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THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN,

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MINISTER RESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES TO SWEDEN AND NORWAY.

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ON THE

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN

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MINISTER RESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES TO SWEEDEN AND NORWAY.

Mr. Andrews to Mr. Fish.

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,
Stockholm, August 5, 1872. (Received September 25.)

Sir: I have the honor to send herewith a report which I have pre-
pared on the forest and forest-culture of Sweden. It comprises a prac-
tical description of the manner of growing and the economical manage-
ment and use of forests, as well as a translation of some of the prin-
cipal laws on the administration, care, and preservation of public forests
and for the support of instruction in forestry.

I also transmit four different treatises, in Swedish, on forest-culture,
cited in the report; also, a report of a commission in regard to further
legislation concerning the forests.

The commission first mentioned recommend legislation in Sweden
similar to what obtains in many other countries of Europe, prohibiting
owners of private forests from cutting, for commercial purposes, trees
under a certain size. The fact that some kinds of trees require several
generations for their full development, and that the climate and supply
of water in a country are much influenced by the existence or non-exist-
ence of forests, affords strong grounds for such a law.

Trusting that this document may be of some help in shaping the
much-needed legislation in the United States for promoting regrowth
and the preservation of forests, I remain, &c.,

C. C. ANDREWS.

To the Honorable HAMILTON FIsH,

Secretary of State, &c., &e., de.

PPC

AS

‘

4 FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN.

| Inclosure. |

REPORT TO THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE BY C. C. ANDREWS, MINISTER
RESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES TO SWEDEN AND NORWAY, ON THE
FORESTS AND FOREST CULTURE OF SWEDEN.

CONTENTS
*

I. Nature and extent of the forests of Sweden.

Il. Notice of the forest adminis ration.

ILL. Legislation and official regulations respecting forests.

1. Remarks on the report of the commission of 1868, touching, among other matters, private

forests.

The law establishing the forest administration and forest corps.

The law providing for forest instruction.

. Circular of instructions from the forest administration.

. The law on the management of public forests.

The law on the survey and sale of products of public forests.

. The law on the disposal of timber on certain estates leased by the Crown.

IV. The profits of forest-culture on a small farm, (being an abstract of Mr. Bjorvkman’s work for the
Swedish peasantry.)

V. How a plan of forest management, or systematic economy, can be carried out on a small farm.

VI. Explanation of certain terms in Swedish forest science.

VII. Forest science as applied in Sweden in the cultivation of the oak and certain other kinds of

; trees.

. Conditions which operate on the treatment of the oak.

. Consumption and the means of promoting regrowth.

Acorns.

The sowing and plauting of acorns.

Transplanting of the oak.

. The larch.

. The beech.

. The pine.

. The blending of trees.

. The “ bestand ” of beech and oak.

VIII. Instruction in forestry.

IX. Forest literature, (and, herein, Loudon’s remarks on the ‘ Tuducements tor Tree-planting” and
Brown’s plan for Education in Forestry.)

X. List of twelve of the more rapidly-growing trees.

ERO DO

a
DSW AIH Oe COD

T.—NATURE AND EXTENT OF THE FORESTS OF SWEDEN.

The great mass of the forests of Sweden is found in the north central part of the
country, and consists principally of the so-called Scotch pine and the white or Norway
spruce, both of which grow to great size and are highly esteemed for their timber.
The common European oak has its natural northern boundary along the river Dal, but
is cultivated up to Lundsvall, in latitude 62° 20’. It is a splendid tree, a favorite orna-
ment ef parks, and produces timber superior to the American white oak. The beech
abounds in the south part of the kingdom, and is cultivated even north of Upsala.
However, the species most numerous, next to the fir, is the white birch, which has a
beautiful drooping foliage and is useful for timber. It is found in all the forests and
is not unfrequently used for avenues at county seats. It furnishes the principal fuel.
The lime (in Swedish, lim) makes a handsome and vigorous tree, and it is not uncom-
mon to see it forming splendid avenues a couple.of centuries old. The gray alder is
very common and merits particular notice on account of its large size. The elm, (less
stately than the American,) the soft maple, the ash, the poplar, the hawthorn, (oxel,)
large and handsome, are also common.

On the whole, Sweden appears to be a natural forest country. Nor is the climate
unfavorable to a fair variety and hardy growth of trees. Observations at Stockholm,
from 1754 to 1863—one hundred and nine years—show that the extreme of heat during
that time was 96°.8, and the extreme of cold 25°.6 below zero, Fahrenheit. At Hapa-
canda, the most northerly port, also in Jemtland, the mercury frequently freezes. [For
some remarks on the fruit-trees of Sweden, see report on the agriculture of Sweden,
“ Commercial Relations United States, 1870,” p. 385.

In 1850, the then chief director of the Forest Institute estimated the area of land in
Sweden which bears, or is suitable for bearing, forest at 30,000,000 acres, which agrees
with the estimate of other authorities; and he expressed the opinion that if forest-
growing was properly attended to the country would not only have enough product
therefrom for its own use, but a quantity for export, which, at the then increased price

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN. 5

of lumber in southern countries, would be more profitable than the export of iron. He
maintained, however, that forest economy up to that time had been managed with the
greatest want of care.

Mr. Forsell, in a paper on this subject, published in 1844, shows that a lack of timber
was beginning to be felt in many parts of Sweden, and states that Stora, Kopparberg,
and Gefleborg were the only counties so rich in forests as to be sure of their preserva-
tion for a long term of years without an improved system of forest economy. And
he adds that, if such a system shall not be established, the whole country will soon

“suffer for the want of forests.

As, proof, however, of the effortsin this regard which were being adopted by the For-
est Institute, as well as the Iron Office, it may be mentioned that on Wising’s Island
700 acres were planted with oaks, the sand plains of Christianstad and Holland coun-
ties were planted with trees, and improvements were made in the royal parks.

At present one sees along the principal routes of travel a generous supply of forest,
though the trees are mostly young; and the surface of the country, being agreeably
undulating and abundantly supplied with clear streams and lakes, tends to produce a
favorable impression. The growth of young forest on patches too rocky for tilling, or
even grazing, and the scattered seed-trees left standing in places where wood or tim-
ber has been cut off in the larger forests, remind the traveler of the attention to forest-
culture which is becoming general.

The annual growth or production of forest may be calculated, says Thomée, at 22
famns, (a Swedish “famn” is a little less than a cord,) of 100 cubic feet Swedish, per
tunnland—say 20 cords per acre, a tunnland being equal to 1.22 acres—estimating
the time of regrowth at 100 years, usual in the south and middle parts of Sweden,
so that 300,000 acres growth out of the 30,000,000 acres are consumed annually, and
the annual product according to the present resources of the forest is 6,000,000 cords.

The consumption of forest is calculated by Forsell at 7,230,000 famns yearly, includ-
ing the export of boards and heavy timber. Strém estimates it at 7,755,200 fammns;
Lungberg, again considering the increase of population for the present, at least
8,865,200 famns. Supposing the production to amount to 5,700,000 famns, there occurs,
says Thomée, a yearly lack of 3,165,000 famns, which should be supplied in a way not
to draw on the forest for more than it can yield. According to the opinion of experts,
if cultivation is properly attended to, the Swedish forests can supply that need and a
considerable surplus.

The export of all sorts of timber and wood from Sweden in 1870 amounted to
109,000,000 cubic feet, besides 14,000,000 sticks of wood and other timber. The total
area of forest-land under the care of the administration of forests is 5,000,000 acres.

s

Rix-dollars.
‘he receipts from the sale of timber and wood from the public forests for

thepyearslS7Oiweresstesacds-2,2 s1c\eie\ar=') » Lhe A apapactatale oisisicseisicjaahiatae eter = 438, 301 27
HSpeMSes Osan ene LlOd sje se eee eit as rae ets aon Saal ole ie eer slepaiora = 354, 038 06
TEEN ADI? Ch DEN Ey KEEN Caose Com sho DAMe Bonn Hao oom Eeon enor se geae ecauiscce 84, 263 21

Of the expenses there were appropriated :

Hon ther bureawomadministratlone sa 2-0 see eele oe ces oss o4-ebclcees cscs. 21, 800
Mo mlMerHOresuelmstiGU bomen sees ee ee eee ae cle fae eet aicte, o seimt ore ares 15, 300

MOMRUNEREOTES b SCHOO] SE eer mets eee etna tee ate tees ete wicne! Soe, ecco + 25, 400

For the purpose of forest administration, the kingdom is divided into six districts,
with a forest inspector, and about twelve “jiig miistare” (hunting-master or forester)
for each district.

IJ.— HISTORICAL SKETCH OF FOREST ADMINISTRATION,

Most of the countries of Europe, and Sweden among them, appear to have borrowed
the principal part of their forest science from Germany, which has long occupied the
foremost position in respect to forest administration and forest literature.

Forest regulations were issued by the Swedish government as early as 1647; and
even before that, private owners were required by law to plant and protect from cat-

6 FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN,

tle two timber trees for every one cut. The owners of privileged estates were exempted
from this last requirement by the diet of 1734, but it continued to apply to tax-pay-
ing estates and to crown-lands leased to private persons till 1789. Regulations for the
forest were again issued in 1793, but they were soon found unsatisfactory, and in 1798
a commission was appointed, consisting of six persons, to devise new regulations, which,
after five years’ labor, reported an amendment of fifteen sections of the forest regula-
tions, aid their project was finally confirmed and issued in the form of forest regula-
tions, August 1, 1805. The same day a royal circular lettter was sent to each of the
county or provincial governments, ordering a project to be presented for & law on the
duty of replanting forests. Shortly afterward, Professor F. W. Radloff was commis-
sioned to visit Germany to study its forest system, and his report was submitted, in
1809, to the before-mentioned commission. The subject was, in 1810, remitted by the
diet to the administration of marine affairs and the bureau of public or crown lands
and of mines; which, after the provincial governors had expressed their opinion thereon,
recommended (1819) that eacb county or provincial government should work out a plan
adapted to its own locality, and that a committee for the whole kingdom might then
be appointed to preparea final project for a law on this subject. The matter was taken
up in the cabinet in 1820, but was postponed till 1823, in order to be united with a law
for the sale of crown timber; and the result was that regulations for the crown forests
were issued by the government in 1824. Early in 1828, a committee of three persons
was appointed by the government to report a project for the economy of public and
private forests and amendments to the laws in regard to hunting. The committee
reported the same year in favor of the establishment of a forest institute, to be located
in the deer park, close to Stockholm, of snitable instruction in hunting, and the estab-
lishment of a central bureau or administration for the management of forest affairs.
The government established the institute, and confirmed the plan for its operation.
The committee, on further consideration, being of opinion that the administrative duties
could be performed by the chief director of the institute, the government postponed
establishing the central bureau of administration, but charged the committee to pre-
pare anew plan of instruction in regard to hunting and the management of forests.
Report having been made as to the principles which should obtain therein, the com-
mittee was again, in 1836, ordered to report regulations in conformity with such princi-
ples for instruction in the forest and hunting establishment. Their projects were pre-
sented in 1837, and the government issued an order embodying the same March 16,
1838.

Influenced by the action of the sixth Swedish national agricultural fair of 1853, no
less than by that of the diet in 1853 and 1854, the government appointed a committee
toreport a project asto what means, either through the legislative or executive branches
of the government, could further be adopted to obviate in the future the then com-
plained of lack of forests and the injurious climatic effects arising from their destruc-
tion. Their report was handed in June 28, 1856, embracing a plan for the management
of forests, and action thereon was taken in 1859, when the bureau of forest adminis-
tration was created.

Il].—Fortrsr LEGISLATION AND OFFICIAL REGULATIONS.
1. Remarks on the report of the commission of 1868.

In pursuance of a resolution of the diet of May 13, 1868, the King, on the 18th June
of that year, appointed a special commission, of which Mr. EK. V. Almquist, member
of the first chamber, was chairman, to inquire into the need of further legislation in
relation to forests and to report a bill for a law on the subject. Their report was sub-
mitted the 21st December, 1870, and, with the bill accompanying it, makes 392 printed
pages, besides numerous tables. One clause in the reported bill is the compulsory fea-
ture, which, though less stringent, is in the spirit of enactments now in force in all of
the countries of Europe that have given much attention to forest administration,
namely, that owners of private forests shall not, under a penalty of from five to five
hundred rix dollars, cut therefrom and dispose, for commercial purposes, trees that
are less than 8.3 inches in diameter at a distance of 16 Swedish feet from the large end,
or less than 11 inches in diameter at the large end. (See §§ 42 and 90.) A copy of the
document will accompany this report. The subject is expected to be considered in the
diet of 1873.

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN. 7

[Translation from the Swedish. |

2, His Royal Majesty’s gracious instruction for the forest administration and the forest
corps, given at the palace of Stockholm, November 19, 1862.

§ 1. The object of the forest administration, assorting under the royal department of
the finances, shall be to promote a suitable forest economy and chase within the king-
dom, and shall, in this regard, as far as it is their duty, according to this instruction or
other regulations in force, themselves take suitable measures for this purpose or hum-
bly propose to His Royal MajeSty the taking of the same. It shall be the special duty
of the administration to direct and superintend the management of the crown-parks,
the quicksand fields, commons and forests of the farms belonging to the Crown, which,
as separately prescribed, have been placed under the care of the forest corps, and also
to see that the care and use of other common forests and quicksand fields belonging
to private persons are properly superintended.

§ 2. Concerning the business of the forest administration in regard to the selection of
suitable localities in the lens of Rapparberg and Norriand, ascrown-parks, partly during
thesurvey and partly of land, which not yet has been subject to ageneral survey, special
regulations are issued and in force ; and the administration shall not decide about
the selection for crown-parks of unsurveyed land, or of land not being surveyed, before
communities and private persons, who consider themselves owners of the land, have
had opportunity to report and prove their claims; and the decision shall be submitted
to the judgment of His Royal Majesty before being put into execution.

§ 3. Concerning the survey of public forests for a regulated management, the forest
administration shall issue necessary rules, in accordance with such principles, as are
approved of by His Royal Majesty; and the administration shall appoint ordinary or
extra officers of the forest corps or schpols to survey, whenever suitable, the above-
mentioned forests, and not only examine the same after the survey has been completed,
and approve of the plan for the management, with or without altering the same, but
also to afterward prescribe necessary modifications of the management or alterations
of the approved plan which, at the revision of the same, may be found suitable.

§ 4. Having examined the projects and calculations which, according to § 41, here
below, shall be annually transmitted by the district directors, (‘‘jiigmistare,”) the
forest administration will decide about the forest cultivation and other work to be
done during the coming year at the common or public parks, committed to the care of
the forest corps as well as to fix the amount of the expenditures not to be exceeded.
In regard to crown-parks and quicksand fields belonging to the Crown, the decision
of the administration may, however, not be given to the respective officers to be car-
ried into effect before the general project mentioned in § 10 has been approved of by
His Royal Majesty.

§ 5. Concerning the business of the forest administration in regard to the felling of
oak-trees and large timber-trees, which private parties have not acquired unlimited
right to dispose of, otherwise than for the account of the Crown, is especially pre-
scribed.

§ 6. In regard to the public-forest schools, it shall be the duty of the forest adminis-
tration to carefully superintend that the instruction is so regulated and managed that
the objects of the school are attained; and the administration shall assign forests for
the practical exercises of the pupils at the Forest Institute, as well as upon the pro-
posal of the manager of the institute distribute stipends among the pupils.

§ 7. Officers and attendants at the forest corps, as well as at the forest-schools, shall
be subordinate to the forest administration, which shall issue necessary regulations for
the due exercising of their functions.

§ 8. The forest administration shall also superintend the dwelling-places, farms, and
localities assigned to the forest corps and schools, and shall see to that their farms and
localities are not otherwise used or disposed of than according to issued regulations,
and that they are respectively surveyed and examined; and a copy of the record of
each such survey shall be transmitted to the forest administration.

§ 9. A complete ground-rent book shall be kept by the forest administration, in
which the dwelling-places, farms and localities assigned to the forest corps and schools
shall be entered, as well as the crown-parks and the quicksand fields belonging to the
Crown, and also other public forests, as soon as they are subjected to a proper forest
management. ‘

§ 10. Of the funds assigned for forest purposes from the seventh title of the
budget, the administration will dispose, according to the rules issued by His Royal
Majesty, of that part thereof which His Royal Majesty shall determine. The forest
administration will, every year, in the month of November, render to His Royal Majesty,
for approval, a general project for the use during the coming year of the above-men-
tioned funds placed at the disposal of the administration, thereby observing to retain
sufficient amount, to be assigned in case of necessity by His Royal Majesty to fill unfor-
seen wants which may occur during the course of the year.

8 FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN.

§ 11. Toward the defraying of respectively-fixed expenses for crown-parks, quick-
sand fields belonging to the Crown, and for the forests of the dwelling-places
managed by the forest corps, necessary funds ought to be advanced in the manners
prescribed by the forest administration and upon the requisition of the respective dis-
trict directors from the treasury of the province, to be repaid when used for forests
belonging to dwelling-places, by what they yield and otherwise out of the funds as-
signed for forest purposes and placed at the disposal of the administration, it being the
duty of the forest administration, the general project and the working-plan for the
year having been approved, to inform all the administrations of the Provinces of the
rules which they have to observe in regard to similar advances.

§ 12. For the paying of such advances made by the treasuries of the provinces,
according to the foregoing section, which ought to be refunded from the funds for forest
purposes, placed at the disposal of the forest administration, as stated in § 10, as well
as for the defraying of other expenses which His Royal Majesty has decided to be paid
out of the same funds, the forest adminstration will, on application, receive from the
exchequer out of the assigned funds the requisite amount, either by draft upon the
respective treasuries or, if at any*time such may be convenient, in each,

§ 13. The accounts which the district director shall render according to § 43, here
below, to His Royal Majesty’s governor of the provinces, and to be transmitted from
there to the forest administration, shall, not only all the accounts of delivered foress
effects, but also the accounts of the funds received by the district director, which re-
gard Crown-parks, quicksand fields belonging to the Crown, and forests belonging to
dwelling-places, the yield of which shall go the royal treasury, be fully revised by the
administration, whereas the accounts of the latter kind in regard to other forests be-
longing to dwelling-places or commons, the revising of which as to ciphers is done
elsewhere, shall be revised by the forest administration with regard to the manner in
which the received funds have been employed according to the accounts of the district
director. The forest administration shall also fully revise the accounts of the public
forest schools. Should, at the revision, any errors be found in the accounts, the forest
administration will decide about the same, having, where such is necessary, heard the
explanation of the respective parties.

§ 14. It shall be the duty of the forest administration to examine the complaints
which in prescribed order are entered against the decision of, or steps taken by the
forest officers in such cases, where appeal, according to regulations, may take place.

§ 15. In regard to questions concerning the forest and chase, the forest administra-
tion shall render the reports which may be required by His Royal Majesty or by the
authorities. Whereas the administration shall, for the explanation of occurrent affairs,
demand the opinion of His Royal Majesty’s governors of the provinces, of the direct-
ors of the forest schools, and of the officers of the forest corps; also, on application,
receive the assistance of His Royal Majesty’s governor of the province, whenever re-
quired for the execution of the decisions of the administration, the administration
being allowed every year, when necessary, to request the attendance of the forest in-
spectors at the meeting of the administration, to jointly decide about the exercising -
of rules or measures ordered for the development of the forest management.

§ 16. Not later than the 31st of December every year the forest administration shall
transmit to the exchequer college (Rammar Collegium) a properly-closed ledger for the
past year, with annexed vouchers of that part of the funds assigned for forest pur-
poses which have been placed at the disposal of the adiministration, as well as of all
other funds intrusted to the administration.

§ 17. Before the Ist of April every year the forest administration shall render to His
Royal Majesty a tabular account of the cases which have been examined by the same,
stating in this account upon whom the decision of the case depends at the end of the
year.

§ 18. The forest administration shall also, before the Ist of October every year, ren-
der to His Royal Majesty a report for the past year of the state of the forest manage-
ment, forest schools, and the chase, based upon not only the reports, accounts, and other
informations which are transinitted from the officers at the forest corps and from the
schools, but also upon the observations which the chief of the administration has
made during his inspections, and which report shall contain, among other, a sum-
mary account of the charges preferred during the year by the officers and attendants
of the forest corps for offenses against the forest and chase laws, as also every fifth year
a synopsis of the reports of the last tive years. :

§ 19. The forest administration consists of a chief, a secretary, and a treasurer. At
the administration may, in case of need, extraordinary officers be appointed as assist-
ants.

§ 20. The forest administration will meet as often as required and the business to be
discussed shall be laid before the chief either by the secretary or the treasurer, accord-
ing to the distribution between them, as below stated, or, if there should be any doubt
as to whom the laying before the chief of a certain case belongs, as the chief shall
decide.

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN. zg

The chief shall alone decide, having learned the opinion of either or, if necessary, of
both the secretary and the treasurer; and they may, if their opinions should differ,
record the same, or they shall be considered having approved of the decision. On his
official journeys the chief may, when he finds it necessary, order the enforcement of the
law, as also give warning, and otherwise demand such security from the officer as the
forest administration has to require. He shall, however, report the same to the forest
administration, to be recorded at the next meeting which he shall attend.

During the absence of the chief on official journeys, or when he is legally prevented
from attending to his office, the secretary and the treasurer shall jointly exercise the
administration, being also jointly responsible for the decisions and measures upon
which they agree. Should they be of different opinion, the opinion of the one report-
ing the case shall be the decisive one, and he alone shall be responsible for the same,
provided the other has caused his opinion to be recorded.

The forest administration may not, during the absence of the chief, render annual
reports, humble propositions for the filling of vacancies, give opinions in regard to
appeals of cases decided in the presence of the chief, and in which the opinion of one
or the other of the administration officers has diftered, or in regard to new regulations
or alterations of those existing; neither may the administration appoint or discharge
officers or attendants, or alter existing rules, or stipulate new ones, should not the
absence of the chief be so extended that steps must be taken before his return. A
record shall be kept over each and every case which has been discussed. Letters and.
other documents shall be written and countersigned by the one who lays the matter
before the administration, and who shall also dispatch and enter the same in the
diary as soon as signed by the chief. In the absence of the chief the letters are signed
by the secretary and the treasurer, ‘‘for the forest, administration.”

§ 21. The chief of the forest administration, who is responsible to His Royal Majesty
for the fulfillment of the duties of the administration, and that the cases within their
jurisdiction are properly decided and dispatched without delay, shall, with constant
attention, see to that every one of the officers of the forest administration, with zeal
and order, fulfill their duties, besides which he shall, by inspection-journeys in the
country, ascertain the standing of the forest management, of the instruction at the
schools, and of the chase, as well as how the officers of the forest corps and schools
fulfill their respective duties; and he shall, when undertaking such journeys, which
ought to be reported to His Royal Majesty, order an officer of the forest corps or schools
to accompany him as secretary.

