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THE
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Digitized by the Internet Archive
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https://archive.org/details/reporttransa118821889guer

REPORT AND TRANSACTIONS

OF THE
Onernsey Secicty of Aatural Setence.

1662-8 ¢.

iw ea, coags 8 cle
SofDD

OFFICERS FOR THE YEABR 1888-89.

Patran :

Str E. MacCunwiocyH, BAILIFF.

Presilent :

Mr. THOMAS GUILLE.

Gee

Wine-President :

Mr. JouUN WHITEHEAD.

Treasurer :

Mr. W. A. LUFF.

Mr. F. M, Allés
Mr, A. Collenette
Mr. G. T. Derrick

Secretary:

Mr. W. SHARP.

Bommittes :

Mr. 8. G. Hugo
Mr. C. G. De la Mare
Mr. E. D. Marquand

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Sir E. MacCulloch, Bailiff Pollet

Mr. F. M. Allés Bon-Air

Mr. J. L. Bougourd .. St. Sampson’s Road
Mr. Bowie Panorama House
Mr, F. Carey 2. Grange

Miss Cole

Mr. A. Collenette, F.C.S.

Canichers
Ruettes Brayes

Mrs. A. Collenette Ruettes Brayes
Colonel Collings 2, Eaton Place
Mr. H. Crousaz : Brock Road
Mr. C. G. De la Mare Mount Durand
Mr. G. T. Derrick Valnord

Mr. Espinasson Hauteville
Miss Guille Union Strect
Mr. T. Guille Montauban
Mr. A. E. Hewitt Canichers

Mr. 8. G. Hugo Allez Street
Mr. C. E. Juleff Rohais

ev. G. E. Lee, MALS Valnord

Rev. F. E. Lowe, M.A.

Mrs W. A. oad 7, Mount Row

Mr. KE. D. Marquand .. Fermain House
Mr. G. Le Masurier De Beauvoir Terrace
Mr. J. Nicolle Mount Row

Mr. Ph. Nicolle Foulon

Mr. J. B. Nickolls Hadsley House

Mr. J. 8, Paint Commercial Arcade
Mr dla, Entis . < Canichers

Mr. J. B. Randell Allez Street

Mr: Z. Robert .. St. Andrew’s

Mr. F. Rose Valnord

Mr. W, Sharp: 7. Granville House
Mr. R. L. Spencer Esplanade

Mr

.d. Whitehead

King’s Road

Royal Hotel

CONTENTS.

PAGE
Transactions of the Society a - iy) 8
Address by Mr, T, Guille ., _ iz Me)

The Geology of Guernsey, by Rev, BE. Hill, F.a.8. 33
The Ferns of Guernsey, by Mr. Derrick .. an i
The Butterflies of Guernsey and Sark, by Mr. Luff 61

On the Occurrence of Calcite in Guernsey, by Mr.

Collenette am ae He ge
An Excursion to Icart Point, by Mr. Derrick ., 78

On Changes in the Relative Level of Sea and
Land, by Mr, Derrick Ae ls - 83

List of the Flowering Plants ee i ee: ..

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

BUCITELY.

A public meeting was held at the Guille-Allés Library
on Tuesday, October 10th, 1882, for the purpose of forming
a Natural History Society, Edgar MacCulloch, Esq., Lieute-
nant-Builiff, in the chair. In his opening address, the chair-
man said that such a Society as was now contemplated had
long been a want in the island. An attempt had once been
made, but after a time that Society became defunct. There
were in the present case, reasons why better success should
now be possible—through the kindness and patriotic spirit of
Messrs. Guille and Allés the new Society would have a place
to meet in, and a large collection of books to consult. The
speaker considered that there was nothing wore elevating than
the study of Natural History, and of this there was in Guernsey
a rich field open to students. Its Geology was certainly
limited, but in its Fauna and Flora, there was endless work
before the members of such a Society. One gentleman present

10 MEETINGS, 1882.

(Mr Luff) had made himself an authority on the entomology of
the island; while good work had been done by Mrs. W.
Collings and others in different branches. Ornithology had
not been neglected, and he himself had a good collection of
shells and would be happy to assist the conchological branch.

After some conversation respecting the object and scope
of the Society, it was decided that the name should be the
GUERNSEY NATURAL SCIENCE SOCIETY and that the subscrip-
tion should be 2s. 6d. per annum.

Thirty persons then gave in their names as members of
the Society, and it was resolved that the officers of the
Society should be, president, Edgar MacCulloch, Esq. ; vice-
president, Mr. G. T. Derrick; hon. secretary and treasurer, Mr.
W. A. Luff.

The following gentlemen were appointed to form the com-
mittee and draw up rules for the Society, to be taken into
consideration at a meeting to be held Tuesday, October 24th :—
Rev. G. F. Bigge; Messrs. H. Crousaz, 8. G. Hugo, J. L. Pitts,
R. L. Spencer, and J. Whitehead, also it was resolved—that Mrs.
W. Collings and Mr. H. M. Gwatkin, having expressed their

willingness to assist the Society, be considered honorary
members.

A General Meeting was held October 24th, 1882, Mr. G. T.
Derrick, Vice-President, in the chair.

The committee submitted to the meeting such rules as
they considered suitable. These were taken into consideration,
and, after several alterations and additions had been made,
were adopted by the meeting; and it was decided to have
200 copies printed.

1.—This Society shall be called the ‘‘ Guernsey Society of Natural
Science.”’

2.—The objects of the Society shall be to give mutual aid in the
study of various branches of Natural Science, by means of papers,
conversations, exhibition of specimens, and excursions; the purchase of
any appliances for forwarding the objects of the Society, the drawing

MEETINGS, 1882. 11

up of correct lists of the various animals, plants, and minerals, indige-
nous to the Bailiwick of Guernsey, and the publication of proceedings.

3.—The attention of Members shall be specially directed to Natural
Science as connected with the Bailiwick of Guernsey.

4,—That the Officers of the Society be a President, Vice-President,
Secretary, Treasurer, and a Committee of six Members, to be elected
annually at the General Meeting; and of these, three shall form a
quorum.

5.—That the same President and Vice-President shall not hold
office for more than two years in succession.

6.—All Members of this Society must also be Members of the
Guille-Allés Library.

7.—The Annual Subscription shall be 2s. 6d., payable in advance.

8.—New Members of the Society may be elected at any of its
Meetings by a majority of votes, notice of such proposal having been
previously sent in writing by a Member of the Society to the Secretary
at least two days before the meeting.

9.—Strangers visiting the island, introduced by a Member, shall be
allowed to attend the Meetings.

10.—Persons not residing in the island, rendering assistance to the
Society, may be registered as Honorary Members by a vote of the
Society.

11.—The Ordinary Meetings of the Society shall be held at the
Guille-Allés Library at 7.30 on the second Tuesday in each month,
and the room will be open every Tuesday evening for the use of members.

12.—Notice in writing must be sent to the Secretary, at least one
month before the Annual Meeting, of any proposed alteration or addition
to the Rules of the Society.

13.—The Annual Meeting of the Society shall be held during
the month of October, when a Committee and Officers shall be elected
and the Annual Subscriptions become payable; and a financial statement
of the affairs of the Society shall be presented.

14.—No resolution for dissolving this Society shall have effect, except
it be agreed to by a Meeting called for that special purpose and con-
firmed by a subsequent Meeting, held at an interval of not less than
three calendar months; and such subsequent Meeting shall decide as to
the disposal of the property of the Society.

Weekly Meeting, October 31st, 1882.—It was suggested that
the following rules should be proposed at the next monthly
meeting :—

1.—That Jists of all the natural productions of the Baili-
wick of Guernsey be drawn up by the Society.

2.—That no name be added to the list unless submitted
to a meeting of the Society and confirmed by a subsequent
one.

3,—That when possible specimens be always produced:

12 MEETINGS, 1882.

Weekly Meeting, November 7th, 1882.—Mr. W. A. Luff
exhibited a Locust (not identified) captured in Mill Street,
last autumn, which was fed for some time on cabbage leaves.

It was recommended that a record be carefully kept of
the dates of the arrival and departure of various species of
birds. Mr. Derrick had seen the House Martin (Hirundo
urbica) in Belmont Lane, November 3rd.

Mr. MacCulloch observed that the Heron used formerly
to breed in the island—near the house now called ‘La
Heroniére”’ near the foot of Delancey.

A letter printed in Science Gossip on the bybernation of
swallows, written by the Rev. D. Dobrée, was read :—‘‘ In
the winter of December, 1845, I was engaged in pulling down
the Rectory of my parish of Torteval, which had certainly
stood since the time of Charles II. The weather was exceed-
ingly cold, and in pulling down the roof I found six swallows
in a torpid state under the old rafters and took them home
in my pocket. On arriving at the Forest Rectory, where
I lived—I placed them at a certain distance from the fire—
to the great amusement of my wife and servants. On the
following morning they were all perched on the kitchen grate,
chirping as if in spring. I regret to say that subsequently,
from the want of flies and other suitable aliment, which I in
vain endeavoured to procure for them, they all died. They
were certainly not young birds, several of them having the
red throat by which an old cock swallow is always distin-
guished.”

Mr. MacCulloch stated that ‘‘ henbane”’ was to be found
af Petit Bot Bay and L’Ancresse—deadly night shade was
also found in Guernsey. Purple hellebore at Grande Mare,
Vazon.

MEETINGS, 1882. 18

The First Monthly Meeting was held at the Guille-Alles Library,
Tuesday, November 14th, 1882, H. MacCulloch, Esq , President,
in the chair.

Mr. G. T. Derrick read a paper on the Ferns of Guernsey
This will be found further on in these pages.

Weekly Meeting, November 21st, 1882.—Mr. Derrick placed
a number of flowering plants on the table for examination,
which had been gathered during the day. Mr. Hugo exhibited
a king-fisher which had been shot in Guernsey, and stated
that they were not uncommon.

Weekly Meeting, November 28th, 1882.—Mr. Derrick exhi-
bited a number of flowering plants, including a specimen of
Butcher’s Broom (Ruscus aculeatus) in fruit. Mr. Hugo
exhibited living specimens of two water-beetles (Colymbetes
grapii and Dytiscus marginalis), and Mr. Luff showed the
following Beetles all captured in Guernsey : Haliplus ruficollis,
‘Hydroporus lividus, Pelobius Hermanii, Colymbetes fuscus, C.
grapii, Laccophilus hyalinus, Hydrous, Agabus nebulosus.
The Song Thrush was heard on the 25th, the first time this
season.

Weekly Meeting, December 5th, 1882.—A number of Botan-
ical specimens were identified, and added to the Society’s
list. Dr. Hoskins had forwarded for acceptance a herbarium
of local plants, gathered by himself, for which gift a cordial
vote of thanks was accorded.

The Second Monthly Meeting was held Tuesday, December, 12th,
1882, LH. MacCulloch, Esq., President, in the chair.
Mr. W. A. Luff, read a paper on the Butterflies of
Guernsey and Sark, which is inserted further on,

id Mexrtinas, 1883.

The Third Monthly Meeting was held January 16th, 1883,
Lidgar MacCulloch, Esq., President, in the chair.

Mr. G. T. Derrick read ‘‘ Some notes on the comparison of
Ansted’s list of flowering plants with Hooker’s Students’
Flora.” Miss Guille exhibited a collection of Seaweeds, named
and mounted. Mr. Luff exhibited a specimen of the Comma
Butterfly (Grapta C. Album) captured by Colonel A. H. Collings,
in the garden at Clifton. This is the first recorded. Mr. Z.
Robert, of St. Andrew’s, presented a collection of specimens
of local rocks, for which the cordial thanks of the Society
were presented. The Sky-lark first heard January 7th.

Weekly Meetings, January 23rd and 30th.—Examination
and identification of botanical specimens. Mr. Hugo exhibited
several species of water beetles, alive, also caddis worms and
their cases. Mr. Luff exhibited more than thirty species of
beetles all caught in Guernsey:—C. Campestris. C. Margi-
natus. C. Fuscus. S. Caesareus. N.Mortuorum. C. Luna-
ris. H. Quadrimandatus. O. Taurus. O. Vacca. O.
Coenobita. O.Fracticornis. G. Typhaeus. M. Vulgaris. R.
Solsitialis. C. Aurata. C. Aurata, black variety. D. Nobile.
O. modisagce.. H. Sabulosum. Meloe? fT. Coriaria. C.
Lamina. C. Arietes. C. Sulcirostris, and numerous other
smaller species.

Weekly Meeting, February 6th, 1883.—Mr. Luff exhibited
a case of Guernsey Dragon flies, including Sympetrum flaves-
cens; two species of Aeschna; Calepteryx splendens. Pyr-
chosoma minimum. Agrior pulchellum. Also acase of Silk-
worm moths (4 species) reared in Guernsey, and their cocoons.
A number of flowers were examined and identified, and Mr.
MacCulloch presented a list of large and rare fishes observed
by him in Guernsey.

Scomberesox saurus, Sawry Pike or Skipper, Nov. 1860.

Phycis furcatus, Great forked Hake, Dec. 1877.

Hippoglossus Vulgaris, Holibut, July 1873.

Mrertinés, 1883. 18

Cyclopterus lumpus, Lump sucker, April 1864, and March
1880. :

Orthogariscus mola, Short sunfish, Aug. 1825, June 1856.
_ Lamna cornubica, Porbeagle or Beaumaris Shark, Nov.
1863, June 1881.

Alopias Vulpes, Fox shark or thresher, June 1863.

Squatina Angelus, Angel fish, Monk fish, Oct. 1873.

Scicena Aquila, Maigre, Aug. 1846, Nov. 1867, Oct. 1873.

Dentax Vulgaris, Four toothed Sparus, Dec. 1873. July
1875, July 80.

Auxis Vulgaris, Plain Bonito, Jan. 1889.

Lepidopus argyrens, Scabbard fish, 1840.

Naucrates ductor, Pilot fish, June 1859.

Capros aper, Boar fish, May 1876, March 1879.

Lophius piscatorius (Fishing frog), Nov. 1883.

Torpedo vulgaris (Electric Ray), Sept. 1884.

eats ee ees

The Fourth Monthly Meeting was held February 13th, 1883, Mr.
G. T. Derrick, Vice-President, in the chair.

Mr. A. Collenette, F.M.s., read a paper on the occur-
rence of Calcite (Carbonate of Lime) in Guernsey, which is
inserted further on.

The Weekly Meetings held February 20th, 27th, and March
6th.—Were spent in the examination and identification of
plants.

Meeting of the Committee held March 6th, 1883.—Present Edgar
MacCulloch, Hsg., President, in the chair; Messrs. Derrick,
Whitehead, Pitts, Hugo, Crousaz, Luff, and Rev. Bigge.

Resolved that the Secretary procure a cabinet to hold the
botanical and other specimens presented to the Society.

16 Mretinas, 1883.

The Fifth Monthly Meeting was held March 18th, 1888, LH. Mac-
Culloch, Hisq., President, in the chair.

A large number of Geological specimens and fossils were ex-
hibited by Mr. Derrick, many of them picked up on the Guern-
sey beaches, having been brought by vessels as ballast. Mr.
Luff exhibited a collection of Hawk moths, including speci-
mens of 8. Ocellatus. S. populi. A. Atropos. 8S. Convolvuli.
S. Ligustri, and M. Stellatarum, all captured in Guernsey. He
also exhibited a larva of the Goat moth, living, and preserved
specimens of the pupa and the moth.

The meetings were continued through the summer, the
members being principally engaged with the botanical list and
general conversation on Natural History subjects. The follow-
ing specimens had beenexhibited. The Mole cricket (Grylloptera
Campestris), Death’s Head Moth (A. Atropos),Tiger Beetle (C.
Campestris), and the large Star fish or Spiney cross fish
(Uraster glacialis). Colonel Jerome exhibited a stone celt he
had recently found, also the celt picked up by Captain Lukis
at Icart.

An excursion was made to the beach and caves at Icart,
March 24th, and one to inspect the raised beach at Capelles,
and the Vale, May 14th, an account of these is inserted further
on. Another was made on June 26th to the Vazon marshes, of
which there was nothing to record of much importance.

The Annual Meeting was held at the Guille-Alles Library, on
Tuesday, October 9th 1883, Hdgar MacCulloch, Esq., Lieutenant-
Bailiff, and President of the Society, in the chair.

The following report was read by Mr, G. T. Derrick :—

The attendance at the preliminary meetings, and the num-
ber of members enrolled during this,— the first year of the
Society’s existence, show that the importance of an acquaintance
with Natural Science is well recognised amongst us, and

MerETinGs, 1883. 17

we must all acknowledge that our knowledge of the subject
will be greatly extended by mutual assistance at the meetings
of an organised society. The results of observations made by
our local investigators are not only important to us here, but
owing tothe peculiar formation and geographical position of
the bailiwick are of interest to the general science student ; so
that there is special need of a Guernsey Society to investigate
and keep records in connection with Natural Science.

As arranged at tke last yearly meeting, the room so kindly
placed at the disposal of the Society by Messrs. Guille and
Allés has been opened weekly, and members have had the
opportunity of bringing forward any subject in which they
might be interested, or exhibiting any specimen for identifica-
tion or conversation. Many mineral specimens, and a con-
siderable number of insects have thus been brought under
notice; on one evening a number of marine specimens were
shown, but most evenings have been devoted to Botany. More
than 260 species of our flowering plants have been produced
and identified during the year; among these have been nearly
all our rarer and peculiar plants, e.g. Draba verna (Whitlow-
grass). Matthiola sinuata (Sea stock). Silene conica (Striated
corn catch-fly). Ornithopus ebracteatus (Sand joint-vetch)
from Herm. Sibthorpia Europea (Cornish money-wort),.
Pyrola rotundifolia (Round-leaved winter-green). Centaurea
aspera (Hooker) (C. Isnardi (Bab.) (Rough knap-weed),
Cicendia pusilla (Branched Gentianella). Triglochin maritimum
(Sea Arrow-grass). Orchis laxiflora (Loose-spiked orchis).
Orchis apifera (Bee orchis). Listera ovata (Twayblade).
Epipactis palustris (Marsh Helleborine). Spiranthes cestivalis
(Summer lady’s tresses). Allium triquetrum (Garlic), Tricho-
nema Columne (Columna’s Trichonema). Gymnogramma
leptophylla (Slender gymnogramma or Jersey fern). Ophio-
glossum lusitanium (Dwarf Adder’s tongue). Isoetes hystrix,
etc. Steps have been taken towards revising and correcting

i8 Meriinas, 1883,

the published lists of Guernsey plants; and hopes are enter-
tained that in a few seasons the Society may be able to exhibit
herbarium specimens of all these plants corresponding with a
corrected list.

Special meetings were arranged for the second Tuesday
in each month, when papers were to be read on particular
subjects set down for discussion. Three such papers have been
read, one on the ferns of Guernsey by Mr. Derrick, another on
the butterflies of Guernsey and Sark, by Mr. W. A. Luff, and a
third by Mr. Adolphus Collenette, F.M.s., on the occurrence of
carbonate of lime in Guernsey; each paper was illustrated by
numerous specimens, and gave rise to an interesting conver-
sation, and contained valuable information which would be
worth preserving in a permanent form, could such papers be
regularly produced during the winter, an abstract of them
might be printed, and much valuable information collected
and preserved.

During the summer months instead of meeting in the hall,
members have on various occasions made excursions into the
country districts, sometimes to search for specimens, at others
to examine the physical features of special localities, as at the
Jaonnée, Capelles, L’Ancresse, etc. These excursions proved
specially interesting and instructive ; we should be pleased to
see them more frequently organized, and more largely attended.
The Society has been presented with collections of plants and
minerals by Dr. Hoskins, Mr. Paint, Mr. Robert and others.
Such donations seem to point to the necessity of room for their
reception, and would, if encouraged undoubtedly increase
into an island museum, but without much larger funds it
would be impossible for this Society to undertake the forma-
tion and care of this,—so much needed and useful an institu-
tion.

At the commencement of the second year, the committee
appeal to the members to continue the support of the Society

Mrrtines, 1883-4, 19
and invite the co-operation of others who have not joined us;
they will be very pleased also if members will bring forward
suggestions for increasing the interest and usefulness of the
Society, so that the coming year may be one of enhanced
vigour and success.

Mr. W. A. Luff, secretary and treasurer, then submitted
the accounts, which were audited and approved. The receipts
from members’ subscriptions being £7 2s. 6d; expenditure,
£3 19s. 11d., leaving a balance in hand of £3 2s. 7d.

The officers for the ensuing year were then elected :—Mr.
Edgar MacCulloch, president; Mr. G. T. Derrick, vice-president,
Mr. W. Sharp, secretary, Mr. W. A. Luff, treasurer. Com-
mittee: Mr. A. Collenette, Mr. C. G. De La Mare, Mr. H.
Crousaz, Mr. 8. G. Hugo, Mr. R. L. Spencer, Mr. J. Whitehead.

LIST OF MEMBERS.—1882—3.

——————

E. MacCulloch, Esq., Lieutenant- Mr. C. G. De La Mare.
Bailiff. Mrs. Le Liévre.

Rev. G. F. Bigge.
Mr. Barnes.

Miss S. Best,

Mr. T. M. Bichard.
Mr. A. B. Brown.
Mrs. L. Lane Clarke.
Miss Chant.

Mr. KE. M. Cohu.
Miss Cole.

Mr. A. Collenette.
Mrs. A. Collenette.
Colonel Collings.
Mr. H. Crousaz.
Miss Dauber.

Mr. G. T. Derrick.
Mr. T. Elliott.
Mr. Espinasson.
Miss Grace.

Miss Guille.

Mr. T. Guille.
Miss Hamon.

Mr. R. Harris.
Dr. Hinton.

Mr. G. Hugo.

Mr. 8S. G. Hugo.
Colonel Jerome.

Mr. C. Korner,

~ Miss Le Mottée.

Mr. 8. Le Cocq.
Rev. F. E. Lowe.
Mr. W. A. Luff.
Mr. Maccabez.

Miss Martel.

Mr. H. Mauger.
Miss Mauger.

Mr. W. W. Marshall.
Rev. H. Millican.
Mr. J. Mogford.

Mr. A. S. Mourant.
Mr. Paint.

Miss Paint.

Mr. J. Pattinson.
Br, os (i. Pitts.

Mr. J. B. Randell. -
Mr. Z. Robert.

Mr. W. G. Robilliard.
Mr. Robin.

Mr. W. Sharp.

Miss E. Shortt.

Miss H. Shortt.

Mr. R. L. Spencer.
Miss Vincent.

Mr. C. Vaucour.
Mr. J. Whitehead.

90 Mretincs, 1883.

The weekly meetings of the Society were continued during
the year 1883-4, at most of which additions were made to the
Botanical lists—but no papers were read. The following objects
were exhibited at the monthly meetings.

October.—The Great Green Grasshopper, the Saw Fly
(Sirex), and the larva of Orgyia Pudabunda (Light Tussack
Moth), by Mr. Luff. The Hawfinch (Coccothraustes Vulgaris),
by Mr. Spencer. Specimen of the small beetle Agelestica
-halensis, by Mr. Luff.

November.—The capture of an Angler fish or Fishing Frog
(Lophius Piscatorius) was reported, also of a Dab chick. A
remarkable display of the Aurora Borealis and several Lunar
Rainbows were seen during the first week.

Dr. Hoskins has presented to the Society a large collection
of specimens of local rocks with the localities noted.

November 28th.—The Song Thrush first heard.

April 1884.—-Specimens of Volcanic Mineral products
exhibited by Mr. Robert, and compared with some Guernsey
and Sark minerals. A fine specimen of the Mole cricket was
shewn by Mr. R. L. Spencer.

Moulin Huet Bay, Ivy Castle, and Fermain Bay were
visited during the spring, by botanical students, and specimens
of rare flowering plants were exhibted at the monthly meetings
by Mr. Derrick.

August.—A fish of the Electric Ray species, was found on
the Great Bank.

September 30th.—Specimens of micaceous iron ore from
Dielette and of quartz and slate from Carteret, by Mr.
Robert. Specimens of Coral from Barbadoes by Mr. Derrick,
and various Butterflies by Mr. Norman. Fine specimens of
Coralline (C ellepora cervicornis), by Mr. Guille.

MEETINGS, 1884. 21

The Second Annual Meeting was held at the Guille-Alles Library,
October 21st, 1884, Edgar MacCulloch, Esq., Lieutenant- Bailiff
President of the Society, in the chair.

The following report was read by Mr. W. Sharp, the Hon.
Secretary.

At the close of the second year of the Society’s existence,
the Committee note with pleasure that the research begun so
vigorously last year has been continued during the present
one. The Society now uumbers forty-four members. During
the year twenty-six indoor meetings have been held, and
during the summer months several outdoor excursions. These
latter are at once pleasant and instructive, giving as they do an
opportunity of studying the growing of plants, and of noticing
the physical and geological features of the country. The old
mine workings at Moulin Huet, Ivy Castle and neighbourhood,
Fermain, Jerbourg, and L’Ancresse, have thus been visited.
Several of the winter evenings were spent in examining a
valuable set of microscopic objects, which, with two excellent
microscopes, were kindly lent to the society by Mr. Guille.

Botany has again claimed the greatest share of the mem-
bers’ attention, and a large number of plants have been identi-
fied and added to the list, which now numbers three hundred.

Mr. Luff has at various times exhibited and described
many Guernsey specimens of butterflies, moths, beetles and
other insects, and to him also we are indebted for an interest-
ing paper well illustrated with specimens on ‘‘Some New Zea-
land insects compared with Guernsey ones.” Failing other
original papers, several essays from scientific works have
been read, in each case a discussion following. It is hoped
that some members may be led to take up privately the subject
of marine zoology, and communicate their researches to the
society, as there are difficulties in the way of studying it at
indoor meetings.

The committee record with much pleasure the gift by Dr.
Hoskins of an extensive collection of specimens of the various

22 MEETINGS, 1884.

rocks of Guernsey and the neighbouring islands, and they hope
that the day may not be far distant, when a suitable room will
be provided for the reception of these and other articles of local
interest at present hid from public gaze, thus forming a local
museum. The utility of such institutions is admitted on all
hands, where the young worker in natural science may identify
his latest ‘‘ find ” and be urged to renewed research by the sight
of what remains for him to do. |

During the year the papers on local topics, read before the
society since its formation have appeared in the Guernsey
Magazine, and it is proposed when a sufficient number of
such papers have been read to publish them in pamphlet form.

The Committee have again to thank Messrs. Guille and
Allés for the use of the room for meeting's, and also for the use
of their excellent refereuce brary which has been invaluable.

In conclusion the Committee would urge on the members
to continue the svpport of the society, and to endeavour as
much as possible to increase its usefulvess by inducing others
interested in science to join, and also by bringing or sending
to the meeting natural objects of any kind fur identification.

Mr. W. A. Luff then read the financiaj report, showing a
good balance in hand. This having been duly audited by Messrs.
EK. M. Cohu and Sausmarez Le Cocq, it was along with the
secretary's report unanimously adopted.

The next business was the election of officers, and as the
same president and vice-president cannot hold office more than
two years in succession, it was necessary to refill both these
positions.

The officers for the ensuing year are:—

Edgar MacCulloch, Esq., Lieutenant-Bailiff, Patron.

President, Mr. T. Guille, Vice-President, Mr. C. G. De La
Mare ; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. W. A. Luff; Hon. Secretary, Mr.
W. Sharp. Committee, Messrs. A. Collenette, H. Crousaz, G.
T. Derrick, 8. G. Hugo, R. L. Spencer and J. Whitehead.

MEETINGS, 1885. 23

At a Monthly Meeting held April 21st, 1885, Mr. C. G. De La
Mare, Vice-President, in the chair.

The Rock-bait, a species of Nereis, having recently been
made the subject of an ordinance of the Royal Court, con-
siderable time was spent in discussing its formation and
development—but no information was elicited beyond what
was already known.

Mr. Derrick showed a collection of more than seventy
plants found in bloom in the first fortnight of April, and mostly
obtained in a single excursion to the cliffs near Petit Bot.

-—

Nine meetings of members were held during the year—
but no formal papers were read, and although the subjects
discussed at these meetings were highly interesting and
instructive to the members present, nothing transpired worthy
of permanent record. No excursions were held during the
year. Baillon’s Crake (Gallinula Baillonii) was found on L’An-
cresse, June 7th, 1885; not recorded previously. The Con-
volvulus, Death’s Head, and other Moths have been abundant
this year.

The third Annual General Meting was held at the Guille-Allés
Library, on Tuesday, November 24th, 1885, the President, Mr. T.
Guille, in the chair.

Mr. W. Sharp, hon. sec., read the report, as follows :—

Though the third year of the Society’s existence has not
been marked by very vigorous growth (only two new members
having been admitted) nor very important work, yet signs of
vitality are not wanting, and the year upon which we have
just entered promises to be one of more definite and extended
action. A local museum—the value of which has long been
acknowledged—is in a fair way of again becoming a reality ;

24 MEETINGS, 1885.

thanks to the untiring zeal and energy of Messrs. Guille and
Allés in promoting the interests of Science. Suitable rooms
are being provided, and it now remains for the members to
assist in furnishing them with specimens of the rich and varied
flora and fauna of the neighbourhood. It is not necessary
here to enlarge on the advantages of an extensive and carefully
arranged collection of natural objects, either to the local
collector or to scientific visitors. ‘Several of the latter have
visited Guernsey during the past year both from France and
England, and though members of the Society have afforded
them much assistance in their labours, it is to be regretted
that the result of their researches has not yet been com-
municated to the Society.

Botany has again received a fair share of attention, and
the number of plants now identified and entered on the
Society’s list is 312.

Excursions have been made to several of the gravel and
clay pits of the island with a view of studying their character
and probable formation. Further examination of the coast
has also furnished us with evidence of raised beaches, which
have now been noticed all round the island.

Our Entomologists have not been idle, and while the rarer
species of Lepidoptera have not escaped capture, it has been
noticed that certain kinds have been unusually abundant this
year, notably the Clouded Yellow Butterfly (Colias edusa), and
amongst moths Sphinx convolvuli, and Acherontia atropos.
Larvee and pups of the latter have been abundant, and
specimens of both have been taken in all parts of the island.
The former has been captured in greater abundance than in
any season since 1875. One collector (Mr. Luff) has had as
many as fifteen specimens. No doubt the unusually dry
summer has been peculiarly favourable to the development of
these fine moths. In addition to the above the most noticeable
captures are :—Cosmia affinis, Mamestra persicarie, Gonoptera

MEETINGS, 1885. 25

libatrix, Epunda lichenea, Epunda nigra, and Mania maura.

The indoor meetings have been devoted to the examination
and identification of recent ‘‘ finds,’ and in discussions on
recent excursions.

The fine specimen of Coralline exhibited by Mr. Guille
at the last annual meeting has since been identified by the
editor of Science Gossip as Eschara foliacea.

In conclusion the committee would remind the members
that much remains to be done. Beetles, spiders, bees ; grasses
and mosses; seaweeds and shells; and the various interesting
sea creatures which teem in our waters; all demand attention.

Finally the committee gratefully acknowledge their
obligations to Messrs. Guille and Allés for the use of the room
for meetings, and also their valuable Library of Reference.

Mr. W. A. Luff, honorary treasurer, handed in his
accounts, which showed a substantial balance in hand, and
were audited by Messrs. A. Espinasson and R. L. Spencer.
The report was then adopted, and the accounts passed.

The President then delivered the following address :—

Taking into consideration the many difficulties against
which this Society has had to contend since its organization,
the report of its work and present position, which we have
just heard, is quite as satisfactory as could be expected. The
mere fact that 312 plants have been identified as indigenous to
our island, is sufficient to prove that its members have not
rested satisfied with merely meeting periodically and having
a pleasant chat together in these rooms; for many of the
plants entered in this long list are not only of extreme rarity
but of extreme minuteness, and they could only have been
found out in their hidden recesses, by the most diligent search,
and a thorough knowledge of structural botany. In judging
of its work thus far, it cannot be fairly compared with its
older and greatly more favoured sister societies on either side
of the Channel. The youth of our association, its paucity of

26 MEETINGS, 1885.

members, and the very little time which most of them are
able to devote to the object it has in view, must be taken into
consideration. None of us are, what may be designated,
gentlemen of leisure. We all have daily tasks and avocations
laid out for us, which sadly interfere with the methodical
study of Nature, which is the only one that is sure to bring
good results. There is not a better known or truer proverb
than that which says that ‘‘ Time and tide wait for no man.”
Well, neither do the seasons, with the wonderful creations,
transmutations, and transformations of animal and vegetable
life which follow in their train ; and he who would successfully
investigate these phenomena, must be ever on the watch, ready
to profit by every opportunity which each successive day or
hour may bring forth. Nature will not wait for the student—
he must wait on her, at her own appointed time, whether it be
at early morn, noon, or dewy eve, or even when she has drawn
her sable mantle over the field to be surveyed. With such
serious difficulties in our way, we can scarcely expeet to win
any great prize in a competition to which so many are far
better prepared than ourselves. All we can expect to accom-
plish, until we can qualify ourselves better for the race, is to
follow our leaders as closely as we can. Whilst doing this, we
may be permitted, however, to benefit largely from their
greater success; for there is this advantage to be derived from
all discoveries in the realm of Nature, that no one can take a
patent for them, or hold them for his exclusive benefit. He
who is fortunate enough to have extended the boundaries of
science, is amply rewarded in the consciousness of having
obtained a nearer acquaintance with the plans of the All-Wise
Creator—of having explained one more hitherto obscure
passage of the great book that He has opened before us, for
our instruction and study.

