Ergite Seb tytn ranean md
. ey A tee ee

AySet D

moe,

Mae

Sone

asl raven ahontoatenmette rane eet tej
. ro ~ preteen, ite

noi eh
Frama eee aro

a 8 igi gee
Eo PES aes

v-
ou
J

‘JUL 151

elke Wes

SiN i) WN

os

5

ry
lf

gR

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2009 with funding from
University of Toronto

http://www.archive.org/details/reportstransacti48card

TRANSACTIONS OF THE

SXRDIFE NATURALISES SOCHETY

Vor. XLVITI

IQI5

a
as |
mali
or =the,

i.

=

Cardiff Naturalists’ Society

/))

REPORT
AND TRANSACTIONS

Vor, XEVill

Tgt5

The Price of the Transactions is Ten Shillings and Sixpence

Le
bn +!
im i‘.

|

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY
WitiiamM Lewis (PRINTERS), LTD., CARDIFF ey
y.

Ig16
oe

SH
/
CZ

ey:

Copyright—Entered at Stationers’ Hall —

CONTENTS

VOLE XLVI. z9n5

PAGE
In Memoriam—
ROBERT DRANE, F.L.S. D. R. PATERSON - - I
Tuomas Henry Tuomas, R.C.A. JOHN BALLINGER 5
The Coleoptera of Glamorgan. Concluded from Vol.
Peevil. J. K. te B. Tomir,-M.A., F.E.S. - 17

On a Boring for Water at Roath, Cardiff; with a note
on the underground structure of the Pre-Triassic
Rocks of the Vicinity. F. J. Nortu, B.Sc., F.G.S. 36

Land Mollusca in the Vale of Glamorgan. J. Davy
DEAN - - - - . - - - - 50

Ornithological Notes, 1915. T. W. Procer, D. R.
PATERSON, and G. C. S. INGRAM - = = 3 59

Entomological Notes, 1915. H. M. HaAtvett, F.E.S. - jp

Meteorological Observations in the Society’s District,
I915. E. WatrForp, M.D., F.R.Met.Soc. - - 75

Biological and Geological Section. Report and State-
ment of Accounts for the Twenty-Eighth Session,
Igr4-I5 : a ‘ 3 5 F 5 7 oa

Archeological Section. Report and Statement of
Accounts for the Session 1914-15 . - - Yor

Photographic Section. Report and Statement . of
Accounts for the Fourth Session, 1914-15 - - 103

vis}
CONTENTS (ConTINUED)
Report of the Gouncil, ror4-15. =) - “= = ae

Statement of Accounts for the Year ending September
goth, I9gI5- . : - - - - -

List of Members of the Society, and of the Sections, on
Service with His Majesty’s Forces at Ist January,
I9gl6 - - . : - - - - -

List of Past Presidents of the Society - - -

Officers and Council of the Society, Ig15-16 - -

II2Z

114

116

L1G,

ROBERT DRANE, ELS:

BoRN 1833. DIED 1914.

ROBERTI DRANE, F.L.5.

Born 1833. DIED I9QI4.

By the death of Mr. Drane there passed away a figure well
known as field naturalist and antiquarian who rendered useful
service both to the Society and to the community at large.
He was one of three original members who founded the Society
in 1867, was its first life member, and its President in 1907.
For a long term of years he served on the Committee,
taking an active interest in its affairs and giving valuable
help by his counsel, more particularly in the subjects which
he had made his own.

The son of a Congregational minister of literary tastes,
Robert Drane was born at Guestwick in Norfolk. He was
apprenticed to a provincial chemist at a time when a knowledge
of botany and chemistry was deemed an important part of the
training. To the last he remained one of the old school which
has almost disappeared before the manufacturing druggist of
the present day, and when he established himself in business
in Cardiff he kept up the old practice—at that time general
among provincial chemists—of giving advice on minor ailments,
a custom which made him well known to the general public.

Robert Drane’s taste for natural history appeared early and
was probably developed by the training in botany which he
received. Soon after settling in Cardiff he instituted a class
for the study of field botany, which he conducted twice a week
at 7.0 a.m. in the Sophia Gardens. As a young man he had
made a reputation as an entomologist, for his name is found
in Stainton’s “‘ Entomologist’s Annual’’ from 1856 to 1860,
and he assisted that author with specimens in the preparation
of his work on the “ Natural History of the British Tineina
(Micro-Lepidoptera).”” He took a keen interest in ornithology.
He made a collection of the birds of the locality, many of
which he stuffed himself and presented to the Museum. Two

2 Robert Drane, F.L.S.

species recorded by him—Rusty Grackle (an American bird)
and Pallas’ Great Grey Shrike—appeared for the first time
in the British list. His extensive local knowledge enabled
him to render excellent service as a member of the Society’s
Committee in the preparation of the “ Birds of Glamorgan.”
His paper on the “ Eggs of the Common Guillemot and Razor
Bill,” illustrated by a valuable series of coloured plates, was a
notable contribution to the Society’s Transactions (Vol.
XXXI.).

A paper which attracted some attention was ‘‘ The Hare in
Captivity ’’ (Transactions, Vol. XXVII.), in which he discourses
in his characteristic style on the habits of a pet hare which he
had reared. But his most important contribution to natural
history was his discovery of the Skomer Vole, Evotomys
skomerensis. Drane was undoubtedly the first to draw attention
to this small mammal as a new species. On a visit to Skomer,
a small island off the Pembrokeshire coast, in 1897, he found
the vole and recognised that it showed certain differences from
the ordinary bank vole, and he recorded this observation in the
Transactions, Vol. XXXI. A further visit was paid to the
island in the following year, and having secured living and
dead specimens, he showed them at a meeting of the Biological
Section, and also sent them to the Linnean Society and the
British Museum. In a second paper (Transactions, Vol.
XXXIII.) dealing with the subject, he wrote, “ An authority
at the British Museum, South Kensington, says that these
Skomer voles are a ‘ local variety’ of the bank vole. Well, I
am not convinced,” and he went on to enumerate his reasons.
Soon afterwards, in I9g00, a monograph by Miller on the con-
tinental distribution of these small mammals threw fresh light
upon the subject and prepared the ground for a paper in 1903
by the late Capt. Barrett-Hamilton, which definitely settled
the specific character of Drane’s vole under the name of
Evotomys skomerensis. It is abundantly clear that much of the
credit for this notable addition to the British list is due to
Mr. Drane’s accurate observation.

Robert Drane, F.L.S. 3

It is, however, as an antiquary that Mr. Drane was best known
to the general public. His bent of mind ran largely in that
direction. On settling down in South Wales he set himself
to study the examples of Norman defensive architecture in the
neighbourhood. In 1857 he published a small quarto brochure
on Castell Coch—a gossiping guide to the ruins, as he called
it—which is quite a literary curiosity. The view and plans of
the castle are from drawings by his sister, Miss Drane. Dressed
in the costume of James I. period, he acted as guide to the
ruins on the occasion of a field meeting of the Society at
Caerphilly Castle. Much interested in articles which formed
the personal belongings of ladies and gentlemen of the period
of James I. he brought together a large series of them. Old
silver and other spoons, old English drinking vessels, early
English needlework were among his hobbies. But it was to the
department of ceramics that he devoted most of his attention.
He helped in the production of Turner’s ‘‘ Ceramics of Swansea
and Nantgarw ”’ (published in 1897) and he wrote for that work
the appendix on the “ Mannerisms of the Artists.” This
contains some conclusions which theye is reason to think he
abandoned later. He wasan undoubted authority on Worcester
china, and he possessed one of the three typical collections in
the country. Fifteen years ago he lent a selection of this
porcelain to the Museum and compiled an interesting catalogue
to it. This attracted a large number of visitors and con-
noisseurs, who referred to it in the highest terms. He had the
gift of arranging all his collections in such a way as to give them
a high educational value. Those who were privileged to see
them at the Cardiff Exhibition and at the Society’s conver-
sazioni, illustrated by his explanatory notes, were impressed
by the thorough grasp he had of his subject.

He rendered important service on the Museum Committee
almost from its inception. He early realised the importance
of making the institution a local museum and not merely a
receptacle for curiosities of interest, and he ever kept this
aspect before his fellow-members. As one of the Honorary

4 Robert Drane, F.L.S.

Curators he was always consulted in the purchases for the
Antiquities Section. He was at his best in stating his reasons
tor recommending any article. He often wandered from the
point, but his digressions were always most interesting and
enlivened by witty sallies. In 1895-7 he presented several
pieces of Welsh porcelain and pottery, most of which he had in
his possession for years. From 1903 onwards he gave many
pieces for the collection of old English pottery and added some

”)

articles to the ‘“‘ Byegones”’ Section. His advice was con-
stantly in request by people interested in ceramics, and not a
few of the leading authorities in the country were amongst his
visitors at Cardiff.

To the end his mind retained its youthful keenness and
enthusiasm. His knowledge covered a wide field, and he always
approached the many things he studied from the comparative
and evolutional point of view. His conversation was therefore
always interesting, whilst his quaint and discursive mannerisms
gave it additional piquancy. Although his life was a some-
what lonely one, it was happily filled in by many interests.
In the field he would forget his years, and would walk and
climb like a young man. He was at home at the meetings of
the Biological Section, of which he was a valued member.
Always sure of a sympathetic audience, and having wide powers
of observation, he never failed to contribute materially to the
discussions and to enhance the usefulness of the proceedings.

D. R. PATERSON.

THOMAS HENRY THOMAS, R.C.A.

30RN 1839. DIED I9Q1I5.

THOMAS HENRY THOMAS.

Born 1839. DIED I0I5.

By the death of Thomas Henry Thomas, the Cardiff Natu-
ralists’ Society has lost one of its most loyal and accomplished
members, who for nearly forty years, unobtrusively and with
a charm all his own, contributed to the carrying out of the
Society’s aims, and to the pleasure of his fellow-members.

It is impossible in a short account to do more than indicate
the main outlines of a life so full of achievement and interesting
associations. I propose, therefore, to give only the outstanding
features of his life and work, except in so far as his activities
concern the work of the Society.

“Thomas Henry ’’ as his intimates always called him, was
born at the Baptist College, Pontypool, on the 31st March,
1839. His father, the Rev. Thomas Thomas, D.D., was
Principal of that College for forty-one years, 1836-1877.
Dr. Thomas was born at Cowbridge, but his father, a farmer,
removed to Leckwith Bridge, near Cardiff, in the first decade
of the rgth century. Dr. Thomas married Miss David, member

’

of a well known and highly respected Cardiff family, so that
Thomas Henry was closely associated with Cardiff through
both his parents.

Thomas Henry’s early education was obtained at home under
the direction of his father. Later he went to an Academy kept
by Dr. Bompas at Fishponds, Bristol, and attended the Bristol
School of Art, where he won a national medal for design.
Electing to follow an art career, he went (1858) to London, and
entered Carey’s School, Bloomsbury, proceeding to the Royal
Academy Schools, and afterwards to Paris and then to Rome
and other parts of Italy.

In the Royal Academy Schools Thomas studied under
artists of the older tradition, and also those of the new epoch

6 Thomas Henry Thomas, R.C.A,

in English Art just bursting into life. Under the system then
in vogue at the Academy Schools, a month under Maclise was
followed by similar periods under Millais, or Frith, Leighton,
or Mulready. He describes the instruction he received as
‘““mixed and tentative.”

Among his fellow-students he mentions Fred Walker,
Albert Moore, W. B. Richmond, and W. Luson Thomas, the
wood-engraver and founder of The Graphic.

While in Rome he made the acquaintance of John Gibson,
the sculptor, Penry Williams, the painter, and many other
famous men. It is a matter for regret that he appears to have
left no carefully written account of his own lifein Italy. From
occasional snatches of conversation it would appear that he
knew and was in active sympathy with Garibaldi and other
Italian patriots. His anti-militarist convictions prevented his
taking an active share as one of Garibaldi’s volunteers, but
there is reason to suppose that he served the Italians’ cause in
other ways.

He returned to London in 1864, settled down as a painter,
and married, in 1866, Miss Sully, a charming lady, who died after
a brief period of wedded happiness. Thomas continued his
work in London for some years, devoting himself chiefly to
portraiture, design, book illustration, and lecturing on art
subjects in London and the provinces. His work as a special
artist for The Graphic, and later for The Daily Graphic, in the
days when the artist and not the camera was all-important,
is well known. He continued to draw for these journals down
to a late period in his life, and went as their special artist with
the British Association to Canada in 1884, making the extended
tour from Montreal to the Rocky Mountains and the Yellow-
stone National Park the subjects of striking pictures of
scientific value, some of them being reproduced in colour by The
Graphic.

His father having retired from the Pontypool College in
consequence of failing health and settled in Cardiff, Thomas

Thomas Henry Thomas, R.C.A. ’ |

was more and more drawn to the home of his parents, and
ultimately settled down in Cardiff, continuing the many lines
of work and study in which he was so ardently interested—
and developing on fresh lines, chiefly in connection with the
Cardiff Naturalists’ Society and the aspirations of the Welsh
people. The Eisteddfod claimed much of his time and thought,
as did also the Royal Cambrian Academy, of which Institution
he was one of the first promoters, remaining in close touch
with it to the end of his life.

His work in connection with the Eisteddfod and other Welsh
movements was always done with conscientious care, and zeal
for the success of the object aimed at. The National Museum
and the Cardiff Museum, now merged into the National, owe
much to him.

It is, however, with his work for the Naturalists’ Society
that these notes are more intimately concerned.

His first contribution to the Society’s proceedings was read
at a meeting on the 16th January, 1879. It dealt with a
discovery made by him in the previous September at Newton
Nottage. Wandering round the Church of that village, he
“‘ observed a huge slab of stone, and upon it five trifid impres-
sions in a clear series.’’ Ever on the alert, he felt that this
was something unknown to the geology of Britain, and he at
once communicated with some members of the Society, and also
with Professor Sollas, who a few years before had given courses
of University Extension Lectures on Geology in Cardiff.

The discovery proved an important one, and the new member
of the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society (his name appears as joining
the Society in 1879) was recognised as a valuable acquisition
to the small but faithful circle of working naturalists.

The discovery was communicated to the Geological Society
of London by Professor Sollas, upon whose suggestion the name
Brontozoum Thomasii was given to it in honour of its discoverer.

At the instance of Dr. Vachell, Colonel Turbervill of
Ewenny, who was President of the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society
that year, took upon himself the cost of the purchase and removal

8 Thomas Henry Thomas, R.C.A.

of the slab to the Cardiff Museum, and it will in due course be
a feature of the geological department of the National Museum.
The slab is 6ft. 6in. long, by 5ft. 6in. wide, averages Ift. 6in.
in thickness, and weighs about three tons.

The interest in the discovery was great, and the volume of
the Society’s Transactions for the year 1878 was held up for a
short time in order that the communication might be published
without delay. It will be found towards the end of Volume X.,
with two lithographic plates reproduced from drawings by
Thomas.

The career of Thomas as a member of the Society thus
brilliantly inaugurated was but the prelude to over thirty years
of active work for the Society. The Editor of the Transactions
has courteously acceded to my suggestion that a list of his
contributions to the Society, to include some of his papers on
cognate subjects printed elsewhere, shall be printed at the
end of these notes. The list will disclose how much he did for
the advancement of the subjects which it is the business of the
Society to promote. I confine myself, therefore, to the more
important features of his work from 1879 to the time of his
death.

The flora of the Steep Holm, and other parts of the Society’s
district, had a great attraction for him, and several instances
of contributions in the domain of botany will be found in the
list of his papers.

In 1884, as already stated, he went with the British Associa-
tion to Canada, as the special artist of The Graphic. Two years
later, 1886, he spent a year or more in Dublin, preparing, with
Professor Sollas, the illustrations for Volume XXY. of the
Report on the Scientific results of the Challenger expedition.
This volume contains the ‘‘ Report on the Tetractinellida
collected by H.M.S. “‘ Challenger ’’ during the years 1873-1876,”
prepared under the direction of Professor Sollas. It is illus-
trated with forty-four lithographic plates from drawings by
Thomas.

Thomas Henry Thomas, R.C.A. 9

A copy of the volume presented to Thomas contains the
following note :—

‘‘Tllustrated by my dear friend and _ fellow-worker
T. H. Thomas, to whom in grateful remembrance of
many happy and laborious hours I dedicate this copy.
W. J. Sollas.”’

It was during this residence in Dublin that he accompanied,
as artist, an expedition, July, 1886, to examine the ocean fauna
off the S.W. coast of Ireland. The Scientific Staff was under
the direction of Professor A. C. Haddon. Thomas gave in the
Society’s Transactions some useful notes on the organisation
and expenses of the expedition “ thinking the information may
be useful in view of future dredging expeditions being fitted out
from Cardiff.’’

In 1888 he was President of the Society and delivered an
address reviewing the work of the Society, putting forward
suggestions for development, many of them fruitful, as the
Transactions show.

Three years later, he became President of the Biological
Section, and with the help of Professor Parker and other
biologists, much valuable work was done. He remained Presi-
dent of the Biological Section for seventeen years, but this did
not deter him from giving useful help in the archeological and
other branches of the Society’s work.

One of the notable incidents of his career was a visit to the
Gannet settlement upon the Island of Grassholm, off the
Pembrokeshire coast, made in 1890. A company conveyed to
the Island by one of H.M.’s ships had attacked the Gannets,
doing serious mischief. Thomas was greatly annoyed by such
wanton destruction, made drawings of what he saw, and they
were published in the Daily Graphic and the Animal World.
The incident created considerable stir at the time, a question
being asked about it in the House of Commons. The offenders
were afterwards prosecuted and fined. The action taken by
Thomas greatly assisted the efforts of those who were interested
in the preservation of wild birds. At the Cardiff meeting of the
British Association in 1891, a Committee was appointed for the

Io Thomas Henry Thomas, R.C.A.

purpose of considering the best means of protecting wild birds
and their eggs. The Committee, of which Thomas was the
Chairman, presented a report to the Edinburgh Meeting of the
British Association the following year, and the Committee was
re-appointed.

In 1899 he was one of a distinguished party of Italian and
English Geologists, who, under the guidance of Dr. Johnston
Lavis and Dr. Sambon, made a scientific tour to study the
volcanoes of the two Sicilies and the Neapolitan district.
Thomas read two papers on the subject before the Cardiff
Naturalists’ Society, illustrated by sketches and a small collec-
tion illustrating the geology, mineralogy, and botany of the
islands.

His contributions to the Society on the Pre-Norman inscribed
and decorated stones of Glamorgan, followed by studies of similar
monuments in Breconshire and other parts of Wales, were not
only valuable in themselves, but led to the movement for
obtaining casts of these monuments for the Museum. In the
carrying out of this scheme Thomas constantly gave assistance.
Some monuments were found which had long been lost sight of,
while the bringing together of accurate casts enabled compara-
tive study to be undertaken.

_ Meanwhile he was pursuing a wide diversity of subjects in
his own delightful way—the folk-lore of South Wales; the
Calvary crosses of Glamorgan; the monumental brasses in

South Wales; the influence of farm and cottage gardens upon
the local flora ; the Pontypool and Usk Japan ware; and many
more. During these years, too, he was doing important work
in connection with a number of Welsh movements. The
Eisteddfod, and the Gorsedd; the proposal that the Arms of
Wales should be incorporated in the Royal Arms; the National
Museum ; in fact, every scheme for the betterment of Wales,
Welsh life, and the happiness and welfare of the Welsh people,
commanded not only his sympathy, but his untiring support.
His researches with reference to the life and works of Welsh
artists involved much study, and many journeys. It is a

Thomas Henry Thomas, R.C.A. II

matter for regret that he was unable to put these studies into a
form in which he could publish them, but what information he
collected on this, as on all other subjects, he placed freely at the
service of other inquirers.

Thomas is ‘‘ The Artist’’ so frequently referred to in the
valuable series of articles “‘Some Highways and Byways in
Monmouthshire,” contributed to ‘‘ The Red Dragon,” Volumes
VIII.-I1X. (1885-6), by R. W. J., 2.2, Richard W. Jones, of
Newport, a member of the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society, and well
known in his day as a cultured man, as was also his brother
“Tom ”’ Jones, Alderman of Newport. Both were close friends
of Thomas.

I think it is not too much to say that Thomas brought
increased vigour and a wider range into the work of the Cardiff
Naturalists’ Society. He led off with a brilliant discovery,
which inspired others to observe and put the results on record.
The foundations thus laid have formed the basis of much good
work, especially since the opening of the College, with its
succession of workers in many fields.

On the art side his help was invaluable. Before the intro-
duction of process illustrations, now so extensively used, he
illustrated the Transactions from time to time with drawings
which add value and distinction to the volumes.

A keen observer, with a mind always on the alert for fresh
knowledge, his calm, quiet way of approaching a subject, and his
modest, unassuming manner, with his strong sense of humour,
and his kindliness, made him beloved by everyone who knew
him.

His interest in every aspect of the world about him was the
key-note of everything he did and wrote. He was not a
laborious worker with books, and the accumulated knowledge of
others, but an observer, content to record briefly what he found.
This fact, which gives to his work a unique and permanent
value, will be apparent to those who read his printed papers.

Thomas retained his youthfulness up to a late period in his
life. Until within a couple of years of his death it was difficult

12 Thomas Henry Thomas, R.C.A.

to think of him as a man of seventy years and more. He
suffered much during those last two or three years. He
died on the 5th July, 1915, to the deep regret of all who had been
privileged to know him. He bequeathed his collections to the
National Museum (to which he had contributed many things
in his life-time), and to the Reference Department of the

Cardiff Public Libraries.
JOHN BALLINGER.

List of Papers, etc., contributed by Thomas Henry Thomas,
R.C.A., to the Transactions of the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society,
and some printed elsewhere.*

1879. Tridactyl Uniserial Ichnolites in the Trias of Newton Nottage,
near Porthcawl, Glamorgan, read before the (C.N.) Society, January
16th, 1879. 19 pp., 2 litho. plates from drawings by T. H. T.,
and a note by John Storrie. Vol. X., 73.

Note.—This important paper was published in the Transactions
for the year 1878. The discovery was also the subject of a paper
communicated to the Geological Society of London by Professor
W., J. Sollas.

1880. Notes upon some fine specimens of Oak, Yew, Elm, and Beech,
chiefly in the Counties of Glamorgan and Monmouth. Io pp.,
2 plates from drawings by T. H. T. XIL, 15.

Notes upon fragments of Jadeite discovered in the ‘‘ Grottes
Baussé Roussé,’’ Mentone. 3 pp. XIL., 31.

Notes on specimens of incrusted carbonate of lime from Dripping
Wells at Cwm Firwd near Merthyr Tydfil. 2 pp. XIL., 34.

Fossil Man. 6 pp. XII., 78.

1882. The human form as presented in the art of various periods—
Part I. 8 pp., 1 plate from sketches by T. H. T. XIV., 63. See
1884 for part IT.

Life at Mentone. ‘‘ Red Dragon.’ Vol. I., Io pp.

About Llantwit Major. ‘“‘ Red Dragon.’’ Vol. II., Io pp.,
illustrated.

The paintings comprised in the Menelaus Collection (in the
Cardiff Museum and Art Gallery) described by T. H. T. and
Edwin Seward. 16 pp. Published in pamphlet form.

1883. Excursion to the Steep Holm. Notes on the Island by T. H. T.
and a flora by John Storrie. 5 pp., 1 plate from drawing by
Dobe Veeco:

The Royal Cambrian Academy of Art. ‘‘ Y Cymmrodor.”

Wolke Vile

* T. H. T. wrote for and illustrated many publications. I have not
attempted to make a complete list.

1884.

1885.

1886.

1887.

1888.

1889.

1890.

Thomas Henry Thomas, R.C.A. 13

The human form as presented in the arts of various periods.
Part II. 9 pp. and folding litho. plate from sketches by T. H. T.
XVI., 12. See 1882 for Part I.

Note on Peonia Corallina, with illustration by F. W.
Burbridge. Ip. XVIL., 139.

Folding litho, plate from drawings by T. H. T., illustrating
C. T. Whitmell’s paper, ‘‘The Yellowstone National Park.’
XVII. Facing p. 84.

Excursion to Dean Forest. 4 pp., 1 plate, XVIII., 46.

Note on Expedition to examine the Ocean Fauna of the South-
West Coast of Ireland, July, 1886. 2 pp. XVIII., 90.

The Excursion of Members of the British Association from
Montreal to the Rocky Mountains, September, 1884. 14 pp., 3
platesye Sex Part 125.0:

The Ladies’ Day of the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society, Excursion
to Bath. 5 pp. XIX., Part1., 58.

Presidential Address to Cardiff Naturalists’ Society. 10 pp.
ROG bare 2. 26.

NorTe.—A review of the work and the position of the Society.

The colouration of the Cubs of the Lion and Puma, 2 pp., 2
plates. (Reprinted from ‘“‘ The Graphic’’). XX., Part 1, 4o.

The identity of some plants native to the Rocky Mountains
with local species. 2 pp. XX., Part 1, 46.

Four drawings by T. H. T. to illustrate Mr. Storrie’s account of
the excavations made near Llantwit Major in a field called Cae
Worgan. XX. Part 2, 49-61.

An Ant’s nest in a Cardiff garden. 2 pp.,1 plate. XX., Part 2,
108.

Address on ‘‘ The Meetings of the British Association at Bath,
and the International Geological Congress at London.’’ Not
printed in the Transactions,

ae

Note upon the Thunder storm at Forest Hill, near London.
June 6th, 1889. 2 pp. XXI., Part 2, 95.

A Visit to the Lipari Islands and Etna, 16 pp. XXIL., Part 1,
11. For Part 2, see 1891, A Visit to the Volcanoes of S. Italy.

The Ladies’ Day at Tewkesbury. 3 pp. XXII. Part I., 29.

A visit to the Gannet settlement upon the Island of Grassholm.
8 pp., 3 plates reprinted from “‘ The Animal World,” and 2 plates
reprinted from the ‘‘ Daily Graphic.’’ XXII., Part 2, 57.

Woodpecker and Telegraph Pole. 1 plate reprinted from
‘‘The Graphic.”” XXII., Part 1, 57.

List of plants collected on Flat Holm by T. H. T. and John
Storie.) 3) pp. ox. Part 2; reo;

14

1891.

1892.

1894.

1895.

1896.

Thomas Henry Thomas, R.C.A.

Remarks on a few plants collected on Etna, Vesuvius, and the
Lipari Islands. Read at Biological Section. Not printed.

Notes upon a series of Miniatures and Paintings in Miniature
style belonging to J. L. Wheatley, of Cardiff, by T. H. T. and
Edwin Seward. 24 pp.

The Miniatures were on exhibition in the Cardiff Museum. The
notes were published in pamphlet form.

Celtic Art, with a suggestion of a scheme for the better preserva-
tion and freer study of the monuments of the Early Christian
Church in Wales. 23 pp. ‘“‘ Y Cymmrodor,” XII., 87.

A Visit to the Volcanoes of Southern Italy. Part 2. The
Neapolitan district. 3 pp., XXII. Part 2,126. For Part 1 see
1890.

An account of observations made by T. H. T. and C. T. Whitmell
on the speed at which the Severn “‘ Bore’’ travels, made in
anticipation of the Society’s excursion to Newnham, etc., to witness
the bore. 3 pp:, XXII. Part 2, 126.

Note.—The account was written by C. T. Whitmell. The
proposed excursion was abandoned owing to the severity of the
weather.

T. H. T. exhibited at the Biological Section some sketches taken
at the Flat Holm.

Note on a Field Walk of the Biological Section to the Neath
Valley on June 17th, 1891. 4 pp. XXIV., Part 1, 76.

Inscribed Stones. (Some account of the pre-Norman inscribed
and decorated stones of Glamorganshire, being explanatory notes
upon the series of photographs made by Mr. T. Mansel Franklen).
13 pp., 4 half-tone plates. XXV., Part 1, 34. (This is the first
time half-tone illustrations were used in the Transactions.)

Botanical notes during the summer of 1892. 2 pp. XXV.,
Part 7.6:

Note on elongation of the axis in Roses, with illustration
reproduced from ‘‘ The Christian Pictorial.’”” XXV. Part 2, 82.

Methods of illustration for scientific works. Read at the
Biological Section. Not printed.

Note on Gower plants. Read at the Biological Section. Not
printed.

Exhibited at the Biological Section, various water-colour
sketches, including a chrysalis attacked by Cardiceps; and a
variety of oak leaf.

Note on Eophrynus. (Specimen found in the Rhondda Valley.)
By F. T. Howard and T. H. T. 3 pp., 1 plate. XXVII.
Pare as) (52:

Monstrous form of ‘‘ Plantago Major.”’ I p., 1 plate. XXIX., 58.

The entry of Mari Lwyd (Glamorganshire, 1895). Sketch by
T. H. T., from the ‘‘ Christmas Pictorial.” XXIX., facing p. go.

1897.

1899.

1901.

1902.

1903.

1904.

1905.

Thomas Henry Thomas, R.C.A. 15

Note upon wheat from Cae’r Fendith, Ysgafell Farm, Mont-
gomeryshire. Read at the Biological Section. Not printed.

T. H. T. exhibited at the Biological Section, Ears of Barley
from the Orkneys; Drawings of Sirex; Book of ear-markings of
sheep , etc.

Some devices and ornaments upon ancient British coins.
‘“ Archeologia Cambrensis.’’ April, 1897. 5 pp., illustrated.

Notes on the Herbarium in the Cardiff Museum. Read at the
Biological Section. Not printed.

T. H. T. exhibited at the Biological Section numerous drawings
of Ferns and other plants.

Notes upon the Psalter of Ricemarch. 6 pp., 6 plates.
XXXIII., 47.

Notes on new and rare Glamorganshire plants. Read at the
Biological Section. Not printed.

Exhibited at Biological Section, photographs of living specimens
of Altium ampeloprasum : Fruits of the Persimmon or date plum—
a species of Diospyros,

Note on Asplenium lanceolatum, Read at the Biological Sec-
tion. Not printed.

Exhibited at the Biological Section, original sketches of
Botanical and Geological subjects.

Note upon Mecanopsis. 2 pp. XXXIV., 63.
The Upper Vale of Neath Field Walk. 4 pp. XXXIV., 86.

Some Folk Lore of South Wales. 13 pp., 2 plates (4 drawings
ye. EL. E.)) SORE V I; 52.

Archeological Section. ‘‘Cup and ring rock markings,”
Not printed.

‘Calvary ’’ crosses in Glamorgan. 11 pp. (4 diagrams illustrat-
ting 23 crosses). XXXVIL., 53.

Biological Section. Exhibited sketch of Horn-cores of Bos,
found in 1842 at Penarth Dock, at a depth of 7 feet.

Fuschia leaves cut by leaf-cutting bee.

Elected to Sub-Committee to consider re-publication of the
Flora of Glamorgan.

The influence of farm and cottage gardens upon flora in part of
the district of the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society. 8 pp. XXXVIII., 61.

Pontypool Japan Ware. 18 pp., 4 plates. XXXVIII., 74.

Biological Section. Botanical notes made during an excursion
round Ireland in 1904. Not printed.

Some Welsh Artists and their work. Not printed.

A National Museum and Library for Wales. 9 pp., ‘‘ The
Library.” N.S. VI., 212.

16

1906.

1907.

1908.

1909.

1910.

1912.
1914.

Thomas Henry Thomas, R.C.A.

Monuments of the Pre-Norman period recently discovered in
Breconshire. 5 pp. XXXIX., 103.

Biological Section. ‘‘ Dr, Alfred Russel Wallace and his con-
nection with South Wales.’’ Not printed.

Biological Section. Exhibited Inflorescence of Eucalyptus
Globulus ; fruit of pepper tree from Mentone ; fruit of almond
grown in the open air near Oswestry; sketches and prints of
Vesuvius.

Archeological Section. ‘‘ Domed dove-cots and pig-cots in
Glamorgan and Monmouthshire.’’ Not printed.

Biological Section. ‘‘ Welsh names of plants.’’ Not printed.

Biological Section. ‘‘ A Book on Paleontology by Edward Lloyd,
published in 1760.”’ Not printed.

Biological Section. ‘‘ Nests of Weaver Birds from India and
Congo.’’ Not printed.

Archeological Section. ‘‘ Monumental Brasses in South Wales.”’
Not printed.

Archeological Section. ‘‘ Medieval Cross Slabs.’’ Not printed.

Archeological Section. ‘“‘ Cardiff and King Arthur.’’ Not
printed. See Cardiff Records. Vol. VI.

Sydenham Edwards of Usk, painter and draughtsman of Natural
History. 5 pp., 1 plate. XLIII., 15.

Biological Section. Exhibited ‘“‘A Shoot from a Pear tree
showing a remarkable growth of thorns.”

Biological Section. Exhibited a nodule from Fforch Dwm.

Charles Henry James, J.P. 2pp., XLVILI., 7.

17

THE COLEOPTERA OF GLAMORGAN.

(Concluded from Vol. XLVII, p. 33).

By — R-re B. TOMLIN; MA, FES.

This, the concluding portion of the list comprises the
beetles belonging to the Heteromera and the Rhynchophora.

It is satisfactory to find that the publication of this list has
proved an incentive to further collecting, and I already have
quite a substantial number of species to go towards a supple-
mentary list, whenever it may be considered expedient to
publish it. In the meantime, I should like to appeal to all
local collectors for consignments of beetles, preferably in
fairly damp chopped laurel. Naturally the more minute
species are most likely to yield novelties. There are still a good
many cosmopolitan species such as frequent warehouses,
granaries, or corn, bone and hide stores, which must occur in
a County with so many great commercial centres as Glamorgan.

TENEBRIONIDZ2.
Blaps mucronata, Lat. Swansea, occasionally found in old houses;
Cardiff Castle grounds and elsewhere in the Cardiff district !
Blaps similis, Lat. I once found a specimen of this uncommon species
in my lodgings at Llandaff !

Heliopathes gibbus, F. A very common species along the coast,
wherever it is sandy, and to be found in most months of the
year! Mr. Hallett took it at Cwrt-yr-ala in July, 1913 !

Microzoum tibiale, F. With the last, and almost equally common !

Phaleria cadaverina, F. Not uncommon under decaying seaweed and
in carrion on the shore from Briton Ferry westwards, July to
September ! It probably occurs elsewhere, but has not hitherto
been noticed.

Scaphidema metallicum, F. Swansea—‘‘ has been received from the
neighbourhood by Dr. Leach’’; Cwrt-yr-ala, Old Cogan and
Penarth from February to May, Sully, in October, under stones
(Hallett) !

18 The Coleoptera of Glamorgan.

Tenebrio molitor, L. Swansea, common; Cardiff district, occasional
in bakehouses ! Penarth, at light (Hallett) !

Gnathocerus cornutus, F. Cardiff, in a mill, Jan., 1916, and Old Cogan,
September, 1913 (Hallett) !

Tribolium ferrugineum, F. Rare in mills and warehouses, Cardiff Docks
(Hallett) !

Tribolium confusum, Duv. Common in a warehouse with the last
(Hallett) ! Llandaff, in a bakehouse, Jan., 1894 !

Helops cceruleus, L. Swansea, under bark, not common.

Helops pallidus, Curtis. Swansea (Millard), in ‘‘ Steph. Ill,” v., p. 26;
Llangenydd Burrows, one on Oct. roth, 1914 (J. W. Allen).

Helops striatus, Foure. Not uncommon under bark !

LAGRIIDZ.
Lagria hirta, L. Common and generally distributed in June and July !

CISTELIDZ.

Cistela murina, L. Common and generally distributed in summer !
The var. fusca Steph. is equally common !

Cteniopus sulphureus, L. Generally common along the coast in July
and August, sometimes very abundant !

MELANDRYIDZ.
Orchesia micans, Pz. In a wood near Penllergaer (Dillwyn).
Clinocara undulata, Kr. Cwrt-yr-ala, in rotten wood, Feb. and March,
1916 (Hallett) !

Melandrya caraboides, L. Swansea, occasionally found in decaying
timber and under the bark of ash trees; Leckwith Woods and
Castell Coch, rare in June!

PYTHIDZ.
Lissodema quadripustulata, Marsh. Swansea, “ occasionally found in
woods and, I believe, mostly on the leaves of elms’’; Llandaff,

one beaten from an old hedge in May, 1896!
Rhinosimus ruficollis, L. Woods at Penllergaer, not common.

Rhinosimus viridipennis, Steph. Llandaff, occasionally beaten from ivy
in autumn ! Cwrt-yr-ala, Feb. to April, 1916 (Hallett) !

Rhinosimus planirostris, F. Swansea, not uncommon in woods ; Llandaff,
not uncommon by sweeping and sometimes caught on the wing !
Cwrt-yr-ala and Penarth (Hallett) ! Porthcawl in June (Hallett) !

=

The Coleoptera of Glamorgan. 19

C2DEMERIDZ.

(demera nobilis, Scop. Swansea, rather common on flowers; Rhosilli
(J. W. Allen) ; Taffs Well (Hallett) ! Castell Coch, rather common
on various Composite in June and July ! Candleston, common !

(2demera lurida, Marsh. Swansea, not uncommon; Cwrt-yr-ala, June to
August, 1913 (Hallett) !

Oncomera femorata, F. Porthkerry (W. E. R. Allen) !

Nacerdes melanura, L. Common as a rule along the coast in old posts,
logs, and timber ! This species was recently found to have done
such damage to a floor in a Cardiff factory, that the boards had to
be taken up.

Ischnomera cceerulea, L. Swansea, not uncommon on flowers of Crategus
oxyacantha and other plants.

PYROCHROIDZ.

Pyrochroa coccinea, L. Castell Coch, very rare under oak bark, June,
1897 (Wotton) ! Dillwyn says that he has a memorandum of its
occurrence in the Swansea neighbourhood, but doubts its accuracy.

Pyrochroa serraticornis, Scop. Swansea, common; Llantwit Major !
Porthkerry, common (W. E. R. Allen) ! Penarth and Penylan
(Hallett) ! Sully! Llandaff neighbourhood, sometimes very
common in early summer! A large stump by the roadside between
Llandaff and Fairwater for several years acted as a breeding-
place for this beetle, and I have seen it literally red with them
after emergence.

MORDELLIDZ.
Mordella fasciata, F. Swansea, occasionally found on _ flowers of
Crategus oxyacantha, etc.

Mordella aculeata, L. Swansea, common on flowers of Crategus oxyacan-
tha, etc.; Castell Coch, rare on flowers of Viburnum lanana, June
and July, 1897 !

Mordellistena abdominalis, F. Swansea, not uncommon; Leckwith
Woods, on may blossom, rare ! Llandaff, one on sallow, June,
1893 !

Mordellistena neuwaldeggiana, Pz. Swansea, frequently found on
flowers of Crategus oxyacantha and other plants ; Llandaff, very
rare in an old hedgerow, June, 1894 !

Mordellistena pumila, Gyll. Swansea, not uncommon on Umbellifere,

Anaspis frontalis, L. Common on may blossom, Umbellifere, and other
flowers in early summer !

Anaspis garneysi, Fowler. Cwrt-yr-ala, June, 1913 (Hallett) !

20 The Coleoptera of Glamorgan.

Anaspis pulicaria, Costa. Swansea, not uncommon; Cardiff district,
common in June and July on flowers, especially those of Umbelli-
fere! Lavernock! Candleston! Old Cogan, Oct., 1913 (Hallett) !

Anaspis rufilabris, Gyll. Llandaff, moderately common on may blossom !
Penarth (Hallett) !

Anaspis geoffroyi, Mull. Swansea, not common; Cardiff district, fairly
common in May, June, and July on flowers, especially may
blossom ! I once bred it out of rotten wood in April.

Anaspis ruficollis, F. Common and generally distributed in early summer
on flowers ! Old Cogan, Oct., 1913 (Hallett) !

Anaspis costee, Emery. Swansea, common on flowers; Penarth, June,
T1913 (Hallett)! Llandaff ! Cwrt-yr-ala, Aug., t914 (Hallett) !

Anaspis maculata, Foure. Abundant everywhere on flowers and herbage
in summer, and stragglers occur up to October !

RHIPIDOPHORIDZ.
Metoecus paradoxus, L. In wasps’ nests at Porthkerry in 1888 (W. E. R.
Allen) !
ANTHICIDZ.

Notoxus monoceros, L. Common in summer on the coast sandhills !
It occurs sparingly at Llandaff near the River Taff! The black
variety occurs also, but is rare.

Anthicus floralis, L. Generally abundant in hayricks and in all kinds
of rubbish heaps, for most of the year !

Anthicus antherinus, L. Cardiff district, rare in June! Once in a nest of
Lasius flavus, in June, 1890 !

Anthicus bimaculatus, Ill. Sandhills at Kenfig, rare, May to July,
1899 ! This rare species is nocturnal in its habits, and would
probably be taken freely after dusk.

MELOIDZ.

Meloe proscarabaeus, L. Swansea, common; Sully, common (Hallett) !
Llandaff, occasionally in May !

Meloe violaceus, Marsh. Swansea, taken by Mr. Jeffreys.

ANTHRIBIDZ.
Brachytarsus fasciatus, Forst. Swansea, not common.

Platyrhinus latirostris, F. Swansea, occasionally found on ash trees, not
common,

The Coleoptera of Glamorgan. 21

CURCULIONIDZ.
Apoderus coryli, L. Swansea, on Corylus avellana, not common.

Rhynchites sequatus, L. Cardiff district, fairly common in June and
July !
Rhynchites minutus, Hbst. Moderately common in the Cardiff district

in summer, and sometimes lasts till October! Dillwyn’s Rhynchites
alliariee is very probably this species.

Rhynchites nanus, Pk. Castell Coch on birch, not uncommon in June!
Candleston on dwarf sallow (Salix repens), fairly common, May,
1914!

Rhynchites sericeus, Hbst. Aberdylais (A. R. Wallace).

Deporaus megacephalus, Germ. Castell Coch, rare with Rhynchites nanus !

Deporaus betule, L. Swansea, not common; Castell Coch, common on
birch in May and June !

Apion subulatum, Kirby. Llantrisant, Sept., 1891 (Chitty in ‘‘ Ent.
Mo. Mag.,”’ 1893, p. 19); Llandaff and Miskin, scarce on Vicia
cracca, July to October !

Apion ulicis, Forst. Generally common on Ulex euvopeus, March to
October !

Apion malve, F. Swansea, not uncommon on Malva sylvestris.
Apion urticarium, Hbst. Swansea, common on Urtica dioica,

Apion miniatum, Germ. On species of Rwmex; common in the Cardiff
district, March to October! Kenfig (Hallett) ! Candleston ! Very
probably Dillwyn’s Apion frumentarium is this. So common and
conspicuous a species is not likely to be absent from his district,
or to have escaped notice.

Apion cruentatum, Walt. Llantrisant, Sept., 1891 (Chitty in ‘‘ Ent. Mo.
Mag.,’’ 1893, p. 19).

Apion hematodes, Kirby. Generally distributed, but not as common
as in some districts !

Apion pallipes, Kirby. On MJercurialis perennis : common all round
Llandaff from June to October !

Apion rufirostre, F. Swansea, frequent on mallows .

Apion vicie, Pk. Llandaff, fairly common on Vicia cvacca, June to
September ! Old Cogan, Oct., 1913 (Hallett) ! Llantrisant, Sept.,
1891 (Chitty).

Apion difforme, Germ. Cardiff district, very fairly common by sweeping,
and later on in haystacks, etc., June to January! Sully, Porthcawl,
and Kenfig (Hallett) !

Apion varipes, Germ. Old Cogan, Oct., 1913 (Hallett) ! Sully, not
uncommon, Jan., 1916 (Hallett) !

22 The Coleoptera of Glamorgan.

Apion apricans, Hbst. Common and universally distributed all the year
round ! In winter it often abounds in haystacks and rubbish
heaps. Itis attached to Trifoliumpratense and other Papilionacee.

Apion assimile, Kirby. Swansea, not uncommon; Kenfig ! Llandaff,
occasional in September! Sully, Jan., 1915, Penarth, Aug., 191s,
and Cwrt-yr-ala, April, 1914 (Hallett) !

Dillwyn’s specimens were in all probability named by Kirby
himself.

Apion trifolii, L. Llandaff, scarce, in July! Old Cogan, Oct., 1913, and
Kenfig (Hallett) !

Apion dichroum, Bedel. Crwmlyn Burrows, amongst herbage (Dillwyn) ;
Cardiff district, generally distributed in summer, but not always
common! Kenfig (Hallett) !

Apion nigritarse, Kirby. Common and ubiquitous on the eastern side
of the county from Cardiff to Kenfig ! Like Apion apricans it
occurs practically all the year. Not recorded further west than
Kenfig, though no doubt it occurs everywhere,

Apion eneum, F. On Malva sylvestris and Malva rotundifolia: Sketty
Burrows, at times plentiful (Dillwyn); Rhosilli (Allen).

Apion radiolus, Kirby. On mallows: Crwmlyn Burrows (Jeffreys in
Dillwyn); Penarth, June to August, and Old Cogan, Oct., 1913
(Hallett) ! Porthcawl (Hallett) !

Apion onopordi, Kirby. Taken by Mr. Jeffreys near Danygraig (Dillwyn).
Cwrt-yr-ala, Dinas Powis, Penarth, and Old Cogan, August to
March (Hallett) ! Llandaff, by sweeping, July to October !
Kenfig (Hallett) ! Rhosilli (Allen) ; Porthcawl, June (Hallett) !

Apion carduorum, Kirby. Universally distributed and usually common,
on Carduus arvensis, June to December !

Apion vicinum, Kirby. Llantrisant, Sept., 1891 (Chitty in ‘“‘ Ent. Mo.
Mag.,” 1893, p. 19).

Apion virens, Hbst. Common and ubiquitous, by sweeping or in hay-
stacks, etc., all the year round! Not recorded by Dillwyn, though
it must be common in the Swansea district. I can vouch for it
as far west as Briton Ferry, and Mr. J. W. Allen has found it com-
monly at Rhosilli.

Apion punctigerum, Pk. On species of Vicia: Cardiff district, common
May to September !

Apion pisi, F. On various Papilionacee : common and generally
distributed !

Apion sethiops, Hbst. Llandaff, in summer, scarce ! Cwrt-yr-ala and
Penarth, May to August (Hallett) ! Llangenydd, in flowers of
Geranium robertianum, June, 1915 (Wakefield)! Porthcawl
(Hallett) |!

The Coleoptera of Glamorgan. 23

Apion ebeninum, Kirby. Llantrisant, Sept., 1891 (Chitty, in ‘‘ Ent. Mo.
Mag.,’’ 1893, p. 19); Llandaff, rather common on Vicva cracca,
June to October !

Apion striatum, Kirby. On Ulex europaeus: common in April at Rhosilli
(J. W. Allen).

Apion ononis, Kirby. On Ononis repens: plentiful about Veranda
(Jeffreys in Dillwyn) ; Llangenydd (J. W. Allen) ; Llandaff, Kenfig,
and Candleston, June to October! Porthcawl (Hallett) !

It probably occurs wherever the plant grows.

Apion spencei, Kirby. On Vicia cracca, Llantrisant (Chitty); Llandaff,
common by sweeping, June to October ! Old Cogan, common in
October, 1913 (Hallett) ! Porthcawl and Penarth, May to August
(Hallett) !

Apion ervi, Kirby. On Vicia and Lathyrus: generally distributed and
common, May to October !

Apion gyllenhali, Kirby. Llantrisant, Sept., 1891 (Chitty in ‘‘ Ent. Mo.
Mag.,’’ 1893, p. 19).

Apion unicolor, Kirby. Llantrisant (Chitty); Llandaff, common on
Victa cracca, June to October !

Apion loti, Kirby. Swansea, “ takenin July by Mr. Jeffreyson Antirrhinum

linaria in St. Helen’s lane’; Briton Ferry and Kenfig on Lotus
corniculatus |! Cardiff district, fairly common, June to September !
Miskin !

Apion seniculum, Kirby. Cwrt-yr-ala, Penarth, and Old Cogan (Hallett) !
Llantrisant (Chitty); Llandaff, common by sweeping, June to
October, and in winter in haystacks !

Apion tenue, Kirby. Swansea, plentiful on Medicago sativa (Jeffreys
in Dillwyn); Llandaff, scarce, July to October ! Penarth
(Hallett) !

Apion pubescens, Kirby. One at Porthcawl, June, 1915 (Hallett) !
Apion marchicum, Hbst. Llandaff, by sweeping, Aug., 1896 !

Apion violaceum, Kirby. Generally distributed and common, June to
November !

Apion hydrolapathi, Kirby. On Rumex hydrolapathum and Rumex
obtustfolius : Llandaff and Ely, not uncommon, May to October !
Old Cogan, Penarth, and Cwrt-yr-ala (Hallett) !

Apion humile, Germ. Generally distributed and common, July to
October !

Otiorhynchus tenebricosus, Hbst. Swansea, common on the sandhills ;
Porthkerry (W. E. R. Allen)! Sully, April, 1916 (Hallett) !

Otiorhynchus atroapterus, De G. Not uncommon on the coast sandhills
in spring and summer !

24 The Coleoptera of Glamorgan.

Otiorhynchus raucus, F. Swansea, ‘‘ among herbage and nettles, and
sometimes early in summer is plentiful on the naked sandhills.”

Otiorhynchus scabrosus, Marsh. Swansea, on the sandhills, not common ;
Cwrt-yr-ala, April to August (Hallett) !

Otiorhynchus ligneus, Ol. Porthcawl, June, 1915 (Hallett) !

Otiorhynchus picipes, F. Abundant everywhere, and occurs all the year
round !

Otiorhynchus sulcatus, F. Common and generally distributed, and occurs
all the year round !

Otiorhynchus rugifrons, Gyll. Swansea, under the name of Otiorhynchus
dillwynii ; also taken near Swansea by Mr. Wakefield !

Otiorhynchus ovatus, L. Generally distributed and moderately common !

Trachyphleus scabriculus, L. Of general occurrence in summer on
the coast sandhills, sometimes common !

Ceenopsis waltoni, Boh. One in moss near Rhosilli (J. W. Allen).

Strophosomus coryli, F. Common and universally distributed in woods,
copses, etc., May to December !

Strophosomus capitatus, De G. Swansea, ‘‘ not uncommon, particularly
in woods, and aspecimen I sent to him was thus [viz., Strophosomus
obesus, which is a synonym] named by Mr. Marsham.”’

Strophosomus retusus, Marsh. Swansea, among herbage in woods, and
at times rather plentiful in Crwmlyn Burrows; Old Cogan, Oct.,
1913 (Hallett) ! Merthyr Mawr, Miskin, and Kenfig, in summer !
Llandaff, not uncommon by sweeping in summer, and in haystacks
in winter !

Strophosomus lateralis, Pk. Swansea, not common.

Exomias araneiformis, Schr. Swansea, not uncommon in woods and on
the sandhills ; Cardiff district, common in woods amongst herbage
and moss nearly all the year !

Brachysomus echinatus, Bons. Swansea, amongst herbage, not common ;
Rhosilli (J. W. Allen).

Sciaphilus muricatus, F. Generally distributed and fairly common in
woods, copses, and hedgerows, and seems to occur all the year
round !

Tropiphorus tomentosus, Marsh. Swansea, ‘“‘has been taken in the
neighbourhood.”

Liophleus nubilus, F. Not unfrequent under stones on Crwmlyn
Burrows or on the naked sandhills, and I have taken it in a hedge-
bank at Penllergaer (Dillwyn); Penllergaer and Porthkerry
(W. E. R. Allen)! Castell Coch, in June! Llandaff, sparingly every
year on ivy, May to August! Sully (Hallett)!

The Coleoptera of Glamorgan. 25

Polydrusus micans, F. Swansea, in woods, not common; near Swansea
(Wakefield) ! Castell Coch, on beech, scarce in May and June,
1808 !

Polydrusus sericeus, Schal. Swansea, in woods, not common,

Polydrusus tereticollis, De G. Taken on oaks at Briton Ferry by Mr.
Millard, and among herbage in the Penllergaer Woods, not common
(Dillwyn); Castell Coch, moderately common on hazel, May to
August ! Cwrt-yr-ala, on broom (Hallett) !

Polydrusus pterygomalis, Sch. Common and generally distributed in
woods, etc., throughout summer !

Polydrusus cervinus, L. Swansea, in woods, not common; Llandaff
and Castell Coch, fairly common on trees and hedgerows in
summer ! Old Cogan, Oct., 1913, and Cwrt-yr-ala (Hallett) !

Polydrusus chrysomela, Ol. Swansea (Fowler, B. C., v., p. 202); Candle-
ston, not rare by the River Ogmore, May 30th, 1914 (Perrins) !

Polydrusus confluens, Steph. Swansea, on the sandhills, not common.
This beetle is attached to broom and gorse.

Phyllobius oblongus, L. Common on herbage throughout the county in
May and June! Old Cogan, Oct., 1913 (Hallett) !

Phyllobius calcaratus, F. Sometimes rather common about midsummer
in the woods at Penllergaer (Dillwyn) ; Cwrt-yr-ala and Taffs Well
in June (Hallett) ! Llandaff, occurs widely but very sparingly on
hawthorn in May and June! Porthkerry ! Leckwith Woods !

Phyllobius urticee, De G. Common and generally distributed on nettles
in May and June!

Phyllobius pyri, L. Very common everywhere on trees, hedges, and
herbage from end of April to September !

Phyllobius argentatus, L. Swansea, common early in summer on oaks
and on nettles in woods; Cardiff district, common in similar
situations in May and June !

Phyllobius maculicornis, Germ. Castell Coch, common in June and July,
especially on birch !

Phyllobius pomonz, Ol. Llandaff neighbourhood and Castell Coch,
common in early summer, especially on nettles ! Cwrt-yr-ala in
August (Hallett) !

Phyllobius viridizeris, Laich. Common throughout the county on trees,
hedges, and all kinds of herbage, May to October !

Tanymecus palliatus, F. Swansea, taken on a nettle near the seaside.
I have usually found this beetle attached to Carduus arvensis.

Philopedon geminatus, F. Abundant on the coast sandhills, and occurs
all the year! Odd specimens occasionally at Llandaff! Cwrt-yr-ala
(Hallett) !

26 The Coleoptera of Glamorgan.

Atactogenus exaratus, Marsh. Swansea, occasionally on the sandhills,
not common.

Barynotus obscurus, F. Under stones on Crwmlyn Burrows and on the
sandhills, not uncommon (Dillwyn); Rhosilli (J. W. Allen) ;
Llangenydd (Wakefield) ! Llandaff, scarce, May to July !

Barynotus elevatus, Marsh. Swansea, among grass in woods, not
common; Crawley Wood, 21st September, 1915 (Wakefield) !
Llandaff and Leckwith Woods, rare under stones, May and June !

Alophus triguttatus, F. Swansea, common on the sandhills ; Cwrt-yr-ala,
by sweeping, June 2nd, 1914! Llandaff, one in hay, March, 1894 !

Sitones griseus, F, Common in summer on the coast sandhills !

Sitones cambricus, Steph. Crwmlyn Burrows, not uncommon (Dillwyn) ;
Kenfig, April, 1899! Candleston, May, 1899! Lavernock, Dec. 6th,
1914 (Hallett) ! This weevil is found in damp or marshy ground.

Sitones regensteinensis, Hbst. Common and of general occurrence on
gorse !

Sitones waterhousei, Walton. Llandaff, by sweeping near a clover-field,
June and July, 1898 !

Sitones crinitus, Hbst. Swansea; Candleston and Kenfig, not uncommon,
May to July! Llandaff, rare !

Sitones lineellus, Gyll. Swansea.

Sitones tibialis, Hbst. Generally distributed, and common, as a rule,
on broom and gorse, May to October !

Sitones hispidulus, F. Generally distributed and not uncommon by
sweeping, as well as in haystacks, moss, etc., in the winter !

Sitones flavescens, Marsh. Swansea, taken on a quince tree at The
Willows in June; Penarth and Cwrt-yr-ala (Hallett) ! Llandaff !

Like the last species, Sitones flavescens seems to occur all the year.

Sitones puncticollis, Steph. Castell Coch (Wotton)! Llandaff, in July !
Candleston, fairly common !

Sitones suturalis, Steph. On Lathyrvus pratensis and Victa cyracca.
Llangenydd, June, 1915 (Wakefield) ! Kenfig, Briton Ferry,
and Candleston in summer ! Sully, Cwrt-yr-ala, Penarth, January
to October (Hallett) ! Llandaff !

Sitones lineatus, L. Attached to Papilionacee: only too common every-
where, and occurring all the year round !

Sitones sulcifrons, Thunb. Attached to Papilionacee: generally distri-
buted and fairly common for most of the year !

Gronops lunatus, F. Crwmlyn Burrows in 1809 (Dillwyn); Candleston,
where I have found it regularly, but very sparingly, from May to
August, crawling on the sandy flats towards the River Ogmore!

The Coleoptera of Glamorgan. a7

Hypera punctata, F. Occasionally on nettles at Penllergaer, and some-
times on the sandhills (Dillwyn).

Hypera fasciculata, Hbst. This extremely local species is not at all
uncommon on our coast sandhills from Candleston westwards,
at the roots of Evodium cicutavium, from May to September !

Hypera rumicis, L. On species of Rumex: Swansea district, sometimes
plentiful, particularly about midsummer on Crwmlyn Burrows ;
Candleston, common ! Cardiff district, generally distributed and
common, April to August !

Hypera pollux, F. Crwmlyn Burrows, not common (Dillwyn); one at
Llanmadoc (J. W. Allen).

Hypera polygoni, L. Swansea, sometimes plentiful on the sandhills ;
Kenfig, May 3rd, 1899 !

Hypera suspiciosa, Hbst. ‘‘ Several specimens were taken, I believe all on
Crwmlyn Burrows, near twenty years ago [i.e., about 1809], and
I have not since observed it ’’ (Dillwyn) ; Llantrisant, Sept., 1891
(Chitty, in “‘ Ent. Mo. Mag.,’”’ 1893, p. 19); Llandaff ina haystack,
November, 1894 !

Hypera variabilis, Hbst. On Papilionacee: Swansea, not uncommon ;
Candleston, Kenfig, and Briton Ferry, not uncommon in summer !
Sully on Medicago sativa, May, 1914 (Hallett) ! Llandaff, June
to November, on species of Vicia, Lathyrus pratensis and in hay-
stacks ! Porthcawl (Hallett) !

Hypera murina, F. Sully, May, 1914, on Medicago sativa (Hallett) !

Hypera plantaginis, De G. Generally distributed and fairly common,
especially on the coast, most of the year! This species is generally
said to be confined to species of Plantago, but it certainly occurs
also on Papilionacee and Mr. Hallett swept it off Medicago sativa
at Sully.

Hypera trilineata, Marsh. On Papilionacee: generally distributed and
somewhat locally common in summer! Like most of the other
species of Hypera, it occurs in autumn and winter in haystacks
(e.g., at Llandaff) and other suitable retreats.

Hypera nigrirostris, F. On Papilionacee: generally distributed and
common, occurring all the year round !
var. ononinis, Fowler. Llandaff, on Ononis spinosa !

Cleonus sulcirostris, L, Crwmlyn Burrows, occasionally found on nettles
and thistles, and is not uncommon on the naked sandhills (Dillwyn) ;
Candleston and Kenfig on Carduus avvensis in summer, not common!

Liosoma ovatulum, Clair. Generally distributed and fairly common
amongst herbage and in moss at all times of the year! It prefers
ground that is somewhat damp and shady.

Liparus coronatus, Goez. Swansea, on the sandhills, not common.

28 The Coleoptera of Glamorgan.

Curculio abietis, L. Castell Coch, June, 1896! near Neath (A. R. Wallace).

Pissodes pini, L. Candleston, on fir, May 31st, 1914 (Perrins) ! No
doubt introduced with the fir trees.

Pissodes notatus, F. Dunraven (Mitchell in ‘‘ Trans. Cardiff Nat. Soc.,”
XXIX., p. 70). Sully, April and May, 1916 (Hallett)!

Orchestes scutellaris, Gyll. Common on Alnus glutinosus, particularly
about Sketty Bog (Dillwyn).

Orchestes quercus, L. Penarth, Aug., 1915 (Hallett) !

Orchestes alni, L. On elms: Swansea, not unfrequent; Penarth and
Cwrt-yr-ala, January to August (Hallett) ! Llandaff, common in
summer! Kenfig (Hallett) !

var. ferrugineus, Marsh. Swansea; Llandaff, July, 1895 !

Orchestes ilicis, F. Swansea, on oaks, not common.
Orchestes avellanee, Don. Swansea, not uncommon in woods.

Orchestes fagi, L. On beech: Swansea, in woods, not common ; Castell
Coch, fairly common in June and July! Taffs Well (Hallett) !

Orchestes rusci, Hbst. On birch: woods at Penllergaer (Dillwyn) ; Castell
Coch, not uncommon, June and July !

Orchestes stigma, Germ. Swansea, not uncommon on willows and
alders; Penarth, August, 1915 (Hallett) !

Orchestes salicis, L. Swansea, not uncommon, particularly about
Crwmlyn Bog, on nettles and on willows (Dillwyn) ; Llandaff, rare
on sallow, July, 1893 !

Rhamphus flavicornis, Clair. Cardiff district, common in summer on
trees, shrubs, and hedgerows ! Kenfig (Hallett) !

Orthocheetes setiger, Beck. Kenfig, in summer, not common ! near
Rhosilli in moss (J. W. Allen) ; Llandaff, on one of the dog violets,
scarce, April to October !

Orthochetes insignis, Aube. This species was introduced to the
British List in 1912, on the strength of specimens from Southsea,
Cornwall, and Glamorganshire (cf. ‘‘ Ent. Mo. Mag.,’’ 1912, p. 211).
Kenfig, common on Viola curtisii at the beginning of June, 1914
(see ‘‘ Ent. Mo. Mag.,” 1915, pp. 18, 292) ! Llandaff, on one of the
dog violets, rare ! Cwrt-yr-ala, January 31, 1915 (Hallett) !

Grypidius equiseti, F, On Equisetwm arvense : Swansea, not uncommon ;
Candleston, common in June and July ! Leckwith Woods !

Erirhinus bimaculatus, F. Crwmlyn Bog on nettles, not uncommon
(Dillwyn).

Erirhinus acridulus, L. Swansea, rather common throughout the
summer; marshy ground at Kenfig, June, 1914 ! Sully, Penarth,
and Cwrt-yr-ala (Hallett) !| Llandaff, common in damp ground,
May to October ! Leckwith Woods in damp moss !

The Coleoptera of Glamorgan. 29

Thryogenes nereis, Pk. Crwmlyn Bog, amongst herbage, sometimes
plentiful in summer (Dillwyn); Llantrisant, Sept., 1891 (Chitty) ;
Llandaff, sparingly in May and June at the old brickpits !

Dorytomus tremulee, Pk. Swansea, in woods, not common.

Dorytomus maculatus, Marsh. Generally distributed and, as a rule,
common in spring and summer on poplars, willows, and sallows!
Dillwyn records it off alder, but that must have been accidental.
I have taken it at Llandaff up to October, and Mr. Hallett at
Cwrt-yr-ala as early as January !

Dorytomus affinis, Pk. Swansea, taken amongst herbage.

Dorytomus pectoralis, Gyll. Swansea. I take Dillwyn’s Dorytomus
melanopthalmus [s?c] to mean this species.

Tanysphyrus lemnee, F. Common as a rule round Llandaff on Lemna
minor, May to October !

Bagous alismatis, Marsh. On Alisma plantago: Swansea, common;
Sully, February, 1914 (Hallett)! Llantrisant (Chitty) ; Leckwith
Common, very common at the sides of ditches, May to Novem-
ber !

Bagous binodulus, Hbst. Taken several years ago. I believe on Crwmlyn
Bog (Dillwyn, ‘“‘ Memoranda,” p. 40).

Bagous nigritarsis, Thomson. Candleston, in damp ground, not uncom-
mon in June and July! This form is so distinct and so often occurs
alone, that it seems to deserve specific rank.

Anoplus plantaris, Naez. Swansea, ‘‘ has been taken, I believe, among
herbage in woods’”’ ; Castell Coch, fairly common on birch, May to
July ! Cwrt-yr-ala in August (Hallett) !

Tychius venustus, F. Swansea, occasionally found among _ herbage.
This beetle is attached to broom.

Tychius squamulatus, Gyll. Briton Ferry and Candleston, rather common
on Lotus corniculatus in July !

Tychius meliloti, Steph. Cwrt-yr-ala, Aug., 1915 (Hallett) !
Tychius lineatulus, Steph. Llandaff, one in hay, Nov., 1894 !
Tychius tomentosus, Hbst. Candleston, one swept in July, 1898 !

Miccotrogus picirostris, F. Swansea, not common; Kenfig, by sweeping,
in summer !

Sibinia primitus, Hbst. Common, crawling on sandy ground, at Candle-
ston and Kenfig, May to August ! Penarth and Cwrt-yr-ala
(Hallett) ! The specific name is often printed as primita, but
erroneously. The word primitus is an adverb, and therefore
indeclinable.

30 The Coleoptera of Glamorgan.

Miarus campanule, L. Swansea, not common, attached to Campanula
glomerata and Campanula rotundifolia.

Gymnetron beccabunge, L. Candleston and Llandaff, on Veronica
beccabunga, in July! Only the black form has occurred.

Gymnetron melanarius, Germ. Castell Coch, one swept in May, 1898 !
There is a doubtful Swansea record.

Gymnetron pascuorum, Gyll. Llantrisant, September, 1891 (Chitty) ;
Llandaff, by sweeping and in a haystack, August to November !

Gymnetron labilis, Hbst. Llantrisant, Sept., 1891 (Chitty); Llandaff,
one in hay, November, 1894 ! One swept at Llangenydd (J. W.
Allen).

Mecinus pyraster, Hbst. Generally distributed and not uncommon by
sweeping, in moss, under bark, etc. ! It seems to occur all the
year round.

Mecinus circulatus, Marsh. Swansea, sometimes on the sandhills, and
has been taken early in spring under stones in the firwoods above
Gnoll Castle.

Anthonomus ulmi, De G. On hedge roses and particularly on the flowers
of Rosa spinosissima on Sketty Burrows, not uncommon, and I
have observed it on the flowers but not on the leaves of Crategus
oxyacantha (Dillwyn); Llandaff, sometimes not uncommon on
hawthorn, May to November! Lavernock, December 6th, 1914
(Hallett) !

Anthonomus rosine, Des Goz. Llandaff, a few on hawthorn, Sept.,
1894 !

Anthonomus pedicularius, L. Swansea, not uncommon; Castell Coch,
in June, 1897 ! Cwrt-yr-ala, July, 1913 (Hallett) !

Anthonomus rubi, Hbst. Fairly common and generally distributed on
herbage, trees, and hedgerows ! I have records of it for every
month in the year.

Anthonomus comari, Crotch. Several swept in damp ground at Kenfig,
June rst, 1914! Porthcawl (Hallett) !

Nanophyes lythri, L. Swansea, common on Lythrum salicaria.

Cionus scrophularie, L. Somewhat local, but as a rule common on
Scrophularia nodosa and Scrophularia aquatica, June to August !
Jeffreys observed it abundant on Buddleia globosa,

Cionus thapsus, F. Swansea, common on Verbascum thapsus and
Verbascum blattarta.

Cionus hortulanus, Marsh. Swansea, on a Verbascum, not common ;
Cwrt-yr-ala, July, 1913 (Hallett) ! S. Fagans and Llandaff, on
Scrophulavia nodosa, May to August! Very common in Leckwith
Woods at the end of June on Scyvophularia nodosa !

The Coleoptera of Glamorgan. 31

Cionus blattarie, F. Swansea, not uncommon on Scrophularia aquatica;
I have taken it commonly on Scrophulavia nodosa and occasionally
on Scrophularia aquatica at Candleston, Llandaff, and Leckwith
Woods from May to August !

Cionus pulchellus, Hbst. Swansea, not uncommon on Scrophularia
aquatica ; Llandaff and St. Fagans, common on Scrophularia nodosa
in June and July!

Orobitis cyaneus, L. On Saliv avgentea and among herbage on Crwmlyn
Burrows, not very uncommon (Dillwyn); Porthcawl (Hallett) !
Kenfig and Briton Ferry, not uncommon on Viola curtisii in summer !
Llandaff, scarce on one of the dog violets, June to October !
Probably the occurrence on Salix avgentea was accidental.

Cryptorrhynchus lapathi, L. Plentiful on willows on Crwmlyn Bog
(Dillwyn).

Acalles roboris, Curt. Sully, Feb., 1916 (Hallett) !

Acalles ptinoides, Marsh. Swansea, not common; one swept at Castell
Coch, May 18, 1898 !

Acalles turbatus, Boh. Llandaff, beaten rarely off dead hawthorn, in
October! Penarth and Cwrt-yr-ala, April, 1916 (Hallett) !

Cceliodes rubicundus, Hbst. Castell Coch, rare on birch, June, 1899 !

Cceeliodes quercus, F. Swansea, not very uncommon in woods; Castell
Coch, not uncommon on oak in June! Cwrt-yr-ala (Hallett) !

Coeliodes ruber, Marsh. Swansea. It is very distinct from Ceeliodes
quercus, of which Dillwyn surmised it to be a variety.

Coeeliodes erythroleucus, Gmel. Llantrisant, September, 1891 (Chitty in
-““Ent. Mo. Mag.,’”’ 1891, p. 331); Crawley, on oak, 3rd August,
1915 (Wakefield) !

Coeliodes cardui, Hbst. Kenfig and Candleston, rare on the sandhills in
May !

Ceeliodes quadrimaculatus, L. Abundant everywhere on nettles ! It
occurs for most of the year.

Coeliodes geranii, Pk. Crwmlyn Burrows amongst herbage (Dillwyn) ;
Llangenydd on Gevanium sanguineum, June, t915 (Wakefield) !
Horton (Gower), July, 1914 (Hallett) ! As its name implies, it is
attached to various species of Geranium,

Poophagus sisymbrii, F. Kenfig, rare on Veronica beccabunga, June,
1914! Cwrt-yr-ala (Hallett) !

Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis, Pk. On Crucifere: Swansea; Porthcawl
(Hallett) ! Candleston and Briton Ferry ! Cardiff district, common
in summer, especially on Sisymbrium officinale and Brassica
sinapis! The occurrences on other orders of plants mentioned by
Dillwyn are, of course, as in many other cases, accidental.

32 The Coleoptera of Glamorgan.

Ceuthorrhynchus constrictus, Marsh. Among herbage on Crwmlyn and
Sketty Burrows, not uncommon (Dillwyn).

Ceuthorrhynchus cochlearie, Gyll. Dinas Powis, by sweeping in damp
ground, June 2nd, 1914 !

Ceuthorrhynchus ericee, Gyll. Llandaff, a few taken in July, 1894 !

Ceuthorrhynchus erysimi, F. On Crucifeye: generally distributed and
very fairly common at times !

Ceuthorrhynchus contractus, Marsh. A universally common species by
sweeping or in haystacks, etc., all the year round ! It is attached
to Crucifere.

Ceuthorrhynchus hirtulus, Germ. Several specimens swept at Candleston,
May 31st, 1914 (Perrins and Tomlin) !

Ceuthorrhynchus pilosellus, Gyll. Several specimens on Llangenydd
Burrows (J. W. Allen); one on the sandhills at Candleston, May

31st, 1914 !

Ceuthorrhynchus quadridens, Pz. On Crucifere: Swansea, not un-
common ; Lavernock on Brassica sinapsis! Penarth, common in
May (Hallett) ! Llandaff, common, especially on turnip and
horseradish, May to October !

Ceuthorrhynchus geographicus, Goez. Crwmlyn Burrows, on thistles,
and I have never seen it on Echium vulgare (Dillwyn).

Ceuthorrhynchus pollinarius, Forst. On Uvtica dioica: common and
generally distributed, May to October !

Ceuthorrhynchus pleurostigma, Marsh. Swansea, “‘ rather plentiful in
the spring of 1805 on the sandhills, and I have not lately observed
it’’; Candleston and Kenfig, occasional in May ! This species is

2

attached to Crucifere.

Ceuthorrhynchus resede, Marsh. On Reseda lutea: Swansea, not un-
common.

Ceuthorrhynchus marginatus, Pk. Llandaff, single specimens swept very
occasionally, June to November !

Ceuthorrhynchus rugulosus, Hbst. Among herbage about Penllergaer
(Dillwyn); Candleston, scarce on Matricaria chamomilla in May
and June!

Ceuthorrhynchus melanostictus, Marsh. Swansea, occasional; Candle-
ston, rare in May and June on Veronica beccabunga !

Ceuthorrhynchus asperifoliarum, Gyll. Swansea, not common; Kenfig
and Candleston, not rare on Cynoglossum officinale in May and
June !

Ceuthorrhynchus litura, F. On thistles: Swansea, not uncommon ;
Llandaff, common in summer on Carduus arvensis !

The Coleoptera of Glamorgan. 33

Ceuthorrhynchidius floralis, Pk. On Crucifere: generally distributed and
common in summer !

Ceuthorrhynchidius pyrrhorhynchus, Marsh. On Sisymbrium officinale :
taken by Mr. Millard in the nursery garden near Ffynone (Dillwyn) ;
Cwrt-yr-ala, Penarth and Porthcawl, common in summer
(Hallett) ! Kenfig, June rst, 1914 !

Ceuthorrhynchidius nigrinus, Marsh. Among herbage on Crwmlyn
Burrows, not common (Dillwyn).

Ceuthorrhynchidius melanarius, Steph. Kenfig! Dinas Powis, common on
Nasturtium officinale, June 2nd, 1914 ! Penarth, common
(Hallett) !

Ceuthorrhynchidius terminatus, Hbst. Penarth, one specimen, August,
1915 (Hallett) !

Ceuthorrhynchidius troglodytes, F. Common everywhere and occurs all
the year round, either by sweeping or in haystacks and rubbish !

Amalus heemorrhous, Hbst. Llandaff, one swept in October, 1897 |

Rhinoncus pericarpius, L. Cardiff district, fairly common, March to
October ! I have always found it attached to Rumex obtusifolius.
It is surprising to have no record of it from the Swansea side ;
Possibly Dillwyn meant to record this species as Rhinoncus
interstitialis, though that name is merely a synonym of Rhinoncus
castor.

Rhinoncus perpendicularis, Reich. Penarth, April, 1916, and Cwrt-yr-ala,
August, 1914 (Hallett)! This is attached to species of Polygonum,

Rhinoncus castor, F. A common species on the coast sandhills in
summer !

Eubrychius velatus, Beck. Llantrisant, September, 1891 (Chitty in ‘‘ Ent.
Mo. Mag.,’’ 1893, p. 19).

Litodactylusleucogaster, Marsh. Llantrisant, September, 1891 (Chitty, /.c.);
Llandaff, not uncommon on floating chips, etc., in the old brick-
ponds, April to October ! Kenfig Pool, June tst, 1914 !

Phytobius comari, Hbst. Llangenydd, Sept., 1915 (J. W. Allen).
Phytobius quadrituberculatus, F. Candleston, in damp ground, May
r7th, 1899 !

Phytobius muricatus, Bris. Penarth, under a stone, March 25th, 1913
(Hallett) !

Limnobaris t-album, L. Crwmlyn Bog (Dillwyn): its occurrence on
Erica tetvalix was merely accidental.

Balaninus venosus, Grav. Porthkerry, on oak, May, 1896 (W. E. R.
Allen)! Old Cogan, August, 1913 (Hallett)! Dillwyn has a doubtful
record from Swansea.

34 The Coleoptera of Glamorgan.

Balaninus nucum, L. Swansea, not unfrequent on Corylus avellana.

Balaninus betule, Steph. Llandaff, one on head of MHeracleum
sphondylium, July, 1893 !

Balaninus villosus, F. Swansea; Castell Coch, once on oak, June 2nd,
1899 !

Balaninus salicivorus, Pk. Swansea, on willows, at times plentiful ;
Cardiff district, common in early summer on willows and sallows !

Balaninus pyrrhoceras, Marsh. Swansea, not uncommon in hedges ;
Kenfig! Castell Coch, Miskin, and Leckwith Woods, not uncommon
on oak, May to July!

Calandra granaria, L. Swansea, in granaries, the Welsh call it ‘‘ Gwyfyn-
yr-yd”’ ; Old Cogan and Penarth (Hallett) !

Calandra oryzee, L. Cardiff Docks, August, 1913 (Hallett) !

Cossonus ferrugineus, Clair. Taken near Swansea and is far from
common (Dillwyn).

Rhopalomesites tardyi, Curt. Several in Crawley Wood (Gower), September,
t9t5 (Wakefield) !

Rhyncolus lignarius, Marsh. Taken in a house at Swansea, and by
Mr. Jeffreys on the sandhills (Dillwyn).

Caulotrypis seneopiceus, Boh. Swansea, on the sandhills; Rhosilli in
dead wood (J. W. Allen).

Codiosoma spadix, Hbst. Candleston, in an old log on the shore, May 17,
1899 !

Magdalis armigera, Fourc. Swansea, on birch, not common; Fairwater,
rather common on an ash, June, 1889! Leckwith Woods, rare on
hazel, June, 1890 !

Magdalis pruni, L. Llandaff, two specimens, on hawthorn, June, 1894 !

SCOLYTIDZ.

Scolytus destructor, Ol. Swansea, under bark of elm, and less commonly
of other trees; Sully, October, 1914 (Hallett) !

Hylastes ater, Pk. Candleston, under fir bark !

Hylastes opacus, Er. Swansea; Candleston, under fir bark, May, 1899 !
Hylastinus obscurus, Marsh. Swansea.

Hylesinus crenatus, F. Taken in an old ash at Penllergaer (Dillwyn).

Hylesinus fraxini, Pz. Swansea, common in ash; Sully and Penarth,
August to December (Hallett) ! Candleston ! Llandaff, in ash
bark and beaten off hawthorn in May !

The Coleoptera of Glamorgan. 35

Myelophilus piniperda, L. Swansea; Candleston, under fir bark, December,
1899 ! Dunraven (Mitchell in ‘‘ Trans. Cardiff Nat. Soc.,’? XXIX.,
p. 70). Sully, April, 1916 (Hallett) !

Cissophagus hederee, Schm. Llandaff, one specimen beaten off a hedge
in June, 1894 !

Pityophthorus pubescens, Marsh. Penarth, one in December, tro1s
(Hallett) !

Xylocleptes bispinus, Duft. In stems of Clematis vitalba: Dinas Powis,
June 2nd, 1914! Llandaff, occasional, April to June !

Dryoceetes villosus, F. Swansea, in bark of oak, not uncommon;
Penarth, in bark of oak, rather common, May to November
(Hallett) !

Tomicus laricis, F. Several in a timber-yard at Cardiff, March, 1916
(J. Grimes) !

36

ON A BORING FOR WATER AT KOATES

CARDIFF; WITH A NOTE ON THE UNDER-

GROUND STRUCTURE OF THE Fee
TRIASSIC ROCKS OF THE VICINIG

By Fj. NORTE fc GS.,
Geological Department, National Museum of Wales.
(Read before the Biological and Geological Section on December
2nd, 1Q15.)

CONTENTS.
I. Introduction.
II. Section of the borehole.
III. Description of the core.
IV. List of fossils from the Silurian (Ludlow) rocks
traversed by the boring.
V. The southern boundary of the Cardiff-Rumney
Silurian inlier.
VI. Note on the underground structure of the pre-
Triassic rocks of the vicinity.
VII. Bibliography.

I.- INTRODUCTION. t+

The importance of carefully recording the evidence, and if
possible, preserving specimens from deep borings cannot be
over-estimated, for the light thus thrown upon the nature and
succession of the strata beneath the surface may be of the
utmost value in unravelling the geological structure of a
district.

In many cases only the workmen’s charts are available: and
these, although answering the purpose for which they are
intended, are, unfortunately. often of little value to the geologist.

(+) A preliminary account of the boring appeared in the “ Geological
Magazine,’’ Sept., 1915, pp. 385-7.

AltLuvtum and
Estuarine mars.

Oe LIAS
— = SJand RHAETIC

Co nglome vrares

<

7
as
c)
bd
a
a)
oy
i)
my
A
3
a
(Y3adN3y)
SVIaL

CARBON IFEROUS
peas oe ayes
a CILINESTONE SERIES

=
e °
»*|,| Sandstone and
i. °
2 |':lConglomeratre
HHH Red Sand stones

ma
AWENLOCNK GROUP

LLL}. with RUMNEY GRIT

Rares (tae) eae Se ae

a3y4 da10

BNOLSAGN WS

Rea Maris

LUDLOW GROUP

NwIUNTS

Divection of Dip 7

Concealed boundary between
Ola Rea Sandstone ana

Sitarian Rocks. RK XX KERIO

a SSS FS 7

L el;

Altluvitum and
Estuarine marts.

LOWER LIAS
and RHAETIC

Maris passing Z4

into Breccias and tS a

Conglomerates mn 2
Ss

fea CARBON IFEROUS

TL ILIMESTONE SERIES

[ Sandstone and BE

Conglomerate 2
|| +e Send ae @ a
on
9 0

lee ee oh ee tee ce fea Marts mn
wih @ PaPRURE We 4 2
ol al Sait emer \\ Geos =
Ree d WENLOCK GROUP 2
Gs RUMNEY GRIT) 2

fainter |. =. 33 ee

Divection of Dip 7

Conceatea boundary between
Old Rea Sandstone and

Silurian Rocks, RK KR ROON

GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE COUNTRY AROUND CARDIFF.
(Based upon the t-inch map of the Geological Survey.)

Boring for Water at Roath, Cardiff. 37

In the present instance, for example, the beds were recorded by
the workman as “red marl,’ “‘red and blue shaly marl,”
“grey rock,” “‘ conglomerate,’ ‘‘ granite,” etc., and in the
absence of specimens such terms would convey no definite
information in a district where Trias, Old Red Sandstone, and
Silurian rocks are developed with many lithological resem-
blances.

Fortunately, the Helen Street boring was brought to the
notice of the Director of the National Museum of Wales at an
early stage, and every facility given for the examination and
removal of the cores. Good service from an economic, as well
as from a scientific standpoint would be rendered to Geology,
if all borings and deep excavations could be examined while
in progress and detailed records kept.

The writer would here acknowledge his indebtedness to
Mr. T. C. Cantrill, of H.M. Geological Survey, who kindly
examined some of the specimens from the core: and to Pro-
fessor T. Franklin Sibly, of University College, Cardiff, for
valuable help and advice during the preparation of this report.

The core to be described was obtained from a deep boring, at
the southern end of Helen Street, Roath,* on the site of the new
Bottling Premises of Messrs. S. A. Brain & Co., Ltd., who
generously placed all the material at the disposal of the National
Museum of Wales. Information respecting the depth from which
the sections of the core were obtained, was furnished by the
foreman of Messrs. Isler & Co., by whom the boring was
conducted.

The boring was commenced in November, 1913, and having
reached a depth of about 627 feet without yielding any water,
was discontinued in December, 1914.

A dug-well, 16ft. 6in. deep was sunk, and a hole “‘ punched ”
for a further depth of 112ft. (7.e., to 128ft. 6in. from the ground-
level). A nine-inch rotary drill was used for the remainder of
the boring. The “ punched” portion naturally yielded no

(*) See 6-inch Ordnance Map, Glamorganshire, 43, S.E., and 1-inch
Geological Map, New Series, Sheet 263.

38 Boning for Water at Roath, Cardiff.

core, and, this portion of the work having been completed
before the boring came under the notice of the present writer,
the workman’s chart is the only record of the strata passed
through. For the remaining 5ooft., however, the core has
been examined and characteristic specimens preserved in the
Museum for future reference. (The Accession number, to which
all specimens from the core are referred, is 14/336).

Il. SECTION OF THRE BOREHOLE:

The strata traversed include post-glacial terrace gravels,
Trias (Keuper Marls and Conglomerates), Old Red Sandstone
(Red Marls), and Silurian rocks (Ludlow shales and mudstones),
details of which are given in the following table.

(Height of surface above O.D. about 38 feet).

| Thickness. Depth from

Surface.
SUPERFICIAL DEPosITs. | ft. in| ft. in,
1, Made ground and soil .. xe 23 5+ r iS £729
2. Red sandy loam ee oe = S]\ eee dae,
3. Coarse gravel with pebbles SC 3° > «| ZOuo 25 ao
|
Trias (KEUPER MaRLs).
4. Mottled red and green marl ac : Bre 54 0
5. Conglomerate .. ec 4:70 58 o
6. Red marl with bands of conglomerate ae ae. 82 0
7. Mottled red and green marl with bands of
gypsum : - 2: 2 fekOZ. 10 264 0
8. Hard red and grey marl 3c Se oe 9°53 273 3
g. Grey sandy marl ; ee 58 5c 3 90 276 3
io. Hard redmarl .. Sk tc se Bis|| sec) 288 3
TRIAS (KEUPER CONGLOMERATE Sr)
11. Conglomerate oe ‘ ae Hs 3-9 292 O
12. Hardred gritty marl .. ae ac Paleo) AO 320 O
13. Coarse pink dolomitic grit 45 ae Si: 6 Oo 326 0
14. Hard red gritty marl .. 4 0 330 O
15. Coarse pink dolomitic ert with small | quartz
pebbles 2: i2) 0 342 0
OLtp RED SANDSTONE.
16. Dark red micaceous sandstone se - alt, 20) BO 362 0
17. Red and blue marl with cornstones .. 2 \]) HO7 LO 429 0
18. Red and blue marl se Theo 444 0
19. Red micaceous mudstone including | a thin
band with crustacean tracks : 2A 50 468 oO

20. Hard calcareous grit with fragments of
mudstone in the lower part . 6 oO 474 0

Boring for Water at Roath, Cardiff. 39

Thickness. | P pei
ft. in vie | a
SILURIAN (LUDLOW).

21. Red and blue micaceous mudstone .. 5a) {) § @ 510 oO
22. Dark red ferruginous mudstone and grit u © Gin
23. Blue micaceous mudstone a ae 3) (0) 519 O
24. Red ferruginous rock with fossils at bc 8 oO Cay ©
25. Grey mudstone with thin calcite veins at: 7 (6 534 6
26. Red sandstone 4 6 539 oO

27. Grey micaceous mudstone with two limestone
bands each about one inch in thickness. 36 oO Gy ©
28. Hard grey calcareous mudstone oe sal eo) ©) 601 6
29. Thin shelly limestone .. Or 60I 7
30. Hard blue and green mudstone ‘with fossils . 25 O 626 7

Hi DESCRIPTION OF THE CORE;

THE SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS (2 and 3)*.—These include a red-
dish-brown sandy clay above, and coarse pebble beds beneath.
In the latter, the pebbles consist principally of sandstone
from the upper Carboniferous and the Old Red Sandstone.
The beds belong to the post-glacial terrace gravels deposited
by the River Taff and the Rhymney River. Such gravels
underlie the greater part of Cardiff east of the Taff, and,
resting as they do on impervious Keuper Marls, hold much
water. They were at one time an important source of water
for the City, but the water is subject to pollution and is not now
used for domestic purposes.

THE KEUPER MARLS AND CONGLOMERATES.—These are a
series of red-brown and chocolate coloured marls, with green
spots and patches. The first 110 feet, for reasons already
mentioned have not been preserved, but the rocks were des-
cribed by the workman as “ Red and Blue shaly marl with
gypsum.” Certain sandy and conglomerate beds (5 and 6)
which were first met with at a depth of 52 feet may possibly

(*) The numbers in round brackets are those by which the beds
are designated in the preceding section.

40 Boring for Water at Roath, Cardiff.

represent the “‘ Upper water Bed” + of Storrie, but yielded
no water in this case. .

For the next 182 feet (7), the beds are normal mottled red and
green Keuper Marls, with bands of gypsum from } to I inch thick,
inclined at various angles and sometimes intersecting. The
marls vary in colour from chocolate-brown to dark brick-red.
The brown marls readily break in a horizontal direction, the
fractured surface being bright and shining; the brick-red
marls, on the other hand, are compact and dull. Green spots
and patches are abundant throughout, and small grains of
quartz up to 1/20 ins. in diameter occur, especially in the more
compact bands. The angle of dip is small, being 4 or 5 degrees,
although this could not be determined with precision, and there
was no evidence as to the direction in which the beds were
inclined.

At a depth of about 265 feet (top of 8) there is a band of
hard homogeneous green-grey marl, somewhat gritty and
micaceous. Under the microscope this rock is seen to consist
of small quartz grains with flakes of white mica in a fine argilla-
ceous matrix in which are developed small rhombs of dolomite,
that sometimes enwrap or abut against the quartz grains.
The hard grey-green marl gives place to a hard red marl, with
greenish spots, which become more abundant until at a depth
of 268 feet the whole rock is green in colour. The hard
grey-green and red marls closely resemble certain beds exposed
in the brick pit at Maendy, near Cardiff.

From this point to a depth of 342 feet there is a series of dull
red compact marls (with some grains of quartz and occasional

(t) According to the late John Storrie, water-bearing beds occur in the
local Trias at two horizons, to which he gave the names ‘“‘ Upper Water
Bed’”’ and ‘‘ Lower Water Bed’’ respectively. The Upper Water Bed
is a band of Sandstone near the top of the Keuper Marl, first noticed
in a boring in Frederick Street. The outcrop is unknown, and Storrie
suggested that much of the water, which is saline and had a distinct ebb
and flow, may have been derived by percolation from the sea. The
‘““Lower Water Bed” occurs in association with the conglomeratic
deposits at the base of the Keuper, and is the source of supply for most
of the wells in Cardiff.

Boring for Water at Roath, Cardiff. 41

quartz pebbles), red sandstones, with or without pebbles, and
coarse pink dolomitic grits. These types pass gradually one
into another, and it is difficult to assign a definite thickness to
any of them. (II) is a red and grey conglomerate, consisting
of small pebbles of quartz in an almost completely dolomitised
matrix. (12) is a red-brown compact marl or mudstone,
containing small quartz-grains, and having a peculiar nodular
fracture. (13) is a pink dolomitic grit consisting of abundant
quartz-grains in a ground mass of dolomite rhombs. These
rhombs have resulted from the recrystallisation of the original
matrix, traces of which remain as an opaque residue filling the
interspaces between the crystals. (15) is similar in appearance
but has a coarse texture.

The beds (11-15) represent the conglomeratic series developed
at the local base of the Trias. Conglomerates of this type are
especially well developed at Radyr, where they are known as
Radyr Stone. True Radyr Stone is absent from the present
boring, the beds being less conglomeratic, probably owing to the
greater distance from the outcrop of the Carboniferous Lime-
stone, and the coarse deposits developed in the upper portion
of the Old Red Sandstone. Storrie’s ‘“‘ Lower Water Bed ”’
occurs in this conglomerate series at the base of the Trias, but
water-bearing beds were not met with in the present boring.

THE OLD RED SANDSTONE.

The highest beds of this series present in the boring are dark
red highly micaceous sandstones, with dark red mottled purple
marls. (17 and 18) are a thick series of red and purple marls
with small green patches and cornstone nodules. (19) includes
soft red micaceous mudstones, with a thin band containing
crustacean tracks. One specimen of Lingula was obtained
from these mudstones, which pass down into a band of calcare-
ous grit (20), containing in its lower portion, tragments of the
underlying mudstones. This grit may be regarded as the
basement-bed of the Old Red Sandstone.

42 Boring for Water at Roath, Cardvff.

Samples of some of these rocks were submitted to Mr. T. C.
Cantrill, of H.M. Geological Survey, who referred the specimen
of Lingula to L. cf minima, Sow., and compared the crustacean
tracks to those described by G. E. Roberts* from the lower part
of the Old Red Sandstone at Bouldon Quarry, near Ludlow.
Mr. Cantrill also confirmed the opinion that the grit bed (20)
referred to above, might in the absence of any more likely bed,
be regarded as the basement-bed of the Old Red Sandstone.

The Old Red Sandstone has not been recorded from other
well-sections in Cardiff; all the red marls, conglomerates and
mudstones passed through before tossiliferous Silurian rocks
were reached, being regarded as of Keuper age. The marls and
conglomerates of the Trias closely resembles those of the
Old Red Sandstone, and in the case of the conglomerates the
resemblance is increased by the fact that some of the Triassic
beds contain material derived from the Old Redrocks. Further-
more, the uppermost beds of the Ludlow and the lowest beds of
the Old Red are closely similar in appearance, and it is possible
that the Old Red Sandstone has been pierced in at least one of
the earlier borings. This cannot now be verified, because no
specimens appear to have been preserved, and the workmen’s
charts from which the sections have been compiled, give no clue
as to the precise nature of the rocks that were traversed.

In view of the difficulty of distinguishing the deposits of the
two formations, and of the fact that the presence or absence
of the Old Red Sandstone had an important bearing upon the
conclusions to be drawn from the evidence supplied by the
boring, specimens from neighbouring outcrops were collected
for comparison and confirmed the conclusion that both Trias
and Old Red Sandstone were present in the core. The marls
of the Trias are slightly different in colour from the Old Red
Marls. The former vary from brick-red to chocolate-brown,
and never have the purplish hue which characterises the latter.

(*) Roberts, 1863, pp. 233-235.

Boring for Water at Roath, Cardiff. 43

Green patches occur in both series, but on the one hand gypsum

bands occur only in the Keuper, while on the other hand, beds
of dark green micaceous sandstone are peculiar to the marls

of the Old Red.

The micaceous sandstones and their associated marls with
cornstones, in the core, closely resemble the Old Red Rocks
exposed in the Railway Cutting at Llanishen, about four miles
N.N.W. of the site of the boring. Moreover, these marls with
sandstone have a greater dip than those in higher parts of the
core; in this connection it is interesting to note that in the
Cardiff Brick Company’s pit at Maendy,* two miles N.N.W.
of Helen Street, Keuper marls with a dip of 9 degrees rest upon
Old Red Marls with a dip of 20 degrees. It has already been
remarked that on being broken the marls present shining
surfaces. These in the Keuper are predominantly horizontal,
while in the older marls, which have a much less regular fracture,
they are vertical. While it is not implied that the direction of
the fracture and the accompanying bright surfaces are criteria
for distinguishing the marls of the two formations under
consideration, they are nevertheless noticeable characters,
not only in the core, but also locally wherever the marls are
freshly exposed.

THE SILURIAN ROCKS.

These consist of red, grey, and blue mudstones, more or
less micaceous, with some red ferruginous grits and very thin
limestone bands. The red ferruginous beds which occur
in the first fifty feet of the Silurian rocks traversed by the
boring closely resemble other red grits and mudstones in the
top of the Ludlow series formerly exposed on the eastern side
of Roath Park; and may also be compared with certain red
beds recorded by Professor Sollas in the Ludlow series at

* This name is locally spelt Maindy, but we have here followed the
spelling adopted on the Survey Maps.

44 Boring for Water at Roath, Cardiff.

Rumney. The red and blue mudstones which make up the
bulk of the Silurian rocks in the boring differ only in colour
from those exposed at the surface, the latter having become
yellow or brown as the result of weathering.

Fossils are abundant in the Silurian rocks at three horizons :—

1. Depth 520-527 feet. In the red ferruginous bed (24)
the following fossils occur—Wilsonia wilson (abundant),
Strophonella euglypha, Stropheodonia filosa (abundant), Airypa
reticularis, Spirifer elevatus, Phacopidella downingiae.

2. Depth 545-5600 feet. In the grey and green mudstones,
the abundance of mollusca is particularly noticeable. They
include Pterinea retroflexa, P. tenustriata, Aviculopecten danbyt,
Rhombopteria mira, Mytilarca mytilimeris, Orthonota amygdalina,
Modiolopsis platyphylla, Modiomorpha complanaia, Murchisoma
lloydi (abundant), Omphalotrochus funaius, Ecculiomphalus
laevis, Orthoceras bullatum, O.1bex. In addition to the mollusca
the following also occur—Wulsoma wilsom, Chonetes striatella,
(abundant), Atrypa reticularis, Stropheodonta filosa, Dalmanella
(Orthis) eleganiula, Camerotechia nucula, Dalmanites caudatus,
etc.

3. Depth 620-626 feet. In the hard bluish-green mudstone
(30)—Atrypa reticularis, Dalmanella elegantula, D. lunata,
Wilsonia wilsom, Stropheodonta filosa, Syringopora bifurcata,
Calymene blumenbacht, Dalmanites caudatus, etc.

IV. LIST OF FOSSILS FROM THE SILURIAN (LUDLOW)
ROCKS IN THE HELEN STREET BORING.

Those previously recorded from the Wenlock or Ludlow
beds, Cardiff-Rumney inlier, are indicated by asterisks in the
respective columns. *

* Sollas, 1879, pp. 486-7.

Boring for Water at Roath, Cardiff. 45

Fossils from the Helen Street Boring. Wenlock. Ludlow.

MOLLUSCA.
Aviculopecten danbyi (M’Coy) .. By a = —
Modiolopsis platyphylla (Salter) : = * *
Modiomorpha complanata (J. de C. Sowerby). . — —
Mytilarca mytilimeris (Conrad) [Mytilus]t .. —_ *
Orthonota amygdalina (J. de C. se ee _ ae
Pterinea retroflexa (Wahl.) ud *

=F tenuistriata (M’Coy) .. ye ot —
Rhombopteria mira (Barr.) ss ae ale —-
Cyclonema turbinatum, Sollas .. are -—
Cyrtostropha corallii (J. de C. Sowerby) ee —
Murchisonia lloydi, J. de C. Sowerby .. _--
Omphalotrochus funatus (J. de C. Sowerby)
[Euomphalus]} : — *
Bellerophon trilobatus, J. de C, Sowerby eke —_ -
Ecculiomphalus levis (J. de C. preRDY) 5c _— “
Tentaculites anglicus, es ne S6 — =
Orthoceras builatum, J. de C. Sowerby ac — =
if ibex (Pde, sowerby)) 2... : — _

**x| *|

BRACHIOPODA.
Atrypa reticularis (Linn.) Be a * *
Camarotcechia nucula (J. de Xo: eee

[ Rhynchonella] at = e
Chonetes striatella (Dalm.) : BS — 3
Dalmanella elegantula (Dalm.) [Orthis] .| * *

nf lunata (J. de C. Sowerby) [Orthis] | _ =

Leptena DGriedeke (Wilck.) [Strophomena] a =
Rhynchotreta borealis (Schloth.) [Rhynchonella] e -
Spirifer elevatus (Dalm.) — *
Stropheodonta filosa (J. de C. Sowerby) [Stroph-

omena] — a!
Strophonella euglypha (His. ) [Strophomena] St = “
Wilsonia wilsoni (J. deG: by Pope ed

ella. : “ —

TRILOBITA.
Calymene blumenbachii, Brong. ae * a
Dalmanites caudatus (Brunn.) a bys “8 2
Phacopidella downingiae (Mrch.) [Phacops] * =
Homalonotus knightii, Konig. .. Be Ate a= Ss
ANTHOZOA,
Syringopora bifurcata, Lonsd. .. Dit ae 3a ig

A large number of the fossils in the foregoing list occur also
in the Wenlock Shale and Wenlock Limestone of other localities,
but certain forms e.g., Homalonotus knightti, Murchisonia lloydt,

+ The generic names in square brackets are those employed by
Professor Sollas in his 1879 paper,

46 Boring for Water at Roath, Cardiff.

Stropheodonta filosa, Chonetes striatella, Cyclonema turbinatum,
etc., are particularly characteristic of the Ludlow beds of
this area, and have not as yet been found in the local Wenlock
beds. Such forms as Atrypa reticularis, Dalmanella elegantula,
Camarotechia nucula and Calymene blumenbachii which occur
in both Wenlock and Ludlow beds in the Cardiff district,
are particularly long-ranged species, and are of little or no
value in determining the horizon of the beds in which they
occur.

On paleontological grounds the beds must be regarded as
of Ludlow age, and the stratigraphical evidence is in accordance
with this conclusion ; for, while the grit bed at the base of the
Old Red Sandstone probably indicates a non-sequence, there
is no reason for supposing that there is any pronounced uncon-
formity between the Old Red Sandstone and the Silurian
rocks in the immediate neighbourhood of Cardiff.

V. THE SOUTHERN BOUNDARY OF THE CARDIFF-
RUMNEY SILURIAN INLIER. f

The Cardiff-Rumney Silurian inlier is an elongate-oval
area lying to the north and north-east of Cardiff. The prevailing
dip of the beds is towards the north, in which direction they
pass with apparent conformity beneath the Red Marls of the
Old Red Sandstone. Structurally the inlier is an anticline,
only the northern portion of which is exposed. The southern
boundary between the Silurian and Old Red rocks is concealed
by the mantle of newer strata, but in a general way its direction
can now be inferred from the following evidence :—

1. Ina boring by the side of the Rhymney Railway, south
of the Fairoak Road bridge (see B on the accompanying
map) the Trias rests upon Silurian beds.

2. In the Cardiff Brick Company’s pit at Maendy (C on the
map) the Trias rests upon Old Red Sandstone.

+ The name of the river and of the railway is spelt Rhymney, but that of
the village at the eastern extremity of the inlier is spelt Rumney.

Boring for Water at Roath, Cardtff. 47

3. Inthe present boring (A on the map) the Trias rests upon
Old Red Sandstone.

The boundary occurs, therefore, north of a line from A to C
and south of B; its approximate position is indicated on the
map. The southernmost exposures at Pen-y-lan* have a
southerly dip, and the anticlinal axis probably occurs near
the line where the Silurian rocks emerge from beneath the
Trias.

VI. NOTE ON THE UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE
OPS PHE, PRE-TRIASSIC ROCKS OF THE VICINITY.

Silurian rocks have been met with in at least three other
borings in and near Cardiff.

1. Ina boring (the site of which is indicated by “E”’ on
the accompanying map) at the Crown Fuel Works, Roath
Dock,|| the base of the Trias is believed to have been reached
at a depth of about 416 feet. Beneath it was a series of red,
blue and grey marls, with sandstone, about 460 feet in thickness,
and a series of shales with thin limestones 189 feet in thickness,
the whole being regarded as of Silurian age. It is probable,
however, that some of the marls below the Keuper belonged to
the Old Red Sandstone series, and that the shales with lime-
stone were Silurian, although the only fossils recorded were
“encrinites ’’ in a sandstone at a depth of 1,065 feet.

2. Professor Boulton recorded Silurian rocks immediately
beneath the Trias at a depth of 395 feet in a boring at Crawshay
Streett (see ““D’”’ on the map). Fossils (brachiopods and
encrinites) were found in a calcareous sandstone at a depth of
455 feet.

3. Grey and red and grey rock was met with beneath the
Trias at a depth of 143 feet at Ely (Ely Paper Mills)? (see ‘‘ F ”
onthe map). Atrypa reticularis and lamellibranchs were found

* Locally spelt Penylan.

|| “‘ The Country around Cardiff,’ 1912, p. 99.
f Boulton, 1910, pp. 32-35.

t ‘* The Country around Cardiff,’ 912. p. 98.

48 Boring for Water at Roath, Cardiff.

at a depth of 284 feet, but the whole series from the commence-
ment of the grey and red and grey rock was considered to be of
Silurian age.

CONCLUSIONS.

The interest and importance of this boring lies in the fact
that the presence of the Old Red Sandstone under Roath proves
that the records of Silurian rocks beneath the surface at Roath
Dock, Crawshay Street and Ely, indicate not one large Silurian
area continuous with the exposed Cardiff-Rumney mass, and
extending at least as far southward as the Bristol Channel and
as far westward as Ely, but two or more smaller areas. These
resulted from earth movements which threw the pre-Triassic
rocks into a number of small folds, trending in an east-to-west
direction, from the crests of which the Old Red Sandstone was
removed by denudation, exposing the underlying Silurian
rocks. One small fold, in the Old Red Sandstone which did not
result in the exposure of Silurian Strata was recorded by
Professor Sollas near Llanishen, while a small anticlinal fold in
the Silurian beds at Rumney was described in 1913 by Professor
Boulton.