§ 22. The duties of the secretary are:

1. To examine documents and maps concerning surveys, and to lay befere the ad-
ministration all questions about the sanctioning or alteration of proposed plans of
management, as well as to prepare and read all such cases which do not, according to
the following section, belong to the treasurer ;

2. To enter in the diary or journal of the administration all documents and maps,
and to make out a table from the same and the dispatches of the administration ;

3. To take care of the archives of the administration, and to give informations from
the same, as well as to make extracts and copies of documents and maps kept at the
same 5

4. To keep a roll of the officers and attendants of the forest administration, forest
corps, and schools; and

5. To exercise in the first hand the control the forest administration ought to exer-
cise over the manner in which officers and attendants at the forest corps and the
schools fulnll their duties, the reports of the faults or neglects he has observed, how-
ever, to be laid before the administration by the treasurer.

§ 23. The duties of the treasurer are :

1. To examine reports and accounts which, in accordance with § 13, shall be examined
by the forest administration ; the remarks he shall have cause to make shall, however,
be laid before the administration by the secretary ;

2. To examine all records of surveys and inspections of farms, manors, and locali-
ties assigned to the forest corps and schools, and to lay before the administration not
only the remarks and projects he thereby has found reason to make, but also other
questions concerning the management and care of the said farms ;

3. To prepare and keep the ground-rent book mentioned in § 9 ;

4. 'To prepare and lay before the administration the projects for forest cultivation
and similar works, with accompanying calculations of cost, which have been trans-
mitted to the administration, as also to make out and report for examination the an-
nual general projects for the use of the part of the forest funds placed at the disposal
of the administration, in accordance with § 10;

5. Also to prepare and read the questions about the disposal or paying out of money
belonging to the same part of the said funds;

cP To manage the economy of the administration and to take care of its movables;
an

nad

f

+9

10 FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN.

7. To make out and deliver to the administration, within the Ist of December every
year, the ledger mentioned in § 16.

§ 24. The extra officers shall assist, by order of the chief, the secretary and the treas-
urer, in revisions, accounts, and chancery- work, as also in copying maps.

§ 25, The forest corps in the country consists of forest inspector as comptroller, ape
trict director as manager, and foresters as guards. The forest inspector is the chief of
the officers within his district. Each district of a forest inspector is composed of sev-
eral ‘‘riviers,” each ‘“rivier” being managed by a district director. The forester is the
guard and the overseer over that part of the “ rivier” which has been confided to him.

When such are necessary, extra district directors may be appointed as assistants to
serve within the “rivier,” on the responsibility of the ordinary ; also extra foresters
may beappointed if required.

§ 26. The forest inspector shall superintend that his subordinates fulfill their duties
zealously and carefully. He has not only to examine the quarterly and annual reports
transmitted to him by the district directors, but also and particularly every year un-
dertake inspection journeys to different parts of the district, in order to ascertain
whether existing regulations or issued orders concerning the management of forest
and chase are followed; should in any way incorrectness, neglect, or misdemeanor
have taken place, such must be corrected, and, besides, graver cases reported to the for-
est administration. The forest inspector shall, every year before the end of November,
propose to the forest administration, and the latter decide, which forests shall be in-
spected by him during the coming year, it being the duty of the inspector to inspect
during the year such public forests where there is a cause for such an inspection; be-
sides which, the station of every district director shall be inspected by the forest
inspector at least every third year and the schools within the district once a year.

§ 27. During the journeys of the forest inspector a record shall be kept, in which
everything of consequence that has happened during the inspection journeys shall be
entered, and this record shall, the journeys being finished for the year, be transmitted
to the forest administration before the end of the following March.

§ 28. When the opinion of the forest inspector in regard to surveys, examination of
surveys, or any other subject is requested, he shall, if necessary, before giving his
opinion on the spot itself, ascertain the circumstances,

§ 29. The forest inspector is prohibited to, either himself or by other persons, survey
forests belonging to private parties.

§ 30. It shall be the duty of the district director (“jigmiistar”) to take proper care,
according to existing regulations and approved plans of management or respectively-
issued rules, of the crown- parks and quicksand fields which belong to the Crown, and
re situated within the “ rivier,” as well as of the commons and forests ‘belonging to the
dwelling-places which are placed uuder the management of the forest corps, and to
consequently himself arrange and lead the cultivation, fe lling, and all other work in
the above-named forests, as “well as to see that the guards properly exercise their func-
tions. With regard to other public forests belonging to the “‘ rivier,” the district director
shall superintend that approved plans of management are followed, or, when such
plans are not made out, that the forests are used according to existing reoulations ; he
shall besides exercise necessary control over oak and timber trees w hie h are not owned
by private persons, as well as over other quicksand fields than those of which is
spoken above, and also, in order to have a thorough idea of the state of all the forests
within the ‘‘rivier,” to procure, himself, necessary information about the private forests
and their management.

§ 31. The district. director shall, when ordered by the forest administration, survey
the public forests for their proper management according to existing rules; such a
survey having been done, the district officer shall, observing what is stipulated in re-
gard to remarks made by private persons, tri tusmit to the “forest administration for
their approval a chart made as the survey with description of the plan of management
and other documents; be shall, besides, the case having been decided and ordered,
alterations and additions having been entered upon the original chart and into the
documents, again transmit to the forest administration the corrected copies, adding
thereto, if the forest which has been surveyed is under the care of the district director,
one, but, otherwise, two new copies of the chart, description, and plan of management.
When any other than the district director of the “ rivier” is ordered by the forest adminis-
tration to make the survey, the appointed one has to observe what is stipulated for the
district director in the foregoing paragraph. Of the copy of the chart, description,
and plan of management returned from the forest administration, the district director
shall take and transmit to the respective foresters a copy of each district, which
wholly, or to a certain part, has been surveyed, aud which copy shall embrace all that
the foresters require to know.

§ 32. The district director shall also, in the manner now prescribed or in the future
may be stipulated, revise the surveys which are to be held for the proper management
of the common forests within the “rivier;” and the charts and descriptions made out at

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN. |

the survey shall be transmitted and corrected as above stipulated for the charts and
descriptions of the district surveys.

§ 33. The district director shall diligently care for that forests and quicksand fields
under his management, barren but intended to bear forests, become as soon as possible
by proper means a woodland, observing in planting trees not touse any more expen-
sive mode than is necessary for the purpose.

§ 34. When felling is to be done on public forests managed by the district director,
or otherwise than for household purposes on other common forests, the district director
shall himself mark the trees that may be felled and superintend the prescribed marking
of thesame. In stamping the trees, the foot of the tr unk, as well as at a man’s height,
is provided with the crown-stamp, consisting of a royal crown, and below the same “the
two last ciphers of the year when the tree is marked; the stamp-iron, which is kept
by the district director, shall never be used but in his presence.

§ 35. If crown-parks, quicksand fields belonging to the Crown upon which the com-
munity or private persons are entitled to fell trees, or if forests belonging to dwelling-
places (official residences) which are managed by ‘the district director, and where the
dweller is entitled to wood for household purposes, are surveyed, the district director
shall during the survey suitably mark out the trees which may be felled by the dweller
or those entitled to fell trees and give them a list of the same free of charge. The
district director shall also, where surveying a common, transmit, free of charge, a list of
the trees which, having been marked, are at the disposal of the administration of the
common. Timber-trees intended for sale, and which are marked on crown-parks, quick-
sand fields belonging to the Crown, or on such forests, belonging to dwelling-places, the
yield of which entirely or to a certain part shall go to the exchequer or the salary
funds, shall during the survey be divided by the district director in certain lots, each
separately numbered. The timber-trees already sold when being marked, which is the
case with crown-parks and crown-lands in the lens of Ropparberg and Norrland, shall
during the survey be suitably divided by the district director in separate tracts, which
are assigned to the purchasers, thereby observing that, when several persons have
purchased timber within the same tract, equal advantages as far as it is possible in
regard to communication are given to the respective parties.

8 36. All surveys necessary within the “rivier” shall also be so arranged by the district
director that they are finished every year, if possible, before the Ist of October ; and
the time for each survey when made on account of the commune, or en forest from
which the sale of timber will be made during the year, or already has been made for the
account of the exchequer or the salary funds, shall by the care of the district director be
published in the church of the parish or parishes within which the forest is situated,
in the lens of Kopparberg and Norrland at least fourteen days, and in other parts of
the kingdom at least eight days, before; but if any other common-forest is to be sur-
veyed, shall the district director, within the time specified, inform the respective party
who has requested the survey of the time for the same.

§ 37. In regard to proposing to His Royal Majesty’s governor of province the mark-
ing of timber on crown-parks and crown-lands in the lens of Kopparberg and Norrland,
it shall be the duty of the district director, with regard to his * rivier,” to observe the
regulations in the case stipulated for the Tespective e forest officers. Again, in regard
to crown- parks in other parts of the kingdom, quicksand fields belonging to the Crow n,
and the forests which belong to dwelling. places, the yield of which goes either
altogether or to a certain part to the exchequer or the salary funds, the district
director shall every year before the end of October—marking having been done—
transinit to His Royal Majesty’s governor of province an account of the timber which
for the year may be sold from such forest; and this account, upon which His Royal
Majesty’s governor of the province shall base the publishing of the auction-sale, must
be made out according to forms approved of by the forest administration, and besides
contain the proposal of place and time for the sale. It shall also be the duty of the
district director, in regard to the forests within the “ rivier,” mentioned in this section,
with the exception of forests belonging to dwelling-places, managed by the dwellers,
to annually, within the month of April, report to His Royal Majesty’s governor of pro-
vince the quality of grass or pasture which may be got from the said forests.

§ 38. The district director, or the officiating extra district director, or forester shall
be present at the auction-sale of timber, grass, or pasture from the forests mentioned
in this foregoing section, in order to give necessary information.

§ 39. Forest plants, seeds, and other similar forest products of less importance may,
without injury to the forest, be taken from the same and sold by the district director
managing the forest ; he shall, however, respectively account for the returns. Unlaw-
fully felled timber, which has been seized, shall be reported for sale to His Royal
Majesty’s governor of province. If the amount of such timber is small or difficult to
guard until an auction of the same has taken place, through the care of His Royal
M: westy’s governor of province, the district director may request the nearest sheriff to
selt the same.

§ 40. In regard to felling and carrying away of timber and other forest products sold

2FC

2 FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN.

from public forests, the district director shall, either in marking or otherwise, give
such instructions which are necessary for the guarding or control of the same.

§ 41. The district director shall, every year, before the Ist of October, transmit to
the forest administration two copies of a project to forest cultivation or other work,
which ought to be done during the coming year, of forests managed by him, as well as
a calculation of the cost of such work, for which cash is required.

\ 42. After the project and estimate mentioned in the foregoing section have been
examined by the forest administration and the decision of the administration has
been made known to the district director, the latter shall see that the works approved
of by the forest administration are executed ; and he shall, in regard to crown-parks
within the “rivier” quicksand fields belonging to the Crown, and such forests which, be-
longing to dwelling-places, are managed by him, draw and receive in advance from
the treasurer of the len, the funds necessary for these works, according to the regula-
tions stipulated for this purpose by the forest administration.

§ 43. The district director shall, separately for each forest, account for not only the
funds he shall receive toward the expenses for the care of the forests managed by him,
or for other purposes, but also for all the forest products delivered from the said for-
ests, as well as such forests belonging to the dwelling-places within the “ rivier,” which
are not managed by him and of which a part of the income goes to the exchequer.
The district director shall, therefore, according to the rules issued by the forest admin-
istration, keep requisite books, and every year, before the Ist of April, transmit to His
Royal Majesty’s governor of province proper accounts, based upon the same, for the
past calendar year, these accounts to be accompanied by respective vouchers, and
transmitted in two copies, with the exception of the accounts which embrace forest
products delivered from such forests, of which either the whole or a part of the in-
come shall go to the exchequer, of which only one copy is required, all timber to be
entered by cubic foot, heavier timber by the piece, fuel and fencing in cords of 100
cubic feet or loads of 334 cubic feet, and smaller timber in numbers of hundred and
twenty.

§ 44. The district director shall, besides, with regard to such forests belonging to
dwelling-places within the “rivier,” which are not managed by him, and the greater or
smaller part of the income of which goes to the exchequer or some salary funds, ex-
amine the accounts of the expenses for the management of such forests, and which ac-
counts are transmitted to him by the respective owners of the forests.

§ 45. In regard to dwelling-places within the “rivier,” assigned to foresters, the dis-
trict director shall watch over that the same are, in regard to buildings and cultivation,
properly managed and maintained,

§ 46. At the instance of His Royal Majesty’s governor of the province, the district
director shall assist at surveys and examination of dwelling-places and other public
farms, and at explorations for ascertaining if surplus lands are suitable to be retained
as crown-parks; also to explore quicksand fields in the order prescribed ; besides which
he shall, in order to guard the interest of the Crown at surveys and divisions, in regard
to the selecting of land for crown-parks, be present at the meetings to which he shall
for this purpose be called by the respective surveyor. The district director shall also,
with regard to business belonging to his office, give his opinion whenever requested by
His Royal Majesty’s governor of province.

§ 47. The district director shall, when felling is more extensively done than per-
mitted on commons managed by the owners themselves, or where, on such as other
common forest within the “rivier,” not managed by the district director, the regulations
for the guarding and care of the forest stipulated in the approved plan of manage-
ment are not respectively observed, report the case to His Royal Majesty’s governor of
province, provided the forest does not belong to the farm of a public institution, the
ownership of which is not yet legalized, in which case the report of the district director
ought to be made, if the farm to which the forest belongs is cultivated by the lessee,
to the authority under whom it is subordinate, but otherwise to the forest administra-
tion, it being the duty of the latter authority, the report having been made, to call
attention to the case of the managers of the institution. Should the dweller, settler,
or lessee of a public farm or locality exceed his lawful right in regard to the use of the
forest, or should any offense be committed against the forest and hunting laws, which
not only should infringe upon the right of private parties, the district director shall
prefer charges against the offender.

§ 48. At the end of every quarter, and within one month, the district director shall
report to the forest inspector all that has taken place within his district during the
passed quarter; also the inspection journeys and surveys which have been made during
this time within the district, either by himself or appointed extra district directors ;
more important events, as large fires and damages by storm, &c., ought, however, to
be immediately reported.

§ 49. The district director shall also, every year before the Ist of April, transmit to
the forest administration a report of everything worth remarking in regard to the
management of the forest and chase that has taken place during the past year; this

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN. a

report,of which the district director shall deliver a copy to the forest inspector of the
district within the time above mentioned, ought to embrace, not only an account of
the work which has been done during the year in the forests managed by the district
director, but also information about the influence former measures have exercised
and how other common forests within the district are managed; the report ought,
besides, to contain a list of all charges preferred during the year through the care of
the district director for offenses against the forest and hunting laws.

§ 50. It shall be the duty of the forester (“ krono jiigaren’’) to see to it that division
lines and other boundaries around the common forests, over which he has been ordered
to watch, are kept open and undisturbed, and also to report to the district director all
unlawful felling and hunting, and to exert himself in finding the offender and to prove
his guilt.

§ 51. In forest cultivation, felling, carrying away of timber, and in other works in
the forest belonging to his district, the forester shall superintend that the orders of the
district director are properly observed and that the work is carefully done; he shall
also take care of the planting “schools” laid out within the said forests.

§ 52. The forester shall carefully superintend that felled or only marked forest pro-
duct within his district are not wrongfully taken away; and he shall ask the owner,
when carrying away his timber, to give him a receipt, which he will hand to the dis-
trict director.

§ 53. The forest inspector and the district director shall each keep a list of all offi-
cial papers received as well as a copy-book for official letters sent; t hey shall also, as
well as the forester, take proper care of all maps and documents belonging to the office.
At the change of officers an inventory ought to be made to the forester by the district
director, to the district director by the forest inspector, and to the latter by a person
appointed by the forest administration.

) 54. At oceurring fires, the respective district director and foresters shall immedi-
ately, on being acquainted of the fact, set out for the place of the fire and take suit-
able measures for the extinguishing of the fire; the district director shall take the
command of the firemen.

§ 55. The district director and foresters shall endeavor to destroy voracious and
noxious animals, and to promote a proper hunting.

§ 56. Officers belonging to the forest corps shall, except on special permission of the
forest administration, live within their respective districts, and at the dwelling-places,
where such suitably built are assigned to the officers.

§ 57. Each and every one of the officers and attendants of the forest corps shall
obey the orders of their respective superiors.

§ 58. In order to be competent to the office of secretary or treasurer at the forest
administration, and as forest inspector, and district director, the applicant shall have
graduated from the Forest Institute. No other but those who have graduated from the
Forest Institute can be appointed extra officers at the forest administration or extra
district directors. Those who have graduated from public forest schools or proved
themselves to be competent to the position shall be appointed foresters in preference
to other applicants.

§ 59. The chief of the forest administration, the secretary, and the treasurer
at the same, and the district director are appointed by His Royal Majesty. The
vacancy of the secretary, treasury, or district directorship is published by the
forest administration three times in the Post och Inrikes Tidningar, where, after
applicants may, within fifty-six days from the time of the vacancy, tender their
humble applications, accompanied by merit list and certificates to the forest adminis-
tration, who, according to stipulated rules, will transmit to His Royal Majesty their
proposition to the filling of the vacancy, as well as the applications. The forest inspec-
tor is appointed for a certain time by His Royal Majesty upon the proposal of the for-
est administration. Extraordinary officers of the forest administration and extra dis-
trict directors are nominated by the administration after the opinion of the district
director has been learned. The administration nominates their attendants and forest-
ters after the proposal of the district director of the rivier. The district director
shall, as soon as a place is vacant, engage a suitable person until the nomination of
the forest administration has been issued,

§ 60. The chief of the forest administration may, business permitting, enjoy leave of
absence twice a year, each time for a period of fourteen days, after having reported his
intended absence to the royal department of the finances, and the seeretary and the
treasurer nay, with the consent of the chief, obtain leave of absence for one month,
once a year, however, not when the chief is absent.

The forest administration may grant the forest inspector and the district director
leave of absence for a time not exceeding three months. Leave of absence for longer
time may be applied for to His Royal Majesty ; the application of the secretary, treas-
urer, forest inspector or distriet director, to be delivered to the forest administration,
who, approvingly or disapprovingly, transmit the same to His Royal Majesty. Leave of
absence for a longer or shorter time may be granted by the administration to extra or-

es FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN.

dinary officers and attendants at the forest administration as well as to extra district
directors and foresters; however, leave of absence for a time bot exceeding fourteen
days way be granted by the district director of the rivier to extra district directors and
foresters. Officers at the forest administration are not allowed to stay, without leave
of absence, outside their districts for longer time than three days: foresters may not,
without the permission of the district directors, remain outside their district for more
than one day.

§ 61. When leave of absence is granted by His Royal Majesty to the secretary, treas-
urer, forest inspector or the district director, His Royal Majesty will, upon the proposal
of the forest administration, prescribe how the office shall'in the mean time be at-
tended to; but should there be any vacancy among the officers or attendants belong-
ing to the forest administration, the forest corps or schools, the forest administration
will see to the temporary filling of the same.

§ 62. If an office at the forest cor ps to which a dwelling-place is assigned should be
vacant by death, discharge, or promotion, after the 14th of March, and before Thome
day, he or his heirs will give up the dwelling-place to next following 14th of March,
but if after Thome day on the 14th of March after the elapse of one year from Thome
day; in both cases shall the new appointee compensate his predecessor for the standing
crops, and remunerate him for such works as have been done in preparing for a crop.
Foresters will, as soon as nominated, take possession of their dwelling-places.

§ 638. Should the chief of the forest administration make himself liable to any faults
or neglect in the service, charges will be preferred against him at the supreme court of
His Royal Majesty and the Kingdom, and if such be the case with the secretary or the
treasurer, the chief may, if such be necessary, dismiss them for the time the suit shall
last. Extra officers at the forest administration, who shall make himself guilty of fault
or neglect in the service, may receive warning from the administration; or if he contin-
nes his offenses, he shall be dismissed from office either for # certain timeor forever, At-
tendant at the administration who is unreliable or disobedient. may, according to cir-
cnmstances, either receive warning from the administration, lose his situation for a
certain time, or be discharged.

\ 64, Should the forest inspector ov district director neglect through carelessness,
omit or refuse to fulfill his duties, or should he stay away from his office without per-
wission or legal canse, he will receive warning of the forest administration; shonld
he continue his offenses , he will be fined to an amount correspouding to not above
three months’ salary, or dismissed from office for an equal time; should he, how-
ever, commit similar offenses, or be guilty of graver ueglect, a public accuser, ap-
pointed by His Royal Majesty’s governor of province, will, at the request of the
forest administration, prefer charges against him at the respective court, and the forest
administration will in such a ease, or when charges are preferred against officers at
the forest corps, dismiss the person from office, When circumstances so require. Should
the extra district director neglect his duties, the stipulations in the foregoing section
in regard to extra ordinary officers at the forest administration m: vy be “applied.
Foresters found to be incompetent, careless, or neglectful, or guilty of, unfaithfulness,
partiality or selfishness may, having previously received warning of the respective
district director, without changing his conduct, be dismissed by the forest administra-
tion for a certain time, or disc hi: ged,

§ 65. Should an officer at the forest corps fail to render, within the time specified, the
information, declaration, ov account required by the forest administration, the admin-
istration will, for each repeated neglect, fix a suitable fine for the exceeding time.

§ 66. No complaint can be made of received warning, but from the decision of the
forest administration, by whom the offender is sentenced to other punishment, may
humble appeal be made, which will have to be transmitted to His Royal Majesty
through his department of finances, within the time specified in the royal instruction
ot December 14, 1866.

§ 67. Concerning the business of the forest administration with regard to the filling
of vacancies at the forest institute and forest schools, or in regard to leave of absence
applied for by officers and attendants at the same, the rules stipulated above for dis-
trict directors will exist in regard to the manager of the forest institute and the
teacher at the same, and at the “other schools ; the same regulations exist for overseers
and attendants at the schools as for foresters.

§6e. This instruction shall be in force from the commencement of the next ee
1270, when the royal instruction of the 16th of March, 1833, for the forest and chase
corps, shall cease to be valid.

Which all whom it may concern shall have to obey.

In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hand and caused our royal seal to be
affixed.

The Palace at Stockholn, November 19, 1869,

CARE. [1L.5.]

Gust OF UGGLAs.

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN. N5

{Translation from the Swedish. ]

. His Majesty the King’s gracious regulations for forest instruction within the Kingdom,
given at the Palace of Stockholm, May 25, 1860.