Again, in measuring our work — and especially if we wish
to compare it with that of sister societies abroad—other
considerations have to be taken into account, I would not by

Mretinas, 1885, 97

any means characterise the narrow geographical field to which
we are confined, and which we have set ourselves to study, as
a barren one; yet it must be conceded that compared to the
more extensive, and certainly far richer ones which are of easy
access to English and French societies akin to our own, we
stand at a great disadvantage. And it is very evident that
with whatever zeal or ardour we may cultivate our own
circumscribed area, it can never be productive of those
important results or discoveries which at once give a name to
a society, or launch it to a front rank in the scientific world.
Let us refer to the geological formation of our little island for
an illustration of our meaning. It must at once be allowed
that it is far from affording the same chances for discovery, or
the same attractions to the student, as the richer rocks and
strata of England and France, where easily accessible localities
soon enable the searcher to enrich his collections with minerals
reflecting all the colours of the rainbow, crystals of all
geometric forms and of exquisite beauty, and fossil remains of
animals and plants, as perfectly moulded upon the hard rock,
as if impressed thereon but yesterday, although dating from
untold ages before the appearance of man upon our planet.
If our land Flora and Fauna afford us more scope for investi-
gation, it must yet be acknowledged, that however interesting
these branches of study may be, we can scarcely expect to
throw any fresh light on what has already been written about
them; or to add to the species which have been given by
those who have preceded us. One great desideratum, however,
remains to be realized in connection with both these studies ;
and it is one which our Society may profitably take up; and
for the carrying out of which, it will deserve, and no doubt
will receive the thankful recognition of all true friends of
science at home and abroad. I refer to the collection, preser-
vation, and classification of all such local specimens in both
these departments of natural history, as can be thus treated,

28 _MEETINGs, 1885.

with a view to their being kept for reference in our local
museum. It is sincerely to be deplored—and I may add it is
a shame to the intelligence of the island—that so much of the
work accomplished in this line, at such an expenditure of
time, attention, and means, by the late John Taylor Gallienne,
and a few other devoted and zealous workers in the same field,
has been left to perish, for want of the little care which a few
pounds sterling of yearly allowance by the States, would
easily have preserved. Those only who still recollect how
extensive and valuable was this collection, are able to form a
just estimate of the irreparable loss we have sustained through
such culpable indifference.

There is, however, one other branch of our laid-out work,
to which I have not yet alluded, and to which the Society has
given but little attention, owing no doubt to the difficulties I
have pointed out at the onset—namely, the want of suitable
time and opportunities,—I mean the study of the Flora and
Fauna of our surrounding seas. I hope we shail soon be in a
position to organize parties with a view to explore our bays
and shores at the time when the lowest spring tides occur.
One can scarccly figure what a splendid harvest of marine ob-
jects such an intelligent survey of our rocks and pools, and
those of the neighbouring islands, would bring forth under
such favourable circumstances. A dredging club, in connection
with our Society, is also a great desideratum. Situated as we
are, in the very midst of one of the richest and most accessible
fields for the purpose, we may be sure that numerous rare and
curious specimens of animal and vegetable life from these
ocean beds would soon be obtained, and amply repay our re-
searches. This perhaps might lead to the creation of an
aquarium in the neighbourhood of our harbour, which would
become an additional attraction to strangers, and a new means
of instruction and entertainment for our own people. At any
rate such an auxiliary would afford us means of enriching our

MEETINGS, 1885. 99

miseum with numerous specimens difficult to procure through
any other source. Duplicates of these could easily be disposed
of at a reasonable price to aquaria or museums abroad, or be
exchanged for such specimens as we ourselves did not possess.

It will be expected that I should say something on this
occasion, in relation to the progress made in view of the better
accommodation of the Society, and its present and prospective
collection of objects, in this building. Mr. Allés and myself had
hoped that a more suitable room than the present one could
have been provided for our meetings ere this time ; but the un-
expected delay which has occurred in the completion of the
extensive additions that are being made to the original build-
ing, has rendered this impossible. We hope, however, that in
the course of two or three months we shall be so situated as to
be enabled to offer the members a room for their meetings, which
will be far better adapted for the purpose than the present
one. I may here remark, as having a close connection with the
objects of the Society, that the Natural History collection of
the late Mechanics’ Institution, is now being transferred to the
upper storey of this building, where it is intended to be placed
permanently, with my own and Mr. Allés’ private geological
and mineralogical collections, as nuclei of what we hope will
later better deserve the name of museum. Every single speci-
men, however, from the largest to the most diminutive of the
former collection which has not yet been completely ruined by
dust, insects, or atmospheric influences, requires careful clean-
ing ; and as this operation cannot be entrusted to every one, it
will take some time ere the collection is placed where it is in-
tended to remain.

And now, a last word as to another educational depart-
ment of this Institution, which it is hoped may have con-
siderable influence in developing a taste not alone for that
branch of Natural Science which this Society aims at culti-
vating, but for all useful knowledge generally. I refer to

30 Merrinds, i886.

the large hall, recently finished on these premises, and which is
to be devoted to popular and well-illustrated lectures on scien-
tific and literary subjects, history, &c. As the principal stair-
case which is to lead to this hall is not yet opened, it cannot be
used for its intended purpose during the present season; but
when another winter comes round, these courses of lectures
will be fully organised, and it is hoped that circumstances will
warrant their being given twice a week.

May we not hope that all these efforts to substitute a
constant supply of really useful information and rational
recreation, for the profitless and often debasing amusements
and pursuits to which the demoralization and ruin of so large
@ proportion of our youth can be traced, may be productive of
much good to the community at large ; and that one of the
first evidences of such a desirable improvement may be a large
accession of young members to our ranks? Would that a
greater number of them understood that in such studies as
bring us together here, the mind is trained for a closer and
sweeter communion with Nature, and through Nature, with
Nature’s God; that it is through such studies alone that we
are enabled to read the wonderful volume of Creation; to find
‘‘tongues in trees, books in the running brooks, sermons in
stones and good in every thing,” and to gather a pure and
lasting enjoyment from its pages, of which those who seek for
happiness in the mere gratification of the senses can form no
conception.

A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the President for
his address, which the Bailiff said he hoped Mr. Guille would
allow to be printed for permanent reference, as it so exactly
seized the points which it was necessary the society should
keep in mind. |

Mr. Guille was re-elected president by acclamation; Mr.
De La Mare remains vice-president, and the following
gentlemen were unanimously re-elected, and were cordially

Mrxtinas, 1885. 31
thanked for their past services:—Mr. W. Sharp, hon. sec. ;
Mr. W. A. Luff, hon. treas.—Committee: Messrs. H. Crousaz,
J. Whitehead, G. T. Derrick, R. L. Spencer, 8. J. Hugo, and
A. Collenette. A hearty vote of thanks to Messrs. Guille and
Allés for the use of the rooms brought the business of the
meeting to anend. A very pleasant conversation then ensued
on various matters connected with the work of the society,
and the members adjourned to the large new hall over the
library—which was lighted up for the occasion—and inspected
the arrangement that is taking place there of the objects
belonging to the museum of the late Mechanics’ Institute,
under the direction of Mr. Whitehead, for the reception of
which ample provision has been made.

The Fourth Annual General Meeting was held at the Guille-Alles
Library, November 3rd, 1886, the President, Mr. T. Guille, in
the chair.

Mr. Sharp, honorary secretary, read the following report,
which was unanimously adopted :—

The year just over—the fourth of the society’s existence—
has been a most uneventful one, as far as the achievements of
the society are concerned. We have, unfortunately, had no
accession to our numbers, and the hopes of increased interest
in scientific research, so ably expressed in our president’s
address last year, have, we regret to say, not been realised.
Now, however, that ample accommodation has been provided
by Messrs. Guille and Allés for the reception and preservation
of specimens of the products of the animal, vegetable and
mineral kingdoms, and that they have contributed so largely
to the formation of a local museum, by giving their private
collections for that purpose, it is hoped that all members will,
to the utmost of their ability, carry on the work so nobly
begun,

By. Meniines,"1886,

It is desirable that all departments of natural sciencé
should be represented by as complete collections as possible,
and that lists of all such collections should be carefully drawn
up and preserved for reference. Such a list has been com-
piled for the flowering plants of the island, and is being added
to from time to time as new plants are identified. The total
number of flowering plants now on the society’s list amounts
to 320. ,

Among the entomological items of interest to be noticed,
are the capture, by the Rev. F. E. Lowe, of fine specimens
of the rare and beautiful moth, Deiopeia pulchella, and the
larve of the Aprophylla Australis. A specimen of the
beautiful large American butterfly, Anosia Pleacipus, was
caught by Colonel Collings, and presented by him to Mr.
Luff. An unusually fine specimen of sponge, dredged near
the Amphrey post, October 23rd, has been procured by Mr.
Guille, for the museum.

During the year fourteen indoor meetings and one out-
door excursion have been held, and the committee gratefully
acknowledge the kindness of Messrs. Guille and Allés, in
placing a room at the disposal of the society for their meetings,
as well as for the use of their valuable reference library.

In conclusion the committee express a hope that members
will take a more active interest in the work of the society, by
attending its periodical meetings, by getting others who are
interested in science to join its ranks, and by adding, whenever
they have an opportunity, to its collections.

Mr. W. A. Luff, treasurer, read the financial statement
which showed a balance in hand of £11 7s. 6d.

Mr. Guille gave a very interesting address in which he
referred to the general work of the society, and mentioned the
additional accommodation which he and Mr. Allés would be
able to offer to the members when the new buildings are
completed at the Library. He also read a letter which he had

Mentines, 1886. 33

received from Mr. J oseph Clark, of Street, Somerset, who had
on previous occasions communicated with Mr, Guille respecting
the natura! history of Guernsey, which the writer has studied
during his visits to the island. In the course of the letter Mr.
Clark says: ‘‘ I have been fairly successful in getting slides of
the sponges I brought home from Guernsey. I enclose a pho-
tograph of part of a small calci-sponge, which I obtained
from a rock-pool north of the Salerie Battery.” Two photos
were sent, which show the structure of the sponge in a very
interesting manner. Mr. QGuille also adverted to the great
educational value of natural history studies, and gave some
interesting instances of the successful manner in which micro-
scopic and other researches are prosecuted by ladies in New
York.

The election of officers for the ensuing year was next
proceeded with, the following gentlemen being appointed :—
President, Mr. J. Whitehead; vice-president, Mr. G. T.
Derrick ; treasurer, Mr. W. A. Luff; hon. sec., Mr. W. Sharp ;
committee, Messrs. F. M. Allés, J. Paint, A. Collenette, R. L.
Spencer, H. Crousaz, and 8. J. Hugo.

Several interesting natural history specimens were exhi-
bited at the meeting, and afterwards the members inspected
the museum, the re-arrangement of which is rapidly pro-
gressing.

At a Committee Meeting held Nov. 9th, it was decided
‘That in order to encourage a taste among young people for
the study of Nature, the Guernsey Society of Natural Science
should offer from time to time prizes for the best collections of
natural objects, and that three prizes 10s., 6s., 4s., be offered for
the best collections of Mosses. The collections are to be sent
to the Guille-Allés Library, by Wednesday, Jan. 19th, 1887,
The date and locality to be affixed to each specimen.

34 Mernrinas, 1887.
The Monthly Meeting was held December 15th, Mr. J. Whitehead,
President, in the chair.

A paper was read on the Geology of the Island of Guern-
sey, by the Rev. E. Hill, M.A., F.G.s., with notes on microsco-
pical sections of the rocks by Professor Bonney. An interesting
discussion followed, and Mr. Robert showed specimens of
several of the rocks referred to. A specimen of Deiopeia Pul-
chella (Speckled Footman) has been captured by Mr.
Heaume. The Rev. F. E. Lowe caught two in June. A
collection of Indian Butterflies exhibited by Mr. W. A. Luff.

The Monthly Meeting held January 19th, 1887, Mr. G. T.
Derrick, Vice-President, in the chair.

Mr. Robert presented a copy of the volume of Transactions of
the Geological Society, which contains Mr. MacCulloch’saccount
of the Geology of the Channel Islands, also several specimens
of rocks. A very fine specimen of the Pearly Nereis having
been captured by Mr. Spencer and forwarded to the British
Museum, he has received the following acknowledgment from
Professor F. J. Bell. ‘‘ Your bifidly ending Nereis is indeed a
treasure! Itis very curious and I can find no record of such
an occurrence with a marine worm. Your shrimp (Callianassa
Subterranea) is rare, and we should be glad if you could let us
have some more.”

No coilections of Mosses were received in response to the
Society’s offer of prizes.

The Monthly Meeting held October 18th, Mr. J. Whitehead,
President, in the chair.

The Secretary read an interesting paper by the Rev. H.

Hill, £.G.8., published in the Quarterly Journal of the Geo-

Mrrrinas, 1887. 33
logical Society, on the rocks of Sark, Herm and Jethou. In
illustration of points remarked upon, specimens of the rocks
were exhibited by Mr. Robert, and some discusssion ensued.
Afterwards the secretary read a short description of the Phy-
sical Geology of Guernsey.

NoTEs.—In September two woodpeckers were shot in
Jersey. The winged ant has been found in unusual numbers.
A swallow-tailed blue Butterfly (Lampudes Boeetica) has been
captured. Swallows were seen October 18th. Seven Jays and
a white tailed Eagle were shot in Alderney. A King Hider
Duck and two Snow Buntings were shot in Jersey. A Fire
crested Regulus and the Puffin (Alca arctica), which is very
scarce in winter, were shot in Guernsey this autumn.

The following brief survey of the Geology of the island
written by the Rev. E. Hill, is published by permission of Mr.
James Gardner, Royal Hotel, for whom it was written.

THE GEOLOGY OF GUERNSEY.

The student of Physical Geology will find in Guernsey
unsurpassed opportunities for studying the activities of the
sea. Billows from the Atlantic ceaselessly attack its coasts ;
they batter every point of weakness ; they widen every breach.
They round the fallen fragments in boulders, they reduce
these to pebbles, shingle, sand. The powerful tides and
currents then take up the work: these carry away the detritus,
and clear a path for further destruction. All stages of decay
may be seen around; Icart point is joined to the cliff by a neck
which rain and wind are cutting down ; after time long enough
this will have descended to the sea level. Castle Cornet and
Lihou are already islands save at low tides; islets, reefs, and
sunken rocks in every direction are relics of masses once most
extensive whose destruction is now nearly complete.

The visitor may almost everywhere examine the processes
of this action. Every cave, cleft, fissure, rock pillar or natura
arch, has had a cause, and this cause can usually be found,

36 Turn Gronocy

Sometimes a joint or a crack in the rock has given entrance ‘to
the waves; more often a vein or dyke is softer than the rock
which it traverses, and yielding more easily to waves and
weather has caused the beginning of an opening. In several of
the caves at Moulin Huet may be seen the dark stripe which
indicates a dyke; the Creux Mahie seems partly due to a land
slip, while its entrance is choked with fallen blocks and rubbish.
A cleft west of the Doyle column is opened in a vein of quartz.
The causes of the Bays are less easy to find; most of them are
the mouths of long valleys. Down the valley is a rivulet which
wears away the rotten rock, the solid rock is so decomposed
below the soil that often for some feet down it can be dug with
a spade; this may be seen inland in many road cuttings.

Evidences of ancient changes of sea level exist; raised
beaches have been found at Lihou, L’Erée and elsewhere.

A student of Rock-structure and Petrology will find an
ample field for collection and observation. The table-land of
the island is entirely Gneiss which forms the cliffs and shore,
from Castle Cornet round the south and west up to Vazon Bay.
This is white at Saints Bay and Lihou, red at Petit Bot and the
Gouffre, mottled at Castle Cornet and Vazon Bay, while yet
other varieties occur. The cliffs again give excellent opportuni-
ties for studying this much controverted rock. True Granite is
found round Cobo and Grandes Rocques, in l’Ancresse Bay, in
some knollsandin many dykes. ‘‘ Granite” is the name locally
given to the grey rocks so largely quarried over the northern
part of Guernsey, but scientific writers would call these Diorites
or Syenites. They make excellent cubes for street paving,
and very durable metal for macadamising. A dark rock called
by Quarrymen, ‘‘ Bird’s Eye” extends along Belgrave Bay and
round St. Sampson’s; it also is extensively quarried. This is
of very unusual constitution, and has been described scien-
tifically as Horn-blende Gabbro.

In primeval times igneous agencies must have been pro-

OF GUERNSEY. 37

digiously active in Guernsey. It has beeu shattered or torn by
earthquakes or upheavals, and the rents filled either at once with
molten lava, or slowly by deposits from steam or water.
Hence has arisen the network of dykes and veins which seam
the sea shores and cliffs, some are of very great size, one at
the Gouffre landing is 30ft wide, and there are still larger
masses at Bon Repos and Pleinmont. They are principally
basalt, diabase, or diorite; Granite and elvans are frequent; a
pink felstone occurs at Castle Cornet, and south of that ; mica
trap, rare in Britain is found in brown rocks on the shore at
Moulin Huet. Castle Cornet, L’Erée, and the north point of the
island, are localities which offer much variety in a small space.

A student of Paleontology will find nothing to collect, he
must content himself with the recent shells of the ‘“ shell-
beach”? on Herm. The rocks of Guernsey all belong to that
most ancient of formations, the Archean; no later sediments
exist save the latest, those now forming peat-sand and gravel.

In Sark all the phenomena above described may be wit-
nessed in even higher perfection. Im addition there are the
Crenx Derrible and the Pot, shafts on the hillside opening at
their bases on to the shore; these originate from sea-caves
whose roofs have fallen in. The cliffs of Sark are mainly Horn-
blende schist; there is some Gneiss at the Pier, and granite
on Little Sark; and at the north end. A dyke of mica-trap
occurs at Port du Moulin.

In the northern division of the Island of Guernsey, Granite
occurs near Grand Havre at Mont Cuet, and Il Ancresse.
Syenitic Granite in the Vale Quarries, and through the centre
of St. Peter-Port. Elvan veins intrude with the Granite, Red
Granite is found from Cobo to Grandes Rocques. On the East
from Long Store to Vale Castle are various Hornblendic Rocks,
(locally named Bird’s Eye). The southern part, from a line
drawn from Castle Cornet to Vazon Bay, consists of various
Gneissic Rocks traversed by intrusive veins of Trap, Porphyry

38 MErETInGs, 1887.

and Greenstone. Quartz Rock protrudes in the cliffs at Jer-
bourg on the side facing Moulin Huet Bay. Intrusive Diorite
occurs at Pleinmont, and patches of Slatey Rocks at Rocquaine.
In the western portion of St. Saviour’s parish at Casteau Roe,
L’Erée, and near Rocquaine the Gneiss coming in contact with
dykes of Diorite, takes the form of compact Granite. Herm,
and Jethou are masses of Grey Granite Rocks.

Sark ; Syenites occur in the north of the island and in Little
Sark. Trap and Porphyry on the east coast. Various
Schistose Rocks along the west coast. Mineral lodes traverse
the island.

Alderney ; on the south and west are Granite and Syenites,
with intrusions of Trap, Porphyry and Diorites covered on the
eastern side with overlying Sandstone.

No traces of Fossils or Organic remains are found in any of
the Islands.

|

The Fifth Annual Meeting of the Society was held at the Guille-
Alles Library October 31st, 1887, Mr. John Whitehead, President,
in the chair.

Mr. W. Sharp, honorary secretary, read the annual report,
as follows :—

There is but little of importance to lay before you at this,
the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Guernsey Society of Natural
Science. It is a matter cf some congratulation that the Society
is still in existence, and that a small number of the inhabitants
are found who continue to take an interest in scientific matters
and to fulfil the object for which this Society was founded.

At the beginning of the year the Society, with a view to
encourage an interest in nature and her works, decided to offer
from time to time, prizes for the best collection of natural
objects, but their efforts in that direction met with no response.
It is much to be deplored that the youth of Guernsey are grow-

MEETINGS, 1887, 39

ing up in ignorance of the most elementary facts of natural
science or indeed of science of any kind. Let but the interest
in the marvels of Nature be aroused in the young mind, and
why should not Guernsey produce its Hugh Miller, or Edward,
Dick, or Peach : its Watt, or Faraday.

The nucleus of a library of scientific works belonging to the
Society has been formed by the acquisition of Vol. I. of the
Geological Society’s Transactions, which contains MacCulloch’s
account of the Geology of the Channel Isles (the gift of Mr.
Robert) ; ‘‘ The Rocks of Sark, Herm, and Jethou,” by Rev. E.
Hill, presented by the author; ‘‘ Contribution 4a létude de la
Faune littorale des Iles Anglo-Normandes” par le Dr. Kcehler,

presented by the author; and ‘‘ The Geology of Jersey,” by
Noury.

The Convolvulus Hawk Moth (Sphinx Convolvuli) has
again been abundant. Among the interesting ‘‘ captures ” of
the year may be mentioned, the rare moth Deiopeia Pulchella
(Speckled Footman); Lampides Boctica (Longtail Blue Butter-
fly); and acurious specimen of the worm Pearly Nereis, by
Mr. Spencer. A very beautiful specimen of the Iceland Gull
( Larus leucopterus ) was shot in the vicinity of St. Sampson’s,
in the beginning of the year. In September last two wood-
peckers were shot in Jersey.

Three or four geological rambles have been made during
the year to different parts of the island and one to Sark, for the
purpose of studying the rocks in situ, the Rev. E. Hill’s
pamphlet on the ‘‘ Rocks of Guernsey ” having roused fresh
interest in the geology of the island. And here it will be fit-
ting to record Mr. Robert’s gift to the Society of a collection
of named specimens of the rocks of Guernsey.

At the August Meeting of the Society, Mr. Clark, of
Street, Somerset, exhibited microscopic slides of Guernsey
sponges. The number of flowering plants identified is now 3821.

In conclusion the Committee gratefully acknowledge the

40 MEETINGS, 1888,

kindness of Messrs, Guille and Allésfor allowing them the use
of the room for meetings; and express a hope that members
may take an increased interest in the work of the Society
during the coming year.

Mr. Luff, the treasurer, read the financial statement, show-
ing a balance in hand of £12 11s. 83d.

The election of officers for the ensuing year veontied | as
follows: Mr. J. Whitehead, president, and Mr. Derrick, vice-
president, were unanimously re-elected ; so also were Mr. Luff,
treasurer, and Mr. Sharp, secretary. The members of the
Committee elected or re-elected, were: Messrs. C. G. De La
Mare, H. Crousaz, Z. Robert, A. Collenette, 8S. G. Hugo,
and R. Spencer.

At a Meeting of the Committee held November 11th, all
the members being present, it was resolved that as complete a
list as possible of Hlowering Plants and Ferns (arranged in
Natural order) said to be found in the Bailiwick of Guernsey,
be published with notes, local names, etc., distinguishing
those identified by the Society, also that Messrs. Derrick and
De La Mare be requested to prepare the list, and further that
Mr. Luff be requested to prepare a list of the Lepidoptera
found in the bailiwick.

Monthly Meeting held May 8th, 1888, Mr. Whitehead, President,
in the chair.

Mr. Derrick read a letter from Mr. Naylor, York,
describing the manner of fertilization and development of the
Gymnogramma Leptophylia.

Mr. Whitehead exhibited a number of specimens pre-
sented by him to the museum, including Stoat, Marten Cat,
Weasel, Hedgehog, Mole, Jerboa, Vole and Fox.

May 13th.—A few of the members made an evening excur-
sion to the neighbourhood of Fort Doyle, making notes of the

MEETINGS, 1888. 41

local names of the wild flowers they found, and examining
the geological formation of the coast. Several Sand Grouse
were shot this month at L’Ancresse.

Monthly Meeting held June 5th, 1888, Mr. J. Whitehead, ©
President, inthe chair.

Mr. Luff exhibited a specimen of Gordius aquaticus
(Hair worm) ten inches long, found in the brook at the Rohais,
reading a full description He also exhibitel a specimen of
the Meloe (Oil beetle), reading an account of its life history.

On the authority of Captain Lukis, it was stated that
there existed a bind of mignetic iron stone in the island. It
had been exposed to view near the Vauxlaurens Brewery, pass-
ing north in the direction of Alderney. |

It was decided to offer prizes for the best collections of
seaweeds and shells. The following are the conditions of
competition as settled by the committee : —

Prizes offered by the Guernsey Society of Natural Science for

collections of (a) Seaweeds and (b) Shells. -
In urder to encourage among young people a taste for

nature, the Committee of the Guernsey Society of Natural
Science have decided to offer prizes for the best collections of
(a) Seaweeds and (b) Shelis, gathered in the bailiwick of
Guernsey. Competitors must be under twenty years of age.

The prizes, five for Seaweeds and five for Shells, will be
of the value of 10, 8, 6, 4 and 2 francs respectively. The
Committee reserve to themselves the power of reducing the
number of prizes. or giving extra prizes, according to the
character and number of the collections sent in. The specimens
for competition should be mounted in the usual manner, the
date and locality marked against each. Not more than two
specimens of any one species or variety should be sent in.

In the case of Seaweeds, the number of species and the

C

42 MEETINGS, 1888,

neatness of mounting will be taken into consideration in
awarding the prizes; and in the case of Shells, the number of
specimens, their condition and the arrangement. Collections
with the species named will have special consideration.

Collectors must affix a distinguishing motto or word upon
each paper or card in their collection, and also upon a sealed
envelope containing the name and address of the collector,
which shall be delivered with the collection.

The collections must be brought to the Guille-Allés Library
on Saturday, September Ist. After examination they will be
arranged for exhibition, of which notice will be given.

N.B.—The names of intending competitors must be given
to the Librarian on or before August 24th.

September 7th.--A meeting of the Committee was held to
examine the collections of Seaweeds and Shells sent in for com-
petition. Three of these were found specially deserving of
prizes, but as none of them had complied with all the require-
ments named in the conditions they were not entitled to the
first class, each, however, had special points which were highly
commended, and the Committee decided to rank them in the
second class, and to give to each a prize of eight francs.

On opening the envelopes the names were found to be C.
L. Randell, Allez-street ; Ira Ozanne, Church Lane, St. Samp-
son’s, and M. A. Randell, Allez-street.

A prize of three francs was also awarded to E. J. Bichard
for a collection of shells.

It was also decided that the prize collections be open for
inspection by the public in one of the rooms of the Guille-Allés
Library on Wednesday next.

MEETINGS, 1888. 43

The Sixth Annual Meeting of the Society was held at the Guille-
Alles Library, December 18th, 1888, Mr. John Whitehead,
President, in the chair.

The Hon. Secretary read the Annual Report, as follows :—

‘‘ But few words will be necessary to record the work of
the Society during the past year, the sixth of its existence.
Our numbers have slightly decreased, old members have left
the island, and others have not been found to replace them.
Owing to various circumstances fewer indoor meetings than
usual have been held during the past year, and only two excur-
sions have been made.

The Committee made another attempt this year to en-
courage research among the younger members of the com-
munity, by offering on this occasion prizes for the best collection
of Seaweeds and Shells gathered in the Bailiwick of Guernsey.
Every effort was made to give publicity to the offers. Public
attention was drawn to them in the columns of the Local Press’
Papers giving details of the prizes offered, and also brief
directions about mounting the seaweeds were printed and circu-
lated ; copies were sent to the various schools, but very little
interest was shewn in the matter. Three very fair collections of
seaweeds were sent in, and to each a prize of eight francs was
awarded. There seems little, therefore, to encourag3 the
Committee to make similar offers in the future.

The great want seems to be the giving simple but interest-
ing instruction in natural science in our schools. This might
easily be done by means of object lessons, illustrated, where
possible by the natural objects or by some of the excellent
prints and diagrams now published. ‘Natural history read-
ing books” might also be introduced with advantage.

The Committee propose to publish as soon as possible
lists of the ferns and flowering plants, and also of the Lepidop-
tera of the island. These lists (the former prepared by Messrs.
Derrick and De La Mare, the latter by Mr. Luff) are almost
ready for the press.

44 MEETINGS, 1888.

It has been decided also to bind up with them a reprint of
several papers of general interest which had been read before
the Society. During the year the following plants have been
added to the list identified by the Society.

1. Senebiera didyma. Lesser Wart Cress.

2, Linaria repens. Pale blue Toad flax. A new introduc-
tion, but found for three years at St. Sampson’s, St.
Andrew’s and the Forest.

3. Trifolium glomeratum. Smooth round headed trefoil.

4, Anthriscus vulgaris. Common beaked Paisley.

5. Silene inflata. Bladder Campion (on Ballast heaps).

6. Bupleurum aristatum. Narrow leaved Hare’s Ear, or
Thorow-wax. A rare plant found only in two places _
in England.

7. Triglochin palustre. Marsh arrow grass.

8. Origanum vulgare. Common Marjoram.

9. Cicendia filiformis. Least Gentianella.

10. Aquilegia Vulgaris. Columbine.

11. Gunnera scabra, erroneously called ‘‘ Wild Rhubarb.”

The Committee tender to Messrs. Guille and Allés their
best thanks for the use of the room in which they hold the
meetings.

The Report being adopted, Mr. Luff, Hon. Treasurer, read
the financial statement for the year.

The election of officers for the ensuing year was then
proceeded with, the result being as follows:—

Patron: Sir E. MacCulloch, Bailiff.
President: Mr, T. Guille.
Vice-President: Mr. J. Whitehead.
Hon. Treasurer: Mr. W. A. Luff,
Hon. Secretary: Mr. W. Sharp.
Committee :
Messrs. F. M. Allés, Messrs. &. G. Hugo,

A. Collenette, C. G. De LaMare,
G. T. Derrick, K. D. Marquand.

THE FERNS OF GUERNSEY.

———————

A paper read by Mr. G. T. Derrick, before the Guernsey
Natural Science Society, on November 14th, 1882.

Every locality in Great Britain and Ireland has been so
thoroughly searched for Ferns, that there seems little prospect
of any species having been overlooked, and those found in each
district are so accurately known, that trustworthy lists are
easily obtained.

Ferns are found to abound in some districts and to be
comparatively rare in others ;—thus, they dislike chalk and as
@ consequence are scarce in the east and south-east of England :
they are much more numerous in limestone regions; they
grow freely in the crevices of this rock; and on the lower
slopes of steep limestone hills, where the side of the valley is
covered with loose stony masses, fallen from above, and afford-
ing no apparent hold for vegetation, the Limestone Polypody
(P. Robertianum) shoots its rhizome through the peaty soil
beneath, and waves its green fronds over the white stones ;
ferns are even more abundant in sandstone and slate districts ;
and our experience in Guernsey proves that few rocks suit
them better than those of the Granite series,

46 Tux Furnes

But I think the geological formation of a district has less
to do with their prevalence than the abundance of situations
favourable to their growth. Given shelter, moisture, and a
little light loose soil, and ferns will show themselves in almost
every district. |

Some few thrive in exposed dry situations, e.g., bracken, but
it never there attains the size and luxuriance it acquires in
valleys by the waterside. Narrow valleys with rapid streams
in hilly districts are the favourite haunts of ferns, and so we
find Devonshire, North Wales, and the Lake district character-
ized as Fern Paradises.

In Guernsey, though we have not the high hills, we have
in the narrow sheltered valleys, the abundant streams, the
copious springs, and the mildness and dampness of the climate
all the requisites for the growth and spread of ferns. The
banks of the streams and the hedge-rows are covered with
them, there is hardly any situation where they do not show
themselves. On the hard surface of the granite rock itself,
they could find no hold for their roots; but give them a
crevice, or a crack so thin that you cannot insert a knife-blade,
and there, with no apparent soil, in a sea-side cave the Sea-
spleenwort will show itself, on the cliff, the Lanceolate, and
anywhere else, the Black Maiden-hair Spleenwort and the
Common Polypody will grow ; and some in such situations ex-
hibit their most luxuriant forms.

Let a wall evenin the smoke and dust of the town be a
little damp, having the drip from anything above falling on it ;
there, especially if it be sheltered from the full glare of the
sun, you will have a natural fernery, the Hart’s tongue, the
Polypody, the Black Maidenhair spleenwort, and others will
cover it with glossy greenery.

Even on the sides of the high roads exposed to the full
blaze of daylight tufts of fern adorn the banks; and the ugly

OF GUERNSEY. 47

walls which are so frequently supplanting the green turf can
with difficulty be kept free from them.

What a relief on a hot summer day to leave the broiling
high road. and plunge into one of the water-lanes: to pass
beneath the overhanging boughs, to hear the murmuring
stream at our feet makiug pleasant music, and to see the ferns
in the height of their luxuriance; the bright glossy green
fronds of the Hart’s tongue hanging in pendulous succession to
the water’s edge, leaving room only for a narrow fringe of
liverwort and golden saxifrage; here may be seen fronds
nearly three feet in length; some with their tips so divided as
to become a beautiful tasselled variety, an occasional Shield,
Male, Lady or Broad-buckler giving a variety of tiut to the
mass, and having their pinnules so developed as almost to lose
their normal character. One could spend hours amid such
beauty of form, and return to it with ever new delight.

The graceful outline and elegant drooping of the fronds
have been sufficient to cause our native ferns to be appreciated
and sought after as much as the most brightly coloured of our
wild flowers ; the beautiful effect of the pendulous fronds in a
bouquet, and the elegance of the growing plants in pots are
so universally acknowledged, that there is scarcely a household
where they are not cultivated or in constant request. We
know that exotic forms are the most in demand, and readily
admit that fern-fanciers selecting from all parts of the globe
have been able to bring into cultivation many more elegant
and majestic forms than any our native country can produce ;
but most of these are natives of warmer latitudes, where
greater development would be expected, and our indigenous
species may worthily bear comparison in many particulars with
forms obtained from an equally restricted district in any part
of the world.

I find that Moore’s Book of Ferns gives forty-four species
as British; of these we have eighteen in Guernsey. To coms

48 Tue Ferns

pare this with other places we should have a complete list of
those to be found in some confined area. I have no other list ©
except Professor Ansted’s for Jersey and Guernsey ; he gives
eighteen species as natives of Jersey, nineteen of Guernsey.
I myself have gathered in Devonshire, during about four
weeks’ stay, seventeen species, and in Ireland in a fortnight
fifteen : in both cases these numbers might have been increased
by special search for particular kinds, or if one had availed
himself of local help: for instance, at Killarney, an offer was
made to show me for aconsideration the Killarney speciality :—
Trichomanes radicans, growing in its native habitat, but I
declined the offer with thanks; the plant is so rare that it
would have been wrong to remove a root, even supposing
my guide had included that privilege in his bargain; there
was the further doubt of its reaching Guernsey in good con-
dition, and the difficu'‘ty of getting it to flourish even should
it reach its destination.

