SEP 1 0 1375 5 Jii/f STATE DOCUMENTS /9(^l — " ^'f REPORT to the Montana Livestock Sanitary Board July 1, 1960 through June 30, 1961 "J STACKS Montana Slate Ljbrary 3 0864 1005 0970 5 Helena^ Montana August 18, 1S61 Honorable Donald G. Nutter, Governor of Montana Helena, Montana Dear Governor Nutter: In compliance with Section 46-2^^2, RCM 19^+7, we transmit herev/ith the report of the State Veterinarian to the Montana Livestock Sanitary Board for the year July 1, 1960, through June 30, 1961. Respectfully submitted, MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD " J. W. SAFFORD, Executive Officer. MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD fct* V* fcttf h*^ «** tfl^ ^4 ^^m fcV^ /« 7« *\ 4* 4\ #v 7« t\ 4\ John W. . Black, Hinsdale, President Archie Wilson, St. Xavier Melvin Peterson, Wisdom Manly A. Moore, Powderville Henry Miller, Missoula F. T. Saylor, Choteau ^ .*. »t. Y^ kt^ .^ «*, «f« .1. JOHN W. SAFFORD Executive Officer and State Veterinarian Helena, Montana July 1, 1961 Hon. Livestock Sanitary Board Helena, Montana Gentlemen: In compliance with Title kS, Section 2^+2, RCM 19^7, I submit the report of the State Veterinarian and Executive Officer to the Livestock Sanitary Board for the year ending June 30, 1961. There were five meetings of the Livestock Sanitary Board during the year. A meeting was held in Helena, September 6, I960. A meeting was held in Great Falls, December 6, I960. A meeting was held in Helena, March 6 and 7, '961. A meeting was held in Billings, Kay 21 and 22, 1961. A meeting was held in Billings, June 22, 1961. At these meetings the varied activities and responsibilities of the Livestock Sanitary Board were discussed and acted upon. All actions taken, and regulations and orders issued by the Executive Officer in the interim between meet- ings of the Board, were approved. The complete minutes of all meetings are on file in the office of the State Veterinarian at the Livestock Building, at the Capitol, in Helena. FOREWORD There can be no doubt that livestock and poultry diseases pose a constant threat to the general welfare of Montana's largest and most important industry. Livestock and poultry diseases that exist in the state car be compared to continually smoldering embers. If given an opportunity, many of them could at any time burst forth into a conflagration. There is a constant threat of sparks and embers of dan- gerous livestock and poultry diseases, which exist in other parts of this shrinking world, alighting in Montana and bursting forth into a terrible raging wildfira. Uncontrolled livestock diseases, like uncontrolled fires, can leave behind empty ranges, empty trucks, stockyards without stock, mejt plants without meat, milk plants without milk, hatcheries without eggs, and vacant store shelves, resulting in economic chaos, human starvation, and malnutrition. This must never be permitted to happen. It is a pleasure to report to the Livestock Sanitary Board that during the past year several Important changes have occurred, en^jling the Board to better meet ond control the constant threat of livestock and poultry diseases, -1- The badly needed new diagnostic laboratory has become a reality. In the spring of I96I the laboratory was moved from its I918 facilities in Helena to the new facilities in Bozeman. This laboratory, being in one wing of a building which also houses the veterinary research laboratory, will prove to be beneficial to the scientific endeavors of both the diagnostic and research laboratories. An excellent staff has started work in the new diagnostic facilities. The badly congested office has found relief by moving into the remodeled quarters of the old laboratory. All district deputy state veterinarian positions are now filled by men of high cal iber. For the first time in a number of years, the position of head of the poultry disease-control work has been filled by a most competent veterinarian. The position held so many years by the very able late Dr. J. D. C. Wipf has been filled. The survey grading procedures for dairy and milk inspection have been established in the Helena office, since new office space became available. This should assist materially in maintaining a safe milk supply for everyone in the state. For the first time in six years, all meat inspection positions are filled. All livestock and poultry diseases that are subject to disease-control pro- cedures, and for which specific disease-control programs exist, have been reduced the past year. The livestock diseases in Montana that are not under a formal disease- control effort -- because of lack of scientific knowledge to formulate such an effort or because of lack of overall concern — have increased the past year. The entire organizational structure of the Livestock Sanitary Board staff, including all practicing veterinarians who hold deputy appointments, is set up and integrated to be able to, on a moment's notice, move to control any disease outbreak that might appear. The proper approach, recognition, and control of a dangerous disease at its onset results in preventing a disastrous conflagration. The Livestock Sanitary Board staff is small compared to its assigned re- sponsibilities. It is indeed gratifying to report to the Board that when disease threatens all members of the staff put in extremely long hours each day. Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays are forgotten. "Forty hours a week" becomes eighty, or more, hours a week. The single objective becomes one of dedication to stopping the losses, preventing the spread of the disease, and wishing there were more hours in the day. There is no question of overtime--it is just part of the veterinarian's responsibil- ity, no matter how many hours are required. This spirit, alone, gives justification for facing the future with confidence that no dangerous livestock disease will be disseminated in Montana herds and flocks. CATTLE DISEASES Veterinarians in Montana reported 35 cattle diseases in 16,568 cattle on 4,886 ranches. This is \k less diseases than reported last year, but an increase of 4,640 cases on 208 more ranches. The list of the number of livestock disease cases and herds reported for the fiscal year is found under the "Montana Veterinarians' Disease Report", and the laboratory and meat inspection reports, included in this annual report. The following cattle diseases warrant further comment: Anaplasmosis Only 25 cases of anaplasmosis in 14 herds were reported this past year. We believe this report is not a true indication of the extent of loss in Montana each year. Many livestock owners keep the existence of anaplasmosis in their herds a secret. This certainly delays proper evaluation of the loss from the disease and efforts to study and control its spread. Many states, which are relatively free of anaplasmosis, are searching for ways to prevent the introduction of the disease into their states. This poses a serious threat to the free movement of cattle from several areas in Montana. There is every indication that anaplasmosis continues to spread in the United States. We recommend to the Board that the cattle industry adopt every reasonable means to control and prevent further spread of anaplasmosis in Montana. This must be done to reduce actual losses and to assure that Montana cattle will continue to en- joy easy access to their many out-of-state markets. Anthrax After two years of being without a report of anthrax, the disease was diagnosed in August I960 on one ranch near Saco, in Phillips County. Nine cattle were lost on one ranch. Vaccination stopped the losses, and cleaning and disinfec- tion, and complete burning of carcasses, stopped further spread. Ranchers who have had anthrax on their ranches must be constantly on the alert, should climatic, soil conditions, and other factors be favorable for the disease to reappear. It should be kept in mind that anthrax in animals is trans- missible to man. Baci 1 lary Hemoqlobinuri a (Redwater) Veterinarians reported 196 cases of redwater disease on 165 premises. This serious cattle disease was diagnosed in six new areas during the past year. This is the greatest number of new areas in one year since the disease first made its appearance in 1939. The new areas are Philipsburg vicinity, Lincoln, Broadwater, and Madison Counties, and the State Prison herd. The disturbing part is that the disease is no longer confined west of the Continental Divide, and all out- breaks are on the headwaters of the Missouri River. The significance of these lo- cations, as it pertains to further spread across the state, is difficult to predict. Losses were stopped by prompt