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[ DecemBer, 1891. } THE
SCIENTIFIC TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ROME WIEN SOO MAN
VOLUME IV. (SERIES II.)
XIII.
REPORTS ON THE ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS MADE IN TORRES STRAITS By PROFESSOR A. C. HADDON, 1888-1889.
ACTINIA. I. ZOANTHEA. By PROFESSOR ALFRED C. HADDON, M.A. (Cantab.), M.R.I.A., Professor of Zoology, Royal College of Science, Dublin; and MISS ALICE M. SHACKLETON, B.A. Plates LXI., LXII. LXIII., LXIV.
DUBLIN: PUBLISHED BY THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY. LONDON: WILLIAMS AND NORGATE. PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, BY PONSONBY AND WELDRICK,
PRINTERS TO THE SOCIETY.
1891.
Price Three Shillings.
‘ i ‘ \ r i yon. Aa tee 7 3 i : - i < OSA b - S say ae ¥en Bee et => = aS Peed Warez ; i Pa es tae | ia Gow Bee oh. N I fe Pala ‘
[ December, 1891. ] THE
SCIENTIFIC: TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
inv Ve PSN SOC lain.
VOLUME IV. (SERIES II.)
XIII.
REPORTS ON THE ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS MADE IN TORRES STRAITS By PROFESSOR A. C. HADDON, 1888-1889.
ACTINIA. I. ZOANTHEA. By PROFESSOR ALFRED CO. HADDON, M.A. (Cantab.), M.R.I.A., Professor of Zoology, Royal College of Science, Dublin; and MISS ALICE M. SHACKLETON, B.A. Plates LXI., LXII. LXIII., LXIV.
DUBLIN: PUBLISHED BY THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY. LONDON: WILLIAMS AND NORGATE. PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, BY PONSONBY AND WELDRICK,
PRINTERS TO THE SOCIETY.
1891.
Bi ra thie oy BAR oe 3, we
tte
x
L oe 7
XIII.
REPORTS ON THE ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS MADE IN TORRES STRAITS BY PROFESSOR A. C. HADDON, 1888-1889.
ACTINIA: I. ZOANTHEA. By PROFESSOR ALFRED C. HADDON, M.A. (Cantab.), M.R.I.A., Professor of Zoology, Royal College of Science, Dublin, and MISS ALICE M. SHACKLETON, B.A. Prares LXI., LXII., LXIII., LXIV.
[Read NovemBer 19, 1890. }
Tue following is the first instalment of an investigation on the structure and systematic relations of the Actiniz collected by one of us in Torres Straits. We decided to publish our account of the Zoanthese first, as it is a well circumscribed group and admits of independent treatment. We took this opportunity of studying the British forms, and have thus had a considerable number of forms under exami- nation at the same time. This has given us a personal knowledge of every genus except Mammilifera, of which genus no authentic specimens exist in any museum.
Our account of the British Zoanthez is simultaneously published with this as ‘¢ A Revision of the British Actiniz,” Part II.: The Zoanthez (Trans. Royal Dublin Society, vol. 1v., ser. 11.); and we would refer the reader to that Memoir for a general summary of the anatomy of the group, and a special account of that of the British representatives. We have also given a classification of the Zoanthee, and as far as is possible have allocated all the species described by other authors to their proper genera. It is impossible at the present time to monograph this group, as there is such a general sameness in external character that it makes it difficult to seize on points which are of descriptive value. The present confusion in which this group lies is mainly due to this fact ; the fault is that of the animals themselves rather than that of the zoologists who have described and named them. ‘This similarity of appearance not only affects the species of a genus, but also the species of different genera. Thus it becomes a necessity for every species to be examined anatomically by means of microscopical sections, first to determine its genus, and secondly to discover accurate specific characters. Once a species is thoroughly
TRANS. ROY. DUB. SOC., N.S. VOL. IV., PART XIU. 5 E
674 Reports on the Zoological Collections made in Torres Straits, 1888-1889.
known it will generally be possible to identify other specimens belonging to that species by external characters only. Owing to the incrusted nature of most of the Zoantheze it is very difficult to get satisfactory sections, and for the same reason spirit specimens are often apt to be badly preserved for histological purposes.
It is not unfair to point out that the disorder which has occurred in this group is also partially due to the fact that many zoologists have not paid due regard to the generally recognised rules of zoological nomenclature, and have not taken the trouble to thrash out the synonymy ; and some have identified certain forms with pre-existing species in a rather reckless manner.
Owing to the lack of salient external characters, which could be observed in preserved specimens, we have not been able to give diagnostic names to most of the species, and we have consequently associated them with the names of zoologists who have collected in Torres Straits, or who have studied the group. The types of the species have been given to the British Museum, in which institution will also be found a complete set of slides illustrating the anatomy of all the forms described in this and in the preceding Memoir.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE GROUP.
ZOANTHE.
Actinize with numerous perfect and imperfect mesenteries, and two pairs of directive mesenteries, of which the sulcar are perfect and the sulcular are imperfect. A pair of mesenteries occur on each side of the sulcular directives, of which the sulcular moiety is perfect and its sulcar complement is imperfect; a similar second pair occurs in one section of the group (Brachycneminze), or the second pair may be composed of two perfect mesenteries (Macrocnemine). In the remaining pairs of mesenteries, of both divisions, this order is reversed, so that the perfect mesentery is sulcar and the imperfect is sulcular. The latter series of mesenteries are bilateral as regards the polyp, and arise independently (¢.e. neither in pairs nor symmetri- cally on each side) in the exoccele on each side of the sulcar directives, in such a manner that the sulcular are the oldest, and the sulcar the youngest. Only the perfect mesenteries are fertile, or bear mesenterial filaments. A single sulcar cesophageal groove is present; the mesogloea of the body-wall is traversed by irregularly branching ectodermal canals, or by scattered groups of cells; the body- wall is usually incrusted with foreign particles. The polyps are generally grouped in colonies connected by a ccenenchyme, the ccelenteron of each polyp communicat- ing with that of the other members of the colony by means of basal endodermal
canals.
HAppoN AND SHACKLETON—Actinie : I. -Zoanthee. 675
Family. ZOANTHID &, Dana, 1846. (With the definition of the group.) Sub-family. Bracuycneminz, Hadd. & Shackl., 1891.
Zoanthese in which the sulcar element of the primitive sulco-lateral pair of mesenteries (cnemes) is imperfect :—
GENERA OF THE BRACHYCNEMINA.
ZOANTHUS, Lamarck, 1801. Isaurvs, Gray, 1828. ( ? MaMMILLIFERA, Lesueur, 1817. (Not represented in Torres Straits). ) GEMMARIA, Duchassaing et Michelotti, 1860. PALyTHOA, Lamouroux, 1816. SPHENOPUS, Steenstrup, 1856.
Sub-family. Macrocneminm, Hadd. & Shackl., 1891.
Zoantheze in which the sulcar element of the primitive sulco-lateral pair of mesenteries (cnemes) is perfect :—
GENERA OF THE MACROCNEMINA.
EPIZOANTHUS, Gray, 1867. (Not represented in Torres Straits). PARAZOANTHUS, Haddon & Shackleton, 1891.
Sub-family. BRACHYCNEMING. ZOANTHUS, Lamarck, 1801.
Zoantaus, Cuvier, 1817.
Zoantuus (Ruyzanruus), Andres, 1884.
Brachyenemic Zoanthez with a double mesoglceal sphincter muscle. The body-wall is uninerusted ; the ectoderm is usually discontinuous ; a well developed ectodermal canal system in the mesoglea. Dicecious or moncecious. Polyps connected by a thin coenenchyme.
5K2
676 Reports on the Zoological Collections made in Torres Straits, 1888-1889.
Cuvier (1798) was the first to recognise some distinction between the Zoanthez and other Actiniz, but in an indefinite sort of way; he refers to ‘1. Le zoanthe & cing pétales (Actin. dianthus); 2. Le zoanthe & drageons (Actin. sociata).”
Lamarck (Systéme, 1801) first divided the Actinze into the genera Actinia and Zoantha ; he says (1801, p. 363): ‘‘u*. genre. Zoanthe, Zoantha—Zoantha sociata, Act. sociata, Sol. et Ellis, Hydra sociata, Gmel.”
Bose (1802, p. 261) refers to ‘‘ Zoanthe, Zoantha, Lam.; Z. edlisi’ ; Hydra sociata ; Act. sociata, S. & EIL”
Cuvier, in 1817 (p. 53), speaks of Zoanthus sociatus.
In Doshires and Milne-Edwards’ revised and augmented cdlion of Lamarck’s Hist. des anim. sans vert. (1886, 2nd ed., p. 77), three species are acknowledged: ‘“‘Zoanthe (Zoantha).—1. Zoantha ellisii, Bose (Act. sociata, ete.); 2. Zoantha solandert, Les.; 3. Zoantha bertholetii, Ehr.”
Dana is the only later author who adheres to Zoantha instead of Zoanthus. According to the generally accepted rules of zoological nomenclature the Greek avOos would have to be written anthus, it being agreed that, “in writing zoologi- cal names, the rules of Latin orthography must be adhered to.”
TORRES STRAITS SPECIES OF THE GENUS ZOANTHUS.
Z. coppingeri, 0. sp. Z. jukestt, n. sp. Z. macgillivrayt, n. sp.
Zoanthus coppingeri, n. sp. (Pl. uxt., figs. 1, 2; Pl. uxu., fig. 1; Pl. uxiv., figs. 1-4.)
Form.—Body smooth, pyriform when contracted, rather elongated when ex- panded. Polyps in clusters, the buds springing from the bases of the polyps themselves ; ccenenchyme, thin, encrusting. Tentacles, in two rows, similar.
Colour.—Pinkish below, greenish or bright green above, sometimes entirely pinkish ; always with brown streak-like spots; disc, burnt sienna, with darker spots ; rim of mouth, brown; tentacles, gray, with a single row of black spots; there is a black spot between each tentacle, and these are continued as black lines on the capitulum.
Dimensions.—Length of a contracted specimen, 15 mm.; diameter of upper portion, 5 mm.
Locality —F ringing Reef, Mabuiag. Oct. 19, 1888. Numerous specimens.