We, Charles, by the Grace of God the King of Sweden, Norway, &e., &c., make
known: That, whereas the rules for the forest institute, graciously given on the L5th of
October, 1828, in several regards require some amendment, and whereas it has been
lately decided to establish, at the expense of the government, lower forest schools, we
have found proper, having learned the humble opinion of our administration of forests,
to cancel the above-mentioned rules, and hereby graciously to order that free instruc-
tion shall be given at the forest schools, which stand under the administration of for-
ests, at the forest institute, in a higher course of teaching, for the eduertion of forest
managers, and at the forest schools in a lower course, for the education of skiliful -
foresters and planters, and we do, for these schools, and the private forest education,
supported by public funds, graciously sanction the following regulations:

CHAPTER I.
THE FOREST INSTITUTE—ITS OBJECT AND ORGANIZATION.

§ 1. A suitable locality in the royal park, near Stockholm, shall continue to be placed
to the disposal of the forest institute, embracing lecture-rooms, library, rooms for col-
lections, the director, ene teacher and one “porter, also necessary ground for nursery,
tree-planting, and target-ground; a suitable forest in the vicinity of the city shall also
be placed under the regular care "and management of the institute, in order to impart
to the pupils practical “knowledge herein.

§ 2. In order to teach the pupils surveying, appraisement, and the technical terms of
the forest, they shall, during a certain time every year, be employed in forests suitable
for the purpose, under the direction of the teachers; separate funds will be assigned
for this purpose.

§ 3. To assist the pupils during their stay at the institute, a certain number of sti-
pends, the amount of which will be separately fixed, will be assigned to such indigent
pupils who have made themselves deserving of the same, through industry, skill, and
good conduct.

§ 4. The institute is to be managed by a director, appointed by His Royal Majesty,
and the director, together with four teachers, also appointed by His Royal Majesty,
will furnish the instruction, viz: one the care and management of forests, one hunting
and forest laws, one natural history, and one mathematics; these teachers will be
entitled to their years of service, as merits equal to the forest and chase officers of the
kingdom, the two latter only in case they have graduated at the forest institute. For
the appointing of director, as well as teachers, the forest administration will nominate
candidates. At the institute is also a porter, appointed by the director, and may by
him be removed.

§ 5. The course of instruction shall embrace mathematics and natural history to the
extent required for the superintendence of forests and the chase; knowledge of the regu-
lations for the forest and the chase, book-keeping, and of the forms for forest accounts ;
hunting; theoretical and practical knowledge of forest-appraisement; cultivation of
woods and forest-technology; as well as expertness in surveying, map-drawing, level-
ing and shooting.

§ 6. The course of instruction will be continued during two years, counted from the
commencement of the month of June every year, and be so arranged that fully edu-
cated pupils may yearly graduate and new ones be admitted in their place.

§ 7. Pupils who wish to obtain certificates of. having graduated, shall, having previ-
ously undergone a probation at a public examination, manifest sufficient knowledge
and skill in all the branches which they have been taught at the institute. In order
fo obtain a certificate for forest-mianagement, the-pupil shall prove himself to have
satisfactorily constructed a map, with regular plan of forest surveying and cultivation.

88. The instruction shall continue during the whole year, with the exception of
three weeks’ vacation during Christmas, and one week after the yearly examination,
and shall be thus regulated, that the pupils acquire, from commencement of October
until the end of May, theoretical aud such practical knowledge as local circumstances
at the institute adimit of, and that, during the summer months, the pupils are occu-
pied in the forests of the government, and under the direction of the teachers, with
surveying and estimation of forests, and with the most usual modes of the cultivation,
care, and felling of trees.

§\ 9. Every year, at the commencement of the month of June, the pupils shall be
publicly examined in all the subjects in which they have received instruction. The
pupil who, having previously undergone a probation, proves himself at the examina-
tion to possess the knowledge and skill mentioned in § 7, may, without regard to the
longer or shorter time he has been at the college, receive due certificate.

oD)

16 FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN.
THE DIRECTOR OF THE FOREST INSTITUTE.

§ 10. The direetor ought to have made himself known as possessing knowledge and
experience of forest-managing, and shall live within the locality of the institute, in
order to properly exercise his functions. His duties shall embrace not only the ad
ministration of the institute and the responsibility of its operations, and of ‘the com-
pleteness of the instruction, but also to promote the developnient of and- spread
throughout the country the science:of forest-management.

It shall consequently be the duty of the director—

1. To quarterly collect from the treasury of His Royal Majesty and the realm, at the
request of the forest administration, the funds assigned to salaries and maintenance of
the institute: to dispose of these funds according to regulations, and for each calendar
year account for their disposal, which account shall be delivered before the end of the
next following February to the forest administration for auditing.

2. To watch over the care and maintenance of the ground, buildings, nurseries,
archives, library, collections, tools, implements, and other movables of the institute,
and to see to it that complete lists of the same are made out and always at hand. He
shall, however, according to what is stated below, have right to suitably distribute
betw een the teachers the administration and care of collections, tools, and the mova-
bles. ;

3. To, having examined the certificates produced and the amount of knowledge
possessed by the candidates for admission, admit them as pupils, and, according ‘to
statements of the teachers, separately for each branch, issue certificates ‘to pupils ‘who
have finished their course, and to propose to the forest administration the distribution
of the assigned stipends among such pupils who shall be considered most deserving of
the same.

4. To issue regulations as well for the maintenance of good order and morality
within the institute as for the suitable course of teaching and the manner of impart-
ing the same, for which purpose the director shall make out a regular table of instruc-
tion, so that the business be properly distributed between the teachers, and the time
Boe antageously employed to the benefit of the pupils.

To himself instruct in one of the head branches of forest economy as well as,
jierieed permitting, be present at the preliminary examination of the pupils in the
ee branches.

To endeavor in every possible manner to promote the knowledge and spread of
an Tae ees forest economy and management of the chase within the kingdom, for
the purpose of which he must keep himself imformed of the progress of the science
and technical terms of the forest, even in foreign countries, and to write and publish
Se on the subject whenev er circumstances require.

. To report to the forest administration partly such business which requires the
re cision of His Royal Majesty, and partly such steps in regard to an improved forest
economy and management of the chase within the kingdom which may be found
necessary.

8. To make such reports or give such information concerning the forest economy
and the management of the chase which the forest administration may demand, as
well as to render to the same yearly accounts of the operations of the institute; and—

To give the porter instructions in regard to his attendance and other duties at
the institute.

THE TEACHERS AT THE FOREST INSTITUTE.

§ 11. The teacher of forest economy ought to have graduated at the institute with
honors, and thereafter, on his own responsibility, manage a forest district, and, as his
services are constantly required, he ought to live within the institute. This teacher
sball—

1. Instruet and examine in all the branches of forest economy in which the director
himself does not tench, and, besides, practically instruct the pupils in surveying and
estimating of the area of forests, and the cubie contents of trees, construction of maps,

valuation of soil, growing and felled timber, to collect and preserve seeds, the laying-
out and care of nurseries, ’ forest growing and planting, the position of se ed-tre es, clear-
ing, to quench quicksand, felling of trees, assorting and marking of timber, as well as
to conduct a party of the pupils in the forests for practical measuring, estimating, and
dividing of forest land.

2. To have under his care, and to account for, the archives, library, and movables of
the institute, with the exception of those for which the teacher of the chase and reg-
ulations is responsible.

3. To manage the economy of and account for the forests assigned to the care of the
institute.

4. To assist the director in watching over that given instructions are followed, and
in maintaining industry and order among the pupils; and

=|

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN. 1

5. Be take command of the place in the absence of the director.

§ 12. The teacher of the chase and regulations shall have graduated at the institute
with gees and thereafter served at the forest and chase corps of the Kingdom. This
teacher shall—

1. Instruct and examine in the knowledge of fire-arms, shooting, the theory and
technical terms of the chase, forest and chase regulations, and book-keeping.

2. Assist at the practices in forest economy, and conduct, during the summer season,
a Bory of the pupils on practical measuring, estimating, and dividing of forest land.

. To exercise the pupils in target-practice, and also, when there is an opportunity
of aeane and driving game, instruct the pupils in the care of wolf-pits, traps, nets,
and cages ; the making and care of hunting implements, the keeping of forests, as well
as to prefer charges against poachers and other offenders against game and forest
laws ; and—

4. To take care of and account for the tools and collections of models of the institute,
as well as of the forest and hunting implements, and of what belongs to the target-
ground,

§ 18. The teacher of natural history ought to have made himself known as thoroughly
well acquainted with this science. His duties shall be—

1. To instruct and examine in those parts of physics, chemistry, and mineralogy
which are required for the knowledge of forest climate and soil, in general and forest
botany, and in zoology, as far as this branch of knowledge is ‘connected with the forests.

2. To instruct in the manner of preparing herbaria, ‘and of stuffing and preserving
animals and insects.

3. To conduct the pupils on mineralogical and botanical excursions, and to practice
with them the examining of soil and plants.

4. To instruct the pupils during visits to the museum of the Academy of Sciences; and

5. To take care of and account for the zoological and botanical collections of the in-
stitute, and to make out complete lists of the same.

§ 14. The teacher of mathematics ought to have made himself known as thoroughly
acquainted with this science. This teacher shall instruct and examine in arithmetic,
algebra, planimetry, stereometry, trigonometry, conical sections, geometrical construc-
tions, descriptive geometry, general! and forest architecture, elements of mechanics, and
theory of the construction and use of mathematical instruments. He shall besides
practice with the pupils the drawing and copying of maps, calculating of areas, sketch-
ing maps, surveying, construction of buildings and roads for forest purposes, with esti-
mates of materials and labor, measuring of cubic contents, and adjustment of instru-
ments.

PUPILS AT THE FOREST INSTITUTE.

§ 15. In order to be admitted at the forest institute, applcation shall be made to
the director within the middle of the month of May, and the following certificates
annexed to the same:

That the applicant is at least 18 and not above 28 years old; that his constitution is
good and faultless, and not affected with any kind of incurable disease; that he has
always conducted himself well; that he either has passed such examination and ob-
tained certificates of approval in mathematics, natural history, and Swedish grammar,
which entitles him to enter the universities of the Kingdom; or that le has been ex-
amined by the appointed teachers at any of the elementary schools within the king-
dom in each of these branches, and found to possess sufficient knowledge therein to
enable him to graduate from the school; also, that he has, during at least: one year,
with some forester practiced and acquired sufficient skill in the economy and sur vey-
ing of the forest.

§ 16. Applicants whose applications are complete, and who consequently may expect
to fill the vacancies at the institute, must publicly and in the presence of the director
be examined by the teachers in arithmetic and algebra, planimetry and stereometry,
general botanies, and zoology ; also, to write a Swedish theme.

§ 17. Those exhibiting the ereatest knowledge shall have the preference of being ad-
mitted to the institute. °

§ 18. At the commencement of every year the director shall propose to the forest ad-
ministration for receiving of stipends those of the pupils who are in need of assist-
ance, and have shown themselves most deserving of same through industry, sla, and
orderly conduct.

§ 19. The pupils shall obey the orders of the director and the teachers, orderly and
decently conduct themselves, follow the regulations at the institute, and attentively
and industriously profit by the instruetions.

§ 20. Should the pupil disobey the orders of the director or the teachers, create any dis-
turbance at theinstitute, conduct himself in a disorderly manner, or neglect his studies,
he shall receive warning from the director. Should he not then change his conduct,
but continue his offenses, the director shall, after having consulted the teacher Ys, send
him away from the institute.

18 FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN.

CHAPTER II.
THE FOREST SCHOOLS—THEIR OBJECT AND ORGANIZATION,

§ 21. Suitable localities, large enough to permit both teachers and pupils to live
there, shall be placed to the disposal of the forest schools at such places as will be
especially determined upon.

§ 22. To a certain number of pupils, unable to maintain themselves at the school,
ae ra assistance shall be given, according to what is therefor specially prescribed.

§ 23. The forest schools shall be managed, ‘under the superintendence of the nearest
eee director of forests, by a teacher appointed by His Royal Majesty the King,
after having been proposed. to the situation by the govenor of the province and with
the approval of the forest administration ; this teacher shall be assisted by a ranger,
nominated by the forest administration,

§ 24. The instruction at the forest school shall embrace the four first rules of arith-
metic and the rules of proportion in whole and decimal numbers; knowledge of scales
for plan-drawings, as far as required for making of maps and measuring distances ;
knowledge of square and cubic measures with practical application at the measuring
of the extent and content of surfaces and solid bodies; knowledge of the nourishing
organs of the forest trees and of their food, and the natural conditions for their thriv-

ing; knowledge of the most dangerous insects of the Swedish forest, and of the man-
ner of destroying them; the chief principles of rational forest economy, and knowl-
edge of the rules existing for the peace and keeping of forests, marking and carrying
of timber, hunting, and also of the legal form for entering charges. The pupils w il
also be practiced in marking out and measuring of forest- lines ; tilling places, and
sowing fields; calculating of the cubic content of trees and timber: the position of seed-
trees; sowing fer hand and planting as well as the preparing of the soil for forest-
growing; colle scting and assorting of forest-seeds ; clearing and cutting, assorting and
piling of timber; marking cattle and making out of grazing-lists ; laying up and keep-
ing patrol-lists ; making out lists of unlawfully-felled timber on which embargo has
been laid; monthly reports and service accounts ; the trapping of beasts, and the grand
chase.

§ 25. The course of instruction shall begin on the 1st of October every year and con-
tinue until the middle of the following June, during which time all the respective sub-
jects and exercises shall have been tanght to the pupils, whereafter they are publicly
examined in the presence of the district director in order to ascertain the Knowledge
and skill they have acquired.

§ 26, The pupil who has satisfactorily passed the examination is entitled to receive
certificate of approved skill, issued by the district director and the principal of the
school.

THE TEACHER OF THE SCHOOL.

§ 27. For the competency as teacher at the forest school, which office entitles him to
count as many years of service within the forest and chase corps, the applicant shall
have graduated at the forest institute and received certificate of approved knowledge,
besides having been forest-manager on his own responsibility. This teacher is the
chief in command at the place, the principal of the school, and accounts for and is
responsible for the proper manangement of the school. He shall, consequently, quar-
terly, receive the funds assigned to the school, use them with judgment, and yearly
account for the same, which account shall, within the time specitied in $10, mom. 1,
for the forest institute and for the object meutioned in the said mom, be forwarded to
the forest administration through the governor of the province. It shall, besides, be his
duty to arrange the teaching and exercises to the benefit of the pupils ; to keep good
order and decent conduet within the school; to impart himself the theoretical knowl-
edge, and to superintend and correct the exercises and work in the forest. He shall
also render yearly report over the operations of the school, which is forwarded to the
forest administration through the governor of the province.

‘*SKOGSRATTAREN,” OR ASSISTANT.

§ 28. The assistant must have made himself known as steadily and orderly, to be
able to write, and well acquainted with all kind of forest-works. He is subordinate to
the direct command of the teacher; he has the care of all the implements and mate-
rials of the school, for which he is responsible and shall account for to the teacher ;
manages the school in the absence of the teacher, and is responsible that the exercises
and works are properly done, and assists in keeping good order among the pupils.

THE PUPILS OF THE FOREST SCHOOL.

§ 29. Those wishing to be admitted to the forest school shall make their appheation

to the principal in their own handwriting, with annexed respective certiticate of a

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN. Eg

clergyman, of good conduct, and of good and faultless bodily constitution, and if the
applice unt has been in service, a service certificate; the applicant shall be able to read
fluently Swedish and Latin letters and writing, write an intelligible hand, know the
first four rules of arithmetic, and be from twenty to thirty years old.

§ 30. Having examined the applications and the applicants, the principal of the
school shall admit as pupils the most skillful and best conducted.

§ 31. The pupils shall obey the orders and prescriptions of the teacher and assistant,
and observe industry, order, and good conduct. Should the pupil disobey the teacher,
or the assistant disobey the rules ' of the school, be neglectful or disorderly i in his con-
duct, or should he create disturbance, he shall receive warning of the principal ; should
he not then change his conduct, but continue his offenses, the principal shall send him
away from the school.

CuHaPtTer III.
PRIVATE FOREST-INSTRUCTION.

§ 32. To the establishing of forest schools in the respective provinces of the king-
dom, and to the education of competent assistants at the managing of private forests,
His Royal Majesty and the government will, yearly, contribute as far as the funds will
permit and His Royal Majesty shall deem requisite, provided the communities which
apply for such an assistance shall falfill the following conditions :

1. That the community shall place requisite locality to the disposal of the school,
furnish the teacher as well as the pupils with ape wtments, and pay tor the maintenance
of the school.

2. That the organization of the school and the proposed rules for its operations has
been sanctioned by His Royal Majesty; and,

3. That the operations of the school, of which a yearly report shall be made to the
forest administration, shall be exercised under the superintendence of the nearest dis-
trict director and the forest administration.

In regard to the time for applying for the positions as director, teacher, and assistant,
and for resig gnations, how leave of absence shall be applied for or charges preferred for
offense and heglect i in service, as well as the punishment therefor, the regulations pre-
scribed in the instructions for the forest administration shall be in force.

All of which whom it may concern shall obey.

In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hand and caused our royal seal to be
affixed.

The Palace at Stockholm, May 25, 1860.

CARI. (it. ssi]

J. A. GRIPENSTEDT.

[Translation from the Swedish.]

4. Circular of the royal administr ation of forests to all employés inthe “forest corps” and forest
instruction, concerning principles for the division of the public forests for the purpose of
systematic econonty. Given June 29, 1867.

1. The dividing or allotment of a forest consists in its delineation on a map with de-
scription and economical plan based on careful estimates having a view to the future
of the forest and the highest reasonable income that can be derived from it.

2. The allotting is effected so that there may be introduced, as circumstances require,
high- forest culture with tract- cutting or systematic thinning, or, nevertheless, for ap-
plyi ing low-forest culture.

3. Forest is divided, according to its extent and nature, iato more or less blocks.
Smaller forests however may each comprise only asingle block. The block is divided into
divisions or parcels, whose limits are generally determined by natural formation or
permanent marks, and these again into subdivisions, including differences which have
been observed in sur veying, delineating, and estimating the forest.

4. In the surveying is noted only such differences of the forest bestand and ground as,
according to the above-mentioned method of forest work, exercise some influence there-
on; and “with the objects and differences noted at the surveying shall be added on the
map the boundaries exactly to correspond with the facts. When a correct map hap-
pens to have been previously drawn up, a copy of it, with requisite additions, shall be
used in the allotment of the forest.

5. The map of the forest shall be drawn up on such scale as allows requisite clearness
in specifying what should be noted thereon for the economy of the forest.

6. The forest is estimated in cubic feet or in cords of 100 cubie feet (Swedish) solid
measure, except when the allotment or dividing takes place for thinning, (applicable

20 FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN.

to heavy timber,) when the estimate is made by number or piece. The estimate ought,
as near as possible, to correspond with the reality, but had better be too low than too
high. ;

7. The description shall inelnde all important matters which, at the execution of the
allotment, can be of weight for the ecouomy of the forest.

x. The plan of management is drawn up for a period of twenty years and ought to
include the requisite prescriptions as to the manner of working the forest, rotation
time, consumption, culture, and the other means of administration which have not
already been prescribed by the public statutes.

9. Traet-cutting will have the preference, as a manner of working the forest, except
where from local circumstances it is unsuitable.

10. The rotation period should be extended as far as is necessary for raising the
different sorts of trees and forest production which are counted on from the forest, but
without occasioning such delay in consumption that any part of the forest shall there-
by receive injury or deteriorate in value.

11. The estimate of what shali be consumed during the period of division or allot-
ment shall be based on the forest’s growth, the extent of ground, and on the known
quantity of wood and timber, ascertained by careful calculation, whereof no more may
be taken ont than corresponds with the growth of the forest during the said time.

12. During the last year of the division period a revision is made for searching out
the changes the forest has undergone and for drawing up the economy plan for the
following division period.

Moreover, the government having authorized the administration of forests to issue
regulations which may be required in conformity with the above principles, the ad-
ministration of forests has found it reasonable to ordain as follows :

1. The method of working a forest, mentioned in paragraph 2, above, can, where
necessary, be introduced on the same block, though on separate parts thereof;
for example, forest-grown rocky hills, moss tracts, or other land on which systematic
thinning seems an object, also such tracts as seem suitable for low-forest culture, may
enter into the same plan of economy with tract-cutting, where the grounds have not
sufficient extent for more than one block.

2. In dividing the forest into blocks, regard is had that as far as possible the older,
middle-aged, and young forest “ bestands” are in suitable relations to each other, also
that the block obtains a proper form. The ground allotted in the block for tract-cut-
ting may not exceed “ 6,000 quadrat ref,” (1,306 acres.) With the introducing of sys-
tematic heavy-timber thinning, block allotinent is fixed according to the means for
floating, and accordingly a connected forest of even 12,000 acres may be reckoned to a
block, providing the product therefrom can be floated on the same water-course,.
Lands whereon low-forest culture is introduced, and which are not entered in the econ-
omy plan that has been fixed for tract-cutting, are divided into blocks of at most 120
acres. When blocks are not situated apart they ought to have natural boundaries, as
water-courses, marsh, and rocky-hill extents, &c., &c., or nevertheless be bounded by
highways or fenees; but if such do not exist, they are separated by means of a line
cleared through the forest to the width of 20 feet.

3. In dividing the block into parcels or divisions, the principal object of which is to
facilitate ‘‘ orienting” or astronomical directions, and clearness in description, ikewise
attaining an approximating homogeneous forest bestand, the same is to be observed
concerning their boundaries that has just been mentioned in respect to blocks; never-
theless the separating lines may be cleared only the width of 10 feet. The forest land
of a division should not exceed 200 acres except in forests which are allotted for mer-
chantable or heavy timber, within which, as comprising the division or parcel, may be
reckoned only those parts divided by natural boundaries. Connected forest-blocks of
200 aeres extent, or less, constitute only a division or parcel.

4. The surveying of the forest, where it is so required, may be based, as heretofore,
on paralle! lines running in right angles, or over valleys and summit extents in oblique
direction ; nevertheless hereafter these lines onght not to be cut or cleared more than
is necessary for inaking them visible, but shall instead be blazed to a breadth of ten
feet. In the allotment of the forest for the purpose of systematic heavy-timber thin-
ning, smaller impediments, unless sketched on the map, shall only be noted in the
description,

5. Forest maps shall be drawn up ona seale of , 99 of natural size, with these excep-
tions: lands allotted for heavy-timber thinning shall be mapped on a scale of gohoo of
natural size; lands for low-forest culture, according to separate plan of economy, shall
be mapped on a seale of ,2), of natural size. A separate map is drawn up for each
block. On the just-mentioned maps of 95)o9 scale, two or three blocks may neverthe-
less be contained, according to circumstances. When the forest is composed of several
blocks, with map for each, a comprehensive map of the whole forest may be prepared,
showing the relative situation of the blocks, on a seale of go}o9 of natural size ; and
with heavy-timber thinning ; 549) of natural size. The map of the floating-courses,
below mentioned, are drawn on a scale of 595 99 of natural size. When a comprehen-

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN. al

sive map on the scale aforementioned has been prepared, the floating-courses should be
shown thereon, and in such ease no separate map of these is needed. The maps shall
be well and plainly drawn, colored, provided with names of bordering estates, forests,
or the like, written around, title, scale, and north direction whereon the variation is
observed. The cleared or blazed lines and the separating lines pertaining to the pro-
ject for period allotment or division shall be drawn on the map, also the yearly eclear-
ing or cutting bounds in the first period ; the latter, nevertheless, only on maps of for-
ests which are not under the immediate administration of the forest establishment.