diagnosis and vaccination. The bacterin used provides an average immunity duration of only six months. -3- Brucel losis The cattle owners' is proving most successful, owners have sustained in Mon no doubt, stagger the imagin stockmen's efforts to reduce the incidence of the disease disease will never be permit from Montana if ranchers wi 1 animals are not added to the vaccination, and if they wi 1 be accidentally reintroduced long battle — since about 1912 — against brucellosis particularly since i95^. The combined loss livestock tana from brucellosis since it was first diagnosed would, ation. It is a pleasure to report to the Board the live- and eradicate the disease have been most successful and is the lowest in history. It is sincerely hoped this ted to take the toll it once did. It can be eliminated 1 continue to make certain that brucellosis-infected ir herds, if they will continue a high level of calfhood 1 locate and eliminate the infection as soon as it might During the fiscal year 87,793 cattle were tested for brucellosis, reveal- ing 29^ reeactors, or 0.33^+%. A total of 7^^+60 ASP. tests were made on milk and cream samples; k] (0.5^%) samples were "suspicious" and were followed up by herd investigations. Table I. A 30-Year Review of the Incidence of Brucellosis in Montana Cattle as Indicated by the Agglutination Test. Year % Reactors No. Tested 1931 23 16,873 1932 14 19,076 1933 13 14,590 193^ 12 33,493 1935 10.8 76,846 1936 6.6 136,687 1937 4.1 109,712 1938 3.5 72,654 1939 3.6 46,886 19^0 3.8 40,291 1941 3.5 48,750 19^2 4.3 54,789 19^3 4.7 51,149 \Skk 4.5 55,283 1945 5 45,100 Table 2. The Reduction of the Nun Counties First area test July 1, 1957 July 1, 1958 July 1, 1959 July 1, I960 July 1, 1961 Year % Reactors No. Tested 1946 4.4 46,865 1947 3.7 37,262 1948 4.5 39,706 1949 3.9 45,719 1950 3.4 49,711 1951 4.0 68,571 1952 4.3 44,314 1953 2.8 73,677 1954 1.9 255,512 1955 1.2 482,805 1956 0.9 470,342 1957 0.95 302,462 1958 0.55 153,990 1959 0.62 45,789 i960 0.408 95,183 1961 0.334 87,793 2,434 ir ifected he rds - 7.96% 666 " - 2.36% 357 " - 1.24% 238 " - 0.92% 135 " - 0.56% 93 " - 0.34% -4- Table 3. Progress of the Bovine Brucellosis-Eradication Program in Montana Count ies Herds Infected Initial Area Test County No. Per Cent Herds Infected June 30_, 1961 No. Per Cent 1. Broadwater 54 23.6 None None 2. Cascade 140 13.9 3. Daniels 18 5.9 k. Deer Lodge 26 24.7 5. Gal latin 62 6.4 6. Golden Val ley Zk 12.1 ' 7. Grani te 28 16.3 8. Hill 31 6.1 9. Jefferson 32 13.6 10. Liberty 7 4.2 11. Li ncol n 15 5.3 12. McCone 17 3.6 13. Mineral 3 4.3 ]k. Missoula 60 10.3 15. Musselshel 1 27 9.0 16. Petroleum 27 19.1 17. Phill ips 30 k,8 18. Powel 1 51 17.4 19. Prai rie 30 11.9 20. Richland 46 3.9 21. Roosevelt 50 8.4 22. Sanders 47 7.4 23. Si Iver Bow 8 8.7 Zk. Sti 1 Iwater 52 7.1 ' 25. Teton 35 5.2 26. Toole 13 4.6 27. Valley 33 4.4 28. Wheat 1 and 17 12.3 29. Wibaux 23 8.4 1. Beaverhead 75 18.7 1 0.02 2. Blaine 30 4.6 1 0.15 3. Carbon 149 13.9 1 0.06 k. Carter 34 7.9 1 0,20 5. Chouteau 35 5.2 1 0.13 6. Dawson 34 5.3 1 0.13 7. Flathead 30 2.6 I 0.08 8. Garfield 27 7.5 1 0.25 9. Judith Basin 59 12.6 1 0.22 10. Park 50 10.6 I 0.20 11. Sheridan 23 3.7 1 0.15 Table 3- Progress of the Bovine Brucellosis-Eradication Program in Montana Counties - Continued Herds 1 nfected Herds 1 nfected Ini tial Area Test June 30, 1961 County No. Per Cent No. Per Cent 1. Fallon T8 5.3 2 0 .60 2. Madison 87 14.2 2 0 .30 3. Meagher 5^ 3^.3 2 1 .20 k. Pondera 36 6.4 2 1 .70 5. Sweet Grass 56 12.1 2 0 .40 6. Yellowstone 91 7.7 2 0, .15 1 . Lake 105 7.8 3 0, .15 2. Lewis & Clark 67 17.1 3 0, .60 3. Treasure 26 15.8 3 1 1 , .80 1. Ravalli 35 3.2 6 0, .54 2. Fergus 106 10.7 9 0, .90 3. Glacier 88 17.7 11 2, .20 k. Rosebud 39 3.9 12 2, ,60 5. Big Horn 91 13.2 23 3. .28 1 . Custer -- No area eradi cation program 2. Powder River — No area eradi cation program Table k. Comparative Number of Cal ves Official ly Vac( :i nated w ith Brucel la Abortus Vaccine in Fiscal Ye ars 1559, 1S60, and 1961 County 1959 I960 1961 Beaverhead 20,373 23,554 17,544 Big Horn 16,847 14,124 15,581 Blaine 9,439 8,421 6,627 Broadwater 4,4C0 2,571 2,917 Carbon 8,986 2,945 3,480 Carter 4,283 3,945 4,041 Cascade 9,687 5,645 6,622 Chouteau 7,261 2,600 4,983 Custer 10,562 7,719 9,262 Daniels 572 181 388 Dawson 2,669 1,486 2,109 Deer Lodge 1,473 477 143 Fa 1 Ion 3,029 1,927 1,856 Fergus 10,316 9,630 8,676 Flathead 1,467 1,054 1,384 Gal latin 9,313 6,548 5,945 Garfield 3,836 4,013 4,313 Glacier 3,475 3,149 2,530 Golden Val ley 2,738 2,670 1,990 Granite 4,704 4,032 3,861 Hill 3, '33 2,181 2,202 Jefferson 3,521 1,590 2,125 -6- Table k. Comparative Number of Calves Officially Vaccinated with Brucella Abortus Vaccine in Fiscal Years 1959. I960, and I96I - Continued County 1959 1960^ [961 Judi th Basin Lake Lewis & Clark Liberty Li ncol n Madison McCone Meagher Mineral Missoula Musselshell Park Petroleum Phillips Pondera Powder River Powe 1 1 Prai rie Raval 1 i Richland Roosevel t Rosebud Sanders Sheri dan Si Iver Bow Sti 1 Iwater Sweet Grass Teton Toole Treasure Valley Wheatland Wibaux Yellowstone TOTALS 294,265 215,043 224,576" It should be pointed out that the continual reduction in the number of calves being vaccinated against brucellosis at this stage of the control and eradi- cation program may result in an increase in brucellosis in Montana herds. Ways should be found to assure a high level of vaccination until such time as the disease is completely eliminated. The use of the "backtag" for the purpose of recertifying counties and providing a very inexpensive screening procedure to locate brucellosis-infected herds was well started during the past fiscal year. A total of 46,901 cattle were tested in and out-of-state on this screening procedure. The backtag screen test and use of the milk ring test are the two procedures that show promise of being able to continue to reduce the incidence of bovine brucellosis in Montana, -7- 7,660 3,590 5,714 5,795 3,882 4,492 5,921 4,174 4,548 1,871 1,312 1,063 746 563 176 10,060 4,387 7,825 1,699 1,305 2,343 6,672 4,821 4,368 234 47 54 3,614 734 887 3,910 3,564 2,610 6,067 2,529 1,230 2,319 . 2,476 2,671 8,941 6,240 10,529 2,3;^ 1,402 1,138 6,896 6,612 4,908 7,179 6,732 6,740 3,398 2,146 2,094 8,061 3,198 3,514 2,935 2,007 2,330 1,301 1,159 2,445 8,129 6,906 6,966 2,452 1,822 3,535 892 422 1,708 1,077 251 313 6,413 3,800 2,661 6,621 4,480 4,952 3,371 3,087 3,613 2,2C2 1,582 1,410 2,659 3,175 2,474 5,560 6,283 7,859 5,389 4,633 3,741 1,143 646 710 8,620 4,6;4 3,766 In summary, the number of brucelJosis-infected herds and the number of infected cattle were reduced in Montana the past year. Two factors concerning the brucellosis program are unfavorable. One is the reduction of the number of calves vaccinated and two, Montana still cannot become a modi f ied-certi f ied free area, although 5^ of the 56 counties are so designated. Cancer Eye (Eoi the! ioma) The incidence of cattle with cancer eye remains high - 1,^52 cases were reported on ],26k ranches. Last year we estimated the loss for that year to cattle owners to be $211,200. The reports this year would indicate at least the same loss this year. In ten years, this would become $2,100,000, which seems a high price for just one "minor" disease. We feel confident this loss could be materially reduced by early recognition and proper handling of the animals, by selective breeding, and by the action of the industry itself. Cocci di OS is This disease, caused by a protozoa, continues to extract a heavy toll even though it was a mild winter with a moderate number of cases reported. A total of 2,239 cases were reported on 337 ranches. Leptospi rosis About the same number of ranches as last year experienced outbreaks of leptospi ros is, although the number of cases increased. The disease was reported in it53 cattle on 77 ranches. Because the disease is self-limiting and a vaccine is available, regula- tory measures have not been necessary to control outbreaks. Pulmonary Emphysema (Asthma) There was a marked increase in the number of cases reported this year. A total of 650 cases were reported on 256 ranches. If all losses were reported in Montana, I believe the total economic impact of this condition would be quite start! ing. It is one disease about which little is known. The cause or causes are unknown; there is no satisfactory treatment and no means of prevention. Losses are sustained each year and there can be no doubt that cattle owners have lost well over 2 million dollars worth of cattle the past 25 years from this one disease. The Montana Veterinary Research Laboratory has made a very small research