Guernsey, considering its small area, seems to bear com-
parison with these favoured districts as far as number of
species are concerned. But one of the most charming sights
to a lover of ferns is missing in Guernsey, viz.: a whole valley
filled with species other than bracken. How delightful it is to
stand on the top of a hill overlooking valleys like those at
Fetit Bot Bay, and see below, both slopes of the hills covered
with the greenery of ferns; the golden tinted Mountain Fern
(Lastrea Montana) high up the valley gradually giving place
to the Broad buckler, Lady and Male ferns. Neither have we
the waters of mountain torrents dashing and brawling in
mimic whirlpools, cascades, and waterfalls amidst immense
boulders of rock throwing into relief the tufts of tall feathery
ferns spreading fanlike from their central crowns springing
from every spot raised above the raging waters, while the
banks crowded with similar luxuriant berm form a beautiful
frame to the picture.

OF GUERNSEY. 49

On the other hand, I know of no place where the field
banks, and the road-side are so covered with ferns as here: I
think we may truly say, that for universal distribution and
general luxuriance, and for the number of species compared
with the size of the district, Guernsey will hold its own with
the best-known haunts of British ferns, and I think we are
quite justified in including it as a place which may be deno-
minated a Fern Paradise.

Though they have them so constantly around them, our
French speaking population do not appear to have become
sufficiently acquainted with ferns as to distinguish between
them by special names. I can only find Largue de Bcoeuf for
the Hart’s Tongue, La Foile for the Bracken, or any large
enough to be used as fuel; and Capillaire for all the smaller
kinds, which are supposed to have medicinal properties, being
a remedy for coughs.

The following is a list of the eighteen Guernsey species
which I have myself found; specimens of all of which can
still be obtained in the island :—

. Polypodium Vulgare—Common Polypody.

. Gymnogramma leptophylla—Slender Gymnogram.
. Polystichum angulare —Soft Prickly Shield Fern.

. Lastrea filix-mas—Male Fern.

. Lastrea Dilatata— Broad Buckler Fern.

. Athyrium filix-foemina—Lady Fern.

me © Nw —

=1 © OQ

. Asplenium rutamuraria— Wall Rue.

8, S trichomanes~Common Maiden-hair Spleen-
wort.
9, a marinum—Sea Spleenwort.
10. is Janceolatum—Lanceolate Spleenwort.
it. 3 Adiantum nigrum — Black Maiden-hair
Spleenwort.

12. Caterach officinarum—Scale Fern.
Scolopendrium vulgare—Hart’s Tongue Fern.

—
=

60 Toe Ferns

14, Lomaria or Blechnum spicant—Hard Fern.
15. Pteris aquilina—Bracken.
16. Osmunda regalis — Flowering Fern.
17. Ophioglossum vulgatum —Common Adder’s Tongue.
18. i lusitanicum— Dwarf a
This list differs from that published in Professor Ansted’s
‘‘ Channel Islands ”’ in the following particulars :—

1.—Lastrea Aimula is omitted. From the mention made
of it in the book, I conclude that a single specimen only is
supposed to have been found. This would not justify its
- being included in the list, especially as the root might have
been planted out. There is danger also of mistaking for it a
plant of Lastrea Dilatata. I have never observed it in
Guernsey, nor heard of any other instance of its occurrence.

2.—I have also omitted ‘‘ Botrychium Lunaria.” This is
a small fern and is easily overlooked, and would be extremely
local in its appearance; so that it may yet be found in the
island. I have found the plant freely in Derbyshire and should
recognise it were I to meet with it; I have heard that it used
to be found, but I suggest that unless guaranteed specimens
are produced it should be omitted from lists published by this
society.

3.—I have added ‘‘Gymnogramma leptophylla,” the
slender Gymnogram, or Jersey fern, which according to the
authorities is abundant in Southern Europe; a Guernsey lady,
member of this society, has shown me a specimen from Switzer-
land; it grows as far north as Jersey, but not in Great
Britain or Ireland, I found it in Guernsey first in 1877.

It is an annual and very small, the fronds, which are about
three inches in length, begin to develop until about Christmas,
and the whole plant dies soon after Midsummer, so that it may
be passed over even by a close observer.

During Easter week, 1878, I visited Jersey with the
expressed intention of becoming acquainted with the Jersey

of GUERNSEY, 61

fern. A kind friend became the companion of my excursions,
and took me to a roadside not far from Beaumont station,
where he had seen Gymnogramma leptophylla growing. Here
we found it, and in the course of our ramble met with it in
three or four stations in the same neighbourhood. A pretty
sight it is; it grows in masses covering the bank from top to
bottom: its golden hue and elegantly divided outline render
it a conspicuous object.

It seems very widely diffused in Jersey, for I found it in
several other places, especially near St. Ouen’s manor, and in
one new locality, viz., near St. Catherine’s harbour. Having
thus become quite familiar with it, I told my friend that it
grew in Guernsey, and I would forward hima specimen. Ac-
cordingly on the following Saturday, I walked to the St.
Saviour hedge, took my _ specinien, posted it to
Jersey, and published an account of the discovery in
the Star. Forthwith I was waited upon by half a dozen in-
dividuals all anxious to commence the work of extermination ;
a carriage was at my service, ‘‘ Would I be kind enough to
come and point out the spot where it was to be found.” I was
hardhearted enough to refuse and keep my own counsel, and
the place is, as far as I am aware, known only to myself and
the friend who accompanied me on the first two occasions. I
have looked at it nearly every year since; this year the crop
promised well, though it has never been so luxuriant as on the
first occasion.

I have failed to find the plant in any other part of the
island. Is it the last remnant of a once common plant, or has
it been introduced recently ? Any one wishing to introduce it,
would most likely have planted a few masses here and there in
the hedge; and this must have been done some years ago to give
the plants time to be found in every favourable spot through-
out the 200 feet of hedge-bank, had it thus spread by its
spores and established itself in that space, one would have ex-

62 Tur Ferns

pected it to spread to neighbouring hedges, but the closest
inspection fails to reveal it; and renewed examinations seem
to prove that the plant is dying out, as the crop becomes less
yearly. I think it the last remnant of a once more common
plant, rather than a modern introduction spreading from new
centres. My attempts to spread it have failed. Several speci-
mens have been identified by competent judges, dried and
growing specimens have been exhibited to the members of this
society, so I think myself justified in adding it to the Guernsey

list.
The other seventeen are acknowledged by all to be in-

digenous.
1. Polypodium Vulgaris is very abundant, and is by Pro-

fessor Ansted mentioned as the characteristic fern of Guernsey.
Observe its rigid harsh form on walls and rocks; then see it
growing in deep soil on the top of a hedge-bank; and notice
how thin and flexible it has become, look at the increased
length of the fonds, and observe the frequent tendency to de-
part from the normal form, the serrated edges of the pinnz
tend to an imitation of the variety ‘‘ Cambricum.”’

2. The Polystichum found in Guernsey is P. Angularis.
It is a large fern with fronds three feet in height growing in a
circle round a tuited crown. In some parts of England it is
the commonest of ferns growing in the Ledges among the
rough vegetation. In Guernsey it is not so common; it is
abundant and has a charming appearance in almost inaccessible
places on the cliffs from Fermain to Bec du Nez; it has been
barbarously exterminated from the banks in the Moulin Huet
water-lane, and near Ste. Héléne, but is still abundant in more
than half a dozen places in different parts of the island.

3. Lastrea Filix-mas, or Male Fern is a large, well-known
and common species. It is the one most frequently planted on
the borders of lawns.

4, Lastrea-dilata or Broad Buckler fern, is also a large
species, It is unfortunately not so common as the last. Its

OF GUERNSEY. 53

elegant fronds attaining a height of four or five feet spreading
round the central crown are most beautifully divided. I con-
sider it the most elegant of all our native species. It varies
greatly in form, yet not sufficiently for us to have constant
varieties. Those which grow to the largest size often have
their pinules turned back making them appear narrow, and
giving a shrivelled appearance to the fronds; others have
flat pinules which are excessively developed both in length and
in breadth.

5. Athyrium Filix foemina or Lady Fern is the most abun-
dant of our large feris, being much more frequent than in
England. The elegance of the form, the delicacy of the fronds,
and the exquisite grace of its habit of growth make it a univer-
sal favourite, yet I think it must yield the palm to the lax form
of Dilatata. Compared with Dilatata there is a stiffness about
the shape of its pinules, and a sameness in the divisions of the
pinne, which prevent it taking the first place in my estimation.
I think the greater rarity of the Dilatata prevents its beauty
being so universally recognised as it would be, were it as com-
mon as the Lady fern. Both of this and the Male fern we
have many varieties, but not named ones, I show a tasselled
variety called ‘‘ Multifidum,” which I picked years ago from a
plant in Grande Mare.

6. Asplenium Rutumuraria or Wall Rue, one of the small
wall ferns, is rather rare in Guernsey, indeed some books have
stated that it is only to be found in the walls of our churches;
if that were the case formerly, I am afraid this fern has became
less strict in its principles, or perhaps it has changed its pro-
fession, for it is very abundant on a certain martello tower,
where ammunition is stored; and is also found on walls in
various parts of the island.

7. Asplenium-trichomanes or Common Maiden-hair spleen-
wort is an elegant little fern, growing mostly in walls, rather
rare in Guernsey, and nowhere attaining the luxuriance it has

54 Trt FERNS

in woods in France, or in England or Ireland. It seems to
have become more widely diffused in the last ten years. I
know quite two dozen stations for it, mostly in the Town

parish.

8. Asplenium-marinum or the Sea Spleenwort loves the
roofs of caves within reach of the spray of the sea. For-
tunately there are unapproachable spots on our coast where it
can be preserved, but any unfortunate plant having the auda-
city to grow within arm’s reach is soon rooted out, even
ladders being pressed into the service of the destroyer.

9, Asplenium Lanceolatum or Lanceolate Spleenwort is so
called from the shape of the fronds which are narrow at the
base, widening above, and then tapering to a point. This
species is very rare in England, being confined to the sonth-
western peninsula. With us, it is very common, growing
between the stones in the walls all round the cliffs, as well as
in the crevices between the rocky masses along the south coast.
It is abundant in the western parishes in the hedge-rows, and
where growing luxuriantly the fronds exceed a foot in length.

The variety Microdon was found in Guernsey; perhaps the
only ones now to be had are those cultivated from the original
wild ones, though as this isa distinct and permanent variety
not a casual freak, and had obtained so firm a footing as to
have spread to a considerable extent (as I learn from one of
the ladies who discovered it) there isa great chance of fresh
plants springing from the old roots, so that some diligent
searcher may yet be able to bring wild specimens and exhibit
them to this society.*

10. Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum or Black Maidenhair
Spleenwort has fronds of nearly a triangular shape, and in
some cases the Lanceolate is so much like it as to be distin- —
guished only on close inspection. ‘This species is one of our

*A beautiful specimen was found 1884, growing wild at St. Peter’s-
in-the-Wood, which proves that this pretty variety has not quite dis-
appeared.

OF GUERNSEY. 55

commonest, growing in walls everywhere, but attaining special
luxuriance in hedge-banks, where it forms a prominent and
pretty object throughout the winter and spring. See its light
green tufts now springing from among the decaying foliage of
the hedges, and try its effects mingled with primroses, or other
wild flowers, and the Black Maiden-hair Spleenwort will
always be one of your favourites.

11. Ceterach officinarum or the Scale fern is an easily re-
cognised form, harsh in texture, and of no use for bouquets. It
is a wall fern, and very rare in Guernsey, though abundant in
England and France. For years I only knew one station for
it, and that on a newly built wall. I have taken a great in-
terest in the three roots on this wall, but in the ten years I can
hardly see any increase, nor does it show in the neighbouring
walls. This spring after searching a meadow at the Vale for
flowering plants, I crossed a wall into the high road, and was
delighted to see several specimens of Ceterach in the wall op-
posite, though as that structure was in an almost ruinous con-
dition, I fear the fern may be exterminated in rebuilding
operations. Iam pleased to beable to report that I have since
discovered it in a neighbour’s garden, where it is self-sown. I
have heard of it growing in greenhouses in various parts of the
island, and I have planted out a great many roots, so that I
hope this fern will continue to figure in the Guernsey list.

12. Scolopendrium vulgare, Hart’s Tongue, or Langue de
Boouf, is too well-known to need any description here. Look-
ing at a specimen-frond on a card, one could form no idea of
its picturesque appearance in the banks of a shaded lane. I
knew no locality in England where they make so splendid a
show as in the water-lanes from the Cheyne to Petit Bot, or in
the lane at Moulin Huet. It is the luxuriance and graceful
appearance of this fern in the banks which make a first visit to
these spots have such a lasting and agreeable impression ; but
the fame of their beauty draws troops of excursionists to

56 THE FERNS

these localities every summer, and many of these show their
appreciation of their loveliness by tearing away fronds by the
handful, or plant after plant by the roots. Were it not for the
chance of recovery afforded by the winter season, their beauty
would soon be destroyed.

The Hart’s tongue by no means confines itself to damp
sheltered spots with deep soil, it is one of the commonest ferns
on walls, growing even on those fully exposed to the mid-day
sun. In such situations it hardly exceeds six inches in length,
though it exhibits some of the most marked varieties of form
which however are liable to disappear under cultivation. By
the sides of streams, I have measured fronds three feet in
height, they are frequently to be found with divided points
(multifid. I show some of my own collection, also one from
St. Andrew’s the fronds of which have assumed a perfectly flat
circular shape.

13, Blechnum Spicant, or B. Boreale, or Hard Fern is |
common, ard often very luxuriant by the side of streams. It
is however harsh in texture, and not graceful in habit, except
where luxuriant. The two distinct forms of its fronds give
variety to the plant, and attract the attention of even a casual
observer.

14. There is little need for me to speak of P teris Aquilina
the Bracken, or Fish fern, La Foile of Guernsey. In places
where it has shade and moisture it attains large dimensions,
specimens seven feet high are mentioned. It is extensively
used as bedding for cattle. It is liable to few variations,
but small sec dling plants are often a source of doubt to young
collectors.

15. Osmunda Regalis, the Royal or Flowering fern well
deserves its name as the most magnificent of our native
species. It is reported to have been at one time very
abundant in Guernsey, but from some supposed med icinal
virtues in cases of sickness among cattle, it has been dug up

OF GUERNSEY. 57

wholesale until almost exterminated. There is only one place
where more than a dozen plants can now be found, another
where three plants exist. Altogether I know still of six
stations where it occurs wild, and fortunately one or two of
them are jealously guarded by the owners. Mr. Smith, of the
Caledonia Nursery, has been good enough to give me three
roots to piant out, if these establish themselves, we shall add
two stations to our list.

16. Ophioglossum Vulgatum or the Common Adder’s
tongue, is unlike all the preceding, being a common and
uninteresting-looking plant. Consequently it is less sought
after, and few know where to find it. I was shown a specimen
with the earth attached just as it had been dug from its native
spot. <A glance at the soil and a knowledge that it inhabits
_marshy places were indications sufficient to direct me straight
to a spot where I found it growing abundantly. It is an
unattractive plant; it grows in uninviting situations, among
the grass of marshy fields and is to be found all along the
strip of damp meadows inside our north-western barrier, the
pebble ridge which carries the coast road from the Vale
Church to Pleinmont. —

Last and least in point of size, but almost unequalled in
interest, we have the

17. Ophioglossum Lusitanicum, or Dwarf Adder’s Tongue.
This is the Guernsey speciality; it was discovered here in
1854 by Mr. G. Wolsey. It is not found in Great Britain or
Ireland, though it is doubtfully reported from Cornwall lately.
Most authorities on the subject say that it is not found nearer
us than the shores of the Mediterranean, yet I read in “ All
the Year Round,” that it is often found in Brittany. It
has not been observed in any other of the Channel Islands,
excepting Sark, which is doubtful.

In Guernsey it is local, there are two distinct districts for

it with more than a mile of cliff between destitute (as far ag
D

58 THE FERNS

my search shows) of a root, although there are many favour-
able sites. It grows only where very short herbage covers the
shallow soil, generally close above the perpendicular fall to
the water-worn rocks. I hardly think there is much fear of
its being exterminated, for three of the patches where it occurs
are about sixteen feet square, still it is much sought after to
complete the sets of English collectors, and therefore we
should not remove roots unnecessarily. Having found it
myself years ago by the aid of a map on which its stations
are marked, and dug out some specimens, I directed a botani-
cal friend who wished to obtain some plants to the same spot.
He followed the general directions I gave him, and told
me he immediately recognised the exact place on seeing the
holes which I had made there; so he gave me advice which
I now repeat to members of this society :—‘‘ When you have
dug out your specimen, fill up the hole!” Writing on this
fern, I find both Moore and Heath appear never to have
visited Guernsey, learn about the plant from actual observa-
tion. They both state ‘‘That it appears early in the year,
being fully developed in January.’ I show you specimens
which have attained full growth in November. In fact, the
fronds appear almost immediately after the autumn rains,
fresh plants rise from that time onward, I think it is most
abundant in March, but as soon as the dry hot weather com-
mences it gets dried up and disappears. I have shown fully
developed specimens as early as August 25th (in 1886), and as
late ag April in the same year. The plant often consists of a
single leaf spreading close along the ground, sometimes of
two similar fronds opposite each other; but the perfect speci-
mens have these two horizontal barren fronds, and the fertile
fronds between them rising vertically with a club like form.
It requires patient search on hands and knees to find the plant,
especially if you do not know the exact spot on which it grows.

When told that we have a fern which is not to be found in

OF GUERNSEY. 59

England, visitors are very anxious to see it, but when shown a
specimen, its minuteness generally causes a feeling of dis-
appointment, and its being so short-lived takes from the
interest that might be felt in cultivating it.

Our other speciality, the Gymnogramma Leptophylla
suffers from the same disadvantage, and is more difficult to
preserve in cultivation from its being an annual, but its rare
prettiness is a strong redeeming feature, which will always
make it a favourite.

I have now gone through the list of Guernsey ferns; but
I find that Hooker in the ‘‘ Flora of the British Islands,”’
states that Hymenophyllum Tunbridgense is found in the
Channel Islands. It is not given in Ansted, and I have
never heard that any one has found it here. I have seen it
growing in masses at Killarney, and show a specimen from
that place, and should be glad if members of this society
would search in likely spots, and add this pretty delicate little
fern to our list. Wishing to increase the number of our wild
plants, I have planted out two roots. and feel no objection to
attempting the introduction of new species. I have also tried
Cystopteris Fragilis. In the greenhouse it grows like a weed,
appearing in such profusion as to threaten to choke better
ferns; but in the open air I have not met with much encou-
ragement; never having seen a plant the third season.

I shall be very pleased if my paper of this evening and
the specimens I exhibit increase a love of ferns among mem-
bers of this society, and I feel confident that every one present
would be pleased to assist in stopping the wholesale and
wanton destruction of our ferns.

No one can object to a farmer shaving his hedge-rows to
bring increased land under cultivation, or to his digging the
top of the bank to grow furze, nor to owners pointing afresh
decaying walls, though one cannot but feel sorry to see ferns

and wild plants thus destroyed. We ourselves are trying to

60 THE FERNS OF GUERNSEY.

stir up an increased interest in natural objects, but I certainly
cannot see why every visitor must prove his interest on ferns
by tearing up roots and dropping them along the road. Any
one may stand at the slip and watch passengers land from
Sark, and learn what ferns that island produces without visiting
its shores. I am glad to see it must boast of one good station
for Royal Fern, but unless precautionary measures are taken,
it will not boast it long. Could the authorities impose a duty
of five francs per root? Or impose a license on those who sell
them wholesale in the market, or hawk them about the streets.
I feel the greatest indignation however against those who
employ men or send their own gardeners about the country
filling great hampers to send to friends. These are pretended
‘* lovers of ferns,” who go in ecstacies over the delicious speci-
mens their friends have sent them, and who in nine cases out
of ten allow the beautiful to lie about until they are thrown
on the manure heap. It 1s from these, our hedge-rows suffer
most ; these are the people whom I blame almost entirely for
the decrease in the Multifid Hart’s tongues, and the Crested
Lady and Male Ferns. I hope every member of this society
will raise his voice against these practices, aud do his best to
check them ; so that Guernsey may continue to have reason to
be proud of the prevalence of ferns, their variety and luxu-
riance, and the beautiful effects they produce in what I think’
is, next to the cliffs, the greatest attraction of the natural
characteristics of the island :—the shaded ferny lanes, every-
where so common, but nowhere so charming as on the slopes
of our south coast.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF GUERNSEY AND SARK.

A Paper read by Mr. W. A. Luff, December 12th, 1882.

This is the first occasion upon which this branch of Science
has been brought under the notice of the members of the
Society, and I shall be pleased if our proceedings this evening
prove the means of awakening an increased interest in the sub-
ject, and enlist some new workers in the most interesting
study,

Entomology, the science which treats of insects, is a fasci-
nating pursuit, which will give additional interest to country
walks, and afford profitable occupation for leisure hours at
home ; for the creatures must be captured, and often afford an
exciting chase over cliff and field; they must be examined, set
up and arranged, or at least a record kept of their species, time
and locality of capture, and facts as to their habits and
economy associated with them.

The number of insects inhabiting Guernsey is so large,
compared with its extent, that there is an immense amount of
work to be done in obtaining specimens of those already re-
corded as occurring here; and while doing this, a diligent
collector is nearly certain to identify species not yet regarded
as natives of the island, and may even discover varieties, if not
species, new to Science.

62 THE BUTTERFLIES

We are to confine our attention on this occasion to one
division of Insects. Butterflies and Moths together form the
large class of insects called Lepidoptera (Scale-winged). These
are distinguished by having four wings, and are thus called
because the wings are covered on both sides with minute scales
of various forms and colours, overlapping each other like the
slates on the roof of a house.

It is a common notion that butterflies are more gaily
coloured than moths. Many butterflies are of dull colours
whilst some of the moths are adorned with beautiful and
bright markings. This is why the ‘Jersey Tiger” (C. Hera),
which is common enough in Guernsey also, is so frequently
mistaken for a butterfly ; and the mistake is more pardonable
because this insect has rather a vigorous flight and is fre-
quently on the wing in broad daylight.

A butterfly always flies in the day and rests at night and
in rainy or cloudy weather. When resting it raises its wings,
in some instances pressing them together back to back ; but a
moth turns its wings downwards instead of upwards, fold-
ing them round its body. Again, the antenne or horns of
a butterfly have always a club or knob at the tip, whilst those
of a moth terminate ata point. But there is another pecu-
liarity of the antennee which is a still better guide than the
knob at their end; and that is, that the owner cannot hide
them, they are always stretched out in front or held quite up-
right. Nowa moth, when going to sleep, turns its antenns
under its wings, or in some similar manner conceals them both
from observation and injury.

Butterflies as well as most of the moths have a mouth
furnished with a long spiral sucker or tubular tongue, by
means of which they imbibe the nectar of flowers.

All butterflies, previous to assuming the beautiful appear-
ance which attracts universal admiration, have passed through
three distinct stages of existence.

oF GUERNSEY AND SARK. 63

1.—The egg, which is invariably deposited by the parent
butterfly on the particular plant on which the caterpillar which
will presently emerge from it is to feed.

2.—From the eggs proceed the catepillars or larvae which
feed greedily on their proper food-plants, increasing rapidly in
size, and shed their skin several times to meet their growing
requirements during the period from their first exclusion from
the egg to their becoming full-grown.

3.—When full-fed they change into a chrysalis, or pupa ;
tha transformation is a remarkable one that well repays close
observation ; and after remaining in this third state a certain
time, suspended from a wall or plant, or in other convenient
locality, the period varying according to the species, or to the
time of year, the butterfly (then called the imago or perfect
insect) emerges with all its parts already fully developed,
except the wings; which are at first short and limp, but in a
wonderfully short time expand and become fit for flight, the
observer may see the wings growing as he watches.

Having thus briefly sketched the various changes through
which butterflies pass, I have much pleasure in bringing before
you, this evening, the result of many pleasurable excursions in
search of our local species.

From Guernsey and Sark Iam able to record twenty-seven
species of butterflies. The following is the list, arranged
according to the classification in ‘‘ Newman’s British Butter-
flies.”

1,.—Argynnis Aglaia (Dark Green Fritillary). The upper
surface of the wings is bright brown, ornamented with black
spots; the under surface of the hinder wings is dark olive-green
with silvery spots. This is a large insect, some of my speci-
mens measuring two inches across the wings. The caterpillar
feeds upon dog violet (viola canina). I have never found it
in Guernsey, but have captured many specimens on the slopes
of the cliffsin Sark. It appears on the wing towards the end

64 THE BUTTERFLIES

of June and battered specimens may still be found alive at the
end of August.

2.—Argynnis Lathonia (Queen of Spain Fritillary). <A
beautiful species; the upper surface of the wings fulvous
brown, the whole spotted with black. The under surface of
the hinder wings is adorned with twenty-four beautiful silver
spots. Newman gives the time of appearance as September,
but in Sark I believe it to be double brooded as I have seen
specimens in June and in October. Although common on
the Continent this species is of the utmost rarity in England
In Guernsey I have seen it twice and given it chase, but never
captured it. I have, however, a beautiful specimen captured
by the late Miss Renouf, in her garden in Burnt-lane, and
kindly given me for my collection. In Sark it is much com-
moner and I have taken many specimens.

3.—Melitea Cinxia (Glanville Fritillary). This species is
tawny-orange colour above, and the whole surface reticulated
(net-like) and spotted with black. The markings of the under
side are so varied that any description must fail to give a correct
idea of any individual specimen. This exceedingly local
British species is very common in all the four Channel Islands.

The whole economy of this species is so interesting that
I have copied out in full the graphic description written by the
Rev. F. Dawson in 1844,

‘‘ As this fritillary is rare in almost every part of the
kingdom, some account of its favourite haunts and habits may
not prove uninteresting. It cannot be accounted by any
means common here (in England) being confined to a few
localities only, though where it does occur, it is in general to
found in some abuudance. It is not to be expected in cul-
tivated districts, but breeds on steep and broken declivities near
the coast, which the scythe and the plough never as yet have
invaded, and in such spots it may be met with, earlier or later
in May according tothe season. Near Sandown, Isle of Wight,

OF GUERNSEY AND SARK. 65

on the side of a cliff, there is one of these declivities, occa-
-sioned by some former landslip, covered with herbage, which
slopes down to the beach. A pathway leads to the base. On
the 9th of May, 1844, a hot, sunny day, each side of this
pathway was completely carpeted with a profusion of the
yellow flowers of the common Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis vul-
neraria, var, maritimia), when I visited the spot; and these
flowers were the resort of an abundance of these fritillaries.
which fluttered about them, or rested on their corollas, expand-
ing and sunning their wings and presenting a most charming
picture of entomological loveliness. The great abundance of
the narrow leaved plantain, which also grows there, affords
food for their caterpillars.”

“‘The spring of last year (1845), on the other hand was
so very backward, that on visiting that locality at a date
some fortnight later than the above, so far from either flowers
or butterflies being visible, the caterpillars were still feeding,
and I could discover but few chrysalids. The caterpillars
evidently prefer stunted plants, for at the base of the declivity,
where the plantain grows luxuriantly, not one is to be seen.”

‘‘They are black and spiny, with red head and legs;
being hatched in August, they pass the winter in societies,
under a kind of tent, formed by a compact web, brought round
and over the stems of grasses, I have found several of these
societies on the 27th of August. The individuals which com-
posed them being about a quarter of an inch long, rolled up
like little balls. All these societies occurred at the base of the
declivity ; where the herbage grows most luxuriantly ;
and when the caterpillars have attained sufficient strength
in the spring, they are invariably seen ascending to the
higher parts of the slope. And herein I imagine that I
recognise a beautiful instance of natural instinct, both in the
butterfly and caterpillar. The former deposits its eggs low
down in the declivity where the young brood may rest most

66 THE BUTTERFLIES

securely, sheltered and least exposed to the wintry storms;
but when the caterpillars are sufficiently advanced in growth,
they ascend to the higher part of the steep, and feed, and
undergo their transformation.”’

‘¢ Were the chrysalids formed below, they would ae.
have too much moisture and too little sun, whereas, by being
formed higher up they have a sufficiency of both to bring
them to maturity. This butterfly is single brooded, but there
is a succession of them, varying in duration according to the
season. The earliest date on which I have met with it is
May Ist, the latest in July ; but in the latter case the specimens
were bred in captivity. I never remember to have seen it so
late in the state of liberty ; not later indeed than the middle
of June.”

‘‘They are very difficult in rear from the caterpillars, and
those I have bred are not only disclosed much later than in the
state of freedom, but are not nearly so fine and perfect. They
in general fly slowly and gracefully, except when alarmed,
gliding gently from flower to flower.”

‘*T have taken as many as two dozen without moving from
the spot where I stood, as they successively visited the stems
of the grasses round me. This fritillary was much less plenti-
ful Jast season than heretofore; and in some of the former
haunts has quite disappeared. It has many foes; for besides
the march of improvement in cultivation, which gradually
invades its haunts, the same natural causes which promote its
abundance also multiply its enemies. Two necrophagous
beetles (Silpha obscura and 8. Tristis), destroy the caterpillar ;
and a large ground spider, very numerous in the spots which it
frequents, feeds on the perfect insect. It lies in wait until the
butterfly alights on the low plants, or on the ground, then
rushing forward seizes it by the neck, and holds it captive with
such tenacity, that both insects may almost be pulled in pieces
ere it will relax its grasp.”

OF GUERNSEY AND SARK. 67

This description is quite as applicable to the cliffs of the
Channel Islands as to those of the Isle of Wight. The Glan-
ville Fritillary is common on our Guernsey cliffs from Fermain
Bay to Pleinmont Point.

4.—Grapta C. Album. (Comma Butterfly). A curious
looking butterfly with deeply indented wings. The hinder
wings have a mark like a letter c on the under side, hence tke
name.

Mrs. Boley took one specimen in Sark some years ago.
It has been but rarely taken of late years in Jersey, although
it was once reported as not uvcommon there. I have never
met with it in Guernsey.*

5.—Vanessa Urtice. (Small Tortoiseshell). The pre-
vailing colour of the wings of this species is bright red-brown,
with spots and patches of black, yellow and white. The
caterpillar feeds upon the common stinging nettle. It is
common in Guernsey and Sark. I have some very fine speci-
mens, also smaller and darker ones, these latter were however
bred in confinement. There are evidently two broods in the
year, and June and September may be given as the dates for
their appearance.

6.—Vanessa Polychloros. (Large Tortoiseshell). The
pattern of this species is extremely like that of the preceding,
but the colours are duller and it may generally be distin-
guished by its larger size. The caterpillar feeds upon elm and
some other trees. This is not at all common here, but I have
taken several specimens in both Guernsey and Sark. It is to
be caught in July and August and hiberrated specimens occur
during the spring.

7.—Vanessa Io. (Peacock butterfly). So named from the
beautiful eye-like spots on each of the wings. The underside

_ ™ Since the above was written, Colonel ‘A. H. Collings has kindly
given me a specimen, captured by himself in a garden at Clifton during
September, 1871.

68 THE BUTTERFLIES

is jet black. The caterpillar feeds npon the stinging nettle it
June and July, and the butterfly appears on the wing in
August, some specimens hibernate and appear again in April
and May. Itis rare in Guernsey, but abundant in Sark.

8.—Pyrameis Atalanta. (Red Admiral). Is common in
Guernsey, Alderney and Sark. It is known here by the name
of the ‘‘ King Butterfly.” It is a beautiful species easily re-
cognised by its intense velvety black wings branded with scarlet
obliquely across. The richness of its colouring makes this
species a special favourite; a most attractive and common
picture is formed in autumn by a group of Red Admirals sport-
ing about ivy, and sucking nectar from its flowers.

The caterpillar is found on nettles in June, July and
August, and the perfect insect makes its appearatce in August,
September and October.

On March 6th, 1875, Mrs. Boley found four large larve of
this species on nettles in the lane leading to Fermain Bay.
These changed into'the chrysalis on April 18th, and the first
butterfly emerged as early as May 11th. This being so unusual
a time for its appearauce, I was induced to send a noteto the
‘“‘ Entomologist ” which elicited the following remark from the
editor, the late Mr. Edward Newman. ‘It is interesting to
learn that a butterfly, which in England never leaves the pupa
state before August, should in Guernsey emerge as early as the
11th of May.”

9.—Pyrameis Cardui (Painted Lady). This butterfly is
very uncertain in its appearance; in some years scarcely one is
to be seen and in oth»rs it is extremely abundant. To see the
Common White Butterfly sailing over fields of clover or lucerne,
stopping occasionally to visit the flowers, is a pleasant picture,
but when with these are seen, as may be done in some seasons,
a troop of Red Admirals, a few Tortoiseshells, a sprinkling of
Painted Ladies, and perhaps one or two Clouded Yellows, all
disporting themselves in the same field, forming a rich contrast

OF GUERNSEY AND SARK. 69

of colouring ; the bright appearance and graceful movements
of these children of the sunshine impart that additional charm
to the landscape, which a touch of life always produces. The
caterpillar feeds upon the field thistle (Carduus Avernsis), and
is to be found in June, the chrysalis in July, and the butterfly
from August to October. They then hibernate and appear
again in April, May and June. I have taken it in Guernsey,
Alderney and Sark.

10.—Pyrarga Egeria. (Speckled Wood). The colour
of the wings is smoky brown with pale brown spots. Each of
the anterior wings near the tip has one black spot with a white
pupil, and each of the hinder wings has three or four of these
spots with white centres running parallel with the hinder
margin,

The caterpillar feeds upon grasses and the butterfly
emerges from the chrysalis in April and again in the autumn ;
there being two or three broods in fhe year. It is abundant
in Guernsey and Sark, and mostly frequents shady lanes.