The whole district was then covered by Triassic and later
deposits, which have since been removed from a large part
of one of the Silurian patches—the Cardiff-Rumney inlier.
That the Trias once covered the now exposed portion of that
inlier is inferred from the red staining of many of the Silurian
beds, and from the presence of a small outlier of Trias south
of the Heath.

VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1863. Roberts, G. E—‘‘ On some Crustacean Tracks from
the Old Red Sandstone near Ludlow.” Q.J.GS.,
Vol. XIX, pp. 233-235.

1879. Sollas, W. J.—‘‘ On the Silurian district of Rhymney
and Penylan, Cardiff.’ Q.J.G.S., Vol. xxxv, pp.
475-507. (See also Trans. Cardiff Nat. Soc., Vol x1

1879, pp. 7-41.

1895.

IQIO,
IgI2.

IQI3.

IQI5.

Boring for Water at Roath, Cardiff. 49

Howard, F. T.—‘‘ The Underground water circulation
of Cardiff and its neighbourhood.” Trans. Cardiff
Nat. Soc., Vol xxv1, pt. II, pp. 94-104.

Boulton, W. S.—‘‘ The Underground water supply of

Cardiff.” op. cit. Vol. XL, pp. 32-35.

Strahan, A., and Cantrill, T. C-—‘‘ The country around
Cardiff.” (Mem. Geol. Survey), 2nd Ed., 1912.

Boulton, W. S.—‘‘ Recently-exposed Silurian Rocks
on Rumney Hill.” Trans. Cardiff Nat. Soc.,
Vol. XLVI, pp. 83-84.

North, F. J.—‘‘ The Silurian Inlier near Cardiff,’ Geol.

Mag., Sept., 1915, op. 385-7.

PLATE.

Geological Map of the country around Cardiff, based upon
the I-inch map of the Geological Survey.

50

LAND MOLLUSCA IN THE VALE O08
GLAMORGAN.

By J. DAVY “DEAN.

The vast strides which have been made in recent years in
Geology and Botany have impressed upon the Naturalist in other
spheres the absolute necessity for systematic collecting and
observation. The desire to-day is not so much to amass a
collection as to seek out truths whereby our knowledge of a
species is increased. It has long been recognised that the
nature of rock and soil, whether calcareous or non-calcareous,
has a distinct influence on the plant fauna and thus directly
or indirectly on the well-being of a snail. We plant a garden
and then wonder at the number of slugs. In scientific words,
we have disturbed the natural distribution in both fauna and
flora, and from an ecological point of view we have provided an
ideal habitat for Limax maximus or Agriolimax agrestis. Not-
withstanding, the occurrence of a species within such an area
has a certain bearing on the taxonomic rank of the species, and
of this I can give an illustration. Testacella mauget, a species
of carnivorous slug, well known to gardeners as “the slug
with its tail housed,’ was found in 1897 by Mr. A. Pike at
Windsor Place. Mr. F. W. Wotton also recorded it in
1889 from Lord Bute’s gardens in North Road and Earl
of Plymouth’s at St. Fagans. Most of the known records for
this species are of similar character, and by this we infer,
knowing the species to be one driven westward by competing
species, that it is pre-eminently a western type which will
be eventually exterminated, except in sheltered habitats free
from natural competition.

Perhaps the most important movement of recent years which
can have a bearing on the study of distribution is that promul-
gated by Dr. W. G. Smith, assisted by his brother, the late

Land Mollusca in the Vale of Glamorgan. 51

R. Smith, and a number of other workers. The aim of these
scientists was to distinguish and classify the different plant
associations and place these in relation to the geological
formations. The woodlands, the pastures or grasslands, and
the marshes or marshlands, are each brought into prominence
and made to serve as types. The woodlands and grasslands,
by virtue of their deep or shallow soils, are further relegated
to the damp or dry types. The woodlands are again classified
according to the type of tree, and the distinction between
natural woodland and plantation is here the chief difficulty in
many districts. However, taking the native types we have
(r) the Alder and Willow series of extremely damp soils ; (2) the
Oak and Birch series of non-calcareous soils ; (3) the Beech and
Ash of the calcareous soils. It will at once be seen that herein
lies a very important point, the calcareous or non-calcareous
nature of the soil. It is no less important in the case of the
pastureland or marshland. When we get the Oak and the
Ash occurring together, as is so often the case, we have to
distinguish as Oak-Ashwood association. On all highly
calcareous soils we have one of three series: the Ashwood, the
Ash-Oakwood, or, as on the downs of the South-east of England,
the Beechwood. It is the transitional type called the Oak-
Ashwood which is accountable for the very rich and varied
fauna in the south of this County. The rarest species in the
land mollusca are the denizens of the forests and marshes. The
cutting down of the trees and the draining and cultivation
of the marshes has left only isolated spots where such shells as
Acicula lineata or Succinea oblonga can find suitable habitats.
This is very apparent in the case of those districts surrounding
a rapidly-growing city such as Cardiff.

As the purpose of this paper is not so much an epitome of the
mollusca of the district as a selection of a few of the most
characteristic or new species with some outstanding points of
interest to the general naturalist, I want now to turn for a
moment to the question of dominancy, and, with the assistance
of the facts before us, to see whether it is worth while to study

52 Land Mollusca in the Vale of Glamorgan.

the distribution of a snail. In Glamorganshire the three
most highly organised Helices are Helix aspersa, Helix nemoralis,
and Helix hortensis. Helix aspersa, known as the common
garden snail, is seldom a dominant in the open country, and
therefore can only take a place as an associated species.
Although morphologically a strong species it is distinctly a
south-west European type. Of the others, Helix nemoralis
is dominant to Helix hortensis, subdominant. Subdominant
to both is a fourth species Helicigona arbustorum.

In this district Helix hortensis is the dominant throughout
the Lias, except on the coast and on the Garth Hills. It is a
species which is favoured by the formations and soils of the
Oak-Ashwood series to non-calcareous pasture or soils with
only a small percentage of calcareous matter, and is in profusion
in the Rhymney Valley. Helix nemoralis, on the other hand,
occurs only in isolated colonies inland, is common on the Garth
Limestone, and is dominant only along the coast to Porthcawl,
its great local metropolis. The subsoil on the Leckwith Hill,
as evidenced by the examination of the quarries there, is
full of specimens of this species, although no trace of it occurs
to-day. Its place is in the dry Ashwood series merging on
calcareous pasture. Helicigona arbustorum occurs only locally
on particularly damp soil, and it is quite possible that these
localities would show an additional percentage of lime to the
average. To see this species one needs to visit the beautiful
Derbyshire dales, when, after rain, the snails come out to
feed. The species is characteristic of the pure Ashwood of damp
soils, where it is the dominant.

The distribution of these three Helices gives us the key to
the localization of the whole snail-fauna. The presence of
Helix hortensis as a dominant over so big an area shows us that
in all the low-lying districts there is not a large percentage of
calcareous matter with the clays, and that to the east in the
Rhymney Valley where we do not find Helicigona arbustorum,
the soil is of an even less calcareous nature. The abundance of
the Ash is connected with one or two factors, either a high

Land Mollusca in the Vale of Glamorgan. 53

water-content or a high lime-content of the soil. Perhaps
one of the rarest species in our land mollusca is Acicula lineata.
So far I have only found this in one locality near Taffs Well,
in an Oak-wood, in which there is a certain admixture of
Beech. The fungoid growths prevalent under the carpet of
leaves provides this and other true woodland species with the
necessary habitat. This wood has also given me Punctuwm
pygmaeum, our smallest Helicoid, which lives on the underside
of the damp leaves. The high water-content of the shallow soil
is shown by the dominance ot Carychium nunimum, another
minute species, and our only inland representative of a race
of shells characteristic of the mangrove swamps of the tropics.

To the conchologist perhaps the most interesting species in
the county is Hyalinia lucida. Exceedingly rare in most dis-
tricts, it is the chief prize of a day’s collecting. Knowing it to
be a characteristic species of the dry Ash-Oakwood association
and following up as our clue the known distribution of Heiix
nemoralis, we find it on the Leckwith Hill and towards Dinas
Powis, and again at Sully. It has been found at Fonmon by
Mr. Hallett, at Penarth, and is probably common in most
gardens in Cardiff. It is an abundant species in the neighbour-
hood of Clifton, near Bristol, and extends westward as far as
Pembroke.

Two other interesting species occur within the Helix nemoralis
region. One, which is characteristic of the low shrub-growth
on the slopes of the Leckwith Hill and along the coast past
Rhoose, is the well-known operculate Cyclostoma elegans. The
other, Helicigona lapicida, is not quite in its characteristic
habitat. This is the vertical cliff-face of a limestone scar.
It was recorded by Mr. Wotton at Sully, where it occurred on
the walls of the Church. I have taken it on walls at Aberthaw
and at Llantwit Major. It is possibly an introduction. It is
common and characteristic at Weston-super-Mare and at Lynton.

A characteristic species of calcareous pasture near the coast
is Pupa muscorum. This occurs at Sully at the roots of Thymus
serpyllum, the wildThyme. Itisinteresting to note that this same

54 Land Mollusca in the Vale of Glamorgan.

bank is the locality for the new British Ant Myrmica scheneki,
Em., found by Mr. Hallett and recorded by Mr. Horace Donis-
thorpe in the “ Entomologist’s Record,”’ for December, 1915.

Porthcawl may become famous, conchologically, for it is
found to be the habitat of Helix pisana, Miill. This fact does
not seem to have been noted by earlier workers. Jeffreys made
two unsuccessful attempts to introduce it at Swansea. On
the dunes at Newton it may be found in the late autumn covering
the low shrub-growth as at Tenby, so long famous as a locality
for this snail. The shells are rather different from those at
Tenby, considerably larger, more depressed, and more delicate in
the pencilling of the bands. There are very few really good
localities for this species in the British Isles, and any new station
is of interest. It is sub-dominant to Helix hortensis, and thus
occupies a south-western position. The occurrence of this
species in Glamorganshire was noted in October, I915, and
placed on record in November.

A full list of the species of Land Mollusca of the County is
appended. As far as possible it is up-to-date, and I hope,
reliable. A few species are recorded only for the Swansea
area, and most of these are due to the exertions of other workers.
I have no personal confirmation. I give them because there
is no reason at all why they should not ultimately turn up within

the Vale of Glamorgan.

LIST OF SPECIES FOR GLAMORGANSHIRE.

Testacella maugei, Fer. In several gardens in Cardiff and district.

Testacella scutulum Sowb. Specimens in the National Museum of
Wales labelled ‘‘ Cardiff.”’

Limax maximus, L. Generally distributed.

Limax flavus, L. Brit. Assoc. Handbk. r8o1.

Limax arborum, Bouchard-Chantereaux. Brit. Assoc. Handbk., 1891.
Agriolimax agrestis, L. Generally distributed.

Agriolimax levis, Muller. Ely, St. Fagans, Llandaff; records by F. W.
Wotton.

Milax sowerbyi, Fer. River Taff, Llandaff, and Cardiff, F. W. Wotton.

_ Land Mollusca in the Vale of Glamorgan. 55

Vitrina pellucida, Muller. General, but not an abundant species.
Hyalinia crystallina, Muller. Local, in woods.

Hyalinia lucida, Drap. In several Cardiff gardens, at Penarth, Lavernock
Point, Leckwith, and Dinas Powis. At Fonmon the rare white
variety was found by Mr. H. M. Hallett.

Hyalinia cellaria, Muller. Generally distributed.

Hyalinia helvetica, Auctt. Swansea district, Chas. Oldham.
Hyalinia alliaria, Miller. Generally distributed.

Hyalinia nitidula, Drap. Generally distributed.

Hyalinia pura, Alder. Taffs Well, under oak.

Hyalinia radiatula, Alder. Castell Coch, under oak.

Zonitoides nitidus, Muller. Specimens in the National Museum of
Wales, labelled ‘‘ Cardiff.’’

Zonitoides excavatus, Bean. Wood at Pen-y-lan, Cardiff, T. W. Proger ;
Gellygron, near Swansea, Gwyn Jeffreys.

Euconulus fulvus, Muller. General, but not an abundant species.

Arion ater, Fer. General. The characteristic form on the limestone
of the Garth Hills is the var. castanea Dum. & Mort. Colour from
chocolate brown to a dull Indian red; an important local feature.

Arion subfuscus, Drap. Ely, St. Fagans; F. W. Wotton.
Arion intermedius, Normand. E. J. Lowe, 188s.

Arion hortensis, Fer. Generally distributed.

Arion circumscriptus, Johnston. St. Fagans, F. W. Wotton.

Punctum pygmeeum, Drap. Specimens of this, the smallest British
Helicoid shell, were found in the Oak Woods at Taffs Well in 1914,
and were afterwards duly confirmed by Mr. J. W. Taylor. It
was taken years ago in Cooper’s Fields, Cardiff Castle Grounds, by
Mr. T. W. Proger, but not recorded.

Pyramidula rupestris, Drap. Not uncommon on walls near the coast.

Pyramidula rotundata, Muller. General and of very fine size. I have
never collected bigger examples of this species. Specimens of the
albino variety labelled ‘‘ Cardiff,’ are in the Wotton Collection
in the National Museum of Wales.

56 Land Mollusca in the Vale of Glamorgan.

Helicella virgata, Da Costa. While not exactly maritime, this species
is most abundant near the coast. The albino variety used to occur
on the East Moors, and may still do so at Llandaff. The pretty
rich brown shell, var. leucozona, Taylor, may be taken at Porthcawl.
In point of size, a small race throughout the County.

Helicella itala, L. Specimens from the Flat Holm are in the Wotton
Collection, National Museum of Wales. A legend on the box reads
“Also at Porthkerry.’’ I have not been able to confirm this, but
the species is an extraordinary one as far as distribution goes.
It is often confined to a few yards, and may not be taken elsewhere
in a whole district. Also at Rhoose and Gileston, T. W. Proger.
Porthcawl, H. M. Hallett.

Helicella caperata, Mont. Very general throughout with the vars,
ornata Pic. and fulva, Mog.

Helicella barbara, L. This is the ‘‘ Bulimus acutus”’ of old lists. Most
abundant at Porthcawl on the dunes; a maritime species.

Helicella cantiana, Mont. Common in the lanes about St. Fagans and at
Aberthaw ; extremely local, but abundant where it occurs. The
white variety plentiful at St. Fagans.

Helicella cartusiana, Muller. Occurring at one time on the East Moors,
probably introduced with ballast, this is not now a recognised
local species. Its home is on the South Downs.

Hygromia fusca, Mont. Llandaff, 1897, Wotton Collection, National
Museum of Wales.

Hygromia granulata, Alder. F.W. Wotton. Specimens in the National
Museum of Wales, labelled ‘‘ Cardiff.’”’

Hygromia hispida, L. Generally distributed. Frequent specimens of the
var. albida ...... jeff; coast:.-2.- districts, T. W. Proger.

Hygromia striolata, Pir. (=rufescens, Penn.) Very abundant, with the
albino variety, in most localities.

Acanthinula aculeata, Muller. Oak woods at Castell Coch.

Vallonia pulchella, Muller. Castell Coch.

Vallonia costata, Muller. Common at Sully and Lavernock Point,
Helicigona lapicida, L. Local. At Sully, Aberthaw, and Llantwit Major.

Helicigona arbustorum, L. The finest examples come from Castell Coch.
Also at Leckwith, Llantrisant, Wenvoe, and Llantrithyd. The
pale variety, var. flavescens, Mog., very rarely found.

Land Mollusca in the Vale of Glamorgan. 57

Helix aspersa, Mull. Generally distributed. At Llantwit Major, the
vars. grisea and exalbida, Menke, occur. This locality has also pro-
duced one of the smallest examples known.

Helix nemoralis, L. var. castanea, Mog. Wenvoe and Aberthaw ;
var. citrinozonata, Cockerell, Aberthaw ; the commoner varieties
general with the type. On the coast at Rhoose and Aberthaw
the band formula 00(345) is characteristic. On the dunes at
Porthcawl var. libellula 00300 prevails, but this is rare anywhere
else. One shell from Aberthaw has the third band translucent
(var. citrinozonata) and bands four and five heavily pigmented
and coalesced ; a remarkable example. There is, however, really
no end to the possible variation in this species in a rich district.

Helix hortensis, Muller. While not so protean as the last, a species showing
considerable variation in the many localities for it. Var. arenicola
Macgill, At Leckwith, St. Fagans, and Llantrithyd.

Helix pisana, Muller. Abundant on the dunes at Porthcawl, where it is
very variable, and in certain parts of the dunes of very fine size.
All examples have a brilliant rose-coloured lip, which character is
generally taken as evidence of the sunny nature of a locality.

Buliminus obscurus, Muller. Sparingly throughout the district.

Opeas goodallii, Miller. On Eucharis amazonica in Mr. Chapman’s green-
house, F. W. Wotton. Not a true British species.

Cochlicopa lubrica, Muller. Common throughout,

Azeca tridens, Pult. Specimens in the National Museum of Wales,
labelled ‘‘ Cardiff.”’

Ceecilioides acicula, Muller. Llandaff and Caerphilly Castle. East Moors,
1914.
Pupa secale, Drap. Cliffs at Porthkerry, T. W. Proger.

Pupa cylindracea, Da Costa. Abundant on walls and rocks in most places.
The beautiful white variety is common at Rhoose, and there are
also specimens in the National Museum of Wales from the Flat
Holm,

Pupa muscorum, L. Not recorded for the County until 1914, when a
few specimens were found at Sully with the rare var. elongata
Clessin. Also at Llantwit Major, T. W. Proger; Flat Holm,
F. W. Wotton; Penarth, A. D. R. Bacchus.

Vertigo antivertigo, Drap. Marsh at Lisvane, a fine series taken in
May, 1914.

Vertigo pygmeea, Drap. The commonest of the vertigines. Occurs with
the last at Lisvane, and Mr. H. M. Hallett has brought it to me
from Sully and Sully Island. Mr. F. W. Wotton records it from
Leckwith and East Moors,

58 Land Mollusca in the Vale of Glamorgan.

Vertigo edentula, Drap. Recorded for the Feeder and St. Mellons (which
is Monmouthshire), and I have had it from Rhoose. Specimens in
Mr. T. W. Proger’s collection from the Cooper’s Fields, Cardiff.

Vertigo angustior, Jeff. Singleton, near Swansea. Jeffreys’ ‘‘ Brit.
Conch.”’

Balea perversa, L. Scarce; odd examples in many places. The best
locality is round and about St. Nicholas.

Clausilia laminata, Mont. Local but not uncommon. Leckwith, Castell
Coch, Wenvoe, and the limestone area. A beautiful specimen of
the var. albina Mog. is in Mr. T. W. Proger’s collection from Cwm
George, Cwrt-yr-ala.

Clausilia bidentata, Strom. An abundant species everywhere. Very
fine specimens about Llandaff.

Succinea putris, L. Llandaff, St. Fagans, F. W. Wotton.

Succinea elegans, Risso. East Moors, Leckwith, F. W. Wotton; in the
ditches round about Aberthaw this species is perhaps as common
as anywhere. Both this and the previous species seem to be
local.

Succinea oblonga, Drap. Recorded for the Burrows at Crymlyn, near
Swansea, Gwyn Jeffreys, ‘‘ Brit. Conch.”

Carychium minimum, Mull. Abundant in the damp oak woods in the
Taff Valley. There is only one satisfactory way of collecting this
species, and that is to bring a number of the leaves home, dry them,
and pass through a sieve.

Cyclostoma elegans, Muller. here are colonies of this interesting
operculate at Leckwith and elsewhere on the coast as far as Rhoose,
at which place it is marvellously abundant.

Acicula lineata, Drap. This species was found among the leaf siftings
from Castell Coch in 1914, and is an important record for the County.
Mr. T. W. Proger has in his collection two specimens from Cefn
Coed, Pwlldu (not to be confused with Cefn Coed, Brecknock)
one dextral and one sinistral, the latter unique and likely to remain
so, so far as this County is concerned.

REFERENCES :—Brit. Assoc. Handbk., Cardiff, 1891; Jetfrey’s Brit. Conch.,
Vol. I.; J. of Conch., Vol. V., F. W. Wotton ; Taylor’s Monograph
of Brit. L. & F. W. Mollusca, Vols. II. & III. ; The New Phytolo-
gist, Vol. IX., Nos. 3 & 4.

59

ORNPIHOLOGICAL NOTES.

iby D2 Wl PROGER AnpD’ D. R. PATERSON.

WuitTE WactaiL (Molacilla alba),—On March 20th we found
a small flock of about a dozen birds of this species feeding on
a freshly-turned ploughed field at Rhoose. They had possibly
just arrived on migration. This bird is the Continental represen-
tative of our familiar Pied Wagtail (M. lugubris), with which
it is easily confounded until one becomes acquainted with
the two species. It appears to have been first recognised in
England as far back as 1841. Since that date it has been
noted in many parts of this country, and has been known to
interbreed with our common Pied Wagtail. This species has
nested in the locality.

FIRE-CRESTED WREN (Regulus ignacapillus)—We have
known this little bird to be an occasional winter migrant to
this locality for some time past, but until March of this year
we were unable to obtain a specimen for close examination.
The bird in question was taken in the Waycock Valley, near
Barry, and has been added to the collection of local birds at
the National Welsh Museum.

Howard Saunders says (British Birds, p. 59): ‘“‘ The Fire-
crest has a much less extended range northward than the
Golden-crested Wren. It is unknown in Scandinavia; barely
reaches Denmark ; and does not occur north-east of the Baltic
Provinces of Germany ; and although very local in its distribu-
tion, breeds in France, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, Central and
Southern Germany, Greece, Turkey, and Southern Russia ;
while in the Taurus range in Asia Minor it is more abundant
than the Gold-crest. It is also known to be resident throughout
the year in the mountain forests of Algeria.”

The adult male has a golden frontal band, which unites on
each side with a white streak passing above and behind the
eye, and separating a parallel black line from the broader and
blacker upper bands, which enclose the rich orange crest.

60 Ormthological Notes.

This black line through the eye is one of the principal features
which distinguish the Fire-crest from the Golden-crest,
another important characteristic being the sulphur green tint
on the sides of the neck and shoulders.

Length, 3-7 inches, wing 2-1 inches.

SHORT-EARED OWL (Asto accipitrinus)—On November 6th
a bird of this species was flushed in a large field of rough grass
at Rhoose. We have not happened upon this bird locally
for some few years past, but considerable numbers in most
years migrate from the Continent to us in autumn. It is
known among sportsmen as the Woodcock Owl, due to the
fact that the two species arrive about the same time. Unlike
other Owls the Short-Eared Owl inhabits the open country,
especially rushy moorlands, and we have disturbed it in some
large turnip fields and from among the bracken on a hillside,
but we have never seen it fly into a tree or rest anywhere but
upon the ground. Some few remain in this country to breed
where it nests on the ground among rushes in damp situations,
and sometimes among the heather on moorlands. Mr. J. J.
Neale has noted these Owls breeding on one of the islands off the
Pembrokeshire Coast where, he says, that it feeds upon the
little Stormy Petrels, which breed there also.

THE MERLIN (Falco @salon).—We see this little falcon occa-
sionally in our immediate locality from December to March.
On December 6th we saw one at St. Fagans being chased by
rooks, and another a few days later at Porthkerry. The
Merlin is the smallest of our native falcons ; it nests among the
heather on the hills, and the nest has been found several times
in Glamorgan.

GOOSANDER (Mergus merganser)—A- male bird of this
beautiful species was obtained locally on December 13th.
The Goosander is the largest of the British Saw-billed Ducks.
We had not handled one in the flesh for several years until now.
The drake is a very handsome bird, the serrated bill and the
irides are bright red, the legs and paddles orange red, head and
neck deep glossy green, breast and under-parts white with a

Ormithological Notes. 61

beautiful salmon pink blush, which unfortunately soon fades
after death. Extreme length 26 inches.

Goosanders swim rather deeply, not unlike a Cormorant, and
feed upon fish. They frequent the estuaries of rivers and inland
lakes, and visit us during the winter time. On the east and
south-east coasts they appear more frequently than on the
west. Thirty years ago wildfowlers often shot these birds, as
well as Mergansers in the estuaries of the Taff and Rumney
rivers during severe weather. Goosanders breed in Scandinavia
and north of the Arctic circle, but a few nest in the Highlands
of Scotland. The eggs are commonly laid in a hollow tree
trunk, or among the water-worn roots of a tree on a river
bank ; a singular habit in a bird that spends the greater part
of the year at sea.

GREAT SkuaA or Bonxie (Megalestris catarrhactes).—This bird
is a very unusual visitor to this locality, and we have to record
that one was shot at Sully on December 31st. We noted the
occurrence of a bird of the species in 1883, Cardiff Nat. Soc.
Trans., Vol. XXXIII., r900, but have never before had the
pleasure of examining a specimen in the flesh. The only
breeding place of the Great Skua in the British Islands is on
Unst and Foula, where the few pairs now remaining are strictly
preserved during the nesting season. It is probable that the
appearance of this bird in our district is due to the very severe
gales which prevailed all through December.

Howard Saunders says that it seldom visits the Orkneys or
the Outer Hebrides, and that it is decidedly scarce along the
west side of Scotland, though occasionally met with on the east
during the colder months ; the same may be said of Wales and
England, down to and through the Channel. The Great Skua
is the largest of the Parasitic Gulls, and obtains its food chiefly
by attacking and robbing the other gulls of their prey. It also
kills and devours many of the smaller species of sea fowl, so its
position among sea-birds may be compared with that of a
pirate among men. In appearance the bird is gull-like, but the
beak has a decided raptorial hook, and the claws are very strong

62 Ornithological Notes.

and curved. As in other species of Skuas the two central tail
feathers of this one are longer than the others, and not of
equal length as in the Gulls. In general colouration this bird
is sooty-brown with a slight rufous tinge; upper parts dark
brown, the quill feathers are deep brown with white bases ;
bill, legs, and feet black, with several livid patches. The nesting
season is in May, and the site selected is among the heather and
moss on the highest parts of the island. Only two eggs are
laid, and the birds are said to fiercely attack all who approach
the neighbourhood of the nest.

We are indebted to a well-known Wildfowler, Mr. L. Purcell,
Framilode, Stonehouse, Glos., for the following notes. Although
the birds were obtained on the other side of the present Welsh
Border, they occurred so near to it, and are of such great interest,
that we think they may be recorded here.

SNow Goose (Chen hyperboreus)—Shot at Berkeley, by
Charles Nicholls, the Decoy Keeper, September, 1915, and now
preserved at Berkeley Castle. The Snow Goose is a rare
wanderer from Arctic America, where two forms are found
differing in size only.

According to Howard Saunders, it has been recorded three or
four times in Ireland—In 1884, and again in the severe winter
of r8g0-91, small flocks appeared, and were recognised by
well-known Naturalists in Cumberland, Northumberland and
Yorkshire, while three birds appear to have visited Berkeley-on-
Severn, but no examples were then obtained. The larger
variety nests in the Hudson Bay region, migrating Southward.
Chiefly along the Atlantic Coast—in winter—we saw the
specimen referred to at Berkeley in June last, and consider it to
be of the smaller variety, which breeds in Western Arctic
America and Alaska, visiting the Country between the Pacific
and the Mississippi Valley in the cold season.

THE KinG-EIDER (Somateria spectabilis)—Shot by Mr. L.
Purcell, at the Count Rocks, Shepperdine, in November, Io12.
This handsome Duck is also an inhabitant of the Arctic regions,
and is a rare visitor to our Coasts. It has been recorded
thrice in Norfolk, and a few times in Scotland and Ireland.

Ornithological Notes. 63

SUMMER MIGRANTS, rors.

ARRIVALS.

A late and cold springtime, east winds, and a succession of
sunless days.
Mar. 20. WHITE WacTAIL. Several seen at Rhoose, near
Cardiff.
April 2. (Good Friday). WiLrtow WReEN. Several birds in
Gwaun-y-to Wood, near Penmark.
- 3. CurFF-CHaFF. About half a dozen just arrived
Gwaun-y-to Wood.
» 15. SWALLow. A single bird at Porthkerry, and at
St. Fagans on April 26th.
,» 24. TREE Pipit. A single bird at Cwmciddy.
24. Cuckoo. Cwmciddy, and at St. Fagans on the 2oth.
,» 27. House Martin. At St. Fagans.
27. SAND MarTIN. At St. Fagans.
» 30. NIGHTINGALE. At Cwmciddy.
May 1. Swirt. At St. Fagans.
20. GOLDFINCHES. At St. Fagans, still in small flocks
about the meadow and garden. No nests found this
season until the second week in June—a late season

DEPARTURES.

Oct. 27. General H. H. Lee sends us a note of quite a large
flight of House Martins and Sand Martins at Dinas
Powis on this date. The weather was cold and
dull, with some rain.

» 30 & 31. House Martins. Several flying about on

Penarth Head on these dates. Note by J. L.
Proger.

Nov. 6. House Martins. Six birds seen on Penarth Head.
Note by J. L. Proger.

64 Ornithological Notes.

SUMMER MIGRANTS, 1015.

By GEOFFREY C. S. INGRAM.

ARRIVALS.

Mar. 25. CHIFF CHAFF.

April 14. TREE PIPIt.

16. WiLLtow WARBLER.
I6. GRASSHOPPER WARBLER.
» 24. SWALLOW.

24. BLACKCAP WARBLER.
,» 28 SANDPIPER.

29. CUCKOO.

I. WHITETHROAT,

I. SwIFT.

2. SEDGE WARBLER.

6. GARDEN WARBLER.
6. SAND MARTIN.

ro. House MARTIN.

, 21. NIGHTJAR.

DEPARTURES.

Aug. 21. SWIFT.

Sept. 9. SPOTTED FLYCATCHER.
Oct. 4. SWALLOWS.

Io. REDSTART 9

to. CHIFF CHAFFS.

, 10. House MARTINS.

’

a

3! pe

at) ‘ a *

as
a
\ -

\
=I
i . .
\ i
_ ‘
e

« ; a

@ NIGHTJAR.

UNCHARACTERISTIC BUT NOT UNUSUAL PERCHING ATTITUDE,

Copyright Geoffrey C. S. Ingram.

Ornithological Notes. 65

SOME FIELD NOTES ON) THE NIGHTJAR.
(Caprimulgus europeus).

By GEOFFREY C. S. INGRAM.

One of the last of the migratory birds to arrive, the Nightjar,
reaches this district about the third week in May; my records
for the last four years, Ig12-15, giving May 16th, May 28th, May
21st, and May 2ist., as the dates upon which birds were first
observed. Nesting operations begin about a fortnight or three
weeks later ; my earliest record of eggs being June 4th. The
two eggs appear to be laid on alternate days, thus, in 1914 the
first egg was laid on June 4th, and on the 5th there was still only
one egg, the second being laid on the 6th; while in 1915, June
12th was the date on which the first egg was laid, and the
second on June 14th. Personally, I am inclined to think that
the birds in this district are double brooded, as they have been
proved to be in other parts, viz., Hampshire, where Miss E. M.
Imrie, writing in November, 1915, number of British Birds,
records finding near Beaulieu, on August 2nd, 1915, ‘“‘a hen
Nightjar sitting on two eggs, and about three feet away the
cock bird brooding a young one not quite in full feather.”
Regarding this record the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain, M.A.,
M.B.O.U., writes, ‘‘ The above note is the more welcome as it
furnishes absolute proof that late nests are in some cases
second broods, and not late layings of birds which have lost their
first nests.’ Looking at these late nests from this point of view,
my records are of interest, as they very easily divide into early
and late nests, viz., early nests, June 22nd, 1912, two young
about seven days old; June 14th, 1913, two eggs; June Oth,
1914, two eggs; and June 14th, 1915, two eggs; while the late
nests are August 11th, 1909, two nearly fledged young; July
3rd, 1910, fresh eggs; and July 27th, 1911, two newly-hatched
young. It is very probable that these late nests were really
second broods.

66 Ornithological Notes.

The young birds, even when only a day old, can move about
quite readily, and the two chicks found in 1911 served me a
particularly shabby trick. They were found early one morning,
and were about one day old. In order to get some photographs
of the parent bird, a small hiding tent was erected in front of
them and disguised as one of the birch bushes growing around.
At about 2 p.m., the same day I returned with my camera, and
found the female covering the family, and quite at home with
the tent, so after sending her off, I got inside and carefully
focussed the camera on the spot the two chicks were occupying.
In about half an hour the female returned, but in the meantime
the youngsters had crawled away into shelter from the sun,
among some long grass growing about two feet away.

Instead of alighting at the original spot the female came
down in the shade of my tent, to the right of it, and only about
a foot from the canvas, and then called to the youngsters who
emerged with many welcoming squeaks and scrambled to her,
and there she brooded them, out of sight and range of my
camera.

The two nearly fledged young ones found in 1909, had their
home amidst a great bed of bracken fern growing on the top
of a hill. Having no camera with me when I found them
I had to put off taking their portraits until the day following,
when I spent a good twenty minutes searching for them, and
eventually rediscovered them about thirty yards away from the
place they were in on the previous day.

Two young ones found in 1913 moved regularly every day.
In the early morning they occupied a little clearing on the
western side of a low birch bush, and in the afternoon were
always to be found on the eastern side, evidently moving to
take advantage of the shade the bush offered from the hot sun.

This last season, 1915, I spent some little time watching the
movements of these birds of an evening and looking for and
examining the remains of the moths they feed on. My observa-
tions lead me to think that when a moth is captured it is carried
to some bare patch of ground, such as a path, or clear space at

Ornithological Notes. 67

the foot of a tree, and there dismembered and devoured. I
picked up a great number of wings of moths from two or three
favourite patches of ground, and twice put up a bird from one of
these places, who left behind the wings of a freshly-killed moth.
A careful search under dead branches of trees which were used as
perching places failed to give any result, but there was nearly
always something to be found on the patches of ground I have
mentioned. The moths identified from the remains picked up
were Buff Tips, White Ermines, Buff Ermines, Cream Spot
Tigers, Engrailed Clay, Pale Tussock, etc., the heaviest toll
being taken of the Buff Tips and White Ermines. It will be
noticed that all the moths are either light in colour, or have
large light patches on their wings, which possibly render them
more easily seen by the hunting birds.

The following accounts taken from my notebook of two
evenings in June last, spent watching these birds may be of
interest. The place visited is a favourite one, and last season
held three pairs of birds. It is a wood, the trees of which have
nearly all been cut down during the last five years, leaving just
a few scattered oaks, and a quantity of birch bushes which are
now fairly large. The dead limbs of the oak trees are greatly
used by the birds, as also are the old dead stumps scattered
about.

June 21st, 1g15—Went up to the Nightjar wood arriving
about 7.15 p.m. Picked up on one of the feeding grounds the
remains of several moths, Buff Tips, Cream Spot Tiger, Buff and
White Ermine; at 8.35, I heard a bird churring. It did
not keep it up very long, and finished with a sharp “‘ coo-
wick,” a call which is generally used when the bird takes to
flight or is flying, and a moment later I caught sight of it flying
past. It alighted on a dead branch of an oak tree and started
churring again, to be answered immediately by another bird.
In a minute or so No. 1 bird took to flight again, with a ‘‘ coo-
wick,” and made off uttering this call as it went. I made my
Way across toward the old main drive, and just as I got to the
edge of it a male nightjar got up from some dead sticks about

68 Ornithological Notes.

six feet to my left, and began to flap around me uttering a
sharp ‘“‘guck guck”’ note. Although it was now past nine
o’clock the white wing and tail spots of the bird were very
plainly visible. Istood quite still, watching, and the bird settled
down on a dead branch quite close to me, about ten feet, but
out of sight behind a bush, so I moved to get a view of him.
He was sitting quite motionless along a dead stick, but as I
approached he flapped up again and fluttered around me like
a great brown butterfly, flapping up and down and sailing with
wings held stiff and high above his back. After fluttering |
around and coming within four feet of me, he sailed off on
wide spread wings, and settled on a dead oak branch some
way off. Taking to flight again with a “‘ coo-wick’’ he made
for a group of tall trees growing at the edge of the wood, and
through my glasses I could see him hawking around these.
Sitting down on a stump in the middle of the drive, I waited,
and bye-and-bye heard a bird approaching uttering a “ coo-
wick”’ every now and then. It alighted some way off, where,
I could not see, and started to churr, so I pulled out my watch
to time it, and as I did so another bird appeared, and hovered
around me, alighting later on an oak tree quite close, about
ten yards, and also started to churr. Its effort was spasmodic,
however, and not sustained like the other bird’s, who was still
at it, and kept going for a few seconds over the six minutes,
without once pausing.

It was now nearly 9.30, so I got up and walked a little way
down the drive, coming suddenly on the bird which had churred
so long. It was sitting on the very tip of an upright stick, and
I walked past, within three feet of it. Only when I stopped and
made directly for it, did it fly off uttering a succession of “‘ guck,
guck, gucks.’”’ It alighted in a tree and remained there, and
another bird suddenly appeared, and started flying around me,
sometimes hovering with rapidly-beating wings, within four to
five feet of me, constantly calling ‘‘ guck, guck, guck.’”’ It
alighted on the ground somewhere near me, but it was now too
dark to see where, and my attention was taken by the appear-

¢@ NIGHTJAR ON ROOSTING PLACE.

THE 2 WAS SITTING ABOUT FOUR YARDS AWAY ON TWO EGGS.

Copyright. Geoffrey C. S. Ingram.

7
*
ae
:
bad
‘:
a
a 4
af
=. i
7
a
Dae
v7
_
J
:
,
_ -

Ormithological Notes. 69

ance of a barn owl flying over the open wood and coming in my
direction. I kept quite still, and it crossed the drive about
twenty feet away without a sound, and looking like a great
white moth. When it had gone I walked a little way up the
drive to look for the Nightjar that hadalighted. It rose from the
path in front of me, and fluttered a few feet further on and
alighted again. This action was repeated half-a-dozen times,
and I am pretty certain that the bird was feeding, and was
loath to leave what it had caught, but it was too dark to see.
Eventually it flew off with a “ guck, guck, guck,”’ and passing
the tree where the other bird was still sitting, this latter bird
made off as well. I made a move for my bicycle and home,
it now being nearly 10.30. Grasshopper Warblers were reeling
and another Nightjar churring. Passed quite close to a bush
where a hidden Grasshopper Warbler was singing. Heard close
at hand in the quiet of the night the sound is more like a clatter,
and of surprising volume.

June 23rd, r915.—Arrived at the Nightjar wood at about
6.30 p.m. Picked up several more moth remains, and also
put up a male Nightjar who was roosting on an old tree stump.
Later on, about 7.45, another male flew up from the ground,
at the foot of an oak tree, leaving behind him the wings of a
freshly-killed and dismembered Buff Tip moth. At 8.5 a bird
started to churr, and later on I caught sight of one perched
at the end of a dead branch. I watched it for nearly ten
minutes through my glasses, and it appeared to be performing
its toilet. It took flight silently, and I moved away, but had
not gone far before a female bird, who had been resting on the
ground close to a birch bush flew up quite quietly and settled in
an oak tree near at hand. I walked slowly toward her, and
as I did so a male flew by and alighted on a tree about thirty
yards from the female, and within six of me. He immediately
started churring, and was answered by a Grasshopper Warbler,
from a bush just below the branch he was perched along, and
then another Grasshopper Warbler struck up in a small bush
about six feet from me, » I could see this latter bird quite plainly

70 Ornithological Notes.

for it hopped up along an upright stick growing from the centre
of the bush, and sang from the top of it. The noise these three
birds made was quite astonishingly loud. After churring
spasmodically for a couple of minutes, the male Nightjar took
flight in the middle of one of his efforts, with a great wing
clapping ; the churr giving place to a queer bubbling noise, as
he flew off. The female followed him, and later on three
birds passed me flying together, and as far as I could see one was
a female and the other two males. One male passed quite close
to me, and his white spots showed up very plainly in the dusk.
Later on I heard another bird on the wing giving vent to the
queer bubbling churr and clapping its wings very vigorously.
I noticed particularly that when flying the female goes at a very
businesslike pace, with an even wing movement and straight
and silent flight, but the males indulge in a great deal of wing
clapping, flicking themselves up and down as though suspended
on an elastic thread, holding their wings high above their
back, at other times planing with outstretched wings, and
constantly calling “‘ coo-wick, coo-wick.”’

Gf

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.

Bx. HIM? HALLETT... B:E:S.

One of the features of the year has been the extraordinary
abundance of certain insects, especially undesirable species,
in fact, it may be called a year of plagues.

The Hotty BLuE BuTTeRFLy (Cyaniris argiolus, L.) occurred
in great numbers in the early spring ; the second brood was also
numerous.

The CABBAGE WHITE BUTTERFLY (Pieris brassicae, L.) was
only too plentiful, its larvae worked havoc amongst the cabbage,
cauliflower, etc., crops. I find these larve are extremely partial
to the garden “ Nasturtium;”’ it is astonishing to see the
rapidity with which a bed of this plant will disappear under
their attacks.

The Brack Biicut (Aphis rumicis) practically destroyed
the crop of Broad Beans in this district. I noticed that they
also attacked the Scarlet Runner Beans, but that this plant
seemed to quickly outgrow the attack and suffered very little,
if any, harm. Other species of blight were very plentiful, and
attracted unusually large numbers of Lady Birds (Coccinellide).

The Dappy LoncLecs (Tipula) appeared in enormous
numbers in the autumn. Wasps seem very partial to these flies,
and appeared to do great execution among them.

LEPIDOPTERA.
Acherontia atropos, L. Mr. H. R. Wakefield, of Swansea, advises me that
two specimens of the ‘‘ Death’s Head’”’ have been brought to him
this summer, having been caught in his district.

Dilina tilise, L. Mr. E. U. David tells me this moth has been taken at
Merthyr Mawr. I had not previously been able to find a record
of the Lime Hawk Moth in Glamorgan.

Plusia festucee, L. Mr. E. U. David has taken this beautiful moth in
numbers in the Gower,

NI
iS)

Entomological Notes.

COLEOPTERA.

Acanthocinus sedilis, L. The Timberman Beetle has turned up in some
numbers at the Docks this year, and a specimen was sent in to the
Museum from Radyr.

HYMENOPTERA ACULEATA.
The list of additions to the County records is considerably

smaller than last year, but includes several rare and interesting
species.

A fortnight spent at Porthcawl] during the second half of June
produced very interesting results, considering the weather, and
no doubt this district, if well worked, would prove a rival to the
Gower.

Besides the new records, the following interesting species
have been noted :—

Donisthorpea (Lasius) fuliginosa, Latr. This Ant was found in great
numbers near Penarth, attending the Aphis attached to Dogwood
(Cornus sanguinea), and with them occurred the interesting
Hemipteron, Pilophorus perplexus, Scott.

Donisthorpea (Lasius) nigra, L. The annual marriage flight of this Ant
took place on the 8th August, and Cardiff and district experienced
a remarkable and uncomfortable plague of these insects, far ex-
ceeding in numbers the flights noticed in previous years. This
unusual abundance was noticed in other parts of the country on
the same day. (See Crawley and Donisthorpe in ‘‘ Ent. Record,”’
Sept., 1915, pp. 205 and 231).

Methoca ichneumonides, Latr. This rare and interesting Thynnid
occurred in abundance at Rest Bay, Porthcawl, on 13th and 24th
June, about the burrows of Cicindela campestris; at least fifty
females could have been taken, but no males were seen.

Myrmosa melanocephala, Fab. A dead female was found on 14th
November, under the bark of a fallen ash tree at Sully.

Pompilus consobrinus, Dbm. Two females were taken at Porthcawl in
June.

Pompilus chalybeatus, Schiodte. Not uncommon in both sexes at
Porthcawl

Pompilus pectinipes, V. d. Lind. A few females were taken at Porthcawl.

Ceropales maculatus, Fab. Occurred at Porthcawl in abundance, especially
at the flowers of Euphorbia paralias.

Astatus stigma, Panz. Both sexes were taken at Porthcawl, and, had
the weather been more favourable, I think it would have proved
to be not uncommon,

Entomological Notes.

“NI
1S.)

Tachysphex unicolor, Panz. Abundant at Porthcawl in both sexes.

Psen unicolor, Panz. One female and five males were taken at Porthcawl,
it is probably not uncommon there.

Oxybelus mucronatus, Fab. Very abundant at Porthcawl, especially
the males, which frequented the flowers of the Seaspurge (Euphorbia
paralias), This species was really more abundant at Porthcawl
than the usually much commoner Ovybelus uniglumis, and the males
were less fastidious about the weather than any other Fossor I have
met with. One of the most interesting features of collecting at
Porthcawl was the extraordinary abundance of several species
which are usually very scarce.

Vespa norvegica, Fab. The claim of this wasp to inclusion in the County
list depended on one or two workers which had been brought to me.
This year a nest occurred in a Penarth garden, built on some bean
sticks leaning against the wall; and another nest was sent in to the
Museum in September from Llanishen. This wasp is probably
not rare, but I have never caught it away from the nest.

Colletes marginatus, Sm. The males began to appear in some numbers
at Porthcawl at the end of June, and frequented the flowers of
the Sea Spurge and Ragwort.

Prosopis dilatata, K. One male was taken at Sully on qth July.

Sphecodes hyalinatus, Schk. Three males and a female occurred at
Cwrt-yr-ala in August.

Andrena rose, Panz. One female occurred at Lavernock on 15th
August.

Andrena bucephala, Steph. Both sexes were obtained at Cwrt-yr-ala
in May; the male had not previously been taken in the County.

Epeolus productus, Th. Epeolus rufipes, Th. Both these interesting
bees were taken at Porthcawl in June.

Coelioxys mandibularis, Nyl. Not uncommon in both sexes at Porthcawl,
apparently associated with Megachile maritima.

Osmia leucomelana, K. Both sexes occurred at Porthcawl, the males
being not uncommon,

Additions to the Glamorgan records or Hymenoptera
aculeata :—

Myrmica schencki, Em. A colony of this ant, which was described as a
sub-species of Myrmica scabrinodis, Nyl., was found at Sully on
30th May, t915; it had not previously been recorded as British.
The nest was situated in a bank of stiff marly soil, the entrance
being a small round hole like those made by the smaller bees,
such as Halictus, etc. For full description of this ant see Donis-
thorpe, ‘‘ Ent. Record,’’ XXVII., 1915, p. 265.

74 Entomological Notes.

Pompilus wesmaeli, Thoms. A few males of this rare species were taken
at Porthcawl on 24th June.

Tachysphex pectinipes, L. Two females at Porthcawl in June.

Diodontus tristis, V.d. Lind. Both sexes at Porthcawl and Candleston,
in June.
Gorytes tumidus, Panz. Two females at Porthcawl on 29th June.

Oxybelus mandibularis, Dhlb. Two females of this rare wasp were taken
at Porthcawl on 29th June.

Thyreopus peltarius, Schreb. Not uncommon at Porthcawl and Candleston
in June.

Lindenius albilabris, Fab. One female was taken at Horton, Gower, on
30th July, 191s.

Odynerus melanocephalus, Gmel. Two females and a male occurred at
Sully on 30th May.

Prosopis pictipes, Nyl. One male was taken at Sully on 18th July.
Sphecodes ferruginatus, Schk. Three females occurred at Sully in July.

Halictus xanthopus, K. Females occurred in abundance at Sully on
gth May, and males equally commonly on 5th September.

Andrena cingulata, Fab. One female at Dinas Powis on 23rd May, and a
male at Sully on 30th May.

Nomada furva, Panz. Males were not uncommon at Sully in May.
Bombus soroensis, Fab. One female occurred at Sully on 25th July, rors.
Bombus muscorum, Linn, Two females occurred at Sully on 15th August,
191s.
CHRYSIDIDZ.

Hedychridium minutum, Lep. Two females were taken at Porthcawl
on 29th June on the flowers of Leontodon.

Chrysis neglecta, Shuck. One female at Sully on 6th June.

PROCTOTRYPIDZ.

Gonatopus distinguendus, Kieff. One female of this curious Jassid-parasite
was taken on the Porthcawl sandhills on 29th June.

75

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN
lie SOC EY S, DISTRICE 109rs.

By E. WALFORD, M.D., F.R.MeEt.Soc.

The average monthly rainfall over the whole of the Society’s
district (comprised within the semi-circular area, having the
Beacons as its northernmost point, its base the coastline from
Neath to Chepstow, and with a mean height of 605 feet above
the sea level) was as follows :—

January .. 5:24 inches.
February FIST orn
March E65.) ry;
April DOO 55;
May 2:20) Fh,
June 1°36
July Gori 9
August 2-5 Oi)
September Ase tie,
October. . o% oh Hi Hoya) ee
November ay eye dee 07 aa
December ot He aed OD ee
51°52 os,
Total in ror), .. us ee BNO Fn aes
ae TOES) A iF RTS EGY. i.
Ora, te: 7 Bde GS-20
Jot Some a) Pee a a 5OcG5.
1 EQLO. Se se FOR S
af EOOO 12 = ue ee 5OLOat® BiG.
oy EQOS: k sy #8 CAS GON) 25,
eo Oa: Be ee 55 Vian
Et. SoQOGE (Ys ek oh AS 2G) . 5,
i OO. c.2 vi ees Or OO dpa,
fe ROO G40 Sus AN SOIO By 52
haf 2ROOR: SG: as tay geGO. /-),

pe oe re ih ASC y 7 ame

76 Meteorological Observations, 1915.

FEET ABOVE INCHES

OBSERVERS. MESN ae
SEA LEVEL. RAIN.
C. H. PRIESTLEY, Summit of Tyle Brith, Brecknockshire 2350 73°30
3 Nant Penig ee se re .+ 2000 76:21
Ps Nant Ddu es “- Je sf “E560 67:64
5 Storey Arms Sc Ss se .. 1430 75°80
Le. Beacons Reservoir ss 5c -« £340 77°95
= Nant Gwineu.. Ac sé = Se7s 53°33
ERNEST W. TERREY, C.E., F.GS., Pontlluestwen
Reservoir, Mardy : 3c eee ys 85:97
H. C. STEEL, Blaenavon Bee gine Mon Sx 2 | ESO 59°54
C. H. PRIESTLEY, Pentwyn Uchaf Farm .. sg 0 SE 61°64
5E Cantreff Reservoir oe ay i G20 69:88
: Garw-nant He ae Se =« £100 67°34
R. C. Harrison, Gwernllwyn, Dowlais. .. = LO7E 48°53
EBBW VALE STEEL, IRON, AND Coat Co., Ebbw Vale ie go2 57°78
C. H. PrrEsTLEY, Llwynon Reservoir, Brecknockshire .. 860 59°19
3 Pont-ar-daf ie oe ae oe 850 64:99
GLYNCORRWG COLLIERY Co., Glyncorrwg .. Be Se 75°26
THE UNITED NATIONAL COLLIERIES, LTD., @rcherbert -- 670 (ORGS
NEWPORT CORPORATION, Newchurch, Wentwood, Mon. .. 525 42°37
3 Nantypridd, Wentwood, Mon... 500 41-2
Ss Llanvaches Embankment -) =456 37°55
£3 Pant-yr-eos Reservoir, Mon. .. 435 52°62
EDWARD CurRRE, Itton Court, Chepstow .. 3: -+ 390 35°39
E. Tupor Owen, Ash Hall, Cowbridge .. Sc =. tS aso
Henry Cray, Piercefield Park, Chepstow 300 36-16
ErRnNEsT W. TERREY, C.E., F.G.S., Lan Wood Sete
Pontypridd ae . oe =<) 808 54:03
GopFREY L, Crark, J.P., Taly garn, Meant 3 -> (250 55°72
James WixtiAms, Wern House, Ystalyfera : 240 65:09

Sir HENRY MATHER JACKSON, Bart., Llantilio Genet Marl 230 35°37
E. Watrorp, M.D., Meteorological Station, ae

Cardiff .. 5 - -. 204 40:89
Rey. Canon HARDING, Pena Rosicias Non =. OE 35°18
J. F. MattuysseEns, Witla Court, Rumney Sic PPM ef 305)
Lord LLANGATTOCK, The Hendre, Monmouth oe re 176 31°58
C. H. PriEstLey, Llanishen Reservoir, Glam. .. os) Ss 37°79

53 Lisvane Reservoir, Glam. 2: -s 50) 5g6-72
Mrs. Lysacut, Castleford, Chepstow se ac 146 34°64.
C. H. PrirestLey, The Heath Filter Beds, Cardiff ta pehse 40°25
O. H. Jones, J.P., Fonmon Castle, Glam. : gan SEBS 33°19
NEWPORT CORPORATION, Ynis-y-fro Reservoir, Mie ~s 130° Warne
C. H. PrrestLey, Cogan Pumping Station, Glam. aio a 37°42

ee Ely Pumping Station, Glam. .. 3% 53 40°47
A, A. PETTIGREW, Roath Park, Cardiff .. ac 36 52 38-90
C. H. PrRiIeEsTLEY, Trade Street Depot, Cardiff .. >: 45 39°18
NEWPORT CORPORATION, Friars Street Depot, Newport 33 39°86

T. E, FRANKLIN, Biglis Pumping Station, Cadoxton, Barry 20 35:28

.
\

Meteorological Observations, 1915. 1 |

CARDIFF METEOROLOGICAL STATION.

This Station is situated about two miles from the centre
ao the town upon Penylan Hill on land belonging to the Water-
works Department of the Cardiff Corporation at an elevation
of 203 feet above sea level, Latitude 51° 30” N., Longitude
3° 10° W. Observations are made at 9 a.m. and g p.m. daily
by Mr. F. Glover and Mr. W. J. Mellings under the direction
of the Medical Officer of Health of Cardiff.

The instruments comprise a Phillips’ maximum thermometer
mounted horizontally, a Rutherford’s spirit minimum ther-
mometer also mounted horizontally, a hygrometer consisting
of dry-bulb and wet-bulb thermometers mounted vertically,
all placed in a double louvred Stevenson screen of the pattern
approved by the Royal Meteorological Society, four feet above
the ground with the door opening to the north. On the land
adjoining the screen and fenced in with railings are other
instruments. Two thermometers for taking earth temperatures
placed at one foot and four feet respectively below the surface.
A solar radiation thermometer mounted on a post four feet
above the ground, a grass minimum thermometer, and a rain
gauge (Snowdon pattern). In a separate building on the
same ground is placed a barometer (Kew pattern), provided
with an attached thermometer and a double scale and vernier,
divided on one side into inches, -I0, -05 and -002 inches, and
the other side into millimetres, &c.

A Campbell-Stokes Sunshine Recorder is placed on the
parapet of the Water Reservoir in a position that the sun can
shine on it the whole time it is above the horizon. The instru-
ments have all been verified at the Kew Observatory, and
the necessary instrumental corrections are duly made. Weekly
and monthly reports on the weather are sent to the Meteoro-
logical Office, South Kensington, which are included in the
returns issued by that office.

78 Meteorological Observations, 1915.

Up to the present no self-recording instruments have been
provided at this Station, but the matter is now under considera-
tion. Much valuable information may be obtained from self-
recording barometers, thermometers, and rain-gauges, by
measuring the time, duration and intensity of various meteoro-
logical phenomena. A further development of the equipment
of the Station in this direction is much to be desired.

The most recent acquisition consists in the seismograph,
presented to the Station by the Naturalists’ Society in Igo9,
which is suitably housed in a detached building erected specially
for the purpose. A full description of this interesting and
valuable instrument is given in Vol. XLIV. of the Transactions

of the Society.

BAROMETRIC PRESSURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY.

Meteorological Observations, 1915.

TABLE. 1.

Mean Barometric Pressure.* Hygrometer.*
ee At M.S.L Dry Bulb Wet Bulb | Mean Relati
41.5. . ry u e ub Meat ve
Uncorrected. and 320 F Mesa: (Mean). Humidity.
in. in. yeu, aie oO
January 29°454 29°666 40-0 38-6 88
February 29°383 29°593 39°6 38-1 87
March = 8 30:074 30°392 41° 39:0 83
April 29°930 30°133 46-4 43°5 78
May 29:850 30°025 52:2 48°3 74
June 29°882 30-043 57°8 53°6 75
July 29°765 29°924 58-0 54:7 80
August 29°835 30°043 59°4 56-7 83
September 29:899 30-061 55:3 52°7 83
October 297828 30-013 48-3 47:0 89
November 29°425 29°634 37°7 35°9 86
December 29:416 29:62 43:2 41°8 88
Means ..| 29°733 29'929 48°3 45°8 83
* From observations at 9 a.m. and 9 p.m.
TABEE, Ey.
TEMPERATURE.
Difference
1915. Maximum,| Minimom.] fazimum.| Minimum. | perature, | Average
(26 years).
2H; SE. id Ere SE ale ee
January 50 26 44:1 36°1 40'I |+ 1-3
February eS 26 45°9 35:0 40°4 |-+ 0-2
March 58 27 48:0 35-0 4I°5 |— 1-0
April 68 2 54:0 39:6 46°38 |+ o-4
May 73 34 61-4 44°5 52-9 [+ O-4
June 74 40 66-9 49°6 5S°E |- 0-7
July 71 47 64:8 51-6 58:2 | 255
August 72 42 66-8 53°3 60:0 |— o-2
September 75 38 64:9 48°7 56°38 |+ o-4
October 64 31 54°3 44:0 4971I |— II
November 5 22 44:6 32°5 38:5 |— 5:9
December 55 30 48:0 38:8 43:4 |+ 2°6
Max. Min. | Mean Mean Mean |
75 22 553 42°4 48:8 ie 4°7

80

Meteorological Observations, 1915.

TABLE III.

SOLAR AND TERRESTRIAL RADIATION, UNDERGROUND
TEMPERATURE, AND SUNSHINE.

TEMPERATURE. Bright
} : : Sunshine—
1915. | solar | Grass | Underground (Mean). Soe Dileranee
| Maximum Minimum | Average
| (Mean). (Mean). lft. 4it. (7 years).
| gal Dr wine aki pa Ele hrs.
January Ball) (ere 32:0 39°55 42°5 48:4. \— 6:2
February <2) 5 7974 30°3 39°2 42:6 83-8 |+ 3:5
March 2 -| 85-4 30°7 41°8 43°4 I29:'2 |+17°7
April --| 99°8 34°2 45:8 45°4 136:8 |—40°6
May =| esa Rt 40:0 54°3 50-1 258-1 +37°5
June 3|) £L7-0 45°1 60-2 55°4 2266 |+ 7:9
July 118-2 47°3 60-6 57°77 | 200-9 jaa
August I15°4 51°6 61°9 58:5 166°5 |—25:9
September 107°8 45°6 58-8 58:2 182: |+29-1
October — 41-2 51-6 54°9 62:1 |—36:2
November — 28°7 41-3 47°7 Io2°8 |+29:8
December — 35:0 41°5 45°0 35°9 |—15°4
Mean Mean Mean | Total
38°5 49°7 50-1 | 2044 + St
TABLE TY:
RAINFALL.
; | |
Difference | s¢yeat =Date of *No. of Days
1915. Amount. oe | “Fallin Greatest | "anoiaice
| (26 a. 24 hours. Fall. ace
{
ins. | ins. ins. |
January | 3:37 |-- 0-31 “50 Ist 22
February | 5-00 i+ 2°24 1°30 16th 22
March .. i) hr-38 — 1:82 “42 2nd | 8
April I°31 \— 1°44 31 6th: I4
May 2°77 + 0-48 “71 r3th =| ee
June 1-2 — I-61 “50 25th 8
[ik es 5:08 + 2-49 L-52 16th 20
August | 2:27 — 1-89 2 2nd 18
September lp e224 — 1°39 41 28th 12
October | BEZ + 0:38 97 237d aaa 17
November b> 2:55 — 0:96 1.29 ith 8
December a=| 9°04) + 4°35 I-52 r4th 27,
Total. | 16th July| Total
40°89 + II4 1°52 14th Dec. 187

* 24 hours ending 9 a.m. next day.

Meteorological Observations, 1915. 81

MAIN FEATURES OF THE MONTHS.
IQI5.

JANUARY.

During the greater part of the month rough and rainy condi-
tions prevailed with westerly and south-westerly winds,
amounting at times to gales of considerable intensity. Towards
the end of the month easterly and north-easterly winds arose,
and the weather became finer and drier. The barometric pres-
sure for the month was below the average, during the early
part of the month considerable depressions occurred with
gales and heavy rains. The mean temperature of the month
was 40:1 degrees Fah., and 1-3 degrees above the average
of the past twenty-six years. The maximum temperature of
50:0 degrees was recorded on the 15th, the minimum, 26-0 degrees,
on the 30th. Frost occurred on five days, from the 18th to the
30th. The rainfall for the month amounted to 3-87 inches, and
was 0-31 inches above the average for twenty-six years. Rain
fell on twenty-two days, the greatest fall in twenty-four hours
was 0-50 inches on the Ist inst. There was a deficiency of
bright sunshine. The total amount recorded was 48-4 hours,
being 6-2 hours below the average for seven years.

FEBRUARY.

February was a very wet and stormy month. Southerly
winds, storms, and a comparatively high temperature with
unusual rain prevailed during the greater part of the month.
Towards the end of the month a short period of fine dry
weather occurred, accompanied with a lower temperature. The
barometric pressure for the month was below the average ;
depressions and gales from the south-west were of frequent
occurrence. The mean temperature of the month was 40-4
_ degrees or 0-2 degrees above the average of the past twenty-six
years. The maximum temperature of 51-0 degrees was re-
corded on the 3rd, the minimum, 26-0 degrees, on the 25th.

82 Meteorological Observations, 1915.

Frosty nights were by no means frequent, for February, and no
very low temperatures were registered. The total rainfall
for the month amounted to 5-00 inches ; rain fell on twenty-two
days, the greatest fall in twenty-four hours, 1-30 inches, occurred
on the 16th. The fall was 2-24 inches above the average of the
past twenty-six years. The bright sunshine recorded amounted
to a total for the month of 83-8 hours, or 3-5 hours above the
average for seven years. A snow-storm occurred on the 23rd,
and a severe hailstorm on the 28th.

MARCH.

March was a fine and dry month with northerly and north-
easterly winds of no great velocity and plenty of sunny days.
The early part of the month was milder than the latter part,
when a cold spell was experienced towards quite the end of the
month. The barometric pressure was a little above the average,
and no considerable or continued depressions were recorded.
The weather during the month was generally quiet and fine.
The mean temperature was 41-5 degrees, or 1-0 degrees below
the average for the past twenty-six years. The maximum
temperature, 58-0 degrees, occurred on the 13th; the minimum
27-0 degrees, onthe 27th. Snow fell on two days. The rainfall
amounted to 1-38 inches for the month, and was 1-82 inches
below the average for twenty-six years, with eight rainy days.
The greatest fallin twenty-four hours was 0-42 inches on the 2nd.
The amount of bright sunshine recorded was abnormally high
for this month, being 128 hours, or 17 hours above the average
for seven years.

APRIL.

During the early part of April the weather was unsettled,
the wind chiefly from the west and south-west blew at times
with considerable force, amounting occasionally to gales. Rain
and high winds were experienced daily during this period.
This was followed by quieter weather, and towards the end of
the month by cold and dry winds from the east and north-east.

Meteorological Observations, 1915. 83

The barometric pressure, although low during the early part
of the month, was above the average. The mean temperature
was slightly above the average, being 46-8 degrees. The
maximum, 68-0 degrees, on the 28th andzgth. The minimum,
22°0 degrees, on the 2nd. Frost was recorded on ten days.
The rainfall amounted to 1-31 inches, being 1-44 inches below
the average. Rain fell on fourteen days, the greatest fall being
*3I inches on the 6th. Bright sunshine was deficient, a total of
130-8 hours being recorded for the month. This was 40-6 hours
below the average for seven years.

May.

The weather was fine and dry during the greater part of
the month. North and north-easterly winds prevailed through-
out the whole period with many sunny days. The barometric
pressure was slightly below the average. The mean tempera-
ture for the month was 52-9 degrees or 0-4 degrees above the
average. The maximum of 73:0 degrees was registered on
26th, an unusually high temperature for this month. The
minimum, 34:0 degrees, occurred on the 14th and 15th. Frost
occurred on fivedays. The total rainfallin the month amounted
to 2-77 inches, being 0-48 inches above the average for twenty-
six years. Rain fell on eleven days, the greatest fall, -71 inches,
occurred on the 13th. The bright sunshine recorded amounted
to 258 hours, or 37:5 hours above the average for seven years.

JUNE.

The weather continued to be fine and dry during this month.
East and north-easterly winds, with normal barometric pressure
and deficient rainfall being the prevailing conditions. The mean
temperature for the month was 58-1 degrees, or 0-7 degrees above
the average. The maximum 74:0 degrees was registered on
the 13th, the minimum, 40-0 degrees, on the Ist and 2nd. Frost
_ was recorded on three days. The rainfall was exceedingly
small, the total for the month being 1-23 inches and 1-61 inches
below the average for twenty-six years. Rain fell on eight

84 Meteorological Observations, 1915.

days, the greatest fall being 0-50 inches on the 25th. The
amount of bright sunshine recorded was eight hours above the
average for seven years. On eight days more than twelve
hours sunshine were recorded, the total for the month
amounting to 226-6 hours. A thunderstorm occurred on the
27th of this month.

OLY:

The weather during July was comparatively cool for the
time of the year and extremely changeable. This variability
of the conditions was due to frequent cyclonic disturbances
passing mostly in a north-easterly direction across the country.
Several severe thunderstorms with heavy rain occurred during
this month. The average barometric pressure for the month
was almost normal, no very high readings were recorded, so that
the range of pressure was small. The mean temperature for
the month was 58-2 degrees, which was 2-5 degrees below the
average of the past twenty-six years. No very high tempera-
tures were recorded, 71-0 degrees being the maximum on the 6th,
and 47-0 degrees the minimum on 13th and 25th. The highest
readings were all during the first week in the month. The
rainfall was above the average for twenty-six years by 2-49
inches. Rain fell on twenty days, the total being 5-08 inches.
The greatest fall in twenty-four hours was 1-52 inches on the
16th. A plentiful supply of bright sunshine was recorded,
amounting to a total for the month of 211-9 hours, or 3:9 hours
above the average for seven years. Thunderstorms with heavy
rain occurred on the 4th and 16th.

AUGUST.

The weather was unusually cool for the time of the year, and
no very high temperatures were recorded. Occasional thunder-
storms were experienced, but no heavy falls of rain accompanied
these storms. The barometric pressure was, excepting during
the early part of month, slightly above the normal. North-
westerly and south-westerly winds prevailed during the greater

Meteorological Observations, 1915. 85

part of the month. The mean temperature was 60 degrees,
which was the average for the past twenty-six years. The
maximum temperature recorded was 72:0 degrees on the 26th,
and the minimum 42-0 degrees on the 30th. The rainfall was
below the average for the past twenty-six years by 1-89 inches.
The total for the month was 2-27 inches ; rain fell on eighteen
days, the greatest fall being -62 inches on the 2nd. The month
was cloudy during the earlier half, and the amount of bright
sunshine recorded was deficient. The total for the month
being 166-5 hours or 25-9 hours below the average for seven years.

SEPTEMBER.

September was a bright and dry month and generally mild.
The direction of the wind was variable, but easterly winds
prevailed during the greater part of the month. The mean
level of the barometer was slightly above the normal, but no
very high readings were recorded, the range of pressure was
comparatively small. The mean temperature, 56-8 degrees.
corresponded with the average for the past twenty-six years.
The maximum of 75-0 degrees was reached on the 17th, which
was the hottest day in the year. The minimum of 38-0 degrees
occurred on the 5th. The rainfall was below the average by
I-39 inches. The total for the month being 1-27 inches, the
greatest fall -41 occurred on the 28th. Rain fell on eighteen
days. A peculiarity of the rainfall in this month was that the
total was larger in the east than in the west of Great Britain.
The amount of bright sunshine recorded amounted to 182 hours,
being 29 hours above the average of seven years.

OCTOBER.

The weather was generally dry during the earlier part of the
month, but dull and rainy in the later part. North-easterly
and south-easterly winds prevailed. The mean height of the
barometer was above the normal, the lowest readings being
recorded towards the end of the month. The mean temperature

86 Meteorological Observations, 1915.

of the month was 49-1 degrees, being 1-1 degrees below the aver-
age. The maximum, 64-0 degrees, was reached on the 13th,
and the minimum, 31-0 degrees, on the 30th. A ground frost
occurred on three days. The total rainfall for the month was
5-12 inches, being 0-38 inches above the average for twenty-six
years. Rain fell on seventeen days, the greatest fall was -97
inches on the 23rd. Bright sunshine was deficient, the total
amount recorded being 62-1 hours, or 36-2 hours below the aver-
age of seven years. Heavy fogs occurred on the mornings of
the 17th and 18th.

NOVEMBER.

November was a very cold and abnormally quiet month,
and for the most part fine and dry, especially during the middle
and latter part. The barometric pressure was generally high
and quite above the average, The range of pressure was small.
The wind was generally from a northerly and north-easterly
direction with no unusual velocities. This November was,
throughout the country, one of the coldest on record. The
mean temperature for the month was 38-5 degrees, or 5-8 degrees
below the average for the past twenty-six years. The maximum
temperature recorded was 53-0 degrees on the 8th, the minimum
22-0 degrees, on the 27th. There was aground frost on twenty-
three days. The total rainfall was 2-55 inches, which was 0-06
inches below the average. The greatest fall was I-29 inches
on the 11th. The amount of bright sunshine was excessive for
the time of the year, a total of 102-8 hours was recorded for the
month, being 29-8 hours above the average for seven years.

DECEMBER.

The atmospheric conditions of December were entirely
different to those of the immediately preceding month. In
November dry, cold and settled weather was experienced.
In the early part of December wet and unsettled weather
commenced and continued during the month. Storms and
rain prevailed generally. Marked and numerous depressions

2 eo

Meteorological Observations, 1915. 87

with winds from the south-west often amounting to gales were
the chief characteristics of this month. The mean barometric
pressure was considerably below the normal. The mean
temperature for the month, 43-4 degrees, was above the average
for the past twenty-six years by 2-6 degrees. The maximum
temperature of 55:0 degrees was recorded on the Ioth, the
minimum, 30-0 degrees, on the 17th. Frosts were infrequent for
the time of the year and of short duration. This month was
one of the wettest on record, the total rainfall amounting to
9:04 inches, which was 4:35 inches above the average for twenty-
six years. Rain fell on twenty-one days. The amount of
bright sunshine recorded was deficient, the total being 35-9
hours, or 15-4 hours below the average.

EXTREMES.

June was the driest month, with a rainfall of 1-61 inches
below the average. December was the wettest, the rainfall
amounting to 9:04 inches. February, July and October were
also wet months with more than 5-0 inches of rainfall in each
month. The wettest days were July 16th and December 14th,
with rainfalls of 1-52 inches on each day. The total rainfall
for the year was 40-89 inches, or I-14 inches above the average
for twenty-six years. Rain fell on 187 days. No very high
temperatures wererecorded. The hottest day was on September
17th when a temperature of 75-0 degrees was recorded. The
coldest day was November 22nd with a minimum temperature
of 22 degrees. The total number of hours of sunshine recorded
was 1644-2 hours, being 5:1 hours above the average for seven
jyears.

88

GENERAL NOTES.

The Table of “ Rainfall in the District’ was compiled by
Mr. Gilbert D. Shepherd, Honorary Assistant Secretary of the
Society. This compilation involves a considerable amount of
work, as the Table comprises the returns of rainfall from a
large number of observers. The Society is much indebted to
these observers for their voluntary co-operation, which renders
the preparation of the meteorological report possible.

Some observers have written regretting their inability to
continue supplying annual returns of rainfall, owing to a
variety of unavoidable circumstances, especially war service.

Regarded as a whole, the year I9gI5 was a wet year, yet the
rainfall was below the average. In the Society’s district it
varied from gi inches at the United National Colliery, Treher-
bert, to 31°58 at the Hendre, Monmouth. Average for 13
years, 53°23. Rainfall for 1915, 51°52, being 1°71 below
average for 13 years.

The conditions in I9I5 were, on the whole, favourable to
the public health. No prolonged or excessive heat waves were
experienced in the summer, therefore the mortality amongst
infants and young children was low.

The winter was by no means severe, and no extremely low
temperatures were recorded, the mortality from lung diseases
amongst the old and feeble was not high.

Meteorological Observations, 1915. 89

The general death-rate in Cardiff for the year was 14°I per
1,000. This rate, and particularly the rate of infant mortality,
are much influenced by the meteorological conditions which
prevail in the summer and autumn, as will be seen from the
following Table. A high death-rate is the invariable accom-
paniment of a hot and dry summer, and a low rate of a cool and
wet summer.

CARDIFF.
Annual death-rate | Deaths under I year
Month, per 1,000, per 1,000 births.
EOUZ, |LGLZ. | KODA, | LOLS. ||, LOL2) || LoN3, | Lord. | 19LS.
[ts Se el Los 7 Seigu |eLOnt |e LO.S 67 48 78 62
August .. Ouse | LOsg | FOUL il LOL, 70 195 89 44
September Fe PLOLD Ie LAON |e t2.7— (61.316 79 294 | 162 201

The following interesting note has been supplied by O. H.
Jones, Esq., J.P.:—

“Total rainfall 3°24 inches below the average for 31 years.
Heaviest rainfall in December, which was the only very wet
month in the year. December was wet throughout, and on
the 26th was one of the heaviest westerly gales I ever remember.

The smallest rainfall was in June. February was a wet
month, but from March Ist to September 30th the rainfall was
light, except in July, and the springs in the middle of October
were very low. Heaviest fall in 24 hours, 1:20 inches on
July 16th.”

The insular and temperate climate enjoyed by the inhabitants
of the British Isles is associated with a humidity of the atmos-
phere which at times and in certain localities exceeds that
which is generally considered agreeable or beneficial.

go Meteorological Observations, 1915.

The western coasts being exposed to the influence of westerly
and south-westerly winds charged with moisture from the
Atlantic have of course amore humid climate than the Midland
and Eastern Counties.

The position of Cardiff is removed from either extreme, the
climate has not the humidity of many places further west, nor
can it claim the dryness of the eastern districts. The attached
table may be of interest as showing roughly the relative position
of this City in this respect.

Exact observations upon the effect of excessive humidity on
the public health are by no means complete. It is certain that
there are few climatic factors which influence our sensations
more strongly than humidity. The most agreeable and
probably the most desirable amount being that which is repre-
sented by a relative humidity of between 70 and 80 per cent.
of complete saturation. Excessive humidity prevents free
evaporation from the skin, and causes a rise in the surface
temperature of the body. A moderately moist atmosphere
appears to be suitable for those suffering from chronic lung
affections, such as bronchitis, whereas still dry and cold climates
are usually beneficial in cases of tuberculosis.

The unpleasant effects of an excessively moist atmosphere
are chiefly due to the interference with the free evaporation from
the skin, the evaporating power of the atmosphere being also
influenced by the temperature. The evaporating power of an
atmosphere which contains 75 per cent. of saturation is very
different according as the temperature of the air is 40 degrees
or 80 degrees. As the temperature rises the evaporative power
increases faster than the rise in the thermometer. The degree
and intensity of terrestrial radiation and to some extent of
solar radiation depend upon the presence of watery vapour in
the air which acts as a screen hindering the passage of heat
from the earth, and in this way exerting a very direct and
powerful influence upon climate,

January
February
March
April ..
May...
ae.
July
August
September
October
November
December

Meteorological Observations, 1915.

RELATIVE HUMIDITY, 9 a.m., Io1r5.

Greenwich.

89

Cardiff.
88——
go +
86 +
80 +
Vis ea
FS van
76 +
8I +
81 +
Ql +
85—
89 +

St. Anne’s

Pembroke.
87
84
go
88
89
95
go
g2
Q2
g2
Q2
94

Llangam-
march,
Brecknock.

gl
Q2
88
82
fa
74
82
88
88
95
92
93

gr

“416 ‘99q } oe
GL-T IT@
44] aout
yova jo puo 48 | pur
A[YOVM UdHV4 S5/Urpvay

*qg/uouL
yove jo puod qe | pure
A[YOOM 9724 85] UTpVoyT

"yOI “qa |"
90% J] SIZ

*(Y|u0Ur
yova jo pues 4e| pue
AT99M UOWBI $5) UIpvBoyy

“y9|aouL
yova jo puo 4e]} pus
AL OOM U9X/¥4 SS] ULpBoyT

“y9} dour
yova jo pus ye} puv
AP[OoM UOZvy 85) urpvoyxy

*Y4) oul
yova jo puo ye} pue
AL YOOM UayV} $5) urpvayy

“aed

“TRIO.L

*oa(T

zl.g | SS.Z
146.6 | P&S
96.9 | 46.9
ebb | 18-4
€1.¢ | LE.9
0.9 | 66-5
Cg.9 | €1.2
96-9 | €0.9
9lb | 88-9
6g.Z | S.g
O1-9 | &9-9
bL.g | ¥6.Z
86-9 | 88.4
SLb | 9F-G
LGWL L598
06:9 | 82-9
S.Z | z1.g
68-7 | GL-4
“AON | “900

‘qdag

“Arne

‘oun

YOUR

ov.S
6P- TT

$g.b
06-6

Sg.b
69-11

LS.¥
40-61

67-6

$6.5
GL-6T

£0.S
8P-8T

TS.0T

Z£.9
96.4

g1.S
96.01

“qour

10.2
61-8

L6.S
18-9

10.S
cP.G

$1.9
90.01

69-9

bg.Z
09.6

02.9
619
€8-2,

0£.8
hhh

19-9
06-4

‘ue

[@Aa] BOS
aAoqe
40007

OLOUM 10

*£ep oo “UL 10-0
UT [[BJ FSOFVO.TE) | UPI
sfep

jo "ON

Toles abt Nl TIvVaNivd

tee

asvioay§
IlOALEsoYy Yoruweg

asvIDAY ||
MIBy JeyoQ usMyueg

asvIOAY 2
“+ TOABUABTE

asvIdAy

ILOALOSOY WoMyson[ [WoT

“ NeUTAYD Jue NT

aseioAy
ITOALOSEY SUOOvET

asviaayt
se smxy Ao103¢

bic0 napa wey

asvioayt
re sIUdg JUBN

asvisay||

“ Uptg ofA], Jo yrurmng

‘yiFI ‘Daq 2 ‘WONT
08.1 {| 26n | S¢-48 | e¢.g | 09-6 | PLD | 41 | 966 | 48h | G80 | OT-€ | 8%T | 2OT | 94-F | 066 | 99F ‘{uoMyUVG MY sopOVaUVy'T
‘yibr 99g 2} “WOH
69-1 $| S81 TZ1P | 91.6 | 648 | 89> | 41 | HHS | GTS | 880 | 69-6 | GFT | OLT | #94 | 00-8 | 00 ‘poomzue M ‘ppradAyae
*yytI ‘90q } “WOT
6¢-1 P8T Lech | G86 | 16-6 | 69-6 | GET | 9F% | 909 | 880 | 19-6 | €9T | PLL | 68:9 | 966 | 969 “pooayta M “TOANTOMAN
“u991 qaq Y| “* | 0S.1g] zb.rr] 12-8 | g4.g | EL.b | zS.g | oL.b | BE.b | gr.b | vo.S | 60.4 | E1.9 | gz.g oT |e ODEO ‘1100
q qed ¢ \e
1¢-€ $| 91% | 80-16 | 2.61 | PAG | 08-9 | 68-2 | 66-9 | 8ZIT | 89-6 | 89 | GLE | SLE | 68ST | 89-8 | 049 [IBN postu FroqreqorL
*yybI “AON 2] °° 19.bg| S1.11| 9£-8 | Sg.g | SE.S | 09.8 | oF.S | S6.b | OL.b | oz.S | zz.Z | 18.9 | 9OF.g tee [eee OBEIOAY.
98.3 §| pax | 9892] 98-91 | O48 | BLE | 963 | 1h9 | 068 | 908 | TA | 068 | 66-8 | Leet | 088 | Gee | 4xerTI09 SMiL00UATH
"yyS ‘99q \
6ST 802 | 66-59 | ZI-ST | 06F | ALG | C&T | 46 | GEL | Th1L | OG | 09-6 | £00 | STITT | 064 | OS8 |" ees FEP-IV-JUOT
“yIOI "Gey 2
L¥-1 $| O18 | 6GT-69 | 4881 | c6-F | £09 | GBT | PLE | 2.2 | CET | OPE | 6T-6 | SAT | 646 | 989 | 098 |” IOALeSoy woUsMTT
*}SI “AON i vss | 66,09) $0.0 || 2&.S | Ze-Z | 2.2 | co.S | oS.€ | co.€ | Se-€ | Ze.€ | zo. | 12.6 | SES se [sc | OGeIONY
O13 T8t | 84-49 | 66-81 | 99-€ | 09.9 | 801 | 98% | 09.¢ | 21 | 688 | 06% | 80-T | 80-IT | GIS | 206 |" ‘S aTvA “qT
“35 "99q }| “ | oS-1S'| gZ.9 | gr-S | S65 | GoE |co.S | oz.€ | To€ | G22 | of-€ | 18.7 | EGE | 00.5 on) ise OBEIOAY,
GL-T S| gat | e9-96 | eve | 96-¢ | 897 | e@T | 99-3 | 699 | IGT | 2467 | 201 | 4-0 | 942 | 80-F | TAOT | wAmTTUIEMDH ‘sre[Mod
“Y9|aoul
qova jo pud 4v | pus
A[yoo 00x87 S5\arpeoy | PE-L9 | BEST | 90.9 | 86-9 | 29.1 | 008 | PPA | GAT | LAE | 96% | 986 | 8L.0T | 808 | OOTT |~ pe “GUB d- MIBL
ae “Ured Fon ele San | ence fn el hare ee
os oh [9A9] BAS
iis aoa . cae ‘ei0g, | ‘ong | ‘aon | 900 | ‘gdog | “Suny | Ame | ‘oung | “Avqy | ‘tudy |‘qoaryy| ‘qog | ‘uve ones
a
10 ON

S161 LOI LS hee]

G81
*yjhxr ‘o9q
“yor Ajnf

69.1
"yg Ayn

OF-T

“yIOI “qa
68.2

"YIOI “qa
} ed

“yySr ‘99q
60:6

*Y}II ‘AON
08.1

—_——>

“YIOL “qaqd
G12

“uphi ‘99q
0€.T

“yybr oaq }
802 S$

“kup ouo
Ul [BJ 4ysoqBoly

“urea

O00 LO

“Ur 10-0
U9TM
skup

*([Bqo7,

*00(T

4L6 | 186 | 90-T | 69-2 | ST-% | 99.0 | 468 | 960 | 980 | Gh | 19%
Go% | SLG | LO | 466 | 809 | 86 | 446 | TET | BEL | 00S | LB€
62.2. |OouP |sgeve, "Leer eee |-aeie lrme Cee Pore | gr.z2 | €g.2
09% | bb | 98:0 | 46T | 88h | 960 | T8E | O40 | 40 | 09 | 99-2
Chi) 22.2. |) Ose. |) SO.g) SQ. |sSEF IQZ.E | ZO P Peson || me.S iets.
PLY | 89-7 | GET | 480 | 98-8 | BA | STE | 48-6 | 006 | OLTL | TA-4
¢9.S | LE.9 | 26.€ | zo.S | fz.€ | 00.€ | of.2 | €9.€ | Sx.6 | SE.b | LE.
66-6 | 889 | AT-@ | 886 | 2499 | GBT | 8862 | 09% | &1-6 | 69-8 | 99.9
Be.S Wcve.9) SSG |) ThG NEOse Noole 92.2 Oe. 6Sh er cc. S
6V-6 | O@-F | O9.T | 696 | 869 | OPT | 08 | 86T | 69-T | O16 | 88-9
GrNS NOON OZ cllecOvcalleceen avec OLwen Ieee |NOLwon moe. moOre
89. | 00% | 401 | OAT | 48h | 19:0 | 466 | 8-T | OTT | 06 | 866
DE Gr Gil CInee | OGsee | OOme NOL NOP Ni Ouse One | 2Ore sl Gone
028 | 99-5 | 882 | STL | PAG | THT | 948 | 00-6 | GBT | 944 | 88-7
CCC Gy neces ISTO eGcre. hee Reuse |COrsuleOse: le ese:
00-2 | POR | PIT | S40 | 186 | 880 | 096 | TET | 460 | G09 | 69-8
80-6 | 099 | P&T | 680 | PLL | 96.0 | STE | O6T | GPT | T64 | TES
"AON “490 ‘qdag ‘any ‘Aine | sounge | ‘Auyy | *pady | ‘yorvyy | “qo ‘uve

yo ON

T6T

GeV

[9A] VAS
aAaoqu
909\7

oy ‘proyyooy ‘udmqueg

uvlhueg ‘Wworyeyg
[BILsoO[OLOI}ZOW YIprwg

“ts OSRIDAY 2

“WOW “FIN0H OL TFUBLT

aseioay 4.
* esHoyy Ula ‘B.1oyATVIS

asvioay |
“ WIBsATBY,

ASVIDAYy
“ALOSOY pOOMUBT pprtd AQuo0g

asvioaAy
Ylvg ployoortg‘ moysdoyy

dSvIDAY
I®H YSy ‘e3praqmop

ABRIDAY y,
* gaimog 10347 ‘MoysdoyD

‘TOT
‘ILOALOSOY Sod-14-4uBT

Ol “A LOMLUSIC <a HL NIV Ne

Css =

|
ae pea -- | €9.1b| 1.6 | 96.€ | 62> | gee | $6.4 | 00€ | 26.2 | 162 | of2 | 1b. | gle | 1Z¢
4 ait I } | 88S | 40h 948 | FOE | 69-5 | OTT | 99T | GLb | GBT | 69S | GAT | FFI | BhS | OLF
“q3hr ‘99q. | °* 63.9 CH |eSSce SI OGsy SHO. OOLG ne n@scalleco.cem | CO.cm (Oc. cle QO-cm Qh cmlEQOse
88.1 $| TAL | @h-28 | GT-8 | 616 | OL-F | €&T | OPT | O8F | GT | 096 | SEL | 991 | Leb | OIF
“yy ‘09q |
sheet vel | IL-Ih | 600T | 49-2 | 06> | eet | r6r | 88g | 6L0 | 68% | SBT | ser | 689 | OF
“VION Ayn p P| = | PS-oS | wer WZ ILS Zor | Sere | 1S | Sore Zon | reve | 4ere | or:z, || Sone
08.1 §| PAT | GT-88 | 989 | 288 | 88h | BET | OET | GGe | HBT | SEB | 96T | 8B | GOH | 69.8
‘yigr Anf \ OK Arey ORS |) Aes | aen2 Wl cy4ra Wi tStae || S/4a4 | aks | ora || ae ASE || 4a I 4 tS
SP. Tél | $¢-0F 140.6 | 476 | £09 | GFL | G61 | 197 | 60 | 40 | OPT | OFT | FG | 10-F
SPIES 39) Vi) ste) |iSesS | Sesk gare ve. Gem | SS lero | Zor pine || PO ogre Okc | core
00.T J| LOT | $98 | G04 | 686 | OLF | ATT | 108 | OTF | S40 | F683 | FET | GIT | Leb | 68
SAFECO Vic) | 2O-OG year ieceeG nQraalenhscORsS |OSeom Sac memn cal NO Ge a |OOscm EGieec a meAmec
&F-T S| F2T | 12-98 | G88 | 8&6 | 6b | TTT | O16 | G6E | OTT | 6F6 | 66-0 | OFT | O97 | F8-E
*yyhI ‘00q \ see g6.ge | gar | Zoe | Loh | oe | of.b | 6c | Gee | zee | She | ae | oe | ZEEE
98-1 ALT | GALE 68-8 | OFS | 09-7 | BIT | ALG | GLH | GIL (99-6 | GBT | OFT | 69% | BBE
“yyfr Ae Yl oc oz.6z | figs a ideKee || tots |aClobia || (exenrA || Series Sista | oleae || Sepie hate || Goh || Mize
LE-T S|} TAT | 89-18 81-9 | £06 | €B& | 660 | APT | 06-8 | £90 | 80% | POT | 840 | 89> | £68
|
“yySr ‘99q 2
SE-T §| hl | 49-28 | 208 | 168 | 168 | GET | 288 | 99-F | 80 (99.8 | GOT | HPT | Ter | 298
% “UIBd
d10 UL 10
= erate Bey ‘[ejoy, | ‘oog | “AON | “900 | ‘gdag | “Sny | “Amp | oung | “heyy | rady |-qoaey| ‘qoq | ‘uec
&
iy
. ‘
S161 ‘LOIMLSIG AHL NI TIVANIVY

LLT

]@A9] Bas
aaoqe
7007

“ OBRIDAY
“ noreyg surdung Aq

“ oseIsAy
u0oryeyg Sutdung ues09
“WOM ‘ATOALasay oszASIUZ

tt aseroAy]|
“ s gryseg momMOT

“* gseIoay |p
“ SIOUTT UVVeH BIprsp

“- aseioay £
“* plozeyyseg ‘moysdayg

["* aseIoAy
nee ILOATOSOY AWLAST'T

“s QdRIDAY
“* IIOATEsay UsySIUepyT

“+ OP EIOAV a
‘“gIpueH oa, ‘Wynomnopy

“* 4Ino0g ByytM ‘Aeuurny

“PI6I—G06T Stvad OT F “SI6I—TLO6T Suwod FL 2 "FIGI—O06T SABOA CT + = “FI6T—S68T stv OZ t =“ FIGI—GEST SAVOA GZ es —“FIGI—068T SUvad 9G w
*PIGI—6RBT Siv90k 9z § “PIGI—LBRLI SAVOA 9z | *FIGI—SBET Savod Q¢ || ‘POPBOTPUL OSTA\.1ATIFO SSOTAN “FIGI—SSsI Sava JZ OY} AOJ SI [[VJUIBY osvIVAV— ALON

|

op heat PONG (|| 900 16.£€| So.t Lo.€ | So.b | 2S.z zg.€ | GS.z | gr.z | 99.1 | o1.2 | 96.2 | zzz | rz scel e28) OGRIOANTN
66.1 $| CAL | 82.98 | Gh2 | 6hS | ELF | O6T | 982 | Shr | 98-1 (4486 / TTT | 840 | hE | 06-8 | 06 |UIG'SUg sITSIg ‘u0;x0peg

|
}

|

| |

OLT 98-68 98-6 | 646 | 69% | GI-T | GT-6 | 209 | 100 | 608 | 081 | SET | 09m | Ane | ee yodeq 39 sx¥tty ‘qrod. na NT

ae EOGE|go.6 | gore | v2. | 1e.2 || GSrb | zo.c | od.c | re | 6S.2 | 15.6 ZQic |) ZO.e tee tees BBIOAY L

‘ygbhr ‘oaq \
€S.1
l

“yh ‘oaq
OAT S| €8I | 8L68 948 | 9% | 09% | cet | 091 | eG | TOT | 99% | 2eT | opr | 246 | cov | oF ““qoded 4g apvay ‘Yrpaeg
‘yb ‘90q } |
TG-T 69T | 06-886 988 | G96) GLb} S81] ELT | 89 | SIT) $90/ OCT) LET] 48h | 688 | eG | Are WXVOY ‘gIpreg
|
a ee }
“ULBd
a10Ul 10 [AA9| Bas

‘uve 9AOqGE

‘Aep evo “Ur 10-0 [R40], ‘00d "AON "400 *qdag ‘sny ‘Ainge | ‘aunge | ‘Avy | pady |‘yorsy | ‘qa
400.7

UT [[BJ FSo}BOT | YT
sAvp
jo ‘ON ! H Ae a Ss ae ee ee

= $161 ‘TOIMLSIG AHL NI TVIVANIVY

~o AKIN peel AIiIIKIIIIIKIIIII ae Eek
nN ANA AU AIK =
N geconeanuuaes poe eee

AU
beceeeee

I Fo A AA crt —— im
Aff 2a SS
ANN a Lye pletge pba bl ape acbafeafidecba bef \\\y nn
\\ie \ oe bh AAA ANA A A cet
NE VEE UIUC TA

FEEL CE
SERRE ReA\\\e A

OSLIET TTT TTT) AS IIIT AI ANN

pe ff feet teabebet VAI M4 alee

ipa esol UPS AN EE AIA sue HH
Si a Ra

ES AAA © AAA A eS ey

soi asiceeaostos{ a#aRROROREEGES

Soi OA KI NA ett
EAI III III coeeee aa
qe

‘AsIGUV9 ‘NV TAN3d ‘NOILVLS IWOISO0TONOSLIW SHL LV iaaanaas
AUNLVYAGWAL NVAW GNV SYNSSAad WULANOUVE NVSW TIVUNIVe SNIMOHS

—OOMNONIMN-DOONONTHNT-S YUTOMONOUPTON

NTFOVTODONONE ON

istiiininss

0-62 Pt tc petetebetefeepebebegetcbet tated ae

tt

ANN HE sesceeeae! ANN i

mae caeeaes ae siastictestet oman CA

tee peeeee i. bers betbfi AY IY
ANNAN Bd INN
IN mn nana ana A
na pare i peeeee fobetedefe we ANION NANNY
if ti nan sean eau ccace Mangan | | K ii
eo PN feb fete ete ANNAN INNA
BANNAN
_AUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIKIIT
seeategeee bef bbs fda cc AN iN

Fae KK a et Pod bps feofde WA ANG nC
Tae
AKI mi ee Toc aanaanan a
AKI
mc nna N\ "ce
dtd AN AWE
ANNAN AN ANON iN

i IIIT III CM
LIKI MII hy
ANANANNANNANANAN AAA AA ios
AE f fot tts aS hae
MAR RRA AIK
Peet Pere eee

ANNAN
\ rE

A ACN
BN) A NA

4
amt

Etats

ZAIN eotteteabedbectibehtiedat bff teed oT AI ie 92
LACTATE A A IIIT AAA AN A AOA
AANA AANA AN AANA A AANA AAA AIK ae pope nd ANN easeeee|)

AA ANA A AA A AA AA A SN dd A AKI
LOI I UA

AI IIIIIIIIKIIIIIIIIKK eae weneuan, \ oa NY

tI III iN Atty

Settee tt nnn nna mn AN
ae ARAN ANNAN ep a

TN
Lt

iececeaets eeeeeaee aaaemece
Ha aT : ae

NY

Pf |

(Gayour)
ongemonney woa) | ( Ecc cisanaind
Tn 0-0
ATAANANNANTANANAAA eo a a

AION <-
AUK TY €-
ANNAN A ANNO

{ ft bs g

CAI
ANI
AANANNANN AANA

potas

AANA Akt Be

Co)

DTMASSDOKONTFOA= COOK ON

ap es
[RU “ev "SIV a

“SI61 YVIAA AHL ONINNG WAaM HIVG NI

‘AdIGUV9 ‘NV TAN3d ‘NOILVLS 1V9ID01I0ONOALAW AHL Lv G3qdu093a
SUNLVYACWAL NVAW GNV 3YNSS3ad DYLAWOUVE NVAW TIVYUNIVS SNIMOHS

PPS)

ohbe

NV.

97

BIOLOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

REPORT FOR THE 28TH SESSION, Iog1f4-15.

COMMITTEE.

THE PRESIDENT and HON. SECRETARY OF THE C.N.S. (ex-officio).
W. N. ParKER, Ph.D., F.Z.S. (President).
T. H. Tuomas, R.C.A. (Vice-President).
G. E. Gammon.
H. E. SALmon.
H. M. Satmon.

J. J. Neate, J.P., Hon. Secretaries fov Field Walks.
ERNEST HeEatH, F.R.M.S. 3

R. W. A. SOUTHERN, Hon. Treasurer.
H. M. Hatrett, F.E.S. Hon. Secretary.

The number of members on the books is go.

Five Ordinary Meetings and the Annual Meeting (July 22nd,
1915) have been held in the course of the Session; the con-
tributions to the proceedings have been of an interesting and
important nature.

The following is a list of the papers read :—

Nov. 19,1914. H. M. Hatrett, F.E.S. “ Entomological
Notes for 1914, with a list of Additions to
the Glamorgan Hymenoptera aculeata.”

Nae 25.1015. J. R. te B. Tomiin, M.A., F.ES. “The
Coleoptera of Glamorgan, Part 3, Lamelli-
cornia to Phytophaga.’ (Communicated.)

G. C. S. Incram. “ The Loan Collection of
Slides from the Nature Photographic
Society.”

Feb. 18, 1915. MARGARET LATARCHE, M.Sc. “ Variation

in Animals and Plants.”

98 Biological and Geological Section.

Mar. 18,1915. J. Davy Dean. ‘Land Molluscs in the
Vale of Glamorgan.”

April 15, 1915. F. J. Norv, B.Sc., F.G:S. ~~ Possiless

July 22,1915. ARTHUR LovertpGeE. “Natural History
Notes from British East Africa.’ (Com-
municated).

The following exhibits were made and commented on :—

Nov. 19, 1914. G. C. S. INGRAM. A pale variety of the
Fritillary (Brenthis euphrosyne).

Jan. 21,1915. T. Butr Exins. A specimen of the Map
Butterfly (Avaschnia levana) taken at
Symond’s Yat on 28th May, 1913. See
Entomological Notes, Vol. XLVII., p. 54.

H. M. Hatrert, F.E.S. Specimensiier
the Beetles, Notiophilus hypocrita, from
Ardross ; Creophilus maxillosus var. ciliaris,
from Cloghane; Dasytes flavipes var.
mgripes, from Great Ganilly; and Ceuw-
thorrhynchus pilosellus, from Tubney and
Candleston; these had been sent by
Mr. J. R. le B. Tomlin as additions to the
Welsh National Museum Collection.

Mar. 18,1915. G. R. Broox, F.Z.S. A wax and glass
model of a Colonial Hydroid Polyp, pre-
pared by him for the Welsh National
Museum.

W. Evans Hoyte, M.A., D.Sc. Skeleton of
the Dodo, and preparations representing
this bird and the Great Auk as they
appeared in the flesh.

T. W. Procer. Skin of a Fire-crested Wren
(Regulus ignicapillus) obtained locally.

Biological and Geological Section. 99

July 22,1915. Ernest HEATH, F.R.M.S. Two Robin’s nests
which had been built on cisterns at his
house.

JOHN GrimeEs. A branch of a variegated Ash
tree found as a seedling at Raglan; a
plant of the Ribwort Plantain, in which the
flower heads had become modified into a
bunch of leaves, various plants from the
ballast, including Lepidium perfoliatum.

The second part of Mr. Tomlin’s paper on the Coleoptera of
Glamorgan, published in Vol. XLVI. of the Transactions, was
favourably reviewed in the “ Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine”’
and in the “‘ Entomologist’s Record.”’

During the Session the Section has sustained an irreparable
loss by the death of Mr. T. H. Thomas, R.C.A., Vice-President
of the Section, who had held the office of President for a
consecutive period of seventeen years from 1890 to 1906, and
had both during that long period and since, rendered immense
service to the Section, and had contributed largely to its
successful career by means of prepared papers, by exhibits,
and by the encouragement he gave to other contributors to the
proceedings of the Section.

The Accounts for the Session have been audited, and show
a balance in hand of £64 3s. 7d., of which £50 is being invested
in the 44 per cent. War Loan.

HM. BALLET,
Hon. Secretary.

"CrOr ‘yh caquiano yy,

‘HONAdS NHOL
‘NOWIVS UVOdA “H

‘JO91I09 PUNOJ pur pouTUEXs]

‘C161 ‘Ajnf puze ‘aalauvs
‘WADIAAIIS “UO HT

‘LLATIVH ‘WH

CE 694 GC z 60fF
“Le ony
Once. a ‘* puey ul yse9 Q) Gian jueg ye yisodaq] Uo jso10zUT ‘
Er -@r 09°" "* yueg ze ysey Ge 46 ss ; "* £yaTI0¢G
— UOISSES Aq poazoTfoo suorjdtiosqns ‘
QI-STOI 0} pivaioy oouryeq “ 0 0 g¢ ———
0) Wey Se "* UtoJUeT pure souepus}}yy “ LE iOe Ge SO pury ut yse9
Ove I ID9T[OD Fe SuULOOYT JO yUDoyT “ Se op i hee yurg }e yse)
coy amide mA sjequeprouy pue soseysog “ —! UOISSISG
Oley ar sy surjyuttg Agcy vI-E16I wWoIy soured oO]
pas Oe 9 PF. pe
‘9 ‘wowssag S1-F16r ay7 sof junovap ysvg Ud

INOITOUS: TVOLIOTOEgD - GNY Tvolmodord

‘ALHIOOS SLISTIVYALVN SdIGaVS

IOI

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SECTION.

ANNUAL REPORT. SESSION 1914-15.
OFFICERS AND COMMITTEE.

President - - = - J. S. CORBETT.
Hon. Sec. and Treasurer” - Joun W. RoDGER.

Vice-Presidents.
eee aisromAs: RECA: W. Evans Hoyte, M.A., D.Sc.

Committee.
J. Warp, F.S.A. W. CLARKE.
J. H. WeEstyr Evans. C. Morean, B.A.
C. H. FARNSWORTH. J. W. LonestaFrF.
Professor O. L. RICHMOND.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT.
The Accounts have been audited and show a credit balance

of £7 6s. 6d.
MEMBERSHIP.

The Membership is 58, a decrease of II since last year.

PAPERS.

No papers have been read before the Section during this
Session.

FIELD MEETINGS.

By the kind permission of Lord Bute, the Members visited
Castell Coch on July 24th, 1915. A short paper giving the
history of the Castle so far as it is known was read by Mr. J. S.
Corbett, President.

RESEARCH WoRK.

The Committee voted the necessary funds for completing
the investigations on the site of the presumed “ Prehistoric
Cooking Hearth”’ at Radyr, but owing to the difficulty of ob-
taining sufficiently skilled workmen the work on this site has
been postponed.

The Committee regrets to report the death of Mr. T. H.
Thomas, R.C.A. during this Session.

Mr. Thomas was the oldest remaining member of the Section,
and his loss will be greatly felt.

JOHN STUART CORBETT,
President.
JOHN W. RODGER,
Hon. Sec.

"M NHOfL

suondriiosqns “

FrOr “YE roqurioydag ‘puey ut sourjeg oy

‘g16r ‘Asvnuvf yzbhx "MADIAAIOS “UO HT
‘THLYOMSNUVA “H “9 pi ic karereys|
‘ya1I09 punoj pure poypny
g 0 br g 0 bi
9 9 4 Sx61 ‘Y}O€ Joquisz}desg ‘puvy ut sour[eg “
I QI C . ry - a5 . puny
UOTPVAVOXY YJIvaY IApey 0} uotzeuocy “ Gre Oe= ** : pe ae
its (0) it (0 ey ale sosuvdx7 [e1ouer) puv sasevysog Aq Zi. Or 7,
8) "S ii ‘p aS, fi
‘49 ‘uossas CI-PIOX ay} sof Junovdp ysvy

NOILOES TVOIDOTIOW HONV

‘ALHIOOS SISITIVYNLVN AXIGUVI

103

PHOTOGRAPHIC, SECTION:

REPORT FOR THE FOURTH SESSION, 1914-15.

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEE.

President.
Mr. GILBERT D. SHEPHERD.

Vice-Presidents.
Mr. S. W. ALLEN.
Mr. E. W. M. CorsBett, J.P.
Mr. EpcGar G. C. Down.
Mr. T. MANSEL FRANKLEN.
Dr. P. Ruys GRIFFITHS.

Hon. Treasurer.
Mr. ARCHIBALD BROWN.

Hon. Lanternist.
Mr. B. Lewis Hopkins.