investigational approach to the disease. From the overall cumulative loss, it would appear that it could be most profitable to invest in and insist on a concen- trated research approach to solving the mystery of this frustrating disease of cattle. -8- Shippi nq Fever In spite of a very mild winter the past year, the number of reported cases of shipping fever is double those of the previous year. There were 5,857 cases re- ported on 520 ranches. Although there are many practical management practices that can be used to reduce the number of cases, it just seems that today's marketing practices on and from ranches will not permit the application of such preventive measures. It is encouraging to note that research workers in California and U. S. Department of Agriculture workers have isolated a virus that may be the primary cause of this widespread, highly infectious disease. It is hoped that this will be the "breakthrough" that will lead to the development of a satisfactory immunizing agent. This, then, might permit modern handling of young cattle without the threat of shipping fever. Tuberculosis The tuberculin test was applied to 9,S6l dairy cows and 25,396 beef cattle. Three dairy cows and two beef cows reacted to the test, or 0.014%. Four of the cattle which reacted to the tuberculin test were found to have no gross lesions. A small intestinal lesion was found in one reactor. The lesion was submitted to the laboratory but at this writing the laboratory report has not been received. Two herds in which tuberculosis resctors were found were associated with chickens that had a high rate of avian tuberculosis. Thirty-four counties were reaccredited as modif ied-accredi ted tuberculosis- free areas duri ng the year. Urol i thiasis (Water Bel 1y) There were twice as many cases of urolithiasis reported this past year than one year ago. There were 1,322 cases reported on 856 ranches. If this report Is an indication of the continued increase of this con- dition in Montana, then it would indicate that research work on ''water belly" should be intensified in order to obtain more practical procedures to stop or decrease the losses. Vibriosis This relatively new disease in beef herds caused considerable concern be- cause of the high rate of infertility and disrupted breeding schedules. Only 19 clinical cases were diagnosed on 13 ranches but this aoes not express the true ex- tent of the disease. It is extremely difficult to confirm diagnoses of vibriosis as a cause of Infertility by laboratory procedures. Herd histories often give the first indica- tion that vibriosis is present. The diagnostic laboratory is endeavoring to de- velop and use tests that may be more helpful. It is recommended that herds which have a vibriosis infertility problem give serious consideration to using artificial insemination to control this serious venereal infection. Wh i "e Muscle Pi sease Eighty-six cases of white muscle disease were reported on 72 ranches. The work of Dr. 0. Muth and his co-workers at Oregon State College, demonstrating that minute amounts of selenium in the dams' diet, along with adequate vitamin E, has provided a practical method of preventing and treating the disease. Numerous field reports, this past year, substantiate his findings. This is another disease that once caused large Josses in cattle and sheep for which preventive measures, which can be easily applied, have been found through good research. -'lO- SHEEP DISEASES This past year 19 diseases were reported in 14,565 sheep on 27^ ranches. Contagious Ecthyma (Sore Mouth) There is an effective vaccine to prevent this disease if properly handled and applied, yet, 8,270 cases were reported on ^49 ranches. There has been a four- fold increase in the number of cases of "sore mouth" reported the last two years. It is recommended that the Board carefully watch the incidence of this dis- ease, particularly to investigate carefully the occurrence in reported vaccinated sheep. It should be known, as scon as possible, if the strains of virus now used in the present vaccine are effective against present field strains. Enterotoxemia Tvi/ice as many cases of enterotoxemia were reported this year than last. Eight hundred and sixty-three cases were reported on 101 ranches. There are ef- fective methods available to prevent this disease of Iambs. The proper use of anti- serum and the bacterin to prevent losses is very effective, and the only practical way to prevent losses. Foot -Rot There is one sure way for a sheepman to go broke, and that is to try to raise sheep in a flock in which infectious foot-rot is permitted to remain uncon- trolled. The infected flock is a potential danger to all flocks in Montana. There were reported 1,050 sheep infected with foot-rot on 33 ranches this past year. Practically all of these were in Western Montana — in four counties. They were all in small farm flocks. This disease in small flocks poses a continual threat to the welfare of Montana's sheep industry. Because of this, and because it has been repeatedly demonstrated that the disease can be completely eradicated, a concentrated effort should be made by the Board to assign a veterinarian to make a flock-by-flock inspection in the four Western Montana counties to locate infected flocks, institute and carry out eradication procedures. It is only logical to elim- inate this source of infection while it can be done inexpensively and before it be- comes widespread. Scabies No scabies was reported in Montana during the year. It is remarkable, in view of the existence of sheep scabies in the Midwest and outbreaks in North and South Dakota, that Montana remains free. Every effort must be made to keep the state free of the disease, and every effort must be made to detect its presence early, should it be accidentally intro- duced. The economic effects of the disease in Montana would be severe, not only from actual sheep and wool loss, but from widespread embargoes. Wholehearted cooperation of the sheep industry, in complying with the Live- stock Sanitary Board sheep import regulations, has been of major importance in keep- ing Montana free of scabies since it was eradicated kl years ago. -II- Scrapie It was necessary for the Livestock Sanitary Board to condemn and send to slaughter 60 purebred sheep from one ranch to safeguard the industry in Montana from a possible introduction of scrapie. The amount of indemnity paid by the Livestock Sanitary Board on these sheep was $3^069.26. The Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, paid an almost equal amount. Two years ago the owner had purchased a purebred ram from a north-central state. The full brother to this ram developed scrapie in Oregon. Because of the nature of scrapie, and in order to use every safeguard to prevent the disease from being introduced into Montana, it was necessary to destroy the ram and all his progeny. It was considered unwise to take chances of having such an insidious dis- ease — a disease that can have a 42-month incubation period — established in the state. Vi rus Abortion There were 538 cases reported on 8 ranches this past year. This is the greatest number of cases of this disease reported since it was first detected in the United States by the Montana Veterinary Research Laboratory in the spring of 1958. V/e believe more cases will be reported and confirmed because accurate diagnostic tests are now available in the Board's diagnostic laboratory. No doubt the disease has existed for quite a long time but was unrecognized. The recognition of the disease, now, explains v\/hy it was impossible to isolate Vibrio fetus in a number of typical "vibriosis" outbreaks in years past. No doubt a number of such outbreaks v;ere virus abortion. A commercial vaccine is available. It has proved successful in Great Britain in preventing losses. At present there are no practical procedures avail- able to attempt to eradicate the disease which, beyond a doubt, is widespread in the United States. SWINE DISEASES year. A total of 13 diseases were reported in 1,^50 swine on 172 premises this Montana is remarkably free of infectious swine diseases. Witii the tendency toward increasing swine production, it will be very foolish if the swine industry does not use the utmost care in importing swine. The Livestock Sanitary Board im- port regulations will prevent the introduction of many diseases. It is recommended that hog producers take full advantage of this protection when they purchase swine. Brucel losis No cases of brucellosis in swine were reported. In the past all cases have been controlled and promptly eliminated, and every effort made to prevent the spread