11.—Pyrarga Megera. (Wall Butterfly). So called from
its habit of settling on stone walls to bask in the sun. This
species has also a white pupiled eye spot on each of the anterior
wings. A variety with two white pupils instead of one in
each of the spots which is of rare occurrence in England is
very common here. It is abundant in May and June, and
again in August and September, in both Guernsey and Sark.

12,—Satyrus Semele, (The Grayling). The male of this
species is of a dark brown colour suffused with lighter brown,
the female is much brighter, with circular white pupijed black
spots. It is common in Guernsey in June and July on the
cliffs, ying only when disturbed, and then for a short distance
only. It generally settles on the ground or on rocks of a
nearly similar colour to the wings, It is found in thousands all
over Sark, )

10 THE BUTTERFLIES

13.—Epinephele Janira. (Meadow Brown). This is the
commonest of our butterflies in all the islands, frequenting
every meadow when the grass is ready for cutting. It is of a
smoky brown colour with a brighter patch in the centre of the
anterior wings, most conspicuous in the female. It has always a
black spot on each of the fore wings with a white centre to the
spot in the female.

Newman says:—‘‘ This species is exceedingly subject to
variation in one particular manner, namely in the presence of
large blotches or sometimes of an entire wing having the
appearance of being bleached, the usual brown colour being
absent and a kind of dingy white appearing in its place.”
I have a specimen of this curious aberration.

14,—Epenephele Tithonus. (Large Heath). The colour of
the anterior wingsis bright rust colour with a marginal band of
dark umber brown. There is a conspicuous circular black spot
with two white pupils near the tip of each of the anterior wings.
This is 2 common species in Guernsey and Sark, swarming on
the blackberry blossoms in July.

15.—Czenonympha Pamphilus. (The Small Heath). This
is a small butterfly of a delicate fulvous colour, the hinder wings
being slightly darker than the fore wings. I have found it
during the whole of the summer in Sark very abundantly, and
have taken it in Herm; but have never taken it in Guernsey.

16.—Thecla Rubi. (Green Hair Streak). The colour of
the upper surface of the wings is dark-brown, the under
surface bright green. It is one of the earliest of our butter-
flies, being tolerably common in May and June in both
Guernsey and Sark. The caterpillar feeds upon the bramble.

17.—Polyommatus Phloeas. (The Smaller Copper.) The
colour of the anterior wingsis a coppery red, they have a series
of black spots forming a zigzag line. The hinder wings are
black brown with a copper coloured band on the margin. There
are two or three broods in a year, and it is very abundant in

both Guernsey and Sark.

oF GUERNSEY AND SARK. 71

18.—Lampides Boetica. (Pea Pod Argus.) Is easily
separated from the other blues by the hinder wings having a
long, slender, and somewhat twisted tail near the inner angle.

It is of very rare occurrence in England, three specimens
only being recorded in Newman’s work. The late Miss Renouf
captured eight specimens in her garden in Burnt Lane in the
autumn of 1859, and she again took one in the same locality at
the end of August, 1872.

19.—Lycwna Agon. (Silver Studded Blue.) The colour
of the male on the upper side is purple blue shaded to black
towards the hinder margin; that of the female smoky black,
sometimes tinged with blue, and generally having a series of
orange coloured spots diversified in form parallel with the hinder
margin; the hinder wings have a series of silver metallic blue
spots, it is from this peculiarity that they are named. It is
common in Guernsey and Sark, especially on the cliffs.

20.—Lyczna Medon. (Brown Argus.) The wings are
dark sepia brown on the upper side with a series of orange-
brown spots near the hinder margins. The undersideis slaty
grey in the males and brownish in the females with black,
orange red and white spots. It appears twice in the year,
May and August, being double brooded. It is common in
Guernsey and Sark.

21.—Lycena Icarus. (Common Blue.) This, the com-
monest and most beautiful of all our blues, is well-known to
everybody. It occurs in all the islands throughout the sum-
mer, Although the males have delicate lilac blue wings, those
of the female are dingy brown more or less glossed with lilac
blue reflections.

22.—Lyceena Argiolus. (Azure or Holly Blue). The
colour of the wings in the male is purplish blue with a narrow
black border ; the female has this black band much broader on
the fore wings. The underside of all the wings is silvery blue

grey with black spots. The caterpillar feeds both upon the

V2 THE BUTTERFLIES

holly and ivy. It is double brooded and not uncommon in
Guernsey and Sark.

23.—Colias Hyale. (Pale Clouded Yellow). The colour
of the wings is sulphur yellow, the fore wings having a black
band. The caterpillar feeds upon several species of trefoil and
clover and changes into the chrysalis in July. The butterfly
appears on the wing in July and August. It is not at all
common either here or in Sark in ordinary seasons, but in 1868
I found it abundant in Sark.

24.—Colias Edvsa. (Clouded Yellow). Im this species,
the colour of the anterior wings is bright saffron yellow with a
broad black hind marginal band, the hinder wings are more of
an orange colour. The caterpillar feeds upon the common
clover and lucerne, there being two broods in the year. It is
very common in some seasons in the clover and lucerne fields
of Guernsey and Sark, and single individuals may often be
seen flying along the cliffs. There is a variety named Helice
of a much paler colour which is occasionally met with.

25.—Rhodocera Rhamni. (Brimstone Butterfly). The
colour of all the wings is bright canary yellow in the male,
pale greenish yellow in the female, and near the centre of each
wing is a small saffron coloured spot. This is not a common
Guernsey species, but I have seen it abundant in Sark in the
autumn. It hibernates and fiies about again in the spring.

26.—Pieris Napi. (Green Veined White). So called from —
the green veinings so distinctly visible on the underside of the
wings. It appears on the wing in May and August (there
bking two distinct broods in the year) and swarms in damp
meadows in Guernsey and Sark.

27.—Pieris Rapoe. (Small White). White with black
markings, being a variable species as regards the amount of
black marking on the upper side of the anterior wings. There
is a variety of a yellowish colour which though rare in England
has been occasionally met with here,

OF GUERNSEY AND SARK. 73

The caterpillar feeds upon the cabbages and some other
plants in our gardens and fields, and in some seasons is quite
a pest. Itis of universal occurrence in Guernsey and Sark.

28.—Pieris Brassice. (Large Garden White). Is very
similar to the preceding in marking, but is much larger. The
caterpillar almost invariably feeds upon our cultivated varieties
of cabbage and is often served up cooked with that vegetable.
Common in Guernsey and Sark particularly in May and August.

It will be seen from the above list that Sark, although
much smaller, can boast of more species than Guernsey,
and not only that, but some of the rarer Guerusey butterflies
are comparatively common there. It is of the utmost im-
portance to science to obtain correct lists of all the insects of
the Channel Islands, but still more important results will be
obtained if the lists and insects from each island are kept
distinct. In collecting butterflies each specimen should be
labelled as soon as dry, with the date and locality of capture.

In Ansted’s Channel Islands, the species from Sark are
mixed with those from Guernsey. I find A. Aglaia (the Dark
Green Fritillary) and C. Pamphilus (the Small Heath) both in-
dicated in Ansted’s lists as Guernsey species, but I have never
taken them here, nor have any of the collectors I have met with
here. A writer in Science Gossip, signing himself KE. D. M.
says ‘‘ Two species of butterflies A. Aglaia and C. Pamphilus I
have never met with in Guernsey, while in Sark they are com-
monand many a sharp spin have I had through furze and fern
after the former.”

P. Alsus (the Bedford Blue) is also named on Ansted’s list
as a Guernsey species, but as very small specimens of the
common blue often occur I think that one of these must have
been mistaken for the former. One species of the skipper
butterfly is recorded on the same list from Guernsey and
another from Sark. This must also be a mistake as from their
peculiar flight, they would not escape notice. I have taken
both species in Jersey.

E

ON THE OCCURRENCE OF CALCITE (CARBONATE
OF LIME) IN GUERNSEY.

a ee

A Paper read by Mr. A. Collenette, F.C.S., before the Guernsey
Natural Science Society on the 13th February, 1883.

»)

‘‘ My country,” said an American to me, three weeks ago,
‘‘is the finest country in the world, and it can produce every
known thing.”

In something of the same spirit, we consider our island
the finest in the world, and would prove that all things neces-
sary to health and happiness are to be found here.

It isa common thing to hear it said that there is no lime
in Guernsey—that the absence of lime in the drinking water
produces decay of the teeth and weakness of the bones. Of
course we know very well that these things are not said by
those who know what they are talking about, but it is some-
times necessary and useful to give information calculated to
overcome or counteract the evil tendency of such a popular
error. |

To-night I have not a single new or unknown fact to bring
before you. I simply wish to demonstrate the presence of
lime in our rocks ia such quantity as is necessary for all the
purposes of life.

I cannot show you any limestone or true calcareous rock,
but I hope you will all be satisfied before I have done that the
rocks we possess are able to supply lime.

CALCITE IN GUERNSEY. 15

The rocks of Guernsey are all of the eruptive kind and are
mostly crystalline in their structure. They are chiefly granitic,
though perhaps it would be difficult to find true granite here.
The bulk of the island is composed of Syenites and Gneiss.
The Syenites are of many varieties, some being porphyritic.
The Gneiss has many peculiarities and is worthy of separate
study.

As you all know we have besides these, a variety of
altered eruptive rocks such as Serpentine, Mica Schist, Horn -
blende Schist, Chlorite, etc., but in all these no calcite appears
as anecessary mineral. We therefore must admit that calcite
does not belong to the primary rocks found in Guernsey.

But we have also derived rocks—that is rocks which have
had their rise in the destruction by natural agencies of the
primary rocks and it is in these that we first find carbonate of
lime,

In order to account for the presence of lime we must name
the rock minerals to be found in the primary rocks. They are
Ist. Quartz. 2nd. Mica (of two kinds mostly). 3rd. Felspar
(of four kinds mostly). 4th. Hornblende. These four minerals
and their varieties form the mass of rocks of the island.

Of these, Quartz contains no Lime, while some varieties of
Mica and Felspar do; and Hornblende is chiefly composed of
salts of lime.

As a large proportion of our blue rocks are hornblendic it
follows that lime must be plentiful, and if we look carefully
for it in the derived rocks we shall find it.

By the action of the atmosphere termed ‘‘ weathering,”
the rocks are gradually broken up and decomposed. The lime
is first carbonised in situ, in which form it is insoluable in
water. The continued action of carbonic acid gas and the
presence of water produces a soluble bicarbonate, in which
form the lime is separated from the rock debris. The water
charged with the bicarbonate of lime runs down the crevices

76 ON THE OCCURRENCE OF

of the rocks, and by evaporation and absorption deposits a
portion of lime in the form of a simple carbonate, a kind of
calcareous mud, on the walls of the crevices. Such a deposit
you have before you in the sample in No. 1 Box.
No. 1 Box.—Specimens of calcareous deposits from —
Bordeaux Harbour.

Having reached this stage the deposit is ready for re-
solution and deposition in the holes and crevices of rock
masses either as crystals, stalactites or stalagmites, even
forming the cementing mass in recent conglomerates.

Calcite or Carbonate of Lime thus formed and deposited,
is exhibited for your inspection to-night, every one being
@ genuine Guernsey specimen.

No. 2 Box.—Crystals from Fort Joli, from Captain
Lukis’s collection.

No. 3 Box.—Crystals from Bouét and Vale, also from
Captain Lukis’s collection.

No. 4 Box.—Crystals from Kellow’s Quarry.

No. 5 Box.—Specimens from Rouge Rue.

No. 6 Box.—Specimens from a well in St. Julian’s
Avenue, 70 feet below the surface.

No. 7 Box.—Crystals from side of crevice, from Capt.
Lukis’s collection.

No. 8 Box.-—Crystals with Quartz.

Nos. 9 and 10 Roxes.—Specimens of Lime associated
with Metallic Ores.

If these specimens had taken years to collect, and were the
only ones obtainable, they would not offer strong evidence of the
presence of Lime in appreciable quantities. But it is not so.
In the Lukis collection of minerals and rocks, Carbonate of
Lime abounds. The specimens collected for to-night’s ex-
hibition were collected in about two hours, and the probability
is, that among the rubbish thrown aside from the quarries,
tons might be found annually.

CALCITE IN GUERNSEY. Ti

But we have direct evidence that the drinking water is
sufficiently charged with lime in this island. A long expe-
perience in Water Analysis proves that the average quantity is
not less than seven grains of Lime per gallon of water, while
from twelve to fifteen grains is by means unusual. Average
spring water as supplied to English towns will not contain
more.

We see therefore that the absence of Limestone, is not of
necessity a proof of the absence of Lime.

Agriculturally speaking, more free lime in the soil would
be an advantage, but this is a small matter, as a farmer who
knows his business will be able to charga his soil when he
requires it, by the mere addition of suitable forms of manure.

Note on the probable existence of an old beach forty feet below the
present level of the Truchot.
By Mr. A. Collenette, F.c.s, at the meeting of the Society held
13th February, 1883.

During recent repairs and alterations of a well at the
Truchot (Mr. W. H. Smithard’s late Foundry), evidence of the
_ existence of a former beach or the inland extension of the pre-
sent one has come to light.

The following is a description of the Strata :—
(Totals) 8 feet of hard gravel.

12 4 feet of black earth mixed with gravel.

15 3 feet of yellow clay.

27 12 feet of hard brown gravel.

29 2 feet of black peaty mould.

33 4 feet of loose yellow gravel.

40 7 feet of rolled stony and gravelly beach-like
deposit.

This seems to point to important landslips from the Cétils
towards the Truchot, and if investigated may lead to interest-
ing discoveries.

AN EXCURSION TO ICART POINT.

Paper read before the Society by Mr. G. T. Derrick,
April 4th, 1883.

The members of the Guernsey Society of Natural Science
had their first excursion on Easter Monday, March 26th, the
district selected for exploration was the western side of the
projection which terminates in Icart Point. Herea descent was
effected over the rude steps on the almost perpendicular cliff to
the rough beach below, which is one of the largest left un-
covered at low water on this part of the coast. The track
across to the more open beach, which is almost covered with
boulders of considerable size, (the remains of masses fallen in
recent years from the cliff), passes along a gully between the
mainland and some lofty masses of rock. This gully is similar
to hundreds which may be seen along the southern shores ;
they owe their presence to the existence of veins of intrusive
rock, appearing from the higher cliffs to be of a black colour.
These veins, being of a softer nature than the enclosing walls,
have been eroded by the action of the waves. This particular
vein is of a dark green colour and slaty structure and contains
some carbonate of lime; its surface is in places covered with
small circular holes, giving it much the appearance as slag

a

EXCURSION. 719

from a metallic furnace; in other places it appears covered
with delicate tracery resembling lace work; this appearance
seems to be caused by the action of water and the atmosphere
eating away certain constituents of the rock. To the left of
the descent are caves of no great depth but very picturesque,
for at the entrance of the deepest of them, a stream of water
precipitates itself in a mimic cascade on the rocks beneath,
being broken into spray, and reflecting all the tints of the
rainbow.

Re-ascending the cliff, the party proceeded southwards,
passing La Bette, where a descent may be effected over steps
more dangerous than those at the Jaonnets, to a beach possess-
ing no special features. The next point gained was the Creux
aux Chiens, which is situated to the north-west of, and not far
from, Icart, in that arch-like opening so conspicuous from the
cliffs bordering on Petit Bot. This spot according to the guide
was once worked asa Gold Mine. The floor of the cave is at
present raised about fifteen feet above the boulders of which
the beach is formed: an immense mass of stones embedded in
earth and rubbish resting on the original rock. This detritus
has somewhat the appearance of a raised beach; but all the
stones are angular. Two small patches of this detritus adher-
ing to the walls of the gully on each side further sea-ward
than the main mass, prove that it extended further forward,
but the sea has washed away a considerable portion.

The face of this fallen rubbish and of the rock is so vertical
that the cave is somewhat difficult of access; but Mr. Lukis
and others who entered, reported that they could see no indi-
cations of mining operations. The detritus is doubtless a
natural formation produced by landslips, evidence of which is
plainly seen on the face of the cliff above; but whether the
floor has been levelled by human agency remains open to
question. The idea of gold seems to have been suggested by
small brilliant spots glittering with a metallic lustre here and

80 AN Excursion

there throughout the hard rock forming the south side of the
passage towards the cave. These specks have since been tested
by Mr. A. Collenette, F.c.3., F.M.s., and found to be Sulphide
of Iron. |

Hurrying from the Creux aux Chiens, the rising tide
threatening every moment to cut off the advance, the party
proceeded along the sea-ward edge of the cliffs to the extreme
point of Icart; the paths here are very exposed and rather dan-
gerous. The Chateau d’Icart was the point aimed at, and to
reach it the Coupée had to be crossed. The passage is rather
dangerous, the width in one or two places is only about two
feet, and every winter falls are taking place, threatening to
complete the separation, and make the Chateau an island. On
the peninsula marks of artificial work are abundant.

The summit of the rock appears to have served asa battery,
and this as well as two paths diverging from the Coupée to
right and left, is in some places supported by masonry ; but the
weather is gradually destroying the marks of human industry.
The party made its way along the face of the rock (a very
risky undertaking) into the cave situated immediately below
the second narrow part of the Coupée. The guide was one of
the party which claims to have discovered this cave about
thirty years ago; he declared his belief that it was used by the
Romans asa prison. He says that when it was first visited,
there was a wall across the entrance, in which a wooden gate
was fixed: the floor was then level throughout, and formed of
that conglomerated mass resembling concrete, of which only de-
tached portions now remain. The horizontal ledges resembling
shelves which are on the right and composed of very small
pebbles, were then perfect: and between them and the entrance
was a remarbable gap resembling in shape the erect figure of a
man. Since it has been exposed to the action of wind and

weather many of its characteristics have been destroyed,

To IcaArT Point. 81

There is no doubt that the whole cave was filled in every
part with pebbles (apparently from the beach below) for small
ones, with occasional whole and broken shells, are found adhering
to the roof and walls, cemented to them by Secretions of Carbon-
ate of Lime, which forms layers and minute stalactites in many
parts. The rock forming the roof of the cave is intersected
with veins of calcite, and the floor of the gully beneath the
cave towards the sea seems to contain a good deal of the sam®
material. The members of the society who visited the cave on
this occasion ; and nearly all who have seen specimens brought
from the place, agree that the conglomerate is a natural for-
mation.

My idea is that ages ago this was the innermost part of a
long cave opening out to the beach, which may have been
from ten to twenty feet higher than at present. At this period
the back part of the cave was filled with sand and pebbles,
as may be seen on the present beach at Moulin Huet, and
elsewhere.

Then a great land-slip took place from the higher cliffs as
at the Creux aux Chiens, and thus communication with the
sea was destroyed ; perhaps a lifting of the land took place,
and during a long period, water percolating from the roof
charged with lime from ,the calcite, formed all the conglome-
rate, which would be thickest at the roof and along the
innermost walls of the cave, especially where a large supply of
water tried to force its way through the mass as at the so-
called shelves. Gradually the sea would wash away the
rubbish which blocked up the entrance, and the cave in its new
condition would be exposed to view. The idea of the place
having been used as a prison is absurd from the difficulty of
access : the supposed walls at the entrance are not in line with
each other: and the large masses on the floor in the outer part
of the cave may have fallen fromthe roof. The cave is of great
interest geologically, and well repays the risk of visiting it,

82 - EXCURSION.

The coldness of the season caused the cliffs to be unusually
bare of flowers. Thrift, Sea Campion, Danish Scurvy Grass,
Butcher’s Broom, Naked-stalked Teesdalia and others were
found in bloom. Trichonema bulbocodium (Columna’s Tri-
chonema) a small plant of the Iris tribe was in full flower.
This pretty little plant is only found at one spot in England,
viz., a sandy pasture near Dawlish, but it is very abundant on
all our coasts, the guide told us that its roots are frequently
cooked and eaten. Fine plants of Asplenium Marinum were
seen ornamenting the roofs of the caves; and seedling plants
covered the floor in the Creux aux Chiens. A. lanceolatum
flourished in the crevices of those immense rocky masses which
rise so boldly through the turf of the cliff; and some of the
ladies were surprised when shewn they had all unconsciously
been standing on a bed of Ophioglossum Lusitanicum.

Mr. Luff drew attention to the curious cone-shaped cases
of the larvee of a small moth, Solenobia Tabulella which were
feeding on the lichen covering the rocks. These larve form
their cases of the lichens, and consequently can scarcely be
distinguished except when moving. These moths are very
abundant on rocks and walls throughout Guernsey and Sark,
but are of rare occurrence in England. The female never
acquires wings. He also found numerous cases of small
Caddis worm attached to the undersides of stones in one of the
streams running across the cliff. The cases were of an oval
shape and composed of fragments of stone cemented together,
The worm is probably the larva of Philopotamus insularis, a
very beautiful caddis-fly new to science, and only known to
occur in Guernsey. But the most valuable find of the day
occurred on the return near La Marcherie, where Mr. F. Lukis
was fortunate enough to espy a Celt or worked flint among
the newly-laid road metal.

ee

CHANGES IN THE RELATIVE LEVEL OF SEA AND
LAND ROUND GUERNSEY.

Se

A Paper read before the Society by Mr. G. T. Derrick, on
May 15th, 1883.

—Seee

Changes in the relative level of sea and land have occurred
within historic times, and even in our own day in various parts
of the world; such changes are among the well-known results
of volcanic agency, but in countries considered to be outside
volcanic districts, phenomena can be observed which seem to
prove that such movements are pretty generally distributed.
These modern movements cannot be compared in grandeur to
to those which took place in former geological periods which
gave rise to the vast series of sedimentary rocks; they have
caused local alterations, but are not sufficient to prevent it
being true, that the aspect of the various continents has not
substantially varied within historic times.

The attention of the members of the Guernsey Society of
Natural Science has from time to time been turned to certain
districts of our own island, which appear tc prene that it has
undergone changes of level.

The existence of peat under the present sea-beach has been
known since 1757; the beds extend along the low shores of
both the eastern and western coasts. It has been dug into in
the Town and at St. Sampson’s harbours, it can be observed at

84. SUBMERGED FOoRESTs.

about high water mark at Cobo, but the richest deposits are
beneath the sands at Vazon Bay, where it has been dug into to
a depth of twenty feet. The erect position of the trunks of the
trees, and various other indications seem to warrant the con-
clusion that the plants forming this substance (called ‘‘ gorban ”’
in Guernsey) must have grown on the spot where they are now
found, and this must therefore have been at a higher level than
at present. Trunks of full-sized trees occur in the deposit,
acorns and hazel nuts are preserved in it, also teeth of hogs and
horses, but the presence of pottery and some implements seem
to prove that the change must have taken place in compara”
tively modern times.

Indications of a similar movement exist on the coasts of
Jersey: indeed local historians generally assert that a sub-
sidence has taken place within historic times over all the inner
part of the Bay of St. Malo.*

But the occurrence of plienomena in this island which
prove an opposite movement is not so generally known, and on
Whit-Tuesday, 183, the members of this society made an ex-
cursion to two localities which give evidence of an elevating
movement.

*Submerged forests are common along the shores of Great Britain
and Western EKurope. In Geikies’ Prehistoric Europe, localities are
named showing them on all the English coasts. He states that they
occur on the coasts of Scotland and lreland, also of Holland and France,
naming among other localities : —‘ Along the Western coast of Cotentin,
at Dol, St. Malo,’ etc. With respect to our own district, Geikie says :—
‘*No thorough examination appears to have been made of any of the
submarine peat and trees of this district, and we cannot therefore be
certain whether or not they are of the same age as that of the Somme
and Flemish cvast, not so far as I know have they disclosed a succession
of beds like that which is furnished by the postglacial deposits of Corn-
wall. Some antiquarians indeed maintain that the submarine trees that
occur along the coast between St. Malo and Cape La Hougue are the
relics of a broad belt of forest land which was overwhelmed by the sea
in the year 709, although the submergence was not completed till 860.
There may possibly enough be some truth in these statements, but it is
questionable if the submergence was so great as the antiquarians sup-
Pose. . 6's . At all events we shall probably not err in assigning
the growth of the now submerged trees and peat of the Channel Islands
aud the adjacent French shores mainly to pre-historic times,’’

RAISED BEACHES. 85

The members started from the mill-pond at the Vrangue,
and proceeded to the Capelles, and there inspected a section of
a ‘‘ Raised Beach,” which has been exposed to view in the
process of lowering the road running north from the school-
yard. Part of the open school-yard itself appears to be on an
ancient beach, while in another part the rock is seen. The
section visible on both sides of the road is not an extensive one,
nor is the deposit deep; the elevation is about thirty feet from
the present high water mark, and distant from the nearest
coast one mile, although before the works of reclamation
carried out under Sir John Doyle, the tidal waters approached
to within a quarter of a mile of the spot.

Thence the party proceeded to an abandoned quarry to
the eastward, where is the usual pond, which afforded a most
interesting supply of water-beetles, larve of dragon-flies,
caddis-fly cases, water-snails, and in its immediate neighbour-
hood several good specimens of tiger-beetles were captured.

Thence to the head of Grand Havre, where the short herb-
age yielded some fresh botanical specimens. Rosa Spinosissima,
Silene Conica, etc. Then on to the tongue of land dividing
Grand Havre from L’Ancresse Bay. On either side of this
peninsula is a hill rising about twenty-five feet above high
water mark. Between the hills is a slight hollow along which
lies the roadway. The hill on the right (north-east) yields fine
masses of first class granite. Mr. Bisson who owns the quarry
has cut several road-ways into it. Each of these several road-
ways slopes down into the various workings, cutting through,
and exposing to view a section, of an ancient beach, a mass
about four feet in thickness, consisting of water-worn pebbles
of moderate size, and larger masses of rock smoothed and
hollowed by the action of the waves and moving shingle. It
rests on the native rock, and spreads upward, gradually be-
coming thinner, a slight trace of it being visible under the soil
almost to the summit of the hill. The main deposit is probably

86 L’ ANORESSR.

but little raised above present high water mark, though it is
some distance from the sea. I call it therefore an ancient,
rather than a raised beach. My idea is, that in ancient times
without any change of level, the sea at high water might have
had a clear passage between the two hills, the part under dis-
- cussion being thus a sea beach covered as usual with shingle.
That pebbles were thrown up sea-ward which gradually accu-
mulated into a bank rising higher than the highest spring-
tides (such ridges are common on the west coast). On the
part thus enclosed, vegetation sprung up, and spread over it,
and so gradually the peaty covering of about four feet was
formed. Whether the extension towards the summit of the
hill can be accounted for without supposing a former lower
level of the land, and a subsequent rising, is rather doubtful,
though pebbles are now often carried during gales of wind to a
level far above the reach of the tide, so it is just possible that
the gradually decreasing layer of pebbles towards the summit
of the hill may have been blown there. The pebbles are
mostly of Guernsey stone, though flints occur in about the
same ratio to the mass as on the present beach. These ancient
flints, it is evident, could not have been brought here among
ballast, but must been brought by natural means from some
chalk formation.* The formaticn at the Capelles, being about
thirty feet above high water mark is undoubtedly a Raised
Bexch, but the deposit is not so thick as this at Mont Cuet.

In returning, the party mounted the hill to view the Crom-
lech, then proceeded on to the lower part of the Common,
inspecting the smaller Cromlechs there, digging up a few
specimens of Isoetes, then to see the Vale Church and church-
yard, and back to town after a most agreeable, interesting and
enjoyable excursion.

_ *It seems also a reasonable inference from this, that the flints found
so abundantly on our north-western beaches owe their presence there to
natural causes.

Movuin Hvet. | 87

In the first week of January, 1884, a visit was made to the
mine-workings at Mount Durant, Moulin Huet. Under the
able guidance of Mr. De Carteret, who brought a ladder and
ropes for the occasion; a small party including two ladies
descended to the beach at low water, after a rough descent over
a serrated vertical ridge of rock to the eastward of the mine.
Similar wall-like ridges form a conspicuous feature in the
scenery of this portion of the coast. The visitors were then
able to walk into the cave above which the workings were
carried on. The lower storey of the cave runs back some dis-
tance into the rock, and terminates in a wall which was built
some forty years ago, upon the complaint of the proprietor of
the adjoining estate that his well had been drained by the
mine-workings.\ This wall, it was supposed, would completely
dam back the water, but now a copious stream makes its way
through, running over the face of the wall and through the
cave, leaving an abundant ferruginous deposit. In the roof of
the cave is an opening, through which access is had to a second
gallery, also penetrating into the face of the cuff, and there
appears to be a third gallery above. Here, in the roof of the
lower division of the cave, and above it, is an extensive deposit
of large boulders, and at the innermost part, of smaller pebbles
_ and sand completely filling up the recesses of the second storey.
The whole is evidently part of an anvient sea-beach, distin-
guished by the large boulders. In elevation, the deposit cor-
responds very nearly with the cave at Icart, and with some of
the pebbles in the walls of the cave close to the eastern side of
the slip forming the usual approach to the beach at Moulin
Huet, and must have been formed when the sea was at a
higker level than at present.

Other observers have noticed similar raised beaches in
other parts: Professor Ansted notices one in the island of
Lihou, another near the cliffs at Havelet; also in the island of
Brechou, in Alderney, and in Jersey. I am unaware of the

88 RAISED BEACHES.

existence of any data for deciding when this elevating move-_
ment took place, whether it preceded or was subsequent to the
depression; perhaps a careful examination might bring to
light some worked flints or other artificial construction em-
bedded with the water-worn material.

It may well be asked, ‘‘ How is it that remains of the same
raised beach are not found all round the island ?” But the
‘ most casual observer must have noticed the constant disintegra-
tion and destruction going on everywhere on the cliffs, which
in the course of ages would have removed such remains, and
the wonder is that any of them exist; but falling masses from
above often cover the face of the cliff, burying the real sur-
face feet in depth; where this has happened, the gradual
removal of this covering by the action of the weather and the
sea has sometimes brought to light the ancient outline of the
cliff, and may yet reveal, on other parts of the coast, other
specimens of raised beaches than those here referred to.

LIST OF PLANTS.

The following list of the Flowering Plants found wild in
Guernsey, based on those contained in Prof. 8. Babington’s
Primitice Flore Sarnicce and Ansted’s Channel Islands, has been
drawn up at the request of the Committee, for the use of the

Society, by Mr. G. T. Derrick.

The species actually produced and identified at meetings

of the Scciety are prefixed with a letter ‘‘i.

99

Those marked thus (+) are not natives, but have become

naturalized.
RANUNCULACE.

Myosurus minimus
i, Kanunculus aquatilis
1. ” nederaceus
i. ‘5 sceleratus
i " flammula
- lingua
i. Me acris
i. iy repens
i + _ bualbosus
i: hirsatus vel sardons
i. ficaria
i. Aquilegia vulgaris

PAPAVERACEXZ.

Papaver Rhceas
i. ss dubium
% Argemone
3 hybridum
i. Glaucium luteum vel flavum
i. Chelidonium majus

FUMARIACEZE.

i. tCorydalis lutea
Fumaria officinalis

i. Fumaria pallidiflora

confusa

CRUCIFERZ.

i. Cakile maritima
i. Crambe maritiroa
i, Raphanus raphanistrum
Raphanus maritimus
Brassica sinapis
. ‘ alba
= nigra

‘ 99

fue femtc feedo peto tele fle belo tule
e e

fete

bale pelo palo fade flo
e e e

pale
e

fede pmlc bdo pto bemto ido fale bdo
es e

Brassica adpressa

ie oleracea,

5h Cheiranthus
Diplotaxis teauifolia

. Diplotaxis muralis
. Sisymbrium thaliana officinale

a alliaria

. Matthiola sinuata
. Cheirantbus cheiri
. Cardamine pratensis

hirsuta

. Ar abis hirsuta vel sagittata

Barbarea vulgaris

. Nasturtium officinale

<3 sylvestre

. Cochlearia Danica

on Armoracia
+Draba verna

. tTAlyssum maritimum

. tThlaspi arvense

. Teesdalia nudicaulis

. Capsella bursa-pastoris
. Lepidium latifolium

#9 ruderale
‘3 Smithii
ee Draba

. Senebiera didyma

1 coronopus

RESEDACE/.

. Reseda luteola

VIOLACEZS.

Viola odorata
5) canina
»» tricolor

90)

i.

Pato pele fade jmio falc
e e e e

fede

POLYGALACE.

Polygala vulgaris
“4 oxyptera

FRANKENIACE/.

Frankenia loevis

CARYOPHYLLACE.

. {Silene inflata

»> Maritima

5) conica

5» anglica

y» Quinquevulnera
»» nutans (Herm)

5, noctiflora

. Lychnis vespertina
Ps diurna
. Flos-cuculi
vs Githago

. Meenchia erecta

Cerastium tetrandrum

a semidecandrum
‘ glomeratum
mi triviale
. Stellaria media
3 graminea
A nliginosa

Arenaria serpyllifolia

. Honkeneya peploides

Sagina maritima
55 apetala
x, ciliata
»» procumbens
5, subulata
nodosa

99
. Spergula arvensis

Spergularia rubra
marina

, Polycarpon tetraphyllum

ILLECEBRACEZE.

Herniaria glabra
A c liata

Scleranthus annuus

fete

bate

PORTULACACEZK.

. Montia fantana

TAMARISCINEZ.

. tTamarix gallica

ELATINACEZ.
Elatine hexandra

List oF PLANTS

HY PERICACE.

i. Hypericum androsemum
i. A perforatum
Le 3 tetrapterum
i 3 humifusum

an linarifolium
1. i pulchrum
1; “5 elodes

MALVACEZE.

. Lavatera arborea

. Malva moschata

»» sylvestris

», rotundifolia

LINACE ZA.

i. Radiola millegrana
i. Linum catharticum
Dec mane angustifolium

GERANIACE 4

i. (Geranium nodosum mclle
rsh rotundifolium
ie ne dissectum -
> columbinum
i: He Robertianum
‘i Robertianum, var. mo-
destum
. Erodium cicutarium
aS moschatum
S maritimum
. Oxalis corniculata

ILICINEZ.
. Ilex aquifolium

SAPINDACEZA.
Acer campestre

LEGUMINIFER Z.