Committee.

Miss Mary H. Grsson, Ph.D., M.A., B.Litt.
Mr. G. T. FLoox.
Mr. GEOFFREY C. S. INGRAM.
Mr. ArcH. H. LEE.
Mr. J. PETREE.
Mr. HARRY STORM.
Together with the President and Hon. Secretary of the Cardiff
Naturalists’ Society (e#-officio).

Hon. Secretary.
Mr. ARTHUR MORGAN.

The Committee has pleasure in presenting its Fourth Annual
Report dealing with the work of the Photographic Section for
the 1914-15 Session. Thanks are due to the members who
have contributed in various ways towards making the Section
so successful, more especially in view of the disastrous effect
that the War has had on so many Societies.

Interest in the Section has been well maintained. The
winter meetings were well attended, and the membership is
steadily increasing. The Session started with a membership
of 80, and ends with 89.

104 Photographic Section.

The Section has unfortunately sustained a serious loss
during the past Session in the death of Mr. Edgar G. C. Down,
who passed away after a painful illness. Mr. Down was
largely instrumental in building up the Section, and always
took a very keen interest in its work. He was President during
the 1913-14 Session and was a Vice-President at the time of his
death. As a mark of appreciation of Mr. Down’s many and
valued services to the Section the Committee has unani-
mously decided to elect Mrs. Down as an Honorary Associate
(under Rule 3).

The Section has also lost two other members by death—
Mr. T. H. Thomas, R.C.A., and Mr. S. L. Davies.

The Committee regrets to lose the services of Miss Mary
H. Gibson, M.A., Ph.D., B.Litt., on her leaving Cardiff for an
appointment in the North of England. Miss Gibson had been
a member of the Committee from the formation of the Section
in IQIT.

During the winter a series of ““ One Man Shows,”’ Demonstra-
tions and Lectures were given by members. The “‘ One Man
Shows’”’ held during the past two winters have proved so
popular and instructive that it is intended to make them a
permanent feature of the Sectional Programme each year.

The full list of meetings held is as follows :—

IQI4.

Oct. 13. Annual General Meeting. *Lecture, “‘ Pictorial
Photography.’
Noy. ro. *‘ Amateur Photographer ”’ Prize Slides.
» 24:,. *Lecture. “ Belgium’ Mr. J. Stummage:
One Man Show—Mr. S. J. MILNER.
Dec.- 8. *Lecture “The Telecentric Lens for General
Photography.” Mr. GILBERT D. SHEPHERD.

Jan. 12. “Lecture “ Record Photography.” Mr. J. PETREE.
One Man Show—Mr. ARTHUR MORGAN.

Feb. 9. Demonstration on Bromoil. Mr. Harry STORM.
One Man Show—Mr. H. S. WHITLEY.

Feb. 23. *Members’ Lantern Slide Evening.

Photographic Section. 105

Mar. 9, 10, 11. Members’ Annual Exhibition.
22. *Lecture “ Museum Photography.”’ Dr. W. Evans
Hoyte, M.A.
One Man Show—Mr. R. J Sutty.

The Lectures marked * were illustrated by lantern slides.

Owing to the War, it was thought advisable to discontinue
the Summer Field Walks, but the Committee hopes that the
Members have not been idle, and have obtained a good stock
of negatives.

At the Members’ Exhibition on March gth, roth, and rrth,
I9gI5, nearly 150 pictures and 120 lantern slides were shown.
The Judges were Mr. A. H. Blake, M.A., of London, for the
Pictorial Classes, and Dr. W. Evans Hoyle, M.A., of Cardiff,
for the Scientific and Natural History Classes. Both Judges
spoke very highly of the class of work exhibited, and congratu-
lated the Section on the success of the Exhibition. The Silver
Rose Bowl presented by Dr. P. Rhys Griffiths for annual
competition was awarded to Mr. Gilbert Shepherd for his picture

”

“ Majesty.’’ Various other Members were awarded certificates
of merit in the other classes.

In April, 1915, the first Welsh Salon of Photography was held
in London and fifteen photographs by seven members of the
Section were selected for exhibition there.

During the winter, Trimming and Mounting Competitions
were held and created much interest amongst the Members.
Mr. Ernest T. Bevan won first prize in the former, and
Mr. Harry Storm in the latter. Mr. R. Child Bayley, London,
Editor of ‘‘ Photography and Focus,” kindly acted as Adjudi-
cator for both Competitions.

Fifteen members are on service with the Forces, and it is
intended to keep a permanent record of the names of these
Members. The Committee suggests that, during the War,
no subscriptions should be regarded as due from the Members
who are unable to attend the Sectional Meetings owing to their
being on service with the Forces.

The Annual Statement of Accounts is reomed herewith.

‘“SNAOT “A O89 “C161 ‘4ago/9Q YIOX

ve ta

“AOANSVIAT “U0

‘SHNIND NHOL ‘NMONE "V
‘jOoIIOD PUNOJ PUL SIOYONOA YP POUTLUTeX 4
Pee emo Le C= OTT
TiO» 6 i. ** uoIlsses gI-S16r
0} PIVMIO} Potties soured “
(0) ares ** sjeyUoplouy pure soseysog
Ir og ——
1 ae / ea ie solipuns
pue sosuodxy suryjoariy
Or Geng) Xe "* sfoqe’y pourumnsy
On Ok ar a oH Sonso]e}e)
(op Sid iof ee ‘+ spre) uoTye}IAUyT
O) eal mR ast $0} COTT}.10°)
== OT
-Iqiyxy a4 sosuodxy yetroods “
O-— 01-0 uoT}VIOpay o1ypdeiso0joyg
DITYSYJNOUIUOJ PU SOTe A\
‘uorzdriosqns wuorjeyyy “ Ly 01 ** UOTIGIYX a] 7e POs sansoye}ey “
On Sine SSUTJOOJ TOF WOOY, Jo JU “ ) Soret ts nes UOT}IGIYXY JOF soap AryuyT “
2 15) 0) wg "+ wuloJUeT IOj sex ‘ Oe sia =? a suorydiosqns sioquoyy “
Q 2 @ "+ AqouoT}e}S pur suTyuLIg Ag OO as "* UOIsses PI-CI1OI WoIy soULTeg OF
Mess op ao ps #
“9 ‘uolssag SI-bIOI ay) Aof JunoIIp YSV)) SAaANSBIAT “UO Aq

NOL DAss Md va DOLOnd
‘ALGIOOS SISIITVYNLIVN AXICaAV)

107

REPORD. OR) THE. “COUNCIL

For the Year ending September 30th, 1915.

The Council has pleasure in submitting to the members
the Forty-eighth Annual Report of the Society.
The number of members at the close of last

Session was she <s ae +2) 407
Elected during 1914-15 ve ee mis 67
564
Deaths ay a2 25 he 12
Removals... “¢ a as 14
Resignations .. ss + iz 18
av 44
520

The members are distributed thus :—

Honorary Members . o a 7
Ordinary Members .. - Ae ee PADS
Life Members om ae AM ¥ 17
Non-Resident Members 3
Corresponding Members... Se Je 7
Associates I

520

The Society has unfortunately suffered serious loss during
the year by the death of the following members :—Mr. M. W.
Aisbitt, Mr. S. L. Davies, Mr. Henry Deacon, Mr. Edgar G. C.
Sree AJRT.B.A;, Dr W. T. Edwards, J.P.,. Mr. C.- H.
James, J.P., Mr. W. Lester Jones, J.P., Mr. Frank Reynolds,
ee Mr J. ¥. Strawson, Mr. T. H. Thomas, R.C.A., Miss
Watkins, and Mr. E. J. Whitley.

Mr. C. H. James and Mr. T. H. Thomas were Past-Presidents
of the Society and served on the Council for many years. An

108 Report of the Council.

obituary notice of Mr. James has appeared in Volume XLVII.
of the Transactions, and an obituary notice of Mr. Thomas
will appear in the next volume. Mr. Edgar Down was an
active member of the Council for several years up to the date
of his death, and was specially interested in the formation and
development of the Photographic Section.

The following is a list of Papers read at Members’ Meetings,

WAV AS a

IQI4.
Oct. 22nd. Annual Meeting. Presidential Address by
Mr. H. M. Hallett, F.E.S—‘‘ Ants, Wasps and
Bees.”’
Nov. 12th. Mr. H. Avray Tipping, M.A., F.S.A.—“ Gardens,
Old and New.”
Dec. 17th. Mr. Geoffrey C. S. Ingram—‘‘ Some Photographic
Studies of the Wild Life of the District.”
IgI5.
Jan. 14th. Mr. Evan W. Small, M.A., B.Sc.—‘‘ Some Floren-
tine Churches and Palaces.”
Feb. 11th. Professor T. Franklin Sibly, D.Sc., F.G.S.—‘‘ The
British Coasts.”’
Mar. rith. Professor Frederic Bacon, M.A., A.M.I.Mech.E.—

“How Metals Break.”
The following Public Lectures have been delivered during

the year :—
IQI4.
Oct. 30th. Mr. Hilaire Belloc—‘‘ The Great War.”
Nov. 26th. Dr. Marie C. Stopes, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.L.S—*A
Scientist’s Journey through Japan.”
Dec. roth. Professor F. C. de Sumichrast—‘* Belgium, the
Cockpit of Europe.”
IgI5.
Jan. 28th. Rev. T. T. Norgate, F.R.G.S.—* The War Drama
up-to-date.”
Feb. 25th. Mr. T. Sheppard, F.G.S., F.S.A.Scot.—* Lost

Towns of the Yorkshire Coast.”

Report of the Council. 109

Mar. 25th. Professor W. J. Sollas, LL.D., F.R.S.—‘“ The
Paviland Caves.”’

The whole of the meetings were held in the Cory Hall.

The thanks of the Society are due to members who have read
Papers, and also to those who ente1tained the Lecturers.

The First Summer Meeting was held on Wednesday, May roth,
I9gI5, at Fonmon Castle, and was attended by over seventy
members. Inthe unavoidable absence of Mr. O. H. Jones, J.P.,
the party was met by Mrs. Jones, who explained the principal
features of the building and gave an interesting resumé of
the history of the house and estate. The members were much
interested in the paintings, furniture and china. Tea was
taken at Khoose before returning to Cardiff.

The Annual Field Meeting (Ladies’ Day) was held at Tintern
and Mounton on Saturday, July roth, 1915, and was attended
by over a hundred members. On account of the War, it was
decided to have a shorter Field Meeting than usual, and the
members left Cardiff at one o'clock in motor chars-d-bancs.
Tintern was reached soon after three o’clock, and after a short
inspection of the Abbey, the party proceeded to Mounton House,
near Chepstow, where they were met by Mr. H. Avray Tipping,
M.A., F.S.A., the owner of the property. Tea was taken in
the grounds, after which the house and gardens were inspected
under the guidance of Mr. Tipping. The visit proved cf
particular interest to the members owing to the fact that the
house was of recent erection and incorporated many features
of an original character. The gardens also showed that the
best possible use had been made of a somewhat unique site.
A meeting of members was held at Mounton, when Mr. John
Grimes was elected President for the Ig15-16 session. The
chars-a-bancs left soon after seven o’clock, and reached Cardiff
about nine p.m.

The Third Summer Meeting was held on Saturday, September
25th, 1915, at the National Museum Buildings now in course
of erection in the Cathays Park, Cardiff. The members were
met by Dr. W. Evans Hoyle, M.A., the Director of the Museum,

IIo Report of the Council.

and by representatives of the Contractors for the building.
Sufficient progress had been made to enable the members to
gain a fairly definite idea of the Museum as it will ultimately
appear, and much admiration was expressed for the general —
arrangements and design. The party was also much interested
in the stone-working machinery, which was of a very complete
character. Over 120 members attended.

During the year steps have been taken towards the provision
of a Memorial to the late Dr. Charles Tanfield Vachell, which
would perpetuate his long connection with the Society. It was
decided that this should take the form of a Memorial Tablet
to be placed in a prominent position at the National Museum
of Wales (by kind consent of the Council of the Museum), and
Sir W. Goscombe John, R.A., generously expressed his readiness
to design and execute the tablet. A fund has been raised
amongst the members to cover the cost of materials and
erection, and any surplus will be handed over to the General
Fund being collected to defray the cost of a Memorial East
Window in St. John’s Church, Cardiff. The Council is greatly
indebted to Sir Goscombe John for his kindness in preparing
the model for the tablet.

A new Statute enacted by the Court of Governors of the
National Museum of Wales, has received the approval of the
Privy Council, by which the Society and other representative
bodies became entitled to appoint representatives upon the
Court of Governors. Mr. H. M. Hallett, F.E.S., has been
appointed the Society’s representative for the ensuing three
years.

In accordance with the amendment cf Rule No. 22, passed
at the last Annual Meeting, the Council has appointed Lloyds
Bank, Ltd., Trustee for the Society, and the investments of
the Society have been transferred to the Bank accordingly.

It is intended to place on record the names of all members
serving with the Forces, and at the Annual Meeting a resolution
will be submitted approving of the action of the Council in
deciding that no subscription should be regarded as due, during

Report of the Council. ELE

the period of the War, from members who are unable to avail
themselves of the privileges of membership through service
away from Cardiff.

The Council regrets to report that Mr. William Sheen, who
had so ably edited the Society’s Transactions for ten years,
felt it necessary to resign that post, chiefly on account of his
leaving Cardiff to command the Welsh Hospital. Di. D, R.
Paterson, at the request of the Council, kindly undertook the
position, and Volume XLVII. of the Transactions has been
issued during the year under his editorship.

The Council desires to express its thanks to Dr. E. Walford,
PEP H., for again kindly editing the Meteorological Report.

The three Sections of the Society, viz. :—Biological and
Geological, Archeological, and Photographic, have been main-
tained during the year, although their activities have been
necessarily restricted to a large extent owing to the continuance
of the War.

The Annual Statement of Accounts is presented herewith.

14

mmo Oo

61 LglF

,, UBSIOWR] JO sparg ,,

ysoro}UyT pue spuoprarcy ‘

Areutpr9g—suorjdirosqns
qyunoosoy S,1voA yse] Wor; oouRlegr Aq

b 61 Lgl¥
g Sr Ser ** junoooy S.1eoX yxoU 07 9oULTeEg
One Ez ‘ sie DAIOSOX IUOIZLSIOAUOD
(oy Co) : “+ ginyruinyy yo uoreroidoq
| ae Coyne E56)
On Ae Sr6 s}dtooay ssaT
jt, fbi Toyown oi $oiny00'T
Ge aGteas,
(Oy 74 Fal : : PIOS S}JoxOLT, ssaT
| fe SNe ; SSUTPOOW. PPT
| A ae o9 as oie sosuodx sy feroues
IO) 65 92 eaEeeey pure ‘surjurig ‘Arouw0ne4S
\peSr sci OE SsuTjOoP ,S19q WOT
OTe suorjorsue1y, pur sz10doayq7

“e

ce

ae

“CrOx ‘vaquiajdas yjo€ surpua

Wa XK ay) sof Junovdp anuanay

2 HIOOs —slslivali ly N teiGiy

4d

‘MOLIGAY ‘NOH ‘WHOONd

“S161 ‘19q0}0O YWEI ‘aaAIaUVO

"ML (peusts)

‘MaUASVANL ‘NOH ‘NMOUA CGIVAIHOUV (peusis)

"S161 ‘19q0}00 YREI ‘AaIGUVD

SOT}I[IGeIT I9AO Sassy JO ssooxyY Suteq ‘souereg

JUNOIDY VAIOSIY

. we oe oe

JUNOSIY SAIOSAYY UOIZeSIOAUOD
"+ JuNODDY 4ST] sosueyoxy popueyxy
“ss yUNOSY suOTWwAROXT IOeVsTyIDH
ae soueApe ut pred suondtiosqns
sIo}Ipeig Arpuns

SS CUNT anvalial

b Li g10F b+ Lr g10F
12 Sie anohs
OI g ZI qunoooy JUueTIND
C) GC) (hig yunoooy psodeq
—: ‘ZIA ‘payruiry ‘yueg spAoyy ye yseo
ONO er x at : suondriosqns
JIT oy} JO yUNOUre 9y} SuTpNypouUr
(€z6 ye) Yoo}S sVoOUDTZJoIg ‘}UI0
god + Aueduiog Avmyreyy Arreq oozF OCS Serer
Oo z ov Oy eseez, ot
At Eo {0) pjosun ,, e1O,,J UeSIOWr[y ,, s @ n- ae)
oO, tf 0 pjosun ,, P10, Yrpieg,, ug oO) ear
O70) pjosun sjz10dayyz ge Oo & oF
OD OL Zc Areiqry cf oy Ge
Omar oInjuIN FO onfer Se sice
‘Pp ‘Ss if 2 ©) ‘Ss F 8) ‘Ss F
BSN UGISS\

“‘CrOI ‘vaquiagdas yz0€

“ALATIDOS

‘JaayS aouvwg

‘SLSILV ALO LYN. eG ay)

114

LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY, AND OF
THE SECTIONS, ON SERVICE WITH HIS MAJESTY’S
FORCES AT THE ist JANUARY, 1916.

EDWARD JAMES Aucust, Lieutenant and Quartermaster, R.A.M.C. (T.),
The Welsh General Hospital, Netley.

ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL Brown, Lieutenant, 3rd Battalion, Welsh
Regiment.

James HENESDON Cross, 2nd Lieutenant, 14th Infantry Brigade.

ARTHUR CHARLES CULLEY, Lieutenant, R.A.M.C. (T.), and O.C, Adminis-
trative Centre, 2nd Welsh Field, Ambulance (T.).

HERBERT Cyrit Davin, Lieutenant, 3rd Battalion Welsh Regiment.

Tannat WILLIAM EDGEWoRTH Davip, Major, Australian Mining Corps,
/ NEED

Enocu THomas Davies, Chaplain, 68th (Welsh) Division.

JouN OwEN Davis, Lieutenant, 53rd Welsh Divisional Signal Company,
Rope):

ARTHUR C. DEVEREUX, F.R.C.S., Captain, R.A.M.C. (T.), 53rd Welsh

Casualty Clearing Station.

FRANK DiIxEy, Sapper, 1/4th E.L. Company, Glam. (F.) R.E. (T.).

Harotp CorsBetT Downine, Captain, 1/6th Battalion Welsh Regiment
(ie):

Henry J. DunBar, M.D., F.R.C.S. (Edin.), Captain (Temporary Major),
R.A.M.C. (T.), 2nd Welsh Field Ambulance.

Epwarp Emrys-Roperts, M.D., Captain, R.A.M.C., Welsh Army Corps.

Joun H. EnGLanp, Captain, Royal Garrison Artillery (T.).

CHARLES E. Evans, Sub-Lieutenant, R.N.R.

HERBERT WILLIAM CRESSWELL Evans, Lance-Corporal, Motor Cyclist,
7th Battalion Welsh Regiment.

FRANK RONALD Firoot, 2nd Lieutenant, Royal Garrison Artillery (T.).

Henry TuHoMaAs GILiinG, Lieutenant-Colonel, 1/2nd Welsh Brigade,
R.F.A.

GRIFFITH GREENWAY, Lieutenant, R.G.A. (T.).

Puitip Ruys GRIFFITHS, Lieutenant-Colonel, R.A.M.C. (T.), 3rd Western
General Hospital.

FRANK GUNN, Lieutenant, 3/5th Welsh Regiment (T.).

GEOFFREY C. S. INGRAM, Private, Army Reserve.

ARTHUR P, James, Lieutenant-Colonel and Hon. Colonel, formerly O.C.
2/sth Battalion Welsh Regiment (T.).

JouHN GRIFFITH JONES, Major, 51st Provisional Battalion.

ARCHIBALD HENRY LEE, Captain, 2/5th Welsh Regiment (T.).

HaroLtp Morcan Lewis, Lance-Corporal, 21st Service Battalion Royal
Fusiliers.

HENRY Lewis, Captain, R.F.A.

JosEpH Henry Lioyp, Private, A.S.C. (Horse Transport).

Members in His Majesty's Forces. II5

Ewen JOHN MacLean, Major, R.A.M.C. (T.), Registrar and Adjutant,
3rd Western General Hospital.
ANDREW DownincG MEnry, Private, Honourable Artillery Company.
Donacp R. Paterson, M.D., Major, R.A.M.C. (T.), 3rd Western General
Hospital.
OWEN LEWELLIN Ruys, M.D., R.A.M.C. (T.), Lieutenant-Colonel,
Commanding 2/2nd Welsh Field Ambulance.
WiLitAM ASHTON RODGER, 2nd Lieutenant, rst Battalion Welsh Regiment.
Wrt11aM Rowe, Engineer Commander, H.M.S. ‘“ Tipperary.”
ARTHUR HOWE Savmon, Private, 2nd Battalion, Honourable Artillery
Company.
EDGAR STRIGUIL SALMON, Private, Seaforth Highlanders.
HARRY Morrey Sacmon, 2nd Lieutenant, 3rd Battalion Welsh Regiment.
HowarD THURSTAN SALMON, Private, 21st Battalion Royal Fusiliers
(4th N.P.S.).
Haroitp A. SCHOLBERG, Captain, R.A.M.C. (T.).
WALTER GILBERT Scott, Captain, 2/7th (Cyclists) Battalion, The Welsh
Regiment.
ALFRED WILLIAM SHEEN, Lieutenant-Colonel, R.A.M.C. (T.)., O.C. The
Welsh General Hospital, Netley.
CHARLES ALFRED RUSSELL STOWER, Major, 7th Battalion Queen’s Royal
W. Surrey Regiment.
SIDNEY JULIAN WAKEFORD, 2nd Lieutenant, 120th Brigade R.F.A.,
38th Division.
EpwWarpD WALFORD, Major, R.A.M.C. (T.), Specialist Sanitary Officer and
Senior Medical Officer, Severn Garrison.
Str HENRY Wess, Bart., M.P., Lieutenant-Colonel, 14th Battalion
Worcestershire Regiment.
EpWArRD Barton WHITE, Major, R.A.M.C. (T.)., Registrar and Adjutant,
The Welsh Metropolitan War Hospital, Whitchurch.
*GEORGE WIDOWFIELD, 2nd Lieutenant, 1st Monmouthshire Regiment.
Cecit Locke Witson, Lieutenant-Colonel, 2/7th (Cyclists) Battalion,
Welsh Regiment (T.).
HERBERT HENRY WidLsON, Conducteur, Automobile Service of the
French Army.
HERBERT REDWOOD VACHELL, Lieutenant-Colonel, R.A.M.C. (T.), 3rd
Western General Hospital, Cardiff.

* Died of wounds in France,

116

CARDIFF NATURALISTS’

ESTABLISHED 1867.

Past Presidents.
1868—WILL1IAM ADAMS, C.E., F.G.S.
1869—WILLIAM ADAms, C.E., F.G.S.
1870—WILLIAM ADAMS, C.E., F.G.S.
187I—WILLIAM ApDams, C.E., F.G.S.
1872—WILLIAM ApDams, C.E., F.G.S.
1873—Wiiiam Apams, C.E., F.G.S.

SOCIETY:

1874—FRANKLEN G. Evans, F.R.A.S., F.R.M.S.

1875—JOHN WALTER Lukis, M.R.I.A.
1876—WILLIAM TaAytor, M.D.
1877—JOHN Wa ttTeR Lukits, M.R.I.A.
1878—COLONEL PICTON TURBERVILL.
1879—HENRY HeEywoop, C.E., F.C.S.
1880—Louis TyYLor.

1881—CLEMENT WALDRON.
1882—GEORGE E. ROBINSON.
1883—WILLIAM GALLOWAY.
1884—-PETER PRICE.

1885—C. T. VAcHELL, M.D.
1886—HENRY HEYwoop, C.E., F.C.S.

1887—-J. VirR1AMU JONES, M.A., F.R.S.

1888—T. H. Tuomas, R.C.A.
1889—W. RONNFELDT.

1890—J. GAVEY.

t891—C. T. VAcCHELL, M.D.

1892—C. T. VaAcHELL, M.D.

1893—C. T. WHITMELL, M.A.
1894—EDWIN SEWARD, F.R.I.B.A.
1895—R. W. ATKINSON, B.Sc., F.I.C.

1896—Rev. Canon C. J. THompson, D.D.

1897—ROBERT DRANE, F.L.S.
1898—J. TaATHAM THompson, M.B.
I899—C. T. VACHELL, M.D.
I9g00—W. N. ParkErR, Ph.D.
I901—J. J. NEALE.

1902—C. H. JAMEs.

1903—D. R. Paterson, M.D.
1904—T. W. PROGER.

1905—P. Ruys GRIFFITHS, M.B.
1906—E. H. GrirFitus, Sc.D., F.R.S.

1907—J. Berry Haycrart, M.D., D.Sc.

1908—A. H. Trow, D.Sc.
I909—ARCHIBALD BROWN.
I910—REvV. Davip Daviess, M.A.
1911—W. S. Bourton, B.Sc., F.G.S.
I9QI2—WILLIAM SHEEN, M.S., F.R.C.S.
I913—E. P. PERMAN, D.Sc., F.C.S.
I9I14—JOHN W. RODGER.

1915—H. M. Hatcett, F.E.S.

CC ogWE&<$EEE LE

{17

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL, 1015-16.

President.
JOHN GRIMES.
Vice-Presidents.
E. P. PERMAN, D.Sc., F.C.S.
Joun W. RopceEr.

Isl, INL, dalsneicinarny Wa BaSy
Hon. Treasurer.
ARCHIBALD BROWN.

Hon. Librarian.
lal Wis Ist Ncieioaey, I BASs
Hon. Secretary.

OwEN L. Ruys, M.D.
Hon. Assistant Secretary.
GILBERT D. SHEPHERD, F.C.A.
Council.

HARRY FARR.

ERNEST HEATH, F.R.M.S.

W. Evans Hovte, M.A., D.Sc.
GEOFFREY C. S. INGRAM.

D. SIBBERING JONES.
WENTWORTH H. PRICE, F.C.A.
O. L. RicHMoNnD, M.A.

H. EpGAR SALMON.

W. GILBERT SCOTT.

T. FRANKLIN SIBLY, D.Sc., F.G.S.
E. WALFoRD, M.D., D.P.H.
Cecm LD Witson, ERAEB A

“Also such of the Past Presidents as shall, in reply to an annual circular
from the Honorary Secretary, consent to serve.’’

BIOLOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL SECTION.
President.
Professor’ W. N. PARKER, Ph.D., F.Z.S.

Hon. Secretary.

Tal, INE Tala, 1S.

ARCHASOLOGICAL SECTION.
President.
J. S. CorBETT.

Hon. Secretary.
J. W. RopcGeEr.

PHOTOGRAPHIC SECTION. -
President.
J. PETREE,
Hon. Secretary.
ARTHUR J. MORGAN.

0

7 - -_ , 7 Fj
7 7 <
?
:
-

/14

\\

. wt bs i Pal ieee |.) eee eS

\

TRANSACTIONS OF THE

SakDIRE NATURABISTS SOCIETY

Vor. XLPX

1916

Cardiff Naturalists’ Society

REPORT
AND TRANSACTIONS

VoL. MEX

1916

The Price of the Transactions is Ten Shillings and Sixpence

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY

WILLIAM LEwIs (PRINTERS), LTp., CARDIFF

1917

7 ) fe ‘ a 7 oe : -
+ ane ah ;
d =. i a) _
Ga
“a = a
= }
”
. é

\,

CONTENTS

VOL. XLIX. 1916

Frontispiece—Bust of the late CHARLES TANFIELD
VACHELL, M.D.

Meteorological Observations in the Society’s District,
1916. E. WALFORD, M.D., F.R.Met.Soc. - -

The Minerals of Glamorgan. F. J. Nortu, B.Sc., F.G.S.
The Hemiptera of Glamorgan. H. M. HALLetTrt, F.E.S.
Entomological Notes. H. M. HALtett, F.E.S. - -

Ornithological Notes, 1916. TT. W. PROGER and
D. R. PATERSON. - - - - = a Ss

Biological and Geological Section. Report and
Statement of Accounts for the Twenty-Ninth
Session IQI5-16 - - - - - - -

Archeological Section. Report and Statement of

Accounts for the Session 1915-16 - . . -

Photographic Section. Report and Statement of
Accounts for the Fifth Session, 1915-16 - -

Report of the Council, 1915-16 - - - -— =

Statement of Accounts for the Year ending September
30th, 1916 - - - - - - - -

List of Past Presidents of the Society - - -

Officers and Council of the Society, 1916-17 - -

PAGE

67

70

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN
ek SOCIETY S DIST RICE, 1916,

By EB WALFORD. WD. E’R Mer Soc. »

The average monthly rainfall over the whole of the Society’s
district (comprised within the semi-circular area, having the
Beacons as its northernmost point, its base the coastline from
Neath to Chepstow, and with a mean height of 632 feet above
the sea level) was as follows :—

January .. Ee i b 5:98 inches.
February ee 53 Re 7°85
March 390° ,,
April ZOOL) _;,
May 4:28
June 3°03
July 203 4;,
August A-OGn s:
September Ewan
October . EE-OSs yy,
November 5Om rl 5
December os - 2: AS oe
62125 =
TotalinIgI5 .. if: ei ccav A) ee
» I9Qr4 .. . oe SOTA? Ss
7 EGER) <1 s Rts S Sy Ae
i EQEZ> . . aH See OG-20" = ee
oe) SHOU. ©... a eo 50:05 5
Pee BOLO! 45: ia Sa dO is
FA LOGO. 2, ie BY? 50°83 SC,
Pe EOO8.' = By ae 45:60 _,,
ee PLOT ive eee 523%
ha SE OO OM fa. a Va A ZOr 4.
A. 1905 .- aa Spo GOR «53
Sa VEOOs Ty: ar oe BL S0-02n
" TGOZ fs ae Ay 67-9015;

a 1902... a al ny 9 ae

2 Meteorological Observations, 1916.

FEET ABOVE INCHES

OBSERVERS. MEAN OF
/ SEA LEVEL, RAIN.
C. H. PRIESTLEY, Summit of Tyle Brith, Brecknockshire 2350 75°46
% Nant Penig # 2% Ne s7e1 2000 99:97
PP Nant Ddu ae are ae ae SOO 79°83
“5 Storey Arms ae oe is - EA gO 73°79
ee Beacons Reservoir at ae =.) 8340 88-20
a Nant Gwineu .. is Be ia) Mes 54°95
Ernest W. TERREY, C.E., F.G.S., Pontlluestwen
Reservoir, Maerdy, No. 1 Gauge ae as -. 2650 soORg27
es - No. 2 Gauge sie Se a 222i5 67°54
5 = 3 Gauge ae SA Shel ZOO. 93°66
irenG: Sreer, Blaenavon Estate Office, Mon. 6 eg 1G 58-03
C. H. PrRiESTLEY, Pentwyn Uchaf Farm .. ae on eis 70°43
a Cantreff Reservoir ve ae ie, 2 REZO 81-60
5 Garw-nant 28 se af -- TTOo 76:10
R. C. HARRISON, Gwernllwyn, Dowlais °.. ote LOWE 56-72
EBBW VALE STEEL, IRON, AND CoAL Co., Ebbw Vv ralé Er go2 62°77
C. H. PrRiESTLEY, Llwynon Reservoir, Brecknockshire .. 860 64°86
5 Pont-ar-daf ne : a se 850 71°71
GLYNCORRWG COLLIERY COMPANY, eipncoraye here : 725 92°99
THE UNITED NATIONAL COLLIERIES, LTD., acnechert Me 670 97:24.
NEWPORT CORPORATION, Newchurch, Wentwood, Mon. 525 47°38
is Nantypridd, Wentwood, Mon... 500 45°71
es Llanvaches Embankment as 456 44°50
3 Pant-yr-eos Reservoir, Mon. .. 435 59°85
EDWARD CurRRrE, Itton Court, Chepstow .. Ae ot 390 40°11
E. Tupor OWEN, Ash Hall, Cowbridge .. oe Bc 315 54°25
HEnry Cray, Piercefield Park, Chepstow : 300 40°36
ERNEST W. TERREY, C.E., F.G.S., Lan Wood Feeeee oir,
Pontypridd a : a axe 300 62-98
GopDFREY L. Crark, J.P., Taly ae ‘Glam, rte re 250 65°44
James WILLIAMS, Wern Hece Ystalyfera ae 240 72°90

Sir HENRY MATHER JACKSON, Bart., Llantilio Court, Mon. 230 29°79
E. WaALrorD, M.D., Meteorological Station, ies

Carditiny =. os : . 20x 47°36
Rev. Canon HARDING, Saree Rocleeld: Mon. ee IQI 36:09
J. F. Mattuyssens, Witla Court, Rumney 3 s% L7G, 43°97
The Hon. LADY SHELLEY, The Hendre, Monin arth ote L7O 31°62
C. H. PriEsti£Ey, Llanishen Reservoir, Glam. .. Ae 155 44:70

Lisvane Reservoir, Glam. ae si 150 41°95

Mrs. Lysa AGHT, Castleford, Chepstow aC as 146 39°37
C. H. PRIESTLEY, The Heath Filter Beds, Canin aE 132 47°75
O. H. Jones, J.P., Fonmon Castle, Glam. - 54 130 40°29
NEWPORT Paneer Ynis-y-fro Reservoir, Mace f 130 40°57
C. H. PRIESTLEY, Cogan Pumping Station, Glam. _ D2 41°41
- Ely Pumping Station, Glam. .. oe 53 48-03

A, A. PETTIGREW, Roath Park, Cardiff .. xe ae 52 46:97
C. H. PriEstiry, Trade Street Depot, Cardiff .. ae 45 46:90
NEWPORT CORPORATION, Friars Street Depot, Newport .. 33 47°58

T. E. FRANKLIN, Biglis Pum ping Station, Cadoxton, Barry 20 43°50

Os

Meteorological Observations, 1916.

CARDIFF METEOROLOGICAL STATION.

The situation and equipment of this Station has been fully
described in previous reports, and no change in either has taken
place during the year. In view of the necessity of economising
the expenditure in printing at the present time, it has been
considered desirable to limit the volume of the Meteorological
Report to the statistical tables and a short summary of the
main features in each month.

4 Meteorological Observations, 1916.

TABIES YL.
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY.

Mean Barometric Pressure.* Hygrometer.*
Jaye At M.S.L Dry Bulb Wet Bulb | Mean Relati
~ 1.5. Li. y bu e u ean helative
Uncorrected. | 31320 F. | (Mean). (Mean). Humidity.
in. in. I BA chy oF
January --| 29-992 30°195 46°5 44°7 87
February --| 297566 | 29:760 38-9 7°3 87
March .. --| 29°461 29°681 38°5 36°8 86
April 2% ve 30-064 30°268 46:8 43°5 76
May .. --| 29°746 29°926 52-0 49°3 See
June .. --| 29:788 29:963 §30 | 49°6 79
oly 2 Oso, 30:004 60-1 57°6 84
August ae 29°759 30:046 6L£°5 58°9 84
September. ..} =~ 29'907 30-065 55°9 53°6 86
October --| 209:678 29°850 52:8 50°6 86
November ..| 29°559 29606 | 44:2 | 42-7 87
December --| 20°444 29:667 35:9 35°1 93
Means ..| 28-881 29°925 48°8 | 46°6 84
* From observations at 9 a.m. and 9 p.m.
TABLE ike
TEMPERATURE.
Difference
1916, | Maximam.| ainimum.| ,afeam of, | Mean of | Mean Teme) fom
(27 years).
sey. cub gel cle ale °v He sabe
January .. Syst 350 50°6 42-0 46:5 |+ 7:5
February Gua 26-2 43°8 34:6 36:2, | ro
March 55:1 20-7 44°1 34:0 39:0 |— 374
April 70:6 32-25 ACG 39°60 47:2 |+ 0:8
May 75°3 | 360 | 60-3 | 45-4 | 52:8 |4+ og
June 67°1 39°6 67°1 46°7 53:4. |= 38
July 76°4. 48°38 68-0 52°9 60°4. |— 03
August 78:9 49:0 69:7 56-6 63°71 |+ 2:8
September 72:0 40:0 63:0 50-2 56°5 |4+ o-2
October .. 64:8 30°9 57°6 48°3 5370 |+ 2:7
November 5555 30°0 49°1 40°0 44:5. ee
December 54°9 20°9 41-2 31°8 30°60 |\— 41
Max. Min. Mean Mean Mean
78°9 20°9 §5°8 43°5 494 |+ 1-9

Meteorological Observations, 1916. 5
TABLE. III.
SOLAR AND TERRESTRIAL RADIATION, UNDERGROUND
TEMPERATURE, AND SUNSHINE.
TEMPERATURE. Bright
; Sunshine—
1916. Grace Underground (Mean.) gree eee
Minimum Average
(Mean). lft. 4ft. (8 years).
Sd De ae eaik. hrs
January 38°4 44:8 45°8 Tl at
February 32:2 41-2 45:2 78:8 ig.
March . 30°3 390°4 42°7 85-8 — 22°5
April 33°6 46-2 44:8 228-0 |+ 44:3
May 40°6 54°6 49°5 LOS*Se «|= 2t'9
June 41-2 56°5 53°4 181-5 To ee
July 50°6 61-9 56°4 246% |4+- 33°5
August 51-2 64:2 60-1 214°2 + 19:0
September . 46°7 58:8 58:5 1380 |-—- 13°1
October 45°3 54°6 56:3 83-2 — 13:2
November 36:6 46-1 51-4 46-7 i— 23:0
December 27:2 37:6 45°4 43°7 — 10°5
Mean Mean Mean Total
39°5 5O25 50°8 EGS22O NF = 5375
TABLE, IV;
RAINFALL.
Difference éGrentest *Date of *No. of Days
1916. Amount. ee ‘ Fallin Geaieat Se
(27 years). 24 hours. Fall. ae aeaetie
ins. ins. ins,
January 3°16 -|— 0-76 OI 2nd 21
Pebruary 5°72 + 2°85 60 t4th 27
March .. 3°21 + -o1 “OI roth 19
April 1°75 — 96 35 16th T2
May 4:68 + 2°30 I-40 24th 20
June 4°62 + I-71 1:22 27th 17
July 2:21 = <3 I-02 6th 8
August 3°55 — 59 I-06 25th 15
September 2:20, |— °45 82 26th 9
October 9:04 |+ 4:14 1°35 2nd 27
November 3°39 0 |-———Ss eI 76 6th 18
December 3°33, |— +83 76 28th 16
Total Total
47°30 = |+ 6:94 I-40 24th May 209

* 24 hours ending 9 a.m, next day,

6 Meteorological Observations, 1916.

MAIN FEATURES OF THE MONTHS.
Ig16.

JANUARY.

Weather. Dull and mild. Wind chiefly N.W.

Barometric Pressure. Above the average, being 29-992.

Sunshine. Deficient 41-4 hours. 11-5 below average of
eight years.

Rainfall. Total, 3-16 in. +76 in. below average for 27 years.
Rain fell on 21 days; greatest fall, -gI in. in 24 hours on
the 2nd.

Mean Temperatures. Abnormally high. 46-5, or 7:5 above
average. Maximum, 57:1 on the Ist. Minimum, 35-0 on
the 14th. Minimum on the grass, 27-0 on the 14th and
29:0 on the 23rd. Frost, 2 days.

FEBRUARY.

Weather. Wet and cold. Wind chiefly N.W. A severe hail-
storm on the 3rd. On the 15th an unusually hard north-
west wind sprang up. On the 23rd to the 26th heavy falls
of snow occurred.

Barometric Pressure. Average.

Sunshine. Slightly deficient, 78-8 hours. 1-3 below average.

Rainfall. Above average by 2-85 in. Rain fell on 27 days.
Total, 5-72 in.; greatest fall in 24 hours, -60 in. on the
14th.

Temperatures. Mean, 39:2. Normal, or 1-0 above average.
Maximum, 51-2 on the 6th, 13th, and 16th. Minimum,
26:2 on the 25th. Frost recorded on eight days. Grass
Minimum, 24-0 on the 28th. Frost recorded, 15 days.

MARCH.
Weather. Generally dull. Wind chiefly N.E. and N.W.
Blizzard, 27th and 28th. Heavy fall of snow with gale of
wind. (See note under heading of ‘‘ Extremes.’’) —

Meteorological Observations, 1916. a

Barometric Pressure. Below average. Mean, 29-461.
Sunshine. Deficient. Total, 85:8 hours, being 22:5 below
average for eight years.

Rainfall. Average, being only o-or below. Rain fell on 19
days. Total, 3-21; greatest fall, -oI in. on the roth.
Temperatures. Mean, 39:0, below average by 3-4. Maximum,
551 onthe 18th. Minimum, 26-7 on the 5th. Seven days
of frost. Grass minimum, 22-0 on the 5th. 19 days of

frost.
APRIL.

Weather. Bright and dry. Wind chiefly N.W.

Barometric Pressure. Above the average. Mean, 30-064.

Sunshine. Plenty. A total of 228-0 hours, being 44-3 above
the average for eight years. The second sunniest month
of the year ; on the 29th, recorded 12-2 hours.

Rainfall. Below average by 0-96 in. Rain fell on 12 days.
Total, 1-75 in. ; greatest fall, -35 in. on the 16th.

Temperatures. Mean, 47:2. Maximum, 70-6 on the 26th.
Minimum, 32-3 on the 6th; Grass minimum, 23:0 on the
8th. Eight days of frost recorded on the grass.

May.

Weather. Wet. Wind chiefly W. and N.W.

Barometric Pressure. Below normal.

Sunshine. Deficient. Total, 195-5 hours, being 21-9 below
average.

Rainfall. Above average by 2:30in. Rain fell on 20 days.
Total, 4-68 in. Greatest fall, I-40 in. on the 20th.

Temperatures. Mean, 52:8. Averagetemperature. Maximum,
75°3 on the 20th. Minimum, 36-0 on the roth. Grass
minimum, 29-0 on the roth. Frost, one day.

JUNE.
Weather. Wet, dull. Wind chiefly N.W. and W.
Barometric Pressure. Normal. Mean, 29-788.
Sunshine. Deficient. Total, 181-5 hours, being 33-1 hours
below average for eight years.

8 Meteorological Observations, 1916.

Rainfall. Above average by I-71 in. Rain fell on 17 days.
Total, 4.62 in. Greatest fall, I-22 in. on the 27th.

Temperatures. Mean, 53:4, below average by 3:8. Maximum,
67-1 on the 17th. Minimum, 39-6 on the goth. Grass
minimum, 32-0 on the 3rd.

JULY.

Weather. Dry. Wind chiefly N.W. and N.E.

Barometric Pressure. Average.

Sunshine. Plenty. The sunniest month of the year. Total,
246-1 hours, being 33:5 above the average. On the Ioth
recorded 14 hours, 24th, 13:00 hours, 25th, 13:3 hours,
30th, 13-9 hours.

Rainfall. Below average by -37 in. Rain fell on eight days.
Total, 2:21 in. Greatest fall, 1-02 in 24 hours, on the 6th.

Temperatures. Mean, 60-4. Average. Maximum, 76-4 on the
2Ist. Minimum, 48-8 on the 8th.

AUGUST.

Weather. Dry. Wind chiefly N.W. and N.E.

Barometric Pressure. Normal.

Sunshine. Plenty. Total, 214-2 hours, being 19-0 hours above
average.

Rainfall. Below average by -59 in. Rain fell on 15 days.
Total, 3:55 inches. Greatest fall, 1-06 on the 25th.

Temperatures. Mean, 63:1. Above average by 2-8. Maxi-
mum, 78-9 on the 3rd. Minimum, 49-0 on the 3Ist.

SEPTEMBER.

Weather. Dull. Dry. Wind, chiefly N.E. and N.W.

Barometric Pressure. Average.

Sunshine. Deficient. Total, 138-0 hours, being 13:1 hours
below average.

Rainfall. Below average by -45 in. for 27 years. Rain fell
on 9 days. Total, 2-20 in. Greatest fall, -82 in. on the
26th.

Temperatures. Mean, 56-5. Maximum, 72:0 on the I2th.
Minimum, 40-0 on the 15th,

Meteorological Observations, 1916. 9

OCTOBER.

Weather. Dull, wet. Wind chiefly N.W. and W.

Barometric Pressure. Average.

Sunshine. Deficient. Total, 83:2 hours, being 13-2 hours
below average for eight years.

Rainfall. Above average by 4:14 in. for 27 years. Rain fell
on 27 days. Total, 9-04 in., the wettest month of the
year. Greatest fall in 24 hours, I-35 in. on the 2nd.

Temperatures. Mean, 53-0, above average by 2:7. Maximum,
64:8 on the 3rd. Minimum, 37-0 on the 22nd.

NOVEMBER.

Weather. Dull. Dry. Wind chiefly N.W. and S.W.

Barometric Pressure. High.

Sunshine. Deficient. Total, 46-7 hours, being 23:0 below
average.

Rainfall. Below average by -II in. Rain fell on 18 days.
Total, 3-39 in. Greatest fall in 24 hours, -76 in. on the 6th.

Temperatures. Mean, 44:5. Average. Maximum, 55:5 on the
24th. Minimum, 30:0 on the 17th and 18th. Grass
minimum, 26-0 on the 27th.

DECEMBER.

Weather. Dull. Dry. Wind chiefly E. and N.E.

Barometric Pressure. Low.

Sunshine. Deficient. Total, 43-7 hours, being 10-5 below
average.

Rainfall. Below average by 0-83 in. Rain fell on 16 days.
Total, 3:83 in. Greatest fall in 24 hours, -76 on the 28th.

Temperatures. Mean, 36-6. Belowaverage by 4-1. Maximum,
54-9 on the 29th. Minimum, 20-9 on the 14th. Frost,
16 days. Grass minimum, 15:0 on the 17th. Ground
frost, 24 days. Snowstorm on the night of the roth,

Io Meteorological Observations, 1916.

EXTREMES.

April the driest month. October the wettest.

Wettest months were October, with 9-04 in. of rain; Feb-
ruary, 5°72 in.; May, 4-62 in.; June, 4-60 in.

Wettest day, May 24th, I-40 in.

Rain fell on 209 days. Total rainfall, 47-36 in., being 6-94
in. above average for 27 years.

Sunshine, 1,582-9 hours, being 53:5 below average for eight
years.

The sunniest day was July 19th. 14-0 hours recorded.

Hottest day, 78-9 degrees on August 3rd.

Coldest day, 20-9 degrees on December 14th.

With reference to the storm which occurred on the night of
the 27th-28th March, the Director of the Meteorological Office,
London, in a circular letter to observers, states that “‘ the violent
storm and blizzard of March 27th-28th, 1916, was in some
respects the most extraordinary one experienced in this country
for many years, the most widespread damage occurred in the
Midlands and Eastern Counties of England and in South
Wales, but the storm was severe in nearly all parts of England
and Wales south of a line from the Mersey to the Humber.”
In Cardiff the gale raged with great intensity through the night,
snow fell heavily, accompanied by lightning, the result being
very considerable damage to house property, telegraph and
telephone poles, the communication with London, Bristol
and other places was interrupted for some weeks, and the train
service temporarily dislocated. The wind was chiefly from the
North and North-East, and raged with great violence until the
morning of the 28th, damaging the lines which were at the
time laden with wet snow.

Wt

GENEKAL, NOTES:

The Table of “‘ Rainfall in the District’ was compiled by
Mr. Gilbert D. Shepherd, Honorary Assistant Secretary of the
Society. This compilation involves a considerable amount
of work, as the Table comprises the returns of Rainfall from a
large number of observers. The Society is much indebted to
these observers for their voluntary co-operation, which renders
the preparation of the meteorological report possible.

Some observers have written regretting their inability to
continue supplying annual returns of rainfall, owing to a
variety of unavoidable circumstances, especially war service.

Regarded as a whole, the year 1916 was a wet year, the
rainfall being above the average.

In the Society’s district it varied from 73 inches at Wern
House, Ystalyfera, to 40-29 at Fonmon Castle, as compared
with 47:36 at Penylan, Cardiff.

Average for I4 years, 53-II.

Rainfall for 1916, 53-70, being 0-59 above the average for
I4 years.

The conditions in 1916 were, on the whole, favourable to
the public health. No prolonged or excessive heat waves
were experienced in the summer, therefore the mortality amongst
infants and young children was low.

The winter was rather severe, low temperatures being
recorded, the mortality from lung diseases amongst the old and
feeble being somewhat high,

12 Meteorological Observations, 1916.

The general death-rate in Cardiff for the year was 13-7 per
1,000. This rate, and particularly the rate of infant mortality,
are much influenced by the meteorological conditions which pre-
vail in the summer and autumn, as will be seen from the following

table. A high death-rate is the invariable accompaniment of
a hot and dry summer, and a low rate of a cool and wet summer.
CARDIFF.
Annual death-rate Deaths under I year
per 1,000, per 1,000 births.
Month. oa ae on
IQ13. | IQI4. | 1915. | TOTO. |] 1913. | 1914. | TOTS. | TOTO.

[pie se Bic 8-1 | Io-r | 10°5 9°4 48 78 62 62
August ABM Pavole || avery || aieyey, 8°4 195 89 44 55
September ..|| 14°9 | 12°7 | 136 4-6-2 || 294 | 162 201 150

The following interesting note has been supplied by O. H.
Jones, Esq., J.P. :—

“Four inches over average, steady rainfall.

October the wettest, February next.

July smallest rainfall, exceptionally dry month.

Three falls over an inch in 24 hours, largest, 1-31.

Large number of wet days, great gale and snow blizzard on

27th March from the North, caused great damage. ”’

| 06.96| 26.4 | 61.$ | €z.g | €6.2 | Lo.b | tz.€
€0-:8S | 88-€ | T&2 | 69-21 | 60-0 | 1b-b | $9-T
| 99.86 | 90-4 | 646 | 96-24T | 099 | GL9 | eee
0S.S9} $6.9 | 09.9 | So.Z | £o.b | 19.9 z.b
09-249 | 48-6 | 61-8 | 46-71 | 64-7 | TLG | $6.6
| | LG-€0T) BL | 99.01 | ZL6T | 69 | BLL | ELE
‘yaluout
yova jo puo qv | pus
Ajy90M uaz} BA/GTD OST | G6.b¢ | OFF | TES | &46T | 88 | 867 | 89-T
"yIOI “qa r see o£.gZ| 69.01] €g.4 | Zh.g | LZh.v | €g.Z | g1.S
90-2 $| 81 | 08-88 | 48-9 | 8@8 | 24-27 | 968 | 98.¢ | OLE
yos Jo pus sul tcice | #g.69| bo.0r| o4.9 | 26.4 | L6.€ | 26.9 | 60.¢
4]j00m u9H¥} SS/aipuay | 64-84 | 6T-G | STB | LAL | P8-E | BG | E16
*y9| dour
yova jo pud qe) pus
A[y9oM uoyvy ss/arpeoy | €8-64 | 16-9 | OT-4 | OL-9T | F6-E | 09-9 | F9.2
yova Jo pua sala gz.€g| bg.11 | 99.2 | 9S.Q | 62.4 | €1.g | oz.S
A}Y9aM uoyey ss\uipyoy | 46.66 | Th-4 | 84-8 | 80-16 | 19. | 67-9 | G68
yora jo. pua Sens tZ.z£| z&.6 | bb.Z | 11.g | 96.4% | 96.9 | zo.S
Aloo Uoyv} sslurpeay | 9F-GL | I1-G | TLL | 49-91 | 88-6 | 64-9 | 60-€
| “ared aa
e exOCnag
a oaaiaee ake ‘Iej0y, | ‘oaq “AON 400 «| ‘4dog | ‘Suny | *Aqne
| sXep
| JO‘ON
‘9161

AAPOR (EM OEM act

ob.€
99.2

¢0.9
gl.€

LLP

G¢-9

69.6

or.
16-7

I€.+
624

69-7

L9.¥4
96-9

Lz.v
€L-b

‘oun

C6.€ | o£.S | 11.6 | bo.S
BLT | 66-9 | 96.9 | 89-7
tLG | &%€ | P9-IT | 80-ET
Biter? |h 4g | ciloen2 |) (kate)
8LE | 986 | 8-4 | 90-9
VEG | SVE | OPEL | 79-ST
6-8 | 81-6 | 849 | SL-F
g6.h | Sg.9 | g1.9 | 06.2
€6-- | 80-9 | 98-IT | 99-1T
€S.h | 96.9 | €b.S | gr.
4V& | GE-F | O18 | 96-9
€8-F | 88.8 | 49-01 | ST-OT
OOS eSOna| 2 e.OMleae.8
G89 | IL-6 | 10-60 | 08.9T
bry.b | ¥Z.S | LZE.S | So.g
96-6 | 9F-% | 9F8 | 18-6
‘ady | yore] "qa “uve

TAY ANI ved

OSTT

0061

had a
OSZT

SLOT
OPT

O&PT

09ST
0002

see

OSES

[aAa] Bas
aaoqu
9291

aseIoaAy 1
eee TOABMORTE

(adney ¢ ON)
ILOALISOY UWaMISonI [WOT

asvIdAy

(adney Z ‘ON)
ILOALOSeY WaMsSonT WOT

(eduey TON)
ILOALOSOY WaMyson[[ WOT

NOUIMS JUB IT

asvioAy
ILOALOsoY suoovog

asvioayt
smry 49.1039

npg WEN

asvioayt
SIUdg JUCNT

wee

asvisay]|
“ Ugg eff], Jo young

eee eee

*yybr ‘90q } “TOT
6.1 FSI | ELE | EBS | BOF | 068 | GET | O68 | 6% | HB | LOH | HOT | HS | £09 | 90E | Ge “‘poomgua M “TIINTOMA NT
‘yjoT‘qoq | °° $g.1g| 14.11| z1.g | 99.8 | $9.b | zb.g | 00.S | SE.F | oz.b 66.F | S6.9 | gb.g | 62.8 soe [eee OBBIOAY [1100
19-¢ S| 912 | $626 | 96-1 | 69-6 | 98.08 | 91-8 | 68-81 | OAT | 29.9 | LOb | £9-b | OLE | TOTT | GFL | OL9 (FEN Pera ‘qLoqroyary
‘yybr ‘AON 2] °° | Qz-bg| VE.11] 02.8 Lo.g | bz.S | gb.g | €S.S | gg.b | Zo.b | S1.G | Lo.2 | 09.9 | Sh.g see [eee OB BIOAY
98-6 S| pzt | 66-26 | $29 | OF8 | S491 | 88-8 | 089 | 868 | 09-6 | 60F | 08S | BLE | TEIT | PAST | 934 | AxerTIOD SM1100U4T9
*yaS ‘90q a}
6ST g0¢ | TATL | 209 | 40-4 | 88ST | 49-6 | 66S | 80% | FOF | 06-8 | ALE | 846 | 496 | PPL | OSB |” a JEP-1V-JUOT
“yIOI“"qayy
LiL 65!) O1@ | 98-79 | 2eG | 22-9 | ZA8L | SFE | PL49 | 83S | GLE | BE | P88 | 098 | STB | 699 | O98 |” TPOALESeY UWOUAMTT
*}SI ‘AON N } ane SS.09| #9.6 | z€.$ | dz-Z | zb.z | zo. | 9S.€ | zg.€ | Sz.€ | Zg.€ | 2S.S | 12.9 | SES seo eee aseroAYy F
(0) Ist | 24:29 | Sth | 18-9 | 2801 | 662 | $89 | BLT | 840 | 8h | 84-2 | 98F | SHS | 709 | G06 | a aIvA MOGT
yxS 09q Y| “tt | gb.xS| 10.2 | b1.G | 06.9 | zo.€ | P6.b | 6z.€ | $6.2 | of.z | zz.€ | 61.h Lo.b | L6.+ soe [see OBRIDAY
CLT §| e2t | 499 | 948 | 68-9 | 18-01 | 34g | 899 | 2481 | 19-8 | 99-6 | 88-3 | 408 | 068 | 8b | TLOT |" UsMT[UIEMD ‘Stel MOT
“yg |/dout
ova Jo pus ye | pus
£yao uoyey sSlurpuoy | OL-9L4 | 16-9 | ILA | 19-91 | 4a-F | 499 | 866 | 86F | CBF | OTF | 68-6 | PE-OT | 29-8 | OOTT |*~ oe “90S O- MICE
*y96 *90q \ *- | €9.99| $b.6 | Sg.g | Zr.2 | zg.€ | 69.9 | Z1.b | 1g.€ | EL.€ | bh.b | 26.9 | €g.S | go.4 ose. tse) OSPIOAWS
CLT ITZ | 09-18 | $0.9 | 09.8 | PI-T | 688 | 289 | 99.0 | 89h | STS | STH | PSE | 96-TL | PHOT | OCTT |" TLOALISOY JotpUey
yovo yo pua Ta face 6g.€9| S9.g | gg.9 | 06.9 | 12.6 | 0g.S | 61.b | 6b.E | zb.€ | z6.€ | 1b.$ | g6.b | 00.9 seo [eee OB BIOAY||
Atoom uoyer s8laypuoy | SP.OL | 80-9 | 99.9 | GEST | 468 | 89F | PTS €0F | OBE | GLE | STG | A4b6 | 98-6 | EFIT |" WET Jey UsMyUIT
“Uled al
i 9.1OU1 10 [OAQ] Bas
ul ites 49038030 Pera Letom |iecoecr \irekohre ssn S)|- ade) Cy SINR | “BPI |, A | TRY | HARE, | ABS || AOL mae
sfep | a2,
= =—* Jo "ON u x —_- : | x.
. ‘
O1OT TOI eS) -cubidae Nile: lel Wiel Virel

“y3a Anf
OF-T

“YAO “q2aq
68.2

"yd9I “G2q
8T%

*yySI °99q
60-3

“Y}II ‘AON
08-T

“YIOI “G2aq
G12

“yybI ‘99q
0€.T

“yah ‘90q
80-6

*yiti ‘09q
0&-T

“yibI ‘90g
69-T

*£Bp auto

——_~

UT [18J 480qBaIH

G06

661

cst

“ured

a10UI IO

“Ur 10.0
Ugtas
sep

JO "ON

“T870.L

zZv.¥
FE-0

c£.6
LE-G

0S.g
68-9

bb.
16.4

61.+
Sh.E

gS.
40-9

69.+
cL-€
£9-

€L€

£9-€

‘aq

“AON

‘9161

OL.
FL9

o1.Z
8&.ST

z£.9
IVI

O1.9
FL-GL

00.¥
cT-L

€1.S
£1.6

LY.¥
16.9
TG.1T

Lb-L

06-4

"390

TI Fr Bl ESY IEG Ome FF eon

LZ,
$G-1

oS.€
69-F

te.€
6S-F

gt.€
IL-€

1Z.Z
00.1

Faris
$S-€

gt.z
eLt
66.T

02.T

€€.T

"qdag

€z.€
69.2

bb.g
8b

06.4
19-€

o£.
66:

Sc.€
16-8

LY.+
92-8

to.F
G0.
10.4

60-7

&-

“Buy

Iv.z
61-1

gi.b
SLé

g£.€
0S.

gI.€
bP-G

QS.z
9F-6

QI.€
02-6

Lo.z
IL-2
9.6

L6G

£16

“Aue

Cr.z
Té.T

L1.¥
40-4

46.2
£9-€

00.€
9¢-F

oF.z
89-2

Qg9.@
GEE

64.2

19:6

€&-7

69-€

67

aunt

(GK
GEE

PLE
19-€

14.2
68-7

6S.z
8L.P

TZ.7
09-8

Lt.z
GE-P

Qz.z

GE-E

Lv.0

£9-€

£8.

“AVIV

086

GTE

06€

GeV

9SP

00¢

[99] Bas
aAao0qu
4097

“ aseIOAY 2
WORT {FANON OLyweLT

see aseioayt
* asnoy ula “Broz ATeIS_

“2 ~~ asvIDAY |
see eee aoe ures ATV,

"* OBBIDAY x
“Alasoy poomuey ppradAjuog

* OSEIOAY
Ale pleyoorotg‘moysdayy

"s OSVIDAY
[eH ysy ‘espriqmog

s08 QURIOAV
“* qginog 10997 ‘Moysdayg

“UOT
‘ILOALEsey s0e-14-yuvg

“UOT
GuaMYNVGUT seyovauvypy

“TOW
‘poomyua mM “ppr«ddyue py

Glee neti cen merece akOre
€0.T | 10-6 | 18 | OTT
1€.b | Lo.g | Zgo.S | 6S.9
Gob | 486 | &F.6 | T6-4
gS.€ | 10.¢ | SS.b | gf.9
v0 | 868 | IT-6 | 88-2
FE.E | gz.bv | 19.h | 9S.S
093 | T4é | 99-8 | 06-4
Oyake || Acs |) (ance || Clone
vr | TLE | 96-6 | SE-€
CZ.z | SS.€ | Sr.€ | 66.€
6-4 | 19-6 | 6h-L | £0-F
ofz |Sorce | CLizo areas
SyT | €& | 689 | 8L-€
O16 | 66-b | F0-8 | 48-9
87. | 48h | 89-9 | 068
96-1 | 08-% | 66-9 | 86-6
‘Tady | ‘yor | “qoaq | “ue
TIVANIVa

Oh

*yjhr *99q
“yy9r Ain

T9.T

“yy9r Ainf 2

06.1

“yrgr Ain
Sh-T

*prtz 190
00-1

s

v
J

“UjPI ‘09q 1

eV.

*ybr o0q
98.1

“yy 1 Av

LE-T

*yySI ‘99q
GeT

"ype Ae
G81

"yah *o9q

‘yagt Ainf
BGT

“Avp auo

UL ][ BJ gsoqBary

oOo

j

——

v
s

’
s

ePl

e9T

L8T

mr atine
0.10 UL 10
“Ut 10-0

yun

sep

_| jo “ON zl

60.98

98-7

[90.1

89-€

1o.+
GZ.

61.¢
b6-0

€g.b
bP €

6b.
19-8

16.+

16-8

69.£
£6.

16:

LG

€8-£

‘oa

&1-€

Lg.€
06-1

ZQ.e
LE-8

go.€
£9.

gz.€
£46

zg.€
a

19.2
61:6
a

99-8

68-8

“AON

GL8

9S.b
G8-2

zg.b
81.8

bb.b
9&4

61.b
B6-L

LS.¥
Gé.8

tg.€
89.¢
$98

86:9

40.6

90

89.T

ZQ.z
96.2

(aan e
68.6

Cg.1
T0-T

6£.2
08-T

gS.z
G0.2

Qg.1
96.0
68.T

£6.0

OLD

LL.E
&L-€

g1.b
87-8

€r.€
9L-F

0g.€
oL€

Zz.v
10:

ZQ.z
96-8
OLY

[p-€

08-1

CS.z
98.

6L.z
GS.B

$9.2
69:6

tg.z
£6.6

$9.2
6h-3

£6.1
86-1
98-1

96.1

LINE
10-3

br.z
TT

bg.1
oP-T

revz
qG.1

ot.z
$9.1

ZQ.1
69.0
96.1

£10

‘ous

*AVIN

02.7

ZQ.Z
66:2

Let
bPE

BR.z
ar-8

be.c
9L-€

Co.€
88-8

61.2
Th-P
IGE

GLE

T@-€

“TOUR

‘qo

ALT

9L€

“ube

ALT

T6T

¥06

]@A9] as
aaoqu
490.7

ij

‘MOP ‘ITOALOSOY OATASTUA

* osviaay]|
ss QT4SBD MOMLMOT

“. QSBIIAY |p
Spod LOFT UVOH BIprey

ss 6 oseioay £

| Py

“* prozotyseg ‘moysdeyp

"s OSRIDAY
ene ILOALOSOY OWBASTT

“m)) OSBIOAY
“* ILOALOSOY WOYstuVBy'T

"1 QBVIOAV ey

““9IpuoH oy, ‘YNomNo py

* ganog BIT ‘souuruyy

HOW ‘ployyooy ‘usmyu9eg

uvtfueg ‘W01y44g
[BoTsoOTOIONjOWT YIpazvg

‘9161 “LOIMLSIG AHL NI TIVANIVY

3)

/6

o¢ mn
won
wo
TTT
08 NA

HA A

heh bhi

eh 0
TTT

Ih

oe ee
Co ini
ww 0
aoe nmin
NT Sb

9 a ie Es PR 8
Rees

[6 =

oct]
i
see ff PERE RE EEE SEES RE SAREE RES
DANA ANG A
se ls YN A A
wh T_T
a i SEER EERE RE CECE ER SR ERC RRC RS

=_==

RASA A A 0 A
a a a
Ae TT “tf

WN
|
eit HA MU aoc
mh
Wh

ht palede bled beet ti

IN A CN OAS A GH
A A A Lg A
inn
Te TTT TTL AA
WAN
TT “a
iii
a
Ndbepereeses) ces peee
hl

nn
MMI

0 0

cH
i
YN Oh Hina. divi MY
] I nN YN TTT $-82
Se | orcs ny nn 0 MN OO mi A mn TMT 9
MI

=S

NTT Titi hh NE 2
UT) Wh AE ALA AG A A A A ET
emt srlesetearesstasiitestesttasvectecsiiasstarsa|
| WA I NO
T_T |
= tte MTN i+ a pagueee sieee es [eee teeee |

| THEE UG A ! $62
Bi fir: a Ui) on ane 7 gu
cieee vu oe UH)

62

==55)

mn tt
“1 a

—}
©
i=)
9)

(=)

Oo

=3S BREE
PEE

DS Cele MNT OO

TOOTS

333555555
=SS

ESae e255 02 ===)
SSS5 SSS=5 SS==!

Ss

=S5
==SS=
SS555 5)

c
A RRRee eee

E

=5SSS5 SSS S5SSS

SSS55
Bree
ss
S555 S555 SSS:

OS

iat)

KOMONRGNEMY-SPORGOFON-S PY-SHONONT OU -SHonNow

Baa

OU OPE

Beebe

co
vo

VT OMOhOoT

PoN—- OMe ogy

a
ei ate
eH te
FEE

iH

SOO ISSO SSG Sean ae One 20 ca MERSDOBOGEE OGD

; ‘9SIGI YVAA 3HL ONINNG WS3M HOVE NI
JAIGUVS ‘NVIANAd‘NOILVLS 1V91I90104OaLIW SHL Lv Gagdooay
JUNLVAAdW3L NV3W GNV ‘3aNSSadd DYLIWONVE NVAW ‘TIVANIVY INIMAHS

ee U ee

ba)

“C161—906T Sivat OT F
*eTEI—6RST Saved 1Z §

“GIGI—T06I Saved eT t
*1GI—LBSL SAvot 62 b

*E16I—O06T Saved oT +

*CI6I—S88T Savok T¢ ||

*GI6I—S68T sivok TZ t

“SI6I—Z68T SIVA FS xx

"GI6I—O68I SABOA 95
*poJVOIPUL OSTA\AIT[YO SSITUN ‘ETGI—SSgI SABO gz 9Y4 AOJ ST [[VJUreY odv10A V¥—ALON

*yyII AON V| “7 | LS.€€| Lr.b | bo.€ | go.b | oS.z | €L.€ | €g.2 | S1.z | 12.1 | go.z Vow \Oeromlneaie sre tere OBEIOAYS
ect S| cat |ocer| ioe | re | 994 | 960 | she | Ih | 9¢8 | 18h | T6T | 166 | 10.9 | 9G8 | 08 wIg'Surg sTIstq ‘uO;xXopED
*yyFI ‘99q \ ,
g9.1 git | 9¢-2>| cor | Ise | 298 | 69-1 | ber | Oot |The | Shr | BET | Tor | £89 | 996 | G6 sodeq 4g sxvrrg 10dmeN
-yybr 99g V| “* | 98.6€| 1€.S | o9.€ | EL. | Sz.z | g6.€ | 6g.z | So.z | ore | zS.z | gE.€ | v6.2 | So.€ ovo Jess 6 ogeroAyd
OL.T 5 | €81 06.9% | P48 | HEE | 468 | 19-8 | 68 | 91 | Bb | OFF | 96T | SEE | 69 | OF | SF ‘“godeq 3g opery ‘Brprep
‘yi ‘99q 2
Tg.T §| 691 16.9) | 78-8 | ATE | 44.8 | 98.3 | 668 | S12 | 4b | OFF | T9-T | 80-6 | 889 | 80-8 eo ea WIVOY ‘BIprey
Aldi Ant > | 66.1b| gz.S | S6.€ | 6L.h | zg.z | Sb.b | go.€ | Lhz | c&.z | €S.2 | PEE | gge | 2Z.€ | ss [> oseroay
hee 62 | 608h| 646 | Ste | 868 | ore (GLE | 8Fs | 8b | TOF | 961 | TAe | 889 | OTe | EF f° NONMS suydung AZ
“n}FD.09@) Ul) 2% TOIQE QS. | OS26) | oSb | 6S.z |/o0.6 || eerz |Oz.c | Sores | Eze I cO.ce aceon trae OI IO faye REVS
88.1 j TAL | Thl ee |99% |oe2 | e908 | $9e | At | 408 | TO | Gr | 908 | 689 | 68e | Tet | UoNVIg Sutdung ues0D
ured >
ake SEEM [a Aa] BAS
ane eee, pe ‘Teqor, | ood | *AoN | “900 | ‘gdeg | “Sny | ‘Aine | ‘oung | “dey | tady |-yorey | qog | ‘ue vaeae
&
a
. ‘
9161 “LOTMLSIG BAHL NI TIivaNniva

18

THE MINERALS OF GLAMORGAN.

By Fy. NORTE, BSc Aces.
Geological Department, National Museum of Wales.
(Read before the Biological and Geological Section on May titth,
Ig16.

CONTENTS.
I. Introduction.

II. An enumeration of the minerals which have been
recorded from Glamorgan, and an account of
their distribution.

III. Summary.

IV. Bibliography.

I. INTRODUCTION.

Apart from its coal, which in a geological sense is a rock
rather than a mineral, and is therefore outside the scope of the
present paper, Glamorgan does not figure very prominently
as a mineral producing County. The iron bearing minerals
hematite and limonite were formerly worked on a large scale
in a few localities, but the old workings have been abandoned
for many years, and only one mine is now producing ore;
while the impure form of chalybite known as clay ironstone
which was at one time the principal source of iron in this
Country, has long since fallen into disuse. The other minerals
that occur in the County are not abundant, neither do they
command attention because of their economic value, or their
crystalline form, and, as a result, while the local animals and

The Minerals of Glamorgan. 19

plants are collected and studied by a number of workers, the
Mineralogy of the district has received but scant attention.

An attempt has been made in this paper to present a more
or less connected account of the minerals of Glamorgan, based
upon information obtained from the isolated references which
are scattered throughout the pages of the Tyvansactions of
the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society, the Memoirs of the Geological
Survey, the Proceedings of the South Wales Institute of Engineers,
and many other publications, supplemented by the examination
of specimens in the Collection of the National Museum of
Wales, and of material collected by the writer. The majority
of the local minerals in the National Museum were collected
by the late W. Adams, and by Mr. G. H. Dutton.

Detailed descriptions of the chemical and physical properties
of the minerals recorded are not given, as such information
is to be found in any text book of Mineralogy.

II. THE MINERALS OF GLAMORGAN AND THEIR
DISTRIBUTION.

In the following table, the minerals which are found, or
have been found in the County, are arranged according to
their chemical composition, and the geological horizons at
which each occurs are indicated. Except in certain instances
where it is convenient to do otherwise, the minerals are con-
sidered in the order in which they appear in the table.

20 The Minerals of Glamorgan.

Silurian,
Old Red
Sandstone.
Carboniferous
Limestone,

Upper
Carboniferous
(Millstone Grit and
Coal Measures).
Trias.
Lower Lias.

ELEMENTS.
Gold =: ys .-| — = = aa *r pats =

HALOIDS.
Fluor .. a As — oo a — ¥*r = =

OXIDES.
Quartz — — * =e * =a fous
Chalcedony and Agate — | — * — | = == —
Beekite me — | — * = — amy *
Hematite eye -.) = ss *¢ —_ a> seats 2
Limonite ae -.| — — *o —_ = = 8
GO6thite ms 33 * = ae — ae a= oat
Pyrolusite .. a — * — wae =>
Psilomelane .. oo === * as i<2 = =
Minium er .-| — — *r = = = —

SULPHIDES.
Pyrites a | — | — — * = * ‘&
Chalcopyrite .. 2A | = * ~~ ee =.
Millerite ai es) = * a oe a
Linnzite aie | = = *y ae eS fen
Galena on 25) == == *¢ * * x x

CARBONATES.
Calcite a —|| == — *¢ ‘5 ae *
Dolomite 2: ee) == * * * ae
Chalybite 55 |) =) = rival] Se ae as,

Cerussite aA sil = || = | i
Barytocalcite. . a | ? eae =

SULPHATES.
Barytes rs ef — *¢ = a on *
Celestite ne a) = — *y es AX ve
Barytocelestite — — = * a —_
Gypsum (Alabaster) — —== = a oes * ee

PHOSPHATES.
Wavellite Es .||) = = — * — = =

SILICATES.
Kaolinite 4 ee) — = * =. — aa
Mountain Leather |

(Asbestos) .| — | — xy = = = a=
Glauconite .. | |

HYDROCARBONS.
Hatchettine .. | — == = * ry = 22 ess

“‘c” indicates that the mineral is abundant, and ‘“‘r”’ that it is rare or of
exceptional occurrence,

—_

The Minerals of Glamorgan. Zr

QUARTZ.

Crystals of quartz (dioxide of silicon) usually take the form
of an hexagonal prism, capped by a six-sided pyramid. Such
crystals are usually colourless and transparent, but they may
be variously stained or tinted by impurities.

In Glamorgan quartz has been found associated with the
iron ores at Taff’s Well, and at the Mwyndy Mine, Llantrisant.
Clear colourless crystals, some of them doubly-terminated, occur
in cavities in the ore, and at the last mentioned place were
found encrusting delicate stalactites of limonite. Here also,
some of the specimens have an amethystine tint, while others
which contain oxides or iron, exhibit delicate tints of yellow,
amber, or red. Many of the crystals have a peculiar appear-
ance, the interior being cloudy with rust coloured inclusions
of limonite, while the outer layers are quite clear and colourless.
Some interesting examples of quartz enclosing oxides of iron
were described and illustrated by W. Vivian and J. H.
Collins.*

Small, clear, doubly-terminated crystals of quartz have been
found with other minerals in cavities in clay ironstone nodules,
and were formerly known as “‘ Merthyr diamonds.”

_ CHALCEDONY, AGATE, AND POTATO-STONES.

Chalcedony is a variety of silica, which, although apparently
quite devoid of crystalline structure, is, under the microscope,
seen to be cryptocrystalline, 7.e., composed of an aggregate
of very small crystalline particles.

Hollow nodules or geodes consisting of silica in the form of
chalcedony, and lined with small crystals of quartz, are some-
times found in the Triassic rocks. They are usually round or
ovoid in shape, are rough externally, and are often known as
“ potato-stones’’ from their resemblance to that tuber. The
occurrence of such nodules in the Trias at Kenfig Point
was noticed by de la Beche in 1846, + and they have also been

* Vivian & Collins (1876), p. 18.
t De la Beche (1846), pp. 243 and 246,

22 The Minerals of Glamorgan.

recorded from the neighbourhood of Llantrisant, e.g., at Pare
Gwyllt, where they are associated with similar but solid
nodules of agate.*

Professor Sibly has found forms of silica which may be
referred to chalcedony and agate in the Carboniferous Lime-
stone at Coed Cefn Garw Quarry, near Tongwynlais.

«

The origin of “ potato-stones’’ has been discussed by
T. Rupert Jones, who considered that they were due to the
replacement by silica of fragments of limestone in the Triassic
rocks. The alteration began from the outside, and may have
continued sufficiently long for the whole of the limestone to
have been replaced by silica, or more frequently has resulted
in the replacement of the external layers only. In that case,
percolating water subsequently removed in solution the
central calcareous portion, leaving a hollow in which a lining
of quartz crystals was deposited.

BEEKITE.

Beekite is a chalcedonic form of silica which occurs in dots
or concentric rings upon, or rather replacing, fossil shells.
Its mode of origin has given rise to much speculation, an
interesting discussion of which was published in 1910 by
W. H. Wickes. t

Beekised fossils are of frequent occurrence in the Carboni-
ferous Limestone of this district, e.g., at Barry and Southern-
down, where corals and brachiopods are to be found completely
replaced by silica in the form of beekite.

The structure is also well shown in many fossils from the
Lower Lias. As far back as 1822, W. D. Conybeare§ recorded
of the Lias at Aberthaw and Dunraven, that “its fossil the
gryphus f[t.e., Gryph@a] is coated with chalcedony.” In a
quarry at Pentrebanau, east of Llandaff, beekised specimens

* Pontypridd Memoir (1903), p. 96.
Jt Jones (1876), p. 454.
+ Wickes (1910).
’ § W, D. Conybeare (1822), p. 265.

The Minerals of Glamorgan. 23

of Gryphea are common in a limestone containing an abun-
dance of chert, and a fine specimen of Plagiostoma gigantea
similarly affected, from the Lower Lias of St. George’s, near
Cardiff, is in the National Museum of Wales.

H2MATITE AND LIMONITE.

Hematite and limonite are two important oxides of iron,
and are very often found in association. The former is an
anhydrous oxide, while the latter contains about 14 per cent.
of combined water. Hzmatite may occur in platy crystals
with brilliantly lustrous faces, or in a massive condition, when
it frequently has a fibrous structure. The massive variety is
usually dark blood red in colour and is fairly hard. Limonite,
on the other hand, is a non-crystalline mineral, usually brown in
colour, and although the massive varieties often resemble
hematite in general appearance, it may be distinguished from
that mineral by its rusty brown colour, and by its greatly
inferior hardness.

The Hematite deposits of Glamorgan have been referred
to in a considerable number of papers by J. J. Watson,
S. Vivian, F. T. Howard, and others; and a short but
comprehensive account of them was given by Mr. T. C. Cantrill
in 1904.* References to these works are given elsewhere, and
for the purposes of the present paper the following brief account
will suffice.

Hematite and limonite are of frequent occurrence in the
Carboniferous Limestone, and have been worked on a large scale
in two districts, viz., around Llantrisant and Llanharry, and
in the neighbourhood of Taff’s Well.

In the western (Llantrisant) area, the ores have probably
been worked since Roman times, for in 1762, Roman coins and
fragments of pottery were found beneath a cinder heap at Bolston
Gaer, near Miskin,t and Roman pottery has been found in
old workings at Ty-isaf and at Llechau, near Llanharry.

* Bridgend Memoir (1904), pp. 107-112.
+ Scrivenor (1854), p. 31.

24 The Minerals of Glamorgan.

Iron mines were also referred to as existing near Llantrisant
in the sixteenth century by Leland in his “ Itinerary,”’* but
they subsequently fell into disuse as the result of an Act of
Parliament passed in 1558 prohibiting the felling of timber
for use in iron smelting because of the feared exhaustion of
the wood supply.

In 1852 the Bute Mine at Cefn-y-Parc was opened, and the
working of the Mwyndy Mine was resumed in 1855. In the
ensuing years, a very large quantity of ore was raised, and it
is estimated that by the time the mines were finally abandoned,
they had yielded about one and a half million tons of ore.

The ore consisted of earthy and compact forms of hematite
and limonite, and contained from 30 to 40 per cent. of metallic
iron. The variety of hematite with a fibrous structure and
mammillated surface, known as “ Kidney ore,’”’ which is so
frequently found in the iron mines of Cumberland,
appears to be absent in this district. Next to the iron oxide,
the most important constituent of the ore was silica, which
was present in varying proportions, frequently as crystals of
quartz. The brown hydrated ores predominated, especially
at the Trecastell Mine, Ty-du, and the silica was most abundant
in the red anhydrous ores at Mwyndy. These siliceous ores
were extremely hard, and having a peculiar purplish tint,
were known to the miners as “blue ore.’”’ The amount of
silica present decreased with the depth of the ore, and in the
lower portions of the deposit, soft red earthy hematite and
soft yellow limonite (ochre) were found, usually in contact
with the limestone. Similar varieties of hematite and limonite,
the latter often stalactitic, are now being obtained from the
Cardiff Hematite Iron Ore Company’s mine at Llanharry,
and an interesting set of specimens, selected by Mr. R. W.
Atkinson, has recently been presented by the Company,
through its Secretary, Mr. J. Hutchinson, to the National
Museum of Wales.

* Cited by Watson (1859), p. 254.

The Minerals of Glamorgan. 25

The published sections of the Mwyndy and other mines in
the Llantrisant district,* show that the ore replaced in an
irregular manner the topmost beds of the Carboniferous Lime-
stone, where, at its junction with the shale of the Millstone
Grit Series, it is covered by Triassic deposits.

It was formerly supposed that the ores constituted the
lowest beds of the Triassic (then regarded as Permian) con-
glomerate, but it is now known that they have resulted from
the replacement of Carboniferous Limestone by ferruginous
matter carried down by percolating waters from the overlying
Triassic Rocks. The evidence upon which this conclusion
is based is fully discussed in the papers already alluded to, and
need not be recapitulated here. t

Further east, similar iron ores occur in the Carboniferous
Limestone on both sides of the River Taff, and have been worked
in the Garth Wood, near Pentyrch; in Fforest Fawr, on the
opposite side of the river; and also at Rudry about five miles
to the E.N.E.

The Garth Mine was opened in the early part of the nine-
teenth century, and the ore was obtained for many years from
open workings at the top of the hill, but about 1842 a level was
driven into the northern face of the hill, and the immense
pockets in which the ore occurred were more easily reached.
It is estimated that over a million tons of ore had been removed
when the mine was abandoned about 1885. The ore was in most
respects like that at Mwyndy. Both hematite and limonite
were represented, and in the upper levels much silica was
present. The ore occurred in huge irregular pockets in the
mass of the limestone, and to a certain extent followed the
bedding of the rock, which here dips towards the north at a
fairly high angle.

Some hematite mines in Fforest Fawr on the opposite side
of the Taff are indicated on the 6-inch Geological map, and

Figs. 9, 10, II.

t See more especially Watson (1859), Iron Ore Memoir (1861), Wethered
(1882), Howard (1894), and Thomas (1909).

26 The Minerals of Glamorgan.

about 2,000 tons of hematite were obtained, civca 1875, from
the Rudry Iron Mine, but the ore was not present in sufficient
quantity to make the undertaking pay. This was also the
case with a mine opened at Maen-llwyd, about one third of a
mile to the north-west of that at Rudry. Herethe ore occurred
at the base of the lim2stone, and contained from 40 to 50 per
cent of iron, but it dipped rapidly beneath the surface, and much
water was encountered in the mine, which was soon aban-
doned.*

In this district, as at Llantrisant and Llanharry, the ores have
resulted from the replacement of the Carboniferous Limestone
by ferruginous matter derived from the overlying rocks, which
were in all probability Triassic deposits, although these have
long since been removed by denudation. There is abundant
evidence that the Trias formerly covered much larger areas in
this district than at present, and its former extension is fre-
quently indicated by the deep red stain imparted to the
underlying rocks by the downwardly percolating ferruginous
waters.

In the smaller inlier of Carboniferous Limestone at Cwrt-
yr-ala the rocks are considerably iron-stained, and hematite
was observed in a small fault at the northern end.¢ Here it is
evident that the Triassic rocks which surround the inlier
were, in geologically recent times, continuous over it. Similar
red staining derived from Triassic rocks, now denuded, is seen
in certain beds exposed in the Silurian inlier between Penylan
and Rumney.

In addition to the occurrences already mentioned, hematite
is found in veins in the Carboniferous Limestone beneath the
Trias of Sully Island, and also in veins containing calcite in the
Carboniferous Limestone near Swansea. The veins near
Swansea vary in thickness from a few inches to several feet,
and one of them near Broadslade (or Bracelet) Bay was worked
for the ore about 1880, but was abandoned on reaching sea
level.

* Adams (1870), p. 37.
¢ Cardiff Memoir (1912), p. 23.

The Minerals of Glamorgan. 27

GOTHITE,

Gothite is a hydrated oxide of iron, with about Io per cent.
of combined water, which usually occurs in lustrous black
or brown scaly crystals. The mineral has been found in the
joint faces and bedding planes of the Wenlock Beds, and as thin
strings in sandstones of Ludlow age at Rumney and Penylan.*

OXIDES OF MANGANESE: PYROLUSITE AND PSILOMELANE.

Oxides of manganese have been found in association with
the iron ores at Trecastell, and also near Porthcawl. The
occurrence of Manganese ore at Gwar Coch, near Porthcawl
was recorded by J. J. Watson} and was mentioned in the “ Iron
Ores of South Wales,’ { where it is stated to have yielded about
35 per cent. of manganese. The ore consisted of a band about
four feet in thickness, between two beds of haematite, which,
like that at Llantrisant, rested upon Carboniferous Limestone,
and was covered by Triassic conglomerate, but which differed
from the Llantrisant ores in the almost complete absence of
silica, and in the presence of much calcite. The manganese
ore was said to consist of psilomelane with a small amount of
pyrolusite, and resembled the “grey manganese ore’ of
Upton Pyne and other localities in Devonshire. The name
Gwar Coch does not appear on the present Survey maps,
but there is a Ty Coch, about one mile N.N.E. of Newton
Nottage, and Mr. T. C. Cantrill has very kindly provided the
-following information which serves to fix the position of Gwar
Coch. Against Ty Coch on the MS. copy of the 6-in. geological
map of the district preserved in the Geological Survey Office,
the late Mr. Tiddeman had written ‘“‘ Manganese Mine,” while
the name “‘ Gwar Coch”’ occurs on the Old Series I-in. map in the
same position as Ty Coch on the later maps, and the symbol
indicating the presence of iron ore is engraved on the map at
that place. Mr. Cantrill adds: “It is evident therefore that

* Sollas (1879), p. 39.
¢ Watson (1859), p. 255.
t Iron Ore Memoir (1861), p. 182,

28 The Minerals of Glamorgan.

the ‘Gwar Coch’ of the Iron Ore Memoir (p. 182) and of the
Old Series 1-in. Map published in 1883, is identical with Ty
Coch:”’

The section as described by Watson is not now visible, but.
specimens of the manganese ore, hematite, and of the over-
lying Triassic rock can be seen in a wall near Ty Coch. The
first mentioned is a black structureless massive rock which yields
an abundance of chlorine gas when treated with hydrochloric
acid, and the iron ore is a somewhat soft and earthy variety of
hematite. The presence of a local abundance of ferric iron
oxide is indicated by the intense red staining of the soil and
mud in the immediate vicinity, which fully justifies the place-
name.

Pyrolusite frequently occurs in delicate dendritic or frond-
like growths on the joint faces of the Carboniferous Limestone,
having been deposited from solutions circulating through the
joints in the rock, and examples now in the National Museum
have been obtained from the limestone in the ridge south of
Caerphilly, and from Barry.

Small quantities of manganese dioxide, associated with barytes
have been found in fissures in the lower lias at the Penarth
Cement Works.

PYRITES.

Pyrites, iron pyrites, or sulphide of iron, is a very widely
distributed mineral, and in brassy yellow grains, masses, or
crystals, is found in all manner of rocks. Asa rule, it may be
recognised by its colour, and also by its hardness, which is
above that of the knife.

In the South Wales Coalfield pyrites occurs in many coal
seams, and is familiar as the brassy-yellow specks or films, often
regarded as gold, to be seen in pieces of coal. In addition to
these thin films in the joints and partings of the coal, pyrites
occur as nodules, and impersistent bands, or it may be dis-
seminated through the rock. Crystals are of very rare
occurrence in the Coal Measures, but perfect, though small,
octahedral crystals have been found at Llanbradach,

The Minerals of Glamorgan. 29

In the Nine-feet Vein at Aberpergwm, pyrites is present as
a hard black granular rock, bands of which, from one to five
inches in thickness, are found discontinuously in the seam.
It has been used locally for building walls and barns.*

A similar type of pyrites, associated with grains and threads
of the yellow mineral, occurs in the Brass Vein at Onllwyn, and
in the Big Vein and the Brass Vein at Ynyscedwyn. The
foregoing examples of visible pyrites in coal seams may be taken
as. typical cases, and no useful purpose would be served by
enumerating all the seams and localities from which the mineral
has been recorded. It was formerly supposed that pyrites
was more abundant in the coals of the Pennant Series than in
those of the Lower Coal Series, but Dr. H. K. Jordan suggests
that this opinion probably originated in the fact that in the
former the pyrites is disseminated in the coal, and would
therefore figure largely in an analysis, while in the latter, as
in the instances cited, the mineral is segregated into lumps or
bands and can be picked out from the coal before it goes
to the market.

Lumps and nodules of pyrites are known to miners as
“coal brasses’”’ but the term has also been used to include
certain iron bearing bands and nodules (¢.g., the Duffryn
Brass) which consist principally of iron carbonate with subor-
dinate amounts of the carbonates of calcium and magnesium,
and with, at the most, only a trace of iron sulphide. This
material differs from true clay ironstone in the absence of
argillaceous matter.f

For certain industries, the presence of pyrites in coal is
highly objectionabie, and it is as far as possible removed
before the coal is used. This is, of course, only possible when
the mineral occurs as “ coal brasses,’”’ and not when it is invisible,
7.¢., scattered in a finely divided condition throughout the coal.
The spontaneous combustion of coal stored in ships’ holds was
frequently due to the heat produced by the oxidation of

* Merthyr Memoir (1904), p. 75.
+ Adams (1867), p. 190.

30 The Minerals of Glamorgan.

pyrites, and iron workers avoid coal containing pyrites, on
account of the sulphur in its compostition.

Pyrites is also removed from coal intended for maltsters,
because the mineral often contains an appreciable amount of
arsenic, and was, according to the evidence submitted to the
Royal Commission on Arsenical Poisoning, responsible for
the presence of arsenic in beer.* For this reason, coal con-
taining invisible pyrites is unsuitable for malting, since the
mineral cannot be removed by mechanical means. In this
connection, it is interesting to note that at one time the presence
of pyrites in malting coal was considered an advantage, because
the sulphur dioxide resulting from its combustion partly bleached
the malt. In his evidence before the Commission, Mr. Arthur
Ling quoted from ‘“‘ The London and County Brewer,” a book
published in the eighteenth century, in which it was stated that
no malting fuel “‘ is so much in esteem as the golden streaked
coal of Tenby, which is endowed with so much sulphur that in
the ships that come from thence they can hardly bear the
room it is burnt in.’”’f

The sulphurous gases which result from the decomposition
of pyrites have given their name to the “ Stinking Veins”’ of
various localities, e.g., that which outcrops on the east side of
the Taff about two miles above Taff’s Well, whilst the colour
of the mineral is responsible for the name “ Brass Vein”’
applied to many seams.

The water from seams containing pyrites is frequently warm
and corrosive. This was observed to be the case with the
Brass Vein of Craig-yr-Allt, near Taff’s Well. The vein is
probably the source of the water of the spring from which Taff’s
Well takes its name, for a clay with coaly debris which was
reached during the excavation of the bath erected to hold the
water, is believed to have been the outcrop of the Brass Vein.

The pyrites of the Coal Measures owes its origin to the
reducing action of decomposing organic matter upon circulating

* Roy. Comm. Arsenical Poisoning (1903), vol. 2.
¢ op. cit., p. 101.

The Minerals of Glamorgan. 31

ferruginous waters. According to Bischof, the water with which
the vegetable matter was soaked, contained carbonate of iron
(held in solution by carbonic acid) and also other salts such as
sulphate of lime and sulphate of magnesia. In the conversion
of the woody tissue into coal, the sulphates were reduced to
sulphides which re-acted upon the carbonate of iron and
precipitated sulphide of iron. The formation of the pyrites
was therefore contemporaneous with that of the coal in which
it occurs, but the films lining joints and cracks are due to
secondary redistribution.

W. Adams records that pyrites was found to a limited extent
in the iron mines at Llantrisant, where, under the name of
“ mundic,”’ it was “ sold to the makers of sulphuric acid at the
price of about fifteen shillings per ton, in wagons at the mines.’’*

Pyrites occurs in the Rhaetic ‘“‘ bone bed’”’ at Penarth and
Lavernock, and is a prominent constituent of similar beds
in the Rhaetic Series on both sides of the Severn Estuary.
Specimens of the bone-bed frequently show groups of crystals,
which may be cubes, or a combination of cube and octahedron.
Owing to oxidation the crystals are often coated with the
brown oxide of iron, limonite, which masks the typical brassy-

yellow colour.
CHALCOPYRITE.

Chalcopyrite, or copper pyrites, is a double sulphide of copper
and iron, which differs from iron pyrites in the form of its
crystals, and in its inferior hardness.

The mineral has been found at the Mwyndy Mine, and in the
clay ironstone nodules of the Coal Measures, but is not common.

MILLERITE.

Millerite, or sulphide of nickel, usually occurs in hair-like
tufts of capillary crystals, brassy-yellow or greenish-yellow
in colour, and highly lustrous. Its occurrence in Glamorgan
was first recorded in 1842, by W. H. Miller, who found the
mineral in cavities in clay-ironstone nodules in the Coal Measures

* Adams (1867), p. 194.
t After whom the mineral was named by Haidinger,

32 The Minerals of Glamorgan.

at Dowlais, and determined their specific gravity as 5:278.*
Millerite has since been found in clay-ironstone at several places
along the south-eastern margin of the coalfield. At the
Brynna-gwynon Colliery, about a mile east of Pencoed Station,
Dr. H. K. Jordan found the mineral in ironstone a little above
the Bodor-fach seamf; at Llanbradach Colliery it occurs
above the Four Feet Seam, and at Bedwellty, near Tredegar,
a little above the Elled seam,{ while it has also been recorded
from the Three-quarters or Elled “‘ Mine Balls’ at Ebbw Vale, §
Nantyglo, and Blaenafon.{{ It is interesting to note that in
the instances cited the clay ironstone containing millerite
occurs at horizons which, although not strictly comparable,
are nevertheless very closely related, and it is highly probable
that the mineral might be found at this horizon all round the
eastern margin of the coalfield. The mineral has also been
found in the Soap Vein ironstone at Blaina, Mon.,|| and in the
Spotted Vein ironstone at Dowlais.**

Millerite is usually regarded as a very rare mineral, but it is
really of more frequent occurrence than the specimens in
museums and other collections would indicate. Owing to the
extreme delicacy of the crystals, and the toughness of the clay
ironstone, the shock caused by the blows necessary to break the
nodule, more often than not dislodges the crystals, which
are then scattered and lost ; this is especially the case with the
greenish-yellow crystals, which are as fine as unspun silk.
Even when specimens have been successfully collected, great
care is necessary for their successful preservation. Millerite
possesses certain magnetic properties, and if pieces of ironstone
bearing tufts of crystals are kept in glazed boxes, unless the
specimens are placed at some little distance from the glass, the
crystals are attracted to it when it is rubbed, as in cleaning,
and the crystal group is spoilt.

ft Jordan (1876), p. 270.
¢ Fine specimens from this locality, presented by the Tredegar Iron and
Coal Co., Ltd., are now in the National Museum of Wales.
§ Jordan (1876), p. 270. {| Iron Ore Memoir (1861), p. 207.
|| op. cit, p. 195. ** op. cit., Pp. 209.

&&
Go

The Minerals of Glamorgan.

The source of the nickel is probably the pyrites which
abounds in the Coal Measures, for pyrites has sometimes been
found on an analysis to be nickeliferous, and A. Jorisen detected
nickel in the soot obtained from flues where coal from Beyne,
(near Liége, Belgium) had been burnt.*

LINNZITE.

Linneite (sulphide of cobalt), the cobaltum pyriticosum of
Linnzus, was named after that naturalist by Haidinger in 1845. f
It is a silvery white crystalline mineral with a specific gravity
of 5-5. In the Bulletin de la Société Minéralogique de
France, 1880, des Cloizeauxt recorded that linneite had been
found in the Coal Measures of the ‘‘ Rhonda Valley” by a
Mr. Terrill, of Swansea. The crystals were described as being
very small, from 4 to ? of a millimetre in diameter, with a
silvery white metallic lustre, and consisting of regular octahedra,
truncated by faces of the cube. They were associated with
millerite, chalcopyrite, and crystals of ankerite (ferriferous
dolomite), filling cracks in nodules of black clay ironstone.
Upon analysis the crystals were found to contain nickel, iron, and
a small proportion of copper, in addition to cobalt.

Although the appearance of the mineral as described by
des Cloizeaux agrees with that of linneite, the cobalt-nickel-
iron percentage of his specimens was given as 40, which is much
lower than is usually the case, so that there is some doubt as to
the correct determination of the mineral.

Unfortunately, as far as the writer has been able to ascertain,
no specimens appear to have been preserved in this country,
and there is no other record of its occurrence in Glamorgan,
except by F. W. Clarke, who merely mentions des Cloizeaux’s
communication.§ Owing to the extreme smallness of its
crystals, the mineral may well have escaped notice, and it is
not unlikely that specimens would be found if a careful search

* Jorisen (1896), p. 104.
{ Haidinger (1845), p. 560.
t Des Cloizeaux (1880),p. 170,
§ Clarke (1916), p. 693.

34 The Minerals of Glamorgan.

were made for them in clay ironstone nodules. The occurrence
of minute quantities of cobalt in the Coal Measures is not impos-
sible, because that metal is frequently associated with nickel,
which is known to be present, and Jorisen in the paper already
alluded to, mentions its occurrence in the soot of Belgian coal.

GALENA.

Galena (sulphide of lead) is a heavy lead-grey mineral which
often crystallisesin cubes. It has a remarkably perfect cleavage
in three directions at right angles to each other, by reason of
which it readily breaks up into cubic or rectangular blocks.
Galena is the most important ore of lead, and is found in abun-
dance in some parts of the country, but in Glamorgan, although
it occurs in the Carboniferous, Triassic, and Liassic rocks in many
places, it is only present in small quantities, and has never been
worked on a very large scale.

The most important occurrences of galena in Glamorgan are
in the Carboniferous Limestone between Rudry and Machen.
Here the mineral occurs in a veinstone consisting principally of
barytes, with calcite and fragments of limestone. The veins,
which probably represent joints in the Limestone, are imper-
sistent, and extend in an easterly and north-easterly direction,
that is, more or less in the direction of the strike of the rocks.

In the early part of last century, many of these veins were
worked for lead, and a washing floor was made by the side of
the Nant-y-Draethen, near Cwm Leyshon. The ore is believed
to have been smelted in a furnace, the hearth of which was
discovered on the farm called Ffurnes Blwm* at the western
end of Caerphilly Common. Lead was obtained from these
workings at least as late as 1850, but they may have been of
very early origin, for Roman coins were found in one of them
at Cefn Pwll-du, near Ruperra.7{

Cerussite, or carbonate of lead, which results from the
decomposition of galena, and frequently occurs in the upper

* Newport Memoir (1909), p. 47.
T op. cit., p. 22.

The Minerals of Glamorgan. 35

portion of lead-bearing veins, has been found in these veins,
and minium, red oxide of lead, has also been recorded.*

Galena has also been found in the Carboniferous Limestone
further west. At Groes Faen, near Miskin, it occurs in thin
strings associated with barytes, and at Pentre, near Llantrithyd,
the limestone contains specks of the mineral, while galena con-
taining an appreciable amount of silver was obtained from some
calcite veins at the same locality.t The mineral was worked
in levels between St. Hilary and New Beaupre, near Cowbridge,
where the Triassic breccia rests upon the Carboniferous Lime-
stone. At Langland Farm, near Brocastle, some four miles
west of Cowbridge, a lead-bearing vein about three feet wide
occurs in the Limestone, and a “ mine’
depth of 50 feet.{ The late John Storrie found galena in the
lower beds of the Carboniferous Limestone at Bendrick Rock,
Barry.

The occurrence of lead in the Coal Measures is somewhat
unusual, but it has been recorded from at least three localities
in the south-eastern corner of the coalfield. In or about, 1868,
W. Adams detected lead ore in a vein, too narrow to be worth
working, in a fault fissure in the Van Colliery, Caerphilly.§
Some years previous to this, G. E. Rogers described and
figured a similar vein in a coal seam in the Pennant series at

,

was sunk in it toa

Abercarn. Theve in was nearly vertical, and contained,
in addition to galena, fragments of sandstone, shale, and coal ;
the lead ore was associated with calcite and pyrites, and the
constituents were arranged in irregular layers, roughly parallel
to the walls of the vein. Lumps of galena have been found
in the clay beneath a coal seam at Coed Ely.||

Specks of galena are said to be present in the masses of
Triassic breccia which project through the sand of Kenfig

* Howard (1899), p. 40.
{ Bridgend Memoir (1904), p. 107.
t Moore (1867), p. 521, Fig. 6.
§ Adams (1870), p. 37.
§| Rogers (1859), p. 228.
|| Pontypridd Memoir (1903), p. 81.

36 The Minerals of Glamorgan.

Burrows; and associated with pyrites, the mineral occurs
in small veins in the Triassic rocks at Gwern Efa, about
one mile south-east of Llantrisant. Here an old shaft was sunk
in search of lead ore, which is said to have been washed by the
side of the Afon Clun near by. The mineral has also been
found at Kenfig Hill, associated with a fault which brings
Rhaetic and Keuper rocks against the Millstone Grit.*

Small fragments of galena occur in shelly limestones in the
Lias at Tair Onen, near Llantrithyd, in the Sutton Stone
near Llwyn-helyg, a little to the west of Cowbridge,j and
in the Sutton Stone of the coast section. De la Beche
recorded it at Candleston, west of the Ogmore, both disseminated
in the rock, and filling cavities left by the solution of fossils.
He also stated} that at Dunraven, joints in the jet-like remains
of fossil plants contained galena.

At Llan-gan, near Bridgend, a vein consisting principally of
barytes with galena occurs in the conglomeratic beds of the
Liassic and Rhaetic strata, and in 1877-9 some 140 tons of lead
ore were raised from a mine, the shaft of which was sunk to a
depth of 150 feet.§

CALCITE.

Calcite (calctum carbonate, or calc-spar) is one of the com-
monest and most widely distributed of minerals.

The varieties of crystalline form of calcite are very numerous,
but the majority of the crystals are made up of three simple
forms, either alone or incombination. These are, the hexagonal
prism, the rhombohedron, and the scalenohedron. Owing to
their sharply pointed terminations, scalenohedral crystals of
calcite are frequently referred to as ‘‘ Dog-tooth spar,” “ Nail-
head spar ’’ is the name given to crystals which are terminated
by a combination of rhombohedral faces, the appearance of
which suggests the head of a nail.

* Pontypridd Memoir (1903), p. 124.
} Bridgend Memoir (1904), p. 67.
t De la Beche (186), p 273.
§ Barytes and Witherite Memoir (1915), p. 73

The Minerals of Glamorgan. 37

Calcite, when quite pure, is transparent and colourless, and is
then known as Iceland spar, but as usually found it is either
translucent or milky white and opaque, although it may also be
tinted, or superficially stained red or brown by oxide of iron.

In this district calcite is of frequent occurrence in the Lias
and Carboniferous Limestone. In the latter, white or pinkish
calcite frequently occurs as irregular masses or as veins, and
crystals are abundant on the sides of open fissures, or lining
cavities in the rock. Huge scalenohedral crystals occur in
cavities in the Limestone at the Little Garth Iron Mines, and
in the quarry under Castell Coch, but are usually of such a nature
as to looked at rather than collected. Smaller and more perfect
crystals are also fairly abundant. Calcite crystals of various
types have been found associated with the iron ores at Mwyndy ;
some specimens of calcite from this locality containing inclu-
sions of iron oxide were described by W. Vivian and J. H.
Collins. *

Cavities in the Carboniferous Limestone in a railway cutting
at Cadoxton have yielded (in 1915) fine scalenohedral and rhom-
bohedral crystals of calcite, and the mineral may, indeed, be
expected to occur in most places where the Carboniferous
Limestone is being worked, or is exposed in cliff sections.

