867, p. 340; Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1868, p. 189 (Straits of Magellan) ; 64 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. iid. P. Z.. Ss 1868; 4p. 146 «(Conchitas)-end: “Exot. Orn- LI paeo part (1869) ; Newt. Ibis, 1869, p. 241, note (Halt Bay); Scl. & Salv. t. ¢: p.-264; ‘Gunn. (Nat. ists Str Magell? ppi222,ee43aqio7i)e Huds. P. Z. S. 1872; p. 549 (Rio Negro); Sel. & Salv. Nomenel Ay. Neotr. p. 150, pant (1873); Durf. Ibis; 1877, 9p.45 (Chupat river) ; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 164 (breeding habits); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 17 (S. Chile; Str. Magellan: Patagonia); White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 629 (Alto Parana, Paraguayan coast), 1883, p. 43 (Cosquin, Cardova); Salv. t. c. p. 432 (Talcahuano); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 317 (1884: Lower Uruguay); Scl. & Hudson, Argent. Orn. II. p. 204 (1889); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1890, p. 358 (Rio Pilcomayo); Oust. Sci. Miss. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 233, part (1891); Scl. Ibis, 1891, p. 16 (Argentine Republic) ; Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151 (Pilcomayo) ; Holland, t. c. p. 214 (Estancia Espartilla); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 651 (1898: Llanquihue). Rollandia micra, Bonap. C. R. xlii, p. 775 (1856). Tachybaptus americanus, Bonap. tom. cit. p. 775 (1856). Tachybaptus chilensts, Bonap. tom. cit. p. 775 (1856). Podiceps rollandi, Leybold (nec Q. & G.) Excurs. Pampas Argentinas, p. 20 (1873). Podiceps leucotis, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 563 (Central Peru). Podicipes rollandi, Lane (nec Q. & G.), Ibis, 1897, p. 313 (Chile). Podicipes americanus, Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 524 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 114 (1899); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) xx. p. 633 (1900: Punta Arenas, Jume); Oates, (Gat) Bds) Bess: Brits Mus. 1p: 135, pl. Xl. fieeSi(ngor). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size (adults in breeding plumage). — Total length, about 11.5 inches. Culmen (from feathers of forehead), 0.65 to 0.85 inches. Wing, 4.3 to 4.5 inches. Tarsus, 1.4 inches. Color (adult in breeding plumage).—General color above, black with some greenish gloss; below, except the neck, dull grey with a strong admixture of rufous, and of glossy silk texture. Head: Black, with green gloss and an admixture of dull rufous on the AVES — PODICIPEDID. 65 forehead, and crown, the feathers of which are lengthened forming a crest. The elongated feathers of the sides of the crown are white at their bases and have black tips. These feathers partially hide the pure white ear coverts. Neck: Black of a dull sooty character throughout; Fic. 32. some greenish gloss on the upper part and with an appreciable admixture of sandy rufous caused by the tips of each feather. Back: Black, with a strong greenish gloss, each feather being tipped and edged with sandy brown. Wing: In general the closed wing is colored like the back. The primaries dark ash, white toward the basal half of the inner web. The amount of white increases on the inner webs, becoming almost entirely white on the inner primary. The secondaries are — /##1/es americanus. : 7807. Princeton Uni- pure white, except the outermost and several of the ier ie Coens innermost which are ashy brown along the shafts quit female. Profile and at the extremities. The lower wing coverts are of headandneck. ¥% white. natural size. Tail: Like the back in color. Lower parts dull grey, with a strong admixture of rufous and dusky, the whole of silky gloss texture. On the belly and the region of the vent the dusky admixture has a more or less barred appearance. The feathers of the sides and flanks are most strongly marked with bright rufous and have dusky tips. The above description is based on an adult female No. 7807 Princeton University Collection, taken at Cape Fair- weather, Patagonia, 7 February, 1898. “Tris red; bill black; legs and toes slate color.’ (H. Whiteley.) Dr. Coppinger says the feet are ‘grey, dark grey, or olive green.” When not in breeding plumage the adult birds are similar. There is however much less elongation to the crown feathers, the chin and throat are pure white, and the neck is otherwise snuff brown, both above and below. The crown of the head is black witha green gloss, the ear coverts are white obscured somewhat by the black tips of the feathers on the sides of the head. The feathers of the crown are edged and tipped with sandy brown. The lower parts, except the neck, are dull whitish with a vinous tinge strongest on the sides and breast. 66 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. This description is taken from an adult female, no. 7809, Princeton University Collection obtained at Rio Gallegos, Patagonia, May 21, 1896. Geographical Range. — Central and Southern South America, Peru, Argentine Republic and Uruguay to the Straits of Magellan. A young bird, no. 8327 Princeton University Collection, taken at Arroyo Eke, Patagonia, 14 April, 1898, has the following characteristics. The entire body, including the wings, and the lower neck where it joins the breast is in a plumage very like that of the non-breeding period of the adult. The bird has evidently fully completed a moult from the down stage for the parts spoken of, and though the neck and head, about to be described in detail, have also gone through a similar moult, they still retain a semi-down kind of feathering. The color of the neck from the breast to the head is deep isabelline, the throat and chin pure white. ‘. There is a central crown stripe of sandy rufous, ex- 8327. Princeton Uni- aan ; ee ene en Pre" tending well on to the occiput. This is bounded by a fle ofheadtofyeune, vathet broader, black stripe on each side. These stripes are defined in their turn by superciliary stripes that are bright rufous where they begin to show on the forehead and gradually they become lighter until they are concolorous with the hind neck. There is a narrow black stripe beginning on the forehead and reaching back above the eye, becoming broader and less well defined behind. The forehead and lores are sandy brown. Below the eye another black stripe starts at the angle of the mouth, proceeding backward to the region of the ear coverts. Back of the eye an isabelline stripe divides the upper and lower black eye stripes. Below the lower black eye stripe is another light - stripe, pale rufous where it originates at the mouth and becoming isabelline or almost white posteriorly. Very narrow black stripes define the line of the jaws on each side of the throat for about half an inch. A young bird, almost full grown, but in the down plumage throughout, No. 7808 Princeton University Collection, taken at Cape Fairweather, Patagonia, 7 February, 1898, is, I suspect, one of a brood of young Podicipes americanus. AVES — PODICIPEDID#. 67 belonging to the adult female No. 7807, described. The down is marked off into color areas on the body much as in the adult. The upper parts are dusky or blackish, with sandy and rufous brown fringing to the down feathers. The sides and flanks are much like the back, but the fringing to the feathers is greyer. The region about the vent is similar to the sides. The abdomen, breast and chest are white shading into the color of the sides and flanks. The neck and head are striped longitudinally with, rufus, blackish and white stripes, except on the back of the neck which is dull black, much like the back, and with some faint sandy brown fringing to the down feathers. The Princeton University Collections contain a Fic. 34. : : ; ; Podicipes americanus. series of four of these birds. It is evident that nest- 7808. Princeton Uni- ing must occur in the vicinity of Cape Fairweather, versity Collection. Pro- Patagonia, late in December and that the exact time file of head of young bird still in down plum- of breeding varies somewhat in different parts of the an area under consideration. Pav. O: C.No: Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Skin. 7807 Q Adult (breed- | Cape Fairweather, 7 February, 1808. | J. B. Hatcher. ing). __ Patagonia. | = 7808 3 Young in down. Cape Fairweather,| 7 February, 1898. a Patagonia. s 7809 @ Ad. winter Rio Gallegos, 21 May, 1808. | e plumage. Patagonia. ss 8327 @ Young of year. | Arroyo Eke, | 14 April, 1898. ae Patagonia. This grebe is apparently a permanent resident even as far south as Sandy Point, for Dr. Cunningham speaks of it as follows under head of June 8th, the mid-winter of Patagonia: ‘A specimen of a curious little grebe (Podiceps rolland’), very common in the Strait, but difficult to shoot on account of its activity in diving, was in addition procured, be- ing found by one of the officers frozen into the ice of a small stream.” (Nat. Hist. Strs. Mag., p. 222, 1871.) The party were ashore at Sandy Point on this day, and the bird referred to as Podiceps rvollandi was Podicipes americanus, P. vollandt, so far as known, being restricted to the Falkland Islands. 68 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Of the American grebe as he met with it in Patagonia Mr. J. B. Hatcher writes (MSS. notes): ‘““Abundant in marshes and streams all over Patagonia, and of the same general habits as the ‘hell diver (7. podicipes).”’ “In cruising about the bay (Halt Bay) we saw numerous individuals of a little grebe, the Poatceps rolland?, common in the Strait and Chan- nels, but very difficult to shoot, on account of the rapidity with which it dives, and the impossibility of predicting in what direction it will come up. One was at length shot, and I was struck by the exquisite ruby red color of the eye. They possess an exceedingly unpleasant fishy odour, which becomes very perceptible in the process of skinning them.” (Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell., p. 348, 1871.) The bird referred to by Cunningham as Podiceps rolland? is undoubt- edly Podicipes americanus. PODICIPES ROLLANDI Gould. Podiceps rolland, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uranie, p. 133, pl. 36 (1824: Falkland Islands). Podiceps rollandi, Gould, Voy. ‘Beagle,’ Birds, p. 137, part (1841: Falk- land Isl.); Gray, List B. part iii. p. 151, pt. (1844); id. Gen. B. III. p. 633 (1846); Reichenb. Syst. Av. Natatores, pl. 13. figs. 751-752 (1848); Gould, P. ZS. 1850, p.voe)(Ealkland? Ish) Sschabezas 1860, p. 389;, Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 162; Sel. & Salv. Pxots Orn alle p. 190 part (1869); iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 150 (1873); Oust. Sci. Miss. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 233, part (1891). Rollandia leucotis, Cuv., teste Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 775 (1856). Podiceps vollandi, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Urinat. p. 42 (1867: Falkland Isl.). Podiceps leucotis, Cuv.; teste Gray, Hand-List B. III. p. 94, no. 10755 (i371). Podicipes rolland:, Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 526 (1898) ; Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 114 (1899). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.— Total length, about 14 inches. AVES — PODICIPEDID&. 69 Culmen (from feathers on forehead), 1 to 1.2 inches. Wing, 5.3 to 5.5 inches. Tarsus, 1.8) inches. Color (adults in breeding plumage).—General coloration like that of P. americanus except the lower parts (breast and belly) which are much Fic. 35. Podicipes rollandi. Profile of head. Natural size. Adult male. From specimen in the British Museum. brighter, being rufescent chestnut. The green gloss of the upper parts is also much more pronounced. Geographical Range. —The Falkland Islands. The much larger size and the chief difference in color noted above will serve at once to discriminate P. vo//and? from its close ally P. americanus. The measurements and description given are based on material in the British Museum of Natural History, for the Princeton Expeditions did not explore the Falkland Islands. In view of the lack of material it is not possible to notice the non-breeding plumage of this grebe, but it seems 70 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. probable that it does not differ greatly from the non-breeding state of plumage, occurring in P. americanus. The breeding season of P. vollandi is much later than that of P. americanus, or at least extends over a longer period, as individuals in the British Museum collections taken in June are still in breeding plumage. PopICIPES CALIPAREUS (Lesson). Podiceps calipareus, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. I. p. 727, pl. XLV (1826: Falkland Isl.); Gould. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 98; Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p: 389; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 162 (E. Falkland Isl.); Pelz. Reise Novara, Voge. p: 140 (Chile); Sel. 2.9295" 1607, p. 340) (Chile); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 45 (Chupat River), 1878, p. 405 (Central Pata- gonia); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1890, p. 358 (Rio Pilcomayo); Scl. P. Z. S: 1691, p. 137 (larapaca): Podiceps occipitalis, Garn. Ann. Sci. Nat. VII. p. 50 (1826: Falkland Isl.) ; Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 633 (1846); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, VI. Urinat. p. 41 (7867: Falkland Isl. Chile); Oust) Sei Missi it€ap sion, Oiseaux, ip. 317 (1801): Podiceps kalipareus, Gould, Voy. ‘Beagle,’ Birds, p. 136 (1841: Bahia Blanca: Falkland Isl.); Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 119 (Valparaiso Bay); Gray, List B. part i. p. 150 (1644); i1dGen™ Baill p 633 (1846) ; Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 464 (1847) ; Yarrell; PAZ. S2 1847, 'p: 55 (eee); Reichenby Syst. Av. Natatores ply ries: 69, 70 (1848); Gray, Hand-List B. III. p. 94 no. 10756 (1871), Leybold, Excurs. Pampas Argentinas, p. 20 (1871). Poliocephalus occipitalis Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 775 (1856). Podiceps calipareus, Sc). & Salv. Exot. Orn. II. p. 190 (1869); iid. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 158 (Tungasuca)$ iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 150 (1873); White, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 43 (Cosquin, Cordova); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 204 (1889); Schalow. Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 651 (1898: Talcalmano; Valparaiso). Podiceps caliparius, Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1869, p. 284 (Chiloe); Cunn. Nat. ist Str Magell’, p.-339 (1371): Podiceps caliiparius, Scl. “& Salve P2922 S. 1870) psy Gar (Petes Bolivia). AVES — PODICIPEDID&. Hal Podicifes calipareus, Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 313 (Lake Huasco); Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 536 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 114 (1899). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.— Total length, about 10.5 inches. Culmen (from feathers on forehead), 0.75 to 0.80 inches. Wing, 5.2 to 5.5 inches. Tarsus, 1.65 inches. Color (adults in breeding plumage).—General color above dark slaty grey; lower parts glossy white, with the sides and flanks shaded with dark slate color. Head: Forehead and crown grey mouse-brown, occiput deep black. The superciliary feathers, the cheeks and the ear coverts dull golden straw Fic. 36. . Fic. 37. Fic. 38. Podicipes calipareus. Profile Podicipes calipareus. De- Podicipes cahipareus. Profile of head and neck. Adult male. tail of foot. 4% natural of head andneck. Adult female. P.U.O.C. 8829. % natural size. y natural size. size. color, all having together with the feathers of the crown, hair-like filaments or tips which form a ruff-like hood. Neck: Above deep black shading into lead or slate on the sides and being pure white below, except on the chin and throat which are like the sides of face and top of head, light mouse-brown, forming the char- acteristic grebe hood. Back: Dark slate grey. Wings: The upper coverts are like the back in color. The primary quills are brownish grey, the inner five or six being margined with white at the tips. The secondaries are white, with the outer webs partly mar- WZ PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. gined with greyish brown. In many adults this greyish brown margin is almost absent, the secondaries being nearly or quite white. Lower parts: Chin and throat grey mouse color. Rest of lower parts shining satiny white shaded on the sides and flanks with dark slate. “Tris crimson; bill dark brown; legs and feet pale slate.’ (H. Durn- ford.) The adult female in breeding plumage is similar to the adult male, except that the area of black on the occiput is not so extensive, nor are the plumes of the ear-coverts as elongated. Adults in non-breeding plumage are much like those in nuptial dress, except that they lack the straw colored feathers above described as well as the filaments to the crown feathers. Immature birds are like the adults in non-breeding plumage except that the occiput and back of neck are dull white with a brownish tinge. Geographical Range. — Patagonia, the Straits of Magellan, the Falk- land Islands, Chile and the Argentine Republic northward to Peru. The Princeton University Expeditions did not secure this species and the above measurements and descriptions are based on examples of this bird in the collections of the British Museum of Natural History, and on two individuals in the Princeton University Museum, from Museo de La Plata, cited in full below. PU Oue No; Sex. Locality. Date. | Collector. Skin. | 54 | Male. Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina. January, 1898. Museo de oe) 55 | Female. | Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina. | January, 1898.) La Plata. Darwin in his Voyage of the Beagle writes: ‘‘My specimens were ob- tained from Bahia Blanca (September), Northern Patagonia, and the Falkland Islands. In the former place it lived in small flocks in the salt-water channels, extending between the great marshes at the head of the harbour. At the Falkland Islands I saw (March) very few in- dividuals; and these only in one small fresh-water lake. Tarsi of the same color as the plumage of the back; iris of a beautiful tint, between ‘scarlet and carmine red’; pupil black. Mr. Gould remarks that, ‘This beautiful species of Podiceps is equal in size, and has many of the AVES — PODICIPEDID&. 73 characters of the P. auritus, but it is at once distinguished from that species by the silvery colouring of the plumes that adorn the sides of the head; which in P. auritus are deep chestnut" (Gould, Voy. “Beagle,” Birds, p. 136, 1841). Genus AA©;CHMOPHORUS Coues. Ml, VY rie my wy / m i? ‘\h (a pee yh KI Wty ley Wh (uy, oh As nk LE i Bical nt, EAA \\ u! Ze: Nee roca, ES ~~ Wr aLeRy Ni a0 1 vey See un Mie eee May iW Wily 4 Pygoscelis papua. Profile. % natural size. Pygoscelis papua. Head from above. ¥ natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size (adult).— Total length, about 30 inches. Culmen (gape to tip), 3.65 inches. Culmen (from nasal feathers to tip), 1.8 inches. Wing (shoulder to tip), 9 inches. sail! 6 inches. AVES — SPHENISCIDA. 93 Color (adult). —General color of upper parts greyish slate; lower parts white. Head: Brownish black, with a conspicuous broad white band curving backward across the crown from the region between the eyes. In many individuals there are numbers of scattered white plumes about the head. Neck: Brownish black like the head and characterized in most individ- uals by similar scattered white plumes. Back: Slate grey, each feather having a dark base and a bluish-grey tip. Tail of 16 feathers in adults, colored like the back. Wings (Flippers): Greyish brown externally, edged on both sides with white. Inner surface white with a dusky or black patch at the extremity. Under parts: Chest, breast and rest of under parts pure white. Worn adult birds present a mottled brown and black appearance due to the blue grey ends of the feathers being abraded or worn off. “Tris rich brown, pupil lozenge-shaped when contracted; lower man- dible and lower margin of upper mandible brilliant orange, upper portion and tip of upper mandible black; tarsus and feet orange colored, claws ° black.”” (Kidder.) Immature birds differ from the adults in having noticeably smaller bills and in having the chin and throat white mottled with dusky or greyish black. In young birds there are eighteen tail feathers the outer one on each side being white and being moulfed and not replaced when the adult plumage is assumed. Geographical Range. — Falkland Islands, South Georgia, Marion Island, Kerguelen Islands, Heard Island, Macquarie Islands, Paulet Island and Dundee Island. The Princeton Expeditions did not explore the Falkland Islands and the Gentoo Penguin is not included in the species in the collections made. The descriptions are based on material in British Museum of Natural History. Of the breeding of Pygoscelis fapua as observed by him at Kerguelen Island Dr. Kidder writes: ‘Had already begun to lay September toth, 94 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. selecting the top of a mound of 4zorel/a (a densely growing plant on the island) and scratching therein a shallow cavity. But one egg was found at any time ina nest; yet we have good reason for believing that these pen- guins rear two young ina season, laying a second egg about two months after the first, and before the young bird has left the nest. The eggs are obtusely ellipsoid, some specimens being almost spherical; white with a very pale greenish tint.” (Kidder, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 3, p. 18, (1876).) PYGOSCELIS ANTARCTICA (Forster). A ptenodytes antarcica, Forst. Nov. Comm. Gétting. III. p. 141, pl. IV. (t781); Miller, Cim. Phys. pl XL (11796) Horst Desa, panini: 56 (1844). Antarctic Pinguin, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. 2, p. 565 (1785). A ptenodytes antarcticus, Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 557 (1788). - Aptenodyta antarcica, Bonn. Enc. Méth. I. p. 69, pl. 17 fig. 4 (1790). Pinguinaria antarctica, Shaw in Miller, Cim. Phys. p. 78 (1796). Spheniscus antarcticus, Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. XIII. p. 67 (1825) ; Reichenb. Syst. Av. Natatores pl. II fig. 737 (1848); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, VI. Urinat. p. 5 (1867: Falkland Isl.). Pygoscelis antarctica, Gray, List B. pt. III. p. 154 (1844); Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 775 (1856) ; Hyatt, Proc. Bost. Soc, Nat) bist, XIV. p, 250 (1871); Coues, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1872, p. 199; Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) IX. Art. IX. p. 50 (1880) Steinen, Internat Polarforsch. Deutschen. Exped. II. pp. 237, 276 (1890: S. Georgia) ; Oust. Sci. Miss. Cap Horn p. B. 322 (1891); Donald, Proc. Roy. Soc, Edinb} XX.) p. 174 (1804) ids, Proc, Roy Physa Soc palin: 334 (1894); Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI, p. 634 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 118 (1899). Liudyptes antarctica, Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 641 (1846); Reichenb. Syst. Av. Natatores, pl. cclxiv. fig. 2221 (1848); Gray, Hand-List B. III. p. 99, no. 10798 (1871); Scl. Ibis, 1894, p. 500. Etudyptes antarcticus Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164; Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 47 (Falkland Isl., accidental visitor); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 250 (1888; Falkland Isl.). AVES — SPHENISCID:. 95 Fic. 57. Fic. 58. Pygoscelis antarctica. Profile head and Pygoscclis antarctica. ead from above. neck. % natural size. ¥ natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze (adult).— Total length, about 30 inches. Culmen (gape to tip), 2.65 inches. Culmen (from nasal feathers to tip), 1.4 inches. Wing (from shoulder to tip), 7.5 inches. Color (adult).— Upper parts much as in P. fapua but brighter, the tips of the feathers being of a lighter tint. Lower parts generally white. Head: Top of the head of the same bluish grey prevailing on the upper parts, this color reaching to the nasal feathering, interrupted by white lores and a white band over each eye. Neck: Above like the back; below and on the sides white, broken by a narrow black line crossing the throat in a semi-circle from ear to ear. Back: Bluish-grey; each feather with a dark base and a bluish grey tip. Wing: (Flipper). Outer surface bluish grey like the back; edged posteriorly with white. Inner surface white, with a blackish outer margin and a blackish terminal spot. Tail: Colored like back and composed of twelve feathers. Under parts: White. In worn plumage the adult bird becomes brownish black above by the wearing off of the blue-grey margins to the feathers. Young birds have their tail composed of fourteen feathers. The outer one on each side is shed at the first moult and not replaced. 96 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Geographical Range. — Falkland Islands, Weddell Island, and’ South Georgia. The Princeton Expeditions did not collect representatives of the Ant- arctic penguin. The description is based on material in the British Museum of Natural History. Genus CATARRHACTES Brisson. Type. Catarractes, Briss. (nec Moehring, 1752) Orn. VI. p. 102 o (1760). 29 3 oe eh ae Rn Cee ies Etudyptes, Vieill. Analyse, pp. 67, 70, (1816); Hyatt, Pro. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. XDV. p: 244°(1872)) .3 3 CG: chy socom, Chrysocoma, Steph. in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. XIII. pt. 1. ay Bn LOZ S)\s nec: C. chrysocome. Microdyptes, M. “Edwards, Ban. ica Nat. (6) IX. a 9, p- 58 (1880) ; Reichenow & Schalow, J. f. O. 1882, Pisl2aeeee ae C. chrysocome. Catarrhactes, Oana Cie Ga Bas. TB Mus. XXVL pyoss (1868) : Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 118 (1899). = Catarractes. Geographical Range.— Tierra del Fuego, the Falkland Islands to the New Zealand Archipelago. CATARRHACTES CHRYSOCOME (Forster). The Penguin, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 49, pl. 49 (1748) young. Phaéthon demersus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 135 (1758) ex Edwards. Le Gorfow Briss Orn. Vip. 102) (1760); Phaéton demersus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 219 (1766). The Red-footed Pinguin, Pennant, Phil. Trans. LVIII. p. 98 (1768) ; Lath: Gen. Syn.2ll. pt. 27 p..572 (765): Le Manchot sauteur, Bougainville, Voy. Antom du Monde p. 69 (1771); Buff. Hist.. Nat. Ois. X. p: 224.(1783)- Le Manchot hupé de Siberie, D’Aubent. Pl. Enl. X. pl. 984 (1781). AVES — SPHENISCID&. Q7 Aptenodytes chrysocome, Forst. Nov. Comment. Gotting. TI. p. 135, pl. imge7e ws alkland Isl.) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 555 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. II. p. 878 (1790); Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 99 (1844); Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped. p. 259 (1848); Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 337 (Falkland Isl.). Aptenodytes catarractes, Forst. Nov. Comment. Gétting. II. p. 145 (1781) Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 558 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. II. p. 881 (1790). Crested Pinguin, Lath. Gen. Syn. HI. pt. 2, p. 561 (1785: Falkland Isl.) ex D’Aubent. A fpienodyta gorfua, Bonn. Enc. Meth. I. p. 68 (1790). Aptenodyta chrysocome, Bonn. tom. cit. p. 68, pl. 17. fig. 2, pl. 18. fig. 4 (1790). Pinguinavia cirrhata, Shaw in Miller’s Cim. Phys. p. 92 (1796). Aptenodytes cristata, Mill. Cim. Phys. pl. xlix (1796). Pinguinaria cristata, Shaw & Nodd. Nat. Misc. XI. pl. ceccxxxvii (1800). Chrysocoma saltator, Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 58 (1825). Hopping Gorfou, Stephens, tom. cit. pl. viii. Chrysocoma catarractes, Stephens, tom. cit. p. 61. Stonecracker Penguin, Weddell, Voy. South Pole, p. 57 (1825). Catarrhactes chrysocome, Vieill. Gal. des Ois. II. p. 245, tab. 298 (1825); Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 635 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 118 (1899) ; Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 144 (1901). Catarhactes chrysocome, Brandt. Bull. Acad. St. Pétersb. II. p. 315 (1837). Eudypies demersus, Gray, List B. iii. p. 155 (1844: Falkland Isl. nec. spec. d. & g). Eudyples chrysocome, Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 641 (1846); Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 390 (Falkland Isl.); Gould, t. c. p. 418; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164; Pelz. Reis. Novara, p. 140, pl. V (1865: St Paul Isl.); Cunn. Nat. Phist Str, Magell. p. 292 (1871: Falkland Isl.); Hyatt, Proc. Bost. SOemNe Fie xiv. Ps'251 (1372); Cowes) Proc. Acad. Philad. 19872,-p. 202 (part); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 151 (1873); tid: P. Paaeto 70.0054 (Ralkland Isl.) Scl..P.-Z.5.,0879;-p.-31) (loc: ein. cogs); oc. & Salv. Voy. Chall. 11. Birds, p. 128, pl. xxx (1881) ; Burm. An. Mus. Nat. Buenos Aires, III. pt. X. p. 250 (1888: Straits of Magellan: E. Patagonia: Falkland Isl.); id. pt. XI. p. 321 (1890: Chupat Valley). Hall, Ibis, 1900; p. 32: Bartram, Zeitschr. Naturw. 74, pp. 172, 236 pls. 3 and 4 [Anatomy] (1901); Sharpe, Bull. Brit. 98 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Orn. Club. xii. p. 67 (1902: Falklands); Wohlaur, Zeitschr. Morph. iv. pp. 149-178, pls. 4 and 5 (1902); Mannich, Jena Zeitschr. xxxvii. pp. 1-40, pl. i. (1902); Lewin, t. c. pp. 40-82 pls. 2 and 3. Catarractes chrysocome, Reichenb. Syst. Av. Natatores, pl. 1*fig. 14° (1848). Catarractes chrysolopha (nec Brandt), Reichenb. ¢ ¢. pl. 1* figs. 12” 13° and 14. Eudyptes chrysocoma, Sci. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 47 (Falkland Isl.); Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) IX art. 9 p. 46, pl. ii (1880). Eudyptes nigrivestis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 418 (Falkland Isl.) id. Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3), vil. p: 218 (1861); Scl) PZ iS iconap: 46: Abbott, Ibis, 1861,. p..163,; Scl. PZ. 5.1866) p.527.ne@umme Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 292 (1871: Falkland Isl.). Spheniscus chrysocome, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, VI. Urinat. p. 6 (1867: Falkland Isl.). Spheniscus chrysolophus (nec Brandt) Schl. tom. cit. p. 7 (Falkland Isl.). Spheniscus catarractes, Schl. tom. cit. p. 8. Eudyptes catarractes, Gray, Hand-List B. III. p. 98 no. 10791 (1871). Ludyptes nigriventrrs (err.), Gray, Hand-List B. II. p. 98 no. 10794 (1871) Falkland Isl. Eudyptes chrysolopha (nec Brandt), Coues, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1872, p. 204. kudyptes catarrhactes, Coues, tom. cit. p. 201. Ludyptes filhol, Hutton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. III. p. 334 (1878: Campbell Isl.). Eudyptula serrestana, Oust. Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) VIII. art. 4, (1878: Port Churruca, Tierra del Fuego). Eudyptes saltator, Sharpe, Phil. Trans. (extra vol.) 168, p. 160, pl. VIII. fig. 1 (1879: Kerguelen); Moseley, Notes Voy. Chall. pp. 100, 102, 103, 108, 109, I10, 114, 170 cum fig. (1892). Microdyptes serresiana, Milne Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) IX. art. 9, p. 58, pl. 20 (1880): Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 242, 334 (1891). Ludyptes chrysocoma Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, PP: 2305 324 (1891). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze (adult).—Total length, about 25 inches. AVES — SPHENISCID. 99 Culmen, gape to tip, 1.9 to 2.35 inches. Nasal feathers to tip, 1.15 to 1.55 inches. Wing (shoulder to tip), 6.6 to 7.0 inches. Tail, 3.4 to 4.4 inches. Apparently the Falkland Island examples of C. chrysocome represent the average minimum and those from the New Zealand group the average maximum variation in size. Color (adult). — The general color above is dark slate; and below pure white. Head: The top of the head is black, the feathers of the crown and occiput forming a long crest, the longest feathers measuring over three Fic. 59. Catarrhactes chrysocome. Profile. % Catarrhactes chrysocome. "ead from natural size. above. J natural size. inches. A golden yellow stripe begins behind the nasal feathers and extends backward above the eye, along the sides of the crown. The feathers of the posterior portion of this stripe are lengthened like those of the crown and occiput with which they mingle. The longest of these feathers measure quite three and a half (3.5) inches. Sides of the head and face smoky black. Neck: Dark slate above, and white below, except the throat and chin which are deep smoky black like the sides of face and head. Back: Dark slate ; the feathers are pointed in shape, black or dusky in color, and edged externally with dark bluish slate color. 100 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Wing (Flipper): Upper surface colored like the back, and edged pos- teriorly with white. Lower surface white, with the anterior margin, the tip and an area on the basal portion of the posterior margin dusky or black. Tail: Like the back in color and composed of sixteen (16) feathers. “Tris deep pink; bill orange; tarsus and toes white.” (Kidder.) » “Immature birds differ in having the chin ashy white and the throat blackish. In still younger examples the throat is ashy white, and the yellow superciliary crest merely indicated by a yellowish-white line. (Mus. Rothschild).” (W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 637, 1898.) Geographical Range.—TVierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands; the Cape Seas, and Kerguelen Island; Tasmania and South Australia and the New Zealand Group. The Crested Penguin was not obtained by the Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia. The description is based on material in the British Museum of Natural History. At Inaccessible Island, Dr. Mosely had an opportunity to study this penguin and his account with some slight omissions is as follows: ‘After breakfast, I landed, with one of the Germans as guide, with a large party. (October 16, 1873.) As we approached the shore, I was aston- ished at seeing a shoal of what looked liked extremely active very small porpoises or dolphins. I cotiid not imagine what the things could be, unless they were indeed some most marvellously small cetaceans; they showed black above and white beneath, and came along in a shoal of fifty or more, from seaward toward the shore at a rapid pace, by a series of successive leaps out of the water, and splashed into it again, describing short curves in the air, taking headers out of the water and headers into it again; splash, splash, went this marvellous shoal of animals, till they went splash through the surf on to the black stony beach, and there struggled and jumped up amongst the boulders and revealed themselves as wet and dripping penguins, for such they were. ‘Much as I had read about the habits of penguins, I never could have believed that the creatures I saw thus progressing through the water, were AVES — SPHENISCIDA. IOI birds, unless I had seen them to my astonishment thus make on shore. I had subsequently much opportunity of watching their habits. ‘We landed on the beach; it was bounded along its whole stretch at this point by a dense growth of tussock. The tussock (Spartina arundi- nacea), is a stout coarse reed-like grass; it grows in large clumps, which have at their base large masses of hard woody matter, formed of the bases of old stems and roots. “In penguin rookeries, the grass covers wide tracts with a dense growth, like that of afield of standing corn, but denser and higher, the grass reaching high over one’s head. “On the beach were to be seen various groups of penguins, either coming from or going to the sea. There is only one species of penguin in the Tristan group: this is, Aadyptes saltator, or the ‘well diving jumper.’ The birds stand about a foot and a half high; they are covered, as are all penguins, with a thick coating of close set feathers, like the grebe’s feathers, that muffs are made of. They are slate grey on the back and head, snow white on the whole front, and from the sides of the head projects backwards on each side a tuft of sulphur yellow plumes. The tufts lie close to the head when the bird is swimming or diving, but they are erected when it is on shore, and seem then almost by their varied posture, to be used in the expression of emotions, such as inquisitiveness and anger. “The bill of the penguin is bright red, and very strong and sharp at the point, as our legs testified before the day was over; the iris is also red. The penguin’s iris is remarkably sensitive to light. When one of the birds was standing in our ‘work room’ on board the ship with one side of its head turned towards the port, and the other away from the light, the pupil on the one side was contracted almost to a speck, whilst widely di- lated on the other. . . . The birds are subject to great variations in the amount of light they use for vision, since they feed at sea at night as well as in the day time. ‘Most of the droves of penguins made for one landing-place, where the beach surface was covered with a coating of dirt from their feet, forming a broad tract, leading to a lane in the tall grass about a yard wide at the bottom, and quite bare, with a smoothly beaten black roadway; this was the entrance to the main street of this part of the ‘rookery,’ for so these penguin establishments are called. 102 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. ‘Other smaller roads led at intervals into the rookery to the nests near its border, but the main street was used by the majority of birds. The birds took little notice of us, allowing us to stand close by, and even to form ourselves into a group for the photographer, in which they were included. “This kind,of penguin is called by the whalers and sealers ‘rock hop- per, from its curious mode of progression. The birds hop from rock to rock with both feet placed together, scarcely ever missing their footing. When chased, they blunder and fall amongst the stones, struggling their best to make off. “With one of the Germans as guide, I entered the main street. As soon as one was in it, the grass being above one’s head, one was as if in a maze, and could not see in the least where one was going to. Various lateral streets lead off on each side from the main road, and are often at their mouths as big as it; moreover, the road sometimes divides for a little and joins again; hence it is the easiest thing in the world to lose one’s way. “You plunge into one of the lanes in the tall grass which at once shuts out the surroundings from your view. You tread on a slimy black damp soil composed of the birds’ dung. The stench is overpowering, the yell- ing of the birds perfectly terrifying ; I can call it nothing else. You lose the path, or perhaps are bent from the first in making direct for some spot on the other side of the rookery. “In the path only a few droves of penguins, on their way to and from the water are encountered, and these stampede out of your way into the side alleys. Now you are, the instant you leave the road, on the actual breeding ground. The nests are placed so thickly that you cannot help treading on eggs and young birds at almost every step. ‘A parent bird sits on each nest, with its sharp beak erect and open, ready to bite, yelling savagely ‘caa, caa, urr, urr,’ its red eye gleaming and its plumes at half cock, and quivering with rage. “These penguins make a nest which is simply a shallow depression in the black dirt scantily lined with a few bits of grass or not lined at all. They lay two greenish white eggs about as big as duck eggs, and both male and female incubate.” (H. M. Moseley, M.A., F.R.S., “Notes by a Naturalist on the ‘Challenger,’ 1879, pp. 117, 119, 120, 121.) “Before going on board we went to see a collection of penguins from AVES — SPHENISCID&. 103 various localities in the islands, collected by the Zodlogical Society's keeper Secante for the gardens. Five species were represented —z. ¢., the king (4Afenodytes pennant), jackass (Spheniscus magellanicus), gen- too (Ludyptes chrysocome), macaroni (/Pygoscelis waglerd), and rock- hopper (Ludyptes nigrivestis); and they formed a most amusing assem- blage—some prancing up and down, with their little wings stuck out, with an air of bustle and infinite self-importance, some walking slowly up to us, and gazing at us with solemn curiosity, while others remained sta- tionary and apparently lost in thought. ‘“‘Of these species the rock-hopper (Audyfles nigrivestts) is perhaps the most common at the Falkland Islands; and two large ‘rookeries,’ as they are termed, of these birds occur not very far from Stanley —one at Kidney Island, on the southern side of the entrance to Berkeley Sound, and the other at Sparrow Cove, off Port William. Circumstances did not, to my regret, permit of my visiting either of these, but I extract the following short account of that at Sparrow Cove from Captain Mayne’s Journal: ‘The rookery was in a sort of small cove, the sides of which, though not perpendicular, were very steep, and about 100 feet high; the entrance to the cove was narrow and steep, with rugged bluff rocks on either side, the whole making a kind of rugged amphitheatre, with water for the pit. All the sides were rugged, with projecting knobs of rocks jutting out in all directions, and every part of the whole of this was covered with penguins. My estimate of the number was the lowest made, and I guessed it at 20,000; but there might have been any number between that and 50,000 or 60,000.’” (Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell., 1871, pp. 292-293.) CATARRHACTES CHRYSOLOPHUS Brandt. Macaroni Penguin, Weddell, Voy. South Pole, p.57 (1825 : South Georgia). Catarhactes chrysolophus, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. II. p. 315 (1837). Eudyptes demersus (nec Linn.) Gray, List B. part III. p. 155 (1844). Eudyptes chrysolophus, Gray, Gen. B. Il. p. 641, pl. 176 fig. 1 (1846); Sele eZ.5. 1oco; p, 200 (Falkland Isl), 1661, p. 47, Abbott, Ibis, foOOleps lot oct 12.59 1o0e) ps 527, Hyatt. Proc. Bost: Soc. Net rist Sven 2501672 Malkland [sl.\-Sel. dé Salv, PZ) s: fo 7s apao54, sock Py Z S679; p. 311 (Falkland Isl.; eggs); Milne 104 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nac. (6) IX.-art 9, p. 53 (1880); Scl. & Salv. Voy. Chall le Birds;pyi27, ph sco (ecm Falkland Isl.): breeding); Burm. An. Mus..Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 250 (1888: Falk- land Isl.), part XI. p. 321 (1890); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p- 320 (1891). Eudyptes chrysocome (nec Forst.), Abbott, Ibis, 1860, p. 337 (Falkland Isl.; breeds in Nov.). Eudyptes diadematus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 419 (Falkland Isl.); Scl. 1861, p. 46 (loc. cit.); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 163; Coues, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1872, p. 206. Eudyptes chrysolopha, Gray, Hand-List B. III. p. 98, no. 10792 (1871). Spheniscus diadematus, Schi. Mus. Pays-Bas, VI. Urinat. p. 8 (1867: pt. Falkland Isl.). Catarvhactes chrysolophus, Grant, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XX VI. p. 641 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 118 (1899); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 144 (1901). Fic. 61. EG. 02: \ a af Catarrhactes chrysolophus. Profile head Catarrhactes chrysolophus. Head from and neck. ¥% natural size. above. % natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze (adult males).— Total length, about 30 inches. Bill: Gape to tip, 2.8 to 2.9 inches. Nasal feathers to tip, 2.0 to 2.05 inches. AVES — SPHENISCID-. 105 Exposed culmen, 2.4 to 2.55 inches. Wing, from shoulder to tip, 8.0 to 8.1 inches. Man 3-5 to.2'o inches: Adult female birds are somewhat smaller than adult males, and the size of the bill varies much with age, being least developed in immature full grown birds of the previous year. Color (adult).— The general color of the upper parts is similar to that of C. chrysocome, dark slate; the under parts white. Head: The forehead, and back of the crown black, the feathers of the middle and sides of the crown being golden orange at their bases, with lengthened pointed black extremities. A superciliary stripe much as in C, chrysocome but only the posterior feathers elongated into plumes. They are uniform orange in color, the longest measuring about three (3) inches. The sides of the head and face smoky black. Neck: Above like the back, dark slate; each pointed feather black or dusky, edged externally with dark bluish slate. Below white, except the upper neck, the throat and chin which are deep smoky black. The throat has a distinct silver shading. Back: Similar to that of C. chrysocome. Some individuals have a well-defined patch of greyish white in the middle of the upper tail coverts. Wing (Flipper): The upper surface is like the back, edged posteriorly with white. The lower surface is white, shading into blackish on the anterior margin, especially toward the tip. There is a black patch at the base of the posterior margin. Tail, composed of fourteen (14) feathers and colored like the back. Immature birds differ from adults in having the basal part of the feathers of the crown and superciliaries yellower, and in the much smaller size of the bill. Geographical Range. — Falkland Islands, South Georgia, Prince Edward Island, Maroni Island, Kerguelen Island and Heard Island. The Macaroni Penguin was not obtained by the Princeton Expedi- tions. The description is based on material in the British Museum of Natural History. At Kerguelen Island Dr. Kidder describes this penguin breeding as follows : 106 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. “Begins to lay about the first of December, building among fallen rocks by the sea, making nests which are more complete than those of Pygoscelis tentata, and lining them with dried grass. There are two eggs to a nest, white, with a faint tinge of greenish, obtusely ovoid in shape, and usually one is distinctly larger than the other. The shell is thick, friable, inelastic, and often smeared in parts with calcareous deposit. The external surface is punctured by minute pores, scattered widely apart, but presents no distinct surface-marking.” (Natural His- tory of Kerguelen Island, J. H. Kidder, M.D., Bulle No°37 U7 Saat Mius.;

Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 361 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 122 (1899). aJiss. he gli Olea rae ee G. nerets. 118 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Geographical Range.—Southern Ocean: Falkland Islands, Kerguelen Island, New Zealand and Australian Coast. GARRODIA NEREIS (Gould). Thalassidroma nereis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 178; Gray, Gen. B. III. p- 648 (1844); Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 98 (Falkland Islands) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 390 (Falkland Isl.); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164 (Falklands, March, picked up dead); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 248 (1888: Falkland Isl.); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 307, 332 (1891: Falklands). Procellavia nerets, Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873). Garrodia nerets, Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 361 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 122 (1899); Martens, Hamb. Magalh, Sammelr. p. 18 (1900: Falkland Islands); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. ep -eL5On( 1901): Fic. 69. Garrodia nereis. Profile of head. From Garrodia nereits. Head from above. From material in the British Museum. Natural material in the British Museum. Natural size. size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. Adult.—Total length, about 6.7 inches. Wing, 5.2 inches. Bill, 0.65 inch. Tarsus, 1.25 inch. AVES — PROCELLARIID. 119 Shai 20'7 inches: Color. Adult Male.—General color above, greyish black; darkest anteriorly, lightest posteriorly. Below pure white except on the neck, the under tail coverts and the flanks. Head: Dark greyish black. Neck: Above and below dark greyish black. Back: The same shade as the head but increasingly greyer, the feathers on the lower back and rump, edged with greyish-white. The upper tail- coverts are ashy, edged with whitish. Wings: Black. The median coverts are ashy and edged with whitish. Tail: Ashy grey, each feather broadly tipped with black forming a terminal band. Under parts: Chest, neck and throat dark greyish black, which termi- nates abruptly in pure white on the breast. This white prevails on the rest of the under parts. The flanks and sides are shaded or streaked with grey. Bill: Black. Iris brown. Legs: Black. Feet: Dusky. The female is similar in size and color to the male. Geographical Range.— Falkland Islands, Kerguelen Island and the Southern Ocean, New Zealand and Australian Coasts. This petrel was not obtained by the Princeton Expeditions. The description is based on the material representing the species in the British Museum of Natural History. “Tn this Society's Proceedings for the year 1840, the late Mr. Gould described a ‘beautiful fairy-like’ new species of Stormy Petrel from Bass’s Straits, which he called 7halasstdroma nerets (tom. cit. p. 178), under which name it is figured in the last volume of the ‘Birds of Aus- tralia.’ “Dr. Elliott Coues, in his revision of the family Procellariidz, treating of the species under the name /Pvocellaria nerets, says: ‘I have had the pleasure of examining Mr. Gould’s types of this species from Bass’s Straits, Australia, now in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy. It is a beau- tiful little species, quite unlike any other known Stormy Petrel. In form it 120 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. comes nearer to Procellaria pelagica than to any other species; and it is probably congeneric with tt, though wt differs somewhat’ in the proportion of the tarsus and toes, and very widely in its pattérn of coloration. The proportions of the tibia and tarsus differ from those of Ae/agzca in the greater comparative length of the former.’ “Amongst the Petrels mentioned at various times by the late Prof. Gar- rod as having been examined by him, a species several times occurs which is doubtfully named ‘ProceHaria (or Thalassidroma) fregata?’ The specimens dissected by him are now before me, and have been identified by Mr. Salvin as being really referable to the Procellaria nerezs of Gould, an example of which, from the Falkland Islands, is now in the museum of Messrs. Salvin and Godman. A careful examination of the three spirit- specimens of this bird, as well as of the skin mentioned, have convinced me that this species is not referable to the true genus Proced/aria as repre- sented by Procellaria pelagica, and is in fact in no way related to that group of Petrels, but has its nearest allies in the flat-clawed genera Ocean- wes, Fregetta, and Pelagodroma. ‘In his paper on the muscles of the thigh in Birds? the late Prof. Garrod divided the Nasutz, or Petrels, into two groups, the ‘Storm Petrels’ and the Fulmaridze, the former group differing from the latter in that they possess the accessory semitendinosus muscle (Y), but lack intestinal czeca. In the Fulmaridz, on the other hand, the accessory semitendinosus muscle is absent, but czeca are present. The species of Storm Petrels on which this generalization was based are called, with doubt, ‘ Procellaria pelagica and P. fregata, the latter being the species now identified by Mr. Salvin as P. nerves. As regards the first named species, there can be little or no doubt that the bird really dissected by Prof. Garrod, and called by him ‘Pvocellaria felagica, was Wilson’s Petrel (Oceaunttes oceanicus), as in this bird there are no ceca, at the same time that the accessory semitendinosus muscle is present. The true Procellaria pela- gica (of which I have lately dissected two perfectly fresh examples) agrees with the Fulmaridze, as defined by Prof. Garrod, in having czeca, but no accessory head to the semitendinosus; and Cymochorea leucorrhoa agrees in both these points with Procellaria pelagica. “The so-called ‘Procellaria nerets’ of Gould is therefore obviously not 1« The italics are mine. W. A. F.” HEE iy Syitsiyjal, to, 2. AVES — PROCELLARIIDA. 121 a true Procellaria at all; and this view is confirmed by other characters, such as the shape of its nostrils, the elongated tarsi, which are much longer than the mid toe and covered anteriorly with transversely arranged scutella, the very minute hallux, and the lamellar, concave form of the claws. It belongs, in fact, to the group of Oceanztes, Fregetta and Pelag- odvoma, but is not exactly congeneric with any of them. I propose therefore to make it the type of a new genus, to be called Garroda, in memory of my lamented friend A. H. Garrod, not only as a token of my personal esteem for and indebtedness to him, but also as some slight recognition of the thanks ornithologists generally owe him for the addi- tions he made to our knowledge of the anatomy of birds. “The genus Garrodia may be shortly defined as follows: “Garrodia. Genus ex ordine Tubinarium Oceanite maxime affine, tarsts pro digitis longioribus et antice scutellatis, necnon margine sterni posteriore integro adistinguendum. “Type Procellaria nerets, Gould. “ Garrodia is perhaps most closely allied to Oceanzfes, as already stated, but differs from that genus in having the tarso-metatarsi covered anteri- orly with a series of transverse scutellae instead of being ‘entire,’ in their slightly greater proportional length as compared with the thirdstoe, in the even more minute hallux, and in the more flattened and lamellar form of the claws. The sternum too is posteriorly entire, whereas in Oceazztes oceanicus it is slightly notched. The coloration of the two genera is also quite different. From /vegetta, Garrodia may be easily distinguished by the very different proportions and forms of the nails and feet in that genus, and from Pe/agodroma by its much shorter feet and entire tail. “These four genera— Oceanites, Garrodia, Pelagodroma and Fregetta — form a very well-marked family of the Tubinares, which may be called Oceanitidee, as distinguished from the remainder of the group, or Ful- maridz of Prof. Garrod. Anatomically, these four genera agree together, and differ from the Fulmaridz (on nearly all the genera of which, includ- ing Diomedea and Puffinuria, I have notes), in the two important charac- ters already mentioned—the absence of caeca and the presence of the accessory semitendinosus muscle. Externally they may be at once recog- nized by their peculiar elongated tarsi, lamellar nails, and by never having more than 10 secondaries, Proce/laria and Puffinuria having 13, and the remaining Fulmaridz more (in Dzomedea, according to Nitzsch, as many 122 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. as 40). My family Oceanitidee, in fact, corresponds to Bonaparte’s sec- tion ‘Unguibus depressis’ of his Procellarieze, and to Coues’s ‘second group’ of the similarly-named section in his ‘Review’ with the addition, in each case, of Garvvodia, included by both authors in the restricted genus Procellaria.”’ (W. A. Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, pp. 735-737-) “Nests under tufts of grass, or other low herbage, near the sea. Some- times it digs a small burrow; oftener the eggs are found simply covered by Sotedene grass-stems, in low land. The egg is single, compact in structure, Srrootth and very fragile, ellipsoidal in form, and white, except- ing at the larger end, which is marked by a collection of small reddish spots, interspersed with a few specks of very dark brown. If we are correct in our impression that the markings about the butts of these eggs are not adventitions, we have here an exception to the general rule that the Procellariidae lay white eggs. In size, shape, and coloration, the egg recalls some of the least-spotted examples of that of the common Meadow Lark (S¢turnella magna). By aid of the lens are to be seen a few pore- like punctations, widely scattered. “We have no information concerning the young of this species, none having been hatched at the time of breaking up the American Station (January 11). (Natural History of Kerguelen Island, J. H. Kidder, M.D., Bull. no. BU SeNate Mus. p) 16; 41376)) Genus FREGETTA Bonaparte. Type. Fregetta, Bonap. Compt. Rend. XLI. p. 1113 (1855); id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 197 (1856); (nec /regara, Briss, Cuv, etc.); Coues, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1864, p. 85 ; Forbes, Voy. Chall. Zool. IV. Pt. XI. p: 56,,ete. (1882); Coues, Auk, DIVE so7, pasts), Auk (Ninth Sup.), XVI. 1899, p. 102; Sharpe, Hand=ListiSds Lip: 122)\(1899)\ae he . £. melanogaster. Cymodroma, Ridgw. in Baird, Brewer & Ridgw. Teer Birds N. Am. ii. p. 418) (1884); aidan IN: Amy Birds; ps 71 (1887); 1d: 2diedy pa 7a, plac fig. 3 (1896); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p364 (1896). 6 cece AR ST) 2S er 02 a7 ia AVES — PROCELLARIIDA. 123 Geographical Range.—Southern Oceans. North of the Equator in Tropical waters. FREGETTA MELANOGASTER (Gould). Thalassidroma melanogaster, Gould, Ann. & Mag. N. H. XIII. p. 367 (1844). Fregetta melanogastra, Scl. & Salv. Voy. Chall. II. Birds, App. p. 151 (1881: Falkland Islands, eggs); Carbajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 277 (1900). Cymodroma melanogaster, Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 364 (1896); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 18 (1900). Frregetta melanogaster, Coues, Auk, XIV. p. 315 (1897); Sharpe, Hand- ist, Bds. 1; p: 122 (1899); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. I51 (1901); Sharpe, Rep. Coll. Nat. Hist. “‘ Southern Cross,” Aves, p- 141 (1902). BiG: 7.1. Oy fire hy J ina a Fregetta melanogaster. Profile of head. Fregetta melanogaster, Head from From material in the British Museum. above. From material in the British Natural size. Museum. Natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. Adult Male.— Total length, about 8.0 inches. Wing, 7.0 inches. ‘ail,3.2\ inches. Bill, 0.9 inch. 124 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Color. Adult Male.—General color above, sooty black. Below partly black, and largely white. Head: Sooty black. : Neck: Sooty black except the throat, which has the bases of the feath- ers white, more or less concealed, and varying in amount. In some indi- viduals it appears as an immaculate area and in the others the white is almost obscured by the sooty black ends of each feather. Back: Sooty black; the bases of the upper tail feathers are white more or less concealed. Wings: Sooty black, but not so intense as on the head. The greater wing coverts are noticeably paler and the margin of the wing 1s indistinctly edged with a paler sooty shade. Tail: Black, not so dark in shade as the head. The base of the lateral tail feathers is white. Lower parts: Throat as described, rest of lower neck sooty black. The breast axd middle of the abdomen sooty. The bases of the feathers of the sides and flanks and of the under tail-coverts pure white more or less obscured by the sooty larvinual portion of each feather Bill black. Legs black. Feet dusky. The female is similar to the male in size and color. Geographical Range.—The Southern Ocean north to the Bay of Ben- gal, and in the Atlantic north (casually ?) to the Tropic of Cancer. Breeds at the Falkland Islands. (Sclater & Salvin, Voy. Chall. II. Birds, App. p. 151). This petrel was not observed or collected by the Princeton Expeditions. The description is based on the series of this species in the Collections of the British Museum of Natural History. FREGETTA GRALLARIA (Vieillot). Procellavia grallaria, Vieill, N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XXV. p. 418 (1817); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873). Thalassidroma segethi, Phil. & Landb. Av. Chil. p. 46 (1868: Valdivia). AVES — PROCELLARIID. 125 Oceanites grallaria, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 11 (St. Ambrose Island, South Pacific, July 20). Cymodroma grallaria, Baird, Brewer & Ridgway, Water Birds, N. Amer. II. p. 419 (1884); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 366 (1896). Fregetta grallaria, Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 122 (1899); Carbajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 277 (1900). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. Adult male.—Total length about 7.4 inches. Wing, 6.5 inches. Tail, 2.9 inches. Bill, 0.8 inch. Tarsus, 1.4 inch. Color. Adult male.—General color above greyish sooty black, greyer on back and wings with a white area on the rump. Whole lower parts Fic. 73. Fregetta grallaria. Profile of head. From ma- Fregetta grallaria. Head from above. terial in the British Museum. Natural size. From material in the British Museum. Nat- ural size. from the breast backward white, the neck and throat sooty like the upper parts. Head: Greyish sooty black. Neck: Greyish sooty black above and below. Back: More definitely grey than the head. Each feather having a whitish edging. Rump pure white. Upper tail coverts white. 126 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Wing: Black with a greyish tinge. The scapulars greyer and each feather edged with white or whitish. Tail: Middle pair of rectrices sooty black, the remaining ones with white bases. Lower parts: Upper breast and neck black of a greyish sooty cast. Sides, flanks, lower breast and aédomen pure white. Lower tail coverts nearly as long as the rectrices and greyish sooty black in color. Inner under wing coverts white. Bill black. Legs black. Feet dusky. Iris brown. The adult female resembles the adult male in size and color. “No. 65. Female: off St. Ambrose, July 20, 1879. Bill and feet black. Mr. Salvin" has already suggested the identity of the Chilian birds described by Mr. Elliot and Drs. Philippi and Landbeck with O. /ewco- gastra of Gould (P. grallaria V.); and from the specimen now sent by Dr. Coppinger, I must say that I can see no difference at all.” (Sharpe, bro, Zool. See iss, p: 11-) Geographical range. —Southern Oceans. North in the Atlantic (casu- ally 2?) to the Florida Coast. (St. Marks, Gulf Coast, Florida. Cf. Law- rence, Ann. Lyc. New York, V. p. 117 (1851). I am unable to discover any record of the breeding grounds of this petrel. The description here given is based on the series of / grad//aria in the British Museum of Natural History. This species was not obtained or observed by the Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia. Dr. Coppinger says in speaking of this Petrel, vegeta grallaria, under the head of 7halassidvoma leucogaster, ‘In the course of this cruise we were followed by great numbers of petrels, among which were the giant petrel (Ossefraga gigantea), the Cape pigeon (Daption capensis), and two species of Zhalassidroma (I think 7: /eucogaster and T. Wilsont). 1 noticed on this, as on several subsequent occasions, that the little storm petrel is in the habit of kicking the water with one leg when it is skim- "Sel. & Salv. in Voy. Chall., Zool. Il. pt. VIIL p. 141 (188 1). AVES — PROCELLARIIDA. 127 ming the surface in searching for its food. This movement is usually seen most clearly when the sea presents a slightly undulating surface ; and when the bird strikes the water in performing a slight curve in its flight, one can see that it is invariably the ower leg that is used. The object of this manceuvre seems to be to give the body sufficient upward impulse to prevent the wings from becoming wetted in rising from near the surface. I have often observed the Atlantic storm petrels steady themselves on the water with both legs together, but have never seen them perform this one-legged ‘kick,’ like their congeners of the Pacific. There are contradictory statements in natural history works as to whether petrels do or do not follow ships during the night time. Those who adopt the negative view of the question maintain that the birds rest on the waves during the night and pick up the ship next morning by follow- ing her wake. For a long time I was in doubt as to which was the cor- rect view to take, although I had often on dark nights, when sitting on the taffrail of the ship, fancied I had heard the chirp of the small petrels. At length I became provoked that after having spent so many years at sea I should still be in doubt about such a matter as this, so I began to make systematic observations, in which I was assisted by the officers of watches and quartermasters, who were also interested in the matter. The result is that I am now quite certain that the storm petrel and Cape pigeon do follow the ship by night as well as by day, and that, moreover, the night is the best time for catching them. Every night, for a time, I used to tow a long light thread from the stern of the ship; it was about sixty yards long, and fitted at the end with an anchor-shaped piece of bottle wire, which just skimmed along the surface of the water and yet allowed the thread to float freely in the air. I found this device a great improvement on the old-fashioned method of using several unarmed threads, and in this way I caught at night-time, and even on the darkest nights, both storm petrels and Cape pigeons; the latter, however, usually breaking my thread and escaping. If I sat down quietly and held the line lightly between my finger and thumb, I would feel every now and then a vibration as a bird collided with it. On moonlight nights, more- over, one could always, by watching carefully, see the big Cape pigeons flitting about the stern of the ship.” (Copp., Cruise “Alert,” pp. 87-88.) 123 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Family Purrimip«. Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 368 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds.; 1. p. 123) (1899). Subfamily Purrina. Salvin, = ¢ ip: 368; Sharpe, te. p. 122: Genus PUFFINUS Brisson. Type. Puffinus, Brisson, Orn. VI. p. 131 (1760); Coues, Proc. & Acad. Sci Philad. 1864, jp. 127 ;.1d; op. cit) 1666 an 192; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 58 (1887); Sal- vin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 368 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 123 (1899). . ee Pe VUILEE, Nectris, Kuhl, Beitr. p. 144 (1820); Coues, roe Acad. Sci. Philad. 1864, p. 123. Thyellas, Gloger, in Froriep’s Notizen, XVI. p. 279 (1827); Salv. Ibis, 1888, p. 353. Thiellus, Gray, List Gen. Birds, p. 78 (1840); Bp. Consp. Av. li. p. 200 (1856); Coues, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1864, p. 122 (= Thyellas). . . . Re eS Cymotomus, Macgill. Man. Brit. Birds, p. 3 (1842). . . PB. anglorum. Ardenna, Retenelh Natiirl. Syst. Vég. p. IV. (1852). Thyellodroma, Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XI. p. 93 (1888), P. sphenurus. Zatas, Heine, in Heine & Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 362 (1890) (= 7hzellus). Geographical Range. — The Seas of the entire world. PUFFINUS GRAVIS (O'Reilly). Procellaria gravis, O'Reilly, Voy. to Greenland, etc., p. 140, pl. xii. fig. I (1818). Puffinus major, Temm. Man. d’Orn. IV. p. 507 (1840); Gray, List Bds. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 158 (1844); id. Gen. Bds. III. p. 647 (1844) ; AVES — PUFFINIDA. 129 Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 149 (1873); Baird, Brewer & Ridgw. Water Birds N. Amer. iI. p. 380 (1884); A. O. U. Check- List N. Am. Birds, p. 100 (1886) ; 2, €d.ip. 30 (1895). Puffinus gravis, Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV, p. 373 (1896: Falk- land Is.); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 123 (1899); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 18 (1900: Falkland Is.); A. O. U. Check- List 2 ed. (1895) 8th Supplement from Auk, XIV. p. 124 (1897). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. Adult male.—Total length, about 1g inches. Wing, 12.7 inches. Tail, central rectrices, 4.65 inches; Tarsus, 2.3 inches. lateral rectrices, 3.75 inches. Color. Adult male.—(P. U. O. C. no. 8576. Twenty miles at sea, off Fic. 75. Puffinus gravis. Profile of head. From material in the British Museum. ¥% natural size, ia i VG lh y /; Puffinus gravis. Head from above. From material in the British Museum. ¥% natural size. Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 16 August, 1881. William E. D. Scott). “Gen- eral color above smoky greyish brown, below white with smoky greyish on middle of abdomen, and on the flanks and lower tail coverts. Head: Crown and sides deep smoky brown. Region in front of eye more or less mottled smoky brown and whitish. 130 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Neck: Nape and upper neck smoky brown with a marked greyish tinge and much lighter (approaching white) in shade than the crown and occi- put. Below and on sides white. Back: Greyish smoky brown, each feather broadly margined with a lighter shade, often approaching white. Longest upper tail coverts mostly white. Wing: The greater coverts like back; the shoulders darker, but sim- ilarly margined with lighter shade. Primary quills dark umber brown on their exposed surfaces, becoming white on the under webs, both webs and the shafts white at their bases. Tail: Dark umber brown, the central rectrices nearly an inch longer than the outer ones. The intermediate feathers graded to form a rounded tail when spread. Lower parts white, except on the middle of the abdomen, where the white is more or less obscured by smoky grey. Flanks smoky grey with lighter edging to the feathers. Lower tail coverts smoky grey with mottling and broad tipping of whitish. Some of the feathers on the sides under the wings are mottled with dark greyish smoke color. Bill: Dark brown color, paler on the lower mandible. Tarsus: Outer surface dark umber brown, inner surface yellowish flesh color. Feet and webs pale yellowish flesh color darkest above, lightest below. The exterior toe umber brown like the outer surface of the tarsus. Iris: Dark hazel brown. The female is similar to the male in color but averages a little smaller im’size. Geographical Range. — Atlantic Ocean. From the Faroe Islands and Greenland on the north, to the Cape of Good Hope, the Falkland Islands and Cape Horn. There appear to be no definite records of the breeding range of P. gravis. This bird was not obtained or observed by the Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia. The description is based on an apparently adult male, cited above, compared with twenty six (26) other individuals all taken about twenty miles off the coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, nos. 8577 to 8602 P. U. O. Coll. August 1881 (William E. D. Scott, collector). AVES —- PUFFINID. ew ‘So far as I can ascertain, there is no authentic account of the breeding- habits of this Shearwater; and the eggs which do duty in the cabinets of collectors as belonging to it are almost always those of Puffinas kuhlt.”’ (Giee Dresser, bds, Burope, VILL. pi) 537, 1877.) PUFFINUS GRISEUS (Gmelin). Grey Petrel, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. 2: p: 399 (1785). Procellaria griseus, Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 564 (1788). Nectris amaurosoma, Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil., p. 47 (1868: Coast of Chile, common); Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1870, p. 500 (Coquimbo, Aug.); iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 149 (1873: Chile). Puffinus griseus, Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 386 (1896: Straits of Magellan); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 312 (Corral); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 124 (1899: Straits of Magellan); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 18 (1900: Straits of Magellan) ; Nicoll. Ibis, 1904, p. 51 (Valparaiso, abundant). Fic. 77. Puffinus griseus. Profile of head. From Puffinus griseus. Head from above. material in the British Museum. ¥% natural From material in the British Museum. size. y, natural size. GENERAL DESRIPTION. Size. Adult Male.— Total length, about 18 inches. Wing, 12 inches. Tail, central rectrices, 3.5 inches ; lateral rectrices, 2.7 inches. 132 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Bill, 2.1 inches. Tarsus, 2.4 inches. Color. Adult Male.—General color, deep sooty brown, darkest on upper parts, wings and tail are of a general lighter shade below. Head: Entirely deep sooty brown. Neck: Deep sooty brown above, somewhat lighter below. Back: Sooty brown, rather lighter than the head, and each feather indistinctly edged with paler brown. Lower back deeper sooty brown. Wings: Like the back; the quills sooty black. Tail: Deep sooty brown. Lower parts: Sooty brown paler than the prevailing shade above and greyer especially on the throat. Under wing coverts greyish white with dark shafts. Bill: Horn color, often lighter at the tip. Legs brown. Feet brown. Iris dark hazel. The sexes are similar in size and color. Geographical Range. — Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. South to Australia and to the Straits of Magellan. Known to breed in the Chatham group of Islands. (Travers, Trans. New Zeal. Inst. V. p. 220). The Grey or Sooty Shearwater was not secured or observed by the Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia. The description is based on four individuals in the Princeton University Ornithological Collection nos. 8604 to 8607 inclusive, taken off Cape Cod, Massachusetts (20 miles at sea), 16 August, 1881; supplemented by the series of these birds in the British Museum of Natural History. The only record respecting the nidification of this bird I have found (except Mr. Buller’s statement that its egg is ‘‘ white, stained with reddish brown, and measures 3.25 inches in length by 2 inches in breadth’’) is contained in the following notes by Mr. Travers, who writes (Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. v. p. 220), that it is “common all around the coasts of the Chatham group. It burrows a horizontal hole, from three to four feet deep, and turning slightly to the right or left, in peaty ground. At the extremity of this hole it forms a rude nest composed of twigs and dead AVES — PUFFINID€. 133 leaves. Only one egg is laid; and the male bird assists in the work of incubation. They are savage whilst on the nest, biting and scratching those who molest them. The young bird is singularly fat, and when taken from the hole disgorges a quantity of oily matter of most offensive smell. This, however, is esteemed a delicacy by the Maoris, who hold the young birds over their mouths, allowing the substance to drain into them. The old birds roost on shore, the noise they make during the whole night being absolutely frightful, resembling an exaggerated chorus of squalling children and love-making cats, in which the performers were numbered by thousands. From the manner in which this noise was intensified on each fresh arrival I could only conclude that the whole lot were squalling out their adventures during the day. When taken out of their holes they flutter about on the ground for some time, tumbling over stumps in a confused manner, but ultimately make for the sea.” (H. E. Dresser, Bds. Europe, VIII. p..525, 1877.) Genus PRIOFINUS Hombron & Jacquinot. Type. Priofinus, Hombr. & Jacq. Compt. Rend. xviii. p. 355 (1844); Jacq. & Puch. Voy. Pdle Sud. Zool. iii. p. 145, t. 32, figs. 9-14 (1853); Coues, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1866, p. 192; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p- 390 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 124 GisQo)\eeest see, tee) ce 22 Be P. cinereus. Adamastor, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 187 (1855); Coues, Proc. Wead. (Sci. Piilader S64 pups rors y. Tsien SP. cinereus. Geographical Range. — The Southern Oceans. PRIOFINUS CINEREUS (Gmelin). Cinereus Fulmar, Lath. Gen. Syn. IIL. pt. 2, p. 405 (1785). Procellaria cinerta, Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 563 (1788). Puffinus cinereus, Gould, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p.- 137 (1841: Tierra del Fuego: Chiloe: mouth of Plata: Port Famine); Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Chile); Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 46 (1868) ; 134 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Burm. Ann. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 248 (1888: Coast of Patagonia and Falkland Islands). Procellaria hesitata, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 208 (1844). Priofinus cinereus, Jacq. & Pucher, Voy. Pdle Sud. Zool. HI. p. 145 (1853); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 390 (1896: Off Cape Horn, May); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 124 (1899); Carbajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 277 (1900); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sam- melr. Vég. P. 18 (1900); Sharpe, Rep. Coll. Nat. Hist. “Southern Cross,” Aves, p. 142 (1902). Adamastor cinereus, Scl. & Salv. Voy. Chall. II. Birds, p. 142 (1881: South Pacific). Fic. 79. Priofinus cinereus. Profile of head. From Priofinus cinereus. Head from above. material in the British Museum. 1% natural From material in the British Museum. 1% size. natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Stze. Adult Male.— Total length, about 19 inches. Wing, 13 inches. Tail, central rectrices, 4.4 inches; lateral rectrices, 3.5 inches. Bill, 2.4 inches. dlarsus, 2-4 inches. Color. Adult Male.—Upper parts uniform cinereous; lower parts white. Head: Crown deep cinereous, shading into grey on the sides of the head. ' Neck: Above cinereous shading into paler grey on the sides, which shade into and blend with the white of lower neck and throat. AVES — PUFFINID. 135 Back: Deep cinereous each feather having dark shafts; some of the feathers with indistinct lighter edging. Rump concolor with back. Wing: Deep cinereous, some of the scapulars and tertials with indis- tinct edging of a lighter shade. The quills are grey. Tail: Like the back and rump in color and a little darker in tone. Lower parts: Generally white and not clearly defined from, but shading gradually into, the grey of the upper parts. The under wing coverts are grey. Some of the feathers of the flanks and all the under tail coverts are deep cinereous. Bill: “The nasal tubes, and culmen as far as the unguis are black ; the unguis is paler yellow”’ (Coues). Tarsus fleshy brown. Feet: Fleshy brown, the webs yellowish. Iris hazel brown. The female is similar to the male in size and color. Geographical Range.