of this serious disease. The public health asoect of swine brucellosis is becoming a serious prob- lem in the major swine-producing states. Swine brucellosis, because of its extremely low incidence in Montana, must not be tolerated. At the request of the Montana Swine Growers Association, the Livestock Sanitary Board set up standards, based upon the latest scientific knowledge, whereby certified brucellosis-free swine herds could be established in Montana. The regu- lation was adopted September 10, i960, making this certification by the Livestock Sanitary Board possible. Since that time there has not been a single request from swine growers to establish and maintain a certified herd. The provision is available should the industry need it. Erysipelas This disease remains the most frequently reported swine disease in Montana. There were 1,039 cases reported in 138 herds. Hog Cholera Not one outbreak of hog cholera was reported this past year. This is indeed fortunate in a nation which is doing its utmost to establish a hog cholera- eradication program. Hog cholera was once frequently encountered in Montana. We believe the strict quarantine and control of outbreaks over some thirty years, the enforcement of the garbage-cooking law, and the prohibition of the use of live virus vaccine has resulted in a hog cholera-free state, thus making it unnecessary to engage in a nationwide hog cholera-eradication program. Continued rigid control of hog cholera — both outbreaks in the state and imports into Montana -- should assure maximum freedom from this Nation's No. 1 hog ki 1 ler. One herd of swine in Western Montana suffered quite serious losses from the improper use of the modified live virus hog cholera vaccine which was administer- ed following severe stress factors applied to the swine. Losses are to be expected -13- where the vaccine is used under such circumstances. If the Livestock Sanitary Board regulations had been followed, which require this product to be administered by a veterinarian, we feel certain these losses would not have occurred. Baby Pig Disease A very few scattered reports have been received that transmissible gastro- enteritis and virus pig pneumonia are present in the state. It is sincerely hoped these diseases do not become widespread. There is nothing, outside of hog cholera, that can put pig producers out of business faster. Strict sanitation and strict herd health observations of the herds from which breeding pigs are obtained are the only two ways that are effectively utilized at present to prevent the spread of these two diseases. ■]k- HORSE DISEASES A total of nine diseases in 1,332 horses, on 7^2 premises, was reported this past year. Pi 5 temper Montana veterinarians reported 1,296 cases of distemper on 596 premises. This disease is, beyond a doubt, the No. 1 horse disease in Montana. Modern therapy usually prevents most cases from becoming serious with complicating secondary ef- fects. Encephalomyel i tis (Sleeping Sickness) Twenty-three cases were reported on 23 ranches this past year. This is 10 less cases than one year ago. This disease, with its serious public health dangers, must continually be watched. So far as is known, only the V-Zestern virus strain affects horses in Montana. The Eastern strains have remained east of the Mississippi. The mortality rate in horses is reported to be about 97% as a result of infection with the Eastern strains, whereas the Western strain results in about a 27% mortal i ty. The Eastern strain virus is much more dangerous to man. The St. Louis, Venezuelan, and Japanese B strains of the virus could complicate the picture. We believe the Livestock Sanitary Board has an obligation to constantly study this disease to know as soon as possible if strains of virus, other than the Western strains, appear in Montana. With the old laboratory this has been impos- sible. It is a pleasure to report that the nev; iaboratory will be able to initiate and carry out complement-fixation tests to confirm diagnoses, cross-protection and serum neutralization tests to determine the strain of virus causing equine encephalo- myelitis. This information is necessary to advice proper vaccination and necessary information in regard to human health. It is of interest to note that 11,8^9 cases of equine encephalomyelitis were reported in Montana during the year 1937-38. This high peak will probably never occur again because a vaccine is available. In order to avoid such an outbreak we must constantly know the strain of virus we are dealing with from year to year. Glanders and Dourine In the early days of the Livestock Sanitary Board — from 1900 to 1920 — these two diseases were of major concern and required major eradication efforts. Montana has been free of these diseases for over ^0 years. -15- DOG DISEASES Leptospi rosis Canine leptospi rosis was reported in 202 dogs this past year. We believe it is important that veterinarians continue to report these cases, because their existence in dogs is of importance to human health. Rabies Each year we are able to report no canine rabies. I7e do so with an honest sigh of relief. We do not believe there can be a more horrible and positively fatal disease. Efforts to keep rabies from being introduced through exposed dogs requires a lot of time from the Livestock Sanitary Board staff. Rabies is enzootic in all states to the east of us and in all southern states. There is always danger of a dog from one of these states introducing the disease. There were 688 dogs imported into Montana this past year. Of these, 275 were sent into Montana without being vaccinated against rabies at least 60 days prior to entry into Montana, as required by the Board's regulations. This entails locating and quarantining each of the dogs so imported. It is a safeguard that simply has to be taken if Montana is to remain free of rabies. It is stated that many more dogs are imported into Montana for which no health certificates are issued. \le recommend that every reasonable procedure be constantly employed to keep this disease out of Montana. ■16- POULTRY DISEASES Ten poultry diseases were reported on 50 premises. Quite a number of reports of infectious diseases in poultry were made this past year. In every instance, upon investigation, it was found that the suspected diseases, such as Newcastle, infectious bronchitis, and 1 aryngotrachei t i s, were not present. Overall, the most frequent disease condition found could be associated with mismanagement, lack of sanitation, and malnutrition. Vitamin A deficiency is often thought to be some infectious disease of the respiratory tract. It is particularly significant that not one case of infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease, or laryngotrachei tis was diagnosed this past year. Yet, consider- able pressure has been applied to this office to release, for indiscriminate use, a live virus vaccine for each of these diseases. It is a well-known fact that if this were done we would not be able to report freedom from these diseases. Such indis- criminate use of these products would prove most costly to the industry. Pul lorum V/ith the Montana Poultry Improvement Board cooperating, 75^852 chickens were tested for pul lorum-typhoid, and 33 reactors were found. No flock producing hatching eggs was permitted to sell such eggs unless the flock proved free of pul lorum disease. For the first time in a good many years, the position of deputy state veterinarian in charge of poultry disease-control has been filled. The new labora- tory will be better able to handle diagnostic poultry disease problems. We can con- fidently report to the Board that we are now able to meet the responsibilities Im- posed by law and demanded by the poultry and hatching industry to investigate and control poultry diseases. ■17- LIVESTOCK MARKETS The Montana Livestock Sanitary Board maintains a deputy state veterinarian at each of the livestock auction markets licensed by the Commission in the State of Montana. Their duties are to supervise and enforce the sanitary requirements of the Board, and to detect and prevent the dissemination of dangerous livestock diseases within, and out of, the yards of each market. In general, the sanitation maintained in the yards is good. A large number of diseased livestock were detected and pre- vented from carrying such diseases back to ranches. The auction markets in Montana have given excellent cooperation to the Board in inaugurating and carrying out the brucellosis "backtaggi ng" program. This one factor will be largely instrumental in maintaining the low incidence of brucel- losis in the state and in assuring