. Ulex europceus
Ulex nanus

. Sarothamnus scoparius

. Ononis arvensis
Ononis reclinata
Anthyllis vulneraria

fmto fmtc pmlc bale
e e

plo fdco belo pedo
° e

pele

bale

fetc bale

. Medicago lupulina
us denticulata
vi maculata

. Melilotus officinale

. Tiifolium subterraneum
es pratense

Hs arvense

feta fae fale bets bedc fetlo fete
e e s e

List oF PLANTS.

Trifolium striatum

ne scabrum
i. ‘a glomeratum
” suffocatum
i. 3 repens
1. * fragiferum
le i" procumbens
i minus
i. filiforme
i. Lotus corniculatus
i: ., major
i, ,, angustissimus
i, Ornithopus perpusillus
i. = ebracteatus
i. Vicia hirsuta
», tetrasperma
oo gy Graces,
i. 4, sepium
5, Ilutea
ie) yy - Sativa

i. ,, lathyroides
Lathyrus pratensis

ROSACEA.

. Prunus communis
»» insititia
5» cerasus
+Spircea Ulmaria
Agrimonia Eupatoria
Poterium Sanguisorba
Alchemilla arvensis
Potentilla Fragariastrum
fi Tormentilla
5 reptans
ss anseripa
Comarum palustre
. Fragaria vesca
Rubus rhamnifolius
i. Geum urbanum
i. Rosa spinosissima
% , canina

jo

eto pede pte pte pate Pato fede fio fale pede pete
. e e r) e e ° e e e

“ig » var. surculosa
i. Mespilus germanica
i, Crategus oxyacantha
Pyrus Aucuparia
y, communis
Malus

LYTHRACE.
i. Lythrum salicaria
i. Peplis portula
ONAGRACEA.

1. Epilobium hirsutum
parviflorum

i. 99

i, ”

| el}

=> pie

Je

pe

i Bplobtur montanum

‘3 tetrogonum
palustre

. Gnothera biennis
. Circea Lutetiana

HALORAGIACE.

. tGuunera scabra

Myriophyllum alterniflorum

» Callitriche verna

91

5 verna, var. pedunculata

CRASSULACEE.

. Tillesa muscosa

: Sedum album

Peto fado bdo

pmie

be te

femtic bede feeds de te pane te

—-

ae anglicum
ue acre
» Losterianum

. fSempervivum tectorum
. Cotyledon umbilicus

SAXIFRAGACE.

. Saxifraga tridactylites
. Chrysosplenium oppositifolium

UMBELLIFER.

. Hydrocotyle vujgaris
. Eryngium maritinum
. Apium graveolens

Helosciadium nodiflorum
“a inundatum

+Carum petrosilenum

JEgopodium Podagraria

. Conopodium denundatum

Pimpinella Saxifraga

. Sium angustifolium
. Bupleurum aristatum

tenuissimum
(Enanthe pimpinelloides
me crocata

. Aithusa Cynapium

. Foeniculum vulgare

. Crithmum maritimum

. Pastinaca sativa

. Heracleum Sphondylium
. Daucus carota

var. gummifer
Caucalis hatieiceds
fe nodosa
Cheerophyllum temulum
Scandix Pecten-Veneris

. Anthriscus vulgaris

Conium maculatuni:

i, Smy:nium Olusatrim

92
ARALIACEZ.
i Hedera Helix
CAPRIFOLIACEA.
i. Sambucus nigra
1. am Ebulus
i. Lonicera Periclymenum
RUBIACE.

Rubia peregrina
i. Galium verum
Law's gis Mollugo
5, saxatile
I. 4, palustre
», uliginosum
i. 4... Aparine
i. Sherardia arvensis

VALERIANACE.

. tCentranthus ruber
i. Valerianella oliteria

re

»” carinata
» dentata
DIPSACEZE,

i. Dipsacus Sylvestris
Scabiosa succisa
<i columbaria
i, ~,) 2 (arvensis

COMPOSITE.

i. Silybum Marianum
Carduus tenuiflorus
nutans
lanceolatus
palustris
6 arvensis
i. Carlina vulgaris
i. Arctium lappa
i. Centaurea nigra
Les, By » var. decipiens
ne cyanus
i. aspera
Le Chrysanthemum segetum
Leucanthemum
Matricaria Parthenium
i. “3 inodora
», indora, var. maritima
ss Chamomilla
i. Tanacetum vulgare
Anthemis Cotula
i be nobilis
i Achillea millefolium

i 99

feto pmlc palo fale
(ee

fSo ble pelo fle plo

fomdo pte pedo feo blo
e e

o oe

LisT oF PLANTS.

Artemisia absinthium
= vulgaris

. Filago germanica
. Gnaphalium uligenosum

luteo-album

. Senecio vulgaris

is sylvaticus
is Jacobcea
“7 aquaticus
‘3 paludosus
is radiatus
Inula conyza
» crithmoides
», adysenterica
Pulicaria

. Bellis perennis

Aster Tripolium

. Tussilago farfara

. tPetasites fragrans

. Eupatorium cannabinum
. Cichorium intybus

. Lapsana communis

Hypocheceris glabra
iy do, var. Balbisii
radicata

Leontoden hirtus
‘5 hispidus
autumnalis

: Hielmmtiea echioides
. Taraxacum officinale

o officinale, var. levi-
5 gatum .
es palustre
. Sonchus oleraceus
5 asper —
- arvensis

. Crepis virens
. Hieracium pilosella

An pilosella, var. pilosis-
simum

an umbellatum

CAMPANULACE ZA.

. Lasione montana

Wabhlenbergia hederacea

ERICACEZ.

. Erica cinerea

i. Calluna Vulgaris

. Pyrola rotundifolia

JASMINACE A.

Fraxinus excelsior

i. Ligustrum vulgare

ee

fede pe fede
e

mde pale bade do
e °

fondo plc foto bdo fic flo bulo
e e e

List oF PLANTS.

APOCYNACEAE.

. tVinca major

GENTIANACE.

Erythrea latifolia
Centaurium

. Cicendia pusilla
. Cicendia filiformis

Menyanthes trifoliata
CONVOLVULACEZ.

. Convolvulus arvensis

~ sepium
Soldanella

; Cuscuta Epithymum

SOLAN ACE.

. Solanum dulcamara

1) aerum
Atropa Belladonna
Hyoscyamus niger

SCROPHULARIACEE.
. Verbascum thapsus

nigrum
Verbascum virgatum
Blattaria

7 Scropbularia Balbisii

a nodosa
Scorodonia

: Digitalis purpurea
. Antirrhinum majus

Orontium
; +Linaria Cymbalaria
a Elatine
o spuria
ee repens
ne vulgaris

. Sibthorpia europea
. Veronica hederifolia

- polita

Be agrestis

“s Buxbaumii

oy arvensis

a Serpyllifolia

‘s officinalis

fe Chamedrys

- anagallis
Beccabunga

_ Euphrasia officinalis
. Bartsia Odontites

gi viscosa
Pedicularis palustris
sylvatica

: Rhinanthus Crista- -galli

OROBANCHACEA.

Orobanche cerulea
“ Hederee
minor

VERBENACEE.
Verbena officinal's

LABIAT.

. Lycopus europzeus
Mentha rotunGifolia
a arvensis
a aquatica
Pulegium
j Thymus Serpyllum
. Origanum vulgare
Calamintha officinalis
Melissa offic'nalis
i. Nepeta Glechoma
i. Salvia verbenaca
i. Prunella vulgaris
Scutellaria galericulata
“5 minor
i. Marrubium vulgare
i. Ballota nigra
Stachys Betonica
1. yy, palustris
» ambigua
es. gg sylvatica
i. arvensis
Galeopsis Tetrahit
i. Leonurus Cardiaca
i. Lamium amplexicaule
» incisum
i. »» purpureum
i, Ajuga reptans
i. Teucrium Scorodonia

1. 99

te
e

fost fate palo fic pic pate pie
e e ° .

BORAGINACEZ.

i. Echium vulgare
i, Myosotis ceespitosa
», palustris
i. », epens
»» arvensis
1 » collina
versicolor
; Anchusa arvensis
. tBorago officinalis
. Symphytum officinale
. Cynoglossum officinale.

PRIMULACEZ.

i, Primula Vulgaris
i. Anagallis arvensis

fale Pato pedo pete

93

94

1

1.

:

i

i,
he

. Anagallis ceerulea

ae tenella
. Lysimachia nummularia
Centunculus minimus

. Glaux maritima
. Samolus Valerandi

PLUMBAGINACE/.

Armeria maritima
Statice Limonium
»5 binervosa

PLANTAGINACEZ.
Plantago major
ws media
a lanceolata
aa maritima
a Coronopus
CHENOPODIACEZA.

Sueda maritima
Salsola Kali
Salicornia herbacea

. Beta maritima

Chenopodium polyspermum

% olidum
Br album
- ficifolium
murale
Atriplex patula

+ littoralis
do. var. marina
Pe angustifolia
“ erectz
ts deltoidea
aA arenaria
a portulacoides

POLYGONACE.
Rumex conglomeratus

5. memorosus var. sanguineus

pulcher
obtusifolius
»» erispus
Hydrolapathum

as acetosa
», acetosella
+Polygonum fagopyrum
or

Fagopyrum esculentum
Polygonum Convolvulus
ws aviculare

y Rail —
» maritimum

i,
i
1.

i.

1.
1,

1.

i.
1.

List oF PLANTS.

_ Polygonum Hydropiper
9 Persicaria
os lapathifolium
‘3 do. var. nodosum
4° amphibium
EUPHORBIACEZA
Euphorbia Peplis
vA Helioscopia
- amygdaloides
A Paralias
a portlandica
Peplus
va exigua

Mercurialis annua

URTICACE.

Parietaria diffusa
. Urtica dioica
urens
- Humulus Lupulus
Ulmus suberosa
» montana

CUPULIFER.

Fagus sylvatica
Corylus Avellana
Carpinus Betulus
Alnus glutinosa
Betula alba
Populus alba

i tremula

SALICINE AL.

Salix Alba
»» repens var. fusca

sy »» do. ascendens

TYPHACE.

Typha latifolia
» angustifolia
Sparganium ramosum

ARACEZ.
Arum maculatum

LEMNACEZK.

Lemna minor
Lemna polyrhiza

NAIADACEAL.

Potamogeton plantagineus
” crispus

fate

pede tle fade fatto —de fle flo palo bulo
e . e °

List OF PLANTS 95

Zannichellia palustris
“ pedicillata
Ruppia spiralis

. Zostera marina

ALISMACEZE.

. Triglochin palustre

maritimum
Alisma plantago
»5 ranunculoides

ORCHIDACEZ.

. Orchis muscula

wy wexalora
5, latifolia
» maculata

. Ophrys apifera
. Spiranthes autumnalis

. estivalis

. Listera ovata
. Epipactis palustris

IRIDACE.

. Trichonema Columns

i. Iris fostidissimus

pmlc jle flo

. y», Pseudacorus

AMARYLLIDACEE.

Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus
Galanthus nivalis

LILIACE/ZE.
Asparagus officinalis

. Ruscus aculeatus
. Scilla autumnalis

.. Matans
Allium ampeloprasum
» do. var. Babingtonii
‘i vineale
- triquetrum

J UNCACEZE.

Luzula Forsteri

a3 sylvatica

A campestris

congesta

Juncus acutus

a9 maritimus

ws conglomeratus

ai effusus

* glaucus

is acutiflorus

i lamprocarpus

Juncus supinus
a capitatus
5 bufonius
“ Gerardi

CYPERACEZ.

i. Cyperus longus

Schoenus nigricans
Scirpus acicularis
5» palustris
» multicaulis
Marval
95 setaceus
», Laberne montane
maritimvs

ap Eriphor um polystachicn

Carex pulicaris
55 arenaria
»» paniculata
45 vulpine
45 MUTICata
» Sstellulata
», remota
5,/ Ovalis
5, vulgaris
» glauca
» pilulifera
9) preecox
»» pallescens
53° panies:

», Jlevigata
5» distans

39 punctata
» extensa

9, flava

55). eee:

5) -Fipatia
GRAMINA.

Spartina stricta
Chamagrostis minima
Cynodon Dactyion
Anthoxanthum odoratum
Digraphis arundinacea
Alopecurus agrestis

- geniculatus
pratensis
Phlocum pratense
y» arenarium

Gastridium lendigerum

i. Lagurus ovatus

Polypogon monspeliensis

Ne littoralis
Agrostis Spica-venti
ya alba,

Calamagrostis Epigeios

96

Zs

LIST OF

Phragmites communis
Aira flexuosa

»» caryophyllea

9) preecox
Avena elatior
Holcus mollis

99 lanutus
Triodia decumbens
Koeleria cristata
Molinia ccerulea
Glyceria fluitans
Scherochloa maritima
procumbens
loliacea

99
99 é
Poa annua
1, pratensis
5» . b©ivialis
Briza minor
Cynosurus cristatus
a echinatus
Dactylis glomerata
Festuca sciuroides
ovina
rubra
rubra, var. duriuscula
‘ elatior
a‘ pratensis, var. loliacea
Bromus madritensis
madritensis, var. rigidus
maximus
sterilis
racemosus
mollis
, arvensis
Brachypodium sylvaticum
Triticum junceum
Lolium perenne
italicum
temulentum

9
99
99

99

99

99
99

fete fle fie ple jade tule
s e e

fmdic foto le flo pte fle bmto fdo pute pute palo
es se

PLANTS

Lepturus filiformis
Elymus arenarius
Hordeum murinum
maritimum

FILICES.

39

. Pteris aquilina
. Lomaria spicant
. Asplenium Ruta muraria

Trichomanes

marinum

lanceolatum (c. micro-
don)

Adiantum-nigrum

+9
99
99

9)

. Athyrium Filix femina
. Ceterach officinarum

. Scolopendrium vulgare
. Polystichum angulare

Lastrea Filix-mas
dilatatum

99

. Polypodium vulgare

. Gymnogramme leptophylla
. Osmunda regalis

. Ophioglossum vulgatum

a lusitanicum
Betrychium lunaria

LYCOPODIACEK.

i. Isoetes Hystrix

EQUISETACE/K.

. Equisetum arvense

palustre
linosum
linosum, var. fluviatile

CHARACEZ.
Chara hispida

99
99
99

rae hie yl heat ‘
an
{
iy
* ¢
y >
‘
‘
>
i]
*
in
\
8 .
nt iar

REPORT AND TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

Gucruser Societe st Fatural Setence
AND

LOCAL RESEARCH,

1889.

patron }

Sir E. MAcCunLwocnH, Ff.8.A.

CO WU INGLE,

Presilent :

Mr. T. GuILLE.

——

Vice-President :

Mr. JOHN WHITEHEAD.

Hon, Treasurer : Hon. Secretary:
Mr. W. A. LUFF. Mr. W. SHARP.
Committers :

Mr. F. Alles Mr. G. Derrick
Mr, A. Collenette Mr. 8. G. Hugo

Mr. C. De La Mare Mr. E. D. Marquand

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Mr. F. Alles

Mr. J. Bougourd
Miss M. Best
Mr. G. Bowie ..
Miss R. Cole

Mr. F. Carey
Mr. H. Crousaz

Mr. A. Collenette, F.0.s.

Mrs. A. Collenette
Colonel Collings
Mr. G. Derrick..
Mr. C. De la Mare
Mr, Espinasson
Mr. T. Guille ..
Miss Guille

Mr. A. Hewitt
Mr. 8. G. Hugo
Mr. C. K. Juleff

Rev. G. E. Lee, M.A., F.S.A. .-

Mr. G. Le Masurier
Rev. F. E. Lowe, M.A.
Mr. W. A. Luff

Mr. A. Mourant Eo
Mr. E. D. Marquand ..

Sir Ed. McCulloch, F.s.A.

Mr. J. Nicolle ..

Mr. P. Nicolle..

Mr. J. B. Nickolls
Mr. J. &. Paint

Rev. W. C. Penney, M.A.

Mr. J. L. Pitts
Mr. J. B. Randell
Mr. F. Rose, F.D.Ss.
_.Mr. Z. Roberts
Mr. W. Sharp ..
Mr. R. L. Spencer
Mr, J. Whitehead

ae

Bon-Air

S. Sampson’s
Ruettes Brayes
Saumarez Street
Canichers
Grange

Brock Road
Ruettes Brayes
Ruettes Brayes
HKaton Place
Valnord

Mount Durand
Hauteviile
Montauban
Union Street
Canichers

Allez Street
Rohais

St. Peter-Port Rectory
De Beauvoir Terrace
King’s Road
Mount Row
Rozel Terrace
Fermain House
Le Pollet
Mount Row
Foulon

Hadsley House
Arcade
Hlizabeth College
Canichers

Allez Street
Valnord

S. Andrew’s
Granville House
Esplanade
Royal Hotel

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Transactions of the Society eS ais re, OS
President’s Address .. ae a3 A sonal I
Rules .. as ee ae a an aay LO
On the Genus Isoetes aa ie ye oe Ze
Excursion to Herm . : ay a a «« £28
The Flora of Herm .. ‘p i oe wo es
History of Herm .. fit ee o lao
Excursion to Lihou.. i ee > woo Lad
Crustacea .. af > $i ae sa 48
The Nocturnal Macro-Lepidoptera of Guernsey,

Alderney, Sark, and Herm .. a at ee

Summary of Meteorological Observations for the
year 1889 ee nn Cro. a Bis

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

SOCIETY.

Monthly Meeting held January 25th, 1889, Mr. T. Guille,
President, in the chair.

Mr, Guille exhibited two magnificent specimens of Polyzoa
(Eschara foliacea) which had been dredged off the south-east
coast of the island. Mr. Luff exhibited and described (a)
The Winter Moth (Chimatobia brumata). (b) The Yellow Belle
Moth (Aspilates citraria). The former is rare in Guernsey: the
latter, though common in this island, is only locally common
in England. It has been found in one place only (Powers-
court) in Ireland, and not at all in Scotland. The Herbarium,
presented to the society by the late Dr. Hoskins, was examined,
but though an extensive collection, it was found that the
locality had not been affixed to the specimens. It was decided
therefore, that the society should form a new Herbarium.
Mr. F. Rose was elected a member of the society.

Monthly Meeting held February 19th, 1889, Mr. T. Guille,
President, in the chair.

Mr. Collenette drew attention to the interesting papers
appearing in ‘‘ Nature” on the supposed Annelid remains
in the Metamorphic Rocks of Scotland. Mr. E. D. Marquand
referred to the lists of mosses, etc., in Ansted’s ‘‘ Channel
Islands,” and remarked that they were very incomplete, and,

106 MEETINGS, 1889.

so far as they indicated the species indigenous to Guernsey,
very misleading. Mr. Marquand stated that he had found within
the last three months nearly thirty different mosses not men-
tioned in Ansted’s list as occurring in Guernsey. These were
exhibited. Of the Hepaticz: or Scale Mosses, which are not
mentioned at all in Ansted, Mr. Marquand had already
collected twenty-four or twenty-five species. A short paper
on ‘‘ Corallines”’ from the Wesley Naturalist, was then read.
This finished, the members repaired to the Museum, where the
rest of the evening was spent in the examination of specimens.

Monthly Meeting held March 19th, 1889, Mr. J. Whitehead,
Vice-President, in the chair.

Mr. John Whitehead exhibited three specimens of foreign
sponges of an unusual character, also a very fine Uraster
glacialis, dredged off St. Martin’s point. In the course of a
conversation on the excavations by tne ‘‘ Guernsey Water-
works Company,” Mr. Collenette mentioned incidentally that
the water from wells in a certain district of St. Martin’s
parish invariably contains a white sediment, which, when
analysed, proves to be magnesium and calcium in the form of
carbonates. Mr. Marquand exhibited specimens of two land
shells recently found by him in Saints’ Bay Valley, viz.,
Zonites Drapanaldi, which is very rare in the south of England,
only four stations being known, and Pupa ringens, which is a
purely northern shell, not being found south of Hereford.
Mr. G. Bowie was elected member of the society.

a

Special Meeting held April 15th, 1889, Mr. T. Guille, President,
in the chair.

Mr. J. Sinel, of Jersey, who for many years past has
devoted himself to the study of Marine Zoology, and who is a

MEETINGS, 1889. 107

most indefatigable and successful searcher among the treasures
of the deep around our shores, first exhibited specimens of
fish preserved by a new method suggested by Dr. Davidson, of
New York, and now used by Mr. Sinel. Mr. Sinel also
described a very successful mode of restoring colour to pre-
served specimens. Many examples of annelids and sponges
were shewn, and the lecturer remarked that of the whole of
the British sponges, 75 per cent. are found in the waters
around the Channel Islands. In Compound Ascidians, the
Channel Islands are richer than any place north of the
Mediterranean. After describing briefly but lucidly the life
history of the Ship Barnacle, and the Great Edible Crab,
Mr. Sinel went on to speak of fish, and in the course of his
remarks said:—‘‘ That while in the jishes, beyond every other
class of vertebrates, we see the operations of the law of
natural selection, in either the close mimicry of surroundings
or armature (but principally the former) there is one genus, Viz.,
the Labride (Wrasses) in which neither ‘‘ Natural” nor
** Sexual”’ selection seems to have had play; for instance let
us glance at a few of the best known forms of our coasts,
taking firstly the ‘ Plewronectide’ (soles, plaice, etc ,) here
we have a close mimicry of the bottom on which they live,
varying with the different grounds; so close is this imitation
that it requires a sharp eye to detect even their bare outline, —
this is well known to those who fish for these by spearing
them in shallow waters. Then we have the surface, or mid-
depth, swimmers (the mackerel for instance), here we have
invariably a dark blue or green (chiefly sea-green) ground with
waved lines, so that a whole shoal is hardly discernible from
above amid the ripple of the surface, while to such enemies as
are likely to attack them from below, they must present,
through their silvery wnderside, close similarity in hue to the
sky. I have consulted divers (in Guernsey) touching this, and
they say they are only just visible, the shadow which they cast
on the bottom, in sunny weather being the first notice of their

108 MEETINGS, 1889,

approach (i.e. chiefly when in shoals). Next the ‘‘ Gobies,’
‘¢ Shannies,” and the ‘‘ Pipe fishes,” these all closely imitate
their surroundings. In the case of the latter, they would
escape observation among a handful of the ‘‘Cordweed ” and
‘* Zostera’? amongst which they live.

Then we have others, say the ‘ T7riglide’ (Gurnards)
conspicuous fishes, mostly of pink, orange, or scarlet colour,
but clothed in defensive armour.

Now let us compare with these our Labride, here we
have the greatest diversity of coloration, some certainly, the
Green Wrasse (Labrus linevtus) and the Comber Wrasse
(Z.comber) bearing similarity to the Laminaria or Fucus,
which clothes the rocks among which they live. But then, in
the very same localities, so that in angling for them they come
up indiscriminately, we have the bright orange and blue
Cuckoo-fish (Z. mixtus), the large white spotted ‘‘ Old Wife”
(ZL. bergylta), and the dark brown L. comber, and bright green
L. lineatus, all haunting the self-same spots. None of the
species armed.—true, the spinal ray fins are sharp, but they are
by no means defensive spines as seen in the other bright
species. Then if we turn to ‘‘ sexual” selection to explain
this problem, we find that the bright colours pertain indis-
criminately to either sex.

As nearly a last resource—in order to bring them into
conformity with a law that we see operate so unmistakably
among all their congeners, we seek refuge in ‘‘ palatability ”
(to coin a word). In the insect world, as is well known,
unarmed and yet conspicuous forms live on and multiply with
safety, through the fact that they are ‘‘ palatable” to the
animals that would prey upon them (e.g. the case of the
Cinnabar moth), but in our ‘‘ Labridw ”’ this does not operate,
they are all, both dull coloured and bright coloured, employed
with equal success by fishermen as ‘‘ baits” for larger fish,
and by ourselves, they are used as food, and no difference of
flavour can be perceived between them.

MerrtinGs, 1889. 109

One more attempt at the conciliation of facts with
otherwise unfailing laws. Have they such reproductive power as
for the race to successfully live on in spite of these difficulties ?
No! compared with most other fishes the numoer of eggs is
small. The raking out of a ‘‘ Wrasses’ nest” (they are nest-
builders, cramming masses of the finer fuci, etc., into rock
crevices and entangling their eggs amongst them), reveals a
small number of eggs (i.e. small in comparison with Herring,
Bream, etc., etc., but certainly much larger than in Cottus,
Syngnathus, etc.; the dissection of the ovaries of a gravid
female also bears this out.

Well then where are we? Do the two great laws to

which we owe the modification and adaptation to environ-

ment of all the forms around us, and which are elsewhere
written in such unmistakable characters, fail to solve our pro-
blem ? In answering this question I am fully aware—and sadly
alive to the fact, of my lack of qualification, but I know of no
scientist who has worked this problem to whom I might turn,
therefore speaking from own observation solely, I must say it
looks tome asif it does fail, or at very least, I must, pending
the coming of more light, say that perhaps this genus of fishes

isin a transitional condition, the elimination of the least Jitted

for environment not being yet completed; but by what road
they have arrived at their present varied and paradoxical posi-
tion is a problem far beyond my powers of even attempted
solution.”

Monthly Meeting held May 1st, 1889, Mr. J. Whitehead,
Vice-President, in the chair.

Messrs. C. EK. Juleff, J. Nicolle, G. Le Masurier, and J. B,
Randell were elected Members of the Society. A discussion
then took place as to the best means of increasing the useful-
ness of the Society. Mr, Marquand presented, on behalf of the

1200": Meretincs, 1889.

‘* Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society ”’ copies
of their ‘‘ Transactions ’’ for the past 8 years.

Mr. Marquand then read a very interesting and suggestive
paper on the genus Jscetes, which is printed further on.

Monthly Meeting held May 21st, 1889, Mr. J. Whitehead,
Vice-President, in the chair. |

Mr. Frank Carey was elected Member of the Society.

Mr. Whitehead exhibited a collection of Annelida and
Tunicata (some rare) found on the neighbouring shores, and
which had been prepared for the Museum by Mr. J. Sinel.

(A complete list of these and other important additions to
the Museum—illustrating the Marine fauna of the neighbour-
hood, will be found at the end of this volume.)

It was remarked that a young seal 3ft. 6in. in length had
been captured in one of the little bays off Herm.

Arrangements were made for an excursion to the Island of
Herm on June 15th.

Monthly Meeting held on June 18th, 1889, Mr. J. Whitehead,
Vice-President, in the chair.

The Secretary briefly referred to the excursion to Herm on
the 15th, and Messrs. Marquand, Luff, and Randell communi-
cated the results of their researches on that occasion. An
account of the excursion, and the papers read in connection
with it, together with one on the ancient chapel of Herm, read
by the Rev. G. E. Lee, will be found in the following pages.

Arrangements were then made for an excursion to the
island of Lihou and neighbourhood on the 15th July.

Monthly Meeting held July 23rd, 1889, Mr. J. Whitehead,

Vice-President, in the chair.
Rev. G. E. Lee, M.A., F.8.A., and Mr. P. L. M. Nicolle were
elected Members of the Society. A copy of the ‘‘ Transactions

MeEeEtTInGs, 1889. 111

of the Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society”
for 1888, was received from the Society.

Mr. J. B. Randell read a short paper on the result of his
researches on the shores of Lihou Island. This paper, together
with an account of the recent excursion to that Island, will be
found on a subsequent page.

Monthly Meeting held August, 27th, 1889, Mr. J. Whitehead,

Vice-President, in the chair.

Mr. Luff read a very interesting paper (which will be
found further on) on ‘The Nocturnal Macro Lepi-
doptera of Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, and Herm.” The
paper contained the results of Mr. Luff’s labours extending
over many years in this branch of the science. It referred also
to the work of Rev. F. E. Lowe and Mrs. Boley in the same
field. Most of the rarities mentioned were exhibited. Mr.
EK. D. Marquand, in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr. Luff for
his excellent paper, remarked that it wasa good example of
what such a paper should be, containing, as it did, the result
of a great amount of personal observation and research
expressed in an agreeable and concise form. Mr. Marquand
then alluded to the death, on the 30th July, of the Rev. M. J.
Berkeley, the eminent English botanist, at the advanced age
of 87. Mr. Berkeley was a high authority in all sections of the
Cryptogamia, and was the author of many works on the subject,
but he excelled in his knowledge of the fungi, and, as a fungo-
logist, he had no equal in England.

Monthly Meeting held September 9th, 1889, Mr. J. Whites

head, Vice+President, tn the chair.

Mr. Sinel gave a most interesting lecture on the
“ Crustacea,” illustrated by numerous preserved specimens, and

112 MEETINGS, 1889.

by excellent sketches on the blackboard. The substance of the
_ lecture, which was delivered without notes, will be found in a
paper supplied by Mr. Sinel, and printed in the following
pages. |

See

The Seventh Annual Meeting, held at the Guille- Alles Library on
October 15th, 1889, Mr. T. Guille, President, in the chair.

The attendance of members was larger than in previous
years. The proceedings opened with the reading of the follow-
ing report by the Hon. Secretary (Mr. W. Sharp) :—

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen,—In presenting you
with the Seventh Annual Report, your Committee feel that
they have an agreeable duty to perform. The year just over,
as far as this society is concerned, has been marked by pros-
perity and progress, asis evidenced by the increased interest
taken in the monthly meetings, and the Jarge number - about
a dozen—of additions to the list of members. At last the
society seems to be waking to new life. Though not large
when compared with similar societies in England, we must not
forget that we draw our supply of members from a limited
area. It behoves us therefore to make up in zeal and energy,
what we lack in numerical strength. At present the society
numbers 86 members. The Hon. Treasurer will be able to
report favourably on its financial position. The indoor meet-
ings of the year have been well attended, and have been of a
more interesting character than those of the past two or three
years. Excellent papers have been read, and lectures given,
The two excursions—the first to Herm, the second to Lihou
and neighbourhood—were most successful and thoroughly
enjoyed by all who took part in them. The Committee gladly
embrace this opportunity of recording their thanks to Mr. J.
Sinel, of Jersey, for the two interesting and highly instructive
lectures he has given during the year.

The publication of the Z'ransactions of the Society, which

MEETINGS, 1889. 113

had been in contemplation for some time, is now un fait
accompli, and copies are in the hands of members. The volume
covers the work of the Society for the first six years of .its
existence, from 1882 to 1887. It is intended that in the future,
the publication of Transactions shall take place annually.

In the new set of rules supplied for your consideration,
and. which you will be asked to confirm at this meeting, it will
be noticed that an important addition has been made to the
list of objects for the study and investigation of the Society ;
viz: The Archeology, Folk-lore, and Language of the different
islands in the Bailiwick. All will admit that this opens up a
vast, important, and interesting field of work, and one that
may .well be undertaken by an organized Society which is
prepared to record and preserve all important facts gathered
by its members. An accession of members, increased interest
in the excursions of the Society, and a greater variety in the
papers read at the monthly meetings may fairly be looked for
as the result of such enlargement of the Society’s aims and
objects. It may be confidently asserted that no place of equal
area in the United Kingdom promises a greater reward for
patient and intelligent research in these subjects than Guernsey
and the adjacent isles. The Committee gratefully acknowledge
the kindness of Messrs. Guille and Allés in placing both a room
for meetings and the valuable Reference Library at the disposal
of members. The Museum—thanks mainly to the untiring
zeal and liberality of Mr. Whitehead, is daily growing more
valuable, and members will note among the most recent
additions very complete collections of various sections of local
marine fauna. It is unnecessary here to show how extremely
valuable such collections, accurately named, will be to the young
student of this interesting branch of Natural History, and for
the study of which our seas offer such a rich field. What has
been done in the past but points to the rich mines of wealth in
every branch of Natural Science still unexplored, and the
earnest and systematic co-operation of each member is needed

114 MEETINGS, 1889.
that the aim and object of the Society may be realised to its
fullest extent.
! WILLIAM SHARP,
Guernsey, Hon. Sec.
September 28th, 1889.

The Hon. Treasurer then read the financial statement
which showed a balance in hand of £6 10s.

This was followed by the President’s address, which was
listened to with much pleasure, and frequently applauded. Mr.
Guille said :—

LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,—In offering a few remarks to
you this evening, when the lapse of time has brought round
another annual general meeting of our Society, and with it the
conclusion of my term of office as president, the first thing that
occurs to me is that I owe you, if not exactly an apology, at
all events some expressions of regret, that I have not been able
to be present at more of the periodical meetings. I know,
however, that you will believe me when I say that my absences
have not been caused by any want of interest in the work of
the society, but rather by circumstances which I could not
prevent, and which I know have deprived me of participating
in some very pleasant and interesting gatherings. Although I
am thankful to say that I still enjoy a very fair measure of
health and strength, yet I am becoming more and more con-
scious that in a physical point of view at least, it is not now
quite so easy as it once was for me to take an active part in
investigations and discussions, for which, however, I still retain
a great and undiminished taste. The conviction is even more
strongly being forced upon me that I must leave to a greater
extent the more onerous parts of the work to others; but yet I
am glad to feel that I have in no way lost my real interest in
such pursuits. If I have not been able to be with you more
frequently, the loss has been my own rather than yours; and I
can truly say that I have participated in your labours in mind;
and heart, and sympathy, although I may have been unable to
be present and preside,

MEETINGS, 1889. 115

Under these circumstances it is also a great satisfaction to
know, and a great pleasure to me to acknowledge, the very
valuable services that have been rendered by my friend, Mr.
Whitehead, our esteemed vice-president. He has often taken
the chair when I could not, while nothing could exceed the
interest and devotion he has manifested in furthering those
branches of science which the society has at heart. I suppose
every member of the society is aware that Mr. Whitehead has,
for years past, devoted a very large amount of valuable time
to the re-arrangement and enriching of the museum—a work
which will be more and more appreciated, when the Guernsey
public become better acquainted with the full extent of these
local Natural History treasures, which are there placed within
their reach. The undertaking of along and tedious enterprise
of this kind —requiring as it does not only immense patience
and perseverance, but also a very special knowledge—is exceed-
ingly hard in itself, and would alone entitle Mr. Whitehead to
our warmest gratitude and heartiest thanks. But in addition
to this he has most generously presented the institution with a
number of large glass cases, made specially to his order, for the
preservation and display of specimens; and has _ besides
purchased and given us a splendid collection of local crustacea,
annelids, fishes, and other examples of our local marine fauna,
which will prove a most welcome addition to every working
naturalist. These specimens have nearly all been prepared and
mounted by Mr. Sinel, of Jersey, who has preserved them in a
style, of which any museum might be proud. Personally,
therefore, ladies and gentlemen, on my own behalf as well as
on that of the society, I beg to tender our very warmest thanks
to Mr. Whitehead for his great kindness, and his very handsome
and costly presents, which I am sure we all most fully appreci-
ate and very highly value.