6. The valuation or estimate of the forest is undertaken in conformity with the rec-
ognized principles of forest science separately for each subdivision, with regard to dif-
ferences of ground and forest bestand.

7. The description consists of general and bestand description.

8. The general description is based in certain parts on bestand description, and shall
under separate titles account for—

History of the changes which the forest has undergone financially, state aud admin-
istration of possessory right, wherewith, if practicable, the official proceedings may
be introduced on which the changes or improvements have been based and the influ-
ence of these, of forest fires, of injuries by storms and the like on the forest’s present
condition.

The uses or service with which the forest, from one cause or another, is charged ;
how far these are based on culture or resolutions, and in the latter case what, also, the
influence on the forest which the uses produce.

Boundaries on adjoining stranger owners; also, when the forest belongs to home-
stead or farm, on the thereto belonging arable and pasture land; wherewith for that
case any land which did not before belong to the forest, but which is included in the
allotment, with the reason therefor, ought separately to be given, regard being had to
what is prescribed in Royal Forest Regulations of the 29th June, 1866, section 38.

Nature of the forest land, nature of the forest bestand in general, according to bes-
tand description.

Block allotment or dividing, and motives for the same.

Prevailing winds, and their eifect.

Depredations and wastes: to what extent the forest is exposed to such, and their
nature.

Watching or care; how this is ordered, and how far sufficient.

Pasture and autumn-mowing, and what etfect such use has on the forest.

Selling of the produce of the forest, where this can come in question, wherewith,
when this is dependent on opportunity of floating, a map of the floating-course in the
forest and in its neighborhood is annexed, providing such map can be had without
separate survey.

With several other relations which, in and for the forest administration, can be of
weight, which like the above-mentioned ought to be stated under separate titles.

9. THE DESCRIPTION OF THE BESTAND.—Table No. 1, 1, which is prepared in tabu-
lav form, and which, with the exception of area reports, composed in proportion to the
progress of the survey and valuation, contains the following columns:

1. Division, or parcel, (in the Swedish “skiften,”) wherein is introduced the name of
the division, in what block it has been divided, also the letters whereby these are
denoted on the map. P

2, Subdivision, in which column is placed the letter whereby the differences of the
forest land and forest bestand have been denoted on the map.

3. Extent, wherein the area is given in new measuring, (quadrat ref and quadrate
poles,) and which coiunn is subdivided in two, namely:

_ a. Forest land, where regard is had to the area of forest-bearing ground, the subdivis-
ions are given as—

a. Iorest-grown, or—

B. Bare, under which latter designation may be introduced as well such land as pro-
duces only bushes and scattered trees as that which shall be cleared, during the divis-
ion period for effecting satisfactory re-growth; also—

b. Impediments and land not regarded sufficiently fertile for forests, under which is noted
such rocky hills, marshes, mosses, &¢., which cannot be counted on to bear forest; also
such preventing sand-holes, ways, and tilled places, &c., whereon forest will not be
grown.

4. Land where under the subdivision is described with regard to the quality of the
land and soil.

5. Situation, where the situation is described as well with regard to moisture as in re-
lation to prevailing winds.

6. The forest, which column is subdivided into four:

a. Sort of trees, wherein is introduced the kind of trees the forest bestands consist of,
with special remarks as to the prevailing—

b. Growth, closeness, windfalls, previous treatment, &c., where a fuller description of. the
forest bestand is given, as well as how the same seems to have been treated previously.

De FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN.

ce. Amount of production, wherein is noted the number of cords, at 100 eubie feet (Swed-
ish) solid measure, which the growing forest contains.

a. By quadrat ref (say 10,000 square feet) in whole and tenths of cords, and—

B. By subdivision in whole cords; or nevertheless with heavy or merchantable timber-
thinning number of sticks per quadrat ref and in the whole subdivision ; also—

d. Age class, wherein is introduced the prevailing ages of the forest bestand, designed
to show twenty-year-age classes, from 1-20, 20-40, 40-60 years, &c., whereafter, under
the title of treatment of the bestand during the division period, (Table No. 1, 2,) follows:

7. Manner of working the forest, in which column is noted how far the bestand shall
proceed under allotment of tract-cutting, or if thinning or low-forest culture should be
there introduced; and—

8. Special means, including accounts of what ought to be adopted for the bestand and
land during the time for which the division is regarded to be effective, whereto shall be
stated for the occurrence of help-pruning or preparatory clearing (or cutting) that
amount of wood and timber which thereby, according to valuation, it is considered can
be obtained per quadrat ref. The area as well as quantity of wood and timber on the
subdivisions may be summed up for every division or parcel, and a compendium intro-
duced at the end of the table, wherein the whole of the area of the division or parcel
and quantity of wood and timber noted shows the extent and bulk of the wood and
timber, as well as a like compendium for the separate blocks to show the whole area
of the forest and stock of wood in cords, or with heavy or merchantable timber-thin-
ning, in timber.

To the description of the bestand belong, equally with tract-cutting, a compendium
of the area which the different age-classes occupy, and the timber and wood mass each
one contains. The description ought to be accompanied by the length-valuations intro-
duced in the forest.

10. The plan of management, of which a sketch ought to be made at the place of em-
ployment, so that the state of the forest in case of need may serve for further direction,
contains the following titles :

Manner of working the forest, under which is noted for every block how great part of
forest land and quantity of wood and timber suits the one or the other of the mentioned
methods of working the forest, and where so required the motives for the distribution
of the forest-ground between them.

Rotation, under which title separately for each block and method of working the
forest with necessary motives may be introduced, the age which, in general it is
thought the forest should have before the same can be consumed; whereto with heavy
timber-thinning under the title in question ought to be given the time.

Thinning-time, during which thinning shall be done.

Consumption, which title for every block contains a calculation of what, during the
whole of the twenty-year period, and during every year of the same, should be consumed,
also report where aud how consumption ought to be effected separately for forest
adapted to tract-cutting, thinning, or low-forest culture; and there ought therewith
to be added in tabular form, equally for the two foregoing titles, a compendiuin, (Table
No. 2,) to which is added a report for the whole block and area, and amount of wood
and timber summed together.

Forest-cullivating, (with special regard to sowing and planting,) under which is noted
in table form, (Table IIL) by block-division and sub-division, the area of the ground
which during the period shall undergo complete forest-cultivating, (that is, clearing
and raising forest again on the same place by planting or sowing,) help-culture, drain-
age or other means for advancing re-growth, whereto may be noted the nature of the
measures and steps which in every case shall be adopted.

Project for the future division of the forest in respect to rotation and thinning periods,
under which title, and with reference to the map of the forest, is indicated how it is
considered, on the basis of the present state, the sub-divisions ought to be united for
hastening, and with least sacrifice of growth, to form suitable parts of the forest, cor-
responding with the twenty-year periods, separate report being made for the division of
the ground in every block for tract-cutting, thinning, or low-forest growing.

Pasture and autumn-mowing, under which is noted that which, with regard to the sub-
ject, should be observed during the division period.

Means of facilitating the transportation and sale of wood and timber, under which title is
given, as nay happen, the needful scheme for ways, improvement of floating-courses,
disposing of the sorts of timber necessary for the region, &c., &c.

Administration and care wherewith representation is made of what, in said respect,
ought to be adopted to secure suitability of plan of economy, therewith always com-
plying with what is prescribed by the coutrol-book for consumption and forest-cultiva-
tion.

11. Rotation wiih tract-cutting is determined so that, after knowledge is acquired of the
kinds of trees the forest will yield, and the growing-time required for them, the area
of the forest-grown land is divided into the number of twenty-year periods which said
growing-time contains ; thus, with 140 years growing-time by 7, with 120 years by 6, &c.,

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN. 28

whereby is ascertained the extent on an average can be consumed during every 20 years.
Thereafter is examined through comparing “the extent of this latter with the area
which every age-class takes up, how long time consumption in each and every class,
beginning with the oldest, should require, wherewith also knowledge is gained of the
age of the forest at the time of consumption. If then it is found ‘that any essential
part of the forest should be consumed first after that which has taken injury from too
high age, so ought said examination to be renewed ina twenty years’ shorter time, and
in “proportion to the therewith greater area of consumption, till its results shows that
the forest can be consumed without losing in value, when the last-mentioned time is
adopted for rotation-time.

With the introduction of regulated timber-thinning it is seen, too, that the thinning-
time becomes so sufficient that a requisite number of trees may be able to grow to
heavy timber by the time its thinning returns to the same tract which it before went
over,

As well rotation as thinning-time should contain a certain number of twenty-year
periods,

Thinning-time ought to be an equal part of rotation time.

12. The computation of what is taken out by tract-cutting during the period is made
thus:

Of that part of the forest-grown land allotted to tract-cutting is assigued for con-
sumption during forty years, two-sevenths of the area with one hundred and forty
year, two-sixths or one-third with one hundred and twenty year, two-fifths with one
hundred year rotation periods, &c. Out of the oldest age-classes is taken off thereafter
as great area As corresponds to said part. The forest which is found on the area thus
taken off consists of that which can be consumed during forty years. Hereof is allot-
ted for consumption during the first twenty years, out of the oldest or least growing
bestand, so great a part that the growing forest thereon, without including the grown,
inay attain to wood and timber mass equally with the growing forest on the other
part, with reckoning or including that grown during twenty years. With the reckoning
of growth, nevertheless, so-called growth-tables may not be used unless the yearly
growth of the bestand running in the two periods is accepted as the average amount
of what these during its filled age yearly grow.

In thinning of heavy timber is consumed, during the time adopted for thinning, all the
timber found at the dividing or allotment besides half the quantity of heavy timber-
stuff which within the peri od of thinning can grow. Of this amount of wood and
timber can thus be consumed during the twenty-year division period, with forty-
year thinning-time half, with sixty-year one-third, and with eighty-year one-fourth.
In this way is taken off that part of the forest which shall correspond with the first
twenty-year period, wherewith is observed, nevertheless, that only such land as bears
heavy timber, or within the thinning period grows heavy or merchantable timber-stuf,
enters into the calculation, also that the part t taken off does not more than twenty- five
per cent. exceed that which the land just mentioned, reckoned exclusively ac cording
to the area, shall have produced in the period. If it is found, notwithstanding such
angmentation in area, the part taken or sold off does not contain the number of pieces
of timber w hich, ac cording to the above-mentioned calculation, ought to be had, the
consumption is reduced to what the thus sold-off district for a period of twenty years
can according to calculation give.

With other thinning the consumption’ s mass is calculated the same as is mentioned
in regard to track- cutting.

In the dividing or allotment for low-forest growing, with separate blocks the area
is divided by th: at number of periods which the rotation-time cont: rins, after which the
amount of consumption is fixed according to the bulk of production on that part which
corresponds to the first period, wherewith, if so required, the growth is reckoned in the
manner above written.

In the consumption calculated in harmony with the above principles is not included
what, according to estimate, is obtained through preparatory thinning and help-pru-
ning or clearing up of found wind-falls and dry “forest, so called cleaning- -cutting, like-
wise neither the utilizing of stumps, roots, branches, and twigs. ;

13. When the division or allotment. takes place in such forests as are mentioned in
Chapters IIL and V of the Government’s Forest Regulations of 29th June, 1866, with
the dividing proceedings and inaps shal] special memorial be prepared, representing
how far it is s thought the forest, according to §§ 16 and 23 of said regulations, ought to
be placed under the immediate care and administration of the forest state, also if such
is not the condition, the need of the products of the forest at the homestead or farm
to which it belongs ; also how far the forest is insufficient to supply said need, or
nevertheless besides answering the requirement or leaving something over the same,
and in the latter case the amount of surplus, also project for the forest- rent, which
according to § 17 ought to be reckoned, or that portion of ciear gain which, on the
principle » of § 24 of regulations, can accrue to the resident occupier.

14. At the revision of the allotment which here above is ordained is drawn up onthe prin-

24 FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN.

ciple of examination of the forest, and, with high-forest culture, accurate caleulation of
the older age-classes, new allotment proceedings, wherewith the map is intended for
introducing of the noticed changes.

Revision shall also be had of the forest-maps and plaus of economy hitherto drawn
up for the public forests, where these have been operative twenty years or more.
Should the maps and allotment proceedings be found continuing suitable the drawing
up of new ones may be dispensed with.

Stockholn, as above.

A. E. ROS.

C. A. T. BIORKMaAN,

[Translated from the Swedish.]

His Royal Majesty’s gracious regulations concerning the management of the public forests
within the Kingdom. Given at the Palace of Stockholm, June 29, 1866.

Ve, Charles, with the grace of God, the King of Sweden, Norway, &c., &c., make
ee that, whereas the ‘estates of the Kingdom in their humble letters of February
16, 1858, and November 30, 1863, have made known the principles according to which
the public forests of the Kingdom ought to be managed, we have found proper, having
heard the opinion of our forest administration, and of ours and the Kinegdom’s Ex-
chequer College, (Kammar Kollegium,) and canceling the royal regulation for the
forests within the Kingdom of August 1, 1895, in regard to land and commons, Crown-
parks, and forests belonging to the Crown, as well as to forests belonging to dwe lling-
places and farms of the Crown, and, furthermore, altering other reg ulations in regard
to the same subject, as far as contrary to these rules, in accordance with the principles
adopted by the estates of the Kingdom, to stipulate the following:

CHAPTER I.
IN REGARD TO CROWN-PARKS.

§ 1. The crown-parks shall be retained to their original extent, and managed accord-
ing to such plans which, based upon scientific rules and suited to different locations,
shall promote the conservation and the yield of the forests. Our forest administration
shall sanction the plans of management and issue such orders as may be necessary for
the proper care of these forests.

§ 2. The crown-parks shall be under the immediate care and management of the
forest corps. The Crown shall defray the expenses for their guarding, and shall alone
receive the income of the same, where not otherwise is stipulated,

§ 3. Regulations issued in regard to crown-parks shall also be in force in regard to
quicksand fields belonging to the Crown.

§ 4. In regard to the Royal Deer Park at Stockholm, as well as commons belonging
to the Crown and assigned to certain purposes, public establishments or institutions
are separately stipulated.

CHAPTER II.
IN REGARD TO COMMONS,

§ 5. What is stipulated in § 1 in regard to crown-parks is also valid in regard to
commons.

§ 6. Part owners of commons will build and live within the district according to
their part, where not in separate cases otherwise is stipulated. Our governor of prov-
ince shall annually fix and publish time and place when these part owners shall, by
proxy from the parish and by balloting, select an administration, which, in all cases
concernivg the common, shall exercise the decisive right of the part owners, when not
otherwise is stipulated in the rules for the common. These rules are made out by the
part owners and sanctioned by our governor of province as far as he shall find the
the same, having heard the opinion of the district manager, corresponding to the
laws and these regulations, as well as to-the adopted plan of the management of the
commons.

§ 7. If the part owners wish themselves to guard and manage the common they may
do so under condition—

1. That a plan of the management of the common has been approved of by our forest
administration and that the preparing works necessary for the surveys are made at
the expense of the part owners; and

2. That regulations are issued and sanctioned for the common as nentioned in the
foregoing section,

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN 25

§ 8. If the part owners guard and manage the commons the respective forest officers
shall, however, observe that what is prescribed for the management of the forest is
properly observed. Should there be any neglect herein, and should the same not be
corrected within the time specified by our governor of province, or should larger felling
be done on the common than permitted in the plan of the management, our governor
of province shall order the common to be placed under the care or management of the
forest corps; whereafter the forest administration, report hereof having been made,
shall appoint the respective manager of the “rivier” to take care of the guarding and
management of the common through foresters engaged for the purpose.

§ 9. Shonld not the part owners guard and manage the common, this shall be done
by the forest corps in the manner above mentioned.

§ 10. Of the yield of the common shall in the first place be paid out the salary of
the foresters, the cost of the maintenance of their dwelling-places, forest cultivation,
. felling of forest products which are not sold growing, as well as other expenses men-
tioned in the plan of management or especially ordered.

§ 11. Thereafter shall the timber required for bridges and other buildings within the
district be laid aside, and the remainder of the yield be annually divided between the
part owners, depending upon the decision of the part owners whether the products or
the returns for the same shall be divided between them. Should the comimon be under
the care and management of the forest corps, the yield, whether in products or money,
shall be placed at the disposal of the administration of the common, who shall pay out
and divide the same according to above-mentioned principles.

§ 12. Should the common be managed by the forest corps ‘it shall be the duty of the
“rivier” manager to annually, before the endof the month of July, render account for
the past calendar year of not only the yield of the common in forest produets, but also
of the expenses for the common and of the funds he has received for the covering of
the same. This account shall be made out in two copies, of which one is te be trans-
mitted to our forest administration and the other to our governor of province. It
shall be the duty of the common administration to transmit to our governor of prov-
ince, before the end of the month of August, annual accounts of the yield of the com-
mons and of the distribution of the same among the part owners, or how otherwise dis-
posed of. Should the common be under the care and management of the part owners,
this account shall also embrace a list of the felling as well as of the expenses of the
common during the past account year, and will in such a case be transmitted to our
governor of province to the forest administration after the lapse of the thirty days
mentioned in the following section.

§ 13. The accounts mentioned in the foregoing section having been received by our
governor of province, thev shall be open for examination by the part owners at the
meeting mentioned in section six and during thirty days at the time and place fixed
and published by our governor of province.

§ 14. Former instructions for a common respectively sanctioned may be in force, pro-
vided they correspond with these rules. Should an alteration be necessary, such may
be done according to what is stipulated in section six for the issuing of new regula-
tions.

CuHaPprer III.

IN REGARD TO THE FORESTS BELONGING TO THE KING’S DOMAINS OR LET-OUT FARMS
AND ESTATES OF THE CROWN.

§ 15. At the King’s domains, the King’s dairies, dwelling-places assigned to the
finances of the States, (Statsverket,) and other farms and estates which are managed
or let out for the account of the Crown, shall a regular forest management be intro-
duced, provided they are not situated within the same territory as any private prop-
erty; or, should there be any other objection, they shall be surveyed where our forest
administration, with regard to the extent and quality of the forest, shall find it suitable.
The cost of the survey shall be paid out of public funds, where not in existing leases
otherwise is provided.

§ 16. Should the forest be very large and so located that the same may conveniently
be placed under the immediate care and management of the forest corps, we will, upon
the report of our forest administration, in each separate case, issue regulations there-
for, and in such cases it shall be observed that sufficient forest is retained for household
purposes, but the remaining forest, as now existing leases expire or the lessee will con-
sent, shall be made into a crown-park, and managed according to Chapter I.

§ 17. In all the leases issued hereafter for the estates of the Crown, the lessee shall
engage himself to care and manage the forest according to the plan of management
where such has been or shall be sanctioned with the right to freely dispose of that
yield of the forest even above what is required for household purposes; and when
plans of management are made out for such forests as will remain under the care and
management of the lessee, a certain amount of forest rent shall be fixed therefor and

26 FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN.

mentioned among the conditions of the lease. It shall depend upon the opinion of ou
and the Kingdom’s Exchequer College, (Kammar Kollegium,) or the authority under tl
care and superintendence of which the estate is placed, whether, and under what con
tions, the above right to dispose of the forest may be granted the present lessee for the
remaining time of the lease.

§ 18. When forests belonging to the estates of the Crown are placed under the man-
agement of the lessee, it shall be the duty of the respective foresters to carefully watch
over that the plan of management is followed and to report all neglects of the same.

z
;
CHAPTER IV. é

IN REGARD TO FORESTS BELONGING TO THE FARMS OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.

§ 19. In regard to forests belonging to the farms and estates of churches, academies,
hospitals, soldiers’ asylums, and other public institutions, what is stipulated in Mom.
1, § 15, abont district felling and other regular management, shall be in force, and the
respective administration or authority who shall have the superintendence over such
property ought to apply to our forest administration to obtain the plan of management,
who shall order the respective forester to make out such a plan and to transmit the
same to the forest administration for approval, for which service he will be separately
paid in accordance with the tariff.

§ 20. The plan of management for such a forest having been approved of, it shall be
the duty of the respective forester to see to that the same is observed and to report to
our forest administration all neglects herein, and also, when the farm is managed by
lessee or owner, to the administration or authority who superintends the same.

) 21. In regard to farms belonging to public institutions, and which are cultivated by
right of possession, is stipulated in the fourth chapter.

CHAPTER V.
FOREST BELONGING TO OFFICIAL DWELLING-PLACES.

§ 22. What is prescribed in Mom. 1, § 15, about district felling and other regular
management shall be valid in regard to forests belonging to dwelling-places assigned to
civil, military, and clerical institutions. Where such forests have not been surveyed
as far as funds assigned for the purpose will allow, or when the possessors or adminis-
trations will defray the expenses for the same, the most suitable plan of management
shall be adopted and our forest administration shall appoint a respective forester who,
being separately paid for his service according to the tariff, shall survey and make out
the plan of management to be transmitted to our approval by our forest administra-
tion. In making out such a plan, it shall be taken into consideration that the annual
requirements of the owner of forest and pasture are filled as far as possible, even if the
increase of the yield of the forest should be delayed.

§ 23. Should the forest belonging to a dwelling-place be very much larger than is
required for household purposes, we will, upon the proposition of our forest adminis-
tration, order the entire forest or a proper part thereof to be placed under the immediate
care and management of the forest corps, as stipulated in regard te crown-parks; other-
wise if shall be the duty of the farmer to guard and manage the forest, thereby observ-
ing the plan of management approved of by the forest administration.

§ 24. Until snch a regulated management as mentioned in § 15 has been introduced
in forests belonging to dwelling-places the owner may nse the same for household pur-
poses, When not a more extensive right has been granted him during his time of service ;
but thereafter may the owner, besides that he always shall enjoy that much of the
income of the forest which is due to him throngh his previous right and what is neces-
sary for the household purposes, if the forest is placed under his own care, receive a cer-
tain amount of the yield, which amount may, according to the greater or smaller ex-
penses for the care of the forest, be fixed up to half the amount of the yield above
what is required for household purposes. In regard to how much of the yield of the
forest shall be the owner's, a regular management having been introduced, our forest
administration shall, before the plan of management is approved, transmit to us their
humble preposition, whereupon we, having learned the opinion of the respective par-
ties, will decide separately in each case.