success of eventual eradication of the disease. Livestock inspected by deputy state veterinarians at the auction markets were as fol lows : 1958-59 1959-60 1960-61 Cattle 57^,015 702,846 683,621 Sheep 215,279 27^,563 302,it43 Horses 3,256 10,611 8,883 Swine 50,249 62,271 79,953 TOTALS 8'r2,S00 1,050,29* 1,07^+, 900 •18- LIVESTOCK IMPOPTATIONS A responsibility assigned to the Board is to prevent the introduction of livestock diseases into Montana. f o 1 1 ows ; 3i+,288 68,i^6i 78,424 62,477 49,357 1,030 1,397 1,888 2,078 2,230 73,701 83,077 117,905 73,925 36,171 23,587 26,288 20,524 13,83' 25,694 506 576 573 584 701 A summary of the livestock imported into Montana the past five years is as 1956-5Z 1957-58 1958-59 1959-60 I960-6I Cattle Horses Sheep Swi ne Dogs TOTALS 133,312 179,819 2i9,3l4 152,896 114,153 Animals were received from 37 different states, Canada, Germany, and Mexico. This poses a very real possibility of introducing many diseases into Montana that do not now exist in the state. To our knowledge, no new diseases were imported with these animals. This was largely due to the health inspections given by accredited veterinarians in all 37 states, and the inspection requirements en- forced by the U. S. Department of Agriculture on animals imported from foreign count ri es . in a number of instances, rei nspect ions and tests had to be made on ani- mals because of subsequent disease outbreaks in the states of origin. The outbreak of scabies in sheep in South Dakota necessitated the reinspection of over 50 flocks of sheep which contained recently imported sheep from that area in South Dakota. Cattle imported from states in which bovine tuberculosis has increased were followed up and tested for tuberculosis; rabies in other states requires constant reinspec- tion of imported dogs. Importation of diseased chicKens has resulted in denying permits to out-of-state hatcheries who ship in diseased chicks. One rancher, who unknowingly imported anaplasmosis into a free area in Montana, cooperated to control this disease by returning the entire shipment (about 400 head of cattle) to the state of origin. These are a few problems that must be met to make certain that some in- sidious disease does not enter our state without our knowledge. STATE COMPIUTION LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOAED Report of Importations July 1, i960 - June 30, 1961 HEALTH CERTIFICATES Canada 262 Alaska 19 Arizona 2U Arkansas 6 California 19 Colorado 119 Florida 1 Germany- 1 Idaho 267 Illinois 21 Indiana 7 Iowa 37 Kansas 21 Kentucky- 3 Louisiana 1 Mexico Michigan h Minnesota 50 Mississippi 1 Missouri 39 Nebraska V^9 Nevada 9 New Mexico 1 New York 2 North Carolina North Dakota 360 Oklahoma 16 Ohio 9 Oregon 135 South Dakota 183 Tennessee 3 Texas 59 Utah 70 Virginia Washington 260 West Virginia 1 Wisconsin 13 Wyoming 37h TEST CHARTS HORSES CATTLE HC TO SHEEP S1.1NE DCGS 213 1026 3i;5 89^6 211 98 1 22 32-x- 716 7 6 3 58 766 106 90-;;- «• S^ 3U 233 716 150 173 2 91 1 11 35 9196 33 U191 2 36 11 6 1 lh6 6 h 15 5 U7 1U5 138 3 36 28 3 1 1 • 120 21 2 1 27 1 10 16 2 28 9 9$ 310 lUU 32 1 106 2 16 li!i U3 6 27 27 itO 321 375 5 1U797 39 1 h80 13 5 1 2 1 18 1 1 u eu 51 2779 3U3 509 hU05 20 7 8 6 lU 2 3 11 3 11 lU h 23 527 13 5719 53 37 13 2ii^^ 2030 970 7206 6055 11 2 6 3U 3990 6U 22 12 2 62 162 2 196 8 15 1 6 2U 151 1833 96 13235 62 105 1 7 18 5 88 200 116 330 11279 lli29 Ii785 98 2U TOTALS : 2,621 726 2,230 35635 13722 36171 2569ii 688 ■> Includes 33 burros and mules •5H«- Includes 2 goats ■20- OFFICIAL ANIMAL INSPECTIONS July 1, 1960-June 30, 1961 The following animal inspections were made by employees of the Livestock Sanitary Board in the course of their routine work and investigations during the yea.'. (The number tested for brucellosis is recorded in the Bacteriologist's Report.) HORSES Inspected for interstate shipment " at markets Miscellaneous inspections CATTLE Dairy cattle tested for tuberculosis Reactors Range cattle tested for tuberculosis Reactors Accredited tuberculosis-free herds tested Cattle in accredited TB-free herds tested Reactors Tuberculin tested for interstate shipment Inspected at destination Tuberculin tested at destination Inspected for interstate shipment " at markets Miscellaneous inspections SHEEP Inspected for interstate shipment " at markets Miscellaneous inspections TOTAL 3,073 8,883 159 12,115 -. 9,961 3 25,396 2 3 438 0 3,547 385 108 689,193 683,621 18,171 1,430,820 649,024 302,443 50,9C8 1,002,375 SWINE Inspected for interstate shipment " at markets Miscellaneous inspections 296 79,953 1,987 82,236 POULTRY Tested for pullorum-typhoi d Miscellaneous inspections 75,885 115,230 191,115 DOGS Inspected for interstate shipment Miscellaneous inspections GRAND TOTAL 1,161 ,163 2,719,824 ■21 MONTANA VETERINARIANS' DISEASE REPORT July 1, I960 - June 30, I96I CATTLE : Cases Actinomycosis-bacillosis 9^ Anaplasmosis 25 Anthrax 9 Aphosphorosis 37 Avitaminosis A 1,309 Bacillary hemoglobinuria 196 Blackleg 129 Cancer eye l,l45'2 Coccidiosis 2,239 Diphtheria 126 Encephalitis 8 Enterotoxemia 63 Foot rot 3li3 Grass Tetany 28 Infectious keratitis 561 Leptospirosis • U53 Listeriosis 3 Lymphosarcoma 2 Malignant edema 29 Malignant catarrhal fever 6 Mandibular phlegmon 21 Mucosal disease 58 Mycotic stomatitis 2 Photosensitization lU Pneumonia 96 Poisoning - arsenic 16 Poisoning - lead 17 Pulmonary emphysema 650 Rhinotracheitis ii38 Shipping fever 5,857 Tetanus h Urolithiasis 1,322 Vibriosis 19 White muscle disease 86 Total: 16,570 SHEEP: BaTano-posthitis 15 Coccidiosis 75 Contagious ecthyma 8,270 Enterotoxemia 861; Foot rot 1,050 Johne's disease 2 Lip-and-leg ulceration 1 Listeriosis 1 Pediculosis 3,292 Pneumonia 2h2 Pregnancy disease 53 Tetanus 2 Urolithiasis 12 Vibriosis 105 Virus abortion 538 White muscle disease Ik Total: lUT^ Herds tUJ 11; 1 3 27 165 80 l,261i 337 66 7 2U 1U6 6 53 77 3 2 20 6 10 16 2 5 39 2 2 256 U6 520 3 65U 13 72 6 1 1x9 lOli 33 1 1 1 27 11 9 2 6 7 8 10 277 SWINE; Atrophic rhinitis Avitaminosis A Erysipelas "Greasy pig" Hypoglycemia Influenza Leptospirosis Necrotic enteritis Pneumonia Pasteur ellosis Poisoning - lead Tetanus TGS Total: HORSES: Di stamper Encephalomyelitis Infectious anemia Leptospirosis Navel ill Pneumonia Farpura hemorrhagica Poisoning - mercury Tetanus Total: DOGS: Coccidiosis Distemper Infectious hepatitis Leptospirosis Poisoning - strychnine Toxoplasmosis POULTRY: Avitaminosis A AiTimonia burn Coccidiosis CRD Enterohepatitis Leucosis Omphalitis Pullorum Perosis Tuberculosis Cases ~1I3 5U 1,039 10 20 163 17 25 75 3 1 1 10 rrnsi 1,279 23 10 19 1 2 3 2 3 1,3U2 1 1,280 213 202 18 1 TTtH 201 150 90 39 5 131 ko 70 22 1U8 B95 Herds 9 7 138 1 1 h 8 10 10 1 1 1 1 192 696 23 8 5 1 2 3 1 3 7U2 2 1 6 3 1 20 1 3 3 10 50 GRAND Tui^AL: 36,550 6,115 -22- SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF REPORTED LIVESTOCK DISEASES This year monthly distribution tables of the occurrence of the more im- portant livestock diseases reported by Montana veterinarians have been included in the annual report. These tables were compiled from a total number of diseases re- ported by veterinarians for the immediate past four years. Seasonal distribution tables of this nature should be of value to epi- zoologistSj veterinary practitioners, research workers, 1 ivestockmen, and the Board, They will assist in determining the nature of a disease in this state. The first fourteen tables show the seasonal distribution of diseases re- ported in cattle. •22a- SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION - LIVESTOCK DISEASES No. Cases June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May Anaolasnosis 25 20 15 10 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Anthrax 25 20 15 10 5 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Bacillary hemo glob inur ia 150 120 90 60 30 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ■23- No. Cases June July Aug, Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May Blackleg IS X 60 X X X X X X U5 X X X X X X X X X X 30 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 15 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X Coccidiosis 1750 • X lliOO X X X X X 1050 X X X X X X X 700 X X X X X X X X X X X 350 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X Foot : Rot 300 X 2iiO X X X 180 X X X X X X X X X X X 120 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 60 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X Grass Tetany 200 160 X 120 X X 80 X X ho X X X X X X 0 - - _ . X X — . » mm ^ ^ X X X X '2k' No, Cases June July Aug. Sept, Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May Infectious Keratit: Is 1000 800 