— The Southern Oceans. Kerguelen Island. Coasts of New Zealand, Cape Horn, Coasts of Chile and Patagonia, and the Falkland Islands. The Cinereous Shearwater was not obtained or observed by the natur- alists of the Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia It is however one of the most common birds off the coast of that region. The description given above is based on material in the British Museum of Natural History. “This bird frequents the seas on the whole coast of South America. I obtained specimens from Tierra del Fuego, Chiloe, the mouth of the Plata, and Callao Bay on the coast of Peru. It is likewise known to be common in the Northern Hemisphere; this species, therefore, has a most extensive range. It generally frequents the retired inland sounds in very large flocks; although, occasionally, two or three may be seen out at sea. I do not think I ever saw so many birds of any other sort together, as I once saw of these petrels, behind the Island of Chiloe. Hundreds of thousands flew in an irregular line, for several hours in one direction. When part of the flock settled on the water, the surface was blackened ; and a cackling noise proceeded from them, as of human beings talking in 136 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. the distance. At this time, the water was in parts coloured by clouds of small crustacea. The inhabitants of Chiloe told me that this petrel was very irregular in its movements; sometimes they appeared in vast numbers, and the next day not one was to be seen. At Port Famine, every morning and evening, a long band of these birds continued to fly with extreme rapidity, up and down the central parts of the channel, close to the surface of the water. Their flight was direct and vigorous, and they seldom glided with extended wings in graceful curves, like most other members of this family. Occasionally, they settled for a short time on the water; and they thus remained at rest during nearly the whole of the middle of the day. When flying backwards and forwards, at a distance from the shore, they evidently were fishing: but it was rare to see them seize prey. They are very wary, and seldom approach within gun-shot of a boat or of a ship; a disposition strikingly different from that of most of the other species. The stomach of one, killed near Port Famine, was distended with seven prawn-like crabs and a small fish. In another, killed off the Plata, there was the beak of a small cuttle- fish. I observed that these birds, when only slightly winged, were quite incapable of diving. There is no difference in the plumage of the sexes. The web between the inner toes, with the exception of the margin, is ‘reddish-lilac-purple, the rest being blackish. Legs and half of the lower mandible blackish purple. From accounts which I have received, the individuals of this species, which live in the Northern Hemisphere, appear to have exactly the same habits as those above described.” (Darwin, in Voy. ‘“Beagle,’”’ Gould, II. pp. 137-138.) Genus THALASSCECA Reichenbach. Type. Thalasseca, Reichenb. Natiirl. Syst. Vég. p. iv (1852); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 392 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 125°(1899). 922). Santarcica: Thalassoica, Coues, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1866, p. 29 (pt.) = ( Zzalasseca). titpeles, Forbes, Voy. Chall. Zool. IV. pt. XI. p. 59 (1882) . PN SARTRE OU ON NA 7. antarctica. Geographical Range. —The Antarctic Oceans. AVES — PUFFINID&. ei THALASSGCA ANTARCTICA (Gmelin). Antarctic Petrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. 2, p. 4oo (1785). Procellaria antarctica, Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 565 (1788); Pelz. Reis, Novara, Vog. p. 147 (1865: Straits of Magellan). Thalasseca antarctica, Sci. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 149 (1873: Straits of Magellan); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 392 (1896: Cape Horn); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 125 (1899); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 19 (1900: Falkland Islands) ; Sharpe, Rep. Coll. Nat. Hist. “Southern Cross,” Aves, p. 143 (1902). EGS Fic. 82. My Kt bat Thalasseca antarctica. Profile of head. Thalasseca antarctica. Head from above. From material in the British Museum. % From material in the British Museum. % natural size. natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. Adult male.— Total length, about 17 inches. Wing, 12 inches. Tail, 4.2 inches. Bill, 2.0 inches. Tarsus, 1.7 inch. Color. Adult male.—General color upper parts brown, with white areas; the lower parts white with brown areas. Head: Brown, shading into paler on the sides. Neck: Above brown, paler on the sides. Below, throat pale brown, with white bases to the feathers; lower neck white. 138 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Back: Brown, except the upper tail coverts which are white, the cen- tral ones having brown tips. Wing: Brown. The longer wing coverts white. Exposed portion of quills brown, the shafts and inner webs white nearly to the tips. Inner secondaries wholly white. Tail: White, each feather tipped with brown. Lower parts: White, except the throat which is pale brown, the feath- ers having white bases. Under wing coverts and axillary feathers white. Bill dusky brown color. Tarsus yellowish brown. Feet like the tarsi, the outer toe browner. The female resembles the male in size and color. Geographical Range.— The Antarctic Ocean. The description is based on material in the British Museum of Natural History. The birds were not obtained by the Princeton Expeditions. “ Thalassotca antarctica is about as common, or uncommon, as the preceding species (/7/marus glactaloides) and is also comparatively easy to capture. Asa rule both these species keep farther from ships than the abundant and tame Cape Pigeon (Daftion capensis). Of the species herein noted, 7Zalassoica antarctica appears to be the most exclusively southern in its range. Going southwards Daption made its appearance May 16, Fdmarus May 20, and 7ha/assoica not until June 21.” (Lucas, Polk p45 1887-) Genus PRIOCELLA Hombron & Jacquinot. Type. Priocella, Hombr. & Jacq. Compt. Rend. XVIII. p. 357 (1844); Jacq. & Puch. Voy. Pdle Sud, Zool. iti. p. 148, t. 32, figs. 43-56 (1853); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 395 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds;; i p:-125 (1S99))) in de> 2Piee eae ere Thatlassowca, Coues, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1866, p. 29 (Rt); P. glacialordes. AVES — PUFFINID&. 139 Geographical Range.— Antarctic and Southern Oceans; north on the West Coast of America to the Coast of Washington. PRIOCELLA GLACIALOIDEsS (Smith). Procellaria glactaloides, var. B. Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 562 (1788). Procellaria glacialoides, A. Smith, Ilust. of Zool. of S. Africa, Aves, pl. 51, (1840); Gould, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 140 (1841: Bay of St. Mathias); Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part III, p. 162 (1844: Straits of Magellan); id. Gen. B. III. p. 648 (1844); Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Chile); Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vég. p. 146 (1865: Chile & Straits of Magellan). Priocella garnott, Homb. & Jacq. Voy. Pdle Sud, III. p. 148, pl. 32, figs. 43-56 (1844). Procellaria garnott, Gray, Gen. Bds. III. p. 648 (1844). Thalasseca glactalotdes, Bp. Consp. Av. II. p. 191 (1855); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 336 (Chile); Gigl. Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 47 (1870); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 149 (1873); James, New List Chil. By p13) (1992). Procellaria smitht, Schl. Mus. Pays Bas, Procell. p. 22 (1863: Cape Horn: Coast of Chile). Fulmarus glacialoides, Gray, Hand-List Bds. III. p. 105, no. 10877 (1871); Cunningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 223 (1871); Vincig. Boll. Soc. Geogr. Ital. (2) IX. p. 799 (1884). Thalasseca tenuivostris, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 11 (Valparaiso, Aug.) ; Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 162, 332 (1891). Procellaria tenuirostris, Burm. (nec Temm.); An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 248 (1888: Coast of Central Patagonia). Priocella glacialoides, Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 393 (1896) ; Schalow, Zool. Jahb. Suppl. IV. p. 654 (1898: Cavanche, July) ; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 125 (1899); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 628 (1900; at sea, north of Rio Gallegos, April); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 18 (1900: Cape Horn); Sharpe, Rep. Coll. Nat. Hist. ‘Southern Cross,’ Aves, p. 145 (1902). Thalassidea glacialoides, Carbajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 277 (1900). 140 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. Adult Male.—Total length, about 18 inches. Wing, 12.5 to 13 inches. Tail, central rectrices, 5.1 inches; lateral rectrices, 4.15 inches. Bill, 2.1 inches. Tarsus, I-canchs Color. Adult Male.—General color above clear pearl grey, below white. The pearl grey shading into the white without abrupt demarcation. Fic. 83. Fic. 84. ait ay o fp Ahr ut: iN LO Priocella glactaloides. Profile of head. Priocella glacialoides. Head from above. From material in the British Museum. % From material in the-British Museum. ¥% natural size. natural size. Head: Top of head and crown pale pearl grey, lighter than on the back. Forehead white, grey of top of head shading into white on the sides of face and cheeks. A dusky spot in front of the eye. Neck: Above pale pearl grey like the crown shading into white on the sides. Lower neck, throat and chin white. Back: Uniform pearl grey, of a darker shade than on the crown and upper neck. Upper tail coverts like back. Wing: Upper coverts, pearl grey. Primaries, exposed portion greyish black, the exposed portion of the shafts black: concealed portion yellow- ish white at the base. The inner webs are pearly white nearly to the tip of each feather. Secondaries, slaty black on their outer webs and white on their inner webs. Tertials, pearl grey like the back. Feathers of the edge of the wing greyish slate. AVES — PUFFINIDE. IAI Tail: Pearl grey, like the back. Under parts, pure white, shaded on the sides and flanks with pale pearl grey. Bill: Yellow, with the tip, the middle of the culmen, the nasal covers and bases of the maxilla dusky brown or black. Tarsi: Flesh color, darkest externally. Feet: Flesh color, the outer toe darker in tone; webs yellowish flesh color. ‘Male: Valparaiso, August 4. 1879. Legs gray, with blue stains; bill grey, with blue patches.” (Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 11.) The sexes are alike in size and color. Geographical Range. — Southern and Antarctic Oceans generally. The entire Pacific Coast of America north to the mouth of the Columbia River. Cape Horn. Cape of Good Hope. This petrel, which is colored like many gulls, was not obtained by the Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia. As may be inferred from the geo- graphical range given above, the birds have been recorded from the Straits of Magellan, and points off the Patagonian Coast. The material on which the description is based, is a large series in the British Museum of Natural History, representing the species from most points where it is known to occur. ‘“T saw this petrel on both sides of the Continent south of lat. 30°; but seldom more than two or three together. I am informed that it arrives in Georgia in September for the purpose of breeding, and that it lays its eggs in holes in the precipices overhanging the sea. On the approach of winter it is said to retire from that island. My specimen was caught in the Bay of St. Mathias (lat. 43° S.) by a line and bent pin, baited with a small piece of pork; the same means by which the Pintado (Dav. Capensis) is so easily caught. It is a tame, sociable, and silent bird; and often settles on the water: when thus resting it might from a distance be mistaken, owing to the general colour of its plumage, for a gull. One often approached close to the stern of the Beagle, and mingled with the Pintados, the constant attendants on vessels traversing these southern seas.” Darwin, Voy. “Beagle,” Birds, p. 140). 142 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Genus MAJAQUEUS Reichenbach. Type. Majagueus, Reichenb. Natiirl. Syst. Vg. p. iv (1852) ; Coues; Proc. Acad) Sci. Philad] 1364, p. 117, Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV, p. 395 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 125 (18869). Cymatobulus, Reichen. in Heine & Reichenow, Nom- encl. Mus. Hein. p. 363 (1890). . . . . . . MM. equinoctaks. Geographical Range.— Southern Oceans. MAJAQUEUS ASQUINOCTIALIS (Linnzus). Great Black Peteril, Edwards, Nat. Hist. Bds. II. pl. 89 (1746). Procellavia equinoctialts, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 132 (1758). Majaqueus equinoctialis, Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 47 (1868) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 12 (Valparaiso, Aug.); James, New List Chil. Bds. p. 13 (1892); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 395 (1896: Valparaiso: Coquimbo) ; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 654 (1898: Cavancha); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 125 (1899) ; Carbajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 277 (1900); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. V6g. p. 18 (1900); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 156 (1901); Sharpe, Rep. Coll. Nat. Hist. “Southern Cross,” Aves, p. 146 (1902). Procellaria (Magaqueus) equinoctialis, Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 161, 332 (1891: Ponsonby Bay; Coast of Chile; Straits of Magellan; Falkland Islands). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze. Adult Male.— Total length, about 20 inches. Wing, 15 inches. Tail, central rectrices, 5.3 inches; lateral rectrices, 4.5 inches. Bill, 2.6 inches. Tarsus, 2:6 inches. Color. Adult Male.—General color throughout sooty black, with a white triangular area on the chin. AVES — PUFFINID. 143 ‘ Bill yellowish horn-colour with the spaces between the various portions of the sheath of both mandible and maxilla black. Feet black.” (Salvin, fee). ‘Male: Valparaiso, August 1879. Eyes dark brown; bill grey and black; legs black.” (Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 12.) Fic. 85. Majaqueus equinoctialis. Profile of head. Majaqueus equinoctialis, Head from From material in the British Museum. % above. From material in the British natural size. Museum. ¥ natural size. “The amount of white on the chin varies very much in different indi- viduals. Some have an irregular white stripe running from near the base of the mandible under the eye almost to the nape, and a transverse band across the forehead in front of the eye. Upon such specimens Gould JOE Wy Fic. 88. Majaqueus equinoctialis. Profile of head. Majaqueus equinoctiahs. Head from From material in the British Museum. A above. From material in the British natural size. Museum. ¥% natural size. founded his JZ. consficellatus, a form recognized by Dr. Coues as distinct, but apparently connected with the typical form by every degree of variation.” (Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 396 (1896)). I44 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. “The white spots on the throat and cheeks appear to vary much with age. In the perfectly adult bird the triangular gular spot is alone left; that on the cheeks, which is connected with it in immature birds, having disappeared. Very young birds have the under parts almost wholly whitish, which afterward deepen into fuliginosus.” (Coues, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad: 1864, p11) Geographical Range.—Southern Oceans, north to about latitude 30° south. This petrel was not obtained by the Princeton Expeditions to Pata- gonia. The material examined to form a basis for the description given is in the Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and a large series in the British Museum of Natural History. The birds have been collected and observed in the Straits of Magellan and at points off the Patagonian Coast. The Great Black Petrel breeds in numbers at Kerguelen Island in December, and the following observations of its habits at that season are of interest: ‘Nests in very deep burrows in hill-sides, generally under a mound of herbage. Near the entrance to the burrow, there is always, so far as observed, a small pool of fresh water. Egg is single, regularly ovoid, and white, without shell-markings of any kind. It is generally, however, much soiled by secretions from the oviduct and dirt from the burrow. The shell is thin, homogeneous, and compact in structure, very smooth to the touch, but under the lens is seen to be marked by small pits and shallow linear depressions.”” (Natural History of Kerguelen Island, J. H. Kidder, MCD. Bulle no.3; U.S. Nat. Mus. p.igmie76") Genus PAGODROMA Bonaparte. Type. Pagodroma, Bonap. Consp. Av. ii. p. 192 (1855); Coues, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1866, p. 159; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 419 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 127 (1899). a ae eee se PS . P. nivea. Geographical Range. — Antarctic Seas. AVES — PUFFINID:. 145 PAGODROMA NIVEA (Gmelin). Snowy Petrel, Lath. Gen. Syn. IIT. pt. 2, p. 408 (1785). Procellaria nivea, Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 408 (1788). Pagodroma nivea, Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 307, 332 (1891); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 419 (1896: Falkland Islands) ; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 127 (1899); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. V6g. p. 19 (1900: Falkland Islands) ; Oates, Cat. Bds Bees, Brit. Mus; I. p. 233, (1901); Sharpe, Rep. Coll. Nat. Hist. ‘Southern Cross,”’ Aves, p. 148, pl. X. fig. 1-3 (1902). Fic. 89. Fic. 90. UP ‘\ et / | \ fi Hn pete aN My : Wty AU hh es \ ees | eal Py . a | yp ~ ” iy : We wh yy s WV ))), Pagodroma nivea. Profile of head. From Pagodroma nivea. Head from above. material in the British Museum. Natural From material in the British Museum. size. Natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. Adult. —Total length, 14 to 16 inches. Wing, 9.8 to 11.1 inches. Tail, 4.3 to 5.1 inches. Bill, 1.4 to 1.55 inch. Warsus, ¥.3 to 1:5 inch. Color. Adult.—Pure white throughout. Bill black. Tarsi and feet yellowish. 146 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Geographical Range. — Antarctic Seas. Falkland Islands. The Snowy Petrel was not obtained by the Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia. The material in the Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and also of the British Museum of Natural History forms the basis of the description. The species presents a great scale of individual variation in size, that apparently does not correlate with sex or age. Dr. Coues writing of this feature says: ‘Independently of differences in absolute size of body, the species presents unending variations in size, and, to some degree, in shape of the bill. Specimens differ in this respect by as much as a fourth of the whole length of the bill, which may be quite unaccompanied by corresponding differences as to depth or width. The length of the nasal tubes, and the amount of turgidity, and obliquity of truncation vary greatly. Differences in the depth and robustness of the bill are surpris- ingly great. “T have never seen, of many specimens, any which were referable specifically from the typical form. But some individuals are so strikingly small, that were it not for intermediate sizes, they might readily be sup- posed distinct. Upon this character a variety mdnor was founded by Bonaparte, which has been adopted by so accurate and cautious an orni- thologist as Dr. Schlegel’ (Coues, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1866, pp. 160-161). “As we neared the edge of the pack ice a petrel which we had not seen at the islands we had left became common (7. glacialoides), and as soon as we reached the ice we fell in with the beautiful snow-white petrel (Pagodroma nivea), which is never to be found far from the antarctic ice. The bird flies very much like the Whale Bird (Prion); it settles on the water to feed; it remains on the wing late at night when the other birds have disappeared. I have seen birds flying about the ship as late as 11 o'clock at night, when it was quite dusk.”” Mosley’s Notes, Nat. ‘‘ Chal- lenger,” p. 253 (1879). The eggs of this petrel were obtained in numbers at the Duke of York Island, Antarctic Ocean, by the ‘Southern Cross ’”’ Expedition. AVES — PUFFINIDE. 147 Subfamily Futmarine. _ Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 422 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p: 127 (1899): Genus OSSIFRAGA Hombron & Jacquinot. Type. Ossifraga, Hombron & Jacquinot; Compt. Rend. xviii. p. 356 (1844); Jacq. & Puch. Voy. Pdle Sud. Zool. iii. p. 148, pl. 32, figs. 39-42 (1853); Bonap. Consp. Av. II. p. 186 (1855); Coues, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1866, p. ai Forbes, Voy, Chall. Zeel IV.-pt. XI. p. 42, etc. (1882); Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 422 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 127 (1899) . . O. gegantea. Geographical Range.—Southern Oceans, north to 30° south latitude. OSSIFRAGA GIGANTEA (Gmelin). Quebrantahuesos, Bougainv. Voy. Autour du monde, p. 63 (Tierra del Fuego: Falkland Islands). Giant Petrel, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. 2, p. 396, pl. 100 (1785: Staaten Island). Mouton, Pernetty, Voy. I. p. 15, pl. VIII, fig. 3. Procellaria gigantea, Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 563 (1788: ex Lath.); King, Zool. Journ. IV. p. 104 (1829: Straits of Magellan); Darw. Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 139 (1841: Port San Antonio: Port St. Julian: Sea Lion Island: Mouth of Santa Cruz: Port Famine); Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 475 (1847); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164 (Falkland Islands); Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 46 (1868); “Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 248 (1888: Straits of Magellan). Ossifraga gigantea, Jacq. & Puch. Voy. Péle Sud. Zool. iii. p. 139 (1853) ; Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 149 (1873: Falkland Islands) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 11 (Tom Bay, Straits of Magellan, April); Salv. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 431 (Coquimbo Bay, Nov.) ; Vincig. Boll. Soc. Geogr. Ital. (2) IX. p. 799 (1884); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 158, 332 (1891: Straits of Magellan: Patagonia: 148 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Falkland Islands); James, New List Chil. Bds. p. 13 (1892) ; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 422 (1896); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 654 (1898: Coquimbo, Nov.) ; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 127 (1899); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 628 (1900: Lat. 47° 19. S.: Long. 64° 50 W., Jan.: Port Cook, March)/s@ar- bajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 277 (1900); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 19 (1900); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 158 (1901); Sharpe, “Rep: Coll’ Nat” Eiist. “Southern s@ross. Aves, p. 153 (1902); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 52; Vallentin, Mem. Man- chester Soc. 48, No. 23, p. 31 (1904: Falkland Islands). Fic. gl. Fic. 92. Ossifraga gigantea. Profile of head. From material in the British Museum. ¥ natural size. Ossifraga gigantea. Head from above. From material in the British Museum. ¥% natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. Adult Male.— Total length, about 34 inches. Wing, about 20 inches. Spread of extended wings, tip to tip, about 84 inches. Tail: Central rectrices, 7 inches; lateral rectrices, 5.8 inches. Bill, 4.2 inches. Tarsus, 3.6 inches. AVES — PUFFINIDA. 149 Color. Adult Male.—Uniform dark chocolate brown throughout; the edges of all the feathers a little paler than the other portion. Bill yellow. Tarsi black. Feet black. ‘““Male: Tom Bay, April 13, 1879. Bill light grey; iris dark brown; eyelids black; legs and feet dark grey.’’ (Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, pp. 11-12.) Young and immature birds are lighter brown, more or less mottled with dull white and white about the head; the edges and tips of many of the dark feathers are also dull white. The under parts vary from almost pure white to a condition of color approaching the adult. Nearly white individuals are occasionally met with. Geographical Range. — Southern Oceans, north regularly to 30° South Latitude. Casually on the Pacific coast of North America to Oregon. The Giant Fulmar was not obtained by the Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia. The material examined as a basis for the above description is in the Collections of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and in the British Museum of Natural History. ‘Lays a single egg on open, rather elevated ground, at some distance (half a mile) from the sea. There was no vestige of an artificial nest when the young were found, January 2. These were then nearly fledged, and quite as large and heavy as the adults, occupying natural hollows between mounds of 4zorela. They are exceedingly filthy birds, ejecting the contents of their stomachs for two or three feet from their bodies, and seeming to have a limitless supply to draw upon. When disturbed, they are soon surrounded by a puddle of vomited matters, and are, in this condition, by no means pleasant birds to collect. Among the ejecta were noticed many Penguin feathers. In the same neighborhood was a young bird of an earlier brood, fully fledged, but not yet able to fly. These Petrels must therefore be among the earliest in laying. The down of the young bird is entirely grey in color, the head is partly naked, and the bill, tarsi, and feet are colored nearly as in the adult, but somewhat paler. The first fully formed feathers are similar to the adult plumage.” 150 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOGLOGY. (Natural History of Kerguelen Island, J. H. Kidder, M.D., Bull. no. 3, U.S. Nat. Mus: p, 13; 1876:) In his notes on the Falkland Islands Mr. R. Vallentin writes: “only a visitor, being invariably driven into the numerous fiords and harbours by stress of weather. I have frequently seen two or three of these birds flying in Stanley harbour when there was a strong wind blowing. Occa- sionally, one bird, bolder than its companions, would rest on the water near the slaughter-house, and eagerly devour the refuse. But even then the bird would not allow one to get within fifty yards of it, so I was never able to examine it closely. I have never heard of this species nesting on these islands.” Genus DAPTION Stephens. Type. Daption, Steph. in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. XIII. p. 239 (1826) ; Bp. Consp. Av. II. p. 188 (1855); Coues, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1866, p. 162; Forbes, Voy. Chall. Zool. iv. pt. XI. p. 42, &c (1882) ; Shufeldt, Pro. U. S. Nat. Mus. VII. p. 378 (1887) ; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 428, (1896) ; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 127 (1899) D. capensis. Geographical Range.— Southern Oceans. DAPTION CAPENSIS (Linnzus). Procellaria capensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 132 (1758); King, Zool. Journ. IV. p. 104 (1829: Straits of Magellan); Pelz. Reis. Novara. Vég. p. 146 (1865: Valparaiso and Cape Horn). Pintado Petrel, Forst. Voy. I. p. 489 (Falkland Islands); Lath. Gen. Syn. Til pt. 2,"p; 403 (1785= ex Forst:): Le Petrel blanc et noir ot Damier, Pernet: Voy: Il. p. 72: Dafption capensis, Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 12 (Tres Montes, May: St. Ambrose, July); Vincig. Boll. Soc. Geogr. Ital. (2) IX. p. 799 (1884); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 159, 332 (1891: Straits of Magellan, Oct.: Coast of Patagonia, Sept.) ; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 428 (1896) ; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 127 (1899); Carbajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 277 (1900); Martins, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 19 (1900: Straits of Magellan); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. AVES — PUFFINID. I51 p- 159 (1901); Sharpe, Rep. Coll. Nat. Hist. ‘Southern Cross,” Aves, p. 156 (1902). Daption capense, Cunningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 223 (1871); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX, p. 628 (1900: at sea north of Gallegos, April). Fic. 93. Daption capensis. Profile of head. From Daption capensis. Head from above. material in the British Museum. ¥ natural From material in the British Museum. 1% size. natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. Adult Male.— Total length, about 16 inches. Wing, 10.5 inches. Tail, 3.9 inches. Bill, 1.7 inches. Tarsus, 1.9 inches. Color. Adult Male.—General color above; head and neck dusky black, back and wings white and black. Below white, with dusky neck and some dusky tips to the feathers on sides of breast. Head: Dusky black throughout. Neck: Dusky black above, and on the chin and throat below. Lower neck white, shading on the sides into the black of the upper neck. Back: White, each feather broadly tipped with dusky black. Wing: Greater coverts white, with broad dusky black tips, lesser coverts wholly dusky. The greater portion of the scapulars and second- aries white. The primaries outwardly dusky black, with the inner webs white nearly to the tips, and the bases of the outer webs of all the primaries but the first, white. Tail: White, with a broad black apical margin to each feather. 152 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Under parts white, except the upper throat and chin which are dusky black. The under tail coverts and some feathers on the sides of breast and neck, tipped with black. Bill deep black. Iris brown. Legs and feet black. ‘‘Male: off Tres Montes, May 10, 1879. Iris dark brown; bill and legs black; eyelids black; male: off St. Ambrose, July 20, 1879. Iris dark grey.) \(omarpe, P. ZS. 1881, p: 12:) Geographical Range.—Southern Oceans in general, north to Ceylon, and regularly to latitude 5° south on the Pacific Coast of America. Cas- ually to the coast of California. On the Atlantic coast of America north to about latitude 30° south. The Cape Pigeon was not obtained by the Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia, though observed generally off the coast. The description is based on material in the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, the American Museum of Natural History in New York, and in the British Museum. These petrels are known to breed on Tristan da Cunha (Moseley, Notes Nat. “Chall.,” p. 134, 1879) and at Heard Island the same naturalist found the Cape Pigeons breeding in holes or burrows, in low basaltic cliffs, February, 1874. (Moseley, op. cit., p. 229.) Darwin writes of the Cape Pigeon: ‘“ This petrel is extremely numerous over the whole southern ocean, south of the Tropic of Capricorn. On the coast, however, of Peru, I saw them in lat. from 16° to 17° S., which is considerably farther north than they are found on the shores of Brazil. Cook in sailing south in the meridian of New Zealand, first met this bird in lat. 43°30. The Pintados slightly differ in some of their habits from the rest of their congeners, but, perhaps, approach nearest in this respect to P. glacialoides. "They are very tame and sociable, and follow vessels navigating these seas for many days together; when the ship is becalmed or moving slowly, they often alight on the surface of the water, and in doing this they expand their tails like a fan. I think they always take their food when thus swimming.” (Voy. H. M. S. “Beagle” Birds, II. Gould, p. 140; 1841.) AVES — PUFFINID. 153 Northerly from Dungeness Spit. ‘Many Cape Pigeons (Dafption capense) were observed flying about the vessel, and swimming in the water in our immediate vicinity, on the lookout for anything in the shape of food that might be thrown overboard; and these beautiful birds were our companions during the greater part of our passage. A specimen of a larger species of the same tribe, with ash-coloured and white plumage, the Fulmarus glactahoides, was taken on a line put out astern on this day; and I preserved the skin and the digestive organs, which latter I subsequently compared with those of specimens of the Cape pigeon, after- wards obtained, with the following results: —The entire length of the alimentary canal in Falmarus glacialioides | found to be 85 inches, and that of the intestinal tract, taken by itself, 74.5 inches. The caeca meas- ured three lines in length, and were situated two inches above the anus. The stomach was distinctly divided into a cardiac and a pyloric portion, separated by a short and narrow interval. Of these portions, the cardiac division possessed a comparatively feeble muscular coat, and was remark- ably glandular; while the pyloric, of a somewhat flattened spheroidal form, was extremely muscular. The former I found distended with a firm mass of semi-digested ship-biscuit ; while the latter contained the two mandibles of a small Cephalopod. In the Cape Pigeon, on the other hand, the length of the entire alimentary canal was 46 inches; that of the intestinal tract 34.5 inches, The cesophagus enlarged much more abruptly to form the cardiac portion of the stomach than was the case in the Fulmar; and the muscular coat of that portion was considerably thicker, so that the gastric glands were not visible through it. The pyloric division was much more feebly developed than in the Fulmar, but the diameter of the intestinal canal was considerably greater than in that species. The stomach of one of the specimens examined contained ship-biscuit, and that of another a piece of pork-rind, so large that it must have distended the cesophagus greatly in its passage downwards.”’ (Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. 1871, pp. 223-224.) Genus HALOBAENA Is. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. Halobena, \s. Geoffr. St.-Hilaire, 1836 fide Bp. Consp. Av. ils Pe 93) 1956) > Coues, Proc, Acad: Sci: Philad. 1866, pp. 162-163; Salvin, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 431 (1896) ; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 127 (1899)... . HH. cerulea. Type. 154 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Zaprium, Coues, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 2, p. 34 (1875). A. caerulea. Geographical Range.—Southern Oceans, between 40° and 60° south Latitude. 1. HALOBAINA CARULEA (Gmelin). Blue Petrel, Forster, Voy. 1.) p90: (ath Gen oyis i pte, panne (1785); id. Gen. Hist. Birds, X. p. 196 (1824). Another Blue Peteril, Cook’s Voy. i. p. 32. Procellaria cerulea, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 560 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. 11. p. $27 (1790); Viell| N, Dict dimist. Nat XXV. pia2t (117 eid: Ene.. Meéthp..81 (1923);,id. Gal Ois 1 p. 232)(1625) > Kuhl eitr p- 145 (1820); Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 165 (1844); id. Gen. Birds, ili. p. 648 (1844); id. Ibis, 1862, p. 247; Gould, Birds Austr, VIT. pl. 52 (1847); Peale, U.S. Expl, Exp. vii. p: 333 (1643), Layard, Birds S. Afr. p. 361 (1867); id. Ibis, 1876, p. 393, 1878, p. 264; Hutton, Cat. Birds N. Zeal. p. 47 (1871); Buller, Birds N. Zeal. p. 306. (1873); Finseh,, J. f. Orn. 1870, p. 373; 1674; p: 200. Finsch & Hartl. Orn. Centralpol. p. 246 (1867). Pachyptila cerulea, Mllig. Prodr. p. 275 (1811); Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 252 (1826). Procellaria forstert, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. pl. 54 (1840). Procellaria similis, Forst. Descr. An. p. 59 (1844). Flalobena cerulea, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856); id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 193 (1856); Coues, Proc. Ac. Sci. Philad. 1866; pp. 162) 171. Gould, Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 457 (1865); Coues & Kidder, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 2, p. 34 (1875); Kidder, BulloU.(S. Nat vine: no. 3, p. 17 (1876); Moseley, Notes Nat. “Chall.” p. 181 (1879) ; Sharpe, Phil. Trans. clxviii. extra volume p. 141 (1879) ; id. Layards’ Birds: S. Afr. p.-768 (1884); Buller, Birds) Nw Zealved) 2) i1pecna (1888); id. Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. XXV. p. 78 (1893); Salvin, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 431 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds I. p. 127 (1899). Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 160 (1901). Halobena typica, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856); id. Consp. Av. li. p. 194 (1856). Procellaria velox, Solander? cf. Salvin in Rowley’s Orn. Misc. i. p. 238. AVES — PUFFINID. 155 Fic. 95. WE AM } si Hy AM { AHR iW! a “h) 1 me lag: ay! Halobena cerulea. Profile of head. From Halobena caerulea. Wead from above. material in the British Museum. Natural size. From material in the British Museum. Natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. Adult.— Total length, about 11 inches. Wing, 8.5 inches. Tail, 3.6 inches. Bill, 1.4 inches. Tarsus, 1.3 inches. Color. Adult.—General color above, clear greyish blue, darkest on the crown, the nape, scapulars and lesser wing coverts; below white, except the sides of the breast which are ashy blue. Head: Rather dark greyish blue. The middle feathers of the forehead are ashy blue broadly tipped with white, and the rest of the forehead white. There is a suggestion of a white superciliary streak not extending behind the eyes however. The cheeks and auriculars white. Neck: Ashy blue above and pure white below. Back: Clear pale ashy blue. Wings: Darker ashy blue, the scapulars tipped with white ; primaries, outer webs ashy blue, inner webs whitish. Tail: Outer rectrix white, the two next ashy blue, with white bases to the inner webs, the three next ashy blue with whzfe tps. This is widest 156 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. on the two middle feathers, with a slightly darker subterminal ashy band. Tail of twelve feathers, and square. With no gradation of the lateral rectrices. Lower surface pure white except a clouding of ashy blue on the sides of the breast. Legs bluish. Feet: Bluish toes and flesh-colored webs. “Younger birds may be known by a less decidedly cinereous or bluish grey tinge of the upper parts ; which tend more or less strongly towards brownish. The forehead is not pure white but mixed with about an equal amount of brownish ash.’ (Coues, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad. 1866, 185 iley.l) Geographical Range.—Southern Oceans. [Pacific Ocean near Cape Horn, lat. 50° South, long. go° West, May 20, 1840 (J. Gould), adult skin, c., Coll. Brit. Mus. ] On account of the specimen above cited, this species has been included as one of the petrels properly of the Patagonian Coast. Its occurrence in this region however in view of our present knowledge must be regarded as rare, if not casual. The Blue Petrel was not observed by any of the members of the Prince- ton Expeditions to Patagonia. The description is based on three repre- sentatives of the species in the Collections of the British Museum of Natural History. ‘Nests in deep tortuous burrows in hill sides near the sea. Egg is single, ovoidal and dull white, without color-markings. In the specimens measured, there is, however, as shown by the figures, the usual range of variation in contour. They remind one, in size and shape, of the eggs of a bantam hen. Shell is thin, homogeneous, and compact in structure, presenting under the lens a finely granular external surface. First found October 23.” (Natural History of Kerguelen, J. H. Kidder, M.D., Bull. Now 3) US: Nat sock a Salv. P. Z%oer871, ‘p. 567; ids Nomencl. Av. Neotr: p: 147 (1873) Saunders, PZ. S: 1876, p. 655, 1882, p. 521; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III, part X, Pp: 248 (1888: North and Cen- Sterna maxima. Profile of tral Patagonia); Scl. & Huds. Argent. head. Adult male. 4773 P. U. Orn. II., p. 195 (1889); Saunders, Cat. 0.C. Breeding. About 7 nat- Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV., p. 80 (1896); Sharpe, Sel Os. Hand-List, Bds. I. p. 135 (1899); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 187 (1901). Cayenne Tern, Lath. Gen. Syn, III. pt. 2, p. 352 (1785). Ieey, 1810, GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.— Adult, Breeding. (Male, 4773, P. U. O. C. Cobbs Island, Virginia, 16 May, 1881, W. E. D. S.). Total length, about 21 inches. Wing, 14.2 inches. Tail, 8.1 inches. Tail (depth of fork), 3.7 inches. Culmen, 2.75 inches. Tarsus, 1.4 inches. Color. — Adult, breeding (spec. cit.). General color above pearl grey, white on neck and with black cap; below pure white. Head: With a black cap, reaching down on sides to a line level with the lower eyelid, which is white, interrupting the continuity of the line of the cap. The black of the cap occupies the upper half of the loral region. The feathers of the occipital portion of the cap are acuminate and pro- 186 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. longed. Remainder of head, z. e., lower sides of face, the auricular region and lower half of the loral region white. Neck: Wholly white. Back: Mantle pearl grey; rump and upper tail coverts pale pearl grey. Wing: In general color pearl grey, with a-decided white line along the carpal joint. The first primary dark grey on outer web, heavily frosted with pearl grey; a third of the inner web dark grey to tip, frosted like the outer web. Remainder of inner web, abruptly whiter, the line of division between the two colors absolutely straight for the entire length. The white on the inner webs of the rest of the primaries cut- ting into the grey of the inner web toward the tip in well-defined wedges. The extreme edge of all the inner webs of the primaries at their ends, nar- rowly margined with white. Shafts of all the pri- maries ivory white. The secondaries are edged with white, but not conspicuously. Sterna maxima, Profile Tail: Pearly white. Under parts: Pure white. of head. Female. 4770 Bill: Reddish orange. Tarsi: Black. Feet: Black. ee eee a Iris: Dark hazel brown. “ se ~ -‘The female differs from the male in having on the average a stouter bill and shorter streamers to the tail. Both sexes begin to have a few white feathers show on forehead and crown early in the breeding season. Adults tn autumn and winter (Female, 4770, P. U. O. C., Gulf coast of Florida, 15 December, 1879, W. E. D. S.), are similar to breeding birds, but have the forehead and loral region wholly white, the crown mottled with black feathers, and the long occipital feathers edged with white in a varying degree. Bill pale orange. There is generally a crescentic black area just in front of the eye. Immature young birds of the year have whiter crowns and a greater admixture of white in the black feathers of the occipital region. There is also a varying amount of grey or brownish grey on the wing coverts, the secondaries, and toward the tips of the rectrices, Young birds fully grown have dusky brown streaks on the lores, the forehead and fore part of the crown; the mantle is darker than in adults, more or less striated and marked with deeper grey, dusky and buffy; this extends to the rump and upper tail coverts. The primaries are iron-grey, E1Gs012: AVES — LARID&. 187 tail much darker than in the adult, especially toward the extremities of the feathers. The bill, tarsi and feet are dull brownish yellow. Geographical Range.—America; Atlantic coast, breeding from the Capes of the Delaware south to the West Indies and ranging as far north as the New England States ; also to the larger inland waters of the United States during the warmer months. On the Pacific coast the birds range from California southward to Peru. During the winter months they are distributed on the Atlantic from the Carolinas southward; and at this season they are also found on the African Coast from the Straits of Gibraltar south to Angola. They have been recorded from Northern and Central Patagonia. (Burm. t. c. ante, p. 248.) The Royal Tern was not obtained by the Princeton Expeditions to Pat- agonia. The descriptions are based on the individuals cited, together with the large series in the Princeton Museum, and on material in the British Museum of Natural History. The breeding habits of the Royal Tern do not differ from its congeners of terrestrial habit. At Cobbs Island, on the coast of Virginia, during the season of 1881, these birds were abundant and bred in great numbers. The eggs were laid in depressions in the bare sand and were often near together, the adult birds being eminently gregarious. STERNA SUPERCILIARIS Vieillot. Hati ceja blanca, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 377 (1802). Flatt manchado, Azara, tom cit. p. 377. Sterna superctharis, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XXXII. p. 126 (1819: ex Azara); Scl. & Saly. P. Z.S. 1871, p. 571; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 147 (1873); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 662; Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 165 (Monte Video, May), 1877, p. 201 (Baradero, April) ; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 628 (Missiones); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 197 (1889); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 124 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-Lists Bds. I. p. 137 (1899); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. p. 195 (1901). 188 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Sterna maculata, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XXXII. p. 176 (1819: ex Azara). Sterna argentea, Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 26 (1847); Burm. Reis. La Plata, Il. p. 419 (1861 > Rio Parana). Fic. 113. Sterna superciliaris. Adult male. Natural size. From material in British Museum. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.— Adult (breeding). Total length, 9 inches. Wing, 7.25 inches. Wail, 3:25) inches. Tail (depth of fork), 1.3 inches. Culmen, 1.5 inches. Tarsus, 0.65 inches. Color. — Adult (breeding). Above, mantle, wings and neck rather dark pearl grey. A black cap on head. Below pure white. Head: With a black cap extending from forehead back to nape, and on sides of head to a line even with the lower eyelid. Forehead white, extending back in a broad band to the middle of the upper eyelid. (See cut 113.) The lores white, divided by a narrow black streak reaching from the eye to upper part of the upper mandible. The remainder of sides of head and face white. Neck: Deep pearl grey above, shading gradually on the sides into white; below pure white. Back: Mantle, rump and upper tail coverts deep pearl grey. Wings: Deep pearl grey, with a brownish tinge on the inner second- aries. The four outer primaries, almost wholly dusky black, with narrow white margins on the inner webs of the first two, and very little white on the third and fourth. Tail: Like back, but with faint whitish edging to each feather; the streamers paler and with a greater inclination toward whitish. AVES — LARID:. 189 Bill: Stout and deep at base and entirely greenish yellow, without black “ip. Tarsi: Dull yellow. Feet: Dull yellow. Iris: Dark hazel brown. Adult. Autumnal and winter plumage.—Similar to the breeding dress but with the black loral streak broken into black dotting or specks ; the black of the cap much flecked and spotted with white feathers. Immature birds of the year wn fall.— Like adults, except the lores are wholly white; forehead white; crown grey with dusky streaks; around the eye these being concentrated form a broad dusky band on each side of the head, which reaching back joins on the nape; the primaries have a browner shade; the bill is dull yellow with a dvownesh horn tip. Young. Flight age.—Lores greyish; a marked whitish superciliary stripe; crown darker than lores, specked with dark brown; a blackish band extending from eye to eye, across the nape; mantle grey, shaded with buffy and barred with ashy grey; tail mottled with ashy on a grey ground; base of bill dull yellow shading into horn color; tarsi and toes dull yellowish. Geographical Range-—South America. From the Orinoco to the La Plata, ascending rivers well into the interior; Northern Patagonia. This small tern was not obtained by the Princeton Expeditions to Pata- gonia, where it is apparently uncommon if not rare. The diagnoses and descriptions of different plumages are based on material in the British Museum of Natural History. Closely allied to S. ant:/arum, the changes in plumage due to age, and correlated with the seasons are very similar in both species, but the difference in size and the color of the primaries serve at all times in readily distinguishing the two species whose geo- graphical ranges almost or quite meet. ‘Of these, three or four were observed wheeling about over the river Saima, about a league up it from the Parana. They have a sprawling, quick flight, settling now and again on the rocks on the edge of the river. Dashing down and skimming the water, they dip every now and again for fish, after which they rise high in the air.” (E. W. White, P. Z. S. p-. 628, 1882.) 190 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. STERNA TRUDEAUII Audubon. Sterna trudeauit, Audub. Orn. Biogr. V. p. 125 (1839); Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 484 (1847); Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 49 (1868: Santiago: Colchagua); Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 165 (Monte Video, May), 1877, p. 200 (Flores Isl. mouth of La Plata, March; Punta Lara); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 248 (1888: Coast of Northern Patagonia); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 195 (1889: Punta Lara); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 428 (Buenos Ayres breeds); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 373 (Ar- gentina); James, New List Chil. B. p. 12 (1892); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 212, Estancia Espartilla, common, breeds in Nov.); Saun- ders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 130 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds.. I. p. 137 (1899); Oates, Cat, Bds) Eggs, Brit. Mus. poe (1901). Phaétusa Cae Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 98 (1854: Mal- donado). Sterna frobeentt, Phil. & Landb. Weigm. Arch. 1863, p. 125 (Arica Bay, Sept.) ; 1id. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 49 (1868). Fic. 114. aras Sterna trudeaut. Adult male. About ¥% natural size. From material in American Museum. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.— Adult (breeding). Total length, about 15 inches. Wing, 10.5 inches. Tail, 5.8 inches. Tail (depth of fork), 2.8 inches. AVES — LARID. I9I Culmen, 1.7 inches. Tarsus, 0.95 inches. Color. — Adult (breeding). General color above pearl grey becoming white on the crown and nape; lower parts pale pearl shading to white on the throat and chin. Head: White, with a black streak beginning in front of the eye, which it surrounds, and extending backward over the ear coverts. Neck: Pearl grey. Back: Mantle pearl grey fading to nearly white on the rump and upper tail coverts. Wing: Rather paler than the mantle; secondaries broadly edged with white, the inner primaries to a lesser degree; the outer primaries, with the inner webs, pale grey next to the shafts and dark grey on the mar- gins, the “wedges”’ nearly white. Shafts of quills white. Tail: Pale pearl grey, the longer rectrices with silvery white outer webs. Lower parts: Pale pearl grey shading into pure white on the throat and chin. Bill: Yellow, darkest at the base, shading to lighter toward the tip, and with a black band at the gonys. Tarsi: Orange. Feet: Orange. Sterna trudeaut. Young Male, winter. Profile of head. From material in the American Museum. Natural size. Adult in autumn and early winter.—Similar to breeding birds, except that the band on the side of the head is not so well defined, and has become deep grey instead of black. The feathers in general have a more silvery appearance, this being especially noticeable in the quills which are heavily ‘“frosted’’ with silvery white. 192 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Immature birds in autumn and winter vary from adults at these sea- sons in having the centers of the long inner secondaries ashy-grey. The eye streak is more pronounced and deeper in color. The bill is dull yel- lowish brown at the base and yellow at the tip. Young birds, first flight, have the eye streak longer with an indication of a grey crescentic band across the nape. The crown is greyish, slightly mottled with buffy brown, as are the feathers of the mantle. The tail feathers are dark ashy grey with defined white edgings. The bill is yel- lowish brown at the base and dusky or blackish for the rest of its length without a yellow tif. The legs and feet are yellowish flesh color. Geographical Range.—Atlantic coast of South America from Rio Jan- eiro to Argentina, and north casually to the United States (Long Island and New Jersey). On the Pacific coast of South America the Chilian coast north to Southern Peru. Trudeau's tern was not obtained by the Princeton Expeditions to Pata- gonia and, while it is known to occur on the northern portion of the coast, it is very rare, if found at all, far south in the region. The descriptions are based on the material in the British Museum of Natural History. Curiously, this South American species which must be regarded as acci- dental in the United States, was first described by John James Audubon in his Ornithological Autobiography. He says (t. c. p. 125): ‘This beautiful Tern, which has not hitherto been described, was procured at Great Egg Harbour in New Jersey, by my much esteemed and talented friend, J. Trudeau, Esq., of Louisiana, to whom I have great pleasure in dedicating it. Nothing is known as to its range, or even the particular habits in which it may differ from other species. The individual obtained was in the company of a few others of the same kind. I have received from Mr. Trudeau an intimation of the occurrence of several individuals on Long Island.” In its winter plumage, which was that of the type described by Audubon, Trudeau’s Tern somewhat resembles the winter plumage of Szervna forstert, but this last bird always shows more marked coloration on the crown. The eye bar of Sterna forstert ts darker and better defined in winter and the b2d/ of S. forsteri never has a yellow tip. I have before me forty-one examples AVES — LARID-. 193 of S. forstert, taken on the Gulf coast of Florida in November and De- cember, 1879, and January, 1880, which form a part of the large series of these birds in the Princeton University collection. This entire series of winter examples of Sverva forstert bear out the generalization just set forth. Moreover, the individual variation is not great. Subfamily RHYNCHOPINAE. Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV, p. 152 (1896); Sharpe, Hand-List Bdse is pr 138) (1699). Genus RHYNCHOPS Linnzus. Type. Rhynchops, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 223 (1766); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 152 (1896) ; eae Hand-List Bds: I. pre (is99) - . a) oe ay LOMO A. Rhynchopsaha, Gloger, Hand- u. ERED. p- Ge (1842). Geographical Range.—TYemperate and tropical North and South America. Tropical and juxta-tropical Africa and India to Burma. RHYNCHOPS MELANURA Swainson. Rayador, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 329 (1802). Rhynchops nigra, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 80 (1823: ex Azara); Less. Man. d’Orn. II. p. 285 (1828: Chile); Darwin, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 143 (1841: on the east and west coasts of South America between lati- tudes 30° and 45,5); Fraser, P. Z. S. 1343, p. 119 (coast of Chile) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 26 (1847); Burm. La Plata Reis. II. p. 520 (1861: Rio Parana); Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vég. p. 151 (1865: Chile) ; Pnilnec, Pandby Cat. Av. Chil “p. 50:(1868); Scl: &'Salv. P:-Z.S. Eoogp, Og4 (Are. ep.) ; td. Nomencl: Av: Neotr. p.-147 (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 200 (Buenos Ayres, Nov., Jan.); White, P Z. S. 1882, p. 628 (Monte Grand, Buenos Ayres, Feb., not common) ; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Ayres, III. part X. p. 248 (1888: Patagonia); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 193 (1889: Bahia Blanca, breeding). 194 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Rhynchops melanura, Swains. Classif. B. II. p. 373 (1837); Sel. & Salv. Ibis, 1869, p. 284 (Ancud, Chiloe, May); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 522 (Coquimbo Bay, Nov.); James, New List Chil. B. p. 12 (1892); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 156 (1896: Straits of Ma- gellan and Coast of Chile); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 138 (1899) ; Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 201 (1901). Fie, 116: Rhynchops melanura. Adult male. About % natural size. From material in American Museum. Rhynchops melanura. Profile of head. From material in the American Museum. J natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.— Adult male (breeding). Total length, about 20 inches. Wing, 16-17 inches. Tail, 5.5 to 6 inches. AVES — LARIDA. 195 Culmen, 4 inches. Bill (tip to gonys), 4.9 inches. Tarsus, 1.4 inches. Female smaller, only about 16.5 inches total length, the culmen being 2.7 to 2.8 compared with 4 inches for culmen in male. Fic. 118. SoS SS Rhynchops melanura, Bill from above. From material inthe American Museum. Natural size. Color.— Adult male (breeding). General color of the upper parts black, of the lower parts white. Head: Forehead (to the depth of an inch), lores and sides of face from just below the eye white. Crown and remainder of head black. Neck: Black above and abruptly white on sides and beneath. Back: Mantle, rump and upper tail coverts black, with a brown tinge. Wing: Black with a brown tinge; the primaries black, the three or four outer ones with the tips and terminal margins white; the secondaries with a narrow white end to each feather; xo other wing feathers with white markings. Tail: Dark blackish brown on its upper surface, wth very narrow white edging, paler brown on its under surfaces. Lower parts white, except the wxder wing coverts, which are greyish brown. Bill: Reddish orange, yellow at the base, anterior portion black. Tarsi: Dull orange, shaded with black. Feet: Toes and webs dull orange, shaded with black. Iris: Dark hazel brown. I have been unable to examine the winter phase of the adult plumage, and have seen no immature, young“or nestlings. All of these phases of plumage, however, are probably similar to those of . zzgva, with which this species has frequently been confused even down to within a few years. 196 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Geographical Range. —Coast, rivers and larger inland bodies of water of South America. Lake Titicaca. Straits of Magellan. Coasts of Pat- agonia and Chili. The coast of Peru. Probably resident and breeding almost throughout its range. Fic. 119. Rhynchops melanura. Left foot. From a specimen in American Museum. Natural size. Though this species was not collected by the Princeton Expeditions, I find mention made of a flock of ‘‘skimmers’’ in the notes of one of the naturalists of the expedition, which refers undoubtedly to this bird. Darwin’s account is of special interest. I quote (Voyage of the “Beagle,” Zoology, Birds, Gould, p. 143, 1841): ‘I saw this bird both on the East and West coast of South America, between latitudes 30° and 45°. It frequents either fresh or salt water. Near Maldonado (in May), on the borders of a lake, which had been nearly drained, and which in consequence swarmed with small fry, I watched many of these birds flying backwards and forwards for hours together, close to its surface. They kept their bills wide open, and with the lower mandible half buried in the water. Thus skimming the surface, generally in small flocks, they ploughed it in their course; the water was quite smooth, and it formed a most curious spectacle to behold a flock, each bird leaving its narrow wake on the mirror-like surface. In their flight they often twisted about with extreme rapidity, and so dexterously managed, that they ploughed up small fish with their projecting lower mandibles and se- cured them with the upper half of their scissor-like bills. This fact I repeatedly witnessed, as, like Swallows, they continued to fly backwards and forwards close before me. Occasionally, when leaving the surface of the water, their flight was wild, irregular and rapid; they then also utterd loud, harsh cries. When these birds were seen fishing, it was obvious AVES — LARID&. 197 that the length of the primary feathers was quite necessary in order to keep their wings dry. When thus employed, their forms resembled the symbol, by which many artists represent marine birds. The tail is much used in steering their irregular course. “These birds are common far inland, along the course of the Rio Parana; and it is said they remain there during the whole year and that they breed in the marshes. During the day they rest in flocks on the grassy plains, at some distance from the water. Being at anchor in a small vessel, in one of the deep creeks between the islands in the Parana, as the evening drew to a close, one of these scissor-beaks suddenly appeared. The water was quite, still and many little fish were rising. The bird continued for along time to skim the surface; flying in its wild and irregular manner up and down the narrow canal, now dark with the growing night and the shadows of the overhanging trees. At Monte Video, I observed that large flocks remained during the day on the mud banks, at the head of the harbour; in the same manner as those which I observed on the grassy plains near the Parana. Every evening they took flight in a straight line seaward. From these facts I suspect that the Rhyncops frequently fishes by night, at which time many of the lower animals come more abundantly to the surface than during the day. I was led by these facts to speculate on the possibility of the bill of the Rhyncops, which is so pliable, being a delicate organ of touch. But Mr. Owen, who was kind enough to examine the head of one, which I brought home in spirits, writes to me (August 7, 1837,) that— “ Chile); CassyU) Ss Acie Exp. Ilsp, 204 (1855): coast of Chile); Burm. Ica Plata Reis. Wie 519, note (1861); Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 48 (1868: Com- mon on the coast of Chile); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 578 (Falk- land Is.: Patagonia: Chile); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 799 (Straits of Magellan); id. 1878, p. 203; id. Voy. Chall. Birds, p. 138 (1880: Messier Channel, Magellan Territory); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 16 (Gregory Bay); Burm. Ann. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 248 (1888: Falkland Islands); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XII. p. 139 (1889: Port Otway); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 181 (1891: Tierra del Fuego: Sloggett Bay: Straits of Magellan: Santa Cruz: Falkland Islands) ; James, New List Chil. B. p. 12 (1892) ; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 203 (1896: Egg Harbour, S. E. Patagonia); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 656 (1898: Tumbes, June: Talcahuano: Lago Llanquihue) ; Sharpe, Hand-List, AVES — LARID. 21! Bds. I. p. 140 (1899); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 630 (1900: Punta Arenas, May: Rio Pescado, May); Martens Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 17 (1900: South Patagonia); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 208 (1901). Xema (Chrotwcocephalus\ cirrocephalum, Gould, Voy. ‘ Beagle,” Birds, PpeLe2 (ie41: Straits’ of Magellan); Fraser, P. Z. 3S. 1843, p. 119 (Chile). Xema cirrhocephala, Gray (nec. Vieill.), List B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 173 (1844: Falkland Islands and Straits of Magellan). Larus ctrrhocephalus, Des Murs. (nec. Vieill.), in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 482 (1847); Pelz. Reis. Novara, V6g. p. 151 (1865: Chile, breeding); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 16 (Talcahuano, Sep- tember). Larus albipennis, Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped. p. 288 (1848: Chile); Cass. Ee p, 370) (1658: :coast of Chile). Larus glaucodes. Adult male. Natural size. From material in British Museum. Chroicocephalus glaucotes, Bruch. J.f.O. 1853, p. 105 (Chile) id. ; 1855, p. 291; Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 98 (1854). 212 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Gavia roseiventris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 97 (Falkland Islands, breeding). Larus rosetventris, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 391 (Falkland Islands); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 166 (loc cits). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. S7ze-—Adult male (breeding). Total length, about 14 inches. Wing, 11 inches. Tail, 4.8 inches. Culmen; 1.7 inches: Tarsus, 1.75 inches. Color.— Adult (breeding). General color. Above pale cold grey; with a deep brown hood, below, except the region covered by the hood, white. Head: With a deep brown hood, darkest on the nape and throat; a white circle about the eye, broken in front. Neck: White, except the portion over which the hood extends. Back: Mantle pale cold grey; this color shading into white or almost white on the rump and upper tail coverts. Wing: Upper coverts pale cold grey. The primaries wethout subter- minal bars. (This characteristic and the smaller size readily distinguish L. glaucodes from L. maculipennts in the breeding plumage.) First pri- mary, with a pure white tip extending down for about two and a half inches. Below this both webs are black veaching fo the white shaft. Second and third primaries, with white tips, white outer webs extending well down on the feathers, and with the inner webs chiefly greyish black, but separated from the shafts by a conspicuous white region. The second- aries are like the mantle but paler at their tips. Tail: White. Lower parts: White, except the throat and chin which are covered by the hood. The breast and abdomen with a deep rose blush tint which generally disappears in dried skins. Bill: Crimson. Tarsi: Dull red. Feet: Toes dull red, the webs .a little lighter. Iris: Dark hazel brown. Adults in winter, Jack the hood for a brief period, and the rosy tinge is faint if not absent. Otherwise similar to adults breeding in plumage. AVES — LARIDA. 213 Nestlings are ‘cinnamon buff, mottled with brownish black on the upper surface; bill, tarsi and toes yellowish brown.” (Saunders.) Fledglings are ‘chiefly pale umber-brown above, and paler below; the grey of the mantle and wings showing through the brown half-down.” (Saun- ders.) Young, first flight, have the head and mantle chiefly cinnamon-buff and the tail white with a terminal band (half an inch wide) of dusky brown. The shafts, of most of the primaries are white. Larus glaucodes. Female. Immature. MneM three outer ones in pattern as P. U. O. C. 7909. About ¥% natural size. shown in the figure (No. 128, p. 214). The rest have an increasing amount of the dark ground color on their webs, the inner ones being wholly grey. The secondaries are grey with dusky brownish centers. The under wing coverts are pale, pearly grey. Immature birds of the year. (9, No. 7909 P. U. O. C. near Coy Inlet, Patagonia, November 6, 1896). With white head, dusky on the occiput and about the auriculars, assuming the grey immaculate mantle. The primaries as in Fig. 126. The secondaries pale grey with large areas of dusky brown near their ends. Upper wing coverts chiefly grey, with dusky brown on each side of their shafts, and a strong shading of buffy at their ends and margins. Tail white, with an irreg- ular amount of deep, dusky brown near the, end of each feather; together these brown regions form a subterminal band. Below white, ”o blush of pink. A few dusky feathers indicate the coming hood on the throat. Bill reddish yellow. Feet and legs yel- lowish brown. Another bird of the year (2, 7910 P. Pe U. O. C., Cape Fairweather, Patagonia, 7 February, Immature P. U. 0. Cc, 1898) appears much like an adult in winter plumage. zo10. About % nat- The back of the head shows a strong shading of buffy ural size. brown, which also appears on the auriculars. There is a dusky area just in front of each eye. The wing formula, as shown in Fig. 128, and the large amount of brown and buffy markings on the mantle clearly indicate the age of the bird. The secondaries are, however, chiefly grey, as are the upper wing coverts, and the under wing coverts FIG: 126: 214 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. pale, pearly grey. The two middle tail feathers are immaculate white, as are the two outer ones on each side. The rest have subterminal areas of dusky brown. The feet and legs are pale brownish flesh color. The bill dull flesh color, darkening at the tip. The lower parts are pure white. 3 : This bird is in fresh unworn feather arus glaucodes. Female. Immature P. : U. O. C. 7910. About ¥ natural size. of singularly fine texture. I am obliged to Mr. Howard Saunders, of London, for confirming my identification of these two specimens of Lavras glaucodes. Fic. 128. Geographical Range. — Straits of Magellan, Southern Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, the Falkland Islands, and north on the Atlantic Coast to about g South Latitude. On the Pacific Coast north to about Coquimbo. In view of the several diagnoses given it should not be difficult to identify this Gull in its many phases. However, Mr. Saunders writes: “Tt must be admitted that there is often considerable difficulty in dis- tinguishing between the young of this species and of L. maculipenuts. The easiest test is the larger proportion of white in the former, especially on the third quill, in which the black of the innner web is quite detached from the shaft; whereas in young ZL. maculipennis the black reaches the shaft till the bird is a year older. As already stated, the latter species is a trifle the larger.’’ From Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 206 (1896). The naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia, procured the two specimens described in detail above, and presumably saw many of these Gulls. For other phases of plumage the material in the British Museum of Natural History has been used as a basis for the above descriptions. The two representatives of Z. g/aucodes, secured by the Princeton Uni- versity Expeditions to Patagonia, are here cited: PU OG: | Sex: | Locality. | Date. Collector. Num. 7909 jee | Near Coy Inlet, Patag. | 6 November, 1896. J. B. Hatcher. 7910 | ie) | Cape Fairweather, Patag.| 7 February, 1898. | A. E. Colburn. AVES — LARID-. 215 “This species so closely resembles the Xema ridibundum Boie, that Mr. Gould observes, he should have hardly ventured to have character- ized it as distinct; but as M. Vieillot and Meyen have deemed this neces- sary, he adopts their view. I have compared a suite of specimens, which I procured from the Rio Plata, the coast of Patagonia, and the Straits of Magellan, with several specimens of the Xema ridibundum,; the only dif- ference which appears to me constant, is that the primaries of the X. cirvocephalum, in the adult winter plumage, both of male and female, are tipped with a white spot (a character common to some other species), whereas in the X. ~a@zbundum the points are black. The beak of the latter species, especially the lower mandible, is also a little less strong, or high in proportion to its length. In the immature stage, I could per- ceive no difference whatever in the plumage of these birds. The propor- tional quantity of black and white in the primaries, given by Meyen as the essential character, varies in the different states of plumage. The specimens described by this author were procured from Chile. The soles of the feet of my specimens were coloured, deep ‘reddish orange,’ and the bill dull ‘arterial blood-red’ of Werner’s nomenclature. “In the plains south of Buenos Ayres I saw some of these birds far inland, and I was told that they bred in the marshes. It is well known that the black-headed gull (Xema ridibundum), which we have seen comes so near the Y. cevrocephalum, frequents the inland marshes to breed. It appears to me a very interesting circumstance thus to find birds of two closely allied species preserving the same peculiarities of habits in Europe and in the wide plains of S. America. Near Buenos Ayres this gull as well as the Z. domznicanus sometimes attends the slaughter-houses to pick up bits of meat.” (Voy. “Beagle,” Darwin, Birds, pp. 142-143.) LARUS DOMINICANUS Lichtenstein. Gabiota major, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 338 (1802). Larus dominicanus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 82 (1823: ex Azara); Darwin, Voy. ‘‘Beagle”’ Birds, p. 142 (1841: Buenos Ayres and Bahia Blanca); nase, Ps oZao. ods) ops tio (Chile); Tart. Ind, Azara,p: 26 (1847); Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 480 (1847); Gould, PZ. S41850p: 97 (Falkland lslands);> Sel: P..Z. S: 1860, p: 390 (Falklands); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 165 (Falkland Islands, breeds in 216 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Dec.); Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p:.4'7 (1868: Coast of Chile; common); Scl. & Salv. Ibis; 1868, p. 189 (Sandy Point); 1869, p. 284 (Halt Bay, April); Newton, Ibis, 1870, p. 503 (Elizabeth Island, Nov. eggs); Cunningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell’, p. 2224(167m)-vSer & Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 576 (Falkland Islands); iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 165 (Monte Video, Sept.); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 799 (Straits of Magellan); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 45 (Ninfas Point, Chupat Valley), p. 201 (Buenos Ayres); id. Ibis, 1878, p. 68 (Buenos Ayres), p. 405 (Lake Colgaupe: Tambo Point, ‘Dec, breeding); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1676, p. 160; Gibson Ibis, 1880, p. 163 (Cape San Antonio, Buenos Ayres); Saunders, Voy. Chall. I]. Birds, p. 139 (1880: Nassau Harbour, Straits of Ma- gellan, Jan.); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 17 (Tom Bay, April, March: Cockle Cove, Feb.: Valparaiso, Aug.: Peckett Harbour: Puerto Bueno, Feb.: Port Henry, Jan.); Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. p. 57 (1882: Laguna Epecuen, Carhué, Puan y Salinas Chicas); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 527 (Coquimbo); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 316 (1884: Lagunas at Puan and Carhué, March and April); With- ington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 (Lomas de Zamora, fairly plentiful); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 197 (1889); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 173 (1891: Tierra del Fuego: Orange Bay: New Year Sound : Rio Santa Cruz); James, New List Chil. B. p. 12 (1892); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 213 (Estancia Espartilla, Jan. to Aug., com- mon); Lataste, Actes Soc. Sci. Chile; Ill. p. 122 (1803 3 Straitsson Magellan); Scl. Ibis, 1894, pp. 495, 497; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 245 (1896: East Patagonia); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 657 (1898: Cavanche, July & Sept.: Coquimbo, Oct.: Feuerland, Jan.: Beagle Canal); Sharpe, Hand-List, Bds. I. p. 141 (1899); Carbajal, La Patagonia, part II. p. 280 (1900); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 629 (1900: Penguin Rookery Feb.: Port Cook, March: Punta Arenos, June: Santa Cruz, Jan., July); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 17 (1900: Falkland Islands); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs. Brit. Mus. I, p. 212 (1901); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p- 46 (Straits of Magellan and Smythe’s Channel). Larus fuscus, King (nec Linn.) Zool. Journ. IV. p. 103 (1828); id. Voy. Advent. & Beagle, I. p. 541 (1839: Straits of Magellan). Dominicanus verreauxt, Bruch. J. f. O. 1855, p. 281 (Chile). AVES — LARID. 217 Clupeilarus verreauxt, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 770 (1856: Chile). Larus vociferus, Burm. La Plata Reis. II. p. 518 (1861: Buenos Ayres: Montevideo); C. Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 248 (1888: Coast of Patagonia and Falkland Islands). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Adult male (breeding). Total length, about 23 inches. Wing, 16.5 inches. daily 7-1 inches. Tarsus, 2.4 inches. Culmen, 2.25 inches. The female is appreciably smaller than the male. Color.— Adult male (breeding). General Larus dominicanus. Adult. Pro- color, white with a black or slaty black man- file of head. Bill from above. tle and wings. From specimens procured by the Head: Entirely white. ieee arse About! /s Neck: White. Back: Mantle and lower back slaty black. Rump and upper tail coverts white. Wing: In general color like the mantle. Upper wing coverts slaty black. The scapulars and all of the secondaries slaty black with broad white tips, which together form a conspicuous alar bar. The primaries are black, broadly tipped with white, and vary in decoration and amount of white with the age of the individual as follows: Very mature birds have the first Aremary white for about two inches apically, with only a hair line of black next to the shaft. The second pvzmary shows a white mirror, subapically, which is most extensive on the inner web. Ordinary adults have the white apical region of the first primary modified to a sub- apical mirror; the second primary being decorated as in older birds. Still younger adult birds have only the first primary decorated with a white mirror, the second primary being black with a broad white tip \ike the third. In all of these phases, the third primary is black with a broad white tip. The fourth primary begins to show a greyish or white “wedge” on the inner web. This increases in extent until on the seventh primary it 218 PATONIAGAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. has joined the white tip, and the other inner primaries are white termi- nally and only slate color basally. Tail: Pure white. Under parts: Including under wing coverts pure white. Bill: Lemon yellow, turning to orange and red at the angle of the gonys. Iris: Greyish white. Tarsi: Olive grey. Toes: Olive grey, with the webs inclined to yellow. “Male ad’: Tom Bay, April 5, 1879. ‘Iris! clear’ grey; eyclidsmned: legs olive. ‘Male juv.: Cockle Cove, February 14, 1879. Eyes black; bill black; legs dark grey. “Male juv.: Tom Bay, March 8, 1879. Iris dark brown; eyelids black ; bill black; legs grey. “Female in changing plumage: Valparaiso, August 13, 1879. Bill grey with black tip; eyes dark; legs light grey; claws black. ‘‘Remalead.: Peckett Harbour, Straits of Magellan, January 4, 1879. Bill yel- low, the end of lower mandible red; eye- lids red; eyes clear grey; legs greenish. “Male juv.: Puerto Bueno, February 21,1879. Iris dark brown, the lids black ; feet grey. ‘‘Puerto Bueno, February 20, 1879. Bill black; legs dark grey. “Male: Port Henry, January 28, 1879. Eyelids red; irides grey; bill yellow, tip of lower mandible red; legs and feet olive-green; claws black.” (Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 17.) The adult female is like the adult male in color. Immature birds have the mantle and wings browner. The white on the first five primaries is much reduced if present at all. There is a more or less well defined dark brown subterminal band on the tail. Sometimes this is only indicated by a mottling of the darker color. The head and neck are streaked with greyish brown in a varying degree. The bill is duller and paler in color. ; Young birds of the year (No. 7908, P. U. O. C. (no sex given), Rio Gallegos, Patagonia, 31 May, 1896) are mottled dark brown and grey above and streaked with dark brown on a greyish ground below. Both Fic. 130. Larus dominicanus. Wing pattern of ordinary adults. AVES — LARID/A. 219 the upper and lower tail coverts are barred with dull brown. The rec- trices are dull brown with greyish brown tips. The bill is dark horn- color, lighter at the tip. The legs and feet are brown and the webs pinkish brown. These birds probably do not attain the first adult plumage until the fifth year, and the dark mantle first becomes indicated by some decided black spots or areas on the back. Gradually this color extends till the wings show it. Meantime the upper tail coverts become white and the bill paler yellow. In the next change the primaries have white tips. Later the subterminal mirrors begin to show, and with the first complete adult appearance, subapical mirrors are developed, as already described. Finally the old birds, beyond the seventh year probably, show the apical white end to the first primary. Downy nestlings are dull stone-color with a faint buffish shading, and scattered brownish black spots about the head and duller mottling of a like character on the back. The under parts are greyish white and the feet and toes dull lead color. Geographical Range.