Small crystals of calcite (usually very flat rhombo-
hedra) are frequently met with in fissures in clay ironstone
nodules.

Veins of white calcite are to be seen in fissures, usually
joints, in the Lower Lias Limestone throughout the county,
more especially in the west, and if the mineral does not fill the
fissure, its sides may be lined with small crystals, usually of
the “‘ dog-tooth spar”’ type.

Impure calcite in a fibrous condition occurs as thin bands,
known as “ beef,” in the local Rhaetic Beds, and may be seen
in the cliff section at Lavernock. The name “beef” is a
quarrymen’s term, and is an allusion to the fibrous structure
which is supposed to resemble that of muscular tissue.

* Vivian and Collins (1876), p. 17.

38 The Minerals of Glamorgan.

DOLOMITE.

Dolomite is a carbonate of calcium and magnesium which
occurs in rhombohedral crystals, often with curved faces.
In this district dolomite occurs as a constituent of the dolomitic
beds of the Carboniferous Limestone, and also in the conglom-
erates and breccias locally developed in the Trias. Crystals are
frequently found lining cavities,* and the characteristic rhombic
outlines of similar crystals may be seen in thin sections of those
rocks. Pink crystals of dolomite, associated with galena, are
said to have been found in the Carboniferous Limestone at
Bendrick Rock, Barry ; and crystals of ferriferous dolomite
have been obtained from the Lower Coal Measure Sandstone at
Park Colliery, Tirydail.f

CHALYBITE.

Chalybite, or carbonate of iron, may occur in a massive
condition or in rhombohedral crystals resembling those of dolo-
mite. It is usually light brown in colour, but owing to oxida-
tion, it may exhibit various shades ranging to reddish-brown or
very dark brown.

In view of the abundance of iron ores in the local Carboni-
ferous Limestone, the rarity of chalybite is somewhat remark-
able. Occasional specimens were found in the Mwyndy Mine.

An impure argillaceous form of chalybite, containing from
25 to 35 per cent. of iron occurs in the Coal Measures and is
known as clay ironstone. It varies in colour from light to
very dark brown, and has a flat, even fracture. Clay-ironstone
may occur in nodules or in definite bands, called by the miners
“ balls’ or “ pins”’ respectively. Many of the nodules enclose
fossils, around which the material is arranged in successive
concentric zones, and fissures due to contraction frequently
occur. Such cracks often contain quartz, calcite, millerite,
pyrites, hatchettine, and other minerals; and traces of lead,

* Well formed rhombohedral crystals from 1 to 3 mm. in diameter occur
in the Limestone at Thornhill, south of Caerphilly, Tafi’s Well, etc.
{ Rudler (1905), p. 187.

The Minerals of Glamorgan. 39

copper, and silver have been found in many specimens that
have been analysed.

Certain of the ironstones contain sufficient carbonaceous
matter to enable them to be calcined without the addition of
fuel, and such ironstones are known as “ blackband.”’

During the early part of the nineteenth century, clay iron-
stone under the name of “ Mine”’ was extensively worked as
an ore of iron, but in South Wales at least, its use is now
practically discontinued. Its former importance may be
judged from the following statement by Mr. Blackwell in a
lecture before the Society of Arts, Manufactures, and Com-
merce in 1854 :—‘‘ (Coal-measure ironstones) are entitled to the
first place, as they supply at least nine-tenths of the iron
produced (in the United Kingdom).’’*

The decline in the use of clay ironstone began with the dis-
covery of the iron ores in the Liassic and Jurassic rocks of
England, and with the inventions of Bessemer which brought
into prominence the value of iron ores low in phosphorus.
Ores of this class are not abundant in Britain, and the importa-
tion of foreign ores, especially from the Bilbao district of
Spain, commenced. The imported ores were used for the pro-
duction of ingot-iron, and those from the Secondary formations
in the manufacture of foundry pig-iron, while the demand for
puddled iron, for which clay ironstone was particularly suitable,
rapidly declined, and at the present time it is being made only
in Staffordshire and Scotland.

The disuse of the clay ironstones of South Wales was certainly
not due to the exhaustion of the supply, for ironstone beds are
known to occur under about 780 square miles of the coalfield,
and according to Mr. J. F. Tallis, of Ebbw Vale, the amount of
ironstone present may be taken at 13,000 tons per acre,
19,000,000 tons per square mile, or about 15,000 million tons
for the whole coalfield. Although only a portion of this ore
could be worked with advantage, the amount actually available
is enormous, and “it is quite within the bounds of possibility

* Cited by H, Scrivenor (1854), p. 301.

40 The Minerals of Glamorgan.

that some other change in the iron industry may once again
bring these ores to the front, and that ores not worth working
to-day may in the future become once again of economic
importance.’’*

In South Wales the ironstones occur principally in the lower
portion of the Coal Measures, and when traced from east to west,
the beds increase in thickness, but at the same time become
poorer in iron, consequently the great iron-making district was
at the Eastern end of the coalfield.

BARYTOCALCITE.

Barytocalcite is a double carbonate of barium and calcite,
and is a rare mineral,

A specimen of barytocalcite in the British Museum, presented
in 1886 by Col. Rimington, is said to have been obtained from
Glamorgan, but the exact locality is not recorded. Dr. G. T.
Prior, to whom the writer is indebted for this record, describes
the specimen as consisting of small white crystals and massive
material, with pyrites and limonite on ferruginous quartz.
From the association of minerals, the specimen would appear to
have been derived from one of the iron mines, probably that at
Mwyndy, but there is no published record of its occurrence in
that district.

BARYTES.

Barytes (sulphate of barium) occurs in small or large tabular
crystals, or in a massive crystalline condition, and when pure
is colourless or white, but is frequently yellow or pink owing
to the presence of impurities.

Barytes may be distinguished from most other minerals
which resemble it in appearance by its heaviness, having a
specific gravity of about 4-5 (that of calcite is only 2-7).

In Glamorgan, although widely distributed in the Carboni-
ferous Limestone and the Lower Lias, barytes does not occur
in sufficient quantity to be of economic value. It is usually
associated with calcite and galena.

* See Louis (1910), p. 640,

The Minerals of Glamorgan. AI

Massive barytes (more or less reddish in colour owing to the
presence of iron) has been found in the Carboniferous Limestone
in the quarries at Rhubina and Castell Coch. It occurs as a
veinstone containing galena in the old lead workings in the
Carboniferous Limestone between Rudry and Machen, and the
same two minerals are found in association in the Lower or
“ Bastard ”’ Limestones at Maes Mawr, near Llantrisant, and on
the coast between Sutton and Southerndown. Small tabular
crystals were found with the iron ores at the Mwyndy Mine,
and it has also been recorded, accompanied by celestite, in the
Carboniferous Limestone at Nells’ Point, Barry Island.

Small veins of barytes occur in the Carboniferous and
Liassic rocks between Cowbridge and Bridgend, e.g., at Ty-pica,
and also at Twmpath, where a vein of fairly pure, creamy-white
barytes was formerly worked.

The mineral also occurs in cracks in the jet-like carbonaceous
matter found in the Lower Lias at the Penarth Cement Works.

CELESTITE.

Crystals of celestite (sulphate of strontium) are very similar
in appearance to those of barytes, and the mineral is also found
in a massive crystalline, or granular condition.

Celestite is of rare occurrence in Glamorgan. It has been
found in veins in the Carboniferous Limestone at Nells’
Point, Barry Island, where it is associated with barytes, and
W. D. Conybeare, in 1822, recorded that in the “ Red
Marle”’ (Keuper Marl), there were “ geodes filled with crystals
of sulphate of strontian occurring in the island of Barry,’’* but
these crystals are now referred to Barytocelestite. In the
Lower Lias at the Penarth Quarries, milky-white celestite has
been found in flattened, tabular crystals, but the crystals are
so closely packed that only their lateral edges are visible.

* Conybeare (1822), p. 289.

42 The Minerals of Glamorgan.

BARYTOCELESTITE.

Barytes and celestite are isomorphous minerals, that is to
say, they are allied in chemical composition, crystallise in the
same crystal system, are closely similar in crystal habit, and may
mutually replace one another. As a result, crystals are fre-
quently found in which the sulphates of both barium and
strontium are present. To such crystals the name baryto-
celestite has been given.

Fine tabular crystals of a delicate blue tint have been found
in cavities in the Keuper Marl at Barry, and, as has already
been mentioned, were formerly regarded as celestite. Some
excellent specimens in cavities ranging up to a foot in diameter,
were encountered during the excavation of the deep water
entrance to Barry Dock, and on analysis were found to contain
43 per cent. of barium sulphate and 57 per cent of strontium
sulphate.* These crystals are therefore referred to baryto-
celestite. :

GYPSUM.

Gypsum is a hydrous sulphate of calcium which occurs as
colourless oblique prismatic crystals in many clay deposits ;
in a massive granular condition (alabaster) ; and in veins with
a fibrous structure (satin-spar). All varieties of gypsum are
very soft, and can be scratched by the finger nail.

In this district gypsum is found in some abundance in the
Keuper Marls, principally in the Red Marls, and less frequently
in the lower part of the Tea-green Marls. It may be seen in the
coast section at various points between Penarth and Barry.

The gypsum occurs in two conditions—as spheroidal masses
or irregular lenticular beds of granular alabaster, usually of a
pinkish colour, but occasionally pure white; and as thin veins
or strings composed of the mineral in a fibrous condition, the
fibres running perpendicularly to the sides of the vein.

In the former instance the mineral has probably been
precipitated as a result of the evaporation of the water in
arms of the Triassic seas which became land-locked owing to”

* Howard (1895), p. 47.

The Minerals of Glamorgan. 43

earth movements, but it has also been suggested that its
deposition may in part be due to the action of bacteria.
Whatever its mode of origin, however, the formation of the
gypsum in question was contemporaneous with the deposition
of the rocks in which it occurs. The veins of fibrous gypsum
on the other hand, are of secondary origin, and have been
deposited by water circulating in cracks and fissures in the
marls; they bear no relation to the bedding of the rock, and
frequently intersect. Many veins of this nature were seen in
the Keuper Marl traversed by a deep boring at Roath, and
specimens are now preseived in the National Museum of
Wales.* Fibrous gypsum was also recorded from the Black
Shales of the Rhaetic Series at Penarth. t

Gypsum has many economic uses, among which the most
important is perhaps, the manufacture of plaster of Paris and
other cements. Marls, full of gypsum veins, when finely
ground, are used as a polishing material in the South Wales
tinplate industry. t

The massive variety “‘alabaster’’ is used for ornamental
purposes, but owing to its softness it is only suitable for internal
decorations. It is principally used for statuary and ecclesias-
tical architecture. The alabaster tiles in the new building
of the University College, Cardiff, were obtained from levels
in the cliffs near Lavernock, and the mineral was formerly
worked in the Triassic Marls south-east of Cog.

WAVELLITE.

Wavellite is a hydrous phosphate of aluminium which was
first discovered towards the end of the eighteeenth century by
Dr. Wavell, in fissures in slaty rocks, near Barnstaple. It
consists of globular crystalline aggregates, and these, when
broken, show a radiating or star-like appearance due to the
grouping of very slender crystals around a centre.

* North (1916), p. 40.
t Etheridge (1872), p. 48.
¢{ Gypsum Memoir (1915), p. 4,

44 The Minerals of Glamorgan.

In the Proceedings of the Swansea Literary and Philoso-
phical Institution for 1837, there isa record of the occurrence
of Wavellite at Cil Ifor Hill, near Llanrhidian, in the Gower
Peninsula. The mineral was found in the joints of a “ whitish-
yellow close-grained sandstone . . . used for building purposes,”’
and it is further mentioned that “‘ the mineral (was) observed
to abound in all the quarries in which the rock (was) worked
to the distance of two miles from Cil Ifor Hill.’”” The sandstone
referred to occurs in the Millstone Grit series.*

Wavellite of a greenish tint occurs in cracks in the clayey
rocks associated with rottenstone (7.e., in the Upper Limestone
Shale Series of the Geological Survey) in a quarry on Pwll-du
Head, Gower.t

KAOLINITE.

Kaolinite is a hydrous silicate of alumina which occurs
in many clays. It usually takes the form of a white powder
consisting of very small plates, but may be tinted owing to the
presence of impurities.

Films of kaolinite have been found lining fissures in the
Pennant Grit, especially where the strata have been affected by
faults, e.g., at Cwm Fforch-wen in the Garw Valley. At that
place it has been seen in situ, but the mineral may also be
found among the debris thrown out from old workings in the
disturbed area.{

The mineral has probably resulted from the decomposition
of felspars, grains of which enter into the composition of the
Pennant Sandstones and Grits.

MOUNTAIN LEATHER.

Mountain leather, a mineral allied to asbestos, and consisting
of thin brownish sheets composed of interlacing fibres, was
found with the iron ores at the Mwyndy Mines, and a small
specimen is now in the National Museum of Wales.

* Logan (1837), p. 23.
+ Swansea Memoir (1907), p. 27.
t Pontypridd Memoir (1903), p. 84.

The Minerals of Glamorgan, 45

GLAUCONITE.

Glauconite is essentially a hydrous silicate of iron and
potassium, so variable in composition as to suggest that it is
a mixture rather than a definite mineral species. It usually
occurs as dark-green grains in sedimentary rocks, and has been
recorded in the Sutton Stone of the Bridgend district.

HATCHETTINE.

Hatchettine is a substance of organic origin which was
noticed by J. J. Conybeare lining cracks in the clay-ironstone
nodules at Merthyr, where it was associated with crystals of
calcite and quartz.*

It has since been found at several places in the eastern part
of the coalfield, particularly in the ironstones known as
“ Three-quarters Balls.”’

Hatchettine is a transparent yellowish substance, consisting
of thin laming with a nacreous (pearly) lustre, greasy to the
touch, and of the consistency of soft wax. Upon exposure it
becomes black and opaque, owing to the formation of carbon
following upon the slow decomposition of the substance.
J. F. W. Johnston, who analysed the mineral in 1838, determined
it to be a hydrocarbon belonging to the group of which olefiant
gas is the best known type.f

Conybeare named the mineral after Charles Hatchett, a con-
temporary chemist who specialised in bituminous substances,
but it had previously been alluded to by Brande as mineral
adipocire. {

FLuUOR in minute blue cubes and GOLD in rounded grains
were found by the late John Storrie in a thin sandy bed in the
Keuper Marl, which was met with at a depth of 334 feet in a
boring for water at the Phoenix Brewery, Working Street,
Cardiff.§

* J. J. Conybeare (1821), p. 136.
t+ Johnston (1838), p. 339.

t J. J. Conybeare (1823), p. 190.
§ Storrie (1894), p. 107.

46 The Minerals of Glamorgan.

III. SUMMARY.

Of 31 minerals which have been found in the county, only
eight, viz., hematite, limonite, galena, pyrites, calcite,
chalybite, barytes, and gypsum are at all abundant, while eight
others, viz., gold, fluor, minium, chalcopyrite, linnzite,
cerussite, barytocalcite, and mountain leather may be regarded
as rarities.

The only minerals of economic importance which occur are
hematite, limonite, galena, barytes, gypsum, and pyrites.
The iron ores and galena were largely used during part of
the latter half of the last century, while barytes, pyrites, and
gypsum were worked to a limited extent. At the present time,
hematite and limonite only are being produced (at Llanharry).

It has already been pointed out that vast quantities of clay
ironstone are still available, and the pyrites of the coal measures
might be used for its contained sulphur, but beyond this the
minerals of Glamorgan are of scientific rather than of economic
interest.

It will be noticed that in regard to the number of mineral
species present, and the abundance and economic importance
of those minerals, the Carboniferous Limestone is the most
important mineral-bearing formation in the county. The
second in importance is the Upper Carboniferous Series,
including the Millstone Grit and the Coal Measures. Gypsum
is the only mineral which occurs in any abundance in the
Secondary Rocks.

In conclusion, the writer desires to express his thanks to
Mr. T. C. Cantrill, Dr. H. K. Jordan, J.P., Dr. G. T: Preciand
others, who kindly furnished information concerning certain
mineral occurrences, and to Dr. W. Evans Hoyle, and Professor
T. Franklin Sibly, for reading and commenting upon the
manuscript of this paper.

The Minerals of Glamorgan. 47

IV. WORKS-IN WHICH THE MINERALS OF
GLAMORGAN ARE MENTIONED OR DESCRIBED.

Apams, W. “ The characteristics of the Cefn-on Tunnel”’
Trans. Cardiff Nat. Soc., vol. 2, 1870, pp. 32-41. [p. 37
refers to the occurrence of lead ore in the Coal Measures at
Caerphilly, and of iron ore at Rudry. |

“On the Coal-brasses of the South Wales Coalfield,”
Proc. South Wales Inst. Engineers, vol. 5, 1867, pp. 190-196.

DE LA BECHE, SiR H. T. “ On the formation of the Rocks of
South Wales and South Western England,” Mem. Geol. Survey,
vol. I, 1846, pp. 1-296. [Refers to pyrites, galena, wavellite,
etc., in Glamorgan. |

REPORT OF THE ROYAL COMMISSION ON ARSENIC POISONING,
I1go3. [In vol. 2, Dr. Strahan and other discuss the origin
and occurrence of pyrites in the coals of South Wales. |

CLARKE, F.W. “ The data of Geochemistry,” U.S. Geol. Survey
Bulletin, 616, i916. [p. 6093, mentions Linneite in
Glamorgan. |

CONYBEARE, J. J. ‘‘ Description of a New Substance found in
Ironstone,” Ann. Philos., N.S., vol. 1, 1821, pp. 136-7.

| On, Hatchettine,’? Ann. Philos., N.S., vol: 5, 1823;
i; -£90.

CONYBEARE, W. J.,andW. Puiiips. ‘Outlines of the Geology
of England and Wales,” Part I. (the only part published),
1822. [p. 265 refers to the silicified fossils in the Lias at
Aberthaw, and p. 289 to “sulphate of strontian”’ at Barry. |

Des CLoizEAux, A. L. Bull. Soc. Minéral. de France, vol. 3,
1880, pp. 170-1. [Records the presence of linneite in the
Coal Measures of Glamorgan. |]

ETHERIDGE, R. “On the Physical Structure and Organic
Remains of the Penarth (Rhaetic) beds of Penarth and
Lavernock,” Tvans. Cardiff Nat. Soc., vol. 3, pt. 2, 1872,
pp. 39-64. [Refers to the presence of pyrites and gypsum
in the Rhaetic deposits. |

48 The Minerals of Glamorgan.

Evans, F. G. ‘“‘ The Carboniferous Limestone,” Trans. Cardiff
Nat. Soc., vol. 3, pt. I, 1872, pp. 39-47. [Describes the
method of working in the Garth Iron Mine. ]

Howarp, F. T. ‘‘ The Hematite deposits of South Wales
and theories regarding their formation,’ Tvans. Cardiff
Nat. Soc., vol. 26, pt. I, 1894, pp. 47-54.

“The Geology of Barry Island.” Trans. Cardiff Nat.

Soc., vol. 27, pt. I, 1895, pp. 42-55. [Refers to the presence of

galena and calcite in the Carboniferous Limestone and of

barytocelestite in the Trias. |

“The Geology of East Barry Dock,’ Tvans. Cardiff

Nat. Soc., vol. 28, pt. 2, 1897, pp. 77-89. [p. 86 refers to the

occurrence of dolomite and galena at Bendrick Rock. ]

‘“ The Geology of the Cowbridge District,” Tvans. Cardiff

Nat. Soc., vol. 30, 1899, pp. 36-46. [Refers to lead-bearing

veins in the Lias and Carboniferous Limestone. }

‘“Note on the Lead Deposits of the Eastern Fringe of
the South Wales Coalfield,” Tvans. Cardiff Nat. Soc., vol. 30,
1899, pp. 46-7.

Huppieston, W. H. “On the Geological History of Iron
Ores,’ Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. II, I89I, pp. 104-144. [p. 132
refers to the Mwyndy Iron Mine. ]

JOHNSTON, J. F. W. ”’ On the composition of certain mineral
substances of organic origin. IJ. Hatchettine,”’ Philos.
Mag., vol. 12, 1838, pp. 338-9.

Jones, T. Rupert. “On Quartz . . . and other forms of
Silica . . .,”” Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. 4, 1876, pp. 439-458.
[pp. 454-5 refer to the occurrence of “ potato-stones”’ in
Glamorgan. |

Jorpan, H. K. ‘“ The Pencoed, Mynydd-y-Gaer, and Gilfach
Goch mineral districts.” Proc. South Wales Inst. Engineers,
vol. 9, 1876, pp. 250-270. [p. 270 refers to the presence of
millerite and other minerals in the Coal Measures. ]

Locan, W. E. Second Ann. Rep., Swansea Philos. & Lit. Inst.,
1837. [p. 23 mentions the discovery of wavellite in the
Gower Peninsula. }

The Minerals of Glamorgan. 49

Louis, H. In‘“‘ The Iron Ore Resources of the World,” XI. Int.
Geol. Congress, Stockholm, 1910, vol. 2. [pp. 628 and
640-I mention the hematite and clay-ironstone deposits
of Glamorgan and South Wales.]

KENDALL, J. D. ‘“‘ The Iron Ores of Great Britain and
Ireland,” 1893.

Martin, E. “ Description of the Mineral Bason in the
Counties of Monmouth, Glamorgan, Brecknock, Carmarthen,
and Pembroke,” Piil. Trans. Roy. Soc., vol. 96, 1806, pp.
342-347. [Mentions the presence of clay-ironstone (“ Mine ’’)
in the Coal Measures. |

MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. “ Specfal reports on
the Mineral Resources of Great Britain ”’ :—vol. 2, Barytes
and Witherite, 1915; vol. 3, Gypsum and Anhydrite, Celes-
tite and Strontianite. ([Vol. 2, p. 73, refers to barytes;
vol. 3, p. Lo, to gypsum in Glamorgan. |

MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GREAT BRITAIN,
“The Iron Ore of Great Britain, Pt. 3, Iron Ores of South
Wales,” 1861.

MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ENGLAND AND
Wates. “ The Geology of the South Wales Coalfield.”

Part 1. The Country around Newport. 2nd ed., Igog.

Part 3. The Country around Cardiff. 2nd ed., 1912.

Part 4. The Country around Pontypridd and Maestég.
1903.

Part 5. The Country around Merthyr Tydfil. 1904.

Part 6. The Country around Bridgend. Ig04.

Part 7. The Country around Swansea. 1907.

MitteR, W. H. ‘On the Specific Gravity of Sulphuret of
Nickel,” Philos. Mag., vol. 20, 1842, pp. 378-9.

Moore, C. ‘“ On Abnormal Conditions of Secondary Deposits

. and on the age of the Sutton and Southerndown

Series,’ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 23, 1867, pp. 149-568.
[Refers to lead-bearing veins in Glamorgan. |

50 The Minerals of Glamorgan.

Morcan, T. “‘The History of Llantrisant, Glamorganshire,”’
1898. [pp. 140-142, refer to the working of iron ores.in the
district. ]

North, F. J. ‘“‘ Ona deep boring for water at Roath, Cardiff ”
Trans. Cardiff Nat. Soc., vol. 48, 1916, pp. 36-49. [p. 40
refers to gypsum in Triassic Marls traversed by the boring. ]

Rocers, E. “ On the occurrence of a metalliferous vein of
Lead, passing through a coal bed, in South Wales,” Proc.
South Wales Inst. Engineers, vol. 1, 1859, pp. 228-230.

RuDLER, F. W. “A handbook to a collection of the Minerals
of the British Isles in the Museum of Practical Geology,”
1905. [The Minerals of South Wales are discussed on
pp. I17-121.]

ScRIVENOR, H. “‘ History of the Iron Trade,” 1854.

Sotitas, W. J. “On the Silurian district of Rhymney and
Penylan, Cardiff,” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 35, 1879, pp.
475-509. See also Tvans. Cardiff Nat. Soc., vol. 11, 1879,
pp. 7-41. [Refers to géthite in the Silurian rocks near
Car diff. |

STORRIE, J. ‘‘ The fossils at Penarth,’ Tvans. Cardiff Nat.
Soc., vol. 14, (1883). [Refers to pyrites in the Rhaetic
bone bed at Lavernock. |

“Notes on the occurrence of grains of Native Gold in
the New Red Marl,” Tvans. Cardiff Nat. Soc., vol. 26, pt. I,
1894, pp. 107-9.

Tawney, E. B. ‘“‘ On the Western limit of the Rhaetic Beds
in South Wales,’ Quart. Journal Geol. Soc., vol. 22, 1866,
pp. 70-89. [p. 73 refers to galena in the Sutton and
Southerndown Beds. } :

Tuomas, H. H., and D. A. MacatisTER. ‘‘ Geology of Ore
Deposits,” Igog. [Iron ores of Glamorgan discussed on

pp. 250-2. ]
Tuomas, J. W. ‘‘ On the water of Taff’s Well,” Trans. Cardiff
Nat. Soc., vol. 9, 1878, pp. 48-52.

The Minerals of Glamorgan. 51

Vivian, S. ”’ The Hematite deposits of the Southern outcrop
of the Carboniferous Limestone of South Wales,’ Pvoc.
South Wales Inst. Engineers, vol. 14, 1885, pp. 164-175 ; see
also Trans. Cardiff Nat. Soc., vol. 19, pt. I, 1887, pp. 48-53.

Vivian, W. “ The Mwyndy Mine,” Trans. Cardiff Nat. Soc.,
vol 3, pt. I, 1872, pp. 79-80.

— “Further notes on Oxide of Iron enclosed in Quartz at
Mwyndy, Glamorganshire.” Mineral. Mag., vol. 1, 1876,
pp. 117-118.

Vivian, W., and J. H. CoLiins. “‘ Note on paragenetic forma-
tions of carbonate of lime and oxide of iron at the Mwyndy
Iron Mine, Glamorganshire,’”’ Mineral. Mag., vol. 1, 1876,
pp. 18-9.

Watson, J. J. ‘‘ The Hematite deposits of Glamorganshire.”
Geologist, 1859, pp. 241-56. [Describes the iron ore of Llan-
trisant and Llanharry, and the manganese ores of Newton,
near Porthcawl. |

WETHERED, E. “On the origin of the Hematite Deposits
in the Carboniferous Limestone,” Geol. Mag., 1882, pp. 522-5.
[Refers to the Garth Iron Mine. |]

Woopwarp, H. B. “ The Lias of England and Wales,” Mem.
Geol. Survey., 1893. [p. 102 mentions the occurrence of
galena in the Lias. ]

OTHER WORKS MENTIONED, BUT NOT BEARING
DIRECTLY UPON GLAMORGAN.

HAIDINGER, W. ‘“‘ Handbuch der bestimmenden Minera-
logie,”’ 1845.

JORISEN, A. “Sur la presence du Molybdine, etc., dans le
terrain houiller du pays de Liége,” Ann. Soc. Geol. Belg.,
vol. 23, 1896, pp. IOI-105.

Wickes, W. H. “ Beekite,’’ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., vol. 2,
pt. 3, I9LO, pp. 9-21.

52

THE HEMIPTERA’ OF GLAMORGAR

By UU. M. HALCETT;: &.E'S.

In Edward Saunders’ ‘‘ Hemiptera Heteroptera of the
British Islands,’ London, 1892, there are some seventy species
recorded for the County, most of which are credited to Mr. T. R.
Billups, who collected in the Cardiff District, and a few to
Mr. W. G. Blatch, from Swansea. During the last few years
I have collected any that came in my way whilst working the
Hymenoptera, and have lately been helped by Messrs. A. D. R.
Bacchus, H. E. David, and J. R. le B. Tomlin; and as the list
now amounts to well over 200 species, it seems to be worth
putting on record. It is somewhat surprising that the Bugs
have not received more attention, as they are attractive in
appearance and easily collected, whilst the number of species
is far less formidable than in the Coleoptera and Lepidoptera.

The physiography of the County would suggest a very much
richer list than has so far been compiled, and, no doubt, further
work will materially add to our knowledge of the local fauna,
both in this and other orders.

I am greatly indebted to Mr. E. A. Butler, B.A., B.Sc., for
his kind assistance, everything I have taken has been named

by him.
HETEROPTERA.

PENTATOMIDZ.

Thyreocoris scarabeeoides, Linn. Cardiff (Billups); Kenfig and Porth-
cawl, not uncommon on Viola curtisii, and crawling on the bare
sandhills.

Eurygaster maura, Linn, Cardiff (Billups).

Podops inuncta, Fab. Not uncommon under stones at Penarth, Cwrt-
yr-ala, Sully, and Porthcawl.

Geotomus punctulatus, Cost. Cowbridge (Billups).
Sehirus bicolor, Linn, Cardiff (Billups).

Se)

Un

The Hemiptera of Glamorgan.

Sehirus luctuosus, M. & R. Cardiff (Billups).
Alia acuminata, Linn. Cowbridge (Billups).

Dolycoris baccarum, Linn. lLlanmadoc, Gower, one adult and one
larva, September, 1916 (David).

Palomena prasina, Linn. Cardiff (Billups).

Piezodorus lituratus, Fab. Llanmadoc (David); Sully, common on
Furze (Bacchus and Hallett); Horton, Gower.

Pentatoma rufipes, Linn. Merthyr Mawr (David); Candleston, in
larval condition.

Eurydema dominulus, Scop. Cardiff (Billups).
Zicrona coerulea, Linn. Swansea (Blatch).
Acanthosoma heemorrhoidale, Linn. Cwrt-yr-ala, one, under bark of a
dead pine, 26th March, ro16.
COREIDZ.
Enoplops scapha, Fab. Cowbridge (Billups).
Syromastes marginatus, Linn. Cardiff (Billups).

Pseudophloeus fallenii, Schill. Taff’s Well (Billups); Crwmlyn Bog
(Tomlin) ; Porthcawl and Kenfig, abundant under Erodium.

Alydus calcaratus, Linn, Horton, July, rors, one larva running with the
Ant, Formica fusca, var. glebaria, which it much resembles.

Stenocephalus agilis, Scop. Cowbridge (Billups); Merthyr Mawr (David)
Porthcawl, not uncommon on Euphorbia.

,

Therapha hyoscyami, Linn. Merthyr Mawr, commonly, and Llanmadoc
(David); Kenfig, not uncommon on Euphorbia and under
Erodium.

Corizus subrufus, Gmel. Taff’s Well (Billups).

Corizus parumpunctatus, Schill. Porthcawl, two specimens, June, IQIs.

BERYTIDZ.

Berytus minor, H. §. Llanmadoc, two specimens in September, 1916
(David).

Berytus signoreti, Fieb. Old Cogan, 1913; Cwrt-yr-ala, June, ror4.

Metacanthus elegans, Curt. Cardiff (Billups); Porthcawl, common,
July, 1916, under Ononis.

LYGHIDZ.
Nysius thymi, Wolff. Porthcawl, one specimen, 23rd July, ror6.
Cymus glandicolor, Hahn. Cardiff (Billups).
Cymus claviculus, Fall, Taff's Well (Billups).

54 The Hemiptera of Glamorgan.

Ischnorhynchus resedee, Panz. Has been taken in Glamorgan (Butler).

Heterogaster urtice, Fab. Cardiff (Billups); Pontneathvaughan, 3rd
August, 1914, Porthcawl, June, I91s.

Rhyparochromus preetextatus, H. §. Porthcawl, 13th June, rors.
Plinthisus brevipennis, Latr. Cowbridge (Billups).

Stygnocoris rusticus, Fall. Penarth, two swept off Fleabane, 20th
September, 1916.

Stygnocoris pedestris, Fall. Llanmadoc, September, 1916 (David);
Penarth, August, 1915, and September, Ig16.

Stygnocoris fuligineus, Geoff. Porthcawl, under Ononis, June, 191s.
Peritrechus geniculatus, Hahn. Cowbridge (Billups).

Peritrechus nubilus, Fall. Penarth (Billups).

Trapezonotus arenarius, Linn, Kenfig, 1st June, ror4,.

Aphanus albo-acuminatus, Goeze. Cardiff (Billups).

Aphanus pini, Linn, Taff’s Well (Billups).

Beosus maritimus, Scop. Bridgend (Billups).

Eremocoris plebejus, Fall, Taff’s Well (Billups).

Drymus sylvaticus, Fab. Cwrt-yr-ala, Sully, &c., not uncommon.
Drymus ryei, D. & §. Cwrt-yr-ala, rg12.

Drymus brunneus, Sahlb. Common at Sully, Cwrt-yr-ala, and Penarth.

Drymus piceus, Flor. Pontneathvaughan, one in moss on bank of River
Perddyn, 12th August, 1916.

Notochilus contractus, H-S. Not rare at old Cogan, Cwrt-yr-ala, Sully, &c.
Scolopostethus grandis, Horv. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1913.

Scolopostethus affinis, Schill, Common at Penarth, Cwrt-yr-ala, Sully,
Kenfig, &c. ; the macropterous form occurring occasionally.

Scolopostethus thomsoni, Reut. Old Cogan, 1913; Penarth, April, 1916.
Scolopostethus decoratus, Hahn. Penarth, 1913, and April, 1916,

Gastrodes ferrugineus, L. Sully, common on Pine trees, July to Septem-
ber, 1916.

Pyrrhocoris apterus, Linn. Cowbridge and Taff’s Well (Billups).

TINGIDID 2.
Serenthia leta, Fall. Penarth (Billups).
Acalypta cervina, Germ. Penarth, Cwrt-yr-ala, and Lavernock, not rare
in moss.

Acalypta parvula, Fall. Cwrt-yr-ala, one under a stone, 17th September,
1916, common in moss at Sully, 12th October, 1916,

The Hemiptera of Glamorgan. 55

Dictyonota strichnocera, Fieb. The Heath, Cardiff; three examples beaten
off Gorse, 5th September, 1916.

Derephysia foliacea, Fallen. Sully, one specimen, 12th November, 1916.

Monanthia ampliata, Fieb. Cowbridge (Billups); Lavernock, August,
IQIs.

Monanthia cardui, Linn. Very common on thistles at Penarth, Sully,
Cwrt-yr-ala, Porthcawl, &c.

Monanthia fabricii, Stal. Taff’s Well (Billups).
Monanthia dumetorum, H-S. Cardiff (Billups).

Monanthia humuli, Fab. Cowbridge (Billups), Cwrt-yr-ala, 24th September,
1916, common on Mentha and Myosotis.

ARADIDZ.

Aradus depressus, Fab. Cardiff (Billups), Cwrt-yr-ala, one under a stone,
March, Tors.

Aneurus levis, Fab. Cwrt-yr-ala, one under bark, 1912, and again
plentifully, 2nd April, 1916.
GERRIDIDZ.
Hydrometra stagnorum, Linn. Very abundant at Penarth, Kenfig, &c.
Microvelia pygmeea, Duf. Cardiff and Taff’s Well (Billups)
Velia currens, Fab. Very abundant throughout the County.
Gerris paludum, Fab. Taff’s Well and Cardiff (Billups).

Gerris najas, De Geer. Caerphilly, two in the Castle Moat, March, rg915
(Bacchus).

Gerris thoracicus, Schum. Common at Penarth, Cwrt-yr-ala, &c.

Gerris gibbifer, Schum. Pontneathvaughan, July, 1914, and commonly,
t2th August, 1916.

Gerris lacustris. Linn. Pontneathvaughan, common, July, 1914, and
October, 1915, Cwrt-yr-ala, 30th April, 1916, and Penarth (Bacchus),

REDUVIIDZ.

Coranus subapterus, De Geer. Llanmadoc, one specimen, September,
1916 (David).

Nabis lativentris, Boh. Very common, Penarth, Sully, Old Cogan,
Cwrt-yr-ala, Porthcawl, &c.

_Nabis major, Cost. Not uncommon, Llanmadoc, September, 1916 (David).
Penarth, August, t914, and 26th August, 1916.

Nabis flavomarginatus, Scholtz. Cowbridge and Taff’s Well (Billups),
Penarth, 26th August, 1916,

56 The Hemiptera of Glamorgan.

Nabis limbatus, Dahlb. Llanmadoc (David); Penarth, common, Sully,
Cwrt-yr-ala, &c.

Nabis ferus, Linn. Dinas Powis on Lucerne, 4th October, 1914; The
Heath, Cardiff, 5th September, 1916.

Nabis rugosus, Linn. Old Cogan and Penarth, abundant; Llanmadoc,
September, 1916 (David).

Nabis ericetorum, Scholtz. Pontneathvaughan, one specimen, 12th
August, I916.

SALDIDZ.

Salda scotica, Curt. Llantrisant (Billups); Pontneathvaughan, 3rd
August, I914, and very abundantly, 12th August, 1916.

Salda saltatoria, Linn. Abundant at Kenfig Pool and Candleston;
Pontneathvaughan, 3rd August, 1914, and 12th August, 1916;
Cwrt-yr-ala, 23rd April, 1916.

Salda c-album, Fieb. Cardiff, Cowbridge (Billups); Swansea (Blatch) ;
Pontneathvaughan, 12th August, 1916,

Salda pallipes, Fab. Commonly at Kenfig Pool and Candleston.

Salda lateralis, Fall. Oxwich Marsh, male and female, 16th August,
1916 (Tomlin).

Salda cocksi, Curt. Caerphilly Castle (Billups), Oxwich Marsh, 16th
August, 1916 (Tomlin); Pontneathvaughan, 12th August, 1916,

CIMICID &.
Cryptostemma alienum, H-S. Barry Island (Billups).

Cimex lectularius, Linn. Common in Cardiff, in some parts of the City ;
as it is in most towns.

Lyctocoris campestris, Fab. Penarth, 1913 and 1914, Lavernock, common
in haystack refuse, 23rd September, 1916.

Piezostethus galactinus, Fieb. Cardiff (Billups); Old Cogan, not un-
common, 23rd September, 1916 ; Penarth, in rubbish, 7th October,
IQ16,

Piezostethus cursitans, Fall. Penarth, one specimen, April, 1915.

Temnostethus pusillus, H-§. Penarth, not uncommon on Oaks, August,
IQI5.

Anthocoris confusus, Reut. Abundant at Penarth, Cwrt-yr-ala, Ken-
fig, &c.

Anthocoris nemoralis, Fab. Very common everywhere.

Anthocoris gallarum-ulmi, De Geer. Cwrt-yr-ala, one in haystack refuse,
25th December, 1916.

Anthocoris nemorum, Linn, Common, Penarth, Cwrt-yr-ala, Sully,
Kenfig, &c,

The Hemsptera of Glamorgan. 57

Tetraphleps vittata, Fieb. Lavernock and Sully, common on Pinus
sylvestris and P. austriaca,

Acompocoris pygmeeus, Fall. Abundant with the last species.

Triphleps nigra, Wolff. Very common at Penarth, Sully, Dinas Powis,
Porthcawl, &c.

Microphysa elegantula, Baer. Lavernock, one female beaten off Pinus

austriaca, August, 1915.

CAPSIDZ.

Pithanus maerkeli, H-S. Porthcawl, one running on the sandhills, June,
t915; Merthyr Mawr, 15th July, 1916; Pontneathvaughan, r2th
August, 1916.

Miris leevigatus, Linn. Common, Penarth, Sully, Cwrt-yr-ala, &c.
Miris holsatus, Fab. Kenfig Burrows, 1st June, 1914.

Megalocereea erratica, Linn. Penarth, Dinas Powis, Cwrt-yr-ala, Gower,
&c., common,

Megalocereea linearis, Fuess]. Tafi’s Well and Cowbridge (Billups)
Megalocereea ruficornis, Fourc. Penarth, May, ror4.
Leptopterna ferrugata, Fall. Not uncommon round Penarth,

Leptopterna dolabrata, Linn. Old Cogan, Penarth, Cwrt-yr-ala, &c.,
common,

Monalocoris filicis, Linn. Common on Bracken at Cwrt-yr-ala and
Pontneathvaughan.

Pantilius tunicatus, Fab. Tafi’s Well, on Hazel (Billups); Cwrt-yr-ala,
3rd October, 1915.

Lopus gothicus, Linn, Tafi’s Well (Billups).
Miridius quadrivirgatus, Cost. Barry Island (Billups).

Phytocoris tiliz, Fab. Llanmadoc, September, 1916 (David); Penarth,
26th August, 1916, and Cwrt-yr-ala, 3rd September, 1916.

Phytocoris longipennis, Flor. Penarth, August, 1915, Cwrt-yr-ala, 3rd
September, 1916.

Phytocoris reuteri, Saund. Cardiff (Billups).

Phytocoris varipes, Boh. Llanmadoc, September, 1916 (David), common
at Penarth, 26th August, 1916 ; The Heath, Cardiff, 5th September,
1916; Cwrt-yr-ala, Porthcawl, &c.

Phytocoris ulmi, Linn, Common at Penarth in August, 1915 and 1916,
Calocoris sexguttatus, Fab. Llantrisant (Billups).
Calocoris fulvo-maculatus, De Geer. Penarth, 1913.

Calocoris roseo-maculatus, De Geer. Glamorgan (Billups).

58 The Hemiptera of Glamorgan.

Calocoris bipunctatus, Fab. Very abundant throughout the County on a
variety of plants.

Calocoris lineolatus, Goeze. Sully 26th September, 1915, one example.
Calocoris infusus, H-S. Penarth, August, t915, beaten off Ash.
Calocoris striatus, Linn, Llantrisant (Billups).

Stenotus binotatus, Fab. Fairly common, Penarth, Sully, Cwrt-yr-ala,
Candleston, &c.

Dichrooscytus rufipennis, Fall, Common on Pinus sylvestris and P. aus-
triaca at Sully in July and August, 1916.

Plesiocoris rugicollis, Fall. Porthcawl, July, 1916, one specimen.

Lygus pabulinus, Linn. One example at The Heath, Cardiff, 5th Sep-
tember, 1916.

Lygus contaminatus, Fali. Pontneathvaughan, 9th October, 1915, Porth-
cawl. July, 1916 ; Cwrt-yr-ala, 3rd September, 1916.

Lygus viridis, Fall. Penarth, August, 1915, Porthcawl, July, ror6.

Lygus lucorum, Mey. Taff’s Well (Billups) ; Old Cogan, 1913, Penarth,
26th August, 1916; Sully, 6th August, 1916.

Lygus spinole, Mey. Penarth, July, 1915, and 25th July, 1916.

Lygus pratensis, Linn. Dinas Powis, Sully, Penarth, Porthcawl, Cwrt-
yr-ala, Gower, &c. ; very abundant.

Lygus rubricatus, Fall. Llandaff (Billups); Sully, 6th August, 1916.
Lygus cervinus, H-S. Penarth, May, rors.
Lygus pastinacee, Fall. Fairly common, Penarth, Cwrt-yr-ala, Sully, &c.

Lygus kalmii, Linn. Crwmlyn Bog, one example, 15th August, 1916
(Tomlin),

Camptozygum pinastri, Fall. St. Fagans (Billups); Sully, 6th August,
IgQt6.

Camptobrochis lutescens, Schill. Barry Island and Taff’s Well (Billups).

Liocoris tripustulatus, Fab. Very abundant on nettles throughout the
County.

Capsus ruber, Linn. Common on nettles wherever I have collected.
Rhopalotomus ater, Linn. Porthcawl, June, 1915; Penarth, July, 1916.
Pilophorus cinnamopterus, Kb. Tafi’s Well (Billups).

Pilophorus perplexus, Scott. Penarth, in company with the Ant Donis-
thorpea fuliginosa, on Cornus sanguinea, July-August, 1915, and
again in August, 1916.

Orthocephalus mutabilis, Fall. Tafi’s Well (Billups).
Halticus luteicollis, Panz, Llantrisant and Cowbridge (Billups).

The Hemiptera of Glamorgan. 59

Halticus apterus, Linn. Taff’s Well (Billups).
Macrolophus nubilus, H.S. Cardiff (Billups).

Dicyphus constrictus, Boh. Oxwich Marsh, one example, 16th August,
1916 (Tomlin).

Dicyphus epilobii, Reut. Common on Epilobium at Lavernock; The
Heath, Cardiff, 5th October, 1916.

Dicyphus errans, Wolff. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1913; Sully, 26th September,
IQI5.

Dicyphus stachydis, Reut. Cardiff (Billups).

Dicyphus pallidicornis, Fieb. Tafi’s Well, very common on Foxgloves
(Billups).

Dicyphus annulatus, Wolff. Barry Island (Billups); Porthcawl under
Erodium commonly, 17th October, 1915, and July, 1916.

Campyloneura virgula, H-S. Sant-y-nil (Loveridge); Penarth and
Pontneathvaughan, not rare.

Cyllocoris flavonotatus, Boh. Llantrisant (Billups).

AMtorhinus angulatus, Fab. Welsh St. Donats (Loveridge) ; Lavernock,
IQIs.

Globiceps flavomaculatus, Fab. Cowbridge (Billups).

Globiceps dispar, Boh. Penarth (Billups).

Mecomma ambulans, Fall. Penarth, August, 1915 ; Pontneathvaughan,
12th August, 1916.

Cyrtorrhinus caricis, Fall, Cardiff (Billups).

Orthotylus marginalis, Reut. Penarth, August, tors, and commonly
at Porthcawl and Penarth in July, ror6.

Orthotylus nassatus, Fab. Taff’s Well (Billups).
Orthotylus viridinervis, Kb. Penarth, 26th July, ror6.
Orthotylus ochrotrichus, D. & §. Penarth, July, rors.
Orthotylus flavosparsus, Sahlb. Llantrisant (Billups).

Orthotylus chloropterus, Kbm. The Heath, Cardiff, 5th September, 1916,
swept off Broom.

Hypsitylus bicolor, D. & §. Common on Gorse at Sully, 26th September,
1915, and Cwrt-yr-ala, 3rd October, 1916.

Loxops coccinea, Mey. ‘Taffi’s Well (Billups).

Heterotoma merioptera, Scop. Abundant at Penarth, Sully, Cwrt-yr-ala,
&c., beaten off a variety of plants,

Heterocordylus genistee, Scop. Cardiff (Billups) ; Penarth, very abundant
on_Genista tinctoria,

60 The Hemiptera of Glamorgan.

Malacocoris chlorizans, Fall. Penarth, August, 1915, Cwrt-yr-ala, Pont-
neathvaughan, October, 1916.

Onychumenus decolor, Fab. Cowbridge and Taff’s Well (Billups).

Megalocoleus pilosus, Schr. Porthcawl, July, 1916, not uncommon.

Macrotylus paykulli, Mey. Penarth (Bacchus); Porthcawl, very common
under Ononis, June, 1915, and July, 1916.

Harpocera thoracica, Fall. Porthcawl, June, 1915; Penarth, both sexes
in May, I916.

Byrsoptera rufifrons, Fall. Penarth, June, 1914; August, 1915; 26th
July and 26th August, 1916.

Phylus melanocephalus, Linn, One specimen beaten off Oak, July 2tst,
IQ16.

Phylus coryli, L., var. avellansee, Mey. Sant-y-nil (Loveridge) ; Penarth,
TOI.

Psallus ambiguus, Fall. Candleston, 14th July, 1916.

Psallus betuleti, Fall. Candleston, not rare on Quercus ilex, 22nd June,
1915, and 14th July, 1916.

Psallus variabilis, Fall. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1913; Penarth, June, 1914, and
21st July, 1916, Candleston, 22nd June, rors.
var. simillimus, D. & §. Candleston, with the type, beaten off Quercus
ilex, 22nd June, IgQIs.
Psallus lepidus, Fieb. Penarth, August, 1915; and commonly on Ash,
21st July, 1916.
Psallus alnicola, D. & §. Taff's Well (Billups).

Psallus fallenii, Reut. Cwrt-yr-ala, not uncommon on Birch, 3rd Septem-
ber, 1916; The Heath, Cardiff, 5th September, 1916.

Psallus varians, H. §. Old Cogan, 1913 and 1914; Cwrt-yr-ala, 1914;
Candleston, 22nd June, 1915.

Psallus diminutus, Kb. Penarth, May, 1914, and 21st July, 1916.

Psallus roseus, Fab. Penarth, August, 1915, and commonly 26th July,
Ig16.

Psallus salicellus, Mey. Penarth, August, 1915, Pontneathvaughan,
October, 1915.

Psallus rotermundi, Scholtz. Candleston, one specimen beaten off Populus
alba, 14th July, 1916.

Psallus vitellinus, Scholtz. Sully, one specimen beaten off Pinus sylves-
tris, 2nd July, 1916.

Atractotomus magnicornis, Fall. Lavernock, August, 1915; Sully,
September, 1916, off Pines.

Plagiognathus albipennis, Fall. Penarth, male and female on Artemisia
abrotanum, August, 1916 (Bacchus),

The Hemiptera of Glamorgan. 61

Plagiognathus chrysanthemi, Wolff. Common, Penarth, May, 1914, Sully,
1915 and 1916.

Plagiognathus arbustorum, Fab. Abundant throughout the County.
Plagiognathus pulicarius, Fall. Porthcawl, June, rots.
Plagiognathus bohemani, Fall. Barry Island (Billups).

Asciodema obsoletum, D. & §. Sully, not rare on Gorse, 6th August,
1916,
NEPIDZ.

Nepa cinerea, Linn. Not at all rare at Penarth; Kenfig Pool, &c.
Ranatra linearis, Linn. Cardiff (Billups).

NAUCORIDZ.
Naucoris cimicoides, Linn, Cardiff (Billups).

NOTONECTIDZ.

Notonecta glauca, Linn. Abundant at Penarth, Sully, Kenfig Pool, &c.
var. maculata, Fab. Penarth, not uncommon with the type (Bac-
chus).

Plea minutissima, Fab. Common at Penarth, Sully, Kenfig Pool, &c.

CORIXIDZ,

Corixa geoffroyi, Leach. Very common, Penarth, Sully, Kenfig Pool,
Pontneathvaughan, Cwrt-yr-ala, &c.

Corixa lugubris, Fieb. Not uncommon in the Little Roach Pond near
Cogan, March, 191s.

Corixa hieroglyphica, Duf. Very abundant, Penarth, Sully, Kenfig Pool.

Corixa sahlbergi, Fieb. Not uncommon at Penarth and Kenfig Pool in
April; Cwrt-yr-ala, 8th May, 1916 (Bacchus).

Corixa linnei, Fieb. Penarth, March, 1914.

Corixa limitata, Fieb. Tafi’s Well (Billups); Sant-y-nil (Loveridge),
Penarth,

Corixa venusta, D. & §. Not uncommon in the Little Roach Pond near
Cogan, March, 1915 ; Penarth, April, 1916 (Bacchus).

Corixa striata, Linn. Common at Sully in March; Kenfig Pool, April,
1914. Penarth, April, 1916 (Bacchus).

Corixa distincta, Fieb. Not uncommon at Sully and Kenfig Pool.

Corixa fallenii, Fieb. Little Roach Pond, March, 1915; Penarth, 15th
April, 1916 (Bacchus).

Corixa fossarum, Leach. Little Roach Pond, March, 1915. This pond
is liable to be flooded at high spring tides, and seems very pro-
ductive in Corixe ; the water is brackish, and I have brought up
the common Shrimp in the net with the Corixe.

62 The Hemiptera of Glamorgan.

Corixa nigrolineata, Fieb. Very abundant at Penarth, Sully, Kenfig Pool,
&C.

Corixa preeusta, Fieb. Penarth, March, 1914, and Kenfig Pool, April,
IQI4.

Corixa concinna, Fieb. Kenfig Pool, one in April, 1914.

Corixa carinata, Sahlb. One specimen of this northern species at Kenfig
Pool, April, 1914. This is another productive locality for Water
Bugs.

HOMOPTERA.

The Homoptera, or Frog Hoppers, have received practically no attention
so far, only a few of the more striking species having been taken.

CERCOPIDZ.

Aphrophora alni, Fall. Welsh St. Donats (Loveridge); Penarth, com-
monly in July, 1916.

Aphrophora salicis, De G. Not rare on Sallows at Penarth, August, 1915,
and July, 1916.

Philzenus spumarius, Linn. Very abundant, and variable in its markings.
This is the insect known as the Spit Insect or Cuckoo-spit.

Philzenus campestris, Fall. Sully, one specimen, 26th September, 1915.

Phileenus lineatus, Linn. Penarth, not common, August, IgI5.

MEMBRACIDZ.
Centrotus cornutus, Linn. Taffs Well, June, 1914, Cwrt-yr-ala, May,
1915.
JASSIDZ.

Megophthalmus scanicus, Fall. Porthcawl, July, 1910.

Megophthalmus scabripennis, Edw. Sully, one example, December, 1916,
Tettigonia viridis, Linn, Sully, one on 1oth October, 1915.

Euacanthus interruptus, Linn, Cwrt-yr-ala, 1913.

Euacanthus acuminatus, Fab. Penarth, August, 1915.

Batracomorphus lanio, Linn, Penarth, not rare on Oak, July, 1915, and
August, 1916.

Oncopsis alni, Schr. Porthcawl, commonly, in July, 1916.
Macropsis scutellata, Boh. Penarth, common, August, 1915.
Macropsis rubi, Boh. Penarth, commonly with the last.
Macropsis tibialis, Scott. Penarth, July, 1916.

Macropsis impura, Boh. Porthcawl, July, 1916.

Idiocerus tremule, Est]. Cwrt-yr-ala, 3rd October, 1915.

The Hemiptera of Glamorgan. 63

Idiocerus lituratus, Fall. Porthcawl, July, 1916.

Idiocerus populi, Linn, Penarth, July, rors.

Idiocerus confusus, Flor. Penarth, August, rors.

Acocephalus nervosus, Schr. Old Cogan, 1913 and rors.

Athysanus plebejus, Fall. Dinas Powis, plentiful, 4th October, ror4.

Athysanus lineolatus, Brulle. Dinas Powis, plentiful with the last on
Lucerne.

Deltocephalus sabulicola, Curt. Porthcawl, July, 1916.

Jassus modestus, Fieb. Penarth, July, 1916.

Jassus mixtus, Fab. Penarth, July, rors.

Thamnotettix subfusculus, Fall. Penarth, two specimens, May, 1916.
Limotettix 4-notata, Fab. Penarth, one example, October, 1916,

Alebra albostriella, Fall, Lavernock on Pinus, August, 1915, Penarth
26th July, 1916.

Empoasca smaragdula, Fall. Penarth, common on Sallows, July, 1916.

Empoasca butleri, Edw. Porthcawl, 17th October, 1915, common on
Salix repens.

Chlorita flavescens, Fab. Penarth, May, 1916.
Eupteryx auratus, Linn, Penarth, commonly, 23rd September, 1916.
Eupteryx germari, Zett. Candleston, r4th July, 1916.
Eupteryx pulchellus, Fall. Lavernock, August, 1915.
Typhlocyba ulmi, Linn, Penarth, October, 1916.
FULGORIDZ.
Cixius pilosus, Ol. Not rare, Penarth, May, 1916.
Delphax pellucida, Fab. Penarth, August, 1915, May, 1916.

PSYLLIDZ.
Psylla buxi, Linn, Candleston, on Populus tremule, 14th July, 1916,

64

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.

By “HM. MALLETT, ES:

The past season was a late one, but otherwise proved a good
collecting one for the Aculeate Hymenoptera.

In contrast to IgI5, it was very free from the plagues of garden
pests which were experienced that year, there was a gratifying
absence of the Black Blight, and, at all events locally, of the
larve of the Small White Butterfly. Considering the unusual
abundance of “‘ queen ’’ wasps in June, these insects gave little,
if any trouble, during the autumn.

LEPIDOPTERA.

Pararge egeria, L. The Speckled Wood. This butterfly appears to be
decreasing in numbers, in many parts of the Country ; so far, this
does not appear to be the case in this district, it is plentiful in suitable
districts in the neighbourhood of Cardiff,

Cyaniris argiolus, L. The Holly Blue. Was again plentiful in the spring ;
this is another butterfly which is considered to be getting scarce,
but the reverse seems to be the case locally.

Lyceena corydon, Fab. Chalk Hill Blue. One example was taken at
Caerphilly this year by Mr. Max Wright, this is a very interesting
capture, as the only previous record was one by Mr. Evan John,
near Southerndown Golf Course, some years ago.

HYMENOPTERA ACULEATA.

There are not many additions to the Glamorgan list to
chronicle, but those that have occurred are rare and interesting,
whilst the following further occurrences of species previously
recorded are worth noting :—

Myrmica schencki, Emery. Mr. Horace Donisthorpe came down in Septem-
ber to study this recent addition to the British list, in its original
locality, and we found three colonies in the same bank at Sully;
on this occasion we succeeded in finding the male, which I had
failed to secure before. The colonies are small and the nest
extends only about two inches below ground,

Entomological Notes. 65

Donisthorpea umbrata, Nyl. A strong colony was found at Sully on
8th October, under alarge stone ; there were present a large number
of winged females, and among these occurred four examples of the
interesting Myrmecophilous beetle, Claviger longicornis, Mull.,
which is a welcome addition to the list of Glamorgan Coleoptera
and a notable extension of its British distribution. The mite
Spheeroleelaps holothyroides, Leon, also occurred freely in this
nest.

Methoca ichneumonides, Latr. This species occurred again at Rest Bay,
Porthcawl, in July, but much less commonly than last year.

Pompilus consobrinus, Dpbm. One female was taken at Porthcawl.

Pompilus chalybeatus, Schiodte. Commonly at Porthcawl in July, the
males of this species are by far the most numerous of the red-bodied
species at Porthcawl.

Pompilus wesmaeli, Thoms. A few males were taken on the Newton
Burrows, and it would probably prove to be fairly abundant, if
sufficient patience to catch these active insects was always forth-
coming,

Astatus stigma, Panz. A few of each sex were again met with on the
sandhills ; it is locally plentiful.

Tachysphex unicolor, Panz. Proved to be again abundant, and commoner
than T. pectinipes, though the latter was much more plentiful
than last year.

Stigmus solskyi, Mor. Both sexes were taken on an old gate post on
21st July, 1916, in company with Passalcecus insignis, V. d. Lind.

Psen bicolor, Jurine. Not uncommon at Candleston in July, flying about
the privet bushes on the sand below the Castle.

Psen unicolor, V. d. Lind. Abundant on the Sandhills between Newton
and Candleston.

Vespa austriaca, Panz. The females occurred fairly commonly at
Penarth, in the middle of June ; one was noticed to pursue and kill
a fly, and another was caught whilst engaged in collecting wood
fibres from an old post, in the same manner as an industrious
wasp. The females of V. vulgaris, V. germanica, V. rufa, and
V. sylvestris were exceedingly abundant at the same time, and it is
remarkable, in view of the large numbers of queen wasps this
year, that so little trouble was experienced later on.

Chrysis viridula, L. Scarce at Sully.

Chrysis neglecta, Shuck. Not uncommon at Sully with Odynerus
spinipes.

Prosopis dilatata, Kirby. One male was taken at Sully, 2nd July, ror6.
One specimen annually of this bee is all I can ever find.

Andrena nigriceps, Kirby. Four females were taken at Rest Bay, Porth-
cawl, burrowing in a sandy bank,

66 Entomological Notes.

Andrena bucephala, Steph. Occurred fairly freely in the female sex at
Cwrt-yr-ala on 21st May.

Andrena labialis, Kirby. A very strong colony was found burrowing in
an old limestone quarry near Lavernock.

Nomada flava, Panz. Previous records of N, ruficornis, L., prove to be
this species, which is parasitic on Andrena trimmerana, K. (see
Perkins, Ent. Mo. Mag., 1916, p. 210).

Epeolus rufipes, Th. Occurred rarely on Newton Burrows, Porthcawl,
in July.

Coelioxys elongata, Lep. Not uncommon on the sandhills at Candleston
in July, in company with Megachile maritima.

Ccelioxys mandibularis, Nyl. Exceedingly abundant on the sandhills
from Candleston to Porthcawl, and also at Kenfig.

Osmia aurulenta, Panz. Not common at Porthcawl.

Osmia leucomelana, Kirby. Fairly common on the Newton Burrows,
and nests in the dead stems of Ragwort, which are lying on the sand.

Additions to the Glamorgan list of Hymenoptera aculeata :—

Myrmecina graminicola, Latr. One worker was taken under a small
stone at Sully, 18th June, 1916.

Pemphredon carinatus, Thoms. One female on an old willow stump at
Porthcawl, 23rd July, 1916.

Psen equestris, Fab. One male occurred on the sandhills below Candleston
Castle, 15th July, 1916.

Gorytes campestris, Linne. One male on Daucus at Sully, 2nd July, 1916.

Hedychridium integrum, Dhlb. Porthcawl, on bare sand, one female,
oth June, 1916, and one 23rd July, 1916; Kenfig, one female,
21st July, 1916.

Sphecodes spinulosus, V. Hag. This fine species occurred at Sully on
28th May, 1916, about the burrows of Halictus xanthopus, one
male coming to my net, whilst Mr. Bacchus took a female.

Andrena spinigera, Kirby. Two males were taken at Sully on oth April.

Nomada bucephale, Perk. One female of this, the parasite of
Andrena bucephala, was taken with its host at Cwrt-yr-ala on
21st May. For description of this species see Perkins, Ent. Mo.
Mag., 1916, p. 210, and January, 1917, p. 12.

Stelis octomaculata, Smith. Five specimens of this rare little bee occurred
at Newton Burrows, Porthcawl, in July; the first four were taken
settling on the bare sand, and the fifth entering an excavated stem
of Ragwort ; it is parasitic on Osmia leucomelana,

67

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES’ FOR xror6;

—

By T. W. PROGER anp D. R. PATERSON.

THE BLACK-TAILED GopwiT. (Limosa belgica).

This interesting wader is an addition to our list of local birds.
A male bird of this species was shot on Pengam Moors, on
September 16th, and we were able to handle it in the flesh, and
identify it. According to Howard Saunders, Bar-tailed Godwits
used to breed in the south of Yorkshire until the opening of the
roth century, and in the fens of Lincolnshire and Cambridgeshire
down to 1829, and in Norfolk until 1847, but they are now
only seen during Spring and Autumn migration, and even
then are by no means numerous. Their breeding places are in
certain favoured localities in Poland, Northern Germany,
Denmark, Holland and Belgium, whilst their winter quarters are
on the southern shores of the Mediterranean, and extending
as far as Abyssinia.

SPRING ARRIVALS, 1016.

April 1st. Chiff-Chaffs and Willow Warblers in considerable
numbers in the willows and hedgerows bordering the Waycock
Brook, near’ Penmark, also noted a Wood Warbler and a Tree
Pipit in the same locality.

These birds appeared to have only just arrived. A bright
and sunny day, and only the fourth day following the great
storm and blizzard of February 27th and 28th, which will long
be remembered. The shade temperature at the Penylan
Observatory on the following day was 62°. Very high for early
April.

April 15th. SwaLtows. Several seen near Gwain-y-to
Wood in the same district as the above. (T.W.P.)

April 18th. Swattow. One seen flying over the Roach
Ponds on Penarth Road (J.L.P.), and at Porthcawl on the same
date. (A. W. WALDRON).

68 Ornithological Notes.

April 20th. Cuckoo. Heard and seen at Peterston-super-
Ely. ARTHUR WALDRON. Also at Cwmciddy. (T.W.P.)

April 23rd, House MARTINS AND LAND Martins. Arrived
to-day at St. Fagans. (T.W.P.)

April 25th. Swirt. Two birds seen flying over Penarth
Headland. (J.L.P.). St. Fagans on the 26th (T.W.P.); at
Llandaff on the 27th. (JNo. E. WILLIAMs).

April 25th. Landrail. Heard at Porthkerry. (T.W.P.).

May 5th. Nicut-Jar. At Cwmciddy. (T.W.P.).

May 6th. WuitTe-THROAT AND SPOTTED FLYCATCHER. At
Cwmciddy. (T.W.P.).

May loth. RED-BACKED SHRIKE. At Cwmciddy. (T.W.P.)

September 30th. Woopcocx. “I flushed a Woodcock in
the Nurseries here this morning.”’ (Harold Evans, Llanishen).

This is the earliest arrival of this species that we have ever
heard of in the County—Woodcocks have been more numerous
this winter than we can remember. We have seen more than
fifty shot in one locality, and during the severe January frost,
1917, fifteen Woodcocks were seen feeding on a boggy spot
close to the road in Porthkerry Park. Sixty-three were shot
at Penrice during three days’ shooting.

DEPARTURES.

September 11th. Swirt. A single bird seen flying about
Penarth Headland at 7.40 p.m. (J.L.P.).

October 27th. SWALLOws AND HovusE-MartTins. A few
still remaining at St. Fagans. Weather very wet and stormy.
(CWA):

October 30th. Swattow. One bird seen flying about
Penarth Head. A sunny morning after five days of storm and
heavy rain. (J.L.P.).

GENERAL Notes.—The Barn Owl (Sivix jflammea) has be-
come quite numerous in the district. It is frequently seen
quite early in the afternoon hunting over especially the low-
lying and marshy meadows. Most of the country church towers
and many hollow trees have now a pair of Owls. A pleasing
increase due chiefly to the suppression of the pole-trap.

Ormithological Notes. 69

Flocks of Redwings (Turdus iliacus) with a few Field-Fares
(Turdus pilaris) passed over St. Fagans in a continuous stream
from 4.30 to 6.0 p.m., on March 4th. They were probably
beginning the return journey to their breeding haunts in
Scandinavia. It was a bright frosty day, with signs of sharp
frost.

A Reed-Bunting (Emberiza schoeniculus) was seen on March
6th, feeding on a manure heap at St. Fagans, a very unusual
place for this bird of the marshes. The day was very cold with
a fall of snow at night.

A Lesser Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopus minor) was
observed on March 2oth in a garden at Llandaff, searching for
food on decayed branches.

NOTES ON MAMMALS.

May 11th. BADGER (Meles tacus). A fine female Badger,
with her half-grown cub, was dug out of her earth in the
Big Wood at St. Fagans. We had noted her presence there for
some months previously, and regret that it was not possible
to allow her to remain undisturbed.

October roth. PoLecaT. (Mustela putorius). A Polecat
was trapped near Bridgend on this date, and sent to
Mr. Mountney for preservation. These animals have become very
scarce in Glamorgan owing to constant trapping. In parts of
Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire they are stillnot uncommon.
They are most destructive to game and poultry.

70

BIOLOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

REPORT FOR THE 2orH SESSION, 1015-16.

COMMITTEE.

THE PRESIDENT and Hon. SECRETARY OF THE C.N.S. (e%-officio).
W. N. Parker, Ph.D., F.Z.S. (President).
G, E, GAMMON.
H. E. SALMON.
H. M. SALmon.
pear, eee
ErNEst Heatu, F.R.M.S., J
R. W. A. SOUTHERN (Hon. Treasurer).
H. M. Hatcrert, F.E.S. (Hon Secretary).

’ Hon. Secretaries fov Field Walks.

The number of Members on the books is 85.

Five Ordinary Meetings, and the Annual Meeting (May
I1th, 1916) have been held in the course of the Session and have
been well attended.

The following is a list of the papers read :—
Nov. 4,1915. J. Davy Dean. “ Helix pisana, its varieties
and distribution.”’
H. M. Hatrett, F.E.S. ‘“ Entomological
Notes, 1915, with a list of Additions to the
Glamorgan records of Hymenoptera acu-
leata.”’

Dec. 2,1915. F. J. Nortu, B.Sc., F.G.5. ~ New Heleias
a hidden subject,—an account of a boring
for water made at Cardiff.”

Jan. 6, 1916. T. FRANKLIN SIBLy, D.Sc., F.G.S. “ Geo-

logical Photographs in the Cardiff District.”
Illustrated by Lantern Slides.

Biological and Geological Section. 41

Feb. 17,1916. G.C.S. Incram. ‘‘ Some Nature Notes and
Pictures.”’ Illustrated by Lantern Slides.

Mar. 16, 1916. ARTHUR LoveripGrE. ‘Natural History
Notes from British East Africa. ’’(Read
by the Hon. Secretary.)

May tii, 1916. F. J. Nort, B.Sc., F.G.S. “ The Minerals
of Glamorgan.”

The following exhibits were made and commented on :—

Nov. 4, 1915. <A. E. CAmMErRon, M.A., D.Sc. Galls made by
the Cymipid Rhizobia aptera on the roots
of Oak trees at Roath Park.

Dec. 2,1915. G.C.S. INGRAM. Stereoscopic photographs
illustrating local Bird Life.

Feb. 17, 1916. JoHN Grimes. Leaves of evergreen shrubs
to show the damage caused by the gales
of December 27th and January Ist.

Mar. 16,1916. ERNEST HEATH, F.R.M.S. Stereoscopic
photographs of scenes in British East
Africa.

JOHN Grimes. Woody flower-like growths
from East Africa.

W. Evans Hoy te, M.A., D.Sc. An ornament
carved from the base of a tusk of Walrus
or Elephant.

May 11,1916. JOHN HUTCHINSON. Specimens of Haema-
tite and Limonite from the Llanharry
Mine.

Since the last Report was read the third part of Mr. Tomlin’s
paper on the Coleoptera of Glamorgan has appeared in Vol.
XLVII. of the Transactions, and the fourth and concluding
part is now in the press. The whole work is a most important
contribution to the knowledge of the County Fauna, and has
received very favourable notice in the Entomological Journals.

HijM. (HALLETT,
Hon. Secretary.

nel

EE ——— A _— - —_

‘HONAdS NHOfL "(AV ]OdI9S “UO

‘NOWIVS avOdyd H lative WW
‘g16r ‘yySr Avy ‘Y91I09 punoy pue payIpny

ZL ‘01 LF ZL Or wei
OI €1I gg
On iO; en ‘+ puey ur yse9
Cah Gr » Gira "+ yueg ze yse)
Qg gt 6h 4s0)}e UOT Ie UI (oy fet ** uvoT IeA\ UO pueplAlq “*
spuog Joreog Sz7f# OM] O- a2-6 ry yisodaqy uo 4set0zuT “
—: 41-9161 OF On 2 as ** — Ayato0Sg 9t}
UOISSOS 0} PIeMIO} DOULTeg “ Aq poyofoo suonditosqns “
9g 410 UloJUeT pure soUepUds}}y “ L£ € %9 —
ie 2) ha asoT[0) }e SULOOYT JO JUaY “ oo & _ ‘* puey ul yse)
Oi I is ‘029 ‘sot}og ‘sodeisog “ i glo) B(0\0)) wre ‘+ yueg ze yse)
OF <9) <0 a ms surjunig Ag —C1-Pr61r UOIssasg WO 9oULTe, OT,
ps # ps F ‘pis Spesss
vg) ‘uowssag QI-S16r ay} dof JunovIp YsVD “Ad

‘NOILOUS TVOIDNOIOND ANV TIVOIDOTOIA

‘ALSIOOS SISITVHQLVYN dHICdav )

73
ARCHAOLOGICAL SECTION.

ANNUAL REPORT. SESSION 1915-16.

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEE.

President - : - - J. S. CorBETT.
Vice-President - - - W. Evans Hov te, M.A., D.Sc.
Hon. Secretary and Treasurer - Joun W. RopGErR.

Committee.
J. Warp, F.S.A. Professor O. L. RicHMOND, M.A.
J. H. Westyr Evans. W. CLARKE.
C. H. FARNSWORTH. C. Morcan, B.A.

F, BricH Bonn, F.R.I.B.A. B. AMSDEN,

FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

The Accounts have been audited and show a credit balance

Ol fit 4s. 2d,
MEMBERSHIP.

The Membership is 55, being a decrease of three since last

year.
PAPERS.

The Annual Meeting was held at No. 6, High Street, Cardiff,

on April 4th, at 7.30 p.m., after whicha Lantern Lecture was given

by F. Bricu Bonp, Esq., F.R.1.B.A., on “ Old Screens and
Rood Lofts in the Churches of Wales.”’

RESEARCH WORK.
Owing to the continuation of the War, all research work is
still in abeyance.
JOHN STUART CORBETT,
President.
JOHN W. RODGER,
Hon. Secretary.

OO

‘LriOr ‘Aavnagay Yyjor “40124995 “WOH
“HLYOMSNAVA “H SVHO UaAdou “AM NHOfL

‘yOa1I09 punoj puke poyipny

b Ir gr6r ‘YYO€ r9quiezdas ‘puvy ut sour[eg “
gL; ae a "* 9Inj9e7 JOT

uloJueT jo asuedxy pur wooy jo Ju “ 9: 14° S pat suoldiiosqns ‘
Bio." sosuodxy [e1ousr) pure soseysog Aq 9 9 4. Sr6x ‘YYOE A9quIazdag ‘puey ut sourfeg of,
ae p's F
“9d ‘W0iSSAaS Qi S161 ay) dof Junovy ysvgD Aq

NOTLOHS TWIoO 10wWhoay

‘ALAIOOS SLSTIVYNIVN AHIGCaIV)

75

PHOTOGRAPHIC SECTION.

REPORT FOR THE FIFTH SESSION, 1915-16.

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEE.

President.
Mr. J. PETREE.

Vice-Presidents.

Mr. S. W. ALLEN.

Mr. E. W. M. CorBett, J.P.
Mr. T. MANSEL FRANKLEN.
Dr. P. Ruys GRIFFITHS.

Mr. GILBERT D. SHEPHERD,

Hon. Treasurer.
Mr. ARCHIBALD Brown.

Hon. Lanternist.
Mr. B. LEwis HopkKIns.

Committee

Mr. Ernest T. BEVAN.

Mr. G. T. FLoox.

Mr. GEOFFREY C. S, INGRAM.

Mr. ARCHIBALD H. LEE.

Mr. STANLEY J. MILNER.

Mr. Harry STORM.

Together with the President and Hon. Secretary of the Cardiff

Naturalists’ Society.

Hon. Secretary
Mr. ARTHUR MORGAN.

The Committee has pleasure in presenting its Fifth Annual
Report, dealing with the work of the Photographic Section for
the I9I5-16 Session.

Meetings were held during the Winter Session at which
papers were read or demonstrations given. The attendances
throughout the winter were good, and the interest in the
Section has been well maintained.

76 Photographic Section.

The following is a list of Meetings held, viz. :—
IQI5.
Oct. I9. Annual General Meeting.
*Lecture, ‘‘ Some Notes on the Reflex Camera.”
Nov. 9. *“‘Amateur Photographer ’”’ Prize Slides.
One Man Show—Mr. J. ARTHUR LoMAx.
Dec. 7. Demonstration, “‘ Lantern Slide Making.” Mr. J.
STUTTARD.
One Man Show—Mr. H. B. ReEpMonpD (Newport).
» 21. Lecturettes :—
*“ Nature Photography,” Mr. G. C. S. INGRAM.
*“* Some Castles of the District,’ Mr. G. T.
FLOOK.
“Print Criticisms,’’ Mr. HARRY STORM.
One Man Show—Mr. Ernest T. BEVAN.

Jan. 11. *Lecture, “ Light and Shadow in the Isle of Man,”
Mr. J. PETREE.
One Man Show—Mr. A. NIXON JAMES.
» 25. Demonstration, “‘ Bromide Enlarging,” Mr. J.
ARTHUR LOMAX.
One Man Show—Mr. Huco van WADENOYEN.
Feb. 15. *Members’ Lantern Slide Evening.
March 8, 9, 10, and 11. Members’ Annual Exhibition.
, 21. Evening in Cardiff Library. Exhibition of Books
on Photography, etc.
April 4. Joint Meeting with Archeological Section, *Lecture,
“Rood Screens and Lofts in Welsh Churches,”
Mr. F. BricH Bonn, F.R.1.B.A.

The Lectures marked * were illustrated by lantern slides.
The whole of the meetings were held in the room of the South.
Wales Institute of Architects, High Street, with the exception
of that held on March 21st in the Cardiff Reference Library.

The Field Walks which have been a popular feature of the
Section during the summer months were discontinued, owing

Photographic Section. 77

to the War, but the Committee hopes to commence them again
next summer, as many of the members have “ permit books.”

The Members’ Annual Exhibition on March 8, 9, Io, and
II, Ig16, was very successful, a record number of entries being
received in the various classes. In fact, hanging space could
not be found for all. The judges were the same as at the
Exhibition a year previously, viz., Mr. A. H. Blake, M.A., of
London, for the Pictorial Classes, and Dr. W. Evans Hoyle,
M.A., of Cardiff, for the Scientific and Natural History Classes.
Mr. Blake, in addition to judging, provided a loan exhibit,
which was very much enjoyed by all who attended. Both
judges kindly attended in the evening and gave the members
the benefit of their opinions of some of the pictures, and made
many helpful suggestions which were much appreciated.
Mr. Blake expressed himself as highly pleased at the high
quality of the pictorial work. Certificates of merit were
awarded in the various classes, and the Silver Rose Bowl was
awarded to Mr. Harry Storm for his picture “‘ Peggy.”

The Section was approached by the Photographic Society of
Ireland, through Mr. Stuttard, for the loan of a collection of
prints, and Mr. Storm, at the request of the Committee,
collected 72 pictures, which were afterwards shown at the
Engineers’ Hall, Dublin, from March 20th to 25th, 1916. A
silver medal was awarded to Mr. Harry Storm for his picture
“1915 Landscape,’ and a bronze medal to Mr. Lomax for
“A Bye-way in Brittany.”

The Membership of the Section at the close of the Session
was 86, of whom 17 were on service with His Majesty’s Forces.

The Annual Statement of Accounts is presented herewith.

‘SVNOHL “A ‘GHOIM ‘L161 ‘Kiwnuv fl ys

‘SHNIMD NHOL ‘palI09 punoy pure poyipny
ZO” LiF
a = a a “+ uoIssas
Z1-916I 0} Pree} petireo soured ‘
te ne S[esiep Oui

oe se oe 8

"* soseysog ‘

Tes Ge KOS © * o ‘+ solipuns
gee Cs ar ae “us = Arana
ueoT Joy rodeg surjunoyy
OF BOO > ut SHQIEXA IO} sjoqey
(O}m Aste tee Sonso[e}e)
Gio Ones "+ spied) UOl}e}IAUT
9 91 Of sutoy AjUY pue srefnoIT)

—wOnIqrra 94 ssesuedt [etoeds ‘
nat ue wor}
-B1NP9 J Peaeemon dITYSYNOUUoj

pue sofeA, ‘uondiiosqng uonelyypy ‘ Oo) Ani, 10, suT20]1 yutof a4 uoTz}O9G [eoIsoToRyoIy “
i = yi nig. a uol} = (0) 0) F ** UOIJIGIUXs 7e PlOS sonsoyeyey “‘
chr PoE SsUl}OOJN 1OF TOO jo yuo “ bomee < es bts UOI}IqIyXy Io} soo, Aryuq “
c 7) Uioywed Op “O29 sex) © Once oT 2° ag suol}driiosqns sioquioyy
(i ; Arouolyeys pue Suyuig Ag Tr). 6. 7 * ** uoIssos Cr-h16T WOIy oOURTeT OF
F ‘pecs i
‘MOwssas QI-S1Or ay? dof Jun0IIpP YSVID S APANSDOAT “UOH Ad

NOTOUS SOlHdy a OLOHd
‘ALAIOOS SLISIIVHNIVN AdIGUV)

79

REPORE ©OF THE COUNCIL

FOR THE
Year ending September 30th, 1916.

The Council has pleasure in submitting to the Members
the Forty-ninth Annual Report of the Society.

The number of members. at the close of last

Session was a 5 ay st Wet 8)
Elected during 1915-16 .. a ie ae ra
541

Deaths wee a of Ej is 12

Removals .. We ye 3s 4 eh

Resignations ie 3% o ws 38
— 61
480

The members are distributed thus :-—

Honorary Members Za sf a ae 3
Ordinary Members ae ae a we 446
Life Members ee 3 ie Salacactse 16
Non -Resident Members .. = se is 4
Corresponding Members .. Rs ae ae 7
Associates .. ee _: Me . as I
480

The Society has unfortunately suffered heavy losses during
the year by the death of the following members :—Mr. Edmund
Handcock, The Right Rev. Bishop Hedley, Mr. James Howell,
J.P., Mr. W. H. James, Mr. Llywarch Reynolds, B.A.,
Mr. Edward Roberts, Mr. Arthur Sessions, Mr. W. E. Stephens,
Lieut.-Col. Lord Ninian Crichton Stuart, M.P., Mr. Thomas
Thomas, 2nd Lieut. George Widowfield, and Mr. T. J. Williams.
Lord Ninian Stuart and 2nd Lieut. Widowfield fell in action
in France.

80 Report of the Council.

The following is a list of papers read at Members’ Meetings,
viz. -—
IQI5.
Oct. 21st. Annual Meeting. Presidential Address by Mr.
John Grimes—‘ The Naturalist and _ the
Gardener.”
Oct. 28th. Mr. H. Avray Tipping, M.A., F.S.A,—‘‘ The
Interior Decoration of English Homes.”
Nov. 24th. Mr. Harry Farr—‘‘ Modern English Fine Printing.”
Dec. 16th. Professor O. L. Richmond, M.A.—‘ The love of
Nature among the Greeks and Romans.”
IQ16.
Feb. roth. Miss E. P. Hughes—“ A Trip in Java.”
Feb. 24th. Mr. F. J. North, B.Sc., F.G.S—‘‘ Some Animals
of the Past.”
Mar. 23rd. Mr. Evan W. Small, M.A., B.Sc., F.G.S.—‘ The
Geography of the Austro-Italian War Area.”
April 13th. Captain J. H. Shaxby, B.Sc.—‘ X-Rays.” |

The following Public Lectures have been delivered during
the year :—
IQI5.
Nov. 11th. Mr. Fred Enock, F.L.S., F.E.S.—‘‘ Insects and our
Food Supply.”
Dec. oth. Mr. Frederic Coleman, F.R.G.S.—‘‘ Ten months
on Active Service.”
Igr6.
Jan. 13th. Mr. Edward Lovett—“ Russian Folk-lore.”’
Jan. 27th. Rev. T. T. Norgate, F.R.G.S., F.R.Hist.S.—
“The Middle-Eastern Campaign: from the
Balkans to the Bosphorus.”
March oth. Mr. A. H. Blake, M.A.—‘‘ Portugal: The Land
and People.”’

The Meetings on November 24th, Ig15, and April 13th, 1916,
were held in the Reference Department of the Public Library
and the Lecture Theatre of the South Wales Institute of
Engineers respectively. The others were held in the Cory Hall.

Report of the Council. 81

The thanks of the Society are due to members who have read
papers, and also to those who entertained the Lecturers.

Owing to the War, it was decided to hold only one Field
Meeting during the Summer instead of three, and that it should
be for a half-day. The Field Meeting (Ladies’ Day) took
place on Wednesday, July 5th, 1916, when about 40 members
visited Chepstow. On arrival there at 1.45 p.m., the party
proceeded to the Church, and the many interesting features
were explained by the Vicar, Rev. Percy Dewe, M.A., and the
Sexton. The Castle was next visited, Mr. H. Edgar Salmon
acting as guide. After tea at the Beaufort Arms Hotel, a
meeting of members was held, when Dr. W. Evans Hoyle, M.A.,
was elected President for the 1916-17 Session. By the kind
invitation of Mr. W. R. Lysaght, J.P., the members were then
able to inspect the gardens and large Museum at ‘‘ Castleford.”
It was with deep regret that the Council heard of the tragic
death of Mr. Dewe on August 5th. He was drowned whilst
rescuing his son, who was bathing in the Severn and had got
into difficulties owing to the strong current. A wreath was
sent to the funeral on behalf of the Society.

During the year, Volume XLVIII. of the Transactions has
been issued to the members. Included in the volume was a
list of members of the Society, and of the Sections, on service
with His Majesty’s Forces at the Ist January, 1916, to the number
of 50.

A Special Committee has been appointed to consider the
possibility of issuing a “‘ Fauna of Glamorgan,’’ as a permanent
memorial of the forthcoming celebration of the Society’s
Jubilee, in the year 1917. The other ways in which the Jubilee
will be celebrated in the autumn of 1917 will be dependent upon
the early and successful termination of the War.

A Joint Deputation from Cardiff waited upon the General
Committee of the British Association at Newcastle-on-Tyne
on Thursday, September 7th, 1916, and presented an invitation
to the Association to visit Cardiff in the year 1918. This

82 Report of the Council.

Society was represented on the Deputation by Dr. W. Evans
Hoyle, the President-Elect, who acted as one of the speakers.
The Cardiff invitation was cordially and unanimously accepted
by the Association.

The Council desires to express its thanks to Dr. E. Walford,
D.P.H., F.R.Met.Soc., for again kindly editing the Meteoro-
logical Report.

The three Sections of the Society, viz. :—Biological and
Geological, Archeological, and Photographic, have been
maintained during the year, although their activities have
necessarily been restricted to a large extent owing to the con-
tinuance of the War.

The Annual Statement of Accounts is presented herewith.

9 g Lgt Ow Lirey

Ist cum Ol ** gunoooy s,1v9A }xou 03 90uRTeg “
0) 0) 1G 2° a 9AIOSAY IUOIZeSIBAUOD “
oO © ZE uorejonb zuoserd 0} 4903S 90u0
-Isjoig ‘yueo red + poyeprjosuoa
Aempreyy Arregq ooz} umop 3unwA,
Oe mG ** 9inypUing jo uoyereideaq “
i (Sak exe)
a are O QI I “ae wae a sjdio00yf ssaT
9 5 @ ** yunosdY oArTesAY WoT Jaysuery, “ Fics TOO ma se aS via soinyoo'T ‘
oy ts =e as i yUNODDV 4ST Shih ee eee
sosueyoxay popus}xy wrory roysuel 2 ee CES OA a e PIC Se TOM soe
bg or °c: te nie + qunosov (oH Aaa 4h bee 1G Ke i SsUTZOITN PEL “
SUOTJEACOXY IOeSYJe Woy Joysuery, ‘ TZ V9 a a8 ‘+ sosuodxy ye1ouey ‘
9 OI 61 2 ** - 4so10jU] pue spuoprarq “ oF. cE aoe re ‘+ ‘qQ0 ‘Surumg ‘Arouoreys “
oO) 9) “ece ore ** Axeurprg—suondriiosqns ‘ @ 4 fi ot me ** sSurjooyT SrIoquieyy ‘‘
San Sree ** gyunosoy s,1e9a4 4se] wor oouvyeq Aq GB {eat SVs 3 ** suorjoesuery pue sz1oday oy,
sa a sf 1D SM: eee ela,
v6) ‘QIOI ‘4aquazdas yz0€ suapua ava x ayz sof yunosdp anuanay “AQ

‘ALHIOOS .SLISTIVYNLVN AAIGMVO

‘9161 ‘10q0}90 YJOI ‘aalauva
‘aauasvayt, ‘NOH ‘NMOWA ‘V (pousis)

ui jin {oyoyAy,
S$ ior 219
SP ac) = SO. are om ‘* gunoososy jUeTIND
OUga cer" ate ‘+ yunososy psodacT
—. ‘ZIA ‘poplury ‘yueg spAoyy ye yseo
Oo SrI ** (V4 We) 3007S sdUOTOFOIG 399
rod + Auedwog Avmprey Arieq oocF
oS oY
3 wh ¥) pjosun ,,e1op,T uessowrypy,, “
Om TiO, “ae pjosun ,, cio, yipreg,, “‘
oy) fy oe “ie pjosun sy1odayy =“
OnuZ, sais see oy i aimatapiqy — UC
OM Ole OLN = : dINJIUAIN YT FO onye A
‘D's $ "D's y 3
‘SLHSSV

fen QoLlF

o6V
(oy ah Sani
fey Sat A
G (ey /4o)
‘D's 7

wit fs

. oe oe ee oe

‘QIOIT ‘190G0}JIO YIOI ‘AAIGUVD
‘MOLIGNY “NOH ‘“MHOOUd “M “L (peusis)

SOIPITIGei’] IOAO Sjossy JO SsoOXG] Suloq ‘souvyeg,
JUNOOOY 9AIOSOXT OUOIZVSIOAUOD
ae as eourApe ut pred suordrrosqns
siopiporg Arpuns

SHILITIAVIT

‘Q1O1 ‘saquiazdas yO€ “yaays aouvjvg

ALAIIOS

lol LY cory

HATCH VO

85

PAnKDIPE “NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY.

ESTABLISHED 1867.

Past Presidents.

1868—WILLIAM ADAms, C.E., F.G.S.
I869—WILLIAM ADAms, C.E., F.G.S.
1870—WILLIAM ADAMS, C.E., F.G.S.
187I—WILLIAM ADAMS, C.E., F.G.S.
1872—WILLIAM ADams, C.E., F.G.S.
1873—WILLiAM ADAms, C.E., F.G.S.

1874—FRANKLEN G. EVANS, F.R.A.S., F.R.M.S.
1875—JOHN WALTER LUKIS, M.R.I.A.
1876—WILLIAM TAYLOR, M.D.
1877—-JOHN WALTER LukKIs, M.R.I.A.
1878—COLONEL PicTON TURBERVILL.
1879— HENRY HEywoop, C.E., F.C.S
1880—Lovuis TYLor.

I881—CLEMENT WALDRON.
1882—GEORGE E. ROBINSON.
1883—WILLIAM GALLOWAY.
I1884—PETER PRICE.

I885—C. T. VAcHELL, M.D.
I886—HENRY HEyYwoop, C.E., F.C.S.
1887—J. VIRIAMU JONES, M.A.
1888—T. H. THomas, R.C.A.
1889—W. RONNFELDT.

1890—J. GAVEY.

I891—C. T. VAcCHELL, M.D.

1892—C. T. VACHELL, M.D.

1893—C. T. WHITMELL, M.A.
1894—EDWIN SEWARD, F.R.I.B.A.
T895—R. W. ATKINSON, B.Sc., F.I.C.
1896—Rev. Canon C. J. THompson, D.D.
1897—ROBERT DRANE, F.L.S.
1898—J. TATHAM THompson, M.B.
I899—C. T. VAcCHELL, M.D.
1g00—W. N. PARKER, Ph.D.
1901—J. J. NEALE.

1902—C, H. JAMEs.

1903—D. R. Paterson, M.D.
1904—T. W. PROGER.

1905—P. Ruys GriFFITHS., M.B.
1906—E, H. GriFFiTHS, Sc.D., F.R.S.
1907—J. Berry Haycrart, M.D., D.Sc.
1908—A. H. Trow, D.Sc.
I909—ARCHIBALD BROWN.

1910o—Rev. Davip Davies, M.A.
I91I—PrROFEsSOR W. S. Bourton, B.Sc., F.G.S.
I912—WILLIAM SHEEN, M.S., F.R.C.S.
I9o13—E, P. Perman, D.Sc., F.C.S.
I914— JOHN W. RODGER.

1915—H. M. HALLetrT.

I916—]JOHN GRIMES.

86

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEE, 1er6-17

President.
W. Evans Hovis, M.A., D.Sc.
Vice=Presidents.
Joun W. RODGER.
evi Earner ooo:
JOHN GRIMES.
Hon. Treasurer.
ARCHIBALD BROWN.
Hon. Librarian.
(RI 1) [SV TIDUS e
Hon. Secretary.
OwEN L. Ruys, M.D.
Hon. Assistant Secretary.
GILBERT D. SHEPHERD, F.C.A.
Committee.
HAROLD EVANS.
HARRY FARR.
ERNEST HEATH, F.R.M.S.
GEOFFREY C. S. INGRAM.
D. SIBBERING JONES.
O. L. RicHMonpD, M.A.
H. EDGAR SALMON,
W. GILBERT SCOTT.
T. FRANKLIN SIBLy, D.Sc., F.G.S.
E. WaLForD, M.D., D.P.H.
Cecit L. Witson, F.R.I.B.A.
Max A. WRIGHT.
‘““ Also such of the Past Presidents as shall in reply to an annual
ciyculary consent to serve on the Committee.’’

BIOLOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

President.
Professor T. FRANKLIN SIBLy, D.Sc., F.G.S.
Hon. Secretary.
H. M. Hatrett, F.E.S.

ARCHEOLOGICAL SECTION.
President.
J. S. CorBeEtTrT.

Hon. Secretary.
J. W. RopceEr.

PHOTOGRAPHIC SECTION.

President.
J. STUTTARD.

Hon. Secretary.
HarRrRY STORM,

2,

~~
~
~

\

TRANSACTIONS OF THE

CARDIFF NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY.

Woks i.

LOL:

Le

Cardiff Naturalists’ Society.

REPORT
AND TRANSACTIONS

Vor Eb

1917

The Price of the Transactions is Ten Shillings and Sixpence

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY
WILLIAM LEwIS (PRINTERS) LTD., CARDIFF
1920

oe
a

wisiiay ae) Tp iseee

CONTENTS.

Wore de. LOL.

Meteorological Observations in the Society’s District.
E. WALFORD, M.D., F.R.Met.Soc - = =

Address at the Unveiling of the Memorial to the late
i= Vachell, M.D. C. St. D. SPENCER - -

Castell Coch. JOHN STUART CORBETT - . -

Roman Remains—Cardiff Racecourse. JOHN WARD,
M.A., F.S.A. - - 2 : s 2

The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan. H. M. HaAttetrt,

Storm Burst in the Vale of Neath and its effect.
F. T. Howarp, M.A., F.G.S. - - - =

Biological and Geological Section. Report and State--
ment of Accounts for the Thirtieth Session, 1916-17

Archeological Section. Report for the Session 1916-17

Photographic Section. Report and Statement of
Accounts for the Sixth Session, 1916-17 - =

Report of the Council of the Society, 1916-17 - :

Statement of Accounts for the Year ending September
Sot, LOL7 - = = 7 = = -

List of Past Presidents of the Society - - .

Officers and Council of the Society, 1917-18 - -

7)

PAGE

45

87

94
98

99

102

106
108

109

oa =

Severe ne

Lia |

MI ‘ : ; f. A 2 S49 wht meh:

;«
: Pate hsbc tae i
: (An ia

a

> 4 ML
; a
: oe
th a |
: Pye
é
i f
} . is
-@ 7
5 Py J - ne

/

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN
Easel ry Ss: DISTRICT rer7-

By E. WALFORD, M.D., F.R.MErT.Soc.

The average monthly rainfall over the whole of the Society’s
district (comprised within the semi-circular area, having the
Beacons as its northernmost point, its base the coastline from
Neath to Chepstow, and with a mean height of 637 feet above
the sea level) was as follows :—

January .. %: 4 = 2-03 inches.
February 3 “ie Ps 1-50" 0.33
March x: Be in a. Say. Mane
40) 21 re Me “5 3, Lee
May ar - aA +3 S-Sh ns;
' ane? os os is a Olena ts
July a A 4 a Sse»
August .. ie Be Ge tras TOT es
September ae ne EP S05 55
October .. ae | + GOB 3
November Hi x +. 34s
December m3 ni ne 57 aa
47°0l_ ,,
Totalinrgr6. ' .. ae A cl
pt Pea $e oA CSL ie %
SeVivenar hs: & AGS G7 7 fee
BL eek OER, tat - Bey es y/o
be O12: 5. °&s an O6:201 1 =
je EOI haw ite See ML GOROS Th 3;
3) | TQTO. My, ee AOU NAG 2A) Js
‘ AGG: As Ses we CR RaIOOY - as
- BGaR. S-, ae wae table? e159 aes
cuca (3. 7 aan = 3A. hose tinh
eu 1g06).... a hee 49°29 a
* LQ05)' it i 30-908
2 ROO AST) S : ae ene ata
re G03" <2: ae ih One ates

" TQOZ.. >. ae ott (Ptr 2s vies

2 Meteorological Observations, 1917.

OBSERVERS. FEET ABOVE INCHES
MEAN OF
SEA LEVEL. RAIN.

C. H. PRIESTLEY, Summit of Tyle Brith, Brecknockshire . 2350 63:28
53 Nant Penig x6 Bc ae .. 2000 78:19
- Nant Ddu ot a5 a6 .. 560 (62-29
5 Storey Arms es “He a sje. L430 59°70
ae Beacons Reservoir Pre by 2) 2340. 69°39
Nant Gwineu.. on AES 49°04

(ee Coates, Pontlluestwen Reservoir, Meaty No: 1
Gauge .. at af s2) “E250 72°31
is A No. 2 Genres Se an a eg 55°45
53 No. 3 Gauge ; ts a... 1200 66:73
HE G. STEEL, Blaenavon Estate Office, Mon Pa oe PEELO 50°98
C. H. PriEstTLEY, Cantreff Reservoir Be ae ++ £1207 (63650
* Garw-nant ae = ae Bae riitoys: 59:70
R. C. Harrison, Gwernllwyn, Dowlais .. cas EOE 42°29
EBBW VALE STEEL, IRON, AND Coat Co., Ebbw Vale sa 902 48-96
C. H. Priestley, Llwynon Reservoir, Epc ees cee =<) OOO 51°83
ee Troedyrhiw te ae aXe 3 aR OOO 54°16
i Pont-ar-daf a6 Be 5) 1 9S50 56°31
GLYNCORRWG COLLIERY COMPANY, Eieneourne ae BOA Pe VS 57°12
THE UNITED NATIONAL COLLIERIES, LTpD., Treherbert .. 670 72-00
NEwWPorT CORPORATION, Newchurch, Wentwood, Mon. 525 40°07
5 Nantypridd, Wentwood, Mon... 500 38-19
Pe Llanvaches Embankment et ASG 37°23
Pant-yr-eos Reservoir, Mon. .. 435 46°59
EDWARD Corre, Itton Court, Chepstow .. fe 2 «9390 32°75
E. Tupor OWEN, Ash Hall, Cowbridge .. Be Ke 315 43°49
Henry Cray, Piercefield Park, Chepstow : He 300 33°23
T. W. Coates, Lan Wood Reservoir, Caters iy 300 47°59
GopDFREY L. Crark, J.P., Talygarn, Glam. te nt MZEO 49°98
James Wixtiams, Wern House, Ystalyfera EY: 240 63:00

Str HENRY MATHER Jackson, Bart., Llantilio Court, Mon. 230 19°50
E. WatrorD, M.D., Meteorological Station, as.

Carditt : as 204 40°23
Rev. Canon HARDING, ann RockAeld! Mon. a: IQI 30°44
J. F. MatruysseEns, Witla Court, Rumney : Re 27/7) 36°77
The Hon. LaDy SHELLEY, The Hendre, Monaenah Ppeeeiv{6) | cH
C. H. PriEstLey, Llanishen Reservior, Glam. .. ee ake 36°38

33 Lisvane Reservoir, Glam. ae Be 150 34°34
Mrs. LysaGutT, Castleford, Chepstow as A 146 32°24
C. H. PrrEstLEy, The Heath Filter Beds, Gana oe ese 38°43
NEWPORT CORPORATION, Ynis-y-fro Reservoir, Mon. a 130 36-38
C. H. PrRiESTLEY, Cogan Pumping Station, Glam. oe) pene 31°92

so Ely Pumping Station, Glam. .. a 53 38-27
A. A, PETTIGREW, Roath Park, Cardiff .. ae sis 52 37°32
C. H, PRIESTLEY, Trade Street Depot, Cardiff .. ne 45 38°39
NEWPORT CORPORATION, Friars Street Depot, Newport .. 33 38°50

T. E. FRANKLIN, Biglis Pumping Station, Cadoxton, Barry 20 32°61

Meteorological Observations,

TABLE “i.

Ig17.

BAROMETRIC PRESSURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY.

Mean Barometric Pressure.*

Hygrometer.*

1917.
At M.S.L. Dry Bulb Wet Bulb | Mean Relati
Uncorrected. and 320 F, (Meany: (Mean). mnniiaie
|
in. in. ob 212). wf
January 29:706 29°931 34°8 33°8 89
February 29°914 30°144 34:6 33:6 89
March .. 29°667 29°838 38-6 369 71
April 29°739 29°948 431 40-2 78
May 29°968 30-141 55°7 5i°1 WZ
June 29°888 30°048 58:8 55:2 78
jas Be 29°936 30:092 60°3 56-9 80
August 29°592 29°747 58-4 56:6 83
September 29°925 30-081 56°8 55:0 88
October 29:604 29°787 46°5 44°5 85
November 29'954 30°54 47°2 45°8 89
December 30'022 30°245 37°1 35°60 86
Means . 29022 30-013 47°7 45°4 82
* From observations at 9 a.m. and 9 p.m.
TAB Pail.
TEMPERATURE.
;
Difference
1917 Maximum.| Minimum.) ycximam,| Minimum. | perature. | Average
(28 years).
*F, pee SES O18. 1a. cake
January 49°8 22°0 38°6 31°9 35:2 |— 41
February 48-9 16:3 39°6 30°7 35°I |— 5:0
March 53°9 20°8 45°60 33°71 39°5 |— 2:8
April 59°6 27°2 57°70 36°1 AS S* 7) 3:0
May 77°8 33°9 64°8 47°I 55-Oha|4-) a4
June 84:1 43°1 67°3 50°7 59:0 |+ 19
July 76°3 45°4 68:7 53°4 Orr |+ O-4
August 73°0 47°9 64°5 54:7 59°6 |— 0:8
September 7o'l 44°4 63°9 51°6 57°99 |+ 15
October .. 63:2 30°0 53°6 40:0 40°38 |— 3:6
November 57°4 31°9 51:2 44:0 476 |+ 3:2
December Sil 22°3 42:2 33°1 37°77. |— 3°0
Max Min. Mean Mean Mean
Tigo 16:3 54:2 42°2 48-2 |—1II-9

4 Meteorological Observations, 1917.

TABLE III.

SOLAR AND TERRESTRIAL RADIATION, UNDERGROUND
TEMPERATURE, AND SUNSHINE.

TEMPERATURE. Bright
. Sunshine—
1917. Grass | Underground (Mean.) gone gi
Minimum Average
(Mean). | lft. 4ft. (9 years).
°sBe a0 SoBe Sper hrs.
January a 28-6 | 37°7 42-2 50-2 — 14
February 3 25°4 34°2 38-6 68-7 — 113
March .. 3 28:2 39°9 41-1 II4°7 + 8-9
April .. 4 28:2 44:2 43:3 184-1 — 4°5
May .. ac 390 55°4 49°4 202°2 — 12:8
June .. Sal Pges 62-2 554 2268 |+ 163
Haly, ie: x0 46-2 63°3 58-0 219°2 + 2-9
August ye 49°0 62:2 59°4 141-9 — 55°6
September 55] 46:2 59°4 58-2 1316 §=6|— 18-2
October o2 34:2 50-7 54:8 134°7 + 38-3
November a 40° 47°6 50°4 54:4 |— 1278
December 265 27cAe | 40°6 47°1 78°3 + 28:8
Mean | Mean Mean Total
| 30°3 | 48°7 49°8 1606°8 — 19°9
|
TABLE IV.
RAINFALL.
| Difference sGrea | sDate of *No. of Days
1917. | Amount. icone ah) pate Greatest %0 ee
(28 years). | 24 hours. Fall. or more).
{
| ins ins. ins
january Fig) 1°31 — 2:22 Cae! sth Io
February leak 4) eg a a 74° | “xgee II
March .. £5) 3°85 + 5 74 8th 22
April, |< rel I-92 — "75 36 1ith I4
May) =. ae 3°79 + 1°33 A 12th 14
Wane t..- de 2°47 — +50 63 28th 18
July) <- ete 2°69 = |-+- 12 71 8th 9
August ue 9°43 + 5°31 1°36 27th 24
Septem ber ae 2-68 + 05 1°32 18th 2
October 52] 7:00 + 1:96 I-40 3rd 24
November teil 2:20 |— 1°23 °A5 8th 21
December as I-03 — 3:59 °35 15th It
Total . October
40°23 + +03 I-40 3rd 190

* 24 hours ending 9 a.m. next day.

<<

Meteorological Observations, 1917. 5

MAIN FEATURES OF THE MONTHS.
IQI7.

JANUARY.

The weather was generally dry and cold, with prevailing
east and north-easterly winds.