X X 600 X X Uoo X X X X 200 X X X X X X X X 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Leptospirosis 300 2U0 180 120 60 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Mucosal Disease 25 20 X 15 X X X X X X X X X 10 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 5 X X X X ••r X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X Pulmonary 500 Emphysema iiOO X X X 300 X X X X 200 X X X X 100 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X -25" No. Cases June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May Shipping Fever 5000 UOOO 30C0 2000 1000 0 X XX xxxxxx X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Rhinotracheitis 200 160 120 X 80 X X X UO X X X X X X 0 X X X Urolithiasis 800 6U0 li80 320 160 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X y X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X White Muscle 250 200 150 100 50 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X -26- X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X SHEEP DISE-^SES No. Cases June July Aug. Sept. UoE. IMov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May Coccidiosis Uooo 3200 2UOO 1600 800 0 X Contagious Ecthyma 10000 X X 8000 X X 6000 X X Uooo X X 2000 X X X X X X X 0 X XX XXXXXXXXX Helminthiasis 5000 Uooo 3000 2000 1000 0 J Urolithiasis 200 160 120 80 UO 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XXX XXX X XXX XX X X X X •27- No. Cases June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May Vibriosis 5CG X hOO X X 300 X X X X 200 X X X X 100 X X XXX 0 X X XXXXXX S'.'JINS DISEASES Erysipelas 62? X 500 X X X 375 X X •*^ X X X X X X 250 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 125 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X HORSE DI3E.\SES Distemper 625 X X 500 X X X X X X 375 X X X X X X X 250 X X X X X X X X X X X X X 125 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X -28- No. Cases June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May Encenhalomyelitis 50 X Uo X X 30 X X X 20 X X X X X X 10 X X X X X X X X X 0 X X X X X X DOG : DISEASES Distemper 600 X U80 X X X X X X 360 X X X X X X X X X X X 2U0 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 120 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X Infectious Hepatitis 200 X X X 120 X X X X X X X X X X X 80 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X ItO X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X Leptospiroi 3is 125 X 100 X X X X X X X 75 X X X X X X X X X X X X X 50 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 25 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 0 X X X X X X X X X X X X -29- DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY July ), I960 - June 30, I96I The necessity of a good diagnostic laboratory to assist in the control and prevention of livestock diseases, and to assure a safe milk and meat supply, cannot be underestimated. The new diagnostic laboratory that became available in May I96I provides this important necessity. Quite considerable amounts of the work performed in this laboratory on diseases in animals directly relate to human health. The majority of the rabies examinations of brain material submitted from animals is sent because those animals have bitten someone. The dramatic finding of large amounts of strychnine in a frankfurter which was taken from the hand of a small child, who had picked it up from the ground after it had been placed there by a dog poisoner, the testing of animals for brucellosis to locate a source of the disease in man, the running of Q fever tests on animals in attempts to assist in the diagnosis of an illness in man, are a few routine examinations made in the laboratory. These and many more tests are performed in addition to assisting in the diagnosis of the many livestock and poultry diseases that affect those species only. It is of interest to note that the laboratory received specimens from 32 species of animals: Cattle Horses Swine Sheep Deer Cats Dogs Rabbit Man Chinch! 1 la Antelope Badger Gopher Hamster Marmot Mole Mouse Skunk Squi rrel Wolf Mink Goats Buffalo Bear Chickens Turkeys Mai 1 ard ducks Peacock Pheasants Goose Canadian Goose Fish The results of the laboratory findings were as follows: Bacteriology and Pathology DIAGNOSIS ANIMAL Abscesses, mixed Cattle II II > Mai lard duck , " Cattle " staphylococcus Chicken Abortion, streptococcus Cattle II II > Horses II II Swine Ammoni a burn Chickens Anapl asmosis Cattle Anthrax II 1 1 Deer Arthritis, col i form Cattle II II > Swine NUMBER 7 1 1 1 2 2 1 8 12 5 1 2 3 .30- Bacteriology and Pathology (Continued) DIAGNOSIS ANIMAL ArthritiSj staphylococcus Cattle , " Chicken " > streptococcus Swine Aspergi 1 losis Turkey Bartonel losis II Cats Dogs Black disease Sheep Blackhead 1 ! Chickens Peacock II Turkey Blackleg Cattle Cannibal ism Chickens Cervicitis, streptococcus Horse Chronic respiratory disease Chicken Cocci di OS is 1 1 Cattie Chickens Pheasants " (E. stiedae) Rabbit II Sheep Dermatitis, staphylococcus Man Enteritis, E. col i Cattle II 1 " " Sheep II II II Various II Cattle M Chinchi 1 la Encephalomalacia Cattle Enterotoxemia, Type A " " } Type C 11 " } Type C Swi ne " J Type D Cattle " } Type D Sheep " J unknown Cattle , " Sheep Erysipelas Swine Fatty degeneration of the liver Rabbit Fractured spine Cattle Hepati t i s Dogs Hypophosphatemi a Cattle Ileitis, terminal Swi ne Infections, mixed 1 1 II II > Various " , staphylococcus Cattle Influenza Sw i ne Iodine deficiency Cattle Lymphangi tis Sheep Leptospi rosis Cattle 1 1 Dogs 1 1 Swine Leukocytopenia 1 1 Leukosis Chickens NUMBER ! 1 2 1 k 2 2 k 1 1 8 1 1 I 3 9 10 1 3 1 2 3 11 ]k 1 1 I 3 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 8 ] 1 3 23 1 3 1 1 26 2 2 1 9 -31- Bacteriology and Pathology (Continued) DIAGNOSIS ANIMAL Mai ignant edema Cattle II 11 Sheep Malnutri tion Swi ne Mastitis, Pasteurella Sheep " , staphylococcus Cattle Meningitis, streptococcus Horses II It Cattle Metritis II Mucosal disease • 1 Mycos i s II II Antelope II Various Navel ill Sheep Nephritis Cattle 1 1 Chickens II Rabbi f Neoplasms Various II Dogs " , hepatoma Fish " , adenoma 1 1 II Cattle Neurol ymphomatos i s Chickens Nutritional deficiencies II Omphal i tis II Overfeedi ng II Panleukopenia Cat Parasites, A. lumbricoides Swine " , external Chickens II II Rabbit It 1 1 i Sheep II II Deer " , fecal examination Horses II II II > Chickens II II II Cattle II II II Swine II II M > Various " , Haematopinus suis Swi ne " , Tabanus dorsifer Horse " , Setaria cervi Cattle Peri toni tis II II Chickens II Sheep Pasteurel losis Swine Phlegmon Cattle Patent foramen ovale II Pneumonia Horses " Swine II Various " , aleurostrongylus Cat " , Pasteurella Cattle NUMBER 25 1 I I I 2 3 1 1 3 1 3 2 2 2 1 9 11 76 1 h 2 20 3 1 I 1 2 1 1 1 3 3 h 1 22 1 1 1 2 2 I 1 I 1 2 1 10 1 32 •32- Bacteriology and Pathology (Continued) DIAGNOSIS Pneumonia, Pasteurella II II Poison, Anabena flos -aquae " , unknown Pregnancy disease Pseudoleukemi a Pseudotuberculosi s Pul let disease Pulmonary emphysema Pul lorum Pyelonephri tis Rabies - negative I I t I Redwater 1 1 Salmonel los is I I Sarcoptic mange Sarcosporidiosi s Septicemia, £. col i II M Sordel 1 i i i nfection Spherophorus necrophorus infection Strangles - staph, and strept, Streptococcosi s II Tetanus Testicular atrophy Toxoplasmosis 1 1 Trauma ANIMAL Rabbits Sheep II Pheasants Sheep Cattle 1 1 Sheep Chickens Cattle Chickens Cattle Badger Cat Cattle Dogs Gopher Hamster Horse Marmot Mole House Skunk Squi rrel Wolf Cattle Sheep Cattle Chinch! 