Out of the returns from forests belonging to dwelling-places shall first and foremost
the expenses for its care be covered; but money advanced for the survey only be paid
back in the proportion the dweller shall receive all he requires for household purposes.

The returns of the yield of forests belonging to dwelling-places which do not go
to the dweller shall be disposed of at military dwelling-places by the direction for the
same. At clerical dwelling-places it shall be used in conformity with the royal regnla-
tion of July 11, 1s62, to regulate the income of the clergy; and shall, at the dwelling-

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN. 27

laces for the governor of province, go to the funds for regulating the salaries of the
governor of province, but in all other cases to the forest-planting funds.
~ § 25. What is stipulated in the foregoing section concerning the disposal of the re-
turns of forests belonging to dwelling-places shall be in force with regard to the com-
pensation the dweller will receive when oak-trees are felled on the farm for the account
of the Crown.

~ § 26. When the parishioners shall build or repair the church or the house of the par-
son, they may take the necessary timber from the forest of the parsonage or other
farms belonging to the same, as far as survey may be held, according to the approved
plan of management, without infringement upon the right of the owner to the returns
of the forest.

§ 27. When forest belonging to a dwelling-place, according to § 23, is managed by
the forest corps, the manager of the ‘“‘rivier” shall account for the same, in the manner
prescribed for commons in § 12, Mom. 1; and our governor of province shall, after the
dweller has seen ofthe account, transmit the same, and the surplus money for military
dwelling-places, to the direction for the same, and for the clerical ones to the respective
domkapitlet, (cathedral chapter,) which authorities shall, when requested, hand over
to the dwellers their respective shares.

In regard to the account of other forests belonging to dwelling-places, the authority
who superintends the same will issue necessary instructions.

§ 28. What-is stipulated in § 17 shall be in force in regard to military dwelling-p laces
let out for the account of the salavy-fand.

CHAPTER VI.
IN REGARD TO FORESTS BELONGING TO PUBLIC FARMS CULTIVATED BY TENANTS.

§ 29. The forest belonging to farms owned by the Crown and public institution may
be used for household purposes, provided not otherwise stipulated by special permis-
sion or prescriptions. However, in regard to crown-farms, our governor of province,
and, in regard to other farms, the authorities under whose care they are placed, may,
upon application, permit the owners to use the forest, even for sale, if they only ob-
serve the plan of managemert approved for the same.

§ 30. If such a special permission as mentioned in section 29 is granted, the owner
shall apply to our forest administration for the plan of management. The forest
administration will then appoint a forest officer, who is paid by the owner according to
the tariff, to make out a plan of management, which is transmitted to the forest admin-
istration for approval. It shall be the duty of the officers of the forest corps, as well
as of the foresters, to see to that the plan of management is observed, and to report to
our governor of province, or the authority who superintends the farm, any transgres-
sion or neglect of the same; and if such is the case in regard to crown-farms, our gov-
ernor of province shall, if necessary, and until otherwise decided, prohibit the use of
the forest for other than household purposes.

§ 31. In regard to the right of tenants of crown-farms, settlers and owners of settle-
ments in the six northern lens of using the forest over and above what is required for
household purposes, is separately stipulated.

CHAPTER VII.
IN REGARD TO ADVANCES FROM PUBLIC FUNDS FOR FOREST SURVEYS.

§ 32. There, upon humble proposition, we have found proper that the expense of the
survey of such public forests which are not at ours and the Crown’s immediate dis-
posal may be paid by advances from public funds, there shall the advances be paid
back from the yield of the surveyed forest ; and for this purpose shall, in the first place,
the returns from the sale of the timber which has been followed on the lines of survey
be used ; if these means should not be sufficient, the balance will be gradually paid in
out of the annual income from the forest above what is required for the care of the
forest, and in regard to dwelling-places what the dweller needs for his household pur-
poses.

CHAPTER VIII.
IN REGARD TO PASTURE AND HAY-HARVEST IN PUBLIC FORESTS.

§ 33. Pasturing and -hay-harvesting may not take place in forests mentioned in
these regulations, and for which plans of management are sanctioned, in any other
way than prescribed in the plan of management, or in special cases permitted by the
forest administration ; pasture or hay-harvest in crown-parks may be purchased for a
certain time at public auctions; of pasture which may be let out on commons, the
administration of the same will dispose.

3 FC

28 FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN.

§ 34. If certain farms or communities have acquired right to pasture or harvesting
in public forests, either by special resolutions or agreements, or if they have enjoyed
the same as far as can be recollected, they will continue to do so until otherwise may
be legally stipulated.

CHAPTER IX.
IN REGARD TO THE MARKING AND SALE OF FOREST PRODUCTS.

§ 35. In all the forests mentioned in the regulations shall trees holding at the root
five decimal inches or more in diameter be worked in the prescribed order by the
respective “rivier” manager or forester before they may be felled; and it shall be the
duty of the party requesting the marking, or of the purchaser, to observe the rules
which are prescribed by the respective foresters in regard to the felling and carrying
away of such trees as well as of forest products which are not subject to marking.
What is hereby stipulated shall not exist in regard to felling done in the prescribed
order for household purposes.

§ 36. All sales of products from forests which are under the immediate care and
management of the forest corps and from commons and dwelling-places shall be made
at public auction, according to what is now or may in the future be stipulated. Time
and place of auction, as well as conditions of sale, will be published by our governor of
province.

§ 37. In regard to the marking and sale of forest product from crown-parks, surplus
land and unsurveyed forests in the six northern lens is separately stipulated.

CHAPTER X.
GENERAL REGULATIONS.

§ 38 At examinations or surveys upon which the right of private parties is depend-
ing, the surveyor shall, after the plan of management has been made out by him,
acquaint the parties whose right is in question of the plan, and they shall, within
thirty days from being acquainted of the same, render their remarks to the surveyor,
who shall transmit the same, accompanied by his report, to our forest administration, in
case it should not be what is properly called forest land, when the remarks, with the
report of the surveyor, shall be transmitted to our governor of province, whose
decisions shall be submitted to the exchequer college, (Kammar Kollegium,) or any
other corresponding authority, under whose jurisdiction the farm or the estate is
placed.

§ 39. Should the owner of a farm, or a place mentioned in the third, fourth, and fifth
chapters, wish to cultivate the forest ground belonging to the same, build a cottage, or
make a pasture-ground arable, be shall apply to our governor of province, who will
decide the case, after he has learned the opinion of the respective forest officer, and
submit his decision to the exchequer college, or any other authority under the man-
agement of which the farm is placed. No such permission ought to be given, should
the same interfere with the approved plan of management, before the forest adiminis-
tration has had the opportunity to give its opinion in the matter,

§ 40. Should the owner, tenant, or lessee of a public farm or place transgress the
right of using the forest, afforded him by these regulations and the approved plan of
management, he will be punished as far as lawful felling of forest, according to the
twenty-fourth chapter of the penal laws.

§ 41. If the owner or lessee of a dwelling-place, royal farm, or other manors men-
tioned in the third chapter, shall neglect to do such necessary works for the care of the
forest as are prescribed in the approved plan of management, and continues not to
mind the same, our governor of province will order the work to be done through the
forest corps, and at the expense of the neglectful party.

§ 42. The officers and attendants of the forest corps, as well as the forester, shall
have the same right to report such neglects as mentioned in § 40, and to seize unlaw-
fully felled limbs. Such timber will be sold at auctions, aud the seizer will receive 20
per cent. of the net returns of the sale. The remainder shall be delivered to the insti-
tute to which the farm belongs, if the unlawful felling had been done on farms as
mentioned in Chapter IV, but otherwise to the forest-planting funds, except if the
unlawful felling has been done in forests belonging to farms assigned to the army,
clergy, or the governors of provinces, when the stipulations in § 24 about the disposal
of the share of the returns of the forest which do not belong to the owner shall be in
force in regard to the above-mentioned surplus money. When a seizure is made the
-seizer shall immediately report the case to our forest administration, as well as to our
respective governorof province; as for military farms to the respective chief of the regi-
ment or corps. Neglect of these regulations, in regard to forests belonging to clerical
farms, shall be reported by the respective parishioners.

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN. 29

§ 43. Should any one be dissatisfied with the decision of our forest administration
concerning the management of the public forest, he may appeal to our department of
finance, but not later than before 12 o’clock on the sixtieth day after he was
acquainted of: the decision.

§ 44. These regulations shall be in force from the Ist of July, 1867.

Which all whom it may concern shall have to obey.

In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hand and caused our royal seal to be
affixed.

The Palace of Stockholm the 29th June, 1866.

CARL. [L. s.]

J. A. GRIPENSTEDT.

(Translation from the Swedish. }

6. His Royal Majesty's gracious regulations concerning the survey and sale of products of the
forests in the lens (counties) af Stora Kopparberg and Norrland, belonging to the Crown,
Giver at the palace of Stockholm, December 21, 1865.

We, Charles, with the grace of God the King of Sweden, Norway, &c., make
known that, whereas the estates of the kingdom have requested us, in gracious letter
of the 28th of October, 1860, to take into gracious consideration whether or not the
principles stipulated in gracious letters of April 11, 1844, and November 24, 1257, for
the surveys of the forests of the crown-lands in the lens of Westerbotten and Norr-
botten, also ought to be in force for the lens of Wester-Norrland, Jemtland, Gefleborg,
and Stora Kopparberg, and, furthermore, in gracious letter of November 30, 1865, have
proposed that, in regard to the right of using the forest over and above what is re-
quired for household purposes, which tenants of crown-lands, settlers, and owners of
settlements in the six northern ens ought to have, they should be maintained in the
more extensive privileges which they, compared to other tenants, hitherto have

enjoyed, but under that control which, for preventing of misusage, might be prescribed;
thus we have, having heard the opinion of our forest administration and of ours and
the kingdom’s exchequer college, (Kammar Kollegium,) found proper to cancel our
above-named gracious letter and all that is stipulated in regard to the survey of the
above-named lens, and to sanction the following :

§ 1. All felling of forest, except for household purposes, as mentioned in § 6, on the
territories of crown-lands, or settlements on crown-parks, surplus land, unsurveyed
forests, and on the land for which the saw-mills pay forest rent in the lens of Stora
Kopparberg and the six lens of Norrland, shall in the future be done first after they
have been surveyed by a respective forest officer.

§ 2. The following will have exclusive right of marking trees for felling:

1. Owners of crown-lands and settlements, in regard to the territories which have
been allotted to them by the surveyor or provisionally marked during the survey ;

2. Owners of tax-paying and freehold estate in regard to the territories provisionally
marked out; '

3. Owners of crown-land and settlements, as well as owners of tax-paying and free-
hold estate, whose land is surveyed or provisionally marked ont, in regard to a certain
tract of crown-land, which generally, or where local circumstances do not require an
exception, is calculated for single farms or settlements, a distance of one-eighth of a
Swedish mile in all directions from the dwelling; for smaller villages of not more
than three families, a distance of one-quarter of a mile, and for larger villages one-
third of a mile; it shall thereby be observed that, if farms or settlements which do not
together make a village are situated so near each other that certain ground should,
according to the above-mentioned principles, belong to them all, they shall have thé
same right to survey; and

4. Owners of saw-mills in regard to the land assigned to them as compensation for
the privileges of felling, whether it is divided into farms or paying tax or forest rent.

§ 3. Unsurveyed dwelling-places shall also have exclusive right to"survey according
to the foregoing section; but in regard to the right of disposing of the marked timber,
shall the regulations issued in this regard for similar dwelling-places be in force.

§ 4. For timber marked according to § 2, no stub-money or corresponding duty shall
be paid to the Crown; but the one who requests the making shall have to pay the cost
of the same, according to the rules His Royal Majesty may prescribe.

§ 5. Application for marking according to § 2 shall be made to the respective forest
officer before the 1st of March the same year the marking is desired. The forest-ofticer
shall thereafter, before the lst of October of the same year, examine and mark the
trees in the presence of the applicant, all in accordance with §§ 9 and 10. Beams and
saw-timber which may be felled during the year shall be provided with the crown-
mark. In regard to other kinds of timber, marking may be done for as many as five

30 FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN.

years at the same time, and in such a case it shall be decided how much and what kind
of timber may be annually felled on each part of the forest. Before the surveyor
leaves the plac e he shall give the applicant, free of charges, a record of the survey, ‘for
which he shall obtain a receipt. The cost of the survey shall be entered in the record.
Should the applicant be dissatisfied with the snrvey mentioned in this section, he may
appeal to our forest adininistration before 12 o’clock on the sixtieth day from the
time the surveying documents were handed to him.

\ 6. Felling may also be done within the territories mentioned in § 2, as far a
needed, for the household purposes of the farms, settlements, or dwelling- places.

\ 7. The timber from crown-parks, surplus land, and that part of unsurveyed forest
to which no one has the exclusive right of felling according to § 2, shall be sold to the
highest bidder.

0 8. For the purpose mentioned in the foregoing section the respective district direct-
ors shall annually make out a felling project for each crown- park or other forest-
Jand within their “rivier,” according to the approved plan of survey and management,
and to the knowledge of the quantity of timber of other crown-lands mentioned in the
foregoing section, and transmit the same to our governor of province before the Ist of
April. Should private parties, companies, or communities wish to have their land
surveyed, they shall apply, in writing, to the respective district director before the Ist
of March the same year the survey is desired, and he shall, provided there be no rea-
sonable objection, make out a felling project for the same. Should he not be sufti-
ciently acquainted with the tract, he shall make a preluninary survey of the same
at the expense of the applicant.

§ 9. The felling ought to be so done as not to ruin the forest, and that always the
same number of trees, suitable for timber and deal, may be got every year. Full-grown
forest ought not to be spared so long as to be unfit for use by being too old. In regard
to this our forest administration shall give the respective district directors necessary
orders. At the survey of forest-land w ‘hich has been on fire the trees damaged by the
same ought to be first felled.

§ 10. The following kind of trees may be marked for felling:

Mast and large timber trees.

Trees snits able for beams and saw-timber, and which are 9 inches in diameter at
the Leight of 24 feet from the root.

. Crooked and short trees, which never can be suitable for beams or saw-timber of
ie ‘above-named size.

4. Leaved, wind-fallen, and damaged trees, as wells as stubs and roots, which mas
be used for making charcoal, tar, or potash.

For account of privileged saw-mills, having territories assigned to them, may trees
of a diameter of 84 decimal inches at the top end be marked for felling.

§ 11. In regard. to the value and fitness for different purposes of the trees intended
for sale, they shall be thus classified in the plans for felling:

1. Mast and large timber-trees. ;

2. Growing trees for beams.

3. Growing trees for larger saw-timber.

4. Growing tiees for smaller saw-timber.

5. Trees havi ing been on fire or otherwise shghtly damaged, suitable for beams.

6. Trees having been on fire or otherwise slightly damaged, suitable for larger saw-
timber.

7. Trees having’ been on fire or otherwise slightly damaged, suitable tor smaller saw-
timber.

More damaged and wind-fallen trees for beams.
9, More damaged and wind-fallen trees for larger saw-timber.
More damage ~d and wind-fallen trees for smaller saw-timber.
. Loads of timber for manufacturing purposes.

2 Loads of forest prodnets for making charcoal, tar, or potash.

t rees being, 24 feet from the root, 14 decimal inches in diameter are considered suit-
able for beams.

Trees being, at the same height, 9 to 14 decimal inches in diameter are snitable for
large saw- timber, and those having a diameter of 3} decimal inches at the height of 16
feet for smaller saw-timber.

One load of timber for manufacturing purposes is equal to one-third of a “famn,” or
Swedish cord of wood of 144 cubic feet, outside measure.

§ 12. In making out plans for felling, the surveyor shall divide the territories to be
surveyed in certain felling districts according to the loeality and quality of the
forest, and, besides, propose the way by which the timber may be most conveniently
transported.

§ 13. It shall be the duty of our governors of provinces to arrange the auction-sale
of the timber as svon as in receipt ‘of the plans and guided by the proposition of the
district director, transmitted to them, to stipulate the conditions of sale at the auc-
tion, however, without fixing a lowest price. Our governors of provinces shall espe-

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN. ok

cially see to that a suitable part of the timber felled within each district is offered for
sale in smaller lots of 50 beams and 100 saw-timber or loads.

§ 14. Should the felling project embrace a tract where the owner of saw-mill is en-
titled to fell trees, he shall be made acquainted with the same through the care of our
governor of province before the auction is published, and the owner shall within a cer-
tain specified time inform within which tract he prefers to get the number of trees or

saw-tiinber to which he is entitled by the privileges of the mill ; and this ought to be
separated from what is going to be sold and assigned to the mill against the ‘payment
of the fixed stub-money.

O15. It shail be the duty of our governors of provinces to have marking-lists made
out immediately after the auction and in accordance with the project for felling and
the records of the auction ; according to these lists the respective officers execute the
marking. Our governors of provinces shall manage so that the lists are delivered to
the district directors if possibie before the Lst of June.

§ 16. The district officer shall mark the sold timber aecording to the lists, thereby
observing that when several persons have purchased timber within the same tract the
latter are as equally favored as possible in regard to the facilities of transporting the
timber. Al trees intended for beams and saw-timber shall be provided with the crown-
mark, and the district officer ought to mark out the different tracts assigued to the
different purchasers. Our forest “administration shall besides give the foresters all the
detailed instructions necessary for the marking and the felling of trees.

§ 17. Each survey shall embrace crown-p: irks and other territories for which a sepa-
rate project has been made out. At least fourteen days before each survey the same
shall be published from the pulpit of the parish church and the time named when the
surveyor may be expected to each separate tract.. The next Sunday after a survey, it
shall also be published from the pulpit that the same is finished. Should any one con-
sider the surveyor having infringed upon his right according te § 2, or unjustly dis-
tributed the timber between the respective purchasers within the same tract, he may
appeai to our governor of province not later than 12 o’clock on the fiftéenth day after the
last-named publication, in consequence whereof no felling of the marked timber shall
take place until the above-mentioned fifteen days have elapsed. All surveys ought to
be finished if possible before the ist of October every year.

§ 15. Marked timber ought to be felled and carried away from the forests of the
Crown before the ist of June the year next after the survey ; however, our governor
of province shall, when fixing the condition of the auction-sales, or upon special ap-
plication, and after bavi ing heard the opinion of the respective foresters, grant a longer
time for this purpose, but not more than five years from the time of the survey, of
which fact the respective foresters ought to be caoemedt Should the purchaser neglect
his duties in regard to the above, he shall forfeit his right to the timber.

§ 19. Should our forest administration find that a crown-park for which the plan of
survey and management is made out may during a longer period of years yield a
iarger number of beam and timber trees, the right to fella certain number of trees
after the annual marking has been done may be offered for sale, the right to continue
during a term of twenty years; and our forest administration shall make a contract
with the purchaser to be submitted to our own gracious judgment. Such a coutract
may not prevent the usual marking of other timber than those specially mentioned
above.

§ 20. When felling and carrying away of marked timber are done, the workmen ought
to be provided with the marking-list, record of auction, or a special certificate of per-
mission of our governor of province to show the Crown and forest officers, Whenever
requested 5 otherwise risking, to be ordered to discontinue their work.

Which all whom it may concern shall have to obey.

In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hand and caused our royal seal to be
aflixed.

The Palace of Stockholm, December-21, 1865.

CARL. [1.s.]

J. A. GRIPENSTEDT.

Fis Royal Majesty's gracious regulations in regard to the establishing of crown-parks in the
lens of Stora Kopparberg and Horrland, and to certain rules to be observed at the separa-
tion of common grounds int distinct possessions (storskiften) and settlements in the above-
mentioned lens. Given at the palace of Stockholm, December 21, 1865.

We, Charles, with the grace of God the King of Sweden, Norway, &c., make known
that, whereas the states of the Kingdom at the Riksdag humbly represented the neces-
sity of ret: aining suitable tracts of ‘the crown-lands within the Lens of Stora Koppar-
berg and Norrland as crown -parks, thus we have found proper graciously to stipulate
the following:

§ 1. Already existing surplus land of the Crown, as well as they which arise from

32 FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN.

present divisions and “ storskiften,” shall, where such is suitable, on account of their
being situated together, of the general quality of the forest ground and of the forest
itself, facilities of floatage, sale of forest products, demand for timber in the locality,
and other similar circumstances, be retained and managed as crown-parks.

§ 2. In order to ascertain the above-mentioned circumstances our governor of
province in the lens of Stora Kopparberg, Gefleborg, Wester-Norrland, Jemtland,
Westerbotten, and Norbotten, shall, where such is not already done, have the place
examined by a specially-appointed surveyor and officer of the forest corps, and humbly
report to us upon the subject; whereafter we will graciously order which of these
grounds shall be placed under the careand management of the forest corps. Has such
a farm or settlement arisen from a previous survey, it shall be separated again from
the crown-park.

§ 3. When survey or “ storskiften” is hereafter done in any parish, there shall also
certain ground be assigned to one or several crown-parks, provided such is necessary
and there is suitable locality. At the survey shall, therefore, not only the ground
which is particularly suitable for cultivation be assigned to new settlements or older
settlements and farms, but it shall also be seen to that the ground which has less facil~
ities for cultivation on acconnt of the circumstances mentioned in § 1, and therefore
suitable for crown-park, is properly separated from the property of private persons.
The interest of the Crown shall, in this ease, be guarded by the respective forester,
and the surveyor shall, therefore, always call the former to the meetings held with
the farmers for the division of tbe ground. Should he propose the establishing of a
crown-park, the surveyor shall, after the survey and the map is finished, but before
the final project to division or “ storskifte” is made out and the same is executed,
together with the forest-officers, make out a provisional project of places for one or sev-
eral crown-parks, and subinit the same to the judgment of our forest administration,
who shall make the remarks they may have reason to make. The case is hereafter
decided by our governor of province, together with the whole of the survey.

§ 4. From unsurveyed forest may, before the general survey is done, certain ground
be assigned for crown-parks, should the forest administration find it necessary and if
there is sufficient ground within the parish for already-established farms and settle-
ments. In such cases shall our governor of province, at the request of our forest
administration, separate the ground in question from neighboring farms and settle-
ments, and shall thereby also what is stipulated in regard to the division of ground in
other parts of the lens of Westerbotter and Norrbotten be in force for Lapland.

§ 5. Old farms and settlements shallin the future, as heretofore, receive at divisions
and ‘“storskiften ” that space of forest and ground to which they are entitled according
to regulations ; but should there be question about separation into a crown-park, the
forests of the farms ought to be so situated that the crown-park will receive natural
boundaries of water or impediments, and be thus separated from the private properties.
Should this not be possible, the farms may keep the pasture and forest sufficient for
household purposes within the crown-park, but their other forest property will have to
be situated outside the crown-park.