The barometric pressure was below the average, the mean
reading being 29-706 inches.

The temperature was 4:1° below the average, the mean for
the month being 35:2°._ The maximum (49°8°) was reached on
the 1st, the minimum (22:0°) on the 30th. The minimum on
the grass was 18-4° on the 30th.

The total rainfall was 1-31 inches, being 2-22 inches below
the average for 28 years. Rain fell on 10 days, the greatest
fall in 24 hours was -32 inches on the 5th. The number of
hours of bright sunshine amounted to a total of 50-2 hours,
the average for the past nine years being 51-6 hours.

FEBRUARY.

The cold weather which characterised January continued
with greater intensity during the early part of February.
The cold spell lasted for 26 days, the continuous frost coming
to an end on the roth of this month. A heavy fall of snow
occurred on the 5th and 6th. Generally the weather was dull
and dry, with prevailing north-east and east winds during the
earlier part of the month, and south-east during the later
period.

The barometric pressure was above the average, the mean
reading being 29-914 inches.

The mean temperature was 35-1°, being 5:0° below the
average for 28 years. The maximum temperature was 48-9°
on the 28th. The minimum was 16-:3° on the 7th and 8th.
The grass minimum was 4:3° on the 8th, the lowest ever recorded
at this Station.

The total rainfall amounted to 1:86 inches, being 1-11 inches
below the average. Rain fell on 11 days, the greatest fall
(-74 inches) occurred on the roth,

6 Meteorological Observations, 1917.

The number of hours of bright sunshine was 68-7, being
11-3 hours below the average for the past nine years.

MARCH.

The weather was cold and unsettled, with frequent snow
showers and prevailing south and south-east winds during
the earlier part of the month, and north and north-east during
the later period; heavy and frequent gales were experienced
during the month.

The mean barometric pressure was 29-667 inches, being
approximately the average pressure for the month of March.

The mean temperature for the month was 39-5°, being 2-8°
below the average. The maximum temperature (53-9°) was
registered on the 17th and 18th, the minimum (20-8°) on the
8th. The minimum on the grass was 14-0° on the oth.

The total rainfall for the month was 3-85 inches, being -65
above the average. Rain fell on 22 days, the greatest fall being
-74 inches on the 8th. There was a heavy fall of snow on the
oth.

The number of hours of bright sunshine amounted to a total
of 114-7 hours, being 8-9 hours above the average.

APRIL.

The weather continued abnormally cold and dull, with high
winds and occasional gales, chiefly from the north-east and
north-west.

The mean barometric pressure was 29°739 inches.

The mean temperature was 43°5°, being 3-0° below the
average. The maximum (59-6°) was reached on the 22nd, the
minimum (27:2°) on the 2nd. The grass minimum registered
17:0° on the 4th.

The total rainfall in the month was I-92 inches, being
-75.inches below the average of 28 years. Rain fell on 14 days.
No rain fell after the 17th of the month. The greatest fall in
24 hours (-36) was on the 11th. Snow fell rather heavily on
the roth, and also on the 11th, with thunder and lightning.

Meteorological Observations, 1917. 7

The total number of hours of bright sunshine amounted to
184 hours, being 4:5 hours below the average.

This month was probably one of the coldest Aprils on record,
although towards the end the temperature was slightly above
the average, and a general improvement and warmer weather
set in.

May.

The improvement in the weather which commenced towards
the end of April was maintained during May. The month was
generally warm, although dull and rainy.

The mean barometric pressure was normal, being 29-968
inches, but very variable. Light easterly and north-easterly
winds prevailed.

The mean temperature was 55:9°, being 3:4° above the
average. The maximum of 77:8° was reached on the 26th,
the minimum (33-9°) on the 7th. The grass minimum regis-
tered 27-0° on the Ist and 7th.

The total rainfall for the month was 3:79 inches, being 1-33
inches above the average. Jain fell on 14 days, the greatest
fall (1-25 inches) on the r2th.

The total number of hours of bright sunshine amounted to
202-2 hours, or 12-3 hours below the average.

Thunder storms occurred on the 12th, 27th, and 28th.

JUNE.

The weather during the month was generally fine and bright,
with plentiful sunshine and very little rain during the first
fortnight. The prevailing wind was north-east.

The mean barometric pressure was 29-388 inches, with
frequent and considerable variations.

The mean temperature was 599°, or 1:9° above the average.
The maximum of 84-1° was reached on the 17th, the minimum
_ (43°0°) on the 26th. The grass minimum thermometer recorded
31:0° on the 26th.

The total rainfall in the month amounted to 2-47 inches,
being -50 below the average. Rain fell on 18 days. The
greatest fall was -63 inches on the 28th.

8 Meteorological Observations, 1917.

A total of 226-8 hours of bright sunshine was recorded, during
the month, being 16-3 hours above the average for the past
nine years.

JULY.

The weather was generally fine and dry and warm, without
any very hot days. North-easterly light winds prevailed
during the earlier part of the month, and south and south-
westerly winds towards the end of the month.

The mean barometric pressure was 29°936 inches, with con-
siderable variations of pressure during the month.

The mean temperature was 61-1°, being -40° above the
average. The maximum of 76-3° was reached on the 22nd and
24th, and the minimum (45-4°) on the znd. The grass minimum
thermometer recorded 36-0° on the Ist.

The-total rainfall in the month amounted to 2-69 inches, being
-I2 above the average. Jain fell on nine days, the greatest
fall was -71 inches on the 8th.

A total of 219-2 hours of bright sunshine was recorded, being
2-9 hours above the average for the past nine years.

AUGUST.

This month was excessively wet and dull, with few hot, or
even warm days. Wet Augusts are not uncommon, but in
this year a record in this respect was reached.

The barometric pressure was generally low, the mean for
the month was 29:592. West and south-west winds prevailed.

The mean temperature was 59-6°, being -8° below the average.
The maximum (73-0°) was reached on the 6th, the minimum
(47-9°) on the 27th. A minimum of 40-0° was recorded on the
grass on the 27th.

The total rainfall in this month amounted to the high figure of
9:43 inches, or 5-31 inches above the average for 28 years.
Rain fell on 24 days. The greatest fall in 24 hours was 1-36
inches on the 27th.

A total of 141-9 hours of bright sunshine was recorded, which
was 55°6 hours below the average of the past nine years.

Meteorological Observations, 1917. 9

SEPTEMBER.

The weather was dull and showery, with prevailing westerly
winds.

The mean barometric pressure was 29:925 inches. The mean
temperature was 57:7°, and 1:5° above the average. The
maximum of 70-1° was reached on the 4th and 7th, the minimum
(44-4°) on the 30th. The grass minimum thermometer recorded
36-0° on the 27th.

The total rainfall was 2:68 inches, being -05 inches above the
average for 28 years. Rain fell on 12 days. The greatest fall
was I-32 inches on the r8th.

A total of 131-6 hours of bright sunshine was recorded, which
was 18-2 hours below the average for the past nine years.

OCTOBER.

The weather was variable, at times fine and bright, but
with many wet days and prevailing westerly winds.

The barometric pressure was generally low, the mean for the
month was 29-604 inches.

The mean temperature was 46°8°, being 3:6° below the aver-
age. The maximum of 63-2° was reached on the 2nd, and the
minimum (30-0°) on the 28th. The grass minimum thermo-
meter registered 22-0° on the 28th.

The total rainfall for the month amounted to 7-00 inches,
béing 1-96 above the average. Jain fell on 24 days, the great-
est fall (I-40 inches) occurred on the 3rd.

A total of 134-7 hours of bright sunshine was recorded, being
39°8 hours above the average for the past nine years.

NOVEMBER.

The weather was dull and windy, but warm for the time
of the year. Westerly winds prevailed.

The mean barometric pressure for the month was above the
average, being 29-956 inches.

The mean temperature was 47-6° or 3:2° above the average.
The maximum (57-4°) was reached on the 21st, the minimum
(31-9°) on the 15th. A temperature of 24-0° was registered by
the grass minimum thermometer on the 15th.

10 Meteorological Observations, 1917.

The total rainfall in the month amounted to 2:20 inches,
being 1-23 inches below the average. Rain fell on 21 days,
the greatest fall (-45 inches) occurred on the 8th.

A total of 54-4 hours of bright sunshine was recorded in the
month, being 12-8 hours below the average of the past nine years.

DECEMBER.

The weather was generally bright, dry, and cold, with
easterly winds prevailing.

The barometric pressure was comparatively high, the mean
for the month being 30-022.

The mean temperature was 37-7°, or 3:0° below the average.
The maximum (51-0°) was reached on the 7th, the minimum
(22-3°) on the 19th. The grass minimum thermometer regis-
tered 15-:0° on the roth.

The total rainfall in the month amounted to 1-03 inches,
being 3:59 inches below the average. Rain fell on 11 days,
the greatest fall (-35 inches) occurred on the 15th.

A total of 78-3 hours of bright sunshine was recorded, being
28-8 hours above the average.

EXTREMES.

December was the dryest month in the year, with a rainfall
of I-03 inches.

August was the wettest month, with a rainfall of 9-43 inches.

October was also a wet month, with a rainfall of 7 inches.

The wettest day was the 3rd October, with a rainfall of
I-40 inches.

Rain fell on 190 days, the total amounting to 40-23 inches,
approximately the average for 28 years.

The hottest day was the 17th June, when a temperature of
84-1° was recorded.

The coldest days were February 7th and 8th, the minimum
temperature recorded being 16-3”.

The total number of hours of sunshine was 1,606-8, being
19-9 hours below the average.

Meteorological Observations, 1917. II

EARTHQUAKES.

The Seismograph at the Station gave the following records
of earthquakes during the year 1917 :—2oth February, Ist May,
and the 15th November.

The meteorological conditions in 1917 were, on the whole,
favourable to the public health; the crude death-rate was at
the rate of 13-4 per 1,000 persons living, the lowest rate on
record. No prolonged or excessive heat waves were experienced
during the summer, the mortality from summer diarrhcea
amongst infants was therefore low, consequently the low rate
of infant mortality of 1916 was maintained. The mortality
from respiratory diseases, pneumonia, bronchitis, &c., was, as
usual, more marked in the summer months, and influenced the
death-rate recorded in these months, as wiil be seen by reference
to the attached table.

Annual death-rate per

Deaths under 1 year per

T,000, 1,000 births.
Month. |
1913.| 1914.| 1915.| 1916. 1917.|| TOT3. 1914. 1915.| 1916, 1917.
January 14°7 | 16-2 5 I 4:0 ee | a4 || nao | Reeel ogy eae
February T4‘I | 16°7| 17-0 | 14:0| 17-9 || 99 | 133 | 82] 73 | 10%
March .. EZ ON eES eh) el oe) || eG amen | I15 | 108 | 114 | 116 97
April I3°E | 13°90 | 15-2 | 14:6] 14:6 | 87 | 108 85 | 103 | 102
May II-3 | 13-1 | Ir-9 | 13°8 | 11-1 | 95 89 | IOr 75 74
June II‘6 | Ir-O | 11-5 ‘2 | 10-9 71 GD O77 | 44 53
July 8-I | IO:I | 10°5 | 9:4] 9-4 | 48 78 62 62 74
August I4°7| 10'r |] 10°7| 8:4] 9g:o | 195 89 | 44 55 96
September 14°9 | 12:7 | 13°6| 12°9| 8-4 || 204 | 162 | 201 | Is50 60
October 12°6 | I1I‘6 | 14°7| 10°6 | 10-6 || 118 72 | 129 | 98 | too
~_ November 12°3 | 13°6 | 14°3 | 13°I | 11-7 92 127 | 5364 66 52
December T4ct ES OPE SeG | 18-5 12:6) 237 | 122 \ ree | ra0 123
Year a7 [0 hae | Are II5 | 109 | 106 aeeveoan
eee

*yy61 “ydag t

69-1

i
6h-8

‘yiZ1 ‘sny
ser 3

“up auo
UI [BJ 9Soqver")

co | £6.08 | 22.4- | e6.9-| €o.9-! Gg.e-| So-h' | be€-| SEE | Zr.€ zg.€ L569 | ee.GalZors eee [ses OS BIOAY
GLI | 86.09 | 29-1 | 98-0 | 604 | 98F | ADIL | OLS | 1E | SLO | tS | 999 | THT | 08% | CSTE |” ee ** MOABTORT A
(e8nep ¢ ON)
O12 | 64.99 | 28-2 | 989 | BL-2T | 19-9 | O89T | 866 | S48 | S07 | 88 | 80F | FAT | OT-€ | OOS | THOAtesoy uomssonTT Tog
(o8nvy Z 'ON)
OS | S799 | PAT | 28h | OF6 | 6Fb | 99-81 | 80% | 68 | 948 | 09-3 | G98 | TAT | 97-6 | GBBT | THOAreSoY wom{sonT [Mog
(edney T ON)
ore | te.¢4 | 69-8 | SL-9 | 20ST | 68-9 | 269T | veg | 98h | 80% | OBE | OTF | Oe | 99-8 | OFT | TOAresoY TomysonT[} WO
70-6h | 191 | 68b | G98 | 898 | 268T | 498 | 09-6 | 68h | OBT | 2498 | O4T | FBS | SLOT |” " NOUTALY FUG NT
*» | €0.64| #S.o1r| Sg.Z | 62.9 | Sb.b | gZ.2 | 60.9 | zb.b | or.b | g6.b | 09.9 | O£.9 | £0.g sve [eee OBBIOAY
822 | 68-69 | 98-2 | 92-9 | OL-2T | G2 | POAT | 69-5 | 86-b | 2G | TOS | 8b | BT | GT-€ | OPET |” TLOALOSOY SUODVIT
zo.oZ| 79.6 | ZZ.9 | v€.g | ¥6.€ | Zg.q | €o.b | 1€.b | zg.€ | 6.b | 6g.S | SS. | Br.9 soe [eee OD BIOAY
04-69 | 281 | $86 | 89-6 | ALE | GBS | 18r | 40% | FT-9 | G08 | 89H | CLT | 96-L | OSFT |” 3 sty 40.103¢
62-29 | 06-1 | T8-9 | 86.01 | 00% | FIST | 48h | 9FE | 69b | 083 | 69-8 | P9-T | T60 | O9ST |” es “" NPC FUN
Go.bg| bo.11 | 16.2 | $1.6 | gZ.b | So.g | b1.S | z6.b | orb | 19.5 | zb.Z | £9.9 | ¥9.8 see [eee OBBIOAY
61-84 | 88-3 | O18 | AOPT | 69-9 | Th6T | OE-G | 91-9 | 199 | 806 | T96 | T8L | ST-8 | 0006 |” s Sued WWeN
og.zZ| 6€.6 | ShL | LE.g | z6.b | 26.9 | 96.b | 6z.y | bz.b | zeb.b | Eo.S | Lr.S | bL.9 see [eee ODBIOAY
82-29 | 99- | FPS | 89-01 | 6&b | 99-21 | SOF | GBF | 209 | 088 | 99% | 89T | L08 | O88 | THA afAy, JO JUNE
Se A ae eas ee BE: a ae ae a ao ee ea a, a
9101 LO [9Ad| BOS
As 10-0 “18407, ‘oa "AON 400) ‘qdag ‘sny “Ajo ‘oun “AVN ‘dy | ‘yoy | “qoyt “ue 9A0qB
TENE oar
sABp
jo ‘ON ‘
. ‘
£COU STORLSIGC Fe oN. Taya

c=

“yagi idag 2} | 7 psd
00.2 § 6 40-0F | T6- 49-T | 48-9 | 69-6 | 02.01 | FO | G8 | 888 | 686 | OL-P | OPT | 831 | 96g POOMFHI M “TIAN TOMS NT
eres bgt LE.zg | g€.11| Z1.¢ | go.6 | ZZ.b | gZ.Q9 | 69.6 | oF.b | 61.h | 96.4 | ¥g.9 | £Q.9 | 92.8 te [ees OBBIOAY
Seranigeent | "PYT ‘Sert0TT109
= 828 | 00-24 | OFS | OF-9 | AGI | 99% | BLT | 909 | hE | 96b | OTH | 809 | G6e | OPE | OLO |FBN pezTUA “roqtoqery,
‘yigI ‘sny v| ‘ | gS.bg| gr.11| oz.g | $6.g | ZE.S | 6E.g | Zb.S | 4g.h | So.v | Zr.S | £6.9 | 94.9 | ¥0.8 Seca oe SOO RIOA,
89-3 $) TAT | 8T-29 09-6 | 209 | FOL | 9F-2 | OF-FT | GG.F | BLE | 8B-E | 60-8 | FS-T | 08. peg | G3, * Axtortjog Sat100UATH
| | |
WE EWV | ote | te09| eet | tog | ere | aoe | orer| ers | sae | eee | vee | ore | ret | 808 joss [~~ — gupreguog
| (97 oat | 29> | ote | oe | Teer | see | 4s | eor | 68 | ole | eBT | Hs [098 fo ~~ -ArEspeory
. ¢€ 3 |
Proce © | Wes | 881s | coe | ear | c98 | The | LOT | ELE | OFS | 6oe | Bre | Boe | SLT | G98 | O98 | sToALoSoy WoMmTT
*yIgI “3dag I s" | SL.09| $1.6 | Sb.S | 2Z.2 | zb.z | 61S | ob.€ | HS.€ | SEE | SZ.E | oF.S | 96.5 | Zé.S eae |= OG edo NY
€9.1 | $06 |: 96-8F | £9-T | £86 | 208 | SIF | 686 | 788 | 808 | 48h | TEE | G6 | TET | OTS | 606 |" oe aTeA Mqd
‘yg “ydag VQ) | 49.15 | 69.9 | g1.S | ¥1.9 | r0.€ | ZO.¥ | ez.€ | 46.c | gZ.2 | oz.€ | S1.% | 12.4 | S6.7 eee [hs OSEIOAY
£&.T S| 20% | 68-8F | 96. 60-8 | 19-9 | 88 | 166 | 686 | G63 | G%E | 90-8 | TOF | ATT | O6T | TLOT |* UAMTTUIEMD ‘sTe~Mog
|
| OL69 98% | 86.5 | 986 | eb | O6-8T | 68h 860 | Teh | C48 | 968 | I8T | 886 | OOIT f * “queM-mIeD
i a a se= a OZ-OQiice.Oulnoe.QMl cese) |ecQkeul! GO.) Tiara ilecQns | Ga. i Grab | PQsc ame. GallnQmac, sre [eee OB VIOAY
4 Vv tI «=| «0G-€9 | 8h =| S69 | 6F-OL | IL-F | OF-ST | 08-F | E8E | 968 | 608 | G9-F | 86-T | ZOE | OGTIT |'~ TOALOSoY Jotpuey
68-1
‘uled |
* a1oul 10 [PAQT BOS
ut rep as2qv028 | Ta | ‘1eq0L, | ‘oaq | “son | “900 | “ydag | “Sny | *Sug | ‘oung | ‘Key | tedy |‘yorey_| ‘qeg | ‘ave eed
SAB
J0"0N
. ‘
4161 ‘LOIGLSIG -aHL Ni JIVANIVS

[
‘yagi ‘ydas ! os 6| TZE8| Lr.b | Sg.e | cz | €1.e | Gr.€ | €€.2 | ore | 622 | go.e | m6 | $8.2 |} re sce [ee OB BIOAY
69-1 Lh 0¢-6— | — — |@8&. | 0 | 08F | GL. ALT | 188 | GT | 98-8 | CBE | SOT | O86 (“WOM “FANON oLTyUETT
“yar “any i mm» | £2.29] 12.6 | €¥.9 | 66.2 | ZS.€ | FE.g | 11.b | ce.b | ELE | rf.p | Sg.G | 6g.5 | 20.9 sas [ee OS BIOAY:
Hla 61% | 00-89 | 08% | 6%9 | 9F.0F | 00% | F69T | 689 | 668 | 6hE | F68 | GEE | 80-8 | 49-6 | OFS |* OSnOH utoM “BrozsTEISZ
; yeu"
“yt 190 } -- | r0.96| 6€.g | €S.S | gS.9 | Zg.€ | bg.b | zE.€ | g6.z | 1g.z | SS.€ | 96.b | o4.b | zh.g nee [eee oseloay,
GL-T Ger | 86.6h | SUL | 6b | 8F6 | OLE | 496 | 9FE | 968 | CLE | 468 | 968 | LOT | TRE | OGG fo MaBséTEL,
*y}6 ‘sony i +» | o9.6S| SEZ | g€.S | 66.9 | Sb.€ | Sz.S | Ex.€ | o0.€ | bg.2 | 1£.€ | Ez.b | gf.b | So.S nee fees OBBIOAY
6G-T » | 808 | 69-247 | GGT | O48 | OT6 | 468 | 89-1T | 008 | GhS | HE | 466 | BT | BGT | G6T | 008 “ArosoY POOMUCT PpLIdAyWOg
"uygt ‘3dag?)| - | 16.b€] orb | o1.€ | 11.b | Lr.z | LS.€ | gS.c2 | rb.z | dz.z | Lr.2 | g2.z | gS.2 | 66.2 Be ee asvioAy
91¢ S| ect | evge | 49.0 | Ter | 4er | 298 | G64 | TES | 69-8 | 208 | 808 | OE | ET | PHT | 00 Aled ployoorerg‘moysdoyp
“prt 390 \ «© | go.bh| 96.5 | Lz.b | 62.9 | b1.€ | bbw | Sr.€ | go.z | ES.2 | of.2 | SS.E | O€.€ | 66.€ vee [eee OB BIOAY
€8.1 G6l | 6P-8h | SIT | 4998 | she | G48 | 688 | 8Gh | OLS | 098 | FET | PES | 808 | OLS | STE | ICH Usy ‘espriqmon
“YISI HES} + | ¥6,L€| €o.b | Zb.€ | LS.b | zh.z | bo.b | Lo.z | oS.2 | of.2 | Lz.z | Lg.z | ogz | PEE | co [ee aBer0Ay
v6.1 tt | one |¢9.0 | 20 | 996 | 98 | OL8 | Fee | 808 | BPS | BSS | 008 | ITT | 9ET | OGG “* FXnOD 10947 ‘moysdoyD
"agi “3dag “NOTN
¢9.1 i GOZ | 69-9) | 21-1 | 893 | 188 | BLE | 6.0L | 648 | O86 | 998 | £68 | BEF | 89T | PET | SEF | ‘ITOATsey Soo-14-4uvg
*yigr 3dag ) Paes
29-1 j| 46T | 86.48 | TB. 6r-T. | 699 | 09¢ | 49-8 | 99% | 878 | 24h8 | 896 | 988 | 6T | OLT | 99h /yuemYnBqmY seqouarely
*yigr1 “yda | | wont
flat S } eer | erse | 18. | 991 | eho | 9c8 | 986 | see | 228 | OPE | 09% | BBE | TET | ALT | 009 | ‘poomauem “ppridéqweyy
— Eee sen eae aa a) ee =
4 9IOUT LO |[PA9] BOs
ut eee “ya *reqoy, | “oad “AON "490 “qdag ‘Suv “<Ine | coung | ‘Avy | [dy | yor | “qaT “uBe een
SARD
jo “ON :
“161 “TOIMLSIG FHL NI D1vaNival

~
hod a

|
a eareas \\ sos | se0e cor ust | $89 66% | 48.2 | 208 | oe | Tee |e9t (69 | o91 | set | CBT “wom ‘Toasesoy oxskermy
ae asvIDAY
“so gT4se9 MOUIUOT
‘yagi ‘ydag \ SoC SHLOMO Leer QrellOUaamOLecal | medal NOL calleOr.canlmie. Canela can leo cecesllac Once One Se eco OG ENOAGY,
OFT Q6r | EF8E ILT | 2h8 | 969 | Fae | 898 | 98 | AG | OTe | LAT | BE | AQT | TT | SEL SPO t09ItE WIVeH Brprep
Sgt IaOG | cos Witenac | oye | Tots | ey4ae | /AZore | ofS We(Slohca || /oprs Ni tekaie || rasvne || (Soke | VAekre || aise soe yiter) QBRIOAY
GI S| 80 | 88 640 | 98T | SbF | TOE | OHA | ATS | 998 | 9FS | LET | HEE | TET | OFT | OBL ~~ PxOZeTISED ‘moysdeyD
‘yygt ‘3dag 2} °° of.9¢ LEE N\QVav. OCS | NOGay MlaeeclmhOver Ges cull Leen Oenc i RORec Ouce | eQaae Bares Sg PAA
eet S| GAT | FFE 26 | OST | HG (O98 | 99-2 | Le | BES | IHS | GT | Tee | T9T | 861 | OST “~* oaresoy ouvasyy
"yIgI ‘3ydag \ w+ | $1.66. rye || lets Ica’ |) wiSoe |! Chrsue |i Sieica |) atts |) lke iets || Cots Wey || eisats ane lace OSCIOAY
ee. BI | 8698 90T | 90-6 | 989 09% | 184 | G48 | BFS | PPE | 99T | 088 | 9GT | LET | GST ~~ ToAresoy uoystreTT
"yigI ‘dag YU] °° ob.6z ZOES NNCOse ||| CLG. Zot) Rue) Ont SOvcm Ole NO/elun Qe cml moe cal eeliizac wes) 8") OGEIONY,
6P-T J) 891 | 9986 84.0 | 08T | 898 | 2468 | 009 | 008 | 89-8 | GLE | SIT | 848 | HET 60-T | SAE | "etpueH oud “YNOMTO WL
apa \ Ost | A498 OOT | OG | T49 | 89-6 | O88 | 49-6 | TL6 | GLE | 80-6 (Gh | SLT | SEE | AAT | 9tnog eat ‘onmny
| |
WETS 1) gor | roe 98 | GT | €0F 08 | 209 00% | ese (eee | TeT | GLE | SET | ELT | T6T "WOH ‘PloyRoOY ‘whmguoa
‘pic 300) t | | us[Aueg ‘1017%3g
Gps O6T | 8-0F 801 | 06% | 004 | 89% | 85-6 | 69-3 | LhS | GLE | C6T | SBE | 9B | TET | 706 [wo1soporoajam™ YIprey
“ured |
; axOUI 10 | ]@Ad] RAS
Ww ie Meneans aay T}0L | ‘aq | “AON | “900 | “gdag | “sny | “Aime | ‘oun | ‘he | dy |-yorem| ‘qeq | ‘uer eee |
A
“ ie |

4161 ‘TOMLSIG“ 3h NL saa vel Ss

*prtl “390 \ na G1.b | zo.€ | 61.¥ 6S.z2 | ob.2 | cl.z ras
94.1 CAT GOT | 106 | 66-9 Sho | &hL | 681 | 06
*yyeI Avy
68-1 } pst COT | 68 | ST-9 ere | 8hT | &T.t | &&
HS Paypal |) 22 1z.¢ | 6S.€ | 96.¥ Zee | Lie |) Gore oe
got $| 8 90T 16-6 | 68-4 1-8 | G90 | G81 | SP
"prt "390
68-1 j 88T 90-1 | 60-3 | 049 9T-€ | 890 | 6&1 | 8
“DIE “qOKy = Uh 1z.G | 26.€ | €6.¥ GE.E | go.c2 | 2Z.€ oo
Got S| LH 86-T | 99-8 | 90-4 p06 | 99-T | 98T | &9
opts Syeyg) hi) Us vG.b | Lb.E€ | oF.b #O;2) | SQye, ||\tase ry!
SPT $| 2L0 0-T | G61 | 66-9 89-3 | S&T | 90-1 | Tot
“fi a o . . . “ol ‘aa, . aAoqe
- eae 5 “yh oa AON 400 younyy | “qar uve aod
SABD
jo ae a aaa E

se -OBBIOAY -

‘UY g' SUL SILSTg ‘uo x0pBy
jodog 49 sera ‘410d mo yy
“s OsvIDAY

““godoq 4g Opell “YIpreg
-yaeg Wyvoy “Yrprep

te DBVIDAY
moneys Surdung ATG

e OBRIDAY
~ Novig Sutdung wesog

“161 “TOITLSIC Vahl NI* LIVaNTva

[74 SS SSS SSSS SESS SSS SSS SS SESS SSSSE SES SaSSs SSS 4-H
==68S5=
23 55E=235 33 052=
= |
O¢ = es | O€
2S 32222 =2 GR
SS S5]E5SS5808=
=555=2=2==08_
ce HEHEHE Hc
= S=S=BS==F Be ae
| | PEEL 33355 S255 SSS SS SS 2S SSSSS S252 SS LE === B= = Eee
BE > 2s SESS S255 2 S22 SS SSS SSSS SSSSS S=>> >= EE === 2S EE
8 >>2 25255 5555 5555 5S SSS SS SS SSSSs SESS SE EES ae SESS ees ee
Or EET Pee ot OF
BES = 8: SEBS ae
Litt eet ii
BG Shae -Seetas
ct FP Hp
aoe Set a BS RRM Sees
+44 SEEBEBBe@2=S>ZS= HH 4 SSS >>SS> >= - SERRESRE! ABBE
ERBS > BSE BEM 2 222s SSS =s == =S > SS=S 2 GaSe RRR
eS pee SE Se ete ete eeg
(fo BRED BRR RBG S SS SeSSe2s SS23 2222225 CE ES isha
=5 RE RRB RRAR ea
=a SR eRERE RRR es
=i Se Dee aes aes
= Za ae SRE RS SE RAS
Ce ee Se 28 Be
=i ea
=i ae
| ae
=e es
6 oy A WF a eC ae ail

80 EERE EEE EEE EES?

[itz

Sov tna Rowront

q
‘is
a

Hu gw
| |

= DL) ONTON-o
COD GVA TUG A A LL

°

Dor ongMna—
Dee

LS A
cit

jo)
BooEeS

at Se Ns 2 :
MG YY LW LL

°

oer OOTY

aes sue soon oT aCe Tce TOUCZOIacaaGD

“LI6t YVAA FHL ONIWNG’ MAIM HOVG NI

“AAIGUVO “NV 1ANAd “NOILVLS 1¥9/00T0N0F.LAW JHLIV 0304093a
AUN LWaadWal NWAW ONY ‘ANNSSaud D14LaWONWE NWAIW TIVINIVY ONIMOHS

wy)

7

ADDRESS AT THE UNVEILING OF THE
MEMORIAL TO THE LATE
Poet VACHERE MD. ON APRIL x4tu, 2047:

Bx O) co D. SPENCER.

You must, please, understand that | am only going to do
the best I can to fill a place which others might have much
better occupied—someone more learned in stained glass might
better describe the beauties of the window which we are met
to dedicate, and some older friend could do more justice to him
in whose memory it has been erected. |

I wish in the first place to thank every subscriber to the
memorial fund, from the largest to the smallest, for the
liberality which has enabled the memorial to Dr. Charles
Vachell to take so noble and adequate a form—when the first
meeting to consider the form of a memorial was called, the
world was at peace, and even then it was only with some
hesitation that the East window of this Church was suggested
as a possible form of commemoration—while the appeal for funds
was in the post, the World-war broke upon us, and the response
to the first circular was in itself as great a testimony to the
worth of our old friend as the stained glass behind me.

It is easier to understand in oneself the readiness of this
response than it is to give expression to the reason of it in
words before a gathering, many of whom were in closer touch
with Dr. Vachell than I have been, but I think that it was
the enthusiasm which he brought to every matter in which
he was concerned which appealed most strongly to his friends ;
there were no half-measures with him—if a thing was worth
touching at all, it was worth not only doing well, but worth
doing with all his heart and soul, and he was a many-sided
man; there were such varied objects which he found worth

18 Unveiling of the C. T. Vachell Memorial.

doing ; he was scarcely a public man in the ordinary sense
of the word ; he was never Mayor of the old town; Lord Mayor
of the new city, and yet without any memorial especially
dedicated to himself so long as the King Edward VII. Hospital,
the National Museum of Wales, or the Cardiff Naturalists’
Society endure, it is hard to believe that Dr. Vachell’s name
and intimate and ardent connection with each of them will be
forgotten.

It is not too much to say that these three great under-
takings owe as much to Dr. Vachell as to any other one citizen
of Cardiff; these, and works like these, are the real memorial
of the man; the East window of this Church is only an
expression of the feelings inspired in his friends by a life
spent not so much in the public service as for the public good.

You will, I am certain, all agree with me that of all possible
means of commemoration a window is the most suitable to
recall the ideals of our late friend ; the main object of a window,
even though it be of stained glass, is to let in the light, and to
let light into the dull places of life was, to my mind, one of the
doctor’s great characteristics. Sometimes it was natural science
in the ordinary wide sense, sometimes it was that medical
science of which for so many years he was one of the great
exponents in this part of the world—but, whatever the object
on which he was engaged, throwing more light upon it with
all the energy at his command was Dr. Vachell’s great delight.

I have tried to touch very briefly on the semi-public side
of his career, and I shall be even briefer on the personal side,
because no one needs to be reminded of the cheery optimistic
doctor who, either as friend or physician, was so well known
and welcome to all of us; we can all draw our own picture of
him in the exact tone of colour which best suits the phase
of him which each of us knew best, but there will be a strong
family likeness between all these mental portraits, and kind-
liness and hopefulness must be strong features in each of them,
especially, perhaps, hopefulness. I could not wish a more

a

Unveiling of the C. T. Vachell Memonzal. 1g

certain antidote to depression in these times than a talk with
him, and as to his kindliness, there must be for each one of
us whom somewhat better worldly circumstances have enabled
to subscribe to this window, a score whose experiences of his
ways would have made subscribers had they the means.

Finally, there is the domestic side of his life, on which I
cannot touch at all, except to say that I feel his memory there
is quite safe in the hearts of those who mourn his loss.

Before I finish, I think I ought to say a few words about the
window itself. When once it had been decided that the East
window of this Church was to be undertaken, there scarcely
seemed a question as to the figures which should fill the five
bays, ‘“‘ the Christ’ for the central figure is almost a necessity
for a main East window, and St. John the Baptist and the
Virgin Mary as the Patron Saints of the two great parent
Churches of this city followed as a course; Dr. Vachell’s
profession called for St. Luke the physician, and who could
more adequately fill the fifth place than St. David, the Patron
Saint of all good Welshmen ?

The work was entrusted to Mr. J. N. Comper, of Norwood,
who had already a knowledge of the Church, and who had
recently executed some very beautiful work in Westminster
Abbey. The sketch submitted by him was in some particulars
improved by Mr. J. S. Corbett and Mr. E. W. M, Corbett,
to whose efforts in all directions the success of this memorial
is largely due—that the window goes further in letting in the
light than most windows of its kind is, I think, beyond doubt,
and yet the richness of tone of the blue and ruby, and the
brilliance of the yellow employed, prevent the general effect
from being sketchy; there will, no doubt, be some criticism
of the unconventional treatment of the centre figure, but
when the last critic has had his say, I trust that the general
opinion will be unanimous that the work is worthy of its object,
and of its fine position in this old Church.

20

CASTER oCGCH.

THE FOLLOWING IS A Copy OF A SHORT PAPER ON CASTELL
CocH READ BY Mr JouN STUART CORBETT, ON THE
OCCASION OF A VISIT OF MEMBERS OF THE CARDIFF
NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY TO THE CASTLE, ON JUNE 27TH, 1917.

I have been asked to say something to you as to the history
of this Castle, and that is in one sense a simple, and in another
a most difficult matter, for practically nothing is known of its
history, and very little of its origin.

We are in the Red Castle in the Red Forest; the name of the
Castle, which it shares with several others in Wales, being no
doubt derived from the colour of the local stone of which it
was built, which, when the building was new, would have a
distinctly red appearance. As to the Red Forest, by which
name the wood in which the Castle stands was known in
medieval times, it seems probable that it was derived from the
autumnal colour of the beech trees, of which the wood largely
consisted, in those days perhaps to a greater extent than at
present.

So far as I am aware, the Castle is not even mentioned in any
document of a date near the time of its building, and this is
curious, considering the numerous records (printed by the late
Mr. Clark in his “ Carte’’) which exist with respect to the
disputes about the building of Caerphilly, and the fact that it
is almost certain that Castell Coch must have been built about
the same time, and by the same person, namely, Earl Gilbert
de Clare, who ruled in Glamorgan from 1262 to1295. Mr. Clark,
in his “‘ Medieval. Military Architecture,’ expresses the view
that Castell Coch might be slightly earlier than Caerphilly,
but the two must have been so near in point of date that it would
hardly be possible to found any argument as to the order in

Castell Coch. 21

which they were built from the style of the architecture. I here
refer to the earlier portion of Caerphilly built by Gilbert de
Clare. Inhis‘‘ Land of Morgan,’ Mr. Clark regards it as certain
that Castell Coch was the work of that Gilbert de Clare who
built Caerphilly, and at a somewhat later date, Morlais.

That he must have been the builder, and the approximate
date, can be proved with practical certainty from historical
facts known to us.

The Lordship of Senghenydd, in which both Castell Coch
and Caerphilly stand, was in the hands of Welsh Lords up to
the time of the above-mentioned Gilbert de Clare.

An extent or inquisition of Glamorgan, taken soon after the
death of his father, Earl Richard, in 1262, expressly mentions
that Griffith ap Rees held Senghenydd at that time, owing no
service but a heriot at death.

It was not until 1266 or early in 1267 that Gilbert, son of
Richard, captured and imprisoned this Griffith, who was last
Welsh Lord of Senghenydd, and seized the district into his own
hands. Then followed the building of Caerphilly and the long
controversy with Llewelyn, Prince of Wales, to which this gave
rise, and which at last terminated by the death of Llewelyn
and the conquest of North Wales by Edward I. This event,
and the end which it put to the fear of invasion from the
north down the Valley of the Taff, would much reduce the
importance of Castell Coch, and may be the reason why no men-
tion is made of it in the inquisitions on the deaths of Lords of
Glamorgan, with one exception, the inquisition taken in 1307
on the death of Joan, Countess of Gloucester, where “ Rubeum
Castrum”’ ‘is mentioned in a list of the “‘ members” of Sen-
ghenydd. Practically all we know about its origin is that it
was almost certainly built by Gilbert de Clare. It could not be
earlier than his time, because he was the first Lord of Glamorgan
to possess Senghenydd.

What happened to it afterwards, we do not know. There are
legends, referred to by Mr. Clark in his “ Medieval Military
Architecture,’ of its having been taken by the Welsh.

«

22 Castell Coch.

Such events might have happened in the great rising which
took place in 1295, the last year of de Clare’s life, in the rising
of Llewelyn Bren in 1315, or in the wars of Owen Glyndwr.
In fact, there can scarcely be any doubt that if it was main-
tained as a fortress in Glyndwr’s time it would fall into his
hands, as was the case with Caerphilly and Cardiff.

In his description of the Castle, as it was in its ruined con-
dition before the recent restoration, Mr. Clark says that two-
thirds of the circumference of the South tower had been blown
away by a mine. If this is so, it followed that its destruction
took place after gunpowder had come into use, though at what
date we do not know. It seems to me not improbable that it
may have been destroyed by Owen Glyndwr, like so many other
Castles in the neighbourhood.

At any rate, it was in ruins in Leland’s time, for he writes
thus :-—

“ Castelle Gogh standeth on a high Rok of a redde stone
“or Soile a 2 Miles from Landaf upper on Taue; a
‘““ quarter of a mile from the Est Ripe of Taue

“ Castelle Gough al in Ruine no bigge thing but high.
“ It longith to the King and standeth by ‘ Keuen On.’ ”’

Rhys Myryke says of the Castle that it was supposed to be
built by Ivor Bach, which is of course quite impossible as
regards the Castle with which we are dealing.

If in fact Ivor had any fortress hereabouts, it must have
been some previous building either on or near the site of the
present Castle, or else perhaps what Mr. Clark calls “‘ the Cymric
Camp” higherup. What exactly that camp was I do not know.
It is marked on the Ordnance Map as remains of an entrench-
ment, but I am not aware whether it has ever been carefully
examined.

Ivor Bach was Lord of Senghenydd and ancestor of that
Griffith ap Rhys who was dispossessed by de Clare, and it may
well be true that he had some stronghold at or near the site of
the Castle. Of that, however, nothing is certainly known.
What no doubt is true is that he surprised Cardiff Castle in

Castell Coch. 23

or about 1158 and took William, Earl of Gloucester, prisoner,
carrying him off to some fastness in the hills, which may or
may not have been near this place.

Mr. Clark in his work to which I have referred gives a very
careful and minute description of the ruins as they stood before
reconstruction, so far as he was able to investigate them, which
he describes as being a matter of some difficulty, owing to the
extent to which they were overgrown with brushwood. I may
add that in a paragraph at the end of his notice, added after the
rebuilding, Mr. Clark says the restoration is very complete and
in strict accordance with what has been ascertained of the
original structure.

24

ROMAN REMAINS—CARDIFF RACECOURSE.

By JOHN WARD, MAS F-SUx;

Keeper of the Archaeological Department, National Museum
of Wales.

Of the large low-lying alluvial tract through which the three
rivers, the Ely on the west, the Rhymney on the east, and the
Taff midway between the two, reach the Severn Sea, only a
small portion extends westwards beyond the first river, and on
this is the Cardiff Racecourse, the City of Cardiff occupying the
rest as far as the last river. The Ely hereabouts flows windingly
to the south-east, and north of the Racecourse is bridged by the
Cowbridge Road, which heads south-west. Within the angle
formed by the two and about the middle of the course, are the
obscure mounds and hollows which we are about to consider.
They are distant nearly half-a-mile south-by-east of Ely
Bridge, and are about midway between the river and the road ;
while some 130 feet to the south is the modern straight course
of the Caerau Brook, and a quarter-of-a-mile further, the
steep wooded slope of Cocks Hill. The Cowbridge Road here
is by general consent regarded as part of the important Roman
highway popularly known as the Via Julia, and Ely Bridge
as the place where it crossed the river.

In the Spring of 1894, the late Mr. John Storrie called the
attention of the Committee of the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society
to these mounds, and more especially to the fact that they
contained ancient pottery, as proved by some trial holes he had
made. The Committee decided upon a thorough investigation,
and to this end made a grant of £25 towards the expenses, and
issued an appeal for contributions, which yielded a further sum
of £37. Mr. Storrie was engaged to superintend the work of
excavation. A trench, 335 feet long and about 4 feet 6 inches

Roman Remains—Cardiff Racecourse. 25

wide, was cut through the largest group of mounds from W.S.W.
to E.N.E., and on June 26th he submitted a letter (afterwards
printed as a circular!) stating what he had done and hid
found. The trench had brought to light the remains of
several walls and concrete floors of a Roman building, a roadway,
and potsherds and other small finds of that and (as he sup-
posed) an earlier era. He had by that date dug 81 holes in
the mounds and their vicinity, and had come to the conclusion
that they were “not artificial . . .. . but morainic and
natural, and that having been found by the early men, habita-
tions were erected on them.”’

In the next stage of the work, the walls and floors exposed
in the trench were followed up by further digging. On July
13th a second appeal was made for contributions, and this
yielded nearly £34; but five weeks later the work had to cease
for lack of funds. I then received instructions to make a
selection of the finds for the Museum, and during the following
fortnight or more, I was frequently on the spot studying the
surface-configuration and structural remains and making
notes, plans, and sketches of details. Shortly afterwards the
diggings were filled in.

In the Cardiff Naturalists’ Transactions, Vol. 26, pp. 125-3,
is published a short, but unsatisfactory report, on the investi-
gation, apparently drawn up by the then newly-formed
Archeological Section, and with it is associated a plan of the
portion of the remains brought to light.2 The situation,
excavations, and general results are condensed into a page-and-
a-quarter, the rest of the report consisting of an incomplete list
of the small or “ portable”’ finds. It need hardly be said that

1. This letter appeared verbatim in The Antiquary for August, 1894,
Vol. 30, p. 46.

2. In Lyell’s useful ‘‘ Bibliographical List of Romano-British
Architectural Remains ’”’ (1912), under the head of our subject, the reader
is referred to the Antiquary, Archeologia Cambrensis, Builder, and the
Transactions of the British Archeological Association and the Cymmrod-
ovion Society, for information, but the Society which instituted and
carried out excavations is not even mentioned! ‘There is a like omission
under Llantwit Major, an earlier exploration of the Society.

26 Roman Remains—Cardiff Racecourse.

in this small space the subject is necessarily treated in only a
sketchy and imperfect manner. There is no attempt to de-
scribe the site generally—the group of mounds—of which the
excavated remains formed only a fraction. This brevity, this

apparent ignoring that the whole is of greater importance than _

the part, can be explained, I think. When the diggings were
filled in, there was no intention that the work should be
permanently abandoned, and in such a case the wiser course
would be to postpone the issue of a detailed report until the
spade had done its work. It is, however, curious that no
attempt was made to resume the work in the following year.
Several years later, Mr. Storrie gave me sundry notes and plans,
which he made when the work was in progress, thinking they

might be useful in the event of its resumption. In March, -

1906, I brought the matter before the Committee of the
Archeological Section, giving three chief reasons why the work
begun in 1894 should be completed,—" Ist, the site is at our
own doors and so has a stronger claim on us than had it been
at a distance ; 2nd, it is the Society’s duty to see that the work
is completed ; and 3rd, the work already done had supplied
clues which would render its continuance easy.’’ The site was
visited by several members, and my suggestion was favourably
considered, but the time was not considered opportune for
carrying it out. I am afraid that in consequence of the recent
war no further work can be cntertained in the near future.
The remains are shown on the Ordnance Survey as revised in
1898-9, appearing first on the 25in. sheets in Igo1, and sub-
sequently on the Iin. and 6in. sheets. Mr. Storrie supplied the
information.

SURFACE INDICATIONS AND BURIED BUILDINGS.

In our plan of the site (Fig. 1) the rises and hollows are
delineated in the usual manner; the extent of the excavations
is indicated with broken lines, and the walls brought to light
are shown black. It will be observed that the mounds are

narrow and straight, and that the chief features of the site

are a squarish space enclosed with a bank and outer ditch-

ee) a

>
=
z = ee
=o! ==
= =>
= —
SS eee fry\inteasesy aS
$ 2 oti
= < en
— | = a
= 0. pase
=== (& = _--=M
= — 4 a
——— onto on a ert =
= _ - a
——- -_ -
= fein
= io = =a
—— a —-
— - —
— | =
— —_—_—_
= —-—

- ——-
= + =
a =
—, BD | —
2 —=
= ~

. ——

. =
— —_—__-
= ===
= ——
— S ——

————
aos = Z
= — ——
= = arent
Sh NW pS =
: “2 =
=| = —-
: = ——
= > ———
- ~ —_——
an) e
see gst blah es
—
ss
E ——
=
SS
= SS
Ws

—

LAA )AATAAMAGULMinMAy

\

= ‘i We

Z

»,

Hy -

connunnns
ee

(WOH ee

x

ili
raspy’

fll

ii(sil ag Xll i,

! me Mi

vie
—
4

\ \
i NV

I AVA a

mein
cain sill I

po
We
= Se

aT ASHMAN HY BZ

if

vo

=
——

= Gy

NNNNTATIRLUUTE LA VCQCURO LOL MS

.

—
—_

%
“if

ha
7

UIA UUW

Ss

NTT

x
=

=
—~—

GTM ULE

Py,

aT

(YA NHANNUVNNNLY: x ZA

wil manned NUNIT ay ; Zz

tue oe val ii wai ills *S a Wyn Z

aS % ie AN ha ag=

MTN = W x (iii sii sii ie Nt = 2

www = WS _ Bae

SL Si == S —

= nus — S =

Se = wy ‘= =

= \ guilt; = (AUC rtgaatare UNEAHAAA (quan Ldn ny anette aN =

= iS pe Fy ane | al NM a i ice

So FS : cS Se eh NV if ee its Wy. eee

Ae eS “yy A\iill beet ei =a
= = eS S Ge = PLL =e. \
Oo = = : S = — SCOUT NYT aa “ststyp tlhe sue e= = BN
2 E ; Tp : i = =
Z : =e : 22
Siti ered | 22
= 2 E 6 ras per OG =} \2 SOUL wy = =
ae = - = 2
ge ee z= = Mn HO S
eo Se aS ZI GinHHQUUNLEL( UU nee LH HUE as
Dae, 2 = Epon tinnunnumnngyynynnnnen aig ag ARS

ee See 7 = ings MAN ES Ui

esos A, EN my, \ Yj Hi

iy

FE
—
=
=
==
oa
a
==

=

S

RLU LO

Fic, 1,

iy) ill AN init! WHIM

FEET 9

SAMUre ae
mA Nip

METRES g :

PLAN OF ROMAN REMAINS ON CARDIFF RACECOURSE,

Roman Remains—Cardiff Racecourse. 27

like hollow, and a long low mound (undoubtedly a road)
diverging from the north-west corner and pointing almost
due south. It is curious that Mr. Storrie should have concluded
that these mounds, which seem so plainly artificial, were
“morainic and natural.’ It is true that they are low and
rather obscure, and that their arrangement might escape
notice. But this did not escape him, for when his long
trench was being cut, he prepared a rough outlined plan
of the site to scale, and on it the above two features are notice-
able at a glance. Between the road and the enclosure are
some faint hollows, which I have introduced into the plan as
correctly as I can. They certainly are not natural, and yet
appear to have had no definite purpose. It will be seen presently
that there is reason for thinking that this tract was artificially
raised in ancient times, and I suggest that the hollows are
the result of incomplete tipping. Within the north-east
corner of the main work, the ancient earthworks have been
considerably disturbed by the introduction of a modern
agricultural drain (O, O).

The enclosure, which we will consider first, is not symmetrical.
It is slightly askew, and the opposite sides are not of equal
length. It is, in fact, an irregular rhomboid. Many Roman
camps and forts are similarly askew, and there is little
doubt that this was not intentional, but was due to a faulty
setting out at the start. The Roman forts of Gellygaer and
Cardiff are good examples to the point. The dimensions,
reckoned along the centre line of the ditch, are as follows :—
north, 216ft., south, 21oft., west, Ig2ft., and east, 198ft.
There are two lines of entrenchment on the north, 45ft. apart
at the west end, but diverging eastwards by several feet. As
there is no apparent reason why this side should be more strongly
protected than the others, it is probable that the outer line
was introduced in order to enlarge the enclosed space, but this
can only be satisfactorily settled by the spade.

In their present condition, the ditch rarely sinks, and the
bank rarely rises, more than r foot from the normal level. The

28 Roman Remains—Cardiff Racecourse.

former is the more conspicuous; the latter shows as a broad,

low convexity, distinctly defined in front by the indent of the |

ditch, but gradually merging into the general surface behind.
We may reasonably surmise that the original form of the bank
was narrow and steep, and that its spread-out condition is due
in great measure to subsequent cultivation.

Mr. Storrie’s long trench was carried down to, and in several
places into, the undisturbed subsoil, a pebbly sandy soil of
glacial origin. The trench sides showed almost everywhere
the following beds,—7ins. to 1ft. of dark earth—undoubtedly
the ancient surface-mould—tresting directly on the sub-soil ;
a bed of varying character and thickness and occasionally
consisting of pure soil, but generally much mixed with debris
derived from the ancient buildings on the site; and above all
5ins. to 7ins. of modern surface mould. In addition to these
three, there was, here and there, a thin seam of no great extent
and usually rather obscure. The trench also presented sections
of the ditch and bank. The west ditch was V-shaped
(Fig.2,G), approximately 14ft. wide and a little over 4ft. deep.
Its filling was silt-like at the bottom, and contained a sprinkling
of stones, mostly fragmentary and rough, pieces of concrete,
broken roof-tiles and potsherds. So far as I remember, the
section of the east ditch was similar, but not so well disclosed.

East of the ditch the trench-side presented the edge of a
concrete floor (C) which rested upon the ancient surface mould.
It was in a decaying condition, 3ins. thick, and extended east-
wards about 29ft. Above this was a comparatively pure soil
(D) which attained a maximum thickness of 2ft. 3ins. at the
summit of the bank. Eastwards, this passed into a soil
composed mainly of debris, more or less decayed, which covered
the building-remains below. Above all was the modern
surface-mould (F) from 6 to 7ins. in thickness. Several feet
to the north (and so not showing in the trench) Mr. Storrie’s
later diggings brought to light a wall (Fig. 1, D) running east
and west at a higher level than the concrete floor. It was of
very poor construction, and although later than the floor and

wsw ENE

Tih, lcci

Fic, 2, SECTION OF DITCH, ETC., CARDIFF RACECOURSE.

Roman Remains—Cardiff Racecourse. 20

apparently unconnected with it, there was no reason to doubt
its Roman age. West of the ditch, the trench-side exhibited
the same succession of deposits, less the concrete floor, of
which no trace was seen. There was, in addition, however, a
thin spread (Fig. 2, E) of broken stone and other debris—
“‘rammel,’’ would best describe it—at the bottom of the
modern turf, which extended westwards beyond the limit of
our section as far as the road. Although so near the surface,
it was undoubtedly of Roman or sub-Roman age. The layer
below, which consisted of soil mixed with broken stone, decayed
mortar and other debris, was considerably thinner than the
corresponding layer on the other side on the ditch. Like the
‘““rammel,’’ it extended beyond the section, but next the ditch
it was slightly heaped up and suggestive of a spread-out smaller
bank. It is probable that this was a regular feature, for on
other sides of the enclosure, I noticed faint surface-indications
of an outer bank. Its use may have been to give increased
depth and width to the ditch. A curious feature was a filled-in
trench (H) of 3ft. wide running north and south. The lower
two-thirds of the filling consisted of quarried lias blocks, which
Mr. Storrie regarded as the foundation of a wall that had been
removed. Instead, however, of being compacted together
to form a solid platform for a weighty superstructure, they
were deposited at various tilts as if with the intention of leaving
as many open spaces as possible between them, that is, with the

‘

intention of forming a “rumble” drain. It appeared to run
parallel to the ditch, but as there were no surface-indications,
it was impossible to say how far it extended, still less whether
it accompanied the ditch all round the enclosed space.
Mr. Storrie’s trench was not carried far enough eastwards to
prove whether there was a similar feature on that side.

We now turn to the remains within the enclosure. My
detailed plan of them is so similar to Mr. Storrie’s in the official
report of 1894, that very little would be gained by its repro-
ductionhere. If fault is to be found with his, it is that it conveys
an impression of greater definiteness than the actual remains

30 Roman Remains—Cardiff Racecourse.

warranted. For instance, in the middle of his plan (on mine,
Fig. 1, G). is shown a long wall running northwards, as through-
out of definite and equal width and with facing stones in position,
whereas it ended in this relatively perfect condition between the
words ‘‘ Glass Jars’”’ and “ Pottery,”’ the only hint of its former
existence north of this being traces of foundation rubble.%
This portion of the course of the wall would have been better
indicated by broken lines. It should be noticed, however, that
the published plan is not actually Mr. Storrie’s, but an architect’s
rendering of his.

As already intimated, the second stage of the digging
operations was the exploration of the various walls and floors
brought to light in the long trench by lateral cuttings there-
from. As this work came to an untimely end through the lack
of funds, the full extent of these remains north and south
of the trench was not ascertained. The concrete floor next the
ditch was the first intimation of a building, and structural
remains continued without a break for about 13oft. east-
wards. Beyond this, the remaining 60ft. to the eastern bank
and ditch seem to have been garden land, for the old surface
mould was thicker and darker than elsewhere, and contained
bits of pottery and charcoal; and it had, as Mr. Storrie also
noticed, all the appearance of having long been under cultivation.
The diggings provided no clue how far the structural remains
extended north and south. The remains of the wall (Fig. 1, G)
mentioned in the preceding paragraph, were traced 32ft. in the
former direction, and those of another (K) 2oft. in the latter
direction; but these were exceptions. The average either
way was about 8ft. In the result, the excavations, thorough

3. Another instance is a well-defined wall shown along the middle of
the ditch. No such wall was found. What was found was a quantity
of stone, which, like the pieces of roof-tiles and concrete, had evidently
rolled into the ditch from the ruined buildings. The wall was probably
introduced into the plan as an interpretation of a curious view held by
Mr. Storrie. He regarded the stones as the leavings of a wall which
had been grubbed up from its foundations, and the ditch as simply the
result of digging on each side of the wall so as to get down to the
foundation !

Roman Remains—Cardiff Racecourse. 31

and carefully carried out as far as they went, may be likened
to an irregular rent in the greensward which exposed part of the
plan of a buried building of considerable magnitude. Sundry
rooms and other enclosed spaces projected into the rent, but,
with one doubtful exception, not sufficiently so for their full
dimensions to be determined. Nor can we safely infer what
the whole plan was like from the part thus exposed to view.
But from razed walls, floors, broken tiles, and other oddments,
we can form some idea of the building or group of buildings
which once reared its head on this spot.

The walls were of substantial width and build. Most fell
within the limits of 2oins. and 2ft. 4ins., but one (E) had
the extraordinary width of 5ft., and another adjoining it was
well-nigh 4ft. In some, the facing stones were more carefully
selected or were larger than in others, and the mortar varied
considerably. Most of them were reduced to the floor levels,
or even lower; but the faces of two or three which remained
to a greater height, retained patches of stucco painted in
fresco, and portions of the usual quarter-round plinths which
bordered the floors of the era. More, however, could be gleaned
of the mural treatment of the rooms from the loose pieces of
painted plaster scattered about the site. On some were stripes
(probably the borders of panels and dados), foliage and other
designs, and polychrome splashes. The colours on some of the
pieces were still vivid, and Mr. Storrie considered that they
were quite equal to those of the walls of the Romano-British
building near Llantwit Major, part of which was opened out
under his superintendence a few years earlier. Most of the
rooms brought to light in the ‘‘rent”’ had floors of concrete,
made of lime and the local gravel, with or without the addition
of broken pennant or roughly powdered brick, and at least
several of them had been surfaced with fine cream-coloured
cement, decayed traces of which remained. Near the right-
hand side of Mr. Storrie’s plan is a shaded patch (Fig. 1, I)
marked “ Coarse red-tile tesserae,’ but there is no reference to
them in the official report. In one of his written notes,

32 Roman Remains—Cardiff Racecourse.

Mr. Storrie described them more explicitly as “ Much dis-
placed tesserae 7 si/u, brick of two kinds and pennant cubes.”
The width of the patch was about 6ft., but it is impossible to
say how far it extended north andsouth. The cubes both of red
tile and grey stone, averaged Iin. by Ilins. a size generally
used for coarse mosaic pavements and especially for the plain
margins of decorated ones. Perhaps the disturbed pavement
was that of a corridor or passage running north and south. In
his letter to the Committee, several weeks later (June 26th,
1894), Mr. Storrie stated that he found in the vicinity of the patch
a few smaller and better shaped tesserae, several of which were
of polombina marble imported from Italy ; and he suggested
that they were strays from a decorated mosaic pavement
somewhere close by—a suggestion with much probability in it,
which should whet the appetite for the complete exploration
of the site!

The scattered fragments of window-glass tell of glazed win-
dows. The glass was precisely similar to that almost
invariably found on the sites of houses and the buildings of
Roman age, both at home and abroad—a greenish slab glass,
flat and dull on one face, and uneven and bright on the other,
varying from ito lin. in thickness. It was cast into panes of
considerable size or sizes, perhaps standardised. Like our
ground glass, it was obscure, and this effect seems to have been
increased when necessary, by a scouring of sand on the flat
side.4 Some of the roofs were clothed with grey pennant
“slates’’ and others with red clay tiles, both characteristic of
the period. The former were thin slabs, about I1lins. wide,
with sides parallel or nearly so, and the foot trimmed to a
right-angled point instead of being square as is customary with
us, while the head was usually left rough, and was pierced
with a nail-hole. These slates, when fixed on the roof, gave rise
to a pleasing diamond or lozengy pattern. The red tiles were
in two series—large flat /egul@ with the lateral edges turned up,

4. For further particulars, see ‘‘ Romano-British Buildings and
Earthworks,”’ p. 271.

Roman Remains—Cardiff Racecourse. 33

and half-round imbrices of the same length to cover the joints
between the tegule@. These tiles gave rise in combination to
the “ roll-and-flat ’ type of roof which is still a familar feature
in Italy. Fragments of both kinds—grey slates and red tiles—
have generally been found on Roman sites in the west of England
and Wales.> Gellygaer is a notable exception, as only the
latter kind occurred there.

EXTERNAL REMAINS.

The only one of these which shows on the surface is the ridge
already referred to as a road. Its average width is 16ft., and
its flattish surface rises nearly 1ft. above the adjacent ground.
It proceeds from the north-west corner, westwards for about
7oft., and then sharply turns nearly due south. It was the
first feature cut through in Mr. Storrie’s long trench (Fig. 1, A),
and was found to consist of a thick spread of pebbles from the
local gravel, covered, of course, with the greensward. In his
rough plan it is continued to the Caerau Brook, but the visible
indications abruptly end, as indicated in our plan and the Ord-
nance Survey, about 95 feet short of that stream. Mr. Storrie
was a careful observer, however, so it is probable that he
satisfied himself that traces of metalling remain in the interval.
In the official report, it is stated that “‘ this was evidently the
original roadway to the existing buildings on the site and was
clearly traceable and straight as a line to Ely Bridge.” In two
respects this is not correct. Projected northwards in a straight
line, this length of road would cut the river about 5o0oft. east
of the bridge. But instead of proceeding thus, it made the
sharp turn to reach the north-west corner of the enclosure, as
already stated. Here, according to Mr. Storrie, it again made
a turn, this time approximately north-by-west, and pointing
direct to the bridge. This part of the road is indicated on his
rough plan and on the Ordnance Survey, with broken lines.
I did not attempt to trace its course, as I understood that the
surface-indications were so vague that he had to rely on digging
and probing.

5. Op. cit. p. 262.

34 Roman Remains—Cardiff Racecourse.

Whether the road was a private one for reaching the building
and its appurtenances, or a public one, it is impossible to say.
It has long been suggested that a line of Roman road skirted
the coast of Glamorgan, for the most part from one to two
miles inland, and that it deviated from the Via Julia in the
vicinity of the River Ely and rejoined it at Kenfig. Although
no definite evidence for such a road has been forthcoming,
I incline to think that much can be said in its favour,
and that its probable course lay through or near Wrinston,
Merthyr Dovan, Welford, St. Athan, Boverton, Llantwit Major
across Merthyr Mawr Warren (where is a buried road corres-
ponding in direction), Newton Nottage, and Kenfig. Some of
the roads traversed in this route have a decided old-world look,
notably in the vicinity of Llantwit Major. Assuming that
there was such a Roman road, the short length on the Racecourse
so well fits in, that one would hardly hesitate to regard it as
part of the line. It may be urged, however, that there was no
need to carry the road so far north or inland in order to cross
the Ely. The answer, I think, is that it was necessary in order
that the crossing should be beyond the reach of high water.
As it is, the highest point to which ordinary tides flow is only
about half-a-mile below the bridge.

Another external feature was a well (N) situated a little below
the north-west corner, and near the outer side of the ditch—
it would be more correct to say, “ where the outer side should
be,’ for to judge from the surface indications, the ditch here
seems to have expanded into a considerable hollow with the
well about the centre. There is no mention of this well in the
official report or in Mr. Storrie’s notes, but it is shown on his
rough plan and on the large-scale Ordnance Surveys. I did not
see it, as it had to be refilled without delay, being outside the
fence which enclosed the excavations. On the plan it is
shown as circular, and about roft. in diameter,® unusually large
for a well, but perhaps it was not sketched in to scale, or the

6. For Roman Wells, see ‘“‘ Romano-British Buildings and Earth-
works,” p. 279.

Roman Remains—Cardiff Racecourse. 35

steining may have fallen or have been removed, in which case
the original diameter would be less. Mr. Storrie, however,
thought it possible that it was not a well at all, but a sump
to receive surface and drainage water, as the general situation
is low. This is interesting from the point of view of our
supposed rumble drain, which if projected northwards would
end with the well.

The remains of the iron furnace and hearth, another external
feature, described by Mr. Storrie in the Tvansactions, were
discovered in cutting his long trench, at a distance of about
30ft. from the west side of the enclosure (B). It is marked
on the Ordnance Survey as “ Roman Iron Furnace.’ In
addition to this, the Survey has “ Roman Steel Furnace” near
the south-east corner, but I cannot find any reference to this
by Mr. Storrie.

PERIOD AND DURATION OF OCCUPATION.

When Mr. Storrie first cast eyes on the site, he thought that
it might contain the remains of a prehistoric marsh-village
similar to that near Glastonbury. But after a few hours digging,
he thus wrote :—‘ I was able to find evidence, not only of the
prehistoric village, but of palzolithic man, sufficient to convince
me at least, that the fields between the course and the river
have been a settlement of man continuously from the time of
paleolithic men of the river-gravels, then the marsh-dwellers,
then the Romans, and that it was only, I believe, deserted
when the present village of Ely took its rise, probably during
the early Norman period.’? From paleolithic man to the
Norman is indeed “ a far cry!’ Several weeks later, when
he penned his letter to the Committee, he still clung.to his
prehistoric theory, in spite of the fact that the finds had been
overwhelmingly Roman; but the subsequent official report is
silent as to any occupation of the site before the Roman period.
In the “ List of Articles Found” appended to that report,
seven, with ‘“‘ a considerable number of pieces of hand-made

7. Extract from letter, The Antiquary, Vol. 29, p. 243.

36 Roman Remains—Cardiff Racecourse.

pottery’ are classed as “‘ Pre-Roman.’’ Most of them are
certainly not Pre-Roman, and apart from this they were
‘portable’ objects, indicative of the presence of man, but not
necessarily of his permanent settlement. All the structural
remains were characteristic of the Roman period, and none
of them could be construed as evidence of earlier or later
human settlement. The “ considerable number” of potsherds,
just referred to, were the rough cores of common Roman grey
and black pottery, which had lost their original surfaces by
decay. Four of the objects were of flint, but only one, a neatly
made arrow-head, could be properly called an implement.
The others were shapeless bits, which surely should have been
classed with “the travelled pieces derived from the boulder
clay of the district,’ of which Mr. Storrie observed many.
There is no reason to doubt the prehistoric age of the arrow-
head ; but a flint arrow-head (probably lost by some hunter)
as little proves a settlement as would a half- penny of George IIT.
the former existence of a house of that reign on or near the spot
where it was found. Another item on the list is a “ lias slab
with a natural cavity and sandstone muller found together.”
The second was a natural pennant pebble, which, being of
globular form, could not have been used as a muller, but might
have served as a pestle; and the two, it should be observed,
were not strictly together, but some inches apart. As pennant
pebbles were found throughout the diggings, the presence of
one near the slab does not count for much. Another difficulty
is that neither, the cavity nor the pebble showed the least trace
of wear from usage. But assuming that the two were mortar
and pestle, what evidence is there that they were prehistoric ?
A short time age I saw at Marros, Carmarthenshire, a similar
rough slab with a hemispherical cavity (but in this case
smoothened from trituration) which was in use a few years ago.
It belonged to “‘ a wise woman,’ who had used it for many years
for pounding roots for her medicines. Another item on the list
is a ‘“‘ tally stone, marks not yet understood.” In reality it was
a small piece of shaly lias exhibiting a number of small criss-

Roman Remains—-Cardiff Racecourse. 37

cross cracks due to shrinkage in the drying. How Mr. Storrie,
with his geological experience, could have mistaken these
cracks for artificial scratches, is indeed puzzling !

As the diggings progressed, it became more and more evident
that the structures which had occupied the site had undergone
alterations, and some at least, had been entirely rebuilt. In
short notices on the excavations in the Builder for October
6th, 1894 (Vol. 67, p. 244) and the Antiquary for November,
1894 (Vol. 30, p. 208) it is stated that there had been a large and
important Roman house on the site, which, having fallen into
decay, was replaced by a smaller house. This is rather a
sweeping statement considering how small a portion of the
site had been subjected to the spade! In any case, however,
the alterations were strongly suggestive of a long occupation
of the site—an occupation probably of centuries. Few people
realise that the Roman era in Britain lasted some four centuries,
a stretch of time equal to the interval which separates us from
Cardinal Wolsey when at the zenith of his fame.

In the section of the western enclosing works (Fig. 2) a halt
of probably many years was indicated, which a casual observer
would fail to notice. It is, of course, self-evident that the thin
concrete layer (C) was laid down before the soil (D) was
deposited upon it, but did the latter immediately follow the
former, or was there an interval of months or years between
them? This concrete, as we have already seen, was the floor
of the westernmost room of the large building cut through by
Mr. Storrie’s trench. The remains of the old eastern wall
of this room were found; but westwards, the floor abruptly
ended with the side of the ditch, and no trace of a wall was
seen. As the floor did not extend as far as the further side of
the ditch, the inference is that this wall stood where the ditch
subsequently was. Clearly it is a relic of a portion of the
building which was eventually pulled down before the ditch
and bank were made. There is reason to believe that the
demolition was not in order to provide space for these. The
reader will recollect that above the floor, and entirely uncon-

38 Roman Remains—Cardiff Racecourse.

nected with it, were the remains of a poor wall (Fig. 1, D) of
ancient age. It is certain that this wall, probably a rough
outdoor fence, was erected after the demolition. We thus
appear to have intervening between the laying down of the
concrete floor and the depositing of the soil above it, the
whole existence of the structure containing the floor, its
demolition, and the erection of the rough wall on the site.
The evidence, therefore, is strong that the ditch and bank
were, here at least, not an original work, but a subsequent
addition ; and while it is not safe to generalise from a single
section, the presumption is that this will be found to apply to
their whole circuit. In the section west of the ditch it will
be noticed that the trench of what I regarded as a rumble drain
(H) was sunk through the thick bed (D) into the subsoil below,
but was overlaid by the rammel (E), thus showing that it
was an intermediate work. While this does not prove that the
interval between (D) and (E) was longer than it would take
to make the drain, there is a circumstance which favours a
longer one. If the drain was contemplated before (D) was
deposited, why was it not made at the start, and thus have saved
the unnecessary labour of cutting through this bed? Hence
the alternative, that it was not contemplated, is the more
reasonable.

The remains of the building provided hints in the same
direction. The differences in the construction of the walls,
and in the mortars, concretes, and levels of the floors, were
suggestive of a building that had undergone many alterations
and was of considerable age when it was abandoned. There
was, however, one detail which was conclusive of the pulling-
down and rebuilding of a portion of it. Near the foot of
Mr. Storrie’s plan of 1894 will be noticed a piece of concrete floor
marked ‘“‘ Sloping Couch”’ (Fig. 1, F). Why it should have
been given this name is impossible to say. It certainly had
a slight slope towards two stone steps on the left, by which
descent was made to a lower concrete floor (E). The ‘‘couch”
it will be observed, rested upon and overlapped the west and

Roman Remains—Cardiff Racecourse. 39

south walls at their junction of a narrow space (H) with an
earthen floor, perhaps the western part of a corridor running
eastward. These walls had been reduced to two or three courses,
before the structure containing the “‘couch”’ was built.

Of the various objects found, only three could be dated
within narrow limits. Two were bronze coins, the one of
Augustus (B.C. 27, A.D. 24) and the other of Nerva (A.D. 96-98),
and the third was a silver denarius of Antoninus Pius (A.D.
138-161). The first two were extremely worn and must have
been in circulation long before they were lost. The last was
almost in mint condition, and could have been only a very
short time in circulation. These coins, unfortunately, were
stolen, and I have no record of their types and inscriptions,
but I recollect that the denarius was struck in the earlier part
of the reign of Pius, so presumably its owner lost it before the
end of that reign, and this may be accepted as fair evidence
that the site was in occupation in that reign. How much
earlier and later, we can only guess.

SOME CONCLUSIONS AND CONJECTURES.

At first I regarded the remains as those of a small military
post to guard the passage of the Ely, chiefly because of the
enclosing ditch and bank, but when upon consideration some
years later, there was strong reason for thinking that these were
not part of the original work, but an addition of later date,
I gave up this opinion as no longer tenable, for in a fort, small
or great, the defences would be the chief consideration from the
first. Moreover, while one could not doubt that they were
introduced as a defence, they seemed to be too slight for a
permanent military post; and still more to the point, the
structures found within the enclosure had nothing of a military
character in their planning or other respects.

Mr. Storrie considered the remains to be those of a Roman
villa, but he admitted that it was “against all previous

8. The fragments of mortarium rims found on the site indicate a long
occupation, Some were of early and others of late type.

40 Roman Remains—Cardiff Racecourse.

experience that the Romans would have erected a villa of the
size and character of the present one, in such a low marshy
situation, when the adjoining hill was only 10 minutes walk
distance.” By way of explanation why the hill was not selected,
he offers the curious suggestion that “‘ it was held by an adverse
force which it was necessary to permanently dislodge.’ But
surely the magnate who contemplated building his mansion
before this enemy was dislodged, would be singularly lacking
in prudence! Nevertheless, I can see nothing incompatible
in the walls and rooms brought to light by his spade, being
part (but not the chief part) of a large house. But the low
situation is a serious objection, for beautiful surroundings
and a fine outlook were characteristic of the seats of the Romano-
British gentry.

I venture to suggest that this building was a mansio,
or Imperial posting establishment. These establishments
were distributed along the great highways at suitable dis-
tances apart, and were equipped for the public service. In them,
authorised travellers were entertained, post-horses, vehicles,
and postillions were kept in readiness, and passports were
examined. They contained sumptuous rooms for high officials,
and some at least had granaries and other stores for the use of
troops on the march. They must not be confounded with
mutationes, which appear only to have provided changes of
horses and refreshments, nor with the private roadside inns.
I do not know whether a mansio has been excavated and ex-
amined in this or any other country, nor whether anything is
known of the planning of one. But inasmuch as a modern
hotel is essentially a dwelling-house modified to serve as a
temporary home for the wayfarer and stranger, it is reasonable
to think that a mansio was on the lines of a large country
house similarly modified to meet its peculiar requirements.
Indeed, it is not unlikely that some of the “‘ villas”” which have
been explored were really mansiones.®

g. It is probable that the following two buildings were mansiones.
The one was a large building just within the south gate of Silchester,
the Roman Caleva Atrebatum; the other, a smaller one, in a similar posi-

Roman Remains—Cardiff Racecourse. 41

The majority of the Romano-British houses, and nearly all
the larger-ones, belonged to the ‘ corridor type.'!® This type
at its simplest consisted of a row of rooms, bordered on one side
with a corridor or verandah which served as a means of com-
munication between them, and this faced a square or oblong
garden or yard. In a development of this, a wing from the
range extended along a contiguous side of the open space ; and
in a further development there was another wing at the other
end of the range. Finally, the domestic buildings surrounded
the space, forming what is known as a ‘ courtyard’ house.
The house thus had its front to the garden or yard, and its back
outwards. The remains of an excellent example of a medium-
sized country house have been found at Spoonley Wood,
Gloucestershire.'!' It consisted of a main range with two wings,
the one containing the baths and the other apparently the
servants’ quarters, which together extended two-thirds round the
garden, a wall containing a large gateway completing the
circuit. The gate was in the middle of the wall and faced the
main range, and from it a stone path crossed the garden to a
large door in the corridor, on the further side of which was the
door into the principal apartment, the central feature of the
range. The plan of this house was remarkably symmetrical,
whereas as a rule the outlines of a house of this type were
irregular through the presence of outshoots, stokeries of
hypocausts, and other additions along their backs.

Returning to our Racecourse remains. From the ancient
garden land of the eastern portion of the site, we may reasonably
infer that the building faced the east, and that the front would
have the usual corridor. Now this, like the ambulatory of a
medieval monastic cloister, was nearly always an external
feature with a pentice or lean-to roof, hence its outer wall was

tion, at Caerwent, Venta Silurum. Both resembled in their main features

large ‘courtyard’ houses, yet there were differences which were not

consistent with their being private residences. The Silchester example

was regarded as a hospitium, or public guest-house by its explorers.
10. See ‘‘ Romano-British Buildings and Earthworks,’”’ pp. 138-173.
It, Arche@ologia, Vol. 52, p. 562.

42 Roman Remains—Cardiff Racecourse.

rarely as thick as the main walls of the house. A glance at
our plan (Fig. 1) will show that the easternmost wall (L) of the
building cut through by Mr. Storrie’s long trench, was com-
paratively thin, not thick as one would expect in the case of the
external wall of a large building. On the other hand, the next
wall (K) was a thick one, and the space between the two was
rather narrow for a front room, but not too wide for a verandah-
like corridor running north and south. Near the eastern
extremity of Mr. Storrie’s trench was another wall (M) close
to the ditch. This, it seems reasonable to think, was part of
a precinct wall which, like that at Spoonley Wood, completed
the closing-in of the garden. -

Fortified houses, although numerous in medieval times,
appear to have been rare in Roman Britain. The best example
I know of was a small building at Cwmbrwyn, near Laugharne,
Carmarthenshire,!? the remains of which I excavated in 1906.
I regarded it as a small military post, but the late Mr. George E.
Fox, C.E., pronounced it to be a fortified farmhouse. The dis-
covery was specially interesting to him as he had long considered
that certain small entrenched enclosures, which were known to
contain Roman remains, could not, from their situations
and other circumstances, havehad a military purpose, and would
prove to be domestic sites if put to the spade. The Cwmbrwyn
enclosure contained a small house with a bath at one end, and
wooden sheds around a yard. The excavation furnished no ©
evidence whether the ditch and bank were an original or an
added work.

From the rarity of these fortified houses, it would seem that
the need for them arose from local, and not general, conditions,
and was limited in respect to time. The fact that Cwmbrwyn
and our Racecourse are within easy reach of the Bristol Channel
and that Mr. Fox’s supposed examples are in East Anglia, is
suggestive that the need arose from the incursions of the sea
rovers, for these two regions were specially menaced by them in

12. Archeologia Cambrensis, 1907, p. 175.

Roman Remains—Cardiff Racecourse. 43

late Roman times. We have evidence in our own district, at
Llantwit Major,'’ of a large country house which came to its
end by being sacked and its inmates massacred. The skeletons
of the vanquished lay where they fell, and the slain of the
victors were in shallowgraves. As at Ely, the exploration was
only partial, and we are not informed whether the site was
entrenched.

It is difficult to imagine that there would be need to fortify
domestic buildings under the settled security afforded by the
Roman administration of our country in its earlier period.
The Pax Romana was then no empty name. But the latter half
of the third century was marked by civil commotions and the
increased boldness of our external enemies. The menace of the
latter continued throughout the next century, and to guard our
estuaries were erected those coast strongholds, Cardiff Castle
for one, the huge walls of which, ro ft. or more in thickness,
are among the most notable of our remains of the Roman
era.!14 To the same period belong the equally strong walls of
some of our Roman towns, of which the south wall of Caerwent
is a good example. Under such conditions as these, it would
be strange, if here and there the owner of a house in the less
Romanized parts of the country did not fortify his house, and
it is reasonable to think that future investigations will bring
more examples to light. With these observations in mind, we
return to our Racecourse remains, and find that our inferences
there certainly seem to fall into line with them. We have
found reason for thinking that the site was in occupation and
built upon in the second century, as early as the time of Pius,
or earlier ; also for thinking that at some subsequent time—
say, the third or fourth century— it was enclosed with ditch and
bank.

In conclusion,—my aim in writing this paper has not been
solely to describe and interpret what was discovered in 1894,

13. Cardiff Naturalists Transactions, Vol. 10, p. 49.
14. “‘ Romano-British Buildings and Earthworks,’ pp. 77-79.

44 Roman Remains—Cardiff Racecourse.

as something throwing light upon the early history of Cardiff
and district ; but also to indicate the desirability of completing
the exploration, and to facilitate it by providing the future
explorers with particulars of what has already been found.
The excavations of 1894 were altogether inadequate for so
promising a site, and I think my paper bears witness to this
in the frequent use of such words as “ probable,’’ where, if
the spade had completed its work, there would have been cer-
tainty.

45

THE LEPIDOPTERA OF GLAMORGAN.

Byode M. PALLET. PEs:

Butterflies and Moths always have attracted more attention
from collectors than any other order of insects, and the County
of Glamorgan furnishes no exception to this rule, though,
unfortunately, few of our collectors have left behind them any
trace of their work, beyond scattered records in various
periodicals, nor do the collections formed by them usually
contain any data from which information can be gleaned as to
the localities whence the specimens have been obtained. The
present list is, therefore, with the exception of the records
furnished by the collection formed by Mr. H. W. Vivian, of Port
Talbot, now in the National Museum of Wales, almost entirely
compiled from information supplied by contemporary ento-
mologists, and, as will be seen, is largely the work of Mr. Evan
John and Major Robertson. All available authorities were
consulted; amongst others, the Entomological Journals,
Stainton’s Manual, Barrett’s British Lepidoptera, and the
Minutes of the Penarth Entomological Society.

Owing to the War and other circumstances, many sources
of information were cut off for the time, but Mr. Evan John,
Mr. E. T. B. Reece, and Major Robertson have been good enough
to go through the manuscript, so that it is hoped there are
not many omissions.

The National Museum of Wales also possesses the collections
formed by Mr. G. A. Birkenhead and the late Mr. T. L. Howe,
both of Penarth, but, unfortunately, in neither of them are the
specimens localised, and I have, therefore, been unable to
make use of them in compiling this list.

Practically nothing has been done towards working out the
distribution of those moths usually called the Micro- Lepidoptera,

40 The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan.

but the few recorded species have been included, and it is hoped
that this large and profitable field will not remain long neglected.

It has been considered desirable to insert the English names
of the Macro-Lepidoptera, as it is thought they would prove
a help, at any rate to beginners, in identifying the various
changes made in nomenclature since the publication of South’s
Synonymic List.

The list follows South’s three volumes on the British Butter-
flies and Moths, so far as they go, and for the remainder his
Synonymic Catalogue, but for considerations of space has not
been divided into the various families.

It is hoped that the publication of this list will prove a help
to those now working on the Lepidoptera of the County, and
further records, either of additions to the County species, or
of any extension of the distribution of the rarer species, if sent
to the Hon. Secretary of the Biological Section of the Cardiff
Naturalists’ Society, will be published from time to time in the
Transactions.

The County of Glamorgan comprises within its borders
almost every kind of geographical condition ; on the north the
ground runs up to the Brecon Beacons to about 2,000 feet
above sea level, this high ground being pierced by many deeply
cut river valleys, whilst on the south the Bristol] Channel forms
its termination in that direction, and the conditions vary in
the latter district from the heavy clay soil in the eastern end
to the sandhills of the Porthcawl and Gower districts in the
west. An absence of chalky soils and of any extensive heather
moors are almost the only conditions wanting from the point
of view of the collector, and there can be no doubt that the
County will prove, when as assiduously worked as some of the
English Counties have been, to rival most of them in pro-
ductiveness. The bulk of the work done so far has been
confined to the Vale of Glamorgan and the low-lying sea coast,
and probably an equal amount of work in the mountainous
districts to the north of the County would yield much valuable
information towards completing our knowledge of the Lepid-
doptera of the County.

The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan. 47

RHOPALOCERA.

Papilio machaon, L. Swallow Tail. ‘‘One was seen at Sketty by
Mr. H. Forrester, in 1887, when Colias edusa was so common ”’
(Robertson) ; C. W. Dale, in Ent. Mon. Mag., 1902, p. 37, records
the capture of this butterfly at Penclawdd and Llanghor by J. D.
Llewelyn—the latter locality is probably intended to mean
Loughor,

Aporia crateegi, L. Black-veined White. Llantrisant (John); Leck-
with (Birkenhead.) Mr. Drane recorded the larve of this species
as being extremely abundant at Penarth in 1858.

Pieris brassice, L. Large White. Common throughout the County.

Pieris rape, L. Small White. Very abundant, and often a serious pest.
It is very partial to the garden Nasturtium, as a food plant.

Pieris napi, L. Green-veined White. Common throughout the County,

Euchloé cardamines, L. Orange Tip. Common. Llantrisant, Swansea,
Cardiff, etc.

Leucophasia sinapis, L. Wood White. Once only at Llantrisant (John).

Colias hyale, L. Pale Clouded Yellow. Near Port Talbot (Vivian) ;
Swansea, rare (Robertson).

Colias edusa, F. Clouded yellow. Periodically abundant, and has been
recorded from most parts of the County,

ab. 2 helice, Hb. Swansea, 1892 (Robertson) ; Sully, 1889 (Birken-
head) ; Penarth, several in 1892.

Gonepteryx rhamni, L. Brimstone. Generally common, and has been
recorded throughout the County from Gower to Cardiff,

Limenitis sibylla, L. White Admiral. Mr. T. H. Thomas saw a specimen
in his garden at Cardiff in the summer of 1906. Almost certainly
an escape,

Polygonia c-album, L. Comma. Not a common insect in the County.
Llantrisant (John); Penarth, several on 18th September, 1892
(Howe); Peterston, 1913 (Reece); Islandough, 1910 (Hallett).

Vanessa polychloros, L. Large Tortoiseshell. Llantrisant, rare (John) ;
Glais, Swansea Valley, rare (Robertson) ; Penarth, 1894 (Shellard).

Vanessa urticee, L. Small Tortoiseshell. Very common throughout the
County.

Vanessa io, L. Peacock. Common, and has been recorded from most
districts,

Vanessa antiopa, L. Camberwell Beauty. Single specimens have been
recorded from Llandaff, Penarth, and Llandough, some years ago.
Langland Bay, one seen in 1892 (Robertson); one specimen was
taken at St. Nicholas near Cardiff, November 6th, 1917, by some
children, and has been deposited in the National Museum of
Wales, Cardiff.

48 The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan.

Pyrameis cardui, L. Painted Lady. Sometimes abundant; recorded
from Llantrisant (John); Swansea (Robertson); Penarth, Taff’s
Well, etc.

Pyrameis atalanta, L. Red Admiral. Common throughout the County.

Argynnis paphia, L. Silver-washed Fritillary. Llantrisant, common
(John); Swansea, scarce (Robertson); Caerphilly, abundant
(Reece) ; Tafi’s Well (Hallett).

Argynnis adippe, L. High Brown Fritillary. Llantrisant (John); Swan-
sea, scarce (Robertson); Taft’s Well (Hallett).

Argynnis aglaia, L. Dark Green Fritillary. Llantrisant, common (John).

Argynnis euphrosyne, L. Pearl Bordered Fritillary. Common at Llan-
trisant (John); Swansea (Robertson); and generally distributed.
“Have taken it in our garden at Roath about 20 years ago”
(Reece).

Argynnis selene, Schiff. Small Pearl Bordered Fritillary. Common at
Llantrisant (John) ; fairly common at Swansea (Robertson); Tafi’s
Well, Cwrt-yr-ala, etc.

Melitzea aurinia, Rott. Greasy Fritillary. Llantrisant (John); Swansea,
very common just outside Sketty Park in 1892 and 1893 (Robert-
son); Llandough. This species used to occur in the greatest
abundance in a field at Lower Penarth, but disappeared shortly
after the field was included in the golf course. The local form
differs from the typical English form in being larger and brighter,

Anosia plexippus, L. The Monarch. One was caught at Penarth Dock
in 1888, another, in the Vivian collection labelled Glamorgan,
September, 1886, was taken by H, W. Vivian at Glanafon; and
one was taken at Neath, 6th September, 1876, by Sir J. T. D.
Llewelyn, this last specimen is in the Natural History Museum
at South Kensington. é

. Melanargia galatea, L. Marbled White. Local. Llantrisant (John) ;
Penarth (Hallett).

Satyrus semele, L. Grayliag. Llantrisant (John); Swansea, common,
(Robertson); Garth Mountain, abundant (Reece); Porthkerry,
Porthcawl (Hallett).

Pararge egeria, L. Speckled Wood. Common in suitable localities,
Cwrt-yr-ala, Taff’s Well, etc.

Pararge megeera, L. Wall Butterfly. Common throughout the County.

Epinephele ianira, L. Meadow Brown. Abundant everywhere.

Epinephele tithonus, L. The Gate-keeper. Generally distributed. Llan-
trisant (John); Swansea (Robertson) ; Gower, Sully, Taff’s Well,
tC.

Aphantopus hyperanthus, L. Ringlet. Llantrisant (John); Tafi’s Well
(Hallett).

—— ee eee

The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan. 49

Ccenonympha pamphilus, L. Small Heath. Very common everywhere.
Zephyrus betule, L. Brown Hairstreak. Llantrisant, rare (John).

Zephyrus quercus, L. Purple Hairstreak. Llantrisant, common (John) ;
Swansea, common on oaks at Sketty Park (Robertson),

Thecla w-album, Knoch. White Letter Hairstreak. Porthkerry (Allen) ;
Swansea, one seen by Barrow’s Farm, 1892 (Robertson),

Callophrys rubi, L. Green Hairstreak. Llantrisant (John); Swansea,
common (Robertson); Caerphilly, abundant (Reece); Vale of
Neath (Hallett).

Chrysophanus phleeas, L. Small Copper. Very common and generally
distributed.

Lycesena argus, Haw. Silver-studded Blue. Llantrisant, not common
(John).

Lyceena astrarche, Bergst. Brown Argus. Local. Porthcawl (John) ;
Deurch Bay, fairly common (Robertson) ; Porthkerry,

Lyceena icarus, Rott. Common Blue. Very common throughout the
County.

Lyceena corydon, F. Chalk-hill Blue. Has been taken near Southern-
down Golf Course (John). Mr. Max, Wright took a single specimen
in 1916 at Castell Coch,

Cyaniris argiolus, L. Holly Blue. Llantrisant (John); scarce at Sketty
and Penllergaer in 1893 (Robertson); quite common in the City
of Cardiff (Reece); Cwrt-yr-ala, exceptionally abundant in the
Spring of 1915 (Hallett). The Spring brood, in this district, appears

to be much more abundant than the Autumn brood.

Zizera minima, Fuess. Little Blue. Llantrisant (John); Penarth
(Hallett),

Nomiades semiargus, Rott. Mazarine Blue. In the ‘‘ Intelligencer”’
of 1859, Mr. T. Parry, Merthyr, writes—‘‘ In 1835-6-7, I could take
it in plenty, but have never seen it since.” In 1874, 1875, and
1877, specimens in small numbers appear to have been taken at
Penarth, and in 1871 A. E, Hudd met with half-a-dozen near
Llantrisant (Barrett, Brit. Lep., Vol. I.). Mr. Evan John writes—
“‘T used to take it every year, and once saw about twenty specimens
in one field,”’

Nemeobius lucina, L. Duke of Burgundy. Not recorded from many
districts. It is not uncommon at Taff’s Well (Hallett).
Hesperia malve, L. Grizzled Skipper. Common. Llantrisant (John) ;
Taff’s Well, Cwrt-yr-ala, etc.
var. taras, Meig. Glamorgan (Vivian).
Thanaos tages, L. Dingy Skipper. Common, Llantrisant (John);

Swansea (Robertson); Peterston, common (Reece); Tafi’s Well,
Cwrt-yr-ala, etc. (Hallett),

50 The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan.

Adopza thaumas, Hufn. Small Skipper. Common. Llantrisant (John);
Swansea (Robertson); Sully, Taft’s Well, etc. (Hallett).

Augiades sylvanus, Esp. Large Skipper. Common. Llantrisant (John) ;
Swansea (Robertson); Sully, Cwrt-yr-ala, etc. (Hallett).

Augiades comma, L. Silver-spotted Skipper. Bedwas, near Caerphilly
(John).

HETEROCERA.

Dilina tilie, L. Lime Hawk. Larve have been taken at Merthyr Mawr
(E. U. David).

Smerinthus populi, L. Poplar Hawk. Common, Llantrisant (John) ;
Swansea (Robertson); Penarth, Sully, Cwrt-yr-ala, etc.

Smerinthus ocellatus, L. Eyed Hawk. Not rare. Penarth (Birken-
head); Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot (Vivian and Robertson) ;
Larve abundant at Merthyr Mawr, toro (Reece).

Acherontia atropos, L. Death’s Head. A few specimens turn up
every year. Llantrisant (John); Swansea (Wakefield); Penarth,
etc. Appears to be decreasing everywhere since the introduction
of spraying potatoes (Reece).

Sphinx convolvuli, L. Convolvulus Hawk. Penarth (Birkenhead) ;
Llantrisant (John); Swansea, common in 1892 (Robertson) ;
Llandaff (David); one in Newport Road, Roath, about 25 years
ago (Reece).

Sphinx ligustri, L. Privet Hawk. Not uncommon, Llantrisant (John) ;
Swansea, one larva at Killay, 1892 (Robertson); Penarth.

Deilephila galii, Schiff. Bedstraw Hawk. WHas been taken on the coast
(Birkenhead).

Phryxus livornica, Esp. Striped Hawk. Llantrisant (John); Sketty
Park, one taken on Rhododendrons, 5th June, 1892 (Robertson) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian).

Metopsilus porcellus, L. Small Elephant Hawk. Penarth, Barry Island
(Birkenhead); Llantrisant (John); Swansea, common in garden,
1892 (Robertson); Port Talbot (Vivian).

Cheerocampaelpenor,L. Elephant Hawk. Llantrisant (John); Swansea,
scarce in garden, 1892 and 1893 (Robertson) ; Port Talbot (Vivian) ;
Roath, in 1906, at electric light in street (Reece).

Macroglossa stellatarum, L. Humming-bird Hawk. Common, Llantri-
sant (John); Langland Bay and Sketty (Robertson); Penarth,
Sully, etc.

Hemaris tityus, L. Narrow Bordered Bee Hawk. Penarth, 1890 (Bir-
kenhead); Llantrisant, common (John); fairly common at
Penllergaer and Sketty Park, 1892 and 1893 (Robertson).

om tied i ie

The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan. 51

Cerura bicuspis, Borkh. Alder Kitten. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian).

Cerura fureula, L. Sallow Kitten. Llantrisant (John),

Cerura bifida, Hb. Poplar Kitten. Port Talbot and Merthyr Mawr
(Vivian); Cardiff, at electric light (Reece),

Dicranura vinula, L. Puss Moth. Not uncommon, Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Penarth (Howe); Cardiff, at electric light
(Reece); Swansea, larve on sandhills and in garden (Robertson),

Stauropus fagi, L. The Lobster. Fonmon, at light, Bridgend (Birken-
head); Penllergaer (Stafford); Port Talbot, Merthyr Mawr
(Vivian) ; Sketty Park, one male in trap, 2nd May, 1893, Margam,
both sexes, 9th May, 1893 (Robertson).

Drymonia trimacula, Esp.
var. dodonea, Hb. Marbled Brown. Llantrisant (John); Swansea,
scarce in traps in Sketty Park (Robertson),

Drymonia chaonia, Hb. Lunar Marbled Brown. Llantrisant (John) ;
scarce at Penllergaer (Robertson).

Pheosia tremula, L. Swallow Prominent. Llantrisant (John); Swansea
(Robertson); Port Talbot (Vivian); at electric light at Cardiff
(Reece).

Pheosia dictzeoides, Esp. Lesser Swallow Prominent. Llantrisant (John) ;
Glamorgan (Vivian); Sketty Park, scarce in traps (Robertson) ;
at electric light at Cardiff (Reece).

Notodonta ziczac, L. Pebble Prominent. Llantrisant (John); Glamor-
gan (Vivian); at light and larve by Killay (Robertson); Penarth
(Howe); at electric light in Cardiff (Reece).

Notodonta dromedarius, L. Iron Prominent. Llantrisant (John);
larve beaten at Penllergaer (Robertson).

Notodonta trepida, Esp. Great Prominent. Barry, one specimen
(Howe).

Lophopteryx camelina, L. Coxcomb Prominent. Llantrisant (John);
Port Talbot (Vivian) ; Sketty Park, common in traps (Robertson) ;
Penarth (Howe).

Pterostoma palpina, L. Pale Prominent. Port Talbot (Vivian); scarce
in traps and at Penllergaer (Robertson).

Phalera bucephala, L. Buff Tip. Common, Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian) ; Common in traps in Sketty Park (Robertson) ;
The larve are sometimes so plentiful in Penarth as to defoliate the
lime trees planted in the streets.

Pygeera pigra, Hufn. Small Chocolate Tip. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); larve at Penllergaer and in colliery meadows

(Robertson),

52 The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan.

Habrosyne derasa, L. Buff Arches. Fairly common, Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); fairly common at sugar in woods below
Sketty Park (Robertson); Penylan, Cardiff (Reece); Penarth
(Howe).

Thyatira batis, L. Peach Blossom. Not very common, Llantrisant
(John); fairly common at sugar and light at Sketty (Robertson) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Penylan, 1906 (Reece); Penarth (Bir-
kenhead), etc.

Palimpsestis octogesima, Hb. Figure of Eighty. Penarth (Howe).
Palimpsestis or, F. Poplar Lutestring. Porthkerry (John).

Palimpsestis duplaris, L. Lesser Satin Lutestring. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot, May, 1894, a fine melanic form (Vivian).

Palimpsestis fluctuosa, Hb. Satin Carpet. Two examples were taken at
Gwaelodygarth in 1918 by Mr. E. U. David.

Asphalia diluta, F. Lesser Lutestring. Fairly common at Sketty in
1892 (Robertson),

Polyploca flavicornis, L. Yellow Horned. Llantrisant (John); Clyne
Wood, one taken at rest, 28th March, 1893 (Robertson) ; common
at Merthyr Tydfil (Reece).

Orgyia antiqua, L. Vapourer. Llantrisant (John); Sketty Park, scarce
(Robertson) ; Newport Road, Cardiff, but apparently only between
the Infirmary and Four Elms Road (Reece).

Dasychira pudibunda, L. Pale Tussock. Llantrisant (John); common
in Sketty Park Woods and traps (Robertson); Port Talbot
(Vivian) ; larvae common in Vale of Neath.

Euproctis chrysorrheea, L. Brown Tail. Porthkerry (Allen).

Porthesia similis, Fuess. Gold Tail. Llantrisant (John); abundant at
electric light in Cardiff (Reece); Penarth, Dinas Powis, etc.

Lymantria monacha, L. Black Arches. Porthkerry (Allen); Port
Talbot (Vivian) ; Penllergaer and Sketty Park, scarce (Robertson).

Malacosoma neustria, L. Lackey. Porthkerry (Allen); Merthyr Mawr
and Port Talbot (Vivian); Oxwich Bay, common in larval state
(Robertson); Peterston, abundant in 1912 (Reece).

Lasiocampa quercus, L. Oak Eggar. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian); Langland Bay, 1893 (Nash); Sully, Vale of Neath.
var. callunse, Palmer. Llanmadoc (Wakefield).

Lasiocampa trifolii, Esp. Grass Eggar. Llantrisant (John).

Macrothylacia rubi, L. Fox Moth. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian); Pontneathvaughan, common, Swansea, common
(Robertson). It is common in all suitable localities.

— seri

The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan. 53

Cosmotriche potatoria, L. Drinker. Llantrisant, Common (John);
Swansea, ova found by colliery meadows (Robertson); Cardiff
(Reece); Penarth,

Gastropacha quercifolia, L. Lappet. Has been taken in Glamorgan
(John),

Saturnia pavonia, L. Emperor. Llantrisant (John); Hendrefoilan
in larval state (Robertson); Barry Island (Birkenhead),

Drepana falcataria, L. Pebble Hook Tip. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park and Penllergaer (Robertson) ;
Penarth (Howe).

Drepana binaria, Hufn. Oak Hook Tip. Llantrisant (John); Penarth
(Howe); Cwrt-yr-ala (Birkenhead).

Drepana cultraria, F. Barred Hook Tip. Castell Coch (John); Penarth
(Howe).

Drepana lacertinaria, L. Scalloped Hook Tip. Llantrisant (John);
Port Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park and Penllergaer (Robertson).

Cilix glaucata, Scop. Chinese Character. Llantrisant (John); Sketty
Park and Penllergaer (Robertson) ; Port Talbot (Vivian); Cardiff,
at electric light (Reece).

Nola cucullatella, L. Short Cloaked. Porthkerry (Allen); Sketty Park,
common in 1892, rare in 1893 (Robertson).

Nola confusalis, H-S. Least Black Arches. Porthkerry (Allen);
fairly common at Penllergaer and Clyne (Robertson),

Nola centonalis, Hb. Scarce Black Arches. Has been taken in Glamor-
gan (John),

Hylophila prasinana, L. Green Silver Lines. Llantrisant (John);
Swansea, beaten from trees by Colliery Meadows (Robertson) ;
Cwrt-yr-ala, Taft's Well (Hallett).

Hylophila bicolorana, Fuess. Scarce Silver Lines. Porthkerry (Allen).

Sarrothripa revayana, Tr. Large Marbled Tortrix. Has been taken in
Glamorgan (John),

Spilosoma menthastri, Esp. White Ermine. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); common in moth traps, Sketty Park (Robert-
son); Penarth, etc., common,

Spilosoma urticee, Esp. Water Ermine. Has been taken in Glamorgan
(John).

Spilosoma lubricipeda, Esp. Buff Ermine. Abundant everywhere, even
in towns. Llantrisant (John); Sketty (Robertson) ; Penarth, etc.

Diaphora mendica, Clerck. Muslin. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian) ; Sketty Park (Robertson); Peterston (Reece); Penarth.
var. rusticata, Hb. Port Talbot (Vivian),

54 The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan.

Phragmatobia fuliginosa, L. Kuby Tiger. Llantrisant, not uncommon
(John); Penllergaer and Cutliffes (Robertson); Horton, Gower.

Parasemia plantaginis, L. Wood Tiger. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian) ; common at Penllergaer, 1893 (Robertson),

Diacrisia sanio, L. Clouded Buff. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian); Swansea, one male taken in colliery meadows, 7th
June, 1893 (Robertson); Pontneathvaughan (Birkenhead).

Arctia caia, L. Tiger Moth. Common, Llantrisant (John); Swansea
(Robertson) ; Penarth, etc,

Arctia villica, L. Cream Spot Tiger. Llantrisant (John); Penarth,
Sully, etc., not uncommon (Hallett).

Callimorpha dominula, L. Scarlet Tiger. Llantrisant (John).

Deiopeia pulchella, L. Crimson Speckled. Taken on the wing at
Porthkerry, 8th June, 1892 (O. H. Jones). See Ent. Record, 1892,
p. 226. This specimen is in the Vivian Collection in the National
Museum of Wales.

Hipocrita jacobes, L. Cinnabar. Very common, Llantrisant (John) ;
Swansea (Robertson); Penarth, Porthcawl, Gower, etc.

Atolmis rubricollis, L. Red-necked Footman. Llantrisant (John),

Nudaria mundana, L. Muslin. Llantrisant (John); Sketty Park, rare
in trap (Robertson); Peterston (Reece).

Comacta senex, Hb. Round-winged Muslin. Llantrisant (John); Sketty
Park, rare in trap (Robertson).

Miltochrista miniata, Forster. Rosy Footman. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian).

Cybosia mesomella, L. Four-dotted Footman. Llantrisant (John).

Lithosia lurideola, Zincken. Common Footman. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian).
Lithosia complana, L. Scarce Footman. Port Talbot (Vivian),

Demas coryli, L. Nut-tree Tussock. Merthyr Mawr (Nicholl) ; Swansea,
(Robertson),

Acronycta leporina, L. The Miller. Llantrisant (John); Sketty Park,
one at sugar, Ist July, 1894 (Robertson); Newport Road, Cardiff,
one full-fed larva about 20 years ago (Reece).

Acronycta megacephala, F. Poplar Grey. Merthyr Mawr and Port
Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, fairly common (Robertson),

Acronycta alni, L. The Alder. Llantrisant (John); pupe found at
Derwen, 1892 (Robertson); Penarth (Howe).

Acronycta tridens, Schiff. Dark Dagger. Scarce in the larval state on
sandhills (Robertson).

The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan. 55

Acronycta psi, L. Grey Dagger. Common, Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park (Robertson); Penarth, etc.

Acronycta menyanthidis, View. Light Knot-grass. Llantrisant (John),

Acronycta rumicis, L. Knot-grass. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian) ; Swansea, common (Robertson); Cardiff, 1906 (Reece),
Penarth, (Hallett).