HApDDON AND SHACKLETON—Acthinie : I. Zoanthee. 677
We have named this species in honour of Dr. Coppinger, who, when surgeon on board H.M.S. “ Alert,” collected some marine zoological specimens from Torres Straits.*
Body-wall (Pls. uxt, txtv.).—The wall of the column is bounded exter- nally by a distinct cuticle. Between this cuticle and the ectoderm lies a thin peripheral layer of mesogloea, the ‘‘ subcuticula” of Andres and M*Murrich. The ectoderm forms an almost continuous layer, but is crossed by numerous delicate strands of mesogloea, which unite to form the peripheral layer. In addition to the ordinary columnar cells, nematocysts of an oval shape are present. Numerous branching and anastomosing canals arise from the ectoderm, and run through the mesogloea, generally in a radial direction. They vary greatly in size. Sometimes they run along close to the endoderm, but we have never observed any connexion with it. Many of these canals pass into the mesenteries, where they form large sinuses. Nematocysts, similar to those in the ectoderm, are found in these canals. The mesoglcea, which constitutes the chief thickness of the body-wall, is homoge- neous and clear, and is permeated by the usual minute cells, which are drawn into fine protoplasmic strands. These have a radial direction, and extend right across the mesogloea, from endoderm to ectoderm. ‘The endoderm is crowded with zooxanthelle. There is a slight diffuse endodermal muscle.
Capitulum.—The ectoderm becomes continuous in the capitulum, and in contracted specimens is thrown into deep folds. Nematocysts are very numerous.
Sphincter muscle.—The double sphincter muscle is a powerful one, the upper portion being slightly shorter than the lower one (PI. uxiv., fig. 3). It consists of numerous irregularly shaped cavities, the mesoglea being arranged in com- plicated plaitings.
Tentacles (Pl. uxtv., fig. 2).—The ectoderm of the tentacles is normal and ciliated. The nuclei form a distinct central band in section. Outside the band are numerous, small, thin nematocysts, whilst between the band of nuclei and the mesoglea small irregular cells may be discerned, which are probably nerve cells. There is a diffuse ectodermal muscular layer. The fibres, which are longitudinal in direction, are supported on simple plaitings of mesoglea. The mesogloea forms a thin layer without canals or enclosures of cells. The endoderm, which is crowded with zooxanthelle, is very thick, so that the lumen of the tentacles is almost obliterated. Nematocysts, similar to those found in the capitulum and other parts of the ectoderm, are abundant in the endoderm of the tentacles. The endodermal muscle fibres are circular in direction.
* See “ Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H. M. S. ‘Alert,’ 1881-1882” (1884).
678 Reports on the Zoological Collections made in Torres Straits, 1888-1889.
Dise.—-The structure of the dise is very similar to that of the tentacles, but we have not found nematocysts in the endoderm of this region.
Gsophagus.—The ectoderm of the cesophagus forms a simple layer. The groove is visible, although not very well marked. The mesoglea is extremely thin, and of uniform thickness.
Mesenteries.—The arrangement of the mesenteries is brachycnemic. They are coiled and folded, almost entirely filling up the body-cavity. The ectoderm of the cesophagus is reflected upwards and continued downwards into the mesenterial filaments, forming numerous folds along each mesentery (PI. Lxtv., fig. 4), in a manner which will be more fully described in our account of Z. macgillivrayt. The mesoglea is extremely thin in the upper part of the mesentery, although thicker in the immediate neighbourhood of the wall, where it usually contains a ‘‘basal” canal. Lower down the mesoglea is thicker throughout, and here the canal expands to form the large sinus, which, as we have previously mentioned, is connected with the ectodermal canal system of the body-wall (Pl. uxir., fig. 1). The endoderm of the mesenteries forms a deeper layer than that of the body-wall, and zooxanthelle, though present, are not nearly so numerous. The nuclei of the columnar cells form a peripheral band, leaving a clear space next to the mesoglea. Nematocysts are also to be found in the endoderm of this region. The parieto-basilar muscle is diffuse and feebly developed. The longitudinal muscle fibres are also very feeble, being scarcely discernible. There is no special thickening of the endoderm in the lower part of the mesenterial filaments as in Z. macgillivray?.
Gonads.—The sexes are distinct. We have sections of both male and female specimens (Pl. txtv.,' figs. 8,4). The gonads appear to be distributed on the mesenteries in irregular rows.
Zoanthus jukesii, n. sp. (Pl. ix1., figs. 3-5; Pl. uxi1, fig. 2; Pl. uxim., fig. 1.)
Form.—Body short and thick; body-wall smooth and delicate ; ccenenchyme forming stolons: tentacles in two cycles of about 20—24 in each.
Colour.——Body and stolon translucent gray, the endoderm shining through with a brown tint (owing to the presence of zooxanthellx) ; capitulum pink, with 24 dark lines; disc brown, with, usually, pairs of pale lines (mesenteries) for inner cycle of tentacles; mouth with greenish lip; cesophagus gray. ‘Tentacles: inner cycle green, with dark rings or marks on the oral aspect; outer cycle opaque pale pink; all the tentacles with a dark spot at the tip; the base of the tentacles of the outer cycle is in some specimens tinged with green.
HApDDON AND SHACKLETON—Actinie: I. Zoanthec. 679
Dimensions —Height 7-12 mm. ; diameter of disc, 6 mm. Locality—F ringing Reef, Mer (Murray Islands), Jan. 29, 1889. Numerous specimens.
We associate this species with the name of the late Prof. Beete Jukes, at one time Professor of Geology in the Royal College of Science, Dublin, who was also the author of the interesting Voyage of the “Fly.”* To this day the name of this genial naturalist is still remembered in the Murray Islands and in Erub.
Body-wall (Pl. uxu., fig. 2).—A cuticle and peripheral mesogloea are present asin Z. coppingert. The cells of the ectoderm are not distinct but appear to have become fused, as in the specimen of Z. sociatus, described by M*Murrich (18894, p- 63). For the most part they appear to form a quite continuous and narrow layer, but in some parts the contents of the cells, adhering closely to the mesoglea on either side, leave an empty space, across which, irregularly placed and exceedingly delicate strands of mesogloea are seen to pass. Anastomosing canals, connected with the ectoderm, are present, though not at all so numerous as in Z. coppingert. Lacunee, clearly of similar origin, but completely surrounded by the mesoglea, are more frequently to be met with. The canals and lacune are most abundant in the lower part of the column, and here their connexion with the basal canals of the mesenteries can be demonstrated (Pl. txu., fig. 2). The mesogloea is of the usual character. Zooxanthellee also abound in the endoderm of this species. There is a diffuse endodermal muscular layer, supported by acute mesogleal prominences.
Capitulum.—The ectoderm of the capitulum is thrown into folds, as in Z. cop- pingert, and rather opaque oval cells, with a clear outline (probably nematocysts, are here very numerous, being generally embedded singly in in the mesoglcea.
Sphincter muscle-—The sphincter muscle is not so strongly developed as in Z. coppingert. Of the two parts of the muscle the upper one is in this case the longer. ‘The muscle cavities are larger and less filled up with cells, the plaitings of the mesogleea being simpler than in Z. coppingeri.
Dise and tentacles—The ectoderm of the disc and tentacles closely resembles that described for Z. coppingert. The endoderm is crowded with zooxanthelle, but contains no nematocysts.
The ectoderm of the cesophagus is thrown into slight folds. The groove is well marked (Pl. ixm1., fig. 1).
Mesenteries (Pl. uxi., fig. 1)—The arrangement of the mesenteries is of the usual brachycnemic type. The reflected ectoderm of the cesophagus forms a smalier
* Narrative of the Surveying Voyage of H. M. 8. ‘‘ Fly,” commanded by Captain F. P. Blackwood, R.N. (during the years 1842-1846). 1847. By J. Beete Jukes.
680 Reports on the Zoological Collections made in Torres Straits, 1888-1889.
number of folds than in the last species described. The mesenterial filaments also appear shorter in transverse section. ‘The mesogloea is thicker throughout, and usually contains more than one canal in each mesentery.
These canals appear to run from the base of the mesenteries to the cesophageal region. Near the base they appear to be connected with ectodermal spaces in the body-wall. ‘The endoderm of the mesenteries is very similar to that of the body-wall.
The longitudinal muscles are better developed than in Z coppingeri, the mesogloea being thrown into slight plaitings to support the fibres. The parieto- basal fibres, though distinct, are rarely supported by plaitings.
Gonads.—The sexes appear to be distinct in this species also. All the speci- mens examined by us containing mature reproductive organs were female. The gonads are irregularly arranged as in Z. coppingeri,
This species somewhat resembles the preceding one; spirit specimens can be distinguished externally by the following characters :—Z. coppingert is larger ; markedly pyriform when contracted, and the brown spots persist (for at least three years).
Zoanthus macgillivrayi, n. sp. (Pl. 1x1., fig. 6; Pl. uxm., fig. 3; Pl. ux, fig. 2; Pl. uxiv., figs. 5-8).
Form.—Body smooth, transversely wrinkled, with a thick cuticle, upper part of column slightly swollen, disc large; tentacles small, 32 in number, in two cycles ; mouth very small. ‘The capitulum in expanded specimens exhibits two encircling grooves, which indicate the double sphincter muscle, coenenchyme forming a flattened stolon.
Colour.—Not determined when alive; yellowish in alcohol.
Dimensions.—Height of large specimens, 18 mm.; average diameter of colour, 3 mm.; diameter of disc, 6.5 mm.
Locality.—F ringing reef, Mabuiag, Sept. 21, 1888. Six specimens.
We acknowledge in the specific name we have given to this species the zoological labours in Australasia of the late J. Macgillivray, author of the valuable “Voyage of the Rattlesnake.’”’*
Body-wall.—The wall of the upper part of the column is comparatively thin. Lower down it is much thicker. The cuticle is thick, and foreign bodies,
* Narrative of the Voyage of H. M.S. ‘ Rattlesnake,” commanded by the late Captain Owen Stanley, R.N., F.R.S., during the years 1846-1850 (1852).