What is prescribed in this section shall also be observed when, under general sur-
vey, a certain piece of ground is assigned to saw-mills, as a compensation for the lost
privilege of felling trees, in {accordance with our gracious letter to ours and the king-
dom’s exchequer college (Kammar Kollegium) of May 29, 1852.

\ 6. The cost of the different surveys mentioned in §§ 2 and 4 shall be paid from
the forest-planting funds, it depending upon the representation of the forest adminis-
tration and upon our special gracious judgment whether, with regard to the surveys
mentioned in § 4, some part of what has been paid by the forest-planting funds shall
be retuned from the funds assigned toward the general surveys.

Which all whom it may concern shall have to obey.

In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hand and caused our royal seal to be
affixed.

The Palace of Stockholn, December 21, 1865.

CARL... [L.s.]

J. A. GRIPENSTEDT.

His Royal Majesty’s gracious proclamation prohibiting new settlements for the present. Given
at the palace of Stockholm, December 2], 1865.

We, Charles, with the grace of God the King of Sweden, Norway, &c., make
known that, besides having, in consequence of the humble proposition of the
estates of the kingdom when last collected, in regard to the forest management within
the northern kens of the kingdom, under this day, transmitted to the estates of the
kingdom now collected our gracious proposition with regard to altered regulations about
the assignment to private parties of the crown-land in Norrlands and Stora Koppar-
berg’s len, we have, in connection therewith, found proper graciously to stipulate

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN. 33

that our gracious letter of May 25, 1860, to ours and the kindom’s exchequer college,
(Kaminar Kollegium, ) prohibiting new settlements upon sury eyed surplus land in the
northern lens, shall also exist for Stora Kopparberg’s len, and that, in regard to crown-
lands for which survey not yet has been sanctioned, no permission to found new settle-
ments upon such land will be at present granted.

Which all whom it may concern shall have to obey.

In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hand and caused our royal seal to be
affixed.

The Palace of Stockholm, December 21, 1865.

CARL. [1.58.]
J. A. GRIPENSTEDT.

[Translation from the Swedish. ]

7. His Royal Majesty’s gracious regulations concerning the right to dispose of forests on such
“ skattehemman” (estates for which rent or tax is paid to the Crown or to a private person)
as are created by settlements, which are leased from the Crown, or by such older settlements
on which the prescribed conditions of building and cultivating have not been duly fulfilled.
Given at the palace of Stockholm, June 29, 1366.

We, Charles, with the grace of God the King of Sweden, Norway, &c., make known
that, whereas the estates of the kingdom, in writing of the 15th instant, have
announced their approval of our gracious proposition of the 2ist of Dece mber, last
year, concerning amended directions in regard to the lease to private persons of the
land of the Crown in the Lens of Norrland and Kopparberg, we have found proper,
in accordance therewith, graciously to sanction the following rules:

§ 1. On “skattehemman,” arising from settlements, of which hereafter the Crown may
grant a lease, the owner shall have no other right ’to the forest of the estate than to
take sufficient timber and fuel for household purposes, without survey, and after sur-
vey and marking by the Crown officers, to appropriate and sell all that, in addition
hereto, ray be felled without injury to the forest. Neither may, for the purpose of
cultivating the soil, the forest be felled otherwise than above is indicated, unless the
owner, as hereafter stated, has obtained special permission thereto from the governor
of the province.

§ 2. What is prescribed in the foregoing section for estates arising from settlements
on which the Crown may hereafter grant a lease shall also be in force for such estates
arising from settlements on which lease already has been granted, and where the pre-
scribed duties of building and cultivating have not been fulfilled within the time speci-
fied; and our respective | governors of the provinces shall, in order to ascertain whether
such is the case or not, as soon as convenient, and at least within the time w hen, ac-
cording to existing rules heretofore, settlements ought to be inspected, order an inspec-
tion to be held, in the order prescribed, at such settlements on which the Crown has
granted the lease, before the issuing of the regulations, and the accord hereof to be
transmitted to our governor of the province. Should at any settlement the prescribed
duties of cultivating and building not have been fulfilled within the time heretofore
specitied, our governor of the province shall, by a special resolution, from which appeal
may be made in usual order, and where there can be no question of dispossession, de-
clare that, since the settlement, when the duties of building and cultivating have been
fulfilled at some future period, has been transferred to a copyhold estate, the owner
will only have such right to the forest as is stated in § 1.

Oe: It shall be specially stated in all the resolutions by which a settlement is trans-
ferred under the title of “skattehemman” or copyhold estate, whether the owner
shall have full right to the forest belonging to the same or only enjoy the limited right
mentioned in § 1: ; this ought to be recorded in the ground-rent book.

§ 4. For the survey and marking of such copy hold estate as mentioned in §§land
2, shall our gracious regulation of December 21, 1868, concerning the marking and sale
of forest products from the forests of the Crow nin the lens of Stora’ Kopparberg ¢ and
Norrland be in force. The cost of the marking shall be paid according to the principles
adopted therefor by our gracious letter to the forest administration of the 11th of May
of the present year.

§.5. Shoald the owner of such copyhold estate, as mentioned in § § 1 and 2, wish
to fell trees for the purpose of cultivation, over and above the marking for the year, he
shall apply to our governor of the province, the application to be accompanied by the
certificates of two creditable persons, as to the situation, extent, and quality of the
ground, its fitness for cultivation, and of the time required for the completion of the
same. Our governor of the province will, where further survey may be necessary,

cause such a survey to be held by the respective officer, and at the expense of the ap-
plicant. Should our governor of the province find proper to grant the application, he
will fix a certain time within which the applicant shall have completed the cultivation,

34 FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN.

in default of which the applicant will be suitably fined; whereupon, the forest, having
heen duly marked, may be felled and used by the owner as he pleases.

§ 6. Any owner of copyhold estate mentioned in § § 1 and 2 who shall infringe
the right to the forest of the estate given him by this law will be punished as for un-
lawful felling of forest, as per the twenty-fourth chapter of the penal law. The officers
of the forest corps, as well as the foresters, shall be entitled to prefer charges against
such offenders, and, to seize unlawfully felled timber, the party who makes the seizure
shall receive 20 per cent.; the balance shall go to the forest-planting funds.

Which all whom it may concern shall have to obey.

In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hand and caused our royal seal to be
affixed.

The Palace of Stockholm, June 29, 1866.

CARL. esasha|
J. A. GRIPENSTEDT.

His Royal Majesty's gracious proclamation concerning the canceling of the temporary prohibi-
tion against new settlements, of December 21, 1865. Given at the palace cf Stockholm, June
29, 1866
29, 1866.

We, Charles, with the grace of God the King of Sweden, Norway, &c., make
known that, since we, under the 21st of December last year, in connection with our
gracious proposition to the States of the kingdom, concerning, among other altered
regulations in regard to the lease to private individuals of the land of the Crown in the
leens of Norrland and Kopparberg, by gracious order of the same day, have temporarily
prohibited the granting of permission to settle upon the crown-lands, on which the
felling of forest not yet has been regulated, thus, and after the States of the kingdom
have announced, in writing of the 15th of this month, their consent to our proposition,
and we, in consequence hereof, under this date, have issued gracious regulations
concerning the right to dispose of the forests on such copyhold estates, which arise
from settlements in which hereafter lease is granted by the Crown, or on such other
settlements, for which the prescribed cultivation and building have not been fulfilled,
therefore, we have found proper to graciously command the canceling of the above-
mentioned prohibition, that on the unfelled forest of the Crown in the lens of Koppar-
berg and Norrland, as well as on such remaining ground in the said lens, which have,
after prescribed examination, been found unfit for crown-parks, settlements may be
granted to farmers, if suitable localities exist, and under condition that the rules already
prescribed or graciously issued in the future may be observed.

Which all whomit may concern shall have to obey.

In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hand and caused our royal seal to be
affixed.

The Palace of Stockholm, June 29, 1866,

CARL. fiLjS.i

J. A. GRIPENSTEDT.

His Royal Majesty's gracious communication to the board of domains, Kammar Collegium,-

June 29, 1866, concerning the disposal of such remaining land, which cannot suitably be used
as crown-parks or for new settlements, &c.

- Charles, &¢., our grace, &c. Since we, under the 21st of December last year,
proposed to the estate of the kingdom several new regulations in regard to the
disposal of such surplus land or parts thereof, which are set aside by the surveys in the
liens of Stora Kopparberg and Norrland, and found less suitable to be retained as crown-
parks or used for new settlements, on account of their being not suitable for cultiva-
tion; and as the estates of the kingdom, in humble writing of the 15th of this month,
have announced their approval of what we graciously have proposed, therefore, we
have, in accordance herewith, and with regard to the opinion the honorable house of
peasants has expressed concerning reindeer-pastures, and localities for which the rent
1s paid in butter, found proper graciously to stipulate that, with exception of what is
called reindeer-pastures, the disposal of which for other purposes we do not think ought
to be considered at present, such surplus land in the liens of Stora Kopparberg and
Norrland which offer no inducements for cultivation, and which, either by being irreg-
ular tracts within and between the territories of villages and farms, or otherwise by
its qualifications not suitable to be retained as crown-parks, shall, according to our
opinion in each separate case, either where certain farms or villages use pasture-ground
against butter-rent, be joined to these farms without purchase-money, but with increase
of the ground-rent, in such manner as the survey regulations prescribe, or be liable to
forest-rent according to the gracious regulations of June 28, 1775, and the gracious let-

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN. 35

ter of December 5, 1780, about the taxation in Savolax and Rarelen, and be sold with
the right of ownérship to the highest bidder, with duty for the purchaser, if the land is
used as pasture against butter-rent, to leave the possessors undisturbed im their right
to pasture and necessary fuel, as well as to timber, for such houses and fences as are
necessary for the use of the pasture-ground. In both these instances, however, shall the
future private owner of the land in regard to the right to use the growing wood sub-
init to the same rules whieh are prescribed for owners of such farms as arise from set-
tlements hereafter leased from the Crown, in accordance with our gracious regulations
issued under this day.

And we command our governor of the lans of Stora, Kopparberg, and Narrland,
when rendering their humble proposals in regard to the future disposal of surplus
lands, to take into consideration if the same or parts thereof may be thus qualified as
to be disposed of in either of the two above-mentioned ways.

This to all whom it may concern to obey, and we commend you to God Almighty.

The Palace of Stockholm, June 29, 1866.

CARL.

J. A. GRIPENSTEDT.

His Royal Majesty’s gracious letter to the board of domains (Kammar Collegium) of June 29,
1866, concerning the transferring to the forest administration the care and management of the
forests within the kingdom hitherto committed to the charge of the board of domains.

Charles, &c., &c., Our Grace, &e., &e. Since our forest administration in writing,
dated the 31st of last March, humbly inquired whether the time has not arrived for the
transferring to them of the administration and management of the forests which
hitherto has been committed to you; and you have declared in your report of the 27th
following April, that the business in question and which partly, according to § 5, mom.
10, and § 8, mom. 18, of your instruction of the 16th of February, 1838, but principally,
by the instruction for the forest and chase corps of the 16th of March, said year, still
belonged to you, but ought, according to the above-mentioned gracious letter of the 21st
of January, 1859, to be transferred to the forest administration, consisted of : 1. Examin-
ation our sanctioning of felling-districts and plan for the management of crown-parks and
commons, according to§ 4; 2. Similar examination of propositions in regard to the forest
economy on quicksand fields, according to § 9; 3. Examination of projects for cultivating
the crown-parks, according to § 31, which required the assignment of money from the forest
planting funds; and 4. The taking of such measures as were prompted by the annual
reports of crown-parks and commons, transmitted to you according to § 40, ail in the
last-named gracious instruction ; and, besides, humbly stated that, in your opinion,
there would be no objection to the transferring of the said business to the forest admin-
istration; thus we have issued under this day gracious regulations in regard to the
economy of the common forests within the kingdom, according to which it belongs to
the forest administration to examine and sanction the plans for the management of
the common forests and to issue all other instructions necessary for their management
in connection therewith found proper to decide, that the forest management now being
your office, according to special sections of your instruction of February 16, 1832, and
to the instruction for the forest and chase corps within the kingdom, of March 16,
the said year, in the future shall be exercised by the forest administration, and that
it consequently shall be your duty to deliver to the forest administration documents
and maps belonging to the forest economy within the kingdom, now in your posses~
sion.

This to all whom it may concern to obey, and we commend you to God Almighty.

The Palace of Stockholm, June 29, 1866.

CARL.

J. A. GRIPENSTEDT.

IV.—THE PROFITS OF FOREST CULTURE ON A SMALL FARM.

In a little pamphlet of 64 pages, entitled “ Directions in Forest Culture for the Peas-
antry,” by Mr. C. A. T. Bjérkman, secretary of the royal administration of forests, pub-
lished in 1870, under the patronage of the patriotic society of Sweden, are some prac-
tical suggestions under this head, of which the following is an abstract. Mr. Bjork-
man is also an instructor in the Royal Forest Institute, and has had upward of twenty
years’ practical experience in forest culture.

On one tunnland (1.22 acres) of medium fertile land closely grown with pine and
spruce of from twenty to one hundred years of age, forest grows yearly to an average
amount of half a famn of wood, (1 famn nearly a cord,) or 50 Swedish cubic feet. On
a little forest of 50 such tunnlands the yearly growth is 25 famns. When one without
damage is able yearly to eonsume as much as the forest during the same time grows,

36 FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN.

he thus obtains for all the future a yearly consumption of 25 famns, consisting of timber,
fnel, fencing, &e., on the condition, however, that the consumption is suitably done ;
that no trees are here and there pulled up; also, that attention is paid to re-growth
where the forest has been cut away. To such production can further be added about
5 famns obtained from branches and stunips, so that the amount rises to 30 famns.
Where the consumption is thus regulated through the whole forest, the new growth
of trees on the place cleared will be of larger size, and if they are close there will be
an increase of fertility from the abundance of leaves, and an additional growth may be
reckoned on of 10 famns; so that the whole timber-production of every sort for home
need is augmented to 40 famns. On the contrary, by bad management, the growth
from year to year diminishes.

The difference between regulated or economical management of a forest, and the
contrary, in money valuation may be stated as follows:

L0\saw-locs.at)20vcwbicsteets (Siwedish)).2- ssc ses caeeion is eels ee eee eee 200
20sbuuldine, timbershateloycubic feet, (Swedish) ha. sccysoncm- co. einetectoeeee ee 300
Lodoadsiwfencine vatiseccuplemeet, (Swedish) ase~ S20. osc) 2.c cee eee eeeeee eee 333
500 poles or stakes, at 20 cubic feet (Swedish) per 100....-....-......--..----- 100
2Osfamnsrotewood @e se ser ee oh See eek Sete ae ee Ss pieces fees 2, 000
2doadssmechanicalytim ber. -- 212 et eee ae Eee He ickecc ese eer ee eee 67
Swcdishacubice, feet. 225... sce cee 5b eae Lee BENE fe eee 3, 000

or 30 famns.

With the forest economy now in use, and if the forest from the beginning was not
richly seeded, it can be taken without exaggeration that timber fails after the space of
twenty-five years. The purchase of such at an average price of 3.50 rix-dollars costs
afterward over 100 rix-dollars a year besides hanling. After a further lapse of five
years even poles are lacking, which, at 4 rix-dollars per 100, cost 25 rix-dollars. When
ten years more have passed the remaining trees are all too brushy and damaged to
be serviceable for fencing, which, when the same has to be bought at a price of about
3 rix-dollars a load, or 30 rix-dollars for ten loads, it will be seen a yearly outlay of
over 150 rix-dollars has been laid on the farm; a burden which, when finally even
mechanical timber, and fer the most part fuel also, is wanted, is further increased at
least 50 rix-dollars, so that the expenses for timber for domestic use amount to 200
rix-dollars; a sum which comprises the interest on 4,000 rix-dollars wherewith the
value of the estate bas thus been diminished, while the owner has had considerable
outlay yearly in procuring domestic timber. In other words, the proper rearing and
care of a forest is the creation of a permanent capital or fund the interest of which
ean be securely relied on.

V.—How A PLAN OF SYSTEMATIC FOREST ECONOMY CAN BE CARRIED OUT ON A SMALL
FARM.

The so-called “tract-cutting,” whereby consumption for the year is confined to a
certain given clearing, usually comprising 745 or 7sy of the forest, is undoubtedly the
most desirable manner of consuming in somewhat larger forests, where annual euttings
contain all of the different sorts of timber and wood which are required for home use.
But in small forests, such as are here chiefly considered, where the annual cutting can-
not be expected to supply the home wants, tract-cutting must be practiced, with cer-
tain modifications, because it may happen, for example, that when one particularly
needed heavy timber the annual eutting would include none other than fencing, and
vice versa. Chis modified plan is called regulated thinning, being the same that is pre-
scribed in the circular of the forest administration of June 20, 1867, for such lesser
public forests as are not adapted to tract-cutting.

As all economy ought to be based on a plan, we will now see how one should proceed
to devise without cost an inexpensive plan of regulated forest economy. Taking, for
example, a forest of fifty tunmlands, (sixty acres,) one must first examine and fix in
mind where the old, middle-aged, and young forest “bestands” are situated, ov, if they
are blended, where each of the different ages preponderate. Old forest may be desig-
nated as that one hundred years old or older, the middle-aged from forty to one hundred
years old, and the yeung under forty years. In case it has not already been done, the
forest is surveyed and marked out into three divisions, according to the three age
classes, and also mapped; but if the trees are so mixed that the forest cannot be classi-
fied according to age, it should, nevertheless, be divided into three somewhat equal
parts. Natural formations, hills, swamps, or the like, are to be taken in preference as
boundaries of the divisions. [Here are given details as to the method of measuring
the forest.] The area of the forest being ascertained, one should deduct therefrom the
unproductive parts—marsh, hill or ledge—so as to know really how many acres will
bear forest. Then, inasmuch as every tunnland (14 acres) of medium forest grows as
much as } famn, or 50 cubic feet, so it is evident that for every two tunnlands one may

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN. i (

consume 1 famn, or 100 cubic feet, or as much as 25 famns, on an average, good forest
of 50 tunnlands of actual forest land which grows young, middle-aged, and old best-
ands. If the forest is thin or slow-growing, some abatement should be made, so that
one caleulates, for example, only 40 cubic feet on a tunniand, or, as is the same, 2 famns
for every 5 tunnlands, when the yearly consumption on a forest of 50 tunniands ean
amount to 20 famns. Regard should be had to the gaps or bare places, and that the
annual yield of the forest is not overestimated. The principal consumption should be
confined to that one of the three divisions of the forest which contains the oldest trees,
and which ought to be sufticient for a third part of the rotation period, namely, forty
ears.

How consumption shail be effected with a view to regrowth by self-seeding.—Before the eon-
sumption is undertaken one ought seasonably to estimate what timber and wood is
needed for the year, so that the cutting can be well arranged, and that he shall not
need to send ineonsiderately at the last moment to the forest to ent. One should al-

ways seek to regulate the cutting so as to leave forests growing between the place of
cutting and any naked or treeless surface. If the forest borders on an open field or
lake the cutting shonld commence at the opposite side,so as to protect the borders of
the clearing from wind and storm, and thus avoiding windfalls.

With the’ exception of seed-trecs left at a distance of 6 to 8 and at the farthest 10
yards between the ends of the branches, al/ trees and bushes should be cut, masmreh
as the bushes that are left are for the most injured by bruising, and cannot become suit-
able trees, and besides they produee too muth shade. The branches and tops, if left,
are food for forest-fires, and should be hanled away. On the other hand the finer twigs
are spread over the cleared place so that the leaves during the following summer may
increase the mold. In course of two or three years one finds that many pine and spruce
plants have come up. In five or six years after the consumption, regrowth is usually
so advanced that the seed-trees can then be cut.

After consumption in the manner stated has commenced, it is most desirable, m the
cuttings which are made the following years, to extend the gap made through the first
year’s consumption, in doing which ene proceeds in the direction from whence the
heaviest winds usually come. On the other hand, ene should spare the forest at the
other border of the gap, which already has been somewhat tempered to the storm, and
thus protects the forest lying behind. * Ze

Now, if one proceeds in this manner during the forty years allotted to the first

livision, observing strictly not to consume more than what, aceording to the before-
dered caleulations , he has fonnd that the forest can bear, be will, at the close of that
veriod, have consumed all the forest which at the beginning was on the first division ;
out in ‘place thereof he has obtained a regrowth consisting “of a new, strong, and close
young forest up to the age of forty years. Meantime the second division, which was
spared from all other eutting than such trimming as was needful for increasing the
forest’s rapid development, has grown and increased so that consumption thereof cam
begin, and be continued during the next forty years. At the expiration of this period
consumption likewise goes over to the third division, which shal] equally be sufficient
during forty years; whereupon the whole forest has thus been gone through, and a
new forest ret ired, so that ripe forest can begin to be consamed at the end of the one
hundred and tw enty years (rotation peried) w vhere the cutting on the first division had
its beginning.

In respect to forests in the northern sections of the kingdom, where timber is ent for
the market, it is to be remarked that such trees are to be selected as are ripest, wher-
ever they are, leaving however about twenty to thirty seed-trees per tunniand.

How pruning should be done. —While conswmption is going on as above mentioned, on
the first division, the two other divisions must not be ‘left out of view. In these divis-
ions there usually oceur crowded or oppressed trees, whieh, though approximately of
the same age as the others, nevertheless have been overgrown by ‘them. ‘These ought
to be removed, in some cases because they are dead and ‘fallen, in others because they
prevent a free development of the growing trees. This is called help praning. So
there are usually found in the young forest older trees, whieh, through their wide-
extended branches, overshade it and “hinder its growth, or are too old to be able to
remain till the surrounding young forest is ripe. “These trees ought as well to be con-
sumed, which is done throngh the so-called preparing pruning or dressing. Pruning
begins on the second division where it joins the first, proceeds through the third, and
when that is finished begins on the new-grown forest of the first. Hereby one-twen-
tieth of the forest is ye arly help-pruned. One, however, is not obliged to prune every
year if he has not need of such smaller timber and w ood, but may do it every other or
every third year according to need, when, of course, the Sen of the tract pruned
will be increased.

Till one acquires experience he must prune sparingly. Bopecialy must pruning be
sparing on light soil. * * * Pine forest is generally more pruned than spruce.
Where the forest is alr eady thin, all pruning must be postponed.

In clay-bound soil, which has ‘the preference for spruce, the pines ought principally

38 FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN.

to be pruned off, if such are found in considerable number, and the reverse on sandy
soil where pine should be the prevailing kind. Where birch occurs too plentifully in
tir forests if should be pruned out and only one here and there left. * * * Next to
open field or lake, from which heavy winds are apprehended, one should leave a
breadth of about fifty yards unpruned. The most suitable time for help-pruning in
young forests is early winter, when the ground is frozen but heavier snows have not
yet fallen. Help-pruning yields on an average a revenue of about two famns per
tunniand.