—South America from latitude 10° south to the Antarctic regions. The Falkland Islands, the South Georgia Islands, South Africa, both coasts, the Crozets and Kerguelen Islands, New Zea- land and lands to the south. The Black-backed Gull of the South Atlantic and regions cited is of common occurrence on the coast and in some parts of the interior of Patagonia. In appearance it closely resembles the Great Black-backed Gull, Z. marinus, of the North Atlantic, but is very appreciably smaller. Difference in size should serve to distinguish the two in all phases of plumage, and the decorations of white on the two first primaries of adults of ZL. marinus are always much larger relatively than the same markings are in L. dominicanus. The several specimens of ZL. domznecanus obtained by the Princeton Expeditions to Patagonia, and the material in the British Museum of Natural History have formed a basis for the description given. A specimen of this species was collected by J. Koslowsky at Valle del Lago Blanco del Chubut, on September 18, 1899. It is a fully adult bird in breeding plumage. 220 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Mr. Saunders, referring to the variation in size of L. dominicanus, writes: ‘The fema/e is smaller and has a less robust bill; there is, how- ever, much individual variation irrespective of sex. For example, there is as much difference between birds obtained on the Island of Kerguelen alone as there is between examples from all the rest of the area frequented by the species.” (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 248, 1896.) In “Voyage of the Beagle, Zoology,” Part III. Birds, page 142 (1841), Darwin writes of Lavus dominicanus: “This Gull abounds in flocks on the Pampas, sometimes even as much as fifty and sixty miles inland. Near Buenos Ayres, and at Bahia Blanca, it attends the slaughtering- houses, and feeds, together with the Polybori and Cathartes, on the gar- bage and offal. The noise which it utters is very like that of the common English Gull (Lavras canis, Linn.).” Tom Bay, Straits of Magellan: ‘‘One fine day in April we noticed a great concourse of gulls and shags, attracted by a shoal of fish, in the pursuit of which they ventured unusually close to the ship. This gave us an opportunity of observing that the common brown gull of the chan- nels, the female of Z. Domznicanus, behaves towards the male bird in many respects like the skua. No sooner would one of the ‘black- backed’ (male) birds capture a fish, and rise from the surface, than he would be attacked by one of the brown birds, and chased vigorously about the harbour; the predatory bird not desisting from the pursuit until the coveted prize had been dropped by its rightful owner. This I noticed on more occasions than one. As a rule, however, the female was content to fish for herself. Several Dominican gulls in immature plumage were seen amongst the crowd, and were easily distinguished from the adults by the mottled brown plumage, and by the colour of the mandibles being green instead of orange, as in the males, and black as in the females. Now and then the whole flock of gulls and shags would rise on the wing, as they lost the run of the shoal of fish. They would then be directed to the new position of the shoal by the success of some straggling bird, when a general rush would be made to the new hunting ground. It was most amusing to witness the widely different fishing powers of the shags and gulls, and the consequently unequal competition in the struggle for food. The shag in flight, on observing a fish beneath him, at once checks him- self by presenting the concave side of his wings to the direction in which he has been moving, and then, flapping legs foremost into the water, turns AVES'—'LARID. 221 and dives; whereas the gull has first to settle himself carefully as he alights on the water, and has then to trust to the chance of some unso- phisticated fish coming within reach of his bill. It was impossible to avoid noticing the mortified appearance of the poor gulls as they looked eagerly about, but yet caught only an odd fish, whilst their comrades, the shags, were enjoying abundant sport. “It is odd that the silly gull manages at all to survive in the struggle , for existence. Here is another instance of his incapacity. A piece of meat, weighing a few ounces, drifted astern of the ship one day, and for its possession a struggle took place between a Dominican gull and a brown hawk. The gull had picked up the meat, and was flying away with it in his bill, when he was pursued by the hawk—a much smaller bird — who made him drop it. Again the gull picked it up, and for a second time was compelled by the hawk to relinquish it. The latter now swooped down upon the tempting morsel, as it floated on the water, and seizing it with his claws, flew off rapidly into an adjoining thicket, to the edge of which he was followed by the disappointed gull.” (Cop. Cruise, “Alert,” 1883, pp. 60-61.) The Common Brown Gull of the Channels referred to by Coppinger was, probably, one of the two species of AZegalestris that frequent this region. “Nests are built of grass and sea-weed, near the sea, and are generally wet within. Eggs are three in number, and in shape a pointed ovoid, approaching to pyramidal. The shell is rather stout, brittle, and com- posed of two distinct layers of about equal thickness. The external layer is coarsely granular in texture, roughly mammillated superficially, and of a dark olive-drab color, blotched by irregular spots of different tints, - Vandyke-brown, sepia, slate color and brownish-yellow. The slaty markings are within the shell, the others on the surface. As in the case of Buphagus, those of the same nest are generally similar in marking, while those of different nests show considerable variety of hue. The internal layer of the shell is closer in texture, of a pale apple-green color, and shows under the lens innumerable small whitish trapezoidal columns set transversely to the surface, in a matrix of a pale-green homogeneous basis substance. The blotches are more closely aggregated at the large end of the egg than elsewhere, and vary in shade according to their situ- ation, superficial or deep. Some specimens of these eggs are not distin- 222 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. guishable with certainty from those of northern Gulls — Larus argentatus, for example.’ (Natural History of Kerguelen Island, J. H. Kidder, M. D., Bull. No. 3, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 10, 1876.) ; H. N. Moseley, in “Notes by a Naturalist on the Challenger,” page 212 (1879) writes: ‘“Kerguelen’s Land, January, 1874. The Gull (Larus Dominicanus) nests also on the open ground amongst grass tufts, and the birds breed in considerable flocks together, choosing often some dry place on the lower slopes of a hill-side. I saw two such places where there were a few nests with young and remains of many more. No regu- lar nest is made. The young are brown coloured. The old birds make ~ a great deal of noise when the young are carried off, but make no attempt to protect them. The brown color of the young is closely like that of the dead grass in which they lie, and under which they hide on approach of danger. The colour is protective to them; they are, certainly, very diffi- cult to see amongst the grass.”’ “There were many in Montevideo Bay on the 2nd October and on sub- sequent occasions, both adult and young. The legs of the adult in life have a very yellow cast on the olive. On the 1st May, about sundown, I saw fourteen passing over Sta. Ana, low down, going south, and shortly after at least a hundred Gulls of the same size higher up. Cold S. W. winds about that time.” (O. V. Alpin, on Birds Uruguay, Ibis, pp. 210- 211, 1894.) “Tris pale yellow; bill yellow, with red spot; eyelid red; tarsi and feet slate-grey, in the male washed with yellow. “This Gull was abundant in the Straits of Magellan and Smythe’s Channel. The males appeared to have larger bills than the females.” (M. J. Nicoll, Orn. Jour. Voy. round World, Ibis, Jan. 1904, pp. 46-47.) Genus LEUCOPHAZUS Bruch. TYPE. Leucopheus, Bruch., J. f. O. 1853, p. 108; Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 299 (1896); Sharpe, Hand- List Bds. I. p. 143 (1899) . a ee L. scoresbyt. Procellarus, Bp. Naum. 1854, Pp--2T1 2... 2) 44.500, 5 .2gscovesoy7 Epitelarus, Bp. Naum. 1854, p.211. . . . . . . . £. scovesbyt. AVES — LARID. = 223 Geographical Range. — Southern South America, south to the Antarctic Land beyond Cape Horn. The Falkland Islands. The New South -Shetland Islands. LEUCOPHAUS SCORESBYI (Traill). ears scores, Wraill, Mem. Wern. Soc. TV. p. 514 (1823); Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 391 (Falkland Islands); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 165 (Falk- land Islands, breeding in Dec.); Schl. Mus. Pays Bas. VI. Lari p. 33 (1863); Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vég. p. 151 (1865: Island of Chiloe) ; SalimderswuieZ. 5s 1376, p. lod, id) jour. Linn. Soc, XIV. p..397 (1878); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 248 (1888: S. Patagonia and Falkland Islands); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 179, pl. 3 (1891: Santa Cruz: Gabble Island: Packsaddle Island: Orange Bay); James, New List Chil. B. p. 12 (1892); Scl. Ibis, 1894, pp. 495, 497. Larus hematorhynchus, King. Zool. Journ. IV. p. 103 (1828); id. Voy. ' Advent. & Beagle, I. p. 541 (1839: Straits of Magellan); Darw. Voy. “Beagle,” Birds, p. 142 (1841: Port St. Julian, Patagonia) ; Gray, List Bds. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 170 (1844: Berkeley Sound, E. Falkland Is.); Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 381 (1847) ; Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 48 (1868: Chiloe). Leucopheus hematorhynchus, Bruch. J. f. O. 1853, p. 108, 1855, p. 287. Chrotcocephalus hematorhynchus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 98 (1854: Chile). Leucopheus scoresbit, Bp. Consp. Av. II. p. 231 (1857); Scl. & Salv. P. 225, je7ip. 579); 11d. Nomencl. Av; Neotr: p. 148 (1673); Saun- ders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 299 (1896: East Coast of Pata- gonia, 45 S., Aug.); Martens. Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. p. 17 (1900). Leucophaus scoresbyt, Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 143 (1899); Carbajal, La Patagonia, II. p. 280 (1900); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 629 (1900: Rio Pescado, May); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. p. 222 (1901). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Sitze.— Adult male (breeding). Total length, about 18 inches. Wing, 13.2 inches. 224 ° ' PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Tail, 6.0 inches. Bill (culmen), 1.7 inches. Bill (depth at angle), 0.6 inches. Tarsus, 2.0 inches. Female slightly smaller. Color.— Adult male (breeding). General color lavender grey with black mantle and wings. Head: Lavender grey. Neck: Lavender grey. Back: Mantle black; rump and upper-tail coverts pale grey. Wing: Black, with white decorations. Primaries black. The first primary wholly black, the second with a very small white tip. This ter- minal white increases on each primary and on the fifth a white mirror appears on the inner web. The rest of the primary quills have broad BiG! 131. Fa, Leucopheus scoresbyt. Profile of head. Young of the year. Specimen n Princeton Museum. About % natural size. Leucopheus scoresbyt. Profile of head. Adult male. From specimen in Princeton Museum. About ¥% natural size. white tips, increasing in area inward. The secondaries are black and very broadly terminated with white. The scapulars are also black and terminate broadly with white. Upper wing coverts: Black. The under wing is wholly smoky in color. Lower parts: Entirely lavender grey, rather paler than on the top of the head and back of the neck. Tail: Pure white. Bill: Bright red, of a cherry shade. Iris7Rale AVES — LARID®. 225 yellow, orbital ring white (Saunders). Tarsi: Vermilion. Feet: Toes vermilion, ##e hallux joined to the zxner toe by a distinct web. Young of the year have the head dusky grey, the neck entirely brownish. The mantle is dark brown. The first five primaries are black, wethout white tips, the remainder much as in older birds. The secondaries are almost as broadly tipped with white as in adults. Upper tail coverts white with a faint grey tinge. Tail white with a broad subterminal black band. The lower parts are white, faintly tinged with grey up to the breast, which is brownish like the neck. The bill is deep yel- low at the base, shading into dusky and becoming almost black anteriorly. The legs and feet are pale brown. Older birds of the year are distinguished by a sooty head, in contrast to the neck which is grey. The man- = Leucopheus scores- tle is much darker centrally and the band on the tail %* Older ag narrow and absent on the two outer rectrices which rae as are nearly white. The under surface is pale grey. Immature birds have a well defined sooty hood and are otherwise much like adults, though there is less white on the primaries. Downy nestlings, cold slate grey closely and finely spotted above with dark umber and mottled below with the same color on a similar ground shade. Geographical Range.—As given for the genus, this being the sole representative recognized. This Gull was not obtained by the Princeton Expeditions to Pata- gonia and the descriptions here given are based on the material in the British Museum of Natural History and also on specimens obtained from the Museo de La Plata. The bird is said to be quite localized in distri- bution even in the regions where it occurs. In habit it is somewhat parasitic and decidedly predatory, feeding on the eggs and young of other Gulls and birds which breed in communities; and during the non-breed- ing season of the year shell fish of various kinds are largely consumed by these birds which do not subsist to a great degree on fish. 226 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Family Srercorarip#. Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV. p. 314 (1896). Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 143 (1899). Genus MEGALESTRIS Bonaparte. TYPE. Catharacta Brinn. Orn. Bor. p. 32 (1764) . . . . M. catarrhactes. Lestres, Wliger, Prodr. p. 272 (1811: part). Cataractes, Fleming, Phil. Zool. p. 263 (1822) . . M1. catarrhactes. Stercorarius, Vieill, N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XXIII. p. 6A (1819) et auct. (part.). Catarracia, Bp. Naum. 1854, p..210 . . M. antarctica. Megalestvis, Bp. Cat. Parzudaki, p. 11 (1856) ; cae ders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XV. p: i314 (18096); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 143 (1899) . . . MM. catarrhactes. Buphagus, Coues, Pro. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ee p. 125, x. Mochrime:- (sgi52))a=' sy ee ere . M. catarrhactes. Geographical Range.— North and South Atlantic Ocean, the Southern Indian Ocean, the Antarctic regions, the seas about New Zealand. MEGALESTRIS CHILENSIS (Bonaparte). Stercorarius antarcticus, Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 481 (1847); Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 47 (1868). Catarracta catarractes, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 99 (1854: Chile). Lestris antarctica, Scl. & Salv. (nec Less), Ibis, 1869, p. 284 (Sta. Mag- dalena, Straits of Magellan). Stercorarius chilensts, Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 323, pl. XXIV. 1877 p. 800 (Straits of Magellan); id. Voy Chall. II. p. 140 (1880: Eliza- beth Isl.); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 17 (Talcahuano, Sept.: Straits of Magellan); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 172, 332 (1891: Santa Cruz, Patagonia, Nov.). Megalestris chilensts, Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XX. p. 318 (1896) ; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 655 (1898; Coquimbo, Oct. : Sao azis [vinjeu &4 INoqy i g SISUA]1YI SI14ISIPDSILY = ——— as -_ - =i eer = . a # Sa LD 4 i een SS= ZY) ey = ~ Se LEO ge Le pee a DA 2 zs aa As oS SSS AE Za? am - ) o = a ee es igs aa a © pat fr =e Yi ee UT EH a EE ZA “PEI “oly AVES — STERCORARIID. 227 Huivantazgo, Feuerland, Jan.: Sene Almirantazgo, Jan.); Sharpe, Hand List Bds. I. p. 143 (1899); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 629 (1900: Santa Cruz, Patagonia) ; Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 17 (1900); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs. Brit. Mus. I, p. 225 (1901). Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 47 (Port Dixon and Gray’s Harbor). Lestvis antarcticus, var. b. chilenszs, Bp. Consp. Av. II. p. 207 (1857). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Sitze.— Total length, about 21 inches. Wing, 15.5 inches. Tail, 6.5 inches. Culmen, 2.3 inches. Tarsus, 2.75 inches. Color. — Adult (unworn plumage). General color, upper parts brown with chestnut markings on mantle and whitish striping on the neck. Lower parts reddish chestnut brown. Head: Generally brown, deepening to dark brown on forehead, crown and occiput. Neck: Above, brown striped with narrow white or greyish streaks, and with chestnut mottling. Under neck including chin and throat warm chestnut, rusty or deep cinnamon. Back: Mantle brown, the feathers streaked medianly with rusty red chestnut; the rump and upper tail coverts chiefly chestnut. Wings: Chiefly brown, dark in shade and with suggestions of chestnut on the upper wing coverts. The quills are dark brown; four of the outer ones with white bases which show most conspicuously from below. Under wing coverts chiefly chestnut. Tail: Dark brown. : Lower parts, chin, throat, breast and abdomen reddish chestnut or deep rusty cinnamon. The under tail coverts chestnut with dark brown mottling. Flanks and sides shaded with dark brown. Bill: Dark reddish umber. Tarsi: Black, frequently mottled with yellowish. Toes: Black; webs dusky brown. Iris: Dark hazel brown. “Male: Straits of Magellan, December, 1879. Bill, legs and feet black; eyes brown. 228 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. “Female: Talcahuano, September, 1879. Eyes dark brown; legs and feet black.’* (Sharpe, ‘P. ‘Z./S.-1880, 4p; a7.) There appears to be no difference in the color of the sexes; the plum- age is frequently dull, however, from wear. . Lmmature birds are less ruddy above and the areas of chestnut are not so conspicuous, but ¢/zs color is always a strong characteristic. Young birds of the year are similar to the immature, but the chestnut decorations on the mantle are confined to the edges of the feathers, there being no central chestnut streaking. ‘Bill slate-colour; iris black; tarsi and toes slate, with a few lavender streaks.” (S. F. Rowland.) Geographical Range. — Coast of South America, Atlantic coast from Rio de Janeiro southward to the Straits of Magellan and throughout the Straits. Pacific coast from the Straits of Magellan north to Callao, Peru. This Skua was not obtained by the Princeton Expeditions to Pata- gonia. The data for descriptions is based on the material in the British Museum of Natural History and in the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. The habits of the Chilian Skua do not appear to differ radically from their congeners of the North Atlantic. Oates cites a single egg taken at Sen Sive Island, Santa Cruz River, Patagonia, on December 3. He speaks of it ‘‘as inseparable from many of the eggs of the Great Skua.”’ M. catarrhastes (Linn.). (Op. cit. ante.) “This fine Skua was not uncommon in the Straits of Magellan and Smythe’s Channel. Several times four or five birds followed us into our anchorage. They were very wary, and I found that the best way to pro- cure them was to tie a dead Cormorant to a long string and let it drift away from the ship. A Skua would soon discover it and come down to tear it to pieces; when thus engaged it might be approached without diffi- culty.” (M. J. Nicoll, Orn. Jour. Voy. round World, Ibis, Jan. 1904, p. 47.) MEGALESTRIS ANTARCTICA (Lesson). Port Egmont Hen, Hawksw. Voy. II. p. 283 (1769: Falkland Islands). Lestris catarrhactes, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uranie, Zool. p. 137, pl. 38 (1824: Falklands). azis Jeinqeu &% mmoqy j VIMIIAVIUD SIAJSIIV SIT SSS SS “SEx -o1g Ve iad fe | 5 . AVES — STERCORARIIDA. 229 Lestris antarticus, Less. Traite d’Orn. p. 616 (1831: Des iles Malouines) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 390 (Falkland Islands); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 165 (Falkland Islands, breeds in Dec.); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p- 579; tid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873: Falkland Islands) ; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 248 (1888: Straits of Magellan and Falkland Islands). Megalestris antarctica, Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 98 (Falkland Islands, eggs); Saunders, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXV, p. 319 (1896: Falkland Islands) ; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 144 (1899) ; Carbajal, La Pata- gonia, part II. p. 280 (1900); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 17 (1900: Falkland Islands); Oates, Cat. Bds. Eggs, Brit. Mus. I. 226 (1901). Stercorarius antarticus, Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 47 (1868) ; Saun- ders, P. Z.S. 1876, p. 321, 1877, p. 799 (Falkland Islands) ; id. Voy. Chall. II. Birds, p. 139 (1880); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 169, 332 (1891: Orange Bay: Elizabeth Island: Edwards Bay : Falkland Islands) ; Scl. Ibis. 1894, pp. 495, 497. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.1— Total length, 23 to 24 inches. Wing, 15.5 to 16.5 inches. Tail, 6.5 to 7.0 inches. Bill (culmen), 2.5 inches. Bill (greatest depth), 1.0 inches. Tarsus, 3.0 to 3.25 inches. Color. — Adult male. General color dark dull brown above, paler and more smoky brown below. Head: Crown deep dull brown, shading to somewhat lighter on the sides of head and face. Neck: Dull dark brown, a trifle lighter than the crown. The feathers of the back of the neck are acuminate and sometimes shaded with yellowish. ‘These measurements are taken as about the extremes of birds from the Southern Ocean. The wing sometimes reaches a length of 17 inches however. Representatives from the Falkland Islands average appreciably smaller, being only about 21 inches long, and with the culmen above 2.2 inches. The wing 15.0 and the tail about 6.4 inches. These variations in size have been noticed by Dr. Coues, Mr. Saunders and other authorities in works cited above, and appear to have no correlation with sex, though extreme age is doubtless a factor. 230 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Back: With the mantle dull deep brown with few, 2f any, chestnut or rufous markings, the feathers often with apparent greyish fringing and a similar appearance at the tips, de fo wear. Lower back and rump some- what lighter than mantle. Wing: Like the mantle, the quills shading into dirty whitish at their bases and together forming a bar of white very noticeable in flight. The under wing coverts are dark dull brown. Tail: Dark dull brown; short and even with little or no lengthening of the two middle tail feathers. Lower parts: The entire lower surface is wzform dull brown, a little paler in shade than the upper surface. Bill: Black. Noticeably stout. Tarsus: Black, sometimes mottled with yellow. Toes: Black, the webs a little paler. Iris: Dark hazel brown. Immature birds are similar to the adults, except that the crown does not contrast with the sides of the head and face, and the acuminate feathers on the neck have no yellowish shading. Young birds of the year are similar to immature birds, but have per- ceptible rufous shading on the lower surface and on the ends of the feathers of the mantle and upper wing coverts. Downy young, are light buff below, darkening in tone on the upper parts. Geographical Range.—Southern Oceans; Straits of Magellan and American Antarctica. The Falkland Islands, South Georgia, Tristan da Cunha, Prince Edward, Marion, Crozets, Kerguelen and Heard Islands. New Zealand and adjacent Islands, Australian Seas north to Norfolk Islands, St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands and north to Madagascar and the Comoro Group. The Antarctic Skua was not obtained by the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, and the description here given is based on material in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences and a fine series in the British Museum of Natural History. “The tameness of the birds, in general, was most remarkable. The brown skua gulls (Lestv7s antarcticus), of which there were numbers, flew AVES — STERCORARIIDA. 231 about us, uttering their harsh, scolding cries, and several times, when walking by myself, they swooped at me in such a menacing manner that I was obliged to make them keep their distance by striking at them with my stick. The common brown duck of the Strait swam in flocks close to the beach, and the kelp geese (Ch/wphaga antarctica) were almost equally bold. The upland geese (Chlephaga magellanica) were plentiful, and allowed the sportsmen to approach within a few yards of them without taking alarm, and a pair which I disturbed in one spot ran along in front of me without taking the trouble to fly off. I observed several specimens of a large owl, and two species of hawks, one a dark-coloured bird, which I had not seen in the strait, the other coloured much like a kestril, but about twice the size of that bird. One of the latter flew about so close to me that I threw my stick at it once or twice, and on one of these occasions it cooly lighted on the missile as it fell to the ground. I have already, I think, remarked on the much greater tameness of certain species of birds at the Falkland Islands, as compared with the same kinds in the Strait, a circumstance which, perhaps, may be partially accounted for by the greater scarcity of foxes in the former locality.” (Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. 1871. pp. 296-297.) (Falkland Islands.) The habits of this Skua are dwelt on by H. N. Mosely, and a few extracts are here appended. (Notes bya Naturalist on the ‘‘Challenger,”’ pages 123, 131, 174, 190, 254 (1879). Inaccessible Island, Tristan da Cunha, October, 1873. ‘I went along the beach, and through a second wood towards the waterfall, where was the hut of the Germans, and their potato ground. A flock of thirty or forty predatory gulls (Stercorarius Antarcticus), were quarrelling and fighting over the bodies of penguins, the skins of which had been taken in considerable numbers by our various parties on shore. The Skua is a gull which has acquired a sharp curved beak, and sharp claws at the tips of its webbed toes. The birds are thoroughly predaceous in their habits, quartering their ground on the look-out for carrion, and assembling in numbers where there is anything killed, in the same curious way as vultures. “They steal eggs and young birds from the penguins when they get a chance, but their principal food here appears to be the night birds, espe- cially the Prions, which they drag from their holes, or pounce on as soon as they come out of them. The place was strewed with the skeletons of 232 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Prions, with the meat torn off of them by these gulls, which leave behind the bones and feathers. “The Antarctic Skua is very similar in appearance to the large northern Skua, of which a figure is given here in default of better. The two species were at first considered by naturalists to be identical; they differ, how- ever, especially in the structure of the bill. The Skua is of a dark brown colour, not unlike that of most of the typical birds of prey. We met with the bird constantly afterwards on our southern voyage, as far down even as the Antarctic Circle; and a specimen was noticed by Ross further south still, in Possession Island.” Nightingale Island, Tristan da Cunha, October, 1873. ‘Besides the mollymauks and petrels, one or two pairs of Skuas had nests on a few mounds of earth in the rookery. How these mounds came there I could not understand. “The Skuas’ eggs are closely like those of the lesser black-backed gull, and two in number. The birds swooped about our heads as we robbed the nests, but were not nearly so fierce as those we encountered further south. All round their nests were scattered skeletons of Prions.”’ Marion Island, Prince Edward Islands, December, 1873. ‘There were numerous nests of the Skua about amongst the herbage in dry places. Two nests of these birds are never built near together. The birds always have a wide range of hunting ground round their nest. The Skuas in Marion Island were extremely bold and savage, as they were also in Kerguelen’s Land. When one approaches the nest they swoop down, passing with a rush close down to one’s head, whizzing past one’s ears in a most unpleasant manner. ‘The two birds take turns at towering above, and thus swooping. They have sharp claws and beaks, and no doubt would injure one’s face or eyes severely if they touched them as they passed. One has to beat them off with a stick or gun barrel. They are very clever in avoiding the stick as they rush past, but several were knocked down. Sometimes I have had to waste a charge on them to get rid of them. Some pairs are much more savage than others. They have a harshcry. Of course, when their young is handled they are most furious, and one has to keep a stick going as one carries it off. The birds are very like the Northern Skuas in their habits. One of them swooped down on a duck which I had shot one day at Ker- guelen’s Land which fell in the water. The bird picked it up when I was AVES — STERCORARIIDA:. 233 not more than half a dozen yards off, and was making off with it in its beak, carrying it easily, when I brought it down with a second shot, the duck thus costing me two barrels.”’ Kerguelen’s Land, January, 1874. ‘‘Some of the teal were breeding at the time of our visit; some with young full-fledged and already away from the nest; others with eggs. The nest is a neat one, placed under a tuft of grass, and lined with down torn from the breast of the parent bird. There were five eggs in one nest that I found. “The duck, when put up off the nest, to effect which the nest requires almost to be trodden upon, or when found with her young away from the nest, flutters a few yards only, as if maimed, and pitches again, and can- not be frightened into a long flight. It is curious that the bird should have retained this instinct where there are no four-footed or human enemies; possibly she finds it a successful se when the brood is attacked by the skuas. ‘The young must fall constantly a prey to these ever-watchful Skuas, for in most cases I found only a single young one following the mother. There were no young met with in the condition of flappers, and the gen- eral breeding season was probably only about to begin, as it was with many birds of the island. The greater part of the birds were yet in flocks.” Amongst the Southern Ice, February-March, 1874. ‘‘ Besides these two Petrels we saw when at the edge of the pack, the Sooty Albatross (Dzo- medea fuliginosa), the Giant Petrel (Ossifraga gigantea), Majaqueus |sic| eqguinoctialis and the Cape Pigeon. These birds all left us when we entered the edge of the pack-ice; they appear to remain at its very margin; but in the ice we met with a Skua (Stercorarius antarcticus), which bird ranges very far south, and was seen in Possession Island, within the Antarctic Circle, by Ross.” Dr. Kidder says: ‘The nests are shallow cavities in the long grass, sparingly lined with grass-stems, and always situated in a dry spot. Eggs are only two in number in the four instances observed; first found November 17. A single egg was found December 20 in a nest robbed December 3. The shape is very broad ovoid, tapering rapidly to a sharp point. Shell is brittle and of loose texture, being composed of irreglarly prismatic bodies set side by side perpendicularly to the surface. Exter- nally it is coarsely granular. Color is dark olive drab, marked superficially by irregular blotches of Vandyke-brown. Deeper markings appear as 234 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. blotches of dark bluish stone color. The blotches are more plentiful over the butt-end. Those of the same nest agree generally in color, but different clutches show considerable variety of tint. Nos. 134@ and 6 (original number), for example, are generally of a pale olive-grey, and the blotches are scarcely deeper in hue than dirty Indian-yellow.”” (Natural History of Kerguelen Island, J. H. Kidder, M. D. Bull., No. 3, U. S. Nat. Mus. p. 9, 1876.) Order GHARADRTEOR VES: Sharpe, Classif. Bds. p. 72 (1891); id., Hand-List Bds. I. p. 144 (1899). Suborder CATON DES. Sharpe, Classif. Bds. p. 72 (1891); id., Hand-List Bds. I. p. 145 (1899). Family Cuionipie. Sharpe, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 710 (1896); id., Hand-List Bds. I. p. 145 (1899). Genus CHIONIS Forster. Type. Chzonts, Forster, Enchiridion Hist. Nat. p. 37 (1788) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 710 (1896); id., Hand-List Bdsi Ie pata51S90) ney <\4aeihgi ae ee, te n@laae Vaginats, Gmelin Syst. Nat. I. p. ee (1788) -)-(ughphvie i ott eeeeeggg CoE Coleorhamphus, Dumont, Dict. Sci. Nat. X. p. 36 (1818) . . C. alba. Geographical Range. — Extreme southern South America and adjacent islands. CHIONIS ALBA (Gmelin). White Sheath-bill, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. I. p. 268, pl. 89 (1785). Vaginatis alba, Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 705 (1788). Chionts alba, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uranie, Zool. p. 131, pl. 35 (1824); Garn.,&) Less. Voy. Coq: 'Zool.:l. pi 724) (1826); Blainv’ Anns Se Nat. VI. p. 97 (1836); Darwin, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 118 (1841: Falkland Islands); Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 51 (1844: Fic. 136. ; | a ; —— AAS << 5 - \\ =~ re \ SSS SS SAW \ \ \ oe: z \ \ / iL SAN > boeN tig on JY aw “ay ‘ / AI = 7 ’ G 4 LEA, aS E = Z / Ls Z tttp};- jo gfl7, l W : GL, fo ar, A My We, SS: K he ee yy 44 A YG We ¥ ff J ZAN\ ; Sy =f Me he 7 aang LATA FT Or ie, WY j / Le Ay : Yy | TAN | Y \, Hy MA / fi/ if Y \ ) ott} i if “/ f° Lye i fl ft / SS yj —————— [| ———_ cs ve. CO WttL ; MI) About 3% natural size. Chionis alba (Gmelin). a ee i. ee AVES — CHIONIDID. 235 Straits of Magellan: Falkland Is.); Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool leaps 389 (1847)); “Gould, P: Z: S. 1859; p. 95 (Falkland Islands); Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 386 (Falkland Is.); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 154 (Falklands, resident); Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1869, p. 284 (Dungeness Spit, Feb.); Cunningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 262 (1871); Vincig. Patag. p. 59 (1883); id. Boll. Soc. Geogr. Ital. (2) IX. p. 798 (1884); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 246 (1888: South Patagonia: Tierra del Fuego: Falkland Islands); Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 288, 330 (1891); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 710 (1896) ; id. Hand- list Bds. I. p. 145 (1899); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 624 (1900: Rio Gallegos, July); Martens, Hamburg, Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 15 (1900). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size, Adult. — Total length, 15 inches. Wing, 8.8 inches. Culmen, 1.3 inches. Tail, 4 inches. . Tarsus, 1.75 inches. Color, Adult. — Pure snowy white throughout: ‘bill black, with the base of both mandibles sulphur-yellow or greenish yellow, in some horny reddish or of the pale colour of the human finger-nail; face bare, covered with milky-white papillae; from the fore part of the crown a narrow band continued to the angle of the culmen and from the angle of the gape beneath the eyes bare; feet bluish dusky ; iris reddish dusky ; eyelids bare with white papillz.” (J. R. Forster). Geographical Range. — That of genus. Though common in the Straits of Magellan, the Snowy Sheathbill was not obtained by the naturalists of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia. The fine series of this bird in the British Museum of Nat- ural History as well as specimens in the American Museum in New York and in the collections of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences have together formed a basis for the description given. The color of the bare and exposed parts of the face and about the bill can only be real- 236 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. ized in a live or freshly killed bird, hence we have quoted such a diagnosis from a famous field naturalist, to complete the theme. Appended is Dr. Cunningham’s account of this bird. “At about 3 P. M. on the 17th of November, 1867, Cape Virgins, the eastern entrance to the Strait of Magellan, was sighted. As we entered the Strait and approached Dungeness Spit, a most remarkable spectacle was furnished by a herd of between fifty and sixty sea-lions assembled on the shelving beach; and soon after someone pointed out several so- called ‘pigeons’ flying about not far from us. These, which it was very pardonable to mistake for pigeons, from the resemblance in flight and colouring, I immediately recognized as the sheathbill (C/zonzs alba), which we did not meet with on the previous season. This interesting bird forms one of two species of a genus, regarding the true position of which in the ornithological system considerable difference of opinion has been enter- tained by ornithologists—some placing it among the Gallina, while others, and I think with more reason, are disposed to regard it as belong- ing to the Gralla and allied to Hematopus. The above species, which derives its English name from the peculiar form of the upper mandible, was first described by Forster, and is mentioned in Cook’s Voyage toward the South Pole in 1772-75, as having been found at Staten Land. Cook remarks very truly that the bird ‘is about the size of a pigeon, and as white as milk,’ and mentions that it has a very disagreeable smell, a cir- cumstance also commented on by Mr. Darwin, but which I did not notice in the two specimens which I had an opportunity of examining. The legs are long, of a blackish-gray colour, and bear a considerable resem- blance to those of an oyster-catcher (Hzmatopus). They feed on molluscs and other marine animals, and are often to be seen far out at sea to the south of Cape Horn. In the Strait of Magellan, however, they do not appear to be common, as I only noticed them on one or two occa- sions.” (Voyage of H.M.S. ‘‘Nassau”’ in the years 1866, '67, 68 and 69. Robert O. Cunningham, M.D., F.L.S., Naturalist to the Expedition, Edinburgh, 1871.) Darwin, observing the White Sheathbill during the voyage of the ‘Beagle,’ writes regarding it: “T opened the stomach of a specimen at the Falkland Islands, and found in it small shells, chiefly Patella, pieces of sea-weed, and several pebbles. The contents of the stomach and body smelt most offensively. AVES — CHIONIDIDE. 237 Forster remarked this circumstance; but since his time other observers, namely, Anderson, Quoy, Gaimard and Lesson (Manuel d’Ornithologie, tom. II, p. 342) have found that this is not always the case, and they state that they have actually eaten the Chionis. I was not aware of these observations, but independently was much surprised at the extraordinary odour exhaled. We, like voyagers in the Antarctic seas, were struck at the great distance from land at which this bird is found in the open ocean. Its feet are not webbed, its flight is not like that of the pelagic birds, and the contents of its stomach and structure of legs show that it is a coast- feeder. Does it frequent the floating icebergs of the Antarctic Ocean, on which sea-weed and other refuse is sometimes cast?” (Darwin, Voyage of the Beagle, Birds, page 118, 1841.) ’ Moseley’s account of the habits of Cizonarchus minor, as he observed it breeding in Kerguelen, are appended as throwing additional light on the habits of the Sheathbills. “On one of the digging excursions I found a nest of the Sheathbill (Chionts minor), and subsequently found several others. The bird has a wide range, corresponding to that of the Kerguelen cabbage, occurring like it in the Prince Edward Islands, the Crozets and Heard Islands. “The birds (the ‘Paddy’ of the sealers) are present everywhere on the coast, and from their extreme tameness and inquisitive habits are always attracting one’s attention. A pair or two of them always forms part of any view on the coast. The birds are pure white, about the size of a large pigeon, but with the appearance rather of a fowl. They have light pink-coloured legs, with partial webbing of the toes, small spurs on the inner side of the wings, like the spur-winged plover, and a black bill with a most curious curved lamina of horny matter projecting over the nostrils. Round the eye is a tumid pink ring bare of feathers; about the head are wattle-like warts. “The birds have been examined anatomically by De Blainville, who concluded that they were nearly related to the Oyster-catchers. The birds nest under fallen rocks along the cliffs, often in places where the nest is difficult of access. The nest is made of grass and bents, and the eggs are usually two in number and of the shape of those of the Plovers and of a somewhat similar colouring, spotted dark red and brown. They have been described and figured by Gould, and he considers the eggs to show further alliance of the Sheathbills to the Plovers. I found two nests 238 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. with three eggs, but two is the most usual number. The young are black on coming from the egg, following the usual law with white birds, the white coloring being a lately acquired peculiarity. The young one has the nostrils wide open and merely a tumidity about the posterior margin of the nostrils and across the beak where the sheath is commencing to grow out. “On sitting down on the rocks where there are pairs of Sheathbills about, one soon has them around him, uttering a harsh, half-warning, half-inquisitive cry on first seeing one, and venturing gradually nearer and nearer, standing and gazing up at the intruder, with their heads turned on one side. The birds come frequently within reach of a stick and can often be knocked over in that way, or bowled over with a big stone, as they will sit quietly and allow half a dozen stones, as big as themselves almost, to be thrown at them. ‘At length, only after being narrowly missed several times, they take flight, and make off, uttering their harsh note a succession of times. Ifa bird be knocked over with a stick, it is usually only stunned, the sheath- bills are very tenacious of life. If the one thus caught be tied by the leg with a string and allowed to flutter on the rocks, in front of one as one sits, the neighboring sheath-bills will come at once to fight with it and peck it, and can be knocked over one after another. When courting one another, the birds show all the attitudes of pigeons, the male bowing his head up and down and strutting, making a sort of cooing noise. ‘“The birds eat seaweed and shell fish, mussels and limpets, besides acting as scavengers, as already mentioned. They carry quantities of limpets and mussel shells up to the clefts or holes under the rocks which they frequent. They readily feed in confinement, and we had several on board the ship, running about quite at home. One of them established itself in one of the cutters for a short time, and used to take a fly around during the voyage to Heard Island and return again to the ship. ‘The birds, though usually to be seen running on the rocks, can fly remarkably well, and their flight is like that of a pigeon. I have seen them flying at a great height about the cliffs of Christmas Harbour.” (Notes by a naturalist on the ‘Challenger,’ H. N. Moseley, M.A., F.R.S., 1879, pp. 209 to 211.) AVES — THINOCORYTHID. 239 Suborder ATTAGIDES. Sharpe, Classif. Bds. p. 72 (1891); id., Hand-List Bds. I. p. 145 (1899). Family Turinocorytuipa. Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 714 (1896); id., Hand-List Bds. I. p. 145 (1899). Genus ATTAGIS Lesson & Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire. Type. Afttagis, Lesson & Isid. Geoffr. St. Hilaire, Cent. Zool. pl. XLVII (1830); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 714 (1690); id., Hand-List, Bds. fp. 145 (1899). . ... . A. gayr. Geographical Range.— Peculiar to South America. Peru, Chili, Ar- gentina, Patagonia; regions about the Straits of Magellan. The Falk- land Islands. ATTAGIS GAYI Lesson. Attagis gayt, Less. Cent. Zool. p. 135, pl. 47 (1830) ; id. Traité d’Orn. p. 522 (1831); Gould in Darwin’s Voy. ‘ Beagle,’ Birds, p. 117 (1841: Cordilleras of Coquimbo and Copiago); Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 520 (1845) ; Bridges, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 29 (Tapaquilcha, 14,000 ft.: Bolivia, breeding) ; De Murs, Faun. Chil. Zool. I. p. 384 (1847) ; Reichenb. | Gall? tabsyiCh Oe fie, 1554 (1850); Bp. C. R: XLIII. p. 420 (1656); Gray, ListiGally Brit, Mus: p.'94: (1867) ;°Scl. P..Z.'S. 1867, p. 331 (Chili) ; id. & Salv. Exotic Orn. p. 158 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B: Tiisips20, nos.10052:(1871) 3: Sel. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 044) (1873)\) Vacz, P72 521874,.p. 557 (Junin); id» Orn. Pérou, I; ps 284 (1686) 5-Sel: Pi Z2Si18o9n, ps .137 (Larapaca)); James, New List Chilian B. p. 11 (1892); Sharpe, Hand-l. Bds. I, p. 145 (1899). wiuages latredi, Less. ‘‘ Bull dé Soc.” XXV. p. 243 ;-id. Ill. Zool. pl. II (1636) ;¢Gray, Gena B. TT. ps 520; pls 135°(1845) ;) De Murs, Faun. Chil. Zool. I. p. 385 (1847); Reichenb. Gall. tab. CLXXXI. figs. 1555-56 (1850); Bp. C. R. XLIII. p. 420 (1856); Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vég. p. 113 (1865: Chili); Scl. & Salv. Exotic Orn. p. = 240 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. 158 (1869); Gray Hand-l. B. III. p. 20, no. 10,053 (1871) ; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 641 (Bolivia). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Total length, about 11.5 inches. Wing, 7.3 inches. Culmen, 0.85 inch. Mail, 2:75 anches: Tarsus, I.1 inches. Color.—General color above, deep umber, each feather vermiculated with grey, silvery in character, and cinnamon and rusty. The vermicu- lations follow the outline of each feather and are transverse at the ends _ of the feathers and marginal on the Fic. 137. sides of the vanes. Below, the pre- vailing color is warm cinnamon; each feather fringed with silvery grey and marked with two or more umber bands following the outline of the feather. flead.—F orehead, occiput and crown deep umber, each feather fringed with silvery grey and marked with cinnamon Attagis gayt. Head. Natural size. P, in lines following the shape of the U. O. C. 7918. Adult male. feather. The lores and the region back of each eye lighter, defining the crown; the auriculars dusky, with cinnamon and grey hues. Neck: Above as in the general description. Below, on the lower neck, the cinnamon is much concealed by the defined subterminal bars of umber on each feather. The throat much paler cinnamon or dull cream, each feather spotted with deep umber. Back: As described in general color and pattern. Tail: Feathers dusky in ground color, with decorations similar to those on the feathers of the back. Wings: Upper coverts and scapulars like the back in color and pat- tern. Bastard wing and primary coverts blackish, with sandy rufous mar- gins. Quills light brownish, blackish on the outer web and at the tips of the primaries, which are fringed with white. AVES — THINOCORYTHID. 241 Under parts: Warm cinnamon as described in marking and pattern. Bill dull horn color (dry skin). Tarsi and feet dull brown. P. U. O. C. 7918 3, Arroyo Gio, Patagonia, 27 May, 1898. The sexes are alike in color and size. Young birds are more uniform in color above, owing to the extreme fineness of the vermiculation, and of a general sandy cinnamon in tone. Below the barring is not so defined, the cinnamon color pre- ponderating. Feet and bill pale brown. P.U.O.C. 7919, PF! 138. Patagonia. No sex. Moulting from down to first plumage. Geographical Range.— Northern Patagonia, as far south as the region south of Lake Buenos Aires and the Santa Cruz River. Chili and Peru. Attagis The Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia found gayi, Foot, this grouse-like plover in the foothills of the Cordilleras and aboutone half on the pampas in the vicinity of Lake Buenos Aires. Mr. matural size. Hatcher writing of it says: ‘ Found over the pampas and in a nes the valleys, more especially where there is a warm sandy soil female. with considerable bush. Not common, especially south of the Santa Cruz River where it was only seen at two localities.” (J. B. Hatcher in manuscript field-notes.) Unfortunately a half grown young bird is without a label and there are no notes as to its time of capture. The birds are known in the high Andes (see De Murs, Faun. Chil. Zool. I. p. 384, 1847) where they have been found breeding. Darwin says: “A specimen was given me which was shot on the lofty Cordillera of Coquimbo, only a little below the snow-line. At a similar height, on the Andes, behind Copiapo, which appear so absolutely desti- tute of vegetation, that any one would have thought that no living creature could have found subsistence there, I saw a covey. Five birds rose together, and uttered noisy cries; they flew like grouse, and were very wild. I was told that this species never descends to the lower Cordillera. These two species in their respective countries, occupy the place of the ptarmigan of the Northern Hemisphere.’ (Darwin, Voyage of the ‘Beagle,’ Birds, page 117, 1841.) 242 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Be UsOG: |. Sex Locality Date Collector 7918 | d'ad. "Arroyo E19, Batezonta: 27 May, 1898, |A. E. CoN 7917 | Qad. 24 —, 1808; 7919 Juvenis. seen | | iw ATTAGIS MALOUINUS (Boddaert). Caille des isles Malouines, D’Aubent. Pl. Enl. II. pl. 322. La Caille des isles, Buff?Hist. Nat. Ois. II. p. 477 (1771). Malouine Quail, Lath. Gen. Syn. II. pt. 2, p. 786 (1783: Falkland Islands). Tetrao malouinus, Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 13 (1783). Tetrao falklandicus, Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 762 (1788). Perdtx falklandica, Lath. Ind. Orn. II. p. 653 (1790). Coturnix falklandica, Stephens in Shaw's Gen. Zool. XI. p. 386 (1819). Attagis falklandica, Darwin, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 117 (1841: Moun- tains of the extreme southern parts of Tierra del Fuego); Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 385 (1847) ; Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1868, p. 188 (Peckett Harbour, March); Cunningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 183 (1871) 5 Sharpe, P” ZS. 1881, p. 12° (Cockle "@ove: Beh Attagts malouinus, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 51 (1844: Straits of Magellan: Hermit Island); Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 46 (Falkland Islands) ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 154 (Mare Harbour, Falkland Is., Oct?) ;*Scl. & Salv. Nomencl Av. Neotr.p.144 (1073); Ouse Miss. Scient. Cap. Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 107, 330 (1891) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV, p. 716 (1896) ; id. Hand-list Bds. I. p. 145 (1899) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX, p. 623 (1900: Punta Arenas, May: Santa Cruz, July: Punta Delgada, July); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 16 (1900: Straits of Magellan, Tierra del Fuego, Falkland Islands). Attagis sp. Vincig. Patag. p. 26 note (1883: Santa Cruz) ; id. Boll. Soc. Geogr. Ital. (2) IX. p. 798 (1884). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size, Adult.— Total length, about 10.05 inches. Wing, 6.7 inches. Culmen, 0.6 inch. AVES — THINOCORYTHID 2. 243 Tail, 2.3 inches. Tarsus, 0.8 inch. Color, Adult.— General color above dark umber, each feather margined with warm sandy grey and many of the feathers with one or more inner rufous bands following the shape of the feather. Below white except the breast Fic. 139. and throat, which are sandy buff with cir- is cular black or deep brown markings. Head: Forehead, crownand occiput deep umber brown, almost black, each feather bor- dered or margined with sandy rufous. The crown defined by a lighter isabelline eye- brow stripe. Lores and sides of face isabel- gypgis malouinus, Natural size. P. line, narrowly streaked with dusky. Auricu- U. O. C. 7989. Adult. lar region more rufous and similarly streaked. Back: Upper back as described in general color; the lower back and rump much more closely vermiculated with sandy edges and V-shaped rufous decorations to each feather. Upper tail coverts dusky, particularly near the extremities, and fringed and decorated with sandy buff markings. Tail: The rectrices, blackish, tipped with dirty white and irregularly barred with sandy buff. Wing: The upper coverts deep umber or blackish, each feather mar- gined with isabelline and decorated with horseshoe or V-shaped rufus markings. The primaries brown, darkening at the ends and with narrow isabelline tips. Outer secondaries similar to the primaries and the inner secondaries margined with isabelline and decorated with rufous marking similar to those of the greater coverts. Lower Parts: The throatis almost white, shading into bright sandy rufous on the lower throat, neck and breast, each feather fringed with isabelline and decorated with black circular markings. This coloration ends abruptly on the lower breast, the rest of the lower surface being pure white. The lower tail coverts are isabelline with concealed decorations of dusky color. Bill dusky horn, paling on lower mandible near base. Feet and legs dusky (P. U. O. C. No. 7989, Patagonia, 15 April, 1899). Geographical Range.—The Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego and lands about the Straits of Magellan. North in southern Patagonia to at 244 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. least 52° south latitude on the coast, and on the foothills of the southern Andes up to 4,000 feet altitude, north to at least 40° south latitude. Mr. Colburn obtained a female of this species at Arroyo Gio on May 30, 1898, the same locality where he collected about the same date a pair of A. gay. The occurrence of the two kinds of 4/fagzs in proximity or together does not seem to have been observed before. The work of the naturalists of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia throws Fic. 140. Attagis malouinus. Showing the pattern of the feather decoration. All natural size. P. U. O. C. 7989. new light on the distribution and range of both 4. gaye and 4. malouinus, the southern range of 4. gay¢ being extended well into Patagonia proper and the northern range of 4. ma/outnus bringing that species at least into the southern boundary of 4. gaye. Mr. Hatcher writes in his manu- script field-notes regarding 4. gayz: ‘Common along the foothills of the southern Andes at altitudes of from 2,000 to 4,000 feet, where it occurs on the open stretches of country, especially where berries are abundant.” AVES — THINOCORYTHID~. 245 The birds are known to breed in November and December in the mountains and hills about Orange Bay. (Oustalet, op. cit., p. 107.) The same writer also speaks of four individuals, a male and three fe- males, taken in the vicinity of Orange Bay, and kept alive for three days. The iris was dark brown, beak blackish brown, and the legs and feet greyish. Another specimen differed in having the feet and legs grey, tinged with yellow. Darwin’s account of 4. malouznus under the name of 4. falklandica is of special interest. He writes, ‘The bird is not uncommon on the moun- tains in the extreme southern parts of the Tierra del Fuego. It frequents, either in pairs or small coveys, the zone of alpine plants above the region of forest. It is not very wild, and lies very close on the bare ground.” (Darwin, Voyage of the Beagle, Birds, page 118, 1841.) There are, in the British Museum, five males and two females all fully adult birds, collected in the Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut, by J. Kos- lowsky during the months of September and June, 1899-1901. This (Lat. 46 S.: Long. 71 W.) appears to be the most northern record of the species. PSUs OnG: Sex | Locality Date Collector 7920 Q Arroyo Gio, 30 May, 1898. A. E. Colburn. Patagonia. 7987 Unknown. Killik Aike, 15 April, 1899. O. A. Peterson. Patagonia. 7988 Unknown. Killik Aike, 15 April, 1899. O. A. Peterson. Patagonia. 7989 | Unknown. Killik Aike, 15 April, 1899. O. A. Peterson. | Patagonia. Genus THINOCORYS (Eschscholtz). Type. Thinocorus, Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, p. 2 (1829) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 717 (1896) 7: rumuczvorus. Thinocorys, Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 146 ee . LT. rvumictvorus. Ocypetes, Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 762 . . . . LT. rvumictvorus. Geographical Range.— Peculiar to South America. Chili, Peru, the Argentine Republic and Patagonia. 246 : PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. THINOCORYS ORBIGNIANUS (Isid. Geoffr. St. Hilaire & Lesson). Tinochorus orbignyanus, Geoffr. & Less. Cent. Zool. p. 137, pls. 48, 49 (1830); Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 115 (Chili); Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil, Zool. 1p. 387 (£847). Thinochorus tinge, Tschudi, Arch. fur Nat. 1843, p. 387 (Peru); Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vog. p: 113 (1865: Chili); Scl. P. ZS. 1667, p; 330 (Chile). Thinochorus orbignyanus, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 51 (1844: Chili); Burm. Reis. La Plata, II. p. 500 (1861) ; Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 221 (Chili); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 144 (1873); Tacz. Orn. Perou, 11) p. 281 (1886); Sel. PZ. S: 1666) ae (Tarapaca); Philippi, Ornis, IV. p. 159 (1888); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. Il p: 178 (1se9); Sci P. Z.9S. 1801, p. 1370. paca); James, New List ‘Chil. B. p: 11 (1892); Lane, Ibis; 1697, p. 306 (Sacaya, Cancosa, & Lake Huasco); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 662 (1898: Punta Arenas, Feb.); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 623 (1900: Penguin Rookery, Feb.); Martens Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 16 (1900: Patagonia). Thinocorus sp., Vincig. Patag., p. 59 (1883); id. Boll. Soc. Geogr. Ital. (2) 1X. p. 798 (1884). Attagis falklandica, Vincig. (nec Gm.) Exped. Austr. Arg. p. 58 (1883: Isola degli Stati). Thinocorus orbignianus, Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 718 (1896). Thinocorys orbignianus, Sharpe, Hand-list Bds. I. p. 146 (1899). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size, Adult Male. — Total length, about g inches. Wing, 6 inches. Culmen, 0.55 inch. Tail, 2.5 inches. Tarsus, 0.95 inch. The female is a little smaller than the male. Color, Adult Male. — General color, head, back and wings deep umber brown, each feather margined with sandy buff and decorated with rufous. An interval on the nape and neck blue grey. Below throat, lower breast and abdomen white, the chest and neck blue grey, with narrow line of black crossing the chest. AVES — THINOCORYTHID. 247 Head : Crown deep umber brown, each feather broadly margined with sandy rufous. A broad frontal band of grey. The feathers above the eyes and auricular re- gions have narrow dark shaft-streaks with sandy buff margins. The blue grey of the throat reaches up to the lower part of the face and cheeks. Neck: Blue grey, above and below, except on the chin which is white in a defined area ; aes separated from the blue of the throat by a line he ene aos ar poe ; sks UO. 7770: of black and reaching up to the lower part of aqult female. the cheeks. Back: As described, in general color; the upper tail coverts more sandy rufous in appearance. Tail: Rectrices deep umber brown, with sandy white tips and a few decorations of sandy rufous in bars and blotches. Wings: Much like the back in general; the upper wing coverts more broadly margined with sandy buff, and profusely decorated with rufous. Bastard wing, primary coverts and quills deep grey brown with narrow greyish margins to the outer webs extending around the extremity of each feather for a short distance on the inner web. This becomes more apparent on the inner secondaries which have concealed white bases, defined by a narrow blackish line. meee Lower parts: The chin white, the throat and neck blue grey, hinocor ys 2 i f : orbignianus, €Xtending down on the chest, across which is a narrow inter- Leg and foot, rupted line of blackish. The sides of the upper breast are one half natu- sandy buff, mottled with deep umber brown. An area of ss Rae P.U. dark brown feathers on the flanks. The under wing coverts Adult fete deep blackish brown, tipped with whitish, and the axillaries blackish. The remainder of the under surface, under chest, breast and abdomen white, shaded with cream color on the breast and under tail coverts. fins) brown, \30 “bill hornicolom’);) ‘feet yellow: ..(Sclater in. P.Z.S., 1886, p. 403.) The adult female differs from the male in color. Crown, nape and upper hind neck are like the back. White prevails on the sides of the 248 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. face, the cheeks and lower throat, all of which are streaked with brown- ish black. The chin and upper throat are white, and the fore neck is ashy grey with a bluish shade, the feathers being fringed with dusky. Geographical Range.—Chili, Bolivia and Peru, extending southward into Patagonia in the Cordillera to the upper waters of the Rio Chico de Santa Cruz, latitude 49° south, longitude 72° west. The naturalists of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia met this species of quail-like plover at the head waters of the Rio Chico de Santa Cruz, where a single bird was secured on 20 February, 1897 P. U. O. C. @ adult 7779. This extends materially the known habitat of 7. oribignianus, bringing it well into the Patagonian territory. It will doubtless be found common at points in northern Patagonia and in southern Patagonia at least as far south as indicated. Mr. Hatcher in speaking of it in his manuscript field-notes says: ‘Occurring in coveys of from 10-20 on the high pampas near the coast. Of similar habits and distribution to the former.” (‘‘ Former” here refers to 4/agis gay.) Two examples of this species have been collected by J. Koslowsky, in the Valle del Lago Blanco, Chubut district, in November and December, 1901. This appears to be the first record of the bird in this locality. They are both males and are fully adult. ES USONC: Sex Locality Date Collector 7779 Q, adult. Rio Chico de Santa Cruz, 20 February, 1897. J. B. Hatcher. near Lake Argentina,| Patagonia. THINOCORYS RUMICIVORUS (Eschscholtz). Thinocorus rumictvorus, Eschscholtz, Zool. Atlas, p. 2. pl. 2 (1829: Chili); Darwin, Voy. “Beagle,” Birds, —p. 117:(1841@ Santa Gnuz Patagonia: Chili); Burm. La Plata Reis. II. p. 501 (1861: Rosario) ; Sel. .P. Z: S. 1867, p. 331 (Chili)>id. &iSalv. dbisyia 68s paanes (Peckett Harbour) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 143 (Conchitas) ; iid. Ibis, 1869, p. 284 (Gregory Bay, Dec.); 1870, p. 499 (Sandy Point, March); Cunningh- Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 183 (1871); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 144 (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 164 (Buenos Aires, May to Sept.) ; id. Ibis, 1877, p. 42 (Chupat Valley, AVES — THINOCORYTHID. 249 Nov.) p. 197 (Buenos Aires, winter visitor, Baradero, April) ; id. Ibis, 1878, p. 403 (Central Patagonia resident, breeds in Oct. and also observed chicks in March); Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. p. 56 (1882) ; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 429 (Coquimbo) ; Tacz. Orn. Pérou, ITI. p. 283 (1886) ; Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. IL. p. 176 (1889) ; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 246 (1888), part XI. p. 319 (1890: Northern and Central Patagonia); Oust. Miss. Scient. €ap Elomi,/Oiseaux, pp. 108, 330 (1891); Scl. P. Z.S. 1801, p. 137 (Tarapaca) ; Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 19; id. Ibis, 1892, p. 211 (Estancia Espartilla, March to June, fairly common) ; James, New List Chil. B. p. 11 (1892); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 719 (1896); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 304 (Tarapaca); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 662 (1898: Cabo Espiritu Santo, E. Tierra del Fuego, Feb.: El] Paramo Bahia, San Bastrana, E. Tierra. del Fuego, Feb.) ; Salvad, Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX, p. 624 (1900: Punta Arenas, May); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 16 (1900) ; Nicoll. Ibis., 1904, p. 43 (Punta Arenas). Tinochorus swatnsoni, Less. Ill. Zool. pl. 16 (1830); Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 388 (1847). Tinochorus eschscholtzi, Geoffr. & Less. Cent. Zool. p. 140, pl. 50 (1830) ; Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 116 (Chili, in flocks in winter). Thinocorus swainsont, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 51 (1844: Chile); Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vog. p. 113 (1865). Thinocorys rumicivorus, Sharpe, Hand List Bds. I. p. 146 (1899). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size, Adult Male.—P. U. O. C. 7781. Total length, about 6.5 inches. Wing, 4.8 inches. Culmen, 0.45 inch. fail, 1/9: inches. Tarsus, 0.65 inch. The female is appreciably smaller than the male. Color, Adult Male, P. U. O. C. 7781.—In general appearance very similar to 7: ordignianus, but readily distinguished by its much smaller size and by the markings on the neck, throat and upper breast. Head: Forehead and back to the eyes slate color. Crown and occiput 250 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. dull deep brown, each feather margined with sandy buff. Sides of head and face slate, the ear coverts tinged with sandy. Neck : Chiefly like crown above, but interrupted COE’ by a slaty collar, just behind the occiput. Sides % of neck slaty, paler than on the face and _ fore- head. Throat white, separated from the slaty of the face and neck by a black line one-fourth of an inch in width, which starts at the base of the jh lower mandible. These lines on either side of the white throat widen and join into a broad me- Thinocorys rumictvorus. ; : : : Natural size. P. U.0.c._ Sial band, which, passing down the neck, widens 7781. Adult male. in its turnso as to form a black dividing line be- - tween the white of the breast and the slaty gray of the sides of the neck. Back: Dull deep umber, each feather margined with sandy rufous, and decorated with rufous markings. This is particularly noticeable on the greater coverts of the wing. Rump like the back, and upper tail coverts similar in color and marking. Tail: Rectrices brownish black, tipped and margined with sandy white, which becomes pure white on the two outer feathers, where the white areas preponderate. Wing: Upper coverts like the back. Bastard wing, primary coverts and quills grayish black, with white or isabelline etching and tips, most conspicuous on the primary coverts and secondary quills. Lower parts: Neck and chest as described. The sides of the breast shaded with sandy rufous feathers, which have obscure brown markings. Rest of under parts white, except some of the under tail coverts, which are isabelline, with some brown markings. Axillaries blackish. Under wing coverts blackish, with white fringing. Bill and feet much as in 7: orvdignianus. The female differs from the male in having the foreneck brown, no collar interrupting the brown of the upper neck. The white throat is separated from the brown of the fore- neck by a line of black, which extends upward to the fore part of the cheeks, and down in disconnected spots to the chest, forming an obscure line across that region. This black marking is much as in the male, but obscure and indefinite and not nearly as pronounced. Immature males (P. U. O. C., Nos. 7780 and 7916) resemble adult AVES — THINOCORYTHID&. 251 female birds, but there is no slate color on the fore part of crown and forehead, the vermiculations are darker colored; the black markings on the throat are much less defined in the younger of the two, No. 7916. The feet and bill are much like those of the adult in color. Geographical Range.— Patagonia and the Argentine Republic, Chili, Bolivia and Peru. The naturalists of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia met this sparrow-like Plover frequently, and Mr. Hatcher’s observations in manuscript field-notes say: ‘Common on the high pampas near the coast, where they occur in small flocks. When startled from a distance they first nestle very close to the ground, and if approached more closely they fly very rapidly for a short distance, then settle on the ground and conceal themselves in the short grass. The color of the feathers of the back and wings of all the species of this group of birds (4¢fagides) in Patagonia is splendidly adapted for their preservation. So well do these colors harmonize with that of the brown grass and shingle of the Pata- gonian plains that these birds are extremely difficult to see when nestled closely to the ground, as is their custom when any danger is discovered.” Darwin noticed these birds with great interest, and a summary of his record is appended as giving additional points in their biography : ‘A very singular little bird, 77zochorus rumectvorus, is here common ; in its habits and general appearance, it nearly partakes of the characters, different as they are, of the quail and snipe. The Tinochorus is found in the whole of southern South America, wherever there are sterile plains, or open dry pasture land. It frequents in pairs or small flocks the most desolate places, where scarcely another living creature can exist. Upon being approached they squat close, and then are very difficult to be dis- tinguished from the ground. When feeding they walk rather slowly, with their legs wide apart. They dust themselves in roads and sandy places, and frequent particular spots, where they may be found day after day; like partridges, they take wing in a flock. In all these respects, in the mus- cular gizzard adapted for vegetable food, in the arched beak and fleshy nostrils, short legs and form of foot, the Tinochorus has a close affinity with quails. But as soon as the bird is seen flying its whole appearance 252 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. changes; the long pointed wings, so different from those in the gallina- ceous order, the irregular manner of flight, and plaintive cry uttered at the moment of rising, recall the idea of a snipe. The sportsmen of the ‘Beagle’? unanimously called it the short-billed snipe. To this genus, or rather to the family of Waders, its skeleton shows that it is really related. “The Tinochorus is closely related to some other South American birds. Two species of the genus 4/fagzs are in almost every respect ptarmigans in their habits; one lives in Tierra del Fuego, above the limits of the forest land; and the other just beneath the snow-line on the Cordillera of Central Chile.” (Darwin, Voyage of the “Beagle,” p. 94. Edition 1888, D. Appleton & Co., New York.) : “In the course of the day two curious little birds new to us were shot —the 7henocorus rumicivorus and Attagts Falklandica — the true posi- tion of which, in a strictly natural classification of birds, appears to be somewhat doubtful. Of the former bird Mr. Darwin has remarked, that ‘it nearly equally partakes of the characters, different as they are, of the quail and of the snipe’; and that it ‘is found in the whole of southern South America, wherever there are sterile plains, or upon open, dry pas- ture land,’ adding, that he saw it as far south as the inland plains of Patagonia, at Santa Cruz, in latitude 50°. In the Strait of Magellan it appears to be not uncommon, as we frequently saw small flocks on subse- quent occasions. Its habits, in so far as I had an opportunity of observ- ing them, greatly resembled those of a small plover; and I have several times mistaken it for one of these birds. The latter bird, 4/fag7s, which considerably exceeds the former in size, was seen by Mr. Darwin, ‘on the mountains in the extreme southern parts of Tierra del Fuego,’ where ‘it frequents, either in pairs or coveys, the zone of alpine plants above the region of the forest,’ but was never observed by us except on the open low-lying country of the eastern portion of the Strait. The plumage is prettily mottled, somewhat like that of a quail. An allied species of the genus (4. Gay?) occurs on the mountains of Chili.” (Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell., 1871, p. 183.) This was at Peckett Harbor, Straits of Ma- gellan. “Tris dark brown; bill yellowish; tarsi and toes yellow. I shot this curious little bird close to the town of Punta Arenas. I put it up from a rubbish-heap of tin cans, kettles, etc., close to the sea. A few days after- AVES — CHARADRIID&. 253 wards I saw a small flock further along the shore. They were very wild. The flight of this species resembles that of a Dunlin. I did not hear it utter any cry.” (M. J. Nicoll, Orn. Jour. Voy. around World, Ibis, Jan., 1904, p. 43-) This bird is no doubt resident and very plentiful in the Chubut Valley, as J. Koslowsky has procured them in that district in the months of Feb- ruary, August, September, October and November. The specimens sent by him are seven males and all in adult plumage. @on:3| BP UO: €. Sex Locality Date Collector Skin.| 7780 |j’immature.| Near Mt. Tiger, 16 September, 1896. J. B. Hatcher. Patagonia. Skin.| 7781 |i adult. Patagonia. 17 August, 1896. J. B. Hatcher. Skin.| 7916 |f juvenis. Rio Santa Cruz, 2 March, 1898. A. E. Colburn. | Patagonia. Suborder CHARADRII. Sharpe, Classif. Bds. p. 73 (1891) ; id., Hand-List Bds. I. p. 146 (1899). Family CHaraprup#. Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. go (1896); id., Hand-List Bds. I. p. 146 (1899). Subfamily ZRENARIINAE. Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. p. 91 (1896); id., Hand-List Bds. I. p. 146 (1899). Genus ARENARIA Brisson. Type. Avenaria, Brisson, Orn. V. p. 132 (1760); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 91 (1896) ; id., Hand-List Ips 246: (1S99) =. A. interpres. Morinella, Meyer & Wolf, paecheub. Wee Dentechh IL p. 383 (1810) se ner pres. Strepstlas, llliger, Boek p. 1263 (1811) Aer A. inter pres. Cinclus, Gray, List. Gen. Bds. 1841, p. 85 (ex Mcchring)y. A. inter pres. Geographical Range. — Cosmopolitan. 254 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. ARENARIA INTERPRES (Linnzus). The Turnstone or Sea-Dottrel, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol. I. p. 72, pl. -72 (1731). The Turnstone from Hudson’s Bay, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. III. p. 141, pl. 141 (1750). Le Coulon-chaud, Briss. Orn. V. p. 132 (1760); Daubent. Pl. Enl. IX. pl. 856. Le Coulon-chaud cendré, Briss. Orn. V. p. 137 (1760). Tringa interpres, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 248 (1766); Gm. Syst. Nat. IL. p. 671 (1788); Wilson, Amer. Orn) VIS p32, ples7, fie. ne(aenele Chapm. Trav. S. Afr. II. App. p. 416 (1868); Gatke, Vogelw. Hel- goland, p. 524 (1891). Tringa morimella, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 249 (1766), ex Catesby; Gm. Syst. Nat. 1 ps671 (1783): Coulon-chaud de Cayenne, Daubent. Pl. Enl. IX. pl. 340. Coulon-chaud gris de Cayenne, Daubent. t. c. pl. 857. Tringa hudsonica, P. L. S. Miill. S. N., Anhang, p. 114 (1776); Cass. Pr. Phil. Acad. 1864, p. 246. Le Tourne-Pierre, Buff. Hist: Nat: Ois: Vile parse, plex (zen) Turnstone, Lath.-Gen. Syn. Til: pt: I, p. 18891785); Vari Brit. Balieap 422 (1843). Moriella collaris, Meyer & Wolf, Taschenb. II. p. 383, note (1810). Strepsilas collaris, Temm. Man. d’Orn. p. 349 (1815); id. op. cit. 1820, p- 553; Werner, Atlas, Coureurs, pl. 18 (1827); Brehm, Vé6g. Deutschl. p. 558 (1831); Gould, B. Eur. IV. pl. 318 (1837) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard. p. 372 (1840); Nordm. in Démid. Voy. Russ. Merid. III. p.-237 (1840); Tschudi, Faun, Peruan. p. 297° (1846));~ Kyjerb; Danm. Fugle, pl. XXXI. fig. 1, Suppl. 14, fig. 3 (1852); Schl. Vog. Nederl. pl. 218. (1854); id: Dier. Nederl. Vog. pl: 22; figs: tieeyien (1861); F. & P. Godm. Ibis, 1861, p. 86 (Béd6, breeding); Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873: migrant). Arenaria imterpres, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XXIV. p. 345 (1819) ; Roux, Orn. Proveng. pls. 280, 281 (1825); Stejn. Auk, I. p. 229 (1884); id. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 102 (1885: Bering Isl.) ; Av»@: U. Check. 1) Amer. B: p. 1651(1886) ;?0 urner; Gontr- a Nowa Alaska, pp. 150, 190 (1886); Cory, Auk, III. p. 502 (1886: Grand AVES — CHARADRIIDA. 255 Cayman); Towns. Auk, IV. p. 12 (1887: Kowak R. N. Alaska); Dwight, t. c. p. 16 (Cape Breton); Nelson, Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 128 (1887: S. Mathew’s Isl.: S. Lawrence Isl., breeding); Ridgway Manual N. Amer. B. p. 180 (1887); Warren, B. Pennsylv. p. 237 (1888: Lake Erie on passage); Smith & Palmer, Auk, V. p. 147 (1383: Ry Columbia); Sennett; t. c..p: 110 (Texas; July); Stejn. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XII. p. 381 (1889: Kauai); Cory, Auk, VI. p. 31 (1889: Cayman Brac); Dutcher, t. c. p. 129 (Little Gull Island, INE); iScottt exipainso (Gulf Coast of Florida, John’s Pass, June); Cantwell, t. c. p. 240 (Minnesota) ; Reichen. Syst. Verz. Vég. Deutschl. p. 52 (1889); Cory, B. W. Ind. p. 231 (1889); Scott, Auk, VII. p. 309 (1890: Dry Tortugas, March and April); Eagle Clarke, tf e.p. 220 (et Churchill, Hudson's Bay); Allen, Auk, VIII. p. 164 (1891: Nova Scotia, summer migrant); Ridgw. t. c. p. 337 (Watling Is]., Bahamas, March) ; Cory, t. c. pp. 351, 352 (Inagua Isl.: Anguilla Isl.) ; Scott, Auk, 1X. p. 15 (Jamaica); Cory, t. c. p. 48 (Maraguana) ; Scott, t. c. p. 212 (Florida) ; Mackay, t. c. p. 306 (Nantucket) ; Rhoads, Auk, X. p. 17 (Washington Territory); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 92 (1896); id., Hand-l. Bds. I. p. 146 (1899); Bryan, Auk, 1903, p. 210 (Mid-Pacific). Charadrius cinclus, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. II. p. 148 (1826: Siberia, Kamtschatka). Tringa oahuensts, Bloxham in Byron’s Voy. ‘ Blonde,” p. 251 (1826). Strepsilas borealis, Brehm, Vég. Deutschl. p. 559 (1831). Strepsilas littorals, Brehm, t. c. p. 560 (1831). Cinclus morinellus, Gray, List. Gen. B. p. 85 (1841). Cinclus tnterpres, Gray, List. Gen. B. p. 85 (1841); Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p- £28 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 549 (1846); id. Cat. B, Trop. isl Paciie Ocean, p.483(1859); 1d..P..Z. S:.1860, p36 (E.Gilolo) , idachhist) Brit. (Bs p:143 (1863); deayard,,.B.S,\Afr. p» 301, (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. III. p. 22, No. 10068 (1871); Gurney in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 276 (1872: Walfisch Bay); Heugl. Orn. N. O.-Afr. III. :p. 1037, IV. p. CLXXXIII. (1873: Egyptian sea-coast, Red Sea, breeding?) Hume, Str. FP. 1) p,.223) (1873:) Karachi, Mekran Coast) ; id. op. cit. II. p. 292 (1874: Andamans: Nicobars). Strepsilas minor, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 285 (1855). Strepsilas collarts vulgaris, etc., etc. (!), A. E. Brehm, Verz. C. L. Brehm; Put2 (i662; teste Dresser). 256 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Charadrius tnterpres, Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. III. p. 12, pl. 24, figs. 1, 3 (1885). Morinella interpres, Stejn. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. p. 34 (1881). Arenaria cinerea, O\phe-Galliard, Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc. XIT p: 47 (1889): Strepsilas interpres, M\liger, Prodr. p. 263 (1811); Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. & B. p. 29 (1816) ; Audub. B. Amer. pl. CCCIV.; Swains. & Rich. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 371 (1831: Hudson’s Bay to 75° N. lat., breeds); Jardied) Wilson's Amer. Orn. p.7324ypr: 57, fig. 1 (1832); Naum. Vég. Deutschl. VII. Taf. 180 (1834) ; Audub. Orn. Biogr. IV. p. 31 (1838); Keys. & Blas. Wirb. Eur. pp. Ixxi, 209 (1840); Gould in Darwin, Voy. “ Beagle,” II. p. 132 (1841); Audub. B. Amer. V. p. 231, pl. 323 (1842); Selys-Longch. Paune Belge, p. 122 (1842); Fraser, Po 2.05, 1643) pore @inaliy. Webb & Berth. Orn. Canar. p. 34 (1841); Hewits. Eggs Br. B. II. p. 263, pl. LXXI. (1846); Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 333 (1847); Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. TIT. ‘p. 7517 (1848) ; Peale? Ul Ss Expl xcps Birds, p. 322 (1848); Gould, B. Austral. VII. pl. 39 (1848); Reichenb. Vég. Neuholl. p. 206 (1849); Thomps. B. Irel. II. p. 177 (1850) ; Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 100 (1850); Harcourt, P. Z.S. 1851, p. 146 (Madeira); Midd. Reis. Sibir., Zool. p. 213 (1851: 75° N. lat., Taimyr River: Boganida River, May: Schantar Isl., Aug.) ; Reichenb. Grall. Taf. 104. figs. 656, 660 (1852); Hartl. Arch. Naturg. 1852, p. 121; Strickl: & Scl. Contr: Orn. 1852, ip) 156; Bolle, yin@- 1855, p: 176 (Canaries); id.t.c:1857,p.337; Burm. Dh: Bras: 364 (1856: Santa Catarina); Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 57 (1856) ; Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pl. XX XVII. fig. 6 (1856); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 217 (1857: Gambia: Casamance: Gaboon: Mozambique) ; Cass. in B. N. Amer. p. 701 (1858); id. U. S. Expl. Exped. Birds, p. 322 (1858) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 166 (New Caledonia); Jaub. & Barth.- Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 452 (1859: spring and autumn migrant) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. & B. New Guinea, p. 51 (1859) ; Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. VII. p. 121 (1859: Bahamas); A. & E. Newt. Ibis, 1859, p- 256°(S. Croix, Sept., April); Walker, Ibis; 1860,9p. 166 (Godhavn, July); Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. VII. p. 309 (1860: Cuba); Linderm. Vég. Griechenb. p. 136 (1860: spring and autumn migrant); Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 339 (Antivari, Dec., Jan.) ; Swinh. t. c. p. 359 (Amoy); id., Ibis, 1861, p. 342 (Peking); id. t.c. AVES — CHARADRIID&. 257 1862, p. 255 (Foochow, Dec.); id. t. c. 1863, p. 414 (Formosa) ; Albrecht, J. f. O. 1862, p. 205 (Jamaica); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 315 (Amoy); A. Newt. in Baring-Gould’s “Iceland,” p. 411 (1863: breed- ing); Layard, Ibis, 1863, p. 250 (Cape St. Francis, Dec.) ; Blakist. t. c. p. 130 (York Factory, Aug.: MacKenzie R.); E. Newt. t.c. p. 455 (Madagascar) ; Jerd. B. Ind. III. p. 656 (1863: 200 miles inland in Deccan) ; March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 66 (Jamaica: breeding) ; Scl. Ibis, 1864, p. 301 (Anjouan Isl.); Wright, t. c. p. 148 (Malta, May, Aug., Dec.); Kirk, t. c. p. 332 (Lake Nyasa); Gurney, t. c. p. 355 (Natal); Salvin, t. c. p. 385 (Brit. Honduras, April); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 43 (1865); Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 59 (Pisa); E. Newt. t. c. p. 150 (Rodriguez, Oct.); Salvin, t. c. p. 191 (Guate- mala, Jan.); Wright, t. c. p. 466 (Malta, May); A. Newt. t. c. p. 505 (Spitzbergen, July); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. II. p. 269 (1865); Finsch, New-Guinea, p. 181 (1865); Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vég. p. 117 (1865: Stewart Isl., Sept.); Godm. Ibis, 1866, pp. 100, 107 (Azores, June) ; Salvin, t. c. p. 190 (Guatemala, both coasts) ; Schl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 425 (Mayotte: Réunion); Degl. & Gerbe, Orn. Biel p54) (1807) ; Loelic, Expl. Sei. Algér, Ois:/ Il: p. 28 (1S67- migrant) Sci P. ZS: 1867, p: 339 (Chili); Hartl: t. c. p. 83 (Pelew Isl.) ; Lawr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. VIII. p. 100 (1867: Som- brero) ; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 286; Beavan, t. c. p. 332 (Andamans) ; Eee Newt tc. pp: 350, 359: (Seychelles, Feb.));) Hartl. P)Z.S: 1867, p- 831; Finsch & Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 197 (1867) ; Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 453 (Portugal); Dyb. & Parvex, J. f. O. 1868, p. 337 (Dauria) ; Schl. & Poll. Faune Madag. Ois. p. 130 (1868); Hartl. oe Pinschy PZ. 1368, pp. 8, 118 (Pelew Isl.) ; Borger. Vogel. Norddeutschl. p. iii (1869); Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 179 (1869: on passage) ; Malmgr. Ibis, 1869, p. 230 (Amsterdam Isl., Spitzbergen); Droste, Vogelw. Borkum, p. 157 (1869); Sundev. Céfr. K. Vet.- Akad. Forh. Stockh. 1869, p. 588 (S. Bartholomew) ; id. t. c. p. 602 (Porto Rico); Dall & Bann. Trans. Chicago Acad. I. p. 290 (Yukon mouth); Dole, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. XII. p. 304 (1869: Sandwich Isl.) ; Godman, Azores, p. 33 (1870: probably breeds); Fritsch, Vég. Eur. tab. 34, figs. 2, 8 (1870); Elwes & Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 330 (Turkey) ; Swinh. t. c. p. 361 (Hainan); Marie, Actes Soc. Linn. Bor- deaux, XXVII. p. 328 (1870) ; Finsch & Hartl. Vig. Ostafr. p. 662 258 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. (1870); Scl. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1870, p. 323 (Indefatigable and Bindloe Islands); Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 266 (1871); Salvad. Faun. Ital. Uce. p. 207 (1871); ;Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p; 387 (S: Spain) aSelate: p. 360 (Sandwich Isl.); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 297 (1871: Piehy, Feb. : Cajutuba, Feb.: Garape, March: Para, Nov.) ; Hartl. & Finsch, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 89 (Mackenzie Isl.) ; id. t.c. p. 104 (Uap.); Harting, Hanb. Brit. B. p. 45 (1872); Heugl. Ibis, 1872, p. 62 (Novaya Zemlya) ; Godman, t. c. p. 221 (Flores, Azores); Finsch, Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, III. p. 62 (1872: Alaska) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 246 (1872); Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, p. 52 (Samoa); Holdsw. P. Z. S..1872, p: 472; Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p..143 (1873) ;. Buller, B. N. Zeal. p: 221 (1873); Gould; B), Gt. Brit. 1V. pl Go(me7>)- Tacz. J. f. O. 1873, p. 101 (Kultuk: Darasun) ; id/t. c 1874,;p)336; Alst. & Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 67 (Archangel) ; Walden, t. c. p. 317 (S. Andaman); Brooke, t. c. p. 338 (Sardinia) ; Hayes Lloyd, t. c. p. 416 (Kathiawar); Elliot, Rep. Prybilov Isl. no. 406 (1873: not breeding); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 560 (Chorillos, Peru); Sundev, ifr. K. Vet.-Akad. Stockh. 1874, p. 20 (Spitzbergen); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 459 (1874); Wright, Ibis, 1874, p. 238 (Gozo, May); Durnf. t. c. p. 404 (N. Frisian Isl.); Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. II. p. 308 (1874: Rio Zacatula); Saxby, B. Shetls p; 170 (374: breeding); Walden, Tr. Z. S. VIII. p. 91 (1874: Celebes) ;)Salvad: Ucc. Born. p. 320 (1874: Sarawak); Le Messur. Str. F. III. p. 380 (1875: Chinnee Creek, Sind); Blyth, B. Burm. p. 154 (1875: Arakan ; Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffr. Heft VIII. p. 32 (1875); Fallon, Ois., Belg. p: 155 (1875); Irby, Orns Gibr., py 163: (1675); (Dressenns: Fur. VII. p. 555, pl. 532 (1875); Danf. & Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1875, p- 420 (Stell River); Whitmee, t..c. p. 446; Gundl, J. £, Ojae75) p: 331°(Cuba); Layard, P..Z. 5.1875, p: 440)( Vativléewu) ud eae: 1876, p. 503 (Friendly Isl.) ; id. t. c. p. 505 (Fiji); id. Ibis, 1876, p. 152 (Koro Isl., Fiji) ; id. t. c. p. 393 (Viti Levu) ; Swinh. t. c. p. 334 (Yezo) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p: 328; Blanf. East Persia, ILsp-s2sigas7o: Mekran Coast); Lawr. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 46 (1876: Tehauntepec, Aug.); Gundl. Orn. Cubana, p. 179 (1876); Hume. Str. F. IV. p. 464 (1876: Laccadives); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. VII. p..384 (1876: Bourou); Salvin: Tr: Z. Sy IX) p. so2q(ae7e: Indefatigable and Bindloe Isl.); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, I. p, AVES — CHARADRIID-. 259 247 (1876) ; id. t.c. II. p. 156 (1877: Poland, very rare) ; Feilden, Ibis, Lojje pe 405 (Wat G2 30 N.); id. P. Z.S. 1877, pp. 20, 30; 31 (Lat: 82°-83°, Sept. 19: Cape Union, 82° 15’); Hartl. Vég. Madag. p. 293 (1877: resident); E. Newt. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 301 (Anjouan); Ram- say, € e)p.330 (NE Qucensland);’Finsch, t.c. p. 770 (Eua); id. toc p. 781 (Ponapé) ; id. t. c. p. 784 (Ninafou Isl.); David & Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 433 (1877) ; Reid, Zool. 1877, p. 475 (Bermudas, Dec.) ; Oust. Bullsoc, Pinlom: 1879; ‘p. 183 (Seychelles); Sharpe, Phil. Trans. Vol. 168, Aves, p. 4 (1878: Rodriguez) ; Lawr. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. I. p. 67 (1878: Dominica) ; id. t. c. p. 197 (S. Vincent); Blakist. & Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 219 (Japan); E. L. & L. C. Layard, t. c. p. 280 (New Hebrides: Santo); E. C. Taylor, t. c. p. 373 (Damietta); E. Adams, then ps 437 (Michalaski); Eweedd.'P.\Z.'S. 1878, p. 711 (N. Bohol); Set c. p 557; Forbes, t.c.p.127 (Raine! Isl.) Maynard, B. East. N. Amer. p. 366 (1879); Milne-Edwards & Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madas.;Ois: p. 512 (1879); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. goo (1879); ume, ott.eE. VII p. 112°(1879); Butler, Cat: B. Sind, etc. p. 59 (1879); Seeb. Ibis, 1879, p. 26 (Yokohama); Meyer, t. c. p. 141 (Menado, March); Sharpe, t. c. p. 270 (Lumbidan); Bogd. B. Cauc. pP2154°(1879);) Finsch, P) ZS. 1879; pp: 9,:14 (Duke, of York Isl.) ; Sharpe, t. c. p. 351 (Labuan, Sept.); Seeb. Ibis, 1880, p. 190 (Siberia, 70% °N. lat.); Finsch, t. c. pp. 220, 330, 332 (Jaliut Isl., Aug.); id. t. c. p. 432 (Gilbert Isl.); Elliot, Monogr. Seal Isl. p. 129 (1880); Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 151 (1880); Finsch, P. Z.S. 1880, p. 5.76 (Ruk. Isl.); Butler, Cat. B.S. Bomb. Pres. p. 74 (1880: cold weather visitant) ; Vidal, Str. F. 1X. p. 82 (1880: S. Konkan, April) ; Sharpe, PZ S. 1oor, pts (halcahwano); Sci. t. cp: ‘451 (Rotumeh) ; Meyer, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, XXXI. p. 767 (1881: Sumba); Scl. Rep. Voy. “Challenger,” II. Birds, p. 33 (1881: Admiralty Isl.) ; W2-A] Forbes, ft. ep. 92° (Raine! Islet); Bocage, Orn. Angola; p. 434 (1881: Loango); A. & E. Newt. Handb. Jamaica, p. 115, 1881); Finsch, Ibis, 1881, pp. 105, 109 (Kushai); id. t. c. p. 115 (Ponapé, March); id. t. c. p. 246 (Nwalabo, July); Salvad. Orn. Papuasia, II. p. 298 (1882); Layard, Ibis, 1882, pp. 533, 544 (New Caledonia); Kel- ham, Ibis, 1882, p. 11 (Moar River, Malacca, April: Pulo Nongsa, Sept.); Seeb. t. c. p. 380 (Archangel, rare summer visitor); H. W. Biltot,.tec. ip. 476 (Prybilovlsl, July); Boke & L:-C; Vayard, t.:c.. pp. 260 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. 533, 544 (Duck Isl., N. Caledonia) ; Bean, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. p. 163 (1882); Cocks, Zool. 1882, p. 24 (Is. Fjord, Spitzbergen, Aug.) ; Elliot, Rep. Fur Seal Isl. Alaska, p. 129 (1882: not breeding, seen at sea 800 miles W. of Straits of Fuca); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, VIII. p: 339-(1883: Kamitschatka); B. O. U. List’ Br 1B, py 161 1883); Booth, Rough Notes, Vol. III. (1883); Saunders, ed. Yarr. Brit. B. III. p. 289 (1883); Seeb. Ibis, 1883, p. 29 (Shores of Black Sea) ; Irby, t.c. p. 187 (Santander, May, June, Nov.) ; Oates, Handb. B. Burm: Tlpy376u(18832 Pesu, Sept:);, Salvin, Pa ZS 1eeanam 429 (Paracas Bay, Oct.) ; Bakist. Amend. List B. Japan, p. 11 (1884: Japan generally) ; Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 77 (1884); Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 421 (1884: Lenkoran, April, May); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Suid, p. 233 (1884: Karchi); Finsch, Vég. der Siidsee, p. 86 (Marshall, Gilbert Isl., Carolines); Chapm. Ibis, 1884, p. 99 (Spain, Sept:); Triste, t: cp. 168: (S. Domingo); Sharpe; ed Layard:s Bas. Afr. p. 671 (1884); Baird, Brewer & Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. I. p- 119 (1884); Coues; Key N.-Amer -B: andied: pGoo,Geeae Stejn: Auk, 1. p: 173 (1884); Youngs-t. erp. s30r(atisea, atinonNe Long. 25° W.); Merriam, Auk, II. p. 63 (1885: Point Barrow, June, Aug.); Turner, t. c. p. 157 (Nearer Isl., Alaska, summer); Mur- doch, Rep. Polar Exp. Pt. Barrow, p. 108 (1885: breeding ?); Guil- lem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 417 (Lebarran Isl. N. Borneo); Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 20 (Aden, cold weather); Slater & Carter, t.c. p. 49 (North Iceland, breeding) ; Salvin, t. c. p. 178 (Brit. Guiana) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p- 377 (1886): Pleske, Uebers. Saug. u. Vég. Kola Halbinsel, p. 329 (1886); Tacz. Orn. Pérou, III. p. 349 (1886) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 336 (Diego Garcia, Oct.); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 386 (Portugal, April, Sept. breeds) ; Salvad. Elench. Ucc. Ital. p. 213 (1887); Reid, Str. F. X. p. 452 (1887: Lucknow, cold weather); Hume, t. c. p. 452, note (regular migrant); Gigl. & Salvad. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 585 (Olga Bay, Corea, Sept.); Buller, B. New Zeal. 2nd ed. II. p. 14 (1888); Ramsay, Tab. List. Austr. B. p. 20 (1888); Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 203 (Palawan); Seeb. t. c. p. 348 (Gt. Liakoff Isl., June); id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 410 (1888); Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 379 (Cozumel Isl.) ; Feilden, t. c. p. 492 (Barbados, Aug., Sept.) ; Pleske, Mém. Acad. Imp. St. Pétersb. (7) XXXVI. p. 50 (1888: Tschinas, Sept.) ; Everett, Journ. Straits Branch Asiat. Soc. 1889, p. 205; id. AVES — CHARADRIIDA. . 261 P. Z. S. 1889, p. 225 (Palawan); Milne-Edwards & Oust. N. Arch. Mus. (2) X. p. 288 (1889: Anjouan Isl.); Saunders, Man. p. 541 1889); Gigl. Avif. Ital. pt. 1, p. 579 (1889), pt. 2, p. 661 (1890), pt. 3, p- 517 (1891); Brusina, Motr. (Orn. Croatica), p. 88 (1890); Seeb. B. Japan. Emp. p. 331 (1890: Kuriles, probably breeding : S. Japan. winter); Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 59 (Palawan, Sept. jr Shagpetac, pp. 143, 284 (Lawas River, April, May); Grant, t. c. p. 442 (Ma- deira) ; Eagle Clarke, Zool. 1890, p. 12 (Jan Mayen)ce Steere, List B. & Mamm. Philipp. p. 26 (1890: Mindanao, Negros); Koenig, J. f. O. 1891, p. 313 (Canaries); Buckley & Harvie-Brown, Faun. Orkney Isl. p. 204 (1891: breeding); Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 115 (Fao, June); Saunders, t. c. p. 187 (Switzerland) ; Styan, t. c. p. 330 (Lower Yangtze), p. 504 (Shanghai, May) ; Frivaldsky, Av. Hung, p- 125 (1891); Sharpe, Sci. Res. 2nd Yark. Miss. p. 139 (1891: Nubra Valley, Oct.) ; Macfarlane, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XIV. p. 430 (1891) ; Salvad. Agg. Orn. Papuasia, pt. III. p. 198 (1891) ; Schalow. J. f. O. 1891, p. 258; Wigelsw. Abhandl. Mus. Dresd. no. 6, p. 63 (1891) ; Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 115 (Madagascar) ; Rendall, t. c. p. 229 (Gambia); De La Fouche, t. c. p. 497 (Foochow: Swatow, Sept.) ; Scott-Wilson & Evans, Aves Hawaiienses, pt. III (1892) ; Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 170 (Aden) ; Meade-Waldo, t. c. p. 204 (Ca- naries) ; Hartert, t. c. p. 307 (Aruba) ; Styan, t. c. p. 436 (Hainan) ; Munn, Ibis, 1894, p. 72 (Calcutta distr.) ; Pearson & Bidwell, t. c. p. 234 (Norway, breeding). Arenaria morinella, WW. Palmer, Fur Seals and Fur Seal Isl. N. Pac. Oc. III, pp. 408-412. (1899). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze. — Adult male (P. U. O. C. 5596 3, 12 May, 1881, Cobbs Island, Wirginia. ~W.E.D.S.) Total length, about 8 inches. Wing, 6.2 inches. Culmen, .95 inch. diail,, 2.9. inches: ivarsus, 1.0 inch. The adult female averages a trifle larger in size than the male. 262 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Color. — Adult male (breeding plumage, P. U. O. C. 5596). General color above, black mottled with bright chestnut ; the head white striped with black. Below white, with a large area of black on the chest and sides of the neck. PUG. eles Head: Crown, forehead and occiput white; the . crown streaked with black. The base of the forehead black, extending into a narrow frontal line reaching to the eyes on either side, and widening below and be- hind into a crescent which runs into the black stripes of the malar region, and by them is connected with the yy, black regions of the sides of the throat, the chest and Ht breast. Above this black a band of white which unites VT HP rit with a broad white eyebrow and extends backward adult plumage about to over the ear coverts. A white loral patch, separated breed. P. U. O. C. from the white throat by a black line. ae Coca Neck: Hind neck white, with some black mott- ; ling. Sides of neck and fore neck black ; throat white. Back: Mantle black, mixed with bright chestnut or bright chestnut and black feathers. Scapulars chiefly chestnut, the outer areas irregularly marked and terminated with black. Accessory scapular plumes white. The entire back below the mantle including the rump white. Upper tail coverts chiefly black, the longer ones white. Tail: Rectrices black with white bases, and tipped with white, except that in very old birds this white tip is not present on the central pair. The black of the rectrices diminishing in area toward the outer feathers forms a band, obvious when the tail is spread. Wing: Lesser upper coverts dusky, margined conspicuously with white for the most part. Median upper coverts chiefly chestnut, some- times mottled slightly with black. Greater coverts dusky, narrowly edged and broadly terminated with white. Bastard wing and primary coverts black, the inner coverts tipped with white. Primaries black with white shafts, the inner ones with white bases and tips. Secondaries chiefly white, becoming black toward the ends of the feathers, these black areas decreasing toward the innermost secondaries leaving many of the inner feathers of the group immaculate. The innermost secondaries black, mottled with bright chestnut. Lower parts: Throat and under surface of the body from the center AVES — CHARADRIID&. 263 of the chest backward pure white. A malar line, the sides of the neck, and breast black. The white of the neck defining this area as a crescent above, and the white of the center of the chest giving the black region a crescentic outline below. Under wing coverts and axillaries pure white. The quills have an ashy white aspect from below. Bill, black. Tarsi reddish orange. Feet and toes reddish orange. Iris deep hazel brown. Adult Female.— (Breeding plumage, P. U. O. C. 5604, Cobbs Island, Virginia, 24 May, 1881. W. E.D.S.) Similar to the male, but with all the colors duller. The white of the crown much obscured with dusky and rufous, as is the hind neck. The chestnut of the mantle and wings duller. The black areas of the sides of the head, breast and chest not so well defined or intense. Adults in Winter.—In winter the adult birds are dusky brown, showing little or no trace of the bright chestnut of the nuptial dress. The edges of the feathers are ashy brown on the back and wings. The head is col- ored like the back, and the upper surface, neck and sides are ashy brown with dusky centers to the feathers. The sides of the face are brown, shaded with a varying degree of white on the ear coverts. The black areas are defined on the cheeks and throat and breast, but are somewhat obsolete. The white crescentic bands on the neck are replaced by patches of ashy brown. (P. U. O. C. 3907, # ad., Gulf Coast Florida, 26 December, 1879. W.E. D.S.) (Fall and early winter.) Young of the year.— Similar to adults in winter, but with all the feathers of the back and wings edged with sandy rufous and those of the head streaked with sandy buff. The tail feathers are white with a broad sub- terminal area of black on each feather, decreasing in extent toward the outermost rectrices, and a// the feathers of the tail tipped with sandy buff. The black markings of the sides of the head, neck and breast are clearly indicated in pattern by mottled, dusky feathers, with ashy tips. The cres- centic band on the neck, white in the adult breeding birds, is replaced by a band of similar shape but dull sandy buff in color. (P. U. O. C. 3903 3, coast of Maine, August, 1876. N. C. Brown.) The difference in appearance of adults in winter and young birds in the first full plumage ‘consists in the sandy-buff margins to the feathers of 264 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. the upper surface, which are very distinct in the latter (first full plumage) at first. Afterward they become abraded, and then there is scarcely any distinguishing mark between the winter plumages of the adult and young. In the spring the red plumage is very rapidly acquired, and I believe that it is gained quite as much by change in the pattern of the feather as by direct moult.” (Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV, p. 98, 1896). “Male: Talcahuano, September 9, 1879. Iris brown; bill horn-colour legs and fect ted.“ Sharpes Ps Z. Sicelyp. ns. Geographical Range.— Nearly the whole world, but chiefly on sea coasts. So far as known, 4venaria interpres has not been taken in Patagonia, but it seems probable that it occurs in the area under consideration. The citations from the eastern coast of South America indicate the prox- imity of the species, and its well known nomadic habits point to its being recorded upon a more careful and thorough investigation of the Pata- gonian region. Therefore it is included in this work. The nearest points of record are in Chili and Brazil, and from islands in the South Atlantic, Talcahuano, Chili, Cajutuba and Bahia, Brazil, and the Galapagos Islands. ‘About the first week in June the Turnstone deposits its eggs, its nest being a mere depression in the soil, sometimes sparingly lined with a few grass-bents, the locality selected being usually, if not always, a sandy or rocky soil. On the island of Riigen, Naumann says, it breeds regularly in sandy flats covered with heath and a few scrubby juniper bushes, and also in bare sandy places; and Mr. R. Collet writes respecting its nidi- fication on the Norwegian coast as follows: ‘The last few years I have examined a considerable number of the nests of this species, in particular on the coast of Namdalen in June, 1871. ‘They are mostly built under large stones, or beneath broad-leaved plants (Archangelica littoralis, or juniper bushes) ; and several pairs were generally found breeding in close proximity. The eggs, invariably four in number, were quite fresh in the middle of June. In their breeding-haunts the birds exhibited great alarm, but did not, like the Chavadriz, feign to be wounded. Incubation spots were found in both sexes. The stomachs of those examined contained AVES — CHARADRIID. 265 small coleoptera, the young of Littorina, small crustaceans, coarse gravel and scales of fishes, the latter perhaps swallowed accidentally.’ ‘I possess a series of the eggs of this species from Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Denmark, which are dull greenish grey in ground-colour, and are more or less spotted and blotched with dull purplish underlying shell- markings, and dark brown overlying surface-blotches, some having these latter small and closely scattered over the surface of the shell, whereas in others they are larger and more scantily strewn. One egg is dull light olive-green, with but few markings, except at the larger end, where it is rather heavily blotched.”’ (H. E. Dresser, Birds ae Europe, Vol. VII. p. 563 (1871-1881.) Subfamily HA#MA TOPODINA:. Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 105 (1896); id., Hand-List Bds. I. p. 147 (1899). Genus HAAMATOPUS Linnzus. Type. @s7esa, Briss. Orn. V.p. 38 (1760): . . . | » ~ HZ. ostralesus. Hematopus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 257 (1766); Sharpe, Cam Bdse brits Mus. XXIV. p. 105° (1896); 1d!, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 147 (1899) . . . . . . FT. ostralegus. Melanibyx, Reichenb. Nat. Syst. Vég. p. XII (1852) . . #1. moguint. Geographical Range. — Almost cosmopolitan. HAMATOPUS LEUCOPUS Garnot. Hematopus leucopodus, Garn. Ann. Sci. Nat. VII. p. 47 (1826: Falkland Islands). Ostralega leucopus, Garn. & Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. I. p. 721 (1826). Hematopus luctuosus, Cuv. Regn. Anim. I. p. 584 (1829); Schl. Mus. Pays Bas, IV. Cursores, p. 74 (1865: Falkland Islands); Gray, Hand-]. B. III. p. 21, no. 10058 (1871: Tierra del Fuego). Hematopus arcticus, Jard. ed. Wils. Am. Orn. III. p. 35, pl. LXIV. (1832); Gray, Gen. Bs Tsp. 547 (1647). Hematopus leucopus, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Grall. p. 72 (1844: Tierra del Fuego: Falkland Islands); id. Gen. B. III. p. 547 (1847); Scl. 266 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY P. Z. S. 1860, p. 386 (East Falklands); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 156 (Falkland Islands, breeds in Oct.) ; Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. Pp: 143 (1873)) id: PZ. S 519878, p. 437; 1d) Voy. Chall Liabinds: p. 108 (1881: Penguin Isl.: Elizabeth Isl.: Tom Harbour) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S., 1881, p. 15 (Cape Sambo, Trinidad Channel, March; west coast Patagonia: Tom Bay, Jan.: Hugh Bay, Dec.); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 306 (1888); Burm. Ann. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III, part X. p. 246 (1888: Falklands); Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XII. p. 136 (1889: Elizabeth Island); Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 121, 330 (1891); Sharpe, Cat By But: Mus. XXIV. p. 113 (1896); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 663 (1898: Punta Anegada, Str. Magell., Jan.) ; Sharpe, Hand-list, B. I. p. 147 (1899); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 625 (1900: Penguin Rookery, Feb.: Rio Pescado, May); Carbajal, La Pata- gonia, II. p. 273 (1900); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 14 (1900: Patagonia); Nicoll, Ibis 1904, p.32; id Zool. 1904, p. 401 ; Crawshay, B. Tierra del Fuego, p. 123 (1907); Useless Bay, Sept. 2; San Sebastian Settlement, Oct. 22 (1904) breeding, eggs procured. ? Hematopus bicolor, Vincig. Boll. Soc. Geogr. Ital. (2) IX. p. 798 (1884). Hematopus leucopus. P.U.C.O. 7805. Adult male. One third natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.— Adult male. (P. U. O. C. 7805, Montez Ranch, near Rio Coy, Patagonia, 1 October, 1896. J. B. Hatcher.) Total length, about 16.6 inches. Wing, 10.4 inches. AVES — CHARADRIID& 267 Culmen, 3.05 inches. Tail, 4.05 inches. Tarsus, 1.75 inches. The adult female is appreciably larger than the adult male. Color. — Adult male (cited above). General color above black, with a white area on each closed wing and on the upper tail coverts. Below, black as far back as the chest, thence white. Head: Entirely glossy black, except for a small crescentic white spot below the eye. Neck: Entirely glossy black. Back: Mantle, lower back, and rump glossy black; the upper tail coverts white. Tail: Terminal portion of rectrices glossy black, the basal half pure white, the color of the shafts matching the color of each area. Wings: The upper coverts glossy black. The secondary coverts with broad white tips. Primaries black, weth no white along the shafts or on the inner webs. All the secondaries except the extreme inner ones pure white. Lower parts glossy black from the bill back to the breast, where the black abruptly terminates. The remainder of the under surface white. Most of the under wing coverts black, the axillaries white. Bill, ‘orange red.” sleet, ““oney.” “Tris and eyelid brilliant yellow” (data of color of soft parts quoted from Dr. Coppinger). The female is similar to the male in color. 636, male, Penguin Islands. ‘Bill red, legs flesh, eyes orange.” 653, female, ) 654, young, | ‘Eyes orange; stomach had mussels.” “Eyes of young were brown, bill of adult red, feet flesh-coloured ; bill of young brown.” 661, female, Tom Harbour. 720, male, Elizabeth Island. “Eyes yellow, feet flesh, bill red, eyelids red; stomachs had mussels.” (Sclater & Salvin, on Birds Antarctic America, Voy. H.M.S. ‘“Chall.” —No. IX. pp. 437-438, 1878.) Tom Harbour. 268 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY Immature birds are similar to the adults, but having the black areas more dusky and rusty margins to all the feathers of the upper parts. The white area extends well up on the breast. Geographical Range.— The Falkland Islands, lands about the Straits of Magellan and north on the coasts of Patagonia to at least 51° South Latitude. The bird taken by the naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions was pro- cured near the mouth of Rio Coy, which appears to extend its range far- ther north than heretofore known, and also some short distance from the coast. This genus, so generally distributed, is found on almost every seacoast of both continents. In all this wide distribution there does not appear to be any great diversity of habit among the many species that are described. The birds are generally not gregarious, but are usually found in pairs. They seem in most regions to prefer sandy beaches, particularly such as have dunes adjoining, and in such localities they nest. From the fact that they frequent these places, as well as their known habit of feeding on the smaller crustaceans, it seems improbable that oysters form any appreciable part of the food of these birds. On the coasts of Virginia and New Jersey, adjacent to large areas of oyster beds, many of which are exposed at low water, Mr. Scott has never seen the Oyster-catchers of these shores leave the sea-beaches and sand dunes to forage for the bivalve that has given a name to the several representatives in many parts of the world. That the bill is used for boring in the sand after small shell fish and crustaceans is amply attested by the tracks left by a pair of feeding birds. The nest is little more than a hollow in the sand within the border of the dunes, and here three eggs are laid. These are large for the size of the bird; almost as big as those of an ordinary domestic fowl. From the nest to the nearest point of the sea a path is formed by the two parent birds, which, as time goes on, becomes a conspicuous track that will serve the searcher to discover the nest. This trail is formed by the birds going to feed at low water, the time spent at the nesting site being during the higher stages of the tide. ‘ozis [enjeu £4 ‘adieys w-ofuenp sngojpuny 270 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY The British Museum has received examples from Lake Blanco, Chubut, collected by J. Koslowsky, during the months of September, October and November. H&MATOPUS DURNFORDI Sharpe. Hematopus palliatus, Darwin (nec Temm), Voy. ‘‘ Beagle” Birds, p. 128 (1841: Rio de La Plata); Durnf. Ibis, 1878, p. 403 (Tambo Point, mouth of Chupat river, Dec., breeding); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 176 (1889). Hematopus durnfordt, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 117, pl. VI. (1896: Patagonia); id. Hand-list B. I. p. 147 (1899); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 14 (1900: Patagonia). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze. —Adult. Total length, 16 inches. Wing, 9.7 inches. Culmen, 2.55 inches. Tail, 3.6 inches. Tarsus, 1.9 inches. Color.— Adult. General color above chocolate brown on body, chang- ing abruptly into black on the neck, which color is continuous to the bill. Below, black from the bill to the chest, then abruptly white, which color prevails on the rest of the lower surface, except on the under tail coverts which are blackish brown. Head entirely black. Mo white below eye. Neck entirely black. Back, mantle, lower back, rump and wpfer fail coverts chocolate brown. Tail blackish brown without prominent bases of white to any of the feathers. Wings: The whzfe area on the wing comparatively small. None of the primaries white shafted or with white areas on the webs. The greater coverts tipped with white, this forming only a narrow band on the closed wing. All the secondaries have some black and most of them a great deal of that color at their ends on the outer webs. Lower parts: Black from the bill backward to the chest. Then ab- ruptly white to the under tail coverts, which are mostly shaded heavily with blackish brown. “Bill dark pink; legs and feet greenish yellow; iris light orange”’ (H. Durnford). Fic. Leip eb et» iy — eet | ttt 24 natural size. Hlematopus ater (Lesson). 272 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY Geographical Range: Patagonia. “Several pairs were observed on Tambo Point in December and the bird occasionally occurs at the mouth of the Chupat. It was nesting in the former place, but I failed to discover the eggs.’ (Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 403.) The bird here referred to is the species under discussion, though Durn- ford referred to it under the head of Hematopus palhatus. HAMATOPUS ATER (Lesson). Hematopus niger, Quoy & Gaim. (nec Pall.), Voy. Uranie, Zool. I. p. 129, pl. 24 (1824: Falkland Is.); Schl. Mus. Pays Bas; IV. Cursores, p. 76 part (1865: Straits of Magellan: Falkland Is.). Ostralega atra, Less. Traité d’Orn. p. 548 (1831: Falkland Islands). Hematopus ater, Vieill. et Oud. Gal. Ois. II. p. 88, pl. 230 (1834); Cass. & Lawr. B. N. Amer p:. 700° (1858: Coastvor Chilis Scla PZ: 1860, p. 386 (Falkland Is.); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 155 (Falkland Islands, resident, breeds: in Nov:); Scl. PZ. SS) 1867). pps 3358330 (Chili); Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1870, p. 499 (Port Laguna, Nov.); Cun- ningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 123 (1871); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 143 (1873: Chili, Patagonia, and Falkland Is.); Durnf.. Ibis, 1878, ‘p.. 403 (Lambo Pot); Sckvac-oalv. bs Zo 1978, p. 438 (Elizabeth: Isl.\; aid. Voy: Challe lls Birds, p: ie9 (1661) ;* Sharpe, P. ZS. 881, p15 (Port Henry) 5 "Salviny ba: 1883, p. 429 (San Lorenzo Isl.); Vincig. Exped. Austr. Arg. p. 58 (1883: Isola degli Stati); id. Patag. p. 59; id: Boll’ Soc. "Geogr: Ital. (2) IX. p. 798 (1884); Yacz. Orn: Perou, Tl, p: 350 (1886)e Macfarl. Ibis, 1887, p. 205 (San Lorenzo Is]., very common); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 246 (1888: Falkland Is.)\; Sel. & Huds. Argent. Orn. Il pi17é (18892 Tambo Poimt, Patagonia); Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XII. p. 136 (1889): Elizabeth Isl,); Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 119, 330 (1891); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIV, p. 121 (1896); id. Hand- list B. I. p. 147 (1899); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 624 (1900; Penguin Rookery, Feb.: Rio Pescado, May); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 14 (1900: Falkland Islands) ; Crawshay, B. Tierra del Fuego, p. 125 (1907): Admiralty Sound, January, 19, 1905. AVES— CHARADRIID= 273 Hematopus unicolor, Gould (nec Wagl.), P. Z. S. 1859, p. 96 (Falkland Islands, eggs). Hematopus niger ater, Baird, Brewer, & Ridgw. Water Birds N. Amer. I. p. 109 (1884); Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 311 (1888). Melanibyx ater, Heine & Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 337 (1890: Chili). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.— Adult. Total length, about 16 inches. Wing, 10.7 inches. Culmen, 2.8 inches. Tail, 3.7 inches. Tarsus, 2 inches. Color. — Adult male. General color black or deep chocolate brown throughout. Head: Black. Neck: Black. Back: Deep chocolate brown. Wing: Deep chocolate brown. Tail: Deep chocolate brown. Lower Parts: Black like the head and neck, on the breast and imper- ceptibly shading into a darker brown than that of the upper parts. ‘Bill dark pink; legs and feet greenish yellow; iris dark orange”’ (H. Durnford). The bill is very much deeper and more compressed than in any of the close allies of the species. At the end the shape is that of a thin blade, reminding one of the bill of A/yachops. Immature and young birds are much browner than adults and the feathers of the brown parts of the plumage are edged with sandy buff. The head and neck as well as the breast are deep sooty. 721, female, Elizabeth Island. “Eyes yellow, feet flesh, bill red, eyelids red; stomach had mussels.” Sclater & Salvin, on Birds Antarctic America, Voy. H. M. S. ‘“ Chall."’ — No. IX. p. 438, 1878. “Female: Fort Henry, January 29, 1879. Eyes black; eyelids orange- fem biullvoraneeted; feet grey.” Sharpe, P.Z.S. 1881, p. 15. “ Two species of Hematopus, I may here observe, are common through- 274 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY out the Strait of Magellan, and on the west coast of South America as far north as Chiloe. The plumage of one of these (//. afer) is wholly black, while that of the other (47. Aa/fatus) is pied with black and white, so as closely to resemble the British 47. ostralegus. We found them both to be very good eating, and they were therefore entered in the game-book which was kept by one of our number as a register of the skill of the sportsmen. Like many other Gva//w, they are possessed of tolerable swimming powers.”” (Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell., 1871, p. 123.) Subfamily LOBJIVANELLINA:. Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 122, 1896; Sharpe, Hand-list Bds, Ip. 143, 1699. Genus OREOPHILUS Jardin & Selby. Type. Oreophilus, Jard & Selby, Ill. Orn. III. pl. 151 (1835) ; Sharpe Cat: Bds. “Brit. Mus, XX1V.0p. 123 (1696) Sharpe, Hand-list Bds. I. p. 148 (1809)) =... =. O) vajicolis, Dromicus, Less. Echo du Monde Savant, 1844, col. 616 . O. raficoltis. Geographical Range.— Peculiar to Southern South America and the Falkland Islands. OREOPHILUS RUFICOLLIS (Jardin & Selby). Charadrius ruficollis, Wag). Isis, 1829, p. 653, ex Licht. Mus. Berol. Oreophilus totunirostris, Jard & Selb. Ill. Orn. II. pl. 151 (1835: Andes of Chili); Darwin, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 125 (1841: Maldonado: Valparaiso); Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 117 (Chili, rare); Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 399 (1847); Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 221 (Chili); Huds. P. 2. S. 1872,-p: 549 (Rio Negro); Cab aja O. 1878, p. 199 (Sierra de Cordova); Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. p. 56 (1882: Rincon Grande: Rio Colorado); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. pp. 246, 319 (1888: North and Central Patagonia). Dromicus lessont, Less. Echo du Monde Savant coll. 617. (1844.) AVES— CHARADRIID& 275 Hoplopterus ruficollis, Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 542 (1844). Oreophilus ruficollis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 94 (1854): Scl. eee oO? pp. 2am, 339 (Chili); id. c& Salv- t. c. p. 989) (Islay, Peru); ld. PZ. 5. 1606, p. 570 (Western Peru); iid. Ibis, 1868, p. 189 (Sandy Bay, Str. Magell. April); iid. Ibis, 1870, p. 499 (Gal- legos River, March) ; Cunningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 474 (1871) ; Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 143 (1873: Patagonia) ; Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 42 (Chupat Valley, Nov.), p. 197 (Buenos Aires); id. Ibis, 1878, p. 402 (Tambo Point, Dec. breeding); Tacz. Orns Perow Tl” p. 347e i886: Junin); Sci P. Z. S. 1886, p: 403 (Tarapaca) ; Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 174 (1889: Rio Negro, winter); Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 116 (1891); Holland, Ibis, 1891, p. 16 (Argent. Rep.); id. Ibis, 1892, p. 210 (Estancia Espartilla, fairly common, April to July); James, New ist Chill Be psn: -(1S92); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 123 (1896) ; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 664 (1898: Concepcion, June: Punta Arenas, Feb.); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Voég. p. 14 (1900: Patagonia). Morinellus totanirostris, Schl. Mus. Pays Bas, Cursores, p. 47 (1863: Santiago, Chili: Bolivia). Charadrius totanirostris, Seebohm. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 111, pl. 4 (1888). Fic. 148. Oreophilus ruficollis, Adult male. P. U. O. C. 7789. Natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Adult male (P. U. O. C. 7981, Rio Deseado, Patagonia, 29 ' March, 1898, A. E. Colburn). 276 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY Total length, 9.55 inches. Wing, 6.5 inches. Culmen, 1.25 inches. Tail, 2.85 inches. Tarsus, 1.95 inches. The sexes do not vary in size, but there is an appreciable variation among the seven individuals of the Princeton collection in this respect that does not correlate with sex. Color.— Adult male (cited above). General color above sandy ash brown, plain on the head and neck, and much variegated on the mantle, wings and back with deep umber, almost black, and cinnamon _ buff. Below, the prevailing color is buffy, with a black area on the lower breast, grey on the neck, orange cinnamon on the throat, fading to almost white on the chin. Head: Crown deep ashy grey with a strong olive tinge, and faint median dusky lines on each feather. Forehead to its base and a broad eyebrow buffy white with a tawny tinge, especially above the ear coverts. This eyebrow is prolonged so as to form an almost complete nuchal band. 16.) Geographical Range.— Eastern North America, breeding in the high latitudes. Migrating south by the Eastern Coast of Central America, 330 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY and the Antilles to South America, reaching extreme Southern South America and the Falkland Islands. Bonaparte’s, or the white-rumped Sandpiper was obtained by the nat- uralists of the Princeton Expeditions and the individuals are cited below in detail. Sex. | Locality. | Date. P. U. OlG: | Collector. 7798 Female. | Palaike, Patagonia. 18 January, 1898. | A. E. Colburn. 7799 | Female. | _ Palaike, Patagonia. 18 January, 1898. | A. E. Colburn. In writing of the White-rumped Sandpiper Mr. Barrows says: “In small squads or large flocks at the same times and places as the following species.”" (Barrows, Auk. I. p. 314, October, 1884.) The “ following species ’’ here referred to is Heteropygia maculata, which the same writer speaks of as being present throughout the year save in the period between the middle of November and the middle of January. This is not a little remarkable, as both kinds of sandpipers are known to breed in the far North and during the months of May, June and July. Genus» ANCY LOCHILUS akaup: Type. Ancylocheilus, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 50 (1829) . . A. subarquatus. Ancylocheilus, Kaup, = Ancylochilus, Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 585 (1896); id., Hand-list Bds. I. p. 164 (1899). Falcinellus, Cuv. (nec V.), Régne Anim. I. p. 527 (1829). 4. subarquatus. Geographical Range.— Breeds in the Arctic regions. Migrates through- out Europe. Winters in Africa, India and Australia. Casual in Alaska, and accidental in Eastern North America and the West Indies. Acci- dental in East Patagonia. ANCYLOCHILUS SUBARQUATUS (Giildenstein). Scolopax subarquata, Giildenst. Nov. Comm. Petrop. XIX. p. 417 (1774). Ancylochilus subarquatus, Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. Pp. 592 (1896; East Patagonia). AVES— CHARADRIIDAZ 331 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. S7ze. — Total length, about 7.4 inches. Wing, 5.2 inches. Culmen, 1.4 inches. Tail, 1.9 inches. Parsus, ¥.2 inches: Female birds average a little smaller in size than do the males. Color.— Adults in the breeding season. General color deep bay or cin- namon, the females not so highly colored as are the males. Adult male in breeding plumage. Head: Crown deep cinnamon, with the dark centers to the feathers showing much less that on the back. The sides of the face are bright cinnamon chestnut, with the hoary tips of the winter plumage showing more or less. Neck: Like the sides of the face but much more hoary on the back. Back: The general color rich cinnamon with dark centers to each feather; lower back dull ashy brownish; the upper tail coverts white with tinges of cinnamon and some blackish barring ; the rump is pure white shading into the ashy of the lower back. Wings: Coverts cinnamon brown with whitish edges; the primary coverts darker; the primaries dark brown with white shafts and the sec- ondaries fringed with white. Tail: Ashy brown like the lower back and with white shafts and the hoary fringing of the winter dress showing more or less. Lower parts: Bright vinous cinnamon back as far as the breast then pure white, the sides being more or less spotted with dusky. In the winter plumage adult birds are dusky rufous above except on the forehead ; the forehead, sides of the face and head and lower parts white. The dusky feathers of the upper parts are much suffused with pale greyish or hoary edging. Young birds of the year in winter plumage are distinguished by the lack of rufous or bay tinge to the feathers of the upper parts. Otherwise they resemble closely the adults of the same season of the year. Geographical Range.— Exact breeding point in the Arctic Regions un- known; the birds winter in Africa, India and Australia. Accidental in Eastern North America, Alaska and the West Indies; also in Eastern Patagonia. 332 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY The Curlew Sandpiper was not taken or observed by the naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions. The only record from that region is a single bird in the British Museum collected by Sir W. Burnett and Admiral Fitzroy. The label on this bird, which is a female adult, is East Pata- gonia; and it would appear that this nomad is of purely accidental occurrence in the area under consideration. Genus GALLINAGO Leach. Type. Galhinago, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm., etc., Brit. Mus. p. 30 (1816); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 616 (1896) ; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 165 ae? G. maor. Te/matias, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 979 : G. stenura. Pelorhynchus, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 119 (1820) . . G. gallinago. Nemoricola, Hodgs. J. A. S. Beng. VI. p. 491 (1837) . G. memoricola. Hlomopitlura, Gray, List Gen. Bds. 1840, p. 70. . G. undulata. Xylocota, Bonap. C. R. XLI. p. 660 (1855) . . G. jameson. Cenocorypha, Gray, List Gen. Bds. 1855, p. 19. . G. aucklandica. Spiluva, Bonap. C. R. XLIII. p. 579 (1856). . G. solitaria. Geographical Range. — Almost cosmopolitan. GALLINAGO PARAGUAY (Vieillot). Becasina prima, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 271 (1805). Scolopax paraguaia, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. III. p. 356 (1816: ex Azara) ; Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 118 (Chili, found in large flocks in the marshes during winter) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 24 (1847). Scolopax magellanicus, King, Zool. Journ. IV. p. 93 (1828: Straits of Magellan). Scolopax (Telmatias) magellanicus, Darw. Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 131 (1841 : Maldonado: East Falklands). Scolopax ( Telmatias) paraguia, Darw. Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 131 (1841: Valparaiso ; Maldonado; La Plata). Gallinago magellanicus, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. part III. p. 111 (1844: Straits of Magellan and Falkland Islands) ; Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Zool. 1. ps» 427 (1847); Sel. P. ZS. 1660, p. 367 (Ralklandeilca): Fic. 1170. ae IE 2 | oe zi x = ———— == = Se oe ee ai SS Two thirds natural size. — From a bird in the British Museum, Gallinago paraguaye. Adult. > is AVES — CHARADRIID 333 Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 156 (Falkland Islands, Aug. to March, breeds end of August and September) ; Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. peasy, (1868). Gallinago paraguaye, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. part III. Pe tie (1844 Valparaiso ; Maldonado) ; Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 426 (1847) ; Schl. Mus. Pays Bas, V. Scolopaces, p. 11 (1864: Falk- land Islands: Chili); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 332, 339 (Chili) ; id. & Salv. Ibis, 1868, p. 189 (Sandy Point, Dec.) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 144 (Conchitas) ; Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 37 (1868); Scl. & Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 144 (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p- 198 (Buenos Aires, April to August); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 438 (Puerto Bueno: Falkland Islands) ; iid. Voy. Chall. II. Birds, P3209) (1681) 7 Sharpe, P: Z.S. 1881, p. 15 (Cockle Cove, Febs\ Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. p. 56 (1882: Rios Colorado and Negro) ; Barrows, Auk, I. p. 314 (1884: Concepcion, breeds in Sept. and Oct.: Carhué, April, abundant); Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 282 (Pay- sandu) ; Philippi, Ornis, IV. p. 160 (1888; Tilopozo, Tarapaca) ; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 (Lomas de Zamora, very abundant, breeds) ; Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. IL. p. 181 (1889); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XII. p. 137 (1889: Gregory Bay; Laredo Bay); Heine & Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 331 (1890: Chili); Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 124, 330 (1891); Holland, Ibis, cot pe mon(Argent; epi); Sci. PZ. S. 1891, p.137 (latapaca). Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 150 (Fortin Page, winter and spring) ; Holland, t. c. p. 211 (Estancia Espartilla, fairly common throughout the year); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, pp. 207, 215 (Uruguay); Lataste, Actes Soc. Scient. Chile, III. p. cxv (1894: Chilian Cordilleras) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIV, p. 650 (1896: Patagonia and Falkland Islands); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 309 (Sacaya; Rio Bueno) ; Carbajal, La Patagonia, part IT. p. 273 (1900) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 625 (1900: Santa Cruz, Jan. : Gregory Bay, April : Cape Coll- net, Feb. : Skyring Mt., Melville Is]., June) ; Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 15 (1900: Straits of Magellan and Falkland Islands) ; Crawshay, B. Tierra del Fuego, p. 126 (1907) ; Useless Bay Settlement, August 31; San Sebastian Settlement, October 30; Cheena Creek Settlement, November 17, 1904 (nest and eggs collected). 334 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY Scolopax frenata, Burm. (nec Licht), La Plata Reise, II. p. 503 (1861) ; C. Burm. Ann. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 246 (1888: Patagonia) ; Carbajal, La Patagonia, part II. 173 (1900). Gallinago frenata, Durnf. (nec. Licht.) Ibis, 1876, p. 164 (Buenos Aires, Oct. ? breeding). Scolopax frenata magellanica, Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 496 (1888). Scolopax frenata chilensts, Seebohm, t. c. p. 496. Gallinago paraguaye chilensis, Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 661 (1898: La Serena, Oct.; Punta Arenas, Feb.). Gallinago paraguaye magellanicus, Schalow, t. c. p. 661 (Seno Almiran- tazgo, Tierra del Fuego, Jan.; Buschuwaria, Beagle Canal, March). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze. — Adult male. Total length, about 11 inches. Wing, 5 inches. Culmen, 2.6 inches. Weail 2° anelres: Tarsus, 1.25 inch. The adult female is usually larger than the adult male. Adult female. (Pp. U. O. C. 7795, near head of Rio Mayer, Patagonia, 8 March, 1897. J. B. Hatcher.) Total length, about 11.8 inches. Wing, 5.3 inches. Culmen, 2.8 inches. Tail, 2.25 inches. Tarsus, 1.25 inch. Color. — Adult female (cited). General color above black mottled and decorated with creamy and sandy buff. Below, creamy buff marked and decorated with blackish, until the chest is reached, thence white or buff white, plain on the lower breast and abdomen and barred on the sides and flanks with blackish. Head: Crown. A median narrow line of sandy cream color. A broad black or blackish brown band running parallel to the median creamy line on each side. These dark bands defined on their outer edges by a sandy cream eyebrow streak. This streak runs to the bill and is defined in the loral region by a broad blackish brown streak running back to the eye AVES—CHARADRIID& 335 and from behind it to the upper ear coverts. Below this band, beginning at the base of the lower mandible is another sandy cream colored band, which becomes defined below the eye by a blackish brown band across the lower auricular region. Neck: All clear sandy cream, unmarked on the chin, and with a streaked and mottled appearance elsewhere, each feather having a blackish brown median area varying somewhat in shape and extent on the different parts of the neck. Back: Outer scapular region black or deep velvety blackish brown, the feathers marked and notched with rusty. The back is further deco- rated by two broad lines of creamy buff, formed by the broad edging of the scapulars in that color. The scapulars are black otherwise, dotted, notched, and in parts almost barred with rusty. Lower back dusky, the feathers inclined to be filamentous, and being fringed with isabelline, cream buff and sandy, has a barred or mottled appearance. Upper tail coverts, rusty, narrowly barred in arrow shape with blackish, leav- ing rusty areas at least four times as wide as the dusky bars. Termi- nally the upper tail coverts are creamy or isabelline. Tail of sixteen feathers, black at the base, then becoming évoad/y rusty red with an arrow- shaped subterminal bar of black, the rusty after this subterminal black bar shading into creamy buff, almost white tipping each feather. The feathers gradually become lighter in color and more barred toward the outer sets, Galinago paraguaye. Showing tail pattern. From a bird in the British Museum. Natural size. 336 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY until the outermost rectrix is almost white with five distinct dusky bars. The outermost feathers are narrow or lanceolate as compared with the same feathers in G. de/icafa which in a general way this species closely resembles. Wings: Upper coverts blackish brown, the marginal ones uniform, the median and greater series spotted by the whitish tips of each feather. Bastard wing and primaries blackish with five white tips. Quills: Outer web, of first primary white or greyish white. Other- wise the quills are dusky or blackish, the secondaries being conspicuously tipped with white, and the first secondaries do not exceed the longest pri- mary coverts in length. The innermost secondaries are barred black and rusty cream buff like the longer scapulars in general effect. Lower parts: Chin deep creamy buff, and unmarked. The whole under neck similar in tone but streaked and mottled and almost barred in appearance by the irregular dark brown or blackish areas on each feather. From the lower breast back the ground color is white plain medianly and heavily barred with blackish on the sides and flanks. Under tail coverts washed with pale creamy buff and barred with blackish, somewhat irregu- larly. Under wing coverts, whitish barred with dusky, the primary series greyish with white tips. Axillaries, regularly barred black and white, the white bars a little the wider. Bill: Olive brown, darker at the tip, and shading to green yellow at the base. Feet and legs, olive brown. Iris, dark hazel. 671, 672, females, Puerto Bueno. ‘Eyes brown, feet bluish; in No. 672 the feet are yellowish.” 729, male; 730, female, Falkland Islands. ‘‘Eyes brown; stomachs had worms, etc.’’ (Sclater & Salvin, on Birds Antarctic America, Voy. H. M. S. “Chall.” —No. IX. p. 438, 1878.) The sexes do not vary in appearance, but winter birds are suffused and the markings are not so clearly defined. Young birds of the year are more rusty in general tone, especially on the throat, breast and back. There is a wide individual difference in the Patagonian Snipe but the material is not sufficient to generalize upon, though a correlation of two AVES—CHARADRIID® 337 extremes in pale and dark Snipes of this species with the arid and damp regions of Argentina seems likely. Geograplical Range.—South America, from Para southward to Pata- gonia and the Falkland Islands. Also Bolivia and Chili from Tarapaca to the Straits of Magellan. Breeding probably throughout its range. The naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions found this Snipe at all points which they visited. Mr. J. B. Hatcher has given the following MSS. notes: “The Patagonian Jack Snipe is common in the tall grass about streams and ponds and has the same general habits as the Jack Snipes of other countries. It is distributed all over the Patagonian plains and in the marshes and along the streams of the lower Andes.” “Extremely plenty at Concepcion during the cold weather; less so in summer, but many remain to breed. A set of three eggs was taken Sep- tember 16, 1880, and two eggs from another nest on October 12. Both nests were slight hollows in the ground, with a few bits of straw and grass for lining. The eggs are as much like those of G. wé/sond as are the birds themselves ; that is to say very similar indeed. During the winter the Snipe collected in some of the marshes to the number of thousands, and often twenty or thirty would rise at the report of the gun and circle about in a loose flock before settling again. They were abundant in Carhué early in April.” (Barrows, Auk, I. p. 314. July, 1884.) “Resident apparently, though much more common at some seasons than others. The comparative abundance probably depends upon the rain- fall. In the latter half of October they were common along marshy cafiadas and similar places on the Satice. They were evidently there for breeding purposes, as they were tame, often gave you a view of them on the ground, were constantly ‘drumming’ in the air, and on the ground uttering a note like chuttuk. The females (?) cried ‘chuttuk’ or ‘chuk-chuk-chuk’ on rising. The sound of the drumming differs from that produced by the English Snipe ; it is along shaking Aurrrrrr (the sound can be reproduced to some extent in the back of the human throat) ; sometimes it varies to a deep low-noted hollow gurrrrr, and, like our bird’s drum, is audible at a considerable distance. a 338 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY “The Snipe, when drumming, is said to be calling for water, but I for- get the exact name used for the bird. I often searched for the nest among the tall grass and herbage on the boggy banks of cafiadas where I flushed Snipe, without success, but on the 23d November, when galloping home with a companion through some low paja near the Satice on Sta. Ade- laida, a Snipe fluttered from under my horse’s feet ; this was thirty yards at least from the river and quite dry ground. The nest was in a tuft of paja, formed of a few grass-blades, and contained two fresh eggs. By Christmas all, or nearly all, the Snipe had disappeared from the neighbor- hood, the country having become excessively dry. A very few put in an appearance about the end of February and early in March, but it was not until early April (after a heavy rain-storm) that we saw any great number. All through that month and in May they were rather numerous, although more plentiful on some days than others. Their habits at that season almost exactly resembled those of our bird. The cry on rising was ‘ garb, gueak, or ‘ gutr-eak.’ “Tt seems just possible that some of these Snipes which visited us in autumn may have bred at that season. At all events I noticed that in May, while most of the birds remained more or less wild, as autumn Snipe are, some were tame and behaved exactly as others did in the spring. In the early part of May we had some very fine warm weather, and it was on the tst of that month that I first noticed Snipe drumming in the autumn just as they did in spring; I observed this during the day as well as at sundown for a fortnight afterwards, but in the cold period which followed I did not notice them, and I left about the end of the month. In the first week I saw two or three supposed pairs, and on the 8th I observed one pair especially, where the Satice ran swiftly through low green banks, sheltered by higher banks, tall paja, &c., and was studded with green islets. The pair, on being disturbed, settled on the short green turf in full view, the male rising again, but the female remaining on the ground uttering a loud chuk chuk chuk continuously (rather like the alarm-call of a hen Partridge which has small young in the grass) for some time, then rose and flew a few yards with upraised wings, and, alighting again, continued calling. When on the wing her note was a rapid “ka tuka. Meanwhile the male was drumming loudly overhead. I could also that afternoon (had I been so inclined) have shot a few other Snipe on the ground, but at the same time the rest of the birds seen (a considerable 7 7 “ 7 a = on 7 7 ae a? o ‘es o f . rs . a « + < . = . \ Se — = AZO ss SS eee ee oto gs Lie Y Fic. 172. Yy//f Vy “B 7 lif oF, == —————_ Wr 2. — == —— Z = j, //)/ IL Me [= From a bird inthe British Museum. Two thirds natural size. Adult. Gallinago strickland.. AVES—CHARADRIIDA= 339 number) had their winter habits and were rather wild.” (O. V. Alpin, on Birds Uruguay, Ibis, pp. 207-208, 1894.) “Winter and resident game birds are uncommonly plentiful this season, affording me a good opportunity for securing specimens and observing their habits. e I am fond of gunning, the Duck and Snipe families are favorites. Of the eae: I am acquainted with twenty species. Seventeen of these are well known to naturalists, or at least have had their affinities determined; but before writing much about them I should like to become more fey o with some a their habits, especially the times of their arrival and departure, also the nidification of the resident species. The other three are perhaps not known, or are fot considered natives of this region. I have formerly shot, but never preserved, speci- mens of two of them. But I will say no more at present about these birds, as memory is not a faithful guide in such matters, and some favor- able chance may bring them in my way again.” (Hudson, P. Z. S. 1870, P- 799.) Examples of Gallinago paraguaye have been received by the British Museum from Lake Blanco, Chubut, collected by J. Koslowsky in Sep- tember, October and November. The birds appear to be adult, the bill, however, varying from 2.45 to 3.00 inches in length. GALLINAGO STRICKLAND] (Gray). Gallinago strickland?, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part ITI, p- 112 (1844: Hermit Isl.); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 144 (Patagonia); iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 145 (1873 : Chili & Patagonia) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 15 (Swallow Bay, March); Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 293, 330 (1891) ; James, New List Chil. B. p. 12 (1892) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 660 (1896); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 310 (Tarapaca); Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 166 (1899) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 625 (1900: Punta Arenas, May) ; Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vig. 15 (1900: Straits of Magellan). Scolopax stricklandi, Gray, Erebus & Terror, Birds, pl. 23 (1846); Sharpe, t.c. App. p. 37 (1875); Seebohm, Ibis, 1886, p. 130; id. Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 448 (1888). Scolopax meridtonalis, Peale, U. S. Expl. eel Birds, p. 229 (1848: Orange Bay). 340 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Telmatias strickland?, Reichenb. Grall. tab. LXX. fig. 998 (1850). Scolopax spectabilis, Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 216 (Valdivia). Xylocota stricklandi, Bp. C. R. XLIII. p. 579 (1856). Gallinago paludosa, Scl. (nec Gm.), P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 332, 339 (Chill). Gallinago nobilis, Oust. (nec Scl.), Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 126, 330 (1891 : Orange Bay). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Adult male. Total length, about 14 inches. Wing, 6 inches. Culmen, 3.35 inches. Tail, 2.4 inches. Tarsus, 1.4 inch. Adult female. Total length, about 14.5 inches. Gallinago stricklandi. Showing the pattern of the barring of the tail feathers. From a bird in the British Museum. Two thirds natural size. Wing, 6.1 inches. Culmen, 3.3 inches. Tail 2-4 inelves: Tarsus, 1.3 inch. Color. — Adult male. Pale tawny in general tone, with the conven- tional snipe marking on the head and back. Head: Marked much as in G. Javaguaye but more tawny in general tone and the striping of the head tawny buff. AVES— CHARADRIIDAi 341 Neck: Tawny buff above and below, palest and unmarked on the chin ; mottled and brokenly or irregularly barred elsewhere. Back: Of the characteristic snipe pattern but the light streaks along the scapulars and the sides of the back not well defined, though apparent. Tail: Normally of sixteen feathers, but often having only fourteen. Regularly barred black and rufous. The rufous of a dull tone and se black bars wider than the rufous ones. Wing: Primary coverts plain brown, with fringing and slight mark- ings of sandy buff at their tips. Primaries plain brown. The exposed outer web of the first primary brown with regular indentations of sandy buff, giving this part of the feather a chequered appearance. The sec- ondary quills barred rufous and black, the vwfous bars being the wider. The inner greater wing coverts are barred in a similar manner externally. Lower parts: Under surface of the body sandy buff, palest on the chin, mottled and irregularly barred on the neck and breast, in the character- istic way. The abdomen clear sandy buff and the sides, flanks and under tail coverts barred with black or blackish. The under wing coverts and axillaries sandy buff barred with dark brown, the brown bars being wider. The sexes are alike in appearance. ‘‘Feet greyish yellow.” (Dr. Coppinger.) ‘““Female: Swallow Bay, March 14, 1880. Eyes dark; legs and feet greyish yellow. Weight 9 oz.” (Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 15.) Geographical Distribution.— Extreme southern South America, Tierra del Fuego and the region about the Straits of Magellan. This snipe was not observed or collected by the naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions. The description given is based on the material in the British Museum of Natural History. Genus ROSTRATULA Vieillot. Rostratula, Vieill. Analyse, p. 56 (1816) ; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 683 (1896) ; id., Hand-list Bds. Esp. 167 (1899). : : : R. capensis. khynchea, Cuv. Régne, Anim. I, p. 487 (1817) ; . R. capensis. Type. 342 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY Geographical Range. — Ethiopian, Indian and Australian Regions, rang- ing into China and Japan. Southern portion of the Neotropical Region. ROSTRATULA SEMICOLLARIS (Vieillot). Chorlito golas obscura y blanca, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 323 (1805). Chorlito cabeza y cuello obscuros, Azara, t. c. p. 325. Totanus semicollarts, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. VI. p. 402 (1816; ex Azara, Ill. p. 323). Tringa atricapilla, Vieill. op. cit. XXXIV. p. 474 (1819: ex Azara, III. p. 325). Rhynchea occidentats, King, Zool. Journ. IV. p. 94 (1828: Straits of Magellan). Rhynchea semicollaris, Darwin, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 131 (1841 : Rio Plata: Montevideo) ; Frazer, Po (Z. S)91843, 9p. m3 Chile Grays Hist Bi Brit. Mus. part Ill. p. 109 (18445 Chili); slant indespras (1847) ; Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 429 (1847) ; Schl. Mus: Pays Bas, V. Scolopaces, p. 18° (1864 -) Chili) ;? Sel Wea ss 1867, p. 339 (Chili); Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 37 (1868) Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 144 (Conchitas) ; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 145 (1873: Patagonia) ; Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 164 (Buenos Aires, breeding in Sept. and Oct.) ; 1877, p. 42 (Chupat Valley, Nov. rare), p. 199 (Buenos Aires, resident), 1878, p. 403 (Chupat Valley) ; Sharpe, P: Z. S. 1881, p: 16 (Coquimbo, June); Salvin) (Gat. Strick Coll. p. 608 (1882: Valparaiso) ; id. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 429 (Chili) ; Barrows, Auk, I. p. 314 (1884: Concepcion, abundant resident, breeds in Sept); Dacz. Orn: Pérow Wi psa73 (1ee6). Berka On meer: p. 126 (Paraguay) ; Seebohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 459, pl. XIX. (1888) ; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 (Lomas de Zamora, abundant in the marshes, not observed breeding); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 182 (1889); Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, pp. 293, 330 (1891) ; Holland, Ibis, 1891, pp. 16, 20; James, New List Chil. B. p. 12 (1892); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 211 (Estancia Espartilla, fairly common throughout the year, breeds in Nov.); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 310 (Orauco). Rhynchea hilairea, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 93 (1854: Montevideo). Fic. 174. : M / i M, | > . 7; 4 | Wg ee Ti NOLL =e ter Ve “NY oe ety tf = i U Bees BS SS S me NS ; AY SS _— ~ a on CE a7 ~ Cir es SS “IPF TIT See Bd From a bird in the British Museum. Natural size. Adult. Rostratula semicollaris. owt, 4 a ds re i - 7 (ea asl an? tb AVES— CHARADRIID& 343 Rhynchea hilar, Burm. La Plata Reise, II. p. 504 (1861: Rio Parana) ; C. Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 246 (1888: Patagonia); Carabajal, La Patagonia, part II. p. 273 (1900). Rostratula semicollaris, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 690 (1896) ; id. Hand-list B. I. p. 167 (1899); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 15 (1900: Patagonia). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Seze.— Adult male. P.U. O.C. 8809. Ensenada, Argentine Republic April, 1896. S. Pozzi. Total length, 8 inches. Wing, 4.1 inches. Culmen, 1.55 inch. Tail, 1.9 inch. Tarsus, 1.45 inch. The sexes do not vary appreciably in size nor does there seem a wide range of individual variation in this respect. Cofor.—General color dark sooty brown above; below dark sooty brown back as far as the chest, from there back pure white. Head: A broad buffy median stripe reaching from the bill to the oc- ciput, defined on each side by a much broader black stripe. These black stripes are defined on their outer borders by a narrow creamy whitish eyebrow line, which in many individuals is not continuous. A very nar- row buff eye ring. Sides of head and face dark sooty brown. Neck: Throughout uniform dark sooty brown. Back: Dark sooty brown, vermiculated with grey and blackish on the upper back and scapulars. The scapulars also have subterminal blotches or markings of black, and a deep bronzy chestnut bar at the end of each feather, this bar being darkest near the tip of the feather, the extreme tip narrowly fringed with silvery white. Some of the scapulars have the ex- ternal webs tawny buff, which together form a broad streak defining each side of the back. Lower back shading into lighter earthy brown which extends over the rump and becomes more sandy or rufous on the upper tail coverts. The whole of these areas crossed by obscure dusky lines, which are most distinct on the upper tail coverts. Tail: Rectrices pale buff broken by many narrow dusky cross bars. Wings: Wing coverts blackish brown with sandy edgings. The 344 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY median and greater series decorated with large moon-shaped spots of silvery white. Parapteral feathers short, black at the base and broadly tipped with silvery white, forming together a conspicuous shoulder patch. Bastard wing and primary coverts blackish brown, decorated with rounded spots of silvery white on their outer webs, and bars of silvery white on the inner ones. Primary quills blackish, decorated with silvery white round spots on the outer webs and bars of white on the inner web, which do not generally reach the shaft of the feather. The outer secondaries are similarly decorated, but lighter in body tone, and all the quills are margined with white at the ends. The innermost secondaries are much like the scapulars in appearance. Lower parts: Entirely deep sooty brown back to the chest, where the demarkation is abrupt and defined sharply, changing to an almost white coloring which prevails over the rest of the lower parts. On each side of the chest in the dark area a large spot of silvery white is conspicuous. Lower breast and abdomen pure white. Sides of the body sandy buff with some obsolete dusky barring and freckling. Under tail coverts sandy buff. Axillaries white. Under wing coverts white with a few black marks or bars. Quills dusky grey below, showing the white barring of the inner webs. Iris: Dark brown (S. Pozzi). The sexes do not differ in appearance. Young fully grown differ from the adults in being paler brown, in hav- ing white fringing to the feathers of the throat, and in having the silvery white markings on the wing coverts replaced by similar tawny buff decorations. Geographical Range. — Peru, Chili, Uruguay, Argentina and Patagonia to the Straits of Magellan. This curious Snipe was not procured by the naturalists of the Prince- ton Expeditions, but has been obtained at many points in Patagonia. The material in the British Museum of Natural History and the small series in the Princeton Museum form the basis for the description given. Mr. Barrows in his admirable ‘Birds of the Lower Uruguay” writes of this bird: yas IERPONT MORGAN PUBLICATION FUND Reports of J. B. HATCHER, rn Cuarce EDITED BY WILLIAM B. SCOTT _ BLAIR PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY AND PALMONTOLOGY, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY - VOLUME II—ORNITHOLOGY PART III CHARADRIIDA — ANATIDA BY ee LLIAM EARLE DODGE SCOTT —associaren wrx = R, BOWDLER SHARPE PRINCETON UNIVERSITY BRITISH MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY “Oh (Pp. 345-504. PI. I) ‘S a es Creer: \ PRINCETON, N. J. Tue UNIVERSITY ; STUTTGART | SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSHANDLUNG (NAGELE & Dr. SPROESSER) ‘ 1912 AVES— CHARADRIIDA 345 “This peculiar bird, combining characters of both Snipe and Rail, is an abundant resident at Concepcion, where it breeds. ‘““On September 18, 1880, I found two sets of two eggs each, laid with- out any attempt at a nest on the bare ground close to the edge of a marsh. The eggs, which were much incubated, were of nearly the same size at both ends and resembled closely, both in shape and coloration, the eggs of the common Nighthawk (Chordiles virginianus), the ground color being almost obscured by a profusion of heavy dots and blotches of dark brown and black. The sitting birds flew directly from the eggs without any attempt to lead away from them. I usually found these birds abundant in the same meadows with the Snipe, often flushing both at the same time.” (Barrows, Auk, I. p. 314, July, 1884.) Subfamily PHALAROPODINAE:. Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 693 (1896); id., Hand-list Bds. I. p. 167 (1899). Genus STEGANOPUS Vieillot. Type. Steganopus, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XXXII. p. 136 a (1819); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 705 (1696); 1d., Eland-list Bds. I. p. 167 (1899) - . . . S. wicolor. Flolopodius, Bonap. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 11. p. 342 (1828) . . S. “color. Geographical Range.—North and South America and the Falkland Islands. STEGANOPUS TRICOLOR Vieillot. Chorlito tarso comprimido, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 327 (1805: Paraguay). Steganopus tricolor, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XXXII. p. 136 (1819) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXIV. p. 705 (1896); id. Hand-list B. I. p. 167 (1899); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 15 (1900: South Patagonia and Falkland Islands). Phatlaropus wilsont, Fraser, P. Z.S. 1843, p. 118 (Lake of Quintero, Chili, rare); Gray & Mitchell, Gen. B. III. p. 586, pl. 158 (1848) ; Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 144 (1873: Chili); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p- 42 (Chupat Valley, common), p. 198 (Buenos Aires, Feb.); See- 346 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY bohm, Geogr. Distr. Charadr. p. 342 (1888); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 180 (1889: Mendoza); Scl. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, IV. p. VI (1894: Falkland Islands); id. Ibis, 1895, p. 145. Phalaropus lobatus, Hartl. (nec Linn.) Ind. Azara, p. 25 (1847); Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 37 (1868). Phalaropus frenatus, Pelz. Reise, Novara, Vég. p. 132 (1865: Chili). Steganopus wilsont, Baird, Brewer & Ridgw. Water Birds N. Amer. I. p. 335 (1884). Fic. 175. Steganopus tricolor. Adult female. Princeton University Museum. One half natural size. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. —Adult Female Breeding. Total length, 10 inches. Wing, 5.3 inches. Culmen, 1.4 inch. Tail, 2.3 inches. Tarsus, 1.35 inch. Adult male breeding. Total length, 9 inches. Wing, 4.9 inches. Culmen, 1.25 inch. Baily somanch: Tarsus, 1.25 inch. Color. — Adult female breeding. Head: Forehead and crown uniform pearly greyish blue. Occiput white. Lores like the crown. A white spot in front of the eye, with a black margin. Upper eyelid white, lower one black, continuous with the black feathers in front of the eye. A black line starting below the loral region at the base of the upper mandible, straight and clearly defined on its lower edge, becoming indefinite on its upper edge as it approaches the eye, passing below that organ and then widening out and passing at the auricular region and as a broad black bar down the side of the neck, and changing into rufous chestnut, continues down the sides of the back and scapulars. Below this black line the sides of the head and face are white. AVES— CHARADRIID= 347 Neck: Above white; the black line or band defining it on each side as described. Chin and upper throat white, changing on the throat to clear ferruginous or bright chestnut, which color prevails on the remainder of the under neck and, reaching up on the sides, is defined by the black neck-stripe. This chestnut area of the neck becomes paler as it ap- proaches the breast, where it fades into a mere shading, and thence to the white of the lower parts. Back: Middle of the back pearly grey-blue like crown, clearly defined by a broad streak of vinous chestnut on each side of the mantle. Scapu- lars chiefly deep vinous chestnut. Lower back and rump brown, the sides of the rump white. Central upper tail-coverts dusky brown, mottled and edged with white. Lateral upper tail-coverts pure white. Tail : Central rectrices ashy brown, the remainder ashy brown on their exposed webs, but with an increasing amount of white on their inner webs, until the outer tail feather has generally a pure white inner web, strongly contrasted with ashy brown outer web. Steganopus tricolor. Leg and foot. Natural size. From a bird in the British Museum. Wings: Scapulars chiefly deep vinous chestnut. Upper wing-coverts uniform dull brown, the greater coverts narrowly edged with white. Bastard wing, primary coverts and quills dusky brown. The first pri- mary with the shaft ivory white, the shafts of the other quills light brown. 348 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY Under parts: Chin and upper throat white. The rest of the throat abruptly clear bright chestnut, shading to paler, until this color disappears on the sides of the breast. The middle of the lower part of the neck, of the breast and the entire remainder of the lower parts pure white. Under wing-coverts and axillaries white. Bill, black. Feet and legs, bluish grey with black claws. Iris, deep hazel brown. Adult mate in breeding plumage, much duller in color than the breed- wng female. The upper parts are fuscous brown bordered with greyish brown. The vinous portions of the upper surface indicated, but dull and obscure. Rump and upper tail-coverts white, all the feathers except the lateral upper tail-coverts with a subterminal U-shaped line of dusky brown. The lateral upper tail-coverts pure white. Duller chestnut and rufous on the head, neck and lower parts, as in the female. Rest of lower parts white. Adults in wintery have the upper surface ashy grey, the feathers margined and fringed with white. Rump and upper tail-coverts white, the longer tail- coverts ashy grey with white edging. The ashy grey extends over the back of the neck and the crown of the head. The forehead, and a broad eyebrow, as well as the sides of the face white. A dusky triangular spot in front of the eye. Entire under part pure white. Young birds have the upper surface mottled, the blackish feathers with sandy buff margins producing this effect. The rump feathers white with dusky centers and the upper tail-coverts pure white. Forehead, eyebrow, sides of face and under surface white, the rufous areas of the under surface of the full-plumaged bird replaced by isabelline; the sides of the breast and the flanks mottled, having dusky centers to the feathers. Adults are in the full breeding plumage but a short period, the first of June being about the height of its development. By the last of July the fall moult is about half completed. Geograplical Range. — Breeds in Temperate North America from Illi- nois and Utah northward to the Saskatchewan region. Migrating south chiefly in the interior, through Central America, Brazil etc., to Patagonia and the Falkland Islands. AVES — IBIDIDAE. 349 Wilson’s Phalarope was not recorded by the naturalists of the Prince- ton Expeditions, though it is known to occur practically throughout Patagonia during the months of December, January and February. The descriptions are based on material in both the British Museum of Natural History and in the Princeton Museum. Oren Ak DEIPORMES: Sharpe, Classif. Bds. p. 75 (1891) (= Pelargiformes) ; id. Hand-List Bds. I, p. 184 (1899). Suborder PLatate#. Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 1. (1898) (= Order Platalee); id. Hand-List Bds. I, p. 184 (1899). Family Isipma. Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 2 (1898); id. Hand-List Bds. I, p. 184 (1899). Genus THERISTICUS Wagler. Type. Theristicus, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1231; Sharpe Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 21 (1898); id. Hand-List Bds. E1eO (S99)... ; : . T. caudatus. Geographical Range. — Restricted to South America. THERISTICUS MELANOPIS (Gmelin). ?Le Petit Courly d’Amérique, Briss. Orn. V. p. 337 (1760). *Grey Ibis, cath, Ger Syn. IT pt.1, p: 110 (1785). Black-faced Ibis, Lath. tom. cit., p. 108, pl. LX XIX ex Forst: ? Tantalus griseus, Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 653 (1788). Tantalus melanopis, Gm. tom. cit., p. 653. Mandurria 6 curucau, Azara, Apunt. II. p. 189 (1805). 350 Tots PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. melanopis, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XVI. p. 20 (1817); Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 417 (1847); Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia); Burm. J. f. O. 1860, p. 265 (Mendoza: Rio Parana: Cordova); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas. V. Ibis, p. 7 pt. (1863: Chili) ; Huds. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 549 (Rio Negro); Philippi, Ornis, IV. p. 159 (1888; Cochinal, Tarapaca); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 247 (1888: Patagonia), part XI. p. 319 (1890). Theristicus melanopis, Wag). Isis, 1832, p. 1232; Gould, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 128 (1841 : Patagonia) ; Gray, List B. part iii. p. g1 (1844: Str. Magellan = Chili); Pelz.” Reis) Novara. Vog.) p:127eteen. Chili); Cunn. Ibis, 1868, p. 126 (Sandy Point), 1869, p. 233 (San Nicolas Bay, Patagonia); Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1870, p. 499 (Sandy Point) ; Newt. t. c. p. 502 (Elizabeth Isl. Nov. eggs); id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 156, pl. IV fig. 8 (egg); Cunn, Nat) Hist: Str Maceliaiam 73, 136, 334 (1871) ; Scl. é& Salv. Nomencl. Ay. Neoti. 3p] 127apr (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 190 (Buenos Aires, winter, May—Oct.), 1878, p. 400 (Sengel River, Nov.: Chupat Valley ? breeding) ; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 436 (Sandy Point); Durnf. Ibis, 1880, p. 424 (Rio Pasaje, June); Scl. & Salv. Voy. Chall. IT. Birds, p. 106 (1880) ; Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. p. 52 (1881-82: Rio Colorado) ; Barrows, Auk, I. p. 272 (1884: Lower Uruguay); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 21 (1898); Martens, Vég. Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. p. 21 (1900); Carabajal, La Patagonia, pt i: Sp.ez72 (1900) ; Salvad. Ibis, 1900, p. 504; Oates, Cat Bds. Eggs Brit. Mus: 1: ps 101 (igo2)); Thevisticus melanops, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 117 (Interior of Chil) ; Cunn. Ibis, 1868, p. 488 (Elizabeth Island, breeding, Oct.—Nov.) ; Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. p. 52 (1881-82 : Rio Colorado). Tantalus melanops, Forst. Icon. ined. pl. 117; id. Descr. Anim. p. 332 (1844: Staten Isl.). Geronticus melanopis, Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 566 (1847) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, lots p. 23 (1847); Gray, Handl. Bo Ill p: 40, no. 10,233(1671)) suds: PZ. S: 1671; p. 201 (Buenos Aires)! albicolus (nec Gm.), Burm: La Plata Reis, Il. p. 510 (160m mai Parana ; Mendoza: Tucuman). Geronticus albicollts (nec Gm.), Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 307 (1871). Theristicus caudatus (nec Bodd.), Elliot, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 498 (pt.) ; Scl. AVES — IBIDIDA. 351 & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 110 (1889: cold weather visitor) ; Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1891, p. 270, 1892, p. 145 (Pilcomayo, Fortin Page) ; James, New List of Chil. B. p. 8 (1892) ; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 205 (Estancia Espartilla) ; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 678 (1898: Villarica). Theristicus melanopes, Heine & Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 313 (1890: Straits of Magellan : Chili). lbis ( Theristicus) caudatus (nec Bodd.), Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 140 (1891). Lois caudatus (nec Bodd.), Frenzel, J. f. O. 1891, p. 124 (Cordova, Arg. Rep.). Theristicus melanopsis, Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 186 (1899). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.— Adult male. (P. U. O. C. 7969. Rio Chico, Patagonia, 6 March 1898. A. E. Colburn.) Total length, about 28 inches. Wing, 16.3. Culmen, 6.2. Mail. 720: Tarsus, 3.1. The sexes do not differ materially in size. Cofor.— Adult male (cited). General color above head and neck orange- chestnut, shaded over a white ground; back silvery grey with sandy buff edging to the feathers. Below, orange-chestnut shaded on a white ground to and over breast, then abruptly sooty black. Head: Crown deep orange-chestnut, the bases of all the feathers clear white, shading to pale orange on the sides of the face and head. A naked black area extending from the bill to back of the head and surrounding it. Neck: Above like crown, but paler, except. close to the body ; shading to much paler on the sides and becoming almost white below. A naked black throat-patch, having on fe chin a long narrow isabelline colored patch of feathers. Back: Mantle silvery grey, with sandy buff margins and a subterminal dusky band to each feather. Lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts black, with a dark green gloss. Tail: Rectrices black, with a dark green gloss. Wings: Upper wing-coverts silvery grey, lighter than the mantle, the 352 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. outer ones almost white. Bastard wing, primary coverts and primaries black, with a greenish purple gloss. Secondaries black, with a greenish purple gloss, the inner ones externally grey and the innermost ones colored and marked like the back. Lower parts: Chin and throat black and naked, with a narrow median patch of isabelline colored feathers between the bases of the lower mandi- Fic. 178. Theristicus melanopis. Head from front, Theristicus melanopis. Head, showing bare showing bare region about the eyes. Male, skin on throat and about the eyes. Male, 7856, Princeton University Collection. About 7856, Princeton University Collection. About ¥% natural size. ¥% natural size. bles. Rest of the under neck whitish suffused into paler orange-chestnut by the tips of each feather being that color. This color extends back to and over the lower breast, being interrupted by a broken collar of grey feathers on the sides of the chest. The rest of the lower parts slaty black ; the sides and flanks quite black ; the under tail-coverts deep black, with a green gloss. Under wing-coverts and axillaries black, witha greenish purple gloss. Quills from below dark bronzy green. Feet “ carmine or scarlet” (C. Darwin). Iris “scarlet” (C. Darwin). Burmeister says “bill and naked part of face and throat black; the tip of the bill dull greenish; feet dull fleshy red; iris paler brown.” These notes regarding the color of the legs and feet, as well as that of the iris, probably refer to an adult bird in winter or to an immature individual. Female, eyes red, feet pink, bill black. AVES — IBIDID. 353 Male, eyes yellow, bill green, legs pinkish with black scales. (Sclater & Salvin, on Birds Antarctic America, Voy Ter Ss Chall II. Birds, No. ix. p. 436, 1878.) Adult female.— Differs from the male in having ashy margins to the feathers of the back, instead of sandy buff. There appears to be no difference in the size or proportion of the patch of feathers on the chin in correlation with sex. Fic. 179. Theristicus melanopis. Male. 7856, Princeton University Collection. Foot and bare por- tion of leg from front. About % natural size. Young birds have the entire throat feathered, the cheeks only being naked. The upper surface is greyer and the head, neck, and breast whiter than in adults. The bill is generally shorter. Geographical Range. — South America from the Straits of Magellan north to Peru and northern Argentina and the province of Matto Grosso, Brazil. The Grey Ibis was taken and observed by the naturalists of the Prince- ton Expeditions throughout Patagonia. Mr. Hatcher has furnished the following notes, which are supplemented by those of other observers. “The Ibis was common on the plains, especially so near the coast. Along the cliffs of the seashore I observed it frequently going to roost. It is a singularly noisy and very conspicuous bird.” (J. B. Hatcher in MSS.) 354 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. “This bird ( 7heristicus melanopis) the dandurria of the Chilians (so called in consequence of its remarkable note being supposed to resemble that musical instrument), is common in the open country of Patagonia, as well as in Chili and the Argentine Republic. It is of large size, and possesses very handsome plumage — the upper parts, wings, and tail, be- ing of various shades of grey, black, and dark-green; while the head, neck, and breast are of a yellowish-buff hue. The bill and a naked gular space are black, and the legs dull red. The flight is very strong, and the bird requires to be heavily hit to bring it down. The cry is very peculiar and sonorous, and not easy to describe. It has been compared by Mr. Dar- win to the neighing of a guanaco, but in this I cannot agree with him. Those specimens examined by the above mentioned distinguished natur- alist had ‘ grasshoppers, cicadze, small lizards, and even scorpions,’ in their stomachs; while, in those examined by me, caterpillars appeared to have been the principal source of aliment. On carefully examining the respir- atory organs of an individual shot in January 1869, I found that the portion of the trachea below the insertion of the sterno-tracheal muscles, though presenting no striking peculiarity of form, had the rings anchylosed so as © to form an immovable tube, and this no doubt serves to modify the voice.” (Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. 1871, pp. 136-137.) “We saw a flock of bandurrias ( 7heristicus melanopis), several king- fishers identical with the species occurring in the Strait and Channels, some rather large pigeons (Columba Fitzroyi), many black vultures (Cathartes aura), and brown hawks (A@/vago chimango), which last were very annoy- ing from their habit of screaming; large flocks of a small curlew (/Vamen- 2us Fudsonicus), feeding on the mud-flats uncovered by the tide; some godwits (Lemosa Hudsonica), spur-winged lapwings (Vanellus Cayanus), gulls, cormorants, steamer-ducks, and small grebes. Some pigeons, cur- lews, and godwits, with a single grebe, were shot, the last-mentioned bird being afterwards ascertained to be the Podt/ymbus podiceps.”’ (Ibid. p. 334.) “The black-faced ibis of Patagonia, a bird nearly as large as a turkey, indulges in a curious mad performance, usually in the evening when feed- ing time is over. The birds of a flock, while winging their way to the roosting-place, all at once seem possessed with frenzy, simultaneously dashing downwards with amazing violence, doubling about in the most eccentric manner; and when close to the surface rising again to repeat the action, all the while making the air palpitate for miles around with their AVES —IBIDID&. S55 hard, metallic cries. Other ibises, also birds of other genera, have similar aerial performances.” (Huds. Natur. La Plata, 1892, pp. 265-266.) Genus PLEGADIS Kaup. Type. Plegadis, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 82 (1829); Sharpe, Cat. a Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 29 (1889); id. Hand-List Bds: 1p. 187 (189) . . P. falcinellus. Tantahdes, Wagler, Isis. 1832, p. — : : : . P. falcinellus. Falcinellus, Cag List Gen.yBds. 1841, p. 87 (nec Vieill. 1816) : . P. falcinellus. Plegadornis, Brehm, ‘Navini 1856, p- ea : . P. falcinellus. Geographical Range.— Nearly the entire warmer portions of Europe and North America, and Australia, Africa, India and South America. PLEGADIS GUARAUNA (Linnzus). Le Courly brun d’Amérique, Briss. Orn. V. p. 330 (1760). ? Le Courly varié du Mexique, Briss. tom. cit. p. 333. Scolopax guarauna, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 242 (1766), ex Briss. p. 330. ?L’Acalot, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. VIII. p. 45 (1781), ex Briss. p. 333. ? Mexican Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. i, p. 108 (1785), ex Buff. Brazilian Whimbrel, Lath. tom. cit. p. 125, ex Linnzeus. Tantalus mextcanus, Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 652 (1788) ex Lath. Numenius guarauna, Lath. Ind. Orn. II. p. 712 (1790). Curucan cuello jaspeado, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 197 (1805). Numenius chiht, Vieill. N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. VIII. p. 303 (1817), ex Azara. ? [bis mexicana, Vieill. op. cit. XVI. p. 9 (1817). Tantalus chalcopterus (nec Vieill.) Temm. Pl. Col. V. pl. 511 (1830: Chili). lois guavauna Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 75 (1823 Montevideo); Gray, Gen. Belli 565 (1947) >) Marth Ind. Azara, p. 23 (1847); id. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia); Cass. U. S. Astr. Exp. p. 302 (1855: Chili & Patagonia); Carabajal, La Patagonia, II. p. 272 (1900). Tantalides guarauna, Wag). Isis, 1832, p. 1231. lois erythrorhyncha, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 127 (Haiti). 356 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Lois (Falcinellus) ordi, Darwin, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 129 (1841: Rio Negro: Bahia Blanca: Buenos Aires). Fatcinellus guarauna, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., part ili, p. 93 (1844: Val- paraiso); Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 418 (1847). Lois falcinellus (nec Linn.), Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 416 (1847): Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, V. Ibis, p. 2 pt. (1863: Chili); Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vég. p. 125 (1865: Chili); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 145 (Conchitas, summer visitor); Huds. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 799 (Gualicho, 170 miles south of Buenos Aires, breeding) ; Philippi, Ornis, IV. p. 160 (1888: Antofagasta, Tarapaca); Lataste, Actes Soc. Scient. Chili, III. p. 106 (1893: Nuble, Cordilleras of Chili). lois brevivostris, Peale, U. S. Expl. Exped. p. 219 (1848: Chili: River Rimac, Peru). Plegadis guaranna, Bonap. C. R. XL. p. 725 (1885); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p: 160 (Buenos Aires, resident); Berl. J. £0. 1887, p. 124 (Para= guay); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 471 (Lomas de Zamora); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. IV. p. 109 (1889); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 (Buenos Aires); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1891, p. 270, 1892, p. 145 Fortin Page, Pilcomayo, Sept.); James, New List Chil. B. p. 8 (1892); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 205 (Estancia Espartilla, partial migration, Aug. to Nov.); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 34 (1898); id. Handlist B. I. p. 187 (1899); Martens, Vég. Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. p. 21 (1900); Albert, Estud. Av. Chil. II. p. 428 (1901) ; Oates, Cat. Birds’ Eggs Brit. Mus. II. p. 102 (PI. v. fig. 7), (1902). Lots ordi (nec Bonap.), Cass. in Baird, Cass. & Sawr. B. N. Amer. p. 685 (1858). lois chalcoptera (nec Vieill.), Burm. La Plata Reis. II. p. 511 (1861: Parana: Mendoza); C. Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part x, p. 247 (1888: Northern Patagonia). Falcinellus ordi, Coues, Proc. Acad. Phila. 1866, p. 96. bis falcinellus var. ordi, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 263 (1872). lois thalassima, Ridgw. Amer. Nat. viii. p. 110 (1874). Falcinellus 1gneus, Scl. & Salv. (nec Gm.), Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p) 126, pt. (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 162 (Buenos Aires), 1877, p. 189 (Baradero, April); Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. p. 52 (1881- 82: abundant in the marshes of the Pampas; Rio Colorado) ; White, AVES —IBIDID. 357 EZ Satoo2, psvo25 (Punta Iara,’ Buenos Aires); Carabajal, La Patagonia, part li, p. 272 (1900). Falcinellus thalassinus, Elliot, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 507 (Chili: Straits of Magellan). Plegadis falcinellus, Barrows (nec Linn.), Auk, I. p. 272 (1884: Concep- cion, resident). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Sztze. — Adult male. (P. U. O. C. 8640, La Plata, February, 1894. S. Pozzi.) Total length, about 21 inches. Wing, 10.7. Culmen, 5.2. anlko. 77. Tarsus, 4.2. The adult female is smaller and with a relatively shorter bill. There is a very considerable individual variation in size. Fic. 180. Profile of head, Plegadis guarauna. 8640 Princeton University Collection. About % nat- ural size. Color. — Adult male (cited). | General color above bronzy green and below rich deep chestnut. Head: Forehead and crown glossy green. 4 narrow frontal band across the forehead, reaching back and bordering the naked area around the eye, dull white. Sides of head and face deep chestnut, with a maroon tinge. The base of the cheeks shaded with bronzy green. Naked skin about the lores, eyes and chin, crimson lake in life, drying to yellowish brown. Neck deep chestnut, maroon in tone, with a naked crimson lake area at base of chin, bordered narrowly with dull white feathers. 358 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Back: Upper mantle deep chestnut, with a maroon tone and with iri- descent metallic purple, green and bronzy reflections. Scapulars like the mantle, but more iridescent. The lower back, rump and upper tail- coverts dusky, with purple, green and bronzy, iridescent, metallic reflections. Tail: Dusky or blackish, with the same reflections accentuated. Wings: Lesser upper wing-coverts deep rich chestnut, with a maroon tone. Medium and greater coverts duller chestnut, with much the same reflections as the scapulars. Bastard wing, primary coverts and primaries entirely glossy green, with bronzy reflections. Secondaries also glossy green with purple reflections. Under Surface: Bare skin at base of chin, crimson lake (becoming dull yellowish brown in dried skins); a narrow line of dull white feathers bordering this area. The whole surface from neck to under tail-coverts deep rich chestnut with a maroon tone. Under tail-coverts dusky or blackish, with metallic reflections of purple and green. Under wing- coverts and axillaries blackish, with green and purple reflections. Quills from below glossed with dark green. Bill: Brown horn color, tinged in the breeding season with reddish. Legs and feet: Dull greenish brown, changing to deep red in the breed- ing season. Iris: Deep hazel brown, becoming in many individuals cherry red in the breeding season. Adult Female. — Similar to the adult male in color. Adults in Winter. —“ The winter plumage of adults appears to consist in the entire loss of the chestnut plumage of the head, back and scapulars ; the rest of the plumage remains metallic with the same varying shades of green and purple, but the wings are more bronzy and the wing-coverts brighter metallic green. The head and neck are entirely streaked with black and whitish, and in the spring the red feathers of the summer plum- age are gained by a moult.’’ (Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 33, 1898.) With regard to winter adults of P. falcinellus. Onp. 36. t. c. the same writer says : ‘‘ The winter plumage (cf. P. gwavauna) and young plumage are exactly analogous to those of Plegadzs falcinellus.”’ Young birds of the year are similar to the winter plumage of adults. The whole of the chestnut regions are dull greyish brown, striped with whitish on the head and neck. The green of the upper surface and wings is even AVES — IBIDID&. 359 in character and lacks the metallic purple and bronzes that characterize the adults at this season. Newly hatched downy young are black. Geographical Range. — Southern North America, ranging on the Atlan- tic coast as far north as Central Florida. Throughout Texas and Arizona to California and thence north along the Pacific coast to Oregon. Trop- ical America and south to the Argentine Republic and Chili, Patagonia. Fic. 181. Fic, 182. A Plegadis guarauna. Immature. 8643 Plegadis guarauna. Immature. 8643 Princeton University Collection. About 1% Princeton University Collection. About 14 natural size. natural size. The White-faced Glossy Ibis was not obtained by the Naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions. A series of six individuals of the species col- lected at points in Argentina by S. Pozzi, together with the series in the British Museum, has furnished a basis for the descriptions given. “Tt isa remarkable circumstance that the three birds that possess perhaps the widest range of allthe species belonging to the fauna of Buenos Aires should have been uncommonly abundant this autumn. These birds are the Azmantopus nigricolits, a native of both Americas; the Ofws brachyotus, called here ‘ Lechuson,’ and known, I believe,in Asia and Europe as well as in America ; and the Glossy Ibis (/ézs falcinellus), a bird possessing a still wider range. The Black-necked Aimanfopus, though almost unfail- ingly found wherever much water occurs on the pampas, is not a numerous species ; but at present they are extremely abundant, and quite familiar even in cultivated fields near the farmhouses, flocks of them being seen wherever little pools of water have been formed by the rains. At some future time I will communicate all I have learned from personal observa- tion respecting its habits. Whether the habits of a species (like this bird) 360 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. distributed over an entire continent become modified by circumstances in the widely separated regions they frequent, or not, must be an interesting subject of inquiry to naturalists. ‘“The Glossy Ibis is very common all over the State of Buenos Aires. They appear in spring; but as their movements are very irregular, and many individuals remain through the winter, their migrations are probably not altogether dependent on atmospheric changes. They have a graceful flight ; and when migrating, the flocks are seen to succeed each other in rapid succession, each flock being usually composed of from fifty to a hundred individuals, but sometimes of a much greater number. A body of these birds on the wing is a most interesting sight — now soaring high in the air, displaying the deep chestnut hue of their breasts, now descending with a graceful curve towards the earth, as if to exhibit the beautiful metallic green of their upper plumage. The flock is in the meantime continually changing its form or disposition, as if at the command of a leader. One moment it spreads out in a long straight line; suddenly the birds scatter in disorder, or throw themselves together like a cloud of Blackbirds; as suddenly they again re-form and proceed in the figure of a phalanx, half- moon, or triangle. The fanciful notion will scarcely fail to suggest itself to the beholder’s mind that the birds go through these unnecessary evo- lutions intelligently to attain greater proficiency in them by practice, or merely to make a display of their aerial accomplishments. The Ibis has another remarkable habit while flying; it is not, however, a habit exclu- sively confined to this species. The flock is sometimes seen as if seized with sudden frenzy or panic, every bird rushing wildly away from its fellows, and descending with a violent zigzag flight; in a few moments the mad fit leaves them, they rise again, reassemble in the air, and resume their journey. ‘“T should like to know if anything has been recorded concerning the nidification of this bird. Having the four quarters of the globe for a habitat, perhaps it is in no country more common than in this; yet its only breeding-place here thatI have yetheard of isthe Gualicho, a marshy district about 170 miles south of Buenos’ Aires city. I have not visited this place in the breeding-season, but I have been told by people living in its vicinity that the Ibises breed there in great numbers, and make their nests close together. The nest is made of dry grass on the ground; the eggs are blue, and three in number. Baird, in his ‘Synopsis of North- AVES — PLATALEID&. 361 American Birds,’ says nothing is known of its nidification ; but this may refer to the bird only in America. I hope from my own observation to find out something more of its breeding-habits in this country.’ (Hudson, P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 799-800.) Family PLataveipé. Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 43 (1898); id. Hand-List Bds. I, p. 188 (1899). AJAJA Reichenbach. . Type. Ajaja, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xvi. (1852); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 52 (1898); id. Hand-List Bds. I, p. 189 (1899) . A. yaa. Mistrorhamphus, Heine, in ene & Revsten. Nomercl Mus. Fein. P1313 (1890) . : : é : . A. aya. Geographical Range. —Warmer and south temperate portions of North and South America. AJAJA AJAJA (Linnzus). Platalea aaja, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 140 (1758); Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 559 (1847); Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 22 (1847); Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 414 (1847); Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia) ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 157 (Kidney Cove, Falkland Isl.) ; Burm. La Plataiveciowlla p. 51% (1661); Sel. & Salv..P.Z. S. 1868, p. 145 (Conchitas) ; Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 37, no. 10205 (1871); Scl. & SalvzsNomencl, Av. Neotrs p, 127 (1873); Huds. P. Z. 5S. 1876, p..15 (Buenos Aires) ; Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 190 (Baradero, Apul, winter visitor) ; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 156 (Cape San Antonio, summer visitor) ; Barrows, Auk, I. p. 272 (1884: Bahia Blanca, Feb: );- Berl: J. f. O. 1887, p. 33 (Pilcomayo) ; Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, p. 300 (1891). La Spatule couleur de rose, Briss. Orn. V. p. 356, pl. xxx (1760). La Spatule rouge, Briss. tom. cit. p. 359. La Spatule couleur de rose de Cayenne, D’Aubent. PI. Enl. VIII. pl. 165, (i780): 362 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Roseate Spoonbill, Lath. Gen: Syn. 1M pt) 1p. 16; ply 733). Espatula, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 128 (1805). Platea mexicana, Gamb. Journ. Philad. Acad. I. p. 222 (1849). Ajqa aga, Reichenb. Syst. Av. p. xvi (1852) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 52 (1898) ; id. Hand-list, B. I. p. 189 (1899); Martens, Vog. Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. p. 21 (1900); Oates, Cat. Birds’ Eggs Brit. Mus. II. p. 104 (1902). Platalea ayaya, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. go (1854). Platalea qa, Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 160 (1876). Platalea-vosea, Reichen. pf On S77iap.s 57, Ajga rosea Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. III. p. 10 (1880); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 114 (1889); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 (Buenos Aires) ; Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1891, p. 270, 1892, p. 145, Rio Pilcomayo, frequently met with; Holland, #4 c. p. 205 (Estancia Espartilla, breeds late in Nov.); James, New List. Chil. B. p. 8 (1892); Carabajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 272 (1900); Albert, Estud. Av. Chil. II. p. 438 (1901). Mystrorhamphus ajgqa, Heine in Hein. & Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. P: Sis) (@so0e Chili): GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.—Adult male. (P. U. O. C. 8656. Ensenada, Argentine Re- public, July 1896, S. Pozzi.) Total length, 34.0 inches. Wing, 15.0. Culmen, 7.0. Wail, 3:0: dkarsus. 4.3: The adult female is appreciably smaller than the adult male. Colfor.— Adult male breeding. General color white, becoming rosy and even inclining to crimson on the bend of the wing and on the upper and lower tail-coverts. Head: Unfeathered to well on the neck. See cut. Colors of naked skin of head and face: Pale yellowish with a shading of light green, becoming orange about the eye. Neck: The part of the neck just back of head and the upper throat and chin unfeathered. The rest of neck pure dead white. A tuft of rosy feathers on the neck just above the breast. A few crimson carmine plumes on the back of the neck. AVES — PLATALEID&. 363 Back: Mantle white, with a decided rosy tinge. Lower back and rump, pale rose color ; the upper back deeper rose, each feather terminating ina broad area of deep rose or carmine approaching crimson in tone. Fic. 183. Ajaja gaa. 8656. Male. Princeton University Collection. About % natural size. Tail: Rectrices with deep rose shafts, the outer webs clearly saffron, this color shading on the inner webs to pink on their inner margins. Ajaja ajaja. 8656. Male. Princeton University Collection. 1% natural size. Wings: Quills rosy, the primaries with deep pink shafts, as have also the secondaries and longer scapulars. The bend of the wing with the feathers silky in character and shading into deep carmine almost crimson in tone. 364 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Lower parts: Upper breast white or nearly white, shading into pink like the remainder of the under surface. The flanks and lower tail-coverts shading into rich carmine of a crimson tone, with the silky character of the feathers of the bend of the wing. | Lower wing-coverts and axillaries rosy pink. Ajaja aaa. 8656. Male. Princeton University Collection. % natural size. Legs and feet pale lake. Iris carmine red. In new breeding plum- age the adult male hasa rosy tail, lacks the plumes on the neck and the crimson carmine areas are not so pronounced in color. The adult female resembles the adult male in both phases of color, but is smaller in size. Immature birds, are much whiter than adults, with only a slight rosy shading and none of the carmine crimson areas indicated. The tail is almost white and the head fully feathered, except immediately about the eye, see cut 186. The shafts of the quills are dusky and the tips of the primary quill dark snuff brown. Legs and feet brownish yellow. Iris hazel brown. Birds intermediate in appearance between fully adult and immature are probably those two or three years old, the full plumage being acquired in the fourth annual full moult. Geographical Range.— North and South America. In North America north to northern Florida, the Gulf States; in the interior casually to IIli- nois, and Southern California and the Pacific Coast (not recorded recently from the latter regions). Tropical America southward to northern Pata- gonia. Casual in the Falkland Islands. AVES — PLATALEID. 365 Fic. 186. Ajaja ajaja, 8652. Female, immature. Princeton University Collection. About 1% nat- ural size. The Roseate Spoonbill was not observed by the naturalists of the Prince- ton Expeditions, but there are numerous records from the extreme northern portion of that region. The descriptions are based on the large series of these birds in the Brit- ish Museum, material collected in Florida and a series of ten birds, in full below, from Argentina. Cons | |/P/U:OlG. No: Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Skin 8647 2 im Ensenada, Argentina March, 1895 S. Pozzi. Skin 8648 3 2 yrs | Ensenada, Argentina August, 1896 S. Pozzi. Skin 8649 S ad Ensenada, Argentina July, 1896 SiRozzis Skin 8650 ? y.oy. | Ensenada, Argentina August, 1897 S. Pozzi. Skin 8651 S ad Ensenada, Argentina July, 1896 S. Pozzi. Skin 8652 2 y.o.y. | Ensenada, Argentina August, 1897 S. Pozzi. Skin 8655 ? y.oy.| Ensenada, Argentina August, 1896 S. Pozzi. Skin 8656 S ad Ensenada, Argentina July, 1896 S. Pozzi. Skin 8819 Sad | Province Buenos Aires,| October, 1898 Museo de La Plata. Argentina. The breeding habits of the Roseate Spoonbill have been dwelt on by the earlier writers on American ornithology with much detail. The birds breed in colonies, but are frequently associated with other wading marsh birds, such as herons and their allies. The nests are built sometimes on 366 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. grass tussocks in swamps, but oftener in low bushes, the structures being much like the nest of the smaller herons, platforms of sticks and twigs. At all seasons the birds are gregarious and it was no uncommon sight in Florida as late as 1875 to see companies of five hundred of these truly magnificent birds associated together on some favorite feeding ground, or going to spend the night in a mangrove rookery. They were tame and unsuspicious and fell a ready prey to the plume hunters, who have prac- tically exterminated them from the region in question. Suborder Cicontra. Sharpe, Classif. Bds. 75 (1891); id. Hand-List Bds. I. p. 189 (1899). Family Crconup«. Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 291 (1898) ; id. Hand-List Bds. I. p. 188 (1899). Subfamily Z4NTALINA. Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 321 (1898) ; id. Hand-List I. p. 189 (1899). Genus TANTALUS Linnezus. Type. Lantalus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 240 (1766); Sharpe, Cat. Bds: ‘Brits Mus XX VL.ep: 328 ree id. Hand-List Bdss Lp 189 (1890): : . T. loculator. Tantalides, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xiv - (1852-53) . L. loculator. Lantalops, Coues, Key to N. Amer. Bds. 2d ed. p. 653 (1884) ; ; : . I. loculator. Geographical Range. — North and South America. TANTALUS LOCULATOR Linnzus. Lantalus loculator Wood, Pelecan, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol. I. Pp) SL,apl: 81 (1730); Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 140 (1758); Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 22 (1847); Burm. La Plata Reis. II. p. 510 (1861: Rio Parana) ; Barrows, Auk, I. p. 272 (1884: Entrerios); Scl. & Huds. Argent. AVES — CICONIID. 367 Orn. II. p. 108 (1889); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 145 (Pilcomayo) ; Alpin, Ibis, 1894, p. 199 (Arroyo Grande, Uruguay, breeding); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 321 (1898); id. Hand-list B. I. p. 189 (1899) ; Carabajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 272 (1900) ; Hellmayr, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Muenchen, XXII. p. 710 (1906.) Le Grande Courly d’Amérique, Briss. Orn. V. p. 335 (1760). Le Curicaca de Cayenne, D’Aubent. PI. Enl. VIII. p. 868 (1780). Wood Ibis, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. i. p. 104 (1785). Cangui, Azara, Apunt. II. p. 122 (1805). Lois nandapoa, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XVI. p. 20 (1817). Tantalus plumicollis, Spix. Av. Bras. II. pl. LXXXV (1824). Plegadis falcinellus, Gibson (nec Linn.), Ibis, 1880, p. 155. Lantalops loculator, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2d ed. p. 653 (1884). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.— Adult female. (P. U. O. C. 5309. Panasoffkee Lake, Florida, 28 January, 1876. W. E. D. Scott.) Fic. 188. Fic. 189. Tantalus loculator. Adult male. Showing un- Tantalus loculator, Adult male. Head feathered parts of head and neck. About % and bill from front. About % natural size. natural size. Total length, about 43.0 inches. Wing, 19.5. Culmen, 8.7. 368 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. shail Gio: Marsus,0:3: The sexes do not appear to differ in size, but there is a marked indi- vidual variation in this particular. Color.— Adult male. The general color is white, sometimes showing in freshly killed examples a rosy or salmon buff tone. The quills and tail black, with dark metallic green and bronzy reflections. = = SSsss: Tantalus loculator. Adult male. Detail of foot. ¥% natural size. Head: Entirely unfeathered. Dark bluish lead color, becoming yellow on the forehead; scaled. See cut 188. Neck: Unfeathered except for the third nearest the body, which is feathered all round with white. Back : White, including upper tail-coverts. Tail: Rectrices black, with dark bronzy green, or deep metallic purple reflections. Wings: White. The bastard wing, primary-coverts and quills black, with dark bronzy green gloss or reflection. Inner secondaries white. Under parts: Except for the unfeathered portion of neck, wholly white, showing frequently in freshly killed birds a rose or salmon buff blush on the breast. AVES — CICONIIDA. 369 Bill: Yellowish horn color. Legs and feet: Lead color, with a bluish tone. Iris: Deep hazel brown. Young or immature birds differ from adults in being of a general grey tone, not pure white, and in having the zeck and head wholly feathered, FiG.. 191. Tantalus loculator. Showing the feathering on the head and neck of an immature bird. % natural size. Tantalus loculator. Showing the unfeathered forehead of an immature bird. % natural size. as far as the forehead, with a scant, coarse, downy, wool-like, grey plumage. The feathers are darkest, almost dusky, on the occiput. The rest of the coloring is much as in adults, but the white not so pure. These birds are probably those of the first year, as a second phase is much like this, but the grey only shows on the neck feathers, the rest of the feathering 370 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. being much as in adults. The feathering only covers the neck, the whole head being unfeathered. Geographical Range. — All tropical and warm-temperate America ; north to Georgia and the Carolinas on the Atlantic coast. Inthe interior to Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, Colorado, Utah and Nevada and to Cali- fornia on the Pacific coast. South in South America to Argentina, at least as far as the southern portion of the Province of Buenos Aires. Casual in northern Patagonia. The Wood Ibis was not observed by the naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions. The material in the British Museum and in the Princeton University Museum have furnished bases for the descriptions here given. ‘Mr. Burgess found this bird breeding on the coast of the lower Arroyo Grande, which flows into the Rio Negro from the north, some years ago. The birds were in a small colony, and the nests were on big tussocks of grass in a marshy place.” (O. V. Alpin, on Birds Uruguay, Ibis, p. 199, 1894.) Mr. Barrows found the birds abundant on the lower Uruguay in summer. Here he met with them in flocks, and they were very tame and unsuspicious, allowing near approach to them while feeding. ‘‘ During clear, hot days they were often seen to rise in spirals to an immense height and continue floating in circles for hours.” (Barrows, Auk, I. 1884, p. 272.) Subfamily C/COMIIN AZ. Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 291 (1898); id. Hand-List Bds. I. p. 190 (1899). Genus EUXENURA Ridgway. Euxenura, Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. IV. p. 249 (1878); Sharpe, Cat. Bds: Brit: Mus.7xx VI ps 207.( 1693); id. Hand-List Bds. I. p. 190 (1899). : : £. maguars. Geographical Range. — Restricted to Sanu! America. Type. EUXENURA MAGUARI (Gmelin). La Cigogne d’Améerique, Briss. Orn. V. p. 369 (1760). Le Maguari, Buff, Hist. Nat. Ois. VII. p. 275 (1780). AVES — CICONIID-. 371 American Stork, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. i. p. 50 (1785). Ardea maguart, Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 623 (1788). Tantalus pillus, Molina, Saggio St. Nat. Chil. p. 323 (1789). Baguari, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 114 (1805). Ciconta maguart, TYemm. Man. d’Orn. II. p. 563 (1820); Hartl. Ind. Azara p. 22 (1847); id. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia); Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 90 (1854: Montevideo); Burm. J. f. O. 1860, p. 265 (Rio Parana: Banda Oriental); id. La Plata Reis. II. p. 509 (1861: Tucuman: Entrerios); Pelz. Reis. Novara. Vég. p. 125 (1865: Chili); Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 35 no. 10185 (1871); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Ay. Neotr. p..126 (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 162 (Buenos Aires), 1877, p. 189 (Punta Lara, Dec.: Baradero, April), 1878, p. 399 (Chupat Valley, Oct.: mouth of Sengel, Nov.); Scl. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1878, p. 633: Gibson, Ibis, 1879, p. 415, 1880, p. 153 (Cape San Antonio, breeds, eggs described); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 271 (1884: Concepcion, resident); Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 282 (Paisandt, Uruguay); Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 299 (1891): Hudson, Naturalist in La Plata. p. 62 (1892). Ciconia jaburu, Spix Av. Bras. Il. p. 71 pl. XX XIX (1825). Ciconta pillus, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 116 (Colchagua, Chili); Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 561 (1848). Ciconta maguaria, Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 415 (1847); Hellmayr, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Muenchen, XXII. p. 711 (1906). Ciconia dicrura, Reichen. J. f. O. 1877, p. 168. Euxenura maguari, Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Geol, Surv. IV. p. 249 (1878); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 106 (1889); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 145 (lower Pilcomayo, rare); James, New List Chil. B. p. 8 (1892); Reed, Ibis, 1893, p. 596 (Chili, resident); Alpin, Ibis, 1894, p. 199 (Uruguay); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus, XXVI. p. 297 (1898); id. Hand-list B. I. p. 190 (1899); Carabajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 272 (1900); Martens, Vég. Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. p. 21 (1900: South Patagonia); Albert Cont. Estud. Av. Chil. II. p. 423 (1901); Oates, Cat. Birds’ Eggs Brit. Mus. II. p. 106 (1902). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Adult male. (P. U. O. C. 8697, La Plata, Argentina, April 1898. S. Pozzi.) ay2 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Total length, about 49.0 inches. Wing, 23.0. Culmen, 9.5. Mail 10:2: Tarsus, 10.5. While there is a considerable range in the size of individuals, this factor does not seem to be correlated with sex. Color.— Adult male (cited). General color white, with black regions on the wings and tail. Fic. 193. Euxenura maguart. 8697 Princeton University Col- Euxenura maguart. 8697 Prince- lection. Adult male. Showing the bare skin with the ton University Collection. Adult papillae in front and below the eye. About % natural male. Showing the feathering on the size. forehead extending to base of bill. About % natural size. Head: White. A large unfeathered area about the eye, deep pink or red in life and dotted thickly with warty looking papilla; see Fig. 193. Neck: White. A bare gular area. The feathers over the crop are long and having dissociated webs, havea tassel or plume-like appearance. Back: White, including the upper tail-coverts. AVES — CICONIIDA. 373 Tail: Rectrices black, glossed with dark bronzy, green and deep purple. The tail is deeply forked and the under tail-coverts, which are white, exceed slightly in length the longest rectrices. These under tail-coverts are so developed as to appear like true rectrices ; see Fig. 195. Fic. 195. Fic. 196. —7 —> =. gp as 2 ap 2=2: GZ V Stay? \ i cu Ry i Euxenura maguart, 8697 Princeton Univer- Euxenura maguari. 8697 Princeton Uni- sity Collection. Adult male. Showing the versity Collection. Adult male. Showing de- forked tail and the stiff under tail-coverts. 1% tails of foot. 1% natural size. natural size. Wings: White except the greater series of coverts, the scapulars, bastard-wing, primary-coverts and quills, all of which are glossed with bronzy green and deep purple. Lower parts: White, including the under tail-coverts, axillaries and under wing-coverts. The sexes are alike in color. Young birds, when full grown, are much like adults. The under wing- coverts are dusky, as are the marginal coverts. The bare skin about the eye is not so highly colored and there are none of the warty papilla that characterize this region in old birds. (Male P. U. O. C. 8820. Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, October, 1896. Museo La Plata Coll.) Geographical Range. — South America, from British Guiana to Chili and Patagonia. 374 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. The naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions observed these birds in the northern part of southern Patagonia, but did not secure representa- tives. The two specimens in the Princeton Museum are cited in detail below. These and the birds in the British Museum are the material for the descriptive diagnoses presented. Euxenura maguart, 8820 Princeton University Collection. Immature male. Showing the bare skin of the face, lacking the papillae of the adult bird. 1% natural size. Euxenura maguari. 8820 Princeton University Collection. Immature male. Showing the feathering of the head in front and the absence of papillae about the eyes. 1% natural size. Beas OnG. Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Skin 8697 male ad | La Plata, Argentina April, 1898 S. Pozzi Skin 8820 male zz | Province Buenos October, 1896 Museo La Plata Aires, Argentina AVES— ARDEID&. Ziyi ‘The locust visited our part of the country in November, arriving on the 23d. A day or two after some Storks arrived, but only three or four. I saw one at Sta. Ana on the 29th. Riding from Porongos on the 22d December, I saw two and another on the wing. About the middle of March I again saw one at Sta. Elena, and on various occasions in that month, April, and May I met with them. When the bird is on the wing the neck is outstretched and deflected. On rising, this Stork puts its head down very low and takes two or three long bounding hops before it gets on the wing. Legs and feet blood-red; bill lead-grey.” (O. V. Alpin, on Birds Uruguay, Ibis, p. 199, 1894.) Suborder Arve#. Sharpe, Classif. Bds. p. 75 (1891); id. Hand-list Bds. I. p. 193 (1899). Family ArprIp&. Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 56 (1898); id. Hand-List I. p. 193 (1899). Genus ARDEA Linneus. Type. Ardea, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 283 (1766); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 66 oe id. Hand-List I. p. 194 (1899). nA: Cinered: Typhon, Reichnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xvi (1852) . A. sumatrana. Ardeomega, Bonap. Consp. II. p. 109 (1855). . A. goliath. Audubonia, Bonap. Consp. II. p. 113 (1855). . A. occidental. Megerodias, Heine, J. f. O. 1860, p. 200 f . A. goliath. Geographical Range. — Nearly cosmopolitan. ARDEA coco! Linnzus. The Blew Heron, Albin Nat. Hist. B. III. p. 74, pl. 79 (1740). Le Héron hupé de Cayenne, Briss. Orn. V. p 400 (1760). Ardea cocot, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 237 (1766); Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 76 (1844: Bay of St. Joseph, Patagonia: Str. Magellan); id. Gen. B. III. p. 555 (1847); Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 22 (1847); Des 376 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 409 (1847); Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia); Bp. Consp. Av. II. p. 110(1855: Montevideo); Burm. J. f. O. 1860, p. 264 (Parana: Cordova); id. La Plata Reis. II. p. 508 (1861: Tucuman); Schl. Mus. Pays Bays Arde, p. 6 (1863); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 339 (Chili); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 634 (Conchitas); Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 27, no. 10103 (1871); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 125 (1873); Huds. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 625 (Buenos Aires); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 189 (Buenos Aires, resident); Forbes, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 307: Durnf. Ibis, 1878, p. 339 (Sengel and Sengelen rivers, Chupat Valley); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 158 (Cape San Antonio, resident); Doering, Exp]. al Rio Negro, Zool. p. 52 (1881-82: Rios Colorado & Negro); White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 41(Cordova, not common); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 271 (1884: lower Uruguay); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. IL. p. 93 (1889); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 470 (Lomas de Zamora); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 247 (1890: central & northern Patagonia); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 (Buenos Aires); Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 298 (1891); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 144 (Rios Parana, Paraguay, Bermejo & Pilcomayo); James, New List Chil. B. p. 8 (1892); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 204 (Estancia Espartilla, fairly common); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 188 (Valdivia: Rio Bueno: Pilmaiguen: Laguna Llanquehui, winter); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit, Mus. XXVI. p. 73 (1898); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 680 (1898: Sotaki, Coquimbo); Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. (1899); Albert. Contr. Estud. Aves Chil. I. p. 287 (1899); Carabajal, La Pata- gonia, part II. p. 272 (1900); Martens, Vég. Hamb. Magalh. Sam- melr. p. 21 (1900); Oates, Cat. Birds’ Eggs Brit. Mus. II. p. 113 (1902) ; Hellmayr, Abh. Akad. Wiss. Muenchen, XXII. p. 711 (1906). Le Soco, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. VII. p. 379 (1780). Cocoi Heron, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 98 (1785). Garza aplomada, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 148 (1805). Ardea fuscicollis, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XIV. p. 410 (1817: Paraguay). Aridea cerulescens, Vieill. tom. cit. p. 413 (ex Azara). Ardea soco, Vieill. tom. cit. p. 423; Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 89 (1854: Montevideo). Ardea plumbea, Merem in Ersch. u Grub. Encycl. V. p. 177 (1820). Ardea maguart (nec Gm.), Spix, Av. Bras. tab XC (1824). Ardea major, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 116 (Southern Chili). AVES — ARDEID. B77 GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.— Adult male. (P. U. O. C. 8638, La Plata, Argentina, July OOO" Se) OZZ1): Total length, about 37.0 inches. Wing, 18.7. Culmen, 6.0. cat 7.2! Marsus, 7-3: The adult female is larger than the adult male. Total length, about 40.0 inches. Wing, 18.6. Culmen, 5.9. aly 753% dkarsus, 7-2. Color.— Adult male (cited). General color slaty bluish above, a white neck, black crown and areas of black on the sides. Head: Forehead, crown, occiput and sides of face to de/ow the eye, blue black. The feathers on the occiput and posterior portion of sides of head lengthened into a long drooping crest reaching far down on the nape. Lower half of sides of face and head pure dead white. Neck: White. The feathers of the lower neck greatly elongated and pure dead white, drooping far below the line of the body. The middle of the throat marked with numerous black feathers, together forming a narrow stripe down the throat and reaching to the elongated white plumes. Chin and upper throat pure white. Back: Mantle slaty blue. The feathers lengthened and, with dissoci- ated webs, presenting a generally filamentous appearance. Lower back lighter bluish grey; rump shading into darker and the upper tail-coverts slaty bluish. The scapulars developed into long pendant plumes, broad at the base, and with the webs somewhat dissociated and becoming narrow and pointed at the ends. These feathers are slaty blue at the base and shade in the narrow pointed part to silvery greyish white. Tail: Rectrices dark slaty blue, shading into much lighter terminally. Wings: Upper wing-coverts slaty blue, the outer ones of all the series externally silvery greyish white. Bastard-wing, primary-coverts and quills black, with a smoky tinge. The inner secondaries slaty blue externally and the innermost of these feathers wholly slaty blue like the back. The edge of the wing conspicuously white. 378 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Lower parts: The under neck, as described, white with a median line of black feathers from the throat downward to the much elongated pendant white plumes of the lower neck. On either side of the breast and chest a patch of blue black extending back along the abdomen. The middle of the breast apparently streaked black and white, the white feathers being edged with black. The mid- Fic. 199. Fic. 200. Ardea cocot, adult male. 8638 Princeton Ardea cocoi, adult male. 8638 Princeton University Collection. About } natural size. University Collection. Details of unfeathered La Plata, Argentina, July, 1896. part of leg and foot. About } natural size. region of the chest and abdomen, the entire thighs and under tail-coverts white. Sides of the body, axillaries and under wing-coverts pale slaty blue. Bill: Golden yellow, becoming deeper in color and shaded with horn brown above, at the base Iris: Pale straw yellow. The bare skin around the eye pale greenish (F. Withington). Legs and feet: Dark olive brown, shaded with yellow. The adult female resembles the adult male in color, but the elongated plumes of the several regions are not so strongly developed. AVES — ARDEID-. 379 Immature birds are much shaded with brown, the blue black areas all more or less defined in dusky brownish. The effect of the lower parts is striped brownish and white, without the defined black areas. They lack entirely the drooping pendant plumes of adults. Geographical Range. — The whole of South America to the Straits of Magellan. The Cocoi Heron was not obtained, though recorded, by the naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions. An individual cited, in the Princeton Uni- versity Museum and the series of birds of this kind in the British Museum, are the basis for the descriptions furnished. The birds do not appear to be abundant anywhere in Patagonia and are somewhat local in their distri- bution. They have been noticed as resident and as especially common in the winter, by Barrows in his series of papers cited, in lower Uruguay and it seems probable that in Patagonia these herons are migrants, leaving for the north during the colder months. “Female. Cosquin, Cordova, Arg. Rep., Sept. 23, 1882. ‘‘Tris amber. ‘““drdea cocot is by no means common here, as during my stay of five months I only saw three or four. “Their usual position was, perched on a tree in early morning and not far from the river.” (E.W. White, P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 41-42.) Genus HERODIAS Boie. : Type. FHlerodias, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 559; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 88 (1898); id. Hand-List I. p. 195 (1899) . ‘ : : : : ; ; : _ ei eavera: E:gretta, Bonap. Oss. Regna Anim. p. 97 (1830) . : . Af. egretta. Casmerodius, Gloger, Handb. p. 412 (1842) . i . . Hf. egretta. Geographical Range. — Nearly cosmopolitan. HERODIAS EGRETTA (Wilson). Le Héron Blanc (pt.), Briss. Orn. V. p. 428 (1760). La Grande Aigrette d’Amerique, D’Aubent. Pl. Enl. VIII. pl. 925 (1780). La Grande Aigrette, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. VII. p. 377 (1780). Great Egret, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. i. p. 89 (1785). 380 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. ? Ardea galatea, Molina, Saggro St. Nat. Chil. p. 205 (1786); Bp. Consp. Avillsp: 1i4(1eé555 (Chili). ? Ardea ohula, Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 629 (1788: Chili). Garza grande blanca con manto, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 151 (1805). Ardea egretta, WWils. Amer. Orn. VII. p. 106, pl. 61, fig. 4 (1813); Gray, Gen. B. Ill. p. 555, (1847); Martl. Ind: Azara,p. 22 (1647)4) Des Murs, in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 410 (1847); Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 345 (1871); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 125 (1873); Durnf Ibis, 1877, p. 189 (Buenos Aires), 1075, 3pse3o0 (Chupat Valley); Gibson, Ibis, 1879, p. 45, 1880, p. 156 (Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires, nesting); Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 52 (1881-82); White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 624 (Punta Lara: Oran, Salta); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 271 (1884: lower Uruguay, abundant resident, as far south as Carhué); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 98 (1889); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425; Oust. Miss. Scient: Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p: 208: (1601) Sci Pass eommp: 135 (Sacaya, Tarapaca); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 124 (Rios Parana & Pilcomayo, abundant); Holland, 4 ¢. p. 204 (Estancia Espartilla, fairly common); James, New List of Chil. B. p. 8 (1892); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 188 (Chili, generally); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 680 (1898: Sotaki, Coquimbo, Oct.: Calbuco, Dec.) ; Albert, Contr. Estud. Aves Chil. I. p. 290 (1899); Oates, Cat. Birds’ Eggs Brit. Mus. II. pp. 116-117 (1902). Ardea teuce, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 77 (1823: ex Tl. Mss:)- Burm) O! 1860, p. 265; id. La Plata Reis. II. p. 509 (1861: Banda Oriental) ; Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vég. p. 118 (1865: Chili); Carabajal, La Pata- gonia, Part II. p. 272 (1900). L:gretta americana, Swains. Classif. B. I. p. 354 (1837). Ardea alba, D’Orb. (nec Linn.) in Ramon de la Sagra Hist. Nat. Cuba, AVES) plow (129). figretta leuce, Gould, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 128 (1841: Maldonado: Patagonia). . FHerodias egretta, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 77 (1844: Chili: Patagonia); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 95 (1898); id. Hand-list B. I. p. 195 (1899); Martens, Vég. Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. p. 21 (1900). Ardea galathea, Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia). ~ AVES — ARDEID&. 381 Flerodias leuce, Salle, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 236. flerodias egretta var. californica, Baird, Cass. & Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 666 (1858). Flerodtas alba leuce, Ridgw. Bull. Ess. Inst. 1874, p. 171. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Seze.— Adult male. (P. U. O. C. 4970; Panasofikee Lake, Sumpter County, Florida, 4 January, 1876, W. E. D. Scott.) Total length, 39.5 inches. Wing, 16.2. Culmen; 4.7: Mail Gs.” Tarsus, 6.4. FHlerodias egretta, adult male. 4970 Princeton University Collection. About ¥/ natural size. The adult female is smaller than the adult male. Color.— Adult male (cited). Entirely pure white. A series of long scapular plumes composed of specially developed feathers having dis- sociated webs, the whole forming together a lace-like train. No head plumes and the feathers of the lower neck broad and soft and of length- ened into pendant plumes. Bill: Rich gold yellow. Black or dusky along the culmen. Bare region about eye, pale emerald green. Legs and feet: Black. Iris : Straw color. Adult female breeding. — Not to be distinguished from the adult male at the same season, except that the average individuals are smaller. Adults in winter. — Have no ornamental train of plumes, the bare 382 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. region about the eye is yellow and the color of the entire bill is not clear as during the nuptial period. Immature birds. —Much like the adults in winter, but the texture of the feathers is more fluffy, downy and softer. The bill is blackish at the end. Geographical Range. — America. Temperate North America, the British Provinces and Oregon (it being of casual occurrence so far north) and resident in the South Atlantic and Gulf States. Thence southward through tropical and South America it is resident as far south at least as Argentina and Chili and of frequent occurrence (as a nomadic migrant) in Patagonia. The American Egret was not obtained by the naturalists of the Prince- ton Expeditions. Two individuals from La Plata and the large series in the Princeton University Museum as well as the material in the British Museum, have been utilized in making the diagnoses here given. This is an abundant bird locally in most parts of Patagonia during the warmer portions of the year; in the southern portion of the region the birds are migratory, but on the Rio Negro and in the northern part of Patagonia they appear to be present throughout the year. These herons breed in communities of varying size, from a few pairs to many thousand birds, and are often associated with other closely allied birds of their own family, as well as with ibises and spoonbills. The rookeries are in low, densely wooded thickets of willow, and similar growths, on or close to water, fresh or brackish seemingly preferred. Several nests are frequently placed in the same tree or bush and it seems probable that communal care of the young prevails, that is, after the birds are hatched and especially as soon as the fledglings begin to climb about in the trees and bushes, which they do long before they are able to fly. Genus FLORIDA Baird. : Type. Florida, Baird, Survey for Pacific R. R. Vol. IX. part II. p. 671 (1858); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 100 (1898); id. Hand-List I. p. 195 (1899) . : +) 2 Le Ceruled Glaucerodius, Heine and Reichenow Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 307 (1890) ; : : : . £. cerulea. Geographical Distribution. — Tropical America. Extending to northern South America, and casually to Patagonia. The West Indies. Warmer AVES— ARDEID&. 383 portions of North America, north to Massachusetts, Illinois and Kansas. Not occurring in the western United States. FLORIDA C4RULEA (Linnzus). Ardea cerulea, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 143 (1758); Burm. La Plata Reis, II. p. 509 (1861); C. Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 247 (1888: northern Patagonia); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 99 (1889); Carbajal, La Patagonia, part II. p. 272 (1900). Florida cerulea, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 100 (1898); id. Hand-list B. I. p. 195 (1899); Oates, Cat. Birds’ Eggs Brit. Mus. Hips LL 7 (1902). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.— Adult male. (P. U. O. C. 4060, Panasoffkee Lake, Florida, 18 March 1876, W. E. D. Scott.) Total length, 23.0 inches. Wing, 10.5. Culmen, 3.2. shail 4.0: Marsus, 3.0: Females, adult, average a little smaller than adult males. Color. Blue Phase.— Adult male breeding (cited above) head and neck deep plum-color, shaded more or less with slaty blue ; the remaining parts deep slaty blue. Head: Rich deep plum-color, shaded with slaty blue. The feathers fine and hair-like in appearance and produced into a long full occipital crest. Neck: Rich deep plum-color shaded with slaty blue, and changing in the region near the body to clear slaty blue. The feathers fine and hair- like in general appearance. At the base of the neck, all around, the slaty blue feathers are prolonged into fine plumes which are long and pendant below. Back : Scapulars and interscapular region, lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts, deep slaty blue. The feathers of the scapular and interscap- ular region prolonged into plumes of varying length, the longest reaching two or three inches beyond the tail. Tail: Slaty blue. Wing: Entirely slaty blue, the feathers of the shoulders inclining to be plume-like in character. 384 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Lower parts: Wholly slaty blue, including the under wing-coverts, the axillaries and under tail-coverts. Bill: Rich deep blue at base, becoming abruptly black on the terminal part. See Figure 202. Unfeathered region about the eyes and lores and the eyelids, rich deep blue. Eyes: Varying in individuals from pale straw-color, to deep lead-color and in some cases to rich hazel brown. Breeding birds in the blue phase Fic. 202. Florida cerulea, adult male in blue phase. 4060 Princeton University Collection. About 1% natural size. of plumage, actually nesting, show all these different phases of eye color- ing. The change is apparently correlated with the period of breeding and the birds with deep lead-colored or hazel irides are probably very old individuals. The several colors of irides obtain in either sex. All birds examined during the season when not breeding, in whatever phase of plumage, have pale straw colored irides. Legs: Almost or quite black. Feet: Almost or quite black. “Iwas struck during the early part of the breeding season, with the coloration about the bill and face in some of the Herons, and not finding descriptions of the same conditions I append the following : Ardea cerulea ; In this species, in both plumages, I have, in a very large series at the AVES — ARDEID&. 385 three points visited (in Florida) noted the iris is light straw color. But a series of twelve individuals collected at Clearwater, in a little lake where they had just begun to breed, the date being 2oth March, 1880, the iris was deep lead color, and in one case brown or hazel. These are the only individuals that I have taken at just this period, viz., at the beginning of the breeding season, but this is apparently the color of the part in ques- tion at that season.”” Scott, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VI. No.1, Jan. 1881, p. 20. Florida cerulea, adult breeding male, white phase. 4054 Princeton University Collection. About ¥% natural size. White Phase.—Adult male breeding, P. U. O. C. 4054, Lake Butler, Hillsboro County, 23 February, 1880, W. E. D. Scott. General color whzte. The same plumes that characterize the d/ue phase. A very slight smoky shading on the crown and head plumes, the back of the neck and on the interscapular area. Blush showing on the extreme ends of all the primaries. Otherwise this bird is Juve white. Bill: Pale sage green at base, darkening abruptly terminally. Uvw- Seathered region above the eye and lores; pale sage green. P. U. O. C. 5279, Female Immature, Panasoffkee Lake, Sumpter County, Florida, 13 January, 1876, W. E. D. Scott. Bill: Pale sage green, darker at the end. Iris: Pale straw color. Region about eye and lores: Pale sage green. Legs and feet: Pale sage green. Young birds of the year.— White, showing traces of bluish or smoky in varying degree, usually on the crown, the back of the neck and on the interscapular region. Some specimens show this coloring only on the 386 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. crown, but all birds in this plumage always have the tips of the primaries more or less shaded with blue. Late in the first year, before the first breeding season, many of the birds of the year become mottled with many dark slaty blue feathers ; this is pre- sumably accomplished by a partial moult and the disposal of the dark color is entirely irregular and uneven on the two sides of the body of the same bird. Often the larger feathers are particolored. Birds in Florida are found on numerous occasions dveeding in this plumage. P. U. O. C. 405, Breeding Female, Old Tampa Bay, Florida, 4 February, 1880. (W. BD; Scott.) Bill: Dull sage green, darkening terminally. Iris : Straw color. Legs and Feet: Dull sage green. Region about eyes and lores: Dull sage green. Fic. 204. Florida cerulea. Nestling, half grown. 4046 Princeton University Collection. About % natural size. Nestling (half grown, almost fully feathered). (P. U. O. C. 4046, Male, mouth of Old Tampa Bay, Florida, 26 May, 1880, James Henry Devereux:) This bird is pure white throughout, except that the tips of the primaries are marked, or shaded with smoky, brownish blue. Other young birds about the same age are similar, but some have a shading of blue onthe crown and a few have traces of shading of a similar color on the interscapular region. The amount of bluish on the tips of the primaries varies much, but 7s always present, not only in the young, but in all examples of the white phase of plumage of this heron, and readily distinguishes it from any other small white heron found in America. AVES— ARDEID&. 387 The bill in nestlings is dull greenish, the iris pale straw color, and the feet and legs dull sage green. In the many hundreds of nests of this heron that I have examined in various parts of Florida, containing fledglings, I have seen only white young birds as described, and I believe that a// ‘he young of Florida cerulea are white and remain so until at least the first complete moult. Most birds then assume the slaty blue plumage, some are pied blue and white, and a few remain almost wholly white throughout their lives. (W. E. D. S.) Geographical Range. — As given for the genus. Burmeister! speaks of its having occurred on the Rio Negro, northern Patagonia. The only claim the Little Blue Heron has as an element in the Patagonian Avi- Fauna is this record. Perhaps more common about fresh water than on the salt lagoons. The Little Blue Heron breeds in the characteristic heron manner, generally in trees from fifteen to forty feet from the ground. Usually the rookeries are composed of from twenty to forty pairs of the birds and frequently a much larger number are associated together, several hundred pairs being not uncommon. Many nests are often placed in the same tree close together. From two to six eggs are laid, and two broods are usually reared by each pair of the birds. The breeding season is a prolonged one. Genus NYCTICORAX T. Forster. Type. Nycticorax, T. Forster, Synop. Catal. Brit. Birds, p. 59 (1817); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 145 (1898); id. Hand-List Bds. I. p. 198 (1899). . LV. nycticorax. Nycticardea, Swains. Classif. Bds. II. p. 354(1837) . NV. nycticorax. Scoteus, Keys. & Blas. Wirb. Eur. pp. 1xxx, 220 (1840) . WV. mcticorax. Nycterodius, Magill, Man. Brit. Orn. II. p. 126 (1842) . WV. nyctcorax. Geographical Range.— Nearly cosmopolitan, ranging far south, but not very far north. NYCTICORAX TAYAZU-GUIRA (Vieillot). Garza parda chorreada, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 168 (1805: 9). Garza tayazu-guira, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 173 (1805: 2). ‘C. Burmeister, An. Mus. Nacion. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 247, 1888. 388 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Ardea tayazu-guira, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XIV. p. 437 (1817: ex Azara 3). Ardea maculata (nec Gm.), Vieill. Enc. Meth. III. p. 1129 (1823: ex Azara ¢). Nycticorax gardent (pt.) Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 85 (1844: Falkland Islands: Str. Magellan). Nycticorax americana, Tsch. & Cab. (nec Bonap.) in Faun. Peru, Orn. pp. 50, 297 (1845-46); Hartl. Ind. Azara, pp. 22, 23 (1847); Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 96 (Falkland Islands). Nycticorax nevius Gray (nec Bodd.), Gen. B. III. p. 558, pt. (1847) ; Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 412 (1847); Leybold, Excurs. Pampas Argentinas, p. 62 (1873); Philippi, Ornis. IV. p. 159 (1888: Empexa, Tarapaca). Nycticorax obscurus, Bp. (nec Licht.), Consp. Av. II. p. 141 pt. (1855: Patagonia: Falkland Islands); Scl. Ibis, 1861, p. 312 (Falkland Islands); id. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 73 (Falkland Islands); id’ da Salw: Ibis, 1869, p. 284 (Tyssen Isl., Falkland Isl.); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 40 (Chupat Valley), p. 189 (Buenos Aires, resident), 1878, p. 63 (Buenos Aires, Nov. Dec.), p. 399 (Sengel); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 436 (Falkland Islands); Scl. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 310 (eggs); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, pp. 156, 158 (Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires, resident & breeds); Scl. & Salv. Voy. Chall. II. Birds, p. 106 pt. (1880); White, P. Z.S. 1882, p. 624 (Pacheco, Buenos Aires ; Sauce Redondo, Salta); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 471 (Lomas de Zamora) ; Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. IL. p. 105 (1889); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425; Scl.. P. Z. S. 1891,-p. 136\(Sacaya, Larapaca); ollandalbis; 1892, p. 205 (Estancia Espartilla, fairly common Sept. to Jan., breeds) ; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 679 pt. (1898: Rio de los Patos. S. Patagonia). Nycticorax gardeni, Scl. (nec Gm.), P. Z. S. 1860, p. 386 (Berkeley Sound); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 157 (Falkland Islands); Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 52 (1881-82); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 271 (1884: lower Uruguay, abundant resident); Carabajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 272 (1900). Ardea gardent, Burm. (nec Gm.), J. f. O. 1860, p. 264; id. La Plata Reise, II. p. 508 (1861: Rio Parana); C. Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 247 (1888: northern Patagonia). AVES — ARDEIDA. 389 Nyctiardea obscura Gray (nec Licht.), Handl. B. III. p. 33, no. 10176 pt. (1871). Nycitcorax tayazu-guira, Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 155 (1898); id. Hand-list B. I. p. 198 (1899); Martens, Vég. Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. p. 21 (1900); Oates, Cat. Birds’ Eggs Brit. Mus. II. p. 124 (1902). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.