Craniophora ligustri, L. Coronet. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian) ; pupz at Gower (Robertson).

Bryophila perla, F. Marbled Beauty, Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian); Swansea, common (Robertson); Cardiff,- common
(Reece); Penarth, etc., very common,

Bryophila glandifera, Hb. Marbled Green. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, fairly common (Robertson); Cardiff
common, especially at electric lights (Reece); Penarth, not
uncommon,

Agrotis segetum, Schiff. Turnip Moth. Very abundant throughout the
County.

Agrotis vestigialis, Hufn. Archer's Dart. Port Talbot and Merthyr
Mawr (Vivian); Swansea, not uncommon by beating sand rush
(Robertson), A

Agrotis corticea, Hb. Heart and Club. Llantrisant (John); Swansea,
common at sugar on the sandhills (Robertson) ; Penarth.

Agrotis cinerea, Hb. Light Feathered Rustic. Penllergaer (Llewelyn) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, one in moth trap, 11th May,
1893 (Robertson),

Agrotis puta, Hb. Shuttle-shaped Dart. Port Talbot and Merthyr
Mawr (Vivian) ; Swansea, not common at sugar (Robertson),

Agrotis lunigera, Steph. Crescent Dart. Port Talbot (Vivian); Merthyr
Mawr (John),

Agrotis cursoria, Borkh. Coast Dart. Port Talbot (Vivian).

Agrotis nigricans, L. Garden Dart. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian); Swansea, scarce at sugar (Robertson),

Agrotis tritici, L. White Line Dart. Porthcawl (John); Swansea,
common by beating sand rush (Robertson).
var. aquilina, Hb. Swansea (Robertson),

Agrotis exclamationis, L. Heart and Dart. Abundant everywhere.

Agrotis ypsilon, Rott. Dark Sword Grass. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, abundant at sugar, 1892 (Robert-
son); Penylan, abundant at sugar, 1906 (Reece); Penarth, very
abundant in 1900 (Howe).

Agrotis ripe, Hb. Sand Dart. Swansea (Llewelyn and Robertson) ;

Port Talbot (Vivian); Penarth (Birkenhead); Porthcawl, larve
abundant in 1906, and probably every year (Reece),

50 The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan.

Agrotis strigula, Thunb. True Lover’s Knot. Llantrisant (John) ;
Sketty Park, scarce at sugar, 1893 (Robertson),

Agrotis preecox, L. Portland Moth. Penllergaer (Llewelyn); Sketty
Park, scarce at light, and Mumbles by beating Sand Rush (Robert-
son); Port Talbot (Vivian).

Agrotis saucia, Hb. Pearly Underwing. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, common (Robertson); Penarth,
very abundant in 1900 (Howe).

Agrotis lucernea, L. Northern Rustic. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian; Langland Bay, one taken at light by Rev. A.
Nash, 19th July, 1893 (Robertson); Swansea is given by Morris,
(Vol. II., p. 134) as a locality for this moth,

Agrotis ashworthii, Dbl. Ashworth’s Rustic. Mr. Evan John saw a
specimen of what he believes was this mothat rest on the mountain
side near Llantrisant some years ago.

Noctua augur, F. Double Dart. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian) ; Swansea, fairly common at sugar, 1893 (Robertson),

Noctua glareosa, Esp. Autumnal Rustic. Llantrisant (John); Sketty
Park, scarce at sugar (Robertson).

Noctua castanea, Esp. Grey Rustic. Swansea, scarce at sugar, 1892
(Robertson),

var. neglecta, Hb. Swansea (Robertson).

Noctua baja, F. DottedClay. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot (Vivian) ;
Swansea, common at sugar (Robertson),

Noctua depuncta, L. Plain Clay. Penllergaer (Llewelyn) ; Sketty Park,
one at sugar, 25th July, 1893 (Robertson),

Noctua c-nigrum, L. Setaceous Hebrew Character. Llantrisant (John) ;
Sketty Park, not common at sugar, 1892 and 1893, Cardiff, etc.,
common (Reece).

Noctua ditrapezium, Borkh. Triple Spotted Clay. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, a few at moth traps, 1892
(Robertson) ; near Swansea (Barrett),

Noctua triangulum, Hb. Double-spotted Clay. Llantrisant (John);
Port Talbot (Vivian).

Noctua brunnea, F. Purple Clay. Llantrisant (John); Penarth
(Williams) ; Sketty Park, not common at sugar (Robertson),

Noctua primule, Esp. Ingrailed Clay. Llantrisant (John); Sketty
Park, common at sugar and light, 1892 and 1893 (Robertson) ;
Penylan, common at sugar, 1906 (Reece); Penarth (Howe).

Noctua dahlii, Hb. Barred Chestnut. Glamorgan (John).

The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan. 57

Noctua rubi, View. Small Square Spot. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, common at sugar and light in
1892 and 1893 (Robertson),

Noctua umbrosa, Hb. Six-striped Rustic. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, common at sugar and light in 1892
and 1893 (Robertson),

Noctua xanthographa, F. Square Spot Rustic. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, common at sugar, 1892
(Robertson),

Noctua plecta, L. Flame Shoulder. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian); Sketty Park, fairly common at sugar, 25th July, 1893
(Robertson) ; Penarth (Birkenhead) ; Cardiff, etc., common every-
where (Reece).

Axylia putris, L. Flame. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot (Vivian) ;
Sketty Park, scarce at sugar in 1893 (Robertson),

Tripheena comes, Hb. Lesser Yellow Underwing. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, common at sugar, 1892 and
1893 (Robertson); Penarth (Birkenhead); ‘‘ abundant in our
garden at Roath”’ (Reece),

Triphena pronuba, L. Yellow Underwing. Abundant everywhere.
A beautiful variety, fore wings nearly pure white, hind ones cream
colour, with a pink tint, was taken at Swansea, 21st July, 1892,
by W. Holland.

Tripheena fimbria, L. Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing. Llantrisant
(John); Sketty Park, fairly common at sugar, 1892 (Robertson) ;
Penarth (Birkenhead).

Tripheena ianthina, Esp. Lesser Broad Border. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, fairly common at sugar,
1892 and 1893 (Robertson); Penarth (Birkenhead),

Tripheena interjecta, Hb. Least Yellow Underwing. Llantrisant
(John); Port Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, scarce (Robertson),

Eurois prasina, F. Green Arches. Llantrisant (John); Swansea,
scarce at sugar in wood below Park (Robertson),

Eurois occulta, L. Great Brocade. Neath (Llewelyn),
Aplecta tincta, Brahm. Silvery Arches. Glamorgan (John),
Aplecta advena, F. Pale Shining Brown, Llantrisant (John),

Aplecta nebulosa, Hb. Grey Arches. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, common at sugar in wood below
Park in 1892 (Robertson) ; Castell Coch (Williams); Penylan,
1906, abundant at sugar (Reece).

Barathra brassice, L. Cabbage Moth. Only too common throughout
the County.

58 The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan.

Mamestra persicarie, L. The Dot. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian) ; Swansea, fairly common on sandhills, 1892 and 1893
(Robertson); Cwrt-yr-ala, 1890 (Birkenhead); Penarth.

Mamestra albicolon, Hb. White Colon. Port Talbot (Vivian); Swan-
sea (Llewelyn); scarce at sugar and by beating Sand Rush in
1892 and 1893 (Robertson).

Mamestra oleracea, L. Bright Line Brown Eye. Very common and
generally distributed.

Mamestra geniste, Borkh. Light Brocade. Llantrisant (John); Port

,

Talbot (Vivian) ; Swansea (Robertson); Penarth (Birkenhead).

Mamestra dissimilis, Knoch. The Dog’s Tooth. Port Talbot (Vivian) ;
Swansea, rare at sugar, 1893 (Robertson); Cwrt-yr-ala (Williams).

Mamestra thalassina, Rott. Pale Shouldered Brocade. Llantrisant
(John); Port Talbot (Vivian); Common at sugar and light at
Sketty Park, 1892 and 1893 (Robertson) ; Penarth (Birkenhead).

Mamestra contigua, Vill. Beautiful Brocade. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian) ; Cardiff, 1906, at electric light (Reece),

Mamestra pisi, L. Broom Moth. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian) ; Swansea, common at light in Park (Robertson).

Mamestra trifolii, Rott. The Nutmeg. Port Talbot (Vivian).

Mamestra glauca, Hb. Glaucous Shears. Port Talbot, several at
light, 1893 (Vivian),

Mamestra dentina, Esp. The Shears. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, common at sugar and flowers,
1892 and 1893 (Robertson),

Dianthcecia conspersa, Esp. Marbled Coronet. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian) ; Swansea, larve not uncommon on Lych-
nts flos-cucult, 1892 (Robertson).

Dianthecia capsincola, Hb. Lychnis. Llantrisant (John); Swansea,
larve common on Silene (Robertson).

Dianthecia cucubali, Fuess. Campion. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian) ; Swansea, larve scarce in Sz/ene (Robertson);
Penarth (Howe),

Diantheecia carpophaga, Bork. Tawny Shears. Llantrisant (John);
Port Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, one at light, 14th May,
1893 (Robertson),

Dianthecia capsophila, Dup. The Pod Lover. Swansea, one taken at
light, 26th August, 1893, and several larve in seed heads of
Silene maritima at Langland Bay (Robertson).

Hecatera chrysozona, Bork. Small Ranunculus. Penllergaer (Llew-
elyn).
Hecatera serena, F. Broad Barred White. Llantrisant (John).

The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan. 59

Neuria reticulata, Vill. Bordered Gothic. Glamorgan (John); Penarth
(Williams).

Epineuronia popularis, F. Feathered Gothic. Llantrisant (John) ;
Swansea, very common at moth traps, 1892 (Robertson) ;
Penarth (Birkenhead) ; Peterston, common, 1912 (Reece),

Tholera cespitis, F. Hedge Rustic. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian) ; Swansea, fairly common at moth traps, 1892 (Robert-
son),

Chareeas graminis, L. Antler. Common. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian) ; Swansea, fairly common in moth traps, 1892
and 1893 (Robertson); Penarth,

Xylomiges conspicillaris, L. Silver Cloud. Gower, 1875 (Barrett,
Brite eepids, Vole DVE. p. ©2415):

Eumichtis adusta, Esp. Dark Brocade. Glamorgan (John),

Eumichtis protea, Bork. Brindled Green. Llantrisant (John); Sketty
Park, 1892, not uncommon at sugar (Vivian); Leckwith
(Birkenhead) ; Penarth (Williams, Howe, etc.),.

Bombycia viminalis, F. Minor Shoulder Knot. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian).

Diloba czruleocephala,; L. Figure of Eight. Porthkerry (Allen) ;
Penarth (Howe); Peterston, 1915 (Reece),

Valeria oleagina, F. Green Brindled Dot. Mr, C. W. Williams tells
me he took the larva at Castell Coch in 1898, from which he
reared the moth. First recorded for this country by E. Dono-
van, July, 1800, near Fishguard, Pem. (Barrett, Vol. IV.,
P- 330).

Luperina testacea, Hb. Flounced Rustic. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, fairly common at traps, 1892
(Robertson) ; common (Reece).

Cerigo matura, Hufin. Straw Underwing. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Penarth (Williams, Birkenhead).

Calzena haworthii, Curt. Haworth’s Minor. Glamorgan (John) ; common
near Onllwyn Colliery (Robertson).

Hama sordida, Bork. Large Nutmeg. Porthkerry (Allen); Swansea,
one at sugar on sandhills, rst June, 1893 (Robertson).

Hamafurva,Hb. The Confused. Gower(John) ; Port Talbot (Vivian),

Apamea gemina, Hb. Dusky Brocade. Llantrisant (John); Swansea,
common at sugar and flowers, 1892 and 1893 (Robertson) ; Port
Talbot (Vivian).

var, remissa, Tr. Swansea (Robertson),

60 The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan.

Apamea basilinea, F. Rustic Shoulder Knot. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian) ; Swansea, fairly common at sugar on sand-
hills (Robertson) ; Peterston, 1912 (Reece).

Apamea unanimis, Tr. Small Clouded Brindle. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian) ; Swansea, one at sugar, 1893 (Robertson).

Apamea pabulatricula, Brahm. Union Rustic. Llantrisant, at light,
1914 (John).

Apamea secalis, L. Common Rustic. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, common at sugar and flowers, 1892
and 1893 (Robertson); Penarth (Lamb).

Miana strigilis, Clerck. Marbled Minor, Llantrisant (John); Swansea,
common at sugar and flowers in 1892 and 1893 (Robertson) ;
Penarth (Howe); Peterston, 1912, swarming at sugar (Reece).

Miana fasciuncula, Haw. Middle Barred Minor. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, common at sugar and flowers,
1892 and 1893 (Robertson),

Miana literosa, Haw. Rosy Minor. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian) ; Swansea, scarce at sugar on sandhills, 1893 (Robert-
son),

Miana bicoloria, Vill. Cloaked Minor. Llantrisant (John); Swansea,
common at sugar and flowers, 1892 and 1893 (Robertson).

Xylophasia rurea, F. Cloud-bordered Brindle. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, common at flowers and sugar,
1893 (Robertson),

var. combusta, Duponchel. Swansea (Robertson),

Xylophasia lateritia, Hufm. Taken at Porthkerry by Mr. W. E. R.
Allen, and was an addition to the British List, see Barrett, Brit.
Lepid., Vol VII., p. 322. The specimen is in the H. W, Vivian
Collection at the National Museum of Wales.

Xylophasia lithoxylea, F. Light Arches. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, common (Robertson.)

Xylophasia monoglypha, Hufn. Dark Arches. Abundant everywhere
throughout the County.

Xylophasia hepatica, L. Clouded Brindle. Llantrisant (John);
Port Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, common at sugar in 1892
(Robertson),

Xylophasia scolopacina, Esp. Slender Brindle. Llantrisant (John) ;
Sketty, scarce at sugar in wood below Park, 1892 and 1893
(Robertson),

Cloantha polyodon, Clerck. Purple Cloud. Port Talbot (Vivian) ;
Penarth,

The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan. 61

Aporophyla lutulenta, Bork. Deep Brown Dart. Glamorgan (John) ;
Neath (Barrett, IV., p. 280, probably the same record) ; Llandaff
(Williams).

Aporophyla nigra, Haw. Black Rustic. Port Talbot and Merthyr
Mawr (Vivian),

Epunda lichenea, Hb. Feathered Ranunculus. Gower (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian). «

Dasypolia templi, Thunb. Brindled Ochre. Penllergaer (Llewelyn) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Porthkerry (Birkenhead); Penarth
(Howe); Swansea, one taken by Thos. Griffith, 1895, this was
taken whilst a truck of coal from Staffordshire was being dis-
charged, and the moth may have come from there, having gone
into the coal to hibernate (Robertson).

Polia flavicincta, F. Large Ranunculus. Llandaff (David); Penarth,
1900 (Howe) ; not rare in September, 1919 (Hallett).

Polia chi, L. The Grey Chi. Llantrisant (John).

Brachionycha sphinx, Hufn. The Sprawler. Porthkerry (Allen); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Penarth (Howe).

Miselia oxyacanthe, L. Green Brindled Crescent. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, common at sugar, 1892
(Robertson) ; Penylan, 1906, common at sugar (Reece) ; Penarth,
freely at sugar and ivy (Birkenhead),

var. capucina, Mill. Swansea (Robertson); Penylan, 1906,
nearly as abundant as the type (Reece).

Agriopis aprilina, L. Merveille-du-jour. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Penllergaer, 1892 (Robertson); Cardiff ;
Penarth, common in 1900 (Howe),

Euplexia lucipara, L. Small Angle Shades. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian) ; Swansea, common at sugar in Park and
on sandhills (Robertson); Penylan, 1906, common (Reece) ;
Penarth (Howe).

Phlogophora meticulosa, L. Angle Shades. Llantrisant (John);
Port Talbot (Vivian) ; Swansea, common at sugar and on sand-
hills (Robertson) ; common everywhere, the larva is an omni-
vorous feeder (Reece); Penarth, Hirwain, Porthcawl, etc.
(Hallett).

Mormo maura, L. Old Lady. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian); Sketty Park, fairly common at sugar (Robertson) ;
Pontneathvaughan, Penarth, etc, (Hallett).

Nenia typica, L. The Gothic. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian) ; Sketty Park, common at sugar (Robertson); Penarth
(Hallett).

Helotropha leucostigma, Hb. The Crescent. Port Talbot (Vivian) ;
Neath (Barrett, Brit, Lep., Vol. V., p. 61).

62 The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan.

Hydreecia nictitans, Borkh. The Ear Moth. Llantrisant (John);
Port Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, very common at sugar and
light (Robertson); Cardiff (Reece). These records probably
all contain a proportion of the next species.

Hydrecia paludis, Tutt. Mr. F. N. Pierce has examined the whole
of the specimens in the National Museum of Wales belonging
to the Vivian, Howe, and Birkenhead collections, standing under
the name of the previous species, and finds that this is apparently
the ordinary more inland species in Glamorgan, and that Hydroe-
cia nictitans seems to be that species which is recorded from the
sandhills. There are local specimens of both species in the
three collections.

Hydrecia micacea, Esp. Rosy Rustic. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian) ; Sketty Park, scarce at light and sugar (Robert-
son); Penarth (Birkenhead).

Hydreecia petasitis, Dbl. Butterbur. Has been taken in Glamorgan
(John); Neath (Barrett, Brit. Lepid., Vol. V., p. 73).

Ochria ochracea, Hb. Frosted Orange. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, pupe in stems of hemp agrimony
and foxglove in colliery meadows (Robertson); larve usually
abundant in the stems of Foxgloves, which is the commonest
food plant in this district (Reece).

Nonagria typhe, Esp. The Bulrush. Penllergaer (Llewelyn and
Robertson) ; Port Talbot (Vivian),

Ccenobia rufa, Haw. Small Rufous. Llantrisant (John); Sketty
Park, three taken in moth traps, roth August, 1893 (Robertson).

Tapinostola fulva, Hb. Small Wainscot. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, fairly common at light, 1892
(Robertson) ; Penarth, 1900 (Howe).

Calamia lutosa, Hb. Large Wainscot. Cardiff (John); Penarth
(Howe); Port Talbot (Vivian).

Leucania pallens, L. Common Wainscot. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, fairly common at sugar and light
(Robertson) ; Cardiff district, common (Reece).

Leucania impura, Hb. Smoky Wainscot. Llantrisant (John); Port

Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, fairly common at sugar and light
(Robertson); Barry Island (Birkenhead),

Leucania straminea, Tr. Southern Wainscot. Port Talbot (Vivian).

Leucania impudens, Hb. Striped Wainscot. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); near Neath (Barrett); Sketty Park, one
at light, roth June, 1893 (Robertson),

Leucania littoralis, Curt. Shore Wainscot. Port Talbot (Vivian) ;
larve very common in 1892 at Port Talbot and Swansea
(Robertson); Barry Island (Birkenhead),

{

The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan. 63

Leucania comma, L. Shoulder-striped Wainscot. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, 1892 and 1893, scarce at sugar
(Robertson); Barry Island (Birkenhead); common at. sugar,
Penylan, in 1906 (Reece).

Leucania putrescens, Hb. Devonshire Wainscot. Mumbles (John);
Swansea (Birkenhead and Llewelyn).

Leucania unipuncta, Haw. White Neck. Port Talbot and Merthyr
Mawr (Vivian); near Neath, 1869 (Barrett, Vol. V., p. 163).

Leucania lithargyria, Esp. The Clay. - Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian) ; Swansea, common at sugar and light (Robert-
son); Cardiff, common (Reece).

Leucania conigera, F. Brown Line Bright-eye. Llantrisant (John) ;
Swansea, scarce at sugar (Robertson) ; Barry Island (Birkenhead)

Leucania turca, L. Double Line. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian); Swansea, scarce at sugar (Robertson),

Grammesia trigrammica, Hufn. Treble Lines. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, common at moth traps, 1892
and 1893 (Robertson).

var. bilinea, Hb. Swansea, one at sugar, 1890 (Robertson),

Stilbia anomala, Haw. The Anomalous. Port Talbot and Merthyr
Mawr (Vivian).

Caradrina morpheus, Hufn. Mottled Rustic. Port Talbot (Vivian) ;
Swansea, common at moth traps, with the black variety, in
1892 and 1893 (Robertson).

Caradrina alsines, Brahm. The Uncertain. Port Talbot (Vivian) ;
Swansea, common at moth traps (Robertson),

Caradrina taraxaci, Hb. The Rustic. Port Talbot (Vivian); Swansea,
common at moth traps (Robertson),

Caradrina quadripunctata, F. Pale Mottled Willow. Llantrisant
(John) ; Port Talbot (Vivian) ; Swansea, fairly common at sugar
(Robertson) ; common in our garden at Roath (Reece),

Caradrina exigua, Hb. Small Mottled Willow. This species occurred
in numbers at light a few years ago at the Electric Power Station,
Lower Penarth (Williams, etc.)

Petilampa arcuosa, Haw. Small Dotted Buff. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, common at moth traps
(Robertson).

Rusina tenebrosa, Hb. Brown Rustic. Llantrisant (John); Swansea
abundant, with fine dark forms (Robertson); Port Talbot
(Vivian) ; Castell Coch (Williams),

Amphipyra pyramidea, L. Copper Underwing. Llantrisant (John);
Port Talbot (Vivian); abundant at sugar in Sketty Park and
Wood (Robertson); Penarth.

64 The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan.

Amphipyra tragopogonis, L. The Mouse. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); abundant at sugar at Sketty Park and Wood
(Robertson),

Panolis griseo-variegata, Goeze. Pine Beauty. Llantrisant (John);
Port Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, scarce at sallow, 1892 and
1893 (Robertson) ; Penarth (Birkenhead, Howe).

Pachnobia leucographa, Hb. White Marked. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian).

Pachnobia rubricosa, F. Red Chestnut. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, common at sallow (Robertson) ;
Cardiff (Reece),

Teeniocampa gothica, L. Hebrew Character. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, abundant at sallow (Robert-
son); abundant everywhere on sallow bloom in March (Reece).

Teeniocampa miniosa, F. Blossom Underwing. Port Talbot (Vivian).

Teeniocampa pulverulenta, Esp. Small Quaker. Llantrisant (John);
Port Talbot (Vivian); Neath (Llewelyn); Swansea, common at
sallows and light (Robertson),

Teeniocampa stabilis, View. Common Quaker. Common throughout the
County,

Teeniocampa populeti, F. Lead Coloured Drab. Llantrisant and Merthyr
Mawr (John); Port Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, not rare at sallows
(Robertson. )

Teeniocampa incerta, Hufn. Clouded Drab. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, abundant at sallows (Robertson).

Tseniocampa munda, Esp. Twin-spotted Quaker. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, common at sallows (Robertson) ;
Penarth (Birkenhead); Llanedarne at sallows, 1907 (Reece).

Teeniocampa opima, Hb. Northern Drab. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Penarth (Birkenhead); common at sallows in
Brynmill Park (Nelson Richardson),

Teeniocampa gracilis, F. Powdered Quaker. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, scarce at sallow and light (Robertson) ;
Penarth (Birkenhead); Penylan at sallows, 1907 (Reece).

Dicyla 00, L. Heart Moth. Penarth, 3rd September, 1895 (Howe).

Calymnia pyralina, View. Lunar Spotted Pinion. Port Talbot (Vivian) ;
Swansea, fairly common at sugar and light (Robertson),

Calymnia affinis, L. Lesser Spotted Pinion. Penllergaer (Llewelyn) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian) ; Swansea, one only at sugar, 1892 (Robert-
son),

Calymnia diffinis, L. White Spotted Pinion. Penllergaer (Llewelyn),

The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan. 65

Calymnia trapezina, L. Dun Bar. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian) ; Swansea, common at sugar and light, 1892-3 (Robertson),

Dyschorista suspecta, Hb. The Suspected. Swansea, scarce at sugar
in wood below Sketty Park (Robertson).

Dyschorista fissipuncta, Haw. Dingy Shears. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, scarce at sugar on sandhills (Robert-
son),

Plastenis retusa, L. Double Kidney. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian) ; Swansea, scarce at light, 1892 and 1893 (Robertson).

Plastenis subtusa, F. The Olive. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian) ; Swansea, larve not uncommon in woods (Robertson),

Cirrhcedia xerampelina, Hb. Centre Barred Sallow. Llantrisant, common
(John); Port Talbot (Vivian); Gower (Barrett); larve not
uncommon at Gower, 1892 and 1893 (Robertson); Merthyr
Mawr (E. U. David); Penarth, 1896 (Hallett); and one in 1900
(Howe),

Omphaloscelis lunosa, Haw. Lunar Underwing. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian) ; Swansea, abundant at moth traps (Robert-
son); Penarth (Birkenhead).

Amathes lota, Clerck. Red Line Quaker. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, scarce on ivy (Robertson) ;
Penarth in t900 (Howe).

Amathes macilenta, Hb. Yellow Line Quaker. Llantrisant (John);
Port Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, common on ivy, 1893 and
1893 (Robertson),

Amathes circellaris, Hufn. The Brick. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, common at sugar (Robertson).

Amathes helvola, L. Flounced Chestnut. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, scarce at sugar, 1892 (Robertson).

Amathes lychnidis, F. Beaded Chestnut. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian) ; Swansea, scarce at sugar (Robertson); Cardiff
abundant on ivy (Reece).

Amathes litura, L. Brown Spot Pinion. Llantrisant (John); Sketty
Park, scarce at sugar (Robertson),

Cirrhia citrago. L. Orange Sallow. Port Talbot (Vivian).

Xanthia aurago, F. Barred Sallow. Penllergaer (Llewelyn); Penarth
(Birkenhead) ; common in 1900 (Howe).

Xanthia lutea, F. Pink Barred Sallow. Llantrisant (John); Swansea,
abundant as larve in catkins (Robertson),

Xanthia fulvago, L. The Sallow. Llantrisant (John); Swansea, not
rare in catkins as larve (Robertson); Penarth (Birkenhead) ;
Tafi’s Well (Hallett); common at Penarth in 1900 (Howe),

66 The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan.

Xanthia gilvago, Esp. Dusky Lemon Sallow. Glamorgan (John).
Xantholeuca croceago, F. Orange Upperwing. Llantrisant (John),

Orrhodia vaccinii, L. Chestnut. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian); Swansea, abundant at ivy, sugar, and light (Robertson) ;
Penylan, 1906, swarming at sugar (Reece).

Orrhodia ligula, Esp. Dark Chestnut. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, fairly common at ivy, 1892 (Robert-
son); Penylan, 1906, common at sugar (Reece).

Orrhodia rubiginea, F. Dotted Chestnut. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Penarth, one at sugar (Howe).

Eupsilia satellitia, L. Satellite. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian); Swansea, fairly common at ivy, sugar, and light
(Robertson); Penarth (Birkenhead); larve beaten at Roath in
1906 (Reece).

Lithophane semibrunnea, L. Tawny Pinion. Llantrisant (John),

Lithophane socia, Rott. Pale Pinion. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian),
Lithophane furcifera, Hufn. The Conformist. Pontypridd and Llan-

trisant (John); Port Talbot (Vivian); Mr. John’s first captures
added this moth to the British List, see Ent. Annual, 1862, p. 108.

Graptolitha ornithopus, Rott. Grey Shoulder Knot. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, not rare at sugar and at rest on
trees (Robertson); Penarth, one in 1900 (Howe).

Xylocampa areola, Esp. Early Grey. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian) ; Swansea, common at rest on trees and posts (Robertson).

Calocampa exoleta, L. Sword Grass. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian); Swansea, common at ivy, sugar, and sallows, one at
light (Robertson); Penarth, one in 1900 (Howe),

Calocampa vetusta, Hb. Red Sword Grass. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, common at ivy and sugar, and one
at light (Robertson); Penarth (Howe).

Cucullia verbasci, L. The Mullein. Llantrisant (John); Swansea,
common as larve (Robertson); Penarth (Howe, Birkenhead).

[Cucullia scrophularie, Esp. Water Betony. Port Talbot (Vivian).
This record must refer to either Cucullia verbasci or Cucullia
lychnitis, as there seems to be no such species as Cucullia scrophu-
lariee. |

Cucullia asteris, Schiff. Stat-wort. Glamorgan (John),

Cucullia umbratica, L. The Shark. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian) ; Swansea, fairly common at flowers—pinks (Robertson) ;
Penarth (Birkenhead),

a

The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan. 67

Cucullia chamomille, Schiff. Chamomile Shark. Port Talbot (Vivian) ;
Sketty Park, one at moth trap, 16th April, 1893 (Robertson),

Cucullia absinthii, Hb. Wormwood Shark. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); larve not uncommon on wormwood at Pwll
Dhu Bay (Robertson),

Anarta myrtilli, L. Beautiful Yellow Underwing. Llantrisant (John).

Heliaca tenebrata, Scop. Small Yellow Underwing. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian) ; Swansea, scarce on flowers in colliery mea-
dows (Robertson); Castell Coch (Howe),

Pyrrhia umbra, Hufn. Bordered Sallow. Llantrisant (John); Penarth.

Heliothis peltigera. Schiff. Bordered Straw. Penllergaer (Llewelyn) ;
Neath, Glamorgan Coast (Barrett).

Heliothis armigera, Hb. Scarce Bordered Straw. Penllergaer (Llewelyn).

[Thalpochares ostrina, Hb. Purple Marbled. Glamorgan (Barrett) ;
this no doubt refers to Sir John Llewelyn’s capture at Pembrey,
which is in Carmarthen, see Barrett, Brit. Lepid. Vol. VI., p. 194,
195.]

Hapalotis fasciana, L. Marbled White Spot. Llantrisant (John)

Hydrelia uncula, Clerck. Silver Hook. Llantrisant (John); Port

Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, common in Cutliffe’s in 1892, scarce
in 1893 (Robertson),

Erastria venustula, Hb. Rosy Marbled. Port Talbot (Vivian),

Rivula sericealis, Scop. Straw Dot. Llantrisant (John); Swansea,
scarce in colliery meadows (Robertson),

Prothymnia viridaria, Clerck. Small Purple Barred. Llantrisant (John) ;

Port Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, common in colliery meadows
(Robertson),

Scoliopteryx libatrix, L. The Herald. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian) ; Swansea, fairly common at sugar (Robertson) ; Penarth,
not rare,

Plusia moneta, F. Golden Plusia. Pontsarn, Miskin (E. U. David).

Plusia chrysitis L. Burnished Brass. Llantrisant (John); Port

Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, not common at flowers (Robertson) ;
Cardiff, etc,

Plusia chryson, Esp. Scarce Burnished Brass. Penllergaer (Llewelyn) ;
Swansea, larve fairly common in 1892, scarce in 1893 (Robertson) ;
Tongwynlais (Ekins),

Plusia bractea, F. Golden Spangle. Penllergaer (Llewelyn),

Plusia festucee, L. Gold Spot. Llantrisant (John); Llanmadoc,
plentiful in t914 (E, U, David),

68 The Lepidoptera of Giamorgan.

Plusia iota, L. Golden Y. Llantrisant (John); Swansea, not common
at flowers (Robertson); Barry Island (Birkenhead); Penarth.

Plusia pulchrina, Haw. Beautiful Golden Y. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian) ; Swansea, not common at flowers and light, 1892
(Robertson),

Plusia gamma, L. Silver Y. Only too common throughout the County.

Abrostola triplasia, L. Dark Spectacle. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, scarce at flowers, 1892 (Robertson).

Abrostola tripartita, Hufn. Light Spectacle. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, fairly common at flowers (Robertson),

Euclidia mi, Clerck. Mother Shipton. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian); Swansea, common in colliery meadows (Robertson) ;
Penarth (Birkenhead); Peterston (Reece).

Euclidia glyphica, L. Burnet Companion. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, common with the last (Robertson) ;
Penarth (Birhenhead.)

Catocala nupta, L. Red Underwing. Llantrisant (John); Penarth
(Williams).

-Toxocampa pastinum, Tr. Black Neck. Llantrisant (John); Port

Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, scarce in colliery meadows, 1892

(Robertson); Porthkerry (Allen); Penarth (Howe).

Zanclognatha tarsipennalis, Tr. Fanfoot. Llantrisant (John); Sketty
Park, fairly common in garden (Robertson),

Zanclognatha grisealis, Hb. Small Fanfoot. Llantrisant (John); Sketty
Park, common in garden (Robertson).

Hypena proboscidalis, L. The Snout. Llantrisant (John); Swansea,
fairly common by Derwen (Robertson); Penarth.

Hypenodes teenialis, Haw. White Line Snout. Llantrisant (John).

Hypenodes costeestrigalis, Steph. Pinion-streaked Snout. Llantrisant
(John); Sketty Park, fairly common at light in 1892 (Robertson).

Brephos parthenias, L. Orange Underwing. Llantrisant (John); Clyne,
one taken 28th March, 1893, and several seen at Penllergaer in
1893 (Robertson),

Pseudoterpna pruinata, Hufn. Grass Emerald. Llantrisant (John);
Port Talbot (Vivian) ; Sketty Park, fairly common at traps and at
Langland Bay (Robertson).

Geometra papilionaria, L. Large Emerald. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, scarce at light, 1892 (Robertson) ;
Penarth, 1898 (Howe); Penylan (E. Heath); Pontneathvaughan,
1906, not uncommon (Hallett).

Geometra vernaria, Hb. Small Emerald. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian) ; Penarth (Birkenhead),

The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan. 69

Euchloris pustulata, Hufin, Blotched Emerald. Porthkerry, Entom.,
Vol. XXI., p. 116 (John); Port Talbot (Vivian).

Iodis lactearia, L. Little Emerald. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian) ; Swansea, fairly common at traps (Robertson).

Hemithea strigata, Muller. Common Emerald. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian).

Acidalia virgularia, Hb. Dusky Wave. Glamorgan (John).

Acidalia interjectaria, Hb. Dusky Cream Wave. Sketty Park, fairly
common in garden and traps (Robertson).

Acidalia aversata, L. Riband Wave. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian); Swansea, common in woods and traps (Robertson).

var. spoliata, Staudinger. Common with the type (Robertson),

Acidalia bisetata, Hufn. Small Fan-footed Wave. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, fairly common in garden and
traps (Robertson),

Acidalia dimidiata, Hufn. Single Spotted Wave. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, fairly common in garden and
traps (Robertson) ; plentiful (Barrett).

Acidalia trigeminata, Haw. Treble Brown Spot. Port Talbot (Vivian).

Acidalia remutaria, Hb. Cream Wave. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, common in woods and traps
(Robertson).

Acidalia immutata, L. Lesser Cream Wave. Llantrisant (John); Swan-
sea, fairly common in colliery meadows in 1892 (Robertson).

Acidalia marginepunctata, Goeze. Mullein Wave. Gower (John).

Acidalia imitaria, Hb. Small Blood Vein. Llantwit Major (John) ;
Llandaff (Vivian); Sketty Park, one only in moth trap, 7th July,
1893 (Robertson),

Acidalia rubiginata, Hufn. Tawny Wave. Penarth (Williams).
Ania emarginata, L. Small Scallop. Llandaff (Vivian).
Timandra amata, L. Blood Vein. Llantrisant (John).

Ephyra porata, F. False Mocha. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian); Sketty Park, scarce at traps (Robertson).

Ephyra punctaria, L. Maiden’s Blush. Swansea (Robertson).
Ephyra linearia, Hb. Clay Triple-lines. Merthyr Mawr (Vivian).

Ephyra annulata, Schulz. Mocha. Porthkerry (Allen); Leckwith
(Birkenhead); Penarth, 1898 (Howe).

Ephyra orbicularia, Hb. Dingy Mocha. Llantrisant (John); Bort
Talbot (Vivian).

Ephyra pendularia, Clerck. Birch Mocha. Glamorgan (John).

70 The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan.

Sterrha sacraria, L. The Vestal. Neath, gth August, 1867 (Llewelyn) ;
some six examples being taken, and again in 1869 and 1874;
Ynys-y-gerwyn (Vivian).

Ortholitha plumbaria, F. Lead Belle. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian) ; Swansea, common in colliery meadows (Robertson).

Ortholitha cervinata, Schiff. Mallow. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian); Penarth (Howe).

Ortholitha limitata, Scop. Shaded Broad Bar. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian) ; Swansea, common in colliery meadows (Robert-
son).

Ortholitha bipunctaria, Schiff. Chalk Carpet. Langland Bay, fairly
common (Robertson); Penarth, 1898 (Howe).

Mesotype virgata, Rott. Oblique Striped. Porthcawl (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, abundant on sandhills by Blackpill
(Robertson).

Minoa murinata, Scop. Drab Looper. Llantrisant (John); Glamorgan
(Vivian).
Odezia atrata, L. The Sweep. Llantrisant (John).

Anaitis plagiata, L. Treble Bar. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian); Sketty Park, common at traps (Robertson); Castell

Coch, etc.

Chesias spartiata, Fuess. The Streak. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian).

Chesias rufata, F. Broom Tip. Llantrisant (John); Castell Coch
(Williams).

Lobophora carpinata, Borkh. Early Tooth-striped. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian) ; Sketty Park, common in traps (Robertson).

Lobophora viretata, Hb. Yellow Barred Brindle. Llantrisant (John) ;
Neath (Llewelyn); Port Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, scarce at
rest and in traps (Robertson).

Lobophora halterata, Hufn. Seraphim. Porthkerry (Allen); Port Talbot
(Vivian).

Lobophora sexalisata, Hb. Small Seraphim. Llantrisant (John); Glam-
organ (Vivian).

Cheimatobia brumata, L. Winter Moth. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, abundant (Robertson),

Cheimatobia boreata, Hb. Northern Winter Moth. Port Talbot (Vivian) ;
scarce at Clyne (Robertson).

Triphosa dubitata, L. The Tissue. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian) ; Sketty Park, fairly common in traps (Robertson),

Eucosmia certata, Hb. Scarce Tissue. Llantrisant (John),

The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan. 7I

Eucosmia undulata, L. Scallop Shell. Llantrisant (John); Sketty Park,
scarce in traps (Robertson) ; Castell Coch (Williams),

Scotosia vetulata, Schiff. Brown Scallop. Porthkerry, Port Talbot
(Vivian).

Scotosia rhamnata, Schiff. Dark Umber. Port Talbot (Vivian) ; Porth-
kerry (Allen).

Eustroma silaceata, Hb. Small Phoenix. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian) ; common in traps at Sketty Park and Penllergaer
(Llewelyn).

Lygris prunata, L. Phoenix. Llantrisant (John); Sketty Park, scarce
at traps (Robertson),

Lygris testata, L. Chevron. Port Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park at
traps (Robertson); Penarth (Howe).

Lygris populata, L. Northern Spinach. Port Talbot (Vivian).
Lygris associata, Borkh. Spinach. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian).

Cidaria pyraliata, L. Barred Straw. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian); Sketty Park, common in traps (Robertson); Penarth
(Lamb).

Cidaria fulvata, Forster. Barred Yellow. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, common on rose on sandhills (Robert-
son).

Cidaria corylata, Thnb. Broken Barred Carpet. Llantrisant (John) ;
Swansea, scarce in woods and traps (Robertson); Vale of Neath
(Birkenhead),

Cidaria truncata, Hufn. Common Marbled Carpet. Llantrisant (John) ;
Swansea, common, flying over flowers (Robertson).

Cidaria immanata, Haw. Dark Marbled Carpet. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, common flying over flowers
(Robertson).

Cidaria siterata, Hufn. MRed-green Carpet. Merthyr Mawr (Vivian).

Cidaria miata, L. Autumnal Green Carpet. Porthkerry (Allen) ; Penarth
(Birkenhead) ; Cardiff, on ivy blossom (Reece),

Thera obeliscata, Hb. Grey Pine Carpet. Llantrisant (John); Sketty
Park, scarce on firs (Robertson).

Thera cognata, Hb. Chestnut coloured Carpet. Port Talbot (Vivian) ;
Glamorgan coast (Allen).

Thera firmata, Hb. Pine Carpet. Swansea (Robertson).

Lampropteryx sufiumata, Hb. Water Carpet. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian) ; Sketty Park, common at traps (Robertson).

Coremia munitata, Hb. Red Carpet. Llantrisant (John),

72 The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan.

Coremia unidentaria, Haw. Dark Barred Twin-spot. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian) ; Sketty Park, common in traps (Robertson).

Coremia ferrugata, Clerck. Red Twin-spot. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, common in traps (Robertson)

Coremia designata, Hufn. Flame Carpet. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, common in traps (Robertson).

Amoebe olivata, Borkh. Beech-green Carpet. Merthyr Mawr (Vivian).

Amoebe viridaria, F. Green Carpet. Llantrisant (John); Sketty Park,
scarce in woods (Robertson); Castell Coch (Williams).

Malenydris salicata, Hb. Striped Twin-spot Carpet. Neath (Llewelyn) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, one taken in wood, 1892
(Robertson).

Malenydris multistrigaria, Haw. Mottled Grey. Llantrisant (John);
Port Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, common in traps in Park
(Robertson),

Malenydris didymata, L. Twin-spot Carpet. Llantrisant (John); Swan-
sea, abundant in woods and traps (Robertson).

Oporabia dilutata, Borkh. November Moth. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian) ; Swansea, abundant in woods and traps (Robert-
son).

Xanthorhoe montanata, Borkh. Silver Ground Carpet. Llantrisant
(John); Port Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, scarce in woods
(Robertson) ; Penarth,

Xanthorhoe fluctuata, L. Garden Carpet. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, common everywhere (Robertson) ;
Penarth,

Xanthorhoe galiata, Hb. Galium Carpet. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, scarce on sandhills (Robertson) ;
abundant (Barrett).

Xanthorhoe rivata, Hb. Wood Carpet. Port Talbot (Vivian); Swansea
(Robertson).

Xanthorhoe sociata, Borkh. Common Carpet. Common throughout
the County.

Xanthorhoe tristata, L. Small Argent and Sable. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Vale of Neath (Birkenhead).

Xanthorhoe unangulata, Haw. Sharp Angled Carpet. Llantrisant
(John); Glamorgan (Vivian).

Euphyia picata, Hb. Cloaked Carpet. Merthyr Mawr (Vivian).

Eulype hastata, L. Argent and Sable. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian); Clyne Woods, scarce (Robertson); Penarth (Howe) ;
Pontneathvaughan, plentiful (Hallett).

The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan. 73

Mesoleuca albicillata, L. Beautiful Carpet. Llantrisant (John); Sketty
Park, scarce at traps (Robertson); Castell Coch (Williams).

Mesoleuca ocellata, L. Purple Bar. Llantrisant (John); Sketty Park
abundant in 1892, scarce in 1893 (Robertson),

Mesoleuca bicolorata, Hufn. Blue Bordered Carpet. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, not common by old tramway,
Clyne Valley (Robertson).

Melanthia procellata, F. Pretty Chalk Carpet. Coast of Glamorgan
(Vivian); Penarth (Garrett).

Perizoma affinitata, Steph. Rivulet. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian) ; Swansea, scarce in traps (Robertson),

Perizoma alchemillata, L. Small Rivulet. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian) ; scarce at Penllergaer (Robertson).

Perizoma flavofasciata, Thnb. Sandy Rivulet. Llantrisant (John);
Port Talbot (Vivian) ; Sketty Park, not common in traps (Robert-
son),

Perizoma albulata, Schiff. Grass Rivulet. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); common at Penllergaer, etc. (Robertson).

Perizoma bifasciata, Haw. Barred Rivulet. Port Talbot (Vivian);
Swansea (Robertson).

Perizoma blandiata, Hb. Pretty Pinion. Glamorgan (John).

Camptogramma bilineata, L. Yellow Shell. Common throughout the
County.

Hydriomena furcata, Prout. July High Flyer. Llantrisant (John);
Port Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, common (Robertson).

var. infuscata, Staudinger. Swansea (Robertson),

Hydriomena impluviata, Hb. May High Flyer. Llantrisant (John);
Swansea, fairly common at traps and at Singleton, Gower (Robert-
son).

Hydriomena ruberata, Frey. Ruddy High Flyer. Llantrisant (John) ;
Swansea, scarce in traps and at Singleton (Robertson).

Anticlea cucullata, Hufn. Royal Mantle. Swansea (Robertson),

Anticlea badiata, Hb. Shoulder Stripe. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, common in traps (Robertson).

Anticlea rubidata, F. The Flame. Porthkerry (Allen).

Anticlea nigrofasciaria, Goze. The Streamer. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, common in traps (Robertson).

Eucheeca obliterata, Hufn. Dingy Shell. Llantrisant, common (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); fairly common in woods at Killay (Robert-
son),

74 The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan.

Asthena candidata, Schiff. Small White Wave. Port Talbot (Vivian);
scarce in woods below Sketty Park (Robertson).

Asthena luteata, Schiff. Small Yellow Wave. Llantrisant (John); Pen-
llergaer, fairly common (Robertson),

Asthena testaceata, Don. Waved Carpet. Llantrisant (John); Sketty
Park, one at rest, 1892 (Robertson).

Asthena blomeri, Curt. Blomer’s Rivulet. Port Talbot and Merthyr
Mawr (Vivian).

Eupithecia oblongata, Thnb. Lime Speck. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, not common in traps (Robertson).

Eupithecia pulchellata, Steph. Foxglove Pug. Llantrisant (John);
Port Talbot (Vivian); Penllergaer, May, 1865 (Llewelyn); Sketty
Park, larve in foxgloves (Robertson).

[Eupithecia linariata. Should occur in the County; it is very like the
previous species, which is considered scarce.]

Eupithecia irriguata, Hb. Marbled Pug. Porthkerry (Allen); Port
Talbot (Vivian).

Eupithecia indigata, Hb. Ochreous Pug. Port Talbot (Vivian); Clyne
Wood, one on 30th May, 1893 (Robertson),

Eupithecia venosata, F. Netted Pug. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian).

Eupithecia distinctaria, H.-S. Thyme Pug. Gower (Vivian).

Eupithecia expallidata, Guenee. Bleached Pug. Penllergaer (Llewelyn) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian).

Eupithecia assimilata, Guenee. Currant Pug. Llantrisant (John) ;
Sketty Park, taken in moth traps, 1893, and identified by Mr. 5.
Webb (Robertson).

Eupithecia absinthiata, Clerck. Wormwood Pug. Penllergaer (Llewelyn) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, larve on ragwort and imagines
in trap (Vivian).

Eupithecia goossensiata, Mab. Ling Pug. Port Talbot (Vivian).

Eupithecia albipunctata, Haw. White Spotted Pug. Port Talbot (Vivian);

var. angelicata, Barrett. Port Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, scarce
in traps (Robertson),

Eupithecia vulgata, Haw. Common Pug. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, common in traps (Robertson).

Eupithecia virgaureata, Dbl. Golden Rod Pug. Port Talbot, with a
melanic form (Vivian); Sketty Park, taken in moth traps, 1893,
identified by Mr. S. Webb (Robertson),

Eupithecia trisignaria, H.-S. Triple Spotted Pug. Port Talbot (Vivian).

a

The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan. 75

Eupithecia lariciata, Frey. Larch Pug. Llantrisant (John); scarce in
Clyne Woods, 1893 (Robertson),

Eupithecia castigata, Hb. Grey Pug. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
with a fine black varietal form (Vivian) ; Sketty Park, not common
in traps (Robertson),

Eupithecia subnotata Hb. Plain Pug. Port Talbot (Vivian),
Eupithecia satyrata, Hb. Satyr Pug. Llantrisant (John).
Eupithecia succenturiata, L. Bordered Pug. Llantrisant (John),

Eupithecia subfulvata, Haw. Tawny Speckled Pug. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, not common in traps
(Robertson).

Eupithecia scabiosata, Borkh, Shaded Pug. Glamorgan (Vivian).
Eupithecia haworthiata, Sta. Haworth’s Pug. Llantrisant (John),

Eupithecia plumbeolata, Haw. Lead Coloured Pug. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian),

Eupithecia tenuiata, Hb. Slender Pug. Llantrisant (John); Swansea
(Robertson).

Eupithecia inturbata, Hb. Maple Pug. Gower (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian); Porthkerry (Allen),

Eupithecia fraxinata, Crewe. Ash Pug. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian),

Eupithecia nanata, Hb. Narrow-winged Pug. Llantrisant (John) ;
Sketty Park, scarce in traps (Robertson).

Eupithecia abbreviata, Steph. Brindled Pug. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Clyne Wood, abundant (Robertson),

Eupithecia dodoneata, Guenee. Oak-tree Pug. Llantrisant (John);
Port Talbot (Vivian).

Eupithecia exiguata, Hb. Mottled Pug. Port Talbot (Vivian) ; Sketty
Park, scarce in traps (Robertson),
Eupithecia sobrinata, Hb. Juniper Pug. Gower (Vivian),

Gymnoscelis pumilata, Hb. Double-Striped Pug. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, not common in traps (Robert-
son),

Chloroclystis coronata, Hb. V.-Pug. Llantrisant (John); Sketty Park,
not common in traps (Robertson),

Chloroclystis rectangulata, L. Green Pug. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, one on apple tree in the garden
(Robertson),

Chloroclystis debiliata, Hb. Bilberry Pug. Port Talbot (Vivian).

76 The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan.

Pelurga comitata, L. Dark Spinach. Port Talbot (Vivian); Sketty
Park, common in traps (Robertson).

Phibalapteryx vitalbata, Hb. Small Waved Umber. Glamorgan (Vivian).
Phibalapteryx tersata, Hb. The Fern. Port Talbot (Vivian),

Coenocalpe vittata, Borkh. Oblique Carpet. Port Talbot and Merthyr
Mawr (Vivian).

Percnoptilota fluviata, Hb. The Gem. Llantrisant (John); Neath,
6th May, 1867 (Llewelyn); Port Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park,
one taken in trap, 19th August, 1892 (Robertson).

Abraxas sylvata, Scop. Clouded Magpie. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Pontneathvaughan, abundant.

Abraxas grossulariata, L. Magpie. Very common and recorded for all
districts.

Lomaspilis marginata, L. Clouded Border. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian) ; Swansea, fairly common in woods (Robertson) ;
Vale of Neath (Birkenhead),

Ligdia adustata, Schiff. Scorched Carpet. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian) ; Castell Coch (Williams).

Bapta bimaculata, Hb. White spotted Pinion. Glamorgan (John),
Bapta temerata, Hb. Clouded Silver. Glamorgan (John).

Cabera pusaria, L. Common White Wave. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, common in woods and traps (Robert-
son).

Cabera exanthemata, Scop. Common Wave. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, common in woods and traps (Robert-
son); Vale of Neath (Birkenhead).

Cabera rotundaria, Haw. Round-winged White Wave. Glamorgan
(Vivian).

Numeria pulveraria, L. Barred Umber. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, fairly common in woods and traps
(Robertson).

Ellopia prosapiaria, L. Barred Red. Port Talbot and Merthyr Mawr
(Vivian); Swansea, fairly common in wocds and traps (Robert-
son).

Metrocampa margaritaria, L. Light Emerald. Llantrisant (John);
common in woods below Sketty Park and in traps (Robertson) ;
Penarth (Birkenhead).

Ennomos quercinaria, Hufn. August Thorn. Sketty Park, scarce at
light (Robertson); Merthyr Mawr (Vivian); Porthkerry (Allen).

Ennomos alniaria, L. Canary Shouldered Thor. Port Talbot and
Merthyr Mawr (Vivian) ; Sketty Park, scarce in traps (Robertson) ;
Penarth (Birkenhead).

The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan. To,

Ennomos fuscantaria, Haw. Dusky Thom. Llantrisant (John); Sketty
Park, two at light (Robertson) ; Penarth (Birkenhead).

Ennomos erosaria, Borkh. September Thorn, Llantrisant (John);
Sketty Park, scarce in traps (Robertson),

Selenia bilunaria, Esp. Early Thorn. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian); Sketty Park, common in traps (Robertson).

Selenia lunaria, Schiff. Lunar Thorn, Penllergaer (Llewelyn); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, fairly common in traps (Robert-
son); Penarth, 1898 (Howe).

Selenia tetralunaria, Hufn. Purple Thorn. Llantrisant (John); Pen-
llergaer (Llewelyn); Port Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, fairly
common in traps.

Hygrochroa syringaria, L. Lilac Beauty. Llantrisant (John); larve on
privet at Derwen (Robertson); Penarth; 1898 (Howe).

Gonodontis bidentata, Clerck. Scalloped Hazel. Llantrisant (John);
Port Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, very common in traps
(Robertson).

Himera pennaria, L. Feathered Thorn. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, common in traps (Robertson) ;
Penarth (Howe, Birkenhead),

Crocallis elinguaria, L. Scalloped Oak. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian) ; Sketty Park, very common in traps (Robertson) ;
Penarth.

Angerona prunaria, L. Orange Moth. Llantrisant (John); Penarth
(Howe).

Ourapteryx sambucaria, L. Swallow-Tailed Moth. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian) ; Swansea (Robertson) ; Cardiff, Penarth, etc.

Eurymene dolobraria, L. Scorched Wing. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Sketty, scarce in woods and traps (Robert-
son).

Opisthograptis luteolata, L. Brimstone Moth. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian) ; Sketty Park, common and very large, in garden,
etc. (Robertson); Penarth, etc.

Epione apiciaria, Schiff. ordered Beauty. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, scarce on sandhills and in traps in
Sketty Park (Robertson) ; Penarth (Howe).

Epione parallelaria, Schiff. Dark Bordered Beauty. Glamorgan (John).

Epione advenaria, Hb. Little Thorn. Scarce in woods by Killay
(Robertson); Penarth (Howe).

Venilia macularia, L. Speckled Yellow. Draethen Wood, near Cardiff
(Reece); Penarth (Garrett).

78 The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan.

Semiothisa notata, L. Peacock Moth. Penllergaer (Llewelyn); Sketty
Park, one in trap, 5th June, 1893 (Robertson).

Semiothisa alternata, Hb. Sharp Angled Peacock. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian) ; Neath (Llewelyn).

Semiothisa liturata, Clerek. Tawny Barred Angle. Llantrisant (John);
scarce at Penllergaer, 1893 (Robertson).

Hybernia rupicapraria, Hb. Early Moth. Llantrisant (John); Swansea,
fairly common in lanes, etc. (Robertson).

Hybernia leucophearia, Schiff. Spring Usher. Llantrisant (John) ;
Swansea, common in woods, and at light (Robertson).

Hybernia aurantiaria, Esp. Scarce Umber. Port Talbot (Vivian) ;
Swansea, common in woods and at light (Robertson); Penarth
(Birkenhead).

Hybernia marginaria, Borkh. Dotted Border. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, common in woods, and at light
(Robertson); Penarth (Birkenhead).

Hybernia defoliaria, Clerck. Mottled Umber. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Swansea, common in woods and at light
(Robertson); Penllergaer, a beautiful variety was taken at light
in 1891 by Sir John Llewelyn: quite black with red nervures
(Ent. Record, 1891, p. 39); Penarth (Birkenhead).

Anisopteryx sescularia, Schiff. March Moth. Llantrisant (John);
Swansea, common in woods, and at light (Robertson).

Phigalia pedaria, F. Pale Brindled Beauty. Port Talbot (Vivian) ;
scarce in Clyne Woods, one black variety, 12th March, 1893
(Robertson); Penarth, 1898 (Howe).

Biston hirtaria, Clerck. Brindled Beauty. Penarth (Howe).

Pachys strataria, Hufn. Oak Beauty. Llantrisant (John); Sketty
Park, fairly common at traps and at rest at Clyne (Robertson) ;
Penarth, 1898 (Howe).

- Pachys betularia, L. Peppered Moth. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot

(Vivian) ; Penllergaer, scarce (Robertson) ; Penarth, 1898, plentiful

(Howe); at electric light in Cardiff, 1906 (Reece).

Hemerophila abruptaria, Thnb. Waved Umber. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian) ; Swansea (Robertson).

Boarmia gemmaria, Brahm. Willow Beauty. Llantrisant (John) ;
Sketty Park, abundant in garden (Robertson); Penarth, 1898
(Howe).

Boarmia repandata, L. Mottled Beauty. Llantrisant (John); Sketty
Park, scarce in woods and traps (Robertson); Penarth, plentiful
in 1898 (Howe).

var. conversaria, Hb. Sketty Park, scarce in woods and traps
(Robertson).

The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan. 79

Cleora lichenaria, Hufn. Brussels Lace. Merthyr Mawr (Vivian) ;
Porthkerry (Allen).

Cleora jubata, Thnb. Dotted Beauty. Llantrisant (John),

Tephrosia bistortata, Goeze. Engrailed. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot and Swansea, fairly common, with black forms, 1893
(Robertson) ; Penarth 1898 (Howe).

Tephrosia crepuscularia, Hb. Small Engrailed. Llantrisant (John) ;
Swansea, fairly common in woods, with black forms ; ‘the black
form used to be common at the back of Mr. Vivian’s house,
Taibach, but is now probably extinct.’’ (Robertson),

Tephrosia consonaria, Hb. Square Spot. Llantrisant (John); Vale of
Neath (Birkenhead); Clyne Wood, abundant in 1892, scarce,
1893 (Robertson); Penarth, 1898 (Howe).

Tephrosia punctularia, Hb. Grey Birch. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); abundant, with dark forms, at Clyne and Pen-
llergaer (Robertson); Penarth, 1898 (Howe).

Gnophos obscurata, Hb. Annulet. Llantrisant (John); Port Talbot
(Vivian); Penarth, 1898 (Howe).

Ematurga atomaria, L. Common Heath. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); common, Penllergaer, Clyne, etc. (Robertson)
Vale of Neath (Birkenhead).

’

Bupalus piniaria, L. Bordered White. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); abundant at Penllergaer (Robertson) ; Penarth,
1898 (Howe).

Thamnonoma wauaria, L. The V. Moth. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); common as larve at Gower, and imagines at
trap, 1892 (Robertson),

Thamnonoma brunneata, Thnb. Rannoch Looper. Glamorgan (John),

Lozogramma petraria, Hb. Brown Silver Line. Llantrisant (John) ;
Port Talbot (Vivian); abundant at Sketty Park, Clyne, etc.
(Robertson).

Chiasmia clathrata, L. Latticed Heath. Llantrisant (John); Port
Talbot (Vivian); Sketty Park, scarce in traps (Robertson) ;
Penarth (Lamb),

Aspilates ochrearia, Rossi. Yellow Belle. Port Talbot (Vivian).

Zygeena trifolii, Esp. Five Spot Burnet. Llantrisant (John); Swansea,
by colliery meadows, common in 1892, rare in 1893 (Robertson) ;
Penarth (Birkenhead); Porthcawl.

Zygeena loniceree, Esp. Narrow Bordered Burnet. Port Talbot (Vivian) ;
Penarth (Birkenhead).

80 The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan.

Zygeena filipendule, L. Six Spot Burnet. Llantrisant (John); Swansea,
by colliery meadows, common in 1892, rare in 1893 (Robertson) ;
Penarth (Birkenhead); Peterston, common (Reece); Gower,
Porthcawl.

Ino statices, L. Green Forrester. Llantrisant (John); Pontneath-
vaughan (Birkenhead).

Cossus cossus, L. Goat Moth. Llantrisant (John); Sketty Park, larve,
two bred in June (Robertson); Sully, Penarth, Llandaff, etc.

Zeuzera pyrina, L. Leopard Moth. Llandaff (John); Penarth (Howe) ;
Cardiff (P. E. Campbell Taylor, see Barrett, Brit. Lep.); Mr. H. M.
Salmon has taken this moth in Richmond Road, Cardiff, on more
than one occasion, the last being May, 19109.

Trochilium apiformis, Clerck. Poplar Hornet Clear Wing. Has been
taken in the County by Sir J. T. D. Llewelyn.

Trochilium crabroniformis, Lewin. Osier Hornet Clear Wing. Merthyr
Mawr (John); ‘‘ Quite common in the larval state, but exceedingly
difficult to rear’’ (Reece).

Sesia sphegiformis, F. White Barred Clear Wing. Penllergaer, one taken
tith May, 1893 (Stafford).

Sesia andreniformis, Lasp. One example was taken near Penarth in
1916 (Hallett). This specimen was identified by Mr. F. N. Pierce.

Sesia tipuliformis, Clerck. Currant Clear Wing. Llantrisant (John) ;
Penarth (Birkenhead).

Sesia vespiformis, Lasp. Yellow-legged Clear Wing. There is a specimen
in the Birkenhead collection labelled ‘‘ Near Cardiff, 30th June,
1894.”

Sesia culiciformis, L. Large Red-belted Clear Wing. Neath (John);
Ynysybwl (Birkenhead).

Hepialis humuli, L. Ghost Swift. Llantrisant (John); common in
meadows below Derwen (Robertson); Penarth, etc., very
abundant.

Hepialis sylvina, L. Orange Swift. Llantrisant, common (John);
Sketty Park, moderately common (Robertson); Langland Bay,
1893 (Nash); Penarth.

Hepialis velleda, Hb. Map Winged Swift. Llantrisant (John).

Hepialis lupulina, L. Common everywhere, the larve are common
garden pests.

Hepialis hecta, L. Gold Swift. Llantrisant, common (John); Swansea,
scarce in Barrow’s fields, 1892 (Robertson); Vale of Neath
(Birkenhead).

Aglossa pinguinalis, L. Llantrisant (John).
Pyralis farinalis, L. Llantrisant (John).

The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan. 81

Scoparia ambigualis, Tr. Llantrisant (John); Penarth (Hallett).
Scoparia cembree, Haw. Llantrisant (John).

Scoparia mercurella, L. Common at Penarth, and doubtless elsewhere.
Scoparia angustea, Steph. Llantrisant (John); Penarth (Hallett).
Nomophila noctuella, Schiff. Llantrisant (John); Penarth (Hallett).

Pyrausta purpuralis, L. Llantrisant (John); Glamorgan, common
(Barrett).

Pyrausta ostrinalis, Hb. Llantrisant (John),

Herbula cespitalis, Schiff. Llantrisant (John).

Ennychia cingulata, L. Common on Glamorgan coast (Berrett).
Ennychia octomaculata, F. Llantrisant (John); Swansea (Robertson),
Endotricha flammealis, Schiff. Llantrisant (John).

Eurrhypara urticata, L. Llantrisant (John); Penarth, pupe under
bark (Hallett).

Scopula lutealis, Hb. Llantrisant (John); Penarth (Hallett),
Scopula olivalis, Schiff. Llantrisant (John); Penarth (Hallett).
Scopula prunalis, Schiff. Llantrisant (John).

Scopula ferrugalis, Hb. Llantrisant (John); Penarth (Hallett),
Botys flavalis, Schiff. Llantrisant (John).

Botys ruralis, Scop. Llantrisant (John); Penarth.

Botys fuscalis, Schiff. Llantrisant (John).

Botys asinalis, Hb. Porthkerry (Allen); Penarth (Williams).

Ebulea crocealis, Hb. Llantrisant (John).

Ebulea sambucalis, Schiff. Llantrisant (John).

Spilodes verticalis, L. Common at Penarth on nettles.

Pionea forficalis, L. Llantrisant (John); Penarth (Hallett),
Perinephele lancealis, Schiff. Llantrisant (John); Swansea (Robertson).
Cataclysta lemnata, L. Glamorgan (John).

Hydrocampa nympheata, L. Llantrisant (John); Penarth (Williams).
Hydrocampa stagnata, Don. Glamorgan (John); Penarth (Williams).
Platyptilia ochrodactyla, Hb. Common in Glamorgan (Barrett).
Platyptilia gonodactyla, Schiff. Cardiff and Penarth (Hallett).
Mimeeseoptilus pterodactylus, L. Penarth, common,

Leioptilus microdactylus, Hb. Swansea (Robertson).

Leioptilus osteodactylus, Zell, Glamorgan, 1865 (Horton),

82 The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan.

Aciptilia galactodactyla, Hb. Glamorgan (Barrett).
Aciptilia pentadactyla, L. Glamorgan (Barrett), Penarth.
Crambus pratellus, L. Llantrisant (John).
Crambus pascuellus, L. Llantrisant (John).
Crambus margaritellus, Hb. Llantrisant (John).
Crambus pinellus, L, Llantrisant (John).
Crambus perlellus, Scop. Llantrisant (John).
Crambus selasellus, Hb. Llantrisant (John).
Crambus tristellus, F. Llantrisant (John); Penarth (Hallett).
Crambus geniculeus, F. Llantrisant (John); Penarth (Hallett).
Crambus culmellus, L. Llantrisant (John); Penarth (Hallett).
Crambus hortuellus, Hb. Llantrisant (John).

Eromene ocellea, Haw. Glamorgan, March, 1861 (Barrett); Llantrisant
(John).

Ilithyia semirubella, Scop. Llantrisant (John).

Myelophila cribrum, Schiff. Porthkerry (John); Penarth (Howe).
Homceosoma binevella, Hb. Llantrisant (John).

Ephestia elutella, Hb. Llantrisant (John).

Ephestia kuhniella, Zell. Very abundant in flour mills in Cardiffi—it
seems to increase at a tremendous rate and is a very serious pest.

Cryptoblabes bistriga, Haw. Llantrisant (John).
Plodia interpunctella, Hb. Llantrisant (John).
Nephopteryx spissicella, F. Llantrisant (John).
Rodophea consociella, Hb. Llantrisant (John).
Rodopheea advenella, Zinck. Porthkerry (Allen).
Rodopheea tumidella, Zinck. Penarth (Hallett).
Oncocera ahenella, Zinck. Llantrisant (John).

Galleria mellonella, L. A very destructive pest in bee hives, Llantrisant
(John); Dinas Powis (Wakeford) ; etc.

Aphomia sociella, L. Llantrisant (John).

Achreea grisella, F. Llantrisant (John).

Tortrix podana, Scop. Glamorgan (Barrett).

Tortrix xylosteana, L. Penarth, July, 1918 (Hallett).
Tortrix heparana, Schiff. Penarth (Hallett).
Tortrix ribeana, Hb. Penarth, July, 1918 (Hallett).

—-- —————

The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan. 83

Tortrix corylana, F. Penarth (Hallett),

Tortrix unifasciana, Dup. Glamorgan (Barrett),

Tortrix viridana, L. Common throughout the County,
Tortrix forsterana, F. Glamorgan (Barrett).

Peronea sponsana, F. Penarth (Hallett).

Peronea schalleriana, L. Penarth (Hallett).

Peronea variegana, Schiff. Penarth (Hallett).

Teras contaminana, Hb. Glamorgan.

Dictyopteryx loeflingiana, L. Penarth (Hallett),
Argyrotoza conwayana, F. Penarth (Hallett).
Ptycholoma lecheana, L. Glamorgan.

Ditula semifasciana, Haw. Glamorgan (Barrett).

Penthina corticana, Hb. Glamorgan.

Penthina pruniana, Hb. Sully.

Penthina vatiegana, Hb. Penarth (Hallett).

Hedya ocellana, Hb. Penarth (Hallett).

Hedya aceriana, Dup. Penarth, July, r918 (Hallett).
Hedya dealbana, Frolich. Common in Glamorgan (Barrett).
Hedya neglectana, Dup. Penarth (Hallett)

Spilonota incarnatana, Hb. Glamorgan (Barrett).
Spilonota trimaculana, Haw. Glamorgan (Barrett).
Spilonota roseecolana, Doubleday. Glamorgan (Barrett).
Spilonota roborana, Tr. Glamorgan (Barrett).

Pardia tripunctana, F. Glamorgan (Barrett).

Sericoris cespitana, Hb. Common in Glamorgan (Barrett),
Sericoris rivulana, Scop. Plentiful in Glamorgan (Barrett).
Sericoris lacunana, Dup. Glamorgan (Barrett).

Sericoris urticana, Hb. Glamorgan.

Orthoteenia striana, Schiff. Common in Glamorgan (Barrett),
Sciaphila subjectana, Gn. Penarth (Hallett).

Sciaphila virgaureana, Tr. Penarth (Hallett).

Sciaphila pascuana, Hb. Common at Penarth, July, 1918 (Hallett),
Sciaphila chrysantheana, Dup. Penarth (Hallett),
Sphaleroptera ictericana, Haw, Penarth (Hallett).

84 The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan.

Bactra lanceolana, Hb. Common in Glamorgan (Barrett).
Phoxopteryx comptana, Frolich. Glamorgan (Barrett).
Phoxopteryx lundana, F. Common in Glamorgan (Barrett).
Grapholitha cinerana, Haw. Glamorgan (Barrett).
Grapholitha trimaculana, Don, Common in Glamorgan (Barrett).
Grapholitha penkleriana, Fisch. Glamorgan (Barrett).
Grapholitha nevana, Hb. Common in Glamorgan (Barrett).
Batodes angustiorana, Haw. Penarth, July, 1918 (Hallett).
Peedisca corticana, Hb. Penarth, July, 1918 (Hallett).
Ephippiphora cirsiana, Zel. Glamorgan.

Ephippiphora pflugiana, Haw. Glamorgan.

Ephippiphora brunnichiana, Frolich. Glamorgan.
Ephippiphora nigricostana, Haw. Penarth (Hallett).
Ephippiphora signatana, Doug. Glamorgan (Barrett).
Semasia ianthinana, Dup. Penarth (Hallett).

Carpocapsa splendidana, Hb. Penarth (Hallett).
Carpocapsa pomonella, L. Glamorgan.

Stigmonota compositella, F. Glamorgan (Barrett).

Stigmonota regiana, Zel. Cardiff, 1918 (Grimes); Llandaff, plentiful
(David).

Dicrorampha plumbagana, Tr. Plentiful in Glamorgan (Barrett).
Dicrorampha petiverella, L. Penarth, July, 1918 (Hallett).
Catoptria ulicetana, Haw. Sully, rst June, 1918 (Hallett).
Catoptria cana, Haw. Plentiful in Glamorgan (Barrett).
Trycheris aurana, Fab. Sully, 1q4th July, 1918 (Hallett).

Symeethis oxyacanthella, L. Abundant at Penarth and probably every-
where.

Eupecilia ambiguella, Hb. Llantrisant (Barrett).
Eupeecilia ciliella, Hb. Sketty Park (Robertson).
Xanthosetia hamana, L. Llandaff (David).

Argyrolepia hartmanniana, Clerck. Neath, 1866 (Llewelyn); Swansea,
1892 (Holland),

Argyrolepia cnicana, Doubleday. Glamorgan (Barrett).
Tortricodes hyemana, Hb. Glamorgan.
Diurnea fagella, F. Swansea (Robertson).

The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan. 85

Psychoides verhuellella, Heyd. Caerphilly Castle, larve feeding on Asp-
lentum Ruta-muraria (R. Drane).

Ochsenheimeria birdella, Curt. Penarth (Hallett).
Scardia granella, L. Penarth, 2nd June, 1918 (Hallett).

Blabophanes ferruginella, Hb. Park Place, Cardiff, 25th June, 1919
(Hallett),

Tinea tapetzella, L. Penarth, common at times.

Tinea pellionella, L. Penarth, common.

Tinea pallescentella, Sta. Penarth, July, 1918 (Hallett).

Tineola biselliella, Hml. Penarth, abundant in houses (Hallett).
Lampronia rubiella, Bjerk. Cwrt-yr-ala, 2nd June, 1918 (Hallett).

Micropteryx calthella, L. Penarth, St. Fagans, etc. ; excessively abundant
in flowers of Ranunculus (Hallett).

Adela fibulella, Fab. Cwrt-yr-ala, 2nd June, 1918 (Hallett).
Adela viridella, L. Cwrt-yr-ala, common (Hallett).
Swammerdamia pyrella, Vill. Cwrt-yr-ala (Hallett).
Hyponomeuta cagnagellus, Hb. Penarth (Hallett).
Hyponomeuta evonymellus, L. Cwm Taff, 1918.
Prays curtisellus, Don. Penarth, July, 1918 (Hallett),

var. rustica, Haw. Penarth (Hallett).
Plutella cruciferarum, Zell. Penarth, July, 1918 (Hallett).
Cerostoma vittella, L. Penarth (Hallett)
Harpipteryx scabrella, L. Penarth (Hallett).
Phibalocera quercana, F. Penarth, Caerphilly, &c. (Hallett).
Depressaria costosa, Haw. Neath, 1865 (Llewelyn); Penarth (Hallett),
Depressaria subpropinquella, Sta. Neath, 18605 (Llewelyn).
Depressaria rhodochrella, H.-S. Neath, 1865 (Llewelyn).
Depressaria ocellana, Fab. Neath, 1865 (Llewelyn).
Depressaria yeatiana, Fab. Neath, 1865 (Llewelyn).
Depressaria applana, Fab. Penarth, 1916 (Hallett).
Depressaria badiella, Hb. Neath, 1865 (Llewelyn).

Depressaria heracleana, De G. Common at Penarth in Heracleum, etc.
(Hallett),

Bryotropha domestica, Haw. Penarth, July, 1918 (Hallett),
Teleia vulgella, Hb. Penarth (Hallett).

86 The Lepidoptera of Glamorgan.

Poecilia nivea, Haw. Penarth, not rare on railings round Rogermoor
Wood (Hallett).

Poecilia albiceps, Zell. Penarth, July, 1918 (Hallett).

Harpella geoffrella, L. Old Cogan, 1916; Cwrt-yr-ala, abundant, 2nd
June, 1918 (Hallett).

Dasycera sulphurella, Fab. Cwrt-yr-ala, 2nd June, 1918 (Hallett).

Ccophora lunaris, Haw. Abundant on Lime trees in Park Place, Cardiff,
24th June, 1919 (Hallett).

Ccophora fuscescens, Haw. Cardiff (Hallett).

Ccophora pseudospretella, Sta. Abundant at Penarth, Llandaff, etc.
(Hallett).

Endrosis fenestrella, Scop. Common at Cardiff and Penarth (Hallett).
Argyresthia nitidella, Fab. Penarth, July, 1918 (Hallett).

var. ossea, Haw. Penarth (Hallett).
Argyresthia geedartella, L. Old Cogan, abundant, 1915 (Hallett).
Gracilaria alchimiella, Scop. Penarth (Hallett).

Gracilaria syringella, Fab. Abundant on privet hedges in Penarth
(Hallett).

Coleophora fuscedinella, Zell. Penarth, July, 1918 (Hallett).
Coleophora lutipennella, Zell. Cwrt-yr-ala, July, 1918 (Hallett).
Bedellia somnulentella, Zell. Penarth (Hallett).

Batrachedra preeangusta, Haw. Penarth (Hallett).

Chauliodus illigerellus, Hb. Cardiff, 1857 (Drane).

Elachista atricomella, Sta. Penarth, July, 1918 (Hallett).

Elachista argentella, Clerck. Common, Penarth, Sully, etc. (Hallett).
Lithocolletis lantanella, Schr. Penarth (Hallett).
Lithocolletis quercifoliella, Fisch. Penarth (Hallett).

Lithocolletis messaniella, Zell. Penarth (Hallett).

Lithocolletis cramerella, F. Common at Penarth (Hallett).
Lyonetia clerckella, L. Penarth (Hallett).

Phyllocnistis suffusella, Zell. Penarth (Hallett).

Cemiostoma laburnella, Heyd. Penarth, 2nd June, 1918 Hallett).

87

A STORM BURST IN THE VALE OF NEATH
AND ITS EFFECT.

An ACCOUNT PUT TOGETHER
By F. T. HOWARD, M.A., F.G:S.,

FROM NOTES COLLECTED BY Mr. NEALE AND FAMILY.

The accompanying map indicates the distribution of rainfall
in the region under review on Wednesday, July 26th, 1916.
About that date the weather conditions of these islands were
normal; a small anti-cyclone which covered most of Ireland
and Scotland on the 21st moved off towards the N.E., and was
closely followed by an extension from the Azores anti-cyclone.
As a result, the weather in most districts continued to be fine,
warm, and dry.

But during the movement of the small anti-cyclone away
towards the North Sea, thundery conditions were set up, and
storms occurred here and there, due to slight disturbances in
the pressure, though, as a rule, characterised by little violence
except in a few places on the 25th to 27th, and especially on
the 206th.

In South Wales, slight showers occurred during the week,
accompanying thunderstorms, ¢.g., at Cardiff on the 27th, and
the weather became more disturbed towards the close.

The records collected by the Society for years past show
the wide variation in the annual rainfall within its district,
rising steadily from the coast inland, and reaching its highest
limits usually about Aberdare and Glyncorrwg. Geographical
features alone will not explain this variation ; indeed, Dr. Mill
has shown clearly that such air movements as cyclones and
those associated with thunderstorms, which bring much rain

88 Storm Burst in the Vale of Neath.

in a short period, ignore surface features for the most part.
Still, it is worth while pointing out that the area of the storm
lay about the passes at the heads of the Tawe and Neath
Rivers. Reference to any topographical map will show that
the directions of these valleys imply a change of structure
associated with the general type of N. to S. valley common in
the eastern portion of the coalfield. The change is well
exemplified by the Neath, which flows southwards to Pont-
Neath-Vaughan and there turns S.S.W., parallel to features
and lines of rock folding and faulting, as if earth movements
had taken place since the stream began to flow, had thrown
up obstacles in its course, and had caused it to turn aside along
one of the hollows in the newly-folded region. The Tawe
runs parallel to the Neath in a S.S.W. direction a little to the
west. The double hollow, sunk deep in the plateau of Pennant
grits, seems to allow the permanent winds from the ocean to
carry their rains further inland. At any rate, the sandstone
scarp of the Brecknock Beacons and Carmarthen Vans is much
broken hereabouts as if by excessive aerial denudation. Asa
result, roads, new and old, and railways, converge upon the
lower gaps in the ridge ; the region is one where the old peoples
of mid-Wales came into contact with those of the South in
spite of the great forest between Devynock and Ystradfellte,
Forest Vawr—the hunting ground of Celtic prince and Norman
lord—the presence of which is suggestive at least of sufficient
moisture and of milder weather conditions necessary for tree
growth.

A reference to the geological structure may be useful.
The two valleys cut right through the coalfield and its northern
lip of Millstone Grit and Carboniferous Limestone on to the
Old Red Sandstone here consisting in the main of clays which
absorb but little of the rainfall. Put another way, most of the
rainfall must escape seawards in surface streams which are
consequently very liable to flood. It was in this part of the
district that the storm occurred. Castell Mellte, a residence
of Mr. Neale, our President for the year, and whose family

ie Newly excavated channel, high up on slope, East side of
“Lha Valley facing Llech Llia

1 The same channel but lower down the slope just
above the Fan,

Ge

IV.

Large boulder, weighing 14 tons, a little way above the Llia bridge,
at Mellte Castell, undoubtedly shifted by the flood.

‘

V. Mellte Castell bridge from South, showing debris left in the stream way
by the flood. Note the dislodged supports to the bridge on the right.

vl. Boulder, ? ton, lifted at least three feet above ordinary stream level
on to a bank at confluence of Llia and Dringarth rivers,

VII Area affected by the storm of July 26th, 1916. The shading
shows the intensity of rainfall,

any"

VIII, Orographical Map of the Neath Valley district, Region of
greatest denudation lies immediately east of Llia in R. Llia,
The cottage, Llech Llia, is just to the west of the “a” in
that word,

Storm Burst im the Vale of Neath. 89

are responsible both for the observations and the photographs,
stands near the junction of the Carboniferous Limestone and
Old Red Sandstone at the point where the Dringarth and
Llia join to form the Mellte. Each is crossed by a simple
one-arched bridge, which suggests that hitherto their drainage
areas have not been liable to excessive flooding. Clay districts
are characterised, as a rule, by bridges with several arches in
order to take the large volume of water under such circum-
stances.

Within 14 miles from Castell Mellte the ground rises to
the north, from goo feet to 1,400 feet, in saddle-back fashion
between the two streams, and in the space of another mile
reaches the 2,000 feet line. Beyond the Carn, the ridge
continues in graceful undulations up to Fan Frynach, a steep
bluff overlooking Glyn Tarell, along which the road to Brecon
descends from the Storey Arms. The particular region
where the effects of the storm are best seen is indicated on
the map.

The structure of the district is simple enough—that of
scarp with a southerly dip slope broken up by a series of
deep-cut valleys more or less parallel to the Llia and Dringarth.
To these come many tributary streams, showing all the signs
of recent origin by small falls and ungraded courses.

The upper parts of the dividing ridges are monotonous
stretches of coarse grass; the valley slopes are usually steep,
those of Fan Llia are about I in 3, dropping to I in 12 near the
summit. It is difficult to say if the slopes are of natural rock,
since there is much more evidence of ice action existing in
scratched surfaces, transported blocks and banks of finer
material, some of which support small pools.

On the morning of the 26th, haymaking was in full swing
at Ystradfellte. Farmers had gone in their shirt sleeves with
their carts for long distances, and everything betokened a
warm sunny day. But according to the Rector of Ystrad-
fellte, clouds began to appear about mid-day, and though
dissipated very soon, it was but to re-appear with greater

90 | Storm Burst in the Vale of Neath.

intensity, and a fierce storm lasted from about 1 to nearly
3 p.m. The keeper of the Ystradfellte Reservoir, on the
Dringarth, had experienced “ waterspouts’” in Scotland, but
none in Wales during his 12 years of residence. He was in the
valley below Ystradfellte walking N., and had the phenomenon
in full view. It was, he says, shaped like a balloon, gradually
extending downwards, and later contracting upwards as it
floated along towards Fan Llia, when he lost sight of it in the
blackness. All the observers agree that there was an extra-
ordinary amount of lightning and that the violent downpour
lasted about half-an-hour. The period of excessive fall seems
to have been soon after 2 p.m., and the Llia was in greatest,
flood at Castell Mellte about 2.30 p.m. Mr. Pritchard, an old
resident, was sheltering in the field adjoining the bridge, and
estimates that for about 10 minutes the water stood 3 feet
higher than he had ever seen it during 40 years. The game
keeper's family living at Llech Llia, to the west of the stream,
had little rain, but saw the cloud very black opposite on Fan
Llia, and to their surprise, two wide streams rolling down the
“red like blood” with a deal of noise. The son of
the keeper of the water works was on the spot about 2 p.m.,

side

and saw what looked like a solid sheet of water descending
the eastern face of Fan Llia, and watched big stones being
washed out of the slope near the reservoir dam. Practically
no rain fell at Fan Fawr, 14 miles to the east of the top end of
the reservoir. Similarly, Mr. Priestley, the Engineer of the
Cardiff Waterworks, informs me that he was in Breconshire
and no rain fell on that day. ‘‘ I do not find,” he says, “that
on that date or for a week previously and fortnight afterwards
there was any rain at all registered on our Breconshire gathering
ground.” Again, at Neath town no rain fell, and the rapid
rise and the discolouration of the river there caused alarm
lest the reservoir had burst.. On the other hand, the Drin-
garth rain gauge registered a rainfall of 1.73 inches, most of
it falling in half-an-hour, while the fall to the west was very
much heavier.

Ee

Storm Burst in the Vale of Neath. oI

The visible effects of the cloud-burst support these verbal
descriptions. The Dringarth reservoir lay just outside the
area of greatest fall, so received but little damage. Its stream
naturally rose quickly, but compared with its neighbour, the
flooding was not of extraordinary height. Various catch
drains formed to bring in the waters of streams normally dis-
charging below the reservoir were entirely destroyed, the old
channels being reopened and cut much deeper and the rock
debris carried in large quantities into the river channel.

The stream joining the Llia near Rhyd-uchaf was cut
deeper, and stones were piled up near the junction; but
the chief line of destruction, as seen by the map, is a furlong
to the south. Here shallow cuts through the turf had been
made obliquely across the slopes, open lateral catch drains
leading to a central catch drain following the main direction
of the slope slightly N. of W., which main catch drain itself
turned obliquely towards the north as it approached the bottom.
They were made for trials in anticipation of a new reservoir.
The removal of the turf plainly gave great opportunity to the
volume of water which fell at this point. The lateral drains,
full to overflowing, conveyed great quantities of water mixed
with mud and small stones, to the main channel, which was
eroded to a depth in places of nearly 6 feet, through soft red
clay and beds of hardened whitish, greenish, and red mudstones
and sandstones. Large blocks of these were strewn over the
surface, especially near the base of the hill, where the main
cut turned aside northwards since the stream in part held on
directly along the line of the slope. The main channel is now
3 to 4 feet across in places, while near the Llia it terminates in
a delta 70 yards wide at the face and 70 feet deep from face
to hollow, composed of blocks of all sizes.

The amount of downward cutting along the new stream
course varies greatly, one factor being the amount of hard
sandstone which the flood stream encountered. The volume of
water was obviously too great even for the main catchment
drain, since lines of stones indicated overflowing from the
tributary cuts.

92 Storm Burst mm the Vale of Neath.

The second group of flow seems to have started where the
storm struck the slope of Fan Llia on the saddle-back between
1,650 and 1,800 feet. They are marked by non-continuous
cuttings through the turf, sometimes I to 13 feet deep, and
extending for a few yards, and by blocks and fragments of stone
scattered all over the lower slope.

Other evidence of the destruction is clearest near the
Castell Mellte bridge. Just above the bridge the course has
been deepened, and large blocks removed from their former
positions. The foundation stones of the east wall of the
bridge were washed or battered out and carried for some
distance down stream. Though the bridge did not collapse,
it was rendered too dangerous for use, and has been partially
reconstructed. A bank just south of the bridge separates
the Dringarth and Llia, which unite some 20-30 yards further
south. The bank is usually 2 to 3 feet above ordinary stream
level, and covered with bushes and trees. Across it the Llia
flood cut a new channel into the Dringarth. Large blocks of
stone were deposited on the top of the bank ; one, half a ton in
weight, must have been lifted 3 to 4 feet; while traces of
the rapid flow were indicated on the trees 11 feet above
ordinary water level.

Along the stream itself, for over 30 yards from the bridge,
large blocks were thrown together in heaps. One pear-shaped
block of red sandstone gave average measurements of 41 inches
in length, 34 in width, and 27 in depth, and a squared limestone
block from the foundations of the bridge measured 49 inches
by 45 inches by 7 inches. One giant above the bridge is
estimated to weigh over 1} tons, being 53 feet long, 24 feet in
average width, and 34 inches in average thickness.

It is interesting the compare these effects with those pro-
duced at Llyn-y-fan Fach, a few miles away west by north.
(The facts about this second storm-centre and the details of
rainfall for the map have been kindly supplied by the British
Rainfall Organisation.) The rainfall registered was certainly
more than 2-5 inches. The storm began about I p.m., and

Stovm Burst wm the Vale of Neath, 93

became very heavy about 2 p.m., the fall being great on the
hill known as Carmarthen Fan, between the two lakes, so that
the water came down the Sychlwch, but affected its neighbour
the Sawdde very little. The stream rose 4 feet in 15 minutes.
From the summit and slopes of the cliffs masses of peat and
sandstone were torn, leaving hollows 2 to 3 feet deep, while a
new channel for the stream Io feet deep in places was cut in the
valley itself, while boulders and sand were piled up elsewhere
in banks ro feet high. “At the height of the storm,’’ says
Mr. D. A. Howell, the engineer, “ the crashing of the huge
boulders and the lashing of the rain created an uproar which
completely drowned the noise of the thunder.” The storm had
ceased by 2.45 p.m.

It will be seen that the general results were similar. They
were intensified at Llyn-y-fan-Fach in that the storm broke at
the top of the scarp, and therefore the slope was greater.

The main points of interest seem to be as follows :—

(a) The protective character of-even a thin turf: it threw
off the water from the Fan Llia with little erosion except where
cut through by the drains for the trials.

(b) Slope is of prime importance in denudation ; the work
done along the graded stream to the Llia obliquely across the
slope was small compared with that along the main catchment
drain directly down the slope.

(c) The amount of destruction possible in a brief space of
time. This is a point to be specially remembered when con-
sidering the evolution of surface features. Here it is best
seen in the cutting of a new valley and the marked lowering
of the stream bed of the Llia near Mellte Bridge.

(d) The weight of the stones lifted, ¢.g., the four biggest
noted are calculated to weigh—one 10 cwts., one 28 cwts., and
two between 31fand 35 cwts.

94

BIOLOGICAL ‘AND ‘GEOLOGICAL SECTRGE:

REPORT FOR THE 30TH SESSION. 1016-17.

COMMITTEE.

THE PRESIDENT AND Hon. SECRETARY OF THE C.N.S. (e%-officio).
Professor T. FRANKLIN SIBLy, D.Sc. (President).
Professor W. N. PARKER, Ph.D. (Vice-President.
FJ: Norrn, B.sc., £:G:s.
H. E. SaLmon.
H. M. Satmon.
ERNEST HEATH, F.R.M.S.
Joya NEAT Se.
R. W. A. SouTHERN (Hon. Treasuver).
H. M. Hatrett, F.E.S. (Hon. Secretary).

The number of members on the Society’s books at the time
of the Annual Meeting was 77, of which four were elected
during the Session. At the end of September, 1917, the number
was 69, including 16 members on Service with the Colours.
There have been four resignations, three struck off the roll,
and one loss by death—J. H. Phillips, Penarth.

In the course of the Session, five Ordinary Meetings and the
Annual Meeting (April 19th, 1917) have been held and have been
well attended.

The following papers have been read :—

Nov. 2,1916. H. M. Hatrert, F.E.S., “ Entomological
Notes, 1916.”

Dec. 14, 1916; T. FRANKLIN SisLy, D.Sc., F.G.S)) “Gee
logical Photographs.”

Jan. 18,1917. ERNEST HeEatu, F.R.M.S. “Shells other
than the Mollusca.”

Feb. 15,1917. W. Evans Hoye, M.A., D.Sc. “ Zoological
Nomenclature.”

Mar. 15,1917. F. J. NortH, B.Sc. “‘ The British Isles in
Carboniferous Times.”

|
|
|
|
7
|
|

Biological and Geological Section. 95
The following exhibits were made and commented on :—

Nov. 2,1916. By J.DAvy DEAN. A new British Land-shell,
Helicella neglecia, from Kent.

By JoHN GRimMEs. A branch of Wezgela rosea,
also a Lizard caught on the East Moors.

Dec. 14,1916. By JoHN GRimEs. Paris quadrifolia, showing
abnormal features.

Jan. 18,1916. By JoHN Grimes. Fronds of Polystichum,
showing bulbils growing on the base of the
stalk.

Feb. 15,1917. By JoHN Grimes. A portion of the Ash tree,
showing grafting. A photograph of Elm
planks, showing the trunk had twice been
broken during the life of the tree.

By Haroitp Evans. Leeches of large size
obtained from waterlogged soil at Llanishen.

By H. E. Satmon. A beautiful bird’s nest
from the Salonica district.

Mar. 15,1917. By JoHNGRimEs. A portion of a honeycomb,
found attached to a piece of wood in the
centre of a hedge.

By H. E. Satmon. A mole-cricket from the
Salonica district.

Mr. H. M. Hallett’s resignation of the office of Honorary
Secretary has meant a considerable loss to the Section.
Mr. Hallett was forced to take this course owing to the call to
Military Service, and the Committee had no alternative but to
accept the resignation. Mr. Hallett’s long record of work is
very highly appreciated by all, and is expressed by the members
in their letter, preserved in the Minute Book.

96 Biological and Geological Section.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE,
NEWPORT Roan,
CARDIFF,
16th March, 1917.
My Dear HALLETT,

I read your letter at the Meeting of the Biological and Geo-
logical Section last night. The members received your resigna-
tion with great regret, and authorised me to write and express
to you their great appreciation of the splendid work you have
done for the Section ; also to convey their sincere good wishes,
and their hope that circumstances will allow you to return
before long. Personally, I join most cordially in all these
sentiments.

Yours very sincerely,

T. FRANKLIN SIBLY,
(President).

At the Annual Meeting, April 19th, 1917, Mr. F. J. North,
B.Sc., was appointed to the office and remained as Hon. Sec.
until May, when again a call to Military Service brought with
it a second resignation. Mr. North has always taken a foremost
place in the work of the Section, and the good wishes of all the
members will go with him in his new work.

J. DAVY DEAN.
Hon. Secretary.

_*

‘AONAdS NHOf ‘a
‘NONTIVS MVDGH “H (peusis)
‘yOa1I0D punof pue ps}yipny

Se O@cg nO Seay
Oy x = (161 ‘puz ounf)
ueoyT JIeAQ UO puUspIAIq “‘
3 tals Gard (‘pg ‘sgr OFF ssa ‘pZ ‘szx zSF)
0 6 og | ueoyT eA ued Jed SG
Le ek O.* ‘+ puey Ul yse) | pue spuog Joreaq *}u99
Guha * (puz oun{) 0331p sng god §F usaMjoq souaIHIq “
v 61 Sz oN (y}OE Ook i "* Ueoy IeA\ UO puopraiq “
dog) yueg 3e yseg Onde = yisodaqy uo ysosoyuy “
Lb) 212s (4-61-6161) Carr 9 : oy -: Ajato0s
uevoyT IeA\ “quod sod ¢ fq poeyoo]joo ~suondiosqns “
—L1-g161 or €1 gg ————
UOISSIS 0} PILMIOF oOURTeg “ Orcs toe ace puey ut yse9
OS aE iG we asaqjoy Aps ey En) a ‘+ yueg 3e yse9
-INAIU() }e SUIOOY JO yUAYT “ QO Sore OF ah: = ySOO }e
oc. 0 he pS ** gouepus}}y “ ‘UvOT IeAA “JUV. Jod
G-2r0 at ye > sung, “bh ut off ‘spuog Jo1voq
ae sae : ‘ox ‘sorjqog ‘sesejsog Aq —gI-CIOI WOIsses WoT dOURTeg OT
Ps Ff “p's fF Pas FSP ae
“9 “1008806 Lx- gx6r sof 10099 7 ysv) Ad

‘NOLIOGS: -aVOIDO 108): -aNy sIVoIJOuGia

“ALHIOOS

SISTIVYNLVN AAXIGUVO

98

ARCHAZOLOGICAL SECTION.

ANNUAL REPORT. SESSION 1916-17.

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEE.

President - - - - J. S. CorBETT.
Vice-President - - W. Evans Hoyie, M.A., D.Sc.
Hon. Secretary and Treasurer Joun W. RODGER.
Committee.
J. Warp, M.A., F.S.A. W. CLARKE.
C. H. FARNSWORTH. C, Morean, B.A.
F. BrigH Bonn, F.R.I1.B.A. B. AMSDEN. :
Professor O. L. RicHmMonpb, M.A. J. H. WeEstyrR-Evans,

Owing to the conditions of the War, all work of the Section .
has been in abeyance.

No subscriptions have been collected during this Session,
and the amount to the credit of the Section is £11 4s. 2d., as
shown in the published Cash Account for 1915-16 Session.

The Committee regrets to report the death of Mr. J. H.
Westyr-Evans and desires to place on record its sincere apprecia-
tion of the services he rendered to the Section during the 16 years
he was one of its members.

JOHN STUART CORBETT,
President.

JOHN W. RODGER,
Hon. Secretary.

99

PHOTOGRAPHIC SECTION.

REPORT FOR “THE. SIXTH’ SESSION, “1916-17.

OFFICIALS AND COMMITTEE.

President.

Mr. J. STUTTARD.

Vice- Presidents.

Col. P. Ruys GRIFFITHS.

Mr. S. W. ALLEN.

Mr. E. W. M. Corsetrt, J.P.
Mr. T. MANSEL FRANKLEN. ~
Mr. GILBERT D. SHEPHERD.
Mr. J. PETREE.

Committee.

pele OOK

J. MILNER.

A. Lomax.

T. BEVAN.

. C. S. InGRamM.
. J. Morean.

Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.

PORNO

Delegates to the Wales and Monmouthshire Photographic
Federation,

Mr, S. J. MILNER.
Mr. G. T. FLooK.

Treasurer.
Mr. A. Brown,

Hon. Secretary.

Mr. HARRY StoRM, 10, Burlington Terrace, Cardiff.

The Committee has pleasure in presenting its Sixth Annual
Report on the Work of the Photographic Section for the Session
IQI6-17.

Meetings were held throughout the Session, at which either
Lectures or Demonstrations were given. These were reasonably
well attended, and considering the trying times through which
we are passing, the interest in the Section has been quite good.

100 Photographic Section.

The following is a list of the Meetings held :—
Ig16.
Oct. 24. Annual General Meeting.
Nov. 14. ‘“‘ Amateur Photographer Prize Slides.”
One Man Show—Mr. H. SToRm.
, 28. Demonstration on “ Exposure and Development.”
Messrs. J. ARTHUR Lomax and H. Storm.
One Man Show—Mr. H. N. vAaN WADENOYEN.
Dec. 12. Demonstration on “‘ The Carbon Process.’ Mr. S.
HOLE.
One Man Show—Mr. S. Hote. Prints and Colour
Slides.

Jan. g. Lantern Lecture by the President (Mr. J. STUTTARD).
“The Channel Islands and Normandy.”
One Man Show—Mr. J. STUTTARD.
= 90.) Lecture, ~Kallarmey?* Mr: 1. J. Caorteg
One Man Show—Mr. G. T. FLoox.
Feb. 13. Members’ Lantern Slides and Prints.
Display of Prints—Mr. H. Farr (Librarian).
» 27. Lecture, “ Pictorial Photography.” Mr. Gwyn
MoRGAN (Barry).
Mar. 13. “‘ Photography and Focus’’ Prize Slides.
Record and Survey Competition.

Several of the Lectures were illustrated by Lantern Slides.
All the meetings were held in the room of the South Wales
Institute of Architects, High Street. No Exhibition has been
held this Session, due to the fact that so many Members are
on Service, and also to the restrictions placed upon photo-
graphers by the Defence of the Realm Act. For the same
reason Field Meetings have been abandoned until after the
conclusion of the War. A Record and Survey Competition was
held, and the President, Mr. J. Stuttard, presented a silver
medal for the best set of six prints, or lantern slides, dealing
with the subject. This was won by Mr. G. T. Flook, with a set
of six fine pictures. These were presented to the National
Museum of Wales. Three members of the Section were suc-
cessful in having two pictures each accepted by the London
Salon of Photography, viz., Mr. J. A. Lomax, Mr. H. van
Wadenoyen, Mr. H. Storm.

The membership at the close of the Session was 84, of whom
24 are on service with the Colours.

The Annual Statement of Accounts is presented herewith.

Ee ——_

EE

‘SVNOHL “A ‘GHOIM
‘SHNIND NHOfL

‘oaII09 punojy pue poyipny

"L1OI ‘42qQ0j;90 pre

e Lr orf z “£1 orf
hE OT

€ 61 0 = spueys,Arejor190¢ uy

8 61 of spuey s,toinseory uy

—: UOISSaS

SI-Z16I 0} preMIOy poriteo sourreg “
eg ee ah “a a 2; s[eyueprouy
Q ri i eo. .. - o- . "sosejsog “c
OP OTO: aE ss Le ou uOI}e.19

“pa orydeisojoyg oaarysyynowuoypy

pue seeA, ‘Uondosqns uoneyyysy <<
Sere. "* SSUTJO9T] IOF UIOOYT Jo JUEYT “
Rego eu “* UW1a}UeT IOj “ozo ‘sexy “ Gy Mae oy pa suondriosqns sioquiayy “
SOL se es Arauorye}s pue sunuug Ag 610 "* WOISSES gI-S16I WoI soULTeEg OF,
Dis # sey

“49 “uorssagy LI-QIOI ay7 A0f JUNOT YSVD S$ AOANSHOAT “WOT Ad

‘NOILOYS OIHdVYDOLOHd

‘ALHIOOS SLISIIVYNLYN AAIGNVO

102

REPORT “OR 2AHE” COUNCIE:

FOR THE
Year ending September 30th, 1917.
The Council has pleasure in submitting to the Members
the Fiftieth Annual Report of the Society.

The number of members at the close of last

Session was... 8 Sys = re
Elected during 1916-17 .. . oye ke 21
501
Deaths .t ere ss . ee: 10
Removals .. os es a ct 12
Resignations ye ae “73 es 18
461

The members are distributed thus :—

Honorary Members Ls ef. - 2% 4
Ordinary Members — aS Se Rey
Life Members... - i. = we 14
Non-Resident Members .. oe ove a 4
Corresponding Members .. Je ae ee Z
Associates .. ae 23 ae Fe “4 a)

461

The Society has unfortunately suffered heavy losses during
the year by the death of the following members :—Mr. G. J.
Alexander, Junr., Councillor Edward England, Major J. A.
Gibbs, D.S.O. (Killed in action on Sept. 20th, 1g17), Col. C. W.
Ingram, J.P., Mr. G. F. Insole, Mr. M. H. Matthews, Mr. J. H.
Phillips, Dr. William Price, Mr. C. L. Ryder, and Mr. J. H.
Westyr-Evans. Mr. Westyr-Evans was one of the oldest
members of the Society, having joined in 1869.

Report of the Council, 103

The following is a list of papers read at Members’ Meetings,

V1Z. :—

Ig16.

Oct. 1gth.

Noy. oth.

Dec! *7th.

IQI7.

Jan. 11th.
Jan. 25th.

Feb.

Mar.

8th.

8th.

Annual Meeting. Presidential Address by Dr.
W. Evans Hoyle, M.A.—‘‘ Edward Lhwyd:
A Seventeenth Century Scientist.”

Mr. F. Bligh Bond, F.R.I.B.A—“ Glastonbury
Abbey,—A record of its architectural history
and the discoveries made in excavations, I909-
Ig16.”’

Mr. Isaac J. Williams—‘‘ Evolution in Art.”

Rev. H.G. Stanley, F.E.S.—‘“ Wasps.”

Professor T. Franklin Sibly, D.Sc., F.G.S.—“ The
Scenery of the Cardiff District in relation to
Geological structure.”

Sir Isambard Owen, D.C.L., M.D.—‘ Rheims
Cathedral.”

Mr. T. W. Proger —‘‘ Hawks and Hawking.”

The following Public Lectures have been delivered during the

year :—
IQ16.

Oct. 26th.
Nov. 23rd.

Dec. 2ist.

IQI7.

Feb. 22nd.

Mar. 22nd.

Mr. A. H. Pollen, M.A.—‘‘ The Navy at War.”
Mr. Ernest Denny—Recital.

Rey..,Canen J. 0. Pariit,
Nineveh, and Babylon.”

M.A.—“ Baghdad,

Professor H. H. Turner, D.Sc., D.C.L., F.R.S.—
“Other Moons than ours.”

Miss Vivian Edwards—‘ Ballads and Folk Songs
of Serbia ‘and the Southern Slavs.”

The Meetings were held at the Cory Hall, with the exception
of that held on December 7th, for which the Whitehall Room

was used,

04 Report of the Counczl.

The thanks of the Society are due to Members who have
read papers, and also to those who entertained the Lecturers.

Owing to the continuance of the War, the same plan was
followed with regard to Field Meetings, as in the previous
Session, and only one short excursion was held on the occasion
of the Annual Ladies’ Day. This took place on Wednesday,
June 27th, 1917, when a visit was paid to Castell Coch, by
kind permission of the Marquess of Bute. Over 80 members
attended, travelling to Tongwynlais by the Cardiff Railway by
the 2.30 p.m. train. On arrival at Castell Coch, the party was
met by Mr. J. S. Corbett, who had kindly consented to act as
Guide. Before conducting the members over the Castle,
Mr. Corbett read some interesting notes on the history of the
District, and gave particulars of all that was known with regard
to the Castle. The members were afterwards entertained to
tea by the Marquess of Bute. During the afternoon a Meeting
of members was held, when Mr. J. J. Neale, J.P., was elected
President for the 1917-18 Session.

During the year, Volume XLIX. of the Transactions has
been issued to the Members.