Happon AND SHACKLETON—Actinve: I. Zoanthee. 681
foraminifera, diatoms, &c., are occasionally to be found embedded in it, and in the peripheral layer of mesogloea. The latter can be very distinctly seen in this species. As in Z. jukesi the cells of the ectoderm appear to have become fused, and crossing strands of mesogloea can only be seen in those few places where the ectodermal space is nearly empty. Anastomosing ectodermal canals, very similar to those found in Z. coppinger?, run through the mesogloea and are connected with the basal canals of the mesenteries near the union of the column with the ccenenchyme (Pl. txm., fig. 3). The surface of the column is thrown into numerous folds, which appear in cross-section as deep ectodermal bays lined with cuticle.
Sphincter muscle—The sphincter muscle is somewhat similar to that in Z. jukesui, the upper being the longer of the two parts (PI. txrv., fig. 5). The cavities are simpler than in Z. coppingert, but they are not so large as in Z. jukesit.
Disc and tentacles.—The structure of the dise and tentacles is very similar to that of the preceding species. There are no nematocysts in the endoderm.
sophagus.—There is a well marked cesophageal groove.
Mesenteries.—Of the two specimens which we have cut transversely, one shows the usual brachycnemic arrangements. In the other there are four imperfect mesen- teries at the sulcular side of the cesophagus, instead of the usual pair of imperfect directives. The reflected cesophageal ectoderm and the structure of the mesenterial filaments can be well studied in this species. As can be seen in a longitudinal section, such as that figured (PI. txiv., fig. 5), the ectoderm of the cesophagus passes continuously on to the mesentery, where it suddenly becomes greatly thickened, and is thrown into transverse folds, the whole thickening having a crescentic form, first curving upwards and then downwards, losing itself, in the mesenterial filament. The ectoderm is reflected on both sides of every one of the perfect mesenteries, presenting in transverse section a characteristic pinnate appearance (Pl. tx1v., fig. 6). As above mentioned, the reflected ectoderm passes gradually into the mesenterial filament, the characteristic V shape of the latter (Pl. txiv., fig. 7) being continuous with the peripheral folds of the former. The lateral elements of the mesenterial filaments gradually become shorter, so that as it descends only the median portion is left. Numerous nematocysts are found in this lower portion of the filament (PI. uxtv., fig. 8). In this species the mesenterial filaments are confined to the upper part of the column, gradually disappearing about the middle of the column. As the filaments disappear the mesenteries also become much narrower (appearing in transverse section to shorten), projecting but a little way into the ccelenteron (PI. Lxu., fig. 2). Lower down they again widen and project further, finally uniting in the centre at the base of the polyps to form the eccelenteric canals of the stolon (PI. uxi1., fig. 3). The mesoglea of the mesenteries is well developed, especially near the base.
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682 Reports on the Zoological Collections made in Torres Straits, 1888-1889.
Canals are present from the cesophageal region downwards, frequently two or three in the perfect mesenteries. These canals are connected with the canals of the body-wall at the base of the column. Nematocysts are numerous in the endoderm of the mesenteries. The longitudinal muscle fibres form a simple layer, the parieto-basal muscles are better developed and supported upon slightly branched plaits of mesoglcea.
Gonads.—No gonads were present in the specimens we examined.
This species cannot be mistaken for either of the two previously described.
ISAURUS, Gray, 1828.
AntinepiA, Duch. & Mich., 1866. PotytHoa (Monoruoa) (pars), Andres, 1884. ZoantHus (Monantuus) (pars), Andres, 1884.
Large brachycnemic Zoanthez with a single mesoglcal sphincter muscle. The body-wall is unincrusted; the ectoderm discontinuous; ectodermal and endodermal bays and small canals in the mesoglea. Moncecious or dicecious. Polyps in small clusters or solitary.
The genus Isaurus was established by J. E. Gray in 1828 (Spic. Zool., 1828, p- 8) to include a species not before described, specimens of which from an unknown locality were in the British Museum. He named this species Jsawrus tuberculatus on account of the tubercles on its surface. The name Isaurus is a Latinized version of Isaure, a name applied by Savigny (Description de l’Egypte, Polypes, pl. 2, figs. 1-4, 1811, ined.) to four species figured by him in 1811, and supposed by Gray to be of the same genus as his J. tubercuiatus. Savigny published, however, neither the characters of the genus nor descriptions of the species. Lamouroux mentions the genus as Isaura, but neither does he define it in any way.
The genus Isaurus must therefore be regarded as Gray’s, and Isawrus tubercu- latus as the type species.
In 1860 Duchassaing and Michelotti found specimens at St. Thomas and Guadaloupe, which closely agreed with Gray’s account of Isaurus tuberculatus. Although unaware of the existence of Gray’s species, they gave to their specimens the same specific name, calling them Zoanthus tuberculatus, and subsequently in 1864 (forming for the species a new genus), Antinedia tuberculata. Andres considered that Gray’s I. tuberculatus, and Duchassaing and Michelotti’s A. tuberculaia, were distinct species, and consequently renamed the latter A. duchassaing?.
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In 1889 M*Murrich described specimens from the Bermudas, evidently belong- ing to Gray’s species and also agreeing closely with A. tuberculata, Duch. & Mich., which he considers to be identical with it. Anatomical examination of these specimens showed that they possessed most of the characters which Erdmann has ascribed to the genus Mammillifera. M°Murrich therefore identified his specimens as Mammillifera tuberculata (Gray).
From Erdmann’s Paper, however, we cannot find that he has sufficient reasons for concluding that the characters attributed by him to Mammillifera are possessed by any of the species for which that genus was erected by Lesueur in 1817. The specimens found by Erdmann in the museum at Bonn, from which he deduced these generic characters, were not referred to any species.
The generic name Mammillifera was adopted in 1817 by Lesueur for two species from the West Indies, named by him JZ. auricula and M. nymphea. His definition of the genus is ‘“‘A large cuticular expansion serving as a base for numerous animals, which, when contracted, assume the form of mammee” (p. 178). From the dimensions given by Erdmann for his unnamed specimen, it seems possible that it agrees to some extent with this description, but the same might be said of Zoanthus jukesii ; whilst both Gray’s I. tuberculatus and our I. asymmetricus entirely disagree with it in outward form. It therefore appears that it is impossible to determine the true characters of the genus Mammillifera until the type species M. auricula has been recovered and submitted to anatomical examination. Until this is done we must therefore retain the name Isaurus for those species which undoubtedly belong to the same genus as J. tuberculatus and I. asymmetricus.
Although, as above stated, Gray instituted the genus Isaurus for J. tuberculatus, - we find that in 1867 (P. Z.S., p. 234) he erects a new genus, Pales, for a closely allied form. In his ‘Solitary, rarely irregularly aggregate” division of the “« Zoanthi malacodermit, or soft-skinned Zoanthi, or Zoanthine,”’ he recognises three genera: ‘‘Isaurus, Gray, Spic. Zool., 8, 1825 [the copy we have seen is dated 1828] ? Orinia, Duchassaing and Michelotti, Mém. Coral. des Antilles, 54. Pales [which he defines thus |--Body cylindrical, isolated, solitary, clustered, or sometimes proliferous, but each specimen having a separate base; outer skin smooth, thin, olive-brown, slightly concentrically wrinkled; the tentacles numerous, the internal laminz numerous, slender, only slightly elevated, straight and parallel above, with a thickened edge, and sinuous below. Pales eliftoni (fig. 1, p. 236)— Hab. Western Australia (Mr. Clifton). The bodies are from } to + inch in diameter; but they vary greatly in length, some being as much as 2inches long; but the general length [in spirits] seems to be about an inch..... They are found attached to shells, both isolated and in clusters, and the larger ones are attached to the base of each other, forming a somewhat stellate cluster, as if they were free, floating in the sea.”
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684 Reports on the Zoological Collections made in Torres Straits, 1888-1889.
It seems probable that the two genera are coterminous, and, if so, I. cliftont will rank as a second Australian species of Isaurus.
In 1877 Andres described (p. 226) a new genus and species, Panceria spongiosum from Port Natal; but in 1884 (p.315) he abandoned the genus, and re-named it Polythoa (Monothoa) spongiosa. We regard this as belonging to the genus under discussion.
TORRES STRAITS SPECIES OF THE GENUS ISAURUS.
I. asymmetricus, n. sp.
Isaurus asymmetricus, n. sp. (Pl. uxt, figs. 7-9; Pl. uxm., fig. 4; Pl. uxut, figs. 4-6; Pl. uxiv., fig. 9.)
Form.—Body elongated; upper portion of column, in retracted specimens, with usually four rather irregular longitudinal rows of tubercles, arranged in such a manner that there is a longitudinal area free from them. In some specimens there are intermediate tubercles, which may even form one or two rows. Young specimens are entirely smooth. The smooth side is somewhat shorter than the tuberculated, so that the body bends over to the former, and the introverted mouth is rarely terminal. The contracted capitulum exhibits radiating furrows from 18 in number upwards.
The polyps grow either singly or in small clusters. In the latter case there is a common, firm, fleshy, incrusting ccenenchyme, occasionally forming stolons, from which new buds arise.
Colour.—Whitish below, passing into brownish above; the darker portion is variously mottled with cream, or greenish cream, and occasionally diversified with darker spots; the tubercles are somewhat pinkish in colour.
Dimensions.—Average size of retracted specimens, 45 mm. in length; greatest diameter, 7 mm. ‘The longest specimen measured 56 mm. in length when retracted.
Locality.— Torres Straits ; on fringing reef between tides, Mabuiag, Oct., 1888, numerous specimens; 15—20 fathoms, between reefs, Murray Islands, Jan. 5, 1889, two specimens.
The specific name is derived from the marked asymmetry of the polyp. It is undoubtedly nearly allied to the Mammillifera tuberculata of M*Murrich (1889, p. 117). The specific differences are the lesser number and greater size of the tubercles, though their diameter is about the same, and their asymmetrical ar- rangement; the height of our species is about double that of the West Indian form.