Preparatory ov dressing pruning begins and continues only on the third division, and
ias for its object to effect an equal or harmonious forest bestand.

Cleaning-pruning is the removing of dead, injured, or sickly trees, and those scattered
by windfails, and should be done at the same time and place with the other prunings,
however, before there is enough snow to greatly impede the work. If the windfalls are
considerable there should be a diminution in the consumption of sound forest.

Pasture.—Generally there are rocky, unarable spots in a pasture, which should receive
forest enlture. For such places the white birch is recommended especially, as its leaves
make good fodder, although it is not to be denied that the browsing injures the trees.
The birch requires sixty years to attain its maturity.

Marshes should be drained and stocked with the gray alder, which, although it be-
longs to drier places, can grow on swampy traets. Consumption ean be had when the
tree is twenty to thirty years old—“ Handled ning i Skogs Skétsel for Allmoge,” 3-66.

VIL.—EXPLANATION OF CERTAIN TERMS IN SWEDISH FOREST SCIENCE.

Forest culture (skogs skétsel) includes the raising of forest, its treatment during
growth, and its consumption.

By consumption of forest is understood the felling of trees in such a manner as to fa-
cilitate the effort of nature to produce new forest in place of the former.

Forest cultivating (skogs odling) is the raising of forest by means of sowing seed by
band, or planting.

High forest is that which is not intended to be consumed till] the trees have attained
their maturity.

Low forest is that which comes from shoots from the roots or stumps of former trees,
and which may be consumed in a shorter time to give place to another similar crop—
as, for instance, timber for hoops, hop-poles, and the like.

Rotation period. The time required, commencing with the sowing, for a forest to grow
and mature.

Tract-cutting is the felling of such a portion of the forest as, according to a previously
prepared plan, has been allotted for a year’s supply, or such a portion as can be cut with
due regard to the rotation period.

Regulated thinning is a manner of consumption, or of cutting, which is generally prac-
tised in forests where the trees in the same place are of different age.

Bestand. This word, written in Swedish “ bestand,” is borrowed from the German,
and has a meaning in forest nomenclature for which there seems to be no corresponding
English word. The original German word will therefore be adopted in this paper.
The bestand of a forest means, in one sense, a group. There may be several bestands in
the same forest, though the forest consists of only one sort of trees. If in a forest there
is a cluster of trees of the same age, and different from its neighbors, that cluster is a
Destand. Ov if there is a body of trees of particular closeness, that body is spoken of as
such a bestand. In short, by bestand is understood every part of the forest which, through
variety, age, closeness or growth distinguishes 1f from its surroundings. The bestand
is said to be clean when it consists of only one variety of trees, and mixed, when it com-
prises two or more. If these varieties are divided into groups, the bestand is group-wise
mixed. The sort which occurs in greatest number is called the prevailing, and the
others subordinate. With regard to age the bestand is called equal when all the trees
are about equally old, and unequal when this is not the case. The bestand which con-
tains enough trees to afford full increase is entitled thick, or close ; when the reverse,
the besiand is more or less thin.

VIL—FoOREST SCIENCE AS APPLIED IN SWEDEN IN THE CULTIVA-
TION OF THE OAK AND CERTAIN OTHER TREES.

[What follows below in relation to growing the oak, the larch, the
beech, and the pine, also as to blending forest bestands, is compiled
from the Swedish work by Mr. Bj6rkman entitled “ Hand-book on For-
est Culture,” an octavo volume of 305 pages, illustrated, and published
in 1868. Another standard Swedish work is the “ Text-book on Forest
Science,” in two volumes, by C. L. Obbarius, published in 1545.]

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN. 39

1. Conditions which operate on the treatment of the oak.

And first, soil end situation. The oak covets a deep, mold-rich, clay soil, which
should be mixed with enough sand for the free development of the roots. Of all the
more common forest trees, the oak has the greatest demand of deep and good soil, and

can, therefore, with as little advantage be cultivated on rocky hill tracts, with their
soil, as on lean sand. Where sand is “pountifully mixed with mold, the oak can indeed
succeed, but it is then thought to produce less valuable timber, An exception to this
rule has been noticed with respect to oaks grown on the sandy soil of the island of
Oland, the timber of which is particularly strong; whereas oak timber grown on the
good soil of Omberg, East Gothland, has been poor, A moist situation is serviceable
for the oak; yet dry situations are prefer rable to wet. Southerly slopes are not favor-
able growing-places.

The oak plant is, in most respects, more hardy than the beech, yet it suffers
from frost, especially as its great need of light does not permit the leaving of
enough seed- trees to exelude the frost, as their shade, during the necessary time, would
do more damage than frost. After it has once been oppressed, the oak plant can with
difficulty be restored.

Bestand.—The strong self-pruning which takes place in the ciean-oak bestand, and
which, singularly, in a Jess fertile soil appears very early, results in a continual deteri-
oration of the : soil, while the fallen leaves, containing sharp, concentrated matter, are
neither serviceable to form a good mold. After such “deterioration of the forest land
has continued for a considerable period the soil becomes, by degrees, all the more im-
potent to raise oak forest, which must finally give place to a kind of trees which are

easier satisfied. This accounts for the fact that oaks are no longer found on tracts

that were once famed for their oak forests. As experience has shown that the oak,
less than other trees, is able to retain the land at that grade of fertility which the
tree itself requires, the rule has been adopted only to raise it 1 Company with such
sorts of trees as are able to supply the needed fertility.

The oak suffers slightly from storms, because its stem extends 7 or 8 feet into the
ground, and has strong side-roots to give it a firm hold. A spot in some degree pro-
tected is, nev ertheless, the more pr eferable growing-place for the plant.

Rotation period.— Under favorable circumst: unces, the oak is said to attain an age of
six hundred or seven hundred years. On poor and shallow soil, however, it begins to
decay at middle age. On suitable spots, its age should not be less than two hundred
years.

Seed-setting.—In a close bestand the oak becomes seed-bearing at eighty to one hun-
dred, and in thinner bestands at fifty to eighty years of age, and as a ‘free or open-
growing tree, in the twentieth to the thirtieth year. Ona suitable growing-place the
seed- -year can be reckoned on every fifth or sixth year, but ona poor soil, or ina place
otherwise unfit for the tree, the interval between the fruitful years is sometimes ex-
tended to fifteen to eighteen years,

2, Consumption and means of promoting regrowth.

Clean or naked clearing, accompanied with sowing or planting is the most useful
manner of consumption for the oak. In consequence of the plant’s persistent demand
for protection, light, and free situation this species is difficult to be reared without
considerable help of seeding or plating. Besides, only a few oak forests are now said
to be left in Sweden of a character that can be relied on for thorough self-seeding.
But as the bestands of these few show that self-seeding has been possible for the oak,
at least on favorable spots for growing, the method of cousnimption with that object
will here be described.

Felling, accompanied with seed-trees.—As in consequence of the weight of the-acorn a
tolerably close bestand of seed-oaks must be left standing, and also as the oak bestand

is oftenest thinned by self-pruning, slashing, or the felling of a number at the same
time, cannot be practiced unless the consumption occurs at the seed- -year. The dis-
tance apart of the branches of the seed-trees ought in general to be 10 to 15 feet,
which distance, in case heavy frosts or a high growth of grass are expected, may be
still further diminished if necessary ; wherewith one must observe that the seed-trees
bestand does not become so close as to injure the plants by overshading. Clearing to
admit light is done as easily as possible, say the second winter after locating the sced-
trees, or when the plants are something over a year old. Frosty situation and grass-
ground unite, nevertheless, to delay light clearing, still it would be equally unady isable
to postpone this beyond the third winter. After the felling to admit light, by which
a good part of the seed-trees are taken off, the distance between the remaining tree-
branches shall be 30 to 40 feet. Final felling can be done when the plauts are four or
five years old, but must be postponed one or two years where the plants, in conse-
quence of the lhature of the Oe ice: are in need of long-continued, gradually
diminishing protection, and where thus several fellings for light ave needful. That

40 FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN.

which oftenest causes delay in consumption is the state of the market for oak timber, and
the greater or less demand there is for it, which circumstance may sometimes cause a
delay of ten to twelve years between the placing of the seed-trees and final felling ;
suitable felling for admitting light occurring in the mean time in proportion as there is
opportunity for selling timber.

What has been said with regard to the beech in respect to leaving a few of the finest
trees kere and there for still larger growth, and as to preparing the felling for receiving
of the seed, and sowing or planting where regrowth is needed, applies in the main to
the oak; to which may be added that satisfactory selfsowing may be counted on only
exceptionally, and that a clean oak bestand should not be sought for except that the
endeavor on the other hand be directed to obtaining a suitable blending with other
suitable sort of trees.

3. Acorns.

The bearing-year of the oak occurs on an average every seventh year. The acorn
ripens earlier or later in October, according to the weather of the previous summer.
The gathering is usually undertaken that month, but may be delayed until stronger
frosts occur, after which the best acorus fall from the tree. Those which fall be-
fore are for the most part prematurely ripe, or worm-eaten. Should no frost hasten
their falling, the acorns may be shook off by means of a pole, at the end of which
two strong pins have been fixed half a foot apart to inclose the limbs. Acorns which,
notwithstanding the shaking, do not drop, are unripe, and of less value. It is not
proper to beat down the acorns from the twigs, as in that case the sort just mentioned
are got. To collect them ina heap, a sail-cloth or carpet is spread under the branches.
Unsound and insect-injured acorns should, as far as possible, be immediately separated
from them. Many old oaks often have unsound seed.

After being gathered, the acorns are spread out on the floor, in a layer not exceeding
half a foot in depth, where for a week they are daily stirred. They can then be heaped
to the depth of an additional foot, after which the stirring is done every other or every
third day. After being thus air-dried they are moved, in case they are not to be sown
during the same autumn, to a place where they are to be kept over winter. Various
means have been devised for preserving acorns. The most usual, and perhaps the ©
most secure, is to deposit them in a dry place in the neighborhood of the dwelling on
a half-a-foot-thick layer of straw, in a cone-shaped pile, to the height of five feet, formed
by alternate layers half a foot deep, of acorns and dry leaves or mass. The axle of the
cone may be made of twigs, tied together, (and placed upright,) which serves to carry
away the moisture from the interior of the cone, whose exterior may be covered with
long straw to keep off the rain. Several differences prevail with regard to covering ;
sometimes earth is shoveled over it, and sometimes it is covered with fir twigs or with
boards. That part of the twig-ventilator which extends above the cone can be capped
with a coil of straw or with a suitable earthern vessel. A ditch should be dug around
the cone to keep off the wet and vermin. Larger quantities can be stored in rows of
cones of the same height. * * * Lesser quantities can be kept over winter in sand
or saw-dust. In general acorns do not retain their growing quality longer than till the
spring after they are gathered.

Sound acorns should completely fill the shell, have yellowish white unspotted kernel,
and milk-white sprout or bud. A cubic foot (Swedish) of acorns weighs from 30 to 35
pounds, and numbers, when the acorns are of medium size, six thousand to seven
thousand.

[It appears that acorns are not liable to injury from frost after they are ripe. The
crop of acorns on the large oaks in the vicinity of Stockholm were entirely spoiled by
frost before they were ripe, in the latter part of September, 1871.]

4. The sowing of acorns.

Sowing is a proceeding requiring particular attention in the cultivation of the oak,
especially if it is raised in any considerable number, which, however, should only ex-
ceptionally be the case, inasmuch as timber-land in general is only in a few places
and of small extent of that quality required for the oak’s full development.

To render the sowing successful, the ground should be loose or deeply mellow.
Acorns are usually sown in the latter part of May, so that the plants, which af first are
sensitive to frost, may not come up before the spring frosts can be regarded as past.
On places somewhat elevated and dry the sowing can be done in the autumn, after the
acorns have been gathered and air-dried. The earth-covering varies from 1 to 2
inches, the thinner being employed on stiff soil, and the deeper ou loose soil, and
where the plants would be liable to appear while there was danger of frost.

Broadcast sowing.—Owing to the fact that inventions in ship-building in later times
have diminished the demand for oak timber, and that broad sowing of acorns requires
to be on a field about as thoroughly prepared as for grain, also that experience has
furnished unmistakable proof that the clean or exclusive oak bestand 1s insutficient

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN. Al

to preserve the soil in that degree of fertility requisite for such trees, broad sowing is
practiced only on smaller, and especially suitable, spots, or where blended with other
bestands. In the southern part of the country it is preferable to blend the oak with the
beech, and in the central part with the so-called Norway spruce. The ground
ought to be such that it can, without too many obstacles, like grabs and the
like, be worked to the requisite depth with plow or hoe. Afterward the acorns are
sown, either as grain, in which case they obtain earth-covering by harrowing, and
wherein 2 cubic feet (Swedish) of acorns are required per quadrat ref, (about one-fifth
of an acre,) or are laid separately in a hole made by a two-pronged hoe, * = * * *
In the latter case, 1 cubic foot of acorns per quadrat ref is sufficient.

Sometimes the acorns are sowed in rows; the acorns being dropped 5 to6 inches from
each other in every third or fifth furrow, according as the hand who plows progresses,
in which case, the earth-covering is effected by plowing the next furrow ; or, it is
sometimes done by means of holes wade by a board form, (with a sort of milking-stool
handle placed upon it,) the taps or tenons in the form being from 4 to 5 inches long
and 6 to 7 inches apart, where one large or two small acorns are dropped. In the latter
process, about one cubic foot of acorns per quadrat ref are sufficient.

In row-sowing only that portion of the ground which is actually sowed is plowed,
namely, belts 3 to 5 feet broad, and 5 to 8 feet apart, according as a more considerable
mixture of other sorts of trees is desired. The intermediate space then receives only
such preparation as the kind of tree requires, whether raised by sowing or transplanting.

Sowing in squares of one-quarter of a square foot is used most for “help culture,”
or when the oak is to be mixed with other sorts of trees, but can also be used in raising
the oak bestand. In the latter case, the squares are hoed up to the size of at least two
square feet, and at a distance from each other of.5 to 6 feet. For sowing, one enbic
foot of acorns ‘are calculated per quadrat ref. When in square sowing the earth needs
to be mellowed to the depth of at least 6 inches, the process is regarded more as pit
sowing, especially as earth-filling or hill-manuring is not seldom needed for the oak.
A handful of such filling is required for every quadrat foot of the square’s extent.

Piece sowing is on soil naturally loose, and not troubled by a strong growth of grass,
and is a method of cultivating the oak, which, considering its little expense, and in
comparison therewith, satisfactory results, should obtain an extensive practice. In
making the hole, which should be.2 to 24 inches deep, the “siitt”-stick, “siitt” augur,
and “sitt” hammer are used. One or two acorns, according to their size, and, from
previous experience, growing capacity, are dropped in each of the holes, which are at a
distance of 2 to 3 feet, dependent on how little or large will be the mixture of other
sorts of trees. The hole can also be made with a hoe, wherewith a strong blow is
sufficient. For piece sowing, a half to two-thirds of a cubic foot of acorns are required
per quadrat ref, or fifth of an acre.

5. Transplanting of the oak.

As, from what has been seen, the oak does not admit in general of being raised in
separate masses or clean bestand, nor, on account of its demand for good soil, in very
large connected tracts. Transplanting is a method of rearing only exceptionally used.
Nevertheless it may be practiced with success where the oak is cultivated on a some-
what large scale in situations protected from frost.

The oak may be transplanted from three to four years of age up to the time it has
attained a height of 15 feet. But it bas been found that the setting of smaller plants
and young trees of $ to 1 inch in diameter succeeds better than the seivting of medium
sized five to eight year plants. These latter have, in proportion to the size of the plant,
a less number of roots. Sometimes wild-growing young trees can be removed, These
are, however, never so good as those reared in the plant-school, as their widely ex-
tended roots are considerably injured in taking up, which again occasions a consider-
able trimming of the branches; the top itself sometimes requiring to be taken off.
Such rough usage, of course, injuries their future growth. Plants are reared, therefore,
rather in the school. For preventing a too strong development of the tap or center
root, and to avoid as far as possible the cutting of the same, it has been sought to have
only a shallow layer of pulverized earth in the bed of the plant when it is to be trans-
planted eariier than the third or fourth year of its age. It often occurs, however, that
the root shoots down so deep that it must be cut off. Therefore, as this manner of
incompletely preparing the ground does not accomplish the desired object, but on the
contrary obstructs the natural development of the plant, it is not to be recommended.

A method of oak culture toemploy in order to facilitate the transplanting and to
avoid the difficulty of transferring from the fresh bed to an intermediate one, is to drop
the acorns so far apart that the plants can for a longer time continue to grow at their
original distance; in which case the tap-root is severed by means of a sharp spade
two years before the transplanting occurs, so that the sucker roots about the cutting
may be formed by the time the plants are taken up. The branches are likewise to be
somewhat shortened at the same time. Although this proceeding sometimes succeeds

4? FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN.

it must nevertheless be regarded as rather hazardous where one has not the means to
know immediately how much of the root has been taken off, and thereby to determine
how much the branches should be clipped. On the contrary “ omskoluing” or the
transferring of the plant from its first to an intermediate bed, should be recommended
for general practice because it, in a less violent manner, prevents too great lengthen-
ing of the root and contributes more powerfully to the shooting out of small or sucker
roots.

The transplanting of shoots is very expensive as well in consequence of the more
troublesome taking up as the increased labor, both of digging and arranging the plant-
hills, without even the setting out; in respect to which last, if it is done with requisite
eare, every shoot should have a little earth-hill, which occasionally ought to be hoed or
stirred up. If wild-growing shoots are used the expense is increased exceedingly
through the difficulty of digging up; in doing of which one must often use specially
constructed light and sharp spades in order to cut off the extended roots. ‘The trans-
planting of large shoots occurs only in pasture-ground or where strong frosts are to
be feared.

In other cases younger plants three to four years old are used, but only exceptionally,
with clumps of earth, partly because the oak can be planted very well without, and
partly because it is difficnlt to take up such clumps of earth of the requisite depth.
As a well-pulverized earth especially contributes to the growth and success of the
plants they are for the most part set in hills. If the earth has been pulverized for a
year or two before, either by cultivation for root or garden crops, or by deep spading
on spots intended for plants, even tenderer plants can set out,if not too bushy, with the
“sitt iron ” or wedge-spade,

For hill planting the young plants are not clipped at all, at least as little as possible,
as the cutting necessarily injures them. If the tap-root is longer than can be set in
the hill without cutting, it is better for the progress of the plant to make a hole for it
in the bottom of the hill, by a pointed staff. Where filling earth is required to improve
the ground it is used.

Whether larger or smaller plants are used it is important they are not set too deep.
On the contrary one has nothing to fear from a shallow transplanting; yet the earth,
especially if it is hard, should be well and deeply pulverized so that even smaller, three
to four years’ old plants, may obtain a foot of loose earth for the outspreading of their
roots. :

In oak culture it is particularly material to blend the bestand ina desirable manner,
and therefore to transplant other sorts of trees, which, better than the oak, contribute
to the fertility of the ground between the rows of oaks. That beech and spruce are
most suitable for this object has already been stated; yet other sorts of trees can be
employed. But one must observe not to select such kinds of trees that will grow so
as to overshadow and crowd the oak, or at least see that these latter may obtain a suita-
ble seed career, and that all such trees whose near standing is disadvantageous to the
oak limbs are afterward cut away.

Transplanting in the spring is most suitable te the oak, but on higher situations, free
from frost, it nay be done in the autumn. Smaller plants obtain four feet between dis-
tance when transplanted in squares ; in rows three feet, with from 6 to 8 to 12 to 16 feet
between rows, depending on the need of the soil for other sorts of trees. Larger
shoots, which for the most part are set out in quadrat form, obtain a distance of 9 to 10
feet. On pasture-land the between distance is 16 to 24 feet, according as regard is had
to obtaining timber or pasture. In low forests where stump plants are used with ad-
vantage these are set out at three to four years of age, at a distance of 7 to 8 feet.

6. The arch.

The larch, which in later times has been introduced into Sweden, has yet nowhere
been able to come to maturity and for consumption as a bestand. a He

To give it a vigorous growth requires a good clay mixed and tolerably deep sand soil,
and it thrives best in a moist situation. Better, however, on dry soil than wet or sour,
which latter the larch cannot at all tolerate. The plant has greater need of light than
the pine, and can sooner be freed from shading.

The bestand of larch should be protected from strong wind; but it suffers less from
windfalls than other species of fir trees, because of its deep roots and that its foliage
falls before the heaviest storms usually occur. During the first forty to sixty years
it grows rapidly, and improves the ground through its yearly falling and easy-mold-
ing leaves. After this time a strong self-pruning begins, whereby the bestand grows
thin and the ground deteriorates. Like other sorts of trees which are oppressed by a
strong self-pruning the larch ought not to be reared in clean bestand, but in mixture
with the kinds of trees which maintain the bestand closed, so that the larch tree by
this may be able, without causing any trouble to the soil, to be left to grow to higher
age, when the timber first acquires a remarkable quality, namely, to withstand rotting
better than most other kinds of timber. Middle-aged and young larch trees produce,
on the contrary, very indifferent timber,

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN. 43

Rotation period.—Within its native Alp regions the’ larch can attain an age of six
hundred years. In Sweden, and in other countries where it has been introduced, one
hundred and fifty to two hundred years should be the highest age it can reach, in
which case one hundred and twenty to one hundred and forty years is the most-suit-
able period of rotation. On an unsuitable growing-place, it sometimes attains an age
of only forty to fifty years.

Seed-setting.—The larch often bears seed copiously, though only a smaller part are
sound. At eight to ten years of age the tree has cones, but fruitful seeds ought not to
be expected at a younger age than twenty years.

7. The beech.

The soil in which the beech best thrives is a rich and strong loam savd, mixed clay
soil, or clay-mixed sand soil, in which latter the sand should not too much predomi-
nate. Intermixture of round stones seems to be advantageous. Situation moist, but
better dry than wet. The plant is in a high degree sensitive to frost and requires pro-
tection.

The bestand.—Among all the sorts of trees found in our forests, there is none which
can be compared to the beech in respect to its quality of improving the ground. Here-
to, the numerous tree-crowns, free from acid matter, contribute, as well as the easy-
molding leaves. The beech is also the only one of our usual leaf-trees which, with-
out injury to the ground, can be cultivated in clean or exclusive bestand.

Rotation-period.—On a suitable growing-place, the beech attains an age of two hun-
dred and fifty to three hundred years. The bearing-years occur, on an average, every
seven to eight years. The seed-year may be observed the autumn before, by the pres-
ence of numerous flower-buds, which are larger and plumper than leaf-buds.