-— Adult male. (8823 Princeton University Collection, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, July 1896). Total length, about 26.5 inches. Wing, 12.4. Culmen, 3.2. ‘ete ise Warsus, 3) 2: There does not appear to be a difference in size according to sex. Color. — Adult male (cited). Breeding dress. General color grey with a large dorsal area of deep greenish black. A like area on the head. Below delicate grey, shading into pure white on the throat and abdomen. Fic. 205. Nycticorax tayazu-guira, adult male. 8823 Princeton University Collection. About } nat- ural size. Head: Forehead and continuous with it a line extending back above the eye, white. Whole top of the head deep greenish black; the feathers lengthened and silky and reaching down on the nape for a short distance. From the occiput a long (10 inches in bird cited) white cord- like plume, which, when separated, is found to be composed of several 390 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. (generally three) distinct feathers, which are closely held together by their filaments coalescing. The sides of the face and head are grey, which shades into white as it approaches the throat and chin. Neck: Light grey above and on the sides shading into lighter, almost white beneath and becoming white on the upper throat and chin. Back: Interscapular region and upper scapulars dark greenish black, contrasted and defined abruptly by the lower scapulars, which are a sort of ashy grey or dove color. Lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts light ashy grey. Wings: Ashy grey or dove color throughout. Lower surface shaded with light grey except on the chin, throat and lower abdomen and vent, where the pale grey shades into pure white. Bill: “Upper mandible and tip of lower one black, the remainder of lower mandible yellowish green”’ (H. Durnford). Feet: ‘Light pea green, underside with a tinge of yellow” (H. Durnford). Iris: ‘Dull crimson” (H. Durnford). Presumably the colors, not only of the bill and naked skin about the eye, but of the iris itself, change much at the different seasons of the year and with age. At least this is the case with the close ally of this night- heron WVyctcorax nycticorax. Adult birds in winter \ack the corded plume of the occiput and the grey colors are generally much deeper. All the bare parts about the face, the bill, feet and legs are more subdued in color than in the summer. Geographical Range. —South America, from Peru and Brazil south- ward, to Patagonia, Chili and the Falkland Islands. The distribution of the bird in the more southern part of its range seems to coincide with the eastern coast of South America; it appears to be rare or casual on the southern portion of the western coast. The South American Night Heron was not obtained by the naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions. It has been recorded at many points throughout Patagonia, but there seems to be little doubt that it is casual or rare on the Straits of Magellan and in the adjacent region. About Buenos Aires and in the interior of Patagonia the birds are common ; but careful examination fails to disclose satisfactory records of the AVES — ARDEID&. 391 species in the extreme southern portion of the province or on the Straits of Magellan. The allied form 4. cyanocephalus prevails in that part of the country, as will presently be seen, and seems to have been mistaken by observers for the bird now under consideration. There are four specimens of this bird in the collections of the University Museum at Princeton, all taken in the province of Buenos Aires; these together with the abundant material in the British Museum have formeda basis for the descriptions and generalizations given here. The habits of this Night Heron as observed and recorded do not seem to differ materially from those of its near ally, Vycticorax nycticorax. Coll. PHUL ONG: Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Province of Buenos Skin 8822 JS ad. Aires, Argentina. November, 1897. Museo La Plata. Skin 8823 oS ad. a | January, 1896. ss Skin 8824 3 im. ce July, 1898. a6 Skin 8825 2 ad. i October, 1896. ss NyCTICORAX CYANOCEPHALUS (Molina). Ardea cyanocephala, Molina, Saggio St. Nat. Chil. p. 260 (1786); Vieill. Ne DictedeHist, Nat; XIV. p. 411 .(1817). Ardea nycticorax, Kittl. (nec Linn.), Kupf. Vég. pt. 3, p. 26, Taf. 35, fig. m (1633; Chil). Nycticorax americanus, Gould (nec Bonap.), Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 128 (1841 : Valparaiso). Nycticorax cyanocephalus, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 116 (Chili); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 156 (1898); id. Hand-list B. I. p. 198 (1899); Martens, Vég. Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. p. 21 (1900). Nycticorax gardeni, Gray (nec Gm.), List B. Brit. Mus. Part HI. p. 85 pt. (1844); Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia). Nycticorax nevius, Gray (nec Gm.), Gen. B. III. p. 558 pt. (1847); Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 412 pt. (1847). Nycticorax obscurus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 90 (1854: Chili) ; Bonap. Consp. Av. II. p. 141 pt. (1855: Chili); Pelz. Reise Novara, Vog. p. 118 (1865: Chili); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 334, 339 (Chili); id. & Salv. Ibis, 1868, p. 189 (Oazy Harbour, Str. Magellan); Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. pp. 181, 298, 350 (1871: 392 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Chiloe: Str. Magellan); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 436 pt. (Tom Harbour: Puerto Bueno); iid. Voy. Chall. II. Birds, p. 106 pt. (1880: Tom Harbour); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 12 (Cockle Cove); Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XII. p. 137 (1889: Port Otway); Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 137 (1891); James, New List Chil. B. p. 8 (1892); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 188 (central & southern Chill) ; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 679 pt. (1898: Coquimbo: Tantil Isl., Calbuco); Albert, Contr. Estud. Aves Chil. I. p. 303 (1899) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 626 (1900: Penguin Rookery: Porto Cook: Punta Arenas: Possession Bay). Ardea obscura, Schl. Mus. Pays Bas, Arde, p. 59 (1863: Str. Magellan). Nyctiardea obscura, Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 33 no. 10176 (1871). Nycticorax griseus, Albert (nec Linn.), Contr. Estud. Aves Chil. I. p. 299 (1899). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Adult male, breeding plumage. (P. U. O. C. 7804. Near head- waters of Rio Chico de Rio Santa Cruz, Patagonia, 28 February 1897, J. B. Hatcher.) Total length, 27.0 inches. Wing: 51252. Culimen; 3°2: Mail a5e2: Tarsus, 3.5. The adult females average a little less in size than the adult males. Color.— Adult male (cited), breeding plumage. The disposal of color in this Night Heronis zz Aatfern almost identical with /V. ayazu-guira, but every part is much darker, and only the chin is white, the rest of the ground color being deep smoky brownish in tone. The dark interscapular area | is duller green black, as is the crown area. Head: Forehead and a line extending back over the eye deep smoky brown, lightest just above the eye. Cap deep black with a tinge of dark bluish green. Pendant occipital plume clear white and corded in appear- ance ; generally of three feathers and about ten inches long. Sides of face and head deep smoky brown. Neck: Uniform deep smoky brown, shading into dull white on the chin. AVES — ARDEID&. 393 Back: Interscapular region and upper scapulars deep black with a dull greenish gloss. Lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts deep smoky brown. Tail: Deep smoky brown. Wings: Entirely deep smoky brown, darker than elsewhere and with a dull gloss of oily green on the exposed surfaces of some of the longer feathers. Lower parts: Uniform smoky brown, becoming isabelline or whitish about the posterior part of the abdomen and about the vent. Lower tail- coverts smoky brown, as are the lower wing surfaces and axillaries. Fic. 206. Fic. 207. Nycticorax cyanocephalus, adult male. 7804 Nycticorax cyanocephalus. 7804 P. U. O. P. U. O.C. Pacific slope of the Cordilleras, C. Details of unfeathered portion of leg and Patagonia. foot. Bill: Dull blackish (Hatcher). Iris: Cherry red (Hatcher). ins) Dullvorange”’. (Peterson): Feet: Dull greenish yellow (Hatcher). Naked skin about eye: Dark blue (Hatcher). Dr. Coppinger has spoken of the iris of this heron as ‘orange’? and no doubt winter speci- mens generally and a few breeding examples have eyes of that color. Herons’ eyes in many species at least vary much in color, not only with age, but at different seasons in adult birds. 394 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Adult female breeding. —Similar to the adult breeding male and havy- ing the same occipital cord-like plumes. Adults in winter are like breeding birds in general color, but lack the occipital cord-like plumes, and the bill, feet and naked parts about the eye are duller. The eyes generally have orange or reddish yellow irides. Fic. 208. Nycticorax cyanocephalus, immature male. 7968 P. U. O. C. Lake Pueyrredon, Patagonia (Lago Moreno). Young of the year (P. U. O. C. 7968, male, Lake Pueyrredon, Patagonia, 3 May, 1899, O. A. Peterson) closely resemble the similar age of JV. tayazu-guira, but are more coarsely spotted with dull isabelline white, and streaked about the top and sides of the head and spotted on the shoulders with dull rusty brown. The ground color is deep smoky brown above, and below the entire surface presents a coarse streaking of dull smoky brown and whitish, in about equal proportions. Geographical Range.— Southern South America, chiefly western, from Chili to the Straits of Magellan. The naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions secured two examples of this heron cited in full below; the considerable series in the British Museum has also been examined. Of its distribution in Patagonia Mr. Hatcher (in MS. notes) writes : ‘‘Occasionally seen among rocks in streams at bottoms of deep gorges in the heart of the Southern Andes.” Dr. Cunningham evidently refers to this species, as he always speaks of it ‘as a dark grey brown night heron” under the name of Vycticorax obscurus, and (p. 181, of. cét.) he goes on to say “I saw only one bird that was new to me—a kind of night heron (Vycticorax obscurus), with dusky-brown plumage which I afterward observed at the Falkland Islands, and in many localities in the AVES — ARDEID&. 395 western part of the Strait and Western Channels, as well as at Chiloe. It is of a bold disposition, allowing one to approach within a short dis- tance of it, and then making off with a heavy flapping flight, uttering at the same time a very hoarse croak.” (The italics are the author's.) It is probable that all of Dr. Cunningham’s notes in the Natural History of the Straits of Magellan refer to this species, which is so different from its congener, and which always impressed him so. He must have seen one individual at least in the Falkland Islands. As noted before, this is the form that occurs in the extreme south of Patagonia, while VV. fayazu-guira does not range down as far as the Straits, though it occurs in the Falkland Islands. The relationship and distribution of these herons presents an attractive field for further investigation. Genus BUTORIDES Blyth. Type. Butorides, Blyth, Cat. B. As. Soc. p. 281 (1849); Sharpe, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. niaenorle id. Hand- List Bds. I. p. 199 (1899) : : . B. javanica. Ocniscus, Nat., J. f. O. 1856, p. 343 : 3 : . B. virescens. Geographical Range.— North and South America. The Galapagos, Africa, Madagascar. The Indian Peninsula, China, Japan, Burmese coun- tries, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Australia and some of the Pacific Islands. BUTORIDES STRIATA (Linnzus). Ardea striata, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 238 (1766: Surinam); Gm. Syst. Nate lee ps 634) (1788); Reichen: J. f. O. 1877, p. 253: Crabier de Cayenne, D’Aubent, Pl. Enl. VIII. pl. 908. Le Crabier gris 4 téte et queue vertes, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. VIII. p. 408 (1781). Cancroma grisea, Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. 54 (1783). Striated Heron: Lath, Gen. Syn. III. pt. I. p. 82 (1785). Ardea torquata, Shaw in Miller, Cim. Phys. pls. 35, 36 (1796). Garza cuello aplomado, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 177 (1803). Ardea cyanura, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XIV. p. 421 (1817). Ardea fuscicollis, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XIV. p. 410 (1817). Ardea scapularis, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 77 (1823, ex Illiger); Wagler. 396 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Syst. Av. p. 189, Ardea, Ep. 35 (1827); Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. PV: (p. 623 (1833): ‘Hartl’ Ind: Azarai yp. 23 (0647) 3am Schomb. Reis. Guian. III. p. 753 (1848); Burm. Th. Bras. III. p. 411 (1856: Lower Parahyba); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ardea, p. 42 (1863: Surinam; Caracas); Finsch. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 589 (Trinidad); Pezl. Orn. Bras. p. 301 (1871: Sapitiba ; Matto Grosso). Egretta scapularis, Swains, An. in Menag. p. 333 (1837). Ardea grisea, Gray, Gen. Bds. III. p. 556 (1847); Léot. Ois. Trinid. p. 421 (1866); Gray, Hand-List Bds. III. p. 31, no. 10156 (1871). Butorides scapularis, Bonap. Consp. Il. p. 128 (1855); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 199 (Ucayali). Butorides grisea, Cass, Pro. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1860, p. 19 (Cartagena). Butorides cyanurus, Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 145 (Conchitas); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 384 (Lake Paturica); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 125 (1873); Lee, Ibis, 1873, ip. 137 (arcentine hep), Durnf. Ibis, 1878, p. 62 (Buenos Aires); Scli& Salv. 2. Z7 S.21879, p- 542 (Medellin); Salv. & Godm. Ibis, 1879, p. 206 (Colombia); W. A. Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 355 (Recifé, breeding); Tacz. Orn. Pérou, III. p. 397 (1884); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 271 (1884: Concepcion, breeding); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 471 (Lomas de Zamora); Scl. & Hudson, Argent. Orn. II. p. ror (1889); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 205; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. V. p. 150 (1893: Matto Grosso). Butorides scapulatus (lapsu), Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 305 (Uca- yali R.; Santa Cruz). Butovides virescens (lapsu), Tacz. P. Z.S. 1877, p. 746 (Santa Lucia, Peru). Butorides striata, Baird, Brewer & Ridgw. Water-Birds North America, I; p: 50, note (1384); Berl: & Ihering, Zeitschr. Ges. @m Il: ps (1885: Taquara); Berl. J. f. O. 1889, p. 318 (Ucayali); Berl. J. f. O. 1892, p. 104; Peters, J. f. O. 1892, p. 120 (Curacao);, Sharpes bull: Brit. Orn. Club, III. p. xvii (1894) 3 1d. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus oi: p. 175 (1898); id. Hand-List Bds. I. p. 199 (1899) ; Oates, Cat. Birds’ Eggs Brit. Mus. II. p. 126 (1902). Ocniscus striatus, Heine & Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 308 (1890). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Stze.— Total length, about 15.5 inches. AVES—ARDEID&. 3907 Wing, 6.7. Culmen, 2.6. atl 2.5: Warsus. 2:0. The sexes are alike in size. Color. — General color ashy grey, with dark green cap, back and wings and chestnut striping on lower neck. Head: Whole top of head blackish, with a dark green gloss, the occi- pital feathers prolonged and forming a pointed crest. Sides of head and face pale ashy grey, interrupted by a greenish black bar below the eye, Fic. 209. Fic. 210. Butorides striata. P. U.O.C. Butorides striata. P.U.O.C. Details of unfeathered portion of leg and foot. extending back to the vicinity of the ear-coverts, the area above it and the crown being slaty grey like the rest of the sides of head and face. Below this bar the sides of the cheeks are lightest, approaching white. Neck: Light slaty grey on upper part and sides; below, the chin and upper throat are immaculate white. The lower throat and the remainder of under neck whitish, streaked with rich chestnut, which is lightest nearest the body, where the feathers are long and pendant and form a small, short neck plume. Back: The interscapular region and upper scapulars deep bottle-green, margined and tipped with slaty grey and having dull white shafts. These feathers are lengthened into lanceolate plumes, which extend back at least 398 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. as far as the tips of the closed wings. Lower back and rump dark slaty grey, shaded somewhat with greenish and shading into the clear bottle- green of the upper tail-coverts. Tail: Dull bottle-green, with a slaty cast. Wings: Upper wing-coverts dark bottle-green, broadly margined with pale rufous or ochraceous. The quills dark bottle-green, narrowly mar- gined on the exposed edges with creamy white or pale buff. Lower parts: Chin, throat and neck as described. The rest of the lower surface slaty grey, becoming whitish on the abdomen. The under surface of the quills, under wing-coverts, axillaries and under tail-coverts pale slaty grey. Bill: Upper mandible dusky horn-color. Lower mandible dusky at the edges, shading into greenish yellow at its lower margin and into greenish at base, the bare skin about the eye and the eyelid being grass- green. Iris: Varying from pale straw to deep reddish orange. Legs: Green, shading into brownish on the front of the tarsus. Feet: Green, shading into brownish green on the tops of the toes ; the soles of the feet deep yellow. The adult female is like the adult male. The winter plumage of adults is but little different from the breeding plumage; a little duller and with the rufous margins of the feathers of the wings and the rufous of the under neck deeper in tone. Young birds of the year are brown above ; no plumes ; the upper wing- coverts with triangular creamy or sandy buff spots at their ends; the top of the head dusky, the feathers marked with buffy shaft-lines. The sides of head and face and the lower surface dull whitish, streaked by the dusky margins to the feathers. Geographical Range. — South America. From Colombia to Ecuador and Peru. From Venezuela, Guiana, throughout Brazil and to the Argen- tine Republic, being rare farther south. With some hesitation this heron is included in the fauna of Patagonia, as it probably occurs as far south at least as the Rio Negro, though not com- monly. It appears to be very common in the region south of La Plata. It was not procured or noticed by the naturalists of the Princeton Expe- ditions, but Mr. Hatcher has told of seeing a small heron which was not secured. From his description it was probably this species. AVES — ARDEID&. 399 The descriptions are based on four individuals from the Museo de La Plata and Pozzi Collections in the Princeton University Museum, a fine series in the British Museum of Natural History and specimens in the Paris Museum. The nearest ally to &. striata appears to be B. atricapilla, peculiar to tropical Africaand Madagascar. This is of interest from the point of view of dispersal or distribution, as the North American form, &. vzvescens, and its allies touch the northern range of B. striata. Now B. striata does not resemble 4. vzrescens in color, but so closely resembles B. atricapilla as to be difficult to discriminate. B. atvicafilla in its tone is nearly like B. javanica, which is found in the Indian Peninsula, Ceylon, south China, the Malay Peninsula, the Philippine group, etc. So that here we have a good example of species of a genus widely separated geographically, which are almost identical in appearance, and of two species of the same genus whose ranges almost overlap and yet are very different in color. Mr. Barrows found this bird common and breeding in the region about the town of Concepcion del Uruguay; this is some hundred and sixty miles directly north of Buenos Aires. He describes the bird as unsus- picious and readily observed at a short distance. Its general habits seem not unlike those of B. vervescens and it is eminently, as is that bird, a diurnal and not a nocturnal bird; green herons go to roost early in the twilight and are not even crepuscular in their habits. They fish in shoal water for small fish, frogs and fresh-water crayfishes ; their agility in catching their tiny prey is noticeable, and yet at times they rely on their immobility, allowing the desired minnow to approach, when the unfortunate is fixed by a single dexterous stroke. Genus ARDETTA Gray. Type. Ardetta, Gray, List Gen. 1842, App. p. 13; Sharpe, Cat. Bds. a Brit. Mus. XXVI. p. 220 (1898); id. Hand-List Bds. I p:.202 (1899). : . A. minuta, Ardeola, Bonap. Ann. ae. N. Y. I. p. 307 (1826) (nec Bole; 1622): : : : : oe CXLES. Evodiscus, Gloger, Handb. L p. AO (1842) é : ; . A. minuta. Geographical Range. — Almost cosmopolitan in temperate and tropical regions. 400 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY, ARDETTA INVOLUCRIS (Vieillot). Garza varia, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 185 (1805). Ardea variegata, Vieill. (nec Scop.), N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XIV. p. 424 (1817: ex Azara). Ardea tnvolucris, Vieill. Enc. Méth. III. p. 1127 (1823); Gray, Handl. Bll pe si, no. 1O1Sen(1S 70) Ardea exits (pt.), Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 556 (1847). Ardea ervthrometas (pt.), Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 23 (1847). Ardetta exilis (nec Gm.), Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 411 (1847); James, New List Chil. B. p. 8 (1892); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 679 (1898); Albert, Contr. Estud. Aves Chil. I. p. 295 (1899). Ardeola humilis Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 89 (1854: Chil1). Ardea erythromelas (nec Vieill.), Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vég. p. 124 (1865: Chili). Ardetta involucris, Scl. & Salv. P. Z.S. 1869, p. 634 (Argentine Republic) ; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 125 (1873); Huds. P. Z. S. 1875, pp: 623-631 (habits); Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 162, 1877, p. 189 (Buenos Aires), 1878, p. 62 (nest and eggs described); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p- 159 (Cape San Antonio); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 271 (1884: Con- cepcion, summer: Carhué, April); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 470 (Lomas de Zamora); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 101, pl. xvi, (1889) ; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425, 1892, p. 205 (Estancia Espartilla resident, breeds in November); Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVI, p. 235 (1898: Patagonia); id. Hand-list B. I. p. 203 (1899). Botaurus erythromelas, Reichen. (nec Vieill.), J. f O. 1877, p. 244. Ardetta erythrolema, Heine & Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 308 (1890: Chili). Butorides tnvolucris, Sci. Ibis, 1892, p. 561. Botaurus involucris, Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 128 (1896). Ardetta erythromelas (nec Vieill.), Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 679 (1898). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Stze. —Total length, about 13.0 inches. Wing, 4.9. Culmens2:0; AVES— ARDEID&. 401 Mail, 10: sharsus, 1,7: The adults of both sexes are of about the same size. PIGS 212) Ardetta involucris, P. U. O. C. The same: details of the unteathered parts of leg and foot. Color.— (Male cited.) General color. Back striped black, cinnamon and buff. Neck dry corn-color. A black and cinnamon cap on head. Lower parts white, striped with corn-color and brown. Head: A median cap of deep black elongated feathers. The mid forehead bright cinnamon, which divides when the black cap is reached and forms a narrow bright cinnamon border on each side. This border gradually becomes narrower and disappears toward the back of the crown. Feathered portion of lores and entire sides of head and face dry corn- color, finely washed with greyish. A dark narrow line of cinnamon divides this from the white region of chin and throat. Neck: Dry corn-color washed with grey and cinnamon. The feathers of the sides of the neck form a sort of frill and, being long, cover the top of the neck, which is almost naked and has no contour-feather tract. The chin and throat dull white, with a median stripe or line of dull yel- lowish corn-color, sometimes tinged with cinnamon. Rest of the neck white, with central streaks, and the terminal portion of many of the feathers dull yellowish corn-color, having blackish mid lines. Back: Mantle striped in general effect, each feather elongate and dark blackish brown in the center, shading into bright chestnut or cinnamon, or changing abruptly into buffy cream or dull ochre. The scapulars with blackish brown centers bordered with creamy buff, the two colors being generally separated by a narrow line of bright chestnut or cinnamon. 402 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Lower back and rump dull ochre, shaded with greyish brown. Upper tail-coverts tawny, with creamy buff edges. Tail: Rectrices dark reddish brown in the center, with creamy buff edges. Wings: The smaller coverts round the shoulder cinnamon chestnut. The median coverts pale ochre or dull corn-color, with creamy buff or whitish edges, giving a streaked appearance. Greater coverts similar, but many of them with much bright chestnut on their inner webs. Bastard wing and primary coverts cinnamon-chestnut at their extremi- ties and black at their bases. Quills black, strongly frosted with grey and with broad chestnut tips. The first primary often, but not always, creamy or white on its outer edge. The amount of chestnut increasing on the secondaries, the innermost of which are chestnut, with dusky bases and creamy buff margins, giving a striped appearance similar to that of the scapulars. Lower parts: The under neck as described. The breast yellower in ground color, and streaked with deeper corn-color, many of the feathers having narrow mid lines of blackish, shading into chestnut. This is most apparent on the sides and flanks. On each side of the breast a series of elongated pendant plume feathers, blackish brown in the center and with broad creamy margins; the two colors being separated by a narrow bright chestnut line, abrupt on the black area and shading into the creamy one. Under wing-coverts and axillaries white, with buffy suffusions, the latter with ashy bases. Legs and feet: Pale yellowish green. Bill: Golden yellow, shading into pale yellowish green at base, which color prevails on the bare skin about the eye. Iris: Pale straw-color. Adults do not vary with the different seasons of the year. Geographical Range. — Paraguay, Southern Brazil, Chili and Northern Patagonia. The variegated Least Bittern was not obtained or recorded by the naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions; the range of the bird being restricted to a part of Patagonia not visited. Princeton University has a single male bird and this, with some six specimens in the British Museum of Natural History, has afforded a basis for the description given above. “This tiny Heron, so similar to our own 4. exz//s, seems to be a rather AVES — PHCENICOPTERID-A. 403, common summer resident from Brazil almost or quite to Patagonia. In- deed it may remain the whole year round in the marshes of the Pampas, for while I met with it only in the summer at Concepcion I several times saw it at Carhué in April, long after winter had fairly set in. It is rarely seen, even where most abundant, and it is almost impossible to get a second sight of one that has been once started from the reeds. I did not succeed in finding its nest.” (Barrows, Auk, i, 1884, p. 271.) Order PHCENICOPTERIFORMES. Sharpe, Classif. Bds. p. 76, 1891 ; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 205, 1899. Family Puanicoprerip&. Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 8, 1895; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 205, 1899. Genus PHCENICOPTERUS Linnzus. Type. Phenicopterus, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 230 (1766); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 9. (1895); Sharpe, Hand- List Bds. I. p. 205 (1899) : : : : . LP. ruber. Phenicorodias (subgenus), G. R. Gray, Ibis, 1869, p. 441 MPs 7uber. Geographical Range.— Southern North America, nearly all of South America. Southern Europe to Central Asia; Africa, India and Ceylon. PHGENICOPTERUS CHILENSIS Molina. Flamant d’Amérique, D’Aubent. Pl. Enl. pl. 63 (1770). Phentcopterus chilensis, Mol. Hist. Nat. Chile, p. 214 (1776); id. Saggio See Nate Chile 2nd-ed: p. 203 (1610); Fraser, P. ZS. 1843) p: 117 (Ss Chili) Gray, List B: Brit. Mus: Part: IIT p. 125 (1844); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas. VI. Anseres, p. 117 (1866: Chili); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVIII. p. 16 (1895); Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 205 (1899); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 24 (1900: South Patagonia). Chili Flamingo, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. II. p. 330 (1801). Flamenco, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 133 (1805). 404 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Phentcopterus ruber (part), Vieill. N. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat. XXV. p. 517 (1817: La Plata). Phoenicoptére du Chili, Vieill, tom. cit. p. 520. Phenicopterus ignipalliatus, D’ Orb. & Isid Geoffr. St. Hil. Ann. Sc. Nat. XVII. p. 454 (1829: Buenos Aires: Corrientes) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 22 (1847); Bibra, Denkschr. K. Ak. Wien, V. p. 131 (1853: N. Chili); Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 90 (1854: Chili) ; Burm. La Plata Reis. II. p. 512 (1861 : Mendoza: Parana: Rosario: Buenos Aires); Pelz. Reise Novara, Vog. p: 136 (1865; Chili); Sclab Zz, 5: 19867,°p: 334 (Chili); Sci. & Saly..P2 Zs S21668. pai45 (Con- chitas) ; id. Ibis, 1868, p. 139 (Gregory Bay); Philippi & Sandb. Cat. Av. Chil p. 279 (1868) ; “Gray, andl’ Bo Lisp: 72,0. wro54y (1871); Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 210 (1871 : Gregory Bay); Burm. P. Z. 5. 1872, p. 364. (Mendoza); Huds: tc py5aor(kio Negro); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 107 (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 41 (Chupat Valley), 1878, p. 400 (Lake Colgaupe & Sengel River, common) ; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 156 (Cape San Antonio) ; Doering, Exped. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 52 (1881- 82: Carhué: Laguna de Manaco); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 272 (1884: Paun, March, April); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 247 (1888: Patagonia); Philippi, Ornis, IV. p. 160 (1888: Antofagasta) ; Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 117 (1889); Scl. Ibis, 1890, p. 81 (Aquintocubital) ; Holland, t. c. p. 425 (Buenos Aires); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, Ill. “part XU) spate (1890: Chupat River); Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Ois. p. 308 (189); abenz. a) Os 1 cole pared (Cordoba) ; James, New List Chil. B. p. g. (1892) ; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 206 (Estancia Espar- tilla, May to August); Alpin, Ibis, 1894, p. 199 (Uruguay). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Seze.— Adult female. (7863 P.U.O.C. Possade la Reina (50 miles north of Punta Arenas), Patagonia, 15 January 1898, A. E. Colburn.) Total length, about 42.0 inches. Wing, 15.9. Culmen, 5.2. Tail, 5.0. Tarsus, 9.4. AVES — PHCENICOPTERIDA. 405 There appears to be no variation in size among adults, in correlation with SEX. Color.— Adult female (cited). General color, rosy salmon-pink, becoming vermilion on parts of the wings. The quills black. Head: Rosy salmon-pink. Neck: Rosy salmon-pink, becoming deeper colored toward the body. Back: Mantle rosy salmon-pink. Scapulars like the back. Lower BIG. 213% Phenicopterus chilensis, adult female, 7863 P. U. O. C. The same: details of bill from above. Profile of head and bill. back, rump and upper tail-coverts pale salmon-pink. The upper tail- coverts extend almost to the end of the rectrices. Tail: Rectrices deep rosy salmon-pink. Wings: All the coverts clear vermilion on their exposed surfaces, paling toward their bases. The greater series elongate and extending beyond (1 in. +) the tips of the primaries, when the wing is closed. The quills black, except the innermost secondaries, which are rosy. Lower parts: Breast and chest clear rosy salmon-pink, shading into paler on the sides, flanks, abdomen and lower tail-coverts. The lower tail-coverts long, nearly concealing the rectrices. Under wing-coverts and ‘axillaries clear vermilion. Bill: Base of bill and naked skin about the eye white, with a tinge of salmon-pink ; this color prevails till weth¢n half an inch of the bend of the bil/ where it terminates abruptly. The rest of the bill is black (see Fig. 214). 406 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Iris: Pale greyish blue, almost white. Sometimes pale lemon-yellow. Legs and feet: Pale salmon-pink, shaded with greyish at the joints. The webs similar. In younger birds in the pink plumage the legs are much greyer and have a greenish shading. Immature birds are dull white, shaded on the sides of the head and neck with greyish brown. Fic. 215. Phenicopterus chilensis, 7863, P. U. O. C. Details of foot. The back and scapulars are pale brown, each feather shading to dull white on its edges. The lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts dull white, with some greyish brown streaking and shading. The upper wing- coverts brown with lighter edges, those of the shoulders sometimes tinged with reddish. Primary coverts brown, often with a vermilion shading at the base. The quills dull brownish black. Tail dull white, shaded more or less with greyish brown. Lower parts dull white, with greyish brown shading on sides and flanks. Geographical Range. — Southern South America. From the Straits of Magellan (rarely) throughout Patagonia and Chili, north to Uruguay and Peru. The naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions secured a series of five adults of the Chilian Flamingo, and these, with the series in the British Museum of Natural History, have afforded a basis for the description given. In his MS. notes Mr. J. B. Hatcher speaks of them as ‘ common about the fresh and salt lagoons of the Patagonian plains, especially those near to the sea coast, that is from one to 50 miles back. The birds are shy and difficult to approach.” Near Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan, AVES — ANATID.. 407 Dr. Cunningham obtained three specimens. He says: “ Apparently they are but rare in the neighborhood of the Strait, for this was the only occasion on which we observed specimens.” These were young or im- mature birds and ‘the plumage was chiefly composed of somber grey and brown tints, but on the inside of the wings there was a lovely pale rosy hue, recalling a dying sunset flush.” Order ANSE RIBORMES: smanpe, Classit. Bds)p: 76; (réo1); Sharpe, and-List Bds. I. p. 207 (1899). Family Anatipé. Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XX VII. p. 23 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 207 (1899). Subfamily CYGN/N AE. Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 24 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 207 (1899). Genus CYGNUS Bechstein. Type. Cygnus, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. II. p. 404 (note) (1803) ; Salvad. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XX VII. (1898) ; Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 207 (1899) . é : = G. olor. Olor, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1234. : . C. (Cygnus) musicus. Cycnus, Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2nd ed. IV. 5 526 (1840). Sthenelus, Stejneg. Pro. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. p. 185 (1882) . ; . C. melanocoryphus. Sthenelides, Stejneg. Kingsl. send Nat. Hist. LV. p- 143 (1885) (= Sthenelus). Geographical Range.—The Northern Hemisphere and the Neotropi- cal Region. 408 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. CYGNUS MELANOCORYPHUS (Molina). Anas melanocorypha, Mol. Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, p. 207 (1782); 2nd ed. Pp. 199)( 1610): Black-necked Swan, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. ii. p. 438 (1785: Falkland Isl.; Straits Magellan; Rio de La Plata). Anas nigricollis, Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 502 (1788: ex Lath.). Anas melanocephala, Gm. tom. cit. p. 502 (ex Molina). Anser melanocoryphus, Bonn. Enc. Méth. I. p. 108 (1790). Anser nigricollis, Bonn. tom. cit. p. 108. Cisne de cabeza negra, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 404 (1805). Cygnus melanocephalus, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. IX. p. 42 (1817); Licht. Nomencl. Mus. Berol. p. tor (1854 : Montevideo). Cygnus nigricolis, Dum. Dict. Sc. Nat. XII. p. 313 (1818) ; D’Orb. Voy. Amer: Merid- tin. Il, p: 304 note (1330);; Fraser P--Z. 5: 1643 118 (Chili, lakes near the coast); Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part iii. p. 130 (1644)5 1d. Gen 3B 1s p. 61011844). lard Avatars peer (1847); Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Nat. Chil. Zool. I. p. 445, pl. 14 (1847); Bibra, Denkschr. K. Ak. Wissensch. V. p. 131 (1853); Cass. U. S. Astron. Exped. Birds p. 200 (1856); Gould, PZ. S.1659; p. 98 (Falkland Isl.) ; Scl. t. c. p. 206 (Incubation) ; Burm. J. f. O. 1860, p. 266; Wolf & Scl. Zool. Sketches, I. pl. 48 (1861) ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 159 (Falkland Isl., resident) ; Burm. La Plata Reis. II. p. 512 (1861: Parana); Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vég. p. 137 (1865: Chili) ; Schl. Mus. Pays Bas VI. Anseres, p. 79 (1866: Santiago, Crane, Chili); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 334 (small mountain lakes of Chili) ; Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 50 (1868) ; Cunningh. Ibis, 1868, p. 488 (Sandy Point) ; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 145 (Con- chitas) ; iid. Ibis, 1869, p. 284 (Elizabeth Isl.) ; Newton, Ibis, 1870, p. 504 (Elizabeth Isl. Oct., eggs); Cunningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 266 (1871); Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 78, no. 10599 (1871); Burm. P. Z. S: 1872; p. 365 (Parana) ; Garrod. P: ZS: 1873; pp.4607,, 0308 Scli & Salv. Nomencl: Av. Neotr. p> 129) (1873) |Garmodmiaane: 1875, p: 348; Gulliv: t c p. 488; Durnf Ibis, 1876, p> 163 (Buenos Aires, Oct.) 5 "Sel: .& Salv. P., Z..S. 13876, p. 370 (Palkiandisis Straits of Magellan: La Plata: Chili); Durnf. Ibis, 1877, pp. 41 (Chupat Valley), 191 (Baradero, April), 1878, p. 400 (Sengel & Sengel rivers, breeding) ; Gibson, Ibis, 1879, p. 415, 1880, p. 33 AVES — ANATID. 409 (Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires, breeding); Scl. P. Z. S. 1880, p- 508; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 14 (Hugh Bay); Milne-Edwards, Faun. Rég. Austr. An. Sci. Nat. (6) xiii. Art. 9 p. (1882) ; Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Aves, p. 53 (1882); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 273 (1884: Entrerios); Berl. J. f. O. 1887, p. 133° (Santa Catarina ; Parana: Buenos Aires); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 247 (1888: Patagonia) ; Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 124, pl. xvili (1889); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III, part XI, p. 319 (1890: Fortin Villegas); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1890, p. g5°; Evans, Ibis, 189m per (Incubation) ; Frenzel: J. £ ©: 1891, p- 125 (Cordoba); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 206 (Estancia Espartilla, resident, breeds early in August); James, New List Chil. B. p. 9 (1882); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 200 (Uruguay); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 191 (Rio Pilmaiguen: Central and Southern Chili, migratory). Anas melanocoryphus Mol.” Less. Compl. de Buff. Ois. IX. p. 528 (1837). Sthenelus melanocoryphus, Stejn. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. p. 185 (1882). Sthenelides melanocoryphus, Stejn. Stand. Nat. Hist. IV. Birds, p. 143 (1885). Cygnus melanocoryphus, Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxvii. p. 39 (1895) ; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 677 (1898); Sharpe, Hand List B. I. p. 207 (1899); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr., Vég. p. 24 (1900: Straits of Magellan: Falkland Islands). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size.—Adult male, P. U. O. C., 7858, Rio Coyle, Southern Patagonia, 3 February 1898, A. E. Colburn. Total length, about 49.0 inches. Wing, 17.7. Culmen, 3.4. Tail, 5.6. Tarsus, 3.5. The adult female is a little smaller than the adult male. (Female adult P. U. O. C. Rio Coyle, Southern Patagonia, 3 February 1898, A. E. Colburn.) Color.—(Adult male cited.) General color white, except the neck and head, which are chiefly black. Head: Velvety black. A white line occupies part of the lores and 410 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. extends backward surrounding the eye and, joining behind it, extends backward almost to the median line of the nape. The chin and base of Ere. 216. Cygnus melanocoryphus 7858, P. U. O. C. Profile of head and bill from above. Greatly reduced. lower mandible are frequently defined by a narrow white area (see Fig. 210): Neck: Entirely velvety black, except for its posterior few (4) inches, where it becomes abruptly pure white. Back : White. Tail : White. Wings: White. Entire lower parts, except anterior lower neck as described, white. Iris: Dark brown. Bill: ‘ Plumbeous with base and knob red” (Natterer). Feet: ‘“Brownish flesh color” (Colburn). The adult female does not differ from the adult male in color. (Adult female cited above.) Immature birds lack the frontal knob on the bill. The head and neck are dull brownish black, much lighter than in the adult. The white feathers of the upper parts and the wings and tail are more or less marked with dull greyish rusty brown, which color prevails on the tips of the primary quills. The lower parts are also marked in a less degree with dull rusty brown. Downy birds are greyish white. Geographical Range.— Southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and thence south through Argentina, Chili and Patagonia to the Falkland Islands. AVES — ANATID&. AII Mr. J. B. Hatcher in MS. note says: ‘‘We observed the Black-necked Swan as an abundant species about the inland waters of the Patagonian plains, it being much commoner than the White Swan.” “The swans belonged to two distinct species, two of them being examples of the Cyguus nigricolis with white body-plumage and black necks, heads, and bills, the last of which were endowed with a knob of considerable size, at the base; while the third was a specimen of the Cygnus coscoroba, the entire plumage of which, with the exception of a few black feathers in the wings, was pure white, and the feet and bill pink, the latter being destitute of a knob, and considerably broader and flatter than that of the black-necked species. Both sorts had apparently resorted to Elizabeth Island for breeding purposes, as our party found nests which evidently belonged to them; and earlier in the season, in the month of October, eggs of one or other species were collected on the island by one of the servants of the governor of Sandy Point. This, I think, was the only occasion on which we met with swans in the Strait, though, a month later, specimens of the C. coscoroba were obtained in the vicinity of the Gallegos river. Both species are noticed by Captain King; and in the journal of Mr. Kirk, who was associated with Lieutenant Skyring in the survey of the Western Channels of Patagonia, I find mention made of islets in the neighbourhood of Obstruction Sound which were covered with immense numbers of ‘black-necked swans, mixed with a few which had black-tipped wings.’ Both species also occur in South Chili, and in the countries bordering the River Plate. The skinning of one of the individuals of the black-necked species occupied me fully during the 28th, and I ascertained that neither in it nor in the C. coscoroba does a fold of the trachea enter the keel of the sternum.’ (Elizabeth Island, Straits Magellan, 27th November, 1867.) Cunn. Nat. Hist. Strait of Magellan, 1871, pp. 226-267. “The first importation of the Black-necked Swan was affected by the exertions of Admiral Hornby. When this officer was in command on the Pacific station he succeeded in sending home at different periods, to the late Earl of Derby, eight individuals of this species, of which six were living at the dispersion of the Knowsley collection in 1851. The present Earl of Derby presented a pair of those birds to Her Majesty the Queen, and the two remaining pairs passed into the possession of the Zoological Society. They, however, for several seasons made no attempt at repro- duction, and one of them having died, the apparent chance of continuing 412 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. the species depended on one pair. Fortunately, in the year 1857, these not only made a nest, as had been done in 1856, but hatched out four young birds, which rapidly arrived at full size and colour, and at the end of autumn could scarcely be distinguished from their parents. The same success occurred in 1858, with the fortunate and singular result that the four birds of 1857 were all males, and the birds of 1858 females.”’ (Sclater and Wolf, Zool. Sketches, i. sub tab. xlviii.) “Since this was written (in 1861) numerous importations of the Black- necked Swan have taken place, and the species may be considered com- pletely established in Europe. We have eight examples of it now in the Gardens. ‘The subjoined list gives the dates of the hatchings. “Dates of Hatching of Black-necked Swans. (In the Zoological Gardens, London.) 1957. June 23d: 1868. June 22d. 1858. July 3d. 1873. July 3d. 1859. June 27th. [8775 = oth. 1865. May roth. OZone ZOE 1866. ath. 1879. May 23d.” 1867. oth: (Bie Sclater, PZ.75:.p.3508,, 16805) ‘‘On the pampas the gauchos frequently take the black-necked swan by frightening it. When the birds are feeding or resting on the grass, two or three men or boys on horseback go quietly to leeward of the flock, and when opposite to it suddenly wheel and charge it at full speed, uttering loud shouts, by which the birds are thrown into such terror that they are incapable of flying, and are quickly despatched.” (Huds. Natur. La Plata, 1892, pp. 201-202.) ‘Never river seemed fairer to look upon: broader than the Thames at Westminster, and extending away on either hand until it melted and was lost in the blue horizon, its low shores clothed in the glory of groves and fruit orchards and vineyards and fields of ripening maize. Far out in the middle of the swift blue current floated flocks of black necked swans, their white plumage shining like foam in the sunlight ; while just beneath us, scarcely a stone’s throw off, stood the thatched farmhouse of our conductor, AVES — ANATID&. 413 the smoke curling up peacefully from the kitchen chimney. A grove of large old cherry trees, in which the house was embowered, added to the charm of the picture; and as we rode down to the gate we noticed the fully ripe cherries glowing like live coals amid the deep green foliage.” (Huds. “Idle Days in Patagonia,” 1893, p. 17.) Genus COSCOROBA Reichenbach. Type. Coscoroba, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. x (1852); Salvad. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 42 oe wate Hand-List Bds: I. p: 210°(1899). . C. coscoroba. Pseudolor, G. R. Gray, MSS., fide. G. R. Ge Cat. heen 62 Sub: Gen. Bds. p. 122 (1855). . C. coscoroba. Pseudocycnus, Sundev. Meth. Nat. Av. aa Tent Pp. 147 (ES7 2) ie . % : : : é . C. coscoroba. Geographical Range.— Peculiar to Southern South America. COSCOROBA COscoROBA (Molina). Anas coscoroba, Mol. Sagg. Stor. Chile, p. 207 (1782), p. 323 (1789), p 198 (1810); Eyd. et Gerv. Mag. de Zool. 1836, p. 36; iid. Voy. Favourite, Ois. p. 62 (1839). Anser coscoroba, Bonn. Enc. Méth. I. p. 112 (1790). Ganso blanco, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 406 (1805). Anser candidus, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XXIII. p. 331 (1819) ; id. ney Meth: Ip. 351 (1820). Cygnus anatoides, King, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 15 (Straits of Magellan); Cun- ningh. Ibis, 1868, p. 488. Cygnus hyperboreus, D’Orb. (nec Pall.) Voy. Amér. Mérid. Itin. II. p. 304 (1839). Olor coscoroba, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part iii. p. 131 (1844). Cygnus coscoroba, Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 610, pl. 131 (1844) ; Reichenb. Syn. Av. Natatores, pl. 106 fig. 966 (1845) ; Des Murs in Gay Hist. Nat€hil’ Zool) Io p: 446 (1847); Hartl. Ind: Azara, p. 2:7'(1847) ; Hart Naum. 1853) p. 222° (Valdivia)? Scl*P.Z. S. 1860, p: 388; Unie jar OmloOO,. psr200., idsvika,. Plata Reis: Il, prigi2i (1é60': Parana) ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 159 (Falkland Isl.); Pelz. Reis. 414 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Novara, Vég. p. 137 (1865: Chili); Schl. Mus. Pays Bas. IV. Anseres, p. 83 (1806); Scl WE. Z.S2.1867,) pp. 334, 330. (Chili) eine Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 41 (1868); Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1869, p. 284 (Rio Gallegos) ; Scl. P. Z.S. 1870, p. 666, 1871, p. 545 ; Cunningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 267 (1871: Gallegos river); Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 365; Garrod, P. Z. S. 1873, pp. 467, 639 (Anatomy); Sch. & Salv.; Nomencl-pAv-) Neotr. ip: 120) (1873) ; aid. (PZ. S.1s76: Pp. 371; Durnt Sibise1876, p. 163 (Buenos Aires): s1677 paca (Chupat Valley), p. 191 (Baradero, winter visitor); 1878, p. 400 (Chupat Valley, not observed); Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 36 (Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires, breeds) ; Durnf. t. c. p. 425; Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 53 (1882: abundant in the lagunas of the) Pampas);a5cl. (PieZ.S) 1880, p.9507,; Pores, PZ. 1S) meSzam 352; Berl; J: ££" O..1807, ip. 124; Withington; Ibis, 1888, spyaye (Lomas de Zamora); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, Part X. p- 247 (1888: Patagonia) ; Frenz. J. f. O. 1891, p. 125 (Cordoba). Anas chionis, l\lig., Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 610 (1844). Coscoroba candida, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. 10 (1852); Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus V.p. 179 note(1882); Sci. dé Huds. Argent) Ormaik p. 126 (1899); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1890, p. 358 (Pilcomayo) ; James, New List Chil. B. p. 9 (1892); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 206 (Estancia Espartilla, common, breeds in Oct.); Alpin, Ibis, 1894, p. 200 (Uruguay) ; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XX VIL. p. 42 (1895) ; Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. V6g. p. 24 (1900 : South Patagonia: Falk- land Islands). Cygnus chionts, Licht. Nomencl. Mus. Berol. p. 1or (1854). Coscoroba chionis, Bp. C. R. XLIII. p. 648 (1856). Pseudocycnus coscoroba, Sund. Meth. Av. Tent. p. 147 (1872). Pseudolor chionis, Reichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 39. Coscoroba coscoroba, Stejn. Stand. Nat. Hist. IV. Birds, p. 147 (1885) ; Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 210 (1899). Pseudolor coscoroba, Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 226 (1898). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.— Adult male P. U. O. C. 7960. Rio Chico de Santa Cruz, Pata- gonia, 14 March 1898, A. E. Colburn. Total length, 41.0 inches. AVES — ANATIDA. 415 Wing, 17.6. Gulmen, 2:7: ais. oO) Tarsus, 3.8. The female adults do not differ from adult males in size. (Adult female Fic. 217. Coscoroba coscoroba, 7960 P. U. O. C. The same: bill from above. Profile of head and bill. About % natural size. P.U. O. C. 8318. Rio Chico de Santa Cruz, Patagonia, 14 March 1808, A. E. Colburn.) Color. — Adult male cited above. Pure white throughout, except the terminal portion (two to three inches) of the primaries, which is black. The adult female is like the adult male in color. “Tridus: Light speckled red”’ (Withington). ‘Feet and bill pink” (Cunningham). Geographical Range.— Paraguay, Uruguay, and south through Argen- tina and Chili, throughout Patagonia and to the Falkland Islands. Mr. Hatcher found the Patagonian White Swan generally distributed throughout Patagonia. In his MS. notes he writes that it is ‘‘not nearly so plentiful as the Black-necked Swan, but of the same distribution. A very wary bird, systematically shy.”’ Mr. Hatcher is not alone in his experience with the White Swan of Patagonia; Cunningham in his admirable notes and Hudson both seem to have met with the Black-necked Swan much more frequently than with 416 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. the bird under consideration. Darwin has nothing on the species in Gould’s Report, nor does he allude to the bird in ‘The Naturalist’s Voyage.” Fic. 219. Coscoroba coscoroba, adult male, 7960, P. U. O. C. Details of foot and leg. Reduced. Subfamily CHENONETTINAZ. Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 128, 1895; Sharpe, Hand- List Bds: [p: 213, 1809. Genus CHLOEPHAGA Eyton. Type. Chloéphaga, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 13 (1838). : . C. magellanica. Tenidtastes, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. ix (1822) . . C. antarctica. Oressochen, Bann. Pro. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1870, Paton : C. melanoptera. Chloetrophus, Bann. Pro. Acad. Nat. Philad. 1870, p. 131. C. poliocephata. Chloophaga, Sund. Meth. Nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 145 (1872). Lenidiesthes, Heine, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 342 (1890). Geographical Range.— Peculiar to South America. CHLOEPHAGA MELANOPTERA (Eyton). ? Otts chilensis, Mol. Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, p. 260 (1782), 2nd ed. p. 219 (1810). AVES —ANATID. 417 Anser melanopterus, Eyton, Mon. Anat. p. 93 (1838: Lake Titicaca) ; Gould, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 134, pl. 50 (1841); Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 118 (Colchagua) ; Schl. Mus. Pas Bas, Anseres, p. 100 (1866). : Anser montana, Isch. (nec Gm.) Archiv fur Nat. 1843, p. 390. Anser anticola, \sch. op. cit. 1844, p. 315. Bernicla melanoptera, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part II. p. 128 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. III. p. 607 (1844) ; Des Murs in Gay Hist. Chile, Zool. I. p. 443 (1847); Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia); Bibra, Denkschim Ko Akad) Vir pe 1am (1353); ids fut: O2 1855, p67; Cass: eo Action Exped. binis,ap. TOR (1350.1 Chili\- Sci P.Z3 S. ISS eps u20.7 Pink cc eandb Arch. Nat. 1863, p. 185; Sel: Ibis, 1864, p. 121; Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vog. p. 137 (1865: Chili) ; Scl. eZ 51867, Pp. 220, 334).3320);) Phil. d& Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p: AQ (1868) Sci! & Salv. P. ZS. 1860, p. 156 (Pitumarca) ; Burm. PZ pont lO72)) Ps 305; oC. d2 Salv.. Nomencl. Av. Neotr.'p: 128 (t373)),) Leyo, Excurs. Pamp. Argent. p. 20 (1873); Scl. & Salv. P. Pe Seon Pi GOZ, SCl.y ba eZs 5: LOCO. p.. 504-5 1d. P. Z..S.21886; p- 401 (Sacaya) ; Phil. Ornis, IV. p. 160 (1888: Brea) ; Scl. & Huds. Agente Orilwlip! 022 (1889), Sc. P. ZS: 1891, p. 136 (lara- paca) ; James, New List Chil. B. p. 9 (1892). Lernicla anticola, Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 607 (1844). Anser (Chloephaga) melanopterus, Isch. Faun. Per., Aves, pp. 54, 308 (1846). Chloéphaga melanoptera, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 100 (1854) ; Burra Plata iKeise, I. p: 513 (18612 Cordilleras); Sel. Ibis, 1664, p. 122; Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 77, no. 10591 (1871) ; Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 365; Gigl. Viagg. Mag. pp. 946, 957 (1876) ; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII, p. 129 (1895); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p- 190 (Cordilleras of Tarapaca, resident) ; Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 213 (1899); Carbajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 282 (1900) ; Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 24 (1900: Straits of Magellan). Oressochen melanoplterus, Bann. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1870, p. 131. Anser (Brenthus) melanopterus, Reichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 37. Branta melanoptera, Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 227 (1891). 418 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Adult male. Total length, about 28.0 inches. Wing, 16.5. Culmen; 1:7: Gail: Marsus, 3:2: The adult female is appreciably smaller than the adult male. Color.— Adult male. General color white, with black primaries and tail and dark brown and green markings on the wings. Head: White throughout. Neck: Entirely white. Back: Mantle, lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts white. Anterior scapulars white with a brown median mark. Posterior scapulars dark brown, with a strong washing or gloss of dark green. Wing: Upper wing-coverts and lesser coverts white. Lesser median coverts white; the greater median coverts dark blackish green, with a purple gloss, forming a speculum; the innermost of these coverts as well as the tertials dark glossy green. Primaries black. Secondaries chiefly white. Lower parts: Wholly white, including the lower tail-coverts, the lower wing-coverts and axillaries. Iris: ‘‘Grey-brown”’ (Phil. & Landb.). Bill: ‘“Cinnabar-red, with the nail black” (Phil. & Landb.). “Tarsus, feet, and membranes cinnabar-red, with the nails black”’ (Phil. & Landb.). The adult female is like the adult male in color. Geographical Range. — Western South America, from Bolivia and Peru southward to the Straits of Magellan. Recorded from Sandy Point, Pata- gonia. Mr. Hatcher did not observe this goose, nor was it procured by the other naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions. It is preéminently a bird of Chili and occurs in the Straits of Magellan even as far east as Sandy Point, where it must probably, however, be regarded as casual. CHLOEPHAGA HYBRIDA (Molina). Anas hybrida, Moll. Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chile, p. 213 (1782), 2nd ed. p. 198 (1810). AVES — ANATID&. 419 Antarctic Goose, Forst. It. pp. 495, 518; Lath. Gen. Syits We pts i> p: 442 (1785). Anas magellanica, Spanm. (nec Gm.) Mus. Carls. II. plas79 (1787). Anas antarctica, Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 505 (1788). Anser hybridus, Bonn. Enc. Méth. I. p. 112 (1790). Oie 4 téte cendrée, Bonn. t. c. p. 117, pl. 31 fig. 1. Anser antarcticus, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XXIII. p. 328 (1818) Schl. Mus. Pays Bas Anseres, p. 98 (1866). Bernicla antarctica, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. XII. p. 59 (1824); Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 84 (syn. emend.), pl. II. fig. 5 (1838); Darwin, Voy. ‘Beagle,’ Birds, p. 134 (1841: Tierra del Fuego: Falkland Isl.) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 127 (1844); id. Gen. B. III. p. 127 (1844); Reichenb. Syn. Av. Natatores, pl. 98 figs. 397, 948 (1845); Des Murs in Gay Hist. Nat. Chil., Zool. I. Pp. 442 (1847); Bibra, Denkschr. K. Ak. Wissensch. V. p. 131 GLSs2)-rideale tO) 1855, p- 57; Cass. U. S. Astron. Exp. II. Birds, p. 200, pl. xxiii (1856: Coast of Chili); Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 96 (ege)ieiSel Ee Z. S. 1860, p. 388; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 159 (Falkland Islands) ; Phil. & Landb. Arch. f. Nat. pp. 121, 122 (1863); Pelz. Reise Novara, Vég. p. 136 (1865: Guaytecas-Isl.); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 320, 334, 339; Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 40 (1868); Cunn. Ibisjee6s, p:, 1275 Burm. P) Z. S. 1872, ps 366: Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 128 (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 367, 1878. P2450), 5c 1h 2.55. 1979) ps 310 (eee), T880.p. 50d) Sharpe, P: Z. S. 1881, p. 13 (Str. Magellan); Scl. & Salv. Voy. Chall. II. Birds, p. 106 (1881: Penguin Isl.: Falkland Isl.); Vincig. Patag. p. 59 (1883); id. Boll. Soc. Geogr. Ital. (2) IX. p. 798 (1884); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires III. Part X. p. 247 (1888: Patagonia: Tierra del Fuego: Falkland Isl.); id. op. cit. Part XI. p. 320 (1890); James, New List Chil. B. p. 9 (1892); Lataste, Actes Soc. Sci. Chili, III. p. cxii (1893: Str. Magellan); Carbajal. La Patagonia, Part II. p. 282 (1900). Chenelopex leucopiera (part), Less. Tr. d’Orn. p. 627 [o'] (1831). Chenelopex antarctica, Less. tom. cit. p. 628 (Q). Anas ganta, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 336 (1844). Tenidiestes antarctica, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. ix (1852); Bann. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1870, p. 132; Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 76, no. 10585 (1871). ’ 420 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Chloéphaga antartica, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 100 (1854) ; sel. -P. Z. S. 1868, pp..527, 529 (Falkland Isl.) ; Scio GaSalyaibis, 1869, p. 284 (Port Otway), 1870, p. 499 (Goods Bay) ; Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. pp. 377, 305, 319 (1871); Gigl. Viagg. Magenta, PP- 927, 938, 942, 944, 947 (1876) ; Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XII. p- 138 (1889). Bernicla hybrida, Phil. & Landb. Arch. f. Nat. 1863, p. 199 note. Anser (Brenthus) antarcticus, Reichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 36. Tenidiesthes antarctica, Hein. & Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 342 (1890). Beruicla (Chloephaga) antarctica, Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Ois, p. 195 (1891). Branta antarctica, artert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 227 (1891). Chloéphaga hybrida, Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 130 (1895) ; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 677 (1898: Falkland Isl.) ; Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 213 (1899) ; P. Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 24 (1900: Patagonia: Falkland Islands) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX, p. 630 (1900: Penguin Rookery, Feb.). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze. —Adult male. Total length, about 24.0 inches. Wing, 15.0. Culmen, 1.5. Aails5-0: Tarsus, 2.8. The adult female is about an inch less than the adult male in total length, and the wing is smaller in proportion. Color. — Adult male. Entirely white. Bill: Black. Iris : Brown. Legs and feet: Yellow. The adult female is brownish black. Head: Black. Forehead with fine white bands; crown to the nape brown; sides of head and face black, with narrow white barring. Neck: Nape and back of neck brown like the crown. Sides and under neck black, with narrow white barring or bands. AVES — ANATID. 421 Back: Mantle brownish black. Scapulars brownish black. Lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts white. Tail: White. Wings: Lower and median upper wing-coverts, white; greater wing- coverts dark metallic green, each feather tipped with white and with a black band between the green and white parts, the green forming a defined speculum. Primary coverts and primaries black; secondaries white ; tertials brownish black like the back. Lower parts: Breast, abdomen, sides and flanks deep dull black, barred with white. Vent and under tail-coverts white. Under wing-coverts and axillaries white. Iris: Brown. Bill: Flesh color. Feet and legs: Yellowish brown. Geographical Range.— Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands. Straits of Magellan and on the Pacific Coast north to Chiloe. The Antarctic Goose was not secured or recorded by the naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions ; it is, however, a common bird in portions of the Straits of Magellan, and on the Pacific Coast, as stated above. It does not appear to occur on the Atlantic Coast, but there are many records of it in the interior of Patagonia and Chili, and it also has been observed on the pampas of Argentina. The material in the British Museum has formed a basis for the descriptions given. 7 Male= Port, Henry. ‘Female: Port Henry, February 1879. ‘“Pull.: Straits of Magellan, November 1879. Eyes dark grey; bill black; legs and feet dark brown.” (Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 13.) 632, male 633, female 634, young 635, young “Eyes brown, feet yellow; bill of male black, of female flesh-colour ; bill of young dark ; feet grey brown ; stomachs had pieces of small stones, shells, and sea-weeds.”’ 736, female, Falkland Islands. Penguin Islands, Messier Channel. 422 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. ‘The two goslings (obtained January 1) are just changing their down, and present the black back, brown head, and barred wings and undersur- face of the adult female partially developed. The sex is not noted in either of them.” (Sclater & Salvin, on Birds Antarctic America, Voy. H. M. S. ‘Chall.’-— No. ix. p. 436, 1878.) ‘In the afternoon a small party of us landed for a ramble, one of the officers taking his gun with him for the purpose of endeavouring to secure a specimen of a kelp-goose, Chloephaga antarctica, several of which were to be seen on the rocks about the bay. This beautiful bird, of which the adult male is snow-white, and the female nearly black, presenting a most striking contrast when standing together, we found common: throughout the western part of the Strait, and on the west coast of the continent as far north as Chiloe. It never goes in large flocks, rarely more than five or six being seen in company at a time, and generally but a solitary pair to be observed on one spot. As arule, we found them exceedingly wary, probably in consequence of being often disturbed by the Indians, who occasionally kill them. Their flesh is quite uneatable at most seasons of the year, owing to the nature of their food, which consists of Molluscs and other marine animals.” (Scholl Bay, Smyth’s Channel, Straits Magellan, March 14, 1868.) (Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. 1871, pp. 318-319.) ‘““We remarked that the kelp geese, which, as a rule, never wet their feet, except with the damp seaweed of the fore-shore, take to the water as soon as the young are hatched, being probably induced to do so in order the better to protect their goslings from the hawks and rats. The male and female adult birds differ remarkably in plumage ; that of the female being almost black, with a few white dots and dashes, whereas the feathers of the male are perfectly white. The sombre color of the female is probably intended as a protection during the hatching time, when she remains almost continuously on the eggs, while the gander does sentry in some conspicuous position adjacent. When at this time of the year a solitary gander is seen standing on a projecting point or headland, it may safely be inferred that his faithful consort is on her nest somewhere within sixty yards. Even under these circumstances it is by no means an easy matter to find the nest; for the black plumage of the female assimi- lates with the dark wind-blown seaweed and rank grass in which her AVES — ANATID&. 423 nest is made, and she lies so close that she will not stir until almost walked on. While the birds are immature (i. e., less than one yéar old) the sexes are scarcely distinguishable, the plumage of both male and female being an almost equal mixture of white and black colours.” (“Tom Bay,” Trinidad Channel, Straits Magellan, January, 1879.) (Cop., Cruise “Alert,” 1883, pp. 56-57.) CHLOEPHAGA MAGELLANICA (Gmelin). White-winged Antarctic Goose, Brown Ill. p. 100, pl. 40, # (1776: Falkland Isl.). Oie des terres Magellaniques, D’Aubent. Pl. Enk. IX. pl. 1006. Oie des isles Malouines, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. IX. p. 69 (1783). Bustard Goose, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. ii. p. 440 (1785). Magellanic Goose, Lath. tom. cit. p. 443. Anas magellanica, Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 505, Q (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. NE pS36—(1700)-3 Varmell PZ. S: 1833, p:. 3: Anas leucoptera, Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 505 (1788). Anser leucopterus, Bonn. Enc. Méth. I. p. 113, pl. 30 fig. 1 (1790). Anser magellanicus, Bonn. tom. cit. p. 117, pl. 29 fig. 1; Schl. Mus. Pays Bas, VI. p. 99 (1866: Falkland Isl.). Bernicla magellanica, Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. XII. p. 57 (1824); Gray Gen. B. III. p. 607 (1844); Reichenb. Syst. Av. Natatores, pl. 98 fig. 949 (1845); Des Murs in Gay Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 443 (1847); Scl. Ibis, 1864, p. 122 (Chili); Pelz. Reise Novara Vég. p. 136 (1865: Chili); Cunningh. Ibis, 1868, p. 127; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 363; Durnf. Ibis, 1878, p. 400 (Chupat Valley, winter visitor, March to Sept.: Lake Colgaupe, resident); Scl. P. Z.S. 1880, pa 502),. Lataste, Actes Soc. Sct, Chile Il. p. exxit (1893 :), Str Magellan). Bernicla leucoptera, Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. XII. p. 58 (1824); Phil. & Landb. An. Un. Chile XXI. p. 427 (1862); tid. Arch. f. Nat. 1863, p. 194. Chenelopex leucoptera (part) Less. Traité d’Orn. p. 627 (1831). Chloephaga magellanica, Eyton, Mon. Anat. p. 82, pl. i (1838); Darwin, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 134 (1841: Tierra del Fuego: Falkland Isl.); Gray List B. Brit. Mus. Part iii. p. 126 (1844); Hartl. Naumannia, 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia); Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 100 (1854); Scl. A424 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. P, Z. 5.1857, p: 128, 1058, p. 280); (Gould) P. ZS 1350) peo (esr): Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 387; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 157 (Falkland Isl.); scl. Ibis, 1864, p. 1229 1d: Salv. Ibis} 1868 /p.) 180) (Straits gon Magellan); Scl. P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 527, 529 (Falkland Isl.); Phil. & Landb: Av.'Chiliip 40 (1868);'Scl. PZ. S. 1880; p.620) id: cz Saly- Ibis, 1870, pp. 499, 500 (Elizabeth Isl.); Bann. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1870, p. 131; Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 77, no. 10586 (1871); Cunningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. pp. 98, 130, 153, 184, 266, 297 (1871: Peckett Harbour); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 128 (1873); Gigl. Viagg. Magenta, p. 961 (1876); Garrod, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 198, fig. 2 (skull); Scl. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 310 (eggs); Doering, Expl al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 53 (1882: Carhué: Rios Colorado, Negro); Burm. An, Mus:, Nac. Buenos’ Aires, Ill. Part xX. p. 247 (1683); Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XII. p. 138 (1889: Elizabeth Isl.); Huds. Idle Days in Patagonia, p. 81 (1893); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 132 (1895); Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 214 (1899); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 631 (1900: Porto Cook, Rio Pescado, Isola Elizabeth); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 211 (1900: Patagonia: Straits of Magellan: Falkland Islands). Anser (Brenthus) magellanicus, Reichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 37. Bernicla (Chloephaga) magellanica, Outst. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p- 187 (1891). Branta magellanica, Yartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 227 (1891). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.— Adult male, P. U. O. C. 7815, near Coy Inlet, Patagonia, 12 November 1896, J. B. Hatcher. Total length, about 27.0 inches. Wins, 17.0: Gulmieny 175: Waila5-0: Marsus,sae5. The adult female is about an inch less in total length than the adult male and the wing is 15.3 long. (Adult female, P. U. O. C. 7816, near Coy Inlet, Patagonia, 12 November 1896, J. B. Hatcher.) Color.— (Adult male cited.) General color white, with a black and white tail, barred on the back with black, the wings chiefly dark, and the flanks heavily barred with black. AVES — ANATID&. 425 Head: Entirely white, with a grey tinge on the crown. Neck: Entirely white, except the posterior portion of the back, which is barred evenly with black. Back: Mantle barred evenly in stripes less than a quarter of an inch Chloéphaga magellanica, P.U.O.C. 7815. Adult male. Profile showing black barring on back and clear white breast. About 14 natural size. wide. Lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts white. Scapulars dark greyish brown. Tail: Two lateral tail feathers white; the rest dark brown, almost black. Wings: Lesser median and upper median wing-coverts white. The greater wing-coverts greyish brown on their inner webs, and glossy metal- lic green on their outer webs, each feather tipped narrowly with white, the whole forming a defined wing speculum. Primaries dark greyish brown ; secondaries pure white ; tertials dark greyish brown. Lower parts: Pure white, clearly barred on the flanks with black. Lower wing-coverts, axillaries and under tail-coverts pure white. Bill : Black. Iris: Dark brown. Feet: Dusky plumbeous. Adult female (cited). Head: Uniform pale snuff brown. Neck: Uniform in color with the head. Back: Greyish brown, each feather barred terminally with black and 426 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. pale rufous. The first bars obscure, but the last two very distinct, the whole mantle having a barred appearance. Scapulars like the mantle. The lower back greyish brown; rump and upper tail-coverts deep blackish, with some greenish reflections. Tail: Deep blackish brown, with greenish reflections. Wings: Much as in the adult male, but somewhat duller. Lower parts. —Breast: Barred with black and pale rufous. Each feather is crossed by some six bars of each color, twelve in all, the black bars being almost twice as wide as the rufous ones. Abdomen like the breast, but the rufous bars much paler. Sides and flanks barred like the breast, but the rufous bars replaced by white ones. Vent and under tail- coverts whitish basally, but so strongly vermiculated terminally with black- ish brown as to appear dark, unless the feathers are disturbed. Lower wing-coverts and axillaries white. Bill: Black. Iris: Dark brown. Feet and legs : Orange-yellow. FIG: 227s Chloéphaga magellanica. P.U.O. C. 7845. Young male in downy plumage. 1 natural size. Downy young. P. U. O. C. Nos. 7845, 3; 7846, #; 7847, 9. Rio Coy, Patagonia, 25 January 1898, A. E. Colburn. All of one brood and apparently about two weeks old. Above: Pale snuff-brown, with two well defined white stripes. Nape of neck pale snuff-brown, the sides and under part of neck white. The top of the head striped snuff-brown, darker in shade than on the neck AVES — ANATID&. 427 and back, and white. Loral region snuff-brown. Sides of head and face white, much shaded with snuff-brown. Lower parts entirely white of a pearly or greyish tinge. Bill black. Iris brown. Legs and feet dark plumbeous. Geographical Range. — Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego, the Straits of Magellan and both the coast and interior of Patagonia, reaching into Southern Argentina. The naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions saw this fine Upland Goose frequently during their travels and the pair cited in full above, the three young and an adult male from the Museo de La Plata, form the material for the descriptions given here. Dr. Robert O. Cunningham says of these geese: ‘This species, the Upland goose (Chloephaga magellanica) is very plentiful in the eastern portion of the Strait of Magellan, but is very seldom to be seen much to the west of Port Famine. It is also very abundant at the Falkland Islands, and is common on the lower slopes of the Chilian Andes. In the Strait of Magellan it breeds in numbers, on Elizabeth, Sta. Magdalena, and Quartermaster islands. The plumage of both male and female birds, as all those who have had an opportunity of seeing them in the Zoological Society’s Gardens will, I think, agree with me, is very handsome — that of the male being white, with narrow black transverse bars on the feathers of the back and breast; while that of the female is chiefly composed of various shades of brown, the feathers being also barred with black. Mr. Darwin, in his notes on this species, remarks that ‘at the Falkland Islands they live in pairs and in small flocks throughout the island, being rarely or never found on the sea-coast, and seldom even near fresh-water lakes’ —an observation from which my experience widely differs, as I never saw them either at the Falkland Islands or in the Strait, at any consider- able distance from the sea; and I frequently observed them on the banks of small lakes of salt and fresh water.’’ Possibly this discrepancy may have resulted from their having been noticed at different periods of the year. “The first pair of ‘Upland Geese’ were acquired from Governor Moore, of the Falkland Islands, in 1857; and a second pair was received in 1861. The first young birds were hatched in 1863; and the species has since bred with us with tolerable regularity, as will be seen by the following list. 428 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. “Dates of Hatching of Upland Geese. (In Zoological Gardens, London.) 1863. May 4th. 1872. April 22nd. 1865. April 30th. i374: > 26th: 1868. May 25th. ‘© May 5th. TOOOhm poe ZiSt: ‘ eT th: 16705, {© 76th. 1875. April 29th. 1871. April 23rd. 1878. June 15th.” (Pos sclater vP2:Z.S:.pp.1502-503) 1600:)) ‘“The Governor of the Straits of Magellan, Capt. Gomez, gave us two goslings of this species alive; but when we entered a warmer climate they both died, just as they were getting their feathers.” (Feb. 3, 1903.) (M. J. Nicoll, Orn. Jour. Voy. round World, Ibis, Jan. 1904, p. 43.) “Among the most distinguished in appearance and carriage of the hand- some exotic species is the Magellanic goose, one of the five or six species of the Antarctic genus Chloephaga, found in Patagonia and the Magellan Islands. One peculiarity of this bird is that the sexes differ in colouring, the male being mostly white, whereas the prevailing colour of the female is aruddy brown,—a fine rich colour set off with some white, grey, intense cinnamon, and beautiful black mottlings. Seen on the wing the flock presents a somewhat singular appearance, as of two distinct species asso- ciating together, as we may see when by chance gulls and rooks, or shel- drakes and black scoters, mix in one flock. “This fine bird has long been introduced into this country, and as it breeds freely it promises to become quite common. I can see it any day ; but these exiles, pinioned and imprisoned in parks, are not quite like the Magellanic geese I was intimate with in former years, in Patagonia and in the southern pampas of Buenos Ayres, where they wintered every year in incredible numbers, and were called ‘bustards’ by the natives. To see them again, as I have seen them, by day and all day long in their thousands, and to listen again by night to their wild cries, I would will- ingly give up, in exchange, all the invitations to dine which I shall receive, all the novels I shall read, all the plays I shall witness, in the next three years; and some other miserable pleasures might be thrown in. Listening to the birds when, during migration, on a still frosty night, they flew low, following the course of some river, flock succeeding flock all night long; or heard from a herdsman’s hut on the pampas, when thou- AVES — ANATID&. 