HADDON AND SHACKLETON—Actinie: I. Zoanthee. 685
Our deeper water specimen was shorter and relatively much more tuberculated. In the ‘‘ Special volume of the Proceedings of the Geographical Society of Australasia” (Sydney, 1885), under a section designated as ‘“‘New Guinea Exploration,” there is a letter from Dr. J. W. Haacke, concerning a collection of Anthozoa from Thursday Island, Torres Straits, in which he refers to ‘a species belonging probably to a new genus closely allied to the genera Polythoa and Zoanthus. This genus would be characterized by showing, even externally, a very obvious bilateral symmetry, better, I believe, than any other Anthozoon” (p. 225). There is no doubt that this is our new species.
We have copied Gray’s account of the other Australian representative in our account of the genus, the absence of tubercles readily distinguishes it from our species. The same also holds good for the Port Natal species, J. spongiosa.
Body-wall (Pl. uxt, fig. 4).—The thick body-wall is covered by a cuticle as in the species of Zoanthus described. The ectoderm is not continuous, but is broken up into fairly uniform groups of cells by well developed strands of mesoglcea, which connect the peripheral with the general mesogloea (Pl. Lxur., fig. 6). Amongst the ordinary columnar cells of the ectoderm are to be found numerous zooxanthellz, as well as occasional large nematocysts. Bays of ectoderm, in which the cuticle may to a greater or less extent be involved, often oceur. Canals and lacune of much smaller diameter than the anastomising canals which occur in the species of Zoanthus we have described, are also present. Some of these can be shown to be continuous with the ectoderm, whilst others have an equally clear connexion with the endoderm (PI. ux, fig. 5). Endodermal bays, which may be quite shallow, or may extend to a greater or less extent into the mesoglcea as large open canals, are not unfrequent (Pl. tx1., fig. 4; Pl. uxrv., fig. 9). Occasionally these are slightly branched. A few nematocysts, smaller than those found in the ectoderm, as well as zooxanthelle, are present in the endoderm. ‘The endodermal muscular layer is well developed.
Sphincter muscle.—The single mesoglceal sphincter muscle is extremely thick and powerful. The cavities are well filled with muscle celis (Pl. txm., fig. 4).
Capitulum.—The cuticle and peripheral layer of mesogloea, as well as the strands of mesogloea which break up the ectoderm, are present in that part of the capitulum, which in contracted specimens is thrown into folds, but the cuticle disappears, and the ectoderm becomes continuous as the tentacles are approached.
Dise and tentacles.—The usual small nematocysts are found in the outer part of the ectoderm of the tentacles. The nuclei do not form a distinct central band, but are diffused, leaving, however, a clear band next to the muscle fibres. The ectodermal muscular layer is remarkably well developed. The fibres are supported on fine and complicated mesoglceal plaitings, forming in some cases a band nearly equal to one-third of the entire thickness of the wall of the tentacle.
686 Reports on the Zoological Collections made in Torres Strats, 1888-1889.
In some places these plaitings appear to unite to form a distinct band of mesoglea, outside the muscle fibres, so that here the muscle may be regarded as mesoglceal. The endodermal muscular layer is well developed, especially at the bases of the mesenteries, but it is not at all so remarkable as is that of the ectoderm. The endoderm, as well as mesoglcea, is relatively thin in the tentacles. The endoderm contains numerous zooxanthelle.
Gsophagus.—The ectoderm of the cesophagus is thrown into slight and irre- gular folds. The groove is only indicated by a slight depression in the region of the sulcar directives. Both mesoglcea and endoderm form very thin layers. Nematocysts are present in the endoderm similar to those found in the endoderm of the mesenteries and column in this region.
Mesenteries—The arrangement of the mesenteries is brachyenemic. The im- perfect mesenteries are well developed, sometimes extending about half way from the body-wall to the cesophagus (PI. xtv., fig. 9). The ectoderm of the cesophagus is reflected a short way above the lower opening of the cesophagus, and forms the mesenterial filaments in the usual way. The mesoglcea of the mesenteries is comparatively well developed even in the cesophageal region, but it becomes much thicker as it descends. Several canals run vertically through each mesentery. Some of those appear to be connected in the ccenenchyme with the endoderm (Pl. tx, fig. 5). It is possible that others are connected with ectodermal canals or lacunze, but we have not been able to trace any to the ectoderm. The endoderm of the mesenteries is very similar to that of the body-wall. It contains numerous small oval nematocysts. The muscles are fairly well developed. The mesoglcea on each side of the mesentery, close to the body- wall, is thrown into numerous and often branching plaits, which support the fibres of the parieto-basilar muscle (Pl. Lx1v., fig. 9). On one side of each mesentery the mesogloea is thrown into very slight plaits all the way up. These plaits support the longitudinal fibres. On the other side, the parieto-basilar fibres (cut obliquely in transverse section) extend considerably beyond the mesogleal plaitings. In the imperfect mesenteries the mesoglceal plaitings extend the whole way on both sides, and it is hardly possible to distinguish two distinct sets of fibres.
Gonads.—In only one of our specimens did we find gonads. These were all female; but they were few and not fully developed. We cannot say with certainty whether this species is moncecious or dicecious, though our evidence leads us to suppose it to be the latter.
Gemmaria, Duch. & Mich., 1860.
Solitary brachyenemic Zoanthez with mesoglceal sphincter muscle. The body- wall is incrusted with grains of sand and spicules. The ectoderm is usually
Happon AND SHACKLETON—Actinie : I. Zoanthee. 687 .
discontinuous, but may be continuous. Lacunz and cell-islets are found in the mesogloea. Dicecious.
This genus was recovered by M*Murrich (1889), who identified a Zoanthid from the Bermudas as Gemmaria ruset, Duch. & Mich. (p. 124), and in a previously written, but subsequently published, Paper (18894, p. 65), he describes G. zsolata, n. sp., from the Bahamas. We are able to extend the geographical distribution of the genus, and at the same time give ourselves the pleasure of associating one of our new species with the name of our esteemed colleague, Prof. J. Playfair M°*Murrich, of Haverford College, Pa., U. S. A., to whom we have so often referred in these pages.
Besides the type species, G. rusez, from St. Thomas, Duchassaing and Michelotti (1860) describe G. clavata, Duch. (St. Thomas and Guadeloupe), @. swift, D. & M. (St. Thomas), and G@. brevis, Duch, (Antilles).
In 1866 they state that ‘perhaps G, siftii may be better placed in the genus Bergia.” From the figure (1860, pl. viii., pp. 17 and 18) it appears to closely resemble a Sarcodictyon, but in the later Memoir the authors state that it has 24 biserial tentacles. It is certain that this is not a synonym for Parazoanthus axinelle, as Andres suggests (1884, p. 311). Anyhow it is clear that these authors had no very definite conception of their own genus, for neither G. swift nor G. brevis would appear to belong to the same genus as the type species, nor is it certain that G. clavata does either.
It is difficult to understand why Andres (1884, p. 318) has regarded G. brevis as a synonym of two or three species of Epizoanthus. Gray (1867, p. 238) has added to the confusion by placing Z. sulcatus, Gosse, in this genus; but it is probable as M°Murrich suggests, that Zriga philippinensis, Gray (1867, p. 239), may belong to the genus in question. Gray’s description of the genus Triga:—‘‘ The coral sub-cylindrical, solitary, attached, with a rather expanded base; outer coat coria- ceous, sandy, concentrically wrinkled”; and of the type species:—‘‘Coral sub- cylindrical, clavate, rather narrowed near the base, concentrically wrinkled; end convex, obscurely radiately striated; hab. Philippines, attached to small pebbles (Cuming). ‘The coral varies from an inch to an inch and a-half in length ”—agrees very well, except for size, with our new species; but without microscopical examination it would be impossible to determine with certainty even the genus of Gray’s species.
The only known species of this genus are G. rusei, D. & M., G@. isolata, M°M., G. macmurrichi, n. sp., and G. mutuli, n. sp.
TORRES STRAITS SPECIES OF THE GENUS GEMMARIA. G. macmurrichi, n. sp. G. mutukt, n. sp.
- 688 Reports on the Zoological Collections made in Torres Straits, 1888-1889.
Gemmaria macmurrichi, n. sp. (Gale west, wie, le IPL Weodde, elem, 7)
Form.—Erect, rigid, wider above than below; upper portion of contracted specimen with minute radiating corrugations.
Colour.—Sandy.
Dimensions—Height, 13 mm.; diameter, 8°5 mm. above, 2 mm. below.
Locality—Channel between Mer and Dauar, Murray Islands. 20 fathoms. Mar. 16, 1889. One specimen only.
Body-wall (Pl. uxi., fig. 7)—The ectoderm is discontinuous, being broken up by thick, irregular strands of mesogloea, which unite to form a distinct peri- pheral layer lying beneath the cuticle. The ectodermal cells are for the most part disintegrated in our specimen, their contents adhering to the surrounding mesogleea and leaving an empty space in the centre. The incrustations consist chiefly of coarse grains of calcareous sand, but a few silicious sponge spicules are also present, and are left after decalcification. Beneath the incrustations lies an encircling sinus, which is, however, so much interrupted by the mesogloea as to appear in horizontal section as a circular series of lacune, each lacuna lying imme- diately below the union of a mesentery with the body-wall, two or three lacune being occasionally united by a fine canal. As the base of the polyps is approached the lacunz gradually become smaller and finally disappear. It thus appears that the body-wall is pierced by a number of canals, which run vertically upwards from near the base to the disc of the polyps; these canals being occasionally connected with each other by much finer crossing canals. Similar fine canals are occasionally to be found running from the vertical canals outwards towards the ectoderm. Cell islets are scattered abundantly through the mesogloea, as also are single cells elongated into delicate fibrils connected both with endoderm and mesogleea, such as we have described in other species of Zoantheee. Large lacunz, densely filled with deeply staining granules, are numerous at the base of the polyp. These are clearly connected with the mesenterial canals which arise in this region. They seem to be of ectodermal origin. The endoderm which lines the column is not very well preserved, but it appears to form a regular layer of medium thickness. The muscular layer is well developed in the upper part of the column. Lower down it is weaker.
Sphincter muscle.—The sphincter muscleis single, mesoglceal,and is well developed.
Disc and tentacles.—Unlike the two species of Gemmaria described by M*Murrich, the ectoderm of the disc and tentacles contains no zooxanthelle, nor have we ob- served them in the endoderm either. The ectodermal muscular layer is fairly
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well developed in our specimen, whilst in his it is very weak (1889, p. 124). Cell enclosures (similar to those described and figured by M*Murrich) are found in the dise of G. macmurricht. Foreign bodies are occasionally found embedded in the
mesogloea of this region.