The museum has also recently received from Mrs. C. B.
Hamilton, a very extensive and unique collection of minerals,
which was formerly in the possession of her late husband Mr:

ii6 Mrerinas, 1889.

Hamilton, of Leamington Spa, and is historically as well
as scientifically interesting, inasmuch as it was orginally formed
by the celebrated James Watt, the inventor of the steam engine,
with whom Mr. Hamilton was at one time connected in
scientific pursuits. This collection fills a large number of
cabinets, and is now in course of examination.

I can also warmly congratulate the Society upon having had
the privilege and pleasure of listening to some of Mr. Sinel’s
admirable and instructive lectures. The beautiful preparations
by which they were illustrated, and his very graphic sketches
on the blackboard, rendered it a perfect pleasure, as well as an
intellectual treat to listen to them. It has been said by a
certain writer that ‘‘ gratitude is a lively sense of benefits to
come.’ Perhaps it is frequently so, but be this as it may, I
think we cannot be charged with any undue selfishness, if in
recording our indebtedness to Mr, Sinel for his very charming
descriptions and delineations, we express a hope that we shall,
not unfrequently in the future, be favoured with further
prelections of the same lucid and admirable character.

Another matter for mutual congratulation is the publica-
tion, this year, of the first volume of the Society’s transactions,
commencing with 1882. The volume contains the results of
much painstaking and intelligent research, and now places
these results within the reach of all, who care to avail themselves
of them. The identification of various local species, and the
careful revision and verification of the local lists of flowering
plants, ferns, &c., published many years ago by Professor
Babington and Professor Ansted, cannot but prove of great
value and interest to future botanists. This work of verification
has been chiefly carried out by Mr. George Derrick, who
deserves our warmest thanks for his labours. Mr. Luff has
also contributed a valuable paper on the moths and butterflies
of the locality, besides giving, from time to time, various other
interesting entomological notes. The Society is also much
indebted to Mr. Adolphus Collenette, Mr. Marquand, Mr, J. B,

MEETINGS, 1889. 117

Randell, Mr. Sharp, the Honorary Secretary, Mr. Spencer,
and others, for the sight of different interesting specimens, and
the results of various local scientific research. }

While, however, the Society happily possesses a few
indefatigable workers, yet I cannot but regard it as a matter of
regret that a greater number of people—especially of the
young people among us—do not take a more lively and intelli-
gent interest in these scientific pursuits. I must say that I am
grieved—sincerely grieved,—when attending not only the
meetings of this particular Society, but any others where mere
amusement does not form the principal part of the programme,
to find the very small proportion of young men in attendance.
It is my sincere wish, as well as that of my friend Mr. Allés,
to do all that lies in our power to stimulate and foster a spirit
of scientific enquiry. The Society has also stirred itself in the
same direction, by the offer of prizes and other means. But
yet a very regretable amount of apathy prevails, and how to
get rid of this, and implant in its place a spirit of intelligent
enquiry, isa problem which hitherto we appear not to have
been able to solve. There have been so many things to do in
counection with the arrangement and organization of the
Library, that Mr. Allés and I have not yet been able to carry
out all we intend to do in our endeavours to interest the young
men and women of the island in higher and nobler intellectual
pursuits than those in which some of them at least now too
often spend their time. L'appétit vient en mangeant, is a truism
which is specially applicable to the delights of science and
literature ; but the difficulty seems to be to persuade our young
folks to take the first delicious mouthful, which shall reveal to
them those intellectual tastes and pleasures unknown before,
and so create in them a desire for more of this same enlighten-
ing and elevating pabulum which strengthens the soul for
nobler and loftier achievements; which contains no roots of
bitterness or germs of disappointment; and which never can
weary, or surfeit, or cloy.

118 MEETINGS, 1889.

I, like yourselves, ladies and gentlemen, owe many a quiet,
happy, and elevating hour to tastes and pursuits of this kind.
I can truly say that I look back with unalloyed satisfaction to
the happy hours devoted to the study of nature in my youthful
days, when, by means of simple instruments and apparatus of
my own construction, some of the wonders of creative wisdom
and skill, were first revealed to my wondering vision. These
studies of my youthful days, have, I am convinced, exerted a
wholesome influence on all my after life ; not the least of which
has been a deeper love of my fellow men, and especially a
sincere concern for the moral and intellectual elevation of the
. youth of my native land. I may truly say that it is this deep
concern for their welfare which has found practical expression
in my return to my native land, and in my endeavours to
provide for them in the pleasant paths of literature and science,
those inexhaustible stores of pure recreation, instruction, and
enjcyment, which they vainly seek through the gratification of
the grosser senses.

I have spent many an anxious hour in trying to devise
some method of inducing more of those around us to join in
the same pure and satisfactory enjoyments. While I by no
means despair of ultimate success, yet I should certainly be
glad to see rather more definite signs of progress; and if any
of the members of this Society can aid in this ‘‘ consummation
so devoutly to be wished,” either by any suggestions or in any
other way, I, as well as my friend Mr. Allés, shall be very glad
indeed to be favoured with their views on the subject.

I may just add in conclusion, that a revised code of Rules
will presently be submitted for your consideration and ratifica-
tion. They have been drawn up with a view of extending the
scope of the Society’s labours, and of adding to its present list
of subjects for investigation. such very interesting and import-
ant matters as the archeology, the folk-lore, the language,
&c., of the Bailiwick. Much of our folk-lore especially, is very
rapidly vanishing from our midst; indeed I greatly fear that

aa

MEETINGS, 1889. 119

many a curious old local legend is already irretrievably lost.
This, however, furnishes all the more reason why what remains
should be carefully gathered up and recorded; and the same
may be said of many of the peculiarities and picturesque and
quaint expressions of our ancient Franco-Norman dialect. The
Society will certainly have before it in these directions a novel
and most fertile field of scientific enquiry, and I sincerely hope
that these new branches will be carefully worked and investi-
gated.

It now only remains for me, ladies and gentlemen, to
thank you once more for your kindness in having elected me to
the office, my tenure of which is just expiring; and to assure
you of my continued interest in all that concerns the welfare of
the Society, and to wish it—which I do heartily—constant and
ever increasing success.

The attention of the members was then devoted to the
consideration of a new set of rules for the government of the
Society, and which were finally adopted. An important
addition was made to the aim and objects of the Society, viz.,
‘The study and investigation of the archeology, folk-lore and
language of the islands of the Bailiwick.” This necessitated an
addition to the title of the Society, which now stands thus,
““The Guernsey Society of Natural Science and Local
Research.”

The election of the Council for the new year was next pre-
ceeded with, and resulted in the re-election of all the old
office-bearers as follows:—President: Mr. T. Guille; Vice-
President: Mr. John Whitehead ; Hon. Treasurer: Mr. W. A.
Luff; Hon. Secretary: Mr. W. Sharp; Committee: Messrs.
F, Allés, A. Collenette, C. De La Mare, G. Derrick, S. G.
Hugo, and E. D. Marquand.

A copy of a pamphlet on ‘‘ The Rocks of Alderney and the
Casquets” by the Rev. E. Hill, F.as8., was presented to the
Society by the Author.

120 MEETINGS, 1889.

Hearty votes of thanks to the President, the Hon. Secre-
tary and Hon. Treasurer, and Mr. J. Whitehead, brought a
very agreeable and interesting meeting to a close.

RULES OF THE GUERNSEY SOCIETY OF
NATURAL SCIENCE AND LOCAL RESEARCH.

1.—-That this Society shall be called ‘‘The Guernsey
Society of Natural Science and Local Research.”

2.—That the objects of the Society shall be study and
investigation of the Fauna and Flora, Geology, Meteorology,
Archeology, Folk-lore and Language of the islands of Guernsey,
Alderney, Sark, Herm, and Jethou, (commonly called the
‘‘ Bailiwick of Guernsey’), the holding of meetings for the
reading and discussion of papers on the above subjects, the
exhibition of specimens, and the publication from time to time
of such papers and notes as may be deemed worthy of perman-
ent record.

3.—That the annual subscription shall be fivefrancs, payable
in advance on the 1st of November. Non-payment of sub-
scription for twoconsecutive years disqualifying for member-
ship.

4,—That persons desiring to join the Society shall be
proposed by two Members at one of the Ordinary meetings and
balloted for at the next meeting.

5.—That the Council or governing body of the Society
shall consist of a President, one or more Vice-Presidents, an
Honorary Secretary, an Honorary Treasurer, and six ordinary
members, all of whom (except the Vice-President) shall be
elected by ballot at each Annual General meeting; and of these
five shall form a quorum.

6.—That no Member shall hold the office of President for
more than two yeurs in succession ; the retiring President then
becoming a Vice-President,

B

122 RULES OF THE SOCIETY.

7.—That ordinary meetings for the reading of papers,
exhibition of specimens, recording of notes, &c., shall be held
once every month throughout the year, notice of the same
being sent to each member, and such meetings shall be free to
members and friends introduced by them. ;

8.—That the Annual General Meeting shall be held at the
Guille-Allés Library during the month of October, in each
year, to receive the Report and Balance Sheet of the out-going
Council, and to elect the new Council, and that notice of such
meeting shall be sent to each member seven days previously.

9.—That the Council shall make such arrangements as may
be required, from time to time, for Ordinary meetings, excur-
sions, professional lectures, exhibitions, etc.; and the right is
reserved to the Council under certain circumstances, of fixing a
price of admission for members or for non-members.

10.—That notice of the meetings of the Council shall be
issued by the Secretary at least three days before each meeting,
intimating its object.

11.—That on receipt of a request in writing signed by any
five members, the Sécretary or acting Secretary shall convene
an Extraordinary meeting within two weeks of the receipt of
such request.

12.—That notice of an Extraordinary meeting of the
Society shall be sent to each member not less than seven days
before such meeting.

13.—That the Society shall publish Transactions annually,
each Member to receive one copy free of charge.

That no addition to or alteration of these rules shall be
made except by a majority of three-fourths of the members
present at an Annual general meeting, or at an Extraordinary
general meeting convened for the purpose, fourteen days’ notice
of such proposed alteration or addition being sent to each
member.

Council Meeting,
September 18th, 1889.

ON THE GENUS ISOETES.

(Read before the Society by Mr. EL. D, Marquand, May 1st, 1889.)

A fortnight ago Mr. Derrick most kindly sent me up fresh
specimens of the Guernsey Jsoetes, which I was much pleased
to have an opportunity of examining, foritis by no means a
conspicuous plant, and one might search a long while without
lighting upon it. As you all know it is one of the great prizes
of our island Flora, like Ophiog]ossum lusitanicum, Lagurus
ovatus, Orchis laxiflora, and several other plants which are
peculiar to Guernsey. As I had occasion to read up the litera-
ture of the subject in such books as I happen to have on my
own book-shelves, it occurred to me that a short paper on this
genus of very singular cryptogams would not be out of place
this evening, and possibly would prove of interest to the mem-
bers present.

There has been among botanists more or less uncertainty
about the exact and proper position of this genus Jsoetes, on |
account of its very extraordinary fructification, but all are
agreed that it is allied to the Lycopods or Club Mosses,
although very alike them in habit. English systematists all
place Isoetes in the Lycopodiaces, whilst the continental
ones have formed a distinct order for its reception, [scetace,
and I am incline to think they are right.

I need not give you the generic characters of Isoetes, as you
may find them in any text book, but I wish to call your atten-
tion to the species which are comprised in it, since it is our

124 ON THE GENUS ISOETES.

good fortune to possess, and possess exclusively in this little
island of Guernsey, the only British representative of the terres-
trial section ; and this is the more interesting as the genus is
normally aquatic; in fact Berkeley in his ‘‘ Cryptogamic
Botany” observes in speaking of Isoetes ‘‘ All the species are
strictly aquatic, and often grow in deep water, where they are
never uncovered in the driest season.”’

The genus Jsoefes seems to have been unknown to Ray,—
at least I find no mention of it in the 3rd Latin edition of his
‘¢ Synopsis Stirpium Britannicarum ”’ published in 1724.—Lin-
nus, in his ‘“‘ Systema Nature ”’ 13th edition, 1788, gives the
generic character of Jsoetes and describes two species, J.
lacustris and I. coromandeliana, but without localities or
habitats. In Hooker’s British Flora, 1st edition, 1830, we find
I, lacustris described, its habitat being ‘‘ bottoms of lakes in the
north, Wales and Scotland,” ‘‘a very singular aquatic” the
author observes ‘‘its fructification being entirely concealed at
the base of the cellular subulate leaves.” In the 5th edition
of the same work published in 1842 the same description is
used, but the following note is added:—‘‘ Mr. W. Wilson finds
two varieties in Wales, the one densely tufted with slender
erect leaves; the other solitary with broader leaves widely
spreading.” [The former is the true lacustris,and the latter
echinospora.| In Mackay’s ‘‘ Flora Hibernica” published in
1836 is given, besides the description, a more detailed account
of the two supposed modes of fructification as observed by Mr.
Wilson. In Withering’s ‘‘ Systematic arrangement of British
Plants,” 6th edition, no mention is made of Isoetes at all,
although both the Lycopods and Equisetaceee are described in
full. This intentional omission is very remarkable. Babing-
ton in his ‘‘ Manual of Britsh Botany ’”’ describes J. lacustris
and J. echinospora as distinct species, whilst Hayward in his
‘¢ Botanists Pocket Book”? regards them as varieties of each
other merely, but both these authors record J. hystrix as
occurring at Guernsey.

On THE GENUS ISOETES. 125

In the year 1855 Messrs. Grenier and Godron published their
excellent ‘‘ Floraof Franceand Corsica,” in which they described
all the Isoetes found within those limits. The species are there
divided into three sections :—

1.—Aquatice, containing our north of England species
I. palustris only.

2.—Palustres, comprising three species not found in
Britain.

3.—Terrestres, comprising I, hystrix and I. Durict.

It seems very probable that Mr. George Wolsey, who dis-
covered our plant on |’Ancresse Common in 1860, must have
seen a copy of this work and then searched specially in the
likeliest places. If not, he must certainly have stumbled upon
the plant by accident, for at that date a terrestrial Isoetes was
as undreamt of as a terrestrial Chara. However the plant was
found and submitted to Sir John Hooker who named it Jsoetes
Duricei, whilst Professor Babington who also had specimens
sent to him, pronounced it to be J. hystrix. That it was per-
fectly distinct from the two aquatic species known in the
British Isles, namely J. lacustris and J. echinospora was at

- once apparent by the root stock or corm being covered with

jagged or spinous brown scales, which are never present in the
water forms.

Now the distinction between the two species to which the
Guernsey plant was referred seems, in the books at least, to be
anything but clear. The J. hystrix of Durieu has the bulb sur-
rounded by short black shining scales, terminated by two long
linear subulate horns or spines, one-third of an inch in length,
between which often appears a third one, very short. In J.
Duriei of Bory, the scales were very short, black, with three
teeth and no spines.

Lloyd in his ‘‘ Flore de l’ouest de la France” (a book by
the way which should be in the hands of every Channel Islands
botanist) says the two species approach very near to each other,
but in hystrix the macrospores are slightly granulated (Babing-

126 On THE GENUS ISOETES.

ton calls them “ bluntly tubercled,”) whilst in Duriei they are
deeply pitted or honeycombed.

Mr. Baker, curator of the Kew Herbarium, after an ex-
_ amination of the Guernsey plant, pronounced it to be the
Isoetes hystrix, var. subinermis of Durieu, adding to his note
‘‘we have the same form in Kew Herbarium from Caprera,
Algeria, French Landes, Phrygia, Smyrna, Castille, etc., it is in
fact more common than the typical hystrix with the big
spines.”

The species of Isoetes of which I have chiefly been speak-
ing (including all the British species) may perhaps be tabulated
thus :—

Aquatic, without persistent leaf bases, growing at

bottom of lakes and pools in Britain :

Ceespitose, leaves erect, green.......... lacustris.
Solitary, leaves spreading, pale...... echinospora.
Terrestrial, with persistent leaf bases, resembling

scales, growing in exposed sandy places :
Scales with two long subulate horns,
and an intermediate tooth, macro-
spores bluntly tubercled (West of
France), 0.2.7 \.i¢.. ones eee ee hystria.
Scales with three teeth, macrospores as
above (Guernsey). .hystrix var. subinermis.
Scales with teeth, macrospores pitted,
much larger and more robust than
the last (Algiers)... 05.4 i.ueeesiees Durie.

A very interesting question suggests itself with respect to
the propagation of Iscetes hystrix. How are the spores dis-
seminated ? The sporangium or sporesac is incorporated with
the base of the leaf, and the rhizome or bulb from which the
leaves spring is buried an inch or two in the earth. Now, if
the plant grew on loose drifting sand dunes, we could readily
imagine the mature sporangia becoming detached and after-
wards blown about by the wind, but instead of this it grows in

On THE Genus ISOETES. 127

a compact humus absolutely crowded with vegetation. More-
over, if the winter frosts should tend to ‘‘throw up” the
detached leaves, yet the spines or teeth, which are strong and
point upwards, would serve as anchors to keep it below the
surface. Now in the aquatic species there are no spines or
teeth, and here we at once see how the ‘‘ wash”’ on the margin
of a shallow lake or pool would speedily disengage any mature
leaf bases, which might then by the agency of aquatic
birds, or even the larger water beetles, be dispersed far and
wide. But how does the dispersion take place in our terrestrial
plant ?

And then again, which of the two forms most approaches
the original type; the aquatic one, without spines, or the ferres-
trial one, armed with stout anchoring teeth? In other words,
is Jsoetes hystrix the survivor of an almost extinct race of
spiny-bulbed, land-growing forms, from which the aquatic
species have sprung, and in the course of modification by
descent, have lost the no longer needful anchoring spines? Or
_ on the other hand, does the spinous bulbed form represent the
more complex and highly specialised descendant of a simple
smooth-bulbed aquatic progenitor? and lastly, of what use are
the spines at all, and what end do they serve ?

EXCURSION TO HERM.

July 15th was the day selected for an excursion to Herm,
the spring tide offering a favourable opportunity for members
interested in marine zoology to examine the extensive sand and
shell beaches left bare at low water. About 30 members and
friends embarked on board the Alert, which, crossing the Little
Russel, passed between the two outer beacons, heading for the
harbour; but as the tide had already fallen considerably, turned
southward and ran for the Channel (the Percée) between
Herm and Jethou. The strong tide in this intricate narrow
passage, makes navigation dangerous, so, although the view
over the adjacent islets, Jethou and Crevichon* with Guernsey
in the distance, was pretty enough, we were not sorry to find
ourselves safely landed on the steps at the Rosiére.

After landing, it was announced that at 3.30, members
would assemble at the Old Chapel, when Rev. G. Lee, Rector
of St. Peter-Port, would read a paper on the history of Herm,
and until then members would be free to follow the bent of
their own inclinations ; and that permission had been granted
by Mr. McNaught, agent of the owners, to members, to visit
every part of the island provided they did no mischief to the
standing crops.

The shell beaches on the Eastern coast are among the
most noted natural curiosties of the Channel Islands, and usually
attract the majority of visitors ; to them on this occasion most
of the ladies repaired. The northern one is by far the largest,

*During his visits to the Channel Islands, Professor Babington
landed on Crevichon ; he enumerates 22 species of Flowering Plants and
Ferns he noticed growing onit. Since then a granite quarry has been
worked there, the blocks of stone were used in the construction of the
oy wall of St. Peter-Port harbour at the commencement of the

ExcurRSION To HERM. 129

but the small one, Belvoir Bay, has the reputation of furnish-
ing more perfect shells. The beaches are composed to a
considerable depth of broken shells, but specimens in good
condition are tolerably numerous. The shells are mostly those
of creatures inhabiting the adjacent seas, living specimens of
which can be found on the surrounding rocks and weed or
dredged from deep water. Sometimes, however, collectors have
found among the debris, shells from distant parts and occasion-
ally rare ones.

It is not easy to see why such a deposit should be confined
to this special locality ; why for instance a similar accumulation
should not be formed on the east of Guernsey, a little study of
the conformation of the district and of the set of the tides will
give some reasons for its occurrence here. |

The strong tide which rushes like a powerful river between
the main island and the Godinent and other rocks on the North,
and the corresponding current through the Percée* on the S.
on entering the Great Russel are checked and lost in the main
cross current and spread out with greatly diminished force to
cover the intermediate area, east of Herm. The stilled waters
drop the sand they held suspended in them, while the lighter
material, the shells, are carried further and disposited in the
quiet reaches along the east coast. Storms and the action of
the tide then throw them up on the beach.

While the ladies were thus pleasantly employed collecting
the prettiest and most beautiful shells, several of the gentlemen
started across the sands spreading so extensively eastward
from the pier. Here they found abundance of life interesting
even to those who had not specially studied marine zoology ;
quantities of small crustaceans, sea hares (Aplysia), specimens

of Holis, Chitons, Botryllus, and various sand stars (Ophiocoma )
and others. 3

*The tide through the Percée runs for nine hours to the South into
the Great Russel with great strength, but only for three hours to the
North and that only faintly.—(Ch. Is. Pilot 1870.)

130 Exovrsiton to Herm.

Having with them a couple of spades they were able to
dig up for the benefit of the uninitiated various Annelids, also
sea anemones, e.g. Peachia, Sagartia bellis and gemmacea.
Sea-urchins :—Spatangus, and Amphidotus ; and razor-fish and
other burrowing bivalves, &c., and to show howit was possible
from the mounds on the surface to determine what animal was
buried below.

Further north, a gully between the rocks was visited,
which would repay a day’s attention from an experienced
naturalist.

This beach is considered the best shrimping ground in the
bailiwick, a single individual has obtained as many as ten pints
to his own net in one tide. The surface has, however, very
materially altered in the last few years, pools have disappeared,
apparently filled, and new ones formed; there seems to be a
new and rather deep deposit over the whole area. This is
probably caused by tipping ballast from barges into the
Russel itself, or into waters from which the strong currents
bring up the lighter material; even the quarry refuse and
ballast heaps so extensive on the coasts of the Vale and St.
Sampson’s contribute to this new accumulation.

Meanwhile Mr. Luff had been seeking entomological
treasures. The weather was not bright enough to bring out
many butterflies. He secured a few specimens, one of Pieris
Rape (small garden White), Lycena Alexis (Common Blue)
was very abundant, and had been out some time, for all those
captured were much worn; of L. Argiolus (Azure Blue) one
specimen was taken resting on a bramble; Pyrarga Egeria
(Speckled Wood) was very common, of Coononympha Pamphilus
(Small Heath) three specimens were captured in fine condi-
tion. This species is never found in Guernsey. One much
battered specimen of Painted Lady (Vanessa Cardui) was taken.

Moths did not appear to be numerous; the only perfect
insects seen were: Camptogramma Bilineata (Yellow Shell) ;
Euchlea Jacobse (Cinnabar); both species were abundant,

EXcURSION TO HERM. 131

But his most important find was the larve of Bombyx
Neustria (the Lackey Moth); five nearly full grown specimens
all feeding upon bramble leaves. They must have been
abundant, as evidenced by the numerous cast skins, and the
remains of their webs on the bramble bushes in all parts of the
islaad. This species has never been observed in Guernsey, and
this is the first record of its occurrence in Herm.

The following species of Coleoptera or beetles were
taken :—Notiophilus biguttatus :

Demetrius atricapillus. Rhigobius litura.

Calathus mollis. Otiorhynchus atroapterus.
Amara familiaris. Apion sp.

Cymindis axillaris. Timarcha coriaria.
Peedarus littoralis. Coccinella septempunctata,

and three others undetermined.

Three species of Hemiptera and one small light coloured
Blatta or cockroach.

Mr. E. D. Marquand was busy securing botanical specimens,
and his afternoon’s search more than doubled the number of
plants found in the island recorded on the Society’s list. The
attention of nearly all the visitors was attracted by the
innumerable plants of Silene nutans (Nottingham Catchfly)
with its panicle of flowers ali drooping one way. These were
scattered over the elevated part of the island. A full account
of Mr. Marquand’s researches will be found in a subsequent
page. ;

Some members, actively and enthusiastically employed in
their own departments were perhaps sorry to find the time
arrived for repairing to the ancient chapel; but they were
amply repaid by the very able and interesting paper which Mr.
Lee read in the chapel itself, and which will be found printed
at length on another page. The structure has been overlooked
by the great majority of visitors; it is among the farm
buildings, and has for many years been used as a barn,

132 Excursion To Herm.

having been divided into compartments to suit the convenience
of the farmers.

About an hour later, there was a general gathering at the
pier, the tide having risen high enough to enable the steamer to
lie alongside. A passing shower made the houses around a
welcome shelter while waiting for the boat, which called on
her return passage from Serk. Then a pleasant run of twenty
minutes brought us once more to the White Rock from a most
pleasant excursion, which, notwithstanding the most earnest
endeavours, had not half exhausted the points of interest
to be discovered in Herm.

THE FLORA OF HERM.

(Read before the Society by Mr. H. D. Marquand,
June 18th, 1889.).

The delightful excursion to Herm of the Guernsey Natural
History Society on Saturday last, proved an excellent com-
mencement of the series projected for the present summer, and
we shall await with interest the various reports of work done
on that day in the matter of entomology and marine life in
general; for great spoils were brought home. My own re-
searches were purely botanical, and in the course of my solitary
ramble across the sandhills I more than once cast a wistful
glance at the long stretch of rocks left bare by the retreating
tide, teeming with curious creatures and quaint forms of life,
till I almost wished I had thrown aside my vasculum and
joined the party of marine zoologists.

As I happen, however, to be actively engaged at the present
time in collecting materials for a complete ‘‘Flora”’ of the
island of Guernsey, I gladly availed myself of an opportunity
of studying the plant life, or at least the phanerogamic section
of it, of the little sister island of Herm,—and accordingly
devoted my attention solely to that object. The five or six
hours allowed on the island soon sped by, but in my hurried
scamper over the place I catalogued one hundred and eighty-
one flowering plants, six ferns, and one Chara, (a very fine
growth of C. vulgaris).

Of course this must not be regarded as at all an exhaustive
list, for there were innumerable nooks and crannies, and
stretches of sand of most promising aspect, which time would
not allow me even to run over; indeed something much nearer
five days than five hours would be required to work the island

properly.

134 THE FLorA oF HERM.

But what struck me as very remarkable was the fact that
Herm possesses a flora quite distinct in its character from
Guernsey ; the component parts are mostly the same, but they
are arranged in a different pattern. Plants which you may
search for in vain in Guernsey, or which are of extreme rarity,
are, on the contrary, in Herm common flowers which you meet
with at every turn; whilst on the other hand, some of the most
abundant and generally distributed species appear to be, sin-
gularly enough, entirely absent from the smaller island. Now,
it must always be borne in mind that it is not{the rarities of a
district which are alone worthy of regard; these arein many
cases of accidental introduction; but what, in my view, is a
point of more importance, although far less attended to, is the
careful recording of any generally common species which may
be wanting ina district, nowithstanding that all the apparently
necessary conditions of their existence are present. A careful
study of this will help to elucidate many knotty questions, and
throw much light on the great Darwinian law of Natural
Selection. |

The only authentic Flora of Herm of which I have any
knowledge, is that contained in Babington’s ‘‘ Primitize Flore
Sarnicee,” published in 1839. No new list has been made out
during the half century which has elapsed. On my return
home I went through that little work and ascertained that
Babington has recorded one hundred and seventy-four flower-
ing plants as indigenous to Herm. Forty-nine of these I aid
not find, but I discovered fifty-seven species which are not in
his list, and therefore are new records. Moreover four species
were brought to me during the excursion which I did not my-
self meet with growing, viz.: Hyoscyamus niger, by Mr. Ran-
dell, and Viola tricolor, Myosotis arvensis and Bupleurum arista-
tum by Mr. Derrick. The two last named are not recorded by
Professor Babingtor. So that by combining these lists I have
the pleasure of now laying before the Society a much more
complete Flora of the island of Herm (so far as the flowering

THE FrorA oF HERM. 135

plants are concerned) than has ever yet been made out, for it
brings the total number of species up to 234. )
The most interesting plants to be found in Herm, or rather

those which are of considerable rarity in Britain, are the
following :—

Silene nutans Polycarpon tetraphyllum

Erodium moschatum Bupleurum aristatum

Trifolium glomeratum Orobanche amethystea

Lotus angustissimus Scrophularia scorodonia
», hispidus Bartsia viscosa

Juncus acutus.
Of species which are very rare in Guernsey, but which I
observed to be more or less common in Herm, may be men-
tioned the following :—

Thlaspi arvense Erodium maritimum
Silene nutans Dipsacus sylvestris
Lychnis vespertina Echium vulgare

Veronica officinalis.

In Babington’s list only one fern is recorded, and there-
fore I am glad to be able to testify that at this present date
six species are growing wild upon the island. I rather wish to
emphasize this fact, because two of them are very scantily re-
presented, and in daily peril of being swept away by the insati-
able rapacity of senseless fern-grubbers. All these ferns are
common in Guernsey.

The following is a list of the phanerogams found by me at
Herm, including the four species added by Messrs. Randell and
Derrick. Those which are not noted for Herm in Babington’s
‘‘Primitiz Flore Sarnice”’’ have a * affixed. In order to
render this list as complete as possible I have appended in a
separate column all the species recorded by Babington but not
seen by me. And lastly, there is the list of Ferns.

SPECIES NOTED BY ME:

Ranunculus ficaria* Ranunculus bulbosus*
‘i flammula* Papaver dubium*
i“ repens a rhoeas

136 THE FLORA OF HERM.

Glaucium luteum
Fumaria officinalis
_Cardamine hirsuta*
Cochlearea danica*
Thiaspi arvense*
Sisymbrium thalianum*
Capsella bursapastoris
Sinapis arvensis
Viola canina

», tricolor
Polygala vulgaris
Silene maritima

»» nutans
Lychnis dioica

»» vespertina*
Sagina procumbens

» apetala*

», subulata*
Spergula arvensis
Stellaria media
Arenaria marina

es serpyllifolia*
Cerastium triviale

‘3 glomeratum

- tetrandrum —
Malva sylvestris

», rotundifolia
Hypericum humifusum
Geranium molle

i dissectum
Erodium cicutarium

“5 moschatum

: maritinum
Linum catharticum
Ulex Enropzus
Ononis arvensis*
Medicago maculata
Trifolium repens

i glomeratum*
- procumbens*
minus*
Lotus corniculatus
9) major*
» angustissimus
»» hispidus*
Ornithopus perpusillus
Vicia sativa*
Prunus spinosa
Rubus, various sp.
Potentilla tormentilla
a reptans
Rosa spinosissima
Alchemilla arvensis*
Poterium sanguisorba*
Epilobium tetragonum*
Polycarpon tetraphyllum

= Fp Poe:

Cotyledon umbilicus
Sedum anglicum

9» acre
Eryngium maritimum
Helosciadium repens*
(inanthe crocata*
Crithmum maritimnum
Bupleurum aristatum*
Heracleum sphondylium
Daucus maritimus
Anthriscus vulgaris*
Conium maculatum
Smyrnium olusatrum*
Hedera, helix
Sambucus nigra
Lonicera periclymenum
Sherardia arvensis*
Galium verum

»» aparine
Dipsacus sylvestris*
Bellis perennis
Inula conyza*

», dysenterica
Achillea millefolium
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum
Filago germanica
Senecio vulgaris

55 jacoboea
Arctium lappa*
Carlina vulgaris
Carduus nutans*

ne palustris

lanceolatus

ps arvensis*
Hypocheeris radicata
Thrincia hirta
Taraxacum officinale
Sonchus oleraceus*

As asper*
Jasione montana
Erica cinerea
Erythrea centaurium
Convolvulus arvensis

5 sepium*

2 soldanella
Cuscuta epithymum*
Kchium vulgare
Lycopsis arvensis
Myosotis versicolor*

»» arvensis*
Cynoglossum officinale
Solanum dulcamara*
Hyoscyamus niger
Orobanche amethystea*
Digitalis purpurea
Linaria vulgaris

THE FLORA OF HERM. 137

Scrophularia scorodonia
Bartsia viscosa*
Euphrasia officinalis
Veronica serpyllifolia*
i chameedrys*
» agrestis*

_ polita
% officinalis*
Thymus serpyllom

Calamintha officinalis
Prunella vulgaris
Nepeta glechoma
Lamium amplexicaule*
Ballota nigra*
Teucrium scorodonia
Anagallis arvensis
Primula vulgaris
Samolus valerandi
Armeria maritima
Plantago coronopus
», lanceolata
9» major

Chenopodium album
Atriplex patula
Beta maritima
Rumex crispus

» obtusifolius

95 acetosa

» acetosella
Euphorbia portlandica
Mercurialis annua
Parietaria officinalis
‘Urtica dioica

»> urens

Ulmus suberosa*
Quercus robur*

Iris foetidissima

Scilla nutans

Allium ampeloprasum*
Juncus acutus

», effusus*
Luzula campestris*
Lemna minor*

Carex arenaria

»» muricata*
Anthoxanthum odoratum*
Phleum arenarium*

»» pratense*
Agrostis alba
Ammophila arenaria
Phragmites eommunis
Aira caryophyllea
Holcus lanatus
Poa annua
55 trivialis

9» pratensis
Cynosurus cristatus*
Dactylis glomeratus
Festuca sciuroides

9» ovina
1) 6. rubra
Bromus mollis

ss sterilis
Brachypodium sylvaticum
Lolium perenne
Triticum repens
Hordeum maritimum

ADDITIONAL SPECIES RECORDED BY PROFESSOR BABINGTON.