8. The pine.

The pine occurs on soil of the most unlike quality, and in the most ditferent situ-
ations, from the dry sand heath to the low moss where every other kind of tree is
excluded. A deep and pulverized sand-soil, rich in loam and with an inconsiderable
mixture of clay in moist situation, is, nevertheless, the soil whereon the pine develops
the strongest growth.

The plant experiences no injury from frost, and only during the first two years ap-
pears to suffer from the effects of drought. Grass-growing is injurious to them, but
in a less degree than to other fir-trees. As long as the bestand is closed it continues to
improve the ground by its rich offal; but after the bestand becomes thin and leaves
the ground without sufficient protection, the relation so changes that the pine does not
prevent a gradual deterioration of the soil. Where the latter is naturally poor, a self-
pruning, which thins the bestand, begins earlier. :

Rotation period.—In the northerly parts of the country two hundred, and on poorer
ground three hundred, years are requisite for the pine to grow to good timber. In the
southerly tracts one hundred years are sufficient. Free or open growing pine produces
seed at fifteen to twenty years of age. But in close bestand it does not bear seed till
the age of fifty to seventy years, after which every fourth year, on an average, can be
reckoned on for seed. As the pine cones require about eighteen months to ripen, and
the seed does not fall sooner than five to six months afterward, there is, therefore, dis-
cerned a coming seed-year already half another year before, by the yet small half-year-
old cones.

Felling, with seed-trees—Where the ground is favorable for the reception of seed, six
to seven older, healthy-seed-bearing trees should be left to each quarter of an acre.
Where the ground is covered with grass, or slopes to the south, or is unusually bare,
seed-trees should be left so that the cones shall not be more than about sixteen feet
from each other.

Seed.—The seed of the pine is in closed cones, ripens in the latter part of October,
the year next after blooming, and can be gathered from the beginning of November to
the beginning of April. As has before been stated, cones of three different ages are
often found on the same tree, namely, those that have opened and discharged the seed,
those that are two years old, and those that are one year old. The proper ones can be
distinguished from the rest without difficulty. They have a conic form, brownish-gray
color, close-shutting shell, are from one to one and a half inch in length, and are tixed
near the base of the last year’s cones. The one-year-old cones have their place at the
end of the bud or twig, are round and of greenish color. Empty cones have extended
shell, and are of a grayish-brown color, When gathered, cones should be preserved in
a place free from dampness. If desired they may be kept urshelled a year, but should
be protected from the sun and from air-currents. To facilitate opening of the burrs a
certain degree of warmth is required, the best being from the sun. Degree of warmth
42° to 43° Celsius, sometimes 50°. Cones collected late in the winter do not require
more than eight to twelve hours warmth of such degree as first mentioned; earlier

4+ FC

44 FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN.

onesaday. * * * When the-seeds leave the cone they have film-like oblong wings,
one end of which incloses the seed. * * * A pine cone contains twenty to thirty
seeds. * * In purchasing them one ust see that the weight bas not been increased
by being made damp for that purpose, as such treatment injures them; also that they
have not been warmed in an oven, the heat in such cases often being too great. Seven
hundred good seeds make an ort, Swedish weight, (a little less than a hundredth part.
of a pound.) A kanna of clean wingless seeds weighs 2.8 skalpunds.

9. The blending of trees.

The bestand of pine and spruce is incomparably the most important for Swedish for-
ests. The spruce, which, at a higher age, affords sufficient shade for the ground and
thereby maintains its fertility, compensates for what in this respect is lacking in the
clean pine bestand, while the pine, on its part, ‘ kernel full” or vigorous stems, sup-
plies that want of exterior hardihood which is observabie in the exclusively spruce
bestand.

The bestand of fir trees, especially pine and spruce, with the birch, is a blending which
is not difficult to effect, and merits much attention, especially as the birch in such
society acquires finer form of stem and larger size than when it grows alone. * * *
But as the birch does not preserve the fertility of the ground, it should not be the pre-
vailing sort.

The bestand of fir and beech occurs in the southern part of the kingdom, with the
beech sometimes the prevailing sort.

‘ 10. Bestand of beech and oak.

This blending, especially for the oak, is of the greatest importance, because no sort of
tree contributes so powerfully as. the beech to maintain the soil at the degree of fer-
tility which is requisite for the oak. This blending occurs in the south part of the
country, where the climate is adapted to the beech; but in that part north of where
the beech flourishes the blending of the oak with fir trees is practiced, particular re-
gard being paid to the selection of proper spots for the oak. * * With the beech
the oak shows a growth not to be seen under other circumstances.

The above, though perhaps imperfect, translations from Mr. bjérkman’s treatise will
tend to show something of its practical character.

VIII.— INSTRUCTION IN FORESTRY.—(See ante, sec. 111, ¢ 3.)

The principal institution in Sweden for instruction in forestry is the Royal Forest
Institute, at Stockholm. It is pleasantly situated on arise of ground in a grove close
to the bridge as one turns from the city to enter the Deer Park. The course of study
occupies two years, and the first term begins in June. Tuition is free. Candidates for
admission must have sound health, be neither under eighteen nor over twenty-eight
years of age, and must have passed an examination such as admits to the university,
which includesa knowledge of the German language, and either the English or French.
Among the studies pursued are the classification and division of forest, forest culture,
and the quality of timber, forest technology, climate and soil, forest botany, forest
insects, art of hunting, mathematics, forest and game laws, map-drawing, &c. Four
pupils receive from the State a stipend, as assistance, of 250 rix-dollars each, per year.
Graduates are regarded as members of the forest “stat” or establishment, and are in
the line of promotion therein ; their first appointmeut being that of assistant forester,
which is generally received immediately after graduation and opens the way to their
earning about 600 rix-dollars a year in surveying and other work connected with for-
est. In ten years they can be promoted to “Jig miistere,” or forester. Above this
last office is the position of forest inspector which has been created for three or four
years. 15,300 rix-dollars are annually appropriated for the support of the institute.
There are four active instructors, namely, the director and three “lektors,” or teachers.

Forest schools.— Besides the institute there are, in Sweden, six forest schools which are
principally supported by the government and located at the following places: ‘Tierps,
Upsala County; Ombergs, Ostergétland County ; Boda, Calmar County: Daniels Lands,
Christianstad County; Hunneberg, Elfsborg County; and Silbre, Wester Norrland
County. Tuition at the forest schools is free, and besides ten pupils at each school
receive board and lodging free. The course of study lasts eight mouths. Some knowl-
edge of the common branches taught in the folk-schools is all that is required for
adinittance. A graduate of a forest school can be employed as a forest watchinan at
about 300 rix-dollars per year and use of a dwelling and patch of ground. The studies
are mentioned in the accompanying translation of regulations in regard to the forest
schools. The government ofters to help support additional schools where local author-
ities take the initiatory steps to establish them. From the report of 1867, it appears
that 21,850 pupils in the “folk” or common schools received instruction in horticulture
and tree-planting. Among the prominent schools of forestry in Europe is one at Thar-

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN. AD

rand, in Saxony, one at Neustadt-Eberswalde, in Prussia, one at Aschaffenberg, in Bava-
ria, one at Nancy, in France, and one at Mariaborum, near Vienna.

In Sweden it is the practice in every branch of the public service and department of
instruction to allow money for the traveling expenses ef persons sent abroad to obtain
information; and sums varying from 500 rix-dollars to 1,200 rix-dollars are often
granted for traveling in foreign countries on forest purposes.

IX.—FOREST LITERATURE.

Having in another part of this report mentioned some of the Swedish authors on
forestry, I will now reter to some other works and documents which merit the attention
of people who are interested in forest culture in the United States.

A short but practical article on the culture and management of forest trees, by J.J.
Thomas, is published in the annual report of the Department of Agriculture for 1864.

An article entitled American Forests ; their destruction and preservation, by F. Starr, jr.,
may be found in the annual report of the Department of Agriculture for 1865.

The report of the Department of Agriculture for 1870 also contains an interesting
paper on the subject of forests.

Field, Forest and Garden Botany, by Professor Gray, of Harvard University,is un-
doubtedly very useful as a hand-book, and for elementary instruction.

The North American Sylva, by F. Andrew Michaux, with notes by J. Jay Smith, 3 vol-
umes, Philadelphia, Rice, Rutter & Co., 1865. The father of the author, a Frenchman,
devoted ten years, from 1785 to 1796, to a thorough exploration of the territory of the
United States, accompanied by his son. The latter revisited the country in 1801; and
again in 1807, making extensive researches, the result of which was published in Paris
1810-1813, with rich copper-plate engravings. The work was translated into English by
Hillhouse, and printed in that language at Paris, 1819. The second English edition
was brought out at New Harmony, Indiana, partly through the efforts of William Mc-
Clare. The present edition of 1865, in three large octavo volumes, contains the original
illustrations beautifully colored, aud deserves a place in every public library.

The North American Sylva, or a description of the forest treesof the United States, Canada
and Nova Scotia, not published in the work of F. Andrew Michaux, illustrated by 121 colored.
plates, by Thomas Nuttall, three volumes in two, Philadelphia; Rice & Hart, 1857.
The author of this work visited the United States in 1823, and remained several years
making explorations. A standard authority.

The Trees and Shrubs of Britain, by J.C. Loudon, in eight volumes, second edition,
London, Henry G. Bohn, 1854. In this work native and foreign trees are pictorially
and botanically delineated and scientifically and popularly described, with their propa-
gation, culture, management and uses in the arts, in useful and ornamental plantations,
and in landscape gardening. The introductory chapters contain a historical and geo-
graphical outline of the trees and shrubs of temperate climates throughout the world.
The first four volumes contain the text, with above 2,500 engravings. The other four
volumes are devoted to portraits of trees on octavo and quarto plates. The work con-
tains a mine of information in regard to trees, very much of which would be highly
entertaining to the general reader. It was first published in 1838, and the author
cites upward of two thousand works referred to therein, which shows the voluminous
character of forest literature even then. I venture to quote here a brief passage from
his introductory chapter on the Inducements for tree planting :

‘Many persons, when recommended to plant, reply: ‘Of what use is it to plant at
my age? I can never hope to live to see my plants become trees.’ This sort of an-
swer does not, at first sight, appear surprising, if we suppose it to come from a person
of sixty or seventy years of age, but we often hear it even from men of thirty or forty.
In either case, such an answer is the result of error, founded on mistaken and prejudiced
notions. We shall prove its incorreetness by matters of fact. In the year 1830 there

' were many sorts of trees in the arboretum of Messrs. Loddiges, which had been planted
exactly ten years, and each of which exceeded 30 feet in height. Most of these trees
have since been cut down for want of room, but we have thenames and the measurement
of the whole of them. There are, also, at the present time (December, 1834) many trees
in the arboretum of the London Horticultural Society’s garden, at Chiswick, which
have been only ten years planted, and which are between 30 feet and 40 feet in height.
Why, then, should any one, even of seventy years of age, assign as a reason for declin-
ing planting that he cannot hope to live to see his plants become trees? A tree 30 feet
high, practically speaking, will effect all the general purposes for which trees are
planted ; it will attord shelter and shade, display individual beauty and character, and
confer expression on landscape scenery.” (Introduction, p. 9.)

The Forester, or a practical treatise on the planting, rearing, and general management of
forest trees. By James Brown, wood-suryeyor, and nursery-man. Stirling; fourth edi-
tion, enlarged and improved. William Blackwood & Sons. Edinburgh and London:
1871. Large octavo; pages 835. Undoubtedly the best work on the subject in the
English language,

46 FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN.

This author states that, within the last twenty years, he has sent out a very large
number of foresters to situations, at salaries varying from $350 to $3800 per year. He
laments that there is not a school in Great Britain, where young men can learn effi-
ciently all the branches of study in connection with forestry, and gives the following
advice as to the way in which a self-supporting institution for the purpose may be
established : “ Let an arboricultural association be formed of some of the leading landed
proprietors in the country, with a few men of science among them, having for their
object the cultivation of trees on the most approved and improved principles of the
age, and the training up of young men as foresters according to these principles, in
order to fill the places of the existing foresters of the old school, and thus as early as
possible bring about an improved state of arboriculture for the general welfare of the
country.

“Then, supposing that such an association were formed, where and low is the field
of their operations to be had? Of course they could not undertake anything in a defi-
nite and practical way in respect to forestry without this. Such a field may easily be
had, as there are many landed proprietors in this country who have more estates than
one, and who would be willing, I have no doubt, to give over the woodlands on one of
them for the purpose of forming an arboricultural school of it, of course under safe and
proper conditions to both parties. The outline of the conditions might be made some-
what as follows: The proprietor, R. F., lets to the association , for a period of,
say forty years from date, all the woodlands at present on the estate of A., extending
to about 2,000 acres, as per plan of the property to be referred to, at an annual rent of
£ . The several crops embraced to be thinned, and otherwise dealt with for their
improvement in health and value by the said association, and according to a mode to
be proposed by them and approved of by the said R. F., the proprietor, who is to sell
the timber and other produce for his own behoof, the association to be paid by him for
the labor performed by them in dealing with the works of thinning and otherwise im-
proving the crops, as may be agreed upon, all at the usual rates for such works; these
to be agreed on between the association and the said proprietor’s agent at the begin-
ning of each year, and before the works commence for the season. And the said R. F.,
the proprietor, lets also to the said association, for the said period of forty years, for
the purpose of being planted by them from time to time with suitable kinds of trees,
as may be agreed on between the parties, that piece of waste land known as , and
extending to 1,800 acres, at the annual rent of £ . This portion of land is let to
the association on the understanding that, at the end of their lease, the said R. F., the
proprietor, shall take over all the crops that shall then be found growing on it, at a
valuation to be settled by two neutral men of skill, mutually chosen, when the said R.
F., or his heirs, will pay the association the full value that may then be made in respect
to the crops of trees that may have been planted by them on said land. And it is to
be understood that during the currency of the lease the said association shall have full
power to manage the woods they may plant on said waste land in their own way and
as they may think fit, and to use for their own beboof all proceeds arising from them ;
it being understood, however, that all the crops they may plant shall be properly
treated and trained, so as to insure their being valuable to the estate as a crop on the
land, when they are handed over to the proprietor of the land at the end of the lease.
And it is also agreed that the said association shall have no power to clear any portion
of said crops of trees they may plant, nor any portion of any crops whatever, without
the consent of the proprietor of the land. iy : 9 B

“A president and vice-presidents, with directors, would have to be appointed, as
also a secretary, a treasurer, and auditor. Next, the working-resident staff might be a
manager, who would be accountable to the president and directors for the proper work-
ing of the objects of the association. He would be assisted by a professor of botany
and vegetable physiology, and one of geology and chemistry, the latter combining
physical geography and climatic science ; while he, the manager, would also have the
assistance of a first-class practical forester, whose duties would be to carry out all the
practical operations, under the directions of the manager, in dealing with the woods,
and at the same time instruct and guide the pupils while at their various works in the
woods.

“To accommodate a staff of this kind, together with, say fifty or sixty pupils, a con-
venient house would require to be provided, and as to whether the pupils would be:
resident in it or not, would of course depend on a careful consideration of all the cir-
cumstances in connection with the locality in which the field was situated. At all
events, one-half of the pupils would require to attend at a given hour every morning,
to hear lectures and other instructions on the subjects to be taught by the professors,
while the other half would go out to work in the woods. These would return in the
afternoon to get their course of instructions, while those who were studying in the
morning would go out and take their places in the woods ; and in this way the routine
of daily theoretical and practical instructions would be carried on. Of course a portion
of the waste land would be taken up for planting every year, in order to have the young.
men trained to the proper way of doing it, as also thinning in the ditferent plantations, with

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN AZ

bark-stripping, pruning, where necessary, draining, &c. In short, all these branches
of work would be undertaken every year on some portion of the crops; and as all the
works would be performed by the pupils themselves, under the direction of the forester,
every one would have the full opportunity of gaining practical experience, as well as
theoretical knowledge, on the various branches of forestry. And it would be neces-
sary to keep all the woods under the management of the association in the very best
possible condition, so that their character might become a model for all others to
imitate. And, besides, it would be desirable for the manager and his professors to visit,
from time to time, the woods on other properties, and take with them their pupils to
see them, when they would have an opportunity of comparing the management of
other woods with that of those on their home district; and in this way the pupils
would get much useful information and experience, within the shortest possible time,
under the guidance of their teachers, and thus render them more intelligent and expe-
rienced than they would be were their observations confined to the woods on the home
tield alone. y . “4 4 3 a si

“In dealing with the pupils, the amount of fees they would pay would, of course,
depend upon whether they were lodged in the institution or not, and had bed and
board provided for them. I should say that they should be resident in the institution,
and all receive like treatment as to education, board, and lodging. If they were not
resident lodgers, irregularity would be certain to ensue, and want of proper rule.
Then, if lod ged, £50 a year might be a fair charge for each pupil. At all events, it
should not exceed this sum. In accounting with the pupils, they ought to have put
to their credit and deducted from their fees at the end of each term, when settlement
is made, the value of the work they perform in the woods, at a fixed rate per hour or
per day, as may bearranged. This would make them more industrious than they other-
wise would be, and make them take good interest in the works they were engaged in.
This value of work would, of course, be refunded to the association by their account
against the proprietor of the woods for the work performed in them by their pupils.

“Tn order that the pupils might be properly instructed in all the branches bearing
on arboriculture, and to secure the professors and all concerned doing their duties, an
examination of the progress made by the pupils should be made by the president and
directors at the end of every six months, and awards put to the credit of the most pro-
ficient and deserving. a i i 4 i

‘‘As the young men become proficient in all the branches, (after three years’ resi-
dence at the institution,) theoretical and practical, of forestry, and leave the institu-
tion, they should have each his certificate or diploma, stating his general acquirements
and abilities, and whether he is first, second, or third class in his profession. These
certificates should, of course, be given by the president and directors, and signed also
by the professors; and they should form a guarantee to landed proprietors who might
be in want of foresters that the holders are men of undoubted professional abilities,
and worthy of being trusted with the management of their woods.” (Pp. 43-47.)

The following are some of the recent standard German publications:

Sden und Planzen, Ein Beitrag zur Holzerzichung. Von Forstdirector H. Burck-
hardt. Dritte Auplage, Hannover, 1867.

Das Forst Kultarwesen nach. Theorie und Erfihrung. Von Joh. Phil. Ernst Ludwig
Jager. Zweite Auplage, Marburg, 1865.

Der Waldban oder die Forst Productenzucht. Yon Dr. Carl Heyer. Zweite Auplage.
Leipzig, 1864.

Der Wald Seine Verjéngung, Pplege und Benntzung Von E. Landost. Zurich, 1866.

Besides the works in Swedish already mentioned, are the following:

Handledning vid Skogars Indlening till ordnard hushallning, &c., of J. A. of Zellén,
(with colored map.) Stockholm, 1869.

Vagledning i Skogshus hallning med en karta of Isr Strém, Upsala.

Handledning for Skogs hushallare i Finland of C. W. Gyldén. Helsingfors, 1853.

X.—LIST OF SOME OF THE MORE RAPID-GROWING TREES. .

What is given under this head is compiled principally from the works of Michaux,
Loudon, and Brown.

Black Italian poplar (Populus acladesca.)—Grown on strong loamy soil, and sheltered
situation, will in twelve years attain a height of 40 feet, with diameter of stem of nearly
a foot. In England it has of late years been substituted for the cottonwood.

Ontario poplar (Populus macrophylla. )—W orthy of cultivation as a timber tree, espe-
cially on the sides of streams with a shallow soil; easily distinguished by its large
heart-shaped leaves, some of which measure 10 inches from base to apex, and gummy
and, in the spring, balsamic smelling buds. It has been found to attain the height of
nd feet in fourteen years. Said to be a native of New Hampshire. Easily propagated

y cuttings.

The cottonwood (Canadian poplar) has in Europe attained the height of 50 feet ten
years after planted, and is considered the best of all poplars for planting when the pro-
duction of timber for profit is the object.

48 FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN.

The Lombardy poplar is easily distinguished by its tall, narrow form ; thrives on toler-
ably good soil, and attains largest size in proximity to water. A tree near Brussels is
mentioned which in fifteen years attained the height of 80 feet, with a trunk from 7 to
8 feet in circumference.

The sycamore (called also plane and buttonwood) flourishes best in a deep, loose,
rich soil, in a cool, moist situation. When placed near water its growth isso rapid that
in ten years it will attain the height of 40 feet, and in twenty years 80 feet, with a trunk
8 feet in circumference at three feet from the ground.

The elm grows rapidly in almost any soil or situation. Instances are given of trees
attaining the height of 50 feet after fourteen years planted.

The willow (Salix alba) will grow to the height of 60 feet to 80 feet in twenty years,
and a in dry uplands. This is also the most rapid-growing native tree of
Sweden.

The sugar-maple, in rich, strong, sandy loam, has attained the height of 24 feet six
years after being planted.

The locust requires a sandy loam, rich rather than poor, and a situation at once airy
and sheltered. It is objectionable for hedge-rows or as scattered groups on arable land,
on account of its roots extending close under the surface, and proving an impediment
to the plow, and sending up suckers. It is a rapid-growing tree, and esteemed for fuel
and timber. Plants in ten years from the seed attain a height of from 20 to 30 feet,
or even 40 feet. Propagated with facility by cuttings of the roots, but the best mode
is by seed. .

The European larch is one of the most valuable species on account of its rapid pro-
gress and excellent timber. It requires a soil deep and porous, and is found in its per-
fection in its native localities, the Alps, on a soil formed from the natural decomposition
of rocks. It should be reared from seed from its native localities. In England it at-
tains the height of 20 to 25 feet in ten years from the seed. In the course of fifty
years it will attain the height of 80 feet or upward. At ten years of age, on favorable
soil and site, it is found to attain a diameter of 2 inches 8 feet from the ground; in
fifteen years a diameter of 5 inches; in twenty years 9 inches; in twenty-five years
iLinches. (On favorable soil and site in Scotland, attwenty years of age, and 8 feet
from the ground, the oak attains a diameter of 4} inches, the pine 63 inches, the spruce
7 inches, the sycamore 5} inches.)

The Norway spruce is the loftiest of European trees, attaining a height in some
cases of 180 feet. On old trees the branches are gracefully drooping. Leaves are
dark green. It grows most luxuriantly in deep loams and low, somewhat moist situa-
tions, or on acclivities with a northeast aspect and a moist, sandy soil. It is one of the
best nurses for other trees. In ten years from the seed the plants wil! attain the height
of 12 to 15 feet, and in fifty years the height of 90 to 100 feet. The wood is light, fine-
grained, elastic, and varies in durability according to the soil on which it has grown.

C. C. ANDREWS.

LEGATION OF THE UNITED STATES,

Stockholm, August 5, 1872.

O

REP ORT?

THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE)

ON THE

FORESTS AND FOREST-CULTURE OF SWEDEN,

Cee © AND RE WS

MINISTER RESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES TO SWEDEN AND NORWAY.

WASTHENGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
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