Gsophagus.—The tissues of the cesophagus are badly preserved in our specimen. There is a slight thickening of the mesogleea at the groove, but we are unable to give further particulars.
Mesenteries.—The mesenteries are arranged as in other Brachycneminz. The mesogloea is well developed in both imperfect and perfect mesenteries. The muscular layer appears to be feebly developed, the mesoglceal plaitings not being well marked. A vertical canal runs through each mesentery, from the base of the polyps to the disc; in many cases it appears to divide, giving rise to two or more canals in the cesophageal region. The reflected ectoderm and the filaments are so badly preserved that it is impossible to make out the particulars of their arrange- ment. The endoderm of the mesenteries is very similar to that which lines the
body-wall.
Gonads.—There were no gonads in our specimen.
This species can easily be distinguished anatomically from the two species investigated by M*Murrich, but externally they appear to be very similar.
Gemmaria mutuki, n. sp. (GENE ene, avers, 110))
Form.—Erect, wider above than below; upper portion of retracted specimens with a large number (24—30) of fine radial ridges, which are continued some way down the column; lower portion of column wrinkled in spirit specimens. Basal gemmation occurs.
Colour.—Grayish-white in spirit.
Dimensions.—Height, 10-12 mm.; average diameter, 4.5 mm.
Locality—Mabuiag, 6th October, 1888; 5 specimens.
We have named this species after a local hero, Mutuk by name, whose adven- tures are recorded in the Journal of the Folk-lore Society, ‘‘ Folk-lore,” I., 1890, DeO0. |
Body-wall (fig. 1, p. 690).—The ectoderm is continuous, and is covered by a thin cuticle to which numerous diatoms adhere. Occasional zooxanthelle are to be found in the ectoderm. The mesoglcea is rather thin relatively to the diameter of the polyp. Numerous incrustations are embedded in the mesogleea. They are chiefly spicular ; ascidian as well as sponge spicules being frequently found. Grains of sand are
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690 Reports on the Zoological Collections made in Torres Straits, 1888-1889.
also present. Cell enclosures consisting for the most part of lacunz are very numerous in the mesoglea. There is no regular series of canals or of lacune lying at the union of each mesentery with the body-wall, such as we have described for G. macmurricht. In some parts of the wall, the lacunze lie so close together beneath the incrustations, as to suggest an interrupted encircling sinus; but for the most part they are irregularly scattered through the meso- gloea. Zooxanthelle are found in many of these lacunee. ‘The endoderm forms a uniform
Fie. 1.—Gemmaria mutuki, Transverse
section of body-wall.
layer of moderate thickness in which zooxanthellae are very numerous. The muscular layer is well developed.
Sphincter muscle.—The usual single mesoglceal sphincter muscle is present.
Disc and tentacles.—As in the body-wall, zooxanthellae are present in both ectoderm and endoderm in this species, though they are much less abundant in the former than in the latter layer. The ectodermal muscular layer is rather weak. In both these features it will be seen that G. mutuki differs from G. mac- murrichi, and resembles M*Murrich’s two West Indian species. The mesoglcea of the disc in this species also contains cell enclosures.
Gsophagus.—The groove is well marked, and of the truncated form described and figured by M*Murrich for G. dsolata (1889 A, -p. 66, Pl. 1v., fig. 20).
Mesenteries.—The mesenteries have the usual brachycnemic arrangement. The mesogleea is fairly well developed; the musculature is rather weak. Hach mesentery contains a single basal canal, which does not divide in the cesophageal region as in G. macmurrichi, but runs up vertically from the base of the polyp almost to the disc. The tissues in the lower part of the ccelenteron in our specimen are unfortunately not sufficiently well preserved for us to give details regarding the mesenterial filaments.
Gonads.—Numerous ripe sperm cells are present in the ccelenteron of the specimen cut by us.
Externally this species may be distinguished from G. macmurrichi by its shorter, more stumpy form. Anatomically it differs from G. macmurrichi in the presence of numerous zooxanthellz, in the continuous ectoderm, and in various other points, which will be seen by comparing our description of the two species. Outwardly, G. mutuki may also be readily distinguished from the two West Indian species, but in several anatomical points, referred to above, it seems to agree more nearly with them than with G. macmurrichi.
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PALYTHOA, Lamx., 1816.
CorticirerA, Lesueur, 1817. PotytHoa, Andres, 1884.
Mammiuuirera (pars), Blainville, 1830. Potyraoa (Corricrrnoa), Andres, 1884.
Brachycnemic Zoanthez witha single mesoglceal sphincter muscle. The body- wallis incrusted. The ectoderm is continuous(?); the mesoglcea contains numerous lacunz, and occasionally canals. Dicecious. Polyps immersed in a thick ccenen- chyme, which forms a massive expansion.
The genus Palythoa was founded by Lamouroux (i816, p. 359) for the reception of two species which had previously been described and figured by Ellis and Solander as Aleyoniwm mammillosum and A. ocellatum (1786, pp. 179, 180, Pl. 1, figs. 4-6). Palythoa is thus defined by Lamouroux :—‘“‘ Polypier en plaque étendue, couverte de mamelons nombreux, cylindriques, de plus d’un centimétre de hauteur, réunis entre eux; les cavités ou cellules isolées, presque cloisonnées longitudinalement et ne contenant qu’un seul polype.”
Palythoa mammillosa is evidently regarded by Lamouroux as the type species of the genus. He reproduces Solander’s figure of this species, but not that of P. ocellata, of which he merely gives a description. Unfortunately a Latinized version of the French name “ Palythoé Etoillée,” given by Lamouroux to P. mammillosa, has been added at the bottom of his plate—a circumstance which has given rise to some confusion.
In 1817 Lesueur, being evidently unacquainted with Lamouroux’s work, erected the genus Corticifera for two West Indian species which he named C. gila- reola and C. flava. These species are evidently very nearly allied to P. mammillosum and P. ocellata: indeed Lesueur queries whether C. flava is not synonymous with Aleyonium ocellatum, Ellis and Sol.; and his definition of the genus Corticifera agrees very nearly with that of Lamouroux for Palythoa.
Subsequent naturalists have, with very few exceptions, recognized the priority of Lamouroux’s genus, and have applied the name Palythoa to all those Zoantheze which are incrusted with sand, and are immersed to a greater or less extent in the cenenchyme, forming corticiferous expansions. In this sense Verrill used the term in 1869, and Hertwig in 1882 adopted the same classification.
Unfortunately the genus Palythoa has also been occasionally extended to include Zoantheze which are incrusted with sand, but which are united only at the bases, forms which are included in the genus Epizoanthus, as defined by Verrill (1869, p. 437). Amongst the species to which the name Palythoa was thus mistakenly applied was a form with ribbon-like coenenchyme and exsert polyps, described by Schmidt as P. axinelle (1862, p. 61).
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In 1885 Erdmann, investigating the anatomy of a number of forms which, to judge from their outward characters, should all be relegated to the genus Epizoan- thus, discovered that, in reality, they belonged to two distinct natural genera, distinguished by the circumstance that some of them possessed a single mesogleal sphincter muscle, whilst in others the sphincter was endodermal. Amongst the latter was Schmidt’s species P. axinelle. Those species which possessed a mesogleeal sphincter muscle Erdmann retained in the genus Epizoanthus. Those which had an endodermal sphincter, he placed in the genus Palythoa, ignoring P. mammillosa, and adopting P. axinelle as typical of the genus, thereby excluding the type species, as well as numerous closely allied forms which had hitherto borne the name Palythoa. .
It was now necessary to find another name for these forms, and Erdmann consequently revived Lesueur’s genus Corticifera, a genus which, as we have pointed out above, was synonymous with Palythoa, but had to give place to that genus on the grounds of priority. To the former definition of the genus Corticifera Erdmann added certain anatomical characters—namely, the ‘‘ micro- typal” (brachycnemic) arrangement of the mesenteries and the presence of a single mesogloea sphincter muscle. ‘These anatomical characters have been shown to be present in all the species recently investigated which are included in Lamouroux’s Palythoa and in Lesueur’s Corticifera, including the type species C. glureola (re-examined hy M*Murrich, 1889, p. 122). It therefore appears that they all belong to one and the same morphological genus, which, as we have shown, must, according to the laws of priority, be known as Palythoa. To sum up, the argument may be briefly stated as follows :—Palythoa, Lamx. = Corticifera, Les. = Palythoa, Verrill, &e. Schmidt and others extended Palythoa to include P. axinelle and similar species, thus, unconsciously, making the genus Palythoa both macro- and brachycnemie.
Erdmann restricted the genus Palythoa to the non-typical macrocnemic exten- sion, and revived Corticifera for the typical brachycnemic species. We restore Lamouroux’s genus, discard Corticifera, and erect a new genus, Parazoanthus, for P. axinelle and allied species.
As regards P. mammillosa, the type species of Palythoa, we may say that we are strongly inclined to regard C. lutea of Hertwig (1888, p. 44, Pl. 1, fig. 6) as being synonymous with P. mammillosa. M*Murrich agrees with us in regarding Hertwig’s identification of his West Indian form with Quoy and Gaimard’s Mammillifera lutea, from the Fiji Islands, as doubtful in the extreme ; but he is inclined to believe Hertwig’s species to be identical with C. glareola, which he describes (1889, p. 122). However this*may be, we feel quite justified in assuming that the anatomical characters of P. mammillosa are similar to those of all the other species possessed of similar outward characters, which have been anatomically examined.
Happon AnD SHACKLETON—Actinie : I. Zoanthee. 693
TORRES STRAITS SPECIES OF THE GENUS PALYTHOA.
P. howesit, n. sp. P. kochit, n. sp. P. cesia(?), Dana.
Palythoa howesii, n. sp. (El uxt, ste. 13 Pl ix, fe. 6.)