Cakile maritima
Sinapis nigra
Raphanus maritimum
Reseda luteola
Silene anglica
Menchia erecta
Arenaria peploides
Hypericum tetrapterum
Medicago lupulina
Callitriche verna
Scleranthus annuus
Hydrocotyle vulgaris
Galium mollugo
Anthemis nobilis
Chrysanthemum segetum
Matricaria chamomilla
Senecio sylvaticus
Carduus tenuiflorus
Crepis virens

0)

Hieracium pilosella
Solanum nigrum
Linaria elatine
Veronica arvensis
Mentha aquatica
Melissa nepeta
Lamium purpureum
Stachys arvensis
Salsola Kali
Chenopodium olidum
Atriplex erecta

e rosea,

a laciniata
Rumex pulcher
Polygonum convolvulus

a persicaria

‘5 maritimum
Euphorbia peplis

” helioscopia

138 THE FLORA OF HERM.

Euphorbia paralias Isolepis Savii
Trichonema column Aira preecox
Ruscus aculeatus Triodia decumbens
Juncus acutiflorus Sclerochloa loliacea
», lamprocarpus Triticum junceum

»5 bufonius
LIST OF THE FERNS OF HERM, OBSERVED BY ME:

Pteris aquilina Asplenium adiantum nigrum
Asplenium marinum Athyrium filix-foemina
con lanceolatum Scolosendrium vulgare

HERM.

Paper read before the Society on Tune 15th, 1889, by
the Rev. G. EH. Lee, M.A., FSA.

The earliest document extant, which illustrates the history
of Herm, informs us that Duke Robert of Normandy gave the
Islet, together with one half of Guernsey, and the islands of
Sark and Alderney, to the great Benedictine Abbey of Mont
St. Michel. That Abbey was not long left in undisturbed pos-
session of the island, for Duke Robert’s illustrious son, William
the Conqueror, made it over to the famous Augustinian Convent
of Notre Dame du Voeu, near Cherbourg. In the hands of
these new owners Herm remained as long as the Norman
monks held any property in the English Islands. Mr. Tupper,
in his History of Guernsey, quotes a statement of the Abbé Le
Canu, to the effect that Sark and Herm anciently formed one
parish. This is quite without foundation. There exists still at
Coutances a copy of a famous work of the middle of the 13th cen-
tury, called the Livre Noir. That work contains an account of
the parishes in the Diocese of Coutances, with the names of the
Churches, their patrons, and the value of their benefices. We
learn therefrom that there was a church in the islands dedicated
to 8. Tugual, a Breton Bishop. Some writers have supposed
that S. Tugual’s was the Church of Alderney, but this cannot
be, for we have more than one document to prove that the
Alderney Church, like that of Sark and several others in the
Deanery of Guernsey, was dedicated to 8. Mary the Virgin.

140 HERM.

The question where was S. Tugual’s Church is answered by a
parchment in the Archives at St. Loin Normandy. This docu-
ment, dated 1480, is the deed by which Geoffrey, Bishop of Cou-
tances, on the presentation of the Abbot and Convent of Cher-
bourg, institutes to the priory or parish church of S. Tugual of
Herm, a monk of Cherbourg named Jean Guyffart, on the
resignation of Brother Richard de la Place, the late Rector there.
What I have said is enough to prove that there was in the 13th
century, and that there still existed two centuries and more later,
a church in Herm bearing the name of 8. Tugual. According
to the Livre Noir, the patron was the Abbot of Cherbourg ;
the value of the living was the same as that of 8. Sampson’s
Rectory, viz., 30 livres. The Bishop of Avranches owned a
portion of the tithe amounting to 6 livres. Is the ancient
building now existing in Herm the original parish church of S.
Tugual? Of this we cannot be quite certain, though itis not
improbable. In the 15th century, and perhaps earlier, there
was in the island a settlement of Franciscan or Minorite Friars.
When they came there I cannot tell. But in the year 1440
they were made to sign and seal a document, acknowledging
that they had no proprietary rights in the island, which they con-
fessed belong to the Abbey of Cherbourg, their own possessions
being limited to the buildings which they had erected, and pos-
sibly among these was the present Church or Chapel. I am
inclined however to ascribe the building to an earlier date. It
is a simple construction, vaulted in stone, 29 feet long, by 12
feet 3 inches wide. On the north side is a little chantry, 12 feet
7 inches by 10 feet 6 inches, with a pointed dripstone over the arch
on the southern side. Thechurch has been mutilated to some ex-
tent and embodied with later buildings, and the windows have
suffered so much alteration as to make their original form hard
to trace: but the church itself could be easily restored to the
purposes for which it was originally designed. Perhaps Jean
Guyffart was the last rector of the island: at all events the
registers at Coutances contain no record of a later appoint-

HERM. 141

ment, and the very existence of a parish has long been for-
gotten. Apart from its ecclesiastical history the island is not
devoid of interest. Its name, if not of Celtic origin, may
possibly be connected with the Low-Latin word herma—uncul-
tivated land. Mr. Tupper says, ‘‘from the same root is
evidently derived the French word ermite, and the English
hermit :’’ but this derivation is too ridiculous to need refutation,
hermite, hermit, eremita, &c., terms being, as everybody knows,
derived from the Greek word eremos—desert. The Governors of
Guernsey long enjoyed the privilege of hunting and shooting
in Herm, and the privilege was not formerly so barren as might
now be supposed. There were plenty of pheasants, partridges,
rabbits, and even larger game, such as deer and roebucks. In
one of the Governor’s excursions, a sad accident occurred
in 1597, when young Walter St. John, a connexion of
Sir Thomas Leighton, and his tutor Mr. Isaac Daubeney, were
drowned in bathing on the beach at Herm. Of the geology of
the island, its granite quarries and its copper mines,—of the
fauna or flora so interesting to the naturalist—I will not ven-
ture to speak in presence of so many better informed authori-
ties. ;

One curious story I may add to what I have now said.
Some years ago the late Bailiff, Sir Peter Stafford Carey, being
on a visit to Herm, picked up an ancient gold signet ring,
which Mr. MacCulloch recognized as the signet of a bailiff who
lived in the middle ages. This interesting relic is now in the
possession of Sir Edgar MacCulloch.

I will close what I have to say with a few notes upon the
sister islet of Jethou. Duke Robert of Normandy had given
the island to his Admiral Restald, and Restald, after becoming
a monk of Mont St. Michel, bequeathed the island to that
wealthy monastery, which by degrees obtained very large pos-
sessions in the islands. In these possessions they were con-
firmed by a brief of Pope Adrian IV. in the year 1155, and in
this document the Pope mentions the island of Jethou (or

142 | HERM.

Ketehou or Keitehuml) with its church. I know of no other
place where the church is spoken of. In the middle of the 13th
century Sir W. de Chaeney, Seigneur of the Fief Le Comte,
had the life enjoyment of Jethou, which was to return to the
abbey at his death. The Abbot made some profit by the
warrens and wreckage on the island, and the accounts of the
Vale priory for the year 1314, give those profits at 40 sols.

Like Herm, Jethou was preserved as a chase for the use of the |

Governor of Guernsey.

a

EXCURSION TO LIHOU.

On the 15th July, 1889, the excursion to Lihou, which had
been decided on atthe last meeting of the Natural Science
Society, took place. Oursecretary, who had had all the trouble
and responsibility of organising it, was unfortunately unable to
take part in it. At 10.30 the members and their friends who
intended to join in the excursion assembled in Trinity Square,
and at about eleven the start was made. The route was through
St. Martin’s, where we took up Mr. Guille and some ladies,
which brought up the number of the party to twenty. We
then drove past the Forest Church, and Les Islets Arsenal to
)’Erée, where we left the carriage. Lihou, as is well known, is
connected with Guernsey at this point by a causeway partly
paved, which uncovers about half tide. It was now 12.30, and
the passage being uncovered we lost no time in crossing over to
the island. After fortifying ourselves with such refreshments
as we had provided, we began the work of exploration. Lihou
is about a quarter of a mile long, and of triangular shape,
somewhat resembling Guernsey, and like it, terminating in a
point to the west. The surface is covered with turf, and is
divided into enclosures by stone walls. The rocks consist of
gneiss and dark blue veins (some of considerable width) of
diorite or diabase. The foliation of the gneiss is rather
regular, and the rock divides in nearly vertical planes, but
appears in many places to be more than usually resistent to
disintegrating influences. These peculiarities have given rise
to clusters of aiguilles protruding through the turf, which
give the island a picturesque profile, Lihou is permanently

144 Excursion To Linov.

inhabited. The farm house and buildings are substantial, but
have been rather neglected of late years. We inspected the
ruins of the priory. The pilasters and arches were constructed
of Caen Stone (with mouldings), only a very small part of
which remains, but the far larger quantity of this material, to
be found in the walls of the buildings, in rear of the farm
house, shows that the ancient edifice has been utilised as a
quarry for the more modern one. An iodine manufactory was
up to a very recent date carried on in the building, and though
now discontinued the plant is still in working order. An
interesting explanation of the process (which does not appear
very complicatea) was given us by Mr. J.B. Nickolls. Although
the island did not prove so rich a field for marine life as had
been anticipated, our time was fully occupied till 4.30, when
the advancing tide warned us to regain the mainland. Before
leaving lHrée we hada look at the Cromlech, known as the
‘* Creux des fées.” We started on our return journey at 5, the
route being alone the shore by the new road at La Perrelle,
then striking inland through King’s Mills and Talbot’s Valley
we crossed the island to St. Martin’s, in order to leave Mr.
Guille and other friends at their residences, and finally reached
town at 7.15. The weather was very favourable throughout.
The sky, generally bright, was occasionally overcast, and once
a slight shower passed over us. A gentle breeze cooled the
atmosphere, and I think every one who was present will admit
that we had a thoroughly enjoyable day. |

0. G De La MARE.

—[ eee

On Monday, July the 15th, an excursion was organized for
members of the Society and their friends, to visit the island of
Lihou—the object partially being to study the marine fauna of
the locality, which had been spoken of as being prolific in
several kinds of animals, not frequently found in other parts of
the coast. The Aphrodita or sea mouse, the Aplysia punctata

Excursion TO Litov. 145

or sea hare, and the Holothuria or sea cucumber, with Chitons of
large size, are some of those I expected to find, as also that pret-
ty little Zoophyte sagartia sphyrodeta. To my regret we found
that part of the Island which we examined singularly deficient
in the more interesting of marine life—none of the above-named
were found—nor were we rewarded in discovering anything of a
new or unexpected nature to make up for our disappointment.
One small specimen of the Eolis or sea sheep was found, this is
somewhat of an interesting animal, and its propensities should
be remembered by anyone contemplating the keeping of an
aquarium. It devours small anemones, and the Gemmacea or
pinklet appears to be a ‘‘bonne bouche.” Crustacea,
echinoderms (excepting the Ophiocoma Rosula or brittle star,
and Asterina gibbosa) were few and far between, as also were
the Zoophytes, found abundantly in many parts. Annelids
were notcommon. I did net come across a single specimen of
the common rock bait or Nereis. On the mainland side of the
passage leading to the Island, there were on either side, spaces
of water which do not drain, and which we examined for a
limited time, and from certain signs I am led to suppose, that
if properly worked that locality would produce many more
interesting specimens than on the Island of Lihou itself, I
must not forget to say that on the Island considerable quantities
of Botryllus were found, but not in anything like the quantity
or variety of colour as can be found in Herm. In the pools on
this side of the Island, which I have before alluded to, I
noticed quantities of what one of the members spoke of as
being compound ascidians, but I regret that with my imperfect
knowledge, and not having had time to refer to special books
on the subject (if any in the Island), I have not been able to
identify them. The same remark applies to very pretty
specimens of a low order of marine life. In shape the animal
is like a transparent vase with longitudinal opaque stripes. I
do not know to what order it belongs, and have not been able
to recognise it in Gosse’s Marine Zoology. Nor can I identify |

146 EXCURSION TO LIHOU.

a gasteropod, which was rather common there. It is a yellow
slug, but unlike the Doris, it has an internal shell, which is
white and of a very delicate texture. In this respect it
resembles the Aplysia punctata, which also has an internal
shell, but in other respects the animals are widely dissimilar.
I have known it for some years, taken principally at Bordeaux
harbour. I believe it to be a Pleurobranchus. I took one
good specimen of Missurella reticulata or keyhole limpet, also
ormers, and very fine Trochus Ziziphinus. We found an
octopus at home, who refused to be dislodged by being poked
with sticks, or being coaxed out in a more gentle manner. I
allowed him to fasten his suckers on to my hand, hoping to
draw him out, but to this arrangement he declined to accede,
and we were forced to leave him in his den, as we had not
archimedean powers to remove a little stone of about a ton
weight, which protected him against such invaders as ourselves.
Probably a fisherman armed with a stout hook would have
captured him in a short space of time. It is said that neither
the octopus nor the conger is so prevalent round the coast, as it
was some years ago. The octopus, pieuvre, or devil fish of

Victor Hugo, being the most tempting bait for the big eel.

The dearth of marine objects enabled Mr. Marquand to pay
attention to the flora, about which I have no doubt he has
something to say to you. Although this paper is somewhat of
a negative kind, I think I may safely say that we all enjoyed
the excursion to Lihou Island. Since writing the above, the
animal alluded to as being like a small transparent vase, has
been identified by Mr. Marquand as Clavelina lepadiformis
(Gosse), and that gentleman must also be credited with having
found the interesting echinoderm ophiocoma neglecta, and with
having confirmed mein my opinion that the yellow mollusc,
with internal shell is Pleurobranchus.

| J. B. RANDELL.

fal Rts. eee;

EXcURSION To LIHOU. 147

Mr, E. D. Marquand reported the occurrence of two very
interesting flowering plants on the Island of Lihou. The
Seakale (Crambe maritima) still grew, though very sparingly
on the western side of the island ; it was recorded by Professor
Babbington fifty years ago for Lihou, and it was pleasant to
know that it still occured in its old habitat. The Sea Stork’s
Bill (Hrodiun maritimum), a plant of which no habitat
seems to be at present known in Guernsey, abounds on the
eastern side of Lihou in places. With a little more time at
disposal, a closer examination of the more inconspicuous
vegetation would have been profitable.

CRUSTACEA.

Se

Paper read by Mr. Joseph Sinel.

The class Crustacea, to which division alone of the sub-
kingdom Arthropoda, an Economic as well as a Scientific
interest is attached, is remarkably well represented on the
shores of these Islands. In the ‘‘stalk-eyed”’ or ‘‘ superior”
Crustaceans alone we have no less than ninety of the approxi-
mately one hundred species recorded as found in British waters.
Both Jersey and Guernsey can separately boast of at least
eighty-five of these. Several forms, among which I may cite
‘* Acheus”’? of which Bell gives ‘‘two recorded instances,”
I have taken in number in St. Clement’s bay, Jersey.
** Stenorynchus cegyptius” one of the slender legged spider
crabs is recorded for the first time as occurring in British
waters, in the ‘‘ Zoologist”’ for April, 1881, from specimens
taken in St. Aubin’s bay, Jersey, where, by the way, it is the
most common of the section to which it belongs. (In speaking
of ** British Waters”? I must here remind my friends that at the
time of the publication of the above records—these included
the whole of the English Channel: the lines laid down at one
of the recent meetings of the British Association, now place
these Islands beyond the boundary). )

Then we have the rare ‘‘ Alpheus ;” a Mediterranean form
occurring at Guernsey and Herm, and more sparingly at
Jersey. The curious ‘‘square-faced lobster’’ of the fishermen,
* Svyllarus arctus’” another Mediterranean form, is not

CRUSTACEA. 149

uncommon in Guernsey. And on-one occasion only, I have
found the beautiful scarlet-and-white banded prawn ‘‘Lysmata
seticaudata”’ (whose habitat is supposed to be the Mediterranean
alone, and even there to occur rarely) at La Rocque point,
Jersey.

In the “‘ inferior” or ‘‘ Sessile-eyed’’ Crustaceans, the pro-
portion of recorded forms found here, is as great as in the
above—oaly one or two of the Northern forms not being so far
represented, while on the other hand some forms (a consider-
able number, I believe) found here do not appear in the mono-
graphs, in fact there is yet much to be done in the identifying
and listing of this sub-class.

For a study of the subject of evolution few groups of
animals present such an enticing field as does that of the
Crustacea ; the road whence, and the manner how, the present
forms have been reached being clearly mapped in the life-
history of each species. |

I do not for one moment mean to say, that a clear line of
descent, without a break, is observable here more than else-
where, but that here especially, we catch glimpses of the road
at points so little remote that we can more readily infer its
direction.

I will roughly point out what I mean, by reference to the
relative life-history and family-history (Phyllogeny and onto-
geny) of one or two familiar forms. I will not enter into the
full details of the subject, for this would involve the entering
into such abstruse points, as for instance, the merging, in some
species of several developmental stages into one,—I should also
have to employ those aerial bridges across the unavoidable
chasms, which form the ground of objection of the anti-evolu-
tionist. I will therefore just sketch a general outline of the
subject as far as it can be illustrated by the specimens before
us (in the museum cases), and as far as time will allow.

Let us take as a type of the most highly-developed
species—our great edible crab. Just prior to its adoption of its

150 CRUSTACEA.

familiar adult form, it has an elongated body, with a six
jointed tail, the last somite bearing fairly well-developed side
appendages, this is the stage known to zoologists as the ‘‘Mega-
lope”? and which bears a general resemblance to the adult of a
form lower in development than itself, viz., the lobster. Prior
to this ‘‘megalope” stage it was of another form, known as a
Zooea, where it bore analogy to the adult of forms yet lower
down in the scale,—Mysis, etc. Then, within the egg, it passed
through stages analogous to the early free swimming stages of
other, and still lower Crustaceans, viz., the ‘‘Nauplius’’ form.

Now, taking the lobster, we have the same changes up to
the one in which we termed the great crab a ‘‘Megalope’’ but
which here in the lobster, becomes the final form ; and so forth
through all the class, even forms which to the general observer
would not be taken for Crustaceans at all—e.g., the Ship Barn-
acle and that curious bag-like animal, devoid of power of
movement, form or comeliness, the Sacculina, the early stages
of these all bear witness to their common origin.

The Ship Barnacle commencing life as do most en
tracans, and one or two of the prawns, (Penzeus and Pasiphea)
viz., as a Nauplius, assumes later on the characters of another
Crustacean, or rather embodies the form of twoin one. It
bears a bivalve shell like the Ostracoda, but within this, its
structure is approximate to that of the Copepoda (as shown on
diagram) finally it fastens to a piece of floating timber, and
assumes its familiar form the ‘‘ Barnacle.”’

In the Jsopoda, the order to which belongs the common
‘¢ Woodlouse”’ of our gardens, the ancestral history is less easy
to read, but even here, in the maggot-like larve, we can trace
the Nauplius outline, marred, but still recognizable, and cer-
tainly not more remote from the Nauplian form, than is the
parasitic mite of the human skin (Demodex follicularum) re-
moved from the Acarian type.

I am not setting this forth as the precise and complete
science of the matter, but rather in a sense similar to that in

CRUSTACEA. 151

which we employ “‘ diagrammatic drawings ’’ in illustrations of
Biology,—to give a general idea of the subject.

Then comes the complicated yet clearly traceable woward,
downward, and again wpward line of evolution. This is clearly
manifested in some of the forms here before us, (in the Museum
Cabinet) viz., in Lithodes and in Galathea and Porcellana.

Turning for a moment to this soft bodied and erratic look-
ing form, the hermit crab, with its abdomen twisted to one
side, and its two hindermost pairs of walking legs reduced to
almost useless appendages. We see a case of degradation, a
down line, in its evolution, and the answer to the “‘how 2” in this,
is not far to seek. Glancing upon this tray of smaller Macru-
rans, in that row representing the fossorial forms, the eye lights
upon Cailianassa subterranea, a form which burrows in the
sand at the sea bottom when it can, but when the bottom is
too hard, it takes shelter in the burrow already made by
more powerful excavators. Here is the commencement of alife
not quite self-dependent and the result is that Callianassa is
not a hard-shelled crustacean. It may be urged ‘‘Is it not on
account of its being a soft shelled one, that it seeks this
shelter?” Theanswer to this, to be complete, would require an
evening to itself, let it for the moment suffice that the causes
and effects act and re-act. Well then, we now see Callianassa,
when on the look out for food—the tide covering its lurking
place, protruding its anterior half only, from the burrow, this
practice brings about that already simply membraneous abdo-
men and that weak pair of hinder legs. Now let us glance back
‘‘ along the files of time” as Dr. Andrew Wilson puts it, and
imagine at some remote datea tribe of Callianassee deprived by
some means of all soft ground for burrowing, and also of ready
made burrows. The next best refuge to be found will be empty
univalve shells, and here in the course of generations by the
action of the incontrovertible laws of adaptation and of here-
dity, the type we now called ‘‘ Hermit” will be reached. This
completes the ‘‘down line” I have alluded to. Then during

152 CRUSTACEA.

the ever-changing course of conditions which marks all nature,
some sections of these Hermits become bereft of this last
refuge. And the only alternatives offered by stern mother
nature are: Modify or Perish.

Taking up this tail of the great Stone Crab (specimen
shown), and observing here that the somites or joints of it
are all whorled to one side, and that the swimming feet on its
underside are in the direction of a thing that has been used to a
twist, we see plainly that some of those ancient Hermits chose
the first of these alternatives. Self-dependence and facility for
motion unencumbered with a ‘‘ Charity house” now bring an
upward line in the scale of evolution. This upward line is re-
peated at more or less of an angle in the case of these two other
genera before us, viz., the Galatheas and the Porcelain Crabs.

I may here say that in the subject of the evolution of this
group I amin the very unpleasant position of variance with
our Scientists who regard this group as the connecting link
between the long-tailed and short-tailed Crustaceans (Macrura
and Brachyura) a position which I formerly held upon the
tenure of ‘“‘ Authority” but which investigation has forced me
to abandon.

So far from regarding the Anomoura as_ transitional
between thetwo great groups of stalked-eyed Crustaceans, I
can only see in it an off-shoot of the Macrura, in a quite differ-
ent direction, viz., a change through degradation, still so per-
sistent in the Hermit crab, then again through the relinquish-
ing of the habit of quasi-parasiticism in some of these, an
assumption of forms bearing some resemblance to the members
of the two great groups, but by no means granting them a
transitional position.

I have explained my position upon this matter at greater

length in an illustrated paper which is published in Life Lore —

for August, and to which I will refer those members who may

take sufficient interest in the subject.
In opening, I alluded to the Economic interest attached to the

Oe ee ee ee

CRUSTACEA. 153

Crustacea. The fishery for home sale and export, of the edible
kinds is very considerable, considering the limited area of our
fisheries, and here I must point out—lI will not say what ap-
pears to me, but boldly say what is, a stupid clause in our laws
relative to the lobster fishery.

It is enacted by our legislators (whose forte is certainly not
zoology), that any fisherman taking and selling a lobster of less
than nine inches in length will be fined ten shillings—in order
to protect the species; but at the same time, egg-laden females,
with their burden of thirty to thirty-two thousand (/) little ones
on the point of emergence, are allowed to be taken and sold
without a question being raised. This is straining at a gnat
and swallowing a camel with a vengeance.

The interesting question of protection by mimicry I cannot
do more than glance at on this occasion; but this beautiful
law of nature is here, in the Crustaceans very well illustrated ;
a look at that ‘‘Parthenope horrida” in the museum case,
which lies beside a lump of the sea bottom whence it was
dredged, illustrates this well, for it wants some practice to say
at a glance which is crab and which is sea-bottom. <A few hours
netting in our rock pools will illustrate the matter further.
The Hippolyte prawns, netted among the zostera, will be found
a bright grass green; those among the Fucus and Laminaria,
brown. The little species that haunt the corallines will be seen _
to have purple-brown lines at their sides, with transparent
spaces between, resembling exactly the little branchings of
coralline.

The surface-swimming ‘‘ M/ysids” are clear as bits of glass,
and so all through, except where strong armature make conceal-
ment unnecessary. The distribution of the Crustacea in area
and in time form also subjects of great interest, but time
forbids even a glance at this. So I will just conclude with a
word of recommendation to any of the members of this society
who may be seeking a field to work upon, and say, ‘“‘ Take up |

this field of Crustaceans ;”” for, especially in the lower forms, I
7 D

154 CRUSTACEA.

am quite convinced that the half of the species upon our coasts
has not been examined. Works that would be of service to
those desirous of studying this subject would be—for the Stalk-
eyed, ‘‘ Bell’s British Stalk-eyed Crustacea; for the Sessile-
eyed, ‘‘ Spence Bate and Westwood’s Monograph ; ” and for the
Entomostracans, ‘‘Baird’s” (Ray. Soc.); while for the
| Embryology, etc., ‘‘Claus’ Zoology” and ‘‘ Fritz Miuller’s —
Facts and Arguments for Darwin,” which last treats of this
matter only, would be invaluable.

A LIST OF THE NOCTURNAL MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA
INHABITING THE ISLANDS OF GUERNSEY,
ALDERNEY, SARK AND HERM, WITH NOTICES
OF THEIR OCCURRENCE.

Dy Me We A. Lage

In the year 1873, I contributed a list of the Macro-Lepi-
doptera of Guernsey and Sark, to the ‘‘ Entomologist,” and
then had the valuable assistance of the late Mr. Edward New-
man, and the late Mr. Henry Doubleday, in the determination
of some of the more difficult species; since that time I have
made many additions to the list, and have brought the number
up to 248, (or including the Butterflies, which have already
formed the subject of a separate paper) 277 species.

If the Micro-Lepidoptera were added, these figures would
be very likely doubled.

This result in one small section of the class Insecta is a
sufficient answer to the statement made in one of our former
popular ‘‘ Guernsey Guide Books,” that ‘‘ The Entomology of
Guernsey presents little to tempt the forceps or the net of the
Eaglish collectors.”

Amongst the moths enumerated, are some very rare and
local species. Three at least have never been known to occur
in Great Britain or Ireland, whilst others are rarely seen indeed.

The three species referred to are :—Agrotis Crassa, Poly-
pheenis Sericina, and Eubolia Peribolata.

The principal moths of great rarity, or local occurrence in
Britain are, Deilephila Euphorbice, Sphinx Convolvuli, Chero-
campa Celerio, Deiopeia Pulchella, Callimurpha Hera, Leu-

156 NocTuRNAL MAcRO-LEPIDOPTERA.

cania Albipuncta, L. L. Album, Aporophyla Australis, Agrotis
Lunigera, Heliothis Peltigera, H. Armigera, and Catocala
Fraxini. There are many others which are reckoned very good
species. |

I have been careful to note theisland in which each species.

has been taken, by its initial letter, as some insects occur
commonly ir one island, and are entirely wanting in others.
| For some of the notices I am indebted to Mrs. Boley, who
has devoted much time and skill to the rearing of our local
species. The Rev. EF. EK. Lowe has also kindly given me a list
of those recently captured by himself in Guernsey.
Other species, no doubt, remain to be discovered, and will
reward the diligent collector: and I hope that this paper, by
showing what can be done in so small an area, will induce

others to collect these beautiful objects, and communicate the ©

result to this Society.
SPHINGES.

1. Acherontia Atropos (Death’s Head Moth), G., A., and
S. Common, in some seasons, rare in others. The larvee were
particularly abundant on the potato plants in 1868.

2. Sphinx Convolvuli (Convolvulus Hawk Moth), G., A.,
and 8. Very common in some seasons, in others scarcely one
to be seen. In 1868 and 1875 they were particularly abundant.
A larva of this species taken in Alderney was forwarded by me
to the late E. Newman who described it in the Entomologist
for November 1874, page 272. |

3. Sphinx Ligustri (Privet Hawk Moth), G. and 8. ° Not
common. |

4. Deilephila Euphorbie (Spurge Hawk), G. and A. The
splendid larvee of this species were formerly to be found in
plenty on the sea spurge growing near ]’Ancresse Bay; but
greedy collectors have long since exterminated them. ‘‘ One
solitary wing found on a common in Alderney, July
9th, 1860.” Rev. F. A. Walker, in the Entomologist, Vol.

Le. =a. oe

NocturnaL Macro-L&EPIpoPreEra. 157

VII, page 151. Two undoubted Guernsey specimens are in the
museum of the Guille-Allés Library.

5. Cherocampa Celerio (Silver striped Hawk), G. Mrs.
Boley bred two specimens from larvee found on the vine. These
are-now in the museum of the Guille-Allés Library.

6. Cherocampa Porcellus, A. Taken July 9th, 1860, by
Rev. F. H. Walker, F.u.s., in Alderney, see ‘‘ Entomologist ”’
Vol, XXI, page 151,

7. Smerinthus Ocellatus (The eyed Hawk), G. Not
common.

8. §. Populi (The Poplar Hawk), G. Cauuaans

9. Macroglossa Stellatarum (Humming bird Hawk), G
A.and 8. Common.

10. Sesia Tipuliformis (Currant Clear-wing), G. and 8.
Common in gardens. ,

11. §S. Ichneumoniformis (Six Belted Clear-wing), G..
Took one specimen at the top of the cliff near Doyle’s Monu-
ment, on July 6th, 1874. Having noticed that it was some-
what different to the usual type as figured in Newman’s
British Moths, I sent it tothe late Mr. H. Doubleday, with an
enquiry as to whether it had been correctly named. The fol-
lowing was the reply :—‘‘I do not possess a Sesia exactly like
the one you sent. It is closely allied to Ichneumoniformis, but
the yellow bands on the abdomen are fewer, and the caudal
tuft is not exactly the same. I never saw the Megilleformis
of Hibner; but Dr. Staudinger gives it as a variety of
Ichneumoniformis, and nage t there are only three yellow bands
on the abdomen.”

12. Sesia Musciformis (Thrift Clear-wing), G. One
specimen on the cliff, June 8th, 1873. |
13. Ino Statices, G. Very local, occurring in patches a
few yards square, on the southern cliffs, abundant where found.
14. Zygena Trifolii,G., S.and Herm. Very abundant.
The imagos usually make their appearance towards the end of
June, but on visiting Herm, on July 30th, 1874, I was surprised

158 NocTURNAL MAcrROo-LEPIDOPTERA.

to find a great number of cocoons from which the moths had not
emerged. The moths kept coming out for a fortnight after-
wards. On August 11th, one emerged still bearing the head of
the larva, this being a very rare form of monstrosity.

15. Z. Filipendule, 8S. Not common.

BOMBYCES.

16. Nola Cucullatella, G. Not common.

17. Nola Confusalis (Least Black Arches), G. One.

18, Nudaria Mundana (The muslin), G. The late Miss
Renouf found the larvee feeding on lichens growing on stone
walls near Bordeaux Harbour.

19. Calligenia Miniata (Red Arches), G. and 8S. I have
beaten it from hedges, and taken it commonly at sugar towards
the end of July.

20. lLithosia Griseola (Dingy footman), G. One, June |
26th, 1871.

21. L. Lurideola (Common footman), G. andS. Common.

22. Gnophria Quadra (Four-spotted footman),G. I have
seen two larve taken from under some old lichen covered
apple trees at Moulin Huet Bay, The lady who found them
succeeded in breeding one moth.

23. G. Rubricollis, (Red necked footman),G. and 8. The
larve are abundant in some seasons in some four or five local-
ities. They are found full-grown at the end of October, in
every instance feeding on the lichens and mosses growing on
elm trees, and on the walls near these trees. Hundreds of the
perfect insects were resting on the trees, walls, etc., on June
10th, and fresh specimens were to be found on July Sth, 1874.

24. Deiopeia Pulchella (The crimson speckled), G. Two
specimens of this great rarity have been taken at the Forest,
by Mr. F. Heaume, one of which is now in the collection of Mr.
E. D. Marquand. The Rev. F. E. Lowe records the capture
of two specimens in the Entomologist.

25. Euchelia Jacobe (The Cinnabar), G.,A., 8. and H°
Extremely abundant,

NocTruRNAL MAacRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 159

26. Callimorpha Hera (Jersey Tiger), G. and 8. This
splendid moth is very abundant, especially in Sark. I have
always found them more plentiful near the coast, where
they are fond of settling on the sides of the cliffs, and
concealing themselves under projecting pieces of rock, They
fly in the morning in the sunshine, and also at dusk. They
have often flown to the light of my lantern, but. I have only
taken them twice at sugar.

The Yellow variety (Lutescens) is much commoner in Sark
than in Guernsey. I have never observed Hera on the wing
before the middle of July. They are in full force during the
first week or two in August, and continue to the end of the
month.

The eggs are hatched in about 12 days after they are laid.
I have reared them from the egg, feeding them on lettuce and
groundsel. I once took several full-grown larve on (Lamium
album) dead nettle; and on another occasion I found one feed-
ing on white thorn at night. In1875 1 bred a splendid variety
in which the yellow stripes on the upper wings were nearly
obliterated ; I sent it to the late Edward Newman, who figured
and described it in the Entomologist for February, 1876. An-
other specimen in my collection from the same batch of larvee,
has the same variations, but not to so great an extent.

27. Nemeophila Russula (The Clouded Buff), G. Com-
mon amongst the furze and fern on the cliffs in June.

28. Arctia Caja (Great Tiger), G. and A. Not common.

29, <A. Villica (Cream spot Tiger), G., A. and S. Common.

30. Spilosoma Fuliginosa (Ruby Tiger), G. and A. Com-
mon.

x 31, 8S. Lubricipeda (Buff Ermine), G., A. and 8S. Abun-
ant,

32. S. Menthastri (White Ermine), G. and A, Common.

33. Hepialus Humuli (The Ghost swift), G. Taken by
the Rev, F. E. Lowe.

34, HH. Sylvanus (Wood Swift), G, Not uncommon.