429 sands of the birds had encamped for the night on the plain hard by, the effect of their many voices (like that of their appearance when seen flying) was singular, as well as beautiful, on account of the striking contrasts in the various sounds they uttered. On cold nights they are most loquacious, and their voices may be heard by the hour, rising and falling, now few, and now many taking part in the endless confabulation—a talkee-talkee and concert in one; a chatter as of many magpies ; the solemn, deep onk- honk, the long, grave note changing to a shuddering sound; and, most wonderful, the fine silvery whistle of the male, steady or tremulous, now long and now short, modulated a hundred ways—wilder and more beau- tiful than the night-cry of the widgeon, brighter than the voice of any shore bird, or any warbler, thrush or wren, or the sound of any wind instru- ment. “Tt is probable that those who have never known the Magellanic goose in a state of nature are best able to appreciate its fine qualities in its present semi-domestic state in England. Atall events the enthusiasm with whicha Londoner spoke of this bird in my presence some time ago came to me rather as a surprise. It was at the studio in St. John’s Wood of our greatest animal painter, one Sunday evening, and the talk was partly about birds, when an elderly gentleman said that he was pleased to meet some one who would be able to tell him the name of a wonderful bird he had lately seen in St. James’s Park. His description was vague; he could not say what its colour was, nor what sort of beak it had, nor whether its feet were webbed or not; but it was a large tall bird, and there were two of them. It was the way this bird had comported itself towards him that had so taken him. As he went through the park at the side of the enclosure, he caught sight of the pair some distance away on the grass, and the birds, observing that he had stopped in his walk to regard them, left off feeding, or whatever they were doing, and came to him. Not to be fed—it was impossible to believe that they had any such motive; it was solely and purely a friendly feeling towards him which caused them im- mediately to respond to his look, and to approach him, to salute him, in that way. And when they had approached to within three or four yards of where he stood, advancing with a quiet dignity, and had then uttered a few soft, low sounds, accompanied with certain graceful gestures, they turned and left him; but not abruptly, with their backs towards him—oh, no, they did nothing so common; they were not like other birds—they 430 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. were perfect in everything; and, moving from him, half paused at inter- vals, half turning first to one side then the other, inclining their heads as they went. Here our old friend rose and paced up and down the floor, bowing to this side and that and making other suitable gestures, to try to give us some faint idea of the birds’ gentle courtesy and exquisite grace. It was, he assured us, most atonishing ; the birds’ gestures and motions were those ofa human being, but in their perfection immeasurably superior to anything of the kind to be seen in any Court in Europe or the world. “The birds he had described, I told him, were no doubt Upland Geese. ‘““*Geese!’ he exclaimed, in a tone of surprise and disgust. ‘Are you speaking seriously? Geese! Oh, no, nothing like geese—a sort of ostrich !’ “It was plain that he had no accurate knowledge of birds; if he had caught sight of a kingfisher or green woodpecker, he would probably have described it as a sort of peacock. Of the goose, he only knew that it is a ridiculous, awkward creature, proverbial for its stupidity, although very good to eat; and it wounded him to find that any one could think so meanly of his intelligence and taste as to imagine him capable of greatly admiring any bird called a goose.” (W. H. Hudson, Birds and Man, pp. 197-202, 1901.) “And I will conclude this chapter with an incident related to me many years ago by a brother who was sheep-farming in a wild and lonely dis- trict on the southern frontier of Buenos Ayres. Immense numbers of upland geese in great flocks used to spend the cold months on the plains where he had his lonely hut; and one morning in August in the early spring of that southern country, some days after all the flocks had taken their departure to the south, he was out riding, and saw at a distance before him on the plain a pair of geese. They were male and female — a white and a brown bird. Their movements attracted his attention and he rode to them. The female was walking steadily on in a southerly direction, while the male, greatly excited, and calling loudly from time to time, walked at a distance ahead, and constantly turned back to see and call to his mate, and at intervals of a few minutes he would rise up and fly, screaming, to a distance of some hundreds of yards ; then finding that he had not been followed, he would return and alight at a distance of forty or fifty yards in advance of the other bird, and began walking on as before. The female had one wing broken, and, unable to fly, had set AVES — ANATID&. 431 out on her long journey to the Magellanic Islands on her feet; and her mate, though called to by that mysterious imperative voice in his breast, yet would not forsake her; but flying a little distance to show her the way, and returning again and again, and calling to her with his wildest and most piercing cries, urged her still to spread her wings and fly with him to their distant home.’’ (W. H. Hudson, Birds and Man, pp. 209- 210, 1901.) “After leaving Punta Arenas, we landed at Elizabeth Island, which is without trees, but covered with grass, and is likely soon to be occupied as a sheep-run. The island is the breeding-place of large numbers of Wild Geese (Chloephaga Patagonica). The geese were very abundant, and a wild-goose chase in Elizabeth Island is a very different matter from one at home. When I had shot nine geese I found that I had no light task before me in carrying them to the boat at the end of the island, over the soft and yielding soil. Goose-shooting in the Falkland Islands simi- larly soon satiates the sportsman, who finds himself early in the day with a heavier bag than he can stagger under. “The geese at Elizabeth Island showed some wariness, and some little trouble had to be taken in order to get within shot of them, unless they were met with in long grass. When on the alert, they settled on the summits of the hillocks and ridges, in order to have a wide view of the enemy. One had to creep up under cover of the hill-slopes, and make a final rush forwards toward the flock. The birds are startled by this, and it is some time before they can make up their minds to fly.” (Moseley, Notes, Natur. Chall. 1879, pp. 551-552.) “The geese at the Falkland Islands are far tamer than those at Elizabeth Island, and seem not to understand a gun, though they have been shot at now for along period. The Falkland Islands, however, were never inhab- ited by any savage race, and the birds have not had time to learn. The other birds in Magellan’s Straits, which also occur at the Falklands, as for example the Loggerhead Ducks, show the same contrast in their wildness. They have been hunted for generations by the hungry Fuegians. “The young wild geese at Elizabeth Island, whilst still covered with black down, run amongst the grass with astonishing quickness, and are as difficult to shoot as rabbits. It is no easy task to catch them by run- ning. A brood when met with separates, every gosling running off in a different direction. The young birds dodge behind a tuft of grass, and 432 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. squatting closely under it are at once safe. It is quite impossible to find them, and a brood of ten or twelve goslings, as large almost as full grown fowls, disappears as if by magic. The goslings can only be caught by the pursuer keeping his eye on one bird only, and running after it at the utmost possible speed. I had no idea that goslings would be able to secure their safety so completely. No doubt a terrier would find them one after another. They are far better to eat than the full grown geese.” (Moseley, Notes, Natur. Chall. 1879, pp. 552-553.) ‘“‘Flocks of geese were to be seen there feeding on the grass close to the houses, looking just like farm-yard geese. The birds take no notice of a gun, but I soon found that they were very quick at seeing a bolas when I carried one, well-knowing that they were going to be molested. I could not catch one with the bone bolas, though I came very near it, and should have succeeded with a little practice. The bone bolas comes curiously near that of the Esquimaux in structure. The Esquimaux bolas, used also for catching birds, has more than three balls, and these are made of ivory.” (Darwin Harbor, Falkland Islands, January 3 to Feb- ruary 7, 1876.) (Moseley, Notes, Natur. Chall. 1879, p. 558.) CHLOEPHAGA INORNATA (King). Anser tnornatus, King, P. Z. S. 1830-31, p. 15, Straits of Magellan. Anas inornatus, Less. Compl. Buff. Ois. IX. p. 527 (1837). Chloephaga magellanica, Fraser (nec Gm.) P. Z. S. 1843, p. 118 (Chill) ; Scl. P: Z. S. 1871, p. 7oo (Chili); Scls & Salv: Nomencl. Av. Neotr p. 128 part (1873); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 273 (1884: Carhué). Bernicla magellanica, Des Murs (necGm.), in Gay, Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 443 (18472 Chiloe)’; ‘Cass: U. S: Astron. Exped) Il. Birds; pazox pl. XXIV (£856: Chili); Huds. PR. Z.S. 1872, p. 549 (Rio Negro), Scl. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 818, 1880, p. 704 (Patagonia). Bernicla tnornata, Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 444 (1847) ; Phil. & Landb. An. Univ. Chile, XXI. p. 436 (1862) 7 11d) Anchen Nat. p. 199 (1863). Scl. & Salv.P: Z. S. 1876, p. 367 mote Stais of Magellan); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part XI. p. 320 (1890). Chloephaga tnornata, Bonap. C. R. xliil. p. 648 (1856); Eyton, Syn. Anat. p. 22 (1869); Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 77, no. 10588 (1871) ; Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 128, pt. (1873); Sharpe, Zool. AVES — ANATID&. 433 Ereb. & Terr. p. 37, pl. 30 (1875) ; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XX VII. p- 134 (1895); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 677 (1898: Dawson Isl.: Punta Arenas, Feb.) ; Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 214 (1899) ; Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 24 (1900: Straits of Magellan) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 631 (1900: Punta Arenas, May). Chloephaga picta, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 648 (1856); Bann. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1870, p. 131; Gigl. Viagg. Magenta, p. 904 (1876). Bernicla dispar, Phil. & Landb. An. Univ. Chile, XXI. p. 427 (1862) ; nd Archsf) Nat. 1863, pa ie; Scl: Ibis, 1864), p. 122 (Chili) ; Pelz. Reise Novara, Vég. p. 137 (1865: Chili) ; Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil p: 40) (1868); Burm. P.Z.S. 1872,+p. 366 (Sierra Tinta, Rio Negro) ; Leybold, Excurs. Pampas Argentinas, p. 20 (1873); Scl. Saaoalvetk eZ. 5. 1676, ps 304, scl. P:iZ. SS: 1880,.p. 503; Burm: An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, Part X. p. 247 (1888); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 123 part (1889) ; James, New List Chil. B. p. 9 (1692))-seataste, Actes Soc. Sci: Chil. Ill p. CX XII (1893). Bernicla antarctica (error), Burm. La Plata Reise, II. p. 514 (1861). Chloephaga dispar, Sci. Ibis, 1864, p. 122 ; id. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 320, 334 (Chile) ; Eyton, Mon. Anat. p. 29 (1869) ; Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 77, no. 10587 (1871). Anser magellanicus, (part), Schl. Mus. Pays Bas. VI. Anseres, p. 99 (1866). Anser (Brenthus) dispar Reichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 37. Bernicla (Chloephaga) dispar, Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 311 (1891). Bernicla (Chloephaga) tnornata, Oust. tom. cit. p. 213. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size.—7817, P. U. O. C., adult male, near Coy Inlet, Patagonia, 12 November 1896, J. B. Hatcher. Total length, 30 inches. VAN Oe 1h Culmen, 1.4. Tail, 7.25. Tarsus, 355: The female is a little smaller than the male. 434 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Color.—(Adult male cited above.) General color: similar to C. mage/- Zanica, but with a barring on the under parts of pure black, varying in extent, often leaving little unbroken white. Head: Pure white. In immature birds there is a tendency to grey shading upon the crown. Neck: White for the part nearest the head and for a varying distance; then barred with concentric rings of black, very narrow at first, but widen- Chloéphaga inornata, adult male, 7817, P. U. O. C. Profile showing the barring of black on the breast as well as on the back. About ¥% natural size. ing till they are a fifth of an inch broad. These black bars or rings go entirely around the lower portion of the neck from the point where they begin. Back: The mantle is barrred evenly with stripes of black and white, which, starting almost as vermiculations, where they begin on the neck, gradually become a quarter of an inch wide. This barring is achieved by feathers which are each barred with from four to six areas of black and white in sharp contrast. The lower back and rump are pure white, there are several dusky feathers mixed among the pure white upper tail-coverts ; the lower tail-coverts are white. The scapulars are dark greyish brown. Tail: The tail is wholly black; the outer white rectrices in the tail of magellanica will always serve to determine the adult males of the two species from each other. AVES — ANATID-A. 435 Wings: The lesser and median coverts pure white; the greater wing- coverts being greyish brown on the inner webs and having a bronzy greenish gloss with a metallic sheen on the outer webs; each feather is tipped with a narrow terminal margin of white; the whole forming a well- defined alar speculum. Primaries dark greyish brown ; secondaries pure white ; tertials dark greyish brown. Lower parts: Including the breast, the lower parts are barred evenly black and white, except on the belly and about the vent. The lower wing-coverts and axillaries are white; the under tail-coverts are nearly all white, but there are a few greyish brown feathers to be discovered on careful examination. Bill: Black. Iris: Dark hazel-brown. Feet: Very dark lead-color, almost black. Adult female: The adult female is very like the same sex in C. maged- /anica, but has the head and neck light lead-color; there is no ruddy tinge as in the allied bird. Two female birds which are referred to this species, 7819, 7820, P. U. O. C., both young birds of the year more than half grown and fully in feather, present an appearance very like the adult female of C. mage/lanica, except that the colors are not nearly so ruddy or intense, and the characteristic lead-colored head and neck are noticeable. These birds were collected near Rio Coy, Patagonia, on January 24, 1898. In this same region adults were common, though no females were collected. An adult male in worn plumage was taken the next day and is only to be referred to this species. It is 7818, P. U. O. C., and is more barred beneath than is usual in zvornata. The bird is notable in having one white lateral tail feather on one side of the tail; there is no white feather on the other side. ‘The bird is not moulting and the normal number of rectrices are present. There is a slight admixture of vermiculated feathers among the under tail-coverts, but the upper tail-coverts are pure white. Geographical Range. — Central and southern Chili; the Straits of Ma- gellan ; southern Argentina including all Patagonia. Breeds in the lakes of the interior as well as on or near the sea coast of eastern Patagonia (Hatcher in MS. notes). The four geese taken by the naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions, 436 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. which have been discussed in some detail in the foregoing descriptions, are all that were sent home in the collections, though this was a very common species in several localities where the work of the expeditions was prosecuted. But even this meagre material gives much ground for reflection and suggests possibilities in the way of alliance between the form under consideration and the allied species known as magellanica. The two forms are almost alike in size ; the males differ chiefly in the amount of black barring on the lower surface; the tail in the male sex offers a diagnostic difference in that that of sage/anica is bordered with white rec- trices, the center ones being dark ; while the tail of zvornafa in the adult male is wholly dark, with no relieving outer rectrices. The females differ more than do the males, if the lead-colored head and neck of zvornafa is an un- varying characteristic. For even in the small series dealt with the two males, which can only be referred to this form, vary in the direction of magellanica, one, 7818, having a white external tail feather on one side of the tail, and the other having the lower tail-coverts pure white. Moreover in a large series of birds, only to be considered as true magel/anica, the number of bordering white rectrices is quite variable, and consequently the number of dark rectrices varies also. The normal number, fourteen in this genus, is arranged, so far as color is concerned, in ever differing pro- portions, but is usually symmetrical. Thus the tail of the bird used by Count Salvadori in his description had but the four central feathers greyish black (see Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. XXVII, p. 133, near the bottom), while the bird used in this work has but the two outer rectrices on either side white. Consequently, there may be ten black feathers in the tail of a given individual of #age/anica with four white ones, or ten white ones with four black ones, and a consistent symmetrical variation is to be expected between these two extremes. The recent close relationship between the two species, magellanica and znornata, is perfectly evident from what has been presented, and it is of further interest to consider that the extremes now seem to have some difference in their geographical range ; for while the two species both occur and both breed in the Straits of Magellan region, yet, on the whole, znornata is a western form of a recently separated species and conversely magellanica\s an eastern formas nowexisting. There are fifteen »zagellanica in the series of skins in the British Museum and five of these, one third, are from the Falkland Islands ; there are six birds in the zzovuata series, five of which are from Chili and one from the Straits of Magellan. AVES— ANATID&. 437 Apparently, magel/anica has not been obtained in western South America or on the sea coasts of that country ; nor has zvornata been recorded from the Falkland Islands. While the two forms probably intergraded in com- paratively recent times, it does not seem that they do at present even on the grounds of variability shown, and the distribution of the two kinds of geese under discussion is chiefly interesting as a record of their present range, which in the future may very probably crystallize into each species occupying a definite region to the exclusion of the other, a condi- tion already prevailing on the outer boundaries of the present range of both. CHLOEPHAGA RUBIDICEPS Sclater. Chloephaga poliocephala (part), Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p> 217 (1844). Bernicla tnornata, Gray (nec King), Voy. Ereb. & Terror, Birds, pl. 24 (1846). Chloephaga rubidiceps, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, pp. 387, 415, ple CE xxamt (Falkland Isl.), 1861, p. 46; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p- 158 (Falkland Isl.) ; Scl. Ibis, 1864, p. 123; id. P. Z.S. 1869, p. 629; Gray, Handl. B. Ill. p. 77, no. 10590 (1871); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 128; Sharpe, Voy. Ereb. & Terr. Birds, p. 37 (1875) ; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII, p. 136 (1895); Sharpe, Hand-list, B. I. p. 214 (1899); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vig. p. 24 (1900: Falkland Islands). Anser rubidiceps, Schl. Mus. Pays Bas, VI. Anseres, p. 102 (1866). Chloetrophus rubidiceps, Bann. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1870, p. 131. Bernicla rubidiceps, Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 367; Scl. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 503; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 247 (1888: Falkland Isl.) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 472. Anser (Brenthus) rubidiceps, Reichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 36. Bernicla (Chloephaga) rubidiceps, Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 312 (1891). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.— Total length, 23 inches. Wing, 13.5. Culmen, 1.5. Pail, 4:5: 438 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Tarsus, 2.5. Color.—General color; brown in varying shades, with conspicuous areas of pure white on the shoulders, wings and abdomen. Head: Bright cinnamon. Neck: The upper part bright cinnamon like the head, shading into rufous on the lower part and into the breast, banded at the extreme with narrow blackish bars Back: Mantle rufous; this is banded like the neck with narrow black- ish bars. Lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts shining, polished black. Tail: Black. Wings: Smaller and median upper coverts white ; under wing-coverts white; greater upper coverts metallic green, with narrow white borders at their ends ; primaries and their coverts black; secondaries white ; ter- tials and scapulars brownish grey. Lower parts: The neck as described; the breast, sides and flanks chestnut rufous, barred with black, the barring becoming broader on the flanks and better defined; abdomen white; lower tail-coverts cinnamon chestnut, with an admixture of black feathers in some birds. Bill: Black. Irides : Dark brown. Feet: Yellow, with a washing of dusky or blackish on the external surface. The female is smaller than the male, but is almost as highly colored. Young birds of the year are not unlike adults, but are generally duller in tone and lack the metallic green luster of the wing speculum, present in the adults. Geographical Range.— Falkland Islands. This form was not obtained by the naturalists of the Princeton Expedi- tions. The series of birds in the British Museum and the type of the species described by Dr. Sclater have formed the basis for the foregoing descriptions. The bird has so far been found only in the Falklands and bears much the same relationship to Jofocepha/a, restricted almost entirely to the Straits and the mainland, that C. mage//anica does to C. znornata. ‘Two pairs of this Goose were obtained from the Falklands in 1860, but they did not breed until 1865. We have unfortunately now lost our whole stock of this bird.” AVES — ANATID&. 439 Dates of Hatching of Ruddy-headed Geese. (In the Zoological Gardens, London.) 1865. April 30th. 1868. May Ist. 1866. May 8th. sf [ae 2 Uh: i) june*sthe 1869. June 6th. 1867. May 18th. 1870. May 11th. i) June? 4th: (ba. Sclater, P. 25S. pp. 503-504, 1880.) CHLOEPHAGA POLIOCEPHALA Gray. Bernicla tnornata, Gray (nec. King), Gen. B. III, p. 607, pl. 165 (1844) ; CasseUyS: Expl Exped) Birds, ps-337) (1é56": Tierra. del. Fuego: dé Falkland Isl.) ; Scl. Ibis, 1859, p. 327. Chloephaga poliocephala, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 127 part (uoAas Island: of Chiloe); Sel. P. Z. S: 1857, p: 128; 1858, p. 290; Gould Ps ZS: 1850) p. 9G; Sci. tc, p. 206 (incubation); id: P: Z2S. 1861, p. 46 (Falkland Isl.) ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 159 (Falkland Isl.) ; Scluibisn 1cO4upaliz2); ids. baZ S2rs67, ps 335) scl; & Salve Ibis, 1868, p. 189 (Oazy Harbour) ; Cunningh. Ibis, 1869, p. 233; Scl. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 629 (breeding); Eyton, Syn. Anat. p. 29 (1869) ; Scl. & Salve Ibis, 1870, p: 499 (Port Grappler); Scl. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 201 note; Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 77, no. 10589 (1871); Cunningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. pp. 184, 185 (1871) ; Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. AveNeotr p. 126 part) (1873); 1id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 436 (Gray Harbour: Tom Harbour); Gigl. Viagg. Magenta, pp. 933, 937, 943, 946 (1876); Scl. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 813; Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro Zool. Aves, p. 53 (1882); Shufeldt, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. X. p. 383 (1887); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII, p. 137 _ (1895); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 677 (1898); Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 214 (1899); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vog. p. 24 (1900: Patagonia: Falkland Islands). Bernicla poliocephela, Sci. Ibis, 1859, p. 328; Pelz. Reise Novara, Vég. p. 136 (1865: Chiloe); Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 366 (Bahia Blanca) ; Huds. t. c. p. 549 (Rio Negro) ; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 366; Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 190 (Buenos Aires, winter), 1878, p. 400 (Chupat Valley, winter, March to Sept. : Lake Colgaupe, breeds)i; Sel bs ZS: 440 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. 1880, p. 503 ; Scl. & Salv. Voy. Chall. II. Birds, p. 107 (1881) ; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X, p. 247 (1888 : Patagonia) ; Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. III. p. 124 (1889) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p- 51 (1889: Puerto Bueno) ; James, New List Chil. B. p. 9 (1892) ; scl. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 472 (breeding). Bernicla chiloensts, Phil. & Landb. An. Univ. Chile, XXI. p. 427 (1862) ; lid. Arch. f. Nat. 1863, p. 149 (Chiloe) ; :Scl. Ibis, 1864) p42 Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 40 (1868). Anser poliocephalus, Sch\. Mus. Pays Bas VI. Anseres, p. 101 (1866). Chestnut-breasted Goose, Cunningh. Ibis, 1868, p. 127. Chloetrophus poliocephalus, Bann. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1870, p. 131. Anser (Brenthus) poliocephalus, Reichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 36. Branta poliocephata, Vartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 227 (1891). Bernicla (Chloephaga) poliocephala, Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p- 192 (1891). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Seze-—7814, P. U. ©. €., adult male Pacific slope of ‘Cordillera’ Patagonia, 8 March, 1897. J. B. Hatcher. Total length, about 23.50 inches. Wing, 13.4. Culmen, 1.15. Malice Tarsus, 2-7. The female is a little smaller than the male. Color.—General color; much as in vudidiceps, save that the head and neck are distinctly pale lead-color. Head: Pale lead-color; the forehead and eyelids decidedly white and the upper part of the head paler. Neck: Pale lead-color, rather darker than the head and the longer feathers of the nape strongly tinted with chestnut. The lower of these feathers, those nearest the back, are sometimes faintly vermiculated or barred with blackish brown. The lead-colored neck does not shade into the color of the breast or upper back, but terminates definitely. Back : Upper back bright chestnut, each feather more or less vermicu- lated with dusky ; this does not show plainly unless the feathers are lifted or ruffled, as the area of chestnut is terminal on each feather for more AVES— ANATID&. 441 than half an inch and, overlapping each other, the slight barring is almost altogether obscured. Lower back greyish brown; rump and upper tail- coverts lustrous black. Tail: Black of a velvety character. Wings: The lesser and median coverts are white ; greater coverts me- tallic coppery green, each feather bordered at its terminal edge with a narrow white margin, the whole forming a characteristic wing-speculum ; Fic. 223. Chloéphaga poliocephala. P. U. O. C. 7814. Adult male. Profile of head and neck, with the darker body showing in contrast. About % natural size. the tertials are greyish brown, with an olive shade and the scapulars grey, with a strong chestnut tinge, more or less vermiculated near the ends ; primaries and their coverts dusky or blackish ; secondaries white, more or less shaded and marked with brownish ; lower wing-coverts white. Lower parts: Breast like the upper back, bright chestnut and with similar obscure vermiculations ; this color terminates abruptly and defi- nitely on the white of the abdomen and here the barring of the chestnut feathers is conspicuous ; the abdomen is pure white; the sides are white barred with black and washed in parts with chestnut; the flanks are black like the rump and the under tail-coverts are chestnut, with an admixture of dusky feathers. Bill: Black. Iris: Dark brown (Hatcher). Legs: Orange (Hatcher). Feet: Dusky (Hatcher). The adult female is similar to the male in appearance. Young birds of the year are duller in color, but similar in pattern; the suffusion of the upper parts is noticeable. 442 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Geographical Range.—Southern Chili and Argentina, including the whole of Patagonia. It is known to breed here and is probably resident throughout the year. It breeds on Chiloe Island and is rare or casual in the Falkland Islands. “Tris black; bill black; tarsi and toes black in front, orange behind; webs black. “This beautiful goose was not uncommon at the western extremity of the Straits of Magellan and in Smythe’s Channel. It was not easy to approach.” (M. J. Nicoll, Orn. Jour. Voy. round World, Ibis, Jan. 1904, p- 49.) 643, male 644, female Gray Harbour. ‘‘Byes brown, feet and legs yellow and black; stomachs had grass and berries: - 658, female 659, female 658a, young ] Tom Harbour. 6586, young J ‘Eyes brown, bill black, feet yellow and black.” (Sclater & Salvin, on Birds Antarctic America, Voy. H. M.S. ‘Chall.’—No. ix. p. 436, 1878.) ‘“Female: Needham Cove, Trinidad Channel, February 28, 1879. Iris dark brown; bill horn-colour; legs black in front, orange at back. “Male: Alert Bay, December 3, 1879. Bill black; eyes dark brown; legs orange, black down the front. ‘‘Female pull.: Fort Henry, December 3, 1879. Eyes brown: legs dark grey, billshorn-colout. ~\(Sharpe, 2. Z. 5.1831, p. 13)) “The first examples of this Goose were received in 1833. It bred fre- quently in the Gardens from 1852 to 1869, when we unfortunately lost most of our stock. We have quite lately succeeded in obtaining some newly imported birds, and hope now to begin breeding them again.” Dates of Hatching of Ashy-headed Geese. (In the Zoological Gardens, London.) 1852. June oth. 1860. May 27th. 1854. May 24th. S65, ‘4 s25th: 1657.‘ 23rd: 107), sh e2erd: AVES— ANATID&. 443 1858. June 7th. 1868. June 25th. 1859. May a2ist. FOOOs a) HISE: =>) June 2nd: (E. Le Selater, PZ. S:, p: 503, 1880.) ‘On our arrival [Oazy Harbour, Straits of Magellan], early in the after- noon, two officers, who had preceded us, came on board, bringing with them a specimen of the heron mentioned above as seen at Sandy Point, as well as a beautiful species of goose, quite new to us. This bird, the Chloephaga poliocephala, is considerably smaller than the upland goose (C. Magellanica), and its plumage is exceedingly handsome, the wings being finely bronzed, and a broad band of rich chestnut passing across the breast. It appears to be common in the eastern portion of the Strait, where we observed it to be tamer than the upland goose, and we also met with it on several occasions in the Western Channels, where I only saw one pair of the C. Magelanica. Its flesh is very good, and possesses a more delicate flavour than that of the other species.’ (Cunn. Nat. Hist. Straits Magellan, p. 184, 1891.) Subfamily 4NATINAZ. Salvad. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 142 (1895); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 214 (1899). Genus ANAS Linnzus. Type. Anas Linn. S. N. i. p. 134 (1766) ; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 227 eae ue Hand-list Bds. I. p. 216 (1899) : : . A. boscas. Anassus Rafin. Analyse, p. 72 (1815) ; iBescnes Sup Fauna Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 442 (1831) . ; : 2 24. boscas: Geographical Range. — Throughout the eae. ANAS SPECULARIS King. Anas specularis, King, Zool. Journ. IV. p. 98 (1828 : Straits of Magellan) ; Eyton, Mon. Anat. p. 138 (1838) ; Jard. & Selb. Ilustr. Orn. IV. pl. 40 (1840) ; Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 119 (1844) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 136 (1844: Str. Magellan) ; id. Gen. B. II. p. 615 444 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. (1845) ; Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 450 (1847) ; Hartl. Naum. 1853, pp. 217, 222 (Valdivia); Cass. U. S. Astron. Exped. Birds, p. 202 (1856); Pelz. Reise Novara, Vég. p. 138 (1865: Chili) ; scl. PZ. S. 1867, p. 335 (Chili); Phil c& Landb) Gat Ay-ehilep: 42 (1868) Sele scl PZ... 1376) p. 3805 (Sclt Ze coop: 519; Reichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 19; Burm, An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, Part X. p. 248 (1888: Str. Magellan) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 49 (1889) ; James, New List Chil. B. p. 9 (1892); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 215 (1895); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 192 (Rio Pilmaiguen : Rio Bueno); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 676 (1898: Punta Arenas, Feb.) ; Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 217 (1899) ; Carbajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 282 (1900); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 24 (1900: Straits of Magellan). Anas chalcoptera, Kittl. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. II. p. 471, pl. 5 (1835) ; Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 119 (Colchagua, rare) ; Reichenb. Syn. Av. Natatores, pl. 100, figs. 2766-67 (1850) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 101 (1854: Chili); Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 82 no. 10650 (1871) ; Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 129 (1873). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.— Total length, about 21.5 inches. Wing, 10.4. Culmen, 1.9. Mail e4: 7: SLArSUS sale7. Color. — General color ; brown in varying shades, with areas of white on face and neck, and with darker wings, having finespecula of metallic purple. Head: Dull brown, darkening into blackish on the forehead and crown. In front of the eye there is a large white spot on the face. Neck: Brown like the head; the chin and lower throat white, which color spreads out lower down on the sides of the neck, leaving only a narrow area of brown on the nape. Back: Deeper brown than the neck and becoming glossy on the mantle and lower back ; each feather of the upper back, and some of those of the mantle proper, margined with paler dull brown like that of the neck. The lower back is deepest in color, approaching black. This color shades into olive-greyish on the rump and upper tail-coverts. AVES — ANATID&. 445 Tail: Above dull blackish, shaded with grey, the feathers below being ashy grey. Wings: Black with a decided green luster; there is a metallic purple speculum on the secondaries, each feather at this point having a sub-ter- minal band of velvety black, rather more than half an inch wide, bordered by a clear white margin, a quarter of an inch broad. This speculum, if Fic. 224. Anas specularis, male, P. U. O. C. 8931. The same: Rio Negro, Argentina, March, Rio Negro, Argentina, March, 1898. Profile 1898. Bill and head from in front. About showing color pattern on head and face. ¥ natural size. viewed from well in front, appears metallic green with coppery shades. The primaries are dusky brownish, almost black. The greater coverts are dark greyish brown. The under wing-coverts velvety black and the axillaries white. Lower parts: Greyish isabelline, with decided rufescent shading, particu- larly on the breast ; this coloring is broken by obsolete bars of deeper 1G) 220; i Anas specularis. P.U.O. C. 8931. Tarsus and foot. About ¥% natural size. rufescent shade. On the sides and flanks each feather has a subterminal dark brown spot more or less irregular in shape and disposition. Under 446 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. tail-coverts dull olive greyish, with a tendency to slight vermiculation by a darker shade. Bill: The upper mandible dusky black; the lower with dull orange shading. Iris dark hazel-brown. Feet and legs orange yellow. The adult female differs but slightly from the male in color. In some specimens the brown of the head is not broken continuously by the white of the neck and throat, but the brown crosses the neck just below the chin, dividing the white into two distinct areas on the neck. Geograplucal Range.— Central and southern Argentina and Chili; the Straits of Magellan; the Rio Negro, and adjacent territory to the south. (There are birds in the Museo de La Plata, collected at various points in this latter region.) ANAS CRISTATA Gmelin. Crested Duck, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. pt. 2, p. 543 (1785: Staten Island). Anas cristata, Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 540 (1788: ex Lath.) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 136 (1844: Hermit Isl., Straits of Magellan, Falkland Isl.) ; id. Gen. B. III. p. 616 (1845); Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 449 (1847) ; Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 96 (Falk- land Isl.) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 389 (Falkland Isl.) ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p- 160 (Falkland Isl.); Pelz. Reise Novara, Vég. p. 138 (1865: Chili) ; sel. PB. Z. S. 1867, p. 335 (Chili); Phil. and Landb. Cat. Av: Chil) pian (1868) ; Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1870, p. 499 (Tuesday Bay) ; Cunningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. pp. 154, 266 (1871) ; Gray, Hand. B. IIL. p. 82, no. 10651 (1871) ;Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 129 (1873) ;? Reyb. Ee xcurs, Pamp. Argent. p.i(1873)% scl. cSaly. Pi ZS. egowp: 361; Sch, PB. ZS. 1880, p.519; Sharpe, PZ. 5. 1881, p: 13 (Cockle Cove, Feb.: Port Rosario, March) ; Tacz. Orn. Per. III. p. 473 (1886) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 401 (Tarapaca) ; Phil. Ornis, IV. p. 160 (1888: Pastos Largos); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 248 (1888) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 49 (1889: Tilly Bay, Straits of Magel- lan); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap. Horn, Oiseaux, p. 199 (1891); James, New List Chil. B. p. 9 (1892); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 216 (1895) ; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 192 (Sacaya: Sitani: Lake Huasco); Gosse in Fitzgerald Highest Andes, p. 350 (1889: Horcones Valley) ; Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 217 (1899); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. AVES — ANATID. 44°7 Sammelr. Vég. p. 25 (1900: Straits of Magellan : Falkland Islands) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2), XX. p. 631 (1900: Gregory Bay, April: Punta Arenas, May, June: Rio Pescado, May). Ladorna cristata, Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. XII, p. 77 (1824). Anas specularioides, King, Zool. Journ. IV. p. 98 (1828: Straits of Magel- lan) ; Gibson, Proc. Phys. Soc. Edinb. IV. p. 186 (1878). Milouin des Malouines, Less. Traité d’Orn. p. 632 (1831) ; Pucher. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1850, p. 636. Anas pyrrhogastra, Weyen, Nova Acta XVI. Suppl. p. 119, tab. XXV (1833 : Marpu, Chili); Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia). Dafila pyrogaster, Eyton, Mon. Anat. p. 113 (1838); Fraser, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 157 (Chili). Anas lophyra, Forst. Icon. ined. pl. 78; id. Descr. Anim. p. 340 (1844: Straits of Magellan). Dafila pyrrhogastra, Reichenb. Syn. Av. Natatores, pl. 88 fig. 923 (1845). Dafila cristata, Bonap. C. R. XLIII. p. 650 (1856). Poecilonetta cristata, Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XII. p. 138 (1889: Elizabeth Isl.). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.—Total length, about 23.75 inches. Wing, 11.8. Culmen, 1.9. mail 6:0: Tarsus, 1.8. Color.— General coloring brown in varying shades; deepest on top of head and back ; fulvescent and mottled on lower parts. Head: A hood of smoky brown covers the top of the head and occiput, the posterior feathers of which are prolonged into a pendant crest, the longest feathers of which attain a length of two inches; this hood reaches down on either side to the eye and a little below; it terminates on the forehead just in front of the eyes; the sides of the face and head are dull isabelline, minutely spotted with brown of the same shade as the hood. Neck: Dull isabelline; immaculate and lighter on the chin, throat and lower neck; flecked and spotted on the sides and above with smoky brown in tiny markings like those of the sides of the head and face. Back: Foreback and mantle brown of a smoky shade, each feather hav- 448 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. ing a paler edge of dull isabelline ; the lower back, rump and upper tail- coverts olive-brown, lightest on the rump. Tail: Velvety brownish black, with a gloss of purple. Wings: Scapulars smoky brown, darker at the tips ; wing proper, olive- brown with a decided smoky tinge; a speculum on the secondaries, me- Anas cristata, adult male, P. U. O. C. 7822. Profile of head. About ¥% natural size. tallic coppery in color with bronze green reflections ; each feather has this color on the outer web beginning well toward its base; the metallic region is some two inches in length, is bordered toward the end of the feather with a velvety black margin a third of an inch wide and the terminal inch on both webs is pure white, making a conspicuous band; the primaries Fic. 228. Fic. 229. )f Anas cristata, P; U, ©, ©) 7822, Bill and’ “Anas crestata, female,” PiU; OnsGay7o2i head from above. J natural size. Foot and tarsus. % natural size. are dark olive-brown ; the under wing-coverts smoky grey with an olive shade ; axillaries white. Lower parts: The breast, sides and abdomen dull isabelline, with a AVES — ANATID. 449 strong rufescent shading ; the feathers on the breast with a darker brown rufescent spot in the center of each; these markings are not well defined on the sides and flanks, where the feathers are heavily splotched and shaded with dull rufescent brown ; these brownish marks take the form of obscure barring on the abdomen ; the lower tail-coverts reach quite to the tips of the tail feathers proper, are pointed in shape at their ends and of. deep velvety black color. Bill: Black. Iris: Yellowish red (Hatcher). Feet: Dark lead-color (Hatcher). The female is similar to the male in color, but is a little smaller and the crest is not so well developed. Geographical Range-— Southern Peru, Chili, Argentina, the Magellan Straits and Falkland Islands. The Crested Duck was met with by the naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions at Montes Ranche, near Mount Tigre, Patagonia in August 1896. From here they sent home a pair of these birds in full plumage, which have in part formed a basis of the foregoing descriptions and figures. The point where these birds were collected, southern Patagonia near the Atlantic Coast, and the season of the year, would seem to indicate that this species is not a migratory bird; for Cunningham found crested ducks common at Peckett Harbor in February and the birds must have been through with breeding at that time. This seems to be acommon bird and very generally distributed through- out the Patagonian region; beside the points already indicated through the work of Mr. Hatcher and Dr. Cunningham, every naturalist who has visited the region has encountered the birds at some locality ; specimens from the Museo de La Plata, now forming part of the Princeton collec- tion, were taken in the Province of Chubut in February, 1897. It thus appears that the bird is present at the limits of its north and south range at the same season of the year. The eggs of this duck have been taken in January in the Bolivian Andes, in December in the Falkland Islands, and at Elizabeth Island on the west coast of Patagonia in January. “Next morning (12th) [February, 1887] we left Sandy Point, and proceeded northward along the Patagonian coast, on the look-out for the 450 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. party we had left about a week previously at Elizabeth Island, as we were anxious to ascertain their welfare before leaving for the Falkland Islands. Finding them encamped on one of the small islands in Peckett Harbor to the north of Elizabeth Island, we remained at that port for the rest of the day, which allowed some of us to land for aramble. I founda fleshy Chenopodiaceous plant, new to me, but little else of interest ; and a con- siderable number of geese and ducks were shot by the officers. The former were the Chloepbhaga Magellanica, which I have already noticed as common in this region, while the latter were of two very distinct species, z. e. the steamer-duck and the Axzas cristata, which, with perhaps the exception of the steamer, is by far the most abundant of the Anatidz of the Strait, being to be met with almost everywhere in greater or less numbers, generally swimming among the broad belts of kelp at some distance from the shore. The plumage of both male and female is com- pounded of various shades of gray and brown, the latter colour predomi- nating ; and the male is distinguished by the possession of a small crest. We found them rather good eating during some months of the year; but at others they had an unpleasantly fishy flavor.” (Cunningham, Nat. Hist. of the Straits of Magellan, pp. 153-154.) ‘Female: Port Rosario, March 15, 1879. ‘Female: Cockle Cove, February 7, 1879. Iris blood-red ; legs dark grey ; upper mandible horn-colour, lower one flesh-colour. ‘“Male : Tom Bay, November 29, 1879. Eyes yellowish red; bill black. “The egg is creamy buff, and measures —axis 2.4 inches, diam. 1.65.” (Sharpe, PZ.'S.1s61,ep. 13.) Genus MARECA Steph. Type. Mareca, Steph. Gen. Zool. XII. 2, p. 130 (1824) ; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 227 (1895); Sharpe, Hand-list Bds. I.*p. 218 (1899) . : . M. penelope. Penelops, Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 31 (1829) 5 : . MM. penelope. Marcia (errore?), Leach, fide Sw. Class. B. IT. p. 336 (1837). Geographical Range. — Palearctic, Nearctic, and Neotropical Regions. MARECA SIBILATRIX (Poeppig). Pato pico pequeno, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 432 (1805). Anas viduata (part), Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. V. p. 164 (1816). AVES — ANATID&. 451 Anas sibilatrix, Poeppig, Fror. Not. XXXI. No. 529, p. 10 (1829: Chili). Anas chiloensis, King, P. Z. S. 1830-31, p. 15 (Chiloe) ; Burm. La Plata Reise, II. p. 517 (1861: Mendoza) ; Schl. Mus. Pays. Bas, VI. An- seres, p. 46 (1866). Mareca chiloensts, Eyton, Mon. Anat. p. 117, pl. 21 (1838: Chiloe) ; Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 119 (Chili) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 134 (1844: Falkland Isl.) ; id. Gen. B. III. p. 614 (1845) ; Reichenb. Syn. Av. Natatores, pl. 92, figs. 162-163 (1845) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 27 (1847); Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 447 (1847); Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia); Bibra, Denkschr. Ak Wien. pura (1853 Chili) ;Cass..S, Astron, Exped. Birds, p= 201 (1856); Gould, P: Z. S..1859) p..96: (Falkland Isl.) Sel. P: Z. S. 1860, p. 389 (Falkland Isl.) ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 160 (Falkland Isis belz Reise Novara, Vos) p: 138 (1865 Chili); Sel, Pv Zs. 1867, p. 335 (Chili); Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 41 (1868) ; Selveaoaly i, 2.5. 1869, p, O25) (Argent. Reps); ud. Ibis; 1860) p: 284 (Gregory Bay); Eyton, Syn. Anat. p. 69 (1869) ; Gray, Hand. B. III. p. 81, no. 10630 (1871); Cunningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. paz77)\to71 : Gregory Bay); Burm: FP. Z. 5S: 1872, p. 368 (Argent. Rep.) ; Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 130 (1873) ; Leybold, ExXciis bapa ioents pao2-(1973)); Ltuds. P.:Z. 5.1876) py 108. ; Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 163 (Buenos Aires); Milne-Edwards, Faun. Rég. Austr. Ann. Sci. Nat. (6), xiii, Art. IX. p. 45 (1882); White, PZ. Sa1883) p. 42 (Lar-Plata).;; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p: 471 (Lomas de Zamora) ; Burm. An. Mus. Nat. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 247 (1888: Northern & Central Patagonia), part XI. p. 320 (1890: Rio Singeur) ; Lataste, Actes Soc. Scient. Chili, III, p. cxv (1893 : Colchagua, Jan.). Anas parvirostris, Merr. in Ersch. u. Grub. Enc. sect. 1. Vol. XXXV. p. 43 (1841). Sarkidiornis stbilatvix, Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 605 (1845). Chaulelasmus chiloensts, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 101 (1854). Anas (Mareca) chiloensis, Burm. J. f. O. 1860, p. 267 (Mendoza). Maveca sibilatrix, Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 395; Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p- 41 (Chupat Valley, common), p. 192 (Baradero, April), 1878, p. 401 (Mouth of Sengelen river, abundant); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 436 (Elizabeth Isl.); Scl. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 514; id. & Salv. Voy. 452 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Chall. II. Birds, p. 107 (1881: Straits of Magellan); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 13 (Coquimbo); Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p- 54 (1882: Rio Sauce (Chico): Rios Negro & Colorado); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 274 (1884: Bahia Blanca); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 135 (1889); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 210 (1891); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 208 (Estancia Espartilla, common resident, breeds in Nov.); James, New List Chil. B. p. 9 (1892); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 236 (1895); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 194 (Rio Pilmaiguen: Rio Bueno, Feb.); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 674 (1898: Concepcion); Sharpe, Hand-list, B. I. p. 218 (1899); Carbajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 282 (1900); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. p. 25 (1900: Straits of Magellan: Falkland Islands). Anas (Mareca) sibilatrix, Reichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 20. GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size.— Male, P. U. O. C. 7835, Rio Coy, Patagonia, 24th January, 1898 (breeding bird), A. E. Colburn, collector. Total length, about 20 inches. Wing, 10.5. Culmen, 1.5. Tail, 4.0. Tarsus, 1.55. Color.—(Male cited above.) General color: dark above, light beneath, with chestnut sides, black neck, iridescent green-purple hood and white forehead. Fic. 230. Mareca sibilatvix, adult male, P. U. O. C. Mareca sibilatrix. Bill and forehead from 7833 (breeding). Pattern of color disposal on infront. 1% natural size. head and face. About % natural size. AVES — ANATID&. 453 Head: Forehead and region in front of and below the eye and the lower eyelid, white, many of the feathers, particularly near where they join the black region, narrowly tipped with dusky or black; the rest of the head black, which, back of and above the eye, is decorated with a band of changeable iridescent green, having strong metallic reflections ; this might be described as a hood, but that it is divided by a narrow area of dusky feathers on the crown. Neck: Black, except on the chin, where the white is shaded by dusky tips to each feather; where it joins the body, the black is banded narrowly with white. Back: Black or dusky, each feather broadly edged with white; lower back and rump black; upper tail-coverts white, forming a conspicuous patch, strongly contrasted against the lower back and tail. Tail: Dusky blackish brown; beneath, the rectrices are silvered with a strong grey color. Wings: Scapulars black, with sharply defined white borders or edges ; tertials long and narrowly pointed and bordered with defined white margins, the outer web velvety black, the inner smoky black or brown ; primaries blackish brown; wing-coverts pure white, except those just at the bend of the wing, which are dull grey; the tips of the greater wing- coverts velvety black for their terminal half inch ; these, with the velvety black secondaries, form a speculum of that color; under wing-coverts silver-grey, powdered with tiny fleckings of dusky brown. Lower parts: Upper breast and chest barred with white on a dusky ground ; lower breast and abdomen white ; sides and flanks, as well as the under tail-coverts and vent, strongly shaded with rusty red, immaculate on the extreme flanks, but more or less broken with white shading on each feather elsewhere. Bill: Bluish black (Colburn). Feet: Bluish black (Colburn). Iris : Hazel-brown (Colburn). The adult female is of about the same size as the male, but is not so highly colored, the rusty of the sides and flanks varying much in intensity and amount; this also applies to breeding male birds, many of which have the rusty color restricted, ill defined and dull. Fourteen birds taken on the breeding grounds in January, when they were just bringing out broods, form the basis for the above generalization. 454 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Ducklings in the down are brownish above, yellowish white below and barred slightly on the sides. The crown is deep seal-brown and the sides of the head and face, as well as the back of the neck, are decidedly cinna- mon, but of a pale shade ; two whitish areas show on either side of the Fic. 232. Fic. 233. ae t Foot and tarsus of Mareca stbilatrix. About Mareca sibilatrix. P.U.O.C. 7842. Young ¥ natural size. bird in down. Slightly reduced. rump and two more, one back of each downy wing, relieve the brown of the back. Geographical Range. —Southern South America ; Patagonia ; the Falk- land Islands. The fine series of this bird procured by the naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions, embracing a large number of breeding birds of both sexes, as well as three downy young ducklings, some material from the Museo de La Plata and the series of twenty birds in the British Museum, form the basis for the foregoing descriptions. The birds have a wide range even during the breeding season; and this period seems a long one. In northern Argentina and Paraguay, which latter is about the northern limit of the range of this duck, eggs have been collected in late November, while Mr. Hatcher and Mr. Col- burn found the same duck breeding in southern Patagonia in late Decem- ber and all through January. They breed in the Falkland Islands and Captain King obtained the birds, which he described as new, on the Island of Chiloe. The eggs vary from cream color to pale brown and Mr. Hudson has written of pure white eggs collected by him. It is of interest to note that the birds which have been semi-domesti- cated and have been bred for many years in the Zoological Gardens in AVES —ANATID&. 455 London, have so far changed their breeding habits as to lay in May, June and July instead of November, December and January, the natural breed- ing season in the southern hemisphere, when the birds are enjoying the beginning of the spring in the region. “First imported from Chili in 1870 (see P. Z. S. 1870, p. 667), and commenced breeding the following year. We have now supplied most of the Continental gardens with examples of this highly ornamental species. Dates of latching of Chiloe Widgeon. (In the Zoological Gardens, London.) Lo7%. june 7th. 1875. June 2nd. 1872. May 22nd. uly Toth: 1573. 19) 2 2Oth: 1876. June 7th. 1O740leee 25th: Loyox 6% 2ond: ‘= ejuly rd: BO7 Ome ae KS the (P. L. Sclater, P. Z. S. 1880, pp. 514-515.) 719, male, Elizabeth Island. “Eyes grey, bill black, feet black; stomach had sand, etc.” (Sclater & Salvin, on Birds Antarctic America, Voy. H. M. S. ‘Chall.’—No. ix. p. 436, 1878.) “Male. La Plata, Buenos Aires, Arg. Rep. Nov. 24, 1882. “Female. La Plata, Buenos Aires, Arg. Rep., Nov. 4, 1882. “Tris dark brown. “Common in flocks about lagoons.” (E. W. White, P. Z. S. 1883, p- 42.) ‘The displays of most ducks known to me take the form of mock fights on the water; one exception is the handsome and loquacious whistling widgeon of La Plata, which has a pretty aerial performance. A dozen or twenty birds rise up until they appear like small specks in the sky, and sometimes disappear altogether ; and at that great altitude they continue hovering in one spot, often for an hour or longer, alternately closing and separating ; the fine, bright, whistling notes and flourishes of the male curiously harmonizing with the grave, measured notes of the female; and every time they close they slap each other on the wings so smartly that the sound can be distinctly heard, like applauding hand-claps, even after 456 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. the birds have ceased to be visible.’ (Hudson, Natur. La Plata, 1892, p. 266.) Genus NETTIUM Kaup. Nettion, Kaup (= Nettium), Naturl. Syst. p. 95 (1829); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 238 (1835); Sharpe, Hand-list Bds. I. p. 218 (1899) . WM. crecca. Querquedula, Eyton (nec Steph.), Mon. Anat. p. 37 (1838). lV. crecca. Virago, Newt. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 651 : LV. castaneum. Type. Geographical Range.— Cosmopolitan. NETTIUM FLAVIROSTRE (Vieillot). Pato pico amarillo y negro, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 448 (1805: Buenos Aires). Anas flavirostris, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. V. p. 107 (1816); Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 616 (1845) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 28 (1847) ; Reichenb. Syn. Av. Natatores, pl. 90 fig. 2343 (1850); Burm. La Plata Reise, II. p. 516 (1861); Schl. Mus. Pays. Bas. VI. Anseres, p. 59 part (1866); Frenzel, J. f ©. 1891, p. 125° (Laguna de Pocho) in 7 der Sierra). Anas creccoides, King, Zool. Journ. IV. p. 99 (1828: Straits of Magellan). Sarcelle 4 bec jaune et noir, Less. Traité d’Orn. p. 634 (1831: Malouines). Querguedula creccoides, Eyton, Mon. Anat. p. 128 (1838); Darwin, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 135 (1841: Rio Plata: Straits of Magellan) ; Fraser, P. Z. 5: 1843, ps 418 (Chili); Gray, ‘List 3B. Brit) Mus ¥Part Wie: 138 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. III. p. 616 (1845) ; Cass. U. S. Astron. Ex- - ped. Birds, p. 203, pl. XXVI (1856: Chili); Gould; PZ. S.7 1650) p. 96 (Falkland Isl., egg) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 389 (Falkland Isl.) ; Abbott, Ibis; 16861, p. 160 (Palkland Isl.\;\Scl. PP. ZeS. 1867, psesn. Phil. Wandb./ Cat. Av: (Chil) p. 42 (1868); ScluP 2. S_reqinee 700 ; Milne-Edwards, Faune Rég. Austr. Ann. Sci. Nat. (6), XIII. Art. IX. p. 46 (1882). Anas azare, Merrem in Ersch. u. Grub. Enc. sect. I. Vol. XXXV, p. 26 (1845). Querquedula oxyptera, Harti. (nec. Meyen), Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 102 (1854: Montevideo) ; Pelz. Reise Novara, Vég. p. 138 (1865: Chili); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. AVES — ANATID&. 457 14 (Port Gallant and Cockle Cove) ; Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap. Horn, Oiseaux, p. 314 (1891). Anas (Dafila) flavirostris, Burm. J. f. O. 1860, p. 266 (Mendoza). Querquedula flavirostris, Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 335 (part) ; id. & Salv. t.c. Pp. 990, 991, 1868, p. 146 (Buenos Aires); Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 367 (Argent. Rep.) ; Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 129 (1873); Puds, PaZiS..to7A, +107 5) Sel.) dz Salv. PZ. Si1876;. ps 386; Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 41 (Chupat Valley, breeds), p. 191 (Buenos ALES) 1878, p. 400)(Mouth of Sengelen, resident); Scl..P. Z.S. 1879, p. 310 (eggs); 1880, p. 552: id. Voy. Chall. II. Birds, p. 150 (1881) ; Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 54 (1882: abun- dant on the Rios Negro & Colorado); White, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 42 (Gondova)) Belay. ©: 1887, p. 133; Cab: J. f OF 1888, 1p: 1908; Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 247 (1888: Pata- gonia : Falkland Isl.) ; Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 131 (1889) ; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 (Buenos Aires); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap. Horn, Oiseaux, p. 205 (1891) ; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 207 (Estancia Espartilla, common resident, breeds in Oct.) ; James, New List Chil. B. p. 9 (1892); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 200 (Uruguay); Carabajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 282 (1900). Nettion flavirostris, Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 83 no. 10665 (1871) ; Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XII. p. 138 (1889: Port Famine, Sandy Point). Anas (Querquedula) flavirostris, Reichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 21. Nettion flavirostre, Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 261 (1895) ; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 675 (1898: Rio de los Patos, Punta Arenas) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2), XX. p. 632 (1900: Punta Arenas, May: Penguin Rookery, Feb.); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 25 (1900: Patagonia: Falkland Islands). Nettium flavirostre, Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 219 (1899). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. —7812 P. U. O. C. Adult male. Montes Ranch, near Mount Tigre, Patagonia. 23rd August, 1896. J. B. Hatcher. Total length, about 16 inches. Wing, 8.2. Culmen, 1-3 Wail 4.7. 458 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. (arsus; a1: Colov.— Head: Dull vinaceous brown, each feather with a terminal margin and one or two narrow black bands ; this gives the whole head the appearance of being finely mottled or flecked with dusky ; the feathers of the crown and occiput are long and form a decided crest; the longest feathers are darker than the rest and soft, almost filamentous. Neck: The upper neck is like the head in color ; this ceases abruptly and definitely on the lower neck and the color of that part is brighter vinaceous, each feather having a black spot near the tip. Back: The mantle greyish brown, with a black spot near the tip of each feather, which is defined by a strong margin of rufescent brown. Lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts uniform greyish brown, with a strong olive tint. Tail: Greyish brown, with olive cast. Wings: The anterior scapulars like the mantle in color and marking ; the longer scapulars and tertials dull brownish, edged with bright rufes- cent brown or cinnamon ; upper wing-coverts olive-brown, with a greyish cast; the tips of the greater row of coverts are bright cinnamon and form a defined border, a third of an inch wide, to the velvety black speculum, the outer webs of a few of the inner feathers of which are glossed with metallic greenish reflections; the feathers of the speculum are tipped with rufescent white, which forms a posterior border nearly half an inch wide; primaries dull olive-brown ; the under wing-coverts greyish brown, except the central ones, which are white, asare the axillaries. Lower parts: The breast and abdomen whitish; the breast more or less tinged with rufescent or reddish brown; each feather is barred with at least two blackish bands; that near the tip being like a spot of irregular shape and the other bars hidden and hardly noticeable; this becomes obsolete barring on the belly; the vent and under tail-coverts are dull olive-grey and some of the feathers of the coverts are strongly shaded with cinnamon ; sides and flanks dull olive-grey. Bill: Yellow, with the culmen shaded into black; the nail definite black. Feet: Blue lead-color. Iris: Hazel or carmine. The adult female is like the male, but is somewhat smaller and duller in color. Young birds of the yearare like the female, but all the colors are duller AVES — ANATIDA. 459 and the markings on the head and breast are not well defined in most individuals. Geographical Range.—Southern Brazil, and southern Bolivia on the north. Argentina, Chili, Patagonia, Straits of Magellan and the Falkland Islands. This little duck appears to be common and resident throughout Argen- tina; Mr. Hatcher secured it near Mount Tigre in August and not far away on Rio Coy in January. At both places it seems to have been abundant, though it was in flocks at each season and was evidently not breeding from the plumage of the birds sent home with the collection. From all that we know, the breeding season begins late in August and continues through September and into October, in Argentina. The nests of the birds are generally in holes in the clay banks of some stream and are described by Mr. White in an appended extract from the Proceedings of the Zoological Society. Mr. Barrows found it in his expeditions in northern Argentina as “the commoner teal of the pampas”’ in December. Dr. Sclater says that this duck is in the Zoological Gardens, ‘‘ Obtained from Chili in 1871, and again in 1874, but has not bred with us.” (P. ee Selater, BZ. 5. 1880; p. 522.) “Male. Cosquin, Cordova, Arg. Rep., June 29, 1882. “Female. Cosquin, Cordova, Arg. Rep., June 23, 1882. “Tris brown. “This Duck flies in flocks of about twenty in winter, nesting during August and September in holes on the clay banks of the river. The nest is formed of a large quantity of down, in which I found six eggs of a dull white colour. Dimensions: axis 54 millim., diam. 4o millim.” (E. W. Witte, Ps Z. 5.1883, p. 42.) “Male: Port Gallant, west coast of Patagonia, February 1880. Iris dark brown; bill yellow on sides, black culmen; legs and feet light grey. “Female: Cockle Cove, October 1879. Bill yellow, with black culmen ; eyes yellow; legs and feet grey.” (Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 14.) Genus DAFILA Steph. Type. Dajila, Leach, in Brit. Mus.; Steph. Gen. Zool. XII. 2, p. 126 (1884) ; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 270 (1895) ; Sharpe, Hand-list Bds. i. p. 219 (1889). . D. acuta. 460 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Trachelonetta, Kaup, Naturl. Syst. p. 115 (1829) . ‘ . DD. acuia. Phastanurus, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1225 . ; . D. acuta. Daphila (!), Sw., fide Coues, Birds N.-West, p. 562 (1874); Gieb. Thes. Orn. II. p. 14 (1875). Geographical Range.— Found throughout the world, except in Aus- tralia and New Zealand; and a possible species (Dajfila modesta Tristram) has been discovered in Polynesia on Sidney Island, Phoenix Group, Cen- tral Pacific Ocean. DAFILA SPINICAUDA (Vieillot). Pata cola aguda, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 421 (1805 : Buenos Aires). Anas spinicauda, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. V. p. 135 (1816); Burm. La Plata Reise, II. p. 515 (1861 : Parana); Schl. Mus. Pays Bas, VI. Anseres, p. 38 (8866). Anas oxyura, Licht. in Mus. Berol.; Meyen. Nova Acta XVI, Suppl. I. p. 122 (1834: Chili); Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 616 (1845) ; Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 449 (1847); Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 101 (1854) ; Cass. U. S. Astron. Exped. Birds, p. 202 (1856) ; Burm. La Plata Reise, II. p. 515 (1861: Mendoza); Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 41 (1868); Phil. Ornis, TV. p. 160 (1886: Anto- fagasta); Waugh & Lataste, Actes Soc. Scient. Chil. IV. p. Ixxxix (1894: Pefiaflores). Evismatura spinicauda Gray, Gen. B. Il. p. 627 (1844); Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 27 (1847); Gray, Gen. B. III. App. p. 28 (1849). Dafila oxyura, Reichenb. Syn. Av. Natatores, pl. 88 figs. 920-928 (1845) ; sel) P. ZS. 1867, -p; 335 (Chili) ;) Gray, Hand) 8. ll psi ane 10635 (1871). Dajfila spinicanda, Bonap. C. R. XLIII. p. 650 (1856) ; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 146 (Arg. Rep.), 1869, p. 157 (Timta, Peru) > aid? tnis, 1870, p. 501; Sci. P.\Z."S; 1870, pp. 665; /666, pl: XV aGraye Hand? BP IL ps2 no, 10634 (1871); Burm: PZ Sii672epacor (Arg. Rep:); Garrod, “P. Z. S. 1873, pp. 467,639; Sclegai salve Nomencl. Av» Neotr: p. 130 (1873); tid) P: Z..S: 1876) pp-agecee. Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p: 163 (Buenos Aires, Oct.); 1877; pp) 41sre2 (Baradero, April, common), 1878, pp. 65, 401 (Valleys of the Sengel & Sengelen, common resident) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 515; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 14 (Valcahuano, Sept.); Salvo Cat sSs)stacisl: AVES — ANATID:. 461 Coll. p. 533 (1882); Milne-Edwards, Faun. Rég. Austr. An. Sci. Nat. (6), XIII, Art. IX. p. 45 (1882); Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, ZOOL Aves p. 54 (1632); White, P. Z. S. 1883, p.-42); Barrows, Uke lp 274) (loos EntrerioOs).> Scly PI Z:tS. 1886, 1p, 4o2.(Para- plea) Berle f.'O1697,5 p. 1335) Sclaié) Huds, Argent. Orn: IL, p- 134 (1889) ; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 (Buenos Aires) ; Scl. P. Ze S.1S91, Pp. 130 (Tarapaca) ; Finn. P. Z.S. 1891, p. 178; Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 209 (1891); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 146 (Fortin Donovan); Holland, t. c. p. 207 (Estancia Espartilla, common resident, breeds in Oct.) ; James, New List Chil. B. p. 9 (1892) ; Huds. Idle Days in Patagonia, p. 80 18(93) ; Alpin, Ibis, 1894, p. 201 (Uruguay) ; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII, p. 279 (1895); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 194 (Tarapaca up to 12,000 feet: Sacaya, breeds Oct.—Feb.) ; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 674 (1891: Ovalle, Oct.) ; Sharpe, Hand-list, B. I. p. (1899); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2), XX. p. 632 (1900: Punta Arenas, May) ; Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 25 (1900: Straits of Magellan: Falkland Islands). Daphila urophastanus, Scl. (nec Vig.) P. Z. S. 1860, p. 389 (Falkland Isl.) ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 160 (Falkland Isl.). Anas (Dafila) spinicauda, Burm. J. f. O. 1860, p. 266 (Mendoza) ; Milne- Edwards, Faun. Rég. Austr. Ann. Sci. Nat. (6), XIII. Art. IX. p. 45 (1882). Anas (Dajila) caudacuta, Burm. (nec Pall.) J. f. O. 1860, p. 247 (Parana). Dafila, sp. Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1868, p. 189 (Sandy Point). Dajila caudacuta, Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 41, no. 10633 (1871: Parana) Anas (Dafila) spinicauda, Reichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 20. Daphila oxyura, Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 247 (1888: Patagonia). Anas oxyurus, Lataste, Actes Soc. Scient. Chil. III. p. CXV (1893: Col- chagua, Jan.). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Adult male, 7832, P. U. O. C. Montes Ranch, near Mount Tigre, Patagonia, 24th August, 1896. Total length, about 20 inches. Wing, 9.1. 462 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Culmen, 1.9. Tail, longest feathers, 5.9. Marsus..1-6) Color.—(Male cited above.) Head: With a richrufous chestnut hood, extending from the bill back above the eyes to the occiput; each chestnut feather of this cap has a central line or marking of dusky brown; the rest of the head and sides of the face pale grey brown, each feather decorated like those of the cap with dark central markings, the whole having a finely striped or flecked appearance. Neck: The throat whitish, with faint fine striping; upper neck pale grey brown, like the sides of the face and striped in the same way with dusky ; the lower neck, both above and below, strongly rufescent, the feathers hav- ing broad dusky centers, giving a spotted appearance. Back: Mantle, rump and upper tail-coverts dusky brown, each feather margined with greyish brown, sometimes slightly rufescent. Tail: Greyish olive tinged with brown, each feather edged with rufous. The feathers are long and acuminate, the two central ones are longest and make a pointed tail. Wings: Scapulars dark dusky brown, strongly margined with reddish- brown; wing proper, grey brown; the greater coverts the same shade but tipped with buffish white for half an inch, thus forming the anterior boundary of the velvety black speculum, which is sometimes glossed with greenish; this speculum is formed by the secondaries having a tipping ot whitish buff three quarters of an inch wide; inner tertials lengthened and lanceolate and greyish brown in tone, with a broad velvety black central stripe; primaries greyish brown, darkest at the tips; under wing-coverts greyish brown; axillaries greyish brown, with whitish brown tips. Lower parts: Feathers dull dusky brown in the center; on the upper breast these are margined with rufescent brown and this becomes whitish on the lower breast and abdomen, and again greyish toward the vent; the feathers of the sides and flanks have decidedly rufescent edging and this becomes cinnamon on the lower tail-coverts. Bill: Greenish black; yellowish at the base and darkest on the culmen and at the tip (Hatcher). Feet: Greenish lead-color (Hatcher). Iris: Hazel-brown (Hatcher). AVES — ANATID. 463 The adult female is similar in color to the male, but duller; the chestnut cap is not so defined or intense in color, nor are the middle tail-feathers so strongly developed. Young birds of the year are like the females, but the young males are more strongly chestnut on the head and more rufescent generally. Geographical Range. —The whole of southern South America from southern Brazil and southern Peru; Patagonia, the Straits of Magellan and the Falkland Islands. In southern Patagonia Mr. Hatcher procured a fine series of this duck, all the birds being adults. They were taken at all the seasons when the collectors from Princeton were exploring this part of the country and from unworn individuals taken in August, the series begins again with birds captured in December, January and February, the last two months the early breeding season here, while very worn adults taken late in March (25th) show the birds after breeding, but before the moult. The birds have been captured with eggs in the Province of Tarapaca, Chili, in March and appear to be, at least so far as their mainland distribu- tion goes, resident species present throughout the year in suitable locations. The eggs are described as being ‘‘oval, and almost without gloss, and cream brown in color.’ The breeding season is, without doubt, a long one because of the wide distribution of the birds, extending from late December to early March, the records of breeding in the Zoological Gardens in London would seem to bear out this conclusion and are given below. There is a very considerable individual color variation among these birds, which does not seem to correlate with either sex, season or age. It is largely due to the amount of the rufescent brown and its intensity ; some birds are nearly lacking in this shade, while others have it strongly developed. Hence some birds present an almost white under surface, save on the breast, but in others the rufescent prevails so that no white shows on the lower parts. “The Chilian Pintail was introduced by Lord Derby, and a single ex- ample sold at the Knowsley sale in 1851 was purchased by the Society. It was not obtained again, I believe, until 1870, when eight examples were procured from Mr. Weisshaupt. These began to breed in 1872. It has thriven well ever since, and we have supplied many of our continen- tal friends with examples of it.” 464 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Dates of Hatching of Chilian Pintail. (In the Zoological Gardens, London.) 1872. June vith: 1876. March roth. i a2 2. «July 24th. 1873. April 28th. 1877. May Ist. «May goth. “7 June: 15th is io Feo Ste . tt" 21S: J june srGth: i F 26ih. 1874. April 22d. 1878. May roth. ‘© May gth. ; 23d. gs ACh 1879. June 23d. 1875. April 26th. uc") Augusteyth: f May .rth. (P. L. Selater, P. Z. S. 1880, pp. 215-216.) ‘Male. La Plata, Buenos Aires, Arg. Rep., Nov. 9, 1882. “Tris dark brown. “A common Duck, which frequents the lagoons about here in flocks.” (ES W. White (P27. S. 1682).p242)) “Male: Talcahuano, September 1879. Bill yellow, with black culmen ; eyes brown; legs and feet grey and black.” (Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 14.) Genus PHECILONETTA Eyton. Type. Pecilonitta, Eyton (= Pecilonetta), Mon. Anat. p. 31 (1838); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. xxvii. p. 281 (1895); Sharpe, Hand-list Bds. i. p. 220 (1899) . P. dahamensis. Pecilonitta, G. R. Gr. List Gen. B. p. 74 (1840). Pecilonetta, Agassiz, Nomencl. Zool. Aves, p. 61 (1842-46). Geographical Range.—The West Indies and Bahamas; South America ; Africa, south of the Desert of Sahara. Pa:CILONETTA BAHAMENSIS (Linnzus). Ilathera Duck, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol. I. p. 93 pl. 93 (1754). Anas bahamensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I. p. 11 (1758); Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. roi (Chili);) Varrell (Pi Z7S.11847,, p54) (Chili, ere): Anas tlathera, Bonn. Enc. Méth. i. p. 151 (1791). AVES — ANATID. 465 Pato pico aplomado y roxo, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 436 (1805: Buenos Aires). Anas rubrivostris, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. V. p. 108 (1816: ex Azara). Mareca bahamensis, Stephens in Shaw’s Gen. Zool. XII. p. 137 (1824). Anas urophastanus, Vigors. Zool. Journ. IV. p. 357 (1829); Milne- Edwards, Faun. Rég. Austr. Ann. Sci. Nat. (6), XIII. Art. IX. p. 46 (1882). Phastanurus vigorst, Wag). Isis, 1832, p. 1235. Dajila urophasianus, Eyton, Mon. Anat. p. 112, pl. 20 (1838); Bridges, ; PZ. >» 1841, p. ‘95 (Chulmn Andes); Fraser, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 157 (Chili) ; Instr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 50 (1889: Chili). Pecilonitta bahamensts, Eyton, Mon. Anat. p. 116 (1838). Anas fimbriata, Merrem, Ersch u. Grub. Enc. sect. i, vol. xxxv, p. 35 (1841: ex Azara). Dafila bahamensts, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 135 (1844); id. Gen. B. III. p. 615 (1845); Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 27 (1847); Des Murs in Gray’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 448 (1847); Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia); Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 102 (1854); Cass. U. S. Astron. Exped. II. Birds, p. 203 (1856: Chile) ; ide Wis exp) si xped:) Birds} ps’ 341 (1658); ‘Pelz: Reise Novara, Mocepaies.