Form.—Polyps scarcely projecting above the surface of the ccenenchyme when contracted, and then, in most cases, only the one side is prominent ; in other words, the side is almost invariably entirely sunk. Coenenchyme, thick, incrusting. The polyps are arranged in indefinite, roughly parallel rows. Owing to the partial immersion of the polyps the prominent portions of contiguous polyps have a tendency to form zigzag lines. The whole surface is very rigid and rough, owing to the incrustation of sandy particles. .
Colour.—Sandy.
Dimensions.—Average diameter of polyps, 7 mm.
Locality — Fringing reef, Thursday Island. One colony.
Named after Prof. G. B. Howes, of the Royal College of Science, London. [I would like to take this opportunity of acknowledging the assistance which my friend Professor Howes has rendered me from first to last in the storing and distribution of my Torres Straits collections.—A. C. H.]
Body-wall (Pl. uxit., fig. 8).—As in other species; of Palythoa, the body-wall and ccenenchyme are indistinguishable. The ectoderm which covers the surface of the colony is much torn, fragments of it alone adhering to the mesoglcea ; these pieces are further broken by irregular projections of the mesogloea, which somewhat resemble the mesogloeal strands found in various other species of Zoanthez, but they do not appear to unite in this case to form a peripheral layer of mesoglea. In most cases no cuticle is to be seen, but in one or two places we have found a thin cuticle, and it seems probable that in a normal condition such a cuticle covers the surface of the ectoderm. The mesogloea is very thick, and the incrustations are chiefly found in the outer portion. The incrustations consist of coarse grains of sand, and are very numerous. Lacunz, some of which are clearly connected with the ectoderm, are scattered through the mesoglea. In some cases
694 Reports on the Zoological Collections made in Torres Straits, 1888-1889.
the canals in the mesenteries, which are extremely well marked, are distinctly connected with the spaces in the body-wall. Large yellowish nematocysts are present in the outer ectoderm, in many of the lacunz of the mesoglcea, and in the mesenteric canals, being especially numerous in the latter. A very few zooxan- thellze are also present. Besides the lacunz, numerous isolated cells are enclosed in the mesogloea, many of them being drawn out into the fine protoplasmic threads found in other species of Zoanthez. ‘The endoderm is granular, of uniform thickness, and contains occasional zooxanthelle. 'The usual diffuse muscular layer is present.
Sphincter muscle.—The single mesoglceal sphincter muscle is well developed.
Dise and tentacles.—The ectoderm is thick, and in the tentacles the ectodermal muscular layer is well developed, the mesoglceal folds being complicated and branching. The mesoglea also forms a thick layer and often contains cell enclosures. ‘The endoderm is very thin.
Gsophagus.—The ectoderm of the cesophagus was not well preserved in our specimens, so that it was not possible to determine its nature or arrangement in a normal condition. There is a well marked groove, and the mesogloea, which elsewhere is thin, becomes much thickened in this region.
Mesenteries.—The mesenteries present the usual microcnemic arrangement. The imperfect mesenteries are usually well developed. The ectoderm of the cesophagus appears to be reflected in the usual manner, but owing to its bad preservation it is not possible to determine the exact nature of its arrangement. The mesoglcea is well developed, and in each mesentery it contains one or more sinuses or canals which extend throughout the entire height of the mesentery. These sinuses contain numbers of large nematocysts, similar to those found in the ectoderm of the body- wall. The muscles of the mesenteries are not strongly developed. They form almost simple layers.
Gonads.—The sexes are distinct; we found female, but no male gonads, in several of the polyps which we examined. They were all taken from the same colony.
Palythoa kochii, n. sp. (Blix, fe: 1255 Pix, tie2 9%)
Form.—Polyps projecting slightly above the surface of the ccenenchyme ; ecenenchyme incrusting, of moderate thickness. Polyps so crowded as to usually have a polygonal contour. The whole surface is incrusted with calcareous particles, ete. ‘Twenty capitular ridges and furrows. Tentacles, 40. Mouth large.
Colouwr.—Colour of colony, finely speckled buff and cream, each polyp demar- cated by a pale border; tentacles similar, but translucent. Disc thin, translucent,
Happon AND SHACKLETON—Actinie: I. Zoanthee. 695
the dark interval cavity shining through; very finely dotted with brown and opaque white. Cisophagus gray, furrowed. Capitular ridges whiter than the rest of the polyp.
Dimensions.—Diameter of polyps about 5 mm.
Locality.—F ringing reefs, Thursday Island, and Mabuiag.
This species is named in honour of our distinguished German colleague, who was the first to discover the precise arrangement of the mesenteries in the Zoanthee.
Body-wall (Pl. uxm., fig. 9)—As in the last species the body-wall and coenenchyme may be regarded as one. The ectoderm, where present, is continuous, and is covered by a thin cuticle. Incrustations, consisting of spicules and grains of sand (the latter being for the most part less coarse than those found in P. howesit), form a dense border at the union of the ectoderm with the mesoglea. They are scattered more sparingly through the deeper parts of the mesoglea. Lacune, canals, and cell islets are found throughout the mesoglcea. Nematocysts are present in both the ectoderm and the lacunz. Zooxanthelle are also found in the ectoderm and lacunz, as well asin the endoderm. The endodermal muscle is well developed. The endoderm forms a uniformly thin layer.
Sphincter muscle.—The mesogleeal sphincter is long and well developed.
Dise and tentacles.—The structure of the disc and tentacles is very similar to that found in P. howesit.
(Hsophagus——The ectoderm of the cesophagus is not well preserved, but it appears to be thrown into well marked folds. There is a very slight groove, and no appreciable thickening of the mesogloea in this region.
Mesenteries.—The mesenteries are arranged as in other Brachycnemine. The imperfect mesenteries are well developed. The reflected ectoderm is not well preserved, but is evidently arranged in the ordinary manner. Sinuses, similar to those found in P. howesi, are found in the mesenteries of this species also. The muscular layers are very simple, there being apparently no mesoglceal plaitings.
Gonads.—We found male gonads in several of our specimens, but no female organs were present.
Palythoa coesia(?), Dana. (Pl. ux1., fig. 14.) Palythoa cesia:
Dana, 1846, Zoophytes, U. 8. Exploring Expedition, p. 40. pl. xxx., figs. 8, 83a. Milne Edwards, 1857, Hist. Nat. Coralliaires, 1., p. 305. Andres, 1884, Le Attinie, p. 382.
Form.—Polyps slightly projecting above the surface of the cenenchyme when contracted. Coenenchyme incrusting in small, ovoid, concavo-convex masses of
696 Reports on the Zoological Collections made in Torres Straits, 1888-1889.
moderate thickness. Polyps large, not crowded, of rounded contour. The whole surface is incrusted with calcareous particles. About twenty capitular ridges.
Colour.—Grayish-white in spirit specimens.
Dimensions—Diameter of polyps about 9mm. The colonies in the specimens before us average about 50 em. by 40 cm.
Locality.—Reefs, Torres Straits.
We have doubtfully referred this species to P. cwsia, which was collected by the United States Exploring Expedition at Fiji. The size and disposition of the polyps are fairly similar in the two forms; but the ccenenchyme of ours is less convex. From the specimen figured (PI. Lxr., fig. 14), it would seem that the colony divides after it has attained a certain size.
Body-wall.—In its anatomy this species is in most respects very similar to that of P. kochit. The ectoderm is covered by a thin cuticle, and is continuous. It contains nematocysts and zooxanthellae. Incrustations are even more numerous than in P. kochi, and they penetrate the mesogleea, which separates the polyps to a greater extent than in that species. They con- sist of sponge and ascidian spicules, foramini- lac: fera, &c., as well of great numbers of grains of sand. lLacunz of variable size are very tem. -----W 0%
numerous in the mesogloea. In some cases a great number of these lacune placed close to- Va gether form a sort of spongy or vesicular sheath “° ~>-- round an individual polyp. Nematocysts are commonly to be met with in the lacune. The endoderm is not very well preserved, but it appears to form ridges between the mesenteries, rather than a thin uniform layer as in P. kochit. The endodermal muscular layer appears to be well developed:
Sphincter muscle-—The single mesogleal sphincter is a strong one.
Dise and tentacles.—The disc and tentacles are very similar in structure to those in the last two species, the ectoderm being remarkably thick.
Gsophagus.—Nematocysts are very numerous in the ectoderm of the cesophagus. There is a well marked groove.
Tie a oe
ONO
| Fie. 2.—Palythoa cesia(?). Transverse section of body-wall.
Mesenteries.——The arrangement of the mesenteries is brachycnemic. The
Happon AND SHACKLETON—Achinie : I. Zoanthee. 697
mesenteries in other respects seem to be very similar to those of P. howesii and P. kochit. Well marked sinuses extend through each mesentery from the base to the dise.
Gonads.—We have found no generative organs in this species.
The more irregular disposition of the polyps distinguishes P. kochii from P. howesw, in which they are arranged more or less in rows. The zigzag appearance due to the partial immersion of the polyps is very characteristic of P. howesii. It would require considerable care to distinguish between P. kochii and certain other species of the genus. P. cesta, as identified by ourselves, is easily distinguishable from the preceding species on account of the large and non-crowded polyps and the apparently smaller size of the colonies; but we would like to add another warning as to the extreme difficulty in identifying the species of this genus.
SPHENOPUS, Steenstrup, 1856.
Free, solitary, brachyenemic Zoanthez, with a single, very long, mesoglceal sphineter muscle. The body-wall is incrusted. Cell islets present in the mesogloea.
Sphenopus arenaceus, Hertwig.
Sphenopus arenaceus :
Hertwig, 1882, Voy. H. M. 58. ‘‘ Challenger,”’ Zoology. Report on the Actiniaria, p. 120, pl. n., fig. 10; pl. xiv., fig. 8. Also, 1886, ibid., Supplement, p. 52.
Hertwig says, in his first report of this species :—‘‘ Habitat—Cape York ? (the title of the label enclosed with the preparation was nearly entirely destroyed by the rough surface of the animal, and could not be exactly made out), one specimen.” In the Supplement he says :—‘ Habitat—Station 187, Torres Strait, Australia, September 9, 1874; 6 fathoms. ‘Two specimens. . . . In the ‘ Chal- lenger’ material I have found four further examples of the genus Sphenopus; two of these I have determined as Sphenopus arenaceus, on account of their rusty red tint, and other two Sphenopus marsupialis, in consequence of the earthy-gray colour and the absence of a stalk.” The last being a character of his other new species, S. pedunculatus (1. c. p. 49), from off Panay, Philippine Islands.