160 NocTURNAL MAcRO-LEPIDOPTERA.

385. H. Lupulinus (Common Swift), G. Abundant.

36. Cossus Ligniperda (Goat Moth), G. Very common.

37. Porthesia Chrysorrhoea (The Brown Tail), G. Not
common,

38. P. Similis (Yellow Tail),G., A. and S. Very common.

39. Dasychira Fascelina (The Dark Tussock), G. I have
found the larvee feeding on furze flowers on the cliffs.

40. D. Pudibunda (Pale Tussock), G. Common. —

41. Bombyx Neustria (The Lackey), H. I have never
seen this insect in Guernsey, but on visiting Herm on Saturday
June 15th, of this year (1889), I found five of the full grown
larvee feeding onthe leaves of blackberry. It must be very

common there, as I saw many cast skins, and old webs of the

larvee on the bushes in different parts of the island.

42. Bombyx Quercus (Oak egger), G. and 8. Common.

43. Bombyx Trifolii (Grass egger), G., A. and 8. The
larvee are found commonly in Guernsey and Sark all round the
coast, feeding on various grasses and clover, and they are also
often found eating the flowers of the furze. Ireceived more
than a hundred full-grown larve from Alderney, in August,
1871, and on June 30th, 1873, found more than fifty in two
hours, near Fort Touraille in that island.

44. Odonestis Potatoria (The Drinker), G. Not pee

45. Lasiocampa Quercifolia (The Lappet), G. Not
common. | Shei

46. Saturnia Pavonia (The Emperor moth), G. and S.
Commoner in Sark than in Guernsey. All the larve I have
found were feeding on bramble.

47. Cilix Glaucata (The Chinese character), G. and S.
Common.

48. Dicranura Vinula (Puss Moth), G. Mrs. Boley once :

found the larve on willow.

49. Notodonta Ziczac (The Pebble Prominent), G. Rare.
I have taken one specimen only. It has also been taken by the
Rev. F. E. Lowe.

ee

NoctTuRNAL MAcRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 161

50. Phalera Bucephala (The buff tip), G. and 8S. The
larvee sometimes abundant on lime and elm trees.

NOCTU A.

51. Thyatira Derasa (The buff arches), G. Not uncommon.

52. T. Batis (Pearl Blossom),G. Rare. I have taken
one specimen.

53. Bryophila Muralis (The marbled green), G. and 8.
Very common on old lichencovered walls, in July and August.

54. Bryophila Perla (The marbled beauty), G. and S.
Abundant July to September.

55. Acronycta Tridens, G. Taken by the Rev. F. H.
Lowe. :

56. Acronycta Psi (The Gray Dagger),G. Common.

57, A. Megacephala (The poplar grey), G. Larvae com-
mon on poplar in August. |

68. A. Rumicis (The knot grass), G. and 8S. Common.

59. Leucania Lithargyria (the clay), G. and 8. Abund-

ant. |
60. L. Albipuncta (The white point), G. One specimen

taken in 1871, on ragwort.

61. L. Putrescens (The Devonshire wainscot), G. I
have taken several specimens at sugar near the coast.

62. L. Straminea (The southern wainscot), G. Two
specimens taken July 10th, 1871, at the Grande Mare, Vazon.
63. L. Impura (The smoky wainscot), G. Common.

64. L. Pallens (The common wainscot), G. Common in
June and July, resting on stems of grass.

65. L. L. Album, G. I took one specimen of this great
rarity near Fermain Bay, at sugar, on Sept. 6th, 1871.

66. Nonagria Geminipuncta (Twin spotted wainscot), G.
One specimen taken flying to the light of my lantern, Grande
Mare, Vazon, Sept. 1st, 1875,

67. Calamia lLutosa (The large wainscot), G. First
noticed a specimen crawling up a reed stem, at the Grande

162 NocturRnAL MAcRo-LEPIDOPTERA.

Mare, Vazon, whilst searching for plants, Oct. 15th, 1874, it
had just emerged from the chrysalis, as its wings were yet
limp. About a week later I searched the reeds at night with a
lantern, and secured 8 specimens; most of them were rather
worn. |

68. Gortyna Ochracea (The frosted orange), G. The
larve are to be found in the stems of the marsh thistle.

69. Hydreecia Micacea (The rosy rustic), G. One speci-

men, bred by Mrs. Boley.

70. Axylia putris (The flame), G. and S. Not uncom -
mon.

71. Xylophasia lithoxylea (The light arches), G. and S.
Commoner in Sark than in Guernsey.

72. X. Monoglypha (The Dark arches), G. and 8. So
abundant as to be quite a nuisance at sugar.

73. Aporophyla Australis (The feathered brindle), G. The
larvee common on the sandhills, near l’Ancresse, in the spring.

74, Heliophobus Hispidus (The beautiful gothic), G.
Several specimens taken at sugar in September.

75. Cerigo Matura (The straw underwing), G. Not very
abundant.

76. Luperina Testacea (The flounced rustic), G@. Not un-
common.

77. Mamestra Brassices (The cabbage moth), G. and 8.
Abundant.

78. M. Persicariz (The dot), G. Not very common.

79. Apamea Basilinea (The rustic shoulder knot), G.
Not uncommon.

80. A. Gemina (The dusky brocade), G. I have taken
several. |

81. A. Didmya (The common rustic), G. and 8. This is
by far the commonest moth met with at sugar in Guernsey. It
is very variable in the markings on the wings.

82. Miana Strigilis (The marbled minor),.G@. and 8,
Almost as abundant as the preceding at sugar.

ne sink

Noorurnan Macro-LEpipoprera. 163

83. M. Fasciuncula (The middle barred minor), G. Not
uncommon.

84, M. Bicolaria (The cloaked minor), G. I have taken
three or four specimens.

85. Caradrina Morpheus (The mottled rustic), G. I have
taken one specimen ; it has also been taken by Rev. F. E,
Lowe. |

86. C. Quadripunctata (The pale mottled willow),G. Not
rare.

€7. Agrotis Valligera (The Archers dart),G. Has been
taken by Rev. F'. E. Lowe.

88. Agrotis Puta (The shuttle shaped dart), G. and S.
Very abundant near the coast.

89. A Suffusa (The Dark Sword grass),G. and 8. Very
common,

90. A Saucia (The pearly underwing), G. and 8. This
fine species is abundant in some seasons, coming to sugar near
the coast. In other years scarcely one is to be seen. Time of
appearance, September and October.

91. A. Segetum (The Turnip Moth), G. and 8S. This in-
jurious insect is very abundant.

92. <A. Crassa, G. Two specimens taken in Guernsey by me
in 1874, were named by the late Mr. H. Doubleday. It has not
yet been found in Great Britain or Ireland.

93. A. Lunigera (The crescent dart), S. Several taken in
August, 1874, at sugar, in Sark, by Rev. G. H. Engleheart.

94, A. Exclamationis (The Heart and dart), G. Not un-
common.

95. <A. Corticea (The Heart and club), G. and S.

ode A, Nigricans (The garden dart), G. Common.

97. A. Strigula (The true lover’s knot), G. I have taken
two specimens only.

98. Noctua Glareosa (The autumnal rustic), G. Common
at ivy blossom.

164 Nocturnal MAcro-LEPIDOPTERA.

99. Noctua Augur (The double dart), G. One specimen
taken by Mrs. Boley.

100.. Noctua Plecta (The flame shoulder), G. and S.
Common.

101. N. C-nigrum (The setaceous hebrew character), G.
Common in the autumn at sugar.

102. N. Festiva (The ingrailed clay), G. Common.

103. N. Conflua (The lesser ingrailed), G. One specimen
taken in Guernsey by Mr. Dawson, was sent to the late H.
Newman for identification, and returned as above.

104, N. Rubi (The small square spot), G. Not common.

105. N. Xanthographa (The square spotted rustic), G. and
S. Excessively abundant.

106. Tryphena Ianthina (The lesser broad border), G.
Very common, The larve sometimes abundant on geraniums
in gardens. Mas

107. TT. Interjecta (The least yellow underwing), G. Rare.

108. T. Orbona (Lhe lesser yellow underwing), G. and 8.
Very common.

109. T. Pronuba (The large yellow underwing), G. and 8S.
Abundant.

110. Amphipyra Pyramidea (The copper underwing), G.
Two specimens taken at sugar, August, 1872.

111. A. Tragopogonis (The mouse), G. Not uncommon.

112. Mania Typica (The gothic), G. Taken by the Rev.
F, E. Lowe. :

113. M. Maura (The old lady), G. and 8. Occasionally
common. |

114, Pachnobia Rubricosa (The red chestnut), G. One at
sallow blossom.

115. Txniocampa Gothica (The Hebrew character), G.
Common at sallow blossom in April. I have found the larve
feeding en privet.

116. Teeniocampa Incerta The clouded drab), G, Com-
mon at sallow blossom.

NocTuRNAL MAcRO-LEPIDOPTERA. | 165

117. TT. Stabilis (The common quaker). Common.

118. TT. Pulverulenta (The smaller quaker),G. Not very
common.

119. Orthosia Lota (The red line quaker),G. Not un-
common on ivy bloom in autumn.

120. O. Macilenta (The yellow line quaker),G. Taken
by Rev. F. E. Lowe. |

121. Anchocelis Pistacina (The beaded chestnut), G.
Common at ivy bloom in the autumn.

122. A. Gunosa (The lunar underwing), G. Abundant at
ivy bloom. )

123. Cerastis Vaccinii (The chestnut), G. Taken by the
Rev. F. E. Lowe.

124. Scopelosoma Satellitia (The satellite), G. I have
taken several at ivy bloom.

125. Xanthia Flavago (The pink barred sallow), S. One
specimen taken in Sark, September, 1874, by the Rev. G, H.
Engleheart.

126. X. Circellaris (The brick), G. Common in Septem-
ber.

127. Calyminia Trapezina (The Dunbar), G. Not com-
mon.

128. C. Affinis (The lesser spotted pinion), G. I have
taken two specimens, it is also recorded by the Rev. F. E.
Lowe. )

129. Dianthecia Carpophaga (The Tawny shears), G. I
have taken several specimens.

130. D. Capsincola (The Lychnis), G. The larvee often
abundant in the seed pods of Lychnis dioica. I have also
found one feeding in the seed head of a garden pink.

131. Diantbecia Nana (The marbled coronet), G. and 8,
Taken by the late Miss Renouf in Guernsey ; and the late Mr.
Henry Doubleday informed me that he captured specimens in
Sark nearly forty years ago.

166 NocTuRNAL MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA.

32. Hecatera Serena (The broad barred white), G. I
have taken it several times resting on walls.

133. Polio Flavicincta (The large ranunculus), G. Com-
mon at ivy bloom, and flying to lighted windows.

134. Dasypolia Templi (The brindled Ochre), G. I have
seen only one specimen taken in a conservatory, November
— 20th, 1873.

135. Epunda Lichenea (The feathered ranunculus), G.
The larve are common in fields near Petit Bo Bay, and I have
no doubt in other places near the coast. |

136. Aporophyla Nigra (The black rustic), G. Common
at ivy bloom. ;

137. Miselia Oxyacanthe (The green brindled crescent),
G. Not uncommon, also at ivy bloom.

138. Agriopis Aprilina (The Marveldu jour), G. Mrs.
Boley has taken a specimen.

139. Euplexia Lucipara (The small angle shades), G. and
A. Common ; the larve feed upon the common fern, Pteris
aquilina.

140. Phlogophora Meticulosa (The angle shades), G. and
A. Extremely abundant. There are two broods in a year.

141. Polypheenis Sericina, G. This beautiful species was
first recorded from Guernsey, in the Entomologist for May,
1873. I capturea a specimen at sugar in July, 1872, and
have taken several since. I sent a specimen to the late Mr.
Edward Newman, who figured it in the ‘‘ Entomologist” for
April, 1876, and wrote about it as follows :— |

‘‘This beautiful moth being now added to the list of the
Lepidoptera of the British Isles, on account of its occurrence in
Guernsey, I think it will be well to copy the description from
Guenée,” (here follows a long description of the insect).
“This fine insect occurs in Central and Western Frane®,
Italy, Dalmatia and the Channel Islands, but is nowhere
abundant. Owing to the peculiar habit of the caterpillar, feed-
ing as it does on the lower leaves of the honeysuckle, and only

NocTuRNAL MAcRo-LEPIDOPTERA. 167

in the night, it is very likely to escape observation ; indeed, in

the larva state it would be almost impossible to find. I am

indebted to Mr. W. A. Luff who is now studying the Entomo-
logy of the Channel Islands, for this beautiful species.”

’ 142. Trigonophora Flammea (The flame brocade), G. and.

S. Bred a specimen Sept. 27th, 1873. The Rev. G. H. Engle-

heart took several specimens in Sark in the autumn of 1874.

143. Aplecta Nebulosa (The gray arches),G. One speci-
men.

144. Hadena Dentina (The shears), G, Not uncommon.

145. H. Trifolii (The nutmeg), G. Common.

146. H. Oleracea (The bright brown eye), G. and 8S. Very
abundant.

147. H. Pisi (The broom moth), G. and 8. Not very
common.

148. Xylocampa Areola (The early gray),G. At sallow
broom in early spring. | |

149. Xylina Semi-brunnea (The tawny pinion), G. One
specimen taken at ivy bloom, October 14th, 1873.

150. Cucullia Verbasci (The mullein), G. The larvae
abundant in some seasons, June and July.

151. (C. Asteris (The star wort), G. Several specimens
bred by Mrs. Boley. |

152. C. Umbratica (The shark), G. and A. Common
usually found on fences.

153. Plusia Chrysitis (The burnished brass), G. and S.
Common.

154. P. Gamma (The silvery), G.,S., A. and H. Ex-
tremely abundant everywhere.

155. Heliothis Peltigera (The bordered straw), G. Th
late Miss Renouf frequently bred this insect; the larve were
found feeding on marigold in her garden in Burnt Lane.

156. H. Armiger (The scarce boardered straw), S. One
specimen taken in Sark by Rev. G. H. Engleheart, September,.
1874,

168 NocTuRNAL MAcRO-LEPIDOPTERA.

157. Catocala Fraxini (The Clifden Nonpareil), G. A
fine specimen of this handsome moth, was taken by Mrs. Boley
several years ago, in her garden at St. Martin’s. It is now in
the Museum, Guille-Allés Library. :

158. C. Nupta (The red underwing), G. Not common.

GEOMETRA.

159. Uropteryx Sambucaria (The swallow tail), G. Very
common,

160. Epione Apiciaria (The bordered beauty), G. Took
two specimens July 6th, 1872.

161. Rumia Luteolata (The brimstone moth’, G., A. and
S. Extremely abundant.

162. Venilia Macularia (The speckled yellow), G. One
specimen taken by Mrs. Boley. | |

163. Angerona Prunaria (The orange moth), G. Not un-
common in June, |

164. Metrocampa Margaritaria(The light emerald), G. I
have taken several specimens.

165. Selenia Bilunaria (The early thorn), G. Both
broods common in gardens.

166. Odontoptera Bidentata (The scalloped hazel), G. Not
common.

167. Crocallis Elinguaria (The scalloped oak), G. and S.
Common. 3 :

168. Ennomos Quercinaria (The August thorn), G. Not
common.

169. HE. Alniaria (The canary shouldered thorn), G. I
have bred one specimen.

170. Himera Pennaria (The feathered thorn), G. Not
common, have taken two specimens, and have seen another
taken by Dr. Wakefield’ in 1873. It hasalso been taken by the
Rev. F. E. Lowe. :

NocTURNAL MAcRO-LEPIDOPTERA. 169

171, Amphidasys Betularia (The aac meth), G. Not
very common.

172. Hemerophila Abruptaria (The waved umber), G
Two specimens taken at light by Mrs. Boley.

173. Cleora Lichenaria (The Brussels lace), G. I have
seen one specimen bred by Mrs. Boley, from a larva taken in
- Guernsey.

174. Boramia Repandata (The mottled beauty), G,
Common.

175. B. Gemmaria (The willow beauty),G. Not so com-
mon as the preceding species.

176. Tephrosia Crepuscularia (The small (piney
Not common.

177. Gnophos Obscurata (The annulet),S. One specimen
taken in Sark, August 8th, 1872, another also in Sark, August
7th, 1889. |

178. Geometra Papilionaria (The large emerald), G. I
have taken one specimen. _

179. Nemoria Viridata (The small grass emerald), G. I
have beaten it commonly out of furze bushes on the cliffs.

180. Iodis Lactearia (The little emerald), G. Not
common, |

181. Hemithea Strigata (The common emerald), G. S.
Very abundant.

182. Ephyra Punctaria (The maiden’s blush), G. One
specimen, September, 1877.

183. Acidalia Dimidiata (The single dotted wave), G, Not
-uncommon,

184. A. Bisetata (The small fan footed wave). G. I have
taken several near the coast.

185. A. Trigeminata (The treble brown spot), G.
Common. |

186. A. Rusticata (The least carpet), G. S. Common in
July and August. They are very partial to the flowers of the
ragwort near the coast,

170 NoOcTURNAL MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA.

187. E. Virgularia (The small dusty wave), G. S. Not
common. Took two specimens in Sark, July 10th, 1872.

188. A. Marginepunctata (The mullein Wave), G. I have
taken a good number of specimens. It is fond of settling on
rocks or walls, covered with a gray lichen, where it is with
difficulty detected.

189. <A. Subsericeata (Tne satin Wave), S., A. I took one
at Sark, June, 1870, several at Alderney, June 25th, 1873.

190. A. Imitaria (The small blood vein), G. Common
during July and August.

191. A. Aversata (The riband wave), G. Both varieties
are common.

192, Timandra Amataria (The blood vein),G. Rare.

193. Cabera Pusara (The common white wave),
Common.

194, C, Exanthemata (The common wave), G. Has been
taken by the Rev. F. E. Lowe.

195. Macaria Notata (The peacock), G. Took one speci-
men, near Fermain Bay, July, 1873.

196. Strenia Clathrata (The latticed heath), G. One
specimen taken by Mrs. Boley, at light.

197. Selidosema Ericetaria (The bordered gray),G. This
handsome species is common on our southern cliff coast.

198. Aspilates Ochrearia (The yellow belle), G.,S.,and A.
Both broods common on the cliff coast. I have found the
larvee feeding on spurge.

199. Abraxas grossulariata (The currant stiothite Gi Bi, As
Extremely abundant in July. I have two splendid varieties,
bred in Guernsey many years ago.

200. Lomaspilis Marginata (The clouded border), G., S.
Common, very variable, scarcely two marked alike.

201. Hybernia Leucophearia (The spring usher), G. Not
common. |

202. H. Marginaria (The dotted border), G. Took one at
sallow bloom, March 20th, 1874.

NocturNAL MAcRo-LEPIDOPTERA. Tit

2038. H. Defoliaria (The mottled umber),G. Taken by
the Rev. F. EK. Lowe.

204, Anisopteryx Aiscularia (The March moth), G. Not
uncommon.

205. Cheimatobia Brumata (The winter moth), G. Not
common, .

206. Larentia Olivata (The beech green carpet), G. One
specimen taken July 9th, 1870.

207. LL. Viridaria (The green carpet), G. Common.

208. Emmelesia Albulata (The grass rivulet), G. Taken
by the Rev. F. E. Lowe.

209. EH. Decolorata (The sandy carpet), G., A. Not very
common,

210. E. Adzquata (The pretty pinion), G. Recorded by
the Rev. F. E. Lowe.

211. Kupithecia Linariata (The toad flax pug), G., S.
The larvee are to be found in the flowers of the common yellow
toad flax (Linaria Vulgaris) in August and September.

212. EH. Oblongata (The lime speck), G., S. Common.

The larve on ragwort flowers.
213. EH. Scabiosata (The shaded pug), G. Not common.
214. E. Nanata (The narrow winged pug), G. Common.

215. EH. Subnotata (The plain pug), G., S. Not common.

216. EH. Vulgata (The common pug), G., S. Common.

217. EH. Pulchellata (Foxglove pug),G. Bred from larvee
feeding in the foxglove flowers.

218. EH. Absynthiata (The wormwood pug), G.,8., The
larvee abundant on the flowers of ragwort in the Autumn.

219. HK. Exiguata (The mottled pug), G., 8S. Not un-
common,

220. EH. Rectangulata (The green pug), GG. Fairly
common.

221. Lobophora Viretata (The yellow barred brindle), G.
Taken by Mr. Dawson, June 1872, Has been taken since by
the Rev. F’, E. Lowe,

172 NooTURNAL MAcRO-LEPIDOPTERA.

222. Thera Obeliscata (The shaded broad bar), G@. Taken

by the Rev. F. E. Lowe.

223. Hypsipetes Sordidata (July highflyer), G.

224. Melanthia Ocellata (The purple bar), G., A. Com-
mon. I have taken it in June and August.

225. M. Rubiginata (The blue bordered carpet), G. Not
uncommon.

226. Melanippe Hastata (The argent and sable), G. I
have seen one specimen taken by Mrs. Boley. |

227. M. Rivata (The wood carpet), G. Took two near
Fermain Bay, July 1874.

228. M. Sociata (The common carpet), G. Not very
common,

229. M. Galiata (The galium carpet), G. Common in
June and August. | ?

230. M. Fluctuata (The garden carpet), G. Common in
gardens. |

231. Anticlea Rubidata (The flame), G. Common near
the coast.

232. A. Badiata (The shoulder stripe), G. Not un-
common.

233. Coremia Designata (The flame carpet), G. Taken by

the Rev. F. E. Lowe. :
‘ 234. ©. Ferrugata (The red twin spot carpet), G.
Common.

235. Camptogramma Bilineata (The yellow shell), G.,
A.,S., H. The commonest geometer in all the Islands. The
variety with a dark bar across the fore wings is also common.

236. Triphosa Dubitata (The tissue), G. I have only
seen two specimens.

237. Scotosia Rhamnata (The dark umber), G. Taken by
Mrs, Boley in her garden.

238. Cidaria Truncata (The common marbled carpet), G.
Common in May and August.

NoctuRNAL MaAoro-LEPIDOPTERA. 173

239. C. Immanata (The marbled carpet), G. Not
common.

240. C. Prunata (The phcenix), G. Very common in
gardens. The larvee feed on the leaves of currant and goose-
berry bushes.

241. CC. Testata (she chevron), G. Not uncommon.

242. C. Fulvata (Tbe barred yellow), G. Not common.

243. C. Dotata (The barred straw), G., S. Common in
Guernsey and Sark in June and July.

244. Pelurga Comitata (The dark spinach), A. One
specimen taken in Alderney, June 24th, 1873.

245, Eubolia Limitata (The small mallow), G., 8.
Common. 7

246. Eubolia Peribolata, G.

This pretty geometer is unknown in England. It flies
among furze bushes in the day time, and is common in some
seasons all around our coast. It appears in the perfect state in
September and the eggs are laid on the furze, the larva feed-
ing on that plant. The larve being undescribed I sent several
to the late Mr. Edward Newman, F.1L.S., who described them
as follows in ‘‘ The Entomologist,” vol. viii., page 107 :—‘‘ The
eggs were laid in a chip-box on the 18th September, 1874, and
the larvee left the egg-shells during the first week in October ;
they fedin Ulex Europoous (the common furze) almost exclu-
sively on the blossoms, and after hybernation continued to
feed until the end of April, when they had attained their full
size; two or three have already spun up between the folds of
some muslin in the breeding cage; two of the larve are now
before me, full fed, yet exhibiting no change of colour or any
disposition to spin. The larva rests in a perfectly straight
position, but on being touched raises the anterior extremity,
arching its back a little; its legs are then directed forwards,
- and closely appressed together, forming an almost continuous
mass with the head. In crawling, it makes a very decided
arch, bending the body nearly double, Head prone, slightly

174 NocTuRNAL MAoro-LEPIDOPTERA.

narrower than the second segment, into which itis partially
received, it is sparingly beset with short straight hairs. Body
robust, more resembling that of a Leucania, than that of a
Geometer, a resemblance which is rather increased by its pale
colour and longitudinal striping ; every part of the body, but
especially the anal extremity, bears short, straight, scattered
hairs; a raised lateral skin fold extends the whole length of
the body, and the segmental and sectional divisions are clearly
defined.

Head and body putty coloured ; head with a few darker
markings on each cheek, and five black ocelli on each side near
the mouth; the dorsal surface of the body has three compound
stripes extending its entire length; the medio-dorsal is divided
longitudinally into three divisions; the middle one of which is
composed of a series of wood brown markings, and these again
are resolveable into mere dots; the lateral divisions are pale
brown, bordered witha series of darker dots ; the side stripes
partake of the same triple character, and include the spiracles,
which are circular and as black as jet; the ventral surface has
a triple median stripe, the middle division of which is single,
the external divisions double.

Iam indebted to Mr, W. A. Luff, of Guernsey, for a supply
of these previously unknown larve. They were forwarded
- purposely that I might describe them in the ‘‘ Entomologist ;”
and I am much gratified to make this public acknowledgment
of Mr. Luff’s kindness.” |

247. Anaitis Plagiata (The treble bar), G. Common.

248. Tanagra Atrata (The chimney sweep), G. Taken in
Guernsey by Mrs. Boley.

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“6881 YVIA FHL YOd SNOILVAYISEO TVOISOTOYOILIW 40 AUVWWNS

THE MUSEUM, GUILLE-ALLES LIBRARY.
MARINE ZOOLOGY.

A List of local species (comprising 524 specimens) pre-
sented to the museum by Mr. JoHN WHITEHEAD, the Hon.
Curator, September 1889. Some of them representing the very
rare local species have been obtained from other localities; and
there are examples of some few species which have not yet been
found here. These have * prefixed.

PORIPHORA. ECHINODERMATA.
Tethea schomtii Comatula rosacea
.» lyncurium Crinoid stage of do.
Halichondria panicea Ophiura texturata
Be incrustans .»» albida
Pachymatisma Johnstonia Ophiocoma neglecta
(Megaspongia leevis) Be punctata
Grantia compressa ‘3 filiformis
Ophtita spongia seriata 5 bellis
Isodictya palmata * sf brachiata
»» Vvarians i Ballii
» Ingalh 9 granulata
Hymeniacidon caruncula es rosula
ae Bucklandii es minuta
Leucosoleni controrta Uraster glacialis
Microscopic preparations to illustrate ,, rubens
the structure Cribella oculata
*Solaster endeca
Palmipes membranaceus
Asterma gibbosa
Goniaster equestris
Asterias aurantiaca
Echinus sphera
CQALENTERATA. »» miliaris
Tubularia indivisa », Flemingii
Thuiaria thuia »» _ lividus :
Attenularia ramosa Sphzracomis granularis
Plumaria similis Hchinocyamus pusillus
Aglaophenia piuma . Spates us purpureus
Campanularia angulata Amphidotus cordatus
Obelia gelatinosa Kchinocardium penatifidium
Coryne stauridia - Also tests or naked shells of the
Podocoryne Arolata (medusa stage) § Echinoids

Anthea cereus
Actinia mesembryanthemum
Cerianthus Loydii HOLOTHURIDEA.

Edwardsia sphercides Cucumaria pentactes (sea cucumber)
Lucernaria auricula : communis
Synapta tenera
», Iinherens
Skin of do.

ANNELIDA.

Valencia splendida
Borlaisia striata
Aphrodite aculeata
Harmothoe Malingreni
Polynoe versiculosa
Sigalion arenosa
Euphrosyne foliosa
Marphysa sanguinea
Meckelia annulata
Northea tubercula
Lumbrievsis tricolor
Syllis admirallis
Nereis cerula
Heteronereis oerstedii
Nephthys Hombergii
Young of do.
F'samanthe punctata
Phyllodoce laminosa
Glycera dubia
Arecia Cuverii
Cirrhatulus Lamarkii
Arenia fragilis
Arenicola piscatorum
Chetopterus pargamentaceus
Clymene borealis
Sabella pavonina

» arenilega

» savigni
Balanaglossus Sarniensis
Sagitta bipunctata
Head and Jaws of Nereis
Sections for Microscope

CRUSTUCKEA.

Pycnogonum littorale
Phoxichilidium olivaceum
Nymphon rubrum
Argulus foliaceus
Cymbasoma Hard manii
Caligus diaphanus

», centrodonte
Pandarus bicolor
Anomalocera Patersonii
Harpacticus fulvescens
Asterope marina
Cetochilus septentrionalis
Nebalia Geoffroyii
*Apus cancriformis
Caprella acantifera

», Proto Goodsirii
Bopyrus squillarum
Hiscladus longicandatus *

‘ female with ova tubes

2

Amathilla Sabinii
Atyllus swammerdamii
» gibbosus
»» bispinosus
Lysianerra longicome
Eurydice pulchra
/iga psora
Spheroma serratum
Be Prideauxianum
Cymodocea truncata
Nesea bidentata
Anilocra Mediterranea
Aunceus maxillarus
y» cereus
Lygia oceanica
Idotea pelagica
», Jinearis
», tricuspidate
Meera grossimana
Corophium longicorne
Cryptophium Darwinii
Gammarus Edwardsii
Dexamine spinosa
i Vedlomensis
ne tenuicornis
Acanthonotus zei
Anonyx longicorme
Talitrus locusta
Orchestra Mediterranea
Bodotria arenosa
Squilla Desmarestii
Mysis chamzelon
» vulgaris
» Griffiths
Phyllosoma commune
Embryo from brood sac
*Pasipheea Sivado
Paleemon serratus (prawn)

“6 squilla
4 varians

Hippolyte varians
x Cranchii ;
si viridus (and zoéa)
es fascigera

Athanas nitescens

Nika edulis

Alpheus ruber (and zoéa)
Crangon vulgaris (shrimp)

3 fasciatus
s sculptus
we trispinosus

*Nephrops Norvegicus
Homarus vulgaris (lobster)
Zoéa and young do.

Gebia deltura

Axis stirynchus

3

Callianassa subterranea Achzus Cranchii if
Palinurus quadricornis Stenorhynchus phalangium
Scyllarus arcus A Aigyptus
Pagurus Bernhardus (Hermit Crab) tennirostris
» in3 stages The stalk-eyed Crustacea are repre-
» Prideauxii sented by male and female of each

9) cuanensis

»» Hyndmanni
ji Thompsonii
Galathea squamifera

», in 3 early stages

* ,, Sstrigosa
» Andrewsii

ye MOXA
Porcellana platycheles
Bs longicornis

Zoéa and young of do.
Dromia vulgaris
*Lithodes Maia
Corystes Cassivelaunus
Atelecyclus heterodon
Thia polita
Ebalia Penantii

» Bryer

5, Cranchii
Planes Linnzana
Gonoplax angulata
Pinnotheres pisum

Polybius Henslowi
Portunus puber

iS corrugatus

i arcuatus

‘ depuratur

59 marmoreus

s holsatus

pusillus

Portumnus variegatus
Young of a

Carcinus Menus
Megalope of do.
Pirumela denticulata
Pilumnus hirtellus
Xantho florida
»» Tivulosa
Cancer pagurus
Eggs and zoéa of do.
Hurynome aspersa
Maia squinado
Eggs and embryos of de.
*Hyas araneus
», coarctatus
Pisa tetraodon
»» Gibsii
XAnarchus Dorsettensis
- Dorynchus
i leptochirus

species.

CIRRIPEDIA.

Balanus balanoides
Cast Skin of ditto

Lepas anatifera

Pupal stage of Barnacle.

INSECTA.

_ JEpophilus Bonnaireii

/Eipus fulvescens (Marine Beetle)
Marine chelefer (J. Sinel)
Geophilus sub marina (J. Sinel)

POLYZOA.

Scrupocellaria reptans
Bugula turbinata

is flabellata
Call» pora ramulosa
Bowerbankii imbricata

TUNICATA.

Aplipium zostericola
Leptoclium maculosum

Lacaza
Botryllus Schlosseri
na morio
smaragdus

Botrylloides rubra
Perophora Listeri
Clavelina lepadiformis
Didemnum cereum
Morchillum argus
Section of a cluster of ditto
Polymorpla glomerata
Fragarium elegans (Tadpole state)
OF (separated)
Ascidia mentula
Salpa mucronata
Appendicularia flagellum

GASTROPODA.

Eolis Cuverii
Fiona nobilis
Doris tuberculata

»» pilosa
Pleurobranchus plumula
Aplysia punctata
Odontophore of Aplysia
Radula of Chiton descrepans

ae Nassa articulata

“A Buccinnum undatum
: Helix pisana
Solecurtis candida

CEPHALOPODA.

Sepia officinalis

Eggs of ditto

Loliga vulgaris

Young do. just hatched

Sepiola Rondeletii

Octopus vulgaris

Radula of Sepia officinalis
Octopus vulgaris

Shells of each species

PISCES.

Petromyzon fluviatilis (Mud .Lam-
re
Lamna cornubica (Porbeagle)
Torpedo vulgaris (Cramp Fish)
Squatina angelus (angel or Monk
Fish)
Syguathus acus (Pipe Fish)
ai pea (worm pipe

Acestra /Zquorea (needle fish)
¥ incubating
Lepidogaster cornubiensis (Sucker)
Liparis Montagui (Sea snail .
Rhombus hirtus (Miller’s Top Knot) -
Motella ticerrata (Rockling)
Labrus trimaculata (Wrasse)
A bergylta
», mixtus
*Holocanthus
Gobius aurata (Goby)
», reticularis
», embryos in stages
Callionymus dracunculus (Dragonet)
Blennius gattorugine (Blenny)
Gunellus ocellatus (Gunell)
Zeus faber (John Dory)
Cantharus griseus (Cantharus)
Pagellus centrodontus (Sea bream)
Gasterosteus spinachia (Stickleback)
Cottus bubalis (Bullhead)
» young
Trigla lyra (Gurnard)
», _ lineata (Rock Gurnard)
Trachinus vivipara (Weever)
a draco (Great Weever)
Mullus surmuletus (Mullet)
Labrax lupus (Basse)

The above specimens have been prepared and mounted by
Mr. J. Sine, Cleveland Road, Jersey. The larger fish have
been preserved by Dr. Davidson’s process.

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