Progress has been made with the preparation of the “ Fauna
of Glamorgan,” the publication of which had been decided upon
as a permanent memorial of the celebration of the Society’s
Jubilee in 1917. Unfortunately, the issue of the volume and

the holding of a public function to celebrate the Jubilee have |

necessarily to be deferred for the time being, owing to the War.

The Conference of Corresponding Societies of the British
Association was held in London on July 5th, and was attended
by the President, Dr. W. Evans Hoyle, as the Society’s Delegate.

The preliminary arrangements for the visit of the British
Association to Cardiff, in 1918, are now being made, and the
Society is fully represented on the Local Committees which
have been appointed.

—

Report of the Council. 105

The Council desires to express its thanks to Dr. E. Walford,
D.P.H., F.R.Met.Soc., for again kindly editing the Meteoro-
logical Report.

The three Sections of the Society, viz. :—Biological and
Geological, Archzeological, and Photographic, have been main-
tained during the year, but their activities have necessarily
been largely restricted owing to the War, especially in the
case of the Archeological Section.

The Annual Statement of Accounts is presented herewith.
It will be noted that £350 of the 5 per cent. War Loan has been
taken up on behalf of the Society.

LE Se eegi £4 S tegF

o g iIgv ** gunoooy s,1e04 yxou 0} douRleg “
(o) (0) fofe ts ant BATOSOY OUOIZVSIAAUIOD “
in {San te}

O60 ce yo "+ szdre00yy ssa7

Leo ote: a aks ah soinqzosT
©) aya) ou

o ti Z : OA ** plOS S}OYOL]T, ssay

Od 0 me ae ssuooW PP
OF 2, 20% “se ak A ‘+ sjdraoayy Arpuns ‘‘ tT yY 19 ys ag "+ sasuodxq [erauey ‘
Cais 3 an 4 “us ws ** ysetozUy pue spuoprarcy “ ye yd ss "* ox» ‘Sunumg ‘Areuoreys ‘*
CO} (oy ae a a AreutpiQ—: suojdriuosqns o 61 oF aS ‘ ** ssurpooyT Sioquiayy ‘
Hin {5 (ofoy2 9° hs yUNOY S,1e9A 4se[ Woy OOULleEg AG (oye At 1/4 oo: “+ suorpoesuery, pue sz10dayy of,
ip ee 7 Dobe Spray
20) endo al ‘saquiaygas YJOE suipua AVA K PY] sof JUNOIIP INUARAT AT

‘ALGIOOS .SISTTIVANLIVN AKICUVO

Z

Il goLF

‘Z161 ‘19q0}0O puz ‘AaIaUVD
‘MOLIGAY “NOH ‘MHOOUNd “M ‘“L (peudis)

Ir £1 ogi

°

°

~

I QI 06

or Zr 56

SOROS a Or iO

qyunosoy juerINg
** junoosoy ysodeq
—! “ZA ‘popttury ‘Syueg sport 7e yseg
bey ie (FZ ye) 4y904S
aouelajatq ‘jue0 sod t pojzeprios
-uoQ Aueduog Aemprey Asreg oozF
oe ae ** $6 Jo 011g onssyT
ye ‘Zb-6261 ‘ueOT Ie AQ “UDO Iod § OS EF

ae

pjosun ,, P10, ues1owryy ,,
plosun ,, IO[T JIpseg ,,
- prosun s}10day7
“ AVicpKohigg
dIN}UIN YT JO onpeA

«e

“e

‘SLUSSV

ZL DEgoLy

g igh °°

* £161 ‘19q0}9Q 4SI ‘aaIGuVD
‘AMAASVAAL “NOH ‘NMOME ‘V (peusis)

SOIPTIGRI'T I9AO S}ossW Jo sseoxe Sureq ‘soueyeg
ve "* - JUNODDY oArLaSaY 9UOIZeSIaAUOD

OG sourApe ur pred suojdrosqns

oie « ae S1o}Iperg Arpuns

‘SHILITIAVIT

“LIOL ‘saquazdas yqo€ “gaays

IIUVID

ALHIDOS .SISIIVYNLIVN AAIGUVO

CARDIVE “NATURALISTS;

108

ESTABLISHED 1867.

Past Presidents.

1868—WILLIAM ADaAms, C.E.
I869—WILLIAM ADAMS, C.
1870—WiILLIAM ADAMs, C,
187I—WILLIAM ADAms, C.
1872—WILLIAM ADAMS, C.
1873—WILLIAM ADAMS, C.
1874—FRANKLEN G. Evans, IRSRAS
1875—JOHN WaLTER Lukis, M.R.I.
1876—WILLIAM TayLor, M.D.
1877—-JOHN WALTER Lukis, M.R.I.A.
1878—COLONEL PicTOoN TURBERVILL.
1879—HENRY HeEywoop, C.E., F.C.S
1880—Lovuis TYLor.

1881—CLEMENT WALDRON.
1882—GEORGE E. ROBINSON.
1883—WILLIAM GALLOWAY.
1884—-PETER PRICE.

1885—C. T. VAcCHELL, M.D.
1886—HENRY HeEywoop, C.E., F.C.S.
1887—-J. VIRIAMU JONEs, M.A.
1888—T. H. Tuomas, R.C.A.
1889—W. RONNFELDT.
1890—J. GAVEY.
I891—C. T. VACHELL, M
1892—C. T. VacHELL, M.D.
1893—C. T. WHITMELL, M.A.
1894—EDWIN SEWARD, F.R.I.B.A.
1895—R. W. ATKINSON, B.Sc., F.I.C.

EGeS
AGS
-G:S:
1G_S:
.G.S.
1G.S-

S}
A.

DE
D

1896—Rev. Canon C. J. THompson, D.D.

1897—-ROBERT DRANE, F.L.S.
1898—J. TatHamM TuHompeson, M.B.
I899—C. T. VacHEtt, M.D.
r900—W. N. Parker, Ph.D.
I9g01—J. J. NEALE.

t902—C. H. JAMEs.

1903—D. R. Paterson, M.D.
1904—T. W. PROGER.

1905—P. Ruys GRIFFITHS, M.B.
1906—E. H. GriFFitus, Sc.D., F.R.S.
1907—J. Berry HaycraFt, M.D., D.Sc.
1908—A. H. Trow, D.Sc.
I909—ARCHIBALD BROWN.

I910o—Rev. Davip Davies, M.A.
I91I—PROFEsSSOR W. S. BouLTon, B.Sc.,
I912—WILLIAM SHEEN, M.S., F.R.C.S.
1913—E. P. Perman, D.Sc., F.C.S.
1914—JOHN W. RODGER.

1915—H. M. HAttett, F.E.S.
I9QI6—JOHN GRIMES.

1917—W, Evans Hoyts, M.A., D.Sc.

SOCIE TX

3 ERE MES:

F.G.S.

109

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL, 1917-18.

President.
JARIeONESLE,, J.P:
Vice-Presidents.

Hive Ani ETT, B.S.
Joun GRIMES.

W. Evans Hoyte, M.A., D.Sc.
Hon. Treasurer.
ARCHIBALD BROWN.

Hon. Librarian,

He ME Harter BSE-S:
Hon. Secretary.
GILBERT D. SHEPHERD, F.C.A.
Council.

HAROLD EVANS.

HARRY FARR.

ERNEST HEATH, F.R.M.S.
GEOFFREY C. S. INGRAM.

D. SIBBERING JONES.

O. L. RicHMonD, M.A.

H. EpGAR SALMON,

W. GILBERT SCOTT.

T. FRANKLIN SIBLY, D.Sc., F.G.S.
E. WALFORD, M.D., D.P.H.
Crem, ly Watson, Fake BeAc
Max A. WRIGHT.

“Also such of the Past Presidents as shall, in reply to an annual
ciyvcular, consent to serve on the Council.”

BIOLOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

President.
Professor T. FRANKLIN SiBiy, D.Sc., F.G.S.

Hon. Secretary.
J. Davy Dean.

ARCHAZOLOGICAL SECTION.

President.
jEo se CORBETT

Hon. Secretary.
Joun W. RODGER.

PHOTOGRAPHIC SECTION.

President.
J. STUTTARD.

Hon. Secretary,
HarrY STORM

C)

TRANSACTIONS OF THE

PARDIFEY NATURAEJSTS SOCIETY.

Vor, LE

rg18.

Cardiff Naturalists’ Society

REPORT
AND TRANSACTIONS

Vor, lat

1918

The Price of the Transactions is Ten Shillings and Sixpence

PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY
WILLIAM LEwis (PRINTERS), LTD., CARDIFF,
1920.

CONTENTS.

VOEJEI.,” 1918.

Meteorological Observations in the Society’s District
E. WALFORD, M.D., F.R.Met.Soc. - = -

The Fresh Water Fishes of Glamorgan. H. EDGAR
SALMON - - - - - . . -

The Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian
Stories. F. T. Howarp, M.A., F.G.S. - -

The Diptera of Glamorgan. Colonel J. W. YERBURY,
Bee eZ.S. FES. ~ = - = e :

Biological and Geological Section. Report and State-
ment of Accounts for the Thirty-first Session,

1917-18 - - - - - - - -

Photographic Section. Report for the Sixth Session,
1917-18 - - - - - - - -

Report of the Council of the Society, 1917-18 - -

Statement of Accounts for the Year ending September

30th, 1918 - - - - : = “ y
List of Past Presidents of the Society - = = a

Officers and Council of the Society, 1918-19 - - -

oO

PAGE

17

21

48

83
84

88

go

gl

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN
PHeeoUCTERY’S: DISTRICT, rors.

By E. WALFORD, M.D., F.R.MET.Soc.

The average monthly rainfall over the whole of the Society’s
district (comprised within the semi-circular area, having the
Beacons as its northernmost point, its base the coastline from
Neath to Chepstow, and with a mean height of 628 feet above
the sea level) was as follows :—

January .. ye ps fi 5°61 inches.
February Sia a a APIO, os:
March, | "5% ied a me 27ers
April a ie as He 2°82 4,
May Pex Ap He oe 2165,
UNeS es - U fs OO! 1.5)
July be sie we ay 6:29) 5,
August .. ait Ne tg seta
September a, bis eon TTA ae
October .. we ee Ne 4:04 ,,
November af ne Ss 77 i

December as bis at O33 is
59°25 inches.

otal im 1917 |... vi .- 47-01 inches.
PS TOL «2 « oh el VOR 12 Mee
& I9QI5 .. te Mel Va Sue

3 TOA ey. a SNE ICO) BET AI
” 1913 St rthy, bate 57°17 »?

Bs TOUA st Py ane MO OeBOn,) ys
x TOL) 5 ae sl” | 5OQ5) 5,
by IgIo .. ae ora ON OED ae
Fe 1g09 .. am ae 50°83 _s,,
f2 1908 .. a Lon) eeeOOILy %y5
. 1907): . Us son dt EG ee
53 1906 at stad! pAOREOIn Gs
3 1905 .. es Ge ORQS. |,
_ 1904... ay So teSOrOe. (,.

— 903)... WW aint OGEOO))
. TQO2 ss a Nien tbe),

No

Meteorological Observations, 1918

FEET ABOVE

OBSERVERS. MEAN

SEA LEVEL.

C. H. PRIESTLEY, Summit of Tyle Brith, Breconshire 2350
- Nant Penig 2000

” Nant Ddu 1560

55 Storey Arms 1430

- Beacons Reservoir 1340

e Nant Gwineu - 1275

T. W. Coates, Pontlluestwen Reservoir, Meee No! I

Gauge .. 1250

3 ms 2 vena 1225

3 No. 3 Gauge 1200

H. C. STEEL, Blaenavon Estate Office, vies I150
C. H. PriestTLEy, Cantref Reservoir 1120
op Garw-nant : I100

R. C, Harrison, Gwernllwyn, Dowlais 1071
EBBW VALE STEEL, IRON AND Coat Co., Ebbw Vv ad go2
C. H. PrrestLEy, Llwynon Reservoir, Breconshire 860
a Troedyrhiw 860

3 Pont-ar-daf yp 850
GLYNCORRWG COLLIERY Co., Glyncorrwg . I25
UNITED NATIONAL COLLIERIES, LTD., a cheenere 670
Newport Corporation, Newchurch, Wentwood, Mon... 525
a4 bs Nantypridd, Wentwood, Mon... 500

5 Ws Llanvaches Embankment 456

£ ae Pant-yr-eos Reservoir, Mon. 435
EDWARD Curr, Itton Court, Chepstow 390
E. Tupor Owen, Ash Hall, Cowbridge 315
Henry Cray, Piercefield Park, Chepstow 300
T. W. Coates, Lan Wood Reservoir, Pontypridd 300
W ynpuaM D, Crark, Talygarn, Glam. : 250
James Wixtiams, Wern House, Ystalyfera 240
Str HENRY MATHER JAcKSON, Bart., L)antilio Court, Mew 230

E. Watrorp, M.D., Meteorological Station, Penylan,

Cardiff : ; se 204
Rev. CANON Hage: Panty yn, Rockfield, Mon. IQI
J. F. Mattuyssens, Witla Court, Rumney 177
C. H. PriestiLey, Llanishen Reservoir, Glam. se
a Lisvane Reservoir, Glam. 150

Mrs. LysaGut, Castleford, Chepstow a 146
C. H. PriestLEy, The Heath Filter Beds, Cardiff 132
Mrs. O. H. JonEs, Fonmon Castle, Glam. 130
NEWPORT CORPORATION, Ynis-y-fro Reservoir, Mon 130
C. H. PriEsTLEY, Cogan Pumping Station, Glam. 121
J. E. GrapstonE, West Hill, Llandaff 110
C. H. Priestley, Ely Pumping Station, Glam. 53
A. A. PETTIGREW, Roath Park, Cardiff 52
C. H. PriestLEy, Trade Street Depot, Cardiff 45
NEWPORT CORPORATION, Friars Street Depot, Newport.. 33
T. E. FRANKLIN, Biglis Pumping Station, Cadoxton, Barry 20

INCHES
OF RAIN.

86-48
IOI+24
77°85
TOTG
77°01
56:28

95°92
67°63
89°32
65°37
78-61
74°33
53°30
60 +23
61-21
66°53
67:89
10599
96°78
47°06
45°32
43°67
59°74
41-14
54°45
39°54
61°59
65-66
74°55
21°64

50°76
31°69
45°58
45°56
40°71
39°83
48-12
41°34
43°76
40°83
51-00
47°78
48°53
49°61
45°09
47°85

Meteorological Observations, 1918 3
TABLE I.
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY.
Mean Barometric Pressure.* Hygrometer.*
oes At M.S.L Dry Bulb Wet Bulb | Mean Relative
Uncorrected. and 320 F (Mean). (Mean). Humidity.
in. in, pac, id Bi
January 29°755 29°978 38-9 37°7 89
February 29:976 30°175 43°8 42°4 88
March .. 297842 30:054 42°6 40°4 83
April 29°756 29-959 45:1 42°5 81
May 29889 30°057 55:2 516 77
June 29°961 30-123 56-6 51°9 72
July 29°791 29°944 59°7 55°9 UE:
August 29°885 30-040 59°9 5771 75
September 29°594 29:766 53°8 51°8 86
October 29°827 30-019 49°4 47°3 86
November ail eZOsO52 30-108 42°3 41-6 go
December Hil) 2Os2.515 29:648 45°5 44°1 89
Means ..| 29-790 29°989 49°5 47:0 83
|
* From observations at 9.0 a.m, and 9.0 p.m.
TABLE, Tk
TEMPERATURE.
Difference
1918. Maximom.| Minimom.| yavimam,| Minimum. | perature, | Average
(29 years).
kis oor. ree Re ooh: tel oe
January .. 53°0 19°3 44°4 34-9 AAS | 53
February 55:0 28-0 48:8 40:2 44° |+ 4:2
March 69:0 29:0 50-1 37-2 43°6 |+ 1-4
April 65-9 | 31-9 | 52-4 | 38:8 | 45-5 |— <9
May 81-1 39°0 65-0 47°1 SOsE), (i-Fargey
June 79:6 40:0 | 63:6 47°7 55°6 |— 1-6
July 79°0 47°0 | 68-3 52°4 60°3)| |= 074
August 781 47:0 67°3 53°5 60-4 0-0
September 70:6 35:2 | 60-2 47°8 50:4 |— 6-0
October .. 59°4 36°1 53°4 44:0 48-7 *|— 1-6
November 56:2 29°4 | 47°9 37°8 42:9 |— 1-7
December 55:0 29:0 49°9 41-4 44:72 |+ 3:6
Max Min Mean Mean Mean
81-1 19°3 55°9 43°6 49°77. |= 5-3

4 Meteorological Observations, 1918

TABER AIL:

TERRESTRIAL RADIATION, UNDERGROUND TEMPERATURE
AND SUNSHINE.

TEMPERATURE, Bright
SM 2 oe eee eee ‘ Sunshine—
1918. Grass Underground (Mean.) Se Dita
Minimum Average
(Mean). 1ft. 4ft. (9 years).
Nl
rab: colic eal hrs.
January 320 391 | 42-9 65:2 {+ 13°7
February 36°5 44°3. | 44°6 54°56 |— 24:2
March .. 32°2 42°9 | 44°5 126:8 |+ 20°2
April 34°3 46-5 | 46-2 148-4 | | 397
May 42°9 Deere [2 yORe 255°3 |+ 42-1
June 41-0 So. || See 248°4 [+ 364
Sly ase 48-3 Go | S74 244°3 |+ 27-7
August ae 49°9 63°73. | 59°3 LOL-7 au 0-0
September... 45:0 57°4 57°9 138-9. |— 89
October ae 39°2 50°5 53°7 82:0 |— 16:9
November Si 32-2 45:0 50° 74°4 + 8-6
December .. 35°3 45°3 47°0 434 es
Mean Mean Mean Total
3971 51-0 50°8 167399 |+ 49°9
TABLE IV.
RAINFALL.
;
Difference ereat | Date of *No. of Days
1918. | Amount. Pee - ee Greatest re Nees:
(29 years) 24 hours. Fall. aennoren
ins ins ins,
January 3: 5°47 + 2-01 1°53 18th 17
February = 2:97 + 0-04 083 6th 19
March .. Se 2-70 | O-40 0°56 28th 12
April .. Bs 2°39. |— 0:26 0 +63 oth 16
Maryn” =). ae 1°52 — 0-99 0:49 7th 10
June .. Sc 2°27. |— 0-68 I'Ig 18th 12
uty... ste 5°95 + 3:38 0-79 22nd 19
August =e 3°39 — 0°92 0-76 24th 16
September ..| 10-49 + 7:86 I-25 18th 25
October ai 2°90 |— 2-21 0-62 5th 21
November ae 3°52 + 0:07 I-15 4th 18
December an) 713 + 2:63 0°77 | 26th 28
Total Total
50°76 = |+10-47 1°53 | Jan. 18th 213

* 24 hours ending 9.0 a.m. next day.

EE

a an

Meteorological Observations, 1918 5

MAIN FEATURES OF THE MONTHS,
1g18.

JANUARY.

The month was wet and mild generally, with a few cold
days. The direction of the wind was chiefly from the S.E.
and W.

The Barometric Pressure was variable, but the mean,
29°755 in., was below the average for past years.

The Rainfall was plentiful, the total precipitation for the
month being 5-47 in., or 2-01 in. above the average, 3-46 in.,
for the past 29 years. Rain fell on 17 days, the greatest fall
during 24 hours was 1-53 in., on the 18th.

Mean Temperature was comparatively high for the time
of year ; the mean for the month was 44:5°, being 5-3° above
the average for 29 years. The maximum temperature recorded
was 53° on the 24th and 25th. The minimum was I9g-3° on the
gth. The minimum on the grass was 16-2° on the 4th. Frost
was recorded by the minimum thermometer in the screen on
12 days. There was a ground frost on 15 days. Snow fell
on the 8th, 12th, 15th, 16th, and 17th.

The total amount of sunshine recorded during the month was
65:2 hours, as compared with an average of 51-5 hours for the
past IO years.

FEBRUARY.

The weather was dull and fairly dry during the month. The
wind was chiefly from S.W.

The mean Barometric Pressure for the month was 29-976
and was above the average for past years.

The total Rainfall amounted to 2-97 in., corresponding
closely with the average, 2-93 in. for the past 29 years. Rain
fell on 19 days, the greatest fall in 24 hours being 0:83 in. on the
6th.

The Mean Temperature for the month was 44.1°, being
42° above the average for 29 years. The maximum tempera-
ture recorded was 55° on the 4th. The minimum was 28° on

6 Meteorological Observations, 1918

the 17th. The minimum temperature on the grass was 24°.
Frost was recorded on three days, the Ist, 17th, and Igth.
There was a ground frost on seven days.

The sunshine recorder registered a total of 54:6 hours of
bright sunshine, being 24-2 hours below the average, 78-8 hours,
for the past Io years.

MARCH.

The weather during the month was dry and bright, the wind
was chiefly from N.E., amounting to strong winds and gales
on the 1st and 2nd. During the greater part of the month
high pressure prevailed, the mean pressure being 29°842 in.

The total rainfall amounted to 2-76 in., being 0-46 in. below
the average (2-93 in.) for the past 29 years. Rain fell on 12
days, the greatest fall being 0:56 in. on the 28th.

The mean temperature for the month was 43:6°, being 1-4°
above the average for 29 years. The maximum temperature
recorded was 69°, on the 24th. The minimum, 29°, on the 3rd,
and frost was recorded on five days. The minimum tempera-
ture on the grass was 24° on the roth. A ground frost was
registered on 14 days.

The sunshine recorder registered a total of 126-8 hours of
bright sunshine, being 20-2 hours above the average for the
past IO years.

APRIL.

The weather was dull, with overcast skies, and on many days
it was colder than in the preceding month. The wind, blowing
constantly from the N.E., was accompanied by a great deficiency
in warmth. This continued until towards the end of the
month, when more springtime conditions prevailed. The
barometric pressure was comparatively high, the mean of the
month being 29-756 in.

The total rainfall amounted to 2-39 in., being 0-26 in. below
the average for 29 years. Rain fell on 16 days; the greatest
fall was 0-63 in. on the gth.

The mean temperature for the month was 455°, being
0-9° below the average. The maximum was 65-9° on the 26th.
The minimum was 31:9° on the 3rd and 22nd. Frosts were
recorded on two days. The grass minimum was 24° on the

EEE

Meteoroloigcal Observations, 1918 7

tgth. A ground frost was registered on nine days. A thunder-
storm occurred on the 26th, accompanied with hail, snow,
and rain.

The sunshine recorder registered a total of 148-4 hours, being
39°7 hours below the average of Io years.

May.

During the first few days in this month easterly winds
resulted in a deficiency of warmth, afterwards warm weather
set in with one or two days of unusually high temperature,
during which westerly winds prevailed. The mean barometric
pressure for the month was 29-889, and was generally above the
normal.

The total rainfall amounted to 1-52 in., being 0-99 in. below
the average for 29 years. Rain fell on Io days, the greatest _
fall (0-49 in.) was on the 7th. A thunderstorm, with rain and
hail, occurred on the 23rd.

The mean temperature for the month was 56:1°, being 3:5°
above the average. Throughout the month the temperature
was above normal. A maximum of 81-1° was reached on
the 22nd, being the highest temperature reached in May for
many years. The minimum in the screen was 39° on the 2nd,
on the grass the minimum was 35° on the goth.

The sunshine recorder registered 255-8 hours of bright sunshine
or 42:1 hours above the average.

JUNE.

The weather was generally bright and dry, with one or two
hot days in the early part of the month, towards the middle
the weather became cool and unseasonable. The direction of
the wind was for the most part N.E. and N.W.

The barometric pressure was generally high, the mean of
the month was 29-961 in.

The total rainfall was 2.27 in., or 0-68 in. below the average
for 29 years. Rain fell on 12 days, the greatest fall was I-19 .
in. on the 18th. The mean temperature for the month was
556° or 1:6° below the average. The few hot days were
balanced by cool days and cold nights. The maximum tempera-

8 Meteorological Observations, 1918

ture, 79°6°, was recorded on the 2nd. The minimum, 40°, on
the 16th. The grass minimum registered 31-2 on the 26th.
There was frost on one day.

248-4 hours of bright sunshine were recorded, being 36-4
hours above the average.

JULY.

Except in the first week of this month, when there was a
continuance of fine weather, there was a long spell of cool and
wet days with occasional thunderstorms. The direction of the
wind was for the most part from the S.W.

The barometric pressure was slightly below the normal,
the mean for the month being 29-701.

The rainfall was plentiful, the total precipitation amounted
to 5-95 in., being 3:38 in. above the average for 29 years. Rain
fell on 19 days, the greatest fall was 0-79 in. on the 22nd.
Thunderstorms with heavy rain occurred on the gth and 2oth.

The mean temperature, 60-3°, was 0-4° below the average.
The maximum reached 79° on the 31st. The minimum, 47°,
on the roth. The grass minimum registered 37° on the gth.

244 hours of bright sunshine were recorded, being 27-7 hours
above the average for the past Io years.

AUGUST.

The weather was moderately warm and dry, but very
variable, being dull and rainy in the early part of the month,
but more summerlike towards the end. The direction of the
wind was mainly from the W. and N.W. The mean monthly
barometric pressure was near the normal, 29-885 in.

The total rainfall for the month was 3-39 in., being 0-92 in.
below the average for the past 29 years. Rain fell on 16 days,
The greatest fall was 0-76 in. on the 24th.

The mean temperature for the month was 60-4°, approxi-
mately the average for the past 30 years. The maximum was
78-1° on the 21st. The minimum 47° on the 29th. The grass
minimum registered 41° on the 16th

The sunshine recorder indicated 191-7 hours of bright sun-
shine during the month, which came near the average for the
past IO years.

Meteorological Observations, 1918 9

SEPTEMBER.

The most noticeable feature of this month was the unusually
heavy rainfall common to all parts of the British Isles. It was
in fact the wettest month in the year, and the wettest September
for many years past. The direction of the wind was chiefly
from the W. and S.W.

The mean barometric pressure for the month was 29:594 in.,
being below the normal, Numerous depressions passed across
the British Isles in rapid succession, their influence being felt
in this district.

The rainfall was quite remarkable and much above the
average, amounting in the month to 10-49 in., or 7-86 in. above
the average for 29 years. Rain fell on 25 days, the greatest
fall was I-25 in. on the 18th.

The mean temperature for the month was 50-4°, being 6°
below the average. The maximum was 70:6° on the 6th.
The minimum 35-2° on the 29th. The grass minimum ther-
mometer registered 36° on the 2oth.

138-9 hours of bright sunshine were recorded during the
month, being 8-9 hours below the average for the past Io years.

OCTOBER.

The weather was dull but fairly dry, with less bright sunshine
than usual. The direction of the wind was very variable, E.,
N.E., S.W., and W. winds were the prevailing directions.

The mean barometric pressure for the month was 29-827 in.,
with some marked depressions, with S.W. gales in the first
week.

The total rainfall in the month was considerably below that
of September, being only 2-90 in., and 2-21 in. below the average
for the past 29 years. Rain fell on 21 days, the greatest fall
being 0-62 in. on the 5th.

The mean temperature for the month was 48-7°, being 1-7°
below the average. The maximum was 596° on the 3rd, the
minimum 36-° on the 1st. There was a frost on six days. The
grass minimum registered 29° on the Ist.

Bright sunshine was deficient. The total amount recorded
was 82'0 hours, 16-9 hours below the average.

10 Meteorological Observations, 1918

NOVEMBER.

The weather was typical of the month, being cold, damp,
and misty, especially during the middle part of it, when the
wind was chiefly from the easterly direction. The mean
barometric pressure for the month was 29-952 in., and was
generally above normal.

The total rainfall amounted to 3:52 in., being 0-07 in. above
the average for the past 29 years. Jain fell on 18 days, the
greatest fall being 1-15 in. on the 4th. The mean temperature
was 42:9°, or 1.7° below the average. The maximum of 56:2°
was reached on the Ist. The minimum, 29-4°, on the 7th.
There was frost on three days. The grass minimum registered
21° on the 2oth, and a ground frost on 16 days.

A total of 74-4 hours of bright sunshine was recorded,
being 8-6 hours above the average.

DECEMBER.

The weather was comparatively mild, with a copious rainfall
and winds chiefly from the S.W. and W. The barometric pres-
sure was generally low, with numerous depressions, the mean
for the month was 29:255, being below the normal.

The total rainfall amounted to 7-13 in., being 2-63 in. above
the average for 29 years. Rain fell on 28 days, the greatest fall,
0-77 in., was on the 26th.

The mean temperature was 44:2°, being 3-6° above the
average. The maximum was 55° on the 3rd, the minimum
was 29° on the 26th, with three days of frost. The grass mini-
mum was 19° on the 26th, with a ground frost on 12 days.

The total of bright sunshine recorded amounted to 43-4
hours, being 9-1 hours below the average for the past Io years.

Meteorological Observations, 1918. IL

EXTREMES AND SUMMARY.

May was the driest month with a rainfall of 1-52 in.

September the wettest with a rainfall of 10-49 in.

December was also a very wet month in which the rainfall
was 7°13 in.

The wettest day was January 18th, when 1°53 in. fell.

The total rainfall for the year was 50-76 in., being 10-47 in.,
above the average for 29 years; rain fell on 213 days.

The hottest day was May 22nd, when the maximum ther-
mometer in the screen registered 81-1°.

The coldest day was January 9th, on which the minimum
thermometer registered 19-3°.

The total number of hours of bright sunshine recorded was
1,673-9, being 49-9 hours above the average for Io years.

GENERAL NOTES.

The table of “ Rainfall in the District’ was compiled by
Mr. Gilbert D. Shepherd, Honorary Secretary of the Society.
The Society is much indebted to him and to the Observers
for their voluntary co-operation, which renders the preparation
of the Meteorological report possible.

*puz “AON t "ss | 29.98} SE.Z | Zx.§ | 99.9 | 26.2 | go.S | rx.€ | SE.€ | €o.€ | 2Z.€ | €4.¢ | 10.6 98.4 sre tees OBBIOAY 2
60.2 03s | 4899 | G94 | 199 | O8b | EBT | 448 | 869 | Tat | bE | TOZ 982 | 649 | 81-9 | OSIT |~ = “* WOABILOBY
“ya “AON - (e3n8y g ‘oNT)
19% NI 81 | GE68 | FECT | 098 | 489 | GO09T Ler | TLL | Lb | Soe | eee GSE 6h8 FBL | OOS | OALesoy uemysonTYNOg
"yy ‘AON } bz.Sq| LS°g | 6.9 | ob.Z | Lo-b | 00.2 | 12° gL€ | QSE | bo.b | bo-S | gg.b | zr°9g (odney Z ‘ON)
89.1 81é | £9.49 | 18.01 | 209 988 | 66IT | 19h | SEL | e¢e | See | coe 966 | G8h | 29-9 | GBBT | TOATeSOY uamysontyu0g
"439 "390 | (edney T ON)
ued i STS | 66.96 | SALT | 088 | 482 | 1F-9T | cor | 198 | cee | zoe 48> | 48 | 196 | 88 | OFT | toAtosoy womysont[Uog
OP.
“U4 uour
Aiyaad oye) 83|upuoy | 8699 | 668 | 6TH | 905 | HOOT exe |¥99 | sor | oee | e902 | 208 |oer | oo | geet | < nommp quey
Here sdag | 1Z.9£| 6z.01| 62.2 | 06.9 | ob.F | Lo.g | Lo.S | zb.b | oz.b | 16.+ | Ose0) ete G Ogre seo [eee OABIOAY
P81 5} TH | 19.22 | 89-0T | 6r.g 19.9 | 9BET | LHE | O86 | 08-2 | AVG | 66S | SI-F | 008 | 9¢.8 | OFET |°” TLOALOSOY SWODBIT
yows jo pua yx | pur | ZS.69| 4¢.6 | $9.9 | 6£.g | €6.€ | gz. | t0.b | 16.4 | 26.€ | ge. | €g.s | 66.5 10.9 | “* |** oSezaay t
Apjaom uoyny 88UpUON | L202 | FIT | 88 | 20-6 818 she | 106 ere (96% | 298 | see |18¢ | 982 | OfFT “oc stUIY Loz0;g
“yy| tou
jake Ay) a ea
spoon uo) $2 IDwH | BLL | GEFT 69 | 89 HOLT see | 968 | soz eee | sce | tee | one | eso | O9cT NPC We
youa Jo pue ay pn 62.€g| bz.11 | 16.4 | £E.6 | zg.b | SS.g | br. | E6.b | zz.b | $S.¢ | Sz.Z | zh.g | ob.g copra ee ee a NYAS
A[OOM u9ye, sdiuypuoy | H8-TOT! A9-AT | SLL | 86-8 | PRAT | Cb | Th-IT | 99-e | TA8 | cee | 009 | ZP.0r 08-8 | 0008 |" : Tuedg JUBNT
youo jo puo gu|pue | 18.22] $1.6 | 6E.2 | ob.g | 16.b | Sz. | $6.b | Gz. | of.b | Seb | 45.6 | sec | 66.9 | «= | oBezoay I
A]Yoom Uoyv} s5/arypuoy | 8-98 | 19-FI | 49-9 | OTB | 29.91 | OOF | S16 | 8@2 | 88 | 986 | F686 | 649 | G22 | OSes |" WIG oTAT, Jo yruung
arbae ey) al
. se al “ys ‘yoy, | ‘oaq | ‘aon | “QoQ qdog | “Suny | *Aqne | ‘oung | “ey | pudy | youn | ‘qayy ‘uee nt
SsABD
10 "ON 2 a :
: ‘ =
gi61 “LOINLSIG AHL NI TIVANIVY

"yar uel } | : LOp
SLT $302 | 90-4 | 69-9 | 068 | OTE | 186 | 208 | O19 (SOT | G86 | O46 | BS | 866 | BG | G6 ‘poom4te mM “TOINYOMa
|
eee £0.29 | gO.11] 11. | 02.6 | gZ.b | g0.6 | 69.4 | LE.b | zz.b | S6.h | gl.g | 6b.g | o1.g roo ieee Se ION!
"yh -qaq | | "PIT ‘S9TTETT10D
69.6 The | 84-96 | GI-61 | 16-8 | GhL | O9LT | 84F | 8F-6 OLP | OLS | 48-8 | 98-0 | 44-6 | T88 | O49 [FUN potun “4reqrtoqery,
“302 "39q 0) “™ | Lg.£g | 6g.o1| 11-8 | 98.8 | HS | 6S.g | bb. €g.h | og. | r1.G | SZ.9 | ZS.9 | 9oF.g OO fOG airs EY Wy
$8.2 §) PSS | 66-901 24.06 | $9-4 | 99-4 6BAT AO | TSA 90 | 19% | 88-8 | 4b6 | TZ#T | 9869 | 3h | AterTToQ Sma100UdTH
wee 30S} eg | eg49 FEIT) 199 | EFS 9O~T | 96 869 0 OFZ TOE BE |ee9 | eT9 jose f~ ~~ — Jep-xE4uog
*y4 |uouL |
yora jo pues qv | pues
Ajjaea uayng s3\uipvoy | 64-99 | ZO-IT | 98-9 | GBF | TZ1T | 8h-E | OF-L | 6BT | TRS | 9-6 | 09-8 | 48-9 | 769 | 098 |" as arqifpaory,
Be } 08 | 1%19 986 | 989 |G9F 9G.0T | 688 | 069 (O8T | 28S (89% | ese | 26h | G99 | O98 | WoAresey uousMTT
‘UTP “AON ' ve | LL.6S | 15.9) | -ve.S) | 62:2 | QS.25 "ROS: | OF.€, |roS Care a Ze cy 125.5. |aSois soe) ets SO SBIOAW <4
60:3 812 | 4-09 (TA8 | 99-9 | L6-8 | 00-8T 8G | 66-9 | 98T | G86 | LLG | 69-8 | P19 | 99 | CO6 |~ ae aIvA MqdT
*yy6z 3dag 2) “7° | €€.16 ofagu| emo leGtsg | zoe | ex.S | 1z-€ v6.2. ae.e vor | hr.t esrb |) So.r ste)= | |*s) OS RIOAY,
82-T $013 | 08-69 206 | 6S | Sh | FOIT 843 | 209 (OFT | A8T | 81% 480 | 188 | eh | TAO | UAmTTUIEMD ‘stepmog
*q])a0u1 |
youve jo pus av) puv
Apyaem uayei ssjuipeey | EPL | 9.31 | 9.9 | 18G | 1601 | SEE | 068 | 406 | 186 | 24rE | G88 | 68-4 | $89 | OOTL |" sr “GU O~MTB)
"yi6z “3dag “<1 160:609))G0:0) |"O2.9))| TOL Sg.6 INGO. | Grrl cQrem|iQesc | ofa 504-5 to4sGell cose, SI |KOF eye y, eas
p9-T LES 19-84 | bP-8T | G69 | G69 | G1-FL| 99-6 | 816 | 68T | 69-2 | 80-6 | 89-6 | G¢-L | 6h | OBIT |” TOALOSeY Porpuey
ae “ulead | arn, cet das
“ep auo ja a Nar JaAd| BAS
UE [[@J 4saqwar4) uaz | 1e90L | “oad | “aon | “900 | “adag | “Buy | ‘Aine | ‘oune | “Av | iady [gory] ‘vag | “uer poe
10 ON
. ‘
gi61 “TOIMLSIG HHL Ni; JIVANIVA

*yy6z “ydag moe | LOree! neous, ||| Ore | SO: ||eder|sOeee, |ve.e. (MgO. || Cece i MOvSn |190.c | vohee |) LOLS see Jere OBBIOAY 2
OT.T AIT | $918 | ODE | 660 | 89:0 | 269 | 49.0 | G6T | 090 | S8T | P96 | 480 B40 | 90L | OBB | “WOM ‘4An0D oTQUELT
yas 190 i "» | 06.29] €2.g | o£€.9 | $2.2 | GS.€ | Zg.g | grb | rz.h | zZ.€ | 6r.b | 2Z.¢ | 99.5 | ob.9 st |e OSBIOAY
TAT 686 | GGL | S820 | OLD | 46-9 | L681 | 698 | 188 TLE | 096 | 89% She £09 | S44 | OFG |* OSNOH ute ‘BrozATUISX
“YIRI se SO eyo ASH onto) W Cat MN awexo) I outs Me TroRis I IS HN (lotr era I toatl (eed | 1eyaue |) 1420) sre jee odeioayt
98.6 G0@ | 99-99 | 80-S1 | 62-9 | 09-6 | 09-21 | 98-6 | ITS | G9-T | PRT | 89% | 280 | 809 | O84 | OSB |" an ULBS ATCT
"yi61 BEL Gockel Met ae Cea Rr OM ahee slleyh.ceetyG VOLS sNZore aluZescel On banleCOue leona soe [eee OB BIOAY x
18.1 | 81S | 69-19 | OOTT | 2-6 | F9-F | L9.0E | LOE | 8h9 | HHT | 60.8 | eS | 996 | 209 | G49 | OOE | | Arosoypoomuvyppradéyuog
iQeiGas | eee i ORsVelGOn | OOVS Ihab ieee letess | fGo eme WQge lomsen | Love eSee| Por res) ets) (QABIONY,
bP-T $| GAL | $9-68 | 12h | G48 | 88S | 468 | BES | 96b | GOT | 268 TLS | 108 | 69S | AGE | OOF Arvg ployoororg‘moysdeyy
"UIRI uel ps AORN FA WW Seas aN eh: ae Nia race ea I olga taeda itl |) topats) fetots "ht |r ct eo SE IOAN,
£9.T GOS | Gh-FS | 2001 | 9F-F | 22-8 | 99-1 | 106 OG | FAT | 249-0 | OFS | 860 | OL | 986 | GTS | TleH Ysy ‘edpraqmop
*yy6z ‘dag } abe OLCe OR Obie eS. | Ores || Olsen | OOvcm momen OG inceve eos loo. | Zoe seo (8*> OSBIOAYy,
61.1 O6T | PL-Ib | 84h | SLE | 64-0 | 99.6 | 26S | Shh | OOT | FET | LTS | 606 | 6S | 9EH | OGE | yANOD W077] ‘moysdeyD
“YIgI ‘uel ) | “UOT
eT f| 086 | F469 | FFB | LOF | GH | TET | GLE | 849 | 99-T | 8BT 096 SFE | 80h 29-9 | SEF ‘1toAtesay soo-14-gueg
"yigr ‘uel ) OTN
FI | TTS | £9-8F | G8¢ | 408 | 446 | 8F6 | 868 | SEF | SET | FO | 68S | 29-0 | 99-0 | 64H | OS /JuomYUEQm seTovAUGTT
"yySr ‘uel ) won ‘
9L1 j| 806 | G8Sh | 869 | ST-€ | 808 | 91-6 | COE | 06h | HOT | 666 E93 | 146 | 69% | 969 009 poommuam ‘pprrddyue ny
“Urea | nal
; . peouy 10 | [9A9| BOS
uy ee tae *[Bjoy, | ‘oacy “AON "990 ‘qdog ‘any ‘Aine | tounge | ‘Avy | prady | ‘qorvyy | *qar, “ue ay
sAep
—_ boron ; ; ee ;
"gr6l “LOIMILSIO~ SH NI -TUVANIVa

‘yigr ‘uef ) 06.9£| zb.b | zb.€ | ob.b | ZS.z
16.1 1) 9st €8-0F 169 | 69% $66 “1-6
"yigI ‘uef 2 : | |
$91 j 266 916 89¢ | 89% | 696 | 096
sso || 991 | Feb 29.6 | 18% | 9% L¢0T
‘men uey piles: | Z6.0r | €o.S | 92.€ | €e.7 hz
8P.T S| 206 | ter O84 | 6%E | 882 | 28.6
"yySr ‘uef 2] ° | $z.S€| gf.b | 69.2 | g9.% | gg.1
0¢-T S| 6 88-68 93> | 6936 | 61-6 | 688
‘yigt ‘uel \ + | €z.g€| bE.b | 1z.€ | ver | Lez
&P-T 661 TL.06 | 98-9 | 646 | £02 | GI-6
‘yigt adag 2] < | So.6£| SZ. | SS.€ | 92.¢ | 9S.z
8é.T §} g06 | 99-Gh /49-9 | POE | 99-6 | 86-6
‘yigr ‘uef ) | : |
2b N 881 86-6 109 | 94-8 | 6136 | CL-6
“y6z “ad | |
or t| eee foots | ure | tae | sor | ere
: : 9g-.ch| zg.S | Z.€ | ges | 1z.z
er TE hl ere | ono | ere | 228 | 08e | 6F.0r
|
“UIvI
a ee |
sXep |
jo ‘ON
°Q161

Poe SiG bbl de

00.4
67-2

_ 886

&L-8

gz.b
OF-€

ZQ.£
£6.17

06.€
883

of£.+
06-E
OT-
19.1

tg.
68:

“Buy

ZQ.7
06.9

[9.7

19.7

[Mbned
16-7

66.2
6S-0

[9.2
GLY

€9.2
56-9
89.G
08-6

ZO'%
66-5

“An

‘ome

1Z.Z
vV-T

69:4

18-1

6£.z
£2-G

ZQ.1
G8.

Qz.z
G6-1

CE.z
10Z
oo%
18%

Qb.z
68-6

‘Wady

“Yoav

Fo.€
OL-F

LLT

T6T

106

]@A2] Pas
aaoqe
49297

* oBeIDAY
~ 0019849 Surdung uvsog

‘MOT ‘ITOALasay orpAstuz

0 “ a[4seg uomuUOT

“+ 98vi0ay |,
sped 10}[Ta WyVeH BIpreg

“* aseIoAY ¥
“ plozetyseg ‘moysdey9

ct aBelsAy
ipse ILOAIOSAY GUBASTT

J) Ose IOAN
“* - IIOALESeY WOyStUVpy

“gino eat ‘Aoumuy

‘TOT ‘prleyyooy ‘usmyu0g

5 QSLIDAY 7
uethueg ‘017449
[eo1sopo1ogjayT BIpreg

TIVANIVA

“LIGI—ON6T SAvad QT 4

“LIGI—L06T Sxvok 212
“LIGI—LESI sivat Te |

“LIGI—4ser Sivek ge ||

“LIGI—8061 Sxvad OT?
“LIGI—CusT sIvod gz f

‘LIGI—906T SAvo0d ZI
‘LIGI—ON8T svat QZ »
“POFVOIPUL ASIMAGT[JO SSOTUN “2TGI—RBBT SV9A Og OYY 10} SI []eyUIT Yy Odt.10AV¥—' ELON

“LIGI—TFOGT Savodk FT ¢
“LIGIL—68R1 Srv0d Gz §

“yy dos} vee 6g.€€| bo.b | 66.z | gz.h | 18.2 | 6Z.€ | 09.2 | oz.z zg.r | So.z | 66.2 | LE.z2 | Lo.z one te! SaeraAY §
69.T G61 G8-Lh | 66-9 | 840 | 608 | IL-IT | 248 | 869 | 20T | 881 | $38 | 208 | I8.T 66:9 | 02 "uyg Surg stpsrg noyXOpUy
“YyIgI ‘uel i
0S.T 961 60-97 | G49 | 696 | E48 | AL6 | O18 | CEH | GT | 8B | 468 | 16% | g6¢ GLb | &8 yoda 4g sxvrrg G10d mon
wWigt uel 7 gr.ot| 66.b | 2S.€ | z1.€ | gz.z | oz.b | zo.z | EL.2 | z€.z | Lb.z | oF.€ | €0.€ oS.€ ste tere odeioay |
LG-1 S| $61 19-6F | 16-2 | €0-8 | €8-¢ | 8-1 | 08-8 | 689 | FAT | 29-5 | are | 69-0 | E92 6.7 | GP “godoq 4g epvry, ‘yrpreg
"qigt ‘uef )
€¢-1 Saeco 89-8h | 08-4 | 68 | SLE | €4.0L | 60-8 | 68-9 | Gee | ect | ee | she | aaz 6-7 | @¢ AlV_ Yyoy “Yrprvg
"uagT uel Pi) = 69.1+| go.$ | Zg.€ | 00.9 | Eg.z | 2S.b | zo€ | Sz | rh.z | ofc 1 4€.€ | t6.z $g.€ eS COS SC LEEY A,
oot 6S) FS | BLLb | 60.4 | Lee | 490.8 | 6F0r]/ 198 | $99 | zen | err | ate |ese | toe | ene |e |= uoryeig Surdung Aq
"Wigtuel Qi gb.€h|) PES | 66.€ | gE.¢ | o€.2 | 60.b | rg.z | g0.€ Sg.z | Sg.z | 2g.€ | oS.€ | €g.€ SP SCR AAEY QA
LG-T $| 9% | 00.19 | @92 | G¢8 | 9428 | ALOT | BLE OL | 908 | 221 | 998 | 008 | 86-0 | e4h | OIL | IH 389M ‘Bepreyy
“ULM Pook
O01 LO | [@A9| Vos
se aaa neat THIOL | “oad | “AON | “900 | “Qdog | “Any | “Ainge | ‘oune | “up | nady [yous | -qaq | ‘ue ee
sAup F
Min e = | yo “ON “ = = Li —
s 6 ryr
gi61 ‘LOIMLSIG SHL NI TIVANIVY

Lie a A | A YYW MY WYP. LWYWUUOOboee
SS ACMI eee
Ht NMOL IDE GIT. CEE
et MIO eee
eT OLLI IIA, ~ KE CL
TEE Ae
SEER SEE BERR EZ8 222777777 ee ee
ttt Pitt tt YY I AGG Ce.
Pt TT YQ | Oy
(y) Se ee eee Ye ee 27 ee ee ee
SERS GOR ee YYZ 7 ee Be
SEES Cee SRR SRR E 8 ee? Oe” Ce ee
SDS 2208 AR Re She eae ae? MOR” Pe Ae els
22 e tee Pee oe ee ees MO SSeS Pee on
°° pW ._.. e
>: LO OO OO OLLIE...
Z LON
g AO OO IOI OI .:.
a LO OOOO OO OI IOI OO OI OT73.:
0-6 he OOOO 72770 i...
7 GOO LOL I OV QBYYYAYYIY L494
Z MO I OI II III LI LI.
¢ CIAO OO I aaa ay yy naa
+ MOO OF OO OO IIIA.
¢ Med; Yoo CO OO OO LODO... --
9 MMM) 4M fon Ow OV aE:
: ZYyy | YUH —-$§- YO, §$ CAAA yan:
LOO NT NYRR VA WINN) \ | LY ' Wa" VAT I Wael:

L/t. Ae, | | ; i

us y YUU) UUW. WU , WWW WWWY,
Sih ah aa Z WHI OO
ia Se Suasegcviis cse2 | meee
ie eal a Le fers
Ht a ge9 200000072) 7/0aaann
ssrTT a —CV areal
WEZEVOIDGII7 7a 77 sae
a & tT t| GYAOII7TZALL Ae
eal fa me? 7277 78 277768 oem!
ae ae | YWY/ZBWIALLAAG oe
25 (A a | | GYGG GAY [|G SaSS GSS 0000 Go0 Gonos
be ana as ra a Y PA EERERSSRS)
ee E7Zen BESERERL:.
ares Be iz Ba ——— BREEEEEREOTSC.
eS aaa oe BER REESE!

eZ
°- °° TTI VULLGALELULULUULULUCUL CLUE CLI LLL
s LLr—C—SSSCS
: agagueese eel oo aCe esse ee L7G
e BOUL D oea eee ena elel
6. DOOD DGD DOOD GOD BIA ODOC OO ee
Wea 2092 2229 000 O09 OE IA OBUI E40 UY OLDE OED |

LF FFF UhUF”UCOUOCOC“ié‘“‘i‘( a
c LOO COUrhLUrFTOUU
e BB eee
rs seg teed 20009 SBS CCIE CESE S200 0mNC002NScE:: = 1am¥" (Ms
Misc 2A) 72a)7 0777 ee eS

Y - s YW, Y FY WU) YY) YY)

f Hee eee ee 6278777786) (ee) 8 Bee
6°
0-
Fe
2
€
on

Ha eH 4-H 1-4-4 44 Hy ee

o€ Y, Aeon
PEE EEE PEACH EEE eee
fp meant EEE
WWWYLWWAY, ] HIN \ VA UN) } LYWH]L WOW cam
CO AM OOOO A AP:
2: TA NO ao =
: oT TTI VA OO oT | a ies
’ it | | OO AO aN
«. VA _| VA UYU DY a a :7 anaes
° SS ee Hi.
6- Wi hy
ii oan Jone an ne oo See (SRRERE OE OE
5 WLU i
a th it fet tee :
a Seno See 9.
/ TY ] a is &
° MTL 27s HEEPee EE wae a
oe /SO008 Se 2) ga He
NW, o
@iiniettoccsst Gasdit Hitssit
+ HH a | 1, BESEEE cae :.
* EH To me is
= He ma w// 3.
Q- g-
S008 SSeS SSRRe 8) See |
BUBeeCPe eee He HEE ae aa/anie
e FEEL ae FnaEE I
- mm/ meee aaa) Soen on / oe
Coico ene ABASE ooo al Soennn/ 6/4
ae BI O08 S088 ee Toys
:: a Uy) Soe Oe / en),
© ECCEEETHEEEEHE EEE EEE EEE cereal
6 Foo ; =f ese fall mio,
EE i Se aoe wel Ea aD
re | | iia | fe me:
5 Bi Ds on a #8 a
4 a | el eta Tees ae a 4
TEES EES ESE TEE
Z: fra
qi : ;
6: ee
Sau sess sageeeueeseeagesseeee
Pd appeal feet oe eee bch seleeleefzal/eyeiate Pprelefletelalelcolelteleld
270 | 490 | a7slonv| Azar Mar Av [7d eww | @77| NV]

‘SI61 YUVAA AHL ONAN MIaM HOVA NI SAIGUVO ‘NV“TAN dd
NOILVLS TWOIOOIONOALAW AHL LY GHdHOOEeY AUNLVYaAdWAL NVAW
ONY SxaNnSS3Add DIY LAWOUVA NVaAW “TTVAINIVY INIMOHS

a WW vabvy> ZL

5

t7

THE. FRESH WATER. FISHES’ OF
GLAMORGAN.

By H. EDGAR SALMON.

Freshwater fishes are found in great variety in the rivers,
streams, lakes, reservoirs, and ponds throughout the County
of Glamorgan.

In the following list I have followed the nomenclature of
Mr. C. Tate Regan, F.R.S. (‘‘ British Freshwater Fishes,”
London; Methuen, rg1r).

PETROMYZONTIDZ.

Lampetra fluviatilis, Linneeus. River Lamprey or Lampern. Rivers
Rhymney, Taff, Neath, and Perddyn ; Coed-y-goras Brook.

SALMONIDZ.

Salmon and Trout were formerly caught in large numbers in
the Rhymney, Taff, Ely, and Ogmore Rivers, but at the present time
Salmon are seldom seen and Trout are comparatively scarce in the
lower reaches of these rivers, owing to the pollution caused by the
development of collieries, coal washeries, tinplate and other works
in the valleys through which these rivers run to the Bristol Channel.

I am indebted to Mr. Max Wright for the following particulars
of record fish for the County. The late Mr. Wm. Davies, of
Canton, Cardiff, who was personally known to Mr. Wright, took
a 39lb. Salmon in the Rhymney, also a 29lb. Salmon in the Ely,
the latter on the fly ; the last Salmon he caught in the Taff was
some 30 years ago.

Salmo salar, Linnzus. The Salmon. Rivers Rhymney, Taff, Ely,
Ewenny, Ogmore, Neath, and Loughor.

Salmo trutta, Linnzus. The Trout. Rivers Rhymney, Taff, Ely,
Ewenny, Ogmore, Afon, Thaw, Waycock, Neath, Taweand Loughor.
Lisvane and Llanishen reservoirs. Cyfarthfa, Llwynypia, and
Pendoylan ponds; Roath Park Lake, and most of the smaller
streams in the County. Many good trout have been caught in
the Lisvane and Llanishen reservoirs, the largest I have recorded
weighed 5lb. 90zs. ; in 1917 a trout 74lbs., and in 1919 two trout
74lbs. and 104lbs. respectively, were taken in a colliery reservoir
near Hirwain.

The Sewin, Salmo cambricus, and Sea-Trout, which are
frequently taken in the rivers of the County, are treated by Mr.
Tate Regan as sea-run forms of the common trout.

18 The Fresh Water Fishes of Glamorgan.

Thymallus thymallus, Linnzeus. The Grayling. This fish was success-
fully introduced into the River Ewenny by Colonel Turbervill in
1889, where they are still numerous.

ESOCIDZE.
Esox lucius, Linneeus. The Pike. Kenfig Pool, St.-y-Nyll Ponds, Hensol
Castle Lake, and River Ely.
In the autumn of 1903, Mr. Wright caught a 1731b. Pike in the
lake at Hensol Castle, and in 1908-9 I took several good Pike in
Kenfig Pool, the heaviest being 16}lbs.

ANGUILLIDZ.

Anguilla anguilla, Linneeus. The Eel. Common in rivers, lakes, ponds,
and streams throughout the County.

CYPRINIDZ.
I have failed to find an authentic record of either a Chub or
a Dace having been taken in any of the rivers of the County,
although they are very numerous in the rivers of the adjoining
Countyof Monmouth. Dace were introduced at Cyfarthfa, but they
did not thrive, and there have been none there for very many
years.
Cyprinus carpio, Linneus. Common Carp. Brynmill Park, Welsh St.
Donats, Caehir and Pendoylan Ponds.

Carassius auratus, Linnzeus. Goldfish. Introduced in ornamental waters.

Gobio gobio, Linnzeus. Gudgeon. Roath Park Lake and Brook, Kenfig
Pool, Rivers Taff, Ely, Ewenny, Ogmore, and Neath.

Tinca tinca, Linneeus. Tench. Hensol Lake, St.-y-Nyll, Caehir, Newport
Road, and Waterhall Ponds. In 1903 a Tench weighing 54lbs.
was taken in the Ely.

Phoxinus phoxinus, Linneus. Minnow. Rivers Rhymney, Taff, Ely,
Waycock, Thaw, Roath Park Lake and Brook and Caehir Ponds,

Rutilus rutilus, Linneeus. Roach. Rivers Taff and Ely; Hensol and
Brynmill Park Lakes, Waterhall Ponds.

In 1903 a Roach weighing 241bs. was taken in the Ely.

Scardinius erythrophthalmus, Linneeus. Rudd. Hensol Lake, St.-y-Nyll,
Caehir, and Waterhall Ponds.

COBITIDZ.

Nemachilus barbatula, Linngeus. Loach or Stone Loach. Whitchurch
Brook, Dinas Powis and Roath Brooks.

PERCIDZ.

Perca fluviatilis, Linneeus. Perch. MHensol and Brynmill Lakes, St.-y-
Nyll, Newport Road, and Pendoylan Ponds.

——EE oe

— ~~ —_——

The Fresh Water Fishes of Glamorgan. 19

Mugil capito, Cuvier and Valenciennes. Thin-lipped Grey Mullet. Rivers
Taff, Ely, Thaw, and Ogmore. Also in considerable numbers in
the Docks at Cardiff, Penarth, Barry, Port Talbot, and Swansea.

COTTIDZ.
Cottus gobio, Linneus., Bull Heador Miller’s Thumb. Rivers Rhymney,
Taff, and Ely, Dinas Powis and Roath Brooks.

GASTROSTEIDZ.
Gastrosteus aculeatus, Linnzeus. Three-spined Stickleback. Common in
most streams and ponds in the County.

Pygosteus pungitius, Linneeus. Ten-spined Stickleback. Kenfig Pool.

PLEURONECTIDZ.
Pleuronectes flesus, Linneeus. Flounder or Fluke. Rivers Rhymney,
Taff, Ely, Ogmore, Ewenny, Thaw, Neath, and Loughor,

rf

oS EDS TON
Ce EPSTO
oa * 4 < Workhorr 1

y

elarishe

a A Loy
Ye Shornywell A
r 2

pe MATHER shin S”PIRBRES lathern: ?

BI aon

—

Bhirvsyyate®

ortahrewol
Function” Zo

PAN!

Lf 2 Thehtan Vi)

\ Brialish, Stones /
eh pt:

Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey Map,
with the sanction of the Controller of
H.M. Stationery Office.

21

THE GEOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND TO
WELSH ARTHURIAN STORIES

By FT. HOWARD, MA. E.G:

IDENTIFICATION OF ARTHUR

Who was King Arthur of the early Romances? The
answer which almost every school child would give without
hesitation is that he was a prominent Celt who led the inhabi-
tants of this country against the Saxon invaders when the
Romans withdrew. And yet, when one probes more deeply
to discover the foundations for this belief, there is little of
substance upon which to rely. Certainly interest in Arthur
was intensified about the middle of last century by the trans-
lation by Lady Charlotte Guest of the Arthurian stories in
the Welsh Mabinogion. Somewhat later that eminent Welsh
scholar, Sir John Rhys, put forward the idea that Arthur was
the Roman official known as the Count of Britain, whose
business it had been to guard the Scotch frontier and who
subsequently took charge of the country when the armies of
occupation were withdrawn. This working theory Rhys
thought best explained all the facts and his contemporaries
accepted it; from which time it seems to have been taken
as established truth, at least by those who profess belief in the
historical existence of King Arthur.

It is natural, therefore, to ask “‘ Was the evidence upon which
_ Rhys and others depended sound’? Evidence derived from
an enumeration of the places on mountain tops and in valleys
throughout the whole of these islands bearing the name of
Arthur is, in my view, from their very number and their
distribution, necessarily unsound. No man could have been
in so many places within the ordinary span of life. Besides,
his name is attached to prehistoric monuments and Roman
mines—to places which came into existence after Geoffrey's

22 Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian Stories

Historia Britonum was written in 1148 A.D., after Caxton
published Malory’s Morte d’ Arthur in 1485 A.D., and to others
which have risen into prominence since the last Arthurian
revival of the nineteenth century. Even under the Turk the
innumerable relics of the past in Palestine have gained in
sanctity and importance through attachment in comparatively
modern times to the ancient names of Abraham and Elijah

EARLY REFERENCES TO ARTHUR.

Now, as Professor Lewis Jones has pointed out, Bede was a
careful historian, and if a great Christian prince had fought in
England, he should have known of it : Bede makes no reference
to Arthur. If the Saxons had been so strenuously opposed
and actually defeated, some reference might be looked for in
their official historical record: the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
says nothing. Equally there is nothing in early Welsh litera-
ture which suggests that the Saxons were always such implacable
foes of the Celts as are described in Geoffrey’s story of Arthur.

It would seem that we have only three possible references
to Arthur in writings belonging to the period before the
Norman Conquest. Gildas of the seventh century mentions a
battle of Badon: but the name is a common one, and his
battle may easily have no connection with Arthur. The Annales
Cambri@ (the oldest edition existing was published in 955
A.D.) give much interesting material: but that record is not
reliable. Like other histories of the kind the early part was
filled in merely for the sake of completeness. It begins with the
year 453 A.D. and for the first century there are only three
entries relating to Britain, viz., the death of an un-named
Archbishop of York and the battles of Badon and Camlan.
There are indeed very few records for the first four centuries,
and very meagre as to details. Under 516 one reads “ battle
of Badon in which Arthur carried the cross of our Lord Jesus
Christ for three days and nights on his shoulders and the
Britons were victorious,’ and again under 537 A.D., “ the
battle of Camlan in which Arthur and Medraut fell.” The third
writer is Nennius, whom certain learned German scholars,
e.g, Mommsen and Zimmer, regard as an eighth century
author of the whole book which bears his name. But English

Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian Stories 23

scholars have always looked on it as a compilation with many
late interpolations. Even if written in Welsh originally, as
supposed, we have no copy beyond Latin translations, all
of them dating since the Conquest. In my view the references
to Arthur are among the late insertions

We have positive evidence that vivid stories speaking of
Arthur as if of recent events, were told about the time of the
Norman invasion, especially in the west country and in
Brittany ; with the revival of learning they soon found their
way into current literature. Geoffrey of Monmouth made
free use of them in the construction of his historical romance
in the twelfth century. Other writers of approximately the
same date, like William of Malmesbury and Henry of Hunting-
don, definitely regard Arthur as of the British nation.

All modern Celtic scholars have not followed Rhys. Some,
like Dr. Sebastian Evans, hold that Arthur is no particular
man, but a creation of Geoffrey’s ; others, like Dr. Gwenogvryn
Evans, doubt the antiquity of the writings, and date some of
them as late as the eleventh and twelfth centuries.

Arthurian stories have been studied from many points of
view, but as far as I know the geographical aspect has not
received much attention. It has been customary even to treat
the place-names as “shadowy and unreal.” And yet the
modern geographer who gives proper consideration to the con-
trol which natural conditions exercise over the activities of
mankind in past ages, when such conditions were dominant,
may bring to bear methods of investigation which may help
considerably. It is from this standpoint that I have approached
the subject. I know that philologists will disagree : but local
people have never troubled about philology in framing their
fanciful explanations of place-names, an amusement which still
lives.

Professor Lewis Jones, in his ‘“ King Arthur in History
and Legend,” IgiI, the latest authoritative work on Arthur,
accepts the theory of Sir John Rhys that Arthur was the
sixth century representative of the third officer of the Roman
military organisation, the Comes Britanniae. Jones holds that
it explains better than any other theory ‘“‘ Nennius’ description
of Arthur as dux bellorwm and the seemingly wide range of

24 Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian Stories

country covered by the twelve battles.’”’ It is this theory which
I propose to challenge.

But let us see what are the facts recorded by Nennius about
Arthur. He gives a list of twelve battles fought by Arthur; in
addition, he speaks of a marvel in the shape of a dog’s foot-
print on a stone lying on a hill near “‘ Builth ” made when the
dog Cavall was pursuing, along with Arthur, the boar Twrch
Trwyth.

The twelve battles have been fixed all over the place. Geoffrey
was determined to make his hero win battles in the North of
Britain, and following his lead the general tendency has been
to locate them in Scotland or the North of England. Even the
careful Skene fixed them in the Lowlands of Scotland. That
their identification was lost quite early is known by the fact
that Henry of Huntingdon, in the twelfth century, says the
places were unknown in his time. In any case, the commen-
tators have challenged us to identify the battles, and thereby
to decide who Arthur was.

IDENTIFICATION OF ARTHUR WITH ALFRED THE
GREAT.

To commence with, let me point out that 12 is not the
traditional complete number of the Celts ; it may be that the
author of the story was determined to have arival to Hercules
and his twelve tasks. But of greater interest is a comparison
with the recorded battles of Alfred the Great.

It is to him that geographical investigation unmistakably
points. I have set out side by side the battles of Arthur as
given by Nennius and Geoffrey of Monmouth, and those of
Alfred as given in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and elsewhere.
The numbers indicate the succession of the battles as recorded
by each.

Where lists are so similar, the balance of evidence is in favour
of the man of later date. Besides, we have sound historic
evidence for Alfred in this connection, and there are marked
differences between the accounts of Arthur given by the two
main authorities, Nennius and Geoffrey, which can be ex-
plained if we use Alfred’s record as the key. Finally, if we

eee ee

Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian Stories 25

study Alfred’s life, we see that other details of Arthur are
definitely applicable to him. For example, if anyone is asked
to name the great rulers of England who stand out as Christian
warriors, undoubtedly Alfred’s name would come among the
first. It is worth mentioning that Caxton, in his Introduction
to Malory’s Morte d’ Arthur, asserts that in the world’s history
there have been ‘“‘ 9g worthy and best men to wit 3 paynims,
3 Jews and 3 Xtians.”” He is going to “‘ write up” the great
Christian king of England, he says, and he puts his Arthur
just where we should expect to find Alfred, who lived about the
time of Caxton’s other heroes, Charlemagne and Godfrey of
Boulogne.

If anyone will compare the story as told by Geoffrey with
the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle on Alfred, he will be struck by the
points of similarity.

26 Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian Stories

“‘SLOpP[NoYs Sf WO ‘pperys ayz uo
uIsITA OY} JO o8eWT oY} O10q
INYILY oro

‘sou}OT, OV}}e POOPT

‘UOPIID JO POOA,

"YIOK Jo
JO osoIS oY} pue ‘YOK vou

‘sejsnq 3e sajjyeq jo soles y

‘YyNouuoyy Jo Aoryjooy

Wye jo seg

‘uUIns) [[o}SeQ pue zUEMD
aTseg sem opyseg MoysdoyD a0;
ouleu plo sf, “MozsdoyD 0} eso[o
‘duny, uoysunjyog 10 unpesurzyng

(P) "ysvoy YINOoS
oy} pue oyOxXs~ Suryorzjze sear
yoo Ystueq, oy} o[TyM ‘Surseg
0} 9SO[o ‘oWIUWIeYUIRa,yT jo o}}eq

(9) *“yso10.7
PIe9oM 94} IO pleMspeoipuy jo
oueu p[O 9} :4Se1O.~ UeTuOpsTeg

(q) ‘oudwAy 10 ‘yynouroUTU
-OT OUT oured yooLT Ystueq 31q
out, ‘s}tog onburg yy yo uopsze jy
IO eYyoreuruloT oY} JO WOTser oy
ur pue ‘(19}Ssoyoo,,) stAtrqorm¢y
(19A0C]) SUUqn(, I9ART oy} IvoU
pue soweyy, oy} JO YyNOS soal}Veg

(vy) (suots
-I0A 1oyy}O ut ‘Aa[]T ‘eops) ov) vary ow

“AI0}SIH{ S,POAFTV

¢ TOYJOUL STE

Arey ATOH{ JO pue ystryD snsof
pioyT ano fo yYsrUU oy} YSsnoryy
uly} JO opeu 19}8Ne][s }eoI18
eB pue ‘yy81p 0; ynd oroM suesed
oy} UusyM pur ‘sIopr_noys sry
uo Arey uisata Aloy oy} yo seu
oy} e10q INYZY uUsyTM,,

‘(uolluiny) uoruuIns) Jo of}seQ *g

‘sesseg IOATY ‘9

‘UOpIfyD 390g «2

‘(smnutrvy) smmuury uorses

oy} Ur se[sqnd ART oy} uO ‘S-z

‘(tu9[) UIE[DH oy} Jo YyNoW “1

*SHIUUON '

27

Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian Stortes

. 980LIG-JEMD }¥,, SAATISUTaYZ poyTyros Ady} [IZUN ArjzUNOD sso1Oe souUeC 94} PolieYy Poj[Y eo] oY} Woy (2)
‘(uopSurjunzy yo Arup) ,, eIpOeIq evizz ut tpuy aAnT wenbe yDooaz,, (/)
‘soTe AA UION Oyu Ave oyorq oy ‘poAreys pue oroy} dn ynys sea uozseY woym s0F ‘pordurr Apreojo st 19yseyD * (2)
‘(Aorins ul wWeyuIey) oulWIeYyUIeay ye preMpy
Aq poyeeyap pue yySneo o10M pue pur[Ut YZNOs 94} Woy yore prder ev speU sour oY} YWTeF Jo Yoworq ev Aq ‘yS¥9 OY} UT
Ud}SEE YO}LA 0} PIVAPA WOS STY puL LOI JO porpoy}A Suraeg] ‘spreMysom uopdueyzNos wor; }SeOd oy} poprens pue 19}9xXq
peaoyer uorjt0d auo yyIM oy : AULIe SIY poprarp porjTy yey} Apree[o shes opruo1yD uoxes-opsuy sy] ‘Suiseg fo atdoed ayy
—saSuiseg yeinjd sAryeuruIOU WLIO; pozerAoIqqe oyy st Ajqeurnsoid Yor ‘sesseg poo weerys urspow ou puy ] (Pp)
_UeTUOpse) 9} S1oyzo Aq pue ueIplopuy ey} sUIOs Aq payed “yso10J yseA oY, (9)
‘ose pue ‘WINNUeD UT snueUOT pur SIIqnd ‘sUMO} OM} PUL SIOATI OM} SUOTFUOUT IojsooUeITD Jo preyorRy (4)
‘UOAY 94} VIM Ag[IAA IY} Jo worpounf oy} st Ajqeurnsaid ute[y oy} JO
yynout oyy, ., APTTAA,, PaTfed Mou St Weer1zs SITY, ‘FYSNOF porfTY o19YM UO}ZT\ JO IOATI oY} Se NoOTIND oy} Jo syvods rassy
Aes Ul ,,’],, peounouoid pue ,, YstoT,, W9z}1IM st AeP-0} ,, P[PY,, 19}e] pue ,, poom,, sutuevom ,,yeoT,, (7)

‘SHLON
‘upjureg Fo 9I}7eq ‘ssuny Ainqpeg ‘siAqqeppeg “CI | ‘uopeg JUNO], “ZI
(5) ‘qay
‘qoy1s0y;{ Sureq -I00J{ poo0d suteq oweu plo 9} | *(SUOTSIOA IOYZO UI WINIUOS ay YEO

ameu plo oy} ‘puey}OoS Ur jorinyy ‘qqiouspug Ajqeqoid ‘ouso1g yeMD ‘II pousy : ulonseiq) pousy ureyuNoyy “IT

(/) ‘90144
0} SaSInod sy} Sutseorour Aq afqe

-SIAPUUN UledI}S 9} FO 9SINOD UTeUL
*poinjdes oram sdrys uoxes ay} OpeWl porjpy UsyM ‘voT IOATI ‘4yIoIjNeIy, yer, 10
YyoryM Ul I9}zeM 94} UO WYSyY V ay} UO WOOF YstuUeC ey} Jo }yeIep oy, “OL | ‘ylorqoy ‘pMAqIIT, 9A 943 Jo a10YS “OI

(2) ‘9eq uo 193S9yD “(TeTITAA)
“yIOK UIN[VOYITAA UL I9}seyQ s3semM YW 6 ‘suoise7yT jo AID «6

‘yqnouluoyy Fo Aoryjoay “ALOYSIE S,P2IJTV “snIuUUuoN,

ee ee

28 Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian Stories

BATTLE OF GUINNION.

One battle of Arthur’s is of peculiar interest—that of Castell
Guinnion, so called by Nennius and Bath by Annales Cam-
bri@ and Geoffrey. Had Geoffrey known his geography well
he would undoubtedly have used the fact to foster his pet idea
of founding or reviving an Archbishopric of Caerleon in order
to free Wales from the supremacy of Canterbury. Throughout
history this battle has fastened itself upon the imagination.
Here Arthur, as the story goes, “ bore the image of the holy
Virgin Mary on his shoulders, and when the pagans were put
to flight and a great slaughter made of them through the
might of our Lord Jesus Christ and of holy Mary His Mother.”
In old Welsh the word for shield is the same as for shoulder.
But Geoffrey avoids the difficulty by writing “ upon his shoulder
did he bear the shield whereon the inner side was painted the
image of holy Mary mother of God that many a time and oft
did call her back into his memory.”” The name Guinnion is
suggestively like Gwent (the old name of Chepstow was Castell
Gwent or Guinn). Now in the story of Alfred the Great the
struggle with Hasten the Dane takes place at Buttington.
As the map (I) shows, Buttington Tump is near Chepstow,
close to the point where the Wye joins the Severn. But even
Plummer, the chief biographer of Alfred, rejects it in favour
of Buttington in Montgomery on the Upper Severn. The
evidence in favour of Buttington Tump appears to me over-
whelming. The record says that the Danes went to “ But-
tingadun on Severn shore” “up along the Severn” which
merely conveys to me the idea of their following the western
Roman road and striking the Severn in the Bristol district,
perhaps at Uphill, far below the point where they could cross
it, consequently they turned up stream to the first point of
crossing. I find that the Welsh official record under date A.D.
895 has an entry: ‘the Norsemen came and laid waste
Bricheniauc (Brecknock) et Guent (Gwent) et Guinn Liguiauc
(Wentloog) ”’ which certainly brings the Danes to Chepstow.
Again we must always remember that the king had no standing
army, but used local militia. If he was attacking Buttington
in Montgomery we should expect the men of Cheshire, Shrop-
shire, and Staffordshire to be engaged. It is just the reverse :

EEE,

Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian Stories 29

they were men from Somerset, Gloucester, and Wiltshire :
from regions north of the Thames ; from west of the Severn and
from Wales. To quote Alfred’s chronicler, “they drew
together and beset them about on either side in a fastness.”
The Danes “ broke out against the men encamped on the east
side of the river’’ most of which would not apply to Mont-
gomery. The map (I) shows how well Buttington Tump is
situated for a sea force driven to bay and looking for relief
from oversea.

BATILE;: OF TRAT. TFREUROIE:

Perhaps the most convincing case is the battle of Trat
Treuroit or Tribruit. Trat may be an abbreviated form of
Streat (road) or Strath (shore), though more likely it is a
form of an old French word Tvef meaning margin. Tribruit
clearly means three courses. Turning to Alfred’s story we
find the Danes sailing 20 miles up the Lea from London and
seizing an island near Ware, from which Alfred drove them by
cutting another course. After studying the ground of this
flat-bottomed valley with its many streams, I offer this solution
(see map II.), which brings out clearly what Henry of Hunting-
don in his old Chronicle, meant when he wrote that Alfred made
the Lea to flow in three branches. An old children’s rhyme
runs—

‘London bridge has fallen down,
London Bridge has fallen down,
Dance on my Lady Lea.”
which becomes intelligible when one recalls the old broad
sound of ‘a’ in Danes and the old word ‘lade’ meaning a
passage orastream. As long as the Danes held the Lea and the
roads to the north, they threatened seriously the food supplies
of London.

MEANING OF THE NAME AND TITLE OF ARTHUR.

Now before I deal with the twelfth battle, let me mention a
few other points. Rhys and others make much of the fact that
Arthur is never called “ King” in Celtic literature, but given
various titles which mean “‘ emperor ”’ or “ war leader.’”” The
very name Arthur is regarded by some as a variant of a well-

Map II.

foe OM} SPr4}in ey os

passin hq
fj bnp JOUUDLO M2\] £
i “20M IL
\\ UpIM {nq JUU_YD PjQ
ou uinw fo jauuDYD "1
Se y
<S. nn

Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian Stories 31

known Welsh name meaning “ Lord of Princes.” It is on
these titles that Rhys depends when identifying Arthur with the
Duke of Britain, the officer who had to face the Picts of the
north. But the position of war lord fits Alfred better. One
after the other the Welsh princes ranged themselves under
Alfred against the Danes. There was a definite agreement :
each was to hold the same position as Ethelred of Mercia and
Asser the Welshman and friend of Alfred adds that the con-
nection “gave more power to him that wished: money to
him that wished for money.” ‘“‘ Hemeid with all the inhabitants
of the region of Demetia, compelled by the violence of the six
sons of Rotri, had submitted to the dominion of the king.
Howel also, son of Ris king of Gleguising, and Brocmail and
Fernmail sons of Mouric king of Gwent,compelled by the violence
and tyranny of Earl Ethelred and of the Mercians, of their own
accord sought King Alfred that they might enjoy his govern-
ment and protection from him against their enemies. Helised
_ also son of Teudyr King of Brecon, compelled by the force of
the same sons of Rotri, of his own accord, sought the govern-
ment of the aforesaid king; and Anarawd son of Rotri with
his brother, at length abandoned the friendship of the Northum-
brians, from which he received no good but harm, came into
King Alfred’s presence and eagerly sought his friendship.”
(Asser, History of Alfred.)

Besides, Alfred was a Pendragon—the silver dragon was the
standard of Wessex. You will recall that Arthur is stated
to have fought at Castell Guinnion wearing “a helm of gold
graven with a semblance of a dragon.” We can gather from
other stories that the old quarrel between the red and white
dragons was not easily forgotten. But Christianity made even
this possible, and Arthur is pictured in the Nennian story as
having borne the ensign of a primitive Crusader, a curiosity
certainly if the description was written at the beginning of the
eighth century. It is interesting that the Anglo-Saxon Chroni-
cle at this stage of Alfred’s history ceases to speak of the men
of Kent or West Saxons or Mercia, and notes simply “ The
Christians had the victory.”

32 Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian Stories

AVALLON.

Another point of interest is Avallon, whither Arthur was
carried when dying. Sometimes it is spoken of as an island,
and sometimes as a valley. Glastonbury Abbey made an
impertinent claim to the name and also to the mortal remains
of Arthur, which were duly discovered at an opportune moment
in the reign of Henry II. William of Malmesbury tells us that
the Abbey made a point of collecting as many relics of saints
as it could. Pilgrimages to the tombs of saints were a fruitful
source of income to any religious community in the Middle
Ages. William of Malmesbury, however, wrote “ the sepul-
chre of Avallon is nowhere to be seen whence ancient ballads
fable that he is still to come.’ The word Avallon, for some
reason, has been taken as “ afallen”’ or “ apple,”’ and the early
monkish explanation why excellent sites were secured for
abbeys was, that inspired pigs led the pious founders to fruitful
orchards. But in the glossary of an eighth century manuscript
in the old Mercian dialect at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge,
the word is interpreted as meaning “hazel nuts,’ and the
scientific name of the hazel is still Corylus Avellana. Perhaps
this gives us a clue to the real meaning. The hazel is the tree
of mystery ; the hazel provides the rod used for divining in the
discovery of water and, in the past, of hidden treasure and
many other things. The Irish have traditions of hazel-nuts
which give wisdom and knowledge when eaten and are grown
on forbidden ground—the land of the unknown.

Thus Stokes, in translating the Rennes Dindsenchas, gives
more than one story as to magic wells under the sea where
grow “ the hazels of the science of poetry ” and from whence
“ flow seven streams of wisdom.” Persons who sought to look
into these springs were either struck blind or lost their life.

Just as in our own times the tomb of the Mahdi was des-
troyed, so the Danes attacked monasteries and broke down
the tombs of saints as a means of weakening national feeling.
Because of them, the body of St. Cuthbert and other saints
during the era to which Alfred belonged were carried about
for years. The idea of a person sleeping ready for resuscitation
dated back to Roman times and was revived by the story tellers
of the Charlemagne cycle. It was a mode adopted by Christian

EE

Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian Stories 33

missionaries who fitted their beliefs on to local Paganism—the
Saxons and Norsemen only thought of everlasting feasting
after death. In any case a story was current after Alfred was
was buried at Winchester that he could be seen walking at
nights, and in the end it was found advisable to bury him in
another place. It may have been necessary later still to conceal
the burying place of Alfred from the vindictive Danes. The
queen Morgan, to whom Arthur is said to go, is nothing but
the word “morgen,” meaning ‘“ water-spirits.” “Fata
morgana”’ is the mirage sometimes seen in the Straits of
Messina.

GELLIWIC.

In all the stories, Arthur is constantly going to his palace
of Gelliwic, which has been fixed in many places, but hitherto
never satisfactorily. We have an old Roman station called
Vindo-gladia, and possibly derived from Gelad (a derivative
of lad or lode—passage), and often now modified into “ inlet,”
or from Gelaet—a junction of roads. One form of “ wic”’ is
the A.S. for “ bay,” and is still a word commonly found in
Iceland and Norway. Poole Harbour, the Megas Limen of
the early voyagers of Britain, certainly answers the description
of “the harbour for the junction of the roads,” since several
roads broke away at Badbury, just to the north. Gelliwig
is Celtic for forest, which would not fit the context. Maclure,
in his “ British Place-names in their Historic Setting,’ points
out that in dealing with early Anglo-Saxon place-names, it
is important to bear in mind the tendency to shorten words
by omitting elements, sometimes doubling the consonant and
appending the vowel “e”’ or “a.” Vindo-gladia is practically
the modern Wimborne on Poole Harbour, and I hazard the
suggestion that it is also Gelli-Wic. Wimborne was one of
Alfred’s royal residences. To turn once more to the story of
Arthur, Medrodd, who caused Arthur’s death was his nephew.
The name means “ chief usurper.” He seized the palace of
Gelliwic, and also Queen Guinevere, as some say, making her his
wife. Let us go back to Alfred. We know he died in A.D. gor
from a cause differing from the sickness which had plagued
him through his life. We know that his nephew, Ethelwald,

34 Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian Stories

raised a rebellion in gor and seized this very palace of Wimborne
and took a nun related to the royal family—a person married
to God—from the abbey and made her his wife. This is thought
to be one of the chief reasons why the Witan decided against
his claim to the throne. Edward, Alfred’s son and general,
besieged his cousin at Badbury Rings, commonly acknow-
ledged to be Badon, which is the place of Arthur’s last battle.
It should be noted, however, that most of the records usually
fix it as subsequent to his succession to the throne.

In the stories of the Middle Ages it was usual for a great
hero to fall in battle. So Roland fell in the Charlemagne
story, and his magic sword Durandel was sunk in a magic well
to prevent it from falling into the enemy’s hands.

The battle of Badon certainly took place ; but just as Geoffrey
had no Merlin in the first edition of his “ History’ so he
improved upon the passing of Arthur in the second. History
it was not. Giraldas Cambrensis pokes fun at him; William
of Newburgh, another contemporary, denounces him vigorous-
ly as a liar who not merely collected folk-tales, but freely
invented stories himself under the guise of Merlin. At any
rate, we have every reason for thinking that Alfred died in
his bed and not on the battlefield, but the description by
Geoffrey of the force of Medrodd has a suspicious likeness even
in wording to that given by others of the forces of Ethelwald.
The geography of the incident stands firm—it is the incident
which has been improved upon by the story-teller. Perhaps
the connection of Camlan, which Geoffrey makes the scene of
the “‘ fatal blow,” with the district of Glastonbury may yet
give a clue to the details that are missing.

Two facts emerge from the comparison of Arthur and
Alfred—the tendency of early tale-tellers to speak of people
by pseudonyms, and the fact that Danes were the hated
enemy of Welsh and English alike. As to the first we must
remember that in those times a knight in full armour was not
recognizable except by his device, and he often passes under
the name of the creature so depicted. Do we not recall the
fifteenth century couplet ?

““The Rat, the Cat and Lovell the Dog
Rule all England under the Hog.’’

Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian Stories 35

The Hog was the crest of Richard III. Possibly in some cases
the animal is the old totem of the tribe. Arise Evans of
Barmouth, who would tell his dreams to Oliver Cromwell, used
to finish his pedigree with “ the son of the Red Lion the son
of the Wren.”

The reputation of the Danes was terrible and lasted for ages.
The early litanies of monasteries contained the petition “ From
the Black Pagan Good Lord deliver us.’’ In the Middle Ages
mothers used to frighten their children into good behaviour
with the threat of the Danes. The amusing Irish story of
of the boy with the goat skin tells how he went to Hell for the
Devil’s flail with which to thrash the Danes, and Satan refuses
it “because the Danes are much better customers to me.”
It is recorded that some telegraph men landed with their
apparatus on the west coast of Ireland during the eighteenth
century and the people fled thinking the Danes had returned.

CAVALL THE DOG AND THE TWRCH TRWYTH.

Now the second story about Arthur given by Nennius
speaks of his dog Cavall, which hunted the Boar Twrch Trwyth.
Assuming that the tale-teller followed his usual practice, I
set myself to answer the questions ““ What man is Cavall ?
What Dane is the Twrch Trwyth?” given that they belong
to Alfred’s period. Now Cubal, or as he is more commonly
called in Pembrokeshire Bwth Ci Bal or Hen Ci Bal, means
Baal’s dog, the big black dog which frightens ill doers at night
and carries off sinners at death.

Cabal is a word introduced into French and English during
the Renaissance from Jewish mystics: as a term applied to
dogs, “‘ bal’ may come from the root which has given us the
word “bald” and the Gaelic “‘maol”’ or bald hill. In the
Vosges and Black Forest, “ ball’’ means a round-topped hill
(e.g., Ballon d’Alsace). I take Cibal to be Ethelred, Alfred’s
son-in-law. Clearly the prominent underling and companion
was no favourite with the Celts, and Mercia was the kingdom
which had oppressed them heavily according to the Welsh
writer Asser. Ethelred certainly hunted the Danes and
was present at the famous battle of Buttington, at which place

36 Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian Stories

the hunt of Twrch Trwyth as given in the story of Kilhwch
and Olwen ends. As for the Twrch Trwyth, he is said to be
the son of Prince Tared—that is, ‘“‘ Burster’’ the son of
“ Piercer,” and he carried the usual emblems of sovereignty,
the comb, razor, and scissors, whereby a young aspirant among
those of nobler blood was formally admitted to manhood.
The story says he was changed from man to boar because of
his sins. Perhaps originally the story was about the ferocious
leader Turgesius, whose name is Latinised as Torchillus
Turchesius. For 100 years, about the ninth century, his
name stood as the rallying point for new parties of Danes
attacking Ireland. It was a common name; the chief ruler of
Dublin, when captured by the Normans, was Turkil. And
there are other reasons why the Celts commonly called the
Danes pigs. A bronze plate (III.) taken from the grave of
an early Viking on an island, Oland in the Baltic, showed
two figures with helmets surmounted by boars ; and according
to the sagas the boar was a favourite emblem of the Norsemen
and probably worn on their helmets and belts.

PLATE III.

os TaN

i WIN!

SPReRayR yennng -

PaanoeD Hada urrt lenge
== §

nee

cai ots

rau

lei — aD :

HUNT OF THE BOAR TRWYTH.

The hunt of the boar is told with much spirit in the Mabinogion
story of Kilhwch and Olwen, and Sir John Rhys has elaborated
the details. I agree with him that the names of the hunters

Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian Stories. 37

are manufactured from local place-names, and the story
generally followed the model of the classical Calydonian Boar
Hunt. But Sir John was no geographer, otherwise he would
not have blundered so often. Had he turned up Leland’s
“ Tours ”’ of the Elizabethan Period he would have found many
of the places mentioned. To take but one instance. From the
Amman Valley the Boar goes to “ Llwch Tawe,” which Rhys
identifies with the bog by Ynys Pen Llwch below Pontardawe.
Whereas Leland states clearly “‘ Loogh Tawe in Blake Mountain
wher sum say is the Hedde of Tawe that cummith to Swansey.”
Even worse is his placing of Llwch Ewin at Llwch’s Awel,
a bog in Bettws parish, whereas on the Ordnance and other
maps it is plain enough as Llwch Owen or Wen or Llyn Llech
Owen, near Llandebie. Only a person familiar with South Wales
could know of this peculiarity in Llwch replacing Llyn locally
which goes some way to support the theory that the person
who placed the story on record was a monk of Neath Abbey.

The accompanying map (IV.) gives the details as I have
worked them out. The Danes, otherwise Twrch Trwyth and
his host, sailed from Ireland and ravaged the region about
Milford Haven, taking boat again to Porth Clais just ahead
of Arthur’s fleet, which gained the neighbouring port of St.
Davids, and the pursuit began at once. The Twrch is heard
of at Cor-y-vagil—the name still exists as Cwr-y-vagwr-ile—
a farm east of St. Davids. He follows the Via Flandrica, the
old road eastwards in North Pembrokeshire, with Arthur at his
heels, clearly making for the Teify ; but the men of Cardigan
disputed the passage of the Nevern, and the Boar turned back
to the Via Flandrica and is caught at the pass of Cwm Kerwyn
and compelled to fight. His forces ultimately broke away
south on to the lower Roman road, and he hastily passed by
Peulinioc, not the CommvWt of that name, but the region of
Paulinus the early missionary, whose headquarters were at
Whitland or Ty Gwyn ar Daf. Presumably they wanted to
get out to sea, but failed, and crossed the sands at the mouth
of the Towy to the old fort, Aber Towy, now buried in sand.
Thence he goes towards Dinevor, but is clearly in danger
from forces ahead, and is baffled which way to turn. He
hides for some time in the Llwchwr valley but is discovered

Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian Stories 39

and driven into the Amman valley, where he loses heavily.
Three streams of the mountainous region between the Amman
and the Tawe Valleys bear the names of his supposed leaders.
He attempts to retrace his steps, and is next heard of at Llwch
Owen, the great pool near Llandebie and the source of the
Gwendraeth Fawr. Here a part of his force got away by
Dinevor into Ceredigion, but were exterminated before reaching
the sea at a place Garth Grugyn, Grugyn being the pig’s name.

The Roman road known as the Sarn Helen follows the
valley of the Twrch and leads to near Llangeitho, where,
according to the story, stood Garth Grugyn. Certainly such
a castle was in the possession of Maelgwn Vychan in 1242 A.D.,
standing on land apparently obtained by exchange. It is
along this road that Grugyn is taken by the tale-teller. This
may have been a feint, for the main force got through the
Amman Valley and is next recorded as at Llwch Tawe, the big
Van Pool, near by which runs an old north road to Redbriw
Castle by Devynock on the Usk. This was a famous castle
of about the twelfth century, and a hunter whose name is
manufactured from that of the place, Rhudvyw Rhys, is killed
there. Ewyas of course must appear in all Welsh stories.
It was the disputed land about which the Welsh princes in the
eleventh century consulted the King of England as over lord.
In early times the men of Ewyas and Archenfield went with
Saxon Hereford in spite of differences of blood and held the
privilege of leading the van and covering the return of the army.
To Ewyas went part of the Danish force under the lieutenant
called Llwydawc, and here the men of east Glamorgan and
Monmouth living on the westerly plain, called men of Llydaw
or Armorica, attacked and finished them off.

The dominant hill is Allt Llwyd, and Craig Llwyd overlooks
Ystrad Yw, where the pig was killed. Sir John Rhys gives a
highly picturesque, though absurd explanation associating
the men of Llydaw with the lake dwelling of Brecon Lake,
but the text shows clearly enough what people are meant.
Besides “litau’’ is a gloss for Latio in an eighth century
document, meaning Latium or Latin territory. Stokes thinks
it meant “coast ’’ and illustrates this from “litus”’ in Lituwa
or Lithuania, just as Armorica means “upon the sea.” In

40 Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian Stories.

this case it seems to refer to the coast-dwellers of Bro Morganwg
and Wentloog. Howel, king of Gleguising (which is assumed
to have included Wentloog) accepted the overlordship of
Alfred. Geoffrey makes Howel son of Emyr Llydaw and king
of Llydaw one of Arthur’s distinguished battle leaders against
the Romans.

The main Danish force pushed on towards the Severn. At
this stage the dog Cabal is much to the front, for “ Bal” is a
common name thereabouts. Pen y fal is our Sugar Loaf and
Bal mawr and Bal bach hills near Llanthony. As the Twrch
gets nearer the coast, besides the men of Glamorgan and
others from north of the Usk pressing him in the rear, Arthur
calls up the men of Devon and Cornwall and others to oppose his
passage. At Llyn Lliwan a fierce fight takes place, but the
Chief Boar manages to escape across the Severn and out to sea
though with the loss of all his following and his personal posses-
sions. If anyone will read the story of the big Danish raid
which ended at Buttingdon, he will understand the Boar
Hunt better. Hasten fled, his forces being scattered or
slain.

CABAL.

Cabal is only mentioned in the story when the name of a
prominent hill or feature bears the name of “ Bal.” The
rounded and treeless appearance of the Sugar Loaf suggests
that the name arises therefrom. The Roman roads particularly,
and other roads leading to important places give the foundation
for the story. In a hill country with many bogs it was impor-
tant to know the roads and the big landmarks. The telling
of stories was one way of teaching them.

The story of Cabal’s footprint preserved in stone is a good
illustration of the tendency to connect stones with particular
places and to read a meaning into place-names. Thus Nennius
writes: “‘ There is a wonder in the district which is called
Buelt. Here is a heap of stones and one stone superposed
upon the heap in which is the footprint of a dog. Cabal, which
was the dog of Arthur the warrior, made it when hunting the
Boar Troit, and afterwards Arthur made the heap of stone and
placed the rock with the footprint on top and called it Carn

Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian Stories 41

Cabal. And men came and took away the stone for a day
and a night, and on the following day they found it on the heap
again.’’ But Giraldus Cambrensis, who was Archdeacon of
Brecon and a South Walian by birth, should be more accurate,
and he writes: “It is a remarkable circumstance or rather a
miracle concerning Llanthoni that although it is on every side
surrounded by lofty mountains not stony or rocky, but of a
soft nature and covered with grass, Parian stones are frequently
found there and are called freestones from the facility with
which they admit of being cut and polished and with these
the church is beautifully built. It is also wonderful that
when after a diligent search all the stones have been
removed from the mountains and no more can be found,
upon another search, a few days afterwards, they reappear
in greater quantities to those who seek them.”

Now Bal mawr and Bal bach and Pen-y-fal are the names of
the hills referred to by Giraldus, and a misreading by a
stranger to the district, at about the time when Llewellyn the
king was killed at Builth, which made Bal into Buallt is under-
standable. Again, during last century, Lady Charlotte Guest,
anxious to test the Nennian story, persuaded a friend to visit
the hill near Builth named Carn Gavallt and of course on the
top of the carn was a stone with a hollow left by a pebble which
had dropped out. But Gavallt as a word has no connection
with Cabal, and worse still, Builth is obviously right away from
the road system which is being described in the Hunt of the
Twrch. At any rate, though it is 600 years since Giraldus
wrote, I have heard myself from the people of the district
near Llanthony and Abergavenny stories how they can carry
away tile-stones (fissile bands of Old Red Sandstone) and
come again almost at once for a further supply as if the first
had been replaced. Over this very hill ran the Roman
road from Brecon to Kentchester.

LLYN LLIWAN.

Now there is one thing which continues to be regarded as
a marvel throughout all Welsh literature—the flood of Llyn
Lliwan. At times one is reminded of the brook Kishon and

42 Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian Stories

the wonders which the Israelites ascribe to it : at others it reads
somewhat like the flood of Noah. Hear how Nennius describes
it. “‘ And there is a beach near the river and when the tide is
in the Severn this beach is not covered: and when the sea
and the Severn recede then the pool Lliwan disgorges all it has
swallowed from the sea and that beach is covered therewith.
and it discharges and pours it out in one wave like to a mountain.
And if there should be the whole army of the country there
and they should turn their faces towards the wave it would
draw the army to it by force, their clothes being full of moisture
and their horses would be drawn in like manner. But should
the army turn their backs towards the wave it will not injure
them.” Clearly the features of Llyn Lliwan gave a fine
opening for exaggeration to the tale tellers. When hunting the
Twrch here Kacmwri “ was dragged down by two millstones
into the deep” and Osla Kyllelvawr was sucked under simply
because his empty sword sheath became full of water.

If there is anyone who would like to try the truthfulness of
the facts, setting aside the exaggeration, I can assign him the
place, and will guarantee that he will be under no delusions.
In one of the early numbers of the Transactions there is an
account of the making of the Severn Tunnel. The engineer
tells how the face of the Dun Sands is cut away at a fearful
rate to a great depth by the tidal current and how his men could
not land because of the undercutting. The map (I.) gives
the place. The important fact is that the rock barrier, the
English Stones, are covered about half-tide. The tidal inflow
sets towards the mouth of the Wye, and much sand and gravel
are thrown up, so that sometimes the Dun Sands join up to
the English Stones.

The Dun Sands are covered only at very high tides during
the flow. But with the ebb it is quite different. The current
sets towards the English shore and across the Dun Sands and
the English Stones until about half-tide, when the rocks are
approaching the surface. Then the current changes its
direction and with a tremendous rush seeks the restricted
channel of the Shoots, during which time the face of the bank
is being steadily undercut. Anyone standing with his face
towards the water is apt to slide in through this undercutting :

Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian Stories 43

if standing reversed he might escape by falling on his face.’
As for the name Lliwan, it seems to have been a mis-spelling
for Hewan or Owen, one of the early Christian Kings of Gwent.

ANCIENT STYLE OF STORY TELLING IN WALES.

So far I have been trying to show that the early Arthurian
stories as preserved to us have a close connection with South
Wales. Let me now show by examples how prone were the
Welsh story-tellers to borrow local names and adapt stories to
suit their own motives of local patriotism. The Mabinogion
stories bear out what Giraldus Cambrensis tells us of the
Welsh of his day. “ Beyond all other rhetorical ornaments
they preferred the use of alliteration and that kind more
especially which repeats the first letters or syllables of words.
They make so much use of it in every finished discourse that
they thought nothing elegantly spoken without it. In private
company or in seasons of public festivity they were very
facetious in their conversation with a view of entertaining the
company and displaying their own wit. And persons of lively
parts sometimes in wild and sometimes in sarcastic terms under
the cover of a double meaning by a peculiar turn of voice or by
the transposition of words were continually uttering humourous
or satirical expressions.’’ I wish I could tell you the stories
making the points which they did for their hearers. All I can
do is to illustrate their method by two well-known stories, and
show how they manipulated them according to the place of
telling. More than one has come down to us with South
Wales colouring.

WELSH VERSION OF THE STORY OF THE ANCIENT ANIMALS.

My first story is that of the Ancient Animals. The main
structure is common to the world—the creatures say much the
same thing in the stories of Japan and India, of the Hausas
in Africa and in the old Scandinavian world. The animals differ
according to the geographic situation—the monkey comes in
if it be a tale of the tropics, the whale if it belongs to northern
climes. The animals used in these islands are those with tra-
ditions of long life or the power of revival after death. The

44 Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian Stories

story always makes the creatures speak, and the whole point
is to find some fanciful way of illustrating how long the creature
has lived. Now we have Irish, Scotch and Welsh versions,
probably all modelled on the Irish. They are peculiar in that
they add the habitat of the creature to its name, e.g., the otter
of the burn, the duck of the oozy pool. For the Mabinogion
story, if my theory is accepted, you must imagine the audience
made up of people who spent their time hunting and were
familiar with many spots in the chase of Monmouth Castle or
some other castle of Wentwood. The hunter who knows the
language of animals asked the ousel of Cilgwri for information
about the man lost a long time ago, whom they seek. The
ousel, or rather Kingfisher, “has sharpened his beak nightly on
a smith’s anvil and has worn it away, so long has he lived.’ He
sends the enquirer to the Stag of Rhedynfre who has seen an oak
sapling grow into a magnificent tree and this pass into decay
through age. The Stag sends him to the Owl of Cwm Cawlyd
who has seen three forests grow in succession on the same
ground while his wings have withered into mere stumps, but he
had never heard of Modron. So the hunter goes to the Eagle of
Gwern abwy ‘‘who used to perch on a rock so high that he could
peck the stars, but so long has he lived that the rock is now
nothing more than a big boulder:” yet he knew nothing. But
the Eagle remembers that the Salmon of Llyn Lliwan is older
than himself, for when he was young the Salmon was well grown
and drew him down into the deep when he pounced upon him.
And when they settled their differences the eagle pulled 50 fish
spears out of the salmon’s broad back. So big was this fish
that he could carry two men on his back and sure enough he
did know the man sought for; he was imprisoned in Gloucester
Castle, to which the Salmon swam daily with the tide.

Now the Kingfisher was the bird of wonder in the twelfth
century. Giraldus tells some strange stories about it—how it
never decayed on death, and if hung up dead could sprout
feathers annually. The Kingfisher is of Cilgwri, or “ lonely
thicket,’ descriptive certainly of its favourite haunt. The play
is on the word, for Kilgwrrwg is a large village in the middle
of Wentwood. The Stag is of Rhedynfre or Fernbrake. The
famous Buckstone is by the Reddings to-day. The Owl is of

Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian Stories 45

Cwm Cawlyd, the retreat of mixed food or hodge podge; Who
does not recognise in this the character of the disgorged pellets
of undigested food? I suggest tentatively that this is Cwm
Clawdd, spelled Clawith by Speed, a well-known spot near
Monmouth, where Offa’s Dyke is very clear. The eagle is of
Gwern abwy or “ Carrion Swamp,” and by the description close
to the river at Chepstow. It is a play on the name of the
river. For Gwernabwy we must read Gwern ab gwy, “ Swamp
by the Wye.”

THE Sow HENWEN.

My second story is that of the Beneficent Pig. It was one
to be told in any Castle of South Wales, but less frequently in
the north, and there were variants provided in the Triads, I
fancy for use in a Welshman’s home to be omitted when told
in a Norman castle. The sow, Hen-wen, or Old White, of
Dallwyr Dallpenn, went burrowing so far as Aust (or as a variant
Pen wedic) and crossed the Severn into Gwent and at Maes
Gwenith left a bee and a grain of wheat ‘“‘ from which time
onwards Gwent has been famous for wheat and honey.”
Thence she went to the region of Pembroke to a place called
Lanion or Llonniau Llonwen, and left a little pig and a grain
of barley, “from which time Dyfed has been famous for
barley and pigs.’ In Eivionydd she left a grain of rye only.
At Rhiw Gyferthwch, near the Snowdon Mountains, the sow gave
birth to an eagle-chick and a wolf-cub, which she presented to
chieftains of the district. On the Straits of Menai, at Maen
Du she brought forth a kitten which her keeper threw into the
water, but the men of Anglesey rescued it to their subsequent
regret, for this creature, the Cath Palug or ermine weasel, grew
up to be one of their big persecutors, and, if no Norman was
about, the story-teller could add “ the others were Daronwy
and Edwin, King of England.”