This is the only Zoanthean previously recorded from Torres Straits, and it does not occur in our collection. Thanks to the kindness of Professor F. Jeffrey Bell, of the British Museum, we have been able to examine some specimens of S. mar- supialis which were given to him by Edgar Thurston, Esq., of the Central Museum, Madras, who collected them at Madras.
Hertwig gives no characters by which this species can be distinguished from
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698 Reports on the Zoological Collections made in Torres Straits, 1888-1889.
S. marsupialis, and we agree with him when he says it is ‘‘ desirable that with an opportunity of more abundant and fresh material, a renewed study should be undertaken to decide whether the received specific characters are variable, and whether all three species should not be united in the single Sphenopus marsupialis (Cc. p. 52):
Sub-family. MacrocnEMIn”. PARAZOANTHUS, Hadd. & Shackl., 1891.
Macrocnemic Zoanthez with a diffuse endodermal sphincter muscle. The body- wall is incrusted. The ectoderm is continuous; encircling sinus as well as ecto- dermal canals ; lacunze and cell-islets in the mesogleea. Dicecious. Polyps connected by thin coenenchyme.
This genus is established by us in our second part of the Revision of the British Actinize (1891, p. 653), to which the reader is referred for fuller details.
TORRES STRAITS SPECIES OF THE GENUS PARAZOANTHUS.
P. dichroicus, n. sp.
P. douglast, n. sp.
Parazoanthus dichroicus, n. sp. (ElMuxa,; fis. Nol: Plex eo.)
Form.—Body short, encrusted with sand and spicules. Capitulum with about eighteen distinct ridges. Coenenchyme encrusting a specimen of Plumularia ramsayt.
Colouwr.—Body and ccenenchyme, gray ; capitulum, pale-yellow.
Dimensions. —2—2'5 mm. in height; 1:25—1:5 mm. in diameter.
Locality—Channel between Mer and Dauar, about 20 fathoms, Jan. 6, 1889. One colony.
This species rendered the alcohol in which it was preserved strongly dichroic— the colours being yellow and violet; we have emphasised this fact in its name, which is also appropriate on account of the gray and yellow colour of the polyps.
Body-wall.—The body-wall is thickly incrusted with foreign bodies, particles of sand, diatoms, ascidian and sponge spicules, &c. (Pl. x11, fig. 5). These are em- bedded in the mesogloea, the ectoderm having for the most part disappeared from
- Happon AND SHACKLETON—Achinice : I. Zoanthee. 699
the surface of our specimens. Where present the ectoderm appears to be con- tinuous. It is not penetrated by strands of mesoglcea, nor is there a peripheral layer of mesoglcea. The cuticle is very delicate, and difficult to discern. Beneath the incrustations, and separated from the endoderm by a narrow band of mesoglea, is an encircling sinus filled with dark brown granular pigment. It is crossed at intervals by strands of mesogloea. A few branching canals connected with the sinus run outwards through the mesoglea among the incrustations. Small, round or oval groups of cells, the cell-islets of Erdmann, are scattered throughout the mesogloea; a very few pigment granules can be seen in some of them. We have not observed any connexion between the sinus or the canals connected with it and these islets. The endoderm is richly pigmented. We have seen no zooxanthellee.
The capitulum, which in contracted specimens is thrown into deep folds, is also incrusted; but there is a much larger proportion of spicules and relatively fewer sand particles than in the column. The encircling sinus is not continued into the capitulum.
Sphincter muscle-—The endodermal sphincter is supported on slightly branched plaitings of mesoglea. Near the upper extremity (in contracted specimens) it appears to become embedded in the mesogloea, a few simple cavities being visible in our sections.
Tentacles.—The ectoderm of the tentacles is thick. The nuclei are scattered diffusely through the outer part, leaving a clear band next the muscular layer. Small nematocysts of the usual description are present. The mesoglea is thin and almost homogeneous, a very few cell-islets being present. The endoderm contains a few zooxanthelle, and occasional pigment granules.
Dise.—The ectoderm of the disc is very similar to that of the tentacles, but it contains some pigment. Numerous cell-islets occur in the mesoglea.
sophagus.—The ectoderm of the cesophagus stains more deeply than that of the dise or tentacles. It forms a simple layer, not being thrown into folds. The mesogloea is fairly thick, especially in the region of the groove, which is well marked.
Mesenteries——The mesenteries are arranged as in other Macrocnemine. The imperfect mesenteries are very slightly developed, projecting but little beyond the endoderm. The mesogloea of the mesenteries is thick, and contains cell-islets, but no canals or sinuses. ‘The longitudinal muscles are well developed and supported on mesogloeal folds. ‘The endoderm resembles that which lines the body-wall.
Gonads.—In one of the specimens cut by us male gonads were found.
Parasites.—Small, oval, deeply pigmented bodies occur in many parts of the body in this species. They are evidently parasites, but we are unable to say anything further about them.
700 Reports on the Zoological Collections made in Torres Straits, 1888-1889.
Parazoanthus dougiasi, n. sp. (PI. uxt, figs. 16-22; Pl. uxt, fig. 6.)
Form.—Body when growing on hydroids often somewhat long and relatively narrow, but when growing on a flat surface, usually short and thick; capitular ridges not well marked; texture gritty ; coenenchyme incrusting.
Colour.—Sand colour.
Dimensions.——Height variable; largest specimens 8—9 mm.; diameter, 2-2°5 mm. The shorter specimens growing on flat surfaces are from 3—5 mm. in height, and 2mm. in diameter.
Locality.—Albany Pass, Cape York. 10 fathoms. August 29, 1888. Numerous specimens.
[I have named this species in honour of the Hon. John Douglas, K.C.M.G., Government Resident at Thursday Island, Torres Straits, who assisted me as far as was in his power during my stay in Torres Straits.—A. C. H. |
Body-wall.—As in P. dichroicus, but little ectoderm remains on the body-wall of our specimens of P. dowglasi, and that which does remain is continuous and covered by a very delicate cuticle. ‘The incrustations, which penetrate the greater part of the thickness of the mesoglcea, consist chiefly of sponge spicules (some of them being triradiate) with a few grains of sand, foraminifera, &c., amongst them. ‘There is an encircling sinus which contains a few dark granules similar to those which are so abundant in P. dichroicus, but it is for the most part almost empty. It is crossed at intervals by the strands of mesogloea, and is connected with a system of branching canals, which run outwards through the incrustation. Cell-islets, though present, are not at all so numerous as in P. dichroicus. The endoderm forms a thin layer of uniform thickness. ‘The muscular layer is feebly developed.
Capitulum.—The incrustations in this region are almost entirely confined to sponge spicules. The ridges, although not externally conspicuous, can be well seen in our transverse sections.
Sphineter muscle.—'The spincter muscle is entirely endodermal. The mesogloal plaitings are regular and simple.
Dise and tentacles—The structure of disc and tentacles is very similar to that of P. dichroicus, but there appear to be no enclosures of any kind in the mesogleea.
sophagus.—The ectoderm of the cesophagus is thrown into slight folds. There is a distinct groove, the mesogloea bemg much thickened in this region.
Mesenteries.—The arrangement of the mesenteries is brachyenemic. The imper- fect mesenteries are even more feebly developed than in P. dichroicus, being in many cases hardly discernible. The mesogloea forms a fairly thick layer,
Happon AND SHACKLETON—Actinie: I. Zoanthee. 701
without enclosures of any kind. It is thrown into very slight plaitings to support the longitudinal muscles, which are not well developed. The parieto-basal muscles are also feebly developed. The endoderm of the mesenteries forms a thin layer similar to that which lines the body-wall.
Gonads.—No gonads were found in our specimens.
Parasites.—We found that many of our specimens of this species were infested by a copepod which deposits its eg in the ccelenteron or ccelenteric canals of the polyp. ‘The capsules are paired, and contain a large number of ova. We have found them in the nauplius stage, as well as in other stages of development. We have two specimens of the copepod, but are unable to say whether these are adult or not. The capsules form distinct swellings of the body-wall of the actinian. This fact leads us to suppose that the copepod remains within the ccelenteric cavities while the capsule is developing, and when the latter is ripe it breaks away from it (PI. x1, figs. 19-22).
Small oval parasites, similar to those found in P. dichroicus, are also found in P. macmurrichi.
The larger size and uniform colouration of P. douglas’ enable it to be easily distinguished from P. dichroicus.
TRANS. ROY. DUB. SOC., N.S. VOL. IV., PART XIII. 51
_ EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXI.
TRANS. ROY. DUB. SOC., N.S. VOL. IV., PART XIII.
PLATE LX.
1. Zoanthus coppingeri, n. sp. (p. 676). Natural size ; spirit specimens. 2. Zoanthus coppingert. Drawn from living specimen by A. C. H.
3-4. Zounthus jukesit, n. sp. (p. 678). Sketched from life by A. C. H. 5. Zoanthus jukesti. Natural size ; spirit specimens.
6. Zoanthus macgillivrayt, n. sp. (p. 680). Twice natural size; drawn from spirit specimens by A.C. H.
7. SLsaurus asymmetricus, n. sp. (p. 684). Natural size; drawn from life by A. C. H.; one speci- men is drawn, showing the smooth side.
8. ILsaurus asymmetricus. Entirely smooth specimen.
9. Lsaurus asymmetricus. Small variety from Murray Island; natural size; drawn from life by A. C. H.
10. Gemmaria mutuki, n. sp. (p. 689). Natural size ; spirit specimens.
11. Gemmaria macmurrichi, n. sp. (p. 688). Twice natural size; drawn from spirit specimen by A.C. H.
12. Palythoa kochit, n. sp. (p. 694). Portion of colony; natural size ; spirit specimen. 18. Palythoa howesit, n. sp. (p. 693). Portion of colony; natural size ; spirit specimen. 14. Palythoa cesia? (Dana) (p. 695). Portion of a bilobed colony ; natural size ; spirit specimen. 15. Parazoanthus dichrotcus, n. sp. (p. 698). Natural size ; spirit specimen. 16-17. Parazoanthus douglasi, n. sp. (p. 700). Natural size; spirit specimens.