(1a05.- Clile);. Sell PeZ. 5213867, p..335 (Chile); Phil oa candb€at. Av. Chil p. 41 (1868); Sci: & Salv. P) Z.S. 1868; p. 146 (Conchitas); Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 367 (Argent. Rep.); Ley- bold, Excurs. Pamp. Argent. p. 20 (1873); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. ive NEO. Pi130.( 1873); ld. PZ) S: 1876, p.392° (part); Durnt. Ibis, 1876, p. 163 (Buenos Aires), 1877, p. 192 (Buenos Aires, not common); Scl. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 516; Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 54 (1882: Carhué); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 274 (1884: Eampas)eiberin). &£ O1 1687, p. 133; Scl. é¢ Huds: Argent. Orn: 1. p. 135 (1889); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 (Buenos Aires); Oust. Misss ocr. Cap Hor, Oiseaux, p. 314 (1891: Frenzel, J. f, O. 1601, p- 125 (Cordoba); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 207 (Estancia Espartilla, common resident, not observed breeding) ; James, New List Chil. B. Pp. 9 (1892). Pecilonetta bahamensts, Reichenb. Syn. Av. Natatores, pl. 83, fig. 922 (1845); Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 389 (Falkland Isl.) ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 160 (Falkland Isl.); Scl. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 629; Gray, Handl. B. 466 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. IIL. p. 8%, no. 10/636 (1871); "Salvad. Gat. Bi Brit-Miuss xy 1p: 282 (1895); Sharpe, Handlist B. I. p. 220 (1899); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 25 (1900: Falkland Islands). Anas (Dafila) bahamensts, Burm. J. f. O. 1860, p. 266: id. La Plata Reise, II, p. 515 (1861: Uruguay). Daphila urophastanus. Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p- 247 (1888: Bahia Blanca). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.— Adult male, 8677, P. U. 0: C. La Plata, May, 1897. Total length, 19.75 inches. Wing, 9.2. Culmen, 1.9. Tail (longest feathers), 5.1. Tarsus, 1.45. The female averages a little smaller than the male; there is too a notice- able individual variation in size which does not correlate with sex. Color.— (Male cited.) General color: Chestnut and cinnamon varying in shade, but spotted with dusky brown or black markings on each feather ; the tail cinnamon. Fic. 234. Fic. 235. Pecilonetta bahamensis, Male. P.U. O. C. The same: bill and head from above. 8669. Profile of head and neck. Reduced. Reduced. Head: Upper half of head, forehead, crown and occiput, to just below the eyes, chestnut, each feather marked with a round blackish spot; the rest of the head pure white. Neck: Above, the neck is concolor with the dark part of the head; below, it is white. AVES — ANATID&. 467 Back: Upper back reddish, of a decided cinnamon shade, each feather with a large blackish brown center spot; lower back and rump dull blackish brown, the feathers faintly bordered with narrow edges of cinna- mon; upper tail-coverts cinnamon, shading into dove-color or fawn ; some of the upper coverts with dusky centers. Tail: With central feathers elongated and acuminate and of a pale cin- namon shade, becoming dove-color at the tips of the longer rectrices. Wings: Dark indefinite slate, with a greenish tinge; scapulars black, with strong metallic green reflections, each feather bordered conspicuously on both webs with cinnamon-brown; primaries dull slaty black, with greenish tinges pervading most strongly at the tips on both the inner and outer webs; greater wing-coverts slaty, with a margin of cinnamon a third of an inch wide at the tips of the feathers, forming a cinnamon band on the anterior boundary of the speculum; the secondaries slaty, with an area of metallic green on each, then a narrow band of velvety black and finally a broad tip of cinnamon (three quarters of an inch), the whole forming the speculum and its posterior boundary ; the under wing-coverts are slaty, the series gray and the inner ones and axillaries whitish. Lower parts: Entire lower parts, including sides and flanks, cinnamon of a pale but decided tone, each feather with a central dusky or black spot, which on the flanks becomes arrow shaped; the under tail-coverts dull cinnamon, with some obsolete central streaks of dusky. Bill: Bluish lead-color; there are two well defined areas of bright orange yellow at the base of the upper mandible, one on either side. ‘“ Basal half of bill, on sides, pale-colored (rose-red in life) ’’ (Ridgway). Feet : Umber-brown, shaded and tinged with yellow. Iris: Hazel-brown. The females, while averaging somewhat smaller than the males, are scarcely to be distinguished from them by color. Young in the down are said to be like those of Dafila acuta. Young birds of the year can hardly be distinguished from the adults. Geographical Range-—The Bahama Islands; the Greater Antilles ; all South America, except Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador ; Patagonia, the Magellan Straits and Falkland Islands. Though of regular occurrence in the Patagonian region, this can hardly be regarded as a common bird ; Hudson speaks of it as rare in the 468 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Argentine Republic and even more so in Brazil, while it does not appear in Durnford’s List. Mr. Hatcher and his assistants did not pro- cure representatives of the species. The five birds in the University col- lections are all from the Province of Buenos Aires in Argentina; four were taken at La Plata in May and the fifth at Chascomus in November, the bird is therefore apparently resident in this region. There are eggs of this duck in the collections of the British Museum, taken in Argentina, in November and also others undated taken in Chili. The birds have bred in the Zoological Gardens in London, where they have been represented for many seasons. Genus QUERQUEDULA Steph. Type. Querquedula, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 142 (1824); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. xxvil. p. 290 (1895) ; Sharpe, Hand-list Bds. i. p. 220 (1899) , ; (O.circera. Cyanopterus, Eyton, Mon. Anat. p. 38 (1838) (nec Halid. 1835) . : Q. cyanoptera. Pterocyanea, Bp. Icon. Faun. Ital., Ucc. Introd. p.17(1841). Q. czrcza. Punanetta, Bp. Compt. Rend. xliii. p. 649, Gen. 28 (1856). Q. puna. Adelonetta, Heine, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 346 (1890) ( = Punanetia; Bp.). Geographical Range.—The Northern Hemisphere and the Neotropical Region. QUERQUEDULA VERSICOLOR (Vieillot). Pato pico tres colores, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 540 (1805: Paraguay). Anas versicolor, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. V. p. 109 (1816) ex Azara ; Schl. Mus. Pays Bas VI. Anseres, p. 57 (1866); Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1870, p. 499 (Sandy Point). Anas maculirostris, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 84 (1823 : Montevideo). Anas fretensts, King, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 15 (Straits of Magellan). Cyanopterus fretensis, Eyton, Mon. Anat. p. 131 (1838); Jard. & Selb. Hlustr. ‘Orn. TV. pl.29 (1838): Praser, Ps Z.7S: S44, ype S79 Anas muralis, Merrem, Ersch. u. Grub. Encl. sect. i. vol. xxxv, p. 42 (1841). Cyanopterus maculirostris, Hartl. Verz. ges. Mus. p. 119 (1844). AVES — ANATID&. 469 Querquedula maculirostris, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 138 (1844) ; Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 452 (1847); Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia) ; Licht. Nomencl. Mus. Berol. p. 102 (1854) ; Phils & Wandb., Cat. Av? Chile p; 42 (1868); Burm: P: Z.. 5.1872, p. 367 (Argent. Rep.); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 247 (1888: Patagonia: Straits of Magellan: Falkland Isl.), Part XI. p. 320 (1890: Rio Chico: Chupat Valley); Carabajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 282 (1900). Pterocyanea maculirostris, Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 617 (1845); Reichenb. Syn. Av. Natatores, pl. 89, fig. 181 (1845); Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 28 (1847); Bibra, Denkschr. Akad. Wien, II. p. 132 (1853: Chit) ; Pelz. Reise Novara, V6g. p. 139 (1865: Chili). Pterocyanea versicolor, Bonap. C. R. XLIII. p. 650 (1856). Querquedula versicolor, Cass. U. S. Astron. Exped. II. Birds, p. 230 (1856: Chili); Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 389 (Falkland Isl.) ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 161 (Falkland Isl.); Scl..P. Z. S. 1867, p: 335 (Chili) ; id. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 146 (Buenos Aires); Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 82, no. 10,659 (1871); Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 129 (1873); Salv. Trans. Zool. Soc. IV. p. 499 (1876); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 388; Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 41 (Chupat Valley, rare), 191 (Baradero, April, common, breeds), 1878, p. 401 (Mouth of Sengelen, breeds) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 522; Milne-Edwards, Faun. Rég. Austr. Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) XIII. Art. IX. p. 46 (1882); Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 52 (1882); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 274 (1884: Entrerios); Berl. J. f. O. 1887, p. 124; Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 131 (1889); Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XII. p. 138 (1889: Gregory Bay); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 (Buenos Aires); Oust. Miss. Scient. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 207 (1891); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 146 (Fortin Donovin); Holland, t. c. p. 207 (Estancia Espartilla, common resident, breeds in Sept.) ; James, New List, Chil. B. p. 9 (1892); Alpin, Ibis, 1894, p. 200 (Uruguay) ; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 291 (1895); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 193 (Rio Bueno); Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 220 (1899) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 632 (1900: Punta Delgada, July); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 25 (1900: Patagonia: Falkland Islands). Anas (Pterocyanea) maculivostris, Burm. J. f. O. 1860, p. 266 (Mendoza) ; id. La Plata Reise, II. p. 516 (1861). 470 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Pterocyanea fratensis, Eyton, Syn. Anat. p. 65 (1869). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. —Adult male, 7976, P. U. O. C. Arroyo Eke, Patagonia, 9th April, 1898, A. E. Colburn. Total length, 16.4 inches. Wing, 7.5. Culmen;, 1:7. dial 23; Parsus, 1-2. Color.— (Male cited.) General color: Brown in varying shades, becom- ing black and white in sharply contrasted barring of black and white on the posterior half both above and below. Fic. 236. Fic. 237. L ’ aK i Querquedula versicolor. Male. The same: bill from above. P. U. O.C. 7976. Profile of head. Reduced. Reduced. Head: With a seal-brown cap or hood extending from the forehead to well down on the nape and reaching below the eyes; sides of the face and head buffy dirty white ; the two color areas of the head are in abrupt contrast and do not blend. Neck: Buffy isabeline white, sometimes immaculate on the chin and upper throat, but generally each feather is bordered with a very narrow band of seal-brown, giving a barred or flecked, or in places a vermiculated appearance; these markings are best defined on the lower neck both above and below. Back: Mantle dappled; the feathers are black or dusky seal-brown, each being tipped with buffy and crossed with /wo distinct bars of the same color. Lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts barred black and white ; the white bars are well defined but very narrow on the lower back, the black bars or areas being five or six times as wide; on the rump AVES — ANATIDA. 471 the relative width of the bars is more nearly equal and on the upper tail- feathers the barring is apparently divided evenly; the upper tail-coverts reach almost to the ends of the rectrices, hiding the tail. Tail : Seal-brown, flecked, partially barred or more often vermiculated with white markings ; below, all the rectrices present a vermiculated appear- ance, the proportions of black and white being nearly alike. Wings: The scapulars are dappled and like the mantle in color; each feather is dull seal-brown or black, tipped with strong buffy and crossed by two or three bars of the same color. Primaries dark seal-brown; sec- ondaries with a glossy metallic green speculum, having a subapical black band and a terminal white margin posteriorly ; the upper wing coverts are slaty, forming a distinct shoulder-patch of that color when the wing is closed ; the greater row of the upper wing-coverts with broad white tips, forming the anterior margin of the speculum; these feathers show some greenish iridescence above the white band; longer tertials seal-brown, with central stripings of buffy white on each feather ; under wing-coverts slaty, the central ones and the axillaries being white. Lower parts: The breast strong buff; each feather with a terminal spot of seal-brown and with one or more bars of the same shade; the forward part of the sides is similar in color, but has more the effect of being strongly barred; the abdomen and vent are finely black and white barred, as are the lower tail-coverts, which extend to the end and hide the rectrices below ; the flanks are broadly and evenly barred with clear white and black. Bill: Blackish blue with an orange spot at the base of the upper mandible on either side. ( Querquedula versicolor, Male. P.U.0O.C. 7976. Foot and webs from in front. Reduced. Feet: ‘Legs and feet green, black webs” (Durnford). Iris: ‘‘ White” (Durnford). Adult female: In a very considerable series the females seem to average a little duller in color than the males, while the speculum is less brilliant. 472 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Young birds of the year lack the green speculum, it being replaced by grey, and there is no subapical black band; they are duller than the adult females and the barring and mottling are not so definite. No young birds in the down are in the collections. Geographical Range.— Southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Chili, Patagonia, Magellan Straits and the Falkland Islands. In April, 1898, this duck was not uncommon and a small series was secured, both adults and young of the year of both sexes. These birds were taken at Arroyo Eke and on the Rio Chico, both points not far distant from the eastern coast. The birds were in flocks and showed no signs of breeding at this season. Holland found it breeding in Sep- tember at Estancia Espartilla, where the bird is resident and common. In the vicinity of Buenos Aires the birds are also resident and the Prince- ton University Collections have specimens from that region taken in No- vember. The adults are then in very fine plumage and look as if they had moulted very recently. While the birds appear to be resident in the Province of Buenos Aires, Mr. Alpin found them migratory in Uruguay and his account is subjoined. Mr. Barrows found them to be resident at Concepcion del Uruguay, where he thinks but few remain to breed, though it was the commonest and tamest of the ducks found there. He also saw these birds commonly on the Pampas wherever there was water. ‘Did not put in an appearance until April, and I saw it on a few sub- sequent occasions; once they were with Shovelers, at another time a bunch of five were by themselves, and at another (a sunny autumn after- noon) we stopped our horses to admire a lovely laguna in which the trees, with which the opposite bank was heavily wooded, were clearly reflected, the smooth water being broken only by patches of broad-leaved water-plants and the rippling track of a very tame Grey Teal, while a Cocoi Heron, which had been perched on a dead branch, flapped slowly down the river. Such scenes. do not readily fade from the memory.” (O. V. Alpin, Birds of Uruguay, Ibis, p. 200, 1894.) QUERQUEDULA CYANOPTERA (Vieillot). Pato alas azulas, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 437 (1805). Anas cyanoptera, Vieill. N. Dict. D’Hist. Nat. V: p. 104 (1816) ; Burm. ba Plata “Reise, IE Varrell, 2: Z.S: 1849) p. 54 (egg); Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chil. Zool. I. p. 452 (1847); Hartl. Naum. 1853, pp. 217, 222 (Valdivia); Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 95 (Falkland Isl.); Leybold, Excurs. Pamp. Arjent. pp. 20, 62 (1873); Phil. Ornis, IV. p. 160 (1888: Antofagasto). Anas ceruleata, ‘Licht. in Mus. Berol.” Bibra, Denkschr. Akad. Wien, V. p- 131 (1853 : Chili). Pterocyanea ceruleata, Gray, Gen. B. III. p. 617 (1845); Reichenb. Syn. Av. Natatores, pl. 89, fig. 178 (1845); pl. 90, fig. 2337 (1850); Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 27 (1847); Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 102 (1854: Chili); Pelz. Reise Novara, Vég. p. 139 (1865: Chili); Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 42 (1868). Pterocyanea vafiesi, Baird in Stansbury’s Rep. p. 322 (1852); Eyton, Syn. Anat. p. 88 (1869). Querquedula cyanoptera, Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 164; Cass. U. S. Astron. Exped. II. Birds, p. 202 (1856); Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 389 (Falkland ISD) eNO DOtt DIS ToOl sp: TOns ocl. oP. 9Z..S. 1867, ps 335) (Chili); idcc Sally, bis; 1668; p. 169: (Sandy Point); id. P. Z. S. 1869, p: 160 (Buenos Aires); Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 83, no. 10657 (1871) ; Cunningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 215 (1871); Scl. & Salv. iNomencl Av., Neotr.p.-129) (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 163 (Buenos Aires, May—Sept.), 1877, p. 41 (Chupat Valley, Nov.), p. 191 (Baradero, April, common) 1878, p. 401 (Mouth of Sengel, resident Diltemae|i poche 2. S. 1680; p. 522, Sharpe, P) 24S. 188r, px14 (Talcahmano); Milne-Edwards, Faun. Reg. Austr. Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) Pa Arts ix, p: 46 (1882); White, P. Z.S.1882, p. 625 (Fuerte de Andalgala); Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 53 (1882; Rio Colorado); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 273 (1884 ; Pampas); Scl. PEeeomrccoep, 201 ( Larapaca); Berl. J. f. O. 1887, p: 133; Sel: &, Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 130 (1889); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425 (Buenos ures); Sci. PZ. S. 1691, p: 136 (Tarapaca) ; Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 203 (1891); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 146 (Fortin Donovin, Pilcomayo); Holland, t. c. p. 206 (Estancia 474 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Espartilla, common, Feb. to Oct.); James, New List, Chil. B. p. 9 (1892); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 200 (Uruguay); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 303 (1895); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 193 (Sacaya, breed- ing; Sitani); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 676 (1898: Ovalle, Oct.: La Serena); Sharpe, Hand-list, B. I. p. 221 (1899); Carabajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 281 (1900); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX. p. 632 (1900: Punta Arenas, May); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. V6g. p. 25 (1900; Patagonia: Falkland Islands). Anas (Pterocyanea) ceruleata, Burm. J. f. O. 1860, p. 266 (Mendoza : Parana). Pterocyanea cyanoptera, Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 368 (Argent. Rep.) ; id. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. Part X. p. 247 (1888: Patagonia). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size. — Adult male, P. U. O. C. 8668; La Plata, Argentina, July, 1898, S:; Poza, Collector: Total length, about 18.25 inches. Wing, 7.95. Culmen, 2.1. Vail}3:6. dharsus aid: The female is a little smaller than the male and wholly unlike in color. Fic. 239. Querquedula cyanoptera, Male. P. U. O. Querguedula cyanoptera. Male. P. U. O. C. 8668. Profile of head and neck. Re- C. 8668. Crown of head and bill from above. duced. Reduced. Color.—(Male cited.) General color: Bright cinnamon-chestnut, varied with dusky on the mantle, and with the entire shoulder pastel-blue ; the outer web of two or more of the outer scapulars similar in tone. AVES— ANATID&. 475 Head: A cap reaching from the base of the culmen, back between the eyes, but above them, to the occiput, dusky seal-brown ; the rest of the head bright, immaculate cinnamon-chestnut. Neck: Concolor with the cinnamon-chestnut of the head; this is im- maculate, but some individuals have a decided shading of seal-brown on the chin. Back: Mantle, lower back, rump and upper tail-coverts dusky seal- brown, with pale narrow margins of buffy cinnamon to each feather. Tail: Dusky seal-brown, with narrow margins of dull buff to each feather. Seen from beneath, the rectrices are much lighter in tone and the margins better defined and clearer. Wings: Scapulars dull seal-brown, barred with three or more bands of chestnut, the same tone as that of the head and neck; the longer scapu- lars are pointed, narrow and dusky seal-brown in color, with median stripes of buffy; two or more of the outer long scapulars have their outer webs pastel-blue like the wing-coverts ; these feathers may or may not have median buffy stripes and defined inner webs of dusky seal-brown ; pri- maries dusky seal-brown, lighter toward the tips; secondaries with metallic green areas near their ends and more than an inch and three quarters exposed, forming a wing-speculum ; there is a very narrow line or border of white defining this posteriorly and the greater row of wing- coverts, brownish with broad pure white tips, form the anterior margin of the speculum ; longer tertials deep seal-brown, with buffy median stripes ; wing-coverts, except the greater series, pastel-blue, forming a blue shoul- der when the wing is closed ; outer under wing-coverts dull brown, with more or less bluish, shading and with whitish tips ; the inner under wing- coverts and axillaries white. Lower parts: Rich cinnamon-chestnut, generally immaculate through- out; sometimes the belly is shaded with obscure blackish and the longer feathers of the flanks are dotted and marked with dusky seal-brown in some individuals; the lower tail-coverts are deep chestnut, shading fre- quently into seal-brown. Bill: Black, shaded with invisible dark green in adults; dark, with lighter greyish areas in birds of the year. Iris: Yellow; or dark hazel, varying with age and season. Feet: Yellow or orange; or light brown in birds of the year. Adult female: Head, neck and lower parts dull buffy or brownish white, 476 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. generally washed with dull cinnamon; the head and neck flecked with narrow dusky markings, except on the chin and upper throat; there is a decided shading on the pileum, and an indistinct dusky stripe through the eye, formed by a concentration of the dusky streaking; the rest of the lower parts more or less spotted with dusky markings, the belly often being immaculate ; most birds show a decided tinge of chestnut below; the upper parts are dusky brown varied with dull buff; the wings are similar to those of the male, but are duller and the speculum is obscured and the white boundaries not so broad and clear; the longer scapulars lack the median stripings (adult female, 8933, P. U. O. C., Province Buenos Aires, Octo- ber, 1807)): Young birds of the year resemble the female, but the lower parts are not so definitely or heavily marked and present rather a streaked or narrow barred appearance. Geographical Range.—Western North America from the Columbia River and southern Canada southward; Oregon, California, Utah, Colo- rado, Nevada, Arizona, etc.; northwestern South America and the whole of southern South America; Peru, Chili, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Patagonia, Straits of Magellan and the Falkland Islands. This teal was not secured by Mr. Hatcher or his assistants in Pata- gonia; the several birds which have formed a basis for the foregoing description were southern examples from the Province of Buenos Aires in Argentina, as well as the series of these ducks in the British Museum. There are eggs in the collection of the British Museum of the Cinnamon Teal, taken at Salt Lake, Utah, on the twenty-first of May; there are other sets taken at Sacaya, Tarapaca, North Chili, on January 23d; at a point in central Chili in October; and in the Argentine Republic in November. The birds appear to be resident in both North and South America; in California they are found throughout the year and also in the central regions of the Argentine Republic. That there is a large element of migratory birds passing through in each of the countries where there are always some present, cannot be doubted; and further, so far as the present data go, we are warranted in believing that the representatives of this duck in the regions south of the equator which are migratory, migrate to the south, in their annual pilgrimages; while the migratory representatives AVES — ANATID&. aya, of the species north of the equator, and they seem by far the larger ele- ment, make an annual journey to the north, returning again to winter quarters north of the equator, chiefly in Mexico and the southwestern regions of the United States. ‘A specimen of a most beautiful species of teal was this day shot by one of the officers of the ‘Spiteful,’ and very kindly presented to me by him. This was the Querguedula cyanoptera, and the only example of the species ever seen by us in the Strait. Captain King, who briefly described it under the name of 4uas Rafflesii, gives the ‘Strait of Magalhaens and western coast to Chiloe’ as localities where the species occurs, but does not state whether he often met with it, and it had never been previously observed by the governor of Sandy Point, to whom I exhibited it.” (Nat. Hist., Strait of Magellan, Cunningham, p. 215. Gregory Bay, Straits of Magellan, May Io.) “Male: Talcahuano, September 10, 1879. Iris yellow; bill black; legs and feet yellow; males dark. ‘Male: Talcahuano, September, 1879. Eyes yellow; bill black; legs yellow. “Female: Talcahuano, September 22, 1879. Eyes brown; bill dark, * with gray patches; legs light brown.” (Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 14.) Genus SPATULA Boie. Type. Spatula, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 564; Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 306 (1895) ; Sharpe, Hand-list Bds. I. p. 221 (1899) . : : : ; ; . S. clypeata. Rhynchaspis, Leach, MS.; Steph. Gen. Zool. XII. 2, p. 114 (1824) : : : ; . S. clypeata. Spatulea, Flem. Brit. Anim. p. 123 (1828) . ; . S. clypeata. Clyfeata (subgen.), Less. Man. d’Orn. II. p. 416 (1828) . -S. clyfeata. Clypeata, ‘ Boie,”’ Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997 ; . S. clypeata. Anas, Sw. (nec Linn.) Faun. Bor.-Am. II. p. 439 (1831) . S. clypeata. Geographical Range. — Throughout the world. SPATULA PLATALEA (Vieillot). Pato espatula, Azara, Apunt. III. p. 427 (1805: Buenos Aires). Anas platalea, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. V. p. 157 (1816: ex Azara) ; 478 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Burm. La Plata Reise, II. p. 517 (1861: Parana: Buenos Aires) ; Schl. Mus. Pays Bas, VI. Anseres, p. 35 (1866). Spatula platalea, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 980; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 27 (1847); Scl. P. Z. S! 1867, p 335 (Chili)-2Sel) & Salve eZ. seicoeme: 145 (Conchitas) ; Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 85, no. 10678 (1871); Burm. P; Z. S.' 1872, p. 368 (Argent. Rep.)\; Sel. & Salw = Noentenclp Aw, Neotr. p. 130 (1873: Falkland Isl.); Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 163 (Buenos Aires), 1877, p. 41 (Chupat Valley, breeds), 1878, p. 401 (Sengel & Sengelen rivers, common resident) ; Scl. & Salv. P. Z. 5, 1878, p. 436 (Sandy Point) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 523 ; Scl. & Salv. Voy. Chall. II. Birds, p. 107 (1881 : Sandy Point) ; VVinite a7: 1882, p. 625 (Argentina); Barrows, Auk, I. p. 274 (1884: Carhue: Pampas); Berl. J: f. O. 1887, p: 124; Trist. Cat. Coll) Bp. 48 (seo); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 136 (1889); Holland, Ibis, 18go, p. 425 (Buenos Aires); Frenzel, J. f. O. 1891, p. 125 (Cordoba) ; Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 146 (Pilcomayo); Holland, t. c. p. 208 (Estancia Espartilla, common resident) ; James, New List Chil. B. p. 9 (1892); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 201 (Uruguay) ; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 316 (1895); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 197 (Rio Pilmai- guen: Rio Bueno, Dec. to March); Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 221 (1899); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 25 (1900: Pata- gonia: Falkland Islands). Rhynchaspis maculatus, Gould, Ms. Jard. & Selb. Hlustr. Orn. HI. pl. 147 (1835) ; Gould, Voy. Beagle, Birds, p. 135 (1841) ; Fraser, P. Z. S. 1043; p- tre (Chiliy)s) Yarrelly EZ. S.18477 p54 (Chilieso)i< Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chile, Zool. I. p. 454 (1847); Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia) ; Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 43 (1868) ; Lataste, Actes Soc. Scient. Chil. III. p. cxv (1893: Colchagua, Jan.); Waugh & Lataste, op. cit. IV. p. Ixxxix (1894: Pefiaflores). Rhynchaspis maculata, Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 120 (1844). Spatula rhynchotis (part); Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. Part III. p. 140 (1844); id. Gen. B. III. p. 618 (1845). Dafila cesioscapula, Reichenb. Syn. Av. Natatores, pl. 51 fig. 180 (1845). Dajila cestoscapulata, Bibra. Denkschr. Akad. Wien, V. p. 131 (1853: Chili). Rhynchaspis mexicana, Licht. (nec Gm.) Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 102 (1854: Montevideo). AVES— ANATID&. 479 Rhynchaspis platalea, Bp. C. R. XLII. p. 650 (1856). Spatula maculatus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 95. Spatula (Rhynchaspis) maculata, Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vég. p. 139 (1865: Chili). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Size.— Male adult 7810 P. U. O. C.,, Rio Coy, Patagonia, roth Jan- uary, 1898. Zool p- 456 (1847); Hartl. Naum. 1853, pp. 217, 222 (Valdivia) ; Cass. U. S. Astron) Exped: Il: Birds, (p. 204, pli 27 (v656)-s Eile Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 43 (1868). AVES — ANATID4. 483 Fuligula albipennts, Reichenb. Syn. Av. Natatores, pl. CCLXXXV fig. 2350 (1850); Bibra, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, V. p. 132 (1853: Chili) Pelz. Reise Novara, Vég. p. 139 (1865: Chili). Metopiana peposaca, Bonap. C. R. XLII. p. 649 (1856); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 146 (Conchilas) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 666, pl. XXXVII; Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 87, no. 10695 (1871); Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 368 (Patagonia: Buenos Aires: Parana); Garrod, P. Z. S. 1873, pp. 467, 639; Scl. & Salv. Nomencl, Av. Neotr. p. 130 (1873); Salv. Ibis, 1074 PaotQ), Gatrod, PB. Z: S: 1875, pp. 154, 156: Scl. & Salv. P: Z. S. 1876, p. 398; Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 163, 1877, p. 192 (Buenos Aires, common in winter), 1878, p. 65; Scl. P. Z. S. 1880, Pp. 524; VWinites P0255: 1682) p.625; Barrows, Auk, V. p- 274 (1884); Berl. J. f. O. 1887, p. 124; Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 137 (1889) ; Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1890, p. 358; Holland, t. c. Pp. 4255 Erenzely lat O. 1891, p. 125 (Cordoba); Holland, Ibis, 1892, pp. 206, 208, 210 (Estancia Espartilla, common resident, breeds Sept. to Nov.); James, New List Chil. B. p. 10 (1892); Aplin. Ibis, 1894, p. 201 (Uruguay) ; Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 332 (1895); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 674 (1898: Concepcion) ; Sharpe, Hand-List B. I. p. 222 (1899) ; Carbajal, La Patagonia, Part II. p. 282 (1900). fuligula peposaca, Schl. Mus. Pays Bas. VI. Anseres, p. 31 (1866); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 335, 340. Metopias peposaca, Heine & Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 347 (1890). . ’ GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.— Adult male, 8698 P. U. O. C., Ensenada, Argentina, March, 1895. Total length about 23 inches. Wing, Io. Culmen, 2.6. Matlky3:2- Rarsus, 1.7. The female averages about the same size as the male, but is different in color, though the pattern of coloration is the same. Color.—(Male cited.) General color. Above velvety black. Below gray. Head: Immaculate velvety black, with a purple brown gloss. Neck: Black like the head, except a small triangular spot of white on the chn just at the beginning of the feathered area. . 484 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Back: Mantle and lower back dull seal-brown, almost black, finely powdered and vermiculated with buffy white; the rump and upper tail- coverts immaculate, dull, very dark seal-brown, almost black. FIG. 245. Metopiana peposaca, Male. P.U.O.C. 8698. AMetopiana peposaca. Male. P. U.O.C. 8698, Profile of head and neck. Reduced. Bill and head from above. Reduced. Tail: Dark seal-brown, the outer webs of the outer rectrices vermicu- lated with grayish ; from below, the rectrices have a silvery gray appearance. Wings: Scapulars dull seal-brown like the mantle and powdered in the same way with minute dotting and vermiculation of buffy white; primaries white, with dark seal-brown tips, and the four or five outer ones have the outer webs dark seal-brown ; secondaries white, with broad tips of dull seal- brown, forming a border to the white speculum posteriorly; some of the inner secondaries have the margins of the outer webs narrowly bordered with seal-brown and the white of the outer webs powdered with dusky ; tertials dull glossy bottle-green ; upper wing-coverts dull seal-brown, pow- dered and vermiculated very finely with buffy white, the greater series broadly tipped with glossy dark bottle-green, forming a band of that color between the shoulder and the white speculum; the entire shoulder of the closed wing is white at the edge; under wing-coverts white, except some marginal ones, which are blackish; the axillaries are white, the longer ones vermiculated with slaty at their tips. Lower parts: Breast concolor with the neck, black; chest, sides, flanks and abdomen definitely vermiculated with dull gray and dusky brownish ; the whole is glossy and the markings are finer and less definite on the chest and belly, and better defined on the sides and flanks; the under tail-coverts, immaculate white, reach almost to the end of the rectrices, concealing them. AVES — ANATID. 485 Bill: With a conspicuous wattle at the base, most developed above. Rosy red in the breeding season, with the tip and nail black. At other seasons of the year the bill loses this brilliant shade, being wholly deep yellow, with the wattle at the base orange, or reddish orange of varying intensity ; the tip and nail black. The under mandible is orange-yellow, with a defined black tip. Fic. 246. Metopiana peposaca. Male. P. U. O. C. 8698. Foot and webs from in front. Reduced. Feet: Feet and legs deep yellow. Iris: Crimson or golden red in the breeding season; at other seasons brownish red, yellowish red, or clear yellow. Adult female: 8705 P. U. O. C. Ensenada, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, March, 1895. Pozzi Collection. General color snuff-brown in varying shades; below, the feathers are broadly tipped with white, obscuring the brown of their bases. Head: Crown and occiput deep seal-brown; sides of head and face pale snuff-brown, shading into the white of the chin and throat. Neck: Upper throat and chin isabelline white, almost pure in some individuals ; the rest of the neck concolor with the face and sides of the head and becoming decidedly brighter or more intense, a chestnut shade prevailing where it joins the back and breast. Back: With some shading of chestnut on the extreme upper part of the mantle, the mantle, upper back, rump, and upper tail-coverts are deep seal-brown, rather glossy, but varying little in tone. Tail: Deep seal-brown like the back; seen from below, the rectrices are pale whitish brown. Wings: Scapulars deep seal-brown, some of the longer ones with a dull greenish gloss; primaries white, shaded over with pale seal-brown, and tipped with darker seal like the back ; the outer webs of the four or 486 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. more outer primaries seal-brown like the back ; secondaries white, over- cast with a shading of seal-brown, and with narrow tips of darker seal- brown like the back, the whitish area forming a speculum, defined pos- teriorly by the dark tips ; the tertials are glossy obscure green ; the upper wing-coverts are deep seal-brown concolor with the back, there is a well defined whitish margin to the shoulder and the greater series of the upper wing-coverts are glossy obscure greenish, forming a boundary an- teriorly to the speculum ; the under wing-coverts are whitish, except some darker marginal ones; the axillaries are white, the longer ones being vermiculated on their tips with pale seal-brown. Lower parts: Chest deep seal-brown, washed with cinnamon-chestnut ; the breast and anterior lower surface deep seal-brown, each feather so broadly tipped with silvery white as to obscure the ground color, which barely shows through; the sides and flanks snuff-brown, with a strong chestnut shading; the belly and vent seal-brown, pale in shade, each feather with the border powdered or vermiculated with silvery whitish ; the lower tail-coverts immaculate white, almost hiding the rectrices. Bill: With little or no basal wattle. In color blackish, shaded with orange ; nail dark horn-color. Feet: The feet and legs are brown, shaded with greenish and obscure orange. Iris: Deep hazel-brown. The young of the year and downy young are not represented in the collections. Geographical Range.— Central South America from southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and northern Chili southward, through Argentina, to Patagonia (Burmeister) ; rare in southern South America. This duck was not observed or taken by Mr. Hatcher or his assistants in Patagonia and it is doubtful if the bird occurs at all commonly south of the Rio Negro in Argentina. It is common throughout northern Argentina, particularly in the Province of Buenos Aires, where it is resi- dent and breeds in numbers in the interior. In the British Museum there are sets of eggs from this region collected in October (20), and others in November ; a set from central Chili was collected in October. Mr. Bar- rows in his travels through northern Argentina and Uruguay says of this duck: ‘‘Very abundant on the Uruguay in times of freshet and probably AVES — ANATID&. 487 ‘a few breed about Concepcion, as they certainly stay there all summer. It was met with in a greater or less abundance at every point visited, and was usually found in flocks of from ten to fifty individuals.” “Male. Salto, Buenos Aires, Arg. Rep., Oct. 17, 1881. “Female. Salto, Buenos Aires, Arg. Rep., Oct. 12, 1881. ‘Tris crimson. ‘‘Several of these birds were found in the streams and lagoons. Legs of deep yellow, beak slightly lighter in tint; wattle at the base of the beak a deep orange-red.” (E. W. White, P. Z. S., pp. 625-626, 1882.) ‘A single male of this beautiful Duck was received in 1867. In 1870 we obtained three pairs from Mr. Weisshaupt’s Chilian collections, but they did not breed until 1873. “Dates of Hatching of the Rosy-billed Duck. (In the Zoological Gardens, London.) 1873. July 2oth. 1876. July ist. Te Aen a Ot. iesiyio yy Raine 1875. September 7th. (Eevleeoclatern EZ. 5: 1680, Pp. 524.) Genus TACHYERES Owen. Type. Micropterus (subgen.), Less. Man. d’Orn. p. 416 (1828) fe (nec Lacép. 1802); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 373 (1895) ; Sharpe, Hand-list Bds. I. p. 224 (1899) ; : ; : ; . TL. cinereus. Micropterus, King, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 15 (mec Lacép. 1802). Tachyeres, Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. IX. p. 254 (1875) . 7. cemereus. Geographical Range.—The Straits of Magellan, Fuegian coast waters, and the Falkland Islands. North on the Atlantic coast to the Rio Negro, and on the Pacific coast to Chiloe Island and Valdivia. TACHYERES CINEREUS (Gmelin). (Plate I.) Oiseau grise, ou Oie de plein, Pernetty, Vog. II. c. 19, p. 21 (1769: Falk- land Isl.). Race-horse Duck, Pernetty, Journ. pp. 213, 214 (1771). 488 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Loggerhead, Clayton, Phil. Trans. LX VI. p. 104 (1776); Penrose, Falkland Islip: 35; Porster, Voy Ll p4o34 1777): Loggerhead Goose, Lath. Gen. Syn. III. part II. p. 439 (1785). Anas cinerea, Gm. Syst. Nat. I. p. 506 (1788: ex Pernetty, Falkland Isl.). Anas ee Lath. Ind. Orn. II. p. 834 (1790); Quoy & Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. p. 139, pl. 39 (1824); Cunningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 94 (1871). Anser cinereus, Bonn. Enc. Meth. I. p. 112 (1790). Anser brachypterus, Vieill. N. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. XXIII. p. 344 (1818). Anas (Micropterus) brachyptera, Less. Man. d’Orn. II. p. 416 (1828) ; id. Traité d'Or: p: 630 (198321): Oidemia patachonica, King, Zool. Journ. IV. p. too (1828); Strickl. Ann. éz Mag. N. H. Vil. p, 39(1841); Gibson, Pr. Phys, secs Edin iy: pp. 185, 186 (1878). Micropterus patachonicus, King, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 15 (Straits of Magellan); Eyton. Mon. Anat. p. 143 pl. ii. fig. 4 (1838); Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 46 (Falkland Isl.); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 161 (Falkland Isl.) ; Eyton, Syn. Anat. p. 100 (1869); Cunningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. pp. 95, 475 (1871); Gigl. Viagg. Magenta, pp. 934, 942 (1876); Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 229 pl. V. (1891). Micropterus brachypterus, King, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 15; Less. Compl. de Buff. Ois. 1X. p. 533 (1837); Eyton. Mon. Anat. p. 144 (1838); Dar- win, Voy. Beagle Birds, p. 156 (1841); Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 100 (1854); Eyton, Syn. Anat. p. 101 (1869); Cunningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 94 (1871). Steamer-duck, King, Voy. ‘Adventure’ I. p. 35 (1839). Micropterus cinereus, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 74 (1840) ; id. List B. Brit. Mus, Part IMS) p: 140 (1844); 1d) Gen: B= IVES p o22 mondays Reichenb. Syn. Av. Natatores, pl. 77 fig. 894 (1845); Des Murs in Gay's Hist. Chil. Zools1.p.457 (1947); ‘Gould? 21 Za Sasso ap: 96 (Falkland Isl, egg) ;*Scl: P. Z. S. 1660, p: 3805s Abbott mlb: 1861, p. 167 (HalklandiIs!.); Sel. P: Z. S. 1861, ps 3677) belza cise Novara, Vog. p; 139 (1865 :"Chiloe) ; Scl. Bx ZoS) 1807,3pp.2e5, 340; Phil. & Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 43 (1868); Cunningh. Ibis, 1868; p. 127; Scli ic Salv. tcp: 189 (Sandy -Loint)Gisliiacap: 498; Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1870, p. 499 (Gallegos river) ; Cunningh. AVES — ANATID. 489 Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. p. 94 (1871); id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 262; Trans. Zool. Soc. VII. pp. 493-501 pls. 58-62 (1871: Anatomy) ; Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 130 (1873); Gigl. Viagg. Magenta, pp. 933-963 (1876) ; Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseaux, p. 212 pl. IV. (1891) ; Lataste, Actes Soc. Scient. Chil. HI. p. exxii. (1893: Str. Magell.). Anas pteneros, Forst. Icon. ined. pl. 68; id. Descr. Anim. p. 338 (1844: Magellan). fuligula cinerea, Schl. Dierent. p. 274 cum fig. (1864); id. Mus. Pays Bas. VI. Anseres, p. 13 (1866). Camptolaimus cinereus, Gray, Handl. B. III. p. 88, no. 10704 (1871). Tachyeres brachypterus, Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. IX. p. 254 (1875). Tachyeres cinereus, Cunningh. Nat. Hist. Str. Magell. pp. 88, 91, 93 cum fab. p. 154 (1871); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 402, 1878, p. 437 (Messier Channel: Tom Harbour: Port Churrucha: Falkland Isl.) ; Sclyk. 2. 5) 1070, Pp) 310 (ege), 1880, p. 529; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 13 (Straits of Magellan) ; Scl. & Salv. Voy. Chall. II. Birds, pp. 107, 150 (1881); Reichen. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 17; Stejn. Stand. Nat. Hist. IV. p. 149 (1885); Macfarl. Ibis, 1887, D. 202, Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, III. part X. p. 248 (Straits of Magellan: Falkland Isl.: Puerto Deseado); Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XII. p. 138 (1889: Elizabeth Isl.) ; James, New List Chil. B. p. 10 (1892); Salvad. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. XVII. p. 373 (1895) ; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 195 (Corral, Oct. Nov.) ; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. Suppl. IV. p. 672 (1898: Calbuco, Dec.) ; Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 224 (1899); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) XX, p. 633 (1900: Penguin Rookery, Feb.: Rio Pescado, May); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vég. p. 25 (1900: Straits of Magellan: Falkland Islands). Micropterus macropterus, Gig]. Viagg. Magenta, p. 934 (1876). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.— Male adult, no. 8847, P. U. O. C. Rio Negro, Patagonia, Feb- ruary, 1898. (From Museo de La Plata in exchange; original number 25.) Total length, about 29 inches. Wing, 8.5. Gulmen,72:3: Tail, 5. 490 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Tarsus, 2.25. The adult female bird averages somewhat smaller than the male. Color. — (Male cited.) General color: Slaty gray, with white wing-bars and abdomen. Head: Pale gray; darker on the crown and a deeper shade from the base of the bill to back of the eye; upper and lower eyelid white, which is prolonged into a stripe curving slightly downward and extending almost to the occiput, where it gradually narrows to a point and is lost; this mark- ing is definite and in no way obscure or obsolete ; sides of the head and face slaty gray, paler than on the crown. Tachyeres cinereus. P. U. O. C. 8847. Adult male. Rio Negro, Patagonia, February, 1898. Profile of head and neck. Reduced. Neck: Pale slaty gray like the sides of the head and terminating defi- nitely and abruptly in the darker color of the chest and back; there is an area on the throat, beginning back of the chin on the upper throat and extending half way to the chest, of reddish cinnamon-brown ; it is definite and clearly outlined. Back: Mantle dark slate-gray, each feather with a darker subapical band, giving the scaled appearance; lower back, rump and upper tail- coverts dark slate-gray, without the markings on the mantle; the upper tail-coverts shaded slightly with olive. AVES — ANATIDA. 491 Tail: The pointed feathers are graded in length to the longer central ones, which curve upward; they are deep slate-gray from above and paler when seen from beneath. Wings: There is a single wing-tubercle on each wing, a third of an inch long and pale yellow in coloring. The scapulars like the mantle in color and marking, the longer ones being glossed slightly with olive; pri- maries deep dusky slate ; secondaries pure white; tertials like the longer scapulars ; wing-coverts immaculate slate-gray, the greater series tipped with pure white; the marginal under wing-coverts are slate-gray ; the rest of the under wing-coverts and axillaries pure white. Lower parts: Chest and breast dark slate-gray, each feather with a sub- apical band of dusky slate, giving to the whole a scaled appearance; sides like the breast, the longer feathers of the flanks washed with olive; abdo- men and under tail-coverts pure white, the change from the slate of the sides and breast being abrupt and defined. Bill: Horn-color, shaded with blue and green, the nail abruptly black. Tachyeres cinereus. P. U. O. C. 8847. Adult male. Foot from in front, showing the webs. Reduced. Feet: The feet and legs are dull greenish brown, strongly shaded with orange. Iris: Hazel-brown. This adult male bird, it will be seen, has different coloring on the bill from that generally described; the bird has nearly completed the moult directly after the breeding season and it is at least two if not three years old, probably more. 492 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. The change of color to orange or cadmium-yellow in the breeding season is to be looked for, as similar changes in the colors of the bill occur in other allied sea-ducks. Adult females of this duck in the collections of the British Museum closely resemble adult males in general color. After careful study and examination of the material in the British Museum and inthe Museum of the Jardin des Plantes in Paris, especially the birds that Dr. Oustalet regarded as a separate species, it appears that the bird called AZicropterus patachonicus by King, which was the name Dr. Oustalet employed for his second species of micropterous duck, is the immature of Zachyeres cinereus, which seems not to attain full adult plumage until at least the second and perhaps the third year of its life; moreover the first breeding is probably accomplished in the phase of plumage called by Dr. Oustalet AZ fatachonicus. (Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Tome VI, pp. B. 112-232, E. Oustalet, 1891.) The birds of the year should therefore be described as being much darker than adults, with relatively longer wings and with more washing of brown of a deep shade on both breast and back; they have a similar white mark- ing on the side of the face in the region back of the eye, and the color of the head and neck does not differ from that of the breast and back, while there is no definite area of reddish cinnamon-brown on the throat. The colors of the bill and feet in these birds are very variable and range from pale yellow to brownish green. Young birds in the down are figured in an accompanying plate (PI. I). They have the head, breast and upper parts, as well as the sides and flanks, dull slaty gray, with a brownish tone; the abdomen and under parts and two spots on the head behind the eye on either side are white or creamy white. Geographical Range.—Southern South America on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, to about 41° south latitude; Valdivia, Chili, on the Pacific coast and to the Mouth of the Rio Negro, Atlantic coast ; more abundant in the Magellan Straits, Fuegian waters and the Falkland Islands; Picton and Hermit Islands and the waters near Cape Horn ; common at Chiloe Island. : The “Steamer Duck”’ or ‘Race-Horse Duck” was not taken by the naturalists of the Princeton Expeditions, nor do any of the records kept AVES— ANATIDA. 493 by Mr Hatcher give intimation of meeting this or allied ducks in the lakes of the interior of Patagonia, and it seems improbable that at the time of year when these observers were in the field that there were ducks of this kind in the waters in question. A duck of this kind, collected by the naturalists of the Museo de La Plata, in northern Patagonia, in the coastregion south of the Rio Negro, has been employed for the basis of the description of the adult male, given above. This greatly extends the Atlantic Coast range of the species from that known up to the present and brings the two coasts of South America nearly even in the north and south distribution of this bird, for it has been taken at the Island of Chiloe and still further north on the coast near Valdivia, which is farther north on the Pacific than is the mouth of the Rio Negro on the Atlantic coast. Herewith are appended the observations of some of the explorers and naturalists who have been so favored as to become acquainted with the Steamer Duck in its native waters : “A single specimen of a snipe was, however, procured, as well as an example of that marvellous bird, the Logger-head or steamer-duck, which was suddenly disturbed while it was reposing on the beach, and with great rapidity took to the water, where it was shot, before it had paddled out any great distance, by two of the officers, one of whom afterwards evinced a most commendable zeal for the advancement of science by un- dressing and swimming out for it. This, our first sight of a bird of which we had heard or read so much, caused great excitement at the time, as we were not then aware that it was one of the most common birds in the Sirait. ~(Sandy Point, December 25, 1866. Cunn. Nat. Hist. Str: Magell. 1871, p. 88.) “The following day (27th) I was busily occupied all forenoon in skin- ning the steamer-duck shot on Christmas day; and as I shall frequently refer to the bird in the course of my narrative, I shall offer a few general remarks on its history in this place. The earliest notice of the steamer- duck with which I am acquainted occurs in the voyage of the celebrated Pedro Sarmiento, who visited the Strait in 1582; and in an account of the principal birds of the Strait, describes ‘patos pardas y bermejas sin pluma que ne vuelan, sino a vuela pie corren, y par el agua no se pueden levantar sino a vuela pie, dando con las alonesa manero de remo. Huyen por el agua con mucha velocidad, y desan un rastro por el agua como un 494 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. bajel quando vaga.’ For the next mention of the bird we are indebted to the narrative of the circumnavigation of the world by Oliver van Noort, undertaken sixteen years later. It is there stated, that while in the Strait of Magellan in January 1600, they were driven by a storm into Goose Bay, ‘so-called of the store of that Fowle, their found fit for swiming and long diuing, but vnable to flie.. There does not appear to be any men- tion of the bird either in the voyages of Cavendish or of Drake, nor in those of any of the English navigators until after the middle of the seven- teenth century; but in Wood’s voyage through the Strait in 1669 refer- ence is made to ‘great Blue Ducks, which last are not very shy’ —a very brief description, but which applies more to the steamer-duck than to any other bird which he could have encountered. In the following century, the steamer-duck is noticed by several voyagers, and among these, by one of the most scientific navigators the world has ever seen—the celebrated Captain Cook. In his ‘Voyage towards the South Pole and round the World, performed by His Majesty’s Ships the “Resolution” and ‘‘Adven- ture,” in the years 1772, 1773, 1774, and 1775, he remarks, in his ac- count of Christmas Sound, Tierra del Fuego, that ‘here is a kind of duck, called by our people race-horses, on account of the great swiftness with which they run on the water; for they cannot fly, the wings being too short to support the body in the air. This bird is at the Falkland Islands, as appears by Perety’s Journal ;’ and again, in his description of Staten Land: ‘Here were ducks, but not many, and some of that sort we called race-horses. We shot some, and found them to weigh twenty-nine or thirty pounds ; those who ate of them said they were very good.’ The first detailed account, however, of the habits of the steamer-duck is given by that intelligent and accurate observer of nature, Captain Philip Parker King, in his narrative of the voyage of the ‘Adventure’ and ‘Beagle.’ He states that, at Eagle Bay, beyond Cape San Isidro, in the Strait of Magellan, he saw, for the first time, ‘that most remarkable bird the steamer duck,’ and observes that, ‘before steamboats were in general use, this bird was denominated, from its swiftness in skimming over the sur- face of the water, the ‘‘race-horse,’’ a name which occurs frequently in Cook’s, Byron’s, and other voyages. It is a gigantic duck, the largest I have met. It has the lobated hind toe placed far backwards, and other characteristics of the oceanic ducks. The principal peculiarity of this bird is the shortness and remarkably small size of the wings, which, not having AVES — ANATID&. 495 sufficient power to raise the body, serve only to propel it along rather than through the water, and are used like the paddles of a steam-vessel. Aided by these and its strong broad-webbed feet, it moves with astonish- ing velocity. It would not be an exaggeration to state its speed at from twelve to fifteen miles an hour. The peculiar form of the wing, and the short rigid feathers which cover it, together with the power this bird pos- sesses of remaining a considerable time under water, constitute a striking link between the genera 4vas and Afpfenodytes. It has been noticed by many former navigators. The largest we found measured forty inches from the extremity of the bill to that of the tail, and weighed thirteen pounds ; but Captain Cook mentions, in his voyage, that the weight of one was twenty-nine pounds. It is very difficult to kill them, on account of their wariness and the thick coat of feathers, which is impenetrable by anything smaller than swan shot. The flavour of their flesh is so strong and fishy, that at first we killed them solely for specimens. Five or six months, however, on salt provisions taught many to think such food palatable, and the seaman never lost an opportunity of eating them. I have preferred these ducks to salt beef, as a preventive against scurvy, rather than from liking their taste.’ King also distinguished two species of steamer-duck, whereof one (the 4xvas brachyplera of Latham, Afcrop- terus brachypterus of Quoy and Gaimard), was entirely incapable of flight ; and the other, which he denominated by the specific name of Patachoutcus, was stated to be smaller in size than the Bvachyplerus, possessed of volant powers, and differing also in other points relating to plumage. Mr. Darwin, who describes the bird as he saw it at the Falklands, men- tions but one species, the original Aas brachyptera, which he describes as incapable of flight. “T will now pass on to offer a few remarks on the bird, as derived from numerous observations which I had opportunity of making with regard to it at the Falkland Islands, in the Strait of Magellan, and on the west coast of Patagonia. At the outset I may state that, though undoubtedly some steamer-ducks fly, and others appear to be either wholly incapable of flight, or do not make use of their faculties in this respect, it is, neverthe- less, my belief that there is only one species of the genus /crofferus, and that the variations in size, capability of flight, and colouring of plumage, are chiefly dependent on the age of the birds. Secondly, it is my opinion that it is the young birds that can fly, and that the power of flight or the 496 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. disposition to fly diminishes with age. I have arrived at this conclusion after the examination of a number of specimens of volant and non- volant birds, having ascertained from a careful inspection of the condition of the skeleton, and other points in the structure of the volant specimens (the plumage of which entirely corresponded with King’s short descrip- tion of Micropterus Patachonicus), that they were all immature individuals (probably the young of the year), and having as invariably found that the non-volant specimens were full grown birds. ‘The colouring of the plumage of the adult bird may be shortly described as follows: The bill is orange-yellow, with the unguis black. The head is cinereous, becoming gradually paler as the individual increases in age, with a small patch beneath the eye, and a streak above it, nearly white. The whole of the upper surface, the throat, the superior part of the breast, and the wings, with the exception of a white speculum, are lead-gray. The lower part of the breast and abdomen vary from a tint verging on primrose-yellow to pale yellowish-white; and the legs and feet are dark yellow. “Younger individuals (AZ Patachonicus) are chiefly distinguished by their smaller size, their greenish-black bills, and prevalence of a reddish- brown hue on the throat and scapulars. “The average lengths of the adult birds may be stated as about thirty inches, and I do not think that I ever met with specimens measuring more than three feet from the unguis to the tip of the tail; so that I am inclined to believe that the specimen mentioned by King as forty inches in length was of exceptional size, and I feel no doubt that there must have been some mistake as regards the birds stated by Cook as weighing twenty- nine pounds. “The steamer-duck is very plentiful on the shores of the Falkland Islands, in the Strait of Magellan, and in the channels of Western Pata- gonia, as well as at Chiloe, which is the northernmost locality where I have seen it. It is generally to be observed in pairs, or small flocks of six or seven individuals, stationed on the rocks, or swimming about in the exten- sive beds of the ‘kelp,’ which girdles the coast in many spots; but, occa- sionally, large flocks, composed of many hundreds are to be met with. When undisturbed in the water they swim quietly along, producing two peculiar notes, —that of the male being a sort of mew rapidly repeated, while that of the female is a kind of deep growl—and diligently search- AVES — ANATID&. 497 ing the fronds of the kelp for the animals to be found thereon, or diving for mussels, which appear to be one of their staple articles of diet, as I always found fragments of the shells in the stomachs of those which I examined. The stomach is a most powerful organ, with very thick mus- cular coats, and the lower part of the windpipe or trachea of the male possesses an enlargement of considerable size. This, which is likewise to be met with in the males of many other species of ducks, serves to modify the voice. At the Falkland Islands, in common with many other birds, the steamer-ducks are much tamer than they are in the Strait of Magellan, allowing the observer to come within a few yards of them without acceler- ating their speed. When alarmed at the prospect of impending danger, however, they lose no time in getting up steam, paddling through the water at a marvellous rate by dint of flapping their little wings, the motion of which is so excessively rapid, that it is difficult to convince one’s self that they are not revolving, leaving a long wake of foam like that produced by a miniature steamer behind them, and not ceasing this method of pro- gression till a safe distance has intervened between them and the object of their dread. They often assist their escape, in addition, by diving, and coming up to the surface at a distance of many yards in a direction upon which it is impossible to calculate, when they show their great heads for a moment, and then repeat the manoeuvre. Though the rate of their speed has, | think, been considerably over-estimated by Captain King, it is yet so great as to render it impossible for a boat, however well manned, to overtake them, except by hemming them in to some small cove, where a gun may be used with a tolerable chance of success. It is in general in such situations that those birds which can fly take to the wing, and those which cannot have recourse to their diving powers. Even when hit they very frequently escape, for unless they receive a very heavy charge of shot, their coat of down and feathers protects them from serious injury. Their nests, in general placed on a sloping bank near the sea, and under the shelter of a low bush, are formed principally of grass. In these four or five large cream-coloured eggs (the dimensions of which may be roughly stated as three and a half by two and a quarter inches) are deposited, and covered with a layer of soft gray down. The young brood appear to be tended by the parent birds for a considerable period after they leave the egg, and may often be seen swimming after them. Like the old birds, they swim and dive actively, coming up after the plunge at a long dis- 498 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. tance. In the Strait and Channels, where only I had an opportunity of observing them, they were, like their parents, very wary. In a specimen shot in the Channels, the entire upper surface of the body, the sides of the head, and a gorget around the lower part of the neck, were covered with grayish-black down, while the under surface and a spot placed obliquely above and behind the eye were white. The bill, legs, and feet were black, with some light-coloured patches along the edges of the toes. The length, from the extremity of the bill to the tip of the tail, was four- teen inches. Ossification proceeds slowly in the bones of the cranium, and many of them continue unanchylosed or separable for a considerable period.”’ (Sandy Point, 27th December, 1866. Cunn. of. cit, pp. 91-98.) “The flesh of the steamer is very dark coloured and very strong tasted, so that, after several experiments in cooking it, we agreed in banishing it from our mess-table.”” (Peckett Harbour, Magellan Straits, 12th February, 1867. Cunn. of. cét., p. 154.) ‘Numbers of steamer-ducks were seen, in general too wary to permit of our getting near them, as well as numerous gulls (Lavws dominicanus) and cormorants, several kelp-geese, and a black oyster-catcher.” (Indian Reach, Eden Harbour, Magellan Straits, May 1, 1868. Cunn. of. ce, p. 352.) “T filled up my spare time in skinning and carefully examining the flying steamer-duck, whose external characters agreed in all respects with King’s Micropterus Patachonicus, and found, on examination of the skele- ton, that it was that of a young bird, the skeleton being imperfectly ossi- fied, and a thick perichondrial layer investing the sternum, which was very thin, rough, and porous in texture.’ (Cape Fairweather; Patagonia, March 12th, 1869. Cunn. of. cet, p. 475.) “Steamer-ducks ( Zachyeres cinereus) are very abundant at Tom Bay, as indeed they are throughout all the western channels. Their English name, ‘steamer-duck,’ has reference to their habit of moving rapidly along the surface of the water by means of a paddling motion of the wings, and leaving a wake of foam which resembles, on a small scale, that of a paddle-steamer. A great deal has been written about these remark- able birds, and I shall not therefore attempt any general description, which at the best would only involve useless repetition. There are a few remarks about them, however, which I should like to make. Although AVES — ANATID&. 499 aware of the careful investigations made by Dr. Cunningham in 1866-9, and his conclusion as to there being but one species, I have yet some reason to believe that the fliers and the non-flying birds which I have seen belong to two distinct species, and my impression is—though I am by no means sure—that the volant species frequents the fresh waters in the interior of Patagonia, and in the western channels is only represented by an odd straggler. Mr. Cox, of Talcahuano, who has travelled in Araucania and central Patagonia, mentions in his narrative, that in the fresh-water lakes of the latter district there are two different species of steamer-ducks, one of which possesses the power of flight. Immature specimens, although differing in the colour of the bill, and somewhat in plumage, from the adult birds, need not be confounded with a second species. The largest steamer-duck which I have come across weighed only 14 lbs., and although text-books assign a much greater weight as the extreme limit, I think I am right in saying that few heavier birds are met with either in the Straits of Magellan or in the western channels. The female forms a low, oval-shaped nest of twigs, lined with a thick coating of down, and deposits therein six large cream-coloured eggs, 334 in. long, by 2% in width. The nest is usually placed on the ground, at the foot of an old tree, some few yards from the beach, but in a place where the bush is almost impenetrable to a human being.” (Tom Bay, Magellan Straits, January, 1897. Coppinger, Cruise, ‘‘ Alert,” 1883, pp. 61-62.) “(Ad.) Iris black; bill orange, nail black ; tarsi and toes orange; webs black ; weight 9% —10 lbs. “(Juv.) Iris black ; bill and feet very dark brown; weight 5 Ibs. “T certainly recognized but one species of Steamer-Duck, and out of a good many dozens met with never saw one fly. In most accounts of this bird it is stated that it rows itself along through the water with its little wings at an incredible rate. It certainly goes very fast, but practically it runs on the water flapping its wings clear of it. It is very wild and its skin is very tough. I found BB’s were the only shot that had any effect, and then only at about fifteen yards distance. This duck dives well and remains under water for a considerable time. The immature example obtained was shot by Lord Crawford with a rifle from the deck. Though nearly fully feathered on the back it had no feathers at all on the wings. I saw several examples in down, but was not able to secure one. The 500 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. young travel through the water nearly as fast as the adults, in which the muscles of the legs are enormously developed. The call-note of this species, which I only heard uttered when there were young near, was a croaking quack. The pilot who took us through the Straits of Magellan told me that there are not so many of these Ducks there as formerly. I saw only two in the Straits of Magellan, and did not obtain a specimen until we got into Smythe’s Channel. The gizzards of those shot con- tained broken mussel-shells (Zyf/us magellanicus).”’ (M. J. Nicoll, Orn. Jour. Voy. Round World, Ibis, 1904, pp. 49-50. February, 1903.) 651, female (young), Messier’s Channel. “Eyes brown; stomach had crabs.” 656, young, Messier’s Channel. “Byes brown, feet and bill black.” 657, female, Tom Harbour. “Eyes brown, bill yellow tipped with black, feet yellow; stomach had small pieces of sand.” 678, male, Straits of Magellan. 681, 682, females, Fort Churrucha. “Weighed 8 Ibs. and 8% Ibs.” 725, 726, males (young), Falkland Islands. “Stomach had shells from the kelp chiefly; bill black, feet yellow- brown.” There is nothing in the present series which would induce us to ques- tion Dr. Cunningham’s view, that the “ Flying Loggerhead” is the young of the ordinary species before it gets too heavy for flight. Such a speci- men as ‘‘No. 651, young female,” could evidently accomplish flight, which in large fully adult birds would be probably impossible. In all the immature birds the bill is uniform black. (Sclater & Salvin, on Birds Antarctic America, Voy. H. M.S. ‘“Chall.,” No. ix. p. 437, 1878.) ‘Female: Puerto Buenos. Legs and feet yellow; bill greenish olive; eyes black. Shot on freshwater lake near the sea. ‘“‘Walney Sound, February 4, 1879. Weight 10% lb. Crop full of entire mussels and prawns. Stink intense.’’ (Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 13.) Subfamily ERISMATURINAz Salvad. Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XX VII. p. 436 (1895); Sharpe, Hand-List Bds. I. p. 226 (1899). AVES — ANATIDE. 501 Genus ERISMATURA Bp. Type. Oxyura (subgen.), Bp. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. II. (1826), p. 390 (1828) (mec Oxyurus, Sw. 1827) . F . ££. yamaicensts. Ensmatura, Bp. Sagg. Distr. Met., Agg. e Corr. p. 143 (1832); Salvadori, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus. XXVII. p. 441 (1895); Sharpe, Hand-list Bds. I. p. 227 ee £. gamaicensts. Cerconectes, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 282 . £:. leucocephala. Gymnura eulnecia) Nutt. Man. II. p. 426 (1834). . £4. gamaticensts. Undina, Gould, B. of Eur. V. pl. 383 (1837) : . £2. leucocephala. Bythonessa, Gloger, Hand- u. Hilfsb. p. 412 (1842) . &. leucocephata. Erimtstura (errore ?), Degl. & Gerbe, Orn. Eur. II. p. 565 (1867). Geographical Range.—Throughout the world except in eastern Asia, the Malay Archipelago, the Malay Peninsula, India, China and Japan. ERISMATURA VITTATA Philippi. Evismatura ferruginea, Fraser (nec Eyton), P. Z. S. 1843, p. 119 (Lake of Quintero, Chili); Des Murs in Gay’s Hist. Chile, Zool. I. p. 458 (1847); Hartl. Naum. 1853, p. 222 (Valdivia) ; Bibra, Denkschr. Akad. Wien, V. p. 204 (1853: Chili); Cass. U. S. Astron. Exped. II. Birds, p. 204 (1856); Pelz. Reise Novara. Vég. p. 139 (1865: Chili); Scl. Earn 7, opp. 3354 340 )(Chili),; Phil. & Wandb, Cat. Av. Chil: p. 43 (1868); Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 368 (Argent. Rep.) ; Huds. t. c. p. 549 (Rio Negro, Patagonia) ; Scl. & Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 131 (1873); Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 163 (Montevideo market); Scl. & Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 404; Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 42 (Chupat Val- ley, Nov.), p. 192 (Buenos Aires, resident but scarce); 1878, p. 401 (Central Patagonia, resident, common on the lagoons near the Sengel and Sengelen); Doering, Expl. al Rio Negro, Zool. Aves, p. 54 (1882); Phil. Ornis, IV. p. 160 (1888: Antofagasta); Burm. An. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, VI. Part X. p. 248 (1888: Northern Patagonia); Scl. & Huds. Argent. Orn. II. p. 138 (1889); Graham Kerr, Ibis, 1890, p. 359 (Pilcomayo); Frenzel, J. f. O. 1891, p. 125 (Cordoba) ; James, New List Chil. B. p. 10 (1892); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 201 (Uruguay); Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 195 (Rio Pilmaiguen) ; Carbajal, La Patagonia Part II. p. 281 (1900); Martens, Hamb. Magalh. Sammelr. Vig. p. 26 (1900: Patagonia). 502 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. Anas cyanorhyncha, Licht. Ms. Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 121 (1844). Anas ferruginea, Burm. Syst. Uebers. III. p. 440 (1856). Erismatura vittata, Phil. Arch. f. Nat. p. 26 (1860: Chili); Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 335; Phil, P. Z S; 1868, p. 531; Salvad) Cat. Bo ont ius XXVII. p. 450 (1895); Sharpe, Hand-list B. I. p. 227 (1899). Liziura ferruginea, Schl. Mus. Pays Bas, VI. Anseres, p. 10 (1866). GENERAL DESCRIPTION. Szze.— Adult male in the British Museum (d. Province of Santiago, Chili). Total length, 17 inches. Wing, 5.7. Culmen; 1.7: Vaile): Marsus 1.2: The adult female is on the average somewhat smaller than the male and wholly different in color. Color.— (Adult male.) General color: Chestnut of a bright tone, with a black head. Head: Shining black. Neck: Above black like the head; the chin and upper throat black ; lower part bright chestnut. Back: Bright red chestnut, including rump and upper tail-coverts. Tail: Deep brown, with chestnut shading; the feathers shading to darker at their bases. Wings: Deeper brown than the back ; the scapulars like the back; the upper coverts deep brown, the median coverts washed strongly with chest- nut ; under wing-coverts slaty, tipped with white; axillaries slaty, edged with whitish. Lower parts: Breast, sides and flanks bright reddish chestnut, like the back ; the breast color shades insensibly into the silvery lower surface, the feathers of the abdomen being deep grayish brown, with silvery white or gray tips almost obscuring the base color; under tail-coverts white, gen- erally with a strong wash of chestnut. Bill: Duil gray-blue. Iris: Dark red in the breeding season ; deep hazel-brown at other times of year. : AVES — ANATID&. 503 Feet: The legs and feet brownish black, with yellow shading. Adult female: 8994, P. U. O. C. Province of Buenos Aires, Argen- tina, October, 1897. From the Museo de La Plata, original number 42. Fic. 249. Erismatura vittata. Adult female. P. U. Evismatura vittata. Adult female. P. U. O. C. 8994. — Profile of head and neck show- O. C. 8994. Head and bill from above. Re- ing color pattern. Reduced. duced. Head: A cap or hood reaching down over the eyes and to the occiput, deep seal-brown, each feather tipped with chestnut-cinnamon ; an isabelline band of a quarter of an inch in width bounds the cap and becomes nar- rower after passing below the eye almost joining on the occiput; a broader band of seal-brown, with cinnamon tips to the feathers, bounds this below, crossing the sides of the face and cheeks. Neck: The upper neck isabelline, immaculate on the chin and upper throat, then becoming mixed with deep seal-brown feathers, isabelline at their bases, it shades into the seal-brown of the lower neck, where the feathers are tipped with dull buff; the upper part of the neck, the nape and where it joins the back is immaculate deep seal-brown. Back: Mantle, upper back, rump and upper tail-coverts deep seal-brown, the tips of each feather deep buff, giving a banded or barred or in places a powdered appearance to the surface; lower back immaculate seal- brown ; the tail-coverts very short, only concealing the base of the tail. Tail: Deep seal-brown ; the feathers stiff and about the same shade, below as above. Wings: Primaries deep seal-brown ; the secondaries the same shade, but powdered on their outer webs with deep buff like the back ; the ter- tials the same; scapulars like the back; the whole upper surface of the body is concolor. Lower parts: All the feathers with deep seal-brown bases; on the breast these are tipped strongly with deep buff, which almost obscures the basal 504 PATAGONIAN EXPEDITIONS: ZOOLOGY. color; the tips of the feathers on the lower surface are polished and shining ; the buff tips on the breast assume the appearance of barring on the sides and particularly on the flanks; the tips become whitish and silvery on the abdomen and belly; the under tail-coverts are white and very short. Bill: Dull gray-blue; the nail yellowish. Iris: Hazel-brown. Feet: Dark olive-brown, shaded with yellowish. Fic. 251. Evismatura vittata, Immature male. P. U. Erismatura vittata. Immature male. P, O. C. 8700. Profile of head and neck, showing U.O.C. 8700. Crown of head and bill from color pattern. Reduced. above. Reduced. Young birds of the year of both sexes resemble the female, but are not so deep in coloring; the young males moulting into the first nuptial dress are like females, with the head cap more chestnut, and many bright chest- nut feathers among the brown ones; also there is much tinging, barring and shading with chestnut on the brown feathers themselves. Geographical Range. — Southern South America; chiefly Chili, Uruguay, Argentina and northern and central Patagonia; not recorded from the extreme south of South America or from the Magellan Straits. While there is more or less seasonal movement on the part of the birds they can hardly be regarded as migrants, for where they occur they are present throughout the year, but in varying.abundance at different seasons, There is a set of eggs, among several others, in the collections of the Brit- ish Museum, probably of this bird, but ascribed to the Falkland Islands as the point where they were collected. In view of the fact that there seem to be no records of the occurrence of the birds in question at that point, it does not seem probable that the data furnished by the collector are correct. (Cat. Birds’ Eggs in Brit. Mus. Vol. II, p. 194.) 7 es : y Rav” i. c ot a ie a yi Nal ~ ae: saa a 7 7 - iy Pelt aes yi ‘ Pi _? 7 ‘ ra a - 7 is a i — 7 0 7 i i ae 7 7 - woe i , Nia ee : a + : : ‘ r iy 7 Th ri y or q ; ; , 70 ee ) 7 \ _ ii? it » , fay : \ aval ’ ah ( | a) WwW ‘rns a Va ray © 4 : a. 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