You will note that the good things are all for South Wales
and the opposite kind are given to the North. No one but a
South Walian could have divided the honours so. Again,
we have a mixture of fact and fancy: Dallwyr Dallpenn is
descriptive. One of the favourite landing places of old before
the days of the mariner’s compass was Axmouth and the coast

46 Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian Stories

thereabout. Here came hordes of Anglo-Saxons with all their
worldly possessions, including varieties of pigs which the
Celtic folk coveted. The Axe runs near its mouth in a glen or
dale, so we get the Dale weir or landing place, while a few miles
up it is apparently blocked by a hill or Penn around which the
Roman road used to wind and behind it still lies the village of
Dallwood. The Roman road is the “‘ Foss Way ”’ and in old
Saxon Charters is termed the “ Sow’s Way.”’ Aust and Pen
Redwick are two landing places still on the Severn facing
Chepstow. The Welsh words for bee and wheat are much alike,
and the play of words is clear—gwenith, gwenyn and Gwent.
Maes Gwenith is afarm still. The Golden Valley takes its name
from the rich wheat lands, and anyone who wanders near
Abergavenny knows how abundant are the wild bees’ nests.
In a book written about 80 years ago Lleiniau Llonnyen in
Cardigan is mentioned as producing the earliest barley in West
Wales, and this is the place given by the twelfth century story
teller. The very name indicates strips cultivated by the fisher
folk still, and tradition has it that barley has been grown
year after year on the strips for centuries. Similarly the
other places are recognisable. Rhiw gyverthwch, the slope of
the pantings, is obviously the hill behind Tremadoc, one of
of the outposts of the Welsh princes of Snowdonia, from which
they kept an eye on the sea. On this hill is the ancient stone
of Gesail gyfarch. We recall that Snowdon is Mynydd Eryri—the
Eagle Mountain, while wolves lived on longer in that region than
anywhere else in South Britain. But what of the Cath Palug ?
The word is given differently in some versions, but Cath Pali—
the ermine weasel, noted for its bloodthirstiness, though called
beautiful by the old Norse folk, is clearly meant. Palig or
Palling was one of the better known Danish leaders who
ravaged the western coast and the name has been preserved in
Carnarvonshire as a term of reproach for people of non-Welsh
extraction. The weasel used to abound near the sand dunes
of the Straits with their swarms of rabbits. One variant is of
peculiar interest, “ That was the Cath Balwg: it proved a
molestation to the Isle of Mona subsequently.” In the Brut y
Tywysogion, under A.D. 959 is recorded: “ And the sons of
Abloec (Anlaf) devastated Caer Gybi and Lleyn.’”’ Balwg and

Geographical Background to Welsh Arthurian Stories 47

Bloec are near enough to show the persons referred to. If the
Normans were not present, the story teller added the words
about the three molestations of Anglesey. The second
persecutor was Edwin, King of Northumbria, who though
brought up at the Court of Gwynedd made war upon it and
laid Mona waste; the third was Daronwy, whom Mr.
Gwenogyryn Evans has now fixed as Hugh the Fat, the terrible
first earl of Chester, from a Taliesin poem describing his using
a church as a stable.,

Here ends my story. I claim then that Arthur, if he is to
be identified by his battles, is not the Post Roman Celtic
chief, but Alfred, King of the West Saxons. Again I hold that
the people so often referred to in Welsh stories as cruel and
bloodthirsty and constantly attacking Wales are the Danes.
And that in the form they have come down to us, many stories
were intended for use in the homes of South Wales.

48

THE DIPTERA OF GLAMORGAN.

By CoLtoner J. W:. YERBURY;- RA, F-28548

(Editorial Note.) Our knowledge of the flies in the County
is due, almost entirely, to Colonel Yerbury, and the list printed
below is given in his own words. In sending his MS. he writes
that when he was collecting in Glamorgan he had no intention
of making a list, and the flies, other than those groups he was
specially interested in, were distributed to many correspondents
and no record kept of the species. It is obvious, therefore,
that the compilation of this list must have been a work of
considerable labour, the records having to be taken from the
data labels on the specimens in his collection.

Colonel Yerbury remarks that “In some families the list
is fairly complete and probably representative of the fauna of
the County, but in others, e.g., the Syrphide, Anthomyide,
Tachinidae, etc., it is lamentably weak, these families having
been almost entirely neglected ; it is worthy of note, however,
that the weakest point of the list is the absence of all record
of the commoner species, and probably a single season’s collect-
ing would add 150 of these common insects.”

Mr. H. W. Andrews, F.E.S., collected at Porthcawl from
27th June to 4th July, 1913, and kindly supplied a list of
additions to Colonel Yerbury’s list, amounting to some 30
species, mostly in the Anthomyide, and about a similar number
have been collected by others. These additional records have
been incorporated, at Colonel’s Yerbury’s suggestion, in his
list and bear the name of the recorder; all the remainder
without the name of the recorder are to be understood as those
of Colonel Yerbury.

MYCETOPHILIDZ.
Mycetobia pallipes, Mg. Margam, 24th August, 1908.
Plesiastina annulata, Mg. Porthcawl, 16th July, 1906.

Macrocera lutea, Mg. Fairwood Common (Mumbles), 29th August, 1908.

Macrocera centralis, Mg. Porthcawl, 20th June, 1906.
Macrocera stigma, Curt, Porthcawl, 25th May and oth June, 1906.

—_

The Diptera of Glamorgan 49

Platyura semirufa, Mg. Port Talbot, 26th July, 1908.

Platyura nigricauda, Strobl. Porthcawl, 17th July, 1906,

Boletina trivittata, Mg. Porthcawl, 16th May, 1906.

Boletina basalis, Mg. Caswell Bay (Verrall ‘“‘ Another Hundred New
British Species’? E. M. M., January, 1912, p. 20),

Boletina inermis, Lundstr. Porthcawl (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1913, p. 363).

Boletina plana, Wik. Caswell Bay, 12th September, 1905, in B.M.

Glaphyroptera subfasciata, Mg. Porthcawl, 2nd June, 1906.

Brachycampta silvatica, Landr. Porthcawl, roth July, 1906.

Sceptonia nigra, Mg. Fairwood Common (Mumbles), 6th September,
1908,
Mycetophila punctata, Mg. Porthcawl, 4th June and roth July, 1906.

Mycetophila curviseta, Ldstr. Southerndown, 9th August, 1908, Bridgend,
7th August, 1908. These species stand in the B.M. Collection
under this name, but they were labelled by the late Mr. Verrall
as Mycetophila blanda, Winn.

Rhymosia connexa, Winn. Bridgend (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1913, p. 367.)

BIBIONIDZ.
Scatopse flavicollis, Mg. Fairwood Common, 1st September, 1908.

Aspistes berolinensis, Mg. Porthcawl, 30th June and tst and 3rd July,
1906. This insect occurred in abundance on the sand hills round
Porthcawl, though Mr. Verrall (who had never seen it alive) was
unfortunate in his attempts to capture a specimen,

Dilophus febrilis, L. Cardiff Docks (Brook) in B.M. A common insect
everywhere. A neglected family.

Bibio marci, L. Abundant at Cwrt-yr-ala; Tafi’s Well, &c. (Hallett).

SIMULIDZ.
Simulium ornatum, Mg. Porthcawl, 27th June, 1906.

Simulium latipes, Mg. (Labelled by Roubard in the B.M. Collection
as aureum, Fries), Porthcawl, 17th, 18th, 20th, and 24th June,
1906, In the neighbourhood of Porthcawl the Simulidee do not
appear to be among the bloodthirsty biters.

CHIRONOMIDZE.
Chironomus tentans, F. Porthcawl, 22nd May, 1906.
Chironomus pictulus, Mg. Porthcawl, 24th May, 1906,

Gen. inc. and sp. ine. Porthcawl, 13th July, 1906, hovering in a flock
Over seaweed near low-water mark.

Gen. inc. and sp, ine. A pair “in coitu.”

50 The Diptera of Glamorgan

Gen. inc. and sp, ine. Porthcawl, 7th June, 1906. Common among the
sandhills, hovering round one’s head.

Tanypus culiciformis, L. Porthcawl, 20th May, 1906.

Ceratopogon egeus, Winn. Porthcawl, 11th June, 1906, swept in the
salt marsh,

Ceratopogon ochraceus, Winn. Porthcawl, 22nd June, 1906, many
specimens.

Ceratopogon fulvus, Macq. Porthcawl, 29th June, 1906. A singleton ;
apud Verrall, l.c. January, 1912, p. 23, this is the 2 of Ceratopogon
spinipes, Panz.

Ceratopogon sp. inc. Porthcawl, 18th May, 1906.

Ceratopogon sp. inc. Porthcawl, 25th May, 1906.

Ceratopogon femoratus, Mg. Crwmlyn Bog, 6th June, 1906, Porthcawl,
20th, 22nd, 24th, and 29th May, 1906, very common.

Ceratopogon nubeculosus, Mg. Worms Head, 13th September, 1905
(Verrall). Although there is no record of this species being taken
‘“red-handed’’ in Glamorgan, still it is known to be a biting
pest. At the Gull Pond on Rimpstone Heath near Studland,
these blood-thirsty midges are such a plague as to be almost
unbearable, both from their numbers and their venomous bites.

Ceratopogon fascipennis, Staeg. Porthcawl, 12th and 27th June, 1906,
and 12th July, 1906. Some of these specimens are labelled
‘‘ A troublesome biter, caught on my knickerbocker stocking.”

Ceratopogon obsoletus, Mg. Crwmlyn Bog, 14th June, 1906, labelled
“Caught red-handed.’”’ Kert. Kat. Pal. Dipt., Vol. I, p. 86,
sinks this name as a synonym of Ceratopogon arcuatus, Winn., an
action which does not seem justified.

Ceratopogon varius, Winn. Bridgend, 30th May, 1906. Several labelled
‘‘ Very troublesome in damp wood at Merthyr Mawr’’; Porth-
cawl, 12th June, 1906, and 12th July, 1906, some labelled
“Troublesome, caught on my stocking.”

Ceratopogon pulicaris, L. Porthcawl, 27th June, 1906, many labelled
““Troublesome, caught on my stocking.’’ Penarth, May, 1916
(Hallett).

It is noteworthy that all the venomous blood-thirsty midges
caught red-handed belong to the Sub-genus Culicoides of Cera-
topogon. Ceratopogon were specially collected in 1906, as
Mr. Austin was at that time engaged in arranging the British
material at the Natural History Museum.

CULICIDZ.

Corethra sp. inc. Porthcawl, 1oth June, 1906; apparently the only
Culicid brought away; possibly Glamorgan is so well provided
with biting flies such as Ceratopogon, and the various species of
Tabanide, that it has no use for gnats and mosquitos,

The Diptera of Glamorgan 51

LIMNOBIDZ.
Empeda flava, Schum. Porthcawl, 31st May, 1906.

Molophilus obscurus, Mg. Porthcawl, tst July, 1903.

TIPULIDZ.
Pachyrrhina quadrifaria, Mg. Porthcawl, 3rd June, 1903.

Pachyrrhina histrio, F. Porthcawl, 11th and 19th May, 1903, common
on the Newton Burrows. This daddy was the usual prey of
Lasiopogon cinctus, vide Poulton, ‘‘ Predaceous Insects,’’ Trans.
Ent. Soc., 23rd January, 1907, p. 338. The daddies were another
neglected family.

RHYPHIDZ.
Rhyphus fenestralis, Scop. Very abundant on windows at Cardiff (C. T.
Vachell).
STRATIOMYIDZ.
Pachygaster atra, Panz. Bridgend, 6th August, 1908. Glamorgan
(Verrall).

Pachygaster leachii, Curt. Porthcawl, 21st June, 1906 (Verrall).

Oxycera formosa, Mg. Porthcawl, 18th June, 1903, and from 23rd
June to 7th July, 1906, in numbers,

Oxycera tenuicornis, Macq. Porthcawl, 30th June and 1st July, 1903,
in fair numbers during July, 1906, in the ravine of the Newton
Burrows running down to the Rifle Butts, vide Verrall ‘‘ British
Bes!) Vol, 11, p:; 100.

Oxycera pulchella, Mg. Bridgend, 8th August, 1908, Porthcawl, 12th
July, 1906.

Oxycera trilineata, F. Glamorgan (Verrall), Porthcawl, July, 1916
(Hallett),

Nemotelus pantherinus, L. Porthcawl, 27th June, 1906,
Nemotelus notatus, Zett. Porthcawl.

Nemotelus nigrinus, Fin. Porthcawl, 27th June, 1903.
Odontomyia viridula, F. Glamorgan (Verrall).

Sargus flavipes, Mg. Eastwood Common (Mumbles), 29th August and
st September, 1908, very common. See Verrall ‘‘ British Flies,’”’
Vol. IL, p. 769. Addenda and corrigenda. On label ‘“‘ Eyes
bronze green, upper corner above the shining frontal spot indigo
blue with a lighter blue or green margin.”’

Sargus nitidus, Ver. (nec. Mg.) Margam, 24th August, 1908.
Sargus cuprarius, L. Glamorgan (Verrall).

Sargus iridatus, Scop. Porthcawl, 4th June, 1903.
Chloromyia formosa, Scop. Kenfig Hill, 5th June, 1903.

52 The Diptera of Glamorgan

Microchrysa polita, L. Margam, 24th August, 1908.
Microchrysa flavicornis, Mg. Glamorgan (Verrall).
Microchrysa cyaneiventris, Zett. Porthcawl.

Beris vallata, Forst. Porthcawl (also in same locality, July, 1916,
Hallett).

Beris clavipes, L. Porthcawl.
Beris geniculata, Curt. Porthcawl.
Beris fuscipes, Mg. Porthcawl, 12th July, 1906.

Beris chalybeatus, Forst. Porthcawl, 24th May and 18th July, 1903,
Kenfig Hill, 5th June, 1903.

Beris morrisii, Dale. Porthcawl, 24th June to 4th July, 1913 (H. W.

Andrews. )

Chorisops tibialis, Mg. Glamorgan (Verrall).

LEPTIDZ.

Leptis scolopacea, L. Port Talbot, 4th August, 1908, but common and
generally distributed.

Leptis tringaria, L. Porthcawl, 1906.

Leptis nigriventris, Lw. Porthcawl, June, July, and August, 1903 and
1906. See Verrall’s remarks regarding these two forms, “‘ British
Flies,’’ Vol. II., p. 278.

Leptis lineola, F. Glamorgan (Verrall). Common, Porthcawl, 18th June,
1903, and 6th and roth July, 1903.

Chrysopilus cristatus, F. Porthcawl, 18th June, 1903, common,

Chrysopilus aureus, Mg. Porthcawl, 29th June and 17th July, 1906,
occurred plentifully at Pyle near the Railway Station on more
than one occasion.

Ptiolina obscura, Fln. Porthcawl, 20th June, 1903, common.

Ptiolina atra, Staeg. Kenfig Pool, 18th May, 1906, vide Verrall, ‘‘ British
plies siVole tie. p. 310:

Spania nigra, Mg. Porthcawl, 23rd June, 1903.

TABANIDZ.

Heematopota crassicornis, Wahlb. Porthcawl, 5th and 30th June, 1906,
and 7th July, 1906.

Heematopota pluvialis, L. Porthcawl, 7th July, 1906, and 17th June,
1906; Crwmlyn Bog, 24th July, 1908; Bridgend, 22nd August,
1908.

Therioplectes tropicus, Mg. Crwmlyn Bog, 24th and 31st July, 1908,
see Verrall ‘‘ British Flies,’ Vol, II., p. 771, Corrigenda and
addenda.

————————— Oe

ee

The Diptera of Glamorgan 53

Therioplectes montanus, Mg. Crwmlyn Bog, 24th July, 1908. ‘‘ Eyes
olive green with three dark orange bands, the upper band at level
of bottom of upper callus, the middle band at lower edge of lower
callus, and the lowest band just above the level of the antennz.”’

Therioplectes distinguendus, Verr. Crwmlyn Bog, 24th July, 1908.
Porthcawl.

Atylotus fulvus, Mg. Crwmlyn Bog, 24th July, 1908.
Tabanus bovinus, L. Cwrt-yr-ala (C. W. Williams).
Tabanus cordiger, Wied. Porthcawl, 30th June, 1906,

Tabanus vittatus, F. Recorded by Capt. Blomer from Bridgend, but
probably in error, see E.M.M.

Chrysops caecutiens, L. Porthcawl, 17th and 18th June, 1903, and July,
1906. Crwmlyn Bog, 24th July, 1908.

Chrysops quadrata, Mg. Crwmlyn Bog, 24th July, 1908. Porthcawl,
30th June, 1906.

Chrysops relicta, Mg. Kenfig Pool, 12th and 17th August, 1908, labelled
as follows :—‘‘ Eyes bright green with five spots,’’ 12th August,
1908, Porthcawl, 25th June, 1903; (also July, 1916, Hallett).

CYRTIDZA.
Oncodes pallipes, Latr. Pyle, 17th July, 1906.

BOMBYLIDZ.
Phthiria pulicaria, Mik. Porthcawl, common, 2Ist July, 25th June, 1903.
Bombylius discolor, Mik. Porthcawl.
Bombylius major, L. Porthcawl.
Lomatia lateralis, Mg. Swansea (B.M.), see Verrall, l.c., p. 761 (Reputed
British Diptera).

Anthrax-paniscus, Rossi. Porthcawl, 20th July, 1906; abundant
Merthyr Mawr, rg9th July, 1906, and 29th July, 1908, abundant
but worn during July and August, 1908; Southerndown, 18th
August, 1908.

THEREVIDZ.

Thereva fulva, Mg. Porthcawl, roth June, 1903, June and July, 1906,
1st July, 1906, not uncommon.

Thereva noblitata, F. Porthcawl, 12th and 28th June, 1903, very
common, June and July, 1903, and 1906,—these two species fre-
quent nettles on the sandhills; Margam, roth August, 1908, and
27th July, 1908; Port Talbot, 26th July, 1908.

Thereva bipunctata, Mg. Porthcawl, 17th June, 1903, very common
June and July, 1903, and 1906, often swept off the Marram Grass.

54 The Diptera of Glamorgan

Thereva annulata, F. Porthcawl, 11th June, 1903, June and July, 1903
and 1906, Bridgend, 11th August, 1908, very common.

Dialineura analis, L. Porthcawl, from 23rd May to Ist July, 1903, not
uncommon,

ASILIDZ.
Asiline.
Asilus crabroniformis, L. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1912 and 1913 (Hallett).

Philonicus albiceps, Mg. Porthcawl, 20th June, 1903, June and July,
1903 and 1906, very common on all the sandhills.

Pamponerus germanicus, L. Newton Burrows, 3rd June, 1903, and 13th
June, 1906, rare; Llangennith (Harwood).

Dysmachus trigonus, Mg. Porthcawl, 1st June, 1908.
Machimus atricapillus, Fin. The Mumbles, 1st to 6th September, 1908.

Dasypogoninee.

Selidopogon diadema, F. Swansea (Stephens). The occurrence of this
species still awaits confirmation.

Lasiopogon cinctus, F. Newton Burrows, 11th May, 1903, and t1gth
May, I903, common. For prey see Poulton, “ Predaceous In-
sects,’ Trans. Ent. Soc. 23rd January, 1907, p. 338.

Dioctria oelandica, L. Kenfig Hill, 2nd June, 1903.
Dioctria rufipes, De G. One at Horton, July, 1914 (Hallett).

Leptogastrinee.
Leptogaster cylindrica, De G. Porthcawl.

Hybos culiciformis, F. Porthcawl, 20th to 27th June and 3rd to 19th
July, 1906.

Hybos femoratus, Mull. Porthcawl, 25th and 29th June, 1906.

Cyrtoma sulcata, Zett. Porthcawl, 25th and 26th May and 8th June,
1906.

Rhamphomyia nigripes, F. Porthcawl, 8th June, 1906.

Rhamphomyia flava, Flin. Porthcawl, 1st and 11th June and 2oth July,
1906. Kenfig Hill, 5th June, 1903.

Rhamphomyia variabilis, Fln. Pyle, 14th August, 1908, Bridgend, 21st
August, 1908, Margam, 27th August, 1908.

Rhamphomyia culicina, Flin. Porthcawl, 27th July, 1906, see Verrall,
E.M.M.

Rhamphomyia hybrida, Zett. Porthcawl (Collin, E.M.M., May, 19713,
p. 106).

Empis tessellata, F. Abundant at Sully on Austrian Pines, April, 1916
(Hallett).

The Diptera of Glamorgan 55

Empis livida, L. Porthcawl, 12th to 20th June, 1906.
Empis trigramma, Mg. Porthcawl, 25th May, 1906.
Empis stercorea, L. Porthcawl, 31st May and 12th June, 1906,

Empis ignota, Mg. (? punctata, Mg. Verrall’s List). Porthcawl, 30th
May, 9th to 21st June, and 6th to 18th July, 1906.
I am doubtful about the identity of Empis ignota and Empis
punctata, and prefer keeping the two species separate.

Empis concolor, Verr. Porthcawl, 25th May, 12th and 24th June, and
5th to 16th July, 1906.

Empis lutea, Mg Porthcawl, 5th July, 1906.

Empis nigritarsis, Mg. Porthcawl, 14th May, 1903.

Empis pennaria, Fin. Porthcawl, 19th May and 2nd to 12th June, 1906,
Crwmlyn Bog, 6th June, 1906,

Empis albipennis, Mg. Porthcawl, 20th to 29th May, and 7th July, 1906,

Empis caudatula, Lw. Porthcawl 2 and ¢ “‘in coitu’”’ 7th June, 1906,
and both sexes 18th to 27th June, 1906.

Empis aestiva, Lw. Porthcawl, 25th and 29th June, 4th to 18th July,
and a pair ‘“‘in coitu’”’ 17th July, 1906.

Empis sp. inc. Porthcawl, 31st May and 5th June, 1906, still unnamed
in the B.M. Collection.

Pachymeria femorata, F. Porthcawl, 4th June, 1903.

Ragas unica, Wlk. Porthcawl, 15th and 30th June, 1906.

Hilara maura, F. Porthcawl, many dates between 18th May and 24th
June, 1906, Crwmlyn Bog, 6th June, 1906, very common,

Hilara pinetorum, Zett. Bridgend, 6th August, 1908.
Hilara carinthiaca, Strobl. Porthcawl.

Hilara cingulata, Dahlb. Porthcawl, 16th and 26th June, 1906. As
regards these last two species, see Verrall E.M.M., 1912, p. 25.

Hilara quadrivittata, Mg. Porthcawl, 2nd and oth June and 4th July,
1906.

Hilara cornicula, Lw. Porthcawl, 2nd to 26th June, 1906, and 4th July,
1907.

Hilara canescens, Zett. Bridgend, 11th, 29th, and 31st July, and 6th
and 11th August, 1906.

Hilara litorea, Fln. Bridgend, 29th July, 1906, Porthcawl, 16th June
to 17th July, 1906.

Hilara chorica, Fin. Porthcawl, 14th June to 17th July, 1906.

Hilara flavipes, Mg. Porthcawl, 26th June, to 12th July, 1906. Ewenny,
13th August, 1908, and Crwmlyn Bog, 30th July, 1908. Bridgend,
29th July and 6th August, 1908.

56 The Diptera of Glamorgan

Hilara bivittata, Strobl. Porthcawl, 2nd, 8th, and 22nd June; and
tst July, 1906.

Hilara flavibarba, Verrall M.S. Porthcawl, 23rd and 29th June and
2nd and 17th July, 1906. I believe that the above name has been
sunk as a synonym, but as I am unable to trace in what species I
am forced to avail myself of the name given to me by Mr. Verrall.

Hilara fulvibarba, Strobl. Porthcawl (Collin 1. c.).
Hilara sp. inc. Porthcawl, 5th June, 1906, This specimen still

awaits identification.
Trichina flavipes, Mg. Porthcawl, 21st May to 14th July, 1906.
Trichina elongata, Hal. Porthcawl, 1st June, 1906.
Michrophorus velutinus, Macq. Porthcawl, 2nd June, 1906.
Oedalea holmgreni, Zett. Porthcawl, 29th June and 4th, 5th, and goth
July, 1906,

Leptopeza sphenoptera, Lw. Porthcawl; although unmentioned in
Verrall’s list, this species was common in a small wood close to the
railway at Porthcawl.

Ocydromia glabricula, FIn. Porthcawl, common from 21st May to 19th
July, 1906. Poulton records this species ‘‘ Predaceous Insects,”
Trans, Ent. Soc., 17th July, 1906, p. 385, as preying on a Myceto-
philid (Sciara).

Clinocera stagnalis, Hal. Porthcawl, 12th, 18th, and 21st May and 4th
June, 1906.

Ardoptera irrorata, Fin. Porthcawl, 14th May to 29th June, 1903, and
12th and 25th June, 1906.

Lepidomyia melanocephala, F. Porthcawl, 29th June, 1906,
Thamnodromia vocatoria, Fln. Porthcawl, 5th to 20th July, 1906.

Tachypeza nubila, Mg. Porthcawl, 31st May and 1st and 16th June,
1906, many specimens.

Tachista arrogans, L. Porthcawl, 15th June to 2nd July, 1906, many
specimens,

Tachydromia lutea, Fin. Porthcawl, 15th June, 1906.
Tachydromia nigritarsis, Flin. Porthcawl, 21st and 30th May, 1906,
Tachydromia dissimilis, FIn. Porthcawl, 20th June, 1906.

Tachydromia pubicornis, Zett. Porthcawl, 28th and 30th May, and sth,
8th, and 16th June, 1906, and a pair “‘in coitu’’ 21st May, 1906,

Tachydromia pallipes, Flin. Porthcawl, from 30th May to 20th July,
1906, Many specimens.

Tachydromia minuta, Mg. Porthcawl, many specimens, 5th June to 15th
July, 1906. It is recorded by Poulton, ‘‘ Predaceous Insects,”
Trans, Ent. Soc., 1907, p. 385, as having been taken at Porthcawl

The Diptera of Glamorgan 57

on the 22nd June, 1906, with a Cynipid as prey. A dark legged
variety was taken at Porthcawl on many days between 28th May
and 5th June, 1906, and is an example of the many dark forms of
various insects obtained at Porthcawl; see Verrall, ‘‘ British
Flies,” Vol. II., p. 428, on these forms ; a specimen of this variety
was taken at Crwmlyn Bog on 6th June, 1906.

Tachydromia exigua, Mg. Porthcawl, 6th July, 1906.

Tachydromia thoracica, Lund. Porthcawl, 26th May, 1903, and 16th
June, 1906 (E. M. M., June, 1913, p. 130).

Tachydromia articulata, Mcq. Porthcawl, June, 1906. A series—see
Edwards, E. M. M., 1914, p. 59.

Tachydromia pallidiventris, Mg. Penarth, May, 1916, one specimen
(Hallett).

DOLICHOPODIDZ.

Psilopus platypterus, F. Porthcawl, 25th June, 1906.

Psilopus wiedemanni, Fln. Porthcawl, 21st, 23rd, and 30th June, 1906,
and 2nd July, 1903.

Psilopus longulus, Flin. Porthcawl, 6th and 12th July, 1906,

Psilopus laetus, Mg. Margam, 24th August, 1907, and 14th August,
1908. :

Neurigona pallida, Flin. Merthyr Mawr, 1st September, and 11th June,
1906, a few on Dog Mercury.

Eutarsus aulicus, Mg. Porthcawl, 12th July, 1906,

Dolichopus atratus, Mg. Crwmlyn Bog, 14th June, 1906.

Dolichopus lepidus, Staeg. Porthcawl, 23rd June, 1906,

Dolichopus clavipes, Hal. Porthcawl, 20th and 23rd June, 1903, and
6th and 26th July, 1906.

Dolichopus nubilus, Mg. Porthcawl, 11th and 26th June, 1906,
Dolichopus claviger, Stan. Porthcawl, 11th June and 14th and roth
July, 1906,

Dolichopus plumipes, Scop. Porthcawl, 19th June, 1903, and rith, 12th,
and 17th June, 1906.

Dolichopus pennatus, Mg. Kenfig Hill, 5th June, 1903, and Porthcawl,
14th July, 1903.

Dolichopus popularis, Wied. Porthcawl, 9th July, 1906.

Dolichopus signatus, Mg. Porthcawl, 27th June, 1906.

Dolichopus cilifemoratus, Macq. Porthcawl, 9th July, 1906. The speci-
men taken on this date was recorded as British for the first time
by Mr. Verrall, vide E. M. M., February, 1912, p. 27.

Dolichopus trivialis, Hal. Porthcawl, 9th, r2th, and 27th June, 1906,

58 The Diptera of Glamorgan

Dolichopus arbustorum, Stan. One at Cwrt-yr-ala, June, 1914 (Hallett).
Dolichopus festivus, Hal. Porthcawl, 9th July, 1906.

Dolichopus griseipennis, Stan. Porthcawl, 29th June, 1903, and oth
September, 1912, and 17th July, 1906.

Dolichopus puncticornis, Zett. Porthcawl, 25th June and 1st July, 1903,
and 1st July, 1906.

Dolichopus acuticornis, Wied. Porthcawl, 2nd June and 1st July, 1903,
and Ist July, 1906.

Dolichopus longicornis, Stan. Porthcawl, 26th June and15th July, 1906.
Dolichopus latilimbatus, Macq. Porthcawl, 11th June, 1906.
Dolichopus sabinus, Hal. Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).

Dolichopus simplex, Mg. Porthcawl, 23rd June, 1903, and 1oth June
and 3rd and 18th July, 1906.

Dolichopus ungulatus, L. (aereus, De G. of Verrall’s List). Porthcawl,
23rd June, 1903, and oth and 11th June, 1906.

Dolichopus longitarsis, Stan. Porthcawl, 30th June, 1906.
Dolichopus brevipennis, Mg. Porthcawl, 11th June and 14th July, 1906.

Tachytrechus insignis, Stan. Porthcawl, 23rd May to 8th June, 1903,
and 24th June to 18th July, 1906.

Tachytrechus ripicola, Lw. Porthcawl, 23rd June, 1903, and June and
July, 1906. The specimens taken 23rd June, 1903, were the first
instance of the occurrence of this insect in the British Isles—
the late Mr. Verrall recorded this capture in the E. M. M. of Novem-
ber, 1904, p. 243. Both Tachytrechus insignis and Tachytrechus
ripicola are common, they sit on the black mud at the mouth of
the River Kenfig; and both species occur commonly too in the
neighbourhood of Studland, Dorset. ’

Poecilobothrus nobilitatus, L. 26th June, 1906, and 4th July, 1906, At
Bridgend, near the mouth of the Ogmore, I witnessed the court-
ship of this species. A pair were seated facing one another on a
burdock leaf, then both sexes began to vibrate their wings rapidly,
(the white spots at the tip of the wings of the male being particu-
larly conspicuous as silvery arcs), after a time the pair began to
revolve rapidly round a point about midway between their heads,
and waltzed gaily for some time, but their flirtation came to a sad
and abrupt termination, as in the course of their dance they passed
close to a Crabro Q sitting on the leaf apparently asleep, and she
seized the male as he circled past her.

Hercostomus cretifer, Wlk. Margam, 2nd August, 1908, Ewenny, 13th
August, 1908, and Bridgend, 11th August, 1908, very common in
the bed of the Ogmore, near its mouth, on this last date.

Hercostomus gracilis, Stan. Porthcawl, 6th December, 1914, and 15th
July, 1906, common.

The Diptera of Glamorgan 59

Hercostomus chaerophylli, Mg. Porthcawl, 2nd July, 1906.

Hercostomus nigriplantis, Mg.. Porthcawl, recorded by Mr. Verrall,
E. M. M., November, 1904, but probably in error for the following
species.

Hercostomus subsimplicipes, Verr. Porthcawl, 1906, Bridgend, r11th
August, 1908, Port Talbot, 29th July, 1908, in great numbers

sitting on black mud. For original description and particulars
regarding this species, see Verrall, E. M. M., March, ro12, p. 56.

Hercostomus nigripennis, Fin. Porthcawl, 27th June, 1906.

Hercostomus nanus, Macq. Porthcawl, 7th July, 19006.

Hercostomus sp. inc. Porthcawl, 1st July, 1906.

Hypophyllus obscurellus, Fln. Porthcawl, 28th June, 1903, and 12th
July, 1906.

Gymnopternus cupreus, Fin. Kenfig Hill, 5th June, 1903, Porthcawl,
3ist May and 5th June, 1906, Crwmlyn Bog, 14th June, 1906,

Gymnopternus celer, Mg. Porthcawl, 20th June, 1903, and r4th, 23rd,
and 26th June, 1906.

Gymnopternus metallicus, Stan. Porthcawl, 12th July, 1906, Crwmlyn
Bog, 6th June, 1906.

Gymnopternus assimilis, Staeg. Porthcawl, 2nd and 12th June and 4th
July, 1906.

Gymnopternus aerosus, Fln. Porthcawl, 8th and 23rd June, and 4th and
12th July, 1906, Crwmlyn Bog, 14th June, 1906, Kenfig Hill, 5th
June, 1903.

Chrysotus neglectus, Wied. Porthcawl, 29th June, 1903, and 20th and
27th June, and 3rd and Oth July, 1906, Crwmlyn Bog,14th June,
1906,

Chrysotus cilipes, Mg. Porthcawl, tst July, 1906.
Chrysotus pulchellus, Kow. Porthcawl, 21st and 25th June and rst and
18th July, 1906.

Chrysotus femoratus, Zett. Porthcawl, 15th and 30th June and 6th and
8th July, 1906. Not in Verrall’s List, but see Verrall E. M. M.,
March, 1905, p. 54.

Chrysotus palustris, Verr. Porthcawl, 8th June, 1903. Port Talbot,
4th August, 1908, mouth of the Kenfig River, 14th August, 1908,
Pyle, August, 1908, Bridgend, August, 1908, and Porthcawl, 1906,

Chrysotus suavis, Lw. Porthcawl, 11th June, 1906, Bridgend, 29th July,

1908, and a pair 16th August, 1908, not in Verrall’s List, first
recorded Verrall, E. M. M., March, 1912, p. 57.

Chrysotus melampodius, Lw. Porthcawl. Verrall l. c., p. 57.

Chrysotus laesus, Wied. Porthcawl, 12 and 30th June, 1903.

60 The Diptera of Glamorgan

Chrysotus blepharosceles, Kow. Porthcawl, 4th June, 1913, 12th, 22nd,
and 25th June, and 4th July, 1906.

Chrysotus angulicornis, Kow. Port Talbot, 3rd August, 1908.

Chrysotus microcerus, Kow. Mouth of the Kenfig, roth August, 1908,
Ewenny, 13th August, 1908, and Bridgend, 21st August, 1908.

Chrysotus gramineus, Fln. Porthcawl, 29th and 30th June, 1903, 7th,
26th, and 27th June and 7th July, 1906.

Diaphorus nigricans, Mg. Porthcawl, 27th June, 1903, and 7th, 10th,
and 15th July, 1906, Crwmlyn Bog, 24th and 30th July, 1908.

Diaphorus oculatus, Fin. Porthcawl, 27th June, 1906, Mouth of Kenfig,
toth August, 1908.

Argyra leucocephala, Mg. Porthcawl, 27th June, 1906.

Argyra argyria, Mg. Bridgend, 11th August, 1908, Park Mill (Mumbles),
29th August, 1908.

Argyra argentina, Mg. Bishopston (Mumbles), 30th August, 1908,
Fairwood Common (Mumbles), Ist September, 1908, Porthcawl,
26th June and 7th, roth, and 12th July, 1906.

Rhaphium longicorne, Fln. Crwmlyn Bog, 14th June, 1908,

Machaerium maritimae, Hal. Port Talbot, 3rd August, 1908.

Porphyrops nemorum, Mg. Porthcawl, 17th and 23rd June, 1906.

Porphyrops consobrina, Zett. Porthcawl, 5th June, 1906, Bridgend,
23rd July, 1908.

Porphyrops sp. inc. Porthcawl, 17th June, 1906. B.M., now headless,
but appears to be allied to Porphyrops pectinata, Lw.

Syntormon biseriatus, Lw. var. denticulatus. Porthcawl, 16th June and
18th July, 1906.

Syntormon pumilus, Mg. Porthcawl, 6th and 12th July, 1906, Crwmlyn
Bog, 14th June, 1906.

Syntormon tarsatus, Fln. Crwmlyn Bog, 30th July, 1908.

Syntormon pallipes, F. Porthcawl, 22nd and 24th June, 1903, 18th and
30th May, 16th June, and r5th July, 1906.

Xiphandrium caliginosum, Mg. The Nash Light Houses, 15th August,
1908, Margam, 2nd August, 1908, Ewenny, 13th August, 1908,
Southerndown, 19th August, 1908, Bridgend, 2nd August, 1908,
and Pwlldhu, 5th September, 1908.

Xiphandrium monotrichum, Lw. Crwmlyn Bog, 6th June, 1906.

Xiphandrium appendiculatum, Zett. Porthcawl, 27th June, 1906, Bridg-
end, 6th August, 1908, Fairwood Common (Mumbles), st September
1908.

Xiphandrium brevicorne, Curt. Bridgend, Tith, 16th, 21st, and) 25cm
August, 1908.

The Diptera of Glamorgan 61

Thrypticus bellus, Lw. Kenfig Pool, 12th and 17th August, 1908.

Thrypticus laetus, Verr. Kenfig Pool, 12th and 17th August, 1908, see
Verrall, ‘‘ Another Hundred British Species,’ E.M. M., March,

I9I2, p. 50.

Thrypticus sp. inc. Porthcawl, June, 1906,—see Verrall, l.c. June, 1912,
p. 144.

Medeterus jaculus, Mg. Porthcawl, Verrall, E. M. M., August, 190s,
p. 191.

Medeterus truncorum, Mg. Porthcawl, 16th June and 3rd and 17th
July, 1906.

Medeterus dendrobeenus, Kow. Porthcawl, 2nd July, 1906.
Medeterus petrophilus, Kow. Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).

Hydrophorus bisetus, Lw. 23rd May, and 20th and 23rd June, 1903,
and roth July, 1906.

Hydrophorus preecox, Lehm. Porthcawl, 23rd May, 1903, and 18th and
29th May and 3rd and 24th June, 1906.

Hydrophorus balticus, Mg. Porthcawl, 23rd May and 27th June, 1903,
and 7th, r5th, and 18th July, 1906.

Hydrophorus, bipunctatus, Lehm. Kenfig Pool, 12th August, 1908.

Liancalus virens, Scop. Southerndown, t9th August, 1908, Vale of
Neath, ist August, 1908.

Liancalus lacustris, Scop. Porthcawl, 23rd and 28th June, 1903, and 7th
and 12th July, 1906, Mouth of Kenfig, roth August, 1908, and
Bridgend, 6th August, 1908.

Campsicnemus scambus, Fln. Porthcawl, 4th and oth July, 1906.

Campsicnemus curvipes, Fln. Porthcawl, 12th June, 1903, and 24th
June and oth July, 1906.

Campsicnemus loripes, Hal. Porthcawl, 26th June, 1906.

Campsicnemus armatus, Zett. Port Talbot, 3rd August, 1908, Kenfig
Pool, 12th August, 1908.

Campsicnemus pectinulatus, Lw. Porthcawl, rg9th June and 3rd and 4th
July, 1906.

Teucophorus spinigerellus, Zett. Port Talbot, 3rd August, 1908, Margam,
27th July, 1906, Porthcawl, 23rd June and 6th July, 1906.

Teucophorus pectinifer, Kow. Nash Light Houses, roth August, 1908.

Teucophorus monacanthus, Lw. Vale of Neath, 1st August, 1908,
Margam, 12th July, 1908.

Teucophorus simplex, Mik. Nash Light Houses, roth August 1908,
Crwmlyn Bog, 30th July, 1908, This uncommon genus occurred

62 The Diptera of Glamorgan

in numbers in the ravine running down to the sea near the Nash
Light Houses on the 19th August, 1908, and I believe all the four
species were taken there.

Sympycnus annulipes, Mg. Porthcawl, 25th June, 1902, and 20th May,
and 18th July, 1906.

Chrysotimus molliculus, Fln. Porthcawl, 14th and 18th July, 1906,
Bridgend, 6th, 7th, and 16th August, 1908, Mouth of Kenfig
River, roth August, 1908, and 14th August, 1908.

Xanthochlorus tenellus, Wied. Bridgend, 6th August, 1908, Porthcawl,
19th June, 1903.

Xanthochlorus ornatus, Hal. Porthcawl, 1st and 20th June, 1903 and
gth June, 1906, Bridgend, 6th August, 1908.

Anepsomyia flaviventris, Mg. Porthcawl, 17th June, 1903, and Ist,
2nd, and 14th July, 1906.

Micromorphus albipes, Zett. Porthcawl, 15th May, 1903, and 23rd and
29th June, 1906,

Thinophilus ruficornis, Hal. Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).
Aphrosylus raptor, Hal. Porthcawl, 2nd July, 1906.

Aphrosylus ferox, Hal. Porthcawl, 2ndJuly, 1906.
These two species were in some numbers on this date on the

rocks on the sea shore near the Golf Pavilion and ‘‘ The Rest.”’

LONCHOPTERIDZ.
Lonchoptera lutea, Panz. Porthcawl, 13th and 25th May and 8th June,
1903, and 12th, 20th, and 22nd June, 1906.

Lonchoptera furcata, Fall. Porthcawl, 18th June, 1903, and 30th May,
1906,

PHORIDZ.
Phora (Apiochseta?) pallens, Wood. Porthcawl (Wood).
Phora (Apiocheta ?) pygmeea, Zett. (var. brachyneura, Egg). Porthcawl.
Phora (Apiocheeta) rufipes, Mg. Cardiff, one specimen (Dean),

PLATYPEZIDZ.
Callimyia speciosa, Mg. Porthcawl, 29th June, 1903.
Callimyia elegans, Mg. Porthcawl, Verrall ‘‘ Another Hundred British
Species,’ E. M. M., July, 1912, p. 147.
PIPUNCULIDZ.
Pipunculus campestris, Ltr. Porthcawl, 14th May, 1903.

Pipunculus littoralis, Beck. Common on the sandhills, 28th June and
2nd June, 1903.

The Diptera of Glamorgan 63

SYRPHIDZ.
Paragus tibialis, FIn. 2nd and 12th June, 1903
Pipizella virens, Fab. One Penarth, June, 1914 (Hallett).
Pipizella flavitarsis, Mg. 23rd June, 1903, 23rd June and 6th July, 1906.
Pipiza signata, Mg. Kenfig Hill, 5th June, 1903.
Liogaster metallina, F. 5th and 30th June, 1906.
Liogaster splendida, Mg. Porthcawl, 18th June, 1903.
Chrysogaster hirtella, Lw. 31st May and 7th and 23rd June, 1906.
Chrysogaster virescens, Lw. Porthcawl, 7th July, 1906.
Chilosia antiqua, Mg. Porthcawl, 12th June, 1903.
Chilosia variabilis, Panz. Porthcawl, 20th June, 1906.
Chilosia vulpina, Mg. Porthcawl, 3rd July, 1903.
Chilosia impressa, Lw. Porthcawl, 30th May, 1903.
Chilosia albitarsis, Mg. Porthcawl, roth May, 1906.
Chilosia fraterna, Mg. Porthcawl, 19th May, 1903.
Platychirus manicatus, Mg. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett).
Platychirus peltatus, Mg. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett).
Platychirus albimanus, F. Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).
Platychirus fulviventris, Macg. Crwmlyn Bog, 6th June, 1906.

Platychirus clypeatus, Mg. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909, Penarth, June, 1916
(Hallett).

Melanostoma ambiguum, Fln. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett).
Melanostoma mellinum, L. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett).
Melanostoma scalare, F. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett).
Ischyrosyrphus glaucius, L. Bridgend, 23rd July, 1908.
Catabomba pyrastri, L. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett).
Syrphus tricinctus, Fin. Bridgend, 21st August, 1908.
Syrphus ribesii, L. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett).

Syrphus luniger, Mg. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett).

Syrphus bifasciatus, F. Penarth, June, r9r4 (Hallett).

Spherophoria scripta, St. Farg. Porthcawl, t913 (Andrews),
var. nigricoxa, Zett. Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).

Spheerophoria menthrasti, L. Porthcawl, rgr3 (Andrews),
Spheerophoria picta, Mg. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett),
Xanthogramma ornatum, Mg. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett).

64 The Diptera of Glamorgan

Doros conopseus, F. Bridgend; Captain Blomer reported Ent, Mag,
Vol. I, 1883, p. 317, though erroneously, Ceria conopsoides, L.
from Bridgend, this mistake was corrected by Mr. J. C. Dale on
p. 515 of the same volume, who pointed out that Captain Blomer’s
specimen was a Doros conopseus. The record of capture of Doros
conopseus, Lomatia lateralis, Selidopogon diadema, and Pamponerus
germanicus was the lure which attracted me down to Glamorgan,
but with the exception of the last, all these species proved to be
“Will of the Wisps.”

Sphegina clunipes, Fln. Bishopston (Mumbles), 30th August, 1908,
Ascia podagrica, F. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett),

Rhingia campestris, Mg. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett),

Volucella bombylans, L. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett).

Volucella pellucens, L. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett).

Volucella inflata, Fab. Cwrt-yr-ala at sap, June, 1909 (Hallett).
Eristalis sepulchralis, L. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett).

Eristalis eenus, Scop. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett).

Eristalis tenax, L. Very abundant, Cwrt-yr-ala, Penarth, Sully, &c.
This fly is known locally as the Drone Fly (Hallett).

Eristalis intricarius, L. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett).
Eristalis arbustorum, L. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett).
Eristalis nemorum, L. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett),

Eristalis pertinax, Scop. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett),

Eristalis horticola, Deg. One specimen at Roath Park in 1909 (G, R.
Brook).

Myiatropa florea, L. . Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett).
Helophilus pendulus, L. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett).
Helophilus versicolor, F. Crwmlyn Bog, 6th June, 1906.
Helophilus lineatus, F. Porthcawl, 7th July, 1906.

Merodon equestris, F. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett). The Narcissus Fly ;
it no doubt affects the Wild Hyacinth in this locality.

Tropidia scita, Harr. Crwmlyn Bog, 6th June, 1906, in fair numbers.
Criorrhina floccosa, Mg. Porthcawl, 20th June, 1903.

Xylota segnis, L. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909; Old Cogan, &c., not rare (Hallett).
Syritta pipiens, L. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett).

Arctophila mussitans, F. Bishopston (Mumbles), 30th August, 1908.

Chrysotoxum cautum, Har. Cwrt-yr-ala, not rare; Pontneathvaughan,
Porteynon, &c. (Hallett).

The Diptera of Glamorgan 65

Chrysotoxum festivum, L. Porthcawl, 22nd June, 1903.

Callicera senea, F. Aberavon Golf Links, Port Talbot, 28th July, 1908,
at Blackberry blossom.

CONOPIDZ.
Conops quadrifasciata, Deg. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett).
Physocephala rufipes, F. Horton (Gower) one, July, 1914 (Hallett).

Myopinee.
Oncomyia atra, F. Horton (Gower) one, July, 1914 (Hallett),

CESTRIDZ.

Gastrophilus equi, F, Port Talbot, 3rd August, 1908, flying round loose
horses near the Morfa Colliery.

Hypoderma lineatum, Vill. Porthcawl, t9th May, 1903 Crwmlyn Bog,
6th June, 1906.

TACHINIDZ.
Meigenia bisignata, Mg. Porthcawl, 28th May, 1906.
Viviania cinerea, Fln. Porthcawl, 15th June, 1903
Ceromasia machairopsis, Br. & Berg. Porthcawl, 28th May, 1906.
Gymnocheeta viridis, Fln. Porthcawl, t9th May, 1903.

Ptychomyia_ selecta, Mg. Swansea; Verrall, ‘‘ Another Hundred
British Species,’’” Ent, Mo. Mag., August, 1912, p. 192.

Marquartia tenebricosa, Mg. Qand ¢‘‘incoitu’”’ 19th April, 1906, Porth-
cawl, 27th June, 1906.

Ptilops chalybeata, Mg. Porthcawl, 18th June and 13th July, 1906.
Erigone truncata, Zett. Porthcawl, 4th July, 1903.
Erigone intermedia, Zett. Porthcawl, 12th May, to 1st July, 1903.

Echinomyia grossa, L. Not rare at Horton, Gower, in July, 1914
(Hallett).

Echinomyia fera, L. Bridgend, 23rd July, 1908; recorded in error as
Eudorymyia magnicornis, Zett, Verrall, l.c., p. ror.

Phoricheta carbonaria, Panz. Porthcawl, 2nd June, 1906; a common
insect on the sandhills, running about on the sands.

Ptychoneura rufitarsis, Mg. Two specimens bred from bramble stems
burrowed by the Wasp Pemphredon lethifer, Shuck, they emerged
in May, 1915 (Hallett).

Digonocheeta setipennis, Fin. Three bred from pupz under bark, May,
1916 (Hallett).

Phyto melanocephala, Mg. Porthcawl, 1st June, 1903.

66 The Diptera of Glamorgan

Clista lepida, Mg. Porthcawl, 2nd and 15th July, 1906.
Sarcophila latifrons, Fln. Porthcawl, 6th June, 1903.
Metopia leucocephala, Rossi. Horton, July, 1914 (Hallett).
Sphixapata conica, Fln. Porthcawl, 3rd and 7th June, 1906.

Macronychia viatica, Mg. Porthcawl, 27th June, 1903, taken from the
clutch of Seatophaga stercoraria, vide Poulton ‘‘ Predaceous
Insects,’? Trans. Ent. Soc), 23rd January, 1907) p. 392555 Ube
Scatophaga knew better where to look for her quarry than I did,
as I failed in spite of careful search to find a living specimen,

MUSCIDZ,

Heematobia stimulans, Mg. Porthcawl, 27th June, 1906, and 7th July,
1900.

Lyperosia irritans, L. Porthcawl, 31st May, 1903, on cattle.

Pollenia rudis, F. Roath Park, Cardiff, 4th May, 1916 (Grimes).
Myiospila meditabunda, Fab. Penarth, one specimen, June, 1916 (Hallett).
Musca domestica, Linn. Abundant everywhere (H.).

Musca autumnalis, Deg. (corvina, F.). Generally common, and often
clustering in buildings during the winter (H.).

Morellia curvipes, Macq. Cwrt-yr-ala, 1909 (Hallett).
Calliphora erythrocephala, Mg. Abundant everywhere (H.).
Calliphora vomitoria, L. Abundant everywhere (H.).

Euphoria cornicina, F, Penarth, common, July, 1914 (Hallett).

Lucilia csesar, Linn. Abundant throughout the County (H.).

ANTHOMYIDZ.

Hyetodesia variegata, Mg. (populi, Brit. Cat.). Roath Park, Cardiff,
28th March, 1916 (Grimes).

Mydea vespertina, Fin. Porthcawl, June-July, 1913 (Andrews).
Mydea (?) impuncta, Fln. Penarth, one specimen, May, 1916 (Hallett).
Spilogaster duplicata, Mg. Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).

Spilogaster communis, Dsv. Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).

Spilogaster quadrum, Fab. Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).

Spilogaster protuberans, Zett. Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).
Limnophora estum, Vill. Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).

Limnophora, species ? Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).

Hydroteea irritans, Fin. Porthcawl, 12th and 30th June, 1903 (also July,
1916 (Hallett) ).

.

The Diptera of Glamorgan 67

Hydroteea pilipes, Stein. Porthcawl, 6th July, 1903.

Hydrophoria divisa, Mg. Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).
Hydrophoria conica, W. Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).
Hydrophoria brunneifrons, Zett. Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews),
Hylemyia variata, Fln. Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).

Hylemyia antiqua, Mg. Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).

Hylemyia penicillaris, Rnd. Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).
Chortophila sp. ? Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).

Phorbia arenosa, Zett. Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).

Phorbia discreta, Mg. Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).

Fannia (Homalomyia) sociella, Zett. Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).
Fannia (Homalomyia) canicularis, L. Abundant in houses (Dean),
Chirosia crassiseta, Stein. Porthcawl, 7th June, 1906.

Coenosia albatella, Zett. Porthcawl, 6th June, 1903, and roth June to 3rd
July, 1906; Pyle, 14th August, 1906,

Coenosia atra, Mg. Port Talbot, 26th July, 1908.

Coenosia (?) lineatipes, Zett. Penarth, May, 1916 (Hallett).

Coenosia steini, Verr. Porthcawl, 28th May, 1908.

Schcenomyza litorella, Flin. Porthcawl, 26th May, 1st and 8th June, 1903.

Myopina reflexa, Dsv. Kenfig Pool, 27th June, 1903; Porthcawl, 18th
July, 1906.

Lispe tentaculata, De G. Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).
Lispe nana, Mcg. Porthcawl, 8th and 12th June, 1903.

Lispe pygmeea, Fin. Kenfig Pool, 25th June, 1903, Porthcawl, 18th
July, 1906, common.

Lispe ceesia, Mg. Pyle, 1oth August, 1908, Port Talbot, 3rd June, 1908,
Lispe pilosa, Lw. Porthcawl, 13th and 21st May, 1903.
Dexiopsis litoralis, Zett. Porthcawl, Ent. Mo, Mag., June, 1913, p. 132.

Dexiopsis rubricornis, Zett. Porthcawl, June, 1903, and July, 1906,
EB. M: M2; 1903) ps 533.

But little attention was paid to the families, viz. : Platipezides,
Pipunculides, Syrphidee, Tachinidee, Muscidee, and Anthomyide ;
and this in some measure accounts for the meagre results recorded ;
it has, however, been found impossible to overhaul the specimens
given to Mr. Verrall and the Hope Department, Oxford, therefore
several species may be added from these sources. (J. W. N.)

68 The Diptera of Glamorgan

CORDYLURIDZ.

Cordylura pudica, Mg. Porthcawl, 27th June, 1906; Crwmlyn Bog,
14th June, 1906.

Cordylura ciliata, Mg. Mumbles (Pwll-dhu), 2nd and 5th September,
1908.

Parallelomma albipes, Fin. Porthcawl, 14th May and 4th and 16th
June, 1903, 31st May and 5th and 12th June, 1906, mouth of
Kenfig River, toth and 13th August, 1908; Crwmlyn Bog, 6th
June, 1906.

Amaurosoma fasciata, Mg. Porthcawl, r9th May and 5th June, 1906,
Cnemopogon apicalis, Mg. Crwmlyn Bog, 6th June, 1906.

Leptopa filiformis, Zett. Porthcawl, 26th and 27th May and 4th June,
1903. Not uncommon in a little wood near the station, the only
place I have ever seen this rare species in any numbers.

Norellia spinimana, Fln. Bridgend, 23rd July, 1908, Port Talbot, 3rd
August, 1908.

Trichopalpus fraternus, Mg. Kenfig Pool, 12th August, 1908.

Trichopalpus punctipes, Mg. Porthcawl, 2nd June, 1903, and 8th June,
1906.

Spathiophora hydromyzina, Fln. Porthcawl, 23rd June, 1903, Kenfig
Pool, 12th August, 1908.

Scatophaga scybalaria, L. Mumbles (Fairwood Common), 27th August,
1908, Porthcawl, 8th and 25th June, 1903, Margam, 21st July,
1908.

Scatophaga suilla, F. Porthcawl, 27th May and 4th June, 1903, and
21st May, 1906; Mumbles (Bishopston), 30th August, 1908.

Scatophaga inquinata, Mg. Porthcawl, 31st May, 1906; Crwmyn Bog,
6th June, 1906.

Scatophoga maculipes, Zett. Porthcawl, 14th and 20th May, 1903, and
3Ist May, 1906; Ewenny, 13th August, 1908.

Scatophoga stercoraria, L. Porthcawl, 29th June and 18th July, 1906,
see also Poulton ‘‘ Predaceous Insects,’’ Trans. Ent. Soc., 23rd
January, 1907, p. 392. The prey on this last occasion was
Macronychia viatica, Mg., an addition to the British Fauna, and
an insect of which a second specimen could not be obtained, in
spite of careful search round the neighbourhood of the capture.

Scataphoga sp. inc. Porthcawl, 29th June, 1906, near Scatophaga
decipiens, and may be a variety of that species.

Scatophaga squalida, Mg. Porthcawl, 6th June, 1903, probably common,

Ceratinostoma ostiorum, Hal. Porthcawl, 18th May, 1903, probably
common,

The Diptera of Glamorgan 69

PHYCODROMIDZ.

Orygma luctuosum, Meig. Very common in decaying seaweed at Sully
(Hallett).

Fucomyia frigida, Fln. Porthcawl, 24th June, 1906, probably two or
three others of this family remain to be added.

BORBORIDZ.
Spheerocera subsultans, Fab. Common at Penarth, 1914 (Hallett),
Limosina acutangula, Zett. Porthcawl, 29th June, 1906,
Limosina sylvatica, Mg. Porthcawl, 9th June, 1906.
Limosina septentrionalis, Stenh. Porthcawl, 19th July, 1906.

HETERONEURIDA.
Heteroneura gentilis, Coll. Porthcawl (Collin).

Heteroneura verticalis, Coll. The Mumbles and Bridgend (Collin), 1908.
See Collin, E. M. M., May, 1912, p. 106.

Heteroneura sp. inc. Porthcawl, 3rd June, 1908. B. M. May be the
same as Heteroneura gentilis above.

DRYOMYZIDZ.

Dryomyza anilis, Fin. Porthcawl, 24th May and 12th and 17th June,
1903, 12th and 25th June, 1906; Vale of Neath, rst August,
1908; Mumbles (Ilston), 4th September, 1908.

Dryomyza flaveola, F. Porthcawl, 24th and 29th May and 3rd and 29th
June, 1903; 12th June, 1905; Kenfig Hill, 5th June, 1903.

CEdoparea buccata, Fln. Porthcawl, 30th May to 1oth June, 1903, and
17th June to 12th July, 1906.

Actora estuum, Mg. Porthcawl, 20th June, 1903, probably more common
than this single specimen seems to indicate.

HELOMYZIDZ.
Helomyza inornata, Lw. Kenfig Hill, 5th June, 1903.

Helomyza variegata, Lw. Porthcawl, 20th, 22nd, and 30th May, 1903 ;
Bridgend, 7th August, 1908.

Helomyza pectoralis, Lw. (hilaris, Zett.). Porthcawl, 1st and 3rd June,
1903.

Helomyza affinis, Mg. Porthcawl, 20th to 24th May, 1903, and 12th
June, 1906; Bridgend, 6th and 7th August, 1908.

Helomyza flava, Mg. Porthcawl, 16th, 17th, and 25th June, 1903, oth
and 16th June, and 6th July, 1906; Port Talbot, 18th July, 1908.

Helomyza montana, Lw. (fuscicornis, Zett.). Porthcawl, 5th June, 1903.

70 The Diptera of Glamorgan

Helomyza zetterstedtii, Lw. (bicolor, Zett.). Porthcawl, 3rd, 6th, and
29th June, 1903, 30th May, and oth, rsth, and 25th June, 1906;
Margam, 24th August, 1908.

Helomyza pallida, Fin. Porthcawl, 20th May to 18th June, 1903, and |
30th May to 19th July, 1906; Bridgend, 6th August, 1908;
Margam, 24th August, 1908, very common,

Allophyla atricornis, Lw. Porthcawl, 29th June, 1903; Ist and 14th
June and 16th and 19th July, 1906.

C£cothia fenestralis, Fln. Porthcawl, 29th May and 15th, 18th, and
19th June, 1903.

Tephrochlamys tarsalis, Zett. Porthcawl, 13th June, rgo2.

Tephrochlamys leta, Mg. Porthcawl, 22nd June, 1903.

Tephrochlamys rufiventris, Mg. Porthcawl, 12th, 15th, and 20th June,
1903, and 25th May, 8th and 23rd June, and 2nd and 14th July,
1906,

Heteromyza commixta, Coll. Porthcawl, 13th June, 1903.

Blepharoptera (Leria) flavotestacea, Zett. Bridgend (Candleston Castle),
20th, 22nd, and 24th May and 3rd June, 1903, and 30th May, 1906.

Blepharoptera (Leria) inscripta, Mg. Porthcawl, 15th May, 1903, g and 2
“in coitu,” 16th, 18th, 20th, and 21st May and 29th June, 1903;
20th June and 4th July, 1906; Kenfig Hill, 5th June, 1903.
Very common on carrion.

Blepharoptera (Leria) halterata, Mg. Porthcawl, 11th May to roth June,
1903, common; 18th May and Ist and 30th June, 1906.

Blepharoptera (Leria) dupliciseta, Strobl. Kenfig Hill, 5th June, 1903.

Blepharoptera (Leria) kerteszii, Czerny. Porthcawl, 24th May and 3rd
June, 1903.

Blepharoptera (Leria) serrata, L. Porthcawl, 15th and 17th May and
5th June, 1903, 27th May, 1906; and Crwmlyn Burrows, 23rd
May, 1906.

Blepharoptera (Leria) modesta, Mg. Porthcawl, roth to 18th May, 1903,
and 17th May to 4th June, 1906. Very common on carrion.

THYREOPHORIDZ.

Thyreophora furcata, F. Porthcawl, 13th, 15th, and 18th May, 1903,
and 18th and 25th May, 1906.

SCIOMYZIDZ.

Pelidnoptera nigripennis, F, Porthcawl, 3rd June, 1903, and 20th, 24th,
and 30th May, 1903.

Pheomyia fuscipennis, Mg. Porthcawl, 29th June, 1903, the only
specimen,

The Diptera of Glamorgan 91

Sciomyza albocostata, Fln. Porthcawl, 14th and 20th June, and 4th,
sth, and rith July, 1906; Bridgend, 29th July, 1908.

Sciomyza griseola, Fln. Porthcawl, 31st May, 1906.

Sciomyza dorsata, Zett. Kenfig Pool, 8th and 12th August, 1908;
Porthcawl, 8th June, 1906,

Sciomyza nana, Fin. Port Talbot, 29th July and 4th August, 1908 ;
Porthcawl, 25th June, 1903; Kenfig Pool, 12th August, 1908.
‘‘ Eyes appear to vary with the light, generally dark purple red
with a greenish line across them at the level of the antennae”’ ;
sometimes the upper third is dark reddish purple while the lower
two-thirds is paler with a tendency towards green ; a third label
bears the following note :—‘‘ Eyes dark bronze green with a dark

purple line at the level of the upper edge of the yellow patch above
the antennae.”

Sciomyza dubia, Fin. Porthcawl, 14th, 20th, and 27th May, 1903, and
3ist May, 1906.

Sciomyza ventralis, Fin. Porthcawl, 8th, roth and 25th June, 1903,
and 18th and 24th May, 1906. Very common.

Sciomyza pallidiventris, Fln. Porthcawl, 17th June, and Ist and 2nd
July, 1903; 26th June and 8th July, 1906; and Kenfig Pool,
12th August, 1908.

Sciomyza (Ditzenia) grisescens, Mg. Porthcawl, 25th June, 1903, g and 9
“in coitu’’; 8th, 25th, and 27th June, 1903, and 4th June, 1906 ;
and Kenfig Pool, 12th and 17th August, 1908.

Sciomyza (Diteenia) virgata, Hal? Porthcawl, 21st May and 2nd June,
1903; 18th, 21st, and 30th May, 1905, and 1st June, 1906;
Bridgend, 21st and 25th August, 1908.

Sciomyza (Ditzenia) cinerella, Fin. Porthcawl, roth May, 1903, and roth
May and 4th June, 1906; and Kenfig Pool, 12th August, 1908.

Sciomyza (Diteenia) schonherri, Fln. Bishopston (Mumbles), 5th Sep-
tember, 1908.

Tetanura pallidiventris, Fin. Porthcawl, 29th May and 29th June, 1903 ;
12th, 20th, and 22nd June, 1906; and a pair “in coitu,’”’ 22nd
June, 1906.

Dicrochira leucopeza, Mg. Port Talbot, 4th August, 1908. ‘‘ Eyes in
life unicolorous dull dark red.’’

Tetanocerinee.

Renocera pallida, Fin. Porthcawl, 5th June, 1903, and 5th June, 1906;
Crwmlyn Bog, 6th June, 1906; Margam, 27th July and 24th
August, 1908; Bishopston (Mumbles), 30th August, 1908.

Heteropteryx brevipennis, Zett. Porthcawl, 23rd June, 1906. This is
the only specimen of this species that I have ever met with,

72 The Diptera of Glamorgan

Ctenulus pectoralis, Zett. Porthcawl, 25th and 27th June, 1903; 19th
June and 3rd July, 1906; Kenfig Pool, 17th August, 1908.
Some of the labels bear the note :—“‘ Eyes striped.”’ Hendel
Pal. Sciomyzidz Abhl. K. K. Zool. Bot. Ges. Band II., Heft L.,
p. 84, however, separates pectoralis from the other two species of
the Genus by the unstriped eyes,—either this character is incon-
sistent or else Hendel has been mistaken in applying it to Ctenulus
pectoralis.

Ctenulus distinctus, Mg. Porthcawl (Collin). I can find no Glamorgan
specimen of this species in my collection.

Tetanocera elata, F. Porthcawl, 4th June, 1903, and 23rd June, 1906;
Port Talbot, 26th July, 1908; Park Mill (Mumbles), 27th August,
1908.

Tetanocera levifrons, Lw. (hyalipennis, v. Ros.). Porthcawl, 16th June,
1903, and 25th, 27th, and 29th June, and goth and 11th July, 1906;
Kenfig Hill, 5th June, 1903; Bishopston (Mumbles), 30th August
and 5th September, 1908.

Tetanocera robusta, Lw. Porthcawl, 15th and 18th June, 1903 ; Crwmlyn
Bog, 24th July, 1908.

Tetanocera punctata, F. Porthcawl, 5th June and roth July, 1906;
Crwmlyn Bog, 6th and 14th June, 1906, and 24th July, 1908.

Tetanocera coryleti, Scop. Porthcawl, 18th and 23rd June, 1903, and sth
August, 1906; Bishopston (Mumbles), 4th August, 1908.

Tetanocera umbrarum, L. Port Talbot, 28th July, 1908, the only
specimen.

Tetanocera punctulata, Scop. Porthcawl, 4th June, 1903, and trst
8th, 9th, and 15th June, 1906.

Limnia unguicornis, Scop. Porthcawl, 30th May and 20th June, 1903,
and 5th and 11th June, 1906; Port Talbot, 26th July, 1908.

Limnia rufifrons, F. Porthcawl, 13th and 23rd June, 1903, and 20th
June, 1906; Mouthof Kenfig River, 14th August, 1908 ; Bridgend,
6th and 22nd August, 1908; Margam, 27th July and 24th August,
1908.

Elgiva albiseta, Scop. Porthcawl, 8th June, 1903, g and Q.

Elgiva dorsalis, F. Porthcawl, 23rd May, 1903, g and 9Q ‘‘in coitu,”
30th June, 1903, and 8th June, 1906; Port Talbot, 26th July,
1908.

Elgiva lineata, Fin, Porthcawl, roth July, 1906, and 4th August, 1908 ;
Crwmlyn Bog, 30th July, 1908; Margam, 27th July, 1908.

Elgiva cucularia, L. Porthcawl, 2nd and 8th June, 1906.

Dicheetophora obliterata, F. Porthcawl, roth, 13th, and 17th June and
Ist July, 1903 ; Bridgend, 7th August, 1908 ; Margam, 24th August,
1908.

The Diptera of Glamorgan 73

J

Lucina fasciata, Mg. Porthcawl, 11th May, 1903, and 12th June, 1906.
Sepedon sphegeus, F. Mouth of Kenfig, 4th August, 1908.

Sepedon spinipes, Scop. Porthcawl, 19th June, 1903, and 8th June and
7th July, 1906.

PSILIDZ.
Psila fimetaria, L. Porthcawl, 20th June, 1906.

Psila nigricornis, Mg. Porthcawl, 1st June, 1903, g¢ and Q ‘‘in coitu,”’
and 7th and 18th June, 1903, 26th and 28th May, 1906, and 4th
and oth June, 1906.

Psila rose, F. Porthcawl, 1st June, 1906. Although this species has
to bear the burden of being called the ‘“‘ Carrot Fly,” still I am of
the opinion that this stigma ought to be transferred to the fore-
going species, Psila nigricornis.

Chyliza leptogaster, Pz. Porthcawl, 8th June, 1906.
Loxocera aristata, Pz. Porthcawl, 27th June, 1906. Horton (Gower),
July, 1914 (Hallett).

Loxocera albiseta, Schrk. Margam, 27th July and 24th August, 1908;
Pyle, roth August, 1908; Port Talbot, 3rd August, 1908; Fair-
wood Common (Mumbles), 27th August and 1st September, 1908.

MICROPEZIDZ.

Calobata cibaria, L. Porthcawl, tst June, 1903. Heretofore this specimen
has stood in my collection as Calobata trivialis, though I have always
doubted the distinction between the two species ; for the last word
on this subject see Collin E. M. M. Vol. XXII, 2nd series, p. 145.

Micropeza corrigiolata, L. Kenfig Pool, 17th August, 1908; Porthcawl,
ist, 3rd, 13th, 21st, and 27th June, 1903, Ist July, 1903, 20th and
22nd June, 1906,

ORTALIDZ.

Tetanops myopina, Fln. Porthcawl, 28th and 30th May and 2nd and
25th June, 1903; 18th June, 1906; common, sitting on the
Marram Grass on the Sandhills.

Ceroxys omissus, Mg. Porthcawl, 16th June, 1903, and 14th July, 1906,

Rivallia syngenesize, F. Porthcawl, 15th June, 1903, and 30th June and
3rd July, 1906.

Seoptera vibrans, L. Porthcawl, 1st and 4th June, 1903.

Pteropsectria frondescentiz, L. Porthcawl, 18th June, 190 3—probably
far more common than this solitary capture seems to indicate.

Pteropteectria paludum, Fln. Ewenny, 13th August, 1908.

Pteropeectria palustris, Mg. Porthcawl, 27th and 29th June and 8th,
11th, and 17th July, 1906; Port Talbot, 26th July, 1908.

74 The Diptera of Glamorgan

Pteropectria nigrina, Mg. Porthcawl, 29th June, 1903, and 22nd June,
Ig06.

Pteropeectria afflicta, Mg. Porthcawl, 29th June and 11th and 17th
July, 1906; Southerndown, 19th August, 1908.

TRYPETIDZ.

Acidia cognata, Wied. Caswell Bay (Pwll-dhu), 5th September, 1908.
(From disc ‘‘ Eyes bright green no bands,’’)

Acidia lynchnidis, F. Porthcawl, 21st June and 7th July, 1906; Bridgend,
23rd and 29th July, 1908; Mouth of River Kenfig, roth August,
Ig08.

Acidia heraclei, L. Margam, 24th August, 1908. (From disc ‘‘ Eyes
metallic green, centre coppery.’’)

Spilographa zoe, Mg. Porthcawl, 17th June, 1903; Bridgend, 7th
August, 1908.

Trypeta acuticornis, Lw. Llantwit Major, 8th August, 1908, three 4,
three 9. Southerndown ,j, 9th August, 1908; Bridgend, three 9,
7th August, 1908. Not uncommon on Carduus eriophorus along
the coast between the Nash Lighthouses and Merthyr Mawr, and
the record as a British insect was made on the above specimens ;
as this beautiful insect loses its colours soon after death and
becomes a drab grey all over, the following notes taken from the
discs on which the specimens are pinned may be of interest :—

‘“® General colour grey (? glaucous green), eyes bright green
(yellow in some lights) with a bright yellow line across them at the
level of the antennae. ¢ Colour grey green, the abdomen with
yellow sides, which colour extends on to the belly, eyes bright
green, in some lights yellowish, a bright yellow line right across
them at the level of the antennae’’; one specimen is marked
“lowest third of the eyes blue green in some lights.”

Trypeta serratule. L. Porthcawl, 28th and 30th June, 1903, not un-
common on thistles (but not on Carduus eriophorus) on the
Newton Burrows. The following remarks on the colour of fresh
specimens is taken from the notes on the discs on which they are
pinned :—

‘‘ Eyes bright green, with a yellow line across at the level of
the antennae, palpi and antennae bright yellow, general colour
grey green.”

The colours of these two insects as recorded above are remark-
ably similar, nevertheless they are easily separated by the larger
size longer ovipositor in the 2 and the faint clouding near the
tips of the wings of Trypeta acuticornis.

Trypeta tussilaginis, F. Margam, 27th July, 1908, in numbers, two pairs
“in coitu”’; Bridgend, 6th August, 1908.

Trypeta onotrophes, Lw. Porthcawl, 17th July, 1906; Pyle, 31st July,
1908.

The Diptera of Glamorgan 75

Urophora solstitialis, L. Porthcawl, 27th June, and 6th and 7th July,
1906; Pyle, roth August, 1908.

Urophora cardui, L. Llancarfan and Penmark (C. Waldron), see C. N. S.
Trans, Vol. XVIII., p. 89.

Urophora stylata, F. Porthcawl, 4th, 8th, and rsth July, 1906,

Sphenella marginata, Fin. Porthcawl, 2nd to 30th June, 1903 ; Bridgend,
22nd August, 1908; Pyle, 17th August, 1908.

Carphotricha guttularis, Mg. Port Talbot, 26th July, 1908.

Tephritis (Oxyphora) miliaria, Schrk. Porthcawl, 29th June, 1903, and
20th and 26th June, 1906; Bridgend, roth August, 1908.

Tephritis vespertina, Lw. Fairwood Common (Bishopston), 29th August,
1908,

Tephritis bardanze, Schrk. Porthcawl, 29th June, 1903; Bridgend,
29th July, t908—common on burdock.

Tephritis (Oxyna) plantaginis, Hal. Port Talbot, 3rd August, 1908;
swept in numbers off sedge near the edge of the sea.

Urellia stellata, Fuessl. Porthcawl, 6th June, 1903, and Ist July, 1906.

LONCHAIDA.
Loncheea chorea, F. Porthcawl, 3rd July, 1906.
Lonchea nigra, Mg. Porthcawl, 13th June, 1903.
Palloptera ustulata, Fin. Porthcawl, 7th June, 1903.
Palloptera parallela, Lw. Porthcawl, 7th June, 1906.
Palloptera arcuata, Fin. Porthcawl, 25th May, 1906.

Palloptera saltuum, L. Porthcawl, 20th June, 1906.

SAPROMYZID/A.
Peplomyza litura, Mg. (Wiedmanni, Lw.) Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).
Sapromyza (Minettia) fasciata, Flin. Porthcawl, 7th June, 1906,
Sapromyza (Minettia) plumicornis, Fln. Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).
Sapromyza (Minettia) trispina, Rnd. Porthcawl, 1903 and 1906 (Collins),
Sapromyza notata, Fln. Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).
Sapromyza preeusta, FIn. Porthcawl, 1913 (Andrews).
Sapromyza nitidifrons, Beck. Porthcawl, May, 1906 (Collin),
Sapromyza opaca, Beck. Porthcawl, June and July, 1903 (Collin).
Sapromyza limnea, Beck. Porthcawl, June, 1903 (Collin).
Lauxania elise, Mg. Porthcawl, 5th June to 12th July, 1906,

76 The Diptera of Glamorgan

SEPSIDZ.
Henicita annulipes, Mg. Porthcawl, 8th June, 1903.
Nemopoda cylindrica, F. Porthcawl, 24th May, 1903, a pair “in coitu.’
Themira minor, Hal. Porthcawl, 4th and roth June, 1903.
Themira superba, Hal. Porthcawl, 13th June, 1903.

Themira spinosa, Verr. (pusilla, Zett.) Porthcawl, 23rd June, 1903.

PIOPHILIDZ.
Piophila nigriceps, Mg. Porthcawl, 18th May, 1906.
Piophila vulgaris, Fin. Porthcawl, 13th and 27th May, 1903.
Piophila varipes, Mg. Porthcawl, 25th May, 1903.

GEOMYZIDZ.

Diastata punctum, Mg. Porthcawl, 1t9th May, 1906, 9th June, 1906,
and 16th July, 1906.

Diastata obscuripennis, Mg. (nigricornis, Lw.). Porthcawl, 17th and 23rd
June, 1903.

Diastata fuscula, Flin. (inornata, Lw.). Porthcawl, 11th and 12th May
and 3rd June, 1903.

Diastata unipunctata, Zett. Porthcawl, 25th May, 1903, and 8th, roth,
20th, and 23rd June, 1903.

Geomyza obscurella, Fln. Porthcawl, 28th May to ist July, 1903.
Common, sitting on the sand.

Balioptera tripunctata, Flin. Porthcawl, 22nd and 24th June, 1903, and
18th July, 1906.

Balioptera combinata, L. Porthcawl, 18th July, 1906.
Anthomyza sordidella, Zett. Porthcawl] (Collin).

MILICHIDZ.

Rhicnoessa cinerella, Hal. Porthcawl, 15th June, 1906,
Tethina illota, Hal. Porthcawl, 31st May, 1903, and 12th June, 1906.
Phyllomyza securicornis, Fln. Porthcawl, 16th and 20th June, 1903,

and 4th, 20th, and 28th June, 1906.

DROSOPHILIDZ.

Drosophila transversa, Fln. Porthcawl, 22nd June, 1903.
Drosophila funebris, F. Porthcawl, 2nd June, 1906.

Drosophila phalerata, Mg. Porthcawl, 12th. 15th, and 23rd June and
4th July, 1906.

The Diptera of Glamorgan 97

Scaptomyza graminum, Flin. Porthcawl, 6th June, 1903, and 23rd May
and 24th June, 1906.

Noterophila (Camilla) glabra, Fln. Porthcawl, 28th May, 1906.

EPHYDRIDZ.
Notiphila nigricornis, Stnh. Porthcawl, roth, 12th, and 30th June, 1903.
Notiphila stagnalis, Dsv. Porthcawl, 4th June, 1903, and 8th July, 1906.
Notiphila riparia, Mg. Porthcawl, 18th June, 1903.
Notiphila cinerea, Fln. Porthcawl, 12th June, 1903.
Notiphila dorsata, Stnh. Porthcawl, 12th June, 1903.
Psilopa nitidula, Flin. Porthcawl, 3rd June, 1903.
Discocerina obscurella, Fin. Porthcawl, 30th June, 1906.

Glenanthe ripicola, Hal. Porthcawl, 3oth June, 1903, and 15th June,
1906.

Hydrellia griseola, Flin. Porthcawl, 8th June, 1903.
Hydrellia modesta, Lw. Porthcawl, roth and 25th June, 1903.
Hydrellia ranunculi, Hal. Porthcawl, 12th June, 1903.

Hydrellia flavicornis, Flin. Porthcawl, June, 1903 (Collin), and t1oth
June, 1906.

Philhygria punctatonervosa, Flin. Porthcawl, 6th, 27th, and 28th June,
190 3.

Hyadina guttata, Flin. Porthcawl, 25th, 28th, and 31st May, 1903; 6th
June, 1903; and 27th and 30th June, 1906.

Hyadina humeralis, Beck. Porthcawl (Collin, ‘‘ Additions, &c., British
Musicide Acalyptrate,’’ E. M. M., August, rort, p. 185).

Pelina nitens, Lw. Porthcawl, 30th June, 1906,

Canace nascia, Hal. Porthcawl, 12th June and 2nd July, 1906.
Parhydra fossarum, Hal. Porthcawl, 8th and 25th June, 1903.
Parhydra coarcata, Fln. Porthcawl, 8th June, 1903.

Ilythea spilota, Hal. Porthcawl, 6th June, 1903.

Ceenia palustris, Fin. Porthcawl, 2nd July, 1906.

Scatella quadrata, Flin. Porthcawl, 20th June, 1903.

Scatella sorbillans, Hal. Porthcawl, 18th, 23rd, and 24th June, 1903.
Scatella sestuans, Hal. Porthcawl, 8th and 17th June, 1903.

Scatella stagnalis, Fin, Porthcawl, roth May and roth June, 1903.

78 The Diptera of Glamorgan

CHLOROPIDZ.
Platycephala planifrons, F. Port Talbot, 3rd August, 1908.

Meromyza pratorum, Mg. Porthcawl, 12th June, 1903, and rst July,
1906.

Meromyza nigriventris, Macg. Porthcawl, 14th June, 1906.

Centor (Cetema) myopinus, Flin. Porthcawl, 24th June, 1906.
Eutropha fulvifrons, Hal. Porthcawi, roth June, 1906.

Diplotoxa messoria, FlIn. Porthcawl, 25th May, 1903, and 3rd June, 1906,
Chlorops teeniopus, Mg. Porthcawl, 28th May and 2oth June, 1903.
Chlorops humilis, Lw. Porthcawl, 22nd June and Ist July, 1903.
Chlorops hypostigma, Mg. Porthcawl, 26th May and 2nd June, 1903.

Chloropisca circumdata, Mg (ornata, Lw., nec, Mg., and ? notata, Zett.).
Porthcawl, 20th and 26th May, 2nd June and 7th July, 1903.

Chloropisca glabra, Mg. Porthcawl, 27th June, 1906.
Chloropisca obscurella, Zett. Glamorganshire (Collin).
Siphonella oscinina, Fln. Glamorganshire (Collin).
Siphonella tristis, L. Porthcawl (Collin).

Dicreeus tibialis, Macq. Porthcawl, June, 1906.
Elachyptera cornuta, Fin. Porthcawl, 26th June, 1903.
Gaurax ephippium, Zett. Porthcawl (Collin).

AGROMYZIDZ.
Agromyza geniculata, Fln. Porthcawl, 18th June, 1906.
Agromyza scutellata, Fln. Porthcawl, 27th May, 1906.
Agromyza cunctans, Mg. Porthcawl, 31st May, and 15th June, 1903.

Ceratomyza (Cerodonta) denticornis, Pz, Porthcawl, 25th June and roth
July, 1903; 3rd, 27th, and 29th June, 1906.

Leucopis griseola, Fln. Porthcawl, 1st July, 1906.
Ochthiphila polystigma, Mg. Porthcawl, 25th, 28th, and 30th May, 1903.

Ochthiphila juncorum, Fln. Porthcawl, 28th May and 6th and 17th
June, 1903.

PHYTOMYZIDZ.
Phytomyza populicola, Wlk. Porthcawl, roth July, 1906.
Phytomyza terminalis, Mg. Porthcawl, 22nd June, 1903.
Phytomyza flavicornis, Fln. Porthcawl, 20th May, 1903.

The Diptera of Glamorgan 79
Phytomyza geniculata, Macq. Porthcawl, 4th, 18th, and 28th June, 1906,
and 16th and 20th June, 1903.

Chromatomyia ilicis, Curt. Porthcawl, 20th May, 1903.

HIPPOBOSCIDZ.

Hippobosca equina, L. Cadoxton-juxta-Neath, 11th October, 18938
(Dr. Thomas),

Ornithomyia avicularia, L. Porthcawl, 1st July, 1903, on hotel window.
Lavernock, one 2 off a Wood Pigeon, 23rd September, 1916
(Hallett).

80

BIOLOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

REPORT FOR THE 31st SESSION, 1917-18.

COMMITTEE.
THE PRESIDENT AND HON. SECRETARY OF THE C.N.S. (ex-officio).
Professor T. FRANKLIN SriBLy, D.Sc., F.G.S. (President).
Professor W. N. Parker, Ph.D., F.Z.S. (Vice-President).
Wm. Evans Hovte, M.A., D.Sc.
HAROLD EVANS.
J: J. Neazz, J.P. ]
ERNEST HEATH, F.R.M.S., }
H. EpGar SaLtMon (Hon. Treasurer).
J. Davy Dean (Hon. Secretary).

Hon. Secretaries for Field Walks.

The number of Members on the books of the Section at the
time of the Annual Meeting was 78.

During the Session Mr. R. W. A. Southern resigned the
office of Hon. Treasurer, and Mr. H. Edgar Salmon was elected
in his stead.

In the course of the Session five Ordinary Meetings, one
Exhibition Meeting (January 17th, 1918), and the Annual
Meeting (October 24th, 1918), have been held, with an average
attendance of 17.

The following papers have been read :—
Nov. 15, 1917. H. M. Hattett, F.E.S. “ Insect life on the
Wallesey Sand Dunes” (communicated).
J. Davy Dean. “A new Xerophile Mollusc
in Glamorgan, Helicella heripensts (Mabulle).”
Dec. 13,1917. JOHN GRIMES. “ Notes on plants and wood-
boring insects.”

Feb. 14, 1918. A.E.TRuEMAN, D.Sc.,F.G.S. “‘ Ammonites.”

Mar. 14, 1918. A. Lovertpce. ‘“ Notes on East African
Fauna ”’ (communicated).
F. T. Howarp, M.A., F.G.S. “‘ The Cloud-
burst in the Vale of Neath.”
Apr. 18, 1918. Professor T. FRANKLIN SIBLy, D.Sc., E.G.S:
“ The Carboniferous Limestone of the Cardiff
District.”

Biological and Geological Section 81

The following exhibits were made and commented on :—
Nov. 15, 1917; Ww. Evans Hoy te, M.A., D.Sc. A specimen
of Vipera berus, showing the genital organs.
Dec. 13,1917. J. Davy DEAN. Specimens of Anopheles
. maculipennis and Theobaldia annulata.
jan. 17,1918. Miss FE. VACHELL, F.L.S. Rare Plants.

J. Davy DEAN. Snails used as food in parts
of Europe.

T. Butr Exins. Rare Lepidoptera from
Glamorganshire and Gloucestershire.

JOHN GRIMES. Wood-boring insects.

E. Heatu, F.R.M.S. Foraminifera.

W. Evans Hoyte, M.A., D.Sc. Selections
from the Briggs Collection of Neuroptera
and the T. W. Proger Collection of Birds.

JoHN Hutcuinson. Iron Ores from the

-Lianharry Mines.

D. PuGuH-JONES. Fossils.

F. F. Miskin. New Zealand Coal with
Fossil Gum attached. Specimens from the
Rhetic Beds at Lavernock.

H. Epcar Satmon. Termites from East
Africa. Mole Cricket and nest of bird from
the Balkans.

Professor T. FRANKLIN SiBty, D.Sc., F.G.S.
Iron Ore from the Forest of Dean. Igneous
Rocks from Cornwall.

F. G, TRESEDER. Flower, vegetable, and
grass seeds.

A. E. TruEMAN, D.Sc., F.G.S. Ammonites
from the Lias.

Oct. 24,1918. J. DAvy DEAN. Lepidoptera from the Rippon
Collection (by permission of the Director,
National Museum of Wales), illustrating the
“ Moths of the Limberlost,” by Gene Stratton-
Porter.
J. DAVY DEAN,
Hon. Secretary.

‘SHNIND NHOL "QI61 ‘saquianon yphr
‘“HLVAH LSANYA
‘991100 puNoF pue poyipny “AOANSVOAT. “UOT

‘NOWTVS UVOda “H

Laay 007 LV a0oF
Orr og 9 ZI-9 ‘Pg ‘sz ye suordtiosqns €¢ “

SP 2 puey ul yse9 £ 01 0 yunososy psodacq. uo ysolojuy “

g LI gz yurg ye ysey Os kel 2 aS" uevoT IeM UO jsato}UT “ o£ -ydas

L ex 7Sf weoyT sem ‘QI61

, quso Jed ¢ 0 6 og _————
—sourleq “ h C1.0= 3) puen ur yseg

oy) <5 eco) ee -* “Urojuey to sire, or € Zz °° yueg ye ysey “
4 gl I ‘* satipuns pure sa8eisog “ Lees. we =* “BOT
OUROW ia & = ‘ow ‘Sutjuug Ag ‘o€ ydas Jem ‘yuoo wad Gop ‘I "700
‘Diss =f Qr6r "2 SERIE 22 Sg Dow 3 ‘L161

‘WOISSAS GI-LIOI ayy sof JUNOIIP S$ AIANSVIAT,

NOILOUS TVOIDOTIOND GNV TVOIMOTIOIS
‘ALAIOOS SLSIIVYNLVN AAIGUVO

83

PHOTOGRAPHIC SECTION.

REPORT FOR THE SIXTH SESSION, 1917-18.

The Committee has much pleasure in presenting its Seventh
Annual Report on the work of the Photographic Section for the
Session 1917-18. The interest, considering the trying times
through which we have passed, was quite good, and attendances
at the Meetings still maintained.

The syllabus for the year included two demonstrations, one
of ‘‘Ozobrome Printing ’’ and one on “ Development of Roll
Films,” also three lectures illustrated by lantern slides and
several exhibitions of prize slides and pictures.

During the Session, three members were successful in the
London Salon of Photography, namely, Mr. J. A. Lomax, who
had no less than six pictures accepted and hung, Mr. Hugo van
Wadenoyen, and Mr. Harry Storm, had three pictures each
accepted and hung.

The membership of the Society was fully sustained and it,
was reported that 25 were onservice. The Committee regretted
however, to report that one of the most popular and active
members of the Society, namely, Mr. Joseph Bridge, had
passed away. He was taken ill while at home on leave from the
Forces and his illness resulted in his death.

The Statement of Accounts presented at the Meeting also
showed that the financial position of the Society had been
maintained.

The best thanks of the members were accorded to Mr. J.
Stuttard, who had remained in office as President of the Society
for two years, and also to Mr. Harry Storm, the Honorary
Secretary, to whose joint energies and enthusiasm the continued
satisfactory state of the Section was mainly due.

HARRY STORM,
Hon. Secretary.

$4

REPORT .OF “THE. -COUNGLIL.
FOR THE
Year ending September 30th, 1918.
The Council has pleasure in submitting to the Members the

Fifty-first Annual Report of the Society.
The number of Members at September 30th,

IQI7, was - me ae <= ahOm
Elected during I917-18__.... He oe 79
540
Deaths os ue we ot 4
Removals... bs ae a) 5
Resignations . . ae Le Ais 10

Total Membership September 30th, 1918 = 521

The Members are distributed thus :—

Honorary Members ais a ot 4
Ordinary Members .. a 6 “np + £90
Life Members te es ae nt 15
Non-Resident Members... a ae 5
Corresponding Members... a ie 7
Associates .. ay. me coi a )

521

The Council regrets to report the death of the following
Members during the year:—Mr. J. W. Barker, Mr. George
David, Mr. William Lewis, and Second-Lieutenant A.
Rumbelow, S.W.B. (killed in action on April 16th, 1918).

The following is a list of papers read at Members’ Meetings,
viz. -—

IQI7.

Oct. 18. Fiftieth Annual Meeting. Presidential Address by
Mr. J. J. Neale, J.P—‘‘ The Survival of the
Unfittest.”

Report of the Council 85

Nov. 8. Mr. R. Bonner Morgan—‘ Shakespeare and Music.”
Dec. 6. Mr. John Ballinger, M.A.—“ The Buildings and Work
of the National Library of Wales.”

1918.

Jan. 10. Dr. W. Evans Hoyle, M.A.—‘“ Animal Toilets ”’
(Children’s Lecture).

Feb. 7. Mr. W. P. James—‘‘ Books and Travel.”

Mar. 7. Dr. D. R. Paterson—‘ The Vikings in Glamorgan.”

The following Public Lectures have been delivered during
the year, viz. :—

IQI7.

Oct. 25. Mr. Edgar Griffiths—‘‘ Aeroplane Development.”

Nov. 22. Professor Bernard Pares—‘‘ Russia’s Chance of
Recovery.”’

Dec. 20. Miss Bennet Burleigh—‘‘ Twice through the German
Lines.”

Ig18.

Jan. 24. Dr. Vaughan Cornish, D.Sc., F.R.G.S., F.G.S.—
“The Strategic Geography of the British
Empire.”

Feb. 21. Mr. Edgar Bellingham—“ Spain, Past and Present.”

Mar. 21. Dr. Marie C. Stopes, F.L.S.—‘‘ The Cinema and the
Naturalist.”’

The Meetings were held in the Whitehall Rooms, with the
exception of the last, for which the Cory Hall was used.

The thanks of the Society are due to Members who have
read papers, and also to those who entertained the Lecturers.

During the Session messages of congratulation were received
from several kindred Societies on the attainment of the
Society’s Jubilee, but it was decided to postpone all celebration
of the event until the end of the War. On June 15th, 1918,
the President and several Members of the Council paid a visit
to Mr. Evan John, J.P., of Llantrisant, the sole surviving
original Member of the Society.

Owing to the War, Field Meetings were not held during the
Summer, but in order to preserve the continuity of the Annual
Ladies’ Day a visit was paid to Llandaff Cathedral on the
afternoon of Wednesday, July 3rd, 1918. Over 80 Members
attended, and were met by the Rev. Canon David Davies, M.A.,

86 Report of the Council

who kindly conducted the party over the Cathedral, and
explained its principal features. At the conclusion, a Meeting of
Members was held in the Prebendal Hall, when Mr. H. Edgar
Salmon was elected President for the 1918-19 Session.

Most of the material for Vol. L. of the Transactions is in hand,
but publication has been deferred for the present. The
question of publication will shortly be further considered by
the Editorial Committee.

The Conference of Corresponding Societies of the British
Association was held in London on July 4th, 1918, and was
attended by Mr. J. Davy Dean as the Society’s Delegate.

The projected visit of the British Association to Cardiff in
1918 has been postponed, and will probably not be held until
after the end of the War.

Mr. H. M. Hallett, F.E.S., has been re-appointed for a
period of three years as the Society’s representative on the
Court of Governors of the National Museum of Wales.

In January, 1918, an announcement was made to the effect
that it was intended to use the British Museum and the Natural
History Museum as Government Offices. At a Special Meeting
of the Council the following Resolution was unanimously
passed, viz. :—

“ That the Council of the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society has
“heard with surprise and dismay of the scheme for using
“the British Museum and the Natural History Museum
“as Government Offices. If the specimens are packed
“with due care, the task will occupy a very long time ; if
“the work is done hurriedly, irreparable damage to the
“collections will result. The collections, especially those
“of the Natural History Museum, constitute a mine of
“information which has been of service during the War,
“and should be kept available for future reference. The
“Council respectfully, but -with all earnestness, requests
“the Government to reconsider its decision.”
This was telegraphed to the Prime Minister and other Members
of the Government and it was gratifying to find that the pro-
tests made by this and other Scientific Societies throughout
the country had the desired effect.

Report of the Council. 87

Representations were made by the Council to the Com-
mittee of the Privy Council for Scientific and Industrial
Research requesting that the work of the Committee should be
extended, at, the earliest opportunity, to the Natural History
Sciences, and that an Assessor should be appointed as a -repre-
sentative of those Sciences. Other Natural History Societies
made similar representations.

The Memorial Tablet to the late Dr. C. T. Vachell (kindly
designed by Sir W. Goscombe John, R.A.) has now been cast
in bronze, and will be fixed in the National Museum of Wales
when the building is completed. The Architects of the
National Museum have designed a suitable setting and framing
for the tablet.

In view of the impending departure of Principal E. H.
Griffiths, Sc.D., F.R.S., from Cardiff, the Council entertained
him to supper on July 11th, and made a presentation to him as
a memento of the active interest he had taken in the work of
the Society since 1goo.

The Council desires to express its thanks to Dr. E. Walford,
D.P.H., F.R.Met.Soc., for again kindly editing the Meteoro-
logical Report.

The Biological and Geological, and the Photographic Sections
have held several meetings during the year, and have been
able to maintain a fair measure of activity. It has not
been possible to arrange any meetings of the Archeological
Section, but it is intended to resume field work as soon as the
War ends. Many Members of the Sections are engaged on
Military duty or National Service, but it is hoped that the
Members who remain will make a special effort to support the
work of the Sections until normal conditions return.

The Annual Statement of Accounts is presented herewith.

J. J: NEALE
President.

GILBERT iD: SHEPHERD;
Hon. Secretary.

6)

om 6 OO

Ir cLoF

9 oO
Ae igh s
Z Z oe
OMrOven io.
g rev oe
‘'s

Orety Ges ** gunoooy s,1e0h yxou 0} SOUR] eg
(ay tA Sia ss zs DATOSAY OUOTZLSIDAMIOD
Ge Th ais)
Oc an : : ze sydio90yy ssaT
Ee (ouh feo) ve ze $91N}99'T
*+ sqydrosoyy Arpunsg “ Tse Stel 3c a SSUTPOOT POT
xe ysor0}UyT pue spusprArq “ (aye AS ads ‘* sosuodxq ye1oues
: suondraiosqns oyry “ (0) {oy efoyt O79 ‘SUTZUTIG: 1OF IATOSOXT
bie Areutpig9—suondriuosqns ‘ Pat oyu ars *s coqgo ‘Surypurgd ‘Arouol}e4S
yuNoooy S,1v0A 4sSv] Wor; OOULTegG Ag Seo) ee Ke os ‘+ ssulqoo]T ,S1oq uo],
Belge pe FS

"9161 ‘saquiajdas yjo€ surpua avaxX ayz sof yunodIp anuanay UG

‘“KRLAIDOS “SISITTVUALYN AAIGUVI

N

I

*gI61 ‘19q0}90 8 ‘aalaUuvg
‘MOLIGAY "NOH ‘MADOUd “M ‘L (peusts)

SogF ge 1 Sep
zgz —————_
ET 07 <OZ55 2 - s° ** yjunosoy yuerINg
Lie Vike CO Cm ae a "+ qunososy yisodeq
—! ‘ZIA ‘poytulry ‘yueq spAoyyy 7e yseo
grr ee Saws oe (PZ 32) 319075
aouerejaig ‘jyueo sod + poyzeprios
-uopj Aueduioy Armprey Arieq oozF
zee = ac : $6 Jo 901g onssy
ze ‘Lb-6z61 ‘ueoT re My yu9e0 19d S oS fF
Iv
¢ I oO ‘‘pyjosun ,, CIO, uesiowryy,, “ ©) fa eliccie
OAT =. 0) Sea pjosun ,,e10ojq yiIpreg,, “‘ @ Ofn ©
oo & ae a pjosun sjrodayy— “‘ Oo O OOI
9 ¢ Qz o* “* oe Arerqrvy “ee 9 Z Zz .
OF OL ol yaa : : 9In}UIN, Fo onjer Cy i, Sie
jes Ur TS 3 [DT

‘SLUSSV

*g161 ‘10q0}00 WZ ‘AaIGUVD
‘aaUASVAATL “NOH ‘NMOUA “V (poeusis)

SOIPI[IGEYT I9A0 Sjossy Jo ssooxe Suteq ‘soueleq
af "+ - gumoooV dAIISAY IUOIZeSIBAOD
ww sis "* "999 ‘BUTZUTIG 1OF 9AIOSOYT

soueApe ut pred suondriosqns

ot ae .- “ s1o}Iperg Arpuns

‘SHILITIAVIT

"Q161 ‘uaquardas yzo€ Yaays aouvwg

ALAIVOS

SislIVAIGLVN AAtdays

go
CARDIFF. NATURALISTS SOCIETY

ESTABLISHED 1867.

Past Presidents.

1868—WILLIAM ADAMs, C.E., F.G.S
1869—WILLIAM ApDaAms, C.E., F.G.S.
1870—WILLIAM ADAMs, C.E., F.G.S.
187I—WILLIAM ADAMs, C.E., F.G.S
1872—WILLIAM ADAMS, C.E., F.G.S
=e ay ILLIAM ADAMS, C.E., F.G.S.

1874—-FRANKLEN G. EVANs, ROR DACS BRI MeS:
1875—JOHN WALTER Luxis, M.R.I.A.
1876—WILLIAM TayLor, M.D.
1877—-JOHN WALTER Lukis, M.R.LA.
1878—COLONEL PICTON TURBERVILL.
1879—HENRY HEyYwoop, C.E., F.C.S
1880—Louis TYLor.

1881—CLEMENT WALDRON.
1882—GEORGE E. ROBINSON.
1883—WILLIAM GALLOWAY.
1884—PETER PRICE.

1885—C. T. VacHELL, M.D.
1886—HENRY HeEywoop, C.E., F.C.S.
1887—-J. Vrr1amMu JONEs, M.A.
1888—T. H. Tuomas, R.C.A.
1889—W. RONNFELDT.

18g0o—J. GAVEY.

1891—C, T. VACHELL, M.D.

1892—C. T. VAcHELL, M.D.

1893—C. T. WHITMELL, M.A.
1894—-EDWIN SEWARD, F.R.I.B.A.
1895—R. W. ATKINSON, B.Sc., F.I.C.
1896—Rev. Canon C. J. THompson, D.D.
1897—-ROBERT DRANE, F.L.S.
1898—J. TaTHAM THOMPSON, M.B.
1899—C. T. VACHELL, M.D.
1900—W,. N. PARKER, Ph.D.
1901—J. J. NEALE.

1902—C,. H. JAMEs.

1903—D. R. Paterson, M.D.
1904—T. W. PROGER.

1905—P. Ruys GRIFFITHS, M.B.
1906—E. H. Grirritus, Sc.D., F.R.S.
1907—-J. Berry Haycrart, M.D., D.Sc.
1908—A. H. Trow, D.Sc.
I909—ARCHIBALD BROWN.

19g10o—Rev. Davip Davies, M.A.
I91I—PROFEsSOR W. S. Bouton, B.Sc., F.G.S.
I9I12—WILLIAM SHEEN, ML.S., F.R.C.S.
1913—E. P. PerMAN, D.Sc., F.C.S.
I914— JOHN W. RODGER.

1915—H. M. Hattetrt, F.E.S.

I916— JOHN GRIMES.

1917—-W. Evans Hoyte, M.A., D.Sc.
1918—J. J. NEaLE, J.P.

gi

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL, ror8-r0.

President,
H. Epcar Satmon.

Vice-Presidents.
JouN GRIMEs,
W. Evans Hovyte, M.A., D.Sc.
lo NEALE. J.P)

Hon. Treasurer.
ARCHIBALD Brown,

Hon. Librarian

H. M. Hatcett, F.E.S.

Hon. Secretary.
GILBERT D. SHEPHERD, F.C.A.

Council.
HaROLpD EVANS.
HARRY FARR.
ERNEST HEatTH, F.R.M.S.
GEOFFREY C. S. INGRAM.
D. SIBBERING JONEs.
O. L. RicHMoOND, M.A.
W. GILBERT Scott.
T. FRANKLIN SIBLY, D.Sc., F.G.S.
A, E. TrRuEman, D.Sc.
E. WaLForp, M.D., D.P.H.
Ceci, L. Witson, F.R.I.B.A.
Max A. WRIGHT.

“Also such of the Past Presidents as shall, in veply to an annual
circular, consent to serve on the Council.”

BIOLOGICAL AND GEOLOGICAL SECTION.

President.

W. Evans Hoyte, M.A.. D.Sc.

Hon. Secretary.
J. Davy Dean.

ARCHZOLOGICAL SECTION.

President.
eo. CORBE rE

Hon. Secretary.
Joun W. RovGeER,

PHOTOGRAPHIC SECTION.

President.
HARRY STORM,

Hon. Secretary.

E. C. W. OweEn.

4|

- _ 7 ._ ‘ 7
; a od | -
iP : ee in 7
Tc .
rf - as
= ? . = _
; mys a.
Site yer JOY) CY eave ee
fonwiot SIR lo- (VA aie
he we”
: ‘ (oo Se ee ae . 2
Li —
” a 7 =! Ay lives.
= 2 Mos ice BANTRY «35
F — >
; : ‘ winadioey ®t: sa)
- J Z Fe FPL nh
= 4 a yd.
7 oe Che Z of ny 6% Ys
et é
- é 5 -
7 ‘ ‘ me? noe,
te fe 4 30 A a >
14 aos A
a 74 '
Ass, vi
e “s . - e?
ee ess . +
+
7 '
A . ? c
. + - ‘,
; 7 ,
’ 2
‘ au
7 of
is et
: were - p
‘ ear d 7 ' ~ ‘e
. - ~ a ae) >
Z p 4S
4
~- - . gr; “,* <P
tate 2 q
s wre...
ly 4 ’ bes 1s #4

\\

-- ie i ° ay
j

MOM ae . Ute is FUR)

- tg 6ele en
>t OE

t+
a
i

¢ ¢<hat 4508 WOH

Prt wih ar ia > Bt

e : _

sBEPE DDS 575 SERS GTAE ITT Se ee Eee:

-” =
} : . Wis ;
P —7. a Die » ses J
: ; 4 , i! ie
- . & a! a ve <
PERS SE ~ Pas at Ae Ma 3
: Pe i

* : ' :

= = -
- :
- 7
*
:
Z ?
:
;
Pe
-
'
-
' *
.
i
»
i
;
.
a)
>
>
°
.
A
+

QH Cardiff Naturalists! So-

ih ciety, Cardiff, Wales

C2 Reports and transactions
v.48—51

Biological

& Medical

Serials

es |

PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET .

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY

STORAGE

Poa
inbalbd-asbietenauaet

cae teen utcny a a