18. Parazoanthus douglasi. Natural size; portion of a dried colony incrusting stones; dried specimen.
19-22. Copepod Galls on’ P. douglasi— 19. Portion of coonenchyme-wal! of gall. 20. Side view of one of the egg-capsules in situ. 21. Showing a pair of egg-capsules zz situ. 22. Two empty galls in base of polyps.
[All the above are in the British Museum, with the exception of fig. 11, of which the single specimen obtained was utilised for anatomical examination. ]
Trans. R.Dub.S.N.S. Vol. IV. Plate LXI.
MP Parker delet hth West Newman imp
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIL
va
PLATE LXIL.
LETTERING ADOPTED IN THE FIGURES.
ci. . . . . Cell-islets. mes. lac., . . mesenterial lacuna.
Why >) a oo) Gita, mes. sin., . . mesenterial sinus.
ect., .'. .\. ectoderm. m. fy. . ~~ mesenterial filament.
ect.can., . . ectodermal canal. nem... . . . mnematocyst.
ene. sin., . . encircling sinus. Oy. 6) 0) 5 . SOLA
end., . . . . endoderm. par., >: =. parasite:
iner.,. . . . incrustation. z, . . . « axial support of incrusting forms. My . . + . mesoglea. Zy -+ =. »- Z0oxanthella:
[ The axial support in fig. 5 is a Hydroid. |
Zoanthus coppingert, n. sp. (p. 676). Transverse section through the base of the body-wall, 5 oe
.
Zoanthus jukesti, n. sp. (p. 678). Transverse section through the base of the body-wall, - Zoanthus macgillivray?, nu. sp. (p. 680). Transverse section through the base of the body-wall, =.
: 4 Tsaurus asymmetricus, n. sp. (p. 684). Transverse section through the base of the body-wall, 10:
by] to
Parazoanthus dichroicus, n. sp. (p. 698)." Transverse section through the base of the body-wall, 2 Parazoanthus douglast, n. sp. (p. 700). Transverse section through the base of the body-wall, 3:
* These letters of magnification refer in all cases to Zeiss’ system.
Plate LXI1.
one. R.Dub.S.,N.S.,VoL.IV. Pi
r - 4
& LY
eTT AM ATP
g
“y=
SSS AN
West, Newman,imp-
A.M.S.del.ad.nat. MP. Parler chr lith.
2 xeranirion on PuATH Exim 9
Fig.
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PLATE LX
LETTERING ADOPTED IN THE FIGURES.
br. cn. mes... . brachycnemic mesentery (the sulco- Mm, . »« . . mesoglea.
sulcar lateral mesentery). mes. can., . . mesenterial canal. col., . . . . ccelenteron. m. sph. m., . . mesoglceal sphincter muscle. Cle ere uaCUticles nem.,. . . . nematocyst. decal., . . . lacuna due to the decalcification of @s., . . . . cesophagus.
an incrustation. Sass . . . Sulcar directive mesenteries. ect. . . . . ectoderm. 8.gv., . . . sulcar groove. ect. b., . . . ectodermal bay. sl. d., . . . sulcular directive mesenteries. end... . . . endoderm. vert.can., . . vertical canal. end. can., . . endodermal canal. Bey - . . . zooxanthella. imer., . . . . inerustation.
Zoanthus jukesii, un. sp. (p. 678). Transverse section through the cesophageal region of the col umn, 740°
Zoanthus macgillivray?, nu. sp. (p. 680). Transverse section through the lower portion of the
column gS U —. aS
Isaurus tuberculatus (Gray), (p. 617 of British ZoantuEm). Section through an ectodermal bay, =
Lsaurus asymmetricus, n. sp. (p. 684). Vertical section through a sphincter muscle,
a* 10 Isaurus asymmetricus. Transverse section through a portion of the centre of the base of the 2 column, D:
Isaurus asymmetricus. Transverse section through the periphery of the body-wall, = ; 2 Gemmaria macmurrichi, n. sp. (p. 688). Transverse section through the body-wall (decalcified), RB: 5 2 Palythoa howesti, n. sp. (p. 693). Transverse section through the body-wall (decalcified), 7m
2 Palythoa kochit, n, sp. (p. 694). Transverse section through the body-wall, 7
EE
Trans.R.Dub.S..N.S.,Vol.IV. Plate LXMI.
AMS. del. ad. nat. d ? : West,Newman,imp. MP. Parker chr. lith i
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXI
TEN ed ek
bw
on
9%
Cl,
ect.,
ect. CaN., » end., . end. b., end. canl.,
end. m., «
WfesOsyene lm,
m.,
d.m. sph., .
PLATE LXIV.
LETTERING ADOPTED IN THE FIGURES.
cuticle.
double mesogloeal sphincter muscle-
ectoderm.
ectodermal canal.
endoderm.
endodermal bay.
endodermal canaliculus.
endodermal circular muscle of ten- tacle.
food-ball (?).
longitudinal muscle.
mesoglea.
mes. can, mes. Sin., m. fry Ws: Oy 6 nNEM., «
@s.,
mesenterial canal. mesenterial sinus. mesenterial filament. nerve-cell. nematocyst. cesophagus.
ovum. parieto-basilar muscle. reflected ectoderm. sperm-cell (testis). tentacle.
zooxanthella.
Zoanthus coppingert, n. sp. (p. 676). Transverse section through the body-wall, =
Zoanthus coppingerr.
Zoanthus coppingert.
Transverse section through the wall of a tentacle, =,
Verticle section through the half of a polyp; slightly diagrammatic; the
ectoderm, ectodermal canals, mesoglea, mesenteric canals, gonads, and sphincter muscle are
coloured red; the endoderm and the endodermal canals are coloured blue,
Zoanthus coppingert.
Zoanthus macgillivrayt, n. sp, (p. 680).
Zoanthus macgillivray?.
2 ectoderm, oe
Zoanthus macgillivray?.
2 of the mesenterial filament, Ce
Zoanthus macgillivrayt.
of the mesenterial filament,
Lsaurus asymmetricus, nu, sp. (p, 684).
2 C:
4 2 Transverse section through a perfect mesentery, =.
Vertical section through a portion of a polyp,
a* 6°
B
Gas
Transverse section through part of a perfect mesentery, with reflected
Transverse section through a perfect mesentery, showing the upper portion
Transverse section through a perfect mesentery, showing the lower portion
Transverse section through two perfect and one imperfect
ities ; P 2 mesenteries in the oesophageal region; also showing an endodermal bay, ote
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West, Newman, imp
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TRANSACTIONS (NEW SERIES).
Vou. I.—Parts 1-25.—November, 1877, to September, 1883. Vou. II.—Parts 1-2.—August, 1879, to April, 1882. Vou. III.—Parts 1-14.—September, 1883, to November, 1887.
VOLUME IV.
Parr 1. On Fossil-Fish Remains from the Tertiary and Cretaceo-tertiary Formations of New Zealand.
By James W. Davis, F.G.s., F.L.S. &c. Plates I. to VII. (April, 1888.) 4s. 6d.
2. A Monograph of the Marine and Freshwater Ostracoda of the North Atlantic and of North- Western Europe. Section I. Podocopa. By Grorcr Srewarpson Brapy, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.s., and the Rev. Atrrep M. Normay, M.a., D.c.L., F.L.s. Plates VIII. to XXIII. (March, 1889.) 12s. 6d.
3. Observations of the Planet Jupiter, made with the Reflector of Three Feet Aperture, at Birr Castle Observatory, Parsonstown. By Orro BorppicKER, pu.p. Plates XXIV. to XXX. (March, 1889.) 3s.
4, A New Determination of the Latitude of Dunsink Observatory. By Artuur A. Ramsavr. (March, 1889.) Is.
5. A Revision of the British Actinie. Part I. By Atrrep C. Happon, m.a. (Cantab.), M.R.I.A., Professor of Zoology, Royal College of Science, Dublin. Plates XXXI. to XXXVII. (June, 1889.) 5s.
6. On the Fossil Fish of the Cretaceous Formations of Scandinavia. By James W. Davis, F.G.S., F.L.S., F.S.A., &c. Plates XXXVIII. to XLVI. (November, 1890.) 7s.
7. Survey of Fishing Grounds, West Coast of Ireland, 1890. I.—On the Eggs and Larve of Teleosteans. By Ernusr W. L. Hott, St. Andrew’s Marine Laboratory. Plates XLYII. to LII. (February, 1891.) 4s. 6d.
8. The Construction of Telescopic Object-Glasses for the International Photographic Survey of the Heavens. By Str Howarp Gruss, m.A.1., F.R.S., Hon. Sec., Royal Dublin Society. (June, 1891.) 1s.
9. Lunar Radiant Heat, Measured at Birr Castle Observatory, during the Total Eclipse of January 28, 1888. By Orro Borppicker, peH.». With an Introduction by The Earl of Rosse, K.P., LL.D., F.R.S., &c., President of the Royal Dublin Society. Plates LIII. to LV. (July, 1891.) 2s.
10. The Slugs of Ireland. By R. F. Scuarrr, pu.p., B.sc., Keeper of the Natural History Museum, Dublin. Plates LVI., LVII. (July, 1891.) 3s.
11. On the Cause of Double Lines and of Equidistant Satellites in the Spectra of Gases. By Gzorcre Jounstone STONEY, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S., Vice-President, Royal Dublin Society. (July, 1891.) 2s.
12. A Revision of the British Actinie. Part IJ.: The Zoanthew. By Atrrep C. Happon, m.A. (Cantab.), m.R.1-A., Professor of Zoology, Royal College of Science, Dublin; and Miss Anice M. Suackxueron, B.A. Plates LVIII., LIX., LX. (November, 1891.) 3s. 6d.
13. Reports on the Zoological Collections made in Torres Straits by Professor A. C. Happon, 1888-1889. Actinie: I. Zoanthes. By Professor ALFRED C. Happon, m.a. (Cantab.), M.R.1.A., Professor of Zoology, Royal College of Science, Dublin; and Miss Aricz M. SHACKLETON, B.A. Plates LXI., LXII., LXIII., LXIV. (December 1891.) 3s.
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