1 la Goose Horse Swine 1 1 Cattle 1 1 Horse Swi ne Cattle Sheep Mink Sheep Swine Horse Cattle Swi ne Sheep Dog Cattle Dog Various NUMBER 7 5 1 50 2 2 2 3 2 1 16 k 2 6 3 20 -33- Bacteriology and Pathology (Continued) DIAGNOSIS ANIMAL Tuberculosi s II Chickens Canadian Goose II Turkey Vibriosis Cattle II Sheep II Swi ne Vi rus abortion Sheep Antibiotic tes ts Negative specimens Unsatisfactory specimens TOTAL Serology Serological Test NUMBER k 1 1 16 3 1 5 90 757 70 1,632 Neg. Vac. Pos. Susp. Bruce! los is Cattle 60,6S0 113 242 1,112 II II II II II " ABR milk test " ABR cream test CRD II Erysipelas II 1 1 Equine inf. anemia HgCl2 Leptospi rosis II II II II II II II Newcastle (H-l Test) 1 1 Neo-natal isoerythrolysi s Paratyphoi d 1 1 Pul lorum 1 1 Q, Fever - Serum " " - Milk Redwater S. typhimuri um Tularemia Cattle 60,650 Swi ne 72 Horses 23 Goats 3^ Sheep 1 Buffaloes 50 Cattle 2,039 1 1 5,380 Chickens 9 Pheasants Turkeys Bears Swi ne 9 Turkeys Horses 1 Buffaloes 27 Cattle 3,684 Deer 3 Dogs 3 Goats 2 Horses 21 Sheep 2 Swi ne 113 Chickens 20 Pheasants k Horses 7 Chickens 3 Turkeys 1 Chickens 22 Turkeys 2 Cattle 366 II ],]kk II 10 Chickens 25 Horses 2 Pheasants 2 Swine 9 Dogs •^ 5 I 18 29 23 18 19 4 9 1 1 94 2 1 5 2 214 96 11 I 1 k 22 1 7 1 1 18 2 17 1 19 34 2 12 6 3 TOTAL ^^_ 73,785 113 724 1,337 Bacteriology and Pathology (Continued) DIAGNOSIS ANIMAL Neq. Vac. Pos. Susp. Serology Serological Tests Made in Field Brucel losis Cattle 23 ,829 7 51 92 1 1 Swine 35 Pul lorum Chickens 75,852 99,716 33 8k TOTAL 7 92 Milk and Cream Bacteriology Posi tive Negative Milk samples, bacteria counts 1,375 , conform " 258 359 " " , mastitis kSS ks\ " " , penicillin detection 2 1 ,207 " equipment, swab tests 21 23 " samples, thermoduric tests 20 22 Cream samples, bacteria counts 101 " " , coi i form counts 36 39 " " , penicillin detection kS Water " , bacteria counts 6 , conform " 3 I TOTAL 2,320 2,151 Chemical Laboratory Tests Toxicology Bovine stomach contents " 1 iver and kidney " intestinal contents " muscle Bear stomach contents Canine stomach contents Equine " " Feline " " Ovine " " " 1 iver and kidney Porcine stomach contents " fecal sample Meat sample Frankfurter Mi seel laneous TOTAL Arcenic Mercury Lead Strychnine Cyanide Pos. Neg. Pos. Neg. Pos. ,Neq. Pos. Neg, Pos. Neg. 8 69 79 12 61 4 2 n 11 1 10 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 7 6 10 28 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 2 3 3 3 1 1 1 12 12 12 1 1 1 17 17 10 1 3 10 1 13 25 131 0 129 16 109 12 50 Chemical Analyses for Hay samples Si lage TOTAL Nitrate Content Safe for Livestock 98 1 99 Unsafe 20 20 Chemical Analyses of Water Safe for livestock Not safe for livestock TOTAL ^+9 31 86 -35- Chemical Laboratory Tests (Continued) Mi I k and Cream Samples for Chemi ca) Analyses - 503 Blood Samples for Chemical Analyses Phosphorus Magnesium Calcium Carotene Vi t . A PBI Bovine blood 132 46 111 kO 152 8 Equine " \k 3 10 12 Ovine " 12 3 1 Porcine blood 1 1 1 TOTAL \k8 51 125 40 166 8 GRAND TOTAL CHEMICAL TESTS — 1,721 Autopsies Performed at Pi agnostic Laboratory in Hay and June 1961 Diagnostic Laboratory Tests Field TOTAL DIAGNOSTIC TESTS Cat 1 Cattle 12 Chinchi 1 la 1 Gopher ] Horses k Mink 2 Mole I Muskrat 1 Poultry 2k Sheep k Swi ne \k Trout 2 TOTAL 68 ests 83. ,781 ?9, ,899 STS 183; ,780 -36- MILK AND DAIRY INSPECTION The filling of vacancies on the dairy and milk inspection force, the avail- ability of an adequate, new, milk testing laboratory, and the remodeling of the Helens offices to permit accurate survey records, have all resulted in improving materially the dairy and milk inspection work of the Board. This is a most important work which starts with assuring that licensed dairies produce milk from healthy cows and ends with seeing that consumers receive a safe milk supply. We can report to the Board that this important responsibility can now be met -- proper facilities and staff are now available. V/e can also report that during the past year not a single milk-borne dis- ease outbreak was observed in Montana. The Montana Livestock Sanitary Board has assisted nine city and county milk laboratories to maintain standards that are acceptable to permit their tests to be recognized on milk supplies shipped in intarstate commerce. This is done by supply- ing split-milk samples twice a month, and by providing qualified staff members to make laboratory inspections. Two staff members have qualified as "rating officers" by the U. S. Public Health Service. Their inspections are recognized by the U. S. Public Health Service, thus permitting Montana milk supplies to enter into interstate commerce. One labora- tory staff member is qualified by the U. S. Public Health Service to conduct milk laboratory surveys and inspections. The following are survey ratings of milk sheds in Montana. The rating percent indicates the percent of compliance of the dairies and milk supplies with Livestock Sanitary Board regulations. It is desirable to have all dairies and milk plants with a rating of at least 9C%. RATING I. Great Fal Is 79.35 2. Havre 73.21 3. Plentywood 87.00 k. Wolf Point 72.00 5. Glendive-Sidney 85.60 6. Miles City 83.^0 7. Bill ings 88.90 8. Red Lodge 46.51 9. Bozeman 81.95 10. Lewi stown 68.19 11. Helena 50.61 12. Butte 85.20 13. Missoula, Lake and Ravalli Counties 90.06 ]k. Kalispell 90.50 15. Laurel 90.98 ■37- SUMMARY OF DAIRY, MILK PLANT, AND MILK INSPECTION WORK I. Number of producer dairies issued licenses 2. 3. k. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. retail raw dairies issued licenses milk plants issued licenses dairy and milk plant inspections dai ries degraded cows tested for tuberculosis brucellosis ABR tests retail raw dairy Q. fever tests bacterial tests - milk and cream antibiotic detection tests chemical analyses - milk and cream 641 31 53 2,182 8 9,961 7,616 1,374 4,471 1,258 503 12. Approximate number gallons of pasteurized milk and cream sold during year 23,639,225 13. Approximate number of gallons of raw milk and cream sold during year 512,825 14. Percent of milk and cream not pasteurized 2.15% -38- MEAT INSPECTION AND SLAUGHTERHOUSE INSPECTION Livestock Sanitary Board licenses were issued to 62 slaughterhouses and 3 meat depots during the fiscal year. A total of 73 slaughterhouse inspections were made to maintain the sanitary standards required by Montana laws and regulations. Meat Inspection The Livestock Sanitary Board maintained meat inspection in 15 slaughtering establishments in Montana during the year. The Meat Inspection Division of the U. S. Department of Agriculture maintains meat inspection in five slaughtering establish- ments. These 20 plants supply about 9^% of the off-farm slaughtered animals slaugh- tered in Montana. A total of 61 diseases and other conditions were found in animals slaugh- tered under meat inspection which made the entire animal or part of the animal unfit for human consumption. The maintenance of strict sanitation during the slaughtering operation and of all parts of the slaughter plant and equipment is rigidly enforced. This function alone, beyond a doubt, prevents many cases of food poisoning in con- sumers. The concentration of slaughter, the handling of meat and meat products in volume, and the wide distribution of products, necessitates the maintenance of meat inspection and enforcement of strict sanitary standards more important than ever. The following tabulation lists the number of animals inspected and passed as fit for human consumption in the 15 state-inspected plants during the year: Number of Animals Estimated Dressed Weight 28,680 Cattle 10,3^0,000 pounds 5^,752 Swine 8,212,700 " 2,380 Calves i+76,C00 " 7,012 Sheeo 350,600 " 92,824 TOTALS 19,379,300 ■' The following shows the number of entire carcasses found unfit for human consumption. Number of Animals Estimated Dressed Weight 70 Cattle 35,000 pounds 77 Swine 11,550 " 6 Calves 1,200 " 52- Sheep 2,600 " 205 TOTALS 50,350 " In addition to the condemnation of entire carcasses, 30,828 parts were found unfit for human consumption and removed from human food channels. In all, ap- proximately 151,682 pounds of potentially dangerous meat and meat products were con- demned. A detailed report of the post-mortem inspections, disease conditions found, and condemnations for the year, are included in the foi.ovjing table. -39- SWM.ilRY CF PCST-MORTEM INSPECTION SPECIES CATTLE S'.'IIE CAL'.^S SHEEP Food Cooking Condemned 23,630 70 2 77 2,380 6 7,012 ^2 2'4, 750 WPm 2jW DISPOSITION OF CARCASSES A}!D PARTS 7,C6U Totals: Diagnosis Abscesses Cattle Parts Sx-rine Parts Calves Parts Sheen Parts looa Cond. Gond.Cook^Cond.Cook. Cond. Cond. Cond. Food Ccnd.Gond. 5 302 10 2161 i 16 L51 Actinobacillosiq Actinomycosis 2 :232 i Adhesions Arthritis t^U Brisket disease cruises, in3ui"ie3,e~c- ^ Cachexia '. 5" J.-'U __(.. 33 Cirrhosi: Ccr.tamination -\b 130 Cysticercosis Cysticercus ovis " tenuicojis Cysts Derrr.atitis 'h' i„-:^_ 1 Endccarditis Enteritis, hem. Epithelio-ia Erysicelas -r- Erj'thema Gastritis & peritonitis Gut edema Hydronephrcsj TIT Icterus ttT iiC i.nfecticn, gen'l. Inflammation, sup. leptosoircsis Livers, i'-:isc . lesions Lymphadenitis, caseous 12 TFHo] IT 7^ 2 ' 29 Lympho]:a, mal. L^'mpho s 3 r c om.a Kelanosis Metritis I'loribund Neoplasm, mal Neohritis Orchitis and sex odor Osteomyelitis -1*0- Disposition of Carcasses and Parts Continued; Cattle Parts Cond. Swine Cook. Cond. ! 1 Pa! -ts Calves Cond. Parts Cond. Sheep Food Cond. 1 Parts Food Cond. i .issue Cook ! 1 1 Cond. Cond. Diagnosis: Pale muscle t Parasitisn ; i 1 1 i i 1 ■ 7 Pericarditis ' ! "" o i 1 I 376 Peritonitis | 2 ) 1 1 i 1 1 j 1 Flsuri-ois 1 ! ! id i 1 Pneumonia i h 1 1 13 i J- 1 '^i Pregnancy, adv. i i i Ij Pyelonephriti s 1 2 111 i ryer.ia ' ' i 1 1 1 1 ^ 1 Sarcosporidiosis 1 j 3! Scirrhous cord 1 i i Septicemia 7 j h i ! 1 ! ! Sour 1 1 1 i ; 1 i 1 1 T. actinoideq i ' 1 i 36 Taeniasis : lti2 Toxemia 1 \ \ ! ' ! i; Tuberculosis 2 2501 i 1 ! i Tumor i i 1 i 1 i : i Uremia i 1 1 I 1 1 1 ! i i Urolithiasis 1 2 ' 1 1 — 1 ; 1 TOTAL: 1 : 70 : «10 ' 2 : 77 ■ 1 2 1310 . 6 ' 56 : B : 32 j 1201 BEEF LIVERS C ONDEKED: Abscess Cirrhosis Telangiect Sawdust Adhesions Distomiasi Contaminat Miscellane Total : asis s ion ous 5,251; 71 169 233 7 1,598 68 51 7,ii5l -ifl- RENDERING PLANTS Ten rendering plants were issued licenses by the Livestock Sanitary Board during the year. Nineteen inspections were made of the plants. In some instances, it was necessary to insist on considerable improvement in sanitation and sanitation practices in order to prevent dissemination of livestock diseases. SWINE GARBAGE FEEDING Twenty swine garbage-feeding establishments were issued Livestock Sanitary Board licenses during the year. With the cooperation of the Animal Disease Eradication Division, Agricul- tural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 2^0 inspections were made of garbage-feeding establishments and garbage-cooking procedures in enforcing Montana laws and Board regulations. ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION A total of 22 men possess valid licenses to practice artificial insemi- nation in accordance with Chapter 37, Laws of 1953. The staff members of the Department of Agriculture at Montana State College continue to conduct short training courses and give examinations to determine eligi- bility of license applicants. This service and cooperation of the Montana State College staff is sincerely appreciated. QUARANTINED FEED LOTS Eight quarantined feed lots were inspected, approved, and maintained in accordance with Board regulations. LITIGATION The case of A. G. Lee vs. The Livestock Sanitary Board was reviewed in the Montana Supreme Court. The action of the district court, granting the motion to quash a writ of review, was reversed and the case was remanded to the district court in Rosebud County. A hearing was held in the district court at Forsyth. The decis- ion of the district court had not been handed dov/n at the end of the fiscal year. PERSONNEL The Livestock Sanitary Board maintains a minimum staff to carry out its functions as prescribed by law and to be prepared to immediately go into action to control any and all dangerous livestock and poultry disease outbreaks which could be ruinous to the livestock economy of Montana. The staff is well qualified and organ- ized to cope with these emergencies in addition to carrying out the routine work. Nearly all practicing veterinarians hold deputy state veterinarian appoint- ments. Their assistance to the Board is invaluable. They are prepared to come to the assistance of the Board in all emergencies that threaten the health of Montana livestock or the health and welfare of the people. -if 2- REGULATIONS The following regulation was adopted by the Board during the year: Regulation 31^ - "Brucellosis in Swine", effective September 10, !96i. ORDERS ISSUED The following orders were issued during the year: November 16, I960 - Order 19^ - An order declaring Rosebud County a modi f ied-cert i f ied brucellosis area November 16, I960 - Order 195 - An order declaring Big Horn County a modi fied-certi f ied brucellosis area COOPERATING AGENCIES The Montana Livestock Sanitary Board's duties and responsibilities are ac- complished through the cooperation, advice, and assistance of many. To the follow- ing, we express our sincere thanks: 1. Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, and Dr. 0. J. Halverson, who was in charge of their Montana activities 2. Montana Veterinary Research Laboratory, Bozeman 3. Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton k. Montana State Board of Health 5. U. S. Public Health Service 6. Montana Agricultural Extension Service 7. City and county health departments 8. Montana Poultry Improvement Board 9. Montana Stockgrcwers Association 10. Montana Wool Growers Association 11. Montana milk distributors 12. Montana milk producers 13 Montana hatcherymen ]k. The many local livestock organizations ./;-3- FINANCES The financial report for the year ended June 30, 1961, is as follows: INCOME (INCLUDING REFUNDS) Appropri ated Funds - General Operation Cash Balance 6-3O-6O - Carried Forward $ 2,673.51 $ I96O-I96I Appropriation 260,^+00.00 Refunds 857.77 263,931.28 Appropri ated Funds - Brucellosis Cash Balance 6-3O-6O - Carried Forward l8.7^ I96O-I96I Appropriation 25,000.00 Refunds 295-30 25,31^.04 Livestock Sani tary Board Fund 1 51 Cash Balance 6-3O-6O - Carried Forward 2it8,if27.99 Vc-Llvestock Taxes 119,870,02 Interest on Bonds 2,070.00 Inspection Fees 83.00 Refunds - Meat Inspection 6.530.65 376,981.66 TOTAL INCOME $666,226.98 EXPENDITURES Appropri ated Funds - General Operation $252,376.14 Appropriated Funds - Brucellosis 25,313.12 Livestock Sani tary Board Fund 1 5i General Operation (Includes $198,550.61 paid on new diagnostic laboratory) $217,350.09 Annual Research Allocation 10,000.00 227,350.09 TOTAL EXPENDITURES $505,039.35 BALANCES 6-30-61 Appropriated Funds Unencumbered Balance - Returned to State General Fund 11,380.58 Encumbered Balance - Carried Forward to 1961-62 Fiscal Year 175.^8 Livestock Sanitary Board Fund 151 Cash Balance - Carried Forward to 1961-62 Fiscal Year 1^9,631 .57 TOTAL BALANCE 6-3O-6I $161,187.63 %% ^\ *\ *' *» *» ** *» ** \\ *f ** Trf Reserve in Bonds - Fund I5I $ 75,000.00 Reserve in Bonds and Accrued Interest - Fund I50 79,203.04 TOTAL RESERVE FUNDS -■wV$ 1 54, 203.04 *3 mills on cattle and sheep """Designated to be held in reserve for emergency use in controlling dangerous disease outbreaks -kk- MONTANA VETERINARY RESEARCH LABORATORY The following has been submitted by Dr. E. A. Tunnicliff: "RESEARCH PROGRAM 'The following organized research projects are under study: 1. Immunization against Ovine Mastitis 2. Bacillary Hemoglobinuria of Cattle 3. Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy of Calves and Lambs k. Bionomics of E^. zurni i 5 . Ov i ne V i b r i os i s 6. Ovine Virus Abortion 7. Urolithiasis of Cattle 8. Chemoprophyl axis of Nematode Infestations of Sheep 9. Study of Listeriosis 10. Foot -Rot of Sheep 11. Effects of Anaesthetic Agents in Domestic Animals 12. Bovine Asthma 13. Miscellaneous Studies: a. Bovine Anaplasmosis b. Lunger Disease of Sheep c. Johne's Disease of Sheep d. Grub and Lice Control on Cattle with Systemic Insecticides' .L5. SUMMARY OF MAJOR ACTIVITIES DURING THE FISCAL YEAR Dairy snd milk plant inspections Slaughterhouse Inspections Rendering plant inspections Cattle bled for brucellosis test Cattle tested for tuberculosis Ante-mortem and post-mortem inspections Animals inspected at markets Animals inspected for interstate shipment Miscellaneous animal inspections Quarantined feed lot inspections Pul 1 orun tests Laboratory tests Chemical analyses TOTAL TESTS, ANALYSES, AND INSPECTIONS Licenses issued Dairies and milk plants 725 Slaughterhouses 65 Rendering plants 10 Garbage-feeding and cooking establ ishments Artificial inseminators TOTAL 20 22 8it2 2,182 73 19 87,793 35,357 92,?24 1,07^,100 1,3^2,7^7 187,616 8 75,852 183,730 1.721 3,084,072 RespectfiiUy submitted, y , S^ J. W. SAFFORD, State Veterinarian. -i+6- INDEX Anap 1 asmos is 3 Anthrax 3 Artificial Insemination.... k2 Bsby Pig Disease ]k Sacillary Hemoglobinuria 3 Brucellosis - Cattle k Swine 13 Cancer Eye 8 Coccidiosis - Cattle 8 Contagious Ecthyma 11 Cooperating Agencies 43 Diagnostic Laboratory...., 30 Diseases - Cattle 3 Dog 16 Horse 15 Poultry , 17 Seasonal Distribution.. 23 Sheep 11 Swine... 13 Veterinarians' Report.. 22 Distemper - Horses 15 Encephalomyel itis.... 15 Enterotoxemia - Sheep 11 E rys i pe 1 as 13 Feed Lots - Quarantined k2 Fi nances kk Foot-Rot - Sheep II Foreword. I Garb age-Feed i ng. , k2 Glanders and Dourine 15 Hog Cholera 13 Importation Report 20 Inspections - Animal,.,,... 21 Dairy 37 Meat 39 Milk 37 Inspections - Milk Plant 38 Post -Mortem kO Rendering Plant kl Slaughterhouse 39 Laboratory Reports - Bacteriology 30 Chemical 35 Pathology 30 Serology 3^ Leptospirosis - Cattle 8 Dogs. 16 Litigation. k2 Livestock Importations 19 Livestock Markets 18 Morbidity Report 22 Orders Issued k3 Personnel k2 Puliorum Disease 17 Pulmonary Emphysema 8 Rabies 16 Redwater 3 Regulations - Revision of 43 Scabies - Sheep 11 Scrapie 12 Shipping Fever 9 Sore Mouth 11 Summary of Activities 46 Tuberculos is 9 Uro 1 i th i as i s 9 Veterinary Research Laboratory.... 45 Vibriosis - Cattle 9 Virus Abortion - Sheep 12 